,.-..,,ihw».t,! J.-vi 1 1 IMMlli L'llrtHH'ltiilhHI gc M. L 974.401 Es7es v. 2-4 1425135 GENEALOGY COLLECTION / llfhffifllffflAIN'iaf.fflffl IC LIBRARY 3 1833 01101 1142 BULLETIN ESSEX INSTITUTE VOLUME III 1871. SALEM, MASS. PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS. 1872. ,H Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/bulletinofessexiv3v4esse 1425135 CONTENTS. Tage. Regular Meeting, Monday, January 2, 1 A. S. Packard's remarks on Catopterus gracilis at Sunderland, Mass., 1. — A. E. Verrill on Marine Fauna of Eastport, Me., 2. — Report of the Treasurer, on the Donation from the Ladies' Fair and Resolu- tion of Thanks, 7. Letters Announced, 8, 11, 21, 23, 30, 31, 38, 41, 59, 76, 79, 100, 120, 132, 145, 155, 161, 163 Additions to Library, 8, 12, 22, 24, 30, 32, 38, 41, 60, 76, 79, 100, 120, 132, 146, 155, 162, 164 Additions to Cabinets, 165 Additions to Historical Department, .... 147, 156, 162 Deficiencies in Library, . . ■ . . . . 12, 13, f)6, 132 Publications of Institute, 14, 96 Regular Meeting, Monday, January 16, 9 J. Kimball, on the Early Mills in this Vicinity, 9. t Regular Meeting, Monday, February 6, ..... 17 J. H. Emerton, on the Flying Spiders, 17.— M. A. Stickney's commu- nication "on Nathaniel Ames and his Almanacs," 18. — Autographic passes by H. T. Brasmahe, John Wiuslovv and B. Arnold in 1775-6, 23. Regular Meeting, Monday, February 20, 23 Regular Meeting, Monday, March 6, ..... 25 The Ancestry and Birthplace of Hawthorne, communication from the President, 25. — F. W. Putnam on Tetraodon and Diodon, 29. Regular Meeting, Monday, March 20, 31 J. S. Cabot's communication, "Genealogy of the Cabot Family," 31.— Remarks of A. W. Dodge on the Habits and Customs of our Ances- tors, 31. Regular Meeting, Monday, April 3, 33 J. L. Russell's communications on The Salem Female Anti-slavery Society, 34. — Remarks of the President, 34.— Paper Money, by J. Robinson, 35. — Eggs of the Daddylonglegs, by J. H. Emerton, 37. Regular Meeting, Monday, April 17, 39 F. W. Putnam, on the New Australian Fish, Ceratodus, 40. Semi-centennial Anniversary, Friday, April 21, . . . 42 Remarks of the President, 42. — Original Hymn, by J. Very, 45. — Ab- stract of the Address, by A. C. Goodell, Jr., 46. Regular Meeting, Monday, May 1, 49 The Geological Survey of Essex County by A. Hyatt, 49.— Note by Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, 53. — Geology of the Phosphate Beds of South Caro- lina, by A. S. Packard, Jr., 55.— J. H. Emerton's Remarks on Flow- ers, found in South Salem and Swampscott, 58. —A Committee ap- pointed to nominate officers for election, at the Annual Meeting, 60. (iii) IV CONTENTS. Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 10, Gl Reports of Recording Secretary, 61. — Superintendent of Museum, 65. — Treasurer, 66.— Librarian, 67. — Communication of the President, on Public Library, .Memorial Hall, (38. — Officers elected, 71. Regular Meeting, Monday, May 15, 72 Mementos from the Recent Franco-German War, by A. H. Johnson, 72. Field Meeting at North Beverly, Thursday, June 15, . . 77 Notice of the Excursion, 77. — Tornado, or Cvclone, at Wenham, by D. II. Johnson. Si.— Remarks of Mr. Dodged on the Cyclone, 81.— E. W. Putnam, on the Alewives and other Fishes collected in the Lake, 88.— Communications from the President on Rev. John Chip- man, !)0. Rev. Enos Hitchcock. 92. Rev. Daniel Oliver, 93. Rev. Moses Dow. 94. — Remarks of Henry Wilson, 94. Adjourned Meeting, Friday, June 20, 95 Field Meeting at East Gloucester, Thursday, June 29, . . 97 Notice of the Ramble, 97. — G. D. Phippen's remarks on Botanical Specimens collected, 101. — Chrysopa, and its Eggs, by J. H. Emer- ton, 106. —History of the Baptist Church in East Gloucester, by Rev. J. H. Gannett, 106. — Mr. Gannett, on Geology, 110. —Remarks of A. H. Johnson, on "The Study of the Lower Forms of Life", 110. — Remarks of Rev. E. C. Bolles* on "Helix Hortensis, or Garden Snail," 114.— on "limnae columella," 115.— Remarks bvRev. R. Eddy of Gloucester, IKi.-ofWm. B. Trask of Boston, *ll(j. —of E.N. Walton, 116, — and James Davis of Gloucester, 116. Field Meeting near "Ship Rock" in Feabody, Wednesday, Aug. 2, 117 Notice of the Excursion, 117.— Remarks of the President, 121. — Indian Relics from Beverly, by F. W. Putnam, 12:5. — Remarks of J. H. Emerton, on Plants* Collected, 125. — W. B. Trask's remarks on the old "Trask House" in Salem, 126. — " Phaeton Rock" by F. W. Putnam, 128. — Wigwam Rock, by Jones Very, 129. Special Meeting, Tuesday, September 5, 131 Remarks of the President, 131.— Lord's Memorial Address on A. Huntington, 131. — Remarks of A. W. Dodge, 132. Regular Meeting, Monday, Oct. 1G, 132 President's remarks on "The Chicago Academy of Science," 135. — Remarks of F. W. Putnam, 136. — Resolutions of Sympathy and Tender of Aid to the Chicago Academy of Science Adopted. 138. — Remarks of the President on the •' Chicago Historical Society," 138. — Resolutions of Sympathy, and Tender of Aid to the "Chicago Historical Society Adopted, 139. — Communication from W. II. Fos- ter, on the Salem and Boston Stage Company, 139. Regular Meeting, Monday, November 1, 1871, . . . .145 . F. W. Putnam, Remarks on Bos Americanus. 147. — F. W. Putnam. on the Ancient Fortification, on the "Wabash River, 148. Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, November 8, 155 Regular Meeting, Monday, Nov. 20, 155 Little Auk, 156.— A. C. Goodell. Jr., Sketch of the Legislation of Mas- sachusetts (The Provincial Period ). 157. Regular Meeting, Monday, December i, 1G1 Remarks of E. S. Atwood, 163. Regular Meeting, Monday, December 18, . .. 1G3 Remarks of F. W. Putnam on the Mammoth Cave and its Inhabi- tants 165. BULLETIN ESSEX HTSTITTJTE. Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., January, 1871. No. 1. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Regular Meeting, Monday, January 2, 1871. The President in the chair. Eecords of preceding meeting read. Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., referring to the fine specimen of Triassic fossil fish Oatqpterus gracilis Redfield, presented this evening by Mr. Russell, stated that he had during the past autumn visited the locality at Sunderland, Mass., which is exposed at low water. The fine blackish slates were in nearly horizontal beds and the fish remains were quite abundant. At Turner's Falls, about ten miles north of Sunderland, he had visited a large and very complete collection of bird tracks belonging to Mr. T. M. Staugh- ton. The collection included some fine fossil tracks, and plant and insect remains, the latter occurring in nodules at a locality three miles north of Turner's Falls. The insect remains were of one species of an aquatic larva, which had been referred to the Ephemerae by Dr. J. L. Leconte, and called Palephemera mediceva, by Hitchcock. On an examination of specimens showing well the head and extremity of the body, Dr. Packard thought they were rather aquatic coleopterous larvse, belonging perhaps Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 1 2 near the family Heteroceridse. Among the fossil plants were sprigs of a supposed coniferous tree, Voltzia, a characteristic Triassic plant in Europe. Dr. Packard also gave an account of the discovery of organs of special sense in the abdominal appendages of Chrysqpila, a fly allied to Leptis. He thought they were possibly olfactory organs, like those he had discovered in the jointed abdominal appendages of the cockroach. He referred to similar little sacs situated in the palpi of Perla next the mouth, and thought they were perhaps organs of smell. Prof. A. E. Verrill, of Yale College, gave a brief sketch of the marine fauna of Eastport, Me., and spoke of the unusually favorable opportunities for collecting. MARINE FAUNA OF EASTPORT, ME. Eastport Harbor is somewhat quadrangular in form, about one and a half miles wide and three long, partially bounded on the east and south by the Island of Campo Bello, which is about nine miles in length, and on the west by Moose Island, on which Eastport is situated, while on the north-east it is protected by Deer Island, Indian Island, and numer- ous smaller islands. It has four outlets. The largest and deepest is the broad channel between Campo Bello and Indian Island, which is 40 to 70 fathoms deep and communicates directly with the Bay of Fundy. In this channel the tides flow with great velocity and power, and the bottom is stony and leclgy throughout, in some cases consisting of smooth, nearly clean, round stones, like paving-stones, on which only a few Foraminifera, Bryozoa, Ascidians, and Actinias can maintain a permanent home. Between Deer Island and Indian Island on the east and Moose Island on the west, there is another broad and deep channel, in some places 50 to 60 fathoms deep, with a rough, rocky bottom. This channel is several miles in length and communi- cates with the Bay of St. Andrews at the mouth of the St. Croix River. This bay is about 15 miles across, and consequently an im- mense volume of water must pass through the channel during every ebb and How of the tide, which produces so powerful a current that it Ls useless to attempt to row a boat of any kind against or across the • arrent, except when it slacks near high or low water. Dredging in this channel is somewhat difficult, on account of the swift current and rough bottom, and can hardly be attempted with safety when the tide is flowing with its fall force. The fauna is, however, very remarkable as showing the influence of physical conditions on animal life, for here, at the depth of 40 to 60 fathoms, we dredged nearly the same assemblage of animals that are found on the opposite rocky shores, between high and low water mark, together with many of the same forms of sea-weeds. Among the more abundant species were Mytilus edulis, Modiola modiolus, Mya arenaria, Saxicava arctica, Buccinum undulatum, Ascidia complanata Fab. (A. callosa St.), Cynthia pyri- formis, Boltenia reniformis, various species of Bryozoa and Hydroids, Ophiopholis aculeata, Asterias vulgaris, Cribrella sanguinolenta, Eury- echinus Drobachiensis, Pentacta frondosa, Cancel- irroratus, Thelphusa circinnata (Lumara flava St.), etc. There was, in fact, scarcely any- thing in the dredglngs brought up from the deepest parts of this channel that would have indicated a depth of more than one or two fathoms below low water mark, along the shores, and most of the species can readily be obtained at low water of ordinary tides. This is doubtless due to the powerful current which rushes through the channel like a rapid river, and flowing over the rough and irregular bottom, completely mixes up the water from top to bottom, so that there is really no appreciable difference in the temperature or other conditions of the water of the bottom and surface. A third channel, which is narrower and quite shallow, connects the southern end of the harbor with the Bay of Fundy, passing between Campo Bello on the east and Treat's Island and Lubec on the west. This channel is suffi- ciently deep for the Boston steamers and large vessels at high water, but after half-tide is not safe except for small craft, and sometimes, at extremely low tides, it becomes nearly bare. The bottom is mostly muddy and soft. A fourth, narrow, but deep, rocky channel, passing between Treat's Island and the southern end of Moose Island, com- municates with the extensive bodies of water known collectively as Cobscook Bay, but consisting, practically, of several distinct bays, or fiords, which have received local names. The southern branch, known as South Bay, was pretty fully explored with the dredge. These bays receive and discharge great volumes of water at every tide, nearly all of which passes into and through Eastport Harbor, and together with that which supplies St. Andrews Bay, it mostly comes in and goes out through the channel first described, between Campo Bello and Deer Island. As a result of this arrangement, Eastport Harbor is characterized by a powerful and somewhat complicated system of tides, which can be best understood by examining a chart of the harbor, with the soundings indicated, and comparing the re- spective channels to river valleys, when it will be found that, as a matter of course, the most powerful currents will follow the deeper and broader channels, while the smaller and shallower channels will be tributary to them. Counter currents exist along the shores, and areas also exist where opposing currents meet or counteract each other, causing the water to be thrown into violent commotion, or else to be comparatively quiet, according to circumstances. At one point, in the central part of the harbor, we found a large bank, formed where the two principal tide-currents meet, consisting of a nearly uniform mass of comminuted shells and sand, which was almost destitute of life; but where the currents slack, or produce eddies, banks are formed which are very favorable for the development of a great variety of marine animals. Such a bank, covered by 10 to 15 fathoms of water, exists between Treat's Island and Friar's Head. This is com- posed of broken shells and gravel in most parts, and is a very rich dredging ground. Some of the most common and' interesting species found here are Alcyonium carneum, Urticina crassicor?iis, in many beautiful varieties, Astrophyton Agassizii, Ophioglypha Sarsii, 0. ro- busta, Amphiura squamata, Asterias Stimpsonii, and several other species, Cribrella sangui?wlenta, of many colors, Solaster endeca, Cros- saster papposus, Pentacta frondosa, a great variety of Hydroids and Bryozoa, Terebratulina septentrionalis (very abundant), Cynthia pyri- forrnis, C. carnea, etc., Astarte undata, A. lens (Stimp. Mss.), Entalis striolata, Sipho Islandicus, S. pygmams, Scalaria Gronlandica, Acirsa Eschrichtii*, Margarita undulata, and many other interesting shells, with numerous worms and Crustacea. Nearer Campo Bello, towards Welch Pool, the bottom becomes muddy and abounds in mud-loving shells and worms. In the broad, shallow channel or bay west of Treat's Island, in 10 to 15 fathoms, a similar assemblage of animals is found, together with some additional ones of great interest. Among the species found here are Acaulis primarius St. (attached by a pedi- cle), Pteraster militarise Alcyonium rubiforme, Lucernaria quadri- comis, Aphrodite aculeata (very large), numerous Ascidians, Pandalus annulicomis, several species of Hippolyte, etc. Another very prolific bank of a similar kind, but composed of coarser gravel, broken shells, sponges, &c, is found at the entrance of South Bay, between Razor Island and the Lubec shore, in 8 to 10 fathoms of water ; most of the species already mentioned (including Pteraster) are found here, together with numerous other species, many of which are ordinarily found only in much deeper water, showing that depth, of itself, has very little to do with the distribution of marine animals, and that temperature and other local conditions are the main causes which * This species has not been recorded before from New England. It is not un- common at Eastport. affect them. Dredgings were also made in the Bay of Fundy, off the northern end of Campo Bello, where at the distance of four or five miles from Head Harbor, we reached the greatest depth which we could find anywhere within many miles of the shore. There appears to be at this place a depression of the bottom, or a valley somewhat parallel with Campo Bello, in which the depth is 100 to 125 fathoms, with a bottom of fine, soft, sticky mud and broken shells, in most parts. At this place we found Alcyonium carneum, As trophy ton Agassizii, Oph- iopholis aculeata, Ophioglypha Sarsii, 0. robusta, Ophiacantha spinnlosa, Terebratulina septentrionalis, Astarte lens, Pecten tenuicostatus, Apor- rhais occidentalis, etc. There were, however, very few species not to be found in 10 to 15 fathoms on the banks in Eastport Harbor. On a patch of hard bottom, near this place, in about 100 fathoms, we ob- tained a few rare and interesting species, among them a new species of a creeping Halcyonoid polyp allied to Telesto and Cornularia, with comparatively large, white tentacles. Farther out the water becomes shallower all the way to the " Wolves." Since the shores are diversi- fied and the tides very extensive at Eastport (the extreme rise and fall of spring tides being about 28 feet), the opportunities for shore collect- ing are also excellent. The best localities for this are on the rocky shores at the southern end of Moose Island ; north of the village at and near Dog Island ; and also on Treat's Island and most of the other small islands in the vicinity ; while many mud-loving creatures can be dug up from their burrows in the mud and sand on the exten- sive flats of Broad Cove, Prince's Cove and other localities. The number and variety of marine animals that can be collected at low water within a few minutes' walk of Eastport is really surprising to persons accustomed to collect on other parts of the coast. Even under and among the lofty wharves a very respectable collection may be made, including at least 200 species, and representing nearly all the classes. Among the shore species are, of Radiata : Urticina crassicornis (mostly of the variety mottled with green and red), Bunodes Stella (in crevices and under rocks), Metridium marginatum, Edwardsia, three species, Peachia parasitica, Alcyonium carneum, many Hydroids, Ophiopholis aculeata, Ophioglypha robusta, Amphiura squamata, Astrophyton Agas- sizii (young), Asterias vulgaris, A. littoralis, A. Stimpsonii, Stephanas- terias albula V. (Stimpson sp.), Cribrella sanguinolenta, Solaster endeca, Crossaster papposus (rare), Echinarachnius parma (in sand), Eury echi- nus Dr'obachiensis (very abundant on rocky shores at extreme low water), Pentacta frondosa, Thyonidium productum, rare, Chirodota leve (under stones, like the last), Psolus phantapus, young, adult rare, Lophothuria Fabricii (young common, adult rare, on ledges). Of the Mollusca: Cynthia pyriformis, C.carnea, G. echinata, Molgula retortifor- mis and several other species, Ascidia complanata, very abundant, Cionc 6 U m Ua, Boltenia reniformis, and several other Ascidians, numerous Bry- ozoa, Terebratulina septentrionalis, a large number of bivalve and univalve shells, among which. Buccinum undulatum, Sipho Islandicus, Cfhrysodomus decemco status, Lunatia heros, Purpura lapillus, Chiton marmoreus, C. ruber, and C. albus, Mya truncata and M. arenaria, Saxi- cava arctica, Modiolaria nigra, and Pecten Islandicus are conspicuous. Of Annelids and Nemerteans there are a large number of species, many of which have not yet been identified; among the most interesting of the former are Nereis grandis St., abundant and large, found in the mud of Broad Cove at low water, with many other species of Nephthys, Spio, etc., Arenicola piscatorum, living in the same way at Prince's Cove ; Thelphusa circinnata forming coarse tubes under stones ; Myxi- cola Steenstrupii, forming a loose, soft, jelly-like tube ; a blood-red species of Torquea (?), remarkable for the brilliant blue phosphores- cence of its numerous long tentacles ; several fine species of Sabella, Terebellidai, Glycera, Eunice, Phyllodice, Lumbriconereis, etc. Among the larger Crustacea are Cancer irroratus, Crangon boreas, C. vulgaris. The harbor also abounds in Jelly-fishes and many other forms of pelagic animals. Of the former Cyanea arctica, Aurelia flavidida, Oceania languida, Melicertum campanula, Staurophora laciniata, Bo- Una alata, and Idya roseola are very abundant, while other species, such as Callinema ornata V., and Mertensia ovum, are occasionally seen. Night collecting would doubtless reveal many other species. Among the other pelagic forms are species of Thysanopoda and 31ysis, known to the fishermen as "shrimp," which go in vast "schools" and are the favorite food of herring, young pollock, and other species of fishes, as well as of large flocks of gulls. We also saw, on one oc- casion, immense numbers of a species of Sagitta, besides many minute species of Entomostraca, etc. The fish-fauna is also rich and diver- sified. The principal fisheries in the vicinity of Eastport are, how- ever, for the common herring (Chipea elongata), the hake, haddock, and pollock, while in deeper waters, outside, halibut and cod are also t aken. During the time that I was at Eastport last summer, three large specimens of the basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) were taken in (he vicinity of Eastport and Lubec, having been left in shallow water by the ebbing tide. These were from 25 to 30 feet in length, and very thick in proportion, and were all males, as was a still larger one, about 35 feet long, caught near Eastport in 1868. This shark, although very powerful, is quite harmless and rather sluggish. The teeth are small and slender, shaped something like shoe-pegs, and the mouth and throat arc comparatively small. The liver is very bulky and often yields two or three barrels of oil. Four or five other species of sharks are also not uncommon. The wolf-fish, Anarrhicas vomerinus, is frequent on the rocky shores, feeding largely on the sea-urchin (Euryechinus Dr'obachien&is) and Buccinum undulatum. The Treasurer reported an addition to the funds of sixteen hundred and fifty-four dollars and seventy-eight cents ($1,654.78), one half of the net proceeds of a fair recently held for the benefit of the Salem Oratorio Society and Essex Institute, by the ladies of Salem, Beverly, Pea- body, and other towns in the vicinity. The fair was held in Mechanic Hall, and was opened for the sale of useful and ornamental articles, on Monday evening, October 31, 1870, — and continued through Tuesday and Wednesday, and till 1 P. M. of Thursday. The managers were for- tunate in being the first occupants of the hall since the enlargement and reconstruction. The convenience in its- several appointments and the beautiful and appropriate decorations added much to the comfort of the managers and assistants, and to the general interest of the occasion. Five numbers of a paper entitled " To-Day ," were issued, ably edited and finely printed, containing a full account, in detail, of the organization and proceedings, and also many interesting and valuable communications from the pens of some of our literary and scientific writers. Several members offered appropriate remarks, and ex- pressed their deep sense of gratitude to those ladies who so generously gave their services on this occasion which was so eminently successful. The following resolutions were proposed and unani- mously adopted. Resolved, That the sincere and grateful thanks of the Essex Institute be presented to the Board of Management and all others who assisted in the Salem Oratorio and Essex Institute Fair, for the liberal contribution to its funds, reported by the Treasurer this evening. Resolved, That the Treasurer be requested to communi- cate a copy of these resolutions to Mrs. E. D. Kimball, the President of the Board. 8 The following correspondence announced : — U. S. Dept. of Interior, Dec; New York Secretary of State, Dec. 21, 24; New fork state Library, Dec. 21 ; Alnwick, Berwickshire Naturalists' Field Club, Oct. 10; Berne, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Nov., 1869 and Aug., 1870; Cambridge, Cor- poration of Harvard College, Nov. 28; London, British Archaeological Association, Dec. 6, Geological Society, Dec; St. Petersburg, Societe Entomologique de Russie, Oct. 6; Zurich, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, May 10; Hamlin, Robert D., Ben- nington, Vt., Dec. 20; Higginson, Thos. Wentworth, Newport, R. I., Dec. 27; Hotchkiss, Frank E., New Haven, Conn., Dec. 21; Perry, William Stevens, Geneva, N. Y., Dec. 14, 20. The following additions to the Library reported : — Historical Papers of the Church in Virginia edited by William Stevens Perry, 1 vol. 4to, privately printed, 1870. Connecticut Church Documents, edited by Fran- cis L. Hawks and William S. Perry, 2 vols., 8vo, New York, 1863-4; Documentary History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Vermont, 1 vol., 8vo, New York, 1870; Debates of the House of Deputies in the General Convention of Protestant Episcopal Church, 1868, 1 vol., 4to, Hartford, 1868; Reports of General and Diocesan Conventions and various other publications; 11 volumes and 146 pamphlets. By Donation. U. S. Dept. of the Interior. Documents 3d Sess. 40th Cong., 28 volumes. U. S. Treasury Department, Finance Report for 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Harvard College. Treasurer's Statement, 1870, 8vo pamph. Butler, B. F., M. C Drake's Speech in U. S. Sen., Dec. 16, 1870. Cole, Mrs. Nancy D. File of the Salem Gazette for 1870. Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 75. Hart, Charles H., of Philadelphia. A Necrological Notice of the Hon. R. S. Field, LL. D., of Princeton, N. J., Oct. 6, 1870. Hotchkiss, Frank E., of New Haven. Year Book of the City of New Haven for 1870. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for Dec. 24, 1870. Palfray, Charles W. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 40. Stickney, Miss Lucy W. Cincinnati Directories for 1855, '59, '67, 3 vols. 8vo. Sumner, Charles, U. S. S. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1869, 1 vol. 8vo. Acts and Resolutions of U. S., 1 vol. 8vo, 1870. Message and Documents, 4 vols. 8vo. Paraguayan Investigation, 1870, 1 vol. Svo. Tate, Geo., of Alnwick, England. The History of Alnwick, Vol. ii., Parts 1 and 2, 1868-69, 2 vols. 8vo. Proceedings of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, 1837, '54, '62. '(;;5, »64, '65, '66, '67, '68, '69, 8vo. Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago, 111. The Press, Jan. 1, 1871. By Exchange. Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings of, Vol. xiii, Sigs. 20, 21. Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. Report of the Council, May (Hi, 1870, 8vo, Leeds. 1870. ISkkne, Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Mittheilungen aus dem Jahre, 1869, Svo. '.i ftiCH, Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Vierteljahrsschrift Redigirt von 1 1 r. Rudolf Wolf. Vierzehuter Jahrgang, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo. Moscou, Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes. Bulletin Annee, 1870, No. 1, 8vo pamph. Publishers. Christian World. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gloucester Tele- graph. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence American. Literary World. Little Giant. Lynn Semi-Weekly Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Quaritch's Catalogue. Salem Observer. Silliman's Journal. Soth- eran's Catalogue. Augustus P. Hamblet of Salem, was elected a resident member. Regulak Meeting, Monday, January 16, 1871. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. Mr. James Kimball read an interesting communication on the early Mills in this vicinity, which contained many citations from the records and affidavits on file in the county offices of Essex. In the formation of a new settlement, attention is immediately directed to secure a regular and sufficient supply of bread stuffs, and every facility in that direction is regarded of the highest importance ; hence the erection of Grist Mills is necessarily the first movement in the in- troduction of the manufacturing industries. It appears, therefrom, that within four years from the landing of Roger Conant and his companions, and two after the ar- rival of Endicott, Capt. William Trask, one of the orig- inal planters, was the first person who applied our water power to economic use, in the erection of a mill, on a small brook running into the North River, near the crossing of the highway in the vicinity of the Railroad Station in Peabody, called Gardner's Brook. Here upon the narrow outlet of this stream a rude dam was con- structed of logs with a power only sufficient for the most Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 2 10 primitive kind of mill. The first machinery was for pounding or beating corn, a mortar mill, as it was after- wards called. Various changes were made at different times in the construction and uses of the building or buildings on this foundation : in 1692 it was rebuilt for a Fulling Mill — several mills of this character were erected on the small streams in this county during the colonial and provincial periods in our history. It further appears, that, at an early date, several families located in this neighborhood, which was considered a desirable place for a settlement, hence the necessity of erecting and maintaining the bridge at the "Town's End," alluded to in the records of that period. In 1640, Capt. Traske* obtained permission, and some years after erected a mill about half of a mile lower down the river, and opposite his house (in the rear of 158 Boston street) ; not liking that place, in a short time, he moved it again half of a mile further down, making it one mile from the location of the first mill. This was used by himself and his descendants for many years, when it passed into other hands. During the latter part of the last and the first half of the present century it was under the direction of William Frye, father and son, and was familiarly known as "Frye's Mills." July 12, 1633, a grant was made by the town of Lynn to Edward Tomlins for a mill; this was the second in this colony, and was erected on Strawberry brook, flow- ing from Flax Pond, a few rods west of the junction of Franklin with Boston Street. In 1663, 6 mo. 22, per- *Capt. William Trask was born in Somersetshire, England, probably in 1587, died in 1666. The house which he built and in which he resided, was situated a lew rods in the. rear of the present old mansion, No. 158 Boston Street. The pres- ent house was built by his son, about 1(580. This is the only part of the original estate that is now and has been owned by members of the family in successive generations. 11 mission was granted to Walter Priee, Henry Barthole- mew, John and Samuel Gardner, for building a mill on the South River near Mr. Euck's. This "New Mill" was completed in 1664, and in 1666 the town incorporated this dam into the public travelled way and continued it from the Mill Dam through the South Fields to the little gate in the fence, where it joined the old road to Marble- head. This was on the site of the "South Mills," so called, and now occupied by the Eastern Railroad com- pany for the new Engine House. The town in remun- eration for the injury done to the Pickerings (John and Jonathan) by the erection of the dam, and the laying out of the way over the same, which run through their shipyard, granted them a site at the Town's End, or in Hardie's Cove, if they should find it most convenient. A general discussion followed the reading of the paper, participated in by Messrs. W. P. Upham, James Kimball, the chair, and others. Several suggestions were made having a reference to the subject of priority of the differ- ent mills ; allusion being made to SaltonstalPs Mill in Ipswich, granted in 1635 ; a description also was given of the early mode of grinding, probably on the principle of the trip hammer, the use of stones having been intro- duced at a later date. The building of various mill dams and bridges in this vicinity, that of the North Bridge in 1764, was specified. A vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Kimball for his interesting and valuable communica- tion and he was requested to prepare the same for publi- cation in the "Historical Collections." The Secretary read the following correspondence : — William S. El well, Springfield, Jan. 10; Frank E. Hotchkiss, New Haven, Dec. 30; William Stevens Perry, Geneva, N. Y., Dec. 28, Jan. 7; Geo. Henry Preble. Charlestown, Jan. 14. The Librarian announced the following additions : — 12 Natural IIistorv of New York. Palaeontology, vol. 3, pts. 1 and 2; vol. 4; 3 vols. ttOJ Albany, 1864, '67. By Donation. Butler, Benj. F., M. C. Report of the Department of Agriculture for Nov. and Dec, 1870. Bingham's speech in U. S. H. R., Dec. 20, 1870. Foote, Caleb. Files of several County Papers for 1870. Green, S. A., of Boston. Three pamphlets. Kimball, James. Rules of the Supreme Court of Mass. for 1870, 1 vol. 12mo. Eulogies on Gulian C. Verplanck, 1 vol. 8vo. Lee, FRANCIS H. Boston Directory for 1865. Bombay Directory for 1863. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for Dec, 1870, Jan. 7, 1871. Ropes, Nath'l. A description of Types, 12mo pamph. Sumner, Charles, U. S. S. Report of the Dep. of Agriculture for Nov. and Dec, 1870. Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago, 111. Four pamphlets. By Exchange. American Antiquarian Society. Proceedings at Annual Meeting, Oct., 1870. Boston Numismatic Society. American Journal of Numismatics Jan., 1871. New England Historic-Genealogical Society. The New England Hist. Geneal. Register, Jan., 1871. Publishers. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Essex Ban- ner. Gardeners' Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Semi- Weekly Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Quaritch's Catalogue. Salem Observer. Sotheran's Catalogue. DEFICIENCIES IN THE LIBRARY. Tt is intended from time to time, to publish lists of deficiencies in the Library, hoping that the friends of the Institute, who may notice the same, will be induced to aid in completing the sets. Any number or volume, not designated (within brackets) under any title, will be acceptable. deficiencies in directories. [Continued from volume ii, imge 128.] Carthage, N. Y., by J. C. Kimball [1867-8]. Cayuga County, N. Y., by H. Child [1867-8]. 13 Chemung and Schuyler Counties, N. Y., by H. Child [1868-9]. Chenango County, N. Y., by H. Child [1869-70]. Cortland County, N. Y., by H. Child [1869]. Elmira, N. Y., by W. H. Boyd [I860]. FlSHKILL LANDING, N. Y. [1864-5]. Genessee County, by H. Child [1869-70]. Hudson, N. Y., by Parmenter & Van Antwerp [1851-2] ; by H. Wilson [1856-7] ; by W. V. Hackett [1862-3] . Jefferson County, N. Y., by H. Child [1860 and 1861]. Kingston & Rondout, N. Y., by Fitzgerald, Webb & Co. [1866]. Lowville, N. Y., by J. C. Kimball [1867-8]. New York, N. Y., by David Franks [1786, reprint] ; by David Longworth [1796- 7, 1799-1800, 1809-10] ; by Thomas Longworth L1825-6, 1826-7, 1827-8, 1831-2, 1832-3, 1833-4, 1834-5, 1835-6, 1838-9, 1839-40, 1840-1, 1842-3] ; by John Doggett [1841-2, 1842-3, 1843-4, 1844-5, 1845-6, 1846-7, 1847-8, 1848-9, 1849-50, 1850-1] ; by Charles R. Rode [1850- 51] ; by Doggett & Rode [1851-2] ; by C. R. Rode [1852-3, 1853-4, 1854-5] ; by H. Wil- son [1852-3, 1853-4, 1854-5, 1855-6, 1856-7, 1857-8, 1858-9, 1859-60, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863. 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867] ; Business Directory, by H. Wilson [1862-3, 1866-7, 1853-4]. Niagara County, N. Y., by H. Child [1869]. Oneida County, N. Y., by A. Boyd [1862-3] ; by Waite Brothers & Co. [1866-7] : by H. Child [1869]. Onondaga County, N. Y., by H. Child [1868-9]. Orleans County, N. Y., by H. Child [1869]. Oswego, N. Y., by W. Hancock [1856-7] ; by John Fitzgerald [1861, 1864-5]. Potsdam, N. Y., by J. C. Kimball [1668]. Poughkeepsie, N. Y., by J. Underhill [1856-7] ; by David B. Lent, Jr. [1859-60] : P. & Fishkill Landing [1864-5] . Rensselaer County, N. Y., by H. Child [1870-1]. Rochester, N. Y., by Elwood & Dewey [1844] ; by Jerome & Brother [1847-8] ; by D. M. Dewey [1853-4, 1855-6] ; by Curtis, Butts & Co. [1861]. ROME, N. Y., by W. H. Boyd [1857, 1859-60] . Saratoga Springs, N. Y., by A. Boyd [1868-9]. Schenectady, N. Y., by H. Y. Bradt & Co [1864] ; by W. H. Boyd [1857] ; by H. Y.Bradt [1862-3]. Tompkins County, N. Y., by H. Child [1868]. Troy, N. Y., by John F. Prescott [1850-1] ; by George Adams [1857] ; by Adams, Sampson & Co [1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862]. Syracuse, N. Y., by W. H. Boyd [1857] ; Daily Journal [1862-3, 1864-5, 1866-7] ; by Andrew Boyd [1868-9, 1869-70]. Watertown, N. Y., by J. P. Fitch [1840]. Wayne County, N. Y., by H. Child [1867-8]. Wyoming County, N. Y., by H. Child [1870-71]. 14 PUBLICATIONS OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. 1871. Journal of the Essex County Naturae History Society. 1 vol. 8vo. 1836-1852. pp. 135. In paper, $0 50 Bound, 1 00 Proceedings and Communications. 8vo. 6 vols. 1848-1868. [The Pro- ceedings close with the sixth volume.] The series, in numbers, . . IS 00 Bound in cloth, 24 00 Vol. I. 1848-1856. pp. 275, 2 00 " II. 1856-1858. pp. 438, 1 plate, 2 00 " III. 1858-1863. pp. 301, . . . . 2 00 " IV. 1864-1865. pp. 448, 15 plates, 5 00 " V. 1866-1867. pp. 569, 4 " and Naturalists' Directory, . . 6 00 " VI. 1868-1871. pp. 259, 2 plates and 31 cuts, 3 00 [These volumes contain a large number of descriptions and figures of new species, especially of Corals, Insects and Polyzoa; and many valuable papers on Natural History. The first three volumes also contain many im- portant Historical papers. In addition to the papers on special subjects, the volumes contain the proceedings of the meetings of the Institute, the records of additions to the library and museum, and many important verbal com- munications made at the meetings, etc. The Naturalists' Directory is also issued under the same cover with vols. IV. and V. Vol. VI. closes the series.] Bulletin. Svo. Issued in monthly parts of about 16 pages each. subscription per annum, 1 00 Single numbers, 10 Vol. I. 1869. pp. 164, 1 00 u II. 1870. pp. 178, . 1 00 " III. 1871. Subscription, 1 00 [The Bulletin takes the place of the Proceedings of the Institute which close at the date of the commencement of the Bulletin. This publication will contain all the short communications of general interest, both of an Historical and Scientific character, made at the meetings of the Institute, and the record of the meetings and business of the Institute. Occasional lists of the deficiencies in the library of the Institute, and of the duplicate books offered for sale or exchange will also be given.] 15 Naturalists' Directory. Issued with Proceedings Vol. V, 18G7. [This work contains the addresses and departments of study of the Nat- uralists, Collectors and Taxidermists, in North America at the date of pub- lication.] Separate from Proceedings, paper covers, $1 00 " " •' hound and interleaved, 2 00 Historical Collections. First series, Vols. 1-8, small 4to, Second series in 8vo, commencing with Vol. 9 The 10 vols, in paper covers, " 10 " " cloth binding, Vol.1. 1859. pp.206. Steel plate, II. 1860. pp.310, pp.298, pp.289, pp. 289. Steel plate, . pp.274, pp.287, .... pp.267, IX. 1868-9. (Vol. 1 of 2d series. 8vo.) X. 1869-70. pp.319. Steel plate, XI. 1871. Subscription, III. IV. V. VI. VII 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. VIII. 1866. PP 374. 20 00 30 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 The Historical Collections contain papers wholly of an Historical and Genealogical nature, and are most valuable to the student of early Ameri- can History. Many important manuscripts and public and private early records are printed in these volumes for the first time, as well as papers specially prepared on topics relating to the early history of Massachusetts. Several Genealogies of leading families connected with the early settlement of the country are also contained in the volumes.] The Weal- Re af. Published for Institute fair in 1860. Small 4to. pp. 56, To-Day. Published for the Institute and Oratorio fair, 1870. pp. 38, . Besides the above publications, the following works are offered for sale .- Allen, J. F. Victoria Regia, or the Great Water Lily of America. Royal folio, six colored plates, 1854, 10 00 Allen, J. A. Foray of a colony of Formica Sanguinea upon a colony of Black Ants. 1868,* 10 Balch, D. M. On the Sodalite at Salem. 1864,* 10 Balch, D. M. Analysis of Grapes. 1865,* 10 BRIGGS, G. W. Memoir of D. A. White. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1864,* ... 30 Coues, Elliott. List of the Birds of New England, with critical notes. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1868,* 75 16 Derby, Perley. Hutchinson Family. 1 vol, 8vo. 1870,* . . . . $2 00 ENDICOTT, C. M. Account of Leslie's Retreat. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1856, . . 25 Endicott, C. M. Account of the Piracy of the ship Friendship of Salem in 1831. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1858,* 15 Essex Institute. Historical notice of, with the Constitution, By-Laws, and lists of the Officers and Members. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1866, ... 25 Fowler, S. P. Account of the Life, Character, etc., of Rev. Samuel Parris, and of his connection with the Witchcraft Delusion of 1692. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1857,* 15 Gill, T. Prodrome of a Monograph of the Pinnipedes (seals). 1866,* . 25 Hyatt, A. Observations on Fresh-water Polyzoa. 103 pages, 9 Plates and 25 Cuts, 8vo, 1868,* 2 50 Kimball's Journey to the West in 1817. Pamphlet, 8vo,* .... 15 McIlwraith, T. List of Birds of Hamilton, Canada West. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1866,* 15 Plummer Hall, Dedication of. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1857, 30 Preble, George Henry. The First Cruise of the United States Frigate Essex. Pamphlet, 8vo,* 1 00 Putnam's and Packard's Notes on Humble Bees, etc. Wild Bees of New England, their Parasites, etc., with a plate. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1865,* . . 75 Salem, Town Records of. 1634 to 1659. 8vo, 1868,* 2 50 Shurtleff, C. A. Report on the Army Worm. 1862,* 10 Streeter, G. L. Account of the Newspapers and other Periodicals pub- lished in Salem. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1856,* 15 Upiiam, C. W. Memoir of Francis Peabody. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1869,* . . 50 Ufham, C. W. Memoir of D. P. King. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1869,* ... 30 Upham, W. P. Memoir of Gen. John Glover of Marblehead. Pamphlet, Svo 1863,* 50 Weinland, D. F. Egg Tooth of Snakes and Lizards. Pamphlet, 8vo, with a plate, 1857,* 15 Wheatland, H. Notice of the Pope Family. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1867,* . . 25 White, D. A. Covenant of the First Church. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1856,* . . 10 White, D. A. New England Congregationalism. 1 Vol. 8vo, 1861, . . 1 00 Wilder, B. G. Researches and experiments on Spider's silk. 1866. Cuts,* 50 Wood, Horatio C. Phalangese of United States. 1868. Cuts of most of the species,* 1 50 ♦Those marked with a star are extra copies from the Proceedings and Historical Collections. BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX! INSTITUTE. Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., February, 1871. No. 2. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Regular Meeting, Monday, February 6, 1871. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. Mr. James H. Emerton read a paper on the Flying Spiders, illustrating his remarks by drawings on the black- board. Some spiders, he said, have a habit of rising into the atmosphere by the help of currents of air acting upon threads of cobweb attached to their bodies. The threads before rising are often tangled together, covering the grass and bushes, and floating in the air in large pieces. In Europe large flights of this web often take place, particularly in the fall of the g year. The web rises usually in the morn- ing, when the weather is clear and calm, and descends again in the afternoon, as the day becomes cooler. Travellers on the coast of South America have several times seen the rioting of their vessels covered with cob- webs, blown off from the shore. Mr. Darwin, in his journal of the voyage of the Beagle, gives an account of Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 3 18 a case of this kind when the vessel was sixty miles from land. A letter from an officer on one of the U. S. vessels, says that last autumn, when near Montevideo, after a wind, the rigging was filled with cobwebs, and little spiders fell down all over the deck. In our own country such showers have seldom been noticed, although the bushes and grass are often covered with web, which float out in the air to the length of several feet. One calm, warm morning in June, 1858, I was watching some little spielers, about one-tenth of an inch long, on the top of a fence in Bridge street, Salem. Occasionally one would stop and turn up its abdomen, at the same time straightening up its legs as if to get as high as possible. A thread then passed upward from the spinnerets at the end of the abdomen, increasing in a few seconds to a yard in length, when the spider and thread rose slowly upward, until the thread was entangled in the branches of the trees above. Mr. R. P. Whitfield tells me that once, near Utica, N. Y., while crossing a field of stubble, he saw a multitude of spiders running up and down the stalks, and when they found one to suit them, letting a thread pass upward from their bodies, and when enough had passed, rising with it into the air. Most experiments tend to. show that currents of air are the cause of the spinning of these threads, but others have believed that they could be better accounted for on electri- cal principles. Some also have believed that the spiders can fly without the help of web or currents of air. The President read a communication from Mr. M. A. Stickney, "on Nathaniel Ames and Ms Almanacs" The almanac, one of the first productions of the New England press (1639), always held a prominent place among the essentials of a New England home in the 19 olden times, and was the usual appendage to the large fire-places, around which cluster so many pleasing associ- ations. These annual sheets being sewed together and thus preserved with scrupulous care, in a continuous series, formed a diary of the domestic circle. On the margin of the pages, or on the inserted leaves, were frequently noted the principal events of the family, some- times of the neighborhood, and occasionally those of a more general interest. The small number of these old memorials that have escaped from the ravages of time, are considered very valuable by the antiquary and the student of local his- tory. From these time-worn and dingy leaves many im- portant facts may be gleaned, or at least a careful perusal will not be time misspent. Mr. Stickney commenced some thirty years since to preserve almanacs, and has been very successful in his efforts in this direction. His collection is very extensive, and several of the series are perfect and in good condi- tion. From the abundant resources at his command, he has been enabled to prepare a series of valuable and interesting articles on almanacs and their authors. Four numbers have been printed in Vol. VIII of the "Historical Collections of the Institute ;" others are in preparation. 1. Nathaniel Low, 1762 to 1827, inclusive (none printed in 1766), sixty-four numbers. Mr. Low, the eldest child of Nathaniel and Sarah Low, was born in Ipswich, Dec. 23, 1740 (O. S.). He was a physician, and settled at Berwick, Me., continuing there the publi- cation of the almanacs which he had commenced at Ips- wich, in 1762. These almanacs may be considered one of the most important series ever published in New Eng- land, both on account of the period in which they were issued, that of the Revolution, and for the number of 20 years they were printed. After his decease in September, 1808, this publication was continued by his son, Na- thaniel. 2. Amos Pope was born Feb. 22, 1771, in the first Parish of Danvers. He was the son of Nathaniel and Mary (Swinnerton) Pope, and his ancestors were among the first settlers of Salem. At the age of twenty he undertook to prepare an almanac for the year 1792, which under great disadvantages he accomplished. He also prepared almanacs for 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, and 1797, these were all printed except the one for 1796. After 1797, with the exception of a few winters devoted to school keeping, he resided upon the ancestral farm, where he died January 26, 1837. 3. Samuel Hall, son of Jonathan and Anna (Fowle) Hall, was born in Medford, Mass., Nov. 2, 1740. In 1768 he was persuaded by Capt. Richard Derby to re- move to Salem, and under the patronage of the Derbys, and other patriotic citizens, established the Essex Ga- zette : the first number was issued Aug. 2d of that year ; — the first paper in Salem. He printed the Essex Almanac from 1769 to 1773, inclusive. He removed to Cambridge in 1775, and soon afterwards to Boston. He returned to Salem in 1781 and commenced printing the Salem Ga- zette, and in 1785 he again removed to Boston, where he died, Oct. 30, 1807. 4. Daniel George, of Haverhill, 1776 to 1787, inclu- sive, except for 1785 ; none printed that year. He re- moved from Haverhill to Falmouth (now Portland), Me., previous to 1783 and was the publisher there, for a time, of the Gazette^ of Maine. He died suddenly, Feb. 4, 1804, aged 45.' This communication, the fifth in the series, contains a brief notice of Nathaniel Ames and his series of alma- 21 nacs of thirty-eight successive years, with extracts from the different issues and the various jottings on the mar- gins and interleaved pages, the whole forming a valuable contribution to our local history. Nathaniel Ames was born at Bridgewater, July 22, 1708, he was the son of Nathaniel, grandson of John, and great grandson of William, the immigrant ancestor, born at Bruton, Somersetshire, England, Oct. 6, 1605, and settled in Braintree, Mass., as early as 1640. He was a distinguished physician and mathematician, and removed to Dedham in 1732. At the age of seventeen he calculated his first almanac, which was published in 1726. His almanacs were superior to those of his con- temporaries, and obtained a great circulation; 60,000 were annually sold in the New England colonies. He died July 11, 1764. The almanacs were continued for several years by his son Nathaniel, a graduate of Har- vard in 1761, a physician, and died at Dedham in 1822. The celebrated Fisher Ames "one of the most brilliant men this country ever produced," was his third son, born April 9, 1758, graduated at Harvard 1774, and died July 4, 1808. "In the old church yard at Dedham, is a plain white monument, on which is the simple inscription Fisher Ames." This communication was referred to the Publication Committee, and will probably be printed in the "Histori- cal Collections." The Secretary announced the following correspond- ence : — From New England Historic-Genealogical Society, Feb. 2; Pennsylvania Histor- ical Society, Feb. 2; Throndhjem Kongelige Norske Videnskabernes-selskab, Sept. 28, 1870; Boardman, S. L., Augusta, Me., Jan. 25; Brigham, W. T., Boston, Jan. 25; Hotchkiss, Frank E., New Haven, Conn., Jan. 17, 23; Mann, Mary, Cambridge, Dec. 4, 1870; Paine, N., Worcester, Jan. 24, 25, 28; Preble, George Henry, Charles- town, Dec. 18, Jan. 31; Perry, Wsa. Stevens, Geneva, N. Y., Jan. 20; Stephens, Wm. Hudson, Copenhagen, N. Y., Jan. 27; Trippe, T. Martin, Alexandria, Minn., Dec. 30; Williams, N. M., Methuen, Jan. 26. 22 The Librarian announced the following additions. By Donation. Butler, Benj. F., M. C. Kelly's Speech in U. S. H. R., Jan. 10, 1871. Maynard's Speech in U. S. H. R., Dec. 15, 1870. 8vo. Cloutman, W. R., of Charleston, S. C. Memorial Addresses on Wm. Pitt Fes- senden, Dec. 11, 1869. 1 vol., small 4to. Dodge, Allen W. Regulations of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 20. Green, S. A., of Boston. The Tariff Question, by E. B. Bigelow, 1 vol. large 4to. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 17. Holden, N. J. Massachusetts Legislative Doc. for 1865. Miscellaneous pamph- lets, 75. Huntington, A. Five pamphlets. Kimball, James. Three pamphlets. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin. Jan'y, 1871. Stone, John O., of New York. Report of the Metropolitan Board of Health for 1869. 1 vol. 8vo. Sumner, Charles. U. S. S., U. S. Coast Survey for 1867. 1vol. 4to. Palfray, C. W. The Manufacturer and Builder for March, April, 1870. Files of the Philadelphia Inquirer for 1866-7-S-9-70. Files of the Commonwealth, 1866 to 1870. Peabody, John P. The Fireside Favorite for 1870. Peabody, S. E. Littell's Living Age from 1849 to 1869 inclusive. Ropes, Wm. L., of Andover. Catalogue of Andover Theological Seminary, 1870-71, 8vo. Walker, Francis . Characters of undescribed Lepidotera Heterocera, 8vo, 1869. Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago, 111. Message of John M. Palmer, Gov. for 111., Jan. 4, 1871. By Exchange. Bibliotheque Universelle et Revue Suisse. Archives des Sciences Phys- iques et Naturelles, Nouvelle Periode. Tome Trente-huitieme (38) Nos. 151-2-3-4-5, 8vo. Geneve, Lausanna. Paris. 1870. Boston Public Library, Bulletin for Jan., 1871. Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings. Vol. xiii, sigs. 22,23, 1870. Entomological Society of Russia. Horre Societatis Entomological Russicae. Tome VI, No. 4, Tome VII, Nos. 1, 2, 3, Tome VIII, No. 1, Svo, Petropoli, 1870. Harvard College, Annual Report of the President. 1869-70. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Annual Catalogue of the Offi- cers and students, 1870-71, 8vo. Boston Mercantile Library Association. Index to the Catalogue of books, 1 vol., small 4to, 1869. * Neuchatel Societe des Sciences Naturelles. Bulletin, Tome VIII. 1870. 8vo. Somersetshire Arcileological and Natural History Society. Proceed- ing for 1868-9. Vol. XV. Svo. Taunton, 1870. Puhlishers. American Literary Gazette. Canadian Naturalist. Christian World. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine. Lawrence American. Literary World. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. National Farmer. Nature. Peabody Press. Quaritch's Catalogue. Sailors' Magazine. Salem Observer. Silli- man's Journal. 23 Among the donations to the Department of Manu- scripts, the following may be specified as a donation from Mrs. N. D. Cole. Permit Mr. Jonathan Cole to pass on or before Sunday next out of Quebec, and on or before Thursday next out of the District, with his wearing apparel, Bedding, and a case and small keg of Liquor, with- out hindrance or molestation, he behaving as besemeth. Given under my hand & seal at [Seal] Quebec this 24th Novem'r 1775 By His Excellency's command H. T. Brasmahe. Camp before Quebec May 2, 1776. Keceived of John Peirce Jim., Esq., assistant Paymaster for the Northern Department by the hands of Mr. Jonathan Cole the sum of twenty-five Thousand Dollars, for which sum I promise to account with the Paymaster General on settlement. John Winslow, Assistant Paymaster. 25,000 Dollars. Permit the bearer Jonathan Cole to pass from home to Boston on his lawful Business. Head Quarters Montreal 10th May 1776 To all concerned. B. Arnold B. Gen. Mrs. Edward D. Kimball was elected a resident mem- ber. Adjourned. Regular Meeting, Monday, February 20, 1871. The President in the chair. The Records of the pre- ceding meeting were read. The Secretary announced the following correspond- ence. From Boston Public Library, Feb. 7; Hall, B. H., Troy, N. Y., Feb. 9; Hotchkiss, Frank E., New Haven, Feb. 7, 18; Norton, Charles, Janesville, Wisconsin, Feb. 4; Tracy, C» M., Lynn, Feb. 11; Verrill, A. E., New Haven, Feb. 15. 24 The Librarian reported the following additions. By Donation. BUTLER, Benj. F., M. C. Report of Agriculture, Jan., 1871. Hoar's Speech in U.S. II. R., Feb. 7, 1871. Gaffield, JOHN V. Report of the Librarian of Congress for 1870. Hotchkiss, Frank E., of New Haven, Conn. New Haven Directories for 1840, •11-2, '2-3, '3-4, '4-5, '6-7, '7-8, '9-50, '65-68. Cleveland Directory, 1837-38. Commer- cial Directory, 1823. Connecticut Register 1847, '8, '52, '3, '4, '5, '8, '9, '61, '62. Beck- with's Almanac, 1852, '9, '61, '2, '3, '8, '70, '1. Prindles' Almanac, 1826, '40, '7, '8, '51, '5, '60. Middlebrook's Almanacs, 1810, '11, '13, '23, '6, '7, '34. Beers's Almanac 1805, '12, '19, '22, '23. Boston Municipal Register for 1867. Miscellaneous pamph- lets, 65. Kimball, James. Illustrated Circular, " The National Bridge and Ironworks," Svo. Boston, 1869. Lee, Francis H. Catalogue of the Free Public Library in Worcester. Miscel- laneous pamphlets, 3. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, Feb. Preston, Charles P. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 8. Stone, Edwin M., of Providence, R. I. Report of the Ministry at large. Jan. 8, 1871. Charles Sumner, U. S. S. Schurz's Speech in United States Senate, Dec. 15th, 1870, on " Political Disabilities." Report of Agriculture for Jan., 1871. Unknown. History of Illinois and Life of Ninian Edwards. 1 vol. 8vo. Trans- actions of the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society for 1869. 1 vol. 8vo. Report of the Board of Education of Chicago for 1869, 1870. 2 vols. 8vo. Report of the Board of Trustees of the Illinois Industrial University for 1868, 1869. 2 vols. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13. Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago, 111. Report of the Board of Health of Chicago for 1867, '8, '9, and a Sanitary History of Chicago, from 1833 to 1870, 1 vol, Svo. By Exchange. American Philosophical Society, Phila. Proceedings, Vol. xi, No. 85, 1S70. New York Mercantile Library Association. Officers and Members for 1870-71. 8vo pamph. National Association of Wool Manufacturers. Bulletin. Vol. II, No. 4. Svo pamph. Publishers. American Booksellers. American Naturalist. Essex Banner. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter; Medical and Surgical Re- porter. Nation. National Farmer. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. Sotlierau's Catalogue. Charles E. Fabens and Benjamin H. Fabens were elected resident members. Adjourned. BULLETIN OF THE esses: institute. Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., March, 1871. No. 3. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Regular Meeting, Monday, March 6, 1871. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The President read a communication on THE ANCESTRY AND BIRTHPLACE OF HAWTHORNE, whose writings have imparted a degree of interest to many places in this city, and whose successful career in the field of letters, has added a brilliant star to the glori- ous galaxy of Salem worthies. Here much interest centres ; foreign tourists and others come to visit the scenes which he has so well described in his writings', and to repeople them with those characters which he has so vividly portrayed. This interest is on the increase, each year adding to the number of those who thus show their respect and admiration of the man and his writings. It is proposed only to allude briefly to his ancestry in America ; very little is known of the family in the motherland. Hawthorne, when in England, devoted much time, fruitlessly, to search out the residence of any of them, and wrote to a friend, " of all things, I should like to find a grave-stone in one of these old church-yards Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 4 26 with my own name upon it ; although for myself I should wish to be buried in America." The name has been prominent in our annals from the first settlement, and has been variously spelt, eight differ- ent modes having been noticed. The emigrant ancestor, Major William Hathorne, came over in the Arabella, with Winthrop, as stated by Savage in his Genealogical Dictionary. He went probably, first to Dorchester, having had grants of land there in 1634 ; made freeman May 14, 1634, and was one of the ten men in 1635. In 1636 Salem tendered him grants of land if he would remove hither ; he came in that or the year following. From that time his name appears on our records, as holding important positions, Commissioner, Speaker of the House of Representatives, Counsel in cases before the Courts, Judge on the Bench, soldier commanding important and difficult expeditions, and in innumerable other cases. Johnson, in his "wonder working Providence," thus says of him, " yet through the Lord's mercy we still retaine among our Democracy the Godly Captaine Wil- liam Hathorn, whom the Lord hath indued with a quick apprehension, strong memory, and Rhetorick, volubility of speech, which hath caused the people to make use of him often in Publick Service, especially when they have had to do with any foreign government." He died in 1681. His son John seems to have inherited many of his prominent traits of character, and to have succeeded in all his public honors, was freeman in 1677, Representa- tive in 1683, Assistant, or Counsellor, 1684 to 1712, ex- cept the years of Anclros' government ; a Magistrate in the prosecution of the witchcraft trials, afterwards of the Superior Court ; Colonel of a regiment and commander of the forces in the expedition of 1696, on the retire- 27 ment of Church. He died in 1717. The name appears, thus far, to have been as prominent in the civil history of that period, as it has been in the elegant literature of the present. Joseph Hathorne, the next in descent, married, June 30, 1715, Sarah, daughter of William Bowditch, and a sister of Ebenezer, the grandfather of Hon. Nathaniel Bowditch, the eminent mathematician. He was occupied principally with the quiet and retiring duties of the farm, and did not take that leading part in publick affairs which his father and grandfather had been called upon to assume. He died in 1762, having had among other children, Daniel, who, during the period of the Eevolution, was in command of several Privateers, and noted for his courage and bravery ; died April 18, 1796, at the age of 65. His contemporaries speak of him in high terms of commenda- tion, and his funeral was attended with that respect which real worth ensures. No descendants are now living in Salem who bear his name. The eldest son died young ; the second, Daniel, died at sea, unmarried, in 1805, a master-mariner; the third, Nathaniel, was the father of the subject of this notice. The eldest daughter, Kachel, married Simon Forrester, one of the Pioneers in the East India trade, who died in 1817, leaving a large fortune, the results of his successful commercial enterprises. Nathaniel Hathorne, son of the preceding, born in 1776, married Elizabeth Clarke Manning, daughter of Richard Manning, and sister of Robert, the distinguished pomologist of Salem. Mr. Hathorne, after his marriage, continued to reside in the family mansion, now numbered 21 Union street, and in the northwest chamber of this house, Nathaniel, the author, was born, July 4, 1804. This house was built about two hundred years since by Benjamin Pickman, some additions and alterations having 28 been made by the several owners ; the land, on which it stands, was, originally, part of the grant to Joseph Hardy, who conveyed it Aug. 7, 1685, to his son-in-law, Benjamin Pickman ; B. Pickman's wife, Elizabeth, was daughter of Joseph Hardy; Joshua Pickman, a son of Benjamin, conveyed the same to Jonathan Phelps, June 22, 1745, he with his wife, Judith, transferred it to their son-in-law, Daniel Hathorne, Sept. 28, 1772. Rachel, the wife of the grantee, being the daughter of the grantors. This estate remained in the family until 1850, when it was sold by the heirs to Isaac Cushing. Soon after the death of Capt. Nathaniel Hathorne, which took place at Surinam, in the spring of 1808, the mother went with her children to the family of her father, Richard Manning, at the Manning house, No. 10 Herbert street — this estate extended through to Union street, adjoining that of his birthplace. There they lived till October, 1818, when they went to Raymond, Me., where his grandfather, in connection with his uncle Richard, and others of the family, had made very extensive invest- ments in lands. Hawthorne lived here about a year in a large house built near the shore of Sebago Lake, by his uncle, Robert Manning, in the expectation that the Man- ning family would remove from Salem to Raymond. Hawthorne returned to Salem to attend school, in the autumn of 1819, living again in the family of his grand- mother Manning, and during the vacations, whilst a stu- dent at Bowdoin College, also after his graduation. In December, 1828, he and his mother removed to North Salem, to a house built and owned by Robert Manning, adjoining his own residence on Dearborn street. In De- cember, 1832, they moved again to the ancestral man- sion in Herbert street. About 1836 he went to Boston to edit a magazine, and after a short residence, returned 29 again to the same old house, but not long after he went again to Boston, where he stayed until he took up his residence at Brook Farm. He was married in Boston, July, 1842, to Sophia A., daughter of Dr. Nathaniel Peabody of Salem, and lived for some time at the "Old Manse," in Concord, Mass. In October, 1845, he came to Herbert street with his family, as boarders, remaining there six months, when he removed to Boston. In August, 1846, he came back to Salem, and lived at No. 18 Chestnut street. In October, 1847, he removed to 14 Mall street, in this place he lived until April, 1850, and then left Salem for the last time, as a resident. We have thus given some account of the paternal ancestry of Hawthorne in this country, his birthplace and other residences in Salem, where he passed many years of his life, and where many of his choicest productions were written — leaving to others the delineation of his character and of his writings. This communication, of which the above is only a brief abstract, was referred to the Publication Committee for insertion in the Historical Collections. Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibited several specimens of the peculiar fishes belonging to the genera of Tetraodon and Diodon which had been recently presented to the Museum. He called attention to the singular structure of the teeth, which, while appearing simply as one large tooth on each jaw in Diodon, and as two on each jaw in Tetraodon, really consisted of a large number of teeth so closely cemented together by the deposit of dentine as to form the solid compound teeth characteristic of the family. He also pointed out the peculiar structure of the scales, modi- fied so as to serve as spiny organs of defence, which in connection with the power these fishes have of inhaling 30 air to such an extent as to enable them to float on the sur- face of the water like an inflated balloon, rendered it al- most impossible for any other fish to swallow them. The flesh of many species of this family are well known to be poisonous, and an old sailor will seldom risk eating them. The following correspondence was announced, — Now England Society of Orange, Feb. 26; Smithsonian Institution, Feb. 15; E. W. Buswell, Boston, Feb. 28; G. F. Choate, Salem, Mch. 6; J. Colburn, Boston, Feb. 20; Wra. Graves, Newburyport, Mch. 2; M. How, Haverhill, Feb. 25; Mrs. E. D. Kimball, Salem, Feb. 22; D. Webster King, Boston, Feb. 20; W. S. Perry, Geneva, N. Y., Feb. 23; William Prescott, Concord, N. H., Feb. 25; A. H. Quint, New Bedford, Feb. 23, 27; J. K. Wiggin, Boston, Feb. 21. The following additions to the Library were reported. Donations. Abbott, A., of Newburyport. Moore's Almanack for 1778. An Act for Regu- lating and Governing the Militia of Massachusetts in 1793. The New England Courant printed in 1723. Blake, C J., of Boston. Late contributions to Aural Surgery by donor. Read May 24, 1870. Bctler, B. F., M. C Speech in H. R. Feb. 14, 1871, on Expulsion of West Point Cadets. Garrison, W. P., of New York. Constitution and .By-Laws of the New Eng- land Society of Orange, as adopted May 12th, 1870. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for Feb. Lincoln, Solomon. Memoir of Mrs. Rowson by Elias Nason. 1 vol., small 4to, Albany, 1870. Sumner, Charles, U. S. S. Drake's Speech in U. S. Senate, Dec. 16, 1870. Congressional Directory, 3rd Sess., 41st Cong. Schurz' Speech in U. S. Senate, Jan. 27, 1871. Hoar's Speech in U. S. H. R., Feb. 7, 1871. Eulogies delivered in U. S. Cong., Feb. 9, 10, 1871, on Death of Hon. John Covode. Report of the U. S. Commissioners to the Paris Exposition. 6 vols. 8vo. Washington, 1870. Reports of the Total Eclipse of August 7, 1869, 1 vol., large 4to. Message and Documents. 2d Sess., 41st Cong. 1869-70. 1 vol. Svo. Hingiiam Public Library. Address delivered at the Dedication, July 5th, 1869, by Hon. Thomas Russell. Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago, 111. Free Labor the first condition of Free Trade. By C. W. Felt. By Exchange. BUFFALO Historical Society. Proceedings for 1869-70. Iowa State Historical Society. Annals of Iowa for Jan., 1871. Maryland Historical Society. Account of the Settlement of Ellicott's Mills, read before the Society, Nov. 3., 1870. Publishers. American Naturalist. Christian World. Eclectic. Essex Ban- ner. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Literary World. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical ami Surgical Reporter. Nation. National Farmer. Nature. Peabody 31 Press. Quaritch's Catalogue. Salem Observer. Silliman's Journal. The New Carpet. Wm. A. Ireland and Wm. H. Kilvert were duly elected Eesident members. Regulak Meeting, Monday, March 20, 1871. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The President presented a copy in manuscript of the Genealogy of the Cabot family, prepared by Hon. Joseph S. Cabot of this city, and which he had recently received from him, a donation to the manuscript department, and made some remarks upon the history of this family in this county. Two brothers came to Salem about 1700, John and George, from the Island of Jersey — John married Anna Orne and was the ancestor of the family in this vicinity and this record refers especially to an ac- count of his descendants. George married Miss Mars- ton, daughter of Benjamin Marston of Salem, died in 1715, leaving a son Marston, who graduated at Harvard college in 1724, and was settled in the ministry at Kil- lingly, Conn. He married Mary, daughter of Rev. Josiah Dwight and died April 8, 1756, leaving many descend- ants. Mr. Allen W. Dodge made some interesting remarks on some of the habits and customs of our ancestors as gleaned from an examination of the wills and inventories of estates on file in the Probate office. This subject will probably be alluded to again at some future meeting. The Secretary announced the following correspondence : Boston Athenaeum, Men. 10; Boston Public Library, Men. 13; Corporation of Harvard College, Mch. 13; Mass. State Board of Health, Men. IS; Mass. State 32 Library, Mch. 14; New York State Library, Mch. 14; Peabody Institute, Peabody, Mch. 13; R. I. Historical Society, Mch. 15; George W. Duncan, Haverhill, Mch. 4, 7; Mrs. A. T. Endicott, Boston, Feb. 28, Mch. 15; P>. H. Hall, Troy, Mch. 18; Mrs. P. A. Hanaford, New Haven, Mch. 17; F. G. Hastings, New York, Mch. 18; Z. A. Madge, Marblehead, Mch. 18; Josiah Newhall, Lynnfield, Mch. 1, 8; G. H. Preble, Charlestown, Mch. 16; John C. Ropes, Boston, Mch. 17; Henry White, New Haven, Conn., Mch. 18. The Librarian reported the following additions : By Donation. Butler, B. F., M. C. Patent Office Reports. Vols. 2, 3, 4, 1868. 3 vols. 8vo. Report of the Department of Agriculture for 1869. 1 vol. 8vo. Acts and Resolu- tions of U. S. at the 2d Sess., 41st Cong. 1 vol. 8vo. Message and Documents for 1869-70. 1 vol. 8vo. Eighth Census of the U. S. for 1860. 4 vols. 4to. Con- gressional Globe, 2d Sess. 41st Congress, with Appendix. 7 vols. 4to. 1869-70. Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 71. Phippen, Geo. D. A Treatise of Prayer. 1 vol. 12mo. London. Randall, Stephen, of Providence, R. I. Publications of the Narragansett Club. Vol. IV. 1 vol. small 4to. Providence, 1870. Sumner, Charles, U. S. S. Land Office Report for 1868. 1vol. 8vo. Finance Report for 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. Mining Statistics West of the Rocky Mountains by R. W. Raymond, 1 vol. 8vo. Report on the Commerce and Navigation of U. S. Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. Worthen, Prof. A. H., of Springfield, 111. Geological Survey of Illinois. Vol. IV. 1 vol., small 4to. 1870. By Exchange. Minnesota Historical Society, Report of, to the Legislature of Minnesota lor 1870. 8vo. pamph. Vermont Historical Society. Proceedings. Oct. and Nov., 1870. 8vo. pamph. Publishers. American Literary Gazette. Essex Banner. Gardner's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. National Farmer. Nature. Peabody Press. Quaritch's Catalogue. Sotheran's Catalogue. Henry W. Monlton of Newburyport, and Dirk Tenp- ken of Salem were elected Resident members. BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX HvTSTITTJTE. Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., April, 1871. No. 4. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Eegular Meeting, Monday, April 3, 1871. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. THE SALEM FEMALE ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY. The President mentioned that the Records, Correspon- dence and other papers of this society had recently been deposited with the Institute, and read the following com- munication from Rev. John L. Russell, accompanying the same. To the Historical Department of the Essex Institute : The Abolition of Slavery in the United States of Amer- ica has become an illustrious fact in the History of this Country. By very small beginnings, and by little springs and rills, the mighty stream of events which rolled on- ward to the ocean of universal freedom has been nour- ished and fed. Of one of these, the Records of the "Salem Female Anti-slavery Society," may be mentioned with honor. By a vote of the Society, at the closing meeting of its existence, the records have been entrusted to the historical department of the Essex Institute. To Essex Inst. Bulletin. m 5 34 these the correspondence and business details have been added. To the future historian of the ancient town of Salem, they will present subjects of intense interest and earnest thought. In minimis maximus is no less true of man's advancement than of God's operations. In address- ing to the historical department these few words by being honored with the duty of presenting the gift, I 'subscribe myself, Eespectfully, John L. Eussell. The President remarked that early in the spring of 1834, a few ladies having carefully examined the subject of slavery for the purpose of ascertaining what duties may devolve upon the female portion of the community in relation thereto, called a meeting on the 4th of June following, and formed an organization under the name of the Salem Female Anti-slavery Society. Mrs. Cyrus P. Grosvenor wTas elected the first President. She was suc- ceeded in 1835 by Maria A. Driver, in 1838 by Lydia Dean, in 1843 by Lucy G. Ives, who continued the pre- siding officer until Jan. 3d, 1866, when its dissolution was deemed advisable ; the legal abolition of slavery having been accomplished, it was thought that more good could be effected by working with the Freedman's Aid Society, or some similar organization. During the thirty-two years of the existence of this society, the members were very assiduous in the promo- tion of its objects; no exertions were spared, despite of obloquy, and at times great unpopularity, to advance the cause for which they were striving, and which for several years appeared to be almost hopeless. Frequent meetings were held to receive and impart in- telligence on the subject of emancipation; also to devise m6ans to aid kindred associations, and the efforts of zeal- 1425135 35 ous co-laborers ; and by means of the press, of lectures and occasional addresses, to diffuse information and awak- en a more general interest and cooperation. From 1844 to 1860 inclusive, annual courses of lectures, consisting* of some six or eight each, were delivered. Scholars, who rank high in the held of letters, and the leading spirits in this movement were enlisted and took part in these vari- ous exercises. In this connection may be mentioned the names of Wm. L. Garrison, George Thompson, George W. Curtis, T. W. Higginson, Wendell Phillips, Theodore Parker, Edmund Quincy, John Pierpont, Caleb Stetson, Samuel J. May, T. T. Stone, James F. Clarke, Samuel Johnson, O. B. Frothingham, E. B. Willson, Wm. H. Charming and others. The course of events, however, during the past decade of years, has led to the realization of so many of their long cherished plans and aspirations that the continuance of the organization is no longer necessary. The record of their doings, now closed, has become historic. An impartial future will, doubtless, give due credit to the part which they have performed in this great movement ; and do ample justice to the zeal, industry and self-sacrificing spirit that have characterized all their actions. The Institute, grateful for this mark of confidence, will carefully preserve this valuable donation to the depart- ment of manuscripts. PAPER MONEY. Mr. John Robinson, having arranged the collection of paper money in the possession of the Institute, was re- quested to give some account of the same. He stated that until its arrangement the past year, it was seldom seen. This arrangement is* now completed and in such 36 manner that at any time more can be added without de- ranging in any way the systematic order. We have two volumes, the first containing the earlier colonial issues, those of the Continental Congress and the State Banks prior to 1864. The second volume con- tains the various issues during the recent war and foreign bills of all sorts. In Vol. I. the New Hampshire and Massachusetts bills are particularly fine, some being very rare and valuable, especially one of Massachusetts of 1690. Of the Middle States we have some rare and many fine ones ; two, from the press of Benjamin Frank- lin, are now much esteemed. North Carolina, of the Southern States, is the best represented, having a very fine series. Those of the Continental Congress are nearly perfect, from one-third of a dollar to eighty dollars ; these were issued at many different dates, some of the bills of which are extremely rare. In examining the few works we possess relating to this old currency, I find several quite interesting facts which are worthy of notice. In the distribution of the amount of the loan, which, according to wealth and population, was divided among the States the following order was adopted. Virginia, $496,000 Maryland, $310,000 Massachusetts, 434,000 Conn., N. C, ) . . . o-ixnnn Pennsylvania, 372,000 S. C, and New York, ] . . . z'°>uuu New York, now so high in the scale, was then only a fifth rate State, while Massachusetts was second. Another fact — in 1778 and 1779, an army of 40,000 men was kept and national expenses met, by the issue of, in '78, $63,000,000 and in '79, $72,000,000, with only $153,000 in coin in the treasury for the entire two years. Thus we see how our revolution was sustained by an ac- tive printing press. The depreciation of these bills was so gradual that in- 37 stead of the great loss which some believe our ancestors met, it is evident from the best authority that this was the easiest system of taxation that could be imposed for so great an undertaking and result. The second volume contains a valuable and an exten- sive collection of the war issues, nearly all in fine order ; also a quite large series of foreign bills, those of China being the most perfect and curious. It is hoped that, since this collection is so well arranged, it will receive attention and considerable additions : this is always the reward of placing specimens in a form where they can readily be seen, and thus far it has been very apparent to this society. Many of these bills would here make a valuable addition, while separately, in private possession, they are of little consequence. EGGS OF THE DADDYLONGLEGS. Mr. James H. Emerton exhibited some drawings which he had made, illustrating the development and growth of some species of insects and gave the progress of his investigations on this subject. He remarked, that three times in the neighborhood of Albany, N. Y., he had found eggs of a Phalangium (Daddylonglegs), probably P.forinosum Wood. April 3, 1870, he found four eggs on the under side of a damp, rotten stump. The eggs were near together, but not attached to each other or to the rotten wood. The eggs were nearly mature, and April 17 the young came out. April 10, 1870, five eggs were found under rotten wood about three miles from the first place. These eggs were also near together, but not at- tached or enclosed. The young were nearly ready to hatch, and closely resembled adults except in size and color. March 5, 1871, he found about twelve eggs under the damp bark of a rotten stump not far from the place where eggs were found April 10, the year before. In 38 loosening the bark, all but three of the eggs were unfor- tunately lost. These eggs were nearly mature. March 18, the young moved in the egg when disturbed. The eggs were very transparent, especially when wet with water. The legs of the first and second pairs were folded sideways around the body, the third and fourth pairs were turned under the body and forward near the middle line, their extremities coming up each side of the head. The basal joints of the mandibles seemed shorter in propor- tion than in the adult. While examining two of these in water in a cell they were cracked by too much pressure of the cover. The next day the young spiders were out walking about the bottle. They were .04 of an inch in length. The number of joints of the tarsi was much less than in the adult P. formosum, being seven or eight in the first pair of feet, seventeen or sixteen in the second, eight in the third and ten in the fourth. Charles H. Webber of Salem was elected a Resident member. The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — Buswell, E. W., Boston, Mch. 20, 24; Crowninshield, F. B., Boston, Men. 20; Hall, B. II., Troy, N. Y., Mch. 22; Verrill, A. E., New Havon, Conn., Mch. 21; Haw- erman, A. D., Chattanooga, Tenn., Mch. 20; Higginson, T. W., Newport, R. I., Mch. 21; Holmes, J. C, Detroit, Mich., Mch. 30; Lunt, W. P., Boston, Mch. 24; Moulton, Henry W., Newburyport, April 3; Perkins, A.T., Boston, Mch. 24; Pre- ble, Geo. Henry, Charlestown, Mch. 27, 31; Waite, Otis F. R., Concord, N. H., Apr. l; Westermann, B., New York, Mch. 21; Bowdoin College, Mch. 20; Buffalo His- torical Society, Mch. 21; Maine Historical Society, Mch.; Moravian Historical Society, Mch. 20; New Hampshire Historical Society, Mch. 20; New Jersey Histor- ical Society. Mch. 22; New York Historical Society, Mch. 20; Providence Athe- lKcum, Mch. 21; Rhode Island Historical Society, Mch. 21. The Librarian reported the following additions : By Donation. Ami.kkan Colonization Society. Annual Report for 1870. BOSTON GYNECOLOGICAL Society. Annual Address for 1S71, by Winslow Lewis. Bri >.)Ks, MRS. II. M. The Woman's Journal for 1870. 39 Butler, Hon. B. F., M. C. Report on Agriculture for Feb., 1871. Ames's Speech in the U. S. S., March 21, 1871. Crosby, Nathan, of Lowell. Speech on Inebriate Asylums. Crowninshield, Francis B.,of Boston. Reports on the Finances from L790 to 1814, 1 vol. 8vo. Executive Journal 1815 to 1829. 1 vol. 8vo. Journals of Con- gress, 1778 to 1788. 2 vols. 8vo. Cutter, Abram E., of Charlestown, Mass. The Works of Anne Bradetreet. 1 vol. ito. History of The Cutter Family of New England. 1 vol. 8vo. Miscel- laneous pamphlets, 16. Fowler, Charles B. The Pilgrim's Prayer. 1 vol. lGmo. An Inquiry in the Worship of the Primitive Church. 1 vol. 12mo. Juvenile Letters by C Bingham. 1 vol. 16mo. Hanaford, Rev. Mrs. P. A., of New Haven, Conn. From Shore to Shore and other Poems, by donor. 1 vol. 12mo. The Life and Writings of Charles Dickens, by donor. 1 vol. 12mo. Belshazzar's Feast, a Sermon by donor. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for March, 1871. Peabody Academy of Science. Annual Reports of the Trustees for 1809-70. Stephens, W. H., of Lowville, N. Y. The Oxford Academy Jubilee, held at Oxford in 1851. 1 vol. 8vo. Sumner, Hon. Charles, of IT. S. S. Report on Agriculture for Feb., 1871. Tate, Geo., of London. Proceedings of-the Berwickshire Naturalist's Club. Vol. vi. No. II. 1870. Walton, Eben N. Semi-centennial Celebration of the North Baptist Church in Randolph, Mass., Nov. 7, 1869. 1 vol. 8vo. Wenham, Town Clerk of. Reports of the Town of Wenham for 1870. By Exchange. New England Historic-Geneaological Society. New England Historical and Geneaological Register. April, 1871. New Bedford Free Public Library. Annual Report of the Trustees, 1870. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Proceedings of. Sept., Oct., Nov., and Dec, 1870. Wisconsin State Historical Society. Address before the. By Hon. C. I. Walker, Jan. 31, 1871. 8vo pamph. Publishers. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Book Buyer. Christian World. Essex Banner. Fireside Favorite. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Literary World. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. The Book Seller's Guide. Quaritch's Catalogue. Regular Meeting, Monday, April 17, 1871. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. A letter was read by the President from H. M. Goat- kin, fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, England, 40 requesting an exchange of lingual ribbons of the Marine Mollusca ; also in Protozoa or Diatomacea. The letter was referred to Rev. E. C. Bolles. THE NEW AUSTRALIAN FISH. Mr. F. W. Putnam gave an account of the interesting and very important discovery of a fish, by Hon. Wm. Forster, in the fresh waters of Australia, that seemed to combine characters of the Ganoids with those of Chime- roids, which were an order of the subclass to which the sharks belonged. This fish has been referred by Mr. Krefft, on account of the resemblance of the teeth, to the genus Ceratodus, known only from teeth found in the Devonian period, and Dr. Gunther, who has lately made an examination of specimens, confirms Mr. Krefft's opin- ion, and is also led from its peculiar structure to unite the subclasses of Ganoids, Dipnoi and Selachians together as one subclass, which he calls Palaeichthyes. Mr. Putnam thought that, while we only knew the fossil Ceratodus from its teeth, it was venturing too far to refer the Australian fish to the same genus, especially as the fossil teeth have characters that have heretofore associated the genus more intimately with sharks than with Ga- noids ; and as we are apt to be misled by any single char- acter, teeth being by no means an exception. In relation to the new classification proposed by Dr. Gunther, Mr. Putnam, while agreeing with him in uniting the Ganoids with the Dipnoi, as both Mr. Gill and him- self * had previously done, and while admitting that the Chimeroids have affinities with them, was yet doubt- ful about placing the Selachians in the same subclass without uniting the Marsipobranchiates with them, for *In a review of the classification of the Vertebrates, in "Huxley's Classification of Animals." — American Naturalist, Vol. 3, p. G10. 41 he thought that this last group was as closely allied to some forms of the Ganoids as were the Chimeroids to other forms ; and in fact the bony fishes were also so closely united with the Ganoids as to make any of the pro- posed subclasses very difficult if not impossible to define. So long as living fishes alone were considered, the several subclasses seemed to be well defined, but now that fossil fishes are receiving more attention, we find that many of the proposed groups must be modified. John S. Carter of Salem was elected a Kesident mem- ber. The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — From Basel, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Dec. 10; Bremen Naturwissenschaft Verein, Dec. 7; Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, April 7; Edinburgh Royal Society, Oct. 7; Leipsig, Die Koniglich Sachsiche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaf- ten, Dec; Meklenburgh, Verein der Freunde der Naturgesichte, Dec. 17; Minne- sota Historical Society, April 11; Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society, April 1; Stettin Entomol., Verein, Sept.; Western Reserve Historical Society, April 11; Yale College, April 5; Bartlett, W. S., Boston, April 4; Hotchkiss, Frank E., New Haven, Men. 29; Piper, W. H. & Co., Boston, Apr. 3; Preble, G. H., Charlestown, April 6, 17; Westermann & Co., New York, April 14. The Librarian reported the following additions : By Donation. Almon, A. B. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 250. Butler, B. F., M. C Howe's Speech in U. S. H. R., March 27, 28, 1871. Sum- ner's Speech in U. S. Sen., March 27, 1871. Cook, Geo. H., of New Brunswick, N. J. Report of the State Geologist of New Jersey for 1870. Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25. Higginson, T. W., of Newport, R. I. Army Life in a Black Regiment. 1 vol. 12mo. Poole, Wm. F., of Cincinnati, O.' Report of Cincinnati Public Library, 1870-71. Sumner, Hon. C, U. S. S. Sumner's Speech in U. S. S., March 27, 1871. Out- rages in the Southern States. 1 vol. 8vo. Williams, J. O., of Boston. Mammoth Trees in California. 8vo pamph. Winthrop, R. C, of Boston. Proceedings of the Trustees of the Peabody Ed- ucation Fund, Feb. 15, 1871. Oration on the Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniver- sary of the Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers. 8vo pamph. By Exchange. Boston Numismatic Society. Amer. Journal of Numismatics for April, 1871- Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 6 42 Connecticut Academy of Arts axd Sciences. Transactions. Vol. I, Part II. 1 vol. 8vo. .Massachusetts Historical Society. A Dialogue written by Gov. Wm. Bradford of New Plymouth. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston, 1S70. Moravian Historical Society of Nazareth, Pa. The Moravian Episcopate by Edmund De Schweinitz. 8vo pamph. Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science, Halifax. Proceedings and Transactions of. 1809-70. Vol. II, Part IV. PUBLISHERS. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Essex Ban- ner. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. Semi-centennial Anniversary, Friday, Apr. 21, 1871. The Semi-centennial Anniversary of the Essex Histori- cal Society, or what is known as the Historical Depart- ment of the Institute, occurred this day, and was observed by appropriate exercises in the afternoon and evening, at the rooms in Plummer Hall. The exercises were opened by prayer by the Kev. E. S. At wood. The President, Henry Wheatland, made the follow- ing introductory remarks : At the close of this half century in the history of our society, it was deemed meet to mark the date by some suitable observance ; accordingly at a meeting in Decem- ber, votes were passed confirmatory of the expression of this opinion, and the appointment of a committee to make the necessary arrangements. An historical sketch of the Institute has been printed and widely distributed, and notices have appeared in several publications of a complimentary character. It would therefore seem unnecessary to give a detailed account of our history, but merely to allude briefly to the most salient points in the record. Some fifty years since Salem had residing within her limits many eminent scholars, scientific and literary — 43 also those who took leading positions in commercial and other enterprises that tend to the prosperity of a commu- nity. At this time the Salem Athenaeum had collected many valuable works, and the East India Marine Society a museum of natural history and ethnology — the latter especially rich in those specimens that illustrate the habits and customs of the people of India and the Pacific Isles. These institutions had acquired a merited celeb- rity, and were attracting the attention of scholars, tour- ists, and the general public. The ample material for the organization of an active society of history was waiting for some exciting cause to put in motion the crystallizing process. Soon after the death of the Rev. Dr. Bentley, which occurred in December, 1819, much regret was expressed that the valuable and large mass of historic material, books, etc., which he had collected during a successful ministry of nearly forty years, should be removed from Salem. There being then no place of deposit, of course the tendency was to go elsewhere. To prevent a similar occurrence in the future, at the suggestion of Hon. J. Gr. King and George A. Ward, a meeting was convened on the afternoon of Saturday, April 21, 1821, just fifty years since, Judge Story presiding. This meeting organized under the name of the Essex Historical Society, and ap- pointed a committee to prepare rules and orders, also a petition to be presented to the Legislature for an act of incorporation. The act was obtained in the June fol- lowing, and on the 27th of that month the first corporate meeting was held, aiid an organization was effected with the venerable Dr. E. A. Holyoke as President, who continued its presiding officer until his decease in April, 1829, at the advanced age of 100 years and 7 months. In 1847 the union with the Natural History Society was 44 discussed, and in February following, the act was passed constituting the members of the two societies members of the Essex Institute. It was then organized into three departments, that of History, Natural History, and Hor- ticulture— Horticulture having been a leading object of the Natural History Society, and to the horticultural ex- hibitions held under its auspices that society was largely indebted for its success. The bequest of Miss Caroline Plummer in 1854, of a sufficient sum to erect this building, to the proprietors of the Salem Athenaeum, and the removal of the library and collections of the Institute to the same, in 1857, formed a memorable epoch in its history. The endowment of a fund of $140,000, by George Peabody, the great philan- thropist, for the promotion of science and useful knowl- edge in this his native county, which was placed in the hands of nine trustees who were incorporated as "Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science," the purchase of the East India Marine Hall, the refitting of the same for the deposit of the valuable museum of the East India Marine Society, and the extensive scientific collections of the In- stitute, deserve a passing notice. Though the Institute was thus relieved of the care of its scientific collections, yet the growth of the library and the increase of specimens illustrating the other departments of which the Institute takes cognizance, require constant vigilance to provide the requisite means to have the same properly arranged for consultation and use by the members and students in quest of information in their special line of inquiry. The last subject to which I shall allude is the amend- ment of the charter in 1870, which provides that the In- stitute shall have for its objects the promotion of the Arts, Literature, and Science, in addition to those for which the Essex Historical and the Essex County Natural His- 45 tory Societies were incorporated. A fourth department was thus added, that of Fine Arts — so that the organiza- tion consists of four departments, that of History, Nat- ural History, Horticulture, and the Fine Arts. Initiatory steps have been taken to the formation of an art museum , which, if properly cared for, would do much to the pro- motion of culture and refinement among the people. An excellent select choir, under the direction of Gen. H. K. Oliver, then sang the following Original Hymn, written for the occasion by Kev. Jones Very : Amid the swift, onrushing years, We hear a voice, that bids us stay ; Back to the storied Past we turn, And reverently its call obey. For not dissevered, weak, alone, Do we amid the Present live ; But to our lives the by-gone days Their knowledge and their virtues give. Made wise by wisdom of the Past, We for the Future shall prepare ; Sharing our Fathers' noble aims, We shall their fame and glory share. But soon forgotten, or destroyed, The records of that early age ; Had not their sons, with loving care, Memorials left for History's page. Honor we give to those, who here Recorded for our use their lore : Whose names and virtues we revere, Though seen with us their forms no more ! Inspired by their example high, May we their chosen path pursue ; Alike to present, and to Past, In all our thoughts and acts be true. 46 Abner C. Goodp:ll, Jr., the Vice President of the Historical Department, then delivered an address of which the following is an abstract : In commencing, he said that the commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the Essex His- torical Society, naturally suggested as a theme befitting the occasion, a consideration of the interdependence of history and the other sciences. The steps in the forma- tion of the society had been so often traced that a fresh treatment of so familiar a topic, would not be expected. Returning to pursue the theme first proposed, he insti- tuted a brief comparison of some salient features of every day life, now and fifty years ago, in order to appos- itely illustrate his argument. No doubt the American citizen of 1821 felicitated himself that he was born in an age so auspicious. It was a generation after the Ameri- can Independence had become an accomplished fact. The telescope was then an old invention, and among the actual achievements of that age was the mariner's com- pass, the art of printing, the use of logarithms and the true principles of chemistry, the discovery of the circula- tion of the blood, and other important facts — all inven- tions which seemed to complete the busy progress of civilization. Yet, viewed from the stand-point of the present-day, there was a vast difference in physical com- fort and luxury. The speaker pictured the comforts and conveniences of the present day, and said for all this im- provement they were indebted to the progress of science. The discovery of the planet Neptune was an illustration of the perfection, the almost prophetic power of the science of Astronomy. The improved microscope and spectro- scope were also among the mechanical triumphs of mod- ern science. He alluded to the advantages derived from the perfection of the science of chemistry. Within fifty 47 years geology and paleontology had overcome great ob- stacles. History ceased to be history when it failed to recognize the power of science. The interdependence of the sciences was everywhere apparent. The closest relations exist between geology, paleontology and arch- eology on the one hand, and history on the other. The science of human physiology had also a direct bear- ing upon history. The history of science should not be confounded with history written upon a scientific basis. The conclusion of the scientific man should be induc- tions. The use of statistics affords an instance of a purely scientific plan applied to history. Carried still farther this science might be useful in solving the prob- lems of political economy. Every part of science which is not learned from original discovery, was learned from history. The best scientific treatises were purely histori- cal. The whole tendency of modern science went to prove that there was a still higher province for this blended history and science, and that was the develop- ment of a system of ethics, with all the certainty and regularity of mathematics. The speaker then referred particularly to the society, its history and its work. What existed in the day of its founders only in name, now afforded for public use a large and commodious building, a library of 26,000 bound volumes, more than- 100,000 pamphlets, and 2,500 volumes of newspapers, bound and unbound, including duplicates. On the other side of the library table the Athieneum displays nearly 14,000 volumes more, in every department of literature. The publications of the Society embrace the three num- bers of the Journal of the Natural History Society, six volumes of Proceedings, ten volumes of Historical Col- lections, and an eleventh volume commenced, some occa- sional publications, two volumes of the Monthly Bulletin, and five of the Naturalist, this last though afterwards 48 transferred to the Peabody Academy of Science was inau- gurated by the Institute. In 1866 the cabinets contained about 55,000 classified specimens in the various branches of Natural History, and with those in the East India Marine Hall, they now numbered several hundreds of thousands. The Peabody Academy of Science have these in charge, and they are available for use to the mem- bers of the Institute and all other students of science on the most liberal terms. In numismatics, ethnologi- cal specimens, and manuscripts, there are also consider- able collections, and the fine arts, especially the art of music, are beginning to receive special attention. The public have always been invited to participate in the studies, and enjoy the advantages offered by the Insti- tute, upon almost equal terms with members. Finally a printing office has been established which performs typographical work in a style not excelled by any other press in the country. The address occupied about forty minutes, and was lis- tened to with the deepest interest and warmly applauded at the close. It is printed in the Historical Collections of the Institute, vol. xi, No. 1. "America" was sung by the choir, after which remarks were made by Rev. George D. Wildes of New York, Gen. Henry K. Oliver, J. Wingate Thornton, Esq. of Boston, and Dr. George B. Loring. The observances of this anniversary were appropri- ately concluded by a social gathering of the members and friends of the Institute, in the evening, at Plummer Hall, which was entirely informal and conversational. Mr. David Pulsifer, of the Secretary of State's office, Boston, presented a certified copy on Parchment of the Act of Incorporation of the Essex Historical Society — which was gratefully received. BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX. UsTSTITTTTE. Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., May, 1871. No. o. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Regular Meeting, Monday, May 1, 1871. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. ON THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ESSEX COUNTY. Prof. Alpheus Hyatt showed a series of specimens illustrating, in part, the geology of this county, also a geological map of Marbleheacl Neck, and offered some interesting remarks in relation thereto, of which the fol- lowing is an abstract. This society has had in view for many years past the thorough exposition of the history of this county, both political and physical. The political history has been well advanced by the numerous papers and essays of prominent members ; so also has the Natural History. No attempt could be made however to organize a survey which would strike directly at the accomplishment of this object until funds were provided for the employment of a corps of men and the publication of the results in a systematic manner. When the Peabody Academy was founded and the col- lections of this society handed over to its keeping, the Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 7 50 idea of a general Natural History Survey was for the first time definitely announced and provided for in its plan of organization. The Geology fell to my share, and since my acceptance of a position in the Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology, I have, with the assistance of the fourth year's class of Mining Engineers from that Institu- tion, been able to continue the work. The first fruit of this labor is exhibited here to-night in a map of Marblehead Neck. The ground- work of the whole is a copy of the Plane Table sheet of the United States Coast Survey, which has been given to me espec- ially for this work through the kindness of Prof. Pierce. The wonderful accuracy of this map is shown by the test to which these investigations have subjected it. The copy before you has been enlarged three times, and is on a scale of .3000 or about eighteen inches to the mile. Notwithstanding this enlargement I have been able to identify every small indentation in the coast-line, and the outline of every projection ; as a topographical map for the foundation of a geological survey it is perfect. The principal intention has been to map out in detail the actual outcrops of rock which project above the sur- face. These are painted in solid colors. Dark bluish purple shows the porphyry, which occupies the upper two-thirds of the neck and a strip on the harbor-side, reaching to the east end of Devereux beach ; dark drab mica-schists and fine-grained gneiss, which fill out the southeastern portion ; while patches of vermilion scat- tered over both indicate the presence of an eruptive granite. The precise outline of each outcropping or exposed rock was not attempted, but the general direction of the longest axis of each mass is given, and such an approxi- mation to the precise outlines as could be obtained by a 51 sketch taken on the spot. These .are connected by ground shades of the same color, but lighter hue, which indicate to the experienced eye the character of the rock lying under the soil. Thus the theoretical conclusions are separable from the observed facts, and every person can see the face of the country as it is, the conventional signs and colors being readily translated by the table at- tached to the sheet. Marblehead Neck was selected as the initial point, be- cause it is one of the three porphyry outcrops within the limits of this county, and from these it is convenient to lay our courses in order to meet the regularly stratified rocks which lie to the westward. It would be premature at this stage of the investiga- tion to endeavor to forestall the results which may be finally worked out, but it is possible to make certain statements of considerable interest. The porphyry of our vicinity whether Lynn, Marble- head or Newburyport is a recomposecl rock, a conglom- erate composed of more or less rounded pebbles of more ancient banded porphyry. Taking our departure from these points we meet in the neighborhood of Newbury- port with a transition rock made up partly of porphyry, and then with stratified diorites and slates, which surround the porphyry outcrop on the sea-face, and stretch up to the north and south of Kent's Island, and are lost in the marshes. The northwesterly clip, and northeasterly strike of these diorites and slates, and the presence of slate rocks in Topsfielcl and Micldleton, are difficult to account for unless we imagine the porphyries to be interstratified with them. The succession of the strata in this part of the county then would be Eozoonal limestones and serpen- tines, then slates, then the porphyries of Kent's Island 52 and Lynn, then slates and diorites, and lastly, the por- phyries of Marblehead Neck. Either this is the expla- nation or else we have several anticlinal axes or folds in the porphyry. In either case all the porphyries are probably older than the Eozoonal rocks of Newbnryport, and underlie them. The porphyry of Marblehead Neck has the stratified micaceous rocks, mentioned above, lying upon its southeastern face, with dip and strike precisely conformable to the more ancient shore-line formed by the porphyry itself. The porphyry of Lynn has upon its eastern face the outcropping edges of an enormous overflow of igneous granite, which anciently filled the valley between Peabody village and Swampscott, but which is now only repre- sented by Prospect Hill and others on the west, and patches which still remain plastered against the western sides of the hills to the east. The farther or westerly side of this porphyry, as also of the Newburyport exposure, is occupied by a series of rocks with a regular northwesterly and southeasterly trend. These overlie the series of serpentines and lime- stones which crop out so abundantly at Newburyport and Lynnfield. At this last locality the relation of these lime rocks to the porphyries is obscured by masses of what I am disposed to consider an eruptive granite. In fact, all the difficulties of the survey have arisen from the enor- mous sheet, or rather, sheets of igneous rocks, for there seems to have been several which overspread the surface of the country. The principal seat of one of these eruptions, and per- haps two of them, can be traced to a large part of Mar- blehead and the whole of Salem township. The rock underlying these localities is a dense, dark hornblendic, often micaceous granite, varying in many places to lighter 53 colored and more crystalline. This is, accurately speak- ing, shivered to pieces by eruptive forces, which have at the same time filled the numberless crevices and hollows between the fragments with one form of the igneous gran- ite alluded to. This is always lighter colored, and often reddish on account of its flesh-colored feldspar. There are perhaps eight or ten square miles of this broken rock, and yet in many places, if the injected granite were removed, every dissevered piece of the dark granite would fit together edge to edge like a consolidated block- puzzle. It is only fitting here to say that the successful prose- cution of the survey must be largely attributed to the en- couragement and assistance of Dr. Sterry Hunt. The communication made by this gentleman at the Salem meeting of the American Association, upon the rocks of this region, incited Mr. Bicknell to renew his formerly unsuccessful search at Newburyport for the Eozoon. The subsequent discovery of this fossil and the beginning of the field work were the indirect consequences of this and of his subsequent visits. The President and Directors of the Eastern Railroad have also substantially assisted in the progress of the survey and I have personally received aid from others to whom my indebtedness will be duly acknowledged in more formal publications. Note by Dr. T. Sterry Hunt. In a communication to the Boston Natural History Society on the 19th of October last, and subsequently in the American Journal of Science for February and March, 1871 (pages 84 and 182), I have expressed the opinion that the porphyries of the eastern coast of Massachusetts, are stratified rocks, belonofin^ together with their associated diorites and slates (greenstones, chloritic and epidotic rocks), to the 54 Huronian system, or Green Mountain system. As re- gards the limestones with Eozoon, from eastern Massa- chusetts, which in the American Journal for Jan., 1870, I referred to the more ancient Laurentian system. I have in that same journal for July, 1870, pointed out the fact that the Eozoon of Hastings county, Ontario, occurs in a series of crystalline schists which I consider newer than the Huronian, and the equivalent of the White Mountain gneisses and mica-schists, so that, as I there re- mark, "the presence of this fossil can no longer serve to identify the Laurentian system. It will be remembered that the Eozoon Bavaricum of Giimbel occurs in Bohe- mia, in a series of crystalline schists above the Lauren- tian, occupying probably the position of one or the other newer systems just mentioued. I have in the American Journal for last March (page 183), moreover, called at- tention to the fact that the crystalline limestones which are associated with the White Mountain or Terranovan system in Maine, closely resemble in mineralogical char- acters those of the Laurentian. It will therefore remain for farther study, to determine how far the crystalline limestones of eastern Massachusetts belong to the Lau- rentian, and whether some of them are not included in one or the other of the newer systems of crystalline schists. The porphyry conglomerate noticed by the late President Hitchcock and described by Prof. Hyatt, are referred to in my paper of last October, mentioned above. This rock is, I conceive, to be distinguished from the old Huronian porphyry, on which it often reposes, and from the ruins of which it is derived. Similar con- glomerate porphyries along the shores of the Bay of Fundy appear to be of Upper Silurian age. 55 GEOLOGY OF THE PHOSPHATE BEDS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., made some remarks on the geology of the phosphate beds of South Carolina. Dur- ing a recent visit to Charleston, he had observed the phosphate diggings on the Ashley river, and at a locality on the northeast railroad eight miles from Charleston, but through the courtesy of C. C. Coe, Esq., Superintendent of the Marine and River Phosphate Mining and Manu- facturing Company, and Dr. C. U. Shepard, Jr., he had enjoyed special facilities for studying the Quaternary, or Post Pliocene formation in which the phosphate bed occurs, having made two excursions in company with these gentlemen on the Company's steamer Gazelle. He was also indebted to Prof. C. IT. Shepard, Sr., for much valuable information regarding the chemical as well as geological history of these interesting beds. Analo- gous beds have been discovered in the later tertiary of England near Cambridge, but they are becoming ex- hausted, and manufacturers of superphosphates are now importing large quantities of the crude phosphate rock from Charleston, S. C, as well as the phosphate, or apa- tite, rock from the Laurentian formation of Canada, which Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, the distinguished chemist of the Canadian Geological Survey, believes to have resulted largely from the decomposition of shells, especially those of Lingula. The phosphate beds of South Carolina are spread over an area along the coast one hundred miles along, and about twenty miles in breadth ; the formation is not con- tinuous, being sometimes, as stated (in conversation) by Prof. C. U. Shepard, Jr., replaced by ferruginous sand. It has already been largely used as a fertilizer for worn out lands of the sea island cotton region, and promises from the unlimited supply of the rock, to become a large 56 industrial interest of the state, six million dollars having already been invested in lands and mining and manufac- turing materials by northern capitalists alone. The relation of the phosphate beds to the Quaternary formation of the state and of the latter to the glacial beds of sand and clay of the northern states, were, however, the principal points he would allude to. At a celebrated locality of Quaternary fossils at Simmon's Bluff on Wad- malaw Sound, about thirty miles by steam from Charles- ton, he made with the kind and generous aid of Dr. Shepard, Jr., a large collection of fossils, from a bed of sand and mud about four feet in thickness. This bed corresponded with the marine clays of New England and Labrador, and the ancient sea bottom with its multitude of shells, which remained just as they had died in their holes, reminded him of an ancient raised sea-bottom at Hope- dale, Labrador. These clay beds graduated into clay and sand, contain- ing a ferruginous layer, supposed by Dr. Shepard, Jr., to be the horizon of the phosphate beds. These beds cor- respond to the beds of clay at Gardiner, Maine, where Sir Charles Lyell discovered the bones of the Bison and Walrus, and contains bones of the Megalonyx, Mastodon, Elephant, Tapir, two species of Horse, Peccary, Rhi- •noceros and Manatee. The sands graduate into the beach sands of the close of the Quaternary, just as do the Bison and Walrus beds of the Kennebec river. The phosphate beds, then, were probably rolled masses of Eocene rock crowded with shells, mingled with the bones of the ani- mals above mentioned, deposited and arranged by the Avaves of a shallow sea a few feet deep. This sea was much shallower even than that which covered the ancient sea bottom beneath, which must have been only from one to five or ten fathoms deep, as the same shells are at the 57 present day thrown up on the neighboring beaches in great abundance, and he had dredged some of them at a depth of from five to thirty feet at Beaufort, N. C. After their deposition the carbonate of lime of the shell marl of the Eocene rocks had been replaced by phos- phate of lime. How this had been effected, and whence the phosphate of lime was derived, was a question still unsettled by chemists. He alluded to the theory of Prof. Shaler that this phosphate deposit had been formed at the bottom of the Gulf Stream, which, according to that geol- ogist had probably flowed over the site of the present phosphate beds ; and in opposing the theory suggested that the phosphate beds were deposited in shallow water, perhaps lagoons as suggested by Prof. Holmes, as they rested in a shallow water deposit above alluded to. There was no apparent evidence, as well shown by the facts pub- lished by Tuomey in his geological survey of South Caro- lina, of a depression of the coast. On the other hand there is no apparent evidence of glacial action on the coast, since the Quaternary sands are marine or aerial, and Tuomey states that he has nowhere in the state of South Carolina seen any angular blocks, nor a pebble a foot in diameter. Moreover, the life of the Quaternary in this state indicated even a warmer climate than at present obtains. Since these remarks were made, he had met by acci- dent with the paper by Desor, than whom no one can speak with greater authority, in which he has made a compari- son * between the glacial marine beds of the North and the marine coast deposits of the Southern states, parallel- izing the deposits in a masterly manner. His remarks * Post Pliocene of the Southern states and its relation to the Laurentian of the North and the deposits of the valley of the Mississippi. By E. Desor. American Jour. Sciences and Arts. 1852. Vol. 14. p. 49. Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 8 58 entirely confirm the views given above. One difficulty Desor had in parallelizing the Laurentian beds of the North with those of the South containing the remains of land animals, was the apparent absence of the remains of land animals in the clays of the North. But since then teeth of the bison have been found at Gardiner, Maine, in the upper part of the clays. It may also result from farther investigation that the phosphate beds were laid down at a later period than we have supposed ; at the time when the great mammals found in the cave at Phcenixville by Mr. Wheatley flourished, perhaps during the earlier portion of the river terrace period when the mammoth and mastodon lived both in the northern and southern states. Thus, the parallelism between the Quaternary beds North and South would seem to be even more exact than Desor could with his data make it twenty years ago. The climate gradually grew warmer from Labrador to Florida ; the Gulf Stream did not apparently change its bed during the Quaternary period ; the oscillations of level of the coast of South Carolina were slight and involved but a few feet, where in Canada and Labrador the rise and fall involved several hundreds ; and the denudation effected in the North by land ice, was caused in the South by oceanic currents, waves and atmospheric agencies. There are apparently no facts to show that while the glaciers lined the coast of New England, the waters of South Carolina were not as warm, if not warmer, than at the present day, from the effects of the Gulf Stream. Mr James H. Emerton exhibited the following species of plants in flower which he had collected this afternoon in South Salem and Swampscott, and made some appro- priate remarks in relation to them. 59 Ranunculus sp., near the outlet of Legg's hill ponds. Jtanunculus fascicularis, hillside west of Forest River near Lynn road. Galthapalustris. Anemone nemorosa. Hepatica triloba, Swampscott near Salem line. Sepals dropping from most of the flowers and new leaves half grown. Aquilegia Canadensis, great pasture, very few flowers open. Saxifraga Virginiensis. Sanguinaria Canadensis, Swanrpscott near Salem line. Leaves as high as the flowers and many flowers without their petals. Fragaria Virginiana, roadside near Forest River. Houstonia ccerulea. Viola cucullata. Viola blanda. Acer rubrum, roadside, Swampscott. Salix, two species on the Eastern Railroad. Benzoin odoriferum, meadow north of Legg's hill. Gnaphalium uliginosum, pastures and roadsides. Erythronium Americanum, near Legg's hill. Ariscema tripliyllum, near Legg's hill. Carex Pennsylvania, and another species, great pasture. Equisetum arvense, Marblehead Railroad near Lynn road. Equisetum sylvaticum, near Legg's hill with Erythronium Americanum. The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — From Smithsonian Institution, April 18; Francis H. Appleton, Boston, April 29; Joseph Banvard, Patterson, N. J., April 20; James S. Bryant, Hartford, April 18; A. Crosby, Salem, April 19; Asa Gray, Cambridge, April 19; S. A. Green, April 4; Richard M. Hodges, Cambridge, April 19; J. C. Holmes, Detroit, Mich., April 21; O. W. Holmes, Boston, April 20; Frank E. Hotchkiss, New Haven, April 21; La- burton Johnson, Bradford, April 18; Nathaniel Paine, Worcester, April 20; A. P. Peabody, Cambridge, April 20; G. H. Preble, Charlestown, April 21; W. Hudson Stephens, Lowville, N. Y., April 1; E. M. Stone, Providence, April 22; J. Wingate Thornton, Boston, April 18; B. Westermann & Co., New York, April 19; W. O. White, Keene, N. H., April 28; M. P. Wilder, Boston, April 21. Mr A. C. Goodell, Jr. alluded briefly to the plan, for some time in contemplation by the Essex Institute of a survey of the Natural History of the county. He con- gratulated Mr. Hyatt upon the results of his labors in this direction auguring favorably for the completion ere long of this desirable work. Remarks were made by Mr. James Kimball and others on the papers presented at this meeting. 60 The Librarian reported the following additions : By Donation. ANTHONY, IT. B., of Washington, D. C. Congressional Directory by B. P. Poore. Butler, Hon. B.F., M. C. Hoar's Speech in U. S. H. R., March 29, 1871. Ed- mund's Speech in U. S. S. April 14, 1871. Harlin's Speech in U. S. S. March 29, 1871. Land Office Report for 18G8. 3 vols. 8vo. Connecticut River Railroad Company. Annual Report. 1870. Greene, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 11. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for April, 1871. Packard, A. S. Annual Report on the Injurious and Beneficial Insects of Mass. Peabody Academy of Science. Memoirs, Vol. I, No. 11 . Perry, Rev. W. S., of Geneva, N. Y. Memorial of Rev. Benjamin Dorr, D. D, by Geo. Lewis. Poore, Alfred. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 20. Preble, Capt. George H., U. S. N. Memoir of William P. Fessenden. Snow, E. M., of Providence, R. I. Report of the Births, Marriages and Deaths in Providence for 1868. Stone, Robert. Commerce and Navigation for 1850-54. 2 vols. 8vo. Report on the Finances for 1856. 8vo. Compendium of the U. S. Census for 1850. 8vo. Hymns for the Sanctuary. 12mo. Psalms and Hymns. 1 vol. T2mo. The Christian Examiner, 1826 to 1860. Quarterly Journal of the American Unitarian Association . 1854 to 1859. The Monthly Miscellany, 1841 to 1843. Year Book of the Unitarian Churches, 1856 to 1870. Monthly Journal of the American Unitarian Associa- tion, 1860 to 1869. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25. Sumner, Charles, U. S. S. Sumner's Speech in U. S. S. March 27, 1871. Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago, 111. A Western Enterprise. 1871. 8vo pamph. Catalogues of Medals, Tokens. Young Men's Association, of Buffalo, N. Y. Annual Report, Feb. 20, 1871. By Exchange. Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings of. Vol. Ill, sigs. 24, 25. Bowdoin College. Catalogue, 1870-71. Massachusetts Historical Society. Proceedings of. 1869-70. 1 vol. 8vo. New Jersey Historical Society. Proceedings of. Vol. II, No. 3. 1871. St. Gallische Gesellschaft. Bericht Vereinsjahres, 1868-69. Publishers. American Naturalist. Canadian Naturalist. Essex Banner. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence American. Literary World. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailor's Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Sotheran's Catalogue. The Book Buyer. A committee consisting of Messrs. James Kimball, W. Neilson, C. Cooke, W. P. Upham and J. H. Emerton, was appointed to nominate officers for election at the an- nual meeting. 61 Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 10, 1871. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The following reports on the condition of the Institute were read and accepted. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. In looking back through the record of the year, it be- comes the duty of the Secretary to arrange and relate briefly the doings and progress of the Society since the last report. For that purpose it has been found more convenient to dispose of the matter under various heads with the exception of Finance, Library and Mu- seum, which will receive full notice in the reports of the officers of those departments. Membership. — Twenty-eight persons have been elected and have accepted resident membership, while the loss during the year by death is smaller in numbers than ever before since our society has been so large. Thomas Hunt, died at Salem, May 21, 1870, aged 64 years, 9 months. Daniel Perkins, died at Salem, June 25, 1870, aged 59 years, 4 months. Asahel Huntington, died at his sea side residence in Beverly, Monday, Sept. 5, 1870, aged 72 years. Stephen D. Poole, died at his residence in Lynn, Sept. 22, 1870, aged 53 years, 10 months. Samuel R. Curwen, died at Salem, Nov. 11, 1870, aged 49 years, 10 months. Correspondence. — This in character and multiplicity continues as extensive as ever. Publications. — Histoeical Collections, Yol. X. Parts 2 and 3 ; and of the Bulletin, twelve numbers have been issued ; also the long delayed and final parts of the Proceedings. 62 The Bulletin, taking the place of the Proceedings, is now well up to time, and for the coming year arrange- ments have been made to secure its prompt appearance. This is a very important measure, as it renders the pub- lication more profitable by increasing the number of sub- scribers and bringing the subscriptions in more promptly. Meetings. — There have been held of business and pub- lic evening meetings, twenty-two ; Special, one ; Field Meetings, four ; at Bradford, Swampscott, West Peabody and Methuen, where the usual courtesy and attentions were extended to the Society by the residents. At the public evening meetings various valuable and interesting papers have been presented during the win- ter, to an audience often numbering less than twenty-five persons, yet at other times, when the subject of discus- sion had been announced in the papers, a fair, and, at times, a large number have attended ; this leads to the conclusion that the attendance can be materially aug- mented by a little previous arrangement, and a notice of speakers and subject in the papers a day or two before the meeting. When we consider the character of these meetings, well repaying the two hours spent at them, it is to be regretted that more do not avail themselves of these free lectures and discussions, the variety of subjects being so great that each must interest some, while none can fail to gain information from all. There have also been a social meeting at Hamilton Hall, and an excursion to Plymouth by steamer, under the auspices of the Institute. The fiftieth anniversary of the formation of the Essex Historical Society was celebrated at the In- stitute rooms on the twenty -first of last month. An able address was delivered in the afternoon by Mr. A. C. Goodell, and in the evening a company viewed the collec- tions and partook of a collation. 63 Horticulture. — Three free exhibitions took place in the summer, one each in June, July, and August, the fall ex- hibition in September lasting three days. These exhibi- tions were attended by a fair number of visitors. The collection of fruit and flowers, the latter especially, con- sisted of choicer specimens than were perhaps ever be- fore exhibited at the rooms, showing a more refined taste as well as a greater number of persons interested in Flo- riculture, the collection being from a larger number of exhibitors than at any previous year, not comprised, as often before, of large showy flowers from a few gardens. By very little effort these exhibitions can be brought to far greater notice in the county and made very much larger, and the society might gain from them a yearly profit, in lieu of barely paying their expenses, as they have every convenience for successfully carrying them forward. Fair. — During the latter part of October, and the first of November a large fair was held at Mechanic Hall, by the ladies of Salem and vicinity, for the benefit equally of the Salem Oratorio and Essex Institute. It being the opening of the remodelled building, and gotten up with taste, filled with attractive articles, and with many per- suasive ways of raising money, the success was such that each society received upwards of sixteen hundred dollars, a sum greatly needed and gratefully received by the Essex Institute. In General we find the society has improved its time by carrying out its objects and adding to its collections. Many minor improvements have been made during the year and everything kept to the previous standard. There are many things which those immediately inter- ested in the society desire to have done, one — which our President has had in his mind and heart for several years 64 — the establishing of a Memorial Hall and "Public Library." Here is a grand foundation, which with pri- vate and civil cooperation, might easily accomplish the result, and meet a great want in our city ; another that, perhaps, might be accomplished at the same time, is the building of a fire-proof room or hall, where the more valuable and unreplaceable portions of the collections might be safely kept ; this would also be the means of enlarging our collections by the great amount of valuable documents and paintings that would at once be given or deposited, if we had the facilities for properly guarding them against fire. However, it is not well to be too aspiring, we must be satisfied with our present condition, and when we think of the entire working income of the society for the past ten years as averaging less than fifteen hundred dollars, and never reaching two thousand, while not many years ago it was mere nothing, the amount that has been accomplished is most surprising, and reflects credit on the head of this society, who has since its formation made a frugal allowance do a great amount of work. Mr. President: — In retiring from the position of Sec- retary, I desire to call to mind that a year ago to-day we were regretting the absence of our former Secretary, who had left us during the year for a European tour ; his re- turn a few weeks since is opportune, in giving us just time to replace his name on the ballot, where we see it to-day, a position that I am heartily glad to have him fill again and feel great satisfaction in handing the Secretary's rec- ords over to one whose experience renders him so well fitted to perform the duties of the office. Respectfully submitted. John Robinson, JSec'y Essex Institute. BULLETIN ESSEX! UsTSTITUTE. Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., June, 1871. No. 6. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 10th, 1871. [Concluded.] REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE MUSEUM. As the report of the Curators of the Historical Depart- ment will cover all that has been done in the Museum during the year, there is little for me to report except to state that the collection of antiquities and manuscripts has received the continued care of Messrs. Robinson and Upham, and that their arrangement has been satisfacto- rily advanced. The many specimens received by the Institute in the Natural History Department have been sent to the Peabody Academy of Science, in accordance with the agreement between the two Institutions, and have been duly acknowledged and cared for by the Acad- emy. I may be permitted in connection with this report to call attention to the importance of having a person who is thoroughly identified with the Historical Department of the Institute for Superintendent of the Museum, as it is to that department the Museum under his charge is now principally confined, and as my duties at the Academy Essex Inst. Bulletin. in 9 66 render it impossible for me to give the time necessary for the performance of the important duties devolving upon the Superintendent, I must respectfully request that some other person be elected to the office which I have had for so many years the honor of holding. F. W. Putnam, Supt. Mus. E. I. TREASURER'S REPORT. It will be perceived by the following exhibit that valu- able additions have been made to the treasury during the year. The legacy of the late Charles Davis of Bev- erly, of five thousand dollars ($5,000) ; and donations from friends of fourteen hundred and eighty-two dollars and seventy-two cents ($1482.72), a nucleus of a publication fund, have been received and invested, under the direc- tion of the Finance Committee ; the income arising there- from to be appropriated in accordance with the request of the donors. The receipts from the Ladies' Fair in No- vember of sixteen hundred and sixty-four dollars and eighty-one cents ($1664.81) were expended for a piano, settees and other fixtures for the lecture and concert room. DEBITS. Athenamm, for rent and Librarian, $350.00 Salaries, 688.00; Gas, 49.21; Coal, 156.87, 894.08 Sundries, 151.36; Social meetings and Excursions, 806.80, 958.16 Publications, 1800.00; furnishing Lecture Room, 1465.02, 3265.02 Deposit in Savings Bank, 30.00; Loans, 1642.72, 1672.72 Investment of Davis Legacy, 5000.11 Concerts and Musical Library, 886.62 Balance Account of last year 160.23 Historical. Binding, 134.62; Books, 35.00, < . . . 169.62 Natural History. Binding, 100.00; Books, 11.10; Sundries, 16.70, 127.80 13,484.36 67 CREDITS. Dividends of Webster Bank, 40; Social Meetings and Excursion, 1207, . 1217.00 Life Membership, 30.00; Donations, 1521.72; Sundries, 24.32, 1570.04 Oratorio and Institute Fair, 1664.81; Concerts (two seasons) 1005.38, . . 2670.10 Sale of Publications, 702.91; Assessments, 1330.00, 2002.01 Athenomm, proportion of coal, janitor, etc., 130.38 C. Davis Legacy, 5000.00; Interest, 190.00, 5100.00 Balance, 335.97 Historical. Dividends Naumkeag Bank, 26; Michigan Central. R. R., 50.00, .... 76.00 Natural History. Dividends Lowell Bleachery, 80.00; P. S. & P. R. R., 12.87, Horticultural . Exhibitions, 64.00, 156.87 13,484.36 Henry Wheatland, Treasurer. LIBRARIAN'S REPORT. The condition of the Library is good. Attention has been directed to completing the serials, more especially the reports and other publications of the various institu- tions and corporate bodies, and commendable progress has been made. As the additions by donations, exchanges and other- wise, have been reported at the regular meetings and printed in the Bulletin, it is only requisite to present at this time the following statistics : — Donations. — Folios, 20; Quartos, 46; Octavos and lesser folds, 879 ; Pamphlets and Serials, 4,449 ; Alma- nacs, 62; Total, 5,456. Exchanges. — Quartos, 5; Octavos and lesser folds, 227 ; Pamphlets and Serials, 1,791 ; Total, 2,023. The Donations have been received from one hundred and forty-seven individuals, and sixteen societies and in- corporated bodies ; the Exchanges from eighty-five differ- ent societies and incorporate bodies of which thirty-nine are foreign. W. P. Upham, Librarian. -Q' 68 The President made the following communication : The subject of erecting a Monument, a Memorial Hall, or of testifying by some mark of esteem to those who took part in the recent war for the Union, has been dis- cussed in the newspapers and in the social circle. The City Government has also had at different times several plans under consideration, but no definite action has thus far been taken. It has also been frequently stated with much regret that Salem has no Public Library, and that in this respect she is far behind her neighbors, Lynn, Peabody, Dan- vers, Beverly, Ipswich, Georgetown, Newburyport and other places, which each have a well sustained Library. In most of these cases the liberality of one or more of its citizens, or of some of its sons, who have been fortunate in commercial or other enterprises elsewhere, remember- ing the places of their birth and childhood with grateful feelings, gave the first impulse. Thus, Mr. George Pea- body founded those at Peabody, Danvers, and George- town, and contributed a liberal fund to the one in New- buryport, which owes its origin to the generosity of Mr. Little. Mr. Heard erected a building, furnished a collec- tion of books and a fund, for at least its partial support, in the town of Ipswich. The Public Library in Boston was indebted largely, in its incipient stages, to Mr. Joshua Bates. Mr. Albert Fearing followed the example of Mr. Heard, and founded a library for his native town of Hingham. Mrs. Eben Sutton founded a reference library in Peabody, in connection with the Institute of that place. The Messrs. Smith and Dove contributed liberally to one in Andover, and also built at their own expense a beauti- ful building for the library of the Theological Seminary there located. Many instances of a similar character can be cited. Let us look at the condition of things in Salem. The 69 Salem Athenaeum, founded many years since by the wis- dom of those far seeing people who resided here in the early part of this century, possesses some fifteen thousand volumes in the various departments of the arts, litera- ture and science, and a building erected from funds be- queathed by Miss Caroline Plummer. This lady, presum- ing that the Athenaeum Library might at some future time be thrown open to the public, provided in her will that if the said library should ever become a public one, her bequest should not be forfeited. The Essex Institute has accumulated a library of some twenty-five to thirty thousand volumes and about one hundred thousand pamphlets systematically arranged for reference and consultation ; also a goodly collection of portraits of the old worthies of Salem ; manuscripts, specimens of currency, historical relics, etc., which are deposited in Plummer Hall. The scientific collections, which are very extensive, having been deposited with the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science in East India Marine Hall. Cannot some arrangement be made so that these two libraries, with that belonging to the Salem Charitable Mechanic Association, and perhaps others, be united, and thus form a basis for a noble public Library ? Are there not some Maecenases to furnish the amalgam that will cement the union, and thus bring about this glorious re- sult? Furthermore, on the land in the rear of Plummer Hall, a safe and fire-proof building could be erected, which might be a Memorial Hall, consecrated to the memory of those who have devoted their lives to the preservation of the Union during the crisis through which this nation has recently passed. Let this building be a place of deposit for the portraits and other memorials of those who first 70 laid the foundations of this place ; of those who have con- ducted the affairs during the several periods of her his- tory ; and, above all, of those who took part in the recent war for the preservation of the Union. This building would also be a suitable depository for an Art Museum, which now is becoming an essential aid to the proper edu- cation of the people. The care and management of the library and the Memorial Hall, could devolve upon a board of Trustees, selected by the city and the various institutions that may contribute to this object. To this end it is necessary that not only the City Gov- ernment, but the people, one and all, should aid in this undertaking to the extent of their respective means, and work with the determination that success shall crown their efforts. Let us make a beginning, and we shall soon have a Public Library that will compare favor- ably Avith those of other places in the Union, material which will be a good nucleus for a valuable Art Museum, and a very rare collection of antiquarian relics. Thus, while we shall be doing honor to those to whom we owe so much, we shall provide a suitable depository for works of art and historical relics, for the education and improvement of the people. This communication was referred to a committee, con- sisting of the President, Vice Presidents and Secretary, with the request to report whenever a plan for the realiz- ing of any of the suggestions therein contained should be sufficiently matured for the action of the Institute. George H. Perkins of Salem and George Haskell of Ipswich were elected resident members. 71 The following officers were elected for the ensuing year, and until others shall be chosen in their stead : — President. HENRY WHEATLAND. Vice Presidents. Of History — A. C. Goodell, jr. Of Horticulture — Wm. Sutton. Of the Arts— Geo. Peabody. Of Natural History — F. W. Putnam. Recording and Home Secretary. Amos H. Johnson. Foreign Secretary. A. S. Packard, Jr. Treasurer. Henry Wheatland. Librarian. W. P. Upham. Superintendent of the Museum. John Robinson. Curators of Historical Department. W. P. Upham, M. A. Stickney, John Robinson. Curators of Natural History Department. H. F. King, C. M. Tracy, William Neilson. Curators of Department of Horticulture. John Robinson, Caleb Cooke, James H. Emerton. Curators of Department of the Arts. James A. Gillis, F. H. Lee, H. F. G. Waters. Lecture Committee. James Kimball, George Perkins, Wm. Northey, Wm. Neilson. Finance Committee. J. C. Lee, R. S. Rogers, James Upton. Field Meeting Committee. A. W. Dodge, C. M. Tracy, E. N. Walton, Caleb Cooke, A. B. Hervey. Library Committee. J. G. Waters, Alpheus Crosby, H. M. Brooks. Publication Committee. A. C. Goodell, Jr., F. W. Putnam, R. S. Rantoul, H. M. Brooks. 72 Eegular Meeting, Monday, May 15, 1871. Mr. James Kimball in the chair, after the reading of the records and announcement of recent donations to the Historical departments and the Musenm, the Secretary, Dr. A. H. Johnson, presented some MEMENTOES FROM THE RECENT FRANCO-GERMAN WAR. These were collected by the donor in the vicinity of Paris from the battle field of Mt. Avron, from Fort Kosny, and the grounds about St. Cloud. They included pieces of German bombs, a fragment of a gun carriage, and a portion of marble from the ruined Palace of St. Cloud. In his narrative of the circumstances under which these mementoes were obtained, the secretary stated that at the time the German troops made their triumphal entry into Paris, the French expressed their aversion to their conquerors with a childish sulkiness. The faces of the public statues were concealed with black veils. The shops and restaurants accessible to the Germans were closed. Some adventurous dealers who furnished food and drink to Prussian soldiers speedily found their gains cancelled by the demolition of their windows and coun- ters. At night the streets were unlighted, not because there was no gas, but in order that the hated invaders might not see the magnificent city which lay at their mercy. It was an aggravating circumstance that the pale liiHit of the moon revealed in some measure the mag- nificent buildings and Boulevards. By day, many of the Parisians avoided the quarters of the city occupied by the Germans, avoided even looking upon the marching columns of their foe, and shrunk in turn from being seen by them. The stranger from a neutral power en- joyed at this time unusual facilities for visiting localities which had acquired peculiar interest during the recent con- 73 flicts. If provided with a proper passport, he was allowed to cross the French lines, although not unchallenged, yet unmolested, and after a drive of a few hundred yards, would find himself in a district occupied almost exclu- sively by Germans. Hardly a villager belonging to the small villages outside the city walls, had ventured to re- main by his property. The triumphant Germans were filled with content, and good nature, and cordially cour- teous to the few Americans who came to inspect the obstacles which had been overcome, and to learn the dan- gers German heroism had faced and survived. It was owing to this condition of the troops, that a common travelling pass bearing the official seal and en- dorsement of the foreign department at Berlin, dated four days previous, secured for its bearer admission to forts Valerian and Rosny, and past German sentries to the heights of Mt. Avron. With the exception of such relics of the late battles as the German troops had removed, the field of conflict seemed ungleaned. Although it was well known that terms of peace had been signed ; during a clay's ramble among the forts and over battle fields but a few miles out- side Paris, not a Frenchman was met. Fragments of shell of which those exhibited were specimens, lay thickly strewn over the heights of Mt. Avron, and showed at a glance, how untenable the Germans, by their concentrated fire, had made this advanced position of the French. The effect of the German fire upon Fort Rosny, one of the most severely bombarded of the works about Paris, showed the impracticability of large barracks in the interior of forts. For such buildings furnish an ex- cellent mark for the enemy, and precarious shelter for troops. The large stone buildings in Rosny had been, as it were, eviscerated by exploding bombs, and converted Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 10 74 into heaps of ruins within bare stone enclosures, while the external walls of the forts seemed to have sustained no injury which could not be quickly repaired by night work. On driving over to the grounds about the Palace of St. Cloud, it was surprising to find the ruins of the Palace so little frequented by curious visitors. Amid the ruins there were many things worth removal for curious keep- sakes, and the ornaments about the Palace gardens broken by shot and shell offered many a tempting fragment to the visitor. It is not to be wondered at, that at a later day, foreigners visiting this unprotected property, should yield to the demoralizing influence of the surrounding ruin, and almost with the feeling that they were saving from oblivion some precious relics, bring away with them portions of broken statues, and even break portions from others already hopelessly disfigured, by the iron rain which had fallen about them. With the mementoes above enumerated, Dr. Johnson also presented some specimens of the "Erbs wurst" or Pea-sausages, so largely used as rations by the Prussian army, and commemorated in the verses of Hans Breit- mann when describing "Breitmann in Bivouac" — ''He sits in bivouacke. By Are, peneat' de drees; A pottle of Champagner Held shently on his knees; His lange Uhlan lanze i Stuck py him in de sand; Vhile a goot peas-poodin? sausage adorns his oder hand." These sausages were invented by a German cook by the name of Griinberg who sixteen years ago furnished similar ones for a marine expedition to Japan. Since that time having improved his invention, Counsellor Engelhard at the beginning of the late war, recognized the impor- tance of the production — tested it with the third army 75 Corps and the Guards, and soon contracted for one million of these sausages, assuring to the inventor a premium of thirty-five thousand thalers. Before the needs of the government were supplied, Engelhard's manufactory pro- duced about nine million pounds of "Erbs wurst." They are made from ground peas andya£ pork intimately mixed, and compressed into a large intestine. They are in size from five to eight inches long and three inches in diameter. A section three inches long from one of these cylin- drical masses, when dissolved in boiling water, furnishes a heartv meal for one man, containing as it does a suita- ble proportion of vegetable and animal food. These specimens presented to the Institute were given to the donor by Fraiilein von Bismarck, a cousin of Prince Bismarck, who with self-denying patriotism im- itated by many German ladies of noble family, had left her comfortable home to watch over the interests of the wounded soldiers at the hospital barracks at Berlin. There she took charge of the cooking department which was a pattern of system and cleanliness. From the stores she presented these specimens of condensed food, which are now, according to a pledge to her, deposited in the historical collections of the Institute. The manufactory which furnished the "Erbs wurst " employed two thousand men at one time, produced one hundred and twenty thousand pounds of "Erbs wurst," and two hundred thousand pounds of other conserves, and worked over the flesh and bones of six thousand oxen. The secretary presented also specimens of silver ore from the mines of Saxon Freiberg, giving at the same time an account of a descent into these mines. F. W. Putnan gave a very clear and instructive de- scription of the process of manufacturing type. 76 The President presented a map of Hawaii exhibiting the volcanic eruptions of 1822-1840-1852-1855-1859, and 1868, given to the Institute by Stephen H. Phillips, Esq. The Librarian announced the following additions since the meeting of the 10th hist : Donations. Beaman, Charles C, Jr. The Alabama Claims. 1 vol. 8vo. Butler, Hon. B. F., M. C. Porter's Speech in U. S. H. R., April 4, 1871. But- ler's Speech in 17. S. H.;R., April 20, 1871. 8vo pamph. City of BOSTON. Boston City Documents for 1870. 3 vols. 8vo. Department of the Interior. U. S. Geological Survey of Wyoming and Contiguous Territories. 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. Foote, Caleb. Files of several county papers for Feb., March and April, 1871. Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 14. Hyatt, A. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25. Johnson, Samuel. The Worship of Jesus. 12mo pamph. Perkins, Geo. A. The Spirit of Missions, 19 Nos. The Schoolmate, 4 Nos. History of the Worcester Family. 1 vol. 8vo. The Court and City Kalendar of London for 1766. 1 vol. 16mo. Farmer's Almanacs from 1804 to 1862 inclusive. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13. Exchanges. Bibliotheque Universelle et Revue Suisse. Archives des Sciences Phys- iques et Naturelles, Nos. 156, '7, '8. 1870-71. 3 pamphlets, 8vo. Boston Public Library. Bulletin for April, 1871. Iowa State Historical Society. Legislative Documents for 1870, 2 vols. 8vo. Legislative Supplement, 1870, 1 vol. 4to. Laws of Iowa, 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. House Journal, 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. Iowa Insurance Reports, 1868, '69. 2 vols. 8vo. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo. Census of Iowa, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo. Geol- ogy of Iowa, 2 vols. 4to. Senate Journal, 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. The Annals of Iowa for April, 1871. 8vo pamph. Massachusetts Historical Society. Collections of. Fourth Series, Vol. IX. l vol. 8vo. New York State Library. Annual Report of the Trustees. 1871. New York Lyceum of Natural History. Annals. Vol. IX. No. 13. Publishers. American Literary Gazette. Christian World. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Nation. Nature. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. The Secretary announced the following correspond- ence : Boston Society of Natural History, May 5; Iowa State Historical Society, May 4; Charles C. Beaman, Jr., New York. May 6; John T. Carter, Salem, May 15; A. L. Hunt ington, Beverly, May 14; A. Lackey, Haverhill, May 1; W. Neilson, Salem, May 12; J. Pearson, Schenectady, N. Y., May 4; Geo. H. Preble, Chai'lestown, May 1; A. A. Scott, Saugus, May 8. 77 Field Meeting at North Beverly, June 15. the ramble. The Institute, with her ripe experience in Field Meet- ings, was not to be allured, by the almanac announcement that spring was present, into rambles over fields doubt- fully released from the dominion of winter — wet, cold, and showing only at wide intervals, the green of some venturesome plant pitifully striving for life ; it might find its own predicament too exactly typified in some of the stunted plants, which, alternately cheered by days of sunshine and disheartened by nights of frost, seemed repressed and discomforted. Young enough to be enthu- siastic, the Institute is now far enough removed from extreme youth to have her enthusiasm tempered by good judgment, therefore she selected a day in the middle of the first month of summer, to lead her disciples and friends for the first time this year, into fields well stored by nature with forms of life. But " The best laid schemes o'mice an' men Gang aft a-gley." The morning which should have proved inviting, threat- ened to drench all who should venture from shelter, and these threatenings kept so many cautious persons at home, that not more than one hundred ladies and gentle- men presented themselves for the start. The region selected for examination, was in North Beverly. To reach it, the excursionists from Salem took an early train at the Eastern Eailroad depot. On dis- mounting, after a brief ride, Mr. Daniel Welch appeared and greatly lightened the cares, and added to the com- fort of the party, by taking the provisions and all super- fluous baggage to Mystic Hall, where in due time the collation was to be served. 78 The chief objects of interest in this locality are Wen- hani Lake and the Salem Water Works upon its shore. To these more permanent features, nature, but four days previous, had added the fortunately rare spectacle of the path of a tornado, clearly defined by uprooted trees, and houses demolished or twisted from their foundations. Wenham Lake, by reason of the picturesqueness of its situation and the quiet beauty of its shore, has long allured innumerable visitors, who have widely spoken its praise. The selection of its waters to supply the city of Salem, and the consequent construction of the necessary reservoir and machinery upon its border, have greatly added to its local reputation. But the purity of its waters have long given it a transatlantic fame. About the streets of London, and other English cities, one fre- quently sees upon carts and signs, the words, "Wenham Lake Ice." Probably not one-half of the ice thus adver- tised, has really crossed the seas. We are suspicious that the genuine value of the word Wenham, prefixed to ice as indicative of excellence, has proved too great a temptation to dealers who would affix some superlative term to their productions. The reservoir on Chipman's Hill, and the engine and pumping machinery, together with all the apparatus of the Salem Water Works, received the first attention of the Institute party. For here was not only one of those proofs of human power, which make one more pleasingly conscious of the possibilities of manhood, but enhancing the beauty of the machinery, more than the floral decora- tions, was the sense of partial ownership, which each citizen of Salem might rightly feel. Capt. Daniel H. Johnson, the superintendent of the works, by his clear and patient description of their de- tails, won the gratitude of the entire party. 79 A few of our number visiting the outlet of the lake, were fortunate in witnessing the passage of the dam by thousands of Ale wives, on their way to the ocean. Mr. Putnam directed attention to a peculiar manoeuvre of the fish, and stated that it was a habit of all species, to turn the head up stream and to pass over falls tail foremost. By this means they escape two dangers; one, that of strangulation, which might otherwise occur from the water coming violently in contact with the delicate mem- brane of their gills, the other that of fracture of their scales, the latter by no means a light injury, since the place of the broken scales soon becomes the site of a fungous disease which is quite generally fatal. Other interesting localities were not neglected by our ramblers. Several old buildings and landmarks were duly inspected by those especially interested in antiquities ; at half past one o'clock all repaired to the hall, where the collation stood in waiting and received due attention. At 3 P. M. the meeting for discussions and reports was held in the church, and Hon. Allen W. Dodge, was in- vited to preside. Records of preceding meeting read. The Secretary announced the following correspond- ence : Boston Public Library, May 26; Buffalo Historical Society, May 22 ; Buffalo So- ciety of Natural Sciences, May 31; New York Historical Society, May 20; New York Mercantile Library Association, May 23; New York State Library, May 30; Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society, May 25; Quebec Literary and Historical Society, May 30; Western Reserve and Northern Ohio Historical Society, Juue 12; William Clagston, Springfield, May 23; J. Colburn, Boston, June 8; E. H. Dalton, Taunton, June 2; Frank E. Hotchkiss, New Haven, May 19, June 2; Andrew W. Morgan, New York, May 24; Edwin Noyes, Waterville, Me., June 12; J. Prescott, Boston, June 8; M. A- Stickney, Salem, May 24; Westerman & Co., New York, May 26. The Librarian reported the following additions : By Donations. Allen, J. F. Patent Office Reports, 1848 to 1854, 4 vols. 8vo- Report on Agricul- 80 ture, 1865 to 1868, 5 vols. 8vo. Christian Examiner, 95 Nos. Journal of Foreign Literature, 8 Nos. Boston Cultivator, 48 Nos. Christian Register, 53 Nos. Journal of the American Unitarian Association, 126 Nos. Almon, A. B. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 75. ■ BENSON, L. B. A Dissertation on Geometry. 12mo pamph. Boaiii> of Public Charities of Pennsylvania. Report for 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Brooks. C. T., of Newport, R. I. Roman Rhymes, 12mo. Cambridge, 1869. ( anadian Geological Survey. Geology of Canada, 1866 to 1869, 1 vol. 8vo. City of Salem. City Documents, 1870-71, 1 vol. 8vo. Cleveland, Mrs. W. S. Miscellaneous volumes, 143. Columbian Sentinel, 37 Nos. Essex Register, 71 Nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25. Essex Agricultural Society. Transactions. 1870. 8vo. GREEN, S. A., of Boston. Report of the Boston Provident Association, 1861-'67. 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13. He WES, James T. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 21. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for May, 1871. Morse, E. S. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 21. National Association of Wool Manufactures. Bulletin, April, 1871. Paine, Nath'l, of Worcester. Woixester Directories for 1868-'69-'70, 3 vols. 8vo. Putnam, Mrs. Eben. Andrews against Universalism, 1 vol. 12mo. Dictionary of Self Knowledge, 1 vol. 8vo. Sumner, Charles, U. S. S. Report on Agriculture for March and April, 1871. Walker, Francis. Notes on Chalcidiae, 12mo pamph., 1871. Wheatland, Stephen G. American Law Register, 28 Nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25. Exchanges. Archiv fur Anthropologie. Vierter Band, 4to. Braunschweig, 1871. Bibliotheque Universelle et Revue Suisse. Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, No. 159. Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings, Vol. XIII, sigs. 26, 27, 28. Georgia Historical Society. Constitution, By-Laws, and List of members. Savannah, 1871. Hotchkiss, Frank E., of New Haven, Conn. New York Farmer, 1 vol. 4to, New York Directory, 1864, 1 vol. 8vo. Ohio Statistics, 1 vol. 8vo. History of the North Church in New Haven, 1 vol. 8vo. Memoirs of the Connecticut Academy, Vol. I, Part I. Tales of the Puritans, 1 vol. 12mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 133. KoNIGLICH BAYERISCHEN AlCADEMIE DER WlSSENSCHAFTEN, IN MtXNCHEN. Sitzungsberichte, II Heft 1-4, 1870; Denkschrift auf C. E. H. von Meyer, von C. A. Zittel, 1870. Maryland Historical Society. A Lost Chapter in the History of the Steam- boat. By J. II. B. Latrobe. 8vo pamph. Smithsonian Institution. Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. XVII, 4to, 1870. Societe de Physiques et d'Histoire Naturelle, in Geneve. Memoires, Tome XX. Taunton Public Library. Report of the Trustees, 1870. VEREINS FttR Erdkunde, in Darmstadt. Notiz blatt, III Folge, IX Heft, 1S70. ZOOLOGI8CHE Gesellschaft. Zoologische Garten, XI Jahrg., Nos. 7-12, 1870. PUBLISHERS. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Christian World. Eclectic. Fireside Favorite. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Tele- graph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Literary World. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailor's Mag- azine. Salem Observer. Silliman's Journal. Sotheran's Catalogue. BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., July, 1871. No. 7. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Field Meeting at North Beverly, June 10th, 1871. [Continued.] TORNADO, OR CYCLONE, AT WENHAM. Mr. Dodge said, that since the appointment of the meeting, there had occurred in this immediate neighbor- hood, an event so rare in New England and of a char- acter so fearful and destructive, he would make it the subject of his remarks. He alluded to the tornado or cyclone of the Sunday previous, which passed within a mile of his own residence, and the effects of which he had himself witnessed. The first we heard of it in this vicin- ity was just before five o'clock P. M., at or near Swan's crossing in Danvers, where it was seen by two men as they were riding by, to whom it had the appearance of a column of vapor and dust rushing past in a north easterly direction, but doing no damage. It was next seen by Daniel H. Johnson, the Superintendent of the Salem Water Works, whose duties called him that day to Wenham Lake. From him is the following graphic description. "It was my good fortune last Sunday afternoon at a few Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 11 82 minutes past five to be at the ice bouses, near the north- erly side of the lake, and see the cyclone come towards me across the lake, pass by within two hundred feet, in its course of destruction through Wenham, Hamilton and Essex. My party were awaiting a shower to pass over, and were standing in a sheltered spot admiring the beauties of the thick heavy black clouds, passing over our heads in an easterly direction while a lower stratum of air near the earth was moving in a north easterly direction as indicated by a vane on the ice houses. The clouds kept shutting in closer, it was growing darker and darker, the wind blowing a gale, when across the lake comes a water-spout, as I supposed, in the shape of a tin tunnel such as is used in filling bottles, the broad mouth being thousands of feet in diameter away up in the clouds, the small end but fifty to one hundred feet in diameter touching the water. The water-spout in its passage across the lake was taking up water all the while ; the wind increased in vio- lence bringing a wave nearly three feet high along with it, which washed well up on to the road near where we were standing. A large dory anchored a short distance from us was lifted into the air, twisted around like a top and fell bottom upwards into the lake. We ran so as to be as near as possible, and were but two hundred feet dis- tant, when it struck a gravel-bank and orchard just to the west of the highway which offered considerable resist- ance, when up go the gravel, large stones, rail fences, hundreds of feet into the air appearing like ribbons, — twisting trees right out of the ground by the roots, and branches fly in every direction. We watched it move on until in three or four minutes it was out of sight, when it strikes a plowed field — the tunnel being black with loam from the earth away into the clouds — 83 then strikes a barn while the timbers and boards fly in every direction. Its course was a. remarkably straight line a few points to the north of east. The whizzing noise of the cyclone was terrific, ten times louder than the hum of our cotton factory, and the whole scene was peculiarly grand, wild and fearful." Mr. Dodge resumed his remarks : Continuing its course over fields, hills and valleys, here and there uprooting trees, it struck upon the road that leads from Wenham Centre to the Neck, where it made sad havoc of an orchard belonging to Abraham Dodge, demolishing his barn, as also a barn of Simeon Dodge in which was a valuable horse that escaped harm as if by a miracle. Passing on with fearful speed, it was seen to uproot large trees and even to whirl them along in the air, to overturn stone wall removing portions of it to some distance. It next struck the house, barn and out- buildings on the farm occupied by Asa W. Trout, on the easterly spur of Brown's hill in Hamilton, and here it seems to have spent its fury. The roof was lifted from one side of the house and deposited in fragments on the ground and the windows were smashed in on the side most exposed. The barn was made a total wreck and the pieces strown in all directions, large oak timbers being carried to some distance. An orchard on the side of the hill consisting of a large number of stalwart trees that had defied the storms of nearly a century, were twisted up by the roots and their branches and leaves coated with dirt that had been caught up by the cyclone as it crossed a neighboring corn-field. Even a horse that was feeding near the barn, was taken up bodily and dropped in a field some ways off and has not got over the injuries caused by his involuntary jaunt in the air. Thence, the cyclone 84 took its course towards Chebacco pond, levelling some pine and other trees, till it reached Essex doing but slight damage there and so passed out to sea. What is not a little remarkable, is the occurrence the same afternoon in the interior of the State of a similar or the same cyclone, of which the following account appears in the newspapers. " A terrible tornado passed through the towns of Pax- ton, Holden and West Boylston, Sunday afternoon, de- molishing ever}^ building in its track and tearing up trees by the roots. In the town of Paxton it demolished the barn of L. N. Parkhurst and blew off one gable of his dwelling house. From there it went in a northeasterly direction, and blew clown the buildings of Mr. Bigelow, on the old town farm. Thence it went through the woods sweeping all before it and striking the house and barn of Lewis Martin, in Holden, entirely demolishing both. The village of Holden was next taken in its destructive inarch, and here five barns, three houses, and one car- penter shop were blown down. Three persons were in- jured, one, Charles Burrett seriously. A strip of heavy stone wall, some twenty rods in length, was completely blown over, and large trees were blown thirty rods, with upward of a ton of earth upon their roots. The tornado appeared to move at the rate of seven miles an hour and was not more than ten rods in width." Mr. Dodge then stated that in his opinion these cyclones were one and the same, that at the interior being the be- ginning of that which ended at Essex, and for this opinion he gave the following reasons. 1st. The direction in which they passed was the same. By drawing a straight line on the large map of the State published by the Legislature a few years since, through Paxton, Holden and West Boylston, it would 85 also pass in a north easterly course through Swan's cross- ing over Wenham Lake, to Brown's hill and that part of Essex where the cyclone was last seen. 2d. The time of the occurrence of the cyclones was the same, allowing for the time it would take in its travelling between the two termini, at the rate of seven miles an hour, as it was estimated to have travelled, beginning at four and one half o'clock' P. M. and finishing at a little past five o'clock of the same day. 3d. The width of the track — or in other words, the di- ameter of the cyclone — was the same in both cases from one hundred and fifty to one hundred and sixty feet ; wherever there was any means of . measuring the track, it varied but little from this width. 4th. As cyclones are of so rare occurrence in New Eng- land, it is more probable that this occurring not only on the same day but at nearly the same hour, moving in the same direction at the same rate of speed and of the same width, should be one and the same rather than that there should be two cyclones, separate and distinct in their origin and yet each combining all these elements. But it may be said that if this be so, why was not its pathway across the country as distinctly marked as it was at both ends ? To this it may be replied that the face of the cyclone may have been more or less intensified by cir- cumstances or causes unknown to us, or the tunnel- shaped volume of vapor or other matter of which it was composed, may have been so drawn up at intervals as to do no damage. But it would be presumptuous for him to attempt a satisfactory solution of the question proposed, when the books that treat of the subject of cyclones, tor- nadoes, whirlwinds and other similar phenomena, leave the reader quite in the dark upon many points of enquiry. 86 The lines of demarcation between them seem to be some- what confused. Bat the following points seem pretty clearly established. Tornadoes over the sea are accompanied often with one or more complete water-spouts and over the land with partial water-spouts or with columns of dust. There is a close similarity of these phenomena. Tornadoes fre- quently burst forth upon the land suddenly, perhaps first on the side of a mountain and moving forward along a straight or curved track, with dark clouds moving to- wards the sea, while a breeze may be blowing in an opposite direction. They show their terrific force by over- turning, uprooting, breaking or twisting off trees ; by demolishing buildings or lifting these and other heavy bodies into the air to scatter their parts around at great distances, or sometimes to set them down again nearly unharmed ; by lifting other objects, such as the beasts, persons, and sometimes even large cannon, and trans- porting them to considerable distances, destroying crops and farm improvements of all kinds in their course. As a rule the energy of the wind and the havoc it produces are greatest near the circumference of the whirl, and places over which at any moment its centre is situated may experience for the time an almost total lull of wind, to be renewed however in all its violence as the posterior margin of the whirl reaches them. This whirling motion is universal, and shows that the phenomena are in all cases associated with, or dependent on some form of whirling wind. Abundant facts prove that very heav}^ objects can thus be elevated and suspended for a consid- erable time before they are allowed to fall, though we are as yet unable to understand exactly in what manner so great a lifting power is exerted on those objects. Hurricanes prevail more particularly, and with the 87 greatest fury in the torrid zone, always however at some distance from the equator, which they never touch or cross. In the polar regions they are unknown, but they occur occasionally in the temperate zones. In 1831, Win. C. Kedfield published in the "American Journal of Science" the first of a remarkable series of papers upon the phenomena of storms, in which he clearly established the fact that storms are progressive whirlwinds of a large diameter, and, what is remarkable, as is now well ascertained, those in the southern hemisphere rotate in an opposite direction from those in the northern, the former turning in whirls with the hands of a watch placed face upwards, the latter in the contrary direction to the move- ment of the hands of the watch. Mr Redfield subse- quently suggested, what is now an accomplished fact, that the telegraph was likely to prove a most valuable instrument in giving notice of the approach of storms and hurricanes, and that to the United States it would prove more specially valuable when extended to the West India Islands. From the accumulation and induction of facts in the domain of nature, are often deduced with absolute cer- tainty the great laws — laws uniform and fixed — that control and regulate every department of that vast do- main. The humblest observer and worker in our own Essex Institute — may her shadow never be less ! — helps to this discovery by patient waiting and knocking for a response from the great mystery within, not growing weary or discouraged because it cometh not in a day, in a year, or in a series of years, but recording well ascer- tained facts for those who may afterwards take his place and so keeping up the line of waiters and watchers till the darkness flee away, and the bright light of morning gild the horizon. Mr. F. W. Putnam was the next speaker. After a few remarks on the Cyclone and the track it had left, he alluded to the dust storms and the importance of collect- ing dust from such storms, when they occur, for micro- scopical observations, as the dust often contains, in abundance, interesting diatomes, etc., brought from a dis- tance and from unknown localities. He then spoke of THE FISHES COLLECTED IN THE LAKE. There were two species of pickerel, two of sun fish, the perch, three of the shiner family, a sucker, the eel, the little darter, the horned pout and the alewife. The last was very abundant at the outlet as the water com- missioners had kept the dam closed for a day in order that the members of the Institute should see the descent of the fish on their way to the sea. He then explained why it was that the fish all went over the dam tail first, as the water in the rapid current would otherwise be forced under the gill covers and destroy the delicate gills, while at the same time suffocating the fish, as the structure of the gills is adapted for allowing the water to be taken in at the mouth passing over the gills and out under the gill cover. It is owing to this fact that a fish, when quiet in the water, always keeps its head up stream if there is the slightest current, and the whole structure of the fish, including shape, scales and fins, is perfectly adapted to this purpose. The alewives, which were now on their way to the sea, were all adult fishes that had entered the lake about the middle of May and had deposited their spawn along the shore. They were now returning to their winter quarters in deep water off our coast (for he did not believe that they migrated far south, as was generally supposed), and would return to the lake each season for the same 89 purpose, until their work and short lives were done. Young alewives, transparent little fellows about an inch in length, and not long hatched, were noticed swimming in small schools along the edge of the lake. These were the young from the eggs laid by the very fish that were now so anxious to return to the sea, and these young would follow in three or four months, when they would be about four inches in length, and they would return to the place of their birth, as full grown fish, in their third year. The alewives are very prolific, each female laying about one quarter million of eggs, and though, possibly, not over one tenth of these eggs results in the production of full grown fishes, yet this tenth would give an immense number of young fish developed in such a body of water as Wenham Lake — say twenty-five million young for every thousand adult females that enter the lake. There was a time when the alewives must have swarmed into the lake by the hundreds of thousands, but their free run to and from the sea has been cut off by the erection of dams, the using of water and the excessive fisheries, to such an extent that now but comparatively few enter the lake, though, thanks to the noble work of our State Com- missioners of Fisheries, in connection with the commis- sioners of the other New England States, the alewife with its cousin the shad, and the brilliant trout and silvery salmon, are fast becoming plenty in our rivers and lakes, and if the work of the commissioners continues to receive the well earned support of the people, and every one helps to enforce the laws providing for the free passage of fish over all our dams and preventing excessive fishing at the time of spawning, we shall have no cause of com- plaint about the want of good fishes and good fishing. For it is now well demonstrated that fishes can be made Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 12 90 a regular and as sound a source of income as stock rais- ing and farming, and fish farming, as it has been called, now takes its place among the regular resources of our country and state. Mr. James H. Emerton exhibited several specimens of native plants collected during the forenoon and made some remarks in relation to the same. Dr. Henry Wheatland alluded briefly to some his- torical associations connected with this parish of Beverly, which was organized in 1714, and was for some years known as the "Precinct of Salem and Beverly" The first minister, REV. JOHN OHIPMAN, son of Deacon Samuel Chipman of Barnstable, born Feb. 16, 1690-1, a graduate of Harvard College in the class of 1711, ordained over this parish, Dec. 28, 1715, and after a pastorate of nearly sixty years, the longest in Beverly, was gathered to his fathers, on the 23d of March, 1775, at the advanced age of eighty-five years. During this long period, nothing transpired to disturb the harmo- ny that prevailed ; he was faithful in the discharge of every duty incumbent upon his ministerial office ; and was the honored and beloved pastor, who, on each returning sabbath, gave words of counsel, sympathy and wisdom to his people, who were wont to assemble within these vener- able walls ; uninterrupted prosperity followed, the church enlarged her borders, and the society flourished in all its interests. A correspondent in the "Essex Gazette" says : — "Beverly, March 29, 1775. On Thursday last died, the Rev. John Chipman, in the 85th Year of his Age ; and Yesterday was decently in- 91 terred. He was born at Barnstable, educated at Harvard College, and settled in the North Parish in this Town, Dec. 28, 1715, being their first Minister. It pleased the Father of Spirits to indue him with superior natural Pow- ers, which he greatly improved, by a close Application to his studies, and making Divinity his principal Study. He was well qualified for the important Work to which he was called ; and was a great Blessing in his Station. He had many Children ; whom he educated and governed with great Wisdom and Prudence. His Family has been called a School of useful Knowledge and Virtue. And as he knew how to govern his own House, so he did also know how to take Care of the Church of God. The Peo- ple of his Charge had happy Experience of his Ability in this Respect, while he presided over them ; particularly when (some years past), this Country swarmed with itinerant Preachers and ignorant Exhorters, who threw these Churches in general into great Disorder and Confu- sion, propagated pernicious Errors, excited wild Enthu- siasm, and promoted unchristian Divisions and Separa- tions ; by the Blessing of God on Mr. Chipmairs wise Conduct, Peace and Order were preserved in his Parish, and solid, rational Religion flourished. As he was well furnished for the great Work of the Ministry, with Respect to the natural Powers of his Mind, his Knowledge and Learning, and Wisdom and Prudence, so he was also with Respect to Piety and serious Godliness. It pleased God, in his younger Years, to impress his Mind with a lively Sense of the important Things of Religion ; and this he preserved through Life. By this he was excited to great Fidelity and Care in the Discharge of the Duties of his important Office. He watched for Souls, as knowing he must give Account, praying with and for his People with Fervency and Affection, and many Tears. It may per- haps be said, his Speech was contemptible, but this was said even of St. Paul, and yet he was not a whit behind the very chief of the Apostles, either for Abilities or Usefulness. His Preaching, in Imitation of that great Apostle's, was not with enticing Words of Man's Wisdom. He did not seek the Applause of Men, but the eternal 92 Welfare of immortal Souls : And he chose that Method of preaching which he thought would be most likely to answer this important End ; and he was not deceived herein, for his preaching was attended with much Success. His People were highly favored of the Lord, in being directed to so able, faithful and successful a Minister, and in having him continued with them for such an unusual Length of Time ; and it is hoped they remember it with Gratitude. He performed the Duties of his Office, with very little Intermission, almost 56 Years, when, being about 80 Years of Age, by the usual Infirmities of such an Age, and a distressing Asthma, he was taken off from his public Labours, and another Minister, the Rev. Mr. Hitchcock, settled as a Colleague with him ; whom God preserve, and make a like Blessing to them. The four or five last Years of his Life he was almost entirely confined to his House, still honouring the Religion he professed and preached, by his Patience and cheerful Resignation to the Will of God under all his Sufferings. And when the Days that were assigned him here were finished, God gave him a very easy Passage into a better World. His De- parture, it is said, seemed more like falling asleep than dying. May his numerous Offspring, and all that knew him, especially Ministers of the Gospel, follow the excel- lent Example he has left us. For blessed is that Servant whom his Lord, when he cometh, shall find so doing." The house occupied by him on the road to the principal settlement in Beverly is still standing and is the residence of some of his descendants. REV. ENOS HITCHCOCK. The second minister was ordained as colleague in 1771 and the two pastors lived together in great mutual affec- tion and harmony, the younger exerting himself for the interests of the people, spiritual and temporal, enjoying their esteem and acquiring the friendship of neighboring societies and ministers. Mr. Hitchcock was a native of Springfield, Mass., and a graduate of Harvard College in 93 1767. He warmly espoused the cause of his country, imbibing deeply the principles of the American Revolu- tion, and, in 1777, entered the army as chaplain and con- tinued until the close of the war. On the 1st of Oct., 1783, he was installed over the Benevolent Congregational Society in Providence, R. I., his connection with the church in Beverty having been amicably dissolved in 1780. Soon after he was elected into the Fellowship of Rhode Island College and for many years was one of its most enlightened and efficient directors. He was a good preacher, a learned divine, a man of active benevolence and deeply interested in the cause of popular education. He early turned his attention to the establishment of pub- lic schools for the instruction of the children of the poor, as well as those of the wealthy, visited these school fre- quently and made such suggestions as tended to aid the efforts of the teachers and at the same time to awaken the energies of the pupils. He also addressed parents and others on the importance of education and published several books that were replete with useful information on this subject and highly esteemed. He died at Provi- dence, Feb. 27, 1803, in the fifty-ninth year of his age. REV. DANIEL OLIVER the third minister, ordained Oct. 3, 1787 ; the pulpit, since the retirement of Mr. Hitchcock, having been tem- porarily supplied by several persons. Mr. Oliver was the son of Nathaniel and Mercy (Wendell) Oliver, and father of Gen. H. K. Oliver of Salem. He was born at Chelsea, April 4, 1753, and graduated at Dartmouth College in 1785. He dissolved his connection with this church, in August, 1797, and was for several years engaged as a missionary to the Indians in the Genesee River coun- try and in the Eastern parts of Maine. He died at Rox- 94 bury, Mass., Sept. 14, 1840, aged eighty-seven years. For two or three years after the dismission of Mr. Oliver, the pulpit was again temporarily supplied by Messrs. Story, Allien, and Micah Stone, until the ordination of REV. MOSES DOW on the 18th of March, 1801, as the fourth minister. Mr. Dow was born in Atkinson, N. H., Feb. 4, 1771, and a graduate of Dartmouth College in the class of 1796. He retired from this pastoral office in April, 1813, with the highest testimonials of the council that granted his dis- mission as "an able, faithful, discreet and devoted minis- ter of Jesus Christ." He was afterwards installed at York, Me., Nov. 9, 1815, and resigned the position, Feb. 17, 1830. He died at Piaistow, N. H., in 1837, aged sixty-six. Rev. E. M. Stone, for many years a pastor of this church, the author of the history of Beverly and now the devoted and able minister at large in Providence, and others were mentioned. Allusion was also made to Hugh Hill, the distinguished commander of one of the privateers from Beverly during the revolutionary war, whose country seat is within the limits of this parish, and where he resided from 1803 till his decease, which occurred Feb. 24, 1829. [See Hist. Coll. of Essex Institute, Vol. IV, page 181.] Mr. Henry Wilson of Beverly, mentioned some in- teresting facts respecting the church in which the meeting was held, the frame of which was the identical one erected one hundred and fifty-live years ago, although the exterior and interior have both been considerably modified, in adaptation to the present wants of the community. In 95 1837 the parish adopted resolutions to remodel the house, this was accomplished in about five months, and on the tirst clay of February, 1838, it was reopened with appro- priate services. Remarks were also made by Messrs. Timothy Hopes, E. N. Walton, E. W. Harrington, C. Cooke, and others; and after passing a vote of thanks to the proprietors of the Church and of Mystic Hall, and to all others who had extended courtesies to the party, the meeting adjourned to Friday afternoon, at the Institute rooms. Adjourned Meeting, Friday, June 20, 1871. In Plummer Hall, at 4 P. M. Daniel H. Johnson and Edwin C. Bolles both of Salem were elected resident members. NOTICE. ESSEX INSTITUTE HISTOKICAL COLLECTIONS, VOLUME XI. PARTI. CONTENTS. Address at the Semi-centennial Anniversary, by Abnei- C. Goodell, Jr. : Some Notes on Old Modes or Travel, by R. S. Rantoul; Gleanings erom the Files of the Court of General Sessions of the Peace, No. l, commu- nicated by James Kimball. HAS BEEN PBINTED AND IS FOR SALE BY Assistant Librarian at Plummer Hall ; the Naturalist Agency ; A. K. Loring's Bookstore, corner of Washington and Broin- field Streets, Boston ; and the Bookstores in Salem. 96 Deficiencies in the Library. It is intended from time to time, to publish lists of deficiencies in the Library, hoping that the friends of the Institute, who may notice the same, will be induced to aid in completing the sets. Any number or volume, not designated (within brackets) under any title, will be acceptable. DEFICIENCIES IN DIRECTORIES. (Continued from Vol. Ill, page 13.) Camden, N. J., by W. H. Boyd [I860]. Elizabeth, N. J., by A. Boyd [1868-9]. Essex, Hudson and Union Counties, N. J., by W. H. Boyd [1859]. Hoboken, N. J., by Gavit [1834-5] ; by Gopsill [18S1-2J. Hudson, N. J., by D. E. Gavit [1854-5] ; by James Gopsill [1861-2]. Jersey City, ST. J., by D. E. Gavit [1854-5] ; by James Gopsill [1858-9] ; by James Gopsill, [1861-2]. Plainfield, N. J., by A. Boyd [1868-9]. RAHWAY, N. J., by A. Boyd [1868-9]. Newark, N. J., by B. T. Pievson, [1835-6, 1830-7, 1837-8, 1838-9, 1839-40, 1840-1, 1841-2, 1842-3, 1843-4, 1844-5, 1845-8, 1846-7, 1847-8, 1848-9, 1849-50, 1850-1, 1851-2, 1052- 3, 1853-4, 1854-5, 1855-8, 1856-7, 1857-8, 1858-9, 1859-00, 18S0-1, 1831-2, 1862-3] ; by C H. Folwell [1803-4, 1804-5]; by James Gopsill [1805-0, 1867, 1808]; by A. S. Holbvook [1867-8, 1868-9] ; Business Directory, by W. H. Boyd [1857-8, 1858-9]. PATERSON, N. J., by W. H. Boyd [1857, 1859]. TRENTON, N. J., by Clark, Moore & Rautn [1854-5] ; by W. H Boyd [1857; 1859]. Allentown, Penn., by W. H. Boyd [I860]. Alleghany, Penn., by Geo. H. Thurston [1808-9]. Easton, Penn., by W. H. Boyd [I860]. Ekie, Penn., by J. H. Lant [1865-6]. Harrisburg, Penn., by W. Divine [1867-8] ; by W. H. Boyd [I860]. Lancaster County, Penn., by W. H. Boyd [1859-60]. Lebanon, Penn., by W. H. Boyd [1800]. Meadville, Penn., [1869-70]. Philadelphia, Penn., by James Robinson [1807]; by B. & T. Kite [1814]; by .]. A.Paxton, [1819]; bv Edward Whitely [1820]; by M'Carty & Davis [1821]; by Robert Desilver [1824, 1828, 1835-6] ; by A. M'Elroy [1837, 1S39, 1840, 1842, 1843, 1844, L845, is 10. 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1854, 1855, 1850, 1857, 1858, 1359] ; by S. E. Cohen [1860] ; by M'Elroy [I860, 1861, 1802, 1804, 1865, I860, 1867] ; City and Busiuess Direc- tory, by James Gopsill [1868-9] ; Business Directory by W. H. Boyd [1858]. PITTSBURG, PENN., by G. H. Thurston [1868-9]. POTTSVILLE, PENN., by W. II. Boyd [I860]. Reading, Penn., by W. H. Boyd [I860]. West Chester, Penn., [1857-8]. DELAWARE State, by W. II. and A. Boyd [1859-00], BALTIMORE, Mi>., by R. J. Matchett [1824, 1833, 1837-38]; by John Murphy, [1846]; by R. -1. Matchett [1817-8, 1853-4]; by John W. Woods [1856-7] by W. H. Boyd 1 1858] ; by John W. Woods [1864, 1865-6] ; by Houston [1867J. BULLETIN OF THE ZESSZEZKI IliTSTITUTE. Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., August, 1871. No. 8. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Field Meeting at East Gloucester, Thursday, June 29th, 1871. THE RAMBLE. Coming from its first Field Meeting at Wenham Lake and its shores, to the ocean about Cape Ann, from the placid waters of an inland lake, surrounded by woods and fertile fields, to look upon the restless Atlantic, send- ing its waves against a rocky coast, the disciples of the Institute were subjected to a contrast whose influence even if unrecognized must have been beneficially felt. The morning threatening rain had suggested disappoint- ment, so the reappearance of a clear sky added its exhil- aration to the ramblers. Of the two hundred and more who came from Salem and vicinity to participate in the day's search for instruc- tion, all seemed more than usually interested in the natu- ral features of the region visited. From the rendezvous at the Baptist church the party proceeded in different directions on their explorations. Some accepting the courteous invitation of Thomas Niles, Esq., went to the inner side of the Point, visiting what Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 13 98 is known as Eastern Point Farm, the adjacent beach, and the light house, the beauty of the locality abundantly rewarding the pedestrian effort. Others passed over the ridge of the promontory to the seaward side, where rugged rocks echoing the beat of the waves, and sur- rounded by the foaming surf, contrasted sharply with the quiet wash of the waters upon the beach at the inner shore. At this spot, known as "Bass Eocks," was much mate- rial to weave into entertaining fancies. The sheltered ledges formed here a cave worthy of, and naturally fitted with, some thrilling legend. The waves which broke at its entrance sounded as from some distant sea, hinting that concerning this cavern they had a tale to tell of events far remote in the past ; there a marvellous passage- way through solid granite, with irregular steps of trap rock from the water's edge to the summit of a granite boulder, suggested ascending and descending Indian braves, or smugglers bending beneath the weight of mys- terious bundles, or more picturesque pirates with wild faces, untrimmed beards, and a small arsenal of horrify- ing weapons worn at their belts, each using at times this flight of natural steps as their ladder to fortune. If such events were realities instead of fancies, the name "trap" rock might have a moral as well as a mineralogical signif- icance. At another point was a natural stone basin, whose picturesque interior, massive setting, grand sur- roundings, clear water, large number and variety of liv- ing occupants, constituted a royal aquarium — one of Neptune's adornments of the approaches to his territory. In most aquaria one thinks of the peril of the animals from the owner's lack of skill, or his negligence to keep the waters clear, or to observe the conditions of marine life. You fear lest the beautiful form of life you see to- 99 day, may mysteriously take on the repulsive appearance of death to-morrow. But here where twice each day the whole Atlantic lifts her waters, enfolds this nursling sea, washes its sides with sparkling water, and resupplies its wants with nourishing streams from her own bosom, one always expects to find vigorous life, refreshing to look upon. Nor is the expectation disappointed. Bright col- ored shells pave the floor of the basin with a rich mosaic. Sea anemones cover the roughness of the rocks with their base, unfold their soft tints, and wTave their tufted crown of tentacles gracefully to and fro. Branching sea-sponges spring from the interstices of the rocks. The rays of the star-fish peep through the sea-plants, beneath 'whose growth lie mairy marine animals in partial concealment. Through the meshes of the weeds one can see the hermit- crabs dragging their second-hand houses across the minia- ture highways of this marine township, reminding one of the frequent migrations of the ancient buildings of Salem when they fall into the hands of speculators. Now and then a crab bustles actively across an open space, then disappears beneath a thick growth of confervas, which he agitates by his continued movements, and makes you think that the concealed regions of this watery district must be even more densely populated than that which lies open to the sun. The party spent much time in studying this beautiful assemblage of representatives of ocean's inhabitants which here in so rare a manner presented themselves for examination. Some of the residents of East Gloucester whose means enabled them to give visible form to the ideas of beauty which such natural features must suggest, invited some of our party to visit their residences along the shore, where the combination of tastefully kept grounds about a coun- 100 try house both in keeping with the surrounding country, together with a magnificent sea-view, gave the visitors great pleasure. The time for the ramble seemed too brief. The differ- ent sections of the party came tardily together for the collation, appointed at the church vestry at one o'clock. But the zest for active labor begotten by the morning's enjoyments enabled all to perform the duty of the hour. The meeting was called to order at 2.30 P. M., the President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — From Frankfurt, a. M., Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaffc, Dec, 31, 1870; New Brunswick Natural History Society, June 15; New York Lyceum of Natural History, June 26; Smithsonian Institution, June 22; Wien, K. K. Zool, Bo- tan. Gesellschaft, Feb.; James S. Bryant, Hartford, Conn., June 15; W. H. Yeo- mans, Columbia, Conn., June 14. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donations. Bryant, W. S., of Hartford, Conn. Hartford Directory, 1828. 1 vol. 16mo. Clogstox, Wm., of Springfield. Directories — Kingston and Rondout, 1869-70, 1 vol. 8vo. Utica, 1865, 1 vol. 8vo. Schenectady, 1865, 1 vol. 8vo. Rome, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Oswego, 1866-7, 1 vol. 8vo. Boonville, 1868, 1 vol. 12mo. Malone and Franklin County, 1868-9, 1 vol. 12mo. Lowville, 1867-8, 1 vol. 12mo. Carthage, 1867-8, 1 vol. 12mo. Rome and Oneida County, 1859-60, 1 vol. 12mo. Watertown, 1867-8, 1 vol. 12mo. Folger, W. C.j of Nantucket. Reports of the towns of Cohasset, Scituate and Marshfield for 1870-71. 8vo pamphlets. Greex, S. A., of Boston. Revised Gospel of St. Mark. 1 vol. 12mo. Miscella- neous pamphlets, 21. TUCKER., W. P. Diocese of California. 8vo pamphlets. 1871. By Exchange. Botaxisk Tidsskrift Kjobexiiavx. Tidsskrift, Fjaerde Binds, Andet and Forste Haefte. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. 1871. KONGELIGE DANSKE Videxskaberxes Selskabs. Oversigt, 1870. No. II. Svo pamph. Kjobenhavn. K. K. Zoologiscii — Botaxische Gesellschaft IX Weix. Verhandlungen, Band NX. Heft 1-1 1870. Svo pamphlets. 101 Massachusetts Historical Society. Collections. Vol. I. Fifth Series, l vol. 8vo. Boston. 1871. Mercantile Library Association, Boston. Fifty-first Annual Report. 8vo pamph. 1871. Naturhistorische Gesellschaft in Hannover. Bwanzigfter, 4to pamph. 1869-70. New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Register and Journal, July, 1871. Peabody Institute, Baltimore, Md. Fourth Annual Report of the Provost to the Trustees, June 1, 1871. Royal Society or Tasmania. Monthly Notices of Papers and Proceedings for 1868-9. Senckenbergesche naturforschende Gesellschaft. Abhandlungen, Siebenter. Bd. 1869-70. 4to pamph. Bericht, June, 1869. June, 1870. Verein zur Verbreitung naturwissenschaftlicher Kenntnisse inWien. Schriften, Vols. IX, X. 1868-70. Yeomans W. H., of Columbia, Conn. Report of the Connecticut Board of Agri- culture for 1869. 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 37. Publishers. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. The President referred briefly to the connection be- tween Gloucester and Salem in their early history, and said that this town was of historical interest to many present, in the fact that the early settlers at Salem came first to Gloucester, and resided about two years before taking up the more permanent abode with which they be- came subsequently identified. He called upon Mr. George D. Phippen of Salem to speak upon THE FLOWERS COLLECTED. Mr. Phippen commenced by saying that he was re- minded of a former officer of the Institute, who, when called upon to speak on an occasion similar to this, com- menced his remarks with the familiar quotation, " What went ye out into the wilderness for to see ? " While we may not designate this region by such an appellation, it is always our desire on occasions like this to visit the wildest locations of the neighborhood, in order that our collections may be the more rich and rare ; even a " reed 102 shaken by the wind " becomes an agreeable sight to one coming from the dnsty streets of the city. The flowers upon the table, not collected by my own hand, suggest the shady coppice, as well as the rocky promontory, and the sandy shore. Among which are the arethusa, the dwarf laurel, the iris, the cranberry, the anagallis, the calestegia or wild morning glory, and many others which under specific names were assigned to their proper group in the natural arrangement, the only classification at this late day worthy of consideration. The most peculiar specimens presented were the full blown heads of the yellow thistle, Cirsium horridulum, new to most of the party, but not uncommon in many sandy localities near the sea. Notwithstanding its for- bidding prickles, which gave rise to its specific name, several ladies present, impressed with its novel beauty, plucked large bunches of its showy blossoms with which to embellish their vases at home, hitherto filled with the more delicate products of the green house and flower border. It is presumed to be generally understood that all the beautiful plants of our gardens and conservatories were once wild, — the cultivated offspring of ruder and more simple types ; our own country meanwhile furnishing to other nations many an exotic of rare worth and beauty, and quite as highly prized as any of theirs are to us. This splendid array of ornamental plants now so acces- sible, and with which many of our gardens are richly stocked, is the result of many long years of cultivation, with changes and mutations induced or retained by the hand of man, and generally at the expense of what may be called the integrity of the plant, that is, more or less to the sacrifice of its vital and generative forces. Many plants with such an origin, though extremely ornamental 103 or useful to us, are most carefully propagated by cuttings, and arc in fact but the assiduous multiplication or rather prolongation of the same individual life, which is not the case with plants of a more primitive type, that conse- quently are freely propagated by their own prolific seed. This we understand to be one phase of the high mis- sion of man while a denizen upon the earth, to exercise the noble privilege of subduing all things unto the best wishes and purposes of his race, having this promise ever before us taught by science as well by our sublime reli- gion, that by seeking we shall find, by knocking it shall be opened unto us ; a sure reward sooner or later always repaying the patient investigator. It therefore becomes not irreverent to declare that in a certain sense and in a delegated manner man is a creator, calling into being forms that without his aid might never exist. The grains and edible roots so indispensible to man and the lower animals are so few as to be "almost counted upon the fingers" but in their varieties are almost endless ; while many of them in a primitive wild state can no longer be found upon the earth. Much the same is it with the fruits proper, and while this has been so long true, there still remains unknown and unappropriated hundreds of plants capable of yielding both food and ornamentation, that still remain in the wilds of the earth just as they came from the great Creator's hand, simple and undeveloped. When we allude to the plants of the garden and green- house, how few of the large number do we find well un- derstood in their possible modifications and whose mani- fest changes scarcely ever weary us. If this developed few in their numerous varieties were taken from their places on the shelves and in the borders, our gardens would be bare indeed. 104 The botanist and the florist, though sometimes com- bined in the same individual, possess severally elements of knowledge and taste of great divergency, the former always looking with jealousy upon the labors of the lat- ter ; knowing well that the doubling of flowers and the variegation of the foliage of plants are accidents or inno- vations more or less destructive to plant vitality and the purity of the species. The tendency of reversion to primitive types is so well understood that no florist can keep a fine selection of rar- ities without the most careful destruction of rogues among his plants, and the most diligent strain of his seeds. Upon a cessation of this care these varieties fall back year by year with considerable rapidity to their primitive spe- cies or type. In our day, varieties seem to be almost manufactured to order, be the caprice of the market what it may. Who has not been surprised as well as delighted by the rapid increase of plants of different genera and species, adorned with particolored foliage, some of which, like the zonale geraniums, taking on hues like the rainbow, and vieing. even the plumage of birds. The rapidity and seeming spontaneity of these changes must to the ordinary obser- ver be puzzling indeed. Though we have claimed these as the product of the hand of man, it is more nearly like retaining the angel till he blesses us, rather than calling him from the skies. It is not uncommon to find similar accidental forms even among wild plants in their native abodes, as we can bear witness, having found double mountain laurel, striped cardinal flower, yellow columbine, quilled white- weed, linear petaled Oenothera, double saxifrage and many others not readily called to memory. Albinos and stripes among the green spray of the natu- 105 ral foliage often occur, which might be retained and made permanent by bud grafting. From such accidents as these it is, that the florist moulds his novelties, being careful to intensify the derivation by grafting, by slipping, or by seeding the plant and watching its offspring. Much might be said of the numerous hybrids that may be produced by a judicious crossing of near affinities, and pressing each novel tendency till it becomes intensi- fied and fixed by breeding, requiring perhaps several gen- erations. Deviations are much more likely to occur among plants under cultivation than those in a natural state. The readiest change for a plant to make is in the color of its blossom, otherwise plants vary chiefly in the direc- tion of their prominent peculiarity, or that of prospective usefulness ; selection, both natural and applied, tending to the same end. With the edible roots, we may expect improvement in that direction, with fruits, in their en- largement and the luscious quality of their flesh, with flowers, in the multiplication of their petals, or in changes of their hues. Neither the fairest apple nor the richest pear has yet been attained ; and the most fragrant rose and most gorgeous lily are still in reserve for the gratifi- cation of the taste of man. When we remember the almost endless changes that a few years since were produced from the simple scarlet eight-petaled dahlia of Mexico, or with the kingly robes of the lily and tulip, with multiplications of the rose, the peony, the fuchsia, the petunia, the verbena, etc., we are apt to feel in their abundance, that the climax has been achieved ; but to all whose taste seeks continued gratifica- tion we may say with confidence, and that without tread- ing upon ground appropriated by Darwin or hastening to his conclusions, that there is absolutely no end to the de- Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 14 106 velopment and mutability of all that is excellent for food or gratifying to our taste of the beautiful, among the vast array of the species that compose the Vegetable King- dom. Mr. James H. Emerton of Salem spoke of the insects collected in the morning's ramble, among them some specimens of the lace winged fly ( Ohri/sopa) and its eggs, which had been found attached to grass leaves from a field near the shore, each egg raised upon a hair-like stem. The young larva? of this fly and the structure of their months, by which they are enabled to suck the juices of insects without eating the solid parts, were described, with illustrations on the black-board. He then passed around among the audience some sixty spiders and several cocoons of spider's eggs, which had been collected in the morning, and made some remarks on them, and the growth of spiders in the egg. Rev. J. H. Gannett of East Gloucester alluded to the appearance of this village as he saw it from the deck of a vessel in the harbor some twenty-four years since, and gave a very interesting sketch of its growth, and of the church in which this meeting was held. HISTORY OF THE BAPTIST CHURCH IN EAST GLOUCESTER. The first Baptist meeting of which there is any recol- lection in East Gloucester, was held about thirty years ago, the Rev. William Lamson, pastor of the Baptist church in the town of Gloucester, and now pastor of the Baptist church in the town of Brookline, Mass., preach- ing to a very few persons in a small building used for a school house. From this date it appears that they continued to hold 107 meetings from time to time, convening with the various families and members who worshipped on the Sabbath with Bro. Lamson's church. East Gloucester at this time was very sparsely settled, but as business increased, dwelling houses were rapidly erected, stores were opened, school houses were built. The friends of Zion feeling called upon to make an or- ganized effort for the moral and spiritual good of their growing village, a union sewing circle was formed ; but it being ascertained that the prevailing sentiment was Baptist, it was decided to erect a chapel. In the year 1858 a small building was erected 50 feet by 36. It was dedicated the fall of the same year, the sermon being preached by William Lamson, D. D., text, Joshua, v : 15. Previously (in 1855) there had been a small Sabbath school organized in the village and held in the hall of the engine house, and also one on what is known as Eocky Neck. This school met in the house of Bro. David Smith, and was under the charge of Sister Susan E. Wonson. As soon as the chapel was dedicated and opened for meeting, these schools were transferred to this place and given in charge to Bro. Geo. Parsons, who is still the superintendent. At first the people were supplied with preaching by dif- ferent persons occupying the desk. In 1858 Father Lisle was invited to become their preacher (we tannot say pastor, for this enterprise was nothing more than a branch interest — a mission of the first Baptist church.) In 1861 Bro. Cheever of Manchester was invited to assist Bro. Lisle in a series of meetings. A powerful reformation followed, but there being no church organ- ization most of the converts joined other churches. Father Lisle left, and in the spring of 1863 the society 108 invited the Rev. Andrew Dunn to supply the desk. In July of the same year (63) a council was convened to consider the propriety of organizing a church (an inde- pendent society). After a satisfactory examination a church was constituted, composed of fifty-six members. Two deacons were chosen, viz. : Brethren Geo. Parsons and Herbert Stanley who still serve the church. Bro. Dunn stayed with them as their pastor for four years, then resigned. The infant church in the spring of 1867 sent to the Theological Institute at Newton, for a candidate, where- upon a young man by the name of J. H. Gannett was sent them, to whom the church and society extended a call to the pastorate. He accepted, and entered the work August 1st, 1867, receiving ordination the"22d of the same month, Rev. G. Cole of Weymouth preaching the sermon. The church for years had been in a low condition, and was still, the Sabbath school few in numbers, sadly in want of efficient teachers, and entirely destitute of library books. During the following winter (1867-68) one hun- dred dollars expended in books supplied the school with a good library. This seemed to be the only movement manifested for the better — the meeting continuing dull, the preaching powerless. Our village had increased in population and now numbered about 1500, and it seemed expedient t5 have a larger place for worship. The building was raised ten feet, lengthened about twenty-five, a vestry was finished under the entire length, and a spire of seventy-five feet added. Eighty pews were placed in the auditorium, the settees being moved into the vestry below. The entire expense was about $5,000. About $3,000 of it was raised, leaving the society in debt $2,000 ; the following year $1,000 of this 109 was paid and the remaining $1,000 now stands as a debt against the society. On the 3d of Feb., 1869, the house was dedicated to the service of Almighty God, William Lamson D. D. , of Brookline, preaching the sermon. Text 4 'The tree is known by his fruit." The pews were rented to pay the necessary running expenses (all monies being formerly raised by subscrip- tions) and instead of $500 or $600, as in previous years, the rentals amounted to $1,600. The congregation was very much increased, and the whole enterprise received a stimulus. In January, 1870, a series of meetings were com- menced, Bro. Needham, the Irish Evangelist, preaching a few times — which resulted in a powerful awakening. The large vestry was filled to overflowing, night after night — souls were constantly inquiring "what shall I do to be saved?" — others were rejoicing in a newly found Kedeemer. This interest lasted till late in the spring, when the pas- tor had the joyful privilege of leading into the baptismal waters seventy-four happy converts — ten others were received by letter and experience. The present number is one hundred and forty-eight. The church has two deacons. Only two pastors have ministered at her altar, Bro. Dunn and the present incum- bent. The ladies of this society have assisted very largely in the support of this enterprise. They have furnished the house throughout, besides placing a good organ in the or- chestra. Our village now numbers 2,100, and we need a still larger house for worship. May the Lord furnish one in his own good time. The church will be nine years old July 13th, 1872. 110 Mr. Gannett also spoke of the geology of the Cape, and expressed the hope that if there were any present interested in that direction they would open these hard leaflets and read the tables written there by the hand of God. We have on Massachusetts' southern shore a long, sandy beach called Cape Cod, and here on the other side of the bay is a rocky cape. The southern shore is changed by the waves, but these rocks for years have re- mained the same. The President stated that the geology of this county was a problem not yet satisfactorily solved. The atten- tion of Prof. T. Sterry Hunt of the Canadian survey and other geologists has been directed to this subject, and these gentlemen will give it a careful consideration. Prof. A. Hyatt, a member of the Institute, is collecting materials for a report on this subject. At a meeting of the Institute, a few weeks since, he exhibited a beauti- fully executed map of Marblehead Neck, and gave the results of his observations in that locality and its imme- diate vicinity. It is intended to continue these observa- tions each successive season, until the whole county has been examined ; thus we may expect, ere the lapse of many years, to have the materials for the long desired report on the geology of the county ready for the press, with correct maps illustrating the same. THE STUDY OF THE LOWER FORMS OF LIFE. Concerning the plate containing sixty varieties of spi- ders, captured and commented upon by Mr. James H. Emerton, Dr. A. H. Johnson remarked, that as it had passed from hand to hand through the audience for inspec- tion, possibly the thought had arisen, that to catch and study these little animals is frivolous business — amusing, Ill perhaps — but hardly profitable. To meet this idea the speaker said that many are unaware that it is through laborious study of the organism and development of the lower animals, that data are obtained to interpret the more complex organization of the human system. Facts ob- tained by such study, as another has said, "furnish the alphabet which we must learn in order to read the more intricate compositions of nature." Thus, the human lungs present to the eye a very intri- cate structure, difficult to explain. But the simpler lungs of the frog, or the transparent lungs of the turtle, show at a glance the general plan upon which the respiratory organs of the higher animals are formed, viz. : — that of a sack or pouch, divided by partitions into numerous chambers or cells, upon whose walls the minute blood vessels form a mesh work, while these cells, by means of a system of tubes, are open to the external air, which they can alternately receive and discharge. So concerning; the circulation of the blood through the capillaries, the transparent web of the frog's foot under the microscope has furnished demonstrations and taught lessons which one might seek in vain in the human sys- tem. One of the lowest forms of animal life is the micro- scopic amoeba, an animal which appears like a mere struc- tureless drop of jelly. Yet it has been seen to assume a great variety of forms by alternate expansions and con- tractions, to fold itself around and to take into its cavity other animalcules or portions of plants, parts of which it consumed, and other parts rejected as indigestible. Curiously enough, the white corpuscles of the human blood have been seen to imitate the amoeba so closely that they have been named amoeboid cells. They were first studied by being removed from the circulation, and placed 112 under the microscope in an artificial serum, while the or- dinary animal temperature was preserved as well as pos- sible. But the mesentery of the frog has been found to furnish the best opportunity to watch their movements, and revealed very novel and startling facts concerning their behavior. Here they have been seen to take granular pigment, purposely injected into the veins, into the interior of their bodies, and after bearing it to a greater or less distance through the circulation, to again eject it. Or they have been seen to pass through minute apertures in the capillaries bearing the pigment with them into the surrounding tissues. Owing to these free move- ments they have been called wandering cells. They sug- gest an explanation of the agency by means of which diseased action in one portion of the system is sometimes transferred to remote portions of the human frame. It would be impossible to ascertain these facts from an ex- amination of the opaque tissues of the body. Yet they are of immense practical importance. Hence it is a phi- lanthropic work to study the tissues of the smaller ani- mals by means of which such information is obtained. It has been recently suggested* that the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals should make exertions to put an end to physiological experiments upon the lower animals. Such action will be deprecated by all who would act for the prevention of cruelty to men. For such experiments are still necessary to furnish the knowledge requisite to proper action for the relief of human suffering. BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX I1TSTITUTE. Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., September, 1871. No. 9. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Field Meeting at East Gloucester, Thursday, June 29th, 1871. [ Continued.] Rev. Mr. Bolles of Salem said he supposed all had heard of ministers who went to church, leaving their ser- mons at home, and had to send for them, sometimes get- ting the last Sunday's sermon from the messenger. In the same way he had lost his text, and a boy of sixty years who volunteered to go for it had not returned. In other words he had left his box of specimens upon a rock near the ice houses. Mr. Bolles spoke of two specimens of considerable im- portance. He had found near the water side two speci- mens of a land shell, one of the largest in Massachusetts, about the size of a walnut, of a yellow color, banded by about six or eight bands of dark brown. Their interest does not lie in their color or size, but depends upon the fact that this is an English shell, supposed by some to Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 15 114 have been transported upon this coast from the gardens of England. It is called the HELIX HORTEXSI3 OR GARDEN SNAIL. In England, the species is a very brilliant shell, the varieties of banded ones (bright yellow on brown, or brown on yellow), being much more numerous than plain brown or yellow shells. But in the eastern part of this country the land mollusks have shells which are mostly uniform in color and somewhat dull — brown being the prevailing hue. And these specimens of the garden snail which we find here are mostly of a uniform yellow — the banded ones being scarce and when found not very bright in color. The question is, how did these shells come upon the American coast? We might say that they came over from Europe in the Mayflower or subsequent vessels. As so many trace their ancestry, we might say that three brothers of them came over a great many years since and settled here, and all these snails were derived from that stock. But this theory is upset by the fact that these shells are found upon islands far out to sea, uninhabited and seldom visited. We cannot suppose the hand of man placed them there. Upon the coast of Maine, eight miles out from land, nearly off Harpswell, is an island, — we call it an island by courtesy, although it is very small, the sea side but a mass of rocks, and the inside a gentle slope with a few stunted cedar trees and a profusion of the plants of the wild morning glory. Turn over almost any shelving stone and you will find the nest of the stormy petrel. There we find immense quantities of these shells, which you may gather by the quart. The island is almost unapproachable. The day I landed I had to employ a boatman to keep the boat oft* the rocks by rowing while I explored the island. On that little strip no man planted these shells, and yet you will scarcely find a spot in Maine yielding a richer harvest to the conchologist. Helix albolabris, Helix alternata with its curious albino variety, two of the three species of Saccinea in Maine, many species of the minuter Helices with Zua and vari- ous Pupidce literally cover, in places, the ground and the rank stems of the weeds which luxuriate in the guano- enriched soil. Could the Helix kortensis have been im- ported from the gardens of England to mingle with these native shells? LIMNL3JA COLUMELLA. The second point of interest we found was a deposit of fresh water shells at the pond on the top of the hill. Bodies of fresh water in this country exhibit a large num- ber of shells, several of the genus called Limnaea. The kind frequenting this pond is the Limnaea columella, a shell which does not exceed one-half inch in length, and is often much smaller. While exploring the shores of the pond we saw what seemed to be a deposit of seeds, but on stopping to examine it we found it to be a com- plete mass of veiy minute shells. There was not one that was one-eighth of an inch long. They seemed like little yellow grains of glass. I never saw such immense quantities of them as you may find along the margin of that pond. You might gather millions of them. Every stick and rock Avas covered with them. There they lie, millions of them, dried up upon the margin of that water. We could not get a single specimen that was grown up. They reach their highest state of development early in the spring, and after leaving their eggs, the business of their life being concluded, they die. We found a num- ber of dead adult shells there. Thus this mollusk follows the law of progress. Having fulfilled its function it leaves the rising generation to carry on the work. I never 116 tire of looking upon the pictures and legends we have written upon the created things of this world. One brother spoke of the lessons written upon the rocks. Every other thing in nature is a similar page written in divine love. Upon every fibre of animal life, every grain and seed, every leaf, and everything we can see and un- derstand, the same mystery of life is written. There is an invisible, infinite world, whose wonders our eyes may sometime be sharp enough to observe. Rev. Richard Eddy of Gloucester being called upon, said that he had a very great affection for the old time people of Salem for the good care which they took of and the sympathy they extended to the founder of his native state, Rhode Island. While the gentleman was speaking of the fact that in some sense it is given us to be crea- tors, I wondered if you had been favored with the sight of some of the albums and scrap books which the ladies of this place have made so beautifully from sea flowers which they gather here. After brief remarks from Messrs. William B. Trask, of Boston, E. N. Walton, of Salem and James Davis of Gloucester, the following resolution was unanimously adopted. Resolved, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be extended to the proprietors of this church, to Rev. J. H. Gannett, Messrs. Thomas Niles, Herbert Stan- ley, J. Warren Wonson, Leander McFarland, George Parsons, Mrs. Mary Wonson, Mrs. Julia Daniels, Mrs. Gannett and all others who have contributed to* render this meeting at East Gloucester so agreeable and profit- able. Adjourned : — 117 Meeting near "Ship Rock" in Peabody, Wednesday, August 2, 1871. v THE RAMBLE. Contiguous to the northwestern boundary of Salem is a considerable territory lying within the townships of Lynn, Peabody, and Lynnfield, sparsely inhabited, diver- sified in surface, and largely covered with a good growth of forest trees, varieties of the pine and of the oak pre- dominating, though specimens of the maples, ashes, wal- nuts, elms, birches, etc., are found. Numerous boulders, varying in size and position, are scattered around, giving evidence of having been brought during the glacial period. A careful examination of them, together with the other rocks in situ, is worthy the consideration of the geologists. The southeastern portion of this region, formerly known by the name of "The Rocks," recently by the more euphonious one of "Rockville," was selected for the ramble this day. A small chapel near by, in- part sustained as a mission chapel by the First church in Pea- body, was kindly tendered to the Institute as the place of rendezvous and for the afternoon session. This region is a favorite resort to the student of nature and the lover of the picturesque. To them the varied surface and diversity of soil furnish specimens to investi- gate and views of great beauty to study and admire. A scramble up some of the hillsides among the lichen cov- ered rocks, the gnarled trunks and the twining vines, is well repaid by an extensive prospect, comprising the sur- rounding country dotted with villages and isolated farm buildings, and the distant ocean whitened with the sails of numerous vessels and occasionally darkened by the cloud of smoke from a passing steamer. 118 Among these hills are many secluded recesses and shady nooks, the homes of some of our choicest floral gems — here the botanist and zoologist can each find speci- mens of interest in their respective lines of investigation. To the older members of the Institute this locality has a peculiar interest. The late Dr. Andrew Nichols, one of the founders and the first president of the Natural History Society, and a zealous student of nature, was wont to ramble over these hills and dales, in quest of his favorite objects for study and investigation, and became very conversant with the many curious and interesting forms there found. He contributed largely to the success of the early field meetings, pointing out interesting local- ities during the ramble, anc\ communicating freely the results of his observations at the afternoon session. No object was too insignificant to his finely cultivated eye, no fact too small to escape in its meaning and instruction his noble and loving heart, but with a true and humble faith he saw beneficence and wisdom in them all. He passed away on the 31st of March, 1853, as the little Draba verna, a plant which he detected many years pre- vious in this vicinity, on some rocks moistened by the later snows of spring, was opening its tiny petals to an- other vernal season. The party from Salem left that place in a special train at 9 A. M. Soon after arrival, being reinforced by mem- bers and friends from other towns, they divided into sev- eral groups. Some spent the forenoon in wandering about the fields and among the pine groves in the midst of which "Ship Rock" is situated, some went to the vicinity of Bartholomew's Pond and were successful in collecting many choice specimens in botany and zoology, whilst others took different directions as inclination prompted. 119 The land in the region of which Bartholomew's pond may he considered as the centre, comprising sonic two or three hundred acres more or less, and extending1 from Brown's Pond on the old Lynn road to the Lynn field road, comhincs many attractive features for a Public Parle, It seems desirable that measures should soon be adopted to secure this land for this purpose. Cannot the citizens of Lynn, Peabody and Salem, individually or in their corporate capacity, make a movement in this direction. Nature has already done much — a comparatively small expenditure only will be required to render it one of the most attractive places of resort by the citizens of these several municipalities. It may be appropriate in this connection to allude to another subject of a similar import. In Salem and the vicinity, comprising a circuit of some ten or fifteen miles, are large tracts of pasture and woodlands, over which the waves of an increasing population are gradually rolling. If this movement should continue in the corresponding ratio of the past twenty-five or thirty years, only a short time will elapse ere this whole area will be occupied by residences or for strictly private purposes. Would it not be well to have portions of this land in different localities secured, as opportunity may offer, to be appropriated, when required, for public use? At noon several little picnic parties were scattered among the trees, enjoying the contents of their baskets; while the main body gathered at the chapel and there par- took of the collation spread in the shade of the building. The afternoon session was called to order at 3 o'clock, the President, Henry Wheatland, in the chair. In the absence of the Secretary, Wm. P. Upham was requested to act. Records of preceding meeting read. 120 The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — From Buffalo Historical Society, July 5; Chicago Academy of Sciences, May 26; Maryland Historical Society, July 14; Munich R. B. Akademie der Wissenschaf- ten, Feb.; New England Historic-Genealogical Society, June 28; Tasmania Royal Society, Dec. 8, 1870; John Akhurst, Brooklyn, New York, July 21, 2G; "N. E. At- wood, Provincetown, July 17; S. C. Bancroft, Salem, Aug. 1; Edwin C. Bell, Titus- ville, Penn., July 31; George B. Blodgette, Rowley, June 30; James P. Boyco, Lynn, July 18; John Ward Dean, Boston, July 7; H. W. Dutton, Boston, July 5; B. Groce, Peabody, July 19; T. Sterry Hunt, Montreal, June 28; E. H. Knight, Salem, July 21; John W. Porter, Salem, July 15; R. S. Rantoul, Boston, July 10, Aug. 1; W. E. Rogers, Paris, Tenn., June 30; E. A. Smith, Boston, July 7; C. M. Tracy, Lynn, Aug. 1. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donations. U. S. Office of the Chief of Engineers. U. S. Geological Exploration Vol. HI. 1870, 1 vol. 4to. Atlas, 1 vol. folio. New York Chamber of Commerce. Annual Report. 1870-1, 1 vol. 8vo. Bolles, E. C. Brooklyn City Directories, 1806-7, 1868-9, 1869-70. 3 vols. 8vo. Cincinnati Directory, 1856, 1 vol. 8vo. Syracuse City Directories, 1862, 1864-5 1866-7. 3 vols. Svo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 38. Busweel, E., A Chain of Scripture, 1 vol. 12mo. London. 1659. Clogston, Wm., of Springfield, Mass. Meadville Directory, 1869-70, 1 vol. Svo. Steubenville Directory, 1856-7, 1 vol. Svo. Lockport Directory, 1867-8, 1 vol. 8vo. Steubenville, Wellsville, East Liverpool and Wellsbm-gh Directory, 1870-1, 1 vol. Svo. Eddy, Harriet. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 7. Green, S. A., of Boston. Cambridge Directories, 1857, 1866, 2 vols. 8vo. Corn- well's Geography, 1 vol. 12mo. Butler's Grammar, 1 vol. 12mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 5. Hale, Henry, Atlas of Massachusetts, 1 vol. Folio. 1871. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for July, 1871. Morse, Mrs. E. S. Constitutional Telegraph for 1802, 1 vol. Folio. Perkins, Jonathan C, Eclectic Magazine. 27 vols. Svo. Edinburgh Review, 1 vol. 8vo. The New World, 2 vols. 4to. Transactions of the Essex Agricultu- ral Society, linos. London Quarterly Review, 9 nos. North American Review, 6 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 260. Massachusetts Documents, 1844-5-6-7-8. Sawyer, F. A., U. S. Senator. Congressional Globe, parts 2, 4, 6, 3 vols. 4to. 1869-70. Appendix to part 7, 1 vol., 4to. Land Ofiice Report, 1869, 1 vol. Svo. Re- port on Education, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. SlLSBEE, Mrs. B. H. The Classical Library, 5 vols. 16mo. Domestic Verses, 1 vol. 12mo. Acton, 1 vol. 12mo. Column's Poems, 1 vol. 12mo. The Hugue- nots, 2 vols. 12mo. Smith's Poems, 1 vol. 12mo. Margaret, 1 vol. Svo. Edith, or the Light of Home, 1 vol. Svo. Boston Almanacs, 7 vols. 16mo. Cowper's Poems, 1 vol. 12mo. Priestley's Discourse, 1 vol. Svo. Priestley's Lectm-es, 2 vols. 8vo. Moore's Universal Geography, 2 vols. Svo. Hadad, 1 vol. 12mo. Blair's Sermons, 5 vols. Svo. Akenside's Poems, 1 vol. Svo. Johnson's Dictionary, 1 vol. Svo. Man on History, 1 vol. 12mo. Night Thoughts, 1 vol. 12mo. Oberon, 2 vols. 16mo. Locke's Essays, 3 vols. 12mo. Mathilde, 6 vols. 12mo. Aikin's Let- 121 ters, 1 vol. 12mo. Historie Romaine, 2 vols. ltimo. Book of Ferns, 1 vol. 4to. Atlas of United States, 1 vol. 4to. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 16. Stickney, MATTHEW A., Railroad Reports, 16 nos. Upham, J. Baxter, of Boston, Mass. Report of the School Committee of Bos- ton for 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Walton, E. N. Report of the School Committee of Rockport for 1871. 8vo pamph. Minutes of the Salem Baptist Association, held in Beverly, June (5, 1871. 8vo pamph. Ward, Mrs. James. Evenings at Home. 1 vol. 12mo. Scott's Kian Life. 1 vol. 12mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13. Wheatland, E. Life of Christ. 1 vol. 4to. Combe on Constitution of Man. 1 vol. 8vo. Letters to Mothers. 1 vol. 12mo. Self Instructor. 1 vol. 12mo, Memoirs of Josephine. 1 vol. 16mo. Brackenbridge on South America. 1 vol. 8vo. Barnaby Rudge. 1vol. 8vo. Life of John Smith. 1 vol. lGrao. Ruth Hall. 1 vol. 12mo. A Blind Man's Offering. 1 vol. 12mo. How to be a Lady. 1 vol. ltimo. Sci- entific American, 234 nos. National Portrait Gallery, 30 nos. Journal of the American Unitarian Association. 27 nos. Wheatland, M. G. Atlantic Monthly. 7 nos. Galaxy. 12 nos. Old and New 13 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 86. Young Men's Christian Association, Worcester, Mass. Annual Report. 1871. 8vo pamph. Exchanges. American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass. Proceedings. No. 5tf. 8vo pamph. 1871. American Congregational Association, Boston, Mass. Annual Report. May 30, 1871. 8vo pamph. American Entomological Society. Transactions of. Vol. Ill, No. II. 8vo pamph. 1870. Blackmore Museum, Salisbury, England. Fdnt Chips by E. T. Stevens. 1 vol. 8vo. Bronson Library, Waterbury, Conn. Annual Report for 1870-1. 12mo pamph. Chicago Historical Society. Constitution and By-Laws. 8vo pamph. 1871. Report of Trade and Commerce of Chicago. 8vo pamph. 1871. Naturforschender Verein in Riga. Correspondenzblatt, 18 Jahrg, 1870. Denkschrift, 27 Marz, 1870. New York Lyceum op Natural History. Annals, Vol. X. Feb.-March, 8vo pamph. Philadelphia Academy op Natural Sciences. Proceedings of. Part I. Jan., Feb., March. 1871, 8vo pamph. Publishers. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Christian World. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Advance. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transci'ipt. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. Sailor's Magazine and Seaman's Friend. Silliman's Journal. The President, in hjs opening remarks, said that the last meeting of the Institute in this place was held on Thursday, Aug. 15, 1864, and that our late worthy asso- ciate, Rev. Stillman Barden, of Rockport, was present, Essex Inst. Bulletin. in 16 122 occupied the chair, and gave an interesting geological ac- count of "Ship Rock and its Surroundings." This was the last meeting of the Institute which our friend at- tended. His health, not good at that time, soon began to fail more rapidly, and after a lingering illness of sev- eral months, he died on the 7th of August, 1865, at the age of fifty-three. He was a devoted pastor, a kind friend, and an active member of the Institute. He had given considerable attention to geological pursuits, and during his residence of a few years in Rockport, was, if necessary assiduous in making collections of the minerals of that locality, and had just entered upon a series of ob- servations and research that would have resulted in ex- tending largely our knowledge of the geology of the region, when summoned to his final rest. A biographical and. obituary sketch prepared b}^ Rev. Mrs. P. A. Hana- ford has been printed in the 7th volume of the Historical Collections. It is meet that the Institute should occasionally visit its property, the famous boulder known as "Ship Rock," and hold a meeting in some convenient place near by. This boulder came into the possession of the Institute through the instrumentality of the late Dr. Andrew Nich- ols, in November, 1847, who was desirous that the society should be the owner and guardian of this interesting and valuable specimen. The late Mr. Pickering Dodge of Salem obtained by subscription among several of his friends the requisite funds to purchase the rock and ad- jacent land and to make some improvements, including an iron ladder to aid in ascending to the summit, from which an extensive view is obtained. This purchase was made of Caleb Osborne, who obtained the property of Amos Trask, Jr., June 27, 1831, being part of the dis- tributive share in the real estate of his father, Joseph 123 Trask, of Danvers, who died in 1813. This property had undoubtedly been in the possession of the Trask family for two or three generations. It would be an interesting: subject for the antiquarian to trace back the ownership to the original grantee and' also ascertain the origin of the name "Ship Bock" and the various traditions respecting the same. Some of these are more or less fanciful. The President stated that among the recent donations to the Society was a photograph, from Mr. W. B. Trask of Boston, of the old Trask house on Boston Street, Salem, that was built by one of his ancestors about 1G80. INDIAN RELICS FROM BEVERLY. Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibited a small but very inter- esting collection of stone relics found in Indian graves in Beverly in July last, and presented to the Peabody Acad- emy of Science by John Lovett of Beverly, and Messrs. David Moore, John Felt, C. Cooke and himself. s These relics were of great interest, as their authenticity as coming from graves was beyond question, Mr. Putnam having taken some of them from the graves himself, and having been shown the exact spot where the others were found. The only regret is that the relics from the three graves were mixed together so that the collection has to be spoken of as coming from three graves without being able to designate the particular article from each, except that one of the graves contained two pipes, a second, one pipe, while the third did not contain any. The three pipes were of soapstone, of the same general'size, charac- ter and shape, consisting of a flat base about four and one-half inches in length, narrowing at each end, and about two inches in width at the central and widest por- tion under the bowl. This base was perforated by the hole for the passage of smoke from the bowl to the mouth 124 of the smoker, the base of the pipe thus answering for a stem. The hole was about one-eighth of an inch in diam- eter, and was evidently bored to the bowl before the thin base of not over a quarter of an inch in average thickness was finished off, as a small ridge was left over the hole along the upper edge of the stem portion. About the bowl are several holes through the flat portion, probably used for fastening the pipe to a wooden holder or for the attachment of ornaments. The bowl is smaller at its base than at its top, and largest in the centre where the diameter is one and one-half inches. The height of the bowl is two and one-half inches, with a slight rim at its edge. This description answers to the two pipes exhib- ited, and the third, which did not fall into the possession of the Academy, was said to be of the same shape and size. One of the pipes has two lines cut round the upper portion of the bowl, and the bottom of the base is nearly covered with transverse, longitudinal and cross lines. In one of the graves was found a small piece of smooth sand- stone about two and a half inches long by three-quarters of an inch in width and one-eighth of an inch in thick- ness, on which were several markings, which may have a meaning, but at present all that can be said is that they consist of two or three lines sweeping from the left upper corner to the bottom and then up to the right upper cor- ner, with two lines drawn across the surface about a quar- ter of an inch apart, connected by eight cross lines, making such a picture as a child would draw to represent a ladder, and at the side of this are two lines coming together at the top, as a child would draw a tent, and two other semicircular lines are crossed by several smaller ones. The opposite surface of this stone is not finished as smoothly as the one having the markings. The other relics consisted of one well made spear 125 point, one partially made arrow point, two "skin dress- ers" and three narrow, flat stones smoothly finished and with a hole bored through one end. The smallest of these stones is about twice as long as wide, and has a blunt but sharpened edge. The other two are about half as long again as the short one and are square edged, and are also distinguished from the small one by the presence of notches on the end where the hole is. One of them is of a fine sandstone and was evidently used for the pur- pose of sharpening other implements on. There were also three flat pieces of sandstone well worn and grooved by serving as sharpening stones, and also another smooth oval stone. Besides these stone implements and the pipes, there were several quite large pieces of mica found in the graves, and several of the implements, as well as the earth taken from the bottom of the grave, are colored quite red, evidently by red ochre being put in the graves. The only remains of the skeletons consisted of a small portion of the skull found in one of the graves, and the enamel of one molar tooth. All else had been reduced to dust. The graves were on the top of a large gravel hill and had been scooped out, and after the body had been put in the grave had been filled in with the surface soil and not with the gravel taken out, as was distinctly seen, as these graves were reached not by digging down from the top but by coming on them from the side in dig- ging away the hill, thus exposing them in section. A de- tailed description of these relics, accompanied by figures, will be given in the sixth volume of the American Natu- ralist. Mr. James H. Emerton exhibited a large collection of plants that had been made during the forenoon rambles, 126 representatives from the different localities visited, and specified among others several species of water plants which were very interesting to the audience — thus the (Bladderwort) Utricularia infiala with its leaves bearing little bladders filled with air that float the plant at the time of flowering, hence its name. The Limnanthemum lacunosum, so called from the situation where it grows, the JSTaphar ad vena, and the favorite water lily of our ponds, Nymphea odovata . He described two species of native orchis, Platanthera jysycodes, and lacera for the purpose of showing the method of fertilization by the help of insects ; first in spiranthes, and afterwards in other specimens of the orchis family, particularly the ragged orchis (Platanthera lacera). In the orchis the stamens and pistils are united into one organ, the stamens being above the pistils. In spiranthes a modified stigma, projects between the true stigma and the stamen. As the pollen ripens, it projects from the stamen and attaches itself to the viscid surface of this modified stigma. When an insect enters the flower, this viscid stigma be- comes detached and adheres to it, so that the insect car- ries it away and the pollen with it. On entering another flower the insect pushes the pollen against its stigma, and thus it ensures the fertilization of one flower by the pol- len of another. In other orchids, the same result is ob- tained in different ways. Mr. William B. Trask, of Boston, being called upon by the President, made a few remarks in regard to the old "Trask House," 1,18 Boston street, Salem, which was photographed in June last, and a copy of it presented to the Institute. This house was built, it is supposed, about the year 1680, by William, eldest son of Capt. William Trask. It was occupied by him and his family, 127 and used in part, for many years, according to tradition, as a public house, under the cognomen of the "Black Horse Tavern." Mr. Felt, in his Cf Annals of Salem," in- forms us that in the year 1690, Win. Trask was recom- mended as an innkeeper. Six generations of his descen- dants were born, have lived and died there. Isaac Bul- lock, who deceased Dec. 30, 1870, in the 71st year of his age, was the last of the descendants of Capt. Wm. Trask, who drew their first breath within the Avails of this old mansion. Mr. B., in one of his illustrated books that he has left behind him, showing his refined taste and great genius, gives a colored view of the old house, his home. He remarks that it was used as a tavern from 1G(J0 until about 1740, which would be a period of about fifty years. A part of the ancient bar remains in the lower western room. The house of the father, Capt. Wm., is mentioned in his will of 1666, written a fewr days before his death. This house is supposed to have been about one hundred feet in the rear of the present edifice. The original well dug by the "old planter" as early it may have been as 1627-8, nearly two and a half centuries ago, is still used. It is quite deep. The water is superla- tively good, and the supply abundant. It is said to have been in the front yard of the former house ; it is in the rear of the present one. It will be remembered by those conversant with the early history of Salem that Capt. Trask was an important personage in the town and colony, in a civil and military capacity. He was a particular friend and companion of Governor Endicott, but came to this country before him, probably with Roger Conant. From a document extant in the Massachusetts archives, we learn that in 1648-9, Wm. Trask exchanged two hundred and fifty acres of land with the Governor for five hundred apple trees of three 128 years' growth. His orchard Avas just back of the old burial place, where a number of his descendants are in- terred. In his will before referred to, he especially ap- points that his wife Sarah "shall have some of the fruit of the orchard for her own use and a little spot for a garden if shee desires it during the time of her life." We have been told, on good authority, that a portion of the re- mains of Capt. Trask's mill, behind the homestead, on the Harmony Grove side of the river, was visible in the early part of the present century. Mr. Trask said that he had been highly gratified with his visit to the "Old Ship Rock" to-day, and was glad to think that this boulder, which, with the land adjoining, was formerly in his family, had come into the possession of the Institute, where it Avould be so well taken care of and preserved. Had this massive granite rock been found in the neighborhood of his own residence, he thought it not unlikely that before this time that boulder of many tons' weight would have been blasted and con- verted into stones for underpinnings and for cellar walls. Mr. F. W. Putnam mentioned another singular erratic known by the name of " PJtceton Hock" which is said to possess more interest geologically than Ship Rock, and expressed the desire that measures should be taken to have the same purchased by the Institute. After remarks from several members, this subject was, on motion of Mr. W. P. Upham, referred to a committee, to consider and report. After the transaction of some unimportant business, and the passage of a vote of thanks to the proprietors for the use of the chapel and to other parties who have extended favors — the meeting adjourned. BULLETIN ESSEX INSTITUTE. Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., October, 1871. No. 10. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Meeting neae "Ship Rock" in Peabody, Wednesday, August 2, 1871. [Continued.'] WIGWAM ROCK. This communication from Mr. Jones Very on " Wig- wam Rock" received since the Rockville meeting, is here inserted as an appendix to the report of that meeting. Dear Sir: — I wish to correct a statement of mine in the first number of the second volume of the Histor- ical Collections. I there stated "that Wigwam Rock was probably the same as now called Ship Rock." A recent ramble in that vicinity has convinced me that it is not. Samuel Very's farm was much farther to the west of Ship Rock. It was bounded on the west by Cedar Pond. A cart road runs northeastward from this pond through the woods to a public road, known on the old maps as Putney's road, running from Lowell Street to Newbury- port turnpike. Following this cart road from the pond, about a sixth of a mile, I found a large rock, half as large as Ship Rock, making a corner boundary stone of two Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 17 130 old stone walls, covered with lichens, and having every appearance of having been built two hundred years ago. This I believe to be the Wigwam Rock mentioned in the deeds of Edmond Butler and Richard Way. The first, in 1652, is as follows: — "Edmond Butler, Salem, sold to Richard Way, for twenty pounds, fourteen acres of upland, lying next Thomas Goldth wait's land on the north ; and ten acres lying on the south and a little below Wigwam Rock ; and a piece of land running down to the river." 1st Book, p. 15. The deed of Richard Way to Samuel Very , 1656, runs thus : — "And one acre of land which sometime was Edmond Butler's, where the house of Philip Verren, deceased, formerly stood ; and a parcel of land containing about one acre and a half, exchanged with the town, on the south side of the brook near the farm; and also fourteen acres of ground, or thereabouts, bounded with a parcel of ground of Thomas Goldthwait's on the marsh ; and the ten acres on the east and to the south, a little below a rock, known by the name of Wig- wam Rock; and to the northeast on Thomas Antrim, with a small strip of land running down to the river to the south, containing about two roods ; to have and to hold." 1st Book, p. 74. The ten acre lot described in these deeds was probably that lying to the east and south of this corner boundary stone. The land slopes off from this stone, and on the other side of the cart road makes a steep descent of fifty or sixty feet. Thus the words "a little below" would correspond. It is a suitable place, too, for an Indian camp, as my friend, the farmer, thought. Local tradition is silent. There are a number of other very large boul- ders, some as large as Ship Rock, a little to the left as you follow this road ; but none so likely to be Wigwam Rock as the one I have described. — Jones Very. 131 Special Meeting, Tuesday, September 5, 1871. HON. OTIS T. LORD'S MEMORIAL ADDRESS ON ASAHEL HUNTINGTON. The meeting was called to order by the President at 7.30 P. M., with the following remarks. Members and Friends of the Essex Institute : — We are assembled this evening to pay a tribute of respect to the memory of one who has been, for many years, a prominent citizen in this community. His pleasing and cordial greetings in our streets and the usual places of re- sort will be long remembered. He had been called by his fellow citizens to occupy several places of honor and trust, and always discharged the duties incumbent thereon to the satisfaction of his constituency. He always took a lively interest in the various institutions of this city, hav- ing for their objects the promotion of religion, benevo- lence, literary or general culture, especially in this insti- tution, which for four successive years (1861 — 1865) elected him to its presidency. It is therefore appropriate that we should assemble, on this the first anniversary of his decease, to listen to the reading of a memoir of his life and character, prepared at our request by the Hon. Otis P. Lord. Mr. Lord had long been one of his most intimate and cherished friends, and his acceptance of this duty merits our warmest thanks. Allow me to introduce to you Mr. Lord. Mr. Lord then delivered his memorial address, which was listened to with intense interest and was a faithful and correct delineation of Mr. Huntington's character.* At its conclusion * This memoir is printed in the 11th volume of the Historical Col- lections of the Institute. 132 Hon. Allen W. Dodge alluded briefly and in fitting terms to the just and beautiful tribute to the memory of our deceased friend which Mr. Lord had presented this evening, and after narrating some reminiscences of the early life of Mr. Huntington, especially when a law stu- dent and residing in Newburyport, on his motion it was Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be pre- sented to the Hon. Judge Lord for his memorial dis- course on the late Asahel Huntington, so rich and accu- rate in its facts, so felicitous and touching in its portrayal of his character, and that he be requested to furnish a copy for publication in the Transactions of the Institute. Regular Meeting, Monday, October 16, 1871. The meeting was called to order by the President at 7.30 P.M. Records of preceding meeting read. The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — From U. S. Department of Agriculture, Aug. 10, 14, 24, 30; American Antiqua- rian Society, Sept. 19; Bergen Museum, June 30, July 27; Boston Public Library, Sept. 14; Buffalo Historical Society, Aug. 16, Sept. 14; Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Aug. 24; London Society of Antiquaries, Aug. 26; Massachu- setts Historical Society, Sept. 14; Minnesota Historical Society, Oct. 10;. Moravian Historical Society, Sept. 18; Mount Holyoke Seminary, Oct. 12; New York Genea- logical and Biographical Society, Oct. 14; Ohio Historical and Philosophical Soci- ety, Sept. 28; Pennsylvania Historical Society, Aug. 28; Washington Young Men's Christian Association, Aug. 3, 10; Yale College, Corporation of, Sept. 21; C A. Baker, Cambridge, Aug. 6; George F. Browning, Salem, Aug. 11; D. A. Chever, Denver, C. T., Sept. 24, 29; Henry Cook, Boston, Sept. 8, 12; J. H. Gan- nett, East Gloucester, Sept. 19; P. A. Hanaford, New Haven, Sept. 8; James W. Harris, Cambridge, Sept. 22; Daniel H. Johnson, Salem, Aug. 30; Noyes, Holmes & Co., Boston, Aug. 18, Sept. 16,. Oct. 6; Jonathan Pierce, Boston, Aug. 12; T. Prime, Rowley, Sept. 8; B. T. Reed, Boston, July 29; J. Hammond Trumbull, Hartford, Sept. 11. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Atwoop, E. S. Tim Scotsman, Aug. 4, 7,8, 1871. Edinburgh Daily Review, Aug. 5, 1871. Scott's Centenary, Aug. 15, 1871. 133 BAKER, CONRAD, of Indianapolis, Ind. Reports of the Adjutant General of In- diana, 8 vols. 8vo. BEMIS, Luke, West Chester, Pa. West Chester Directory, 1857-8, 1 vol. 8vo. BOLLES, E. C. Catalogus Collegii Sanetissmae Trinitatis, 1871. 8vo pamph. Brown, Ammi. Boston Directories, 1853, 4, (5, 7, 8. 5 vols. 8vo. Patent Office Reports, 1853, 1856, 2 vols. 8vo. Catalogue of Boston Public Library, 1854. 1 vol. 8vo. Light from the Spirit World. 1 vol. 12tno. Boston Almanacs, 1857, 1865. 2 vols. l(5mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 207. Bvrkit, J. W., of Indianapolis, Ind. Indianapolis Directories, 1858-9, 18(55, 6, 8, 9, 1870. 6 vols. 8vo. Amended Charter and Revised Ordinance of Indianapolis. 1 vol. 8vo. 1859. Cabot, Joseph S. Monographic des Melastomacees, 1 vol. folio, Londres, 1833. Plantarum Icones, 1 vol. folio, Londini, 1789. Nicholson's Encyclopedia, 12 vols. 8vo. Domestic Encyclopedia. 3 vols. 8vo. Say's Political Economy, 1 vol. 8vo. Young Mechanic, 1 vol. 8vo. Abrege Du Dictionnaire De L Academie Francoise, 2 vols. 8vo. Historical Collections of United States, 2 vols. 4to. Uni- versal Dictionary, 1 vol. 4to. Italien Dictionaire, 1 vol. 4to. Clogstov, Wm., of Springfield, Mass. Springfield Directories, 1854-5, 18(56-7, 1857-8, 1868-9, 1869-70. 5 vols. 12mo. Haverhill and Bradford, 1859, 1 vol. 8vo. Northampton, 1868-9, 1 vol. 12mo. Norwich, 1860, 1 vol. 12mo. Constant, G., of Smyrna. Armenian Service Book. 1 vol. 16mo. Cox, E. T.. of Indianapolis, Ind. First Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Indiana, 1869. 8vo pamph. Maps and Colored Section referred to in the Report of State Geologist. 18(59. 2 vols. 8vo. Devereux, G. H. Tides. New Theory by D.K. Chase. 8vo pamph. Boston, 1871. Emerton, J. H. Indianapolis Journal, Aug. 28, 29, 30, 31. Sept. 1, 2. Gould of Topsfield. Baltimore Directory for 1824, 1 vol. 12mo. Johnson's Dictionary, 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 4. Holmes, Thomas, of Merom, Ind. Catalogues of Officers and Students of Union Christian College for 1864-5, 1865-6, 1866-7, 1867-8, 1869, 1870, 1871, 6 pamph- lets, 8vo. Rules and Regulations of U. C. College, 8vo pamph. Course of Study in U. C. College, 1830. 8vo pamph. Constitution and By-Laws of U. C College, 1859, 8vo pamph. Indianapolis State Board of Agricuture. Transactions of the Agricul- tural Society of Indiana, 1853, 1 vol. Svo. Agricultural and Geological Reports, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo. Agricultural Reports, 1854-5, 1870. 2 vols. 8vo. Johnson, Sam'l. Martin's Philosophy, 1 vol. 8vo. Pike's Arithmetic, 1 vol. 8vo. Laporte's Exercises, 1 vol. 8vo. Ferguson's Astronomy, 1 vol. 8vo. Spanish Grammar, 1 vol. 8vo. Kreb's Latin, 1 vol. 12mo. Morse's Universal Geography, 1 vol. 8vo. Jacob's Latin Reader, 1 vol. 12mo. Arnold's Greek Exercises, 1 vol. 12mo. Emerson's Arithmetic, 1 vol. 12mo. Parker's Philosophy, 1 vol. 12mo. Russell's Elocutionist, 1 vol. 12mo. Fowle's Speller, 1 vol. 12mo. Smith's Arithmetic, 1 vol. 16mo. Worcester's Geography, 1 vol. 16mo. Emerson's Arithmetic, 1 vol. 16mo. Bullion's Grammar, 1 vol. 12mo. Latin Tutor, 1 vol. 12mo. Paley's History, 1 vol. 16mo. Dwyer on Elocution, 1 vol. 12mo. Colburn's Arithmetic, 1 vol. 12mo. Tower's Reader, 1 vol. 12mo. Parker's English Composition, 1 vol. 12mo. Bu- gard's French Translator, 1 vol. 12mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 30. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, Sept., 1871. Levette, G. M., of Indianapolis, Ind. Transactions of the Indiana State Horti- cultural Society, 1867, 1869, 1870, 1871. 4 vols. 8vo. Mason, Levant L., of Jamestown, N. Y. Soldier's National Cemetery at Get- tysburg, Pa., 1863, 1 vol. 8vo. Directory of the Oil Regions, 1 vol. 8vo. Milton Public Library. Catalogue for 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Morse, E. S. Indian Almanac for 1864. 134 Nichols, W. F., Armenian Almanac, 1871. Collections of Monuments of the National Museum. 4 vols., 4to. Naples, 1870. Packard, A. S. Report on the University of the State of Missouri, June 28, 1871. 8vo pamph. Palfrey-, C. W., Steam Engineering by James Stewart, 1 vol. 12mo. Miscella- neous pamphlets and serials, 361. Pickering, John, Miscellaneous pamphlets, 57. Rauch, John H., of Chicago, 111. Report of the Board ol Health of Chicago for 1807, 8, 9. 8vo pamph. U. S. Department of Interior. Ninth Census of the U. S. Statistics of Popu- lation, Advance Sheets, 4to pamph. Ward, Mrs. James, Blunt's Coast Pilot, 1 vol. 8vo. Cooper's Tactics, 1 vol. 12mo. Log Books, 7 vols, folio. Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago, 111. Report of the Chicago and North Western Railway Company. 8vo pamph. 1871. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 10. Willard, John H., of Troy, N. Y. Catalogue of Troy Female Seminary for 1871, 8vo pamph. By Exchange. American Philosophical Society of Phila. Proceedings, Jan. to July, 1871, No. 86. 8vo pamph. Bergenske Museum in Bergen. Indftillingerfra Bergens Formandlkab for 1867> 8, 9, 70, 4 vols. 8vo. Forhandlinger, 1869-70. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. Smaakvede ar Hen- rik Krohn, 12mo pamph. Bergenseren eller nogle Orel of det Bergenske Folkesprag, 12mo pamph. Gierftad Grand, 12mo pamph. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13. Bibliotheque Universelle et Revue Suisse. Archives des Sciences phys- iques et Naturelles. Nos. 160," 161, 162, 163. 4 pamph. Geneve, Lausanne, Paris, 1871. Boston Public Library. Nineteenth Annual Report. 1871, 8vo pamph. Bul- letin for July, 1871. Boston Society of Natural History. Memoirs, Vol. II. Part. 1, No. II. 4to pamph. Cincinnati Public Library. Fourth Annual Report, June, 1871, 8vo pamph. Catalogue for 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Georgia Historical Society. Wilde's Summer Rose; or the Lament of the Captive, by Anthony Barclay, Esq. 12mo pamph. Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde in Berlin. Sitzungs-Berichte, Jahre. 1870. 8vo pamph. Iowa State Historical Society. Annals, July, 1871. 8vo pamph. Daven- port, 1871. Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereine in Bremer. Abhandlungen, Bd. II. Heft. III. 1871. 8vo pamph. Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscow. Bulletin, 1870. No. 2. 8vo pamph. Vereines zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues, in Berlin. Wochenschrift. Jahrg. xiii. Nos. 1-52. 1870. Vermont Historical Society. Collections, Vol. II. 1 vol. 8vo. 1871. VERMONT State Library. General Statute of Vermont, 1862, 1 vol. 4to. Ver- mont, 1S62. 1 vol. 4to. Vermont Legislative Documents, 1870-1. 1 vol. 8vo. House Journal, 1870. lvol.Svo. Senate Journal, 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. Laws of Ver- mont, 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. Yale College Library. Report of the Sheffield Scientific School, 1870-71. 8vo pamph. New Haven. 1871 . Yale Colllege in 1871. 8vo pamph. PUBLISHERS. American Chemist. American Literary Gazette. American Nat- uralist. Canadian Naturalist. Christian World. Church Register, Fireside Favor- 135 ite. Francis's Catalogue. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Advance. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn lie porter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Pavilion. Peahody Press. Quarritch's Catalogue. Sailor's Magazine and Seaman's Friend. Salem Observer. Silliman's Journal. Sotheran's Catalogue. Tilton'fl Journal of [Horticulture. The President mentioned the great loss which science and history have sustained in the destruction of the build- ings of the Chicago Academy of Sciences and of the Chicago Historical Society with all their valuable collec- tions and libraries, during the great fire-on the eighth and ninth of this month, which had laid in ruins so large a portion of that great and beautiful city of the northwest. He alluded to his recent visit to these institutions and was impressed with the value of their collections, and with the liberality of the citizens of that city in providing such substantial buildings and generous endowments. THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. In 1856 the formation of a society for the promotion of the Natural Sciences was proposed, and in the following year the Chicago Academy of Natural Sciences was or- ganized. A room was taken and a museum commenced, but owing to the financial crash that came upon the coun- try, very little was done until the year 1859, when it was organized as a corporation under the title of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. In 1862 the lamented Kennicott returned from his three years' exploration in the Arctic regions, richly laden with specimens, a part of which; were to become the property of the Academy. In the winter of 1863-4 advantage was taken of Prof. Agassiz' visit to Chicago to gain his opinion of the value of the collections secured by Mr. Kennicott. His endorsement of Mr. Kennicott's work, and his urging the importance of the forming a great museum in the Northwest was so strong an incentive that money was at once secured (a 136 large sum being given at an impromptu meeting, after- wards greatly increased by the efforts of Mr. Scammon) and the funds placed in the hands of trustees for the formation of a museum, of which Mr. Kennicott was appointed Director. In 1863 Mr. Kennicott, in order to add to the materials of the museum, accepted the appoint- ment on the Russian American Telegraph Survey. From this ill-fated expedition he never returned. At this time the charge of the museum was given to Dr. Stimpson. On June 7, 1866, a large part of the collection of over forty thousand specimens, and all the plates for the first part of the "Transactions" were destroyed by fire. Soon afterwards the text of the same volume while in the hands of the printer met the same fate. The Academy however started forward with renewed vigor, and erected what in any ordinary lire would have been a fire proof building. Its collections and library were rapidly in- creased, until, at the date of the present calamity it had within its walls one of the, in many respects, most valu- able collections in the country, including the larger part of the Crustacea and other invertebrates belong no; to the Government and Smithsonian collections, and the crusta- ceans dredged by Pourtales, which had been sent to the Academy for Dr. Stimpson to describe. The State col- lection of insects made by the late Mr. Walsh, had also been deposited at the Academy. The Academy had published its first volume of "Tran- sactions" and forty-eight pages of its "Proceedings." The second volume of "Transactions" was in a forward condition, and many pages stereotyped and several plates printed and stored at the Academy. Mr. F. W. Putnam, after remarks on the great loss which science had met, and an account of his visit to the 137 Academy's rooms in August with a description of the character of the collections destroyed, read the following abstracts from letters which had been received : — Chicago, Oct. 10, 1871. '•Among the other buildings involved, was the Chicago Academy of Sciences. It was considered fire-proof; but, in the fiery furnace, its iron shutters warped like pasteboard, and let in the devouring ele- ment, and a precious morsel it lapped up. There were the greater portion of the invertebrata collected by numerous explorers and in distant oceans, originally deposited in the Smithsonian Institution, but transferred here for especial study and description by Dr. Stimp- son ; the collection of mammals and birds made by Dr. Vaille, which cost him years of labor and travel ; two skeletons of the masto- don; the collections of Kennicott in the Arctic region; of Stimpson on the Florida reefs and the Gulf Coast; the Cooper collection of shells, purchased by George Walker; an interesting series of imple- ments in pottery and lava— the work of a prehistoric race — exhumed at San Jose, Mexico, presented by J. Y. Scammon; a large collec- tion of minerals, rich in crystalline forms, which was secured through the exertions of Mr. E. S. Chesboro ; an extensive suite of the coals and iron ores of the Northwest, and other objects of natural history. The Academy had become the resort for Scientific men desirous of studying not only the natural history of the Northwest, but of the whole country. Dr. Stimpson's MSS. relating to the invertebrates collected on the Japan Expedition, illustrated by^ numerous drawings — the labor of years, and ready for publication — were also consumed. But a short time ago Mr. J Gwyn Jeffreys spent several days in exam- ining our collections in reference to deep sea dreclgings. But all are gone. The patrons through whose munificence the Academy was built up have shared in the general calamity. Many of the specimens cannot be replaced ; but when the Academy shall arise like a Phoenix from its ashes is a matter of doubt. The present is not a time for consultation while the embers are yet alive, and while the smoke is yet ascending." — J. W. Foster. Chicago, Oct. 12. "Please stop the sale of the books and papers in the agency. We have not a copy left of any of them. The Academy building and everything in it was utterly destroyed — not a scrap of paper or a specimen saved. My own books, collections, MSS. and drawings — twenty years' work all gone ! " — Wm. Stimpson. Mr. Putnam then offered the following resolutions, Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 18 138 which were seconded with remarks from Messrs. E. C. Bolles and E. S. Morse, the president and others, and unanimously passed : — Resolved. That the Essex Institute tenders its sympa- thy to its sister society, the Chicago Academy of Sci- ences, in her second trial by fire, in which she has lost not only her buildings, but all her specimens, books and publications. Resolved. That the Institute hereby promises to furnish such of its publications as the Chicago Academy of Sci- ences may desire, and to render such other assistance as possible in the efforts of the Academy to arise for a second time from the ashes. The President stated that THE CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY AY as organized in 1856 through the efficient efforts of Rev. William Barry, formerly of Lowell, Mass., and was chartered in 1857. It had accumulated a valuable library of more than fifteen thousand bound volumes, a large col- lection of pamphlets well arranged and catalogued, news- papers and other historic data and memorials, a large part of which is irrecoverable. It had a considerable collec- tion of paintings, statuary, etc., also manuscripts and other materials to elucidate the early history of Chicago and of the late civil war. The following may be specified, indicating the extent of the loss, which not only this society but the students of American History have sustained. The complete journals of the father of the late Major J. H. Kinzie, ex- tending from 1802 (before the construction of Fort Dear- born) to 1826, containing nearly one thousand names of residents and visitors during the earliest period (now tra- ditionary), of the local modern history of that city ; com plete files of the public journal of Richmond, as preserved 139 by the official head of the Confederate States ; and the memorable proclamation of President Lincoln, in the original draft, giving liberty to the enslaved. By the liberality of the citizens of Chicago, who held in high estimation the influence and labors of this society, a building, supposed to be fire-proof, forty by fifty feet, and. designed to be the right wing of the future main edifice, was erected a few years since at an expense of over $60,000, including the land, for the depository of its library and collections, and a fund was raised in addition thereto, yielding an annual revenue of more than one thousand dollars for their care and increase. Mr. James Kimball proposed that a committee of three be appointed by the chair to draft resolutions of sympa- thy to be sent to the Chicago Historical Society. The proposition was adopted and Messrs. James Kim- ball, E. C. Bolles and the Secretary were appointed for the purpose. The committee retired, and after a short absence, re- ported the following resolution, which was unanimously adopted. Whereas, the Essex Institute has learned with great regret that in the late disastrous fire at Chicago the build- ing, library and collections of the Historical Society of that city were entirely destroyed, therefore : Resolved. That the Essex Institute desires to assure the Chicago Historical Society of the profound sympathy and its earnest wish both to replace all the publications of the Institute which were in that library, and to afford all other aid which it may be in its power to give. THE SALEM AND BOSTON STAGE COMPANY. A communication from Mr. William H. Foster was read, containing his reminiscences of the days of stage coaches in Salem and of the Salem and Boston stage 140 company, during the period he was in the office of the company. The scenes and incidents at the stables on Union Street, and at the Old Sun Tavern then located on the site of the present Bowker Building on Essex Street, were very graphically described, alluding espe- cially to the bustle, activity and stir attending the arrival and departure of the coaches, the great events of the day. Anecdotes and short notices of the drivers and other em- ployes were interspersed, portraying vividly the characters of those who were attached to the establishment. These incidents occurred some forty-five or fifty years since, when the turnpikes and the stage coaches were in the ascen- dancy and had made great advance over the previous modes of travel, displacing to a considerable extent private con- veyances and the little wayside inns. A few years elapsed and these in turn retreated before the advent of railroads, which have now connected the whole country with a net- work of iron bands and have contributed so much to the rapid transportation of passengers and merchandise. At that period this company was a great establishment, and not inferior to any other line in the United States, in the character of its agents and drivers, and in the superiority of its teams and coaches ; and perhaps in advance of them, bein^ the first to introduce the swin^ rack and foot board, as it was termed ; and after these the splendid steel spring coaches. These coaches were mostly built under its own supervision, in its own shops, and by its own mechanics. There were Stephen Daniels and Benjamin Bray, coach- body makers ; Smith and Osgood Bradley, wheelwrights (Bradley is now a car builder) ; John McGlue and David Harding, and a half a score of others, blacksmiths; John Chipman, John Mackie and John Fryc, saddlers and car- riage trimmers ; Joseph D. Saddler and Daniel C. Man- 141 ning, painters. The gigs and coaches got up by the company from 1821 (when it was incorporated) to L834-5 and 6, were far superior in strength and finish to any in present nse. William Manning, familiarly known as "Sir William," was the general superintendent, Henry Cross the agent at Boston, and Samuel Manning had the charge of the stable at the "Marlborough" in Boston, and afterwards fitted out the stages with Mr. Lancaster and ran the expresses to overtake the stages, etc. The coaches for Boston left at 7, 8, 9, 10, A. M, 1.30 and 3 P. M., and arrived from Boston at 11 A. M., 1, 5, G, 7, 8, P. M. Any number of extras went over the road at all times both day and night. There was also a coach to and from Marblehead, driven by Thompson, and three times a week to Haverhill driven by D. Sanderson and afterwards by Pinkham. The drivers were James Potter, left at 7 A. M., the first out in the morning; Woodbury Page at 8 A. M. ; Charles Cross, afterwards Albert Knight, and then B. Savory at 9 A. M. ; Moses Shaw at 10 A. M. on Monday, Wednesday and Friday, and Albert Knight, afterwards Jacob Winchester on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday; Lot Peach at 1.30 P. M. The Major Shaw went out at 3 P. M., and this closed the outward or up trips to Bos- ton for the day. Peter Ray afterwards drove this last route. The first coach in from Boston was at 11 A.'M., the one that left the afternoon previous at 3 o'clock; the Gloucester at 1 P. M., Potter at 5, Page at (i, Savory at 7 and Peach at 8 P. M. There were many extra drivers, Wm. Winchester, Joshua Butman, Joseph Potter, Benjamin Leavitt and others. During the summer some of the regular and sev- eral of the extra drivers were away on journeys. There I 142 were between fifty and sixty men on the pay roll of the company, all good and reliable. To Potter was assigned the honor of driving Lafayette, on his visit here in August, 1824, and on this occasion had an open barouche and team of splendid horses, and drove him through to Newburyport. When Henry Clay made his visit in 1833, Page and his team of milk-whites were in attendance and took him over the road from the residence of Hon. Nathaniel Silsbee on Pleasant Street to the Tremont House, Boston, in sixty minutes. Joseph Smith, who had been in the livery business for many years was employed by the Committee of Reception dur- ing Gen. Jackson's visit in 1833, and used on the occasion an open barouche and had a team of four coal black horses. Mr. Daniel C. Manning first entered the service of the company in 1823 as an office boy and carried round the letters and bundles on the arrival of the stages. For the small packages a horse and gig was always ready on the arrival of each coach, and here began the first express business of this county. From here Daniel went into the company's paint shop, then in charge of Joseph D. Sadler, where he served a regular apprenticeship and became a first-class carriage painter, in which business he continued for some years, combining with it the letting of a few horses. The paint shop was then abandoned and he went very extensively into the livery business with Mr. Joseph Smith. We see him driving, in that fearful storm on the 8th of February, 1870, Prince Arthur to the Peabody funeral, and for eight consecutive hours not leaving his box. Like Mr. Peabody, he started a poor boy, but by his un- tiring industry, and his natural resources, he is now rated among the self made capitalists. He also had the honor 143 of driving (or running), President Polk through the city, on the occasion of his visit here in 1847. Before the incorporation of the Salem and Boston Stage Co., in 1821, a line of stages had been run by Mr. Richard Manning, and afterwards by his sons, William, Robert and Samuel, and in 1810 or 1811 the Mannings bought out the old Burrill line of stages. The Bun-ill stables were in the rear of Court (now Washington Street) , and their office was in the rear of where Nourse's fruit store now stands. In 1815 or 1816 a company was formed of the Messrs. Manning, Henry Cross and others. Holton Dale, who will be remembered by many as the greatest whip in the county, drove the first coach out at 7 o'clock A. M., and Willis, a large and splendid looking man, drove the first coach in from Boston, and afterwards Carpenter. Dale always had elegant horses ; his team of sorrels were square docked, and always trimmed and combed to a hair ; his coach in order, and run very still, as about every «morning he went over it himself, and screwed up all the nuts. Those who were in college from, say 1810 to 1816 will remember Dale, as he claimed as a right the privilege of driving home the students at the vacations. Instead of his coach he sometimes used an open basket carriage which would hold fifteen or eighteen — but as there was no convenience for baggage, that had to be sent by another team. With the light basket carriage he could spin off ten or twelve miles the hour, and land his passengers from Cambridge, say seventeen or eighteen miles, in an hour and thirty or forty minutes. Once, about Christmas time, after he had started, there came up a furious snow storm, and by the time they reached Salem the basket was full of snow and students closely packed together. 144 But these reminiscences are so far extended that I will close. Many of the actors have paid the last debt of nature, and those who are left are Sfettins: to be among the old folks. The following list of employees, so far as can be recalled, is annexed. DRIVERS. Holton D :le, Willis, Carpenter, James Rotter, Woodbury Rage, Samuel Shaw, Moses Shaw, Albert Knight, Jacob B. Winchester, William Winchester, Peter W. Ray, Benjamin Savory, Lot Reach, Charles Cross, William Cross, Daniel Moore, John Hathaway, Alcien Harris, John Lane, J. C. Trask, James Trask, Addison Center, Charles Sargent, John Miller, Jonathan Cass, Benjamin Thompson. Charles Dearborn, Thomas Adams, Joshua Bateman, Joseph Potter, Daniel Sanderson. Thomas Dodge, Benjamin Leavitt, Isaac Pinkham, Peter Stevens, Thomas Adams, J. B. Wheelock, Noah Knox. SADDLERS. Joseph H. Saddler. John Chipman, John Mackie. John Frye. BLACKSMITHS. John McGlue, David Harding, Peter McDermott. WHEELWRIGHTS. James Smith, Osgood Bradley. CARRIAGE-BODY MAKERS. Stephen Daniels, Benjamin Bray. PAINTERS. Joseph D. Sadler, Daniel C. Manning. CLERKS. Henry Cross, D. M. Lancaster, Daniel L. Procter, William H. Foster. The character and time of the meetings of the Institute were zealously discussed, most of the members present? taking part. All were earnest to have the meetings prove more attractive to the public and to better meet the needs of the community. It was then Voted, That the next meeting be held on the first Monday m November at 7J o'clock, and that the matter of the arrangement and order for meetings for the coming winter be referred to the lecture committee, with instruc- tion to report at the next meeting. Adjourned. BULLETIN OF THE ZESSZEJIX I1TSTITTJTE. Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., November, 1871. No. 11. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Regular Meeting, Monday, November 6, 1871. The President in the chair. Records read. The Secretary read the following letter from Dr. William Stimpson, secretary of the Chicago Academy of Science, addressed to Vice President F. W. Putnam. Chicago, Oct. 26, 1871. I have just received your very kind letter of the 19th inst. Our postal delivery is deranged on account of the Are, in which the post- office did not escape. I have also received Packard's letter and that of the Secretary of the Institute. 1 am on the point of starting for the East, and have only time to write a line of thanks for them. When I get to Maryland I will answer them in full. We have held one meeting since the fire, and the copy of resolutions of the Essex Institute arrived in time for it. The Academy is going on, although we are obliged to commence at the very beginning again, but we are ' greatly encouraged by the offers of aid received from all sides. With many thanks for your own kind offers I remain, Very sincerely yours, Wm. Stimpson. Letters were also read from the following : — American Congregational Association, Oct. 21; Berlin Akklimatisations Verein, June 20; Brunn, Naturforschende Verein, MayJJl; Buffalo Historical Society, Oct. 27 ; Chemnitz, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, June ; Danzig, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, June 24; Freiburg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, May 12; Kjoben- havn, K. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Sept. 14; Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Oct. 28; New England Historic-Genealogical Society, Oct. 28; New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, Oct. 20, 21; New York Historical Society, Oct. 28; New York Lyceum of Natural History, Oct. 30; Riga, Naturforschende, Verein, May 19-31; Wiesbaden, Nassauischen Vereins fur Naturkunde, May 1; Hanaford, P. A., New Haven, Oct. 25; Hough, F. B., Lowville, Oct. 25. Essex Inst. Bulletin. in 19 146 The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Bolles, E. C. Catalogue of Officers and Students of Tufts College, 1871-72. Record of Lockwood's New Academy, Sept. 1871. Foote Caleb. Files of several county papers for Aug., Sept., Oct. 1871. Greble, Edwin, of Philadelphia, Perm. Memoir of Lieut. Col. John T. Greble of U.S. Army. 1 vol. 4to. Phila. 1870. (Printed for private circulation.) Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 16. Holmes J. C, of Detroit, Mich. Constitution and By-laws of the Audubon Club in Detroit. 16mo pamph. Johnson, Thomas H. The Life of Joice Heth. 12mo pamph. New York. 1835. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin lor Oct, 1871. Phillips, Willard P. Agriculture of Massachusetts, by C. L. Flint. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston. 1870-71. Reports on the Statistics of Labor. 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Rail- road Commissioners' Report, 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. Thirty-fourth Annual Report of the Board of Education. 1vol. 8vo. Manual for the General Couit, 1871. 1vol. 12mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 4. Smith, Mrs. Geo. H. Martyrs, 2 vols. 4to. New York, 1794. History of American Missions, 1 vol. 8vo. Christian Spectator, 3 vols. 8vo. Essays on a Congress of Nations, 1 vol. 8vo. Missionary Herald, 1 vol. 8vo. Ely's Contrast, 1 vol. 8vo. Christian Researches, 1 vol. 12mo. Indian Wars, 1 vol. 12mo. Missionary Gaz- etteer, 1 vol. 12mo. Life of Whitefield, 1 vol. 12mo. Carpenter's Geography, 1 vol. 12mo. Life of Philip Henry, 1 vol. 12mo. Life of Coustos, 1 vol. 12mo. History of Andover, 1 vol. 12mo. The Assembly's Digest, 1 vol. 12mo. Anti-Slavery Man- ual, 1 vol. 16mo. Salem Directories, 1842, 1846, 1850, 1851, 1855, 1859. 6 vols. 12mo. Flavius Josephus, 1 vol. folio. Missionary Herald, 74 nos. Spooner, Thomas, of Cincinnati, Ohio. Memorial of William Spooner, and of his descendants, 1637 to 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. (Private Edition.) Walker, Francis, of London. Notes on Chalcidia?, 12mo pamph. List of Hy- menoptera, 12mo pamph. List of Coleoptera, 12mo pamph. By Exchange. Akklimatjsations Verein in Berlin. Zeitschrift fiir Acclimatisation, Yahrg VIII, 1870. Nos. 1-12. Yahrg IX, 1871, Nos. 1-5. 3 pamphs. 8vo. Boston Public Library. Bulletin for Oct., 1871. 8vo pamph. Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliologie. Tome X, No. 4. 1870. Det Kongelige Norske Universitet i Christiania. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs Selskabet ,i Christiania, Aar, 1869, 1870, 8vo pamphs. Det Kongelige Norske Frederiks Universitets Aars beretning for Aaret 1869, 1870. 8vo pamphs. Index Scholarum, 4to pamph. Le Neve De Justidal et Ses Glaciers par C. de Sene. 4to pamph. Lymphekjertlernes Anatomi af G. Armaner Hansen, 4to pamph. Omeni Sommeran, 1869, foretagen entomologisk Reisse af H. Siebke. 8vo pamph. Magnetiske Underspgelser foretagen i 1868 af E. A. H. Sinding, 8vo pamph. Literary anl> Historical Society of Quebec, Transactions of, 1870-71. New Series, Part VIII, Quebec, 1871. 8vo pamph. Nassauischen Vereins fur Naturkunde of Wiesbaden. Jahrbiicher Jahrg XXIII, XXIV. 1 vol. 8vo. Wiesbaden, 1869-70. Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Danzig. Schriften, Neue i'olge, Band II. Heft 3, 4. Danzig. 1871. Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Freiburg, Baden. Berichte iiber die Verhandlungen. Bd. V, Heft 3, 4. 1871. 147 Naturforschende Verein in Brunn. Verhandlungen, Band VIII, Heft 1-2, 2 pamphs. 8vo. Naturforschender Verein in Riga. Arbeiten, Heft, 3, 4. 1870-71. Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft in Chemnitz. Dritter Bevicht, 18GS-70. 8vo pamph. New England Historic-genealogical Society. Register for Oct., 1871. New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. Genealogical and Biographical Record. Vols. 1, 2. 1870-71. Physikalisch-Medicinische Gesellschaft in Wurzurb. Verhandlungen der Physikalisch Medicinische Gesellschaft in Wurzurb, Herausgegeben von der Redactions. Commission der Gesellschaft, Neve Folge, Band II. Heft 1-2. 8vo. Society Vaudaise des Sciences Naturelles in Lausanne. Bulletin, Vol. x. No. 63. 8vo. pamph. Publishers. American Chemist. American Literaiy Gazette. American Nat- uralist. Christian World. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Hard- wicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Pavilion. Peabody Press. Silliman's Journal. Quarritch's Catalogue. Salem Observer. The following donations to the Historical Department were announced : — S. A. Chever, of Melrose, Engraving of the Pickman House on Essex Street as it appeared in 1830. T. J. Dreer, of Philadelphia, Fourteen engraved portraits of eminent Americans. Thomas H. Johnson, Several engravings of Baptist ministers. Charles Osgood, Picture of Capt. Billop's house at Bently, Staten Island. Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibited a fine head of a male American Buffalo or Bison (Bos Americanus) , which had recently been received from David Augustus Chever, Esq., of Denver City, Colorado, a donation to the muse- um ; and offered some remarks upon its habits and range. The Buffalo formerly roamed over nearly the whole area of the United States ; more recently it has been limited to the prairies between the Missouri and the Rocky Mountains, where it is seen in herds of several thousands, blackening the plains as far as the eye can view ; with the advance of civilization, it will become yet more re- stricted, and finally it will retreat to the fastnesses of the mountains, where it may for some years linger. Mr. F. W. Putnam occupied the greater part of the 148 evening with a lecture on the prehistoric inhabitants of this country, known under the general name of the "Mound Builders." After stating the conclusions reached by Squier, Davis, Haven, Wilson, Lubbock, Whittlesey, Foster, Newberry, Jones and others, and his own views derived from a careful comparison of the facts that had been gradually ascertained, and calling attention to the different views that had been presented relating to the origin, course of migration, and decay of the mound building race ; he called special attention to the large number of. for- tifications and fortified towns that had been discovered in various parts of the country, from New York and Pennsylvania west to the Wabash River and in the Mis- sissippi Valley south to Tennessee ; and gave an account of a recent examination he had made of an ANCIENT FORTIFICATION ON THE WABASH RIVER. After the adjournment of the Indianapolis meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence in August last, it was his good fortune to be able to take advantage of the kind offer of Prof. Cox, State Geologist of Indiana, to make an examination of an ancient earth work at Merom, Sullivan Co., Incl., which had been christened "Fort Azatlan" by Mr. John Col- lett, Assistant of the Survey, and is so designated on the o-eological map of the County. Accompanied by Messrs. Cox, Collett, Cooke and Emerton, and provided with free passes over the Terre Haute and Indianapolis, and the Evansville and Crawfordsville Railroads, by the open- handed liberality of the officers of the roads ; and cordially entertained and greatly assisted by T. Kearns, Esq., Pres- ident Holmes, the Doctors Harper and other kind friends in Merom ; he was able to make a partial examination of 149 the earth work, of which the following engraving, pre- pared from a large plan made by Mr. J. H. Emerton, from plottings taken with the assistance of Messrs. Kearns and Collett, gives the outline and general character. The fort is situated on a plateau of loess, about one hundred and seventy feet in height above low water, on the east bank of the river. On the river side, the bank, which principally consists of an outcrop /)f sandstone, is very steep, and forms the western line of the fortification, while deep ravines add to its strength on the other sides : the weak points being strengthened by earth works. The general course of the work is from the north, where it is very narrow (not over 50 feet) owing to the formation of the plateau, south along the river bank about 725 ft. to its widest portion (at IT) which is here about 375 ft. east and west. From this point it follows a deep ravine south- erly about 460 ft. to the entrance end of the fort. The bank traversed by the entrance road is here much wider than at other portions, and along its outer wall, running eastward, are the remains of what was evidently once a deep ditch. The outer wall (A, B) is about 30 ft. wide and is now about 1 1-2 ft. high ; a depressed portion of the bank, or walk way, then runs parallel with the outer wall, and the bank ((7, D) is then continued for about 20 ft. further into the fort, but of slightly less height than the front. Through the centre of these banks there are the remains of a distinct roadway about 10 ft. in width. From the northeastern corner of this wide wall the line continues northwesterly about 350 ft. along the eastern ravine to a point where there is a spring and the ravine makes an indenture of nearly 100 ft. to the southwest. The mouth of the indenture is about 75 ft. in width and the work is here strengthened by a double embankment (U, F). The natural line of the work follows this inden- 150 hS oo x e\ ' [00 FT 200 FT I Fort Azatlan, on the Wabash River at Merom, Ind. 151 ture and then continues in about the same northerly course along the banks of the ravine, to the narrow portion of the plateau about 550 ft. to the starting point. There is thus a continued line, in part natural and in part artificial, which if measured in all its little ins and outs would not be far from 2450 ft. Besides the spring mentioned as in the indenture of the eastern ravine, there is another spring in the same ravine about 175 ft. to the north of the first, and a third in the southwestern ravine about 125 ft. to the west of the south- western corner of the work. Looking at all the natural advantages offered by this location it is the one spot of the region, for several miles along the river, that would be selected to-day for the erec- tion of a fortification in the vicinity, with the addition of the possession of a small eminence to the north, which in these days of artillery would command this fort. Having this view in mind a careful examination was made of the eminence mentioned, to see if there had ever been an opposing or protective work there, but not the slightest in- dication of earth work fortification or of mounds of hab- itation was discovered. Though some five or six miles up the river on the Illinois side, at Hutsonville, a large group of some fifty-nine mounds of habitation were inves- tigated, about which more will be said at another time. The interior of this fortification contains much of inter- est and its history may yet be in part made out by a more extended examination than it was possible to make during the few days given to its exploration. On crossing the outer wall a few low mounds are at once noticed, and all around are seen large circular depres- sions. At the southern portion of the fort these depres- sions, of which there are forty-five in all, are most numer- ous, thirty-seven of them being located south of a line 152 drawn from E on the northern side of the indenture of the eastern ravine to the projecting extreme western point of the fort at H. These depressions vary in width from ten to twenty-five or thirty feet, and are irregularly arranged, as shown by the accompanying engraving, where they are represented by the black circles. One of the six depressions oppo- site the indenture of the eastern ravine is oval in shape, and is the only one that is not nearly circular, the others varying but a foot or two in their diameters. Two of these depressions were dug into and it was found that they were evidently once large pits that had gradually been filled by the hand of time with the accumulation of vegetable matter and soil that had been deposited by nat- ural action alone. In some instances large trees are now growing in the pits and their many roots make digging difficult. A trench was dug across one pit (J) throwing out the soil carefully until the former bottom of the pit was reached at a depth of about five feet. On this bottom ashes and burnt clay gave evidence of an ancient fire, and at a few feet on one side several pieces of pottery, a few bones of animals, and one stone arrowhead were found. A spot had evidently been struck where food had been cooked and eaten, and though there was not time to open other pits there is no doubt but that they would tell a similar story, and the legitimate conclusion to be drawn from the facts is that these pits were the houses of the inhabitants or defenders of the fort, who were probably further protected from the elements, and the arrows of assailants, by a roof of logs and bark or boughs. The great number of the pits would show that they were for a definite and general purpose and' their irregular arrange- ment would indicate that they were not laid out with the sole idea of acting as places of defence, though those near 153 the walls of the fort might answer as covers from which to fire on an opposing force beyond the walls, and the six pits near the eastern indenture, in front of three of which there are traces of two small earth walls, and the two commanding the entrance of the fort, would strengthen this view of the use of those near the embankment. In many of the ancient fortifications that have been described by Mr. Squier and others, pits have been noticed, but they have been only very few in number and have been considered as places for the storage of food and water. The great number in this small earthwork, with the finding that one at least was used for the purpose of cooking and eating food, is evidence that they were for some other purpose here, though some of the smaller ones may have answered for storehouses. The five small mounds were situated in various parts of the enclosure. The largest (G) was nearly fifty feet in diameter and was probably originally not over ten feet in height. It had been very nearly dug away in places, but about one-fifth of the lower portion had not been disturbed. From this was exhumed one nearly perfect human skeleton and parts of several others that had been left by former excavators. This mound also contained several bones of animals, principally of deer, bear, opossum and turtles ; fragments of pottery, one arrowhead, a few flint chips, and a number of thick shells of unios, two of which had been bored near the hinge. This mound has yielded a number of human bones to the industry of Dr. H. Frank Harper who has furnished a description of them which will be included in an article to appear in the JVaturalist. The second mound (i) which was partly opened, was some twenty-five feet in diameter and a few feet in height, though probably once much higher. In this a number of bones of deer and other animals were found, several Essex Inst. Bulletin. iii 20 154 pieces of pottery, a number of shells and a few human bones. The other three mounds, one of which is not over ten or twelve feet in diameter and situated the fur- thest to the north, were not examined internally. The position of all the mounds, within the enclosure, which are indicated by the white circles on the cut, is such as to suggest that they were used as observatories, and it may yet be questioned if the human and other remains found in them were placed there by the occupants of the fort, or are to be considered under the head of intrusive burials by a later race. Perhaps a further study of the bones may settle the point. That two races have buried their dead within the enclosure is made probable by the finding of an entirely different class of burials at the ex- treme western point of the fortification, indicated on the engraving by the three quadrangular figures at H. At this point Dr. Harper, the year previous, had discovered three stone graves, in which he found portions of the skeletons of two adults and one child. These graves, the stones of one being still in place, were found to be made by placing thin slabs of stone on end, forming the sides and ends, the tops being covered by other slabs, making a rough stone coffin in which the bodies had been placed. There was no indication of any mound having been erected, and they were placed slightly on the slope of the bank. This kind of burial is so distinct from that of the burials in the mound, that it is possible that the acts may be referred to two distinct races who have occupied the territory succes- sively, though they may prove to be of the same time and simply indicate a special mode adopted for a distinctive purpose. The short time given to^the examination of this inter- esting work left many important points unsettled, and since his return the relics discovered have not been looked at. 155 At a future meeting Mr. Putnam trusted to be able to £ive a more decisive opinion on several points, after a careful study of the specimens shall have told their story so far as it can be read from old bones and broken pottery. QUAKTERLY MEETING, WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 8, 1871. President in the chair. Records read. Rev. E. C. Rolles was added to the Lecture Commit- tee, and Mr. Gr. D. Phippen to the Publication Committee. S. W. Arlington, of Salem, was elected a member. Regular Meeting, Monday, November 20, 1871. The President in the chair. Records read. The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — From Philadelphia Library Company, Nov. 11 ; Keene Natural History Society, Nov. 10; J. H. Emerton, Providence, R. I., Nov. 13; James P. Franks, Salem, Nov. 7; B. Perley Poore, Indian Hill Farm, Nov. 11; S. Salisbury, Worcester, Nov. 13. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Buswell, E. W., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 20. Cogswell, Wm. Report on the Statistics of Labor in Mass. 1871. 1vol. 8vo. Marine Insurance Report. 1870, 1871. 2 vols. 8vo. Report on the Statistics of Labor in 1871. 2 vols. 8vo. Ceremonials at the Unveiling of the Statue of Gov. John A. Andrew, Feb. 14, 1871. 10 copies. Massachusetts State Documents for 1870, 1871. Report of the Commissioners on Inland Fisheries. Jan., 1871. 8vo pamph. Mis- cellaneous pamphlets, 7. Dorchester, D. Catalogue of Officers and Students of Middlebury College, 1871-72. Catalogue of Officers and Students of Tufts College, 1870-71. Franks, J. P. History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, by S.P.Bates. 4 vols. 8vo. Gillan, John. British Shipmasters' Guide. 1 vol. 8vo. Bowditch Navigator. 1 vol. 8vo. Blunt's Coast Pilot. 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 14. 156 Kimball James. Salem Directories, 1866,"1S69. 2 vols. 8vo. Report on Prisons and Prison Discipline. 8vo pamph. Report of the School Committee of Salem, Jan., 1868. Morse, E. S. Remarks on the Adaptive Coloration of Mollusca by donor. 8vo pamph. Remarks on the Relations of Anomia, by donor. 8vo pamph. Palfray, C. W. Miscellaneous' pamphlets, 9. Poore, B. Perlet, Washington, D. C. Syracuse Directory, 1857. 1 vol. 8vo. N. E. Mercantile Directory, 1849. 1 vol. 8ro. Gazetteer of the St. Joseph Valley. 1 vol. 8vo. Cincinnati in 1831. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston Directory, 1847-8. 1 vol. 8vo. Washington and Georgetown Directory for 1860. 1 vol. 8vo. Affleck's Calendar and Annals for 1851. 1 vol. 12mo. National Calendar and Annals of U. S., 1831, 1832, 1833. 3 vols. 12mo. Register of Officers and Agents in U. S., 1820. 1 vol. 12mo. Newburyport Directories, 1831, 1852. 2 vols. 12mo. Boston Almanac. 1850. 1 vol. 16mo. Almanacs, 75. Congressional Directories, 19 nos. Navy Register, 4 nos. Army Register, 4 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 7. Walker, Francis L., of London. Notes on Chalcidias. Parts III, IV. 2 pamphs. 8vo. Washingtonian Home. Report for 1871. 8 vo pamph. By Exchange. BiBLiOTHiQUE Universelle et Revue Suisse. Archives des Sciences phys- iques et naturelles. Nos. 164, 165. 8vo pamph. Geneve, 1871. Maryland Historical Society. The First Steamboat Voyage on the West- ern Waters. By J. H. B. Latrobe. 8vo pamph. Providence Athenaeum. Report of the Directors of, Sept. 25, 1871. 8vo pamph. Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society in Taun- ton, England. Proceedings of, 1870. 8vo pamph. Publishers. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Advance. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Our Dumb Animals. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. The following donations to the Historical Department were reported. Bolles, E. C. Plan of Chicago, showing the burnt district. Gillan, John. Miscellaneous Charts. 30. Trask, W. B., of Dorchester. View of the Trask House, Boston St., taken Oc- tober, 1871. Miscellaneous Charts, 8. LITTLE AUK. The President mentioned that among the recent addi- tions to the museum were several specimens of the Little Auk (Mergulus alle) which were found at Middleton, Hamilton, Salem and other places, driven inland by the gale of the Wednesday preceding ; this storm was con- sidered the most severe, and the tide the highest, of any since April, 1851. Some of the above specimens were exhausted by buffeting weather and fatigue, so that they 157 were easily taken by the hand. We learn by the news- papers that specimens of this bird were found at Lowell, Dracut, Lawrence, Haverhill, Gloucester, Rockport, Sud- bury, Concord and many other localities. This little bird known to the mariners as the "Greenland Dove," from its quaint resemblance to that family of birds, is a dweller in the Arctic Circle, seldom proceeding far from those desolate and glacial regions except when accidentally driven by severe storms. Occasionally, specimens are found on the coast in the wintry season. It may be con- sidered a rare occurrence to observe them in such num- bers and extending over so large a territory. Mr. A. C. Goodell, Jr., gave a sketch of the progress of legislation, through the period between the arrival of the charter of the province of Massachusetts Bay, in 1692, and the adoption of the Constitution in 1780. After briefly alluding to the colonial charter, and the laws and jurisprudence of the colony, and recalling the prominent political events of that period as described by Mr. Upham in his address to the Institute at the meeting of April 5, 1869, he proceeded to show that a great change, both in laws and manners, took place here shortly after the new charter went into operation. Then fashions in dress began to be copied from the French ; music began to be cultivated ; domestic comforts and luxuries were in- creased ; assemblies for secular purposes and amusements were more open and frequent ; the barriers of rank were broken ; the current secular literature of England began to receive general attention ; newspapers appeared, and the printing press was put to more general use. The pub- lic mind began to lose something of the absorbing interest it had formerly manifested in theological speculations, and was turned to the consideration of the problems of 158 trade, the right of liberty of conscience, freedom of speech and of thought, and improvements in agriculture, the mechanic arts and architecture : so that, in short, the issues which had excited the warmest controversies, and had drawn general attention in colonial times, were nearly forgotten in the new and more practical cliiferences respecting matters of social and political economy, culmi- nating finally in the one great issue of independence of the British Crown. Whoever supposes that the idea of American indepen- dence, and the steps for securing that end were first de- vised by the patriots of the revolutionary period, makes a great mistake. The steps towards independence were many, and can be traced throughout our provincial his- tory back into colonial times ; but, during the existence of the Province charter they were firmly and openly made long before most of the heroes of the Eevolution were born. The organization of the legislature under the Province charter, which now consisted of two distinct bodies in- stead of one general assembly, as formerly, led, natu- rally, to the adoption of our present legislative system : — the governor having the power by that instrument to neg- ative any bill which had passed the house and council in concurrence. The rights and functions of these several branches, under the charter, were fruitful topics of discussion in the assembty and among the people, and many important points of our present constitutional law were developed by these discussions, which led, also, to the elucidation of and familiarity with parliamentary law and practice. Some of these points were then explained, including the controversy respecting the right of the governor to negative the choice of a speaker of the House, and the 159 right of the House to adjourn itself without the gov- ernor's consent — which led to the explanatory charter of 1726 — and the right of the legislature to fix the amount and the time of payment of the governor's salary, which the assembly succeeded in maintaining against the long- continued efforts of the Board of Trade and the Privy Council. The interference of the Home government in the affairs of the province was next explained. By the terms of the charter all acts were to be sent to England for the Royal approval or disallowance, and under this provision the Home government claimed and exercised a power which, in the course of time, became intolerable to the people of the Province. Many suggestions and decisions of the Board of Trade and of the Privy Council were, nevertheless, wise ; and to their interference we are in- debted for much of the toleration that characterizes the later laws and manners of provincial times, as well as the defeat of some disastrous financial schemes, the checking of bigotry and superstitious tendencies, the rejection of some narrow and injurious commercial theories, and some- thing of personal liberty. The laws of the province being thus submitted to the Crown for rejection or approval received the attention of the best minds in England. As expounders of our con- stitutional rights under the charter, and as critics and guides of the legislation and political economy of this little community, such names as Lord Chancellor Somers, the father of the British Constitution, Locke, the philos- opher, Joseph Addison, the English Atticus, and Mat- thew Prior, the poet, appear in the list with Lords Ray- mond, Hardwicke, Talbot and Mansfield, and the many other eminent lawyers, statesmen and. scholars who sup- ported the throne as its ministers of state for the eighty 160 years or more before the Revolution : so that this prov- ince was well prepared not only to be the cradle of Inde- pendence, but to act as the guide and tutor of the young Federal Republic, called into existence by the force of its example, and nurtured by its care. It is true that the witchcraft folly, one of the darkest events in our history, occurred after the provincial gov- ernment was established ; but this happened so soon after the old charter had been superseded, the actors in it having come to prominence under the old order of things, and being so wedded to the traditions of the past, that the whole delusion may with propriety be considered as the last terrible death-gasp of ancient superstition. One }'ear later, and the repetition of such a tragedy had become impossible, and before that generation had passed away we find the people in church and legislature seeking to retrieve the injury done to the innocent victims of that mental epidemic. A contrast was also drawn between the intolerance of the colonial government and the immunity from religious tyranny which the province charter guaranteed ; but which was not fully secured until after a severe struggle. The efforts of the Quakers to bring about toleration were then described, beginning with the resistance of the towns of Dartmouth and Tiverton to taxation for the support of another sect, and ending with the acts passed during Bel- cher's term, and suggested by him, for which the Friends were grateful. The address concluded with a rapid sketch of the events which ended in the Revolution. BULLETIN ESSEX HTSTITTJTB. Vol. 3. Salem, Mass., December, 1871. No. 12. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Eegular Meeting, Monday, December 4, 1871. President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The Secretary read the following extract of a letter from Col. J. W. Foster, President of the Chicago Acad- emy of Sciences. November 15, 1871. Our Academy meeting on Tuesday was well attended, and an ear- nest feeling was expressed by all to Work more faithfully in the days of our adversity than in those of our prosperity. Mr. Walker on lie- half of the Trustees made an informal statement as to our pecuniary condition. We have about $00, 000 to enable us to rebuild. He ex- pressed a strong- hope that the Academy would be able to secure a donation of an entire block near the lake shore whereon to erect a new building, and that before the expiration of two years, though he did not speak positively, the members might reassemble under their own roof. The action of the Essex Institute was prompt and gene- rous, and was gratefully appreciated by us all. Very truly, J. W. Foster. The Secretary also announced the following correspon- dence : — From Joshua Coit, Salem, Nov. 25; D. Dorchester, Salem, Dec. 1; J. C Holmes, Detroit, Mich., Nov. 28; S. C Jackson. Boston, Nov. 23, 25, Dec. 1; William Stimp- son, Ilchester, Howard Co., Md., Nov. 13. Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 21 162 The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Austin, Col. F. Characters of some new Hepatise, 8vo pamph. Bolles, E. C. Catalogue of Officers and Students of Trinity College for 1871-72. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 9. Clogston, Wm., of Springfield, Mass. Rochester Directories for 1857, '59, 1863-4, 18G4-5, 1866-67, 1867-08. 6 vols. 8vo. Wheeling Directory, 1868-9. 1 vol. 8vo. Direc- tory of South Norwalk for 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Oswego and Fulton Directory, 1862-3. lvol. 8vo. Oswego County Directory, 1869-70. 1 vol. 8vo. Zanesville Directory. I860, 1 vol. 8vo. Northern New York Business Directory, 1867-8. 1 vol. 8vo. Xenia City and Greene Co. Directory, 1870-1. 1 vol. 8vo. Ohio State Register, 1857. 1 vol. 8vo. Springfield, Ohio, Directory, 1808-9, 1 vol. Svo. Columhus Directory, 1870-1. 1 vol. Svo. Oneida County Directory, 1862-3. 1 vol. 12mo. Au- burn Directory, 1863-4. 1 vol. 8vo. Utica City Directory, 1865-66. 1 vol. 12mo. Genesee Directory, 1869-70. 1 vol. Svo. Chillicothe Directory, 1869-70. 1 vol. 8vo. Schenectady Directory, 1868-9. 1 vol. Svo. Buffalo City Directory, 1869. 1 vol. Svo. Columbus Directory, 1843-4. 1 vol. 12mo. Manchester Directories, 1846, 1848, 1852, 1856. 4 vols. 16mo. Nashua Directory, 1857-8. 1 vol. 16mo. Massachu- setts State Directory, 1850-1. 1 vol. 16mo. Treble Almanac of Dublin, 1829. 1 vol. 12mo. Directory of Akron, Alliance, Cuyahoga Falls, Middlebury, etc., 1870-1, 1 vol. Svo. Sermon preached in West Springfield, Mass., June 25, 1871, by Rev. S. E. Vermilye, D. D. 8vo pamph. Green, S. A., of Boston. Catalogue of Monson Academy. 1871-2. Svo pamph. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for Nov. 1871. Neal, Theodore A., of Boston. Boston Board of Trade, 1856, 1857, 1859, 1860, 1862,1863,1834. 7 vols. Svo. Band Office Report for 1867. 1 vol. 8vo. Commercial Agency Register, 1868. 1 vol. 4to. Rules and Orders of the Senate. 1 vol. Svo. Guide Books, 4. Almanacs, 3. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 27. Smith, Charles C. Services in memory of Rev. E. S. Gannett, D. D., Aug. 30, 1871. Svo pamph. Wallis, Mrs. James A. Manuscript Journals kept by the late Asa Lamson, 11 vols. Interleaved Almanacs, 12. By Exchange. Yale College Library. Catalogue of the Officers and Students in Yale Col- lege for 1871-72. 8vo pamph. Publishers. Christian Wrorld. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailor's Magazine and Seaman's Friend. Shoe and Leather Journal. Silliman's Journal. Sotheran's Catalogue. The following donations to the Historical Department were announced : — Kimball, William. View of Essex street from opposite the Market House to Washington street, painted by Joseph Cloutman about 1S34. Shepard, M. W. Two portraits in crayon of David Ropes and his wife of Salem. David Ropes, son of Benjamin and Hannah (Moses) Ropes, bapt. Apr. 14, 1739; variously styled " cooper," '• trader," ''gentleman," " innkeeper" and "mer- chant;" married, Oct. 9, 1760, Priscilla, dau. of Jonathan and Elizabeth (Sanders) 1G3 Webb; died Dec. 20, 1793. The widow long survived him, preserving in her last years a force of character and amiability which made her the object of constant and grateful attentions from a large circle of relations. She died Oct. 5, 1831, aged 91 years. (See Hist. Coll. of Essex Institute, voirill, p. 125, and vol. Vlf, i>. L62.) Kev. E. S. Atwood occupied the hour of the meeting with an interesting and instructive communication on the "Beginnings and Growth of Lammage." It contained much curious and entertaining information and many valu- able thoughts, and was listened to with great pleasure by a large audience. Regular Meeting, Monday, December 18, 1871. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The Secretary read the following letter from the Secre- tary of the Chicago Academy of Sciences : — Ilchester, Howard Co., Md., Dec. 4, 1871. Dear Sir — The Chicago Academy of Sciences will hold a meeting on the 12th inst., at which time the Resolutions of the Essex Institute, communicated in your esteemed favor of the 17th of October, will be acted upon and the result reported to you by the recording secretary. Allow me to add my personal thanks for the kind sympathy with us in our great misfortune, which the Institute has expressed through you, as well as for the offer of your publications to replace those lost. Any of these publications which you can conveniently spare will be gratefully received. They may be sent to the care of Geo. C. Walker Esq., corner of Peck Court and Michigan Avenue, Chicago. Very sincerely yours, Wm. Stimpson. The following correspondence was also announced : — From Albany Institute, Dec. 14; Bonn, Naturhistorische Verein, July 5; Bor- deaux, Soci<§te Linneene, July 12; Buffalo Historical Society, Dec. 8; Chicago Academy of Sciences, Dec. 4; Emden, Naturforschende Gesellschaft Sept. 22; Geological Survey of India, June 1; London Society of Antiquaries, Aug. 14; Lune- burg, Naturwissenschaftliche Verein, Aug. 17; Munch en, K. B., Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sept. 30; New York Historical Society, Dec. 4; New York Ly- ceum of Natural History, Dec. 4; Strasburg Library, Appeal for the Restoration 164 of, Nov. ; Vrtivzburg, Physicalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft, Aug:. 11 ; H. M. Alden, New York, Dec, (5; Frank S. Sleeper, Galesburg, Mich., Dec. 7; E. M. Stone, Prov- idence, R. I., Dec. 8. The Librarian reported the following additions to the library : — By Donation. Allen, Stephen M. Standish Monument. Exercises at the Consecration at Duxbury, Aug. 17, 1871. 8vo pamph. CHAPMAN, George R. Annual Report of the A. B. C. F. M., presented at the meeting jn Salem, Oct. 3-6, 1871. Pref-le Geo. II., of Charle-.town, Mass. Notes of Early Ship-building in Mass- achusetts. 8vo pamph. Schaufuss L., of Dresden. Miscellaneous Catalogues, 12. By Exchange. • Archiv fur Anthropologte in Brauxschweig. Heft, lv. Band lv. BOTANISK TlDSSKRIFT IN'KJoBENHAVJN TlDSSKRIFT. Vol. IV, Tredje Heft, 1870. Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliologie. Tome 1. Nos. 1-2-3. Paris, 1871. Entomologische Zeitung in Stettin. Herausgegeben von dem entomolo- gischen Yereine zu Stettin. Jahrg. 31. Nos. 1-2, 1870.1 vol., Svo. Stettin, 1870. Geological Survey of India. Memoirs of the, Vols. 1, II, III, IV, V, VI, and parts 1, 2, 3 of Vol. VII. Records of the. Vol. II. Ill, parts 1, 2, of Vol. IV. Creta- ceous Cephalopoda and Cretuceous Castopoda of Southern India. 2 vols. 4to. 1808. Catalogue of the Organic Remains belonging to the Cephalopoda and Echin- oderniata. 8vo pamph. Cretaceous Fauna of Southern India, Vol. Ill, Nos. 1-8. 4to pamph. Calcutta, 1S70. Fossil Flora of Rajmahal Series. 6 nos. On Verte- brate Panchet Rocks, Bengal. Iowa state Historical Society. The Annals of Iowa. Oct., 1871. 8vo pamph. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab in Kjobenhavn. Oversigt, 1870,1871. 2 pamphlets. Svo. Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool. Proceedings, 18G8- 9,1869-70. Vols. 23, 24. 2 vols. Svo. Liverpool. JS0!)-70. NATURFORSCHENDE GESELLSCHAFT in Emden. Jalr.esbericht, 1870. 12mo pamph. 1871. NATURHISTORISCHE VEREIN DER PREUSSISCHEN RHEINLANDE UND WESTPHA- LENS in Bonn. Verhandlungen. 27, Jahrg. Heft. 1, 2. 2 vols. Svo. Bonn. 1870. Naturwissenschaftuchen Gesellschaft "Isis" Dresden. Sitzungs- bericlite, Jan., Feb., Marz 1871. Svo pamph. Dresden. 1871. Reale Accademia delle Scienze in Bologna. Rendiconto, Anno Acca- demico. 18(>!)-70, 1870-71. 2 pamphlets, 12mo. Universalita dei mezzi di previ- denza, defesa, e sabrezza per Le Calandtk degli Incendia. Opera Premiata in Con- corso dalla Accademia delle Scienze dell' Instituto di Bologna. Scritter da Fran- cesco del Giudice. Bologna, 1818. Royal Svo. Delia Instituzione de Pompieri per grandi citta. e terre minori di qualunqtie stato; Libri Tre, nequali si tratta delle regole generali per fondare Conipagnie di Soccoritori contro gl'incendi; si com- pendiano, esaminano e paragonano tra laro molti regolamenti oggi in vigore in Europa; e si propone una nuova forma di Statuto per quelli de essere dorunque 165 adatto. Opera Premiata in Concorso dalla Accaderaia delle Seienza dell' Institute) di Bologna e scritterdal Cavaliere Francesco del Giudice. Bologna, 1852. Royal 8vo. Societa Reale di Napoli; Accademia delle Scienze Pisiche e Mate- matiche. Atti dell' Accademia delle Scienze Pisiche e Matematiche. Vols. JIl. IV. N ipoli, 1866-68-69. 4to pamph. Renediconto, Anno VI, VII, VIII, 18(37-8-9. 4to pamph. St. GALLiscnE Gesellsciiaet in St. Gallen. Bericht. Vereins jahres, 1869- 70. 1 vol. 8vo. St. Gallen, 1870. Vermont Historical Society. Vindication of Vol. I of the Collections from the "Attacks of the N. Y. Historical Magazine " by Hiland Hall. 8vo pamph. Montpelier, 1871. Zoologisciie GESELLSCHAFT Frankfurt A. M. Zoologische Garten. XII Jahrg. Nos. 1-6. Jan-June, 1871. 6 pamphlets, 8vo. Publishers. American Literary Gazette. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Repor- ter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Pea- body Press. Shoe and Leather Journal. The Academy. The following donations to cabinets were reported. A. B. C. F. M. Papers relating to N. A. Indian affairs formerly belonging to Mr. John Pickering of Salem. Signatures of the members of the Board attending the meeting held in Salem, Oct., 1871. Bolles, E. C. A picture of Brooklyn Orphan Asylum. Constant, C, of Smyrna. No. I. Moule antique trouve snr la route entre Smyrna et Boudja. No. II. Tete casede statuette antique trouvee dans 1' ile de Rhodes. No. III. Lampe on porte-lumiere antique trouva dans 1' ile de Rhodes. No. IV. Petit vase on urne cineraira trouvi dans 1' ile de Rhodes. Nichols, W. F., Cypress from Smyrna. Myrobalon from India. Unleavened Bread of the Armenians from Smyrna. Oak for tanning from Smyrna. A piece of Mosaic work from Pompeii. A piece of Lava from Smyrna. Vie ws of Intern o Cappella Palatina Palermo, Chiostro Morreale, Messina dai Cappriccini. Raymond, B. C, of Beverly. Pincers used by Major John Conant of Beverly, who nourished about one hundred years ago. He made the fisherman's heavy boots. Mr. F. W. Putnam gave an account of the Mammoth Cave and its inhabitants, with special reference to the fishes of the cave and of other subterranean waters.* He called attention to the varied conditions under which fishes ex- ist, and especially to the structure and position of the eye in different representatives of the class. He then compared the blind fishes of the Mammoth Cave with those of the Cuban Caves and with the blind catfishes *Mr. Putnam's remarks will be given in detail in the American Naturalist for January, 1872, and will be illustrated by plates on which the various species of the family including the blindfishes of the Mammoth Cave will be represented. 166 belonging to different families, and described the species making up the family of Heteropygii, which contains the two species of blind fishes of the Mammoth Cave and two other species that have eyes. Giving a statement of the various theories relating to the non-development of eyes in the blind fishes of the cave, he asked why is it necessary to assume that because fishes are living in streams where there is little or no light, that it is the cause of the non-development of the eye and the development of other parts and organs ? If this be the cause, how is it that the Chologaster from the well in Tennessee, or the "mud- fish" of the Mammoth Cave are found with eyes ? Why should not the same cause make them blind if it made the Amblyopsis and Typhliehthys blind? Is not the fact, pointed out by Prof. Wyman, that the optic lobes are as well developed in Amblyopsis as in allied fishes with perfect eyas, and, I may add, as well developed as those of Chologaster cornutus, an argument in favor of the the- ory that the fishes were always blind and that they have not become so from the circumstances under which they exist ? If the latter were the case and the fishes have become blind from the want of use of the eyes, why are not the optic lobes also atrophied, as is known to be the case when other animals lose their sight? I know that many will answer at once that Amblyopsis and Typhlieh- thys have gone on further in the development and retarda- tion of the characters best adapting them to their subter- ranean life, and that Chologaster is a very interesting transitionary form between the open water Cyprinodontes and the subterranean blindfishes. But is not this assump- tion answered by the fact that Chologaster has every char- acter necessary to place it in the same family with Ambly- opsis and Typhliehthys, while it is as distinctly and widely removed from the Cyprinodontes as are the two blind genera mentioned? 167 After reviewing the characters of the allied forms, he concluded his remarks as follows : — From this brief comparison of some of the prominent characters of the genera of the Hetcropygii with the Cy- prinodontes, their acknowledged nearest allies, we can only trace what could be regarded as a transition, or an acceleration, or a retardation, of development, in simply those very characters, of eyes and ventral fins, that are in themselves of the smallest importance in the structure (permanence of character considered) of a fish, and, as if to show that they were of no importance in this con- nection, we find in the same cave, blind fishes with ven- trals and without ; and in the same subterranean stream, a blindfish and another species of the family with well developed eyes. If it is by acceleration and retardation of characters that the Heteropygii have been developed from the Cyprin- odontes, we have indeed a most startling and sudden change of the nervous system. In all fishes the fifth pair of nerves send branches to the various parts of the head, but in the blinclfishes these branches are developed in a most wonderful manner, while their subdivisions take new courses and are brought through the skin, and their free ends become protected by fleshy papillae, so as to answer, by their delicate sense of touch, for the absence of sight. At the same time the principle of retardation must have been at work and checked the development of the optic nerve and the eye, while acceleration has caused other por- tions of the head to grow and cover over the retarded eye. Now, if this was the mode by which blindness was brought about and tactile sense substituted, why is it that we still have Ohologaster Agassizii in the same waters, living under the same conditions, but with no signs of any such change in its senses of sight and touch ? It may be 168 said that the Chologaster did not change because it prob- ably had a chance to swim in open waters and therefore the eyes were of use and did not become atrophied. We can only answer, that if the Chologaster had a chance for open water, so did the Typhi ichthys and yet that is blind. If the Heteropygii have been developed from Cyprino- dontes, how can we account for the whole intestinal canal becoming so singularly modified, and what is there in the difference of food or of life that would brino* about the change in the intestine, stomach and pyloric appendages, existing between Chologaster and Typhlichthys in the same waters? To assume, that under the same conditions, one fish will change in all these parts and another remain intact, by the blind action of uncontrolled natural laws, is, to me, an assumption at variation with facts as I under- stand them. Looking at the case from the standpoint which the facts force me to take, it seems to me far more in accordance with the laws of nature, as I interpret them, to go back to the time when the region now occupied by the subterra- nean streams, was a salt and brackish water estuary, inhab- ited by marine forms, including the brackish water forms of the Cyprinodontes and their allies (but not descendants) the Heteropygii. The families and genera having the characters they now exhibit, but most likely more numer- ously represented than now, as many probably became exterminated as the salt waters of the basin gradually became brackish and more limited, as the bottom of this basin was gradually elevated, and finally, as the waters be- came confined to still narrower limits and changed from salt to brackish and from brackish to fresh, only such species would continue as could survive the change, and they were of the minnow type represented by the Hetero- 169 pygii, and perhaps some other genera of brackish water forms that have not yet been discovered. In support of this hypothesis we have one species of the family, Chologaster cornutus, now living in the ditches of the rice fields of South Carolina, under very similar con- ditions to those under which others of the family may have lived in long preceding geological times ; and to prove that the development of the family was not brought about by the subterranean conditions under which some of the species now live, we have the one with eyes living with the one without, and the South Carolina species to show that a subterranean life is not essential to the develop- ment of the singular characters which the family possess. That a salt or brackish water fish would be most likely to be the kind that would continue to exist in the subter- ranean streams, is probable from the fact that in all lime- stone formations caves are quite common, and would in most instances be occupied first with salt water and then brackish, and finally with fresh water so thoroughly im- pregnated with lime as to render it probable that brackish water species might easily adapt themselves to the change, while a pure fresh water species might not relish the solu- tion of lime any more than the solution of salt, and we know how few fishes there are that can live for even an hour on being changed from fresh to salt, or salt to fresh, water. We have also the case of the Cuban blindfishes belonging to genera with their nearest representative in the family a marine form, and with the whole family of cods and their allies, to which group they belong, essen- tially marine. Further than this the catfish from the subterranean stream in Pennsylvania belongs to a family having many marine and brackish water representatives. Thus I think that we have as good reasons for the belief in the immutability and early origin of the family of Het- Essex Inst. Bulletin. hi 22 170 eropygii, as we have for their mutability and late develop- ment, and to one of my, perhaps, too deeply rooted ideas, a far more satisfactory theory ; for, with our present knowledge, it is but theory on either side. The following synopsis gives a summary of the charac- ters of the family, genera and species. HETEROPYGII Tellkampf, Muller's Arch. f. Anat., p. 392, 1844; and New York Journal of Medicine, v, p. 84, 1845. Hypsceidce Storer, Synopsis N. A. Fish, p. 435, 1846. Brain of ordinary development in all its parts, similar to that of Cyprinoclontes and of about the same proportions. Cerebral lobes larger than the nearly round optic lobes. Cerebellum overlapping the posterior third of the optic lobes. Medulla oblongata broad, with well defined right and left sides. (On comparing the brains of the three genera the only difference noticed was that in Chologaster the cerebellum was not quite as large proportionally, but more elongated and "hot quite as wide as in the other genera, while the optic lobes of this genus with well developed eyes were no larger than in a Typh- lichthys of the same size.) Skeleton not studied. Giinther gives the vertebrae as thirteen ab- dominal and nineteen or twenty caudal. The bones of the head are thin and mostly flattened as in the Cypriuodontes. Occiput slightly convex. Body compressed posteriorly. Head and anterior portion of body depressed, giving the form of a broad, flat head, with a compressed tail. Branchiostegal rays six in number and but slightly covered by oper- cular bones ; opercular opening large. Fins. Dorsal and anal nearly opposite and posterior to centre of body. All the fins except the ventrals well developed, with central rays longest and first rays simple. Pectorals close to the head, about in the middle of the sides. (Ventrals present in Amblyopsis, absent in Typhlichthys and Chologaster.) Mouth opening upwards, with lower jaw slightly projecting. Mar- gin of the upper jaw formed by the intermaxillaries. Maxillaries placed behind the intermaxillaries, with lower third broad and below the intermaxillaries. Several rows of fine teeth on the intermaxil- laries and lower jaw. (Teeth on palatines in Amblyopsis and Typh- lichthys, none on these bones in adults of Chologaster.) 171 Scales. None on the head. Body closely covered with small, par- tially imbedded cycloid scales, irregularly arranged. Lateral line absent. Nostrils double. Anterior tubular and standing out from the end of the snout. Stomach well defined, ccecal. Pyloric appendages present. Intestine with two turns. Anus situated under the throat and forward of the pectorals. Ovary single. (Placed by the side of the stomach in Amblyopsis and Typhlichthys and behind it in Chologaster.) Viviparous. (Amblyopsis.) Testes paired. (Amblyopsis.) Air bladder with pneumatic duct. (Amblyopsis.) Liver with the left lobe very large and partially enclosing the stomach. Amblyopsis DeKay, Fishes of New York, p. 187, 1842. Eyes rudimentary and imbedded under the skin. Head with numerous transverse and longitudinal rows of sensitive papillae provided with nerve branches, many of the nerve branches terminating as free filaments outside the papillae. Small granula- tions on the spaces between the papillary ridges. Canals under the skin. Teeth minute, curved, and arranged in rows on the intermaxillary, inferior maxillary and palatine bones. Body with a prominent papilla just over the opercular opening, at the base of a small papillary riclge similar to those on the head. Papillary ridges on sides of body of same character as those on the head, and arranged at nearly equal distances from opercular opening to base of caudal fin. Pyloric appendages, one on each side. Ovary situated on the right side of the stomach. Fins. Ventrals small and placed near the anal fin. Dorsal, 9. Anal, 9. Pectoral, 11. Ventral, 4. . Caudal, 24. Amblyopsis spelseus DeKay. Large Blindfish. Craige, Proccl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., i, p. 175, 1842. DeKay, Fishes N. Y., p. 187, 1842. Wyman, Amer. Jour. Sci., xlv, p. 94, 1843; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xii, p. 298., 1843. Thompsox, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xiii, p. Ill, 1844. Tellkampf, Miil- ler's Arch. f. Anat., p. 392, 1844; N. Y. Jour. Medicine, v, p. 84, with plate, giving three figs, of the fish ; position of internal organs ; brain ; stomach ; air bladder ; scale (profile view gives the fish without ventral fins, but ventral view shows them), 1845. Stoker, Synopsis N. A. Fish, p. 435, 1846. Owen, Lect. Comp. Anat. Fishes, pp. 172 175, 202 (fig. of brain), 1846. WYMAN, Procd. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, p. 349, 1850. "Dalton, N. Y. Medical Times, ii, p. 354, 18—." Agassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. xi. p.128, 1851. WTMAN, Procd. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 395 (1853), 1854; v, p. 18, 1854; Amer. Jour. Sci., xvii, p. 259, 1854 (with figs, of brain, eye, and otolite). Girard, Proc. Nat. Sci. Philad., p. 63, 1859. Poev, Mem. de Cuba, ii, p. 104, Pis. 9, 11 (outlines of fish and of brain), 1858. Wood, 111. Nat. Hist., iii, p. 314, figure, 1862. Tenney, Nat. Hist., p. 344, figure, 1865. Gunther, Cat. Fish Brit. Museum, yii, p. 2, 1888. Cope, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., viii, p. 368, 1871. Putnam, Amer. Nat., vi, p. 6 et seq., with figs., Jan., 1872. Wyman, Mss. notes and drawings in Putnam, Amer. Nat., vi, p. 16 et eeq., 1872. PUTNAM, Amer. Nat., vi. p. 116. Feb., 1872 (additional note on the young). Plate 1 (American Naturalist, Vol. vi, Jan., 1872). Fio. 1. Brain, nerves and organ of hearing of Ambhjopsis spelceus; enlarged; a, olfactory lobes and nerves; b, cerebral lobes ; c, optic lobes ; d, cerebellum ; e, organ of hearing, showing the semicircular canals, with the otolite represented in place by the dotted lines ; /, medulla oblongata; g, optic nerves and eye specks. Fig. 2. Otolite, enlarged. Fig. 3. Eye, magnified (natural size one-sixteenth of an inch in length); a, optic nerve; b, sclerotic membrane; c, layer of colorless cells; d, layer of pigment cells (iris?); e, lens. Fig. 4. Lens, enlarged and showing the cells. Fig. 5. Eye, en- larged, showing the muscular bands, a, a, a, a; b, the lens pressed out of place; c, the optic nerve. Fig. 6. Top of head, showing canals under the skin, natural size. The two black dots and lines indicate the eyes and optic nerves in position. Fig. 7. Top of head, showing the arrangement of the ridges of papillae, nat. size. Fig. 8. One of the ridges of papillae from the head, magnified. Fig. 9. Three of the papillae from the ridge, still more magnified, showing the cup-shaped summit and projecting filament. Fig. 10. A portion of the ridge magnified, and treated with acid, to show the arrangement of the nervous plexus supplying the papillae with nervous filaments from a branch (a) of the fifth pair. Fig. 11. Epithelial cells from the head. Fig. 12. Epithelial cells from the body. Plate 2. Fig. 1. Natural size; la, stomach and pyloric appendages, twice nat. size; 16, scale, magnified (nat. size represented by the small outline on the left over the figure); lc, abdominal cavity, showing position of stomach and single ovary, nat. size. Head more than half as wide as it is long. Length of head, from tip of jaw to end of operculum, contained nearly twice in length of body from operculum to base of caudal fin. Dorsal and anal fins of equal size, rounded, anal commences under third ray of dorsal. Pectorals pointed, reaching to commencement of dorsal. Ventrals pointed, nearly reaching to commencement of anal. Caudal broad, long and pointed, membrane, enclosing simple rays above and below, continuing slightly on the tail. Scales small, longer than broad, with quadrangular centre and from 8 to 12 concentric lines, which are broken and reduced in number an- teriorly and crossed by numerous radiating furrows posteriorly.* Colorless, or nearly so, with transparent fins. *The scales described were in every instance taken from the 2d or 3d row un- der the dorsal fin . 173 Measurements. Largest specimen, 4-5 inches total length. Smallest specimen, 1-9 total length. Geographical distribution. Subterranean streams in Kentucky and Indiana. Specimens examined : — Prof. Woman's Collection. 7 specimens. Half grown and adults. Mammoth Cave. Museum of Comparative Zoology. 7 specimens. No. 778. Half grown and J1 $ adults; Mammoth Cave. 1 specimen. No.—. Two-thirds grown. Cave near Lost River, Orange Co., Ind. Boston Society of Natural History. 2 specimens. No. 840. Half grown. Mammoth Cave. Peabody Academy of Science. 1 specimen. No. 520. Adult $ . Mammoth Cave. Presented to Essex Insti- tute in 1851 by N. Silsbee. Other specimens. Dr. Gdnther mentions six specimens and a skele- ton in the British Museum. Mr. Thompson, an adult and newly born young in the collection of the Natural History Society of Belfast. Dr. Steindachner has recently sent an adult and eight young to the Vienna Museum. The first specimen of which we have any record was presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia; the second is the one described by DeKay and then in the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. Prof. Cope obtained three specimens from the waters of Wyandotte Cave in Indiana. Dr. Tell- kampf had several specimens from the Mammoth Cave, and it is prob- able that specimens exist in nearly all the principal museums and in many private collections, as about all that have been caught in the Mammoth Cave for years have been sold by the guides to visitors. Habits. But little is known of the habits of the large blindfish. Dr. Tellkampf states that they are solitary; on the slightest motion of the water they dart off a short distance, and that they are mostly found near stones or rocks on the bottom, and seldom come to the surface of the water. Prof. Cope states that if they are not alarmed they come to the surface to feed, swim in full sight, and can then be easily captured if perfect silence is preserved. He also thinks that they are principally surface feeders. In the stomachs of several that I have opened the only remains found were those of Crayfish. In one specimen, opened by Dr. Wy- man, a small fish with well developed eyes was found in the stomach. (See Amer. Nat., vi, p. 13, PI. 1, fig. 13.) The eggs are well developed in September, and the young are born about the middle to last of October. The young when born are half an inch or less in length, and are without external eyes. (See Amer. Nat., Feb., 1872. The young there mentioned may possibly be those of Typhlichthys.) 174 Typhlichthys Girakd, Procd. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., p. 63, 1859. Eyes rudimentary and imbedded under the skin. Head. The same arrangement of rows of sensitive papillae as in Amblyopsis, and the spaces between the papillae with granulations as in that genus. (The subcutaneous canals probably exist, but hare not yet been made out.) Teeth, as in Amblyopsis, on the maxillaries and palatines. Body with papilla over opercular opening, and with the papillary ridges on the sides as in Amblj-opsis. Pyloric appendages one on each side as in Amblyopsis, but of slightly different proportion and shape. (Stomach not so pointed behind as in Amblyopsis.) Ovary situated on right side of stomach, as in Amblyopsis. (Eggs fewer in number and proportionately larger than in Amblyopsis.) Fins. Ventrals absent. Dorsal, 7 or 8 ; Anal, 7 or 8 ; Pectoral, 12 ; Caudal 24. (This formula is given after counting several specimens. Girard gives, D. 7; A. 8; P. 11; C. 23.) It will be noticed that the only characters separating this genus from Amblyopsis are the absence of ventral fins, the shape of the stomach and pyloric appendages, and larger eggs in less number. Typhlichthys subterraneus Girard. Small Bllndfish. Girard, Procd. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., p. 63, 1859. Gunther, Cat. Fish Brit. Museum, vii, p. 2, 1868 (as a syn. of Amblyopsis). Putnam, Amer. Nat., vi, p. 20 et seq., with figs., Jan., 1872. Plate 2 (Amer. Nat., Vol. vi., Jan., 1872). Fig. 3, slightly more than natural size ; 3a, stomach and pyloric appendages, twice nat. size; 36, scale, magnified (nat. size represented by small outline over the figure). Proportions and general appearance, want of color, arrangement of papillary ridges, position and shape of fins as in Amblyopsis speheus, with the exception that, owing to the jaws being more obtusely round- ed, the head is slightly blunter and broader forward. Membrane of caudal quite prominent and extending forwards to pos- terior base of dorsal and anal fins. Scales broader than long. Large quadrangular centre with from 6 to 8 concentric lines reduced in number and broken up on anterior margin. Posterior portion with numerous radiating furrows. Measurements. Largest specimen, 1-85 inches in total length. Smallest specimen, 1-45 inches in total length. Geographical distribution. Subterranean streams in Kentucky, Ten- nessee and Alabama. Specimens examined : — 175 Museum or Comparative Zoology. 7 specimens. No. 780. tf $. Adults. Mammoth Cave. Collected and pre- sented by Alpheus Hyatt, Sept., 1859. 1 specimen. No. 781. Moulton, Alabama. Presented by Thomas Peter*. 1 specimen. No. 782. Lebanon, Tennessee. Presented by J. M. Saflbrd. Other specimens. Dr. Girard described the species from a specimen in the Smithsonian Institution, taken from a well near Bowling Green, Ky. Dr. Giinther mentions a specimen, in the British Museum, from the Mammoth Cave. Habits. Nothing is known concerning the habits of this fish. It is evidently much rarer at the Mammoth Cave than the large species, to judge from the small number in collections. The fact that Mr. Hyatt obtained seven specimens when he was at the cave in September and did not get any of the other species, may indicate some peculiar loca- tion in the waters of the cave where it is more abundant than in other places. The eggs were fully developed in these specimens, but no embryos could be detected. The fish is probably viviparous, and very likely gives birth to its young in October. Chologaster Agassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci., xvi, p. 135, 1853. Eyes in normal position and well developed. Head with * small granulations on the surface of the skin. (No papillary ridges.) Teeth minute, curved and arranged in rows on the intermaxillary and inferior maxillary bones. None on the palatines in the adults (Of the four specimens examined, the two larger (C. cornutus) are without palatine teeth, while the single specimen of C. Agassizii, which is evidently a young fish, has a few minute teeth on the pala- tine bones. In the smallest specimen of C. cornutus the mouth is abnormal, the intermaxillaries being reduced to a small central portion and there are consequently no teeth in the upper jaw, but the minute teeth on the palatines are present.*) *I believe this is one of those interesting cases where one set of organs, or one portion of the animal structure, takes the place of another which from accident is wanting, and that in all probability these palatine teeth, that under normal con- ditions would be cast oif as the fish attained maturity, Avould have continued to exist in this specimen and answer all the purposes of the intermaxillary teeth. But that in this accidental continuance of these palatine teeth, from the mere mechanical use forced upon them, we have the first stages of the development of a distinct genus, to be characterized by permanent teeth on the palatines, and reduced upper jaw bones, as many of the developmental school would argue, I do not think will bear the test of facts observed. A not uncommon malformation of fishes consists in the entire or partial absence of the maxillary or intermaxillary bones. I have specially noticed this among our 176 {Body without opercular papilla and papillary ridges on the sides.) Pyloric appendages two on each side. Stomach rounded and turned slightly on the side. Ovary situated principally behind the stomach. Fins. Ventrals absent. Dorsal, 8 or 9. Anal, 8 or 9. Pectoral, 12. Caudal, 28. This genus principally differs from Amblyopsis and Typhlichthys by the presence of eyes, the absence of papillary ridges on the head and body, by having two pyloric appendages on each sid« instead of one, and by the posterior position of the ovary. It agrees with Typh- lichthys in the absence of the ventrals, and the young further agree by the presence of palatine teeth. Chologaster cornutus Agassiz. Agassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci., xvi, p. 135, 1853. Girard, Procd. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., p. 63, 1859. Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Museum, vii, p. 2, 18(58. Putnam, Amer. Nat., vi, p. 21 et seq., with figs. Jan., 1872. Plate 2 (Amer. Nat., Vol. vi, Jan., 1872). Fig. 2. Natural size. 2a, stomach and pyloric appendages, twice nat. size. 2b, scale magnified (nat. size represented by small outline over the left of the fig). 2c, abdominal cavity showing stomach and single ovary behind the stomach, twice nat. size. Head more than half as wide as it is long. Length of head, from tip of under jaw to end of operculum contained twice in length of body from operculum, to caudal fin. Width between the eyes equal to distance from eye to tip of under jaw. Eyes of moderate size, situated just back and over the end of the maxillaries. Dorsal and anal jins of nearly equal size, slightly rounded. Anal with slightly longer rays and commences under fourth ray of dorsal. Pectoral fins pointed, reaching to line of commencement of dorsal. Caudal fin pointed, about equal in length to the head. Membrane above and below extending but slightly on the tail. Scales very small and deeply imbedded in the skin. Circular with small smooth space forward of the centre. From 15 to 20 con- centric rings, cut by a few short radiating furrows on anterior, and longer and more numerous ones on posterior margin. Intestine is a little longer than in an Amblyopsis of the same size. common fresh water trout (Salmo) and marine Conner or sea perch (Ctenolabrus) but there have never been recorded allied genera with these char eters, while the malformed specimens are hardly numerous enough to give support to the the- ory that such malformations are hereditary, and it is probable that each case was caused by the non-development of the parts from special cause during embryonic life, or by accident to the individual. 177 The two pyloric appendages on the left side are close together and broader than the two on the right side, which are wider apart, longer and more slender than the others. Color. Yellowish brown, much darker above, lighter on sides, and light yellow on under part and sides of head, belly and under part of tail. Three longitudinal very dark brown lines on each side: the upper commencing near the middle of top of head and following along the back to base of caudal fin; the middle one commencing at the nostril and passing through the eye to upper portion of opercu- lum, thence about in the centre of side to about the centre of base of caudal fin ; the lower commences under the pectoral fin and follows the ventral curve of the body to the base of caudal fin. All three lines are darkest and broadest forward, and terminate as a series of nearly confluent dots ou the tail. Central rays of the caudal dark brown, outer rays uncolored. Dorsal, anal and pectorals not colored. 3Ieasurements. The three specimens are respectively 1*5, 2, and 2-3 inches in total length. Geographical distribution. South Carolina. Specimens examined : — Museum op Comparative Zoology. 3 specimens. No. 776. Rice Ditches at Waccamaw, S. C. Presented by P. C. J. Weston, 1853. (Orig. of Agassiz.) Habits. Nothing is known concerning the habits of this species, the only specimens observed being the three mentioned. Erom the fact of its having a single ovary containing a small number (about GO) of large eggs it is- probable that it is viviparous. Chologaster Agassizii Putnam. Putnam, Amer. Nat., vi, p, 22 et seq., with figs. Jan., 1872. Plate 1 (Amer. Nat., Vol. vi, Jan., 1872). Fig. 4. Natural size; la, stomach and pyloric appendages, twice nat. size; 46, scale magnified (nat. size shown hy minute dot over left of the figure). Head more than half as wide as it is long. Its length is contained three times in the length of the body from the operculum to the base of caudal fin. Eyes proportionately large and placed over ends of maxillaries. Dorsal and anal fins broken, but probably of about equal size. Anal fin commences about under fourth ray of dorsal. Sectoral fins pointed and reaching about half way to the dorsal. Caudal fin pointed, not quite as long as the head. Scales very minute, longer than wide, with 4 or 5 concentric 178 lines round a granulated centre. A few radiating furrows cut the concentric lines on the posterior margin. Pyloric appendages and stomach about the same as in C. cornutus. Color. Uniform light brown, without markings except that the base of the caudal fin is rather darker than rest of fish. Fins uncolored. Measurements. Total length, 1*4 inches. Geographical distribution. Subterranean streams in Tennessee. Specimen examined: — Museum of Comparative Zoology. 1 specimen. No. 777. From a well in Lebanon, Tenn. Presented by J. M. Safford. Jan., 1854. This species principally differs from C. cornutus by having a longer body and smaller head, by having the eyes proportionately larger, and by its coloration. Nothing is known of its habits except the fact of its subterranean life. The scales of the single specimen known indicate a young fish, and it is probably not over half grown. The four species given in this synopsis are all of the family as yet known, but that others will be discovered and the range of the present known species extended is very probable. The ditches and small streams of the lowlands of our southern coast will undoubtedly be found to be the home of numerous individuals, and perhaps of new species and genera, while the subterranean streams of the central portion of our country most likely contain other species. BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOLUME IV, 1872. SALEM, MASS.: FEINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS 1873. CONTENTS. Pag . Regular Meeting, Monday, January 1, . . . . 1 Puritan Holy Days, by A. C. Goodell, Jr., 2. Injurious Insects in Essex County, by Dr. A. S. Packard, 5. F. W. Putnam's Remarks on the Caterpillars and Pupae of the Cabbage Butterfly, 9. Letters Announced, 19, 23, 27, 46, 49, 56, 61, 75, 83, 103, 132, 151, 160, 165, 177, 178 Additions to Library, 9, 11, 19, 24, 27, 46, 49, 56, 61, 76, 83, 103, 131, 152, 158, 161, 166, 177, 179 Additions to Cabinet, . . 85, 178 Additions to Historical Department, 104 Deficiencies in Library, 12 Publications of Institute, 14 Regular Meeting, Monday, January 15, 10 A Trip to California by Rail, by J. J. H. Gregory, Esq., of Marble- head, 10, 17. Regular Meeting, Monday, February 5, 17 Florida Indians, by M. R. Kimball, 18. Regular Meeting, Monday, February 19, 20 Passion Play at Ober-Ammergau, by J. P. Putnam, 20. Regular Meeting, Monday, March 4, 25 The Old Carved Chair, by E. W. Farley, of Newcastle, Me., 25. A Relic of "Ye Olden Times"-Stone Mill— D. L. D. Balch, 26. The Closing History of the Branch or Howard St. Church in Salem, by Rev. C. C. Beaman, 26. Communication from Nehemiah Cleveland, of Westport, Conn., 27. Meteorology of Mount Washington, by S. A. Nelson, 29, 41. Regular Meeting, Monday March 18, 41 Essex County Spiders, by J. H. Emerton, 47. Regular Meeting, Monday, April 1, 48 Communication from James Kimball, 50. Communication from Com- modore B. F. Sands, of the U. S. Naval Observatory, 55. Regular Meeting, Monday, April 15, 57 On the Transit of Venus, 57. Ancient Topography of Salem, by James Kimball, 59. Regular Meeting, Monday, May 6, 61 Ancestry of Susannah Ingersoll; The Fairfax and the Hathorne House, by the President, 62. The Rattle of the Rattlesnake, by F. W. Putnam, 65. (iii) IV CONTENTS. Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 8, 66 Retrospect for the Year, 66. Officers elected, 74. Regular Meeting, Monday, May 20, 75 Native Plants, by J. Robinson, 76. Remarks of G. D. Phippen, 78; of E. C. Bolles on the Houstonia, 78; of J. H. Emerton, 78. A Visit to Jeffries Neck, by F. W. Putnam, 79. Regular Meeting, Monday, June 3, 81 Field Meeting at Middleton, Wednesday, June 12, . .81 Account of the Ramble, 82; First Field Meetings; Dr. W. Stimpson, by the President, 85. Resolutions on the Death of Dr. Wm. Stimp- son, 88. Early Meetings of the Society, by S. P. Fowler, of Danvers, 89. Historical Notices of Middleton, by David Styles, of Middleton, 90. Indian Relic, by D.J. Tapley of Danvers, 92. F. TV. Putnam's Remarks, 93. Spiders at Middleton, by James H. Emerton, 94. Microscopic Fungi, by Rev. E. C. Bolles, 95. Report of the Com- mittee on Lectures, 96. Vote of thanks passed, 97. Field Meeting at Groveland, Tuesday, July 16, . . . . 97 The New Iron Bridge, 98. Historical Notices, 100. E. S. Morse's Re- marks, 107. Merrimack Academy, by Dr. J. Spofford, 108. Remarks by J. H. Emerton, A. S. Phipps, S. C. Beane, E. C. Bolles, La Roy F. Griffin, Mr. Goldsmith and C. H. Webber, 114-116. Vote of thanks passed, 116. The First White Hamburg, and the First Mus- cat of Alexandria Grape-vine imported into the United States, by Jones Very, 117. Field Meeting at Annisquam, Thursday, August 8, . .118 Remarks of the President, 121. Indian Shell Heaps, and Egg Case of the Skate, by F. W. Putnam, 123. Historical Notices of the Third Parish at Annisquam, by Rev. E. W. Coffin, of Orange, Mass., 124. Remarks of Allen W. Dodge, L. J. Livermore and James Davis, 128. Historical Sketch of Annisquam, by J. J. Babson, 128. Remarks of C. E. Barnes and Dr. A. Davis, 130. Communications from Thomas Spencer, of Bransby, near Lincoln and E. W. Farley, of New Castle, Me., 132. Remarks of R. Knowland, 134. Catalogue of the Mammals of Florida, with Notes on their Habits, Distribution, etc., by C. J. Maynard, 135-150. Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, August 14, .... 150 Regular Meeting, Monday, October 21, 150 Explorations of St. George's Bank, by Dr. Packard, 153. Ancient In- dian Carving, by F. W. Putnam, 156. Regular Meeting, Monday, November 4, 160 Origin of Surnames, by Geo. H. Devereux, 162. Regular Meeting, Monday, November 18, .... 165 Communication by the President, 106. Remarks of F. W. Putnam, 168. Regular Meeting, Monday, December 9, 169 Ferneries, How to make them, and what to put in them, by J. Robin- son, 109. Regular Meeting, Monday, December 23, 178 Communications from P. A. Hanaford and Nehemiah Cleaveland, 179. BULLETIN ESSEX IITSTITTJTB Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., January, 1872. No. 1. One Dollar & Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Regular Meeting, Monday, January 1st, 1872. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The President mentioned a few of the associations that cluster around this day ; a day when the mind naturally reverts to the past, recalls the incidents of the year now closed, and indulges in reveries upon their probable influ- ence in the distant future. No one can foretell the re- sults ; some of the most seemingly important will soon pass away and be forgotten, whereas the most appar- ently trivial, scarcely known beyond the threshold of the humble cot of the occurrence, will, as years roll on, be- come the centre of great interest and attraction, as the birthplace and home of some of nature's noblemen. He briefly alluded to the holidays that occur near the close of the old and the beginning of the new year, and called upon Mr. A. C. Goodell, Jr., who spoke of the esti- mation in which these days were held in the early period Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 1 of our colonial history, and the great change in the mode of observance within the past few years. PURITAN HOLY DAYS. Our forefathers, the Puritans, observed but three classes of holy days ; namely, Sabbaths, Fasts and Thanks- givings. In the observance of the first they differed from the Catholic church and from most of the Keformed churches by devoting them exclusively to religious exer- cises after the Mosaic model. It was on account of this difference between them and their neighboring Protestants in Holland , that the Pilgrims left that country for Amer- ica. Here they enforced, by law, the strictest observance of the Lord's day, and established periodical fasts and days of thanksgiving. The first thanksgiving in Massachusetts was observed at Salem, July 8, 1630. Winthrop and his immigrants had arrived about a month before, bringing provisions of which the settlers under Endicott stood greatly in need. Two days before the thanksgiving, Gov. Win- throp's son Henry was drowned in attempting to swim across the North river, after a canoe ; so that the occa- sion was mixed with sadness. The next thanksgiving was observed at Boston, Febru- ary 22, 1631. This was on account of the arrival of the ship Lyon, with provisions, which came the day before a fast which had been appointed on account of a threatened famine. The fast was immediately changed to a thanks- giving. The next and first general thanksgiving was kept by the seven plantations then established, Oct. 16, 1633, and was ordered "in regard of the many and extraordi- nary mercies which the Lord hath been pleased to vouch- safe of late to this plantation ; namely, a plentiful har- vest, ships safely arrived with persons of special use and quality," etc. After the arrival of the Province charter, only one in- stance occurs of a day of thanksgiving set apart by act of the General Court. This was passed Nov. 13, 1693, and the day appointed was Dec. 21, O. S., corresponding to Jan. 2, of our present calendar. Since that time all thanksgiving days have been fixed by executive procla- mation, and not by act of the legislature, CHRISTMAS. The next subject discussed was Christmas ; which was at first a movable feast, celebrated, usually, in April or May. It was probably instituted in the second century, but was not fixed by the Catholic Church, upon Dec. 25, until the pontificate of Julius I., in the fourth century. The tradition of the church is that the birth of Jesus occurred at#midnight, whence the custom in England and some other countries of ringing the church bells at mid- night, early dawn, and again in the morning. The different methods of celebrating the day in differ- ent countries and ages were then explained. The revels of the Lord of Misrule commenced at All Hallow Eve (Oct. 31), and continued to Candlemas (Feb. 2). ' Every day after Christmas was a holiday until twelfth night (Jan. 6). The season was always considered propitious in England, a tradition made memorable by the words of Marcellus to Horatio in the first scene in Hamlet : — " Some say that ever 'gainst that season comes Wherein our Saviour's birth is celebrated, The bird of dawning singeth all night long; And then, they say, no spirit stirs abroad; The nights are wholesome; then no planets strike, No fairy takes, nor witch hath power to charm, So hallowed and so gracious is the time." The Puritans were greatly opposed to the observance of the day, and in 1659 the following law was passed by the Colonial legislature of Massachusetts : — "For preventing disorders arising in several places within this jurisdiction by reason of some still observing such festivals as were superstitiously kept in other coun- tries, to the great dishonor of God and offence of others, it is therefore ordered by this Court and the authority thereof that whosoever shall be found observing any such day as Christmas or the like, either by forbearing of labour, feasting or any other way, upon any such accounts as aforesaid, every such person so offending shall pay for every such offence five shillings, as a fine to the county." This ordinance was objected to by the Royal Commis- sioners in 1665 ; but was not repealed until May 27, 1681. In three years less than two centuries after the passage of this ordinance, the Legislature [1856, chap. 113], made this day a legal holiday on which even the sover- eign legislature is not permitted to sit, and,all govern- ment offices are closed. NEW YEAR'S DAY. New Year's day was then considered. The beginning of the year was very various in different ages and coun- tries. Until the middle of the eighteenth century there were no less than seven days reckoned as this period ; viz., — Jan. 1 (as now) ; Jan. 1 (one year in advance) ; Dec. 25; Easter; March 1; March 25 (nine months sooner than the present time) and March 25 (three months later than the present time). This last, called the Florentine style or calendar, was the one in use in England and this colony until 1752, when it was changed to Jan. 1, and the Gregorian calendar adopted instead of the Julian which had been previously in use. The neces- sity of this change was then explained. The Romans from whom we get the names of our months began the year with March, hence September, as its name implies, was really the seventh month, October the eighth, and so on. An account was then given of the different ways in which New Year's day (Jan. 1) has been celebrated from the time of the Romans, when it was kept in honor of Janus, until the present time. What the Romans had observed as a feast in honor of the double-faced deity, celebrating it by kindly salu- tations and the exchange of presents — each taking care during the continuance of the celebration, that all his words and acts should be pure aud blameless — was turned by the church into a fast ; and New Year's gifts were repeatedly forbidden under severe penalties. In England, however, the heathen practice of exchanging presents was never overcome by the Church ; so strong a hold does it seem to have had in the popular sentiment. Indeed the custom seems to have been older, in Britain, than the time of the Roman invasion. About the only public celebra- tion of New Year's in England at this day is the ringing in of the new year and ringing out of the old. The present year is memorable as the first year in which the heads of departments at Washington, and many other prominent men following their example, have resolved to furnish no intoxicating drinks to those who, in observance of the time honored custom of New York, celebrate the day by making calls upon the ladies of their households. INJURIOUS INSECTS IN ESSEX COUNTY. Dr. A. S. Packard spoke of several species of insects injurious to vegetation noticed during the past season in this vicinity — specifying among others THE ONION THRIPS. About the middle of August my attention was called by Mr. B. P. Ware of Swampscott to serious losses of his onions from the attacks of a minute insect. The leaves were observed to turn suddenly yellow and to wilt, and the plant die. In this way large patches became infested and turned yellow, until in two or three days these pro- lific insects spread over the whole field. They seemed to increase most rapidly during the unusually dry hot weather that we experienced about the middle of last August. On the 11th of August a whole acre was thus cut off. Mr. Ware informed me that onion plants have been more or less infested in this way for some fifteen years, but the damage done this year was greater Fi x than ever before. This evil seems wide spread in Essex County, as not in Swampscott alone, but in Lynn, Salem and parts of Danvers, the onion crop had been similarly infested. About $100,- 000 worth of onions are raised in Essex County alone, and Mr. Ware judged that at least a tenth part was destroyed by this new pest, so that in one county alone and from one kind of injurious , *> «J Li moth rips insect we have in one season lost $10,000. The fr"**^- onion crop is next to the hay crop in value, as it is sold for cash. On examining the specimens brought into the Museum of the Peabody Academy of Science, the leaves were found to be covered with hundreds of a minute thrips which by gnawing the surface of the leaves had caused them to turn white in spots, and subsequently yellow; where they were most numerous the outer skin of the fleshy leaves was entirely eaten off, and though it was difficult to imagine that so minute an insect could have caused the death of so stout and thick-leaved a plant, yet here were hundreds of the culprits in all stages of growth plying their jaws before our eyes in proof. This insect, which occurred in both sexes and in all stages of growth from larvae of minute size proved to be the wheat thrips (Limothrips tritici) of Fitch who gives an account of its appearance and habits in his "Second Keport on the Noxious Insects of New York," p. 304. Through the kindness of C. L. Flint, Esq., of the Mass. State Board of Agriculture, we are en- abled to present figures of these insects taken from Dr. Packard's Report to the Board as State En- tomologist. The females alone are winded, the males being wingless and closely resembling the larvae. The body of the female (Fig. 1) is smooth and shining, uniformly greenish yel- low with no other markings ; the legs are a little paler towards ar- ticulations. The larva (Fig. 2, b) is entirely greenish-yellow, the head and pro thorax Of End of antennae of male. the same color as the rest of the body. The male (Fig. 2, a) differs from the larva in having 2-jointecl feet (tarsi) and 7-jointed antennae, those of the larva being 4-jointed. The small line at the side of each figure indicates the natural size of the insect. Larva and male of Limothrips tritici. THE ONION FLY. which in its larval condition attacks the roots of the 8 onion, was briefly alluded to. It appears about the mid- dle of May and continues its ravages until nearly the third week in August, when it changes into the pupa or chrysalis state. Fit IMPORTED CABBAGE CATERPILLAR AND ITS PARASITE. was next mentioned. This cat- erpillar during the past summer has been fearfully abundant in gardens in this vicinity, and would have done still greater injury to the growing crops were it not for the presence of the parasite which had been found to prey upon it very ex- tensively. The figures annexed illustrate the several stages (Fig. 3, a, male ; b, female ; c, larva ; d, pupa) of this invaluable ichneu- mon parasite which is one of the Chalcid family, and is the Pterojpis puparum of Linnaeus. Dr. Packard had supposed that this parasite had per- haps been imported with its host, but it is now found to be a native of this country as well as of Europe, and cited authorities confirmatory of this as- Fig. 4. sertion. LARVA OF TACHINA. Another parasite which he mentioned was the larva of a parasitic fly, Tachina (Fig. 4, enlarged three times), the adult form of which closely resembles the common housefly. It is a flattened, Parasite of the Imported Cabbage Butterfly. 9 cylindrical maggot, both ends of the body rounded much alike. Mr. Putnam remarked that he had collected several hundred of the caterpillars and pupae of the cabbage but- terfly during the month of September, the caterpillars hav- ing crawled up the side of his house from an adjoining field where a large number of cabbages had been entirely destroyed by them. He had noticed that a very large number of the pupae were infested by parasites, many of which came out during the month of September and in October. The butterfly will be out early in the spring. Discussion followed on these and kindred subjects, par- ticipated in by Messrs. Packard, Putnam, Bolles, Good- ell and the chair. William Gardner Barton of Salem and Beaman Gates of Beverly were elected members. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Green S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, .24. Hingham Agricultural and Horticultural Society. Transactions for 1871. 8vo pamph. 1872. Holden, N. J. Wells' English Grammar, 1 vol. 12mo. The Commonwealth, 245 nos. The Liberator, 171 nos. National Anti-slavery Standard, 250 nos. Lynn News, 25 nos. Saturday Night Press, 10 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 50. Mis- cellaneous serials, 10. Holmes, John C, of Detroit, Mich. Michigan School Report for 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. Lansing, 1870. Lee, Geo. C. New York City Directories, 1858, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1869, 1870. 6 vols. 8vo. Boston Directories, 1858, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870. 10 vols. 8vo. Bankers' Magazine, Vols. II, III, 1847-8, 1848-9. 2 vols. 8vo. Boston Board of Trade, 18G5, 1868. 2 vols. 8vo. Water Power of Maine. 1 vol. 8vo. Re. port of the Commissioners of Patents for 1851. 1 vol. 8vo. Commercial Relations of U. S., Vols. I, II. 2 vols. 4to. Washington, 1856-1857. Lee, John C Commercial Bulletin for Dec, 1871. Vinton, John A. Giles' Memorial. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston. 1864. Wilder, Marshall P., of Boston. Historical Address before the Massachu- setts Agricultural College, July 19, 1871. 8vo pamph. Williams, Henry L. The National Eagle, 1870. 8 nos. Miscellaneous pam- phlets, 6. Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 2 10 By Exchange. ACADEMIE IMPERIALE DES SCIENCES BELLES LETTRES ET ARTS IN BOR- DEAUX. Actes. 3e Serie. 31e Annee. 1869. 8vo. Paris. 1869. KONIGLICII BAYERISCHEN AKADEMIE DER WlSSENSCHAFTER ZU MUNCHEN. Sitzungsberichle cler philosophisch-philologischen und historischen Classe, 1871. Heft I, II, III. 8vo pamphlets. Miinchen, 1871. Sitzungsberichte der mathe- matisch-physikalischen Classe, 1871. Heft I, II, III. 8vo pamph. Miinchen, 1871. Die Aufgabe des chemischen Unterrichts gegeniiber der Anforderungen der Wis- senschaft und Technik. Rede gehalten in der offentlichen Sitzung der k. Akad- emie der Wissenschaften am 25, Juli, 1871, von Dr. Emil Erlenmeyer. 4to pamph. MUnchen, 1871. Massachusetts Historical Society. Collections, Vol. x. Fourth Series. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston, 1871. Sociedad db Naturalistas Nes-Granadinos. Esploracion entre San Jose" De lucuta I el Bio Magdalena, 8vo pamph. Bogota, 1871. Informe de los Esplora- dores del Territorio De San Martin. 8vo pamph. Bogota, 1871. Catalogo del Estado S. De Antisquia, 8vo. pamph. Bogota, 1871. Societe Imperiale des Sciences Naturelles de Cherbourg. Memoires, Tome xv, 1870. 8vo pamph. Cherbourg, 1870. Catalogue de la Bibliotheque, 8vo pamph. Cherbourg, 1871. Publishers. American Naturalist. Christian World. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. Shoe and Leather Journal. Silliman's Jour- nal. Regular Meeting, Monday, January 15th, 1872. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. A TRIP TO CALIFORNIA BY RAIL. J. J. H. Gregory, Esq., of Marblehead gave a familiar talk upon California, and the things to be seen along the route of the Pacific railroad, beginning at Omaha. His descriptions were plain, graphic and interesting. Speak- ing of agriculture in Utah, he said the process of irriga- tion as carried on there was far less costly than he had supposed, as it consisted of the making of mere furrows with the plough. He spoke of the elements of dissolu- 11 tioii in the Mormon system of polygamy, the principal one of which was the great influx of gentiles, though dissension in the church itself was doing much to under- mine the system. Rents in Salt Lake City he described as "terrific," and the term was not too strong, judging from a single instance which he named, where the keeper of a rum shop paid seven thousand, two hundred dollars in rent and liquor tax for his room of thirty feet by eleven — about half the amount being for rent. The Rocky Mountain slopes, the general scenery, the many miles of grain fields, and the agriculture of Cali- fornia, were described. Oleanders were seen eighteen feet in height, Century plants thirty and forty feet. In Sacramento these bloom when fifteen years old. He also described the fruits, strawberries being sold at twenty-five cents for three quarts. Of the California wines he had a poor opinion so far as his observation extended, and judging by his own standard of taste. Mr. Gregory will continue his remarks at the next meeting. The Librarian mentioned the following additions: — By Donation. Bolles, E. C. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 19. Cole, Mrs. N. D. Salem Gazette for 1871. Foote, Caleb. Files of several county papers for Oct., Nov., Dec, 1871. National Association op Wool Manufacturers. Bulletin for Oct., 1871. Palfrey, C W. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 33. Poore, Benj. P., of Washington, D. C. Washington and Georgetown Directo- ries for 1865, 6, 7, 8. 4 vols. 8vo. U. S. A. Chief of Engineers. Report on Geological Exploration of the 40th Parallel, Vol. V, Botany. 1 vol. 4to. Washington, 1871. By Exchange. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Proceedings of. Part II. April-Sept., 1871. 8vo pamph. 12 Boston Numismatic Society. American Journal of Numismatics for Jan. 1872. 8vo pamph. Historical Society of Delaware. Catalogue of, with its History, Constitu- tion and By-laws. 8vo. pamph. New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Register and Antiquarian Journal of Jan., 1872. 8vo pamph. Publishers. American Literary Gazette. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peahody Press. Quarritch's Catalogue. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Salem Observer. Shoe and Leather Journal. DEFICIENCIES IN THE LIBRARY. It is intended from time to time to publish lists of deficiencies in the Library hoping that the friends of the Institute, who may notice the same, will be induced to aid in completing the sets. Any number or volume, not designated (within brackets) under any title, will be acceptable. deficiencies in directories. [Continued from volume iii, page 96.] Washington, D. C, by E. A. Cohen [1834]; by A. Reintrel [1843]; by Gaither & Addison [1846] ; by E. Waite [1850] ; by A. Hunter [1853] ; by I. Teu Eyck [1855] ; by W. II. Boyd [1858, I860]; by T.Hutchinson & Bro. [1863]; by A. Boyd [1884, 1865, 1866] ; by W. H. Boyd [1867, 1868, 1869, 1870]. Southern Cities, by John P. Campbell [1854] ; by W. R. Dunkley [1866-67]. Virginia Directory and Business Register, by Elliott & Nye [1852]. Richmond, Va., by John Maddox [1819] ; by E. Fuslew [1860] ; by Mills & Starke [I860]. Wheeling, West Va., by Williams & Co. [1867-8, 1868-9]. Charleston, S. C, by J. H. Bagget [1852]. Augusta, Ga., by E. H. Paghe [1867]. Savannah, Ga., by Purse & Son [1866]. Mobile, Ala., by Fawn & Dennett [1881, 1866], Jackson, Miss., by J. L. Power [I860]. New Orleans, La., by Cohen [1849]; by R. C. Kerr [1856]; by C. Gardner [1859]. Tennessee State Gazetteer and Directory, by J. L. Mitchell [I860]. Memphis, Tenn., by Tanner, Halpin & Co. [1S59] ; by Williams [I860]. 13 Nashville, Tenn., by J. P. Campbell [1853, 1855-6,1857,1859]; by E.D.King, [1865,1866,1867,1868,1869]. Louisville, Ky., by G. Collins [1836]. Lake Shore Gazetteer and Business Directory [1861-62]. C. C. C. & I. R. R. Gazetteer by Hynes Bro. [1870-1], Akron, Alliance, Cuyahoga Falls, Middlebubt, Kent, Canton, Ravenna, Massillon, Salem, Wooster, Ohio, by Wiggins & Weaver [1870-]]. Chillicothe Ohio, by J. B. Doyle [1855-:;] ; by Williams & Co. [1800-70]. Columbus, Ohio, by J. R. Armstrong [1843-4, 1855] ; . by Williams & Co. [1807-8, 1889-70]. Cincinnati, Ohio, by C. S. Williams [1848-9, 1850, 1852] ; by Robinson & Jones [1846]; by D. F. Shaffer [1849] ; by C. S. Williams [1849-50, 1850-1, 1851-2, 1853, 1855, 1856, 1861, 1859, 1867, 1858, 1866]. Dayton, Ohio, by C. S. Williams [1860-1]. Sandusky, Ohio, by W. D. Root [1855]. Springfield, Ohio, by Williams & Co. [1808-9]. Steubenville, Wellsville, East Liverpool, and Wellsburgh, Ohio, by Wiggins & Weaver [1870-1]. Steubenville, Ohio, by C. S. Williams [185(5]. Toledo, Ohio, by C. S. Williams [1860] ; by Scott [1866, 1807]. Xenia, Ohio, by Williams & Co. [1870-1]. Zanesville, Ohio, by C. S. Williams [1860-1]. Western Reserve Register, by Sawyer, Ingersoll & Co. [1852]. Detroit, Mich., by Duncklee, Wales & Co. [1850] ; by C. F. Clark [1865-6]. Indiana, State. State Gazetteer and Business Directory by G. W. Hawes & Co. [1852-3]. State Gazetteer and Shipper's Guide, by M. V. B. Cowen [1800-7]. Indianapolis, Ind., by R. Edwards [1835 6, 1867J; by Logan [1887-8]; by H. N. McEvoy [1858-9]; by Hawes & Co. [1865] by R. Edwards [1806]; by Logan [1868]; by R. Edwards [1869] ; by Hutchinson [1870]. Illinois State Business Directory, by Smith & Du Moulin [1800] ; Northern Counties, by E. H. Hall [1855-8] ; State Gazetteer and Business Directory, by G. W. Hawes [1858-9]. Illinois and Missouri State Directory by W. L. Montague [1854-5]. Central Directory by James P. Crawford [1869]. Chicago, Illinois, by O. P. Hatheway & J. H. Taylor [1849-50] ; by E. H. Hall [1855-6] ; by John Gager [1857] ; by Tanner, Halpin & Co. [1858]; by R. V. Kennedy [1859-60] ; by T. M. Halpin & Co. [1800-1] ; by Smith & Du Monlin [18G0] ; by T. M. Halpin [1861-2, 1862-3, 1833-4, 1884-5, 1865-6] by J. T. Hair [1865-8] ; by R. Edwards [1867] ; by Smith & Du Moulin [1859] ; by W. S. Spencer [1S64-5J; by W. F. Bartlett [1857-8] ; by R. Edwards [1869]. Galesburg, Illinois, by O. E. Root [1861]. Will County, Illinois, by J. C. W. Bailey [1859]. 14 PUBLICATIONS OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. 1872. Journal of the Essex County Natural History Society. 8vo. 1836-1852. pp. 135. In paper, Bound, 1 vol. $ 0 50 1 00 Proceedings and Communications. 8vo. G vols. 1848-1868. [The Pro- ceedings close with the sixth volume.] The series, in numbers, . . 19 00 Bound in cloth, 25 00 Vol. I. 1818-1856. pp. 275, 2 00 " II. 1856-1858. pp. 438, 1 plate, 2 00 " III. 1858-1863. pp.301, 2 00 " IV. 1864-1865. pp. 448, 15 plates, 6 00 " V. 1866-1867. pp. 569, 4 " and Naturalists' Directory, . . 6 00 " VI. 1868-1871. pp.259, 2 plates and 31 cuts, 3 00 [These volumes contain a large number of descriptions and figures of new species, especially of Corals, Insects and Polyzoa; and many valuable papers on Natural History. The first three volumes also contain many im- portant Historical papers. In addition to the papers on special subjects, the volumes contain the proceedings of the meetings of the Institute, the records of additions to the library and museum, and many important verbal com- munications made at the meetings, etc. The Naturalists'' Directory is also issued under the same cover with vols. IV. and V. Vol. VI. closes the series.] Bulletin. 8vo. Issued in monthly parts of about 16 pages each. Subscription per annum, 1 00 Single numbers, 10 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 7oh I. 1869. pp.164, . " II. 1870. pp.178, . " III. 1871. pp.178, . " IV. 1872. Subscription [The Bulletin takes the place of the Proceedings of the Institute which close at the date of the commencement of the Bulletin. This publication will contain all the short communications of general interest, both of an Historical and Scientific character, made at the meetings of the Institute, and the record of the meetings and business of the Institute. Occasional lists of the deficiencies in the library of the Institute, and of the duplicate books offered for sale or exchange will be given.] 15 Naturalists' Directory. Issued with Proceedings, Vol. V, 1807. [This work contains the addresses and departments of study of the Nat uralists, Collectors and Taxidermists, in North America at the date of pub iation.1 lie; Separate from Proceedings, paper covers, " " " bound and interleaved, Historical Collections. First series, Vols. 1-8, small 4to " " Second series in 8vo, commencing with Vol. 9 The 10 vols, in paper covers, " 10 " " cloth binding, 1859. pp.208. Steel plate, . 1860. pp.310, . 1861. pp.298, .... 1862. pp.289, .... 1863. pp.289, Steel plate, . 1864. pp.274, .... VII. 1865. pp. 287, .... VIII. 1866. pp. 267, .... IX. 1868-9. (Vol 1 of 2d series. 8vo.) X. 1869-70. pp.319. Steel plate, XI. 1871. Subscription, Tol. I. " II. " III. « rv. " v. " VI. pp. 374, $1 00 2 00 20 00 30 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 The Historical Collections contain papers wholly of an Historical and Genealogical nature, and are most valuable to the student of early Ameri- can History. Many important manuscripts and public and private early records are printed in these volumes for the first time, as well as papers specially prepared on topics relating to the early history of Massachusetts. Several Genealogies of leading families connected with the early settlement of the country are also contained in the volumes.] The Weal-Reaf. Published for Institute fair in 1860. Small 4to. pp. 56, To-Day. Published for the Institute and Oratorio fair, 1870. pp. 38, . the above publications, the following worlcs are offered for sale .• Allen, J. F. Victoria Regia, or the Great Water Lily of America. Royal folio, six colored plates, 1854, 10 00 Allen, J. A. Foray of a colony of Formica Sanguinea upon a colony of Black Ants. 1868,* 10 Balch, D. M. On the Sodalite at Salem. 1864,* 10 Balch^D. M. Analysis of Grapes. 1865,* 10 Briggs, G. W. Memoir of D. A. White. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1864,* ... 30 Cotjes, Elliott. List of the Birds of New England, with critical notes. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1868,* 75 16 Derby, Perley. Hutchinson Family. 1 vol., 8vo. 1870,* . . . . $2 00 Endicott, C. M. Account of Leslie's Retreat. Pamphlet, 8vo. 1856. . . 25 Endicott, C. M. Account of the Piracy of the ship Friendship of Salem in 1831. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1858,* " . . 15 Essex Institute. Historical notice of, with the Constitution, By-laws, and lists of the Officers and Members. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1866, ... 25 Fowler, S. P. Account of the Life, Character, etc., of Rev. Samuel Parris, and of his connection with the Witchcraft Delusion of 1692. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1857,* 15 Gill, T. Prodome of a Monograph of the Pinnipedes (seals). I860,* . . 25 Hyatt, A. Observations on Fresh-water Polyzoa. 103 pages, 9 Plates and 25 Cuts, 8vo, 1SG8,* 2 50 Kimball's Journey to the West in 1817. Pamphlet, 8vo,* . ' . . . 15 Lord, O. P. Memoir of A. Huntington. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1871,* ... 35 McIlwraith, T. List of Birds of Hamilton, Canada West. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1836,* 15 Plummer Hall, Dedication of. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1857, 30 Preble, Ceorge Henry. The First Cruise of the United States Frigate Essex. Pamphlet, 8vo,* 1 00 Putnam's and Packard's Xotes on Humble Bees, etc. Wild Bees of New England, their Parasites, etc., with a plate. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1865,* . . 75 Salem, Town Records of. 1634 to 1659. 8vo, 1868,* 2 50 Sur.iTLEFF, C. A. Report on the Army Worm. 1862,* 10 Streeter, G. L. Account of the Newspapers and other Periodicals pub- lished in Salem. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1856,* 15 Upham, C.W. Memoir of Francis Peabody. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1869,* . . 50 Upham, C. W. Memoir of D. P. King. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1869,* ... 30 Upham, W. P. Memoir of Gen. John Glover of Marblehead. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1863,* 50 Weinland, D. F. Egg Tooth of Snakes and Lizards. Pamphlet, 8vo, with a plate, 1857,* ■ 15 Wheatland, H. Notice of the Pope Family. Pamphlet. 8vo, 1867,* . . 25 White, D. A. Covenant of the First Church. Pamphlet, Svo, 1856,* . . 10 White, D. A. New England Congregationalism. 1 vol. 8vo, 1861, . 1 00 Wilder, B. G. Researches and Experiments on Spider's silk. 1866. Cuts,* 50 Wood, Horatio C. Phalangese of United s.tates. 1868. Cuts of most of the species,* 1 50 * Those marked with a star are extra copies from the Proceedings and Historical Collections. BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX IITSTITTJTB. Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., February, 1872. No. 2. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Regular Meeting, Monday, February 5th, 1872. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. CONTINUATION OF MR. GREGORY'S REMARKS ON CALIFORNIA. J. J. H. Gregory of Marblehead continued his remarks on his journey to California. He commenced with his visit among the Mormons at Salt Lake City, and described them as a temperate, industrious, thriving and religious community. Their leader appeared to be a man of rare sense and judgment. He briefly commented on the nature of the country lying between the Mormon com- munity and San Francisco, and gave a very interesting account of his visit to the latter city and of what he saw therein. The Sabbath, by a large portion of the business people, was observed as other days. No paper money is used. Gold and silver only are circulated, and nothing less than ten cents is known. He referred to the Chinese as a neat and orderly class of people, and more susceptible to moral and religious Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 3 18 influences than many supposed. They are first met at Ogclen, and at San Francisco occupy exclusively one or more streets. They have their own amusements, includ- ing theatre, etc. ; a visit in their midst, gives one, for a time, the impression that he is in China. He noticed the mining towns many of which are nearly forsaken ; the mining regions, and showed how by the process of mining, the soil was forever rendered useless for tillage ; and the parks of big trees, of the latter many figures were given to show their size. Some of these trees are covered with bark thirty-two inches in thickness, while others, of enormous proportions otherwise, run up one hundred and twenty-four feet without losing more than a single foot in diameter. In his estimation most of the trees were not less than ten, eleven, or twelve hundred years old. The beautiful and romantic scenery of the Yo-semite valley, which was also visited, he described in a very graphic and interesting manner. FLORIDA INDIANS. The following extract of a letter from Mary R, Kimball, of Salem, a teacher among the freedmen, dated Apalach- icola, Fla., Dec. 25th, 1871, was read: — Apalachicola, December 25, 1871. I have been trying to get some information as to the Indian Mounds in this vicinity. One of the oldest of the ; 'freed people" came in to see me, and said, "I am the oldest man in this place." " Well " said I, " you are just the man I want to talk with. What do you know about those Indian mounds ? Did they live there, or did they bury in those heaps ? " " No " he said, "I have talked with some of the chiefs, and they told me that they were thrown up for defence; you will find them about every mile for a long distance. If you could find their graves, you would find buried with them a bowl of some- thing to eat, with a spoon at their head, and a rifle at their side, as they Were going to better hunting-grounds than we had here." " Why" 19 I asked, "are there so many conch shells around these places?" "They ate them as we do oysters; why, out in the woods there was a pile twenty feet high, but they have hauled many of them away to build up the roads. The different tribes and the Spanish would fight, and if you will go down to where the Flint and Chattahooche rivers fork and enter the woods, you will discover these mounds thrown up and will find skulls perforated by bullets ; I have found them myself." One of the colored men found an earthen jar last fall. He thought there was money in it, but finding none he left it in disgust. He said it would hold about two gallons. I am going to get some one to direct me to these places when I can leave, and I will do all that I can to examine them. The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — From the Buffalo Historical Society, Jan. 22; a circular of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, an account of the loss of its building, collections, library, etc., in the great fire of Oct. 9, 1871 ; Maine Historical Society, Jan.; New England Historic- Genealogical Society, Jan. 22; New York Historical Society, Jan. 22; F. D. W. French, Boston, Feb. 3; Charles B. Moore, New York, Jan. 30; Feb. 1; S. A. Nel- son, Georgetown, Jan. 16, 23; James Riker, Waverly, N. Y., Jan. 16. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Bolles, E. C. Portland Directory for 1869. 1 vol. 8vo. Brooks, Mrs. H. M. Woman's Journal for 1871. Butler, B. F., M. C. Conkling's Speech in U. S. Senate, Jan. 11, 1872. Report of the Department of Agriculture for Jan., 1872. Freke Henry. The Dependence of Life on Decomposition, by H. Freke. 8vo pamph. Dublin, 1871. Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 4. Langworthy, I. P. Catalogues of Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary for 1838-9, 1850-1, 1856-7. Perkins, Jonathan C. Catalogue of Amherst College, 1871-2. Exercises at the Semi-centennial of Amherst College, July 12, 1871. Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry. Transactions of 1855, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 70. 16 pamphlets. 8vo. Robinson, John. Railway Times. 150 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 50. Ropes, Wm. L., of Andover. Catalogue of Andover Theological Seminary, 1871-72. St. John & Coffin of New York. The Cabin Book; or National Characteristics by Chas. Sealsfield. 1 vol. 12mo. Sumner, Chas., U. S. Sen. Land Office Report for 1869. 1 vol. 8vo. Washing- ton, 1870. By Exchange. Bibliotheque Universelle et Revue Suisse. Archives des Sciences phys- iques et naturelles, Dec. 15, 1871. No. 168. 8vo. pamph. Geneve. 1871. 20 Harvard College Library. Report of the President and Treasurer of Har- vard College, 1870-71. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Seventh Annual Catalogue of the Officers and Students, 1871-2. Boston, 1872. New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Proceedings of, at the Annual Meeting, Jan. 3, 1872. Publishers. American Chemist. American Journal of Science. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Christian Register. Christian World. Essex County Mercury. Fireside Favorite. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. Shoe and Leather Journal. Horatio C. Merriam of Salem, elected a resident mem- ber. Regular Meeting, Monday, February 19, 1872. President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. PASSION PLAY AT OBER-AMMERGAU. Judge John P. Putnam of the Superior Court read a very interesting paper descriptive of the performance of the "Passion Play" at Ober-ammergau, which he wit- nessed in 1871. The audience listened with marked attention, and the Judge's description was exceedingly graphic and curious. Ober-ammer^au is a secluded village in the highlands of Bavaria, and presents, as it is gradually approached, a very picturesque appearance, nestled in a plain of green fields, with snow-capped mountains in the background, a cluster of quaint looking cottages, built of stone covered with plaster, having the low broad Swiss roof, and each with its little garden of vegetables and rose trees. In the centre is the church, an object of veneration, love and tender care, as the exquisite neatness of the interior, and 21 of the exterior with its surroundings, amply testify. The inhabitants, numbering some twelve hundred, are peasants and with few exceptions, carvers in wood, an occupation which tends to raise them above the ordinary farmer. Many of their carvings are really art works and bear marks of careful study. An atmosphere of general peace and good will seems to pervade the place, the villagers pursue the even tenor of their ways, making their faith their life, and cultivating those traits of character so essential to the performance of this duty in fulfilment of a vow made during a terrible pestilence in 1633. When the pestilence was at its height, the poor peasants vowed to God, that, if He would stay the plague, they would perform every ten years, in token of their deep gratitude, this sacred drama representing the character of Christ from His entrance into Jerusalem to His ascen- sion ; this has religiously been continued with scarcely an omission every ten years to the present time. The Judge then gave a brief outline of the history of the sacred drama ; a history which exhibits very clearly the gradual development of Christianity out of the forms and customs of Paganism, in the early period of the Church. Under the papacy of Gregory the Great the germs of the true mystery plays are found ; the Church then began to commemorate by processions with choruses, chants and dialogues, scenes of the passions and of the resurrection of the Saviour, and the various events of His life. He spoke of the popularity of these plays, in Eng- land, in the middle of the fourteenth century, and their continuance to a later period in Germany, Spain and Italy and to their final interdiction, generally, at the close of the last century. The performance of these plays has been several times prohibited ; the villagers of Ober-ammergau have however 22 always succeeded in obtaining a dispensation in their favor. The time for its last performance was 1870, but the breaking out of the war between France and Prussia compelled its postponement to the next year. To illus- trate its hold on the hearts of the people, Judge Putnam stated that the villager who personated Christ was drafted into the army, but he was permitted to wear his long hair, and so careful were the authorities and soldiers for his safety, that he was never placed in an exposed position, but was confined to garrison duty. The account of the performance was minute and impres- sive. The stage occupies about twenty thousand square feet, with a fine opportunity for grand scenic effects. The performers number in all about six hundred ; and although the services commenced at 8 A. M., and lasted eiirht or nine hours, there was nothing from beginning to end calculated to excite anything but feelings of profound emotion and reverence. Some of the spectacles were of exceeding beauty. The music was solemn and inspiring. It is not allowed to be written and no one is permitted to commit a note to pencil and paper. Two years previous to the performance the principal characters are selected, and the individual representing Christ must allow his hair to grow that length of time, also those who represent Joseph of Arimathea and many of the disciples. On the January preceding, the rehearsals commence and continue several times a week. The theatre is capable of seating some five or six thou- sand people, and entirely uncovered excepting the first and second row of boxes. The play is given on every Sunday and festival day from May to September inclusive, upwards of twenty times in all, so that during the course of the summer one hundred thousand persons can see it. Every- body seems to be inspired with the occasion — the peasants 23 of the neighboring villages, the great and fashionable world, and the ordinary tourist, were all there, as well as the Catholic Priest, the Anglican minister, and the Protes- tant dissenting minister, thus showing sympathy and favor. We shall not attempt a report of Judge Putnam's description ; it must be listened to in order to be properly appreciated. He described the opening chorus, the tab- leaux which precede and illustrate each act, the great taste and discipline which pervade the performance, and each of the eighteen or twenty acts in detail, beginning with the triumphal entrance of our Lord into Jerusalem at the rising of the curtain, and continuing through the High Priests in council ; the departure of Jesus from Bethany, and the taking leave of his mother ; the last supper ; the betrayal and the kiss ; Jesus before Caiaphas ; despair of Judas ; Christ before Pilate ; the scourging and crowning with thorns ; the sentence ; Christ bearing the cross ; the crucifixion ; and the resurrection and the ascension. There was nothing, the lecturer said, in all this to offend the most delicate taste, or that was inconsistent with devotional emotions or religious instincts. Men and women go up to the performance, once in ten years, as if it were the Mecca of their spiritual pilgrimage ; and the entire representation, when once beheld, is a scene never to be forgotton. At the close of the lecture several photographs of the scenes described were exhibited, which added much to the permanent impressiveness of his remarks, and terminated an evening of singular and profound interest and sugges- tiveness. The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — From C. C. Beaman, Cambridge, Feb. 7, 15; E. S. Joslin, Media, Penn., Feb. 9; Lucy Larcom, Boston, Feb. 17; S. A. Nelson, Georgetown, Feb. 6; William S. 24 Perry, Geneva. N. Y., Feb. 3; J. P. Putnam, Boston, Feb. 14, 4; W. Hudson Ste- phens, Lowville, N. Y., Feb. 10; Bruxelles, Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-arts, Jul. 15, 25, Aout 30; Buffalo Historical Society, Feb. 14; Dresden, Verein fur Erdkunde, Oct. 15; Geneve Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle, Oct. 1, Gorlitz. Die Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Nov. 18; Hague, Ento- mological Society of the Netherlands, Dec. 12; London, Linnaean Society, Aug. 2; Lugduno-Batavre, Bibliotheca Universitatis, July 26; St. Petersburg, La Societe Entomologique Russie, Oct. 21; Upsal, Societe Royale des Sciences, Nov. 1; Wash- ington, Smithsonian Institution, Jan. 20; Wien, Verein zur Verbreitung naturw. Kenntnisse. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Butler, Benj. F., of Washington, D. C. Speech of Hon. G. F. Hoar of Mass. in U. S. House of Reps., Jan. 25, 1872. 8vo pamph. Remarks of Hon. Ellis H. Rob- erts of New York in U. S. House of Reps., Jan. 31, 1872. 8vo pamph. Speech of Hon. Geo. C. McKee of Mississippi in U. S. House of Reps., Feb., 1872. 8vo pamph. Garrison, W. P., of New York. Constitution and By-laws of New England Society of Orange, New Jersey, 1871. 16mo pamph. Haven, Henry P. Reports concerning the Public Schools of New London, 1871. 8vo pamph. Kimball, James. Massachusetts Register for 1869. lvol.Svo. Lee, Johx C. Commercial Bulletin for Jan., Feb., 1872. National Association of Wool Manufactures. Bulletin. Vol. III. No. 1. Jan. -March, 1872. 8vo pamph. Sumner, Chas., of Washington, D. C. Laws of the United States. 3d Session, 41st Congress, 1st Session, 42d Congress. 1870-71. 8vo pamph. Unknown. Worcester Directory for 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. By Exchange. Academie Imperiale des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Bordeaux. Actes, 3e Serie, 32e Annee. 1870. ler et 2e Trimestre-*. 8vo pamph. Academie Royale des Sciences Arts et Belles-Lettres in Caen. Me- moires, 1868, 1869, 1870. 1871. 4 vols. 8vo. Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Bel- gique. Annuaire, 1871. 16mo pamph. Bulletins, 2me. Ser. T. 29, 30, 31. 1870-71. 3 pamphs. 8vo. Observations des Phenomenes Periodiques pendant 1' Annees, 1867, 8, 9. 2 pamphlets, 4to. American Philosophical Society, Proceedings of. Vol. xii, No. 87. July- Dec, 1871. 8vo pamph. Boore, A. P. Notice surun nouveau genre de Tenebrionides appartenant au Groupe des Adeliides par A. P. De Boore. 8vo pamph. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 4. Boston Public Library. Bulletin for Jan., 1872. Die Physikalisch-medicinische Societat in Erlangen. Sitzungsberichte. 3 Heft. Mai 1870 bis Aug. 1871. 8vo pamph. Publishers. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Half Yearly Com- pendium of Medical Sciences. Ilardwioke's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Quarritch's Catalogue. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Salem Observer. Shoe and Leather Journal. BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., March, 1872. No. 3. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Regular Meeting, Monday, March 4th, 1872. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. THE OLD CARVED CHAIR. From a letter of E. W. Farley, Esq., of Newcastle, Me., recently received, we learn that the curious old carved oaken chair, which was given to the Historical Society, June 27, 1821, by Robert Brookhouse, of Salem, is a complete counterpart of the one in his possession, and as far as antiquity and style are concerned, these two chairs are perhaps unequalled by any to be found in New England. Mr. Brookhouse received this chair from the family of Major John Farley, of Newcastle, Me., a native of Ipswich, Mass. Mr. Brookhouse's first wife was a daughter of said Farley, and Mr. Farley's wife was Sarah Dennis of Ipswich. This chair was one of four pieces of furniture of similar wood and carvings belong- ing to said Sarah Dennis, and was taken to Newcastle on her removal there in 1772 or 1773 — consisting of two Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 4 26 arm chairs, alike in pattern, a tape loom and a chest now in the possession of Mrs. E. G. Perkins, of Salem, having upon it the date "1634;" and there is reliable traditional evidence of the age of said furniture corresponding with the year 1634, and that these articles were brought over from England by the first emigrant of the Dennis family of Ipswich. A RELIC OF "YE OLDEN TIME," — A STONE MILL. In form the mill is mortar like, about as large as a peck measure, with the furred stone fitting so as to make an effectual grinder. It is similar to the stone mills spoken of in the Bible, which the Jewish women used. It was presented by Mr. D. L. D. Balch, of Amesbury, accom- panied by the following letter : — Amesbury, February 7, 1872. To the Officers of the Essex Institute : — Gentlemen : — In accordance with a purpose long entertained by me, I hereby offer for your acceptance the "Stone Mill" which was brought to this country by "Lieut. Francis Peabocly," in the year 1635. This "mill" has been preserved in the Peabody family from that date to the present time, mostly at Topsfleld. It was finally presented to my father, the late Israel Balch, M. D., some sixty years ago, by Jacob Feabody, and by him kept till his death in 1858. It was my father's special request that this relic of "ye olden time" should be presented to your Institute, and it is not only a duty but a pleasure to comply with the same. Trusting that this ancient memento of the ancestor of that hon- ored benefactor, the late George Feabody, may be accepted and pre- served through all coming time, I am Your obedient servant, D. L. D. Balch. HOWARD STREET CHURCH. Mr. George D. Phippen presented a communication from Rev. C. C. Beaman, formerly of this city, on "The Closing History of the Branch or Howard Street Church in Salem." Referred to the committee on publications 27 for insertion in the "Historical Collections." At a meet- ing of the Institute, Monday evening, Jan. 20tll, 18G2, Rev. Mr. Beaman read an interesting historical sketch of this church, with brief notices of the several ministers who have successively officiated in that place. This paper was printed in the "Historical Collections of the Essex Institute," Vol. iii, page 272. ■ CLEAVELAND'S JOURNALS. Mr. A. C. Goodell, Jr., read a letter from Nehemiah Cleaveland, of Westport, Conn., tendering to the Insti- tute some journals written by his grandfather, Rev. John Cleaveland, of Chebacco parish, in Ipswich. The thanks of the Institute were tendered to Mr. Cleaveland for his generous offer, and Mr. Goodell was requested to com- municate the same. The Secretary announced the following additional correspondence : — • From L. D. Gould, Boston Highlands, Feb. 23; S. A. Green, Boston, Feb. 28; B. H. Hall, Troy, N. Y., Feb. 27, Mch. 1; Francis Harrington, Boston, Feb. 23; John F. McCoy, New York, Feb. 17, 21; S. A. Nelson, Georgetown, Feb. 19, 29; John H. Sage, Hartford, Conn., March 1; W. Hudson Stephens, Lowville, N. Y., Feb. 20; A. Woodward, Franklin, Conn., Feb. 20. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Butler, Hon. B. F., of Washington, D. C Speech of Hon. Roscoe Conkling in U. S. Senate, Feb. 19, 1872. 8vo pamph. Kimball, James. Proceedings of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge, I. O. O. F. of Mass. 18S7, '8, '9, '70, '71. 9 nos. The World Almanac, 1868, '9, '70, '71, '72. Miscella- neous pamphlets, 10. Manchester Public Library. Eighteenth Annual Report of the Trustees. Dec. 31, 1870. 12mo pamph. Manning, Robert. Journal de 1' Agriculture, Tome iv, 1869, 5 nos. Tome i. ii, iii, 1870. 17 nos. Der Farmers Freund, 1871. Palfray, C. W. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 8. Perley, Edward. Directory of St. Paul for 1863. 1 vol. 8vo. Stephens, W. H. of Lowville, N. Y. Directory of Harrisburg for 1839. 1 vol. Stone, Edwin M. Thirtieth Annual Report of the Ministry at Large. Jan. 2, 1872. 8vo pamph. 28 Sumner, Hon. Chas., of Washington, D. C. Department of Agriculture for 1S70. 1 vol, 8vo. Washington, 1871. By Exchange. Entomological Society of the Netherlands in 'S Graenhague. Tijd- schrift voor Entomologie. Tweede Serie Vijfde. Deel 1-6. Aflerering, 1869-70- Zesde Deel 1, Aflerering, 1871. 7 pamphlets. 8vo. Flax Extension Association in Ireland. Third and Fourth Annual Re- ports of, for the Improvement of the Culture of Flax in Ireland, 1869-70. 2 pamphs. 12mo. Instruction for the Culture and Preparation of Flax in Ireland. 12uio pamph. Geological and Polytechnic Society of West Riding of Yorkshire, Proceedings of, 1870. 8vo pamph. Leeds, 1871. Kongliga Ventenskaps Societeten, Upsala, Sweden. Nova Acta, Ser. Ill, Vol. vii. Fasc. I, II. 1869-70. 2 pamphs. 4to. Upsalise, 1869-70. Bulletin Meteoro- logique Mensuel, Vol. ii, Nos. 1-12, 1839-70. Vol. iii, Nos. 1-6, 1870-71. L'Institute Royal Grand-Ducal de Luxemburg (Ci-devant Societe des Sciences Naturelles). Publications, Tome xi.— Annees 1869 et 1870. 8vo pamph. Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Bamberg. Bericht. 1869-70. 8vo pamph. Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Basel. Verhandlungen, Theil 5. Heft 3. 8vo pamph. Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Gorlitz. Abhandlungen, Bd. xiv, 1871. 8vo. Gorlitz. 1871. Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft "Isis" in Dresden. Sitzungs- berichte, 1871. Juli, Aug., Sept. 8vo pamph. Philosophical and Literary Society in Leeds. Annual Report, 1870-71. 8vo pamph. Leeds, 1871. Royal Society of London. Proceedings of, Vol. xviii, Nos. 119-122, Vol. xix, 123-129. 11 pamphlets. 8vo. . Societe d'Agriculture, Sciences et Arts de La Sarthe, Le Mans. Bulle- tin, Tomes xi, xii, xiii. 1870, 1871. Societe d'Anthropologie in Paris. Bulletins, Tomes iv, v. 1869-70. Societe de Physique et d'Historie Naturelle in Geneve. Memoires, Vol. xxi. part I. 4to pamph. Table des Memoires Tomes I A. xx. 4to pamph. Societe Entomologique de Russia in St. Petersburg. Horae Societatis Entomologies Rossicre, Tome vii, No. 4. Tome vii, No. 2. 1871. Societe Malacologique de Belgique in Bruxelles. Annales, Tome y. 1870. 8vo pamph. Verein zur Verbreitung Naturwissenschaftlicher Kenntnisse in Wien- Schriften, Band xi, Jahrg. 1S70-71. 16mo pamph. Bibliotheque Universelle et Revue Suisse. Archives des Sciences phy- siques et naturelles. Oct. 15, 1871. No. 166. 8vo pamph. 1871. Iowa State Historical Society. Annals of, Jan., 1872. 8vo pamph. New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. Record of, Jan., 1802. 8vo pamph. Rhode Island Historical Society. Roger Williams, a paper read before the Society, Nov. 8, 1871. By Thomas T. Stone. Svo pamph. PUBLISHERS. American Chemist. American Journal of Science and Arts. Canadian Journal. Gloucester Telegraph. Havei hill Gazette. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Shoe and Leather Journal. 29 Mr. S. A. Nelson of Georgetown read the following communication on THE METEOKOLOGY OF MOUNT WASHINGTON. The mountainous region of New Hampshire north of Lake Winnipiseogee, known as the White Mountains has a north and south extension of about sixty miles, and on a cross line is not far from thirty miles wide. The several ranges Tare naturally divided into groups, as the Moosilauke group in the southwest, the Franconia region westerly, to the south the Pemigewasset Mountains, centrally the Mount Washington group, and to the north the Stratford Peaks, together with others of less impor- tance. The Mount Washington group has an area of not far from thirty miles long and fifteen wide and has a north- east and southwest course. Centrally in this range is Mount Washington, in latitude 44°, 16', 25" and longi- tude 71°, 16', 26", west from Greenwich. The altitude is 6,293 feet and it is the highest peak in the group by 500 feet, and the highest east of *the Mississippi with the exception of Clingman's Peak in western North Carolina. Prof. Edward Tuckerman marks out four regions on Mount Washington : First, the lower forest, where are found the hard wood species of the lowlands, with the white spruce and fir, forming a dense forest. Secondly, the upper forest, composed of black spruce, fir, Frazer's bal- sam fir, a mountain ash, with rarely the canoe and yellow birch. At four thousand feet altitude these trees become dwarfed and are only found above this height in a few sheltered localities on the southern side of the mountain. The plants in the third, or sub-Alpine region, correspond to like localities in mountain regions generally, and from a little below the summit, upward, is the Alpine region, 30 with many plants native to Labrador and Greenland. The change of climate from the base to the summit is equivalent to that of several degrees north. In this paper I shall confine my remarks exclusively to the meteorological phenomena of the mountain. An ex- tended inquiry would be of greater value, but it is impos- sible to more than briefly touch upon the several points under consideration. I do not propose to discuss theories so much as to present facts to show the advantages moun- tain stations offer over those less elevated. Some of the highest authorities have held that the study of meteorology should begin from above. Among these are Biot and Poey. And why meteorologists should have been so long content to study the aspects of the weather within the narrow limits of the lower earth currents, it is hard to decide. It is true that in Europe similar observa- tions to those made on Mount Washington have been main- tained for a limited time, but never till the past year in this country, yet nowhere have they been deemed of much value. When we look through the rifts of a low running S. E. scud, and see, at an altitude of less than a mile, an upper current of cirro-cumulus rapidly moving towards the northeast, or in a fair day, observe it progressing at the rate of fifty miles an hour, while at the surface the wind is not above ten miles — a desire to investigate the phe- nomenon is aroused, and we devise ways and means to accomplish this end. Where shall we go but to some lofty mountain peak that rises to the altitude of the atmospheric current in which that stratum of cloud is drifting? East of the meridian of 105° west from Greenwich, over the whole continent, north of the N. E. trades, there is an atmospheric current constantly flowing in a 31 northerly direction. It flows in a descending plane dif- fering but slightly from that of the limit of perpetual snow. Its descent is known to be not far from 1(5,000 feet at the equator to very near the surface at the poles. Over this country its range is from about 3,000 to 12,000 feet and vertically it cannot be far from 6,000 to 8,000 feet. It varies in direction and elevation with the chan«-ino- seasons — runs lower in summer than winter — and vary- ing on different parallels, it flows near the earth when no surface wind interferes. Over New England its course is nearly W. S. W. to E. N. E., but west of the Alleghany Mountains it is more southerly. Its elevation and direc- tion also vary in the same latitude with the variations of the weather, and probably correspond with the increase and diminution of magnetic force. This is the counter-trade, and comes to us from the South Atlantic Ocean. Within it form our storms. Its ameliorating influences are seen in the southerly storms of winter, in the gentle southwest gales of April and May. Opposed to this is the dry, northwest wind which sweeps down from the Arctic regions. Many maintain that this is a surface wind. So it is when it has driven itself under the counter-trade and fills the space between that higher current and the earth. But it becomes an intermediate one whenever an easterly wind prevails at the surface, and its place is between the surface wind and the southwest- erly upper current of the counter-trade. Our records show that this frequently occurs. It is not necessary to enlarge upon this, as it is no part of my purpose to combat theories, and I only allude to it at all, that it might be seen clearly wherein Mount Wash- ington, or any isolated peak, is superior to stations less elevated, for the particular department of observations on aerial currents. 32 These advantages, at Mount Washington, we find in the elevation of more than a mile above sea-level, and that it so nearly reaches the line of perpetual snow, in the considerable height over the surrounding peaks ; in the summit being usually above the lower surface winds and lower cloud stratum. As it is, to a certain extent within the region of the higher upper currents, barometric, thermometric and hygrometric conditions obtain, which do not at lower stations, or in the same time and degree, and of value in connection with them in forecasting storms. BAROMETRIC OBSERVATIONS. It is well understood that changes in the velocity of the wind and amount of cloud, exercise a marked influence upon the barometer. These disturbing elements being in full force here, hence the sensitiveness of the in- strument and its fluctuations, as well as its wide range. Its sensitiveness is best seen in a nearly calm day when clouds are drifting over ; then the mercurial column will not rest for a moment, and yet the range for an hour may not be more than .002 to .004 of an inch. The fluctua- tions during a gale are very great, frequently from one half hour to another, half an inch or more. The range from December 1st, 1870, to May 14th, 1871, was 1.595 inches. The lowest reading corrected for temperature was 22.120 and the highest was 24.104. The first was during the great gale of December and the last towards the latter part of May. It has a wide range in the great gales, or hurricanes of winter, but not in the summer storms. Almost hourly observations were taken from 11 a.m., January 22d, to 9.30 a.m. of the 23d. This was one of the three great gales. The range was 1,116. The long- 33 est and most severe storm of all occurred in February, commencing on the 4th. Observations from 7 a. m. of the 4th to the same hour on the 5th srave a range of 1.403. Other storms gave like results. On the 21st of May thunder showers prevailed over an extended area ; but none passed over the mountain or very near. The barometer was depressed, owing more to the intensity of magnetic force than other causes as the weather was fine with us. The 22d was characteristic of the mountain. It was warm, clear and calm in the morning, with a ter- rific thunder storm at noon and wintry weather at night. At 11 a.m. the temperature was 66° — the highest during the summer with one or two exceptions — at 3 p.m. 26.° The barometric fluctuations were constantlv £oin£ on early in the morning, falling 1.124 from 8 a.m. to noon. The oscillations of the barometer were in the same time as the discharge of electricity at the telegraph table ; both in the afternoon of the 21st and on the 2 2d. Humboldt has said, speaking of the horary variations of the barometer, that "no atmospheric circumstances — neither rain, nor fair weather, nor wind, nor tempest — affects the perfect regularity of these oscillations under the tropics ; but they subsist alike at all times and in all seasons." We cannot say this of Mount Washington. On the contrary, as the diurnal variation is governed by the rate of the wind and amount of cloud, it is only in calm, clear weather that it is at the usual hours, and, as it is sel- dom clear or calm, it may be said that here it does not conform to the general law. The tables of several sta- tions in the New Hampshire Geological Report, compared with Mount Washington, show that on the mountain, there are times of high and low pressure which do not extend to the lower stations. These seem to be confined Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 5 34 to the upper atmosphere. But of the great atmospheric disturbances, covering one or more days' time, having a sweep of thousands of miles, we get, it appears from the record, the first barometric indications at lower stations. In a few instances the Mount Washington record gives earlier indications than the other stations ; this is true of the December gale. Preceding the gale of January 22d and 23d, the high- est reading was on the 19th at each place, but it was some hours in advance of Mount Washington at Hanover, N. H., and Lunenburg, Vt., where the maximum ob- tained at 7 a. m. ; at Gorham, N. EL, 2 p. m., and at Mount Washington not until 4.57 p.m. At Lunenburg and Hanover, the minimum was on the 21st ; at Mount Washington the 22d. The maximum after the gale abated was obtained at Hanover and Gorham the 25th ; at Mount Washington and Lunenburg on the 26th at 7 a.m. Lunenburg has an elevation of 1,124 feet, and the climatic conditions more nearly correspond to those of Mount Washington than the other stations above men- tioned. THERMOMETER. Although our observations in this department are not so complete as we could wish, yet they furnish much in- teresting and valuable matter, imperfect as they are. We had no spirit thermometer when we most needed it, and our mercurial instruments, though excellent, were too few in number. Dr. Kane says that " errors dependent on wind, sun and local radiation should be carefully guarded against." These remarks apply with much force to Mount Washington especially as regards radiation from clouds lying below the summit. From partial records for the year from December, 1870, to November, 1871, inclusive, I think the mean tempera- 35 ture of the year may be not far from — 5° Centigrade, equivalent to 23° Fahrenheit. It cannot possibly be so high as the zero isothermal line Centigrade. For the year, that of Montreal is 40° ; and the isothermal line of 45° passes a little south of Mount Washington, while the summit enjoys the climate of southern Greenland. The highest observed temperature was 66° ; and the lowest reliable reading of the mercurial thermometer was — 54°. On the 5th of February at 3 o'clock in the morn- ing the reading was — 59.° That it should read correctly at — 54° may be questioned. The freezing point of mer- cury is not yet well established. Dr. Kane says that "thermometers correct at — 40° and agreeing would show a difference of 15° or 20° at —60°." So it was found by Sir James Koss at Leopold Harbor. Nor does Dr. Kane regard "the contraction of colored alcohol at very low temperatures, as sufficiently investigated to enable us to arrive at the cause or quantity of error." "The freezing point of mercury varied" with him "from between — 38.5° and 41.5°." Sir Edward Belcher obtained results where the mercury descended as low as — 44°. Our thermom- eters were the Smithsonian standard in the winter, and later the standard instrument made by James Green, of New York — all excellent instruments. In the case under consideration the fall to — 54° was gradual ; but this is admitted to be no proof that the fall was not due to the contraction of the mercury after it became solid, as this frequently occurred in Dr. Kane's observatory. Of one thing I am fully assured ; and it is, that there is much to be learned regarding the freezing point of mercury. Nothing is more certain than the fact that the rise and fall of temperature, as a rule, is first obtained here. For instance, a low temperature, accompanying the easterly movement of the high, cold, upper wind current, is from 36 six to thirty-six hours earlier on Mount Washington than at lower stations. High and low temperatures are regis- tered here, which we shall "notice under winds, that do not descend to lower levels. On the other hand low tem- peratures are observed below when there is no change on the mountain. This we shall explain further on. So there are cold terms when the minimum is lower at some not distant stations than here. As with the barometer so the thermometer has no fixed hours of daily maxima and minima. At Mount Washing- ton there were seventeen 'days when the maximum was attained at 2 p.m., to ten at 7 a.m., and nine at 9 p.m., or when the readings were the same as at 2 p.m. At Mon- treal, twenty-nine at 2 p.m., to two at 7 a.m., and five at 9 p.m. At Hanover, twenty-three at 2 p.m. to four each at 7 a.m. and 9 p.m. In winter the changes are sudden and great ; often in a half-hour from 5° to 25° and at any period of the twenty-four hours. The change of temper- ature from Sunday morning, February 5th at 3 o'clock, if we call it at that hour, — 54°, to Tuesday noon follow- ing, when the thermometer indicated, in the sun, Q2°, was 116°. Thirty to forty degrees difference in a day is of common occurrence. HYGROMETRIC OBSERVATIONS Were made with sreat care. During the winter we used wet and dry bulb thermometers hung side by side., and after the warm season opened the Mason Hygrometer! With all our care these froze and so were ruined. For that locality the ordinary wet and dry bulbs are most con- venient at all times and in that moist climate require but little attention. Of these observations, Professor Cleve- land Abbe, of the Signal Office, Washington, has said "the hygrometric observations from the mountain stations 37 are of the highest importance I manage daily to derive information which foretells the coming storm, and would do so far more accurately had we two other stations distant one to three hundred miles." The hygrometer alone is a reliable instrument for de- termining the weather some time in advance of a change. On the mountain we could assure ourselves as to the weather for twelve to twenty-four hours ; and after sum- mer travel commenced our observations showed practical results daily ; inasmuch as tourists stopping at the hotel availed themselves of the information thus gained in making their arrangements for the ensuing clay. It is the hygrometer upon which we depend more than the barometer. It is seldom that the readings of the wet and dry bulbs differ more than four or five degrees, quite rare that the difference is greater than ten. In this country as great a difference as thirty-five degrees has been recorded, and in India sixty degrees. I am led to believe that however unfavorable the climate is, in some respects, to health, the exemption from coughs and colds is clue to this uniformly moist atmosphere. THE WINDS. The records show almost constant and exceedingly high velocities. Winds of from thirty to sixty miles an hour are the rule, light winds and calms the exception. In winter, ninety to one hundred miles is not uncommon, while in summer it seldom rises to ninety. The winter gales, which are westerly or northwest when attended by a low temperature, spend their fury in a gentle north wind bringing a moderation of temperature, quite frequently. This has been noticed by Dr. Hayes, by McClintock and Parry. I state the fact, but confess that L|im unable to explain the phenomenon. Here, as in the Arctic zone, 38 there are high northerly winds excessively cold, and this seems to be the normal condition of things. On the mountain this gentle north wind will change suddenly, with a rising barometer, to south or southwest, which we can understand readily to be the downward movement of the southwest counter-trade descending to our level but not passing below it. A perfect calm is of the rarest occurrence in winter, for more than an hour or two. At Hanover for three months there were reported ninety-nine calms. Easterly winds are exceptional ; out of two hun- dred and seventy observations, ten only were easterly. At Lunenburg seventy-three in the same time and Hanover forty-one. At Gorham, out of one hundred and forty- seven there were forty-one. This average holds nearly as good for the summer months. Three or four hundred feet greater elevation would place the summit above the course of the lowest surface winds. Neither do the northwest winds run much over a thousand feet higher. The altitude of 8,000 feet would undoubtedly give con- stant westerly winds. From the direction and thickness of the cloud stratum, the height of the atmospheric current may be at all times determined. On the 23d of June at 7 a.m., the cloud en- veloping the summit was unusually dense ; the wind near the depot, southeast, in puffs, and calms, and nine miles per hour. On the roof of the hotel it was southwest and fifteen miles at least. An hour later the rain was pouring in torrents, and at the depot the wind had changed to southwest, thirteen miles an hour. These records show that gentle westerly winds may prevail on the summit, while below, at stations near and remote, the wind is easterly and tempestuous. They show, too, that the heavy gales qf the winter were first felt on the mountain. The northwest wind sweeping southward, pushes up, 39 wedges itself under the current-trade, as it were (for atmospheric currents do not mingle, but stratify, the Ilun- ton'an theory to the contrary notwithstanding), gradu- ally descending to the sea-level. Of one summer high wind there is a partial report. June 8th at 5 p.m., the gale arose on the mountain reach- ing its height at 1 a.m., the 9th. At Bethlehem, N. H., fifteen miles west (1,800 feet above the level of the sea), there was a gentle breeze till 11 p. m., the 8th, but from that hour to 5 a.m., the 9th, the wind was high. At Beth- lehem a cool, windy day followed, but on the mountain it was nearly calm and mild. Nor did it reach its high- est point at Hanover till it had abated on Mount Wash- ington. CLOUDS. It is obvious that the higher upper currents, especially of cirrus, which often floats at an elevation of 21,000 feet, will not present any very marked difference at the altitude of a little more than a mile. Generally it is dur- ing the transition stage into cirro-stratus or cirro-cumulus that we find this elevation advantageous. It becomes decidedly so when we would study the lower cloud-forms or observe the condensation of an approaching storm. As is well known, the higher upper current of cirrus is a westerly one, that it has* a movement from west, or south of west, eastward. Passing into any sub-form the course may be from any point between S. S. W. and N. N. W. The lower currents of cumuli, which are rare in winter, and the stratus run low, seldom rising to the level of the summit. The stratus of winter is often extended over an area of several hundred square miles, and rarely has a greater average thickness, in the vicinity of the moun- tain, and probably not elsewhere, than 1,000 feet. It is doubtful if, in this latitude, it ever exceeds 3,000 40 feet. Yet it is this thin stratum of cloud that gives the lowlands so many gloomy days in winter, while on the mountain there is no cloud from sunrise to sunset. It is on such days, when it is serene there and cloudy below, that we have a high temperature comparatively. This has been noticed in Europe. On the Brocken, in winter, under similar conditions, it is warmer than at Berlin. In April there was the finest possible display of cumuli, an immense mass of cloud many thousand feet vertically and miles in extent. We may see the lower currents moving in different directions at the same time. Imme- diately around the mountains if they run low, they follow the line of the several ranges. It is not unusual at all seasons to see them on a S. E. course south of Mount Washington, and north of Mount Adams a S. W. one at the same time. Condensation may be going on at one point, in a contrary one, but a few miles distant, the cloud is re-dissolving. A distinguished French savant has said that he never saw, on the Alps, the formation of a cloud. A close observer, living on Mount Washington will have many opportunities to witness condensation over the sum- mit. We did frequently, and Dr. Brewer of Boston has informed me that he once observed this on Mt. Washing- ton. [To be continued.] BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., April, 1872. No. 4. One Dollar a Year' in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Regular Meeting, Monday, March 4th, 1872. [Continued.] STORMS. In observations on an approaching storm the eleva- tion of 6,000 feet is important, inasmuch as the observer is above the lower strata, the "storm-scud." Here he may note the changes in kind and relative position of the several cloud strata from the moment the storm is seen along the western horizon, two hundred miles distant, till it shall envelop the lofty peak of Mount Washington. The elevation of a storm moving east can be seen as far dis- tant as New York City. When condensation advances but little faster than the storm line, it is a more interesting study than when the condensation is goins: on for davs, and over a wide ex- tent of country at the same time. If rapid and with the storm, we notice at an immense height the "polar bands" of cirrus, lower, cirro-stratus, or cirro-cumulus. From Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 6 42 the first until it breaks on us, the progressive move- ment is traced on a north and south line — west of that line is the storm — east, fair weather ; the upper current precedes somewhat the lower stratus, or "scud." When the line is within a hundred miles we see this more plainly. The under current of stratus — a condensation in advance of the storm — is gradually spreading out on every side. Towards night the prominent landmarks are hidden from view. We can see that the lower stratus current is run- ning under the advancing cloud. The cloud shuts down upon the mountain, all about us an easterly storm is rag- ing, here it is a southwesterly or westerly one. A storm presenting its southern side to us is not so interesting, as it condenses most rapidly on this side. On the summit there are sometimes southeasterly storms, but seldom one north of east.* The great storm of October 4th, 1869, was from this direction, as was one short but severe gale and heavy rain of March last. AURORA BOREALIS. We witnessed many fine Auroras, but no new facts regarding them are on record. It is to be regretted that we were not prepared to observe to some extent, electri- cal phenomena, particularly in connection with auroral storms. The only peculiar features noticed were the apparent nearness to the earth of the auroral waves, as a rule ; and three times, displays when the moon was past the first quarter. Our line, or our end of the line, gave us much trouble at such times. With the insulated wire of the mountain station three miles in length, there is afforded an opportunity for the study of electric cur- rents in the terrestrial strata as well as atmospheric cur- rents such as is seldom offered. The mountain is a gigan- tic insulator, no "ground" being obtainable on the summit. 43 ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY. I had an opportunity of observing in our lino the effects of the thunder showers of the 21st of May. Being alone, I could not pay that attention to the several phenomena which I desired. We had a very sensitive compass which we used as a galvanometer. Tlje oscillations of the needle were followed by a report of distant thunder. As the •shower was fifteen or twenty miles distant, several seconds elapsed between the deviation of the needle and the re- port. The instruments were not "cut out" at first so that I obtained simultaneously with the oscillation of the needle, the click of the armature. I could now time the oscilla- tions of the barometer. These I found to correspond to the oscillations of the needle in time and amount with the intensity of the current. I did not continue these experi- ments long from fear of injury to the instrument, and possibly injury to myself. The next day there was a succession of showrers, with one at noon on the summit continuing an hour, during which time the depot was struck five times. Early in the morning, I had taken the precaution to connect the rails by an iron bar, and this I think saved the building from dam- age. It is said that, since the road was completed, scarcely a day passes, when there are not electrical discharges on the mountain, but that many of these seek the track, as the best conductor, following it to some point near the river at the terminus. In view of the terrible results attending mountain thunder storms, to those so unfortu- nate as to encounter them, of which we have accounts of large parties perishing together by a single discharge of electric fire, we might be surprised to learn that no harm was ever done buildings or persons on Mount Washington, although the hotel has more than once been struck. Is 44 not this exemption clue to the fact that the summit is in- sulated? and that the electric current seeks a more favor- able path to the earth? I have noticed repeated dis- charges earthward, over Raymond's Cascade, in the Great Gulf in a single shower. AQUEOUS PHENOMENA. It frequently rains at a temperature of 28° and at times with even a lower reading. It is not uncommon for it to snow furiously when the reading is as high as 37.° The warm waves descending to the level of the summit bring rain even in January. Owing to the violence of the wind, measurements of rain and snow are practically use- less. Although the fall of snow is very great, rarely more than two or three feet lie long. The quantity held in suspension during a gale is astonishing. From November to April it is, that of all high Alpine regions, a dry impalpable powder. A snow-flake mentioned in the Press telegram of January 8th as "new," which was the cause of considerable merriment to a certain class of public journals, may be described as pyramids of six sides base depressed with the sides corresponding to the exte- rior. It seems that Capt. Parry saw this form of snow- flake in one of his voyages and described it in his report. Of the frost formations, very beautiful, the highest charm of winter mountain scenery, it is only necessary to remark, that the forms are due to certain conditions of the wind, and that it is built up by aggregations of minute speciiia of ice, the condensation of vapor at an extremely low temperature. Doubtless electricity plays an important part in the work, as it is only with westerly winds that it forms. At a higher temperature than that necessary for the frost formation, ice makes on the rocks and surface of the 45 snow, a solid blue ice. This disappears during hi<*h north-west gales as the cold, dry N. W. wind, full of positive electricity sweeps over the mountains. Late in December a singular ice formation was discovered. I have searched meteorological works for a description, but have not yet found whether it is known or not. It is a transparent ice on the surface of rocks: cellular in struc- ture, the cells mainly hexagonal, some triangular and a few of an indefinable form. The cells averaged about .25 inches in depth by .15 to .20 of an inch in breath. To sum up results, we may add that mountain observa- tories are of the highest importance in the elucidation of climatological problems. The advantages secured are of direct, practical benefit in the daily forecasts of storms. Let the signal Office establish them, wherever practicable, throughout the country, and meteorology will be advanced shortly to the dignity of a science, a claim hardly compatible with the facts at the present time. After Mr. Nelson had concluded the reading of his interestins; communication, the following votes were unan- imously adopted : — Voted, That the Secretary be requested to tender to Hon. Judge Putnam of the Superior Court, the thanks of the Essex Institute for his interesting and instructive lec- ture delivered at our last meeting, giving a very vivid and graphic account of his visit to Ober-ammergau during the performance of the Passion Play in the summer of 1871. Voted, That the Secretary be requested to transmit to Mr. S. A. Nelson of Georgetown the thanks of the Essex Institute for his interesting communication, giving a clear and succinct account of the results of the meteorological observations made during a residence on the top of Mount Washington in the winter of 1870-71. Adjourned. 46 Begular Meeting, Monday, March 18th, 1872. The President in the chair. Becorcls of preceding meeting read. The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — From Pennsylvania Historical Society, Men. 7: Charles C Abbott, Trenton, X. J., Mch. 15; J. M. Culler, Salem, Men. 14; Henry Cook, Boston, March 11; Robert Howell, Nichols, Tioga Co., N. Y., Feb. 7; E. M. Stone, Providence, R. I., Mch. 12; William H. Yeomans, Columbia, Conn., March 4. The Librarian announced the following additions : — By Donation. Abbott, C C, of Trenton, N. J. The Works of Thomas Chalkley. 1 vol. 8vo. Phila. 1749. Printed by B. Franklin & D. Hall. American Philological Association. Proceedings of the Third Annual Session held at New Haven, Conn., July, 1871. 8vo pamph. Bolles, E. C. Address by Rob't B. Fairburn in Hartford, Conn., July 12, 1871. 8vo pamph. Assay of Gold and Silver by Thomas M. Blossom. 12mo pamph. Butler, B. F., M. C. Frelinghuysen's Speech in U. S. Sen., Feb. 26, 1872. Foote, Caleb. Files of several County papers for Jan., Feb., Mch., 1872. Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 11. Ives, Mrs. Bestj. H. True Christian Religion. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston. 1833. New Jerusalem Magazine. 2 vols. 8vo. Boston. 1833-4. Liberal Preacher. 1 vol. 8vo. Sermons by Rev. A. Bancroft. 1 vol. Svo. Worcester. 1822. American Journal of Geology and Natural Science. 1831. 1 vol. Svo. Analogy of Religion. 1vol. Svo. Hartford. 1819. Bible News. 1 vol. Svo. Boston. 1812. Worship and Love of God. 1 vol. 12mo. Naturalists' Pocket Book. 1 vol. 12mo. Unitarian Mis- cellany. lvol.l2mo. Insect Architecture. ' 1 vol. 16mo. Insect Transformation. 1 vol. Kmio. Formation of the Christian Character. 1 vol." ISnio. Times of the Saviour. 1 vol. lGmo. Christian Monitor. 1 vol. ISmo. Alphabet of Insects. 1 vol. 18mo. History of Insects. 1 vol. lGmo. New Church Doctrine. 1 vol. 12mo. The Pursuit of Knowledge. 1 vol. 12mo. Packard, A. S., Jr. The Development of Limulus Polyphemus by donor. Riches, W. S., of Columbus, Ohio. Cincinnati Directories for 1857-8. 2 vols. Svo. Ohio State Register. 18o7. 1 vol. Svo. C. C. C. and I. R. R. Gazetteer. 1870-1. 1 vol. Svo. Columbus Directories, 1855, 18(57-8, 18(>9-70. State Board of Health of Massachusetts. Third Annual Report. Jan. 1872. Svo pamph. SUMNER, CHARLES, of U. S. Senate. Speech of, in U. S. Senate. Feb. 2S, 1S72. TJ. S. LIBRARY of Congress. Catalogue of Books added to the Library of Congress in 1870. 1 vol. 4to. Congressional Directory, 42d Congress, 2d Session. Svo pamph. YEOMANS, Wm. H., of Columbia, Conn. Public and Private Acts and Resolu- tions of Conn, for 1812-18(14. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 48. 47 By Exchange. American Antiquarian Society, Worcester. Proceedings of, Oct. 21, 1871. No. 57. 8vo pamph. New Jersey Historical Society. Proceedings of, Vol. ir. No. 4. 1871. New York Lyceum of Naturae History. Annals of. Vol. X . Nos. l-">. Publishers. American Naturalist. Christian World. Gardner's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Essex County Mercury. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peahody Press. Sailors' Mag- azine and Seamen's Friend. Salem Observer. Shoe and Leather Journal. Sothe- ran's Catalogue. Western Lancet. ESSEX COUNTY SPIDERS. J. H. Emerton exhibited his collection of spiders from the neighborhood of Salem and gave a general account of the classification of spiders, illustrated by sketches of some of our common species. The collection contained some eight hundred specimens, representing one hundred and sixty species of the following suborders : — Orbitelarias (round web spiders) 29 species. Ketitelarise (net spiders) 33 " Tubitelariae (tube spiders) 43 " Citigradse (wolf spiders) 19 " Saltigradae (jum ping spiders) 20 " Laterigradse (crab spiders) 16 " The Orbitelarise were represented by the large black and yellow Epeira riparia Hentz, one of our most con- spicuous spiders which can hardly escape the notice of any one who goes into the country in August, by Epeira vulgaris, the brown and gray spider, which spins round webs everywhere about our yards and barns, Epeira tri- folium, one of our largest Epeiras, with round purple abdomen marked with white spots, and the less familiar species with thorny and odd shaped abdomens, Epeira stellata and spinea. Among the Ketitelariae were Theridion vulgare Hentz, perhaps the most common of all our house spiders whose webs occupy the corners of our rooms at all seasons, and 48 our common Linyphia marmarata, L. communis, and L. costata, conspicuous by their bright colors and curious and complicated webs. Of the Tubitelariae perhaps the most familiar was the common Agelena ncevia Hentz, whose webs are seen on dewy mornings almost covering the grass in our fields, each web sloping toward a tube in which the spider waits. Among the Citigradse were some specimens of Lycosa Carolinensis Hentz, the largest of the group, whose feet extend over three inches. One of these was caught in Saugus and another in Andover. The Saltigradse were represented by our little gray jumping spider, Ejpiblemum faustum Hentz, which is seen on walls in the sunshine running with equal facility backward, forward or sideways, and our large gray Attus which may be found at almost any season, in thick white cocoons under stones. The Laterigradse included the large white Thomisus fartus Hentz, which lives on flowers in gardens and is often brought into the house upon them, and the dingy gray Thomisus vulgaris Hentz, so common on fences, where it can hardly be distinguished from unpainted wood. The collection was arranged in tube bottles which were pinned by the corks in trays. Regular Meeting, Monday, April 1st, 1872. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The Secretary announced the following additional correspondence : — 49 From Henry A. Breed, Lynn, Men. 20; J. J. H. Gregory, Marblehead, Men. 20; J.C.Holmes, Detroit, Mich., March 18; Yeomans, William II.. Columbia, Conn., March 22; Augsburg Naturhistorischer Verein, Dec. 4; Bern, Die Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Dec; Boston Public Library, March 18, 22; Cincinnati Public Library, Mch. 20, 27 ; Konigsberg, Physikalisch occonomische Gesellschaft, Dec. 10; Lisbonne, Academie Royale des Sciences, Oct. 5; Mans, Societ*d' Agriculture Sciences et Arts, Nov. 20; Neuchatel, Societe des Sciences Naturelles, Nov. 24; Wien, Kaiserliche Akademie, des Wissenschal'ten, Jan'y 7; Zurich, Naturfor- schende Gesellschaft, Aug. 18. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Bolles, E. C. Address of J. A. Bolles, L.L.D., delivered at the fiftieth Annual Commencement of the National Medical College, Mch. 7, 1872. Brooks, Henry M. Tristram Shandy, 3 vols. 16mo. Vicar of Wakefield, 1 vol. 16mo. Management of the Tongue, 1 vol. 16mo. Poetical Works of Oliver Gold- smith, 1 vol. Kimo. Histoire de Charles XII, 1 vol. 16mo. Federal Calculator, 1 vol. 12mo. Triumphs of Temper, 1 vol. 16mo. Trials of a School Girl, 1 vol. lGmo. Handbook i Takling, 1 vol. 12mo. Prophecy of Dante, 1 vol. 16mo. Lara, 1 vol. 16mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 12. Butler, B. F., of U. S. H. R. Carpenter's Speech in U. S. Sen., Feb. 29, 1872. Report of the Department of Agriculture for Feb., 1872. Harlan's Speech in U. S. Sen., Feb. 28, 1872. Cabot, Joseph S. American Turf Register, 9 vols. 8vo. Scriptores Romani, 21 vols. 12mo. Southern Review, 5 vols. 8vo. New York Review, 8 vols. 8vo. Mass. Register & U. S. Calendar, 1808-1838, 35 vols. 16mo. Universal Magazine, 3 vols. 8vo. Henry's Chemistry, 2 vols. 12mo. Stewart on the Mind, 1 vol.Svo. Southern Review, 5 nos. New York Review, 4 nos. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C. Statistics of Population. Ninth Census, 1870. Tables I-VIII. 1 vol. 4to. Holmes, John C, of Detroit, Mich. Twentieth Annual Report of the Board of Water Commissioners of Detroit for 1871. Levette, G. M., of Indianapolis, Ind. Geological Survey of Indiana by E. T. Cox, 1 vol. 8vo. Little, Brown & Co., of Boston. Divinity of Christ, 1 vol. 16mo. Boston, 1872. Neal, Theo. A. Fleet's Almanack, 1792. 1 vol. 16mo. Postes de France, 1785. 1 vol. 16mo. Secretary of State of Mass. Mass. Public Documents for 1870, 4 vols. 8vo. Acts and Resolves of Mass. passed in 1871, 1 vol. 8vo. Unknown. Annual Report of the Selectmen of Wenham. Year ending Feb. 16, 1872. Annual Report of the School Committee of Wenham. Year ending Mch., 1872. Woodman, Cyrus, of Cambridge. Records of the Proprietors of Narraganset Township, No. I (now the Town of Buxton), 1733-1811. 1 vol. 8vo. Privately printed. By Exchange. Archiv der Anthropologie (Hrsg V. A. Ecker, L. Lindenschmit) in Braun- schweig. Band V, Heft 1. 4to pamph. 1871. Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliologie. 3e Serie. Tome xi. No. 4. Institut National Genevois in Geneve. Bulletin, No. 35, Vol. xvi, pp. 225 385. 1870. Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 7 50 KONIGLICH PHYSIKALISCH-OKOXOMISCHE GESELLSCHAFT IN K6NIGSBERG. Schriften, 18(50-1870, inc. 16 pamphlets. 4to. Mass. Agricultural College, Amherst. Ninth Annual Report of the Trus- tees of. Jan., 1872. Minnesota Historical Society. Annual Report of, 1871. Naturforsqiiende Gesellschaft in Bern. Mittheilungen, No. 711-744, 1871. Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Freiburg. Foitschrift herausgegeben zur Feier des fiinfzig jahrigen Jublilaums. Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zurich. Vierteljahrsschrift, Jahrg. xv. 1870. 4 pamphlets, 12mo. Naturhistorischer Verein in Augsburg. Bench fc, 1871. Physikalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft in Wurzburg. Verhandlungen Neue Folge, ii Band, 3 Heft. Societe D'Acclimation. Bulletin Mensuel, Tome viii, 2me. Serie Jan.-Nov., 1871. 6 pamphlets, 8vo. La Production Animale et Vegetale, 8vo pamph. Societe des Sciences Naturelles in Neuchatel. Bulletin, Tome ix, ler Cahier. Publishers. American Chemist. Essex County Mercury. Gloucester Tele- graph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. Mr. James Kimball read a copy of a contract, which he had found among the county records, between an inhab- itant of Salem and the town of Saybrook, Conn., the for- mer to furnish the latter with a pair of colors for the mil- itary company of the town in 1675. Thes presents witness yt I, Samuel Crampton of Salem, doe ingage to furnish ye towne of Saybrook, in }re county of New London, with a pr of coll ares fitt for ye company ; of dabble sarsnet, red, with a white field to shew the red cross; a flag staf and tassells sutable. To be sent the first opportunity after the first of May next, & upon ye receipt whereof wee, whose names are underwritten, doe ingage to pay unto ye sd Samuel Crampton, or his order, the sum of five pounds in pease & rye at three shillings per bushel, provided y* ye sd collures be of ye sd kind, one & three quarters on ye staff, two yds. & one quarter florish, with a blew ball in ye sd collures, Avhich sd pai- ment is to be made at or before the first day of Oct. next insuing ye date hearof, as witness our hands this 30th March, 1675. William Pratt, Abraham Post. 51 I underwritten doe bind myselfe & heires to pay or cause to be paid to Samuel Crampton of Salem or bis assigns the just sum of four pounds & Six pence in pailes at 10s. a dozen, & half bushels at 20s. per dozen, to be deliveied at Middleton at ye landing place by Goodman Seasea^e at or before the last of Sept. after.y6 date herof. March 27, 1675. John Willock. I underwritten bind myselfe & heires to pay Samuel Crampton of Salem six bushels & one half of indian corne to be delivered at Wethersfield landing place at or before, &c. March 24, 1675. Samuel Butler. Nathaniel Graye also binds himself to pay the same as Samuel Butler. Entered as a memorandum or caution per me Hillard Veren, Recorder, this 23 d. 8 mo., :76. Reg. Deeds, Book 4, Lea/ 414. The red cross with which this banner was to be pro- vided called up the story of Endicott and the red cross as graphically related by Hawthorne in his "Twice Told Tales," — the act of Endicott, in tearing the cross from the banner, showing his republican instinct was bold and defiant. The Massachusetts Records were also quoted, showing the action of the General Court then held at "New Towne," censuring Endicott for his act, and pro- hibiting him from holding office for a year. He protested against the action, and it was then voted that he be com- mitted for contempt in protesting ; but, upon an acknowl- edgment of his offence, he was dismissed. These records constitute the foundation of Hawthorne's graphic story. It was that spirit of liberty which was abroad in Massa- chusetts and which, from time to time, thus cropped out, 52 that caused, at the hands of the mother country, the imposition of those oaths of allegiance required of all judicial officers, sheriffs and other officials in the provin- cial period of our history. The following were read, as illustrations of the same : — OATHS APPOINTED TO BE TAKEN INSTEAD OF THE OATHS OF ALLEGIANCE AND SUPREMACY : AND DECLARATION. I A. B. Do sincerely Promise and Swear, That I will be faithful and bear true Allegiance to His Majesty KING GEORGE. So Help me GOB . I A. B. Do Swear, That I do from my Heart, abhor, detest and abjure as Impious and Heretical, that damnable Doctrine and Position, that Princes Excommunicated, or deprived by the Pope or any Authority of the See of Borne, may be Deposed or Murthered by their Subjects, or any other whatsoever ; And I do declare that no For- ein Prince, Person, Prelate, State or Potentate, hath or ought to have any Jurisdiction, Power, Superiority, Pre- eminence or Authority, Ecclesiastical or Spiritual, within the Realm of GREAT BRITAIN. So Help me GOB. I A. B. Do solemnly and sincerely in the presence of GOD, Profess, Testify and Declare, That I do believe that in the Sacrament of the LORDS SUPPER, there is not any Transubstantiation of the Elements of BrBad and Wine into the Body and Blood of CHRIST, at or after the Consecration thereof by any Person whatsoever : And that the Invocation or Adoration of the Virgin Mary, or any other Saint, and the Sacrifice of the Mass, as they are now used in the Church of Borne, are Superstitious and Idolatrous. And I do solemnly in the Presence of GOD, Profess, Testify and Declare, That I do make this Declaration and every part thereof, in the plain and ordi- nary sense of the Words Read unto me, as they are com- 53 monly understood by English Protestants^ without, any Evasion, Equivocation or mental Reservation whatsoever; and without any Dispensation already granted me for this purpose by the Pope or any Authority or Person whatso- ever; or without any Hope of any such Dispensation from any Authority or Person whatsoever, or without Thinking that I am or can be acquitted before GOD or Man, or absolved of this Declaration or any Part thereof, although the Pope or any other Person 'or Persons or Power whatsoever, should dispense with or annul the same, or declare that it was null and void from the begin- ning. Jos. Wolcot. Salem, ye 26th of March, 1722. Josiah Wolcot, Esq., personally appearing, took the several Oaths of Allegiance & Supremacy & subscribed the above Declaration with the Oath of Abjuration. And also was sworn to the due performance of his office of one of the Justices of his Maj'tys Peise & Court of Comon Pleas for the County of Essex. Taken before us, Benj. Lynde, ) n , . ,, . , , ^ ., John Turner, \ of hlB MaJest>' s Co,mclL Theophilus Buerill. Jurat the 21st day of May, 1722. Before us, J^m T^e^, \ of Ins Majesty's Council. Wm. Gedney. Salem, Essex, ss. Jurat the 19th clay of July, 1722. Cor. Benj. Lynde, ) ,, , . ,, . , , ^ ., T rr, > or his Maiesty s Council. John Iurnek, 5 John Williams. Essex, ss, Salem, the 7th of Aug't, 1722. Mr. John Williams personally appearing took the sev- eral Oaths & Declarations above, -with the Oath of Abju- 54 ration & was also Sworn to his Office of Deputy Sheriff of the County of Essex. 0 r Benj. Lynde, ': P , • ™ • , , ^ ., rJeiore us, T rp : or his Maiesty s Counci. ' John .Turner, ) J J 1 A. B. Do truly and sincerely Acknowledge, Profess, Testitie and Declare in my Conscience, before GOD and the World, That Our Sovereign Lord KING GEORGE is Lawful and Rightful KING of the Realm of Great Britain and of all other His Majesties Dominions and Countries thereunto belonging; ( And I do solemnly and sincerely Declare, That I do believe in my Conscience, that the Person pretended to be Prince of Wales during the Life of the Late King James, and since his decease pretending to be, and taking upon himself the Stile and Title of King of England, by the name of 'James the Third, hath not any Right or Title whatsoever to the down of the Realm of Great Britain, or any other the Dominions there-to belonging; And 1 do Renounce, Re- fuse and Abjure any Allegiance or Obedience to him. ) And I do Swear, That I will bear Faith and true Alle- giance to KING GEORGE, and Him will Defend to the utmost of my Power, against nil Traiterous Conspira- cies and Attempts whatsoever against His Person, Crown, or Dignity ; And I will do my utmost endeavor to dis- close or make known to His Majesty and His Successors, all Treasons and Traiterous Conspiracies which I shall know to be against Him or any of them ; And I do faith- fully promise to the utmost of my Power, to Support, Maintain and Defend the Limitation and Succession of the Crown ( against him the said James, and all other Persons whatsoever ) as the same ( by an Act, Intituled, An Act for the further Limitation of the Crown, and better Securing the Rights and Liberties of the Subject) is and stands limited to the Princess Sophia, Electress and Dutchess-Dowager of Hanover, and the Heirs of Her Body, being Protestants. And all these Things I do plainly and sincerely Acknowledge and Swear, according to these express words by me Spoken, and according to the Plain and Common Sense and Understanding of the same Words, without any Equivocation, Mental Evasion, or Secret Reservation whatsoever. And I do make this Recognition, Acknowledgment, Abjuration, Renuueiatioa and Promise, Heartily, Willingly and Truely, upon the true Faith of a Christian. So Help we GOD. JOS. WOLCOT. Capt. the 26 : of March, 1722. Cor. Benj. Lynde, )»-..***.,,,>, .-, John Turner, \ of h,s MaJcst>/ s CounciL TlIEOPIIILUS BuiiRILL. Jurat the 21th day of May, 1722. j, „ Benj. Lynde, ; ,. , . ,r . , ~ .. Before us, Jqhn Tuijner> \ of his Majesty s Council. Wm. Gedney. Essex, ss, Salem, 19th of July, 1722. Jurat, Cor. Benj. Lynde, ) , , . , r . , , n ., T rp > oi his Maiesty s Council. John Turner, $ John Williams. Essex, ss, Salem, the 7th of Ang't, 1722. Mr. John Williams took the above Oath before us, Benj. Lynde, ) n .,,.,, n ., T rp > 01 his Maiesty s Council. John Iurner, 5 Mr. F. W. Putnam read a communication from Commo- dore B. F. Sands of the United States Naval Observatory requesting the several scientific societies to memorialize congress for an appropriation to defray the expenses for a due observation of the Transit of Venus in December, 1874. Referred to a committee consisting of Messrs. Kimball, Upham, and the chair to report at the next meeting. Adj. 56 Regular Meeting, Monday, April 15, 1872. President in the chair. Records read. The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — From George Derby, Boston, April 3; J. Munsell, Albany, April 6; D. Van Nos- trand. New York, April 8; Baltimore, Peabody Institute, April 4; Boston Public Library, April 2; Buffalo Historical Society, April 3; Cincinnati Public Library, April 3, 4 ; Minnesota Historical Society, April 9 ; New Jersey Historical Society, Men. 30; New York Lyceum of Natural History, April 8; Ohio Historical and Phil- osophical Society, April 5. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Board of Public Charities, Phila., Penn. Second Annual Report, 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C Statistics of Wealth, Tax- ation and Public Indebtedness. 4to pamph. 1871. Foster, John, Boston. History oft" the Foster Family, of Ipswich. 1 vol. 8vo. Garfield, J. A., M. C Smithsonian Report, 1870. 1vol. 8vo. Munsell, Joel, of Albany, N. Y. Chips for the Chimney Corner. 1 vol. lOmo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 28. Office of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. A. Report of the Chief of Engi- neers, 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Parker, Wm. B. A Golden Chaine, or the Description of Theologie. 1 vol. 4to London. 1035. Peabody Library, of Georgetown, Mass. Report of the Trustees, 1872. Perry, Rev. W. S., of Geneva, N. Y. Papers relating to the History of the Church of Pennsylvania, 1080-1778. 1 vol. 4to. Privately printed. Sheppard, John H., Boston. Sketch of Commodore Sam'l Tucker and Descrip- tion of the New Masonic Temple in Boston. 8vo pamph. 1872. By Exchange. Albany Institute. Proceedings of the. Vol. i, Pt. II. 1871. Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings. Vol. xiv, sigs. 8-U. Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio. Journal. Vol. i,Pt.I. 1872. New England Historical and Genealogical Society. Register and Jour- nal for April, 1872. New Jersey Historical Society. Collections of. Vol. 7. 1 vol. Svo. 1872. New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. Genealogical and Biographical Record for Apr., 1872. Vermont State Library. Transactions of the Vermont Dairymen's Associa- tion, 1870-1. PUBLISHERS. American Naturalist. Christian World. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. BULLETIN OF THE ESSE3X1 UsTSTITUTE. Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., May, 1872. No. 5. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Eegular Meeting, Monday, April 15, 1872. [ Continued.] ON THE TRANSIT OF VENUS. The committee to whom was referred the resolution offered by Mr. F. W. Putnam at the last meeting of the Institute to memorialize Congress for an appropriation to defray the necessary expenses of observations of the approaching Transit of Venus REPORT. That this subject has received the favorable considera- tion of several of the European governments, and prepara- tions are being made by them for a thorough observation of the coming Transit of Venus, which will occur on December 8, 1874. In Russia, whose territory presents many favorable points for observation of the phenomenon, a committee, organized by Prof. Striive, has had under consideration, during the past two years, the establish- ment of a chain of observers at positions one hundred miles apart along the region between Kamtschatka and Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 8 58 the Black Sea. The principal astronomers of Germany have held two conferences, each of several days' dura- tion, which have resulted in a decision to furnish four stations for heliometric observation of the planet during its transit ; one of these will be in Japan or China, and the others probably at Mauritius, Kerguelen's and Auckland Islands, and some of these will also be equipped for photographic observations. A French commission on the subject sat before the war, and reported to the Bureau cles Longitudes that it was desirable for their government to provide for observing stations at Saint Paul's Islands and Amsterdam, Yokohama, Tahita, Noumea, Mascate and Suez. Lately the Academy of Sciences has applied to the Government for the requisite funds. The British preparations are probably more advanced than those of any other country. The astronomer royal first called attention to the transit in 1857, and again in 1864. In 1868 he began to shape definite plans, selected the ob- serving stations, and opened communications with the Government upon the financial requirements of the under- taking. In view of these facts it is desirable that the United States Congress, though having appointed a commission at its last session, should at an early day make provision that will enable this commission to place a corps of obser- vers in the field, provided with suitable apparatus and abundant means to conduct in a proper manner the obser- vations of this approaching transit of Venus. It will require time to arrange the apparatus, some of which will undoubtedly have to be made for the occasion — conferences will be essential with the observers of other countries, so that the plans of observation may be in strict harmony with each other, and, before the posi- tions are finally decided upon, the intentions of the other nations should be fully known. The personnel of the various observing expeditions should be agreed upon and commence practice with the time and position instruments. At Woolwich a tempo- rary observatory has been fitted up, with the object of forming a more accessible school of observation. At the 59 several positions the erection of temporary observatories will be required, and a residence of the observers for three or four months to ascertain the absolute local time of the phenomenon and the exact longitude. This accord- ingly increases the extent of preparation. Your committee would recommend the adoption of the following memorial and resolves : — To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives in Congress assembled : The Essex Institute, an organization located at Salem, in the State of Massachusetts, for the promotion of Sci- ence, Literature and the Arts, respectfully memorialize your Honorable Bodies to take into consideration the pro- priety of granting a suitable appropriation to enable the scientific corps connected with the Executive Branch of the Government, and such others as may be associated with them, to make a thorough and accurate observation of the approaching transit of Venus. Resolved, That the President and Secretary be author- ized to sign the above memorial in behalf of the Essex Institute and that the Secretary transmit the same, with a certified copy of the doings of the Institute in relation thereto, to the Hon. B. F. Butler, the Representative in Congress from this district, with a request to present the same and to use all proper means to secure a favorable consideration of this measure. H. Wheatland, ^ James Kimball, > Committee. W. P. Upham, ) ANCIENT TOPOGRAPHY OF SALEM. James Kimball, Esq., exhibited a map showing the bid topography of Salem and presented the results of a careful examination of the early records of the county of Essex, for the purpose of gleaning a class of historical 60 facts hitherto neglected, and tending to give ns a clearer insight into the early history of the first settlement at Salem, more especially in reference to the ancient topog- raphy of its territory, its development and adaptation to the wants and uses of civilized life. Mr. Kimball has devoted considerable time in gather- ing up and placing upon record these fragmentary portions of our history, which, as each generation passes away, will become more and more obscure and difficult to be deter- mined, unless they are rendered more enduring than the imperfect and decaying records of those early cla^s, or the failing memories of those aged persons who are fast passing from our midst. These efforts to preserve a val- uable department of our local history will undoubtedly induce others to continue the examination, so that, in the future, we may be able to present to the historian mate- rials for a full and perfect history of Salem, that shall be a worthy tribute to the memories of the early settlers of Naumkeke. This communication, one of a series which Mr. Kim- ball has in preparation, elucidating portions of our local history, was referred to the committee on Publications to be printed in the "Historical Collections." A committee, consisting of Messrs. James Kimball, W. P. Upham, Caleb Cooke, Wm. Neilson and John Eobin- son, was appointed to nominate a list of officers to be bal- loted for, at the annual meeting. Edward Dean of Salem was elected a resident member. 61 Regular Meeting, Monday, May 6tii, 1872. The President in the chair. Records of the preceding meeting read. The Secretary aunovmced the following correspon- dence : — From B. F. Butler, Washington, April 28; R. Manning Chipman, Lisbon, Conn.. April 9; C H. Goss, Salem, April 18; J. D. W. French, Boston, April 26; J. Mun- sell, Albany, N. Y., April 23, 30; The Nation, New York, April 18; L. R. Stone, Newton, April; American Geographical Society, April 9, 19; Cincinnati Public Library, April 19, 24; St. Petersburg, Societe Entomologie de Russie, Feb. 23; Washington, Smithsonian Institution, April 24, 29. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Bolles, E. C. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 10. Butler, B. F., M. C. Moore's Speech in U. S. H. R., April 6,1872. Sawyer's Speech in U. S. Sen., April 17, 1872. Sargent's Speech in U. S. II. R., April 18. 1872. Folger, Wm. C, of Hingham, Mass. Miscellaneous Town Reports, 6. Foote, Caleb. Files of several County papers for Feb., Mch., Apr., 1872. Gould, John H., of Topsfleld. Crusii Moral, 1 vol. 12mo. Leipsic, 1744. Tri- bune Almanacs. 8 nos. American Almanacs. 4 nos. Les Comedies de Terence. 1 vol. 16mo. Halle. 1720. Hayden, Dr. F. V. List of Elevations and Distances west of the Mississippi River. 12mo pamph. Knight, B. Locke's Essays. 1 vol. 8vo. Campbell on Rhetoric. 2vols.8vo. Cousins' Psychology. 1 vol. 12 mo. Macy's Exploration of the Red River. 1vol. 8vo. Insects Injurious to Vegetation. 1vol. 8vo. Report of the President and Directors of the Pittsburgh & Boston Mining Company. Jan., 1849. 1 vol. 12mo. Report of the Superintendent of the U. S. Coast Survey for 1853. 1 vol. 4to. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, Mch. 30, April 13, 20, May 4, 1872. Manning, Robert. Missionary Herald. 128 nos. Home Missionary Journal. 41 nos. New England Farmers and Gardeners' Journal. 208 nos. Palfray, C. W. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 10. Peabody, Mrs. Francis. Journal of the American Unitarian Association. 37 nos. Every Saturday, 18 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 27. Perry, Rev. W. S. of Geneva, N. Y. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 6. Stone, Henry, Washington, D. C. Laws of Philadelphia. 1vol. 8vo. Phila. 1860. Laws and Ordinances of Boston, 1856, 1 vol. 8vo. Ordinances of Baltimore, 1858, 1 vol. 8vo. Corporation Ordinances of New York, 1859, 1 vol. 8vo. Statute Laws of Louisville, 1857, 1 vol. 8vo. Revised Charter of Buffalo, 1856, 1 vol. Svo. Laws and Ordinances of Cincinnati, 1859, 1 vol. 8vo. Acts of Tennessee, 18C5, 1865-6, 1867-8, 1868-9, 4 vols. 8vo. Senate Journal of Tennessee, 1865-6, 1868-9, 2 vols., 8vo. House Journal, 1865, 1868-9, 2 vols., 8vo. Journal of the Assembly of Newfoundland, 1868, 1 vol. 4to. Laws of North Carolina and Tennessee, 1850, 1 vol . 12mo. Laws of Nashville, 1860, 1865, 2 vols. 12mo. 'Ordinances of Richmond, 1859 62 1 vol. 12mo. Nashville Directories 1855-6, 1857, 1859, 3 vols. 12mo., 1865, 1866, 1867. 1868, 1869, 5 vols. 8vo. Political Text Book, 1860,1vol. Svo. American Museum, 1 vol. Svo. Directory of New York, 1866. 1 vol. 8vo. Memoir of H. L. White, 1 vol. Svo. Pitkin on Commerce. 1 vol. 12mo. Directories of Cities in the West and South, 1867-8. 1 vol. 4to. History of England. 1 vol. Svo. Biography of Sam'l Lewis. 1vol. 12mo. The Heavenly Pathway. 1 vol. 12mo. Hoav to get a Farm. 1 vol. 12mo. Ten Acres Enough. 1 vol. 12mo. Bayonet Exercises for the Army. 1 vol. 12mo. Genealogy of the Mudge Family, 1638-1868. 1 vol. 8vo. Con- stitutional Convention. 1 vol. 8vo. Bankers' Magazine. 1851-2, 1 vol. 8vo. Smith- sonian Reports, 1865, 1866. 2vols.8vo. Patent Office Reports, 1851-2, 1865. 2 vols. Svo. Department of Agriculture, 1867. 1 vol. Svo. Memphis Riots, 1866. 1vol. Svo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 50. Sumner Chas., of U. S. S. Two Protests of C. Sumner. Mch. 26, 27, 1872. 8vo. By Exchange. Cincinnati Public Library. Geological Survey of Ohio for 1870. l vol. Svo. Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Discourse on the Inauguration of the New Hall, Mch. 11, 1872, by John W. Wallace. 8vo pamph. Publishers. American Naturalist. Canadian Naturalist. Essex County Mercury. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Land & Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical aud Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Pavilion. Peabody Press. Quarritch's Catalogue. Salem Observer. Western Lancet. ANCESTRY OF SUSANNAH INGERSOLL. The President read extracts from a manuscript ser- mon of the Rev. Dr. William Bentley of the East Church, Salem, which was delivered in December, 1811, on the occasion of the death of Mrs. Susannah Ingersoll, pre- senting a very graphic yet brief notice of the ancestry of the deceased in the line of descent from Richard Hollings- worth, one of the primitive settlers, — son William Hol- lingsworth, daughter Mary, the wife of Philip English, daughter Susannah, who married John Touzell, daughter Susannah, the wife of John Hathorne and mother of the subject of this notice. For a more extended account see "Hist. Coll. of Essex Institute," Vol. xi, page 228. THE FAIRFAX AND HATHORNE HOUSE*. Reference was made by the President to the old house on the corner of Essex and Cambridge streets, in process of being taken down to erect on its site a more elegant structure. The original part of this house was built about 63 1685 by Benjamin Marston, the land having been pur- chased, some live years previous, of Jonathan Neale, who received it by inheritance, being an heir to the estate of Francis Lawes.* Mr. Marston sold the estate, Feb. 24, 1701-2, to James Menzies,f formerly of Boston, then of Salem, who niter- wards conveyed it to Philip English, and Philip English, July 25, 1724, to his daughter Susannah, the wife of John Touzell ; J and from her it passed to her daughter Mary, the wife of William Hathorne, and for many years it was in the possession of that family, and known as the Hathorne House. The original part is about fifteen feet from the street. Additions have been made from time to time, — first, a two story store on the western part of the front, and afterwards, within the remembrance of several now living, that on the eastern part, three stories in height ; at the same time the first addition was made of the same height. In the taking down of this interesting relic of the olden times, the various alterations and addi- tions were traced from the original with its projecting second story, and lean-to in the rear, to the building as we last beheld it. With this, as with many of our old houses, interesting associations are connected. In this house § lived William Fairfax, during his residence in * See Essex Reg. Deeds, Book 42, fol. 25G. t See Essex Reg. Deeds, Book 15. fol. 51. X See Bulletin of Essex Institute, Vol. 1, page 75. Essex Reg. Deeds, Book 5, fol. 283. §The following deposition from the manuscripts on file in the Library of the In- stitute confirms this tradition :— ''The Deposition of Christian Swasey, formerly Christian Legroe who Saith That about five years ago she Lived with Capt. John Touzell and Susanna his wife in the House Mr. Fairfax now dwells in in Salem, and that Mr. Phillip English, the Father of the said Susannah Then dwelt with Them in said House, and That She Then & There att Diverse Times heard the said Phillip English Say to his Daugh- ter Susannah Touzell I give you all my Household goods and att Several Times when he said So He also bid Her fetch it up Every Thing from his House to Her House, To which She Replied She had not House Room Enough to Hold it and 64 Salem as collector of the port. William Fairfax, son of Henry Fairfax and grandson of Henry, the fourth Lord Fairfax, was born in 1691. He served in the British army, and was stationed for a time at St. Helena, and subsequently at the Bahamas, where he married Sarah, daughter of Major Walker, and was appointed Chief Justice of the Island. About the year 1725, on account of the unhealthiness of the climate, he removed to New England, having received the appointment of collector of customs of this port. In 1731 his wife died, leaving him four children, one of whom, Anne, born in Salem, married Lawrence Washington and afterwards George Lee. William Fairfax subsequently married Deborah Clark, daughter of Francis and Deborah (Geclney) Clark, of Salem. In 1734 he accepted the offer, to be the super- intendent of the estates, of his cousin Thomas, the sixth Lord Fairfax, who had become the proprietor of the northern neck of Virginia, through his mother, who was Catherine, daughter of Lord Culpepper. He soon after removed from Salem, and at first took up his residence in Westmoreland County, but subsequently removed to a plantation called Belvoir, fourteen miles below Alexan- dria. He was collector of his majesty's customs for the South Potomac, and for some time President of the Council of Virginia. He died Sept. 3, 1757, aged sixty- That about four years Since They all removed Down to the House where They now Live, and That she often Times since has heard the said English Say He had Given all his Household Goods to his Daughter Touzell for her and her Children. . The Mark. Christian X Swasey. Essex, ss. Salem, Aug. 2, 1732. Then Christian Swasey made oath to the truth of the aforegoing Deposition (Phillip English, jun., and Win. Browne being present at the Caption who objected that their Father Mr. Phillip English Sen. hath not for these several years past been of a sound and Disposeing mind) and this evidence is Taken to be in Perpet- uam rei memoriam. Si ESS} Jun. i Justice of Quorum unus." G5 five years. Of several children by the second marriage, Bryan became afterwards the eighth Lord Fairfax; AYil- liam died at Quebec in 1759, a lieutenant in the British army ; and Hannah married Warner Washington, a nephew of General Washington. THE BATTLE OF THE RATTLESNAKE. Mr. F. W. Putnam gave a description of the structure of the horny appendage to the tail of many snakes, especially developed in the genus of Rattlesnakes, and controverted the idea of natural selection having anything to do with its peculiar development. He also thought that the supposition that the rattle was a benefit to the snake, as a means of enticing birds, by its sound imitating that made by the Cicada, as suggested by a writer iu a late number of the "Naturalist," could not be accepted. The Cicada was not a ground insect, and was comparatively rare, even among the trees, in such localities as were most frequented by the rattlesnake. Secondly, the sound made by the snake was very slight under ordinary circum- stances, and the rattle was not sounded to any extent unless the snake was disturbed by some cause. His own observations on these snakes, in their natural habitat, led him to believe that it was not at all their nature to set up a rattling for the sake of enticing birds to them, but that they would slowly and cautiously approach their victim, or else lie in wait ready to give the fatal spring upon anything that came near. He believed that the rattle was in reality a detriment to the snake, except in so far as it served to call the sexes together which, from the unsocial habits of the species, he thought was most likely its true function. Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 9 66 Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 8th, 1872. According to the notification, the meeting was held at 3 p. m. The President in the chair. Records read. The annual reports of the officers and of the curators were read and accepted, and from them the accompanying RETROSPECT FOR THE YEAR, exhibiting a satisfactory condition of affairs and a gradual development of the plans and objects of the Institute, has been compiled. Members. Changes occur in the list of members — by the addition of new names and the withdrawal of some by resignation, removal from the county, or by death. In this connection, notices of three of our associates, who have deceased within the year, are inserted. W. II. A. Putnam, son of Eben and Elizabeth (Apple- ton) Putnam, died at Salem, Aug. 30th, 1871, in the thirty-ninth year of his age. From the age of fourteen until the year preceding his death he had led a sailor's life, making many voyages to the East Indies, Europe,. Australia, and the Pacific coast of America, as master or factor. During these voyages he collected, very extensively, specimens in all departments of zoology, which have greatly enriched the museums at Salem and Cambridge. J. Willard Peele, son of Willarcl and Margaret (Apple- ton) Peele, died at his seaside residence in Beverly, Sept. 29th, 1871, aged sixty-seven years. In early life he went to Manila and established the house of Peele, Hubbell & Co., where he resided many years. He returned to this country about 1845, and has since resided in Salem, except during the last three or four years in Boston. 67 Benjamin Cox, son of Benjamin and Sarah (Smith) Cox, born in Salem, Jan. 9th, 1806, graduated at Har- vard College in 1826, studied medicine with Dr. A. L. Peirson and after receiving the degree of M. D., estab- lished himself in his native city, where he obtained a large practice, winning the attachment of those to whom he ministered by his suavity of manners, genial disposition, and skill in his profession. Though always interested in passing events, he never mingled much in public life out- side the duties of his profession. He died Nov. 30th, 1871. The meetings have been continued as usual. Three Field Meetings have been held, at Beverly, East Gloucester, and Rockville in Peabody. At the meeting in Beverly, the Wenham Pond and City Water Works were visited and many kind attentions were extended by the Superin- tendent and his assistants. The cyclone or tornado, which passed over the pond and extended through a part of Wenham on the Sunday preceding, was the subject of remarks from Mr. A. W. Dodge, and the results of his observations, with the statement of Mr. D. H. Johnson, have been printed in the Bulletin. At the meeting in East Gloucester the citizens of the place Avere very attentive, especially the Rev. Mr. Gan- nett, the pastor of the church in which the meeting was held; who kindly, at our suggestion, prepared a very interesting history of the Baptist society in that place, which has been printed in the Bulletin. Messrs. Bolles, Johnson, Phippen, Emerton and others made extended remarks suggested • by the various specimens collected during the forenoon rambles. It was deemed proper that meetings should occasionally be held in the vicinity of Ship Rock, Peabody, so that the members of the Institute might have an opportunity 68 to visit this remarkable boulder, which, with an acre of land adjacent, is the property of the Institute ; accordingly, one was held on Wednesday, August 2d. t A cordial invitation was received to hold a meeting at Rowley during the month of September, but owing to peculiar and unusual circumstances it was deemed advis- able to postpone to another season. A special meeting was held on the evening of Sept. 5th to listen to the reading, by Judge Lord, of his memoir on the life and character of Mr. Huntington, ex-President of the Institute. This paper has been printed in the eleventh volume of the "Historical Collections" and copies have been also struck off in a separate form. The address was listened to with intense interest and was a faithful and correct delineation of Mr. Huntington's char- acter. * Evening meetings have been held on the first and third Monday evenings, except during the months of June, July, August and September. The meeting on Monday, Oct. 16th, was devoted principally to remarks upon the great loss which our sister institutions, the Chicago Historical Society and the Chicago Academy of Sciences, had sus- tained by the great conflagration that had devastated so large a portion of Chicago on the 8th, 9th and 10th of October, and in the destruction of their entire libraries and collections. Resolutions of sympathy and proffers of aid were passed. A brief history of these Institutions was presented, with some account of their condition when visited by several members of the Institute in the mouth of August preceding. , Papers or lectures have been communicated, by Dr. A. H. Johnson, on some Mementos from the Franco-German War ; W. H. Foster, on Reminiscences of the Salem and Boston Stage Company ; Mr. F. W. Putnam, on the 69 Ancient Fortifications on the Wabash River, Indiana, and on the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky and its Inhabitants ; A. C. Goodell, Jr., a sketch of the Legislation of Mass., the Provincial Period, and an account of the Puritan Hol- idays ; Rev. E. S. Atwood, on the Beginnings and Growth of Language ; Dr. A. S. Packard, on Insects Injurious to Vegetation noticed in this vicinity the past season ; J. J. H. Gregory, Esq., of Marblehead, two lectures on the Result of his Observations during a trip by rail to Cali- fornia, his visit to Salt Lake City, Yosemite Valley, the Great Trees, etc. ; Hon. J. P. Putnam of the Superior Court, a very interesting and graphic account of the "Passion Play" at Ober-ammergau, which he witnessed in the summer of 1871 ; Mr. S. A. Nelson, of Georgetown, on the Meteorology of the White Mountains ; James Kim- ball, Esq., some account of the Judicial Oaths in the Colonial Days in the interest of loyalty; also, an interest- ing sketch of the Ancient Topography of Salem. Mr. James H. Emerton exhibited his Collection of Spiders and explained the system of classification and other inter- esting facts in their natural history. From others, many short communications and brief remarks were presented. The attendance on some of these occasions was very large, and the subjects under discussion elicited a great degree of interest and attention. It may be deemed appropriate in this connection to allude to the lecture on Mt. Washington illustrated by the camera, delivered at the rooms by Mr. S. A. Nelson, and also a series of five lectures, on the Microscope and what it shows us, by our associate, Rev. E. C. Bolles ; these lectures were also illustrated by the lantern with the calcium light, which were very successfully manipulated with the assistance of Mr. E. Bicknell. It is to be hoped that lectures with illustrations of this character will be 70 given during the next season. This plan has thus far succeeded admirably in rendering the study of the sci- ences attractive. The library has received by donation and exchanges 1,046 bound volumes and 8,543 pamphlets, besides news- papers, manuscripts, etc., the donations from one hundred and ten individuals and twenty-six societies, the exchanges from ninety-six societies and incorporated bodies, of which sixty-four are foreign. From the editors of the "Ameri- can Naturalist" one hundred and eighty-seven serial pub- lications. It is only requisite at this time to present these statis- tics, the particulars having been reported at the regular meetings and printed in the Bulletin. Museum. Many valuable additions have been made to the department of Natural History, which have been depos- ited with the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science, and have been acknowledged, duly cared for and properly arranged by the officers of that Institution. The speci- mens of an historical interest and works of art are placed in Plummer Hall under the immediate superintendence of the officers of the Institute. Those of an historical inter- est consist of a large collection of antiquarian and histor- ical relics ; paintings and engravings of many of the old houses, and of the persons who have in years past been prominent in our annals ; medals ; coins ; paper currency, etc., etc. Additions continue to be made to this depart- ment, the collection is becoming one of great value, and more extended accommodations are required in order to have it properly arranged and classified. The few speci- mens of works of art, possessing no special interest, are not arranged systematically, and may be regarded only as a nucleus, around which it is desirable that, at an early 71 day, an art museum may be formed. The recent intro- duction of drawing into our public schools, the increased attention given to artistic studies, and a growing appreci- ation of skilled labor, and the large remuneration it com- mands, require that some efforts by the Institute should be given in this direction. To meet these increasing demands of the public upon our resources, may we not reasonably expect a liberal response from members and friends ? Horticultural exhibitions have been very successfully conducted during the past season. The old zeal that, years long since, actuated our movements in this direction, seems to have been renewed in a younger generation and to burn with an undiminished lustre. A series of twelve exhibitions have been held, commencing on Mon- day, May 29th, and closing on Wednesday, November 8th, including two, opened only during the evening, for the display of the night blooming cereus, and the annual in September, opened to the public from Tuesday, the 19th, to Friday, the 22d. On this latter occasion, the hall was very tastefully decorated with festoons and wreaths of evergreens, stands and baskets of flowers ; many choice pot plants and a goodly collection of fruits and vegetables were placed upon the tables. Contribu- tions were received not only from those having extensive grounds, but from many whose gardens were of limited dimensions. The aggregate made fine exhibitions, and varied with the successive appearance of those showy and attractive objects that adorn the garden, coming and going at regular intervals, marking with great exactness the progress of the seasons in their annual course. The attend- ance was large and the general interest manifested by the visitors seemed to indicate that our humble efforts in 72 this direction may lead to the promotion of a taste for the cultivation of beautiful flowers, fine fruit and choice vegetables in this community. Financial. The Treasurer's report shows an increase in the annual income, yet additional means are requisite to enable the Institute to perform in a fitting manner the various duties which the community may reasonably expect. DEBITS. Athenaeum, for rent and Librarian, $350.00 Salaries, 781.00; Coal, 147.25, 928.25 Postages, 20.44; Sundries, 55.51, 75.95 Social meetings and Excursions, 772.00 Publications, 1238.50; Bank Tax, 11.93, 1250.43 Gas, 70.20; Express, 30.40; Insurance, 30.00, 130.60 Collections, 6.15; Balance of last year, 335.77, 341.92 Balance in Treasury, 2.48 Historical. J. Perley, for binding, 75.00 Natural History and Horticulture. Exhibition season, 1870, 26.87; do. 1871, 159.78, 186.65 $4,113.28 CREDITS. Dividends of Webster Bank, 20; Social meetings and Excursions, 1,206.45, $1,226.45 Hall, 123.00; Sundries, 10.25; on acc't of note, 21.15, 154.40 Athenaeum, proportion of coal, janitor, etc., 148.62 Publications, 428.28; Assessments, 1,278.00, 1,706.28 Historical. Dividend Naumkeag Bank, 24.00 ; Michigan Central R. R. dividends, 60.00, 84.00 Natural History and Horticulture. Dividends Lowell Bleachery, 160.00; P. S. & P. R.R., 19.50, 179.50 Horticultural Exhibitions, 1871, 238.78 Davis Fund. Coupons Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Bonds, 138.25 Coupons Dixon, Peoria and Hannibal R. R. Bonds, 237.00 $4,113.28 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX IUSTITTJTE. Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., June, 1872. No. G. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 8th, 1872. eetrospect for the year. [ Continued.] Publications. The Bulletin has been continued in monthly numbers, giving full reports of the doings of the Institute, and abstracts of papers read at the meetings ; this makes an annual volume of some one hundred and sixty pages and a copy of each issue is sent gratuitously to the members. Vol. xi, No. 1, of the "Historical Col- lections " has" been printed, and another part is nearly ready for distribution. A fund, securely invested, the income of which to be expended in printing the proceedings of the Institute, and papers on scientific and historical subjects presented at its meetings, also records, diaries, letters and other material that will tend to elucidate our local history, is a great desideratum, and would tend to rescue from oblivion many interesting and valuable memorials of the olden times. Esfex Inst. Bulletin. iv 10 74 The importance of multiplying copies of all valuable documents, for which purpose the press is the great agent, cannot be overestimated, and numerous citations can be adduced in confirmation of the statement. The incidents connected with the late great conflagration at Chicago may suffice in this case. The Historical Society of that city lost much that is irrecoverable ; as manuscript documents and correspondence relative to the early history of Illinois. In the Academy of Sciences of Chicago were lost also the valuable manuscripts containing the results of the Scientific work of Dr. William Stimpson for nearly twenty years ; these were ready for the press, awaiting the action of government to have them printed. OFFICERS ELECTED. for the year ensuing and until others shall be chosen in their stead. President. HENRY WHEATLAND. Vice Presidents. Of History — A. C. Good^ll, Jr. Of Horticulture — Wm. Sutton. Of the Arts — Geo. Peabody. Of Natural History — F. W. Putnam. Becording and Home Secretary. Amos H. Johnson. Foreign Secretary. A. S. Packard, Jr. Treasurer. Henry Wheatland. Librarian. W. P. TJPHAM. Superintendent of the Museum. John Robin son . Curators of Historical Department. W. P. Uphara, M. A. Stickney, John Robinson. 75 Curators of Natural History Department. H. F. King, G. A. Perkins, William Neilson. Curators of Department of Horticulture. R. Manning, A. F. Bosson, Win. A. Ireland. Curators of Department of the Arts. James A. Gillis, F. H. Lee, II. F. G. Waters. Lecture Committee. Jas. Kimball, Geo. Perkins, Wm. Northey, Wm. Neilson, E. C. BolJes. Finance Committee. J. C. Lee, R. S. Rogers, James Upton. Field Meeting Committee. A. W. Dodge, C. M. Tracy, E. N. Walton, Caleb Cooke, A. B. Hervey. Library Committee. J. G. Waters, Alpheus Crosby, H. M. Brooks. Publication Committee. A. C. Goodell, Jr., F. W. Putnam, R. S. Rantoul, H. M. Brooks, G. D. Phippen. MEMBERS ELECTED. Samuel Chamberlain, James E. Trask, Sidney Wins- low and Elbridge Baker, all of Salem, were elected mem- bers. Regular Meeting, Monday, May 20th, 1872. The President in the chair. Eecords of preceding meeting read. The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — From E. W. Buswell, Boston, May; J. J. H. Gregory, Marblehead, May 10; Augustus Mudge, Danvers Centre, May 4; W. Neilson, May 10; Wm. Northey, May 13; George Peabody, May 11; M. A. Stickney, May 14; John A. Vinton, Winchester, May 9. 76 The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Butler, B. F., M. C. Ellis's Speech in U. S. H. R., Apr. 30, 1872. Butler's Speech in U. S. H. R., Apr. 18, 1872. Report of the Department of Agriculture for March and April, 1872. Dawes' Speech in U. S. H. R., May 3, 1872. Clogston, W., of Springfield, Mass. London Directory, 1857, 1 vol. 12mo. Ith- aca and Oswego Directory, 1867-8. 1 vol. 12mo. Utica Directories, 1812-3, 1853-4, 1858-9, 1861-2, 1867-8. 5 vols. 12mo. Oneida County Directory, 1866-7. 1 vol. 12mo. Department of the Interior. Mortality of the U. S. for 1850, 1860, 1870. 4to pamph. Kimball, James. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 7. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin for May 11, 1872. Manning, Robert. Amateur Cultivator's Guide. 2 vols. 8vo. 1869-70. Wheatland, Stephen G. Neill & Smith's Compendium of Medica. 1 vol. Svo. Hooper's Physicians' Vade Mecum. 1 vol. 12mo. Darwin's Origin of Species. 1 vol. 8vo. Digestion and its Derangements. 1 vol. 8vo. Watson's Practice of Physic. 1 vol. 8vo. Bowman's Medical Chemistry. 1 vol. 12mo. Wilde on Diseases of the Ear. 1 vol. 8vo. Paget's Surgical Pathology. 1 vol. 8vo. Wood's Practice of Medicine. 2 vols. 8vo. London Lancet. 1 vol. 8vo. Hunter. 1 vol. Svo. Carpenter's Principles of Human Physiology. 1 vol. 8vo. Dictionnaire de Medecine. 1 vol. 8vo. Dwight's Modern Surgery. 1 vol. 8vo. Book of Prescrip. tions. 1 vol. 12m o. The Prescriher's Complete Handbook. 1 vol. 12mo. Taylor's Medical Jurisprudence. 1 vol. 8vo. Sargent's Minor Surgery. 1 vol. 12mo. Cop- land's Medical Dictionary. 1vol. Svo. Beck's Materia Medica. 1vol. Svo. Wil- son's Diseases of the Skin. 1 vol. Svo. Mille's Practice of Surgery. 1 vol. 8vo. U. S. Dispensatory. 1 vol. 8vo. Williams, Henry L. Salem Gazette, 76 nos. Boston Shipping List, 1844. 1 vol. folio. By Exchange. Publishers. Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. Mr. John Robinson exhibited an interesting collection of native plants in flower which he had gathered in this vicinity during the past few days, and made some remarks upon the same, indicating the localities, and time of blooming, which was several weeks later the present season than that of the average periods for some ten or twelve previous years. The following may be specified : Sanguinaria Canadensis, ErythroniumAmericanum, Epi- gcea repe7is, Thalictrum anemonoides, Anemone nemorosa, Thalictrum dioicam, Viola pedala, Viola pubescens, Viola sagitatta, Viola blanda, Houstonia caeridea, Arisen- 00 CO h Pi May 2S May 26 May 26 Apr. 16 Apr. 23 Mch. 11 June 13 June 24 Apr. 6. May 88 May 21 May -21 o CO CO CO 00 CO lO 1- o r-i CM Ol CM CM CM C« CI . • OSq^^ftfttiSTS O -M- CI 00 rH c-l CI rH ri § £ £ i 51 i? a a ! OS CO CO CO Ol & i— i O co its co r~ • CO CO CO CM CM Ol Ol ° O Its lO rH rH C« CI • 00 CO 00 1—1 Ol U < CI • rH CO CO : o> o> co a p a : s s s • rj hj l-j : a Sr g co- : Si 1 g t 1' -3 < hj : CO CO ITS Ol CO J IO rH CM '. co co . ' flab : 3 p ^ : H9 l-s s •CO ; O ; rH CO J 00 IQ J rH ^ rH ^ CI rH IO CI C« • :^^"pi->tHrJcr-.>> : PHPig^PH-PHPoSo: 1866 Apr. 23 • o o os co co = 1 I -& . 1-5 S S CO rH CI CO ItS © ■ CT CM rl ©* CM CI ; • co co U £1 rl jH ^i ^H . ft o g g p, a : -Uj S 1-3 1-5 I ci ci : < < • Cl rH i : >> ^ : 03 03 : a ^ : 3 00 1— <* IT. £ > ft « ■> o in CO CM rH eS rt g r3 S h» -H O CO CM CI rH : u * 2 : ^ S ^ OS its ' ft ft : < < c? ' « .t< 5 03 03 3 a a CO no o rJ U ft Pi CD -H ; cm ci : » h 03 03 rH ^ (M O r.' rP Oh O <1 s » >> : ft M M ' <1 3 S • o o CM CM 03 03 >o os OS rH r-H CO P -P ft o <1 S O 03 03 oo lO 00 IN • — 1 ^ ^ ot ; ^* >, >> : P< 03 05 1 1-1 t^ ■> PH ri ft , ft • os ^ ^ « 3 2 M t"5 r*5 rt 8 r-H CM iH CM rl • h >» : ft «s > h ?; : S5 it ; M rH CS CO). a 2 ^ ^ < a «o s o io co CO rH rH • u t» fei : 3 & a : CM J >, : 03 o o t- o l-H CI rH CO • • co i^ '. ! ft S r? p( : : <3 ^ H5 ^ ^ : O CI CM CM • >» t»> : o g o o § S «s s o g s rp o O s 1 s 8 1 'Si a & 1 P co 3 | 8 1 8 © S >© e a s o O C3 & M 3 e s f s s o P .£ CO 5c C3 rl a cs .1 'a .2- i p p ■s .9 'S H e ! G to) c c > c c &■ a "6 c e i 1 s S ,s ■fi o r5' s j 0? .° o3 ft M : o r-s : Q O 8 G | "o3~ O O ; w aT CO 3 s ! S s^ .8 -8 O ■ co O rH p CO O "C 0 03 a | s e- 8 | ss a 1 & ^ a e a, b •§ 1 1 1 8 &2 Kl « CO CO OQ c a c o CO CO C3 0J 6 H .8 I ■I e 1 : S : p fC co co > fe: rt 0 sS 1 g t 1 * > 1 e J i> ^ 1 8 rS 8 ■2 C •S s ma trvphyllum. He presented the accompanying table — containing the date of the first finding in flower, the several species enumerated therein — compiled by one of our enthusiastic collectors, the results of his observations for the past fifteen years. Mr. Geokge D. Phippen spoke of some of the locali- ties which he was wont to frequent, in years long past, in search of our native plants, and which are now occupied by dwellings or manufacturing industries. He alluded briefly to the great change that had taken place in the immediate suburbs of the city. Kev. E. C. Bolles remarked, that a day or two before, he had listened to a lecture by Prof. Asa Gray on the Fertilization of Plants by the Agency of Insects, and that several of the wild-flowers on the table had served as illustrations. Among these was the Houstonia, of which there had long been known to be two kinds of flowers. The first had stamens projecting above the dwarfed pistil, while in the second the stigmas wTere carried up far beyond the anthers. The members of the Institute would see both kinds pretty equally represented in the tufts of flowers before them, distinguishing these by observing that in some flowers they would see only the two stigmas, in others only the four anthers projecting from the throat of the corolla. So the Houstonia had been said to have dimorphous flowers, but the reason for this variation had not been understood till an explanation had been sought in the possibility of an artificial fertilization. It was now seen that the pollen of any Houstonia blossom did not fertilize the ovules of the same flower. In the case of the flowers with extruded stigmas, this could not occur unaided, because the stamens were deeply sunk in the 79 corolla — while in the other kind the pollen would not be found to exert a fertilizing effect upon its own stigma. But the two kinds of flowers were exquisitely arranged to produce cross-fertilization. An insect, exploring a corolla where the anthers were at the bottom, would cover its proboscis with pollen, which would be carried to the depressed stigma of the other kind of flower, and while visiting that second flower, the insect's head would remove some of the pollen, which again it would leave on the exserted stigma of a third flower of the kind first plun- dered. The structure of these flowers is to be explained in Prof. Gray's book, just passing through the press, entitled "How Plants Behave." Mr. J. H. Emerton mentioned that in November last he dug a root of Batrycliium dissectum from an open pasture, and in January set it down with other ferns in a glass case. In about two months it produced a new frond with the usual triangular outline, but nearly twice as large as the old ones, and with the divisions of the pinnae almost entire. The next frond, which grew in another month, was of the ordinary kind. It afterward produced in succession three fronds five or six inches long, with pinnae in pairs over an inch apart toward the base, and with their divisions almost entire, looking very much like small sterile fronds of Osmurida Glaytoniana. Mr. F. W. Putnam gave an account of the explora- tions of several members of the Institute at Jeffries' Neck, in Ipswich, on Friday last. The researches were undertaken for the purpose of ascertaining if a large number of depressions, in two groups, about a mile apart, were graves of Indians, as had been supposed. After carefully digging into several 80 of the places and getting to the original bottoms of the holes, it was evident to all present that they were not graves, and though a few stone implements and pieces of Indian pottery were found in the course of the excava- tions, there was nothing by which the original makers of the holes could be determined beyond doubt as Indians, though unquestionably the holes had been dug years ago by some race of men, and perhaps by the Indians for some temporary purpose. During the digging an old clay pipe bowl, of the pattern used by the first settlers, was found, indicating that perhaps the depressions were of a comparatively recent date, though the pipe might have been lost at a time following the original working, as it was found only a few inches below the sod. One of the most interesting results of the explorations was the finding by Mr. Goodell of a well marked piece of Indian pottery in the gravel bank about three feet below the surface. This piece of pottery was seen, and the spot from which it was taken carefully examined, by several of the party, and it was unquestionably carried into the bank of gravel at the same time the bank was formed, and not buried there, as the gravel was undisturbed and the frag- ment of pottery by itself. The only question is as to the age of the gravel deposit, whether original river drift, or wash from the hills above at a more recent time, though even if of the later date it would prove of great antiquity. Mr. Putnam exhibited a plan, made by Mr. J. H. Einer- ton, of one of the groups of depressions, showing their relative positions, and also a section of one of those opened. A sketch, showing the clearing which had been made by taking away all the large stones from the vicin- ity, and the relation of the depressions to the surrounding country, was made by Mr. C. A. Walker. Mr. Putnam was followed by remarks from Messrs. 81 Goodell, Kimball, and others. After an interesting dis- cussion on these and other subjects suggested by the above topics the meeting was adjourned. Regular Meeting, Monday, June 3, 1872. President in the chair. Samuel Calley of Salem and George E. Lewis of Peabody were elected resident members. Field Meeting at Middleton, Wednesday, June 12th, 1872. the ramble. The Institute, in arranging the series of Field Meet- ings, the present season, decided to commence at Middle- ton and to accept the kind invitation of Mr. Simon F. Esty to use his grounds as the place of rendezvous for the day. Thither the party, on alighting from the cars of the Law- rence Branch of the Eastern Railroad, at the Middleton station, about two hours before noon, wended their way, and found a beautiful walnut grove well adapted for the purpose of rural excursions, situated on the borders of a large pond formerly known as "the Great Pond," but now designated "Forest Lake." From this place the several parties, after depositing their baskets, etc., went in different directions as inclina- tions dictated ; some upon the pond, boats being in read- iness for the purpose, others rambled through the grove Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 11 82 and adjoining woods, or betook themselves to some of the pleasant by-paths that here abound, and are more or less skirted with shrubbery and the flowering plants that appear and disappear, in succession, with the advance of the sea- son. Many of these by-paths were undoubtedly the primi- tive roads constructed by the early settlers, from house to house, without any definite plan, merely for their own personal convenience. When the villages and towns sprung up requiring better and more direct means of com- munication, other roads were constructed and these were soon abandoned ; the people accordingly changed their places of residence and built other houses ; the old ones being neglected soon fell into decay. One occasionally meets in rambling through the woods arid following the devious windings of some of these old by-paths or cross- roads the remains of an old cellar, the gnarled applejtree near by, a few plants that always linger in the footsteps of man, and perhaps the old well in the midst of dense woods and forests. Nature soon usurps her sway and clothes with rich verdure the places that man ceases to cultivate. This diversity of the surface into hills and dales, with the various brooks and ponds interspersed, adds to the beauty of the scenery and greatly contributes to the pleasures of rural walks. Through the kindness of Mr. David Stiles, several of those interested in antiquarian lore were enabled to see specimens of the old houses, two stories front with a lean-to in the rear, that have braved the blasts of some two hundred winters, also the burial places where the forefathers of the hamlet sleep with their names inscribed upon the simple stone that marks the spot of interment. Mr Stiles directed attention to other objects of historical interest ; some of these will be alluded to in the afternoon session. Middleton has two railroads located within its territory, one from Salem to Lowell in the extreme 83 western part at the paper mill, the other from Salem to Lawrence through the central part near the village. The occupation of the inhabitants is largely agricultural ; though the manufacture of shoes and paper is carried on to considerable extent. > After-partaking of the repast at the grove the party proceeded to the church, where the afternoon session was held, commencing at 3 p. m. The President in the chair. AFTERNOON SESSION. Records of preceding meeting read. The Seceetaey announced the following correspon- dence : — From F. S. Drake, Boston, May 11 ; Simon F. Esty, Middleton, May 28 ; H. Hagen, Cambridge, May 6; A. Lackey, Haverhill, June 4; James Niven, Saugus Centre, May 22; W. sTPerry, Geneva, N. Y., May 20; A. A. Scott, Saugus Centre, May 24; W. P. Upham, May 14; Durkheim, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein der Rheinp" falz, Feb. 7; Gottingen, Die K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Jan. 10; Saint Petersbourg, Academie Imperiale des Sciences, Ap. 29; Throndhjem, Societe Royale des Sciences et des Lettres, Aug. 16, Dec. 12; U. S. Dep. of Interior, May 14. The Libkarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Brooks, Henry -M. Corry's Life of Washington. 1 vol. 12mo. Juvenile Lyre. 1 vol. 8vo. Life of Marion. 1 vol. 12mo. Bibliotheca Historica. 1 vol. 8vo. Bryant, James S., of Hartford, Conn. Register for the State of Conn, for 1790- 16mo. Flint's Discourse on Washington. 8vo. Proudfit's Sermon. 8vo. Buffum, James N., of Lynn, Mass. Lynn City Documents for 1871. 1 vol. Svo . Butler, B.F.,M.C Kelly's Speech in U.S. H.R. May 1,1872. Butler's Speech in U. S. H. R., May 21, 1872. Chamber of Commerce, New York. Fourteenth Annual Report of, 1871-72- 1 vol. 8vo. Crosby, Alpheus. Dartmouth Centennial. 1869. 8vo pamph. Catalogues of Dartmouth College, 1864-5, 1870-1, 1871-2. 3 pamphlets, 8vo. Dabney, M. P. Woi-ks of Mrs. Barbauld. 2 vols. 8vo. Domestic Memoirs. 2 vols. 12mo. Thoughts on Education. 1 vol. 12mo. Sketches of Foreign Manners. 1 vol. 12mo. Works of Dr. Franklin, 1 vol. 16mo. Memoirs of the Life of M. L- Ramsay. 1 vol. 16mo. Hamilton's Letters. 1 vol. 12mo. Journal of the Ameri- can Unitarian Association. 40 nos. Fac-simile of the Original Manuscript of Burns' Jolly Beggars. 4to pamph. U. S. Department of the Interior. U. S. Geological Report of Nebraska. Final Report. lvol.8vo. Ninth Census of the U. S. 4to pamph. Executive Committee of the French Relief Fund, Boston. Reports of, 2 pamphlets, 8vo. 84 Peabody Institute, Peabocly, Mass. Peabody Press and Danvers Monitor. 1870, 1871. 2 vols, folio. LANGWOKTHY, I. P., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 39. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, May 18, 1872. Palfray, C. W. Directory of Hannibal, 1871-2. 1 vol. 8vo. Peabody, Mrs. Francis. Every Night Book. 1 vol. 12mo. Every Saturday 21 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 12. Perry, W. S., of Geneva, N. Y. Digest of the Canons. 8vo pamph. 1872. Phillips, W. P. Agriculture of Mass., 1871-2. 1 vol. 8vo. Thirty-Fifth Annual Report of the Board of Education. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston, 1872. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 12. Preble, G. H., of Charlestown. Notes on Ship-building in Mass. 8vo pamph. 1872. Shepard, Henry F. American Naturalist. 15 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 6. Story, Eliza. East Indies Directories. 2 vols. 4to. Geographical Grammar. 1 vol. 8vo. Requisite Tables. 2 vols. 8vo. Geometrical Problems. 1 vol. 8vo. Blunt's Coast Pilot. 1 vol. 8vo. Clarrissa. 8 vols. 12mo. Salmon's Gazetteer. 1 vol. 12mo. Volney's Ruins. 1 vol. 16mo. Willich's Lectures. 2 vols. 8vo. Mis- cellaneous pamphlets, 50. Sumner, Chas., U. S. Senate. Sumner's Speech in U. S. Sen. May 31, 1872. Robinson, W. S., Clerk Mass. House of Reps. Journal of the House of Reps. of Mass. 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871. 7 vols. 8vo. Report of the Com- mittee on Claims on the Alterations and Repairs upon the State House. 1839. 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 65. . Whiting, William, of Boston. Memoir of Rev. Saml. Whiting, D. D., by the donor. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston, 1872. Winthrop, Rob't C, of Brookline, Mass. Life and Letters of John Winthrop. 1588-1619. 2 vols. 8vo. Boston. 1869. By Exchange. Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliologie, Tome xii. 3e Serie. No. 1. 1872. Entomologischen Verein in Stettin. Entomologische Zeitung. 32 Jahrg. 1871. Svo. Stettin. 1871. K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Gottingen, Hanover. Nachrich- ten,1871. 16mo pamph. Kongelige Norske Videnskabers-Selskab, Throndhjem. Skrifter, i det 19de Aarhundrede, Bind feme, Heft. I, II. 1865-68. Bindsjette, 1870. 3 pamphlets, 8vo. KoNIGLICHE BAYERISCHE BOTANISCHE GESELLSCHAFT IN REGENSBURG. Flora, Neve, Reihe. 29 Jahrg. 1871. 8vo pamph. 1871. Oberlausitzische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Gorlitz. Neues Lausitzisehes Magazin. Im Auftrage der Oberlausitzischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Bd. xiviii. 1871. Svo pamph. Societe D' Acclimation, in Paris. Bulletin Mensuel, 2me Serie. Tome viii. Dec, 1871. 8vo pamph. Societe d' Anthropologie in Paris. Bulletins, Tomes v, vi. He Serie. 1S70- 71. 8vo pamphlets. Society Vandoise Des Sciences Naturelles. Lausanne, Bulletin, Vol. x, No. 65, 1S70. 8vo pamph. Zoologisciie Gesellschaft, Frankfurt a M. Zoologische Garten. Nos. 7- 12. Jnli-Dec. 1871. 6 pamphlets. Svo. Publishers. American Naturalist. Christian World. Gardener's Monthly. 85 Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. The Brunonian. The Superintendent of the Museum reported : — From Miss J. R. Colby, a Fire Set, taken from the ruins of the house of Mrs. Mulliken, burned by the British at the Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775. FIRST FIELD MEETINGS — DR. WILLIAM STIMPSON. The President in his opening remarks alluded to the coincidence of this clay being the twenty-third anniversary of the first Field Meeting, which was held in the neigh- boring town of Dan vers, on June 12, 1849. Some twelve or fifteen members in private carriages assembled at the Plains, and under the guidance of our old friend, Dr. Andrew Nichols, visited the locality of the Vaccinium vitis-idea first discovered by William Oakes in 1820 — this plant is seldom found growing elsewhere within the limits of Massachusetts. The sphagnous borders of Cedar Pond in Wenham were also visited and there was detected the Andromeda polifolia just passing out of bloom. Thence repairing to Berry's Tavern at the Plains, the afternoon was devoted to explaining and illustrating by the microscope (a constant accompaniment at these meet- ings) the structure and economy of the lower algre, fungi, lichens, etc. The second meeting, a few weeks later, was held at the residence of A. T. Newhall in Lynnfield.' 'here were present with us on this occasion, Messrs. F. .Iger and C. T. Jackson of Boston, and Seaman of rermany. Ship Rock and the serpentine ledges in Lynn- field were visited, and at the afternoon session furnished topics for discussion. The third, on the 28th of August following, was at the seashore on Burley Smith's farm in Manchester. Some visited the woods of Essex and Man- chester where Cutler and Oakes, in years long past, were 85 wont to herbarize ; a few spent the time in dredging along the adjacent shores, a boat having been sent from Salem for this purpose. The visitors on this occasion were Mr. C. Grirard, an- assistant of Prof. Agassiz, and a young man named Stimpson, hailing from Cambridge, and not then out of his teens. Acquaintance had been made with Mr. Stimpson, a week or two previous, during a trip in the steamer R. B. Forbes from Boston to Salem, with mem- bers of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, who were visiting Salem, -on the day after the adjournment of the session at Cambridge. Dredges having been put on board, at the suggestion of Professor Agassiz, were used occasionally during the trip. Let us consider in this connection the subsequent career of this young man, the notice of whose death at Ilchester, near Baltimore, on the 26th ult., has been so recently announced. That trip from Boston to Salem was his first experience in dredging, a novelty to him, and he was much interested in this pursuit. He visited Salem several times during that autumn, and accompanied me on dredg- ing excursions in the harbor. The results of his gleanings on these occasions formed the basis of a series of observa- tions which were embodied in a work on the New England Shells, published in 1851 — his first introduction to the scientific world as an author. This was soon followed by a paper on the Marine Invertebrates of Grand Menan, published in 1853, under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, and has since been considered as the first authority in the marine zoology of that region. He then spent several years in the North Pacific, Japan, etc., as naturalist to Government Expeditions and made vast col- lections, principally the results of dredging in those seas. He then resided for some years at Washington, in the quiet prosecution of his investigations, and the publica- 87 tion of their results. When the late Robert Eennicott went to Alaska, in 1865, in the employment of the Russian Telegraphic Expedition, Dr. Stimpson removed to Chicago to assume the duties of Secretary of the Chicago Academy of Natural Sciences, and maintained that connection until his death. During that interval he visited Florida on several occasions, and always obtained numerous interesting collections for the Academy. Dr. Stimpson ranked high as a scientific investigator, his researches were thorough and his descriptions clear and accurate. He has added a large number of new species to the list of marine animals, the detailed account of which, forming many zoological monographs with illus- trations nearly ready for the press, were destroyed by the Chicago fire as were also the types of his species. This great loss, the result of his labors for twenty years, affected him severely and influenced very much the state of his health. The past winter Dr. Stimpson was engaged on board the U. S. C. S. steamer Bache in superintending dredgin«- between Cape San Antonio, Cuba, and the coast of Yuca- tan and thence to Key West — but his increasing infirm- ities prevented him from fully carrying out his plans — returning not long since to the residence of his father-in- law near "Baltimore he became gradually worse and died, as before noticed, on the 26th of May. It seems appropriate, at this time and on this occasion, to allude to the decease of Dr. Stimpson, especially from the fact that he received his first experiences in the uses and results of dredging at one of these outdoor meetings, and that after the lapse of more than a score of years a life, then at its commencement, closes so full in the per- formance of scientific work and having done so much for the promotion and diffusion of science in this country. Mr. F. W. Putnam alluded to the high position which Dr. Stimpson had taken in the ranks of science, and to the esteem in which he had always been held by those associated with him, and closed by proposing that a com- mittee be appointed by the Institute to draw up a series of resolutions expressive of the loss which it had sustained. The committee, consisting of Messrs. Putnam, Bolles, Johnson and Wheatland, afterwards reported the following resolutions, which were unanimously adopted, and it was voted that a copy be sent to the family of Dr. Stimpson, and to the Chicago Academy of Sciences. Resolved: That the Essex Institute has learned with profound regret of the recent death of Dr. William Stimpson, who has for so long a time been distinguished as the foremost American student in Marine Zoology, and whose loss to science is the greater since it has occurred in the midst of his successful labors to restore the fortunes of that Institution which has owed so much to his eminent attainments. Resolved: That even in the grief which this severe affliction causes, the Essex Institute cannot but remember with pride that Dr. Stimpson's first acquaintance with the department of investigation which he afterwards pursued to such results, was made under its own auspices, and that the records of its Field Meetings for 1849 will preserve the honorable memorials of this beginning of his fame. Resolved : That the Secretary of the Institute be in- structed to convey, by these Kesolutions, to the family of Dr. Stimpson and to the Chicago Academy of Sciences, not only the assurances of the high appreciation in which its members hold the scientific acquirements and labors of their lamented friend, but also their earnest sympathy with his relatives in the sorrow of their bereavement. BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX: INSTITUTE. Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., July, 1872. No. 7. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Cof>y. Field Meeting at Middleton, Wednesday, June 12th, 1872. [ Continued.] THE EARLY MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY. Mr. S. P. Fowler, of Danvers, one of the original mem- bers of the Society, gave an interesting retrospect of its early history, and narrated many incidents of its first meet- ings, alluding especially to the one held in Topsfield on Wednesday, the 16th of April, 1834, in furtherance of the object and to complete the organization by the appointment of committees, etc. Specimens in the various branches of Natural History, with apparatus for collecting, were exhib- ited and illustrated, and the modes of preservation of the same, with a view to the formation of a Museum were dis- cussed by William Oakes of Ipswich, Dr. Andrew Nichols of Danvers, and others. These two gentlemen may be justly regarded among the pioneers of science in this com- munity, and the present generation are now reaping the fruits of their labors and their example in this direction ; Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 12 90 they have long since been gathered to their fathers. Mr. Oakes died on the 31st of July, 1848, a noted and enthu- siastic botanist; Dr. Nichols, a valued physician, and one particularly conversant with our local geology and botany, March 31, 1853, just as the little Draba verna^ a plant of which he always delighted to make mention and collect specimens, was expanding its tiny petals to another vernal season. He also spoke of the field meetings in Dan vers and Lynnfield during the summer of 1849 and the great interest which Dr. A. Nichols, Mr. Thomas Cole of Salem, Dr. George Osgood of Danvers and others took in this movement for the promotion of science. HISTORICAL NOTICES OF MIDDLETON. David Stiles of Middleton being called up, said he proposed to say something about the beautiful pond (on the shores of which the society had this day taken their repast), and two of the earliest settlers. Boston was set- tled in 1630 and four years subsequently Newton people under the care of Richard Bellingham, Esq., of Boston (afterwards Gov. of the Colony), moved to Cochichewick (Andover) and settled on the fish brook leading from the Great Pond to the Merrimac River. This small colony was exempt from tax and had the direct care of an agent, a compensation for the privations and dangers of an unpro- tected company in the midst of savages and in the wilder- ness. Bellingham must have passed to and fro within a mile of this pond in Middleton. None of the towns west of this were then settled and the roads at that time were through Danvers, Topsfield and Boxford, to old Rowle}*- then called Salem Newmeadows, and Rowley Village. Bel- lingham's keen eye found this pond, and in 1639 obtained a grant for about twelve hundred acres which contained the pond and at that time an Indian plantation (relics and 91 skeletons of the Indians are still found in this locality). In 1659 Bellingham sold this claim to Bray Wilkins whose descendants (some of them) are before me to-day. Wilkins was from Wales, came over in one of Gov. Endicott's vessels and tended a ferry in Lynn fifteen years before set- tling in Middleton. This was in 1660,. one year after pur- chasing these lands. His dwelling was on the southeast side of the pond and protected from the cold winds by Wills Hill on the north. His family consisted mostly of boys who took up a large portion of this claim and erected dwellings thereon for themselves, and this accounts for this name being more numerous in our early history than any other. Wilkins attended church at Salem Village, of which this town was a part, under the pastorate of Rev. Samuel Parris, in 169*2, at the time of the witchcraft, and one of his grandsons was a victim. In 1663 Thomas Fuller from Woburn bought a claim of Maj. General Dennison, lying east of Bellingham and parallel with it, and erected his dwelling just south of this church on the site now occupied by the house of Mr. Abijah Fuller. Thomas Fuller was a blacksmith by trade. He had quite a number of sons who also settled on his lands and for some years these two families must have been the principal ones in this part of the town. In 1728 these people obtained a charter from the Great and General Court for a town. It enjoined upon the in- habitants the settling a minister and hiring a schoolmaster to teach "ye young to read and write." Consequently they settled Andrew Peters, and hired Daniel Towne as schoolmaster. Peters was from Andover, son of Samuel Peters and a graduate of Harvard College, in the class of 1723. The charter was presented to the town by Lieut. Thomas Fuller, designated as one of the principal inhabi- tants, who, at that period, must have been between ninety 92 and one hundred years old, and we are assured of this fact by his excellent, though very tremulous, handwriting. The spot where the town met to receive their charter was at the house of Dr. Daniel Felch, a few rods east of the present church and the dividing line between Salem and Rowley. The meeting-house, though raised at that time, was not covered ; it seems, therefore, that the town had been some time preparing for an existence (the popu- lation at that time was about four hundred). About thirty years ago I bought and took down this old meeting-house of massive timbers, all oak, most of which squared ten by thirteen while underneath I found oak stumps hewn away to receive the floor timbers which measured over four feet in diameter, In conclusion, I thank this Society for the interest they have awakened in this county in searching for these hidden treasures, which to the antiquarian, and indeed to all coming posterity, are of so much value. Mr. A. C. Goodell, Jr., of Salem, spoke of his pleas- ant visit during the forenoon to several places of historical interest in the town, especially to the spot alluded to by Mr. Stiles, where the act of incorporation of the town in 1728 was first openly proclaimed, being read by the Sheriff. He then read a copy of the act. INDIAN RELIC Mr. D. J. Tapley, of Danvers, described a curious and interesting sculptured stone which was discovered recently at Meredith Village, N. H. The stone was found em- bedded in clay and deposited in the sandy soil at the head of Lake Winnipiseogee, at a depth of two feet. On care- fully removing the coating of clay, an egg-shaped "gor- get " was found, having a tapering hole through its longest 93 diameter and measuring three and seven-eighths inches in length by two and five-eighths in thickness. The material is a silicious sandstone, of a drab color and fine grain, and the sculptures are of a much higher grade of art than any of a similar class extant. The surface of the stone is smooth, and as perfect in contour as if turned in a lathe. The carvings are in bas-relief, on a ground sunk in this surface. On one side of the stone is a face in relief, similar in its general features to the Mexican and Indian "Masks." On the opposite side is a representation of arrows in various positions, a new moon, and a convolute, or coil, which may represent a serpent. On the third side is a wigwam and a circle supposed to represent the full moon, and on the fourth an ear of corn and a depressed circle containing pictures of the head( ?) of some animal, a deer's leg, and a crown(?). The stone was found by Mr. Seneca Ladd of Meredith Village at the bottom of a post hole which some of his workmen were excavating. As Mr. L. is quite a naturalist, the discovery was hailed by him with enthusiasm, and the relic will be preserved with the greatest care. The dis- covery is regarded as one of great importance in its archaeological bearings. Mr. F. W. Putnam remarked that the description of the carved stone given by Mr. Tapley had greatly inter- ested him, especially as the carving was shown by Mr. Tapley's drawings to be far more elaborate than anything he had known as the work of the earlier inhabitants of New England. The Mound Builders of the South and West were good workers in stone, and often made quite elaborate carvings, but the later race of Indians were not much skilled in the art, and but few relics of their work 94 had been found. On this stone, however, we had the characteristic Indian face, similar to the few others that had been found in New England, with an attempt at an artistic result in the finish of the stone and the other figures carved upon it, that would certainly lead us to infer that its maker, if an Indian, was of a far higher caste as an artist than the distorted and childlike outlines of animals and men ordinarily cut or painted by them have heretofore impressed us as possible, and were it not for the fact that the face is so similar to undoubted Indian representations of the human face, which we have from New England, he would be inclined to think that it might have been the work of some other race. The position in which the stone was found marked it as quite an ancient piece of workmanship, and from its shape and the fact of its having a hole through its centre, he believed it would be classed with the singular perforated stones called gorgets, found throughout the country, and always more or less elaborately finished, which were supposed to have been worn on the breast' as an ornament or badge of office. Mr. James H. Emerton of Salem in speaking of the SPIDERS AT MIDDLETON said that while going about the shallow parts of the pond in a boat we saw a large number of spiders, most of them of the genus Tetragnatha, on the sedges entirely surround- ed by water. They were standing head down with their feet stretched out up and down the leaves and could hardly be distinguished from their withered tips. One of these spiders found on an alder bush overhanging the pond was disturbed. It dropped and ran along on the water without wetting its body until it reached a water plant. These spiders are usually found near water but he had 95 not before seen them run on the surface although it is a common habit with several other species. MICROSCOPIC FUNGI. Rev. E. C. Bolles of Salem said that if there have been but few flowering plants collected for consideration, almost every one must have remarked, perhaps without knowing what they were, two curious vegetable growths which were largely represented among the specimens upon the table. The roads about Middleton are bordered with a great abundance of Berberry bushes and Blackberry vines ; and all of the former and many of the latter exhibit vegetable parasites in profusion upon their young foliage. These parasites are microscopic fungi only visible to the naked eye in the mass. The specimens before the meet- ing represent two divisions of the great family of the fungi, named Coniomycetes or Dust-fungi, because the most evident character about them is their powdery spores. The Berberry bushes have a large proportion of their leaves spotted with numerous yellow discolorations. These are found to proceed from clusters of points which roughen the under surface. Microscopic examination shows each >oint to be a short cylinder thrust up through the cuticle of the leaf, and having its upper edge cut into teeth or segments, which are turned over the outside very evenly. Each cup contains many rounded translucent grains, and as the cup with its frill is white and the grains a rich yel- low, the whole makes a very beautiful object for the mi- croscope. The cells are clustered together — hence the common name, Berberry Cluster-cups (^Ecidium Ber- teridis). The yellow grains are the spores and with the cups form the fructification of the plant. The rest of its structure as in all fungi is represented by the mycelium, or mat of white fibres, which pervades the tissue of the leaf. 96 In the case of the Blackberry vines, the leaves seem thickly and completely coated on the under side with a powdery orange-colored material. So brilliant is it that a plant so infected is a very striking object by the road- side. On looking more closely, we see that the color is in patches, which, in their tendency to become confluent, have spread over nearly the whole surface of the leaves. The orange material seems to have burst from under the cuticle, as the cluster-cups did. But there are no cups nor cells, only a mass of naked, rounded spores. This is a Hust, the Uredo Potentillarum ; and is found on many plants of the Rose family. The mycelium of the fungus is hidden in this plant as in the other. Both of these fungi are very common species here. Two features of interest may be noted. First, the im- mense number of spores, showing the resources of these minute plants. By the dispersion of these germs, wide- spread injury to the farmers' crops is often done by other species of Rusts, etc. Then again, these Berberry and Blackberry leaves are in many cases hardly unfolded, and yet almost immediately covered with the fungi. This shows that the plant itself is so infected, that year after year, in renewing its own foliage, it renews the parasitic growth as well. Dr. A. H. Johnson of Salem and Rev. L. H. Frary of Middleton being called upon made some interesting re- marks upon the object of these meetings and the beneficial influences that may arise therefrom in the promotion of science and general culture in the community. SCIENTIFIC LECTURES. The Committee on Lectures reported, that arrangements had been made (subject to the confirmation of the Institute) with Rev. E. C. Bolles of Salem, and Mr. E. Bicknell 97 of Salem as assistant, to deliver forty lectures "on the microscope and what it shows us" illustrated by the cal- cium light, in such places in Essex County as may be agreed upon during the year commencing July 1, 1872, eight of them to be given in Mechanic Hall, Salem, on successive Wednesday evenings commencing on the third Wednesday in October. Voted, To accept the report of the committee, and confirm the doings. David Weston of Salem was elected a resident member. Voted, That the Essex Institute hereby tenders its hearty thanks to Mr. Simon F. Esty of Middleton for the use of his beautiful and commodious grove, to the Proprietors of the Congregational Church in which this session has been held and to Messrs. David Stiles, Henry White, Merriam, Tyler and others of Middleton who have ex- tended courtesies on this occasion. Adjourned. Field Meeting at Gkoveland, Tuesday, July 16, 1872. Soon after nine o'clock on the morning of Tuesday, 16th of July, a goodly number of persons began to assemble in the Eastern Railroad Station, Salem, for an excursion to Groveland, taking the 9.25 train for Danvers on the Essex Road, thence a special train on the Danvers and George- town, now leased and operated by the Boston and Maine Railroad corporation, the remainder of the route. The additions to the party from other towns at. the several stations considerably augmented the number in attendance. On arrival at Groveland the party was met Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 13 98 by several of the citizens, and proceeded to the new building recently erected through the efforts of the ven- erable Dr. Jeremiah Spofford, on the site of the Merrimac Academy which was destroyed by fire some two or three years since, where a preliminary meeting was organized. The President, after briefly alluding to the nature of the gathering, and expressing the hope that the day's excur- sion might be pleasant and instructive to every participant, introduced Dr. Spofford who extended a cordial welcome and described the location of the groves, streams, paths, hills and other objects of interest that were accessible during the forenoon's ramble; when he closed, the party adjourned and went in groups to the various localities pointed out, as inclination dictated. This building is arranged for a lecture room on the second floor, and on the first, several smaller rooms for a public library, reading room, and other purposes. May the praiseworthy efforts of this venerated friend be fully and speedily carried out, and may he long live to witness the benefits of a good educational institution, ably sustained by the liberality of the friends of true progress and tending largely to promote the culture of the citizens of his native town. THE NEW IRON BRIDGE. The great bend in the Merrimac river between Grove- land and Haverhill has made the crossing, at this place, from the early days of the settlement highly desirable. Before the construction of the bridges, the ferry at this point received always its fair proportion of travel. It is only recently that the residents in this section of the county have been favored with this great accommodation. This bridge was an object of great interest ; it was built by authority of the Legislature (Acts 1870 chap. 219) , and 99 under the direction of the county commissioners, over the Merrimac Kiver near the site of the "Chain Ferry" in Groveland and connecting that town with Haverhill. It was commenced March 29, 1871, under the superin- tendence of Col. Coffin of Newburyport. The stone piers, which are the handsomest on the river, were designed by Mr. C. A. Putnam of Salem, and built by Messrs Blais- dell and Parker, the former of New Hampshire and the latter of Rockport. The superstructure was built by the King Iron Bridge Co., of Cleveland, Ohio, and is an iron tubular bridge, light appearing and graceful in construc- tion, but capable of sustaining a great weight. It has 804 feet of flooring, and is 25 feet in clear width. There are six spans, each 126 feet, and a draw of 68 feet, designed by Mr. C. G. Force, engineer of the King Com- pany. The bridge is warranted to sustain a weight of 3,000 pounds to the lineal foot. It was tested and formally inaugurated on Wednesday, April 10, 1872, when one of the spans was subjected to a test of thirty tons, placed as nearly in the centre as possible, and the deflection was only thirteen-sixteenths of an inch. About 14 tons were put upon the draw with no further deflection than would be caused by the straightening of the chains. The cost of the bridge may be summed up as follows : For foundation, piers, etc., $48,898.35 " superstructure, 33,056.67 " interest account, 3,00kG8 $84,902.70 and was divided between the county and the adjoining towns in the following proportions : County of Essex paid twenty-seven-sixtieths, $38,233.22 City of Haverhill paid nineteen-sixtieths, 20,904.85 Town of Groveland paid eight-sixtieths, 11.328.30 Town of West Newbury paid six-sixtieths, 8,490^27 $84,902.70 100 The day of inauguration may be considered one of the important events in the town's life ; a good proportion of the people were out, a collation was provided, and speeches ranging from grave to gay were warm in the approval of this object which has been a cherished one for many years to obtain. In 1834, 1835 and 1836 petitions were forwarded to the Legislature for a charter to build a bridge at this locality, but the opposition of Haverhill, and more actively that of the Proprietors of Haverhill Bridge, prevented a favorable consideration. This source of objection is now removed, the several bridges over the Merrimac, hitherto controlled by private interests, have been laid out as high- ways by legislative action (see Acts 1867, chap. 296, and 1868, chap. 309), and the expenses incident thereto and of maintaining the same have been assessed by the county commissioners on the county and towns or cities most benefited. HISTORICAL NOTICES. The first bridge over the Merrimac at Haverhill was completed in the autumn of 1794 ; its erection was consid- ered a marvel of mechanical skill and ingenuity. In 1795 the Merrimac Bridge at the Eocks connecting Haver- hill with West Newbury was built, and was the longest over this river; there being but little travel, the propri- etors suffered it to fall to decay and in 1818 it was swept away by the ice. It was rebuilt in 1828. These bridges have superseded the old ferries, the primitive mode adopted by our ancestors to maintain communication with those living on the opposite banks of the large rivers and to facilitate general travel. An historical sketch of these old ferries with brief allu- sions to the many incidents connected therewith would embody many valuable facts and be a great contribution to 101 our local history. The records of the county and of several of our towns contain a mass of material on the subject that would amply repay a careful examination. The ferries on the Merrimac near Haverhill have varied at different periods in number and location. The first on record was in 1647, Thomas Hale authorized to keep a ferry. In 1711, a ferry was established at Holt's Rocks between Haverhill and Newbury, and was kept for many years by John Swett, father and son, hence the name of "Swett's Ferry." In 1745, there were no less than five ferries between the village of Haverhill and Holt's Rocks : Swett's, at Holt's Rock ; Cottle's, at the mouth of East Meadow River (Cottle's Creek) ; Pattee's near the House where David Nichols now or recently lived; Milliken's at the "Chain Ferry"; and Griffen's nearly opposite the central part of the city. A ferry has been kept at the location of the New Bridge from 1738 to 1872, or 134 years, as a public landing; for more than one hundred years it had been a regularly at- tended ferry. About thirty years after the opening of Haverhill bridge, regular attendance was suspended ; boats, however, have been kept by individuals for the conveyance of foot passengers. Some of the party, who were interested in genealogical investigations, repaired to the old records ; others, among whom was the author of a valuable memoir of one of the old families of the place, visited the location of several of the original grants of land to settlers from Rowley who first came hither in 1649. This territory at that time was known as "the Merrimac lands" and was within the town- ship of Rowley. The $rst grants were bounded on the river (the river before the building of roads was the most convenient mode of communication), and extended back a considerable distance, some as far as the present 102 dividing line between Georgetown and Groveland. These were of different widths ; the boundaries of most of them can now be easily ascertained, and any one acquainted in town can designate with sufficient accuracy the place where the first people lived, and the land they occupied. Although meetings of the settlers were probably held from the beginning, yet the first on record was on the 20th Feb., 1668-9. The name then given was Merrimac, after- wards called Rowley village on the Merrimac; Jan. 7, 1672-3, they voted to take the name of Bradford and incorporated under that appellation about 1675. The first congregational church was constituted Dec. 27, 1682. Zachariah Symmes, a native of Charlestown and a graduate of Harvard in the class of 1657, was the first pastor, and was succeeded by his son, Thomas Symmes. On the seventeenth of June, 1726, the town was divided into town parishes and this portion was set off as the East Precinct, and incorporated as a distinct municipality, March 8, 1750, under the name of Groveland. The first' parish meeting was held July 4, 1726 ; on the 8th of November following, Rev. William Balch was unanimously invited to preach with them ; he was born at Beverly in 1704, graduated at Harvard College in 1724, ordained in 1728, and died January 12, 1792, aged 88 — a descendant of John Balch, one of the old planters of Salem. He was succeeded by Rev. Ebenezer Dutch, a native of Ipswich, a graduate of Brown in 1776, ordained Nov. 17, 1779, died Aug. 4, 1813, aged 62. Rev. Gardner B. Perry was the third pastor, born at Norton, Aug. 9, 1783, graduated at Union in 1804, settled Sept. 28, 1814, and after a long and useful ministry died Dec. 16, 1859. Balch's woods, extending along the banks of the Merri- 103 mac, is a delightful place in which to ramble, especially on a hot day, and to enjoy the beautiful scenery of the river and the opposite shore, with its undulating hills cov- ered largely with wood in some localities, and in others with the city of Haverhill, thriving villages and cultivated fields ; here also the naturalist can find much to study in his especial line of investigation. Several eminences nearly in the centre of the village were visited, and pre- sented extensive views and cool and refreshing breezes. At 1 P. M. the several parties repaired to the lower hall of the new building which was the place of gathering for the day, where the collation wa's partaken, the citizens furnishing delicious tea and coffee. The divine blessing was invoked by Eev. J. C. Paine of Groveland. THE AFTERNOON SESSION was called to order at 2 P. M. in the hall on the second floor. The President in the chair. Kecorcls of preced- ing meeting read : — The Secretary announced the following dence : — correspon- Boston Public Library, June 17; Geological Survey of India, Jan. 2; Maryland Historical Society, June 19; New York State Library, June 22; Rhode Island His- torical Society, June 28; U. S. Dept. of Interior, June 18; Department of Agricul- ture, June 17, 20; Vermont Historical Society, July 9; Worcester Free Public Library, June 29; Mrs. W. B. Bannister, Newburyport, July 10; J. W. Foster, Chi- cago, 111., June 25; John H. Gould, Topsfield, July 12; L. D. Gould, Boston High- lands, July 11, 13; S. C. Gregory, New York, June 13; C J. Maynard, Ipswich, July 4; J. Spofford, Groveland, June 21, July 5, 8. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Bannister, Mrs. Wm. B., of Newburyport. Christian World, 60 numbers. Jewish Chronicle, 10 numbers. The Israelite Indeed, 43 numbers. Panoplist, 19 numbers. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 112. Butler, Benj. F., M. C Carpenter's Speech in U. S. Sen., June 3, 1872. Logan's Speech in U. S. Sen., June 3, 1872. Flanagan's Speech in U. S. Sen., June 1, 1872. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C Reports of Commissioners to Paris Exposition, 2nd Sess., 40th Cong., 18U7-8, 6 vols. 8vo. Senate Documents' 104 2nd Sess. ,40th Cong., 1867-8, 1vol. 8vo. Reports of the Committees of the House of Reps., 3d Sess., 40th Cong., 1868-9, 1 vol. 8vo., 2nd Sess., 41st Cong., 1869-70, 3 vols. 8vo. Patent Office Reports, 3d Sess., 40th Cong., 4 vols. 8vo. Senate Reports, 2nd Sess., 41st Cong., 1839-70, 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Journal, 2nd Sess., 41st Cong., 1869-70, 3 vols. 8vo. Commerce and Navigation, 1869-70, 1 vol. 8vo. Report of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, 1869-70, 1 vol. 8vo. Executive Documents, 2nd Sess., 41st Cong., 1869-70, 1 vol. 8vo. Mines and Mining, 1869-70,1 vol. 8vo. Report of the Finance Committee, 1869-70, 1 vol. 8vo. Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1869-70, 1 vol. 8vo. House Journal, 1869-70, 1 vol.. 8vo. Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1869-70, 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Journal, 1889, 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Docu- ments, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo. Report of the Secretary of War, 1869-70, 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Reports, 1839, 1 vol. 8vo. House Miscellaneous 1869, 1 vol. 8vo. Claims of U. S. against Great Britain, 1869, 5 vols. 8vo. Folger, Wm. C, of Nantucket. Report of the Town of Scituate, Mch. 1871-Feb. 1872. Report of the Selectmen of the Town of Marshfield, 1872. Hotchktss, Susan V., of New Haven, Conn. Fifteenth Annual Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the University of Rochester, 1864-5. Mudge, Alfred, of Boston. Genealogy of the Mudge Family in America from 1638-1868 by donor, 1 vol. 8vo. Boston, 1868. Weston, David. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 14. Wilder, M. P., of Boston. Proceedings of the 30th Sess. of the American Pomological Society held in Richmond, Sept. 6, 7, 8, 1871, 4to pamph. By Exchange. Geological Survey of India. Observations on the Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia, 1 vol. 8vo. Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. iv, Pts. iii, iv, 2 pamphlets. 8vo. Memoirs of Geological Survey of India, Ser. vi, vii, 1871, 2 pamphlets, 4to. New York Gexealogical and Biographical Society. Record of, for July, 1872. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Proceedings of, Part iii, Oct., Nov., Dec, 1871. Publishers. American Naturalist. Essex County Mercury. Hardwicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Land and Water. Law- rence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailors' Magazine and Sea- men's Friend. Salem Observer. Silliman's Journal. Western Lancet. The Superintendent of Museum reported the following additions to the Historical Collection : — Craig, Mrs. Saml. A bottle with " C. B. 1715 " stamped on it. Little, Wm., of Newburyport. A old fashioned Mirror. Mudge, Alfred, & Son, of Boston. A complete set of the Jubilee programmes, 1872. U. S. Office of the Chief Signal Officer. Washington, D. C. Three copies of the daily weather Maps. James B. Stone. A pair of overshoes worn about the period of the Revolution. L. H. Frary of Middleton, W. F. Southard, W. W. Kelman, Jr., and George K. Proctor, all of Salem, were elected resident members. BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., August, 1872. No. 8, One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Field Meeting at Groveland, Tuesday, July 16, 1872. [ Continued.] The President in his opening remarks alluded briefly to his first visit to Groveland, then the East Parish of Bradford, on Thursday, the 21st of September, 1837, a >eautiful autumnal day, in company with a few friends, attend a horticultural exhibition in the hall of the Merrimack Academy, and a meeting of the Essex County Natural History Society. The collection of flowers was very fine and tastefully arranged, contributions were received from the gardens of the village and also from those of Salem, Newburyport, Haverhill and other towns. The attendance from the ricinity was large, the agricultural and other occupations being fully represented. A pleasing feature of the occa- sion was the appearance of the grounds * of the Academy *The ground in front of the Academy was then a flower garden, wholly managed by Mr. Morse and his pupils, which, though entirely open and exposed, knew not the loss of fruit or flower t Essex Inst. Bulletin. rv 14 106 laid out as a beautiful garden under the superintendence of Mr. Sylvanus Morse,* the Principal, for the amusement aud gratification of the scholars, who not only culled from its gayly attired borders many choice flowers, but also gathered from the fields aud woods, gerardias, asters, fringed gentians and many other attractive and showy flowers that add so much to the beauty of autumnal scen- ery. There was a goodly display of fruit and vegetables arranged on the tables. The exhibition indicated the great zeal in horticultural pursuits which was fostered by Mr. S. Morse, and Rev. G. B. Perry, f the pastor of the parish church. Both have passed away, but their mem- ories survive and will long be cherished, the one as the faithful and beloved teacher, the other for the great inter- est which he always took in the various movements for the promotion of education, temperance, horticulture aud other objects that tend to the general culture of the people, in addition to his usual professional duties which were always cheerfully and very acceptably performed. In the afternoon a meeting of the Natural History Society, since incorporated as the Essex Institute, was held, Rev. G. B. Perry, one of the Vice Presidents, in the chair. The objects of the Society being fully stated called * Sylvanus Morse, son of Joseph and Sophia [Bigelow] Morse of West Boyl- eton, Mass.; born June 30, 1798; graduated at Brown University; married Harriet N., daughter of Dr. Jenks, of North Brookfield. He commenced teaching in Grove- land in 1828 and continued for fifteen years, thence went to West Boylston and after- wards to Middleboro, Mass., where he died in 1871. His wife died in 1872 and both were buried in the cemetery at Groveland. fRev. Gardner Braman Perry, D. D., son of Nathan and Phebe [Br'aman] Perry, was born at Norton, Mass., Aug. 9, 1783. In June, 1800, entered Brown Uni- versity, continued there two years, and then went to Union College, where he graduated in 1804. For several years principal of Kingston Academy. Sept. 28, 1814, ordained at Bradford [Groveland] and was the sole pastor until 1851, wlien a colleague was appointed; he sustained the pastoral relation to the church until his death, which occurred December 2, 1859. He married, first, Maria P. Chamberlain of Exeter, N. H. ; second, Eunice Tuttle of Acton ; third, Sarah Brown of Grotou, who survived him. 107 forth remarks from the presiding officer, the Secretary and others. In the evening an instructive lecture was delivered in the church by the President of the Society, Dr. Andrew Nichols of Danvers,* "On the Advantages of the Study of Nature," which closed this interesting day. After mentioning the meetings of the Institute held in this place in September, 1859, and June, 1860, and the cordial receptions extended on these occasions, he called upon Mr. E. S. Morse to give some account of his obser- vations during the forenoon's ramble. Mr. E. S. Morse of Salem, after a few remarks on the findings of the day, gave a description of the insect which is the cause of the froth found on grass. This froth goes by the name of frog spit, and is supposed by many to be made by frogs, while others are aware that the substance in question is made by insects, but sup- pose the insects to be young grasshoppers. They are quite different from the grasshopper, belonging to an entirely different order. The creature causing this froth matures into a little wedge-shaped bug called leaf hopper, an hemipterous insect, the Ptyelus lineatus of Fitch. The eggs are deposited in the autumn, and are hatched in the following summer. In their larval or immature condi- tion only are they surrounded by this frothy substance. It has been stated that these insects excrete their frothy covering, wmereas they excrete a clear liquid, and blow it up afterward. This they accomplish by reaching out of the fluid their posterior segments and clutching, as it were, a drop of air, which they drag within the fluid holding it for a while against the under surface of the *See page 89 of this volume; also Proceed. Essex Inst., Vol. i, page 49 and Vol. ii, page 26. 108 body, and then allowing it to escape in the fluid. This, repeated many times, converts the fluid into froth. Dr. Jeremiah Spofford* was the next speaker. He retains his vigor in a remarkable degree for one who has reached fourscore and four years, and in his remarks gave an interesting account of the academy of which he was one of the founders, as follows : — MERRIMACK ACADEMY. Merrimack Academy originated in repeated conversa- tions between the Kev. Dr. Perry, then pastor of this church, and myself, who now, after the lapse of half a century have devoted much of my time and care during the last year to rebuilding its ruined walls, destroyed by fire in September, 1870. Dr. Perry and myself had then numerous families, in need of better advantages than the place afforded, and others were in the same situation, and some of us not well able to incur the expense of maintaining children at distant schools. These conversations resulted in the drawing up a paper by myself, which was headed by Mr. Perry, and followed by Dr. Benjamin Parker, f Capt. * Jeremiah Spofford, son of Jeremiah and Temperance Spofford, was born at New Rowley [Georgetown] Dec. 8, 1787; married, Oct. 14, 1S13, Mary Ayer, daugh- ter of Deacon Eleazer and Mary [Flint] Spofford, of Jaffrey, N. H. First settled in Hampstead in 1813, a physician, and removed in 1817 to East Bradford, now Groveland, where he now resides, having continued in the practice of his profes- sion fifty-five years. Author of a Gazetteer of Massachusetts, " Reminiscences of Seventy Years," a Spofford Genealogy, etc. f Benjamin Parker, son of Bradstreet a.nd Rebecca [Balch] Parker, was born at Bradford [Groveland], Nov. 11,1759; graduated at Harvard College in 1782; Dartmouth in 1812 conferred upon him the honorar-y degree of M. D. He prac- tised medicine in Virginia about twenty years and returned to his native town in 1809, where he resided until his death, which occurred May 12, 1815. Married Hannah Moulton of Hampstead, N. H., in 1816; three sons. 109 George Savary,* Moses Parker, Esq., f William Green- ougb | and others, promising to pay certain proportions or shares, in the erection of a building for academy purposes. The building was raised July 4, 1821, was finished and occupied for a school in November of the same year, con- sisting of about twenty-five scholars, male and female, mostly, but not wholly, of this place. Mr. Stephen Morse, § a native of the town and gradu- ate at Dartmouth, was the first teacher, with a female department during the two summer terms, first taught a few weeks by Miss Harriet Wood, || but most of the time of those and the two succeeding summer terms of the next year by Miss Mary Frothingham If of Newburyport, afterwards the wife of Eev. William Withington. The school was no sooner in operation than application was made to the legislature for an act of incorporation, which was obtained, incorporating Eev. Gardner B. Perry, Dr. Benjamin Parker, William Greenough, Esq., Dr. *Capt. George Savary, son of Major Thomas and Polly [Rollins] Savary, was born January 30, 1793, at Bradford [Groveland]. A boot and shoe manufacturer and trader; representative and senator of Massachusetts legislature. Married Louisa, dau: of Benjamin Balch of Salem. Died at Groveland, March 28, 1854. f Moses Parker (son of Bradstreet and Rebecca [Balch] Parker) was born April 20, 1756. Trader and ingenious mechanic; did much for the academy and town. Died July 9, 1837. % William Greenottgh, son of William; a trader and farmer; representative of Massachusetts legislature; born at Bradford [Groveland] Oct. 25, 17G3; mar- ried Abigail Parker (sister of Benjamin Parker); died Oct. 7, 1851. § Rev. Stephen Morse, son of Deacon Thomas and Rebecca [Cole] Morse, was born at Bradford [Groveland], Feb. 21, 1791; graduated at Dartmouth College, 1821; at Andover Theological Seminary, one year; married Martha, daughter of Dr. Jona. Kittredge of Salisbury; settled in the ministry at Merrimac and Troy, N. H., Biddeford, Me, and at Post Mills, Vt. In 1817, on account of ill health, re- tired to Thetford, Vt., where he died May 22, 1855. H Harriet Wood, daughter of Abner Wood of Newburyport. IT Mary Frothingham of Newburyport; a successful teacher; married Rev. William Withington, an Episcopal minister of Dorchester; died young. 110 Jeremiah Spofforcl, Ebenezer Rollins,* Phinehas Parker, f Capt. George Savary, and Capt. Samuel Tenney. J Rev. Elijah Demond§ was named in the act, but declined the trust. Mr. Stephen Parker || was elected trustee in 1824. Dr. Perry was president of the board thirty-five years, till his death ; Dr. Spofford was secretary about twenty years, and president after Mr. Perry. Capt. Benjamin' Parker, If elected trustee, was secretary and treasurer nearly thirty years. The school did not entirely sustain itself, in its early years, but all deficiency was made up by an annual assess- ment upon the trustees, resident in town, and on one occasion one hundred and forty dollars were paid, at an evening session, to square accounts, by a voluntary con- tribution by them alone. Rev. David L. Nichols** was preceptor about two years. His health failing, Mr. John C. March, afterwards * Ebenezer Rollins, son of Eliphalet and Patty [Sargent] Rollins; merchant in Boston. t Phinehas Parker, son of William and Hannah [Hardy] Parker; born at Bradford [Groveland] Dec. 3, 1783. In early life went into business in Boston; in 1827 retired and removed to Nevvburyport, and died at that place Oct. 7, 1850. t Capt. Samuel Tenney, son of Solomon and Betsey[[Savary] Tenney, born Feb. 21,1764; died April, 1828. § Rev. Elijah Demond, son of Israel Howe and Hannah [Henry] Demond, born at Rutland, Mass., Nov. 1, 1790; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1816; studied at Andover Theological Seminary; settled in the ministry at West Newbury, Lincoln and Princeton ; married Lucy, daughter of Aaron Brown of Groton and has resided at Westborough, Mass. || Stephen Parker, son of Daniel and Abigail [Bailey] Parker, bora Nov. 11, 1783; married Mehitable, daughter of Wm. Palmer; a boot and shoe manufacturer and trader; representative of Massachusetts legislature; died Aug., 1861. IT Capt. Benjamin Parker, son of Stephen Parker; trader fifty years; married Anne, daughter of Barker Lapham. ** Rev. David Lowell Nichols, son of Stephen and Martha [Robinson] Nichols, born at Amesbury, Mass., Apr. 12, 1794; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1816 ; teacher at Richmond, Va., Groveland-and other places; studied divinity and was ordained but never settled on account of ill health ; died at Kingston, April 22, Ill Rev. John C. March* of Belleville, succeeded in 1825, during one year. Dr. Alonzo Chapin, f afterwards mis- sionary at the Sandwich Islands, and now physician at Winchester, Mass., taught one year. John Tenney, Esq.,t afterwards an attorney at Methuen, taught one terra. Mr. Sylvan us Morse, A. B., of West Boylston, com- menced his valuable service in November, 1827, and sus- tained the school upon its own resources till April, 1844, seventeen years. Mr. Morse's long term was a great benefit to this institution and to the town, nearly all the children of the founders of the institution, and almost a whole generation of the young people of the town passed more or less time under his tuition, and were influenced by his wise instruction and gentle manners. Nor was the time passed here less pleasant to himself — his attach- ments were strong. It was his misfortune to lay his fiist- born son in our cemetery, and by their preference and direction, the earthly remains of himself and his amiable wife have been recently brought from a distant residence to rest by his side. Mr. Benjamin Greenleaf, § many years preceptor of *Rev. John Charles March, born at Newburyport, Oct. 9, 1805; graduated at Yale College, 1825; settled over the Second Church in Newbury [Belleville Parish], March, 1832, and continued as the pastor until his decease in September, 1846. fDr. Alonzo Chapin, a student of medicine; for several years a missionary at the Sandwich Islands; now physician at Winchester, Mass. J John Tenney, son of Shubael and Mary [Jameson] Tenney, boi'n at Dun- stable, Sept. 12, 1799; graduated at Dartmouth College, 1821; counsellor at law in Methuen; senator in Massachusetts legislature and executive councillor; married first, Mary Augusta, daughter of Bailey Bartlett of Haverhill; second, Augusta, daughter of Joseph and Lucy [Osgood] Sprague of Salem; died April 9, 1853. § Benjamin Greenleaf, son of Caleb and Susannah [Emerson] Greenleaf. born in the West Parish of Haverhill, Sept. 25, 1786; graduated at Dartmouth College, 1813. He resided at Bradford and was for many years a successful teacher and author of a series of arithmetics which for many years were largely introduced into the schools of New England and other states. He represented Bradford in the Massachusetts legislature in 1837, 1838 and 1839. He married Lucretia, daughter of Col. James Kimball of Bradford. He died Oct. 29, 1861. 112 Bradford Academy, kept one term, during the sickness of Mr. Morse, with much approbation. Mr. Eufus C. Hardy,* a graduate of Dartmouth, sus- tained a useful and reputable school here from April, 1848, to 1860, upon the tuition received, which tuition was from three to five dollars a term, of three to four months, or leSs than twelve dollars a year, a small expense compared with the extra expense of board and travel, in supporting scholars at the distant schools, for which the public money is expended ; in addition to losing the privilege of parental superintendence of children at home. Miss Mary S. Frothingham, before named, Miss Sophia Perry, | sister of Rev. Dr. Perry, Miss Judith D. Pea- body, J lister of the London banker, and Miss Hannah Parish, § daughter of Rev. Dr. Parish, were successively and successfully employed in a separate female depart- ment till February, 1829, when, by vote of the trustees, a separate female department was discontinued. The town was much indebted to Mr. Hardy, and his sister, Miss Emeline Hardy, || now deceased, for sustaining a highly useful school here for more than ten years. During1 the successful operation of this academy it sent forth more than one thousand pupils, and we could often *Rufus Chandler Hardy, son of Phineas and Olive [Parker] Hardy, born at Bradford [Groveland] Feb. 18,1814; graduated at Dartmouth College, 1812. He commenced teaching in the academy in 1818, and continued with success for ten years, living at the old homestead. t Sophia Perry, sister of Rev. Dr. Perry of Groveland. X Judith Dodge Peabody, daughter of Thomas and Judith [Dodge] Peabody, of Haverhill and Danvers, a sister of. George Peabody, the distinguished London banker; born April 5, 1709; married, first, Jeremiah Russell of Georgetown, and second, Robert S. Daniels of Danvers; resides in Georgetown. § Miss Hannah Parish, dan. of Rev. Dr. A. Parish of Newbury. || Olive Emeline Hardy, a sister of Rufus C Hardy, was a graduate of and an assistant in the academy two years and teacher in the town schools nearly twenty years; died in 1871, aged 51. 113 count ten to thirteen of its graduates, natives of the town, in business as successful teachers, in this and the neigh- boring towns;* with a corresponding elevation of the habits and manners of the population. Now, with an amount spent for town schools fourfold what it then cost for them and the academy, in the vain attempt to make learned gentlemen and ladies of the whole community, we hear of no teachers from our town schools, and have a deterioration in our manners and morals which I have no disposition to portray. The academy stood, and was useful for short terms ot schooling and social purposes, till September, 1870, when it was destroyed by fire. To the speaker, who then stood and now stands alone of the original board of trustees, and who had in younger life expended his utmost energies for its erection and sup- port, and experienced and witnessed its usefulness, this was a sad and sickening si^ht. Capt. Benjamin Parker was early elected a trustee, and in 1827 secretary and treasurer, and though an octogenarian like myself,- and confined by sickness, has, by his counsel and his vote, rendered essential aid in the re-occupation of this spot, so dear to the memory of a thousand of its alumni and their friends, with a build- ing, larger than its predecessor, in which we have the pleasure of meeting you this day, for scientific purposes, instead of the solitary visit of some of you, who may remember its schools, its lectures, its exhibitions, and its *In this connection mention may be made of the valuable services of Miss Apphia Spofford, a teacher for fourteen years, and Miss Sarah Tenney, a teacher for twenty years in the public schools of this and other towns. The first is sister of Dr. Jeremiah Spofford, born July 1, 179G; married Amos J. Tenney, Esq., of Georgetown; at that town she now resides, his widow. The second is daughter of William and Abigail [Jaques] Tenney, and is now a much respected inhab- itant of this town. Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 15 114 flower garden, to cast a melancholy look over its dust and ruins. Our pupils, having been largely of the class who had talents and energy to educate themselves, have given a high average, and we have known of no failure, among the large number who have gone forth to honorable sta- tions, in all the professions ; and we have yet to learn if the high schools, which are supported by taxation, in all the large towns, with a view to giving a scientific and clas- sical education to the whole [population, are furnishing us as many, or as talented teachers as flowed out spontane- ously from the four thousand pupils of our seventy acad- emies, without cost to anybody but themselves, twenty years ago. Our self-made men have always held honor- able competition with the sons of affluence, or the proteges of the State ; and it is yet doubtful whether acad- emies, accessible to all who had taste and talent, to work their own wTay to learning and business, were not better than high schools for a whole population, upon free cost, and half a dozen schools, remote from a great part of the state, furnished with palatial buildings, and all the modern conveniences that a state's wealth can purchase ! Mr. James H. Emerton of Salem, mentioned several cases of protective colors and habits in spiders which he had seen in the grove during the morning walk. The common Epeira caudata of Hentz, covers the re- mains of its prey and other rubbish with loose silk and arranges them in a line across the web, with room enough at the centre for the spider, who draws her feet close to her body, showing only the brown and gray abdomen, which can hardly be distinguished from the dirt around it. A specimen of Attus was caught on dried oak leaves, in the woods, colored almost the same shade of brown, 115 mixed with black; which, when it was still, could hardly be found among the leaves. Another curious spider, of which three specimens were found, had the abdomen prolonged beyond the spinnerets, much as in E. caudata. Its color was brownish-yellow, with darker marks, like dried grass, and it hung in the web with its legs laid close together, and bent in front of the head, looking like a bit of straw accidentally dropped in the web. Messrs. Abner S. Phipps, the agent of the State Board of Education, and D. B. Hagar, principal of the State Normal School in Salem, being invited, made short addresses upon the utility of a knowledge of the natural sciences, combining in good proportions wit and wisdom. Rev. S. C. Beane of Salem spoke of the system of compulsory education as sometimes not effecting its object if there were wanting in the towns a disposition to carry out the spirit of the law, and mentioned some of the advantages that accrued from the academies which were in a flourishing condition some years since, and were located in many of our rural towns. Rev. E. C. Bolles of Salem described the various mosses that were noticed in the rambles, illustrating the subject on the blackboard, as had also Messrs. Morse and Emerton. Mr. Bolles was quite eloquent in showing the perfection of nature in all her works, manifesting the absolute perfection of the Creator in all his attributes. Mr. La Roy F. Griffin, principal of the Phillips Academy, Andover, spoke of the interest he had long felt in the Institute, dating back to the time when he was 116 at Beverly, and expressing high appreciation of the influence of the Institute in the cause of popular educa- tion. He exhibited a specimen of coral which he had picked up in Beverly. The chair suggested that it was probably found near the site of an old lime kiln, similar specimens having been found in like places in Salem. The coral was probably brought from the West Indies by the traders on the return trips and was burnt with shells and other materials containing lime collected on the beaches and elsewhere for the lime that was used for building purposes during the provincial period. Mr. Goldsmith, principal of the Andover High School, followed with a few words expressive of the importance he attached to such organizations in the interests of use- ful knowledge. Mr. C. H. Webber, after a few preliminary remarks, offered the following resolution, which was unanimously adopted. Resolved, That the thanks of the Essex Institute are due and are hereby tendered to Dr. Jeremiah Spofford, Dr. Morris Spofford, Eev. John C. Paine, Messrs. Chas. Stickney, D. H. Stickney, Elclred S. Parker, George P. Carlton, O. B. Merrill, B. E. Merrill, Frank Savary, Charles Drew, N. Hopkinson Griffith, Jos. H. Hopkinson of the Dewhirst line of Haverhill & Groveland Omnibuses, Mrs. Martha W. Parker, Mrs. Moses P. Atwood, Miss A. T. Spofford, and all others who have been active in making our visit to-clay so pleasant and profitable. Dr. Spofford and Kev. Mr. Paine of Groveland re- sponded, saying that they were grateful to the party for the visit, and trusting that it might serve to awaken and perpetuate in their locality a deeper love for natural his- tory and scientific attainment. 117 The visitors took the return train at 5.08, entirely escaping the drenching rain which soon commenced fall- ing, and which fortunately ceased before their arrival at Danvers. While awaiting the Lawrence train for Salem, a beautiful rainbow appeared in the eastern heavens, awakening those hopeful emotions always inspired by the bow of promise. THE FIRST WHITE HAMBURG, AND THE FIRST MUSCAT OF ALEX- ANDRIA GRAPE-VINE IMPORTED INTO THE UNITED STATES.— Communicated by Jones Vert. In the year 1822, Capt. Jones Very, of Salem, brought to Boston from Malaga in the Barque Aurelia, with a cargo of fruit and wine, two grape-vines ; a White Hamburg, and a Muscat of Alexandria, or Royal Muscadine. These were then about two inches round, and were rooted in two large green earthen vases. It was his intention to keep them ; but finding it inconvenient, he sold them to a neighbor, Mr. William Dean, living on the opposite side of the street (Essex St., opposite Buffum's Corner), who had just built a greenhouse. Under his care they grew, and have been very productive ever since. The last year 1871, the grapes were very abundant and large. The White Hamburg is now, 1872, fourteen inches round about two and a half feet from the ground, where it divides into two branches, each seven inches round. The Muscat is seven inches round about two and a half feet from the ground, where it branches. These two vines, as I have been informed by J. F. Allen, Esq., are the parent vines of all of these two kinds in this country, being the first imported into the United States. The es- tate of Mr. Dean is now owned by Mr. George W. Varney. 118 Field Meeting at Annisquam, Thursday, August -8, 1872. A pleasant, warm summer's clay, so congenial and appropriate for a visit to the seashore, where can be enjoyed the cool and refreshing breezes of the ocean, induced many to accompany the Institute on this excur- sion to the rock-bound coast of Cape Ann. After a pleas- ant ride in the cars to the Gloucester station, and thence by carriage some four or five miles, the party arrived at the place of meeting in Annisquam, a parish of Gloucester on the north side of the Cape. The latter portion of the trip was exceedingly interest- ing and attractive, passing over a road abounding in rich and varied scenery and in many places highly picturesque ; huge masses of rock, with small patches of green verdure interspersed, were conspicuous ; the little brown, weather- stained, moss-covered cottages, that thirty years ago were marked features in the landscape, are giving place to a more substantial and •commodious class of structures with all the appendages of the new and improved residences ; thus indicating that the inhabitants are prosperous and turning their attention to a less precarious employment. From an early period the fisheries have been carried on with varied success at several points on the Cape, around which have clustered villages of considerable extent j al- though in this section the business has declined, yet the increased attention in others, especially at the "Harbor," has made Gloucester the most important fishing place on the continent. The introduction of the stone business, which com menced at Pigeon Cove in 1824, and has, in a great de- gree, superseded the fisheries, effected this change and has 119 largely contributed to the wealth and prosperity of this people. Many companies have been formed, and from Sandy Bay to Aniiisquam, a distance of six miles, huge derricks thickly stud the landscape, and the sharp click of the drill hammer has become a familiar sound. The attention of the summer tourist to the seashore has had a corresponding influence in this direction. Many of the retired and secluded spots on the shores of this county have been appropriated for private residences, and others are gradually being taken up for similar purposes. In this immediate neighborhood the stone mansion of Gen. B. F. Butler at Bay View is conspicuous. Many summer visitors were in this place to pass the hot term — they come literally in swarms, not only from the inland cities and towns of New England, but from New York, the • West, and a few from the South. Many of the families camp out by the shore in tents, while others are beginning to have their "cottage by the sea." The natural curios- ities of this place, the woodland attractions, the rides, embracing some of the grandest sea views in the world, the shores generally high and bold, with fine beaches in many places, the bracing and invigorating air — these combined make this place a very desirable resort, in the summer season, to the invalid, the tourist and the pleasure seeker ; at other seasons to the sportsman for its sea fowl, gunning and fishing ; and at all times to the naturalist for its marine fauna and flora, its peculiar geological forma- tion and fine minerals found in the seams exposed during the process of quarrying. Mechanic's Hall, at Squam Point, was the place of ren- dezvous for the day, where, on arrival, an informal meeting was held, a cordial welcome extended, and arrangements made for the various excursions. Some rambled over the hills and on the shore, as inclination dictated ; some 120 enjoyed a pleasant sail in the harbor (several boats near by were made available and brought into requisition) ; others crossed over to Coffin's beach and farm on the West Gloucester side to visit the beach and the rocky cliffs upon which the sand had been blown and had given them, at a little distance, the appearance of sand hills, and also to look for Indian shell heaps, usually found in similar localities. In former times this opposite shore was a mass of dense woods ; but they have been cleared away and these sand heaps now give a variety to what was formerly hills of grass and other vegetation. The views from the high lands were very extensive and very enjoyable ; Coffin's Beach, Castle Neck and Plum Island, at the head of Ipswich Bay, were seen stretching away to the northwest, but owing to a haze in the horizon Agamenticus and the Isles of Shoals, which are usually visible from Lookout Hill, could not be seen. There is also a curious trap dyke leading from one of the camping houses and within a few minutes walk of the place of rendezvous. A little past noon the various parties began to reas- semble in the hall to partake of their lunch, the people of the village having kindly provided a bountiful supply of tea and coffee, and extended other Civilities, which were gratefully received ; afterwards adjourned to the Universalist Church at the head of the Cove, where the public meeting was held, commencing at 2 p. m. {To be continued). BULLETIN OF THE IBSSIEIX INSTITUTE. Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., September, 1872. No. 9. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Field Meeting at Annisquam, Thursday, August 8, 1872. [ Continued . ] The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The President in his opening remarks alluded briefly to the objects of the Institute, the origin of the field meetings, the opportunity offered thereby to gather infor- mation, from every part of the county, of historical and scientific value, and also to awaken an interest for these pursuits in the several places visited. He mentioned that two meetings the present season had previously been held: one at Micldleton, an inland town diversified with hills and dales, with many by-paths skirted with shrub- bery and flowering plants, with pleasant ponds and run- ning streams ; on the shores of one of these ponds known as Forest Lake was the rendezvous for the day ; the other at Groveland, on the banks of the Merrimac, with the Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 16 122 beautiful grove on the river banks, hence its name, and fine views from the several eminences in the centre of the town. He said that this day they had come to the sea- shore, the rock-bound coast, lashed in the wintry months with the tempestuous waves, and that in the summer the calm and placid waters, the cool and refreshing breezes rendered it a most delightful retreat ; that here another field was opened for their inspection, the marine fauna and flora, and the peculiar geological formation of this part of the coast. The speaker reminded them that they had come to a new place, not newly settled but new to most of them, and in common with the members of the Institute he had found much enjoyment in visiting these new scenes and attractions. Mr. F. W. Putnam of Salem was called upon and made some interesting remarks founded on two specimens which he had collected during his rambles in the forenoon. INDIAN SHELL HEAFS. He said that he had taken a boat and visited Coffin's beach and the sand hills adjacent, with the hope of dis- covering some of the Indian shell heaps which are fre- quently found along the New England coast, often buried beneath the sand drifts, and uncovered at other times by the shifting of the sand. He had found but one such at Coffin's form as the excessive heat prevented him from continuing his search. From this one he had obtained a small piece of Indian pottery, which was passed round and exhibited to the audience. He said this was a piece of an ornamented pot, as was shown by the groove across it, and from the curvature of the piece it must have been a part of a small vessel. Some of these pots were 123 eighteen inches in diameter, and others quite small. The Indian pottery was composed of clay and pounded clam shells, and dried in the sun at first, though afterwards, as they were used for cooking purposes, they had the appearance of having been baked. These shell heaps also contained axes, gouges, arrow-heads and other stone implements, and particularly interesting was a kind of fish spear made of bone. There was also found a kind of awl made of bone, finely pointed and used by the Indians for making holes in skins, etc. By an examina- tion of the kitchen refuse heaps of the Indians, it could be determined pretty accurately the kinds of animal food that were used by them. Bones of the deer, moose, and the other animals once common to this part of the coun- try, had been found; also the black bear, and in one instance a tooth of a white bear, which indicated that though this animal is an inhabitant of the arctic regions, he might have been occasionally found, in times long past, in these latitudes. In all, the bones of some ten or twelve of the different kinds of mammalia had been found in these refuse heaps. The bones of a bird now extinct, as is believed, the last known specimen having been taken in Greenland, the great auk, had been found. This bird was of a heavy build and incapable of flight. Of the fish, the Indians used all the common kinds here taken, and they also consumed large quantities of the fish known as the wolf fish, devil fish, or monk fish, which we regard as unfit for food. More than two-thirds of the fish bones found in many of these Indian refuse heaps were of this species. EGG CASE OF THE SKATE. Another interesting specimen obtained by him was the egg case of one species of the skate. This is found on 124 our beaches and is supposed by many persons to be a kind of sea plant, being black and of the texture of dried rockweed. In shape it very much resembles a hand bar- row and one of its common English names is derived from this resemblance. This case is formed in the ovi- duct of the fish, and unlike the process in other oviparous animals, where the shell is the last part of the egg pro- duced, this case or shell is in part formed before the egg is deposited in it. The egg, enclosed in the case, is then laid and becomes attached to various substances by means of filaments extending from the projections or tubes of the case. After a while the young skates are hatched, when the empty shell is driven on shore. Many of the skates lay eggs of this character, others are viviparous. The common dog fish, which is a species of shark, is vivip- arous, and produces five or six young in a perfect state at a time. Some of the larger species of sharks are oviparous, others are viviparous. Mr. Putnam's remarks were listened to with much interest, many of his facts being new to a large portion of the audience. HISTORICAL NOTICES OF THE THIRD PARISH AT ANNISQUAM. Rev. E. W. Coffin, of Orange, Mass., a former pastor of the society at Annisquam for the term of five years, was next called upon to give a short sketch of the history of the society. He said that Mr. Hooper, the present pastor, having been notified that it would be desirable for him to give the meeting some information concerning the rise and progress of the Parish in whose church they were to assemble, and having made arrangements, which he could not change without great inconvenience, to be absent on his summer vacation at the time of holding the meeting, had requested him to supply the desired infor- mation. He had, when pastor of the society, prepared and 125 delivered two discourses on its history, but as lie did not have them with him at this time, he could only avail him- self of the matter contained in them, as far as his memory could serve him, and he might make some mistakes. This was originally the third Congregational Parish in Gloucester, the one in the harbor being the first, and the one in the West Parish being the second. The first minister settled over the parish was Benjamin Bradr street, who was settled in 1728, and continued pastor till his death in 1762. He had a numerous family, and one of his daughters married James Day, a resident of this village, and some of their descendants are living in this neighborhood at the present time. From the best infor- mation he (Mr. Coffin) could obtain, he believed that the first meeting house, which probably stood near the old burying-ground at Bay View, was burned, and that on the question of building another a division arose as to the location, some of them wishing to rebuild on the old site, and some on the site of the present church, and that at a meeting of the Parish it was decided by a majority to build on the old site, and that the frame of the building was prepared and placed on the spot preparatory to rais- ing it the next day. But when the people came to the raising the next morning they found no frame there, the friends of the present location, having, during the night, removed the whole of the timber to this site. This action settled the question as to location, and the meeting house was built on the place where this church stands, and here it stood till 1830, when it was replaced by this structure. Kev. John Wyeth was the next minister ; he was settled in 1766, but remained only two years. The parish could not be called minister worshippers, as might be judged from their peculiar way of hinting to Mr. Wyeth their desire for a change : once a musket ball was fired just 126 over his head, and his black horse, during one night 7 7 o o while in the pasture, changed color by a liberal applica- tion of whitewash. The pastor finally took the hint and left, stopping at the top of the hill, and shaking the dust from his feet as a testimony against them. The next minister was Rev. Obadiah Parsons, who was an eloquent man, and his pulpit services were very acceptable. Sto- ries were circulated discreditable to his moral character, however, and he was finally dismissed. It is related that at the council called to consider his case, the principal witness against him was a colored woman, and the ques- tion arising whether the testimony of a colored person should be received, it was decided at that early day not to receive the same. The church remained without a pastor until the Rev. Ezra Leonard, who is and ever will be held in high veneration by the people of Squam, was settled in 1804, and remained pastor till his death in 1832. A remarkable change took place during his ad- ministration, he publicly embracing the doctrine of Uni- versalism in 1811, carrying the whole society with him, with the exception of four or five families. In announcing this change of views, he preached a Universalist sermon, and told them he believed this doctrine, and must preach it if he preached at all. The parish voted to retain him until his year expired, and in the following March the record says it was voted that "he continue to preach the gospel as usual." Mr. Coffin also gave a short sketch of all the ministers of the parish since the death of Mr. Leonard, but want of space forbids our following his remarks further than giving their names, time of service and brief individual notices. Rev. Abraham Norwood, one year; Rev. Elbridgc Trull, one year; Rev. John Harriman, three years; Rev. Geo. C. Leach, four years; Rev. M. B. Newell, three 127 years ; Rev. J. A. Bartlctt, two years ; Rev. B. II. Clark, one year; Rev. E. W. Coffin, five years; Rev. Nath'l Gunnison, three years; Rev. E. Partridge, two years; Rev. L. L. Record, three years; Rev. J. II. Tuller, one year; Rev. J. H. Willis, two years; Rev. F. A. Benton, one year ; bringing us down to the present pastor, Rev. Mr. Hooper, who was settled in 1871, and whose tempo- rary absence we regret to-day. The church, as a Uni- versalist body, has had fifteen ministers, of whom only seven survive. Mr. Norwood has been an able and amiable minister, residing now in Conn. Mr. Trull thought he could do better in furnishing medicine for the body, and so engaged in the druggist business. Mr. Harriman left the ministry and engaged in secular pursuits, and has been dead many years. Mr. Leach united with, and is now a member of, the Catholic church. Mr. Newell committed suicide about six years ago, in West Brattleboro', Yt. Mr. Bartlett died a few years ago, having previously retired from the ministry. Mr. Clark changed his views while at Annisquam and never preached afterward. Mr. Coffin has ever been, and is now a Universalist minister of the conservative type, and is now settled in Orange, Mass. Mr. Gunnison one of our most able and excellent minis- ters, died two years ago, in Maine, of paralysis. Mr. Partridge is yet alive, "hale and hearty," although "the almond tree flourishes" to a perfect whiteness. Mr. Record, a most excellent man and minister, left for the higher life two years ago. Mr. Tuller is yet living in one of the western states. Mr. Willis is now settled in North Orange, Mass. Mr. Benton was a young man of brilliant talents and a very good man, but too radical to suit a majority of the parish at Annisquam. He is now preaching to a radical society in the west. 128 Allen W. Dodge, Esq., of Hamilton, was the next speaker. He said he had been introduced as the County Treasurer, but he did not think that circumstance would add much to the interest of his speech. He said if any one had a draft on him in his official capacity, he would pay it at sight, but as to any scientific drafts, he should require several days' grace on them. He said the world regarded the acquisition of wealth as the only true suc- cess, but he thought that the young men of this Institute who had been sitting at the gates of the temple of nature, and knocked till they had obtained an answer, and had then given the knowledge thus obtained to the world had attained a higher success. Mr. Dodge's remarks were highly entertaining and valuable, and we regret that space will not permit a more extended abstract of the same. Rev. L. J. Livermore of Cambridge, at present sup- plying the Unitarian pulpit in Danvers, expressed his appreciation of such organizations as the Essex Institute. Hon. James Davis, the Trial Justice of Gloucester, claimed to be a Squamer, and as such he had a right to welcome the excursionists to-day, which he proceeded to express in most cordial language. Hon. J. J. Babson, of Gloucester, being called upon, gave an interesting historical sketch of annisquam. Mr. President : — In response to the call upon me for some historical incidents connected with the spot upon which we are assembled, I have merely to observe that such of these incidents as are of general interest are very few. Famous Capt. John Smith, you all know, made the 129 first exploration of the coast of New England, from Pe- nobscot Bay to Cape Cod, in 1614. Within these limits, according to his own account, he "sounded about twenty- five excellent, good harbors," but whether the one some of you have sailed upon to-day was included in the num- ber or not, no one can tell. From the hills you have looked out upon "Augoam" and the great bay "north of the fair headland Tragabigzancla." We must rejoice that this name, notwithstanding the romantic interest con- nected with it, was soon changed for that of Ann, queen of James I. The name Squam is an Indian word, first occurring in print, so far as I know, in William Wood's map of Massachusetts, drawn in 1633, where it is spelled Wonasquam. It also occurs in Winthrop's Journal, under the year 1635 ; and at a little later date in Josselyn's "Ac- count of Two Voyages to New England." He spells it Wonasquam, and calls it "a dangerous place to sail by in stormie weather, by reason of the many rocks and foam- ing breakers." The scenic features of this locality are very noticeable ; and, considering the rugged character of its surface, it is hardly surprising that eighty-six years elapsed after the incorporation of the town before a sufficient number of inhabitants were found on it to set up a distinct parish organization. Of this, and its ministers, Mr. Coffin, one of the number, has just given us an interesting account. He might, if time had permitted, have enlarged much upon the ministry of Rev. Ezra Leonard. I look upon the conversion of this pastor and his people from the an- cient faith of the New England churches to the doctrine of universal salvation as one of the most remarkable events in the history of the town. Here is a minister, a graduate of Brown University, educated in the strictest doctrines of Calvinism, and settled over a church which Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 17 130 has for many years listened to him as the expounder and advocate of these doctrines, who announces to his people that a great change in his religious belief has taken place, and that he must, if not there, elsewhere, henceforth preach a doctrine he has all his life been laboring to de- stroy; and these people, after serious deliberation, con- clude that it is better to change their religion than to change their minister. This action was a striking testi- monial to the superiority of christian character over sec- tarian profession, and the result of it was an abundant harvest of religious harmony and joy throughout the twenty years of his continued ministry. The memories of these people are even now, forty years after his death, full of the kind words and good deeds of this honored and beloved pastor. The description of the good minis- ter in Goldsmith's "Deserted Village " will apply to him. "E'en his failings leaned to virtue's side;" so, at least, must have thought the poor, ill-shod woman whom he met in the road as he was walking home one wintry day, and to whom he gave the pair of shoes, which, to supply an urgent need of his wife, he had been to the harbor to buy. Eev. C. E. Barnes of Salem felt a deep interest in the study of nature. He believed that the more we knew of nature, the more plainly should we perceive that the God of creation was the God of revelation. Dr. Addison Davis of Boston, a Squam boy, spoke most eloquently of the swarm of B's abounding here : beauties, beaches, berries, belles, etc. He was glad that the Institute had come here, for he knew that they would come again. Men who study do know something better in quality and quantity than those who do not, and they increase the sum of human happiness. 131 The Librarian announced the following additions : — By Donation. ABBOTT, C. C, of Trenton, N. J. Official Register of the Officers and Men of New Jersey in the Revolutionary War. 1 vol. 8vo. Trenton, X. J. 1872. Cate, S. M. The Pellet, a paper at the Homoeopathic Fair, Boston, April, 1872. Foote, Caleb. Files of several County papers, May, June, July, 1872. Green, S. A., of Boston. Fourth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Boston City Hospital. 1 vol. Svo. Boston, 1868. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 47. Griffin, La Roy, of Andover. Catalogue of Phillips Academy, 1871-2. Hayden, F. V. U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories. Profiles, Sketches, etc. 1 vol. 4to. Xew York, 1872. Peabody Academy of Science, Salem. Memoirs. Vol. i, Xo. 3. Poore, B. Perley, of West Newbury. IT. S. Official Register, 1871. 1 vol. Svo. Post Office Directory, 1 vol. Svo. Washington and Georgetown Directories for 18GS, 1869, 1870. 3 vols. Svo. Salem National Bank. Boston Daily Advertiser, 1871, 1872. Salem Marine Insurance Company. Xew York Commercial Advertiser, 1858, 1859, 1860, 3 vols, folio. Xew York Daily Advertiser, 1861, 1 vol. folio. Xew York Shipping List, 1857-8, 1858-9, 1860,1861, 4 vols, folio. Boston Daily Adver- tise]-, 1854, 1857. 1858, 1860, 1861, 5 vols, folio. Spencer, Thomas, of Bransby, near Lincoln, Eng. Doomsday Book Transla- tion by Chas. G. Smith, 1 vol. Svo. Battle of Agincourt, 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1833. Spofford, Dr., of Groveland. Genealogy of the Spofford Family, 1 vol. 12mo. By Exchange. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Memoirs of. Vol. x, Pt. 1, 1868. Proceedings of, sigs. 38-51 of Vol. viii. 1870. Archiv fur Anthropologie. Bd. v, Heft II, 1872. 4to pamph. Bibliotheque Universelle et Revue Suisse. Archives des Sciences Phy- siques etXaturelles. Xos. 169-173, 1872. 5 pamphlets, Svo. Canadian Institute, of Toronto. The Canadian Journal of Science, Litera- ture and History, Vol. xiii, No. 4. July, 1872. Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. Sitzungs-Berichte, 1871. Svo pamph. Iowa State Historical Society. The Annals of Iowa, Apr., 1872. 8vo pamph. K. K. Zool. Botan. Gesellschaft in Wein. Verhandlungen, Yahrg., 1871. Bd. xxi. 1 vol. Svo. KONGLIGA SVENSKA VETENSKAPS AKADEMIEN STOCKHOLM. Oversigt,Bd. XXVI, xxvii, 1869, 1870. Lefnadsteckningar, Bd. i, Hafte II, 1870. Handlingar, Bd. vii, Viii, ix, 1868, 1869, 1870. L'Institut Royal Grand-Ducal de Luxembourg. Publications, Tome xii, 8vo pamph. 1872. 1 Naturwissenschaftlicher Gesellschaft Isis in Dresden. Sitzungs- Berichte. Oct., Nov., Dec, 1871. 8vo pamph. New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Hist. Gen. Register and Antiquarian Journal, July, 1872. Svo pamph. Royal Society of Tasmania. Monthly Notices of Papers and Proceedings for 1870. 8vo pamph. Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft in Frankfurt. Ah- handlungen, Bd.viii, Pt.I, II. 4to pamph. Bericht, 1870, 1871. Svo pamph. 132 SociftTti D'AcCLiMATATiONr. Bulletin, Mensuel, 2me Serie, Tome ix, 1872. Verein zur Beforderuxg des Gartenbaues in Berlin. Wochenschrift, Jahrg, xiv. Numbers 1-52. 1871. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE GESAMMTEN NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN IN BERLIN.' Bd. iv, July-Dec, 1871. G pamphlets. 8vo. Publishers. Americau Naturalist. Christian World. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lyun Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Salem Observer. The Secretaey announced the following correspon- dence : — J. W. Balch, Boston, July 31; J. Prescott, Boston, July 30; Boston Public Library, July 22; Bowdoin College, Trustees, Aug. 5; Buffalo Historical Society, July 22, Aug. 2; Frankfort-a-M., Die Senkenbergische Naturforschende Gesell- schaft, Mar. 19; London Royal Society, July 1 ; Maine Historical Society, Aug. 5; Maryland Historical Society, July 23; New England Historic-Genealogical Soci- ety, Aug. 5; New York Historical Society, July 19, 22, Aug. 3; Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society, July 30; Rhode Island Historical Society, Aug. 1; Stockholm, L. Academie Royale Suedoise des Sciences, Avril, Mai 8. The President read the following letters from Messrs. Thomas Spencer and E. W. Farley, which were addressed to him and had recently been received. Bransby, near Lincoln, 10th 7th mo., 1872. Dear Sir: — I have this day forwarded, by son Franklin who sails from Liverpool in the "Spain" for New York, a partial translation of Doomsday book and hope that it may be accepted as a small contri- bution to the historical department of the Institute. I am prompted to do so by the fact that on one of my voyages from Salem to the old country, some Salem gentlemen requested me to hunt up a full trans- lation of the original Doomsday. This commission I could not execute and I am not now aware that such a translation is extant. With this volume there is a map of England which exhibits a picture of the country very much as the Pilgrim fathers left it behind them. I have forwarded by the same conveyance History of the "Battle of Agincourt" because it contains the Roll Call of the principal English gentry, the class who followed our fifth Henry in his famous expedi- tion. I remember on one occasion hearing the Eev. Mr. Withington of Newbury quote from this Roll Call to prove from the similarity of names that the principal part of the early settlers of New England were from the same class. This little reminiscence prompted me to send the History. It is not a readable book any more than Doomsday, 133 but it may have an interest for the archaeologist and, peradventure, a place in the historical department. It is a cherished doctrine of mine that the history of old England and New England are identical up to the great Revolution. I beg to acknowledge the receipt of books and papers relating to the antiquities of Salem and its vicinity, together with some that exhibit a pleasant picture of the happy life of the good people of the good old town. Long may they continue to enjoy their happiness. I remember with affectionate gratitude their kindness to me and mine when we were poor and strangers among them. Believe me, dear Dr. Wheatland, thy sincere friend and humble coadjutor, Thomas Spencer. New Castle, Maine, July 20, 1872. Dear Sir:— During my pleasant call at the rooms of the Institute, at Plummer Hall, in October last, in company with my friend, Cyrus Woodman, Esq., of Cambridge, I promised to send you a history of the oak arm-chair, which I saw there, which was presented to the Essex Historical Society, June 27, 1821, by the late Robert Brook- house, Esq., of Salem. This I should have done long since, had I not been waiting to make a fit disposition of another chair, the mate of yours, at that time in my possession and which has a history similar to yours, down to the time the latter went into the possession of Mr. Brookhouse. I have given mine to Bowdoin College, for a Commencement Chair, with a plate added, suitably inscribed. As my letter to President Chamberlain, of that Institution, embraces all that is of interest con- nected with both chairs, including a chest and a tape loom, all of which comprised a set of four pieces of furniture, formerly belonging to the Dennis family, of Ipswich, in your county, I send you by this mail, a copy of the Brunswick Telegraph, of July 26th inst. containing the letter, and it is unnecessary for me to add any thing farther to the subject of this communication. Yours very respectfully, E. W. Parley. The following extract from the letter of Mr. Farley to President Chamberlain was then read. Its history is this : it was brought from England, probably in 1635, when Daniel and Thomas Dennis, the first emigrants, so far as I can discover, of the Dennis family of Ipswich, Essex County, Mass., came over. This chair, with its mate, similar in style, though a size smaller 134 (from which circumstance, I infer that it was for the matron of the house), an oaken chest, about 2 feet 6 inches in length, by 1 foot 6 inches in width, with legs, and a lid, its sides carved like the chair, and a small tape loom, such as the ladies of the olden time used to manu- facture their garter stuff, comprised a set of four pieces of furniture, which my paternal grandmother, Sarah Dennis, wife of John Farley, both of said Ipswich, brought to this town, to which they removed in 1772 or 1773. Its mate, through Robert Brookhouse, of Salem, Mass., who married a daughter of my grandfather Farley, found its way back to Essex County, and was presented by him to the Essex Historical Society (since merged in the Essex Institute), on the day of its organization, June 27, 1821, and was occupied by the venerable Dr. Holyoke, its tirst President. It is now at the rooms of the Institute, at Plummer Hall, in Salem. Some years afterwards, the chest went into the possession of Mr. Brookhouse, and is now in the possession of his daughter (by a second wife), Mrs. Perkins, wife of Judge Per- kins, of Salem. The tape loom has been lost, or destroyed. That chest bears the date of 1G30. David Dennis, a brother of my grandmother, Sarah Dennis, aforesaid, who died at Nobleboro', in this State, in October, 1843, aged 92, told me a few months prior to his decease, that these pieces of furniture were then more than 200 years old. His statement, taken in connection with the date upon the chest, establishes, I think, beyond reasonable cavil, the age of the chair. Mr. R. Knowland of Marblehead, after a few prelimi- nary remarks, offered a resolution of thanks to the pro- prietors of the church, to Messrs. James S. Jewett, George Norwood, Josiah Friend, John D. Davis, Elias Davis, Jr.. A. F. Bragdon, W. E. Dennis, John A. Going, James A. Dennison, Fred. Davis, Fred. W. Lane, James Davis, E. W. Coffin, and all others who had been active in their attentions, during this pleasant visit to Anni- squam. The resolution was unanimously adopted. The meeting closed at 4 o'clock and the party was con- veyed from the church to the railroad station in carriages in waiting and departed highly pleased with their excur- sion, both as to the kind reception by the people of the village and the beautiful scenery and views presented on every hand. 135 CATALOGUE OF THE MAMMALS OF FLORIDA, WITH NOTES ON THEIR HABITS, DISTRIBUTION. ETC.— BY C. J. MAYNARD. INTRODUCTION. The following paper is the result of notes taken during three win- ters' travel in Florida. These journeys were undertaken dim inly for the purpose of studying the habits of the birds found in this region, but considerable attention was also paid to the mammals. The flrsl trip was made during the winter of 1868-69, when the country about •the lower St. John's, Lake Harney, and the eastern coast, north of Cape Canaveral, was explored. At this time I was accompanied by Messrs. C. A. Thurston and J. F. LeBaron, who served as assistants. The second journey was accomplished during the season of 1870-71. Then the country on the western coast about Cedar Keys, and the southern portion of Florida, including the Keys and Everglades, were visited. I was assisted in my researches by Mr. H. YV. Henshaw, and accompanied by my artist friend, Mr. E. L. Weeks. The ensuing winter (1871-72) found me once more on the St. John's Kiver. The country along this river was explored as far as South Lake; then we visited Indian River and examined the coast as far as Spruce Creek on the north, south to Jupiter Inlet. I was aecom- panied by an assistant, Mr. E. C. Greenwood, and Messrs. G. W. Winegar, T. P. Barnes, Jr. and F. A. Ober. I am indebted to the gentlemen named for notes and specimens. I would also tender my thanks to Capt. Douglass Dummett of East Florida, Dr. J. V. Harris of Miami, Mr. J. L. Burton, who served me well as a guide, for valu- able notes and assistance, and to Prof. S. F. Baircl, Dr. Harrison Allen and Mr. J. A. Allen for kindness in identifying specimens. Besides the notes upon the habits, distribution, etc., of the species given, some of which may perhaps be new, I have been able to add one species to the fauna of the United States, one to the eastern sec- tion of the Union and one to Florida. A few other mammals than those given may occur in the state, especially the smaller species. But I trust this will prove a tolerably correct catalogue of the mam- mals which inhabit Florida. Felid.e. 1. Felis concolor Linn. Panther, Tiger, Puma. This large cat is very common on Indian River, in the interior and more southern sections of the state, but is not found on the Keys. It is quite a formidable animal, growing sometimes to be eleven feet in length, measuring from the end of the nose to the tip of the tail, and 136 if its courage corresponded with its size it would be a dangerous foe to the inhabitants. It is, however, exceedingly cowardly and I never knew of any well authenticated instance of its attacking man, al- though some stories were related of its carrying away young children, which may have been true. The puma is capable of performing such feats, for it possesses great strength. Capt. Dummett informed me that he had shot one near his plantation in the autumn of 1871, which had killed a full grown buck and was devouring it. Like many of this family the puma is nocturnal in its habits and remains concealed in the dense swamps and hummocks during the day, commonly reclining on the limb of a tree. It is said to drop upon its prey from such an elevation, and many old hunters warned me against passing through the thick woods in the early morning or late in the evening as they said that the tigers were usually on the alert at such times and might be tempted to spring upon one if he were alone. It is very inquisitive when its dominions are invaded during the day, and will often follow the intruder for some distance, uttering a low, moaning cry, but is always careful to keep concealed. Besides this peculiar low note it emits a variety of harsh sounds, some of which are only given during the night, and are quite terri- fying when hrst heard, especially one in particular which resembles the scream of a woman in extreme agony. This cry is more fre- quently given in March, when the males are in pursuit of the females. I think the young are dropped in the autumn. Skins of this animal which I have seen from Florida are of a decidedly rufous color without spots or bars. It may be well to remark that I have frequently heard, from hunters, of tigers which were not only of a larger size than the common species, but which were said to be spotted. I never saw a specimen, but it is not impossible that the closely allied species Felis onca may be found here, although I hardly think it probable. [To be continued.] BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX! UsTSTITUTE. Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., October, 1872. No. 10. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. CATALOGUE OF THE MAMMALS OF FLORIDA, WITH NOTES ON THEIR HABITS, DISTRIBUTION, ETC.— By C. J. MAYNARD. [Continued.] 2. Lynx rufus Rafinesque. Common Wild Cat. This animal is abundant even on the borders of the settled districts. It is quite annoying to the planters, for it not only commits serious inroads upon hen roosts, but frequently carries off young pigs. It is a nocturnal animal, and is seldom seen abroad during the clay, but conceals itself in the thick hummocks. During the season when the males are in pursuit of the females it may be occasionally met with, especially in the morning and evening. At this time its loud and varied cries are heard, sometimes during the day, but oftener during the night. This is naturally a cowardly animal, and will invariably fly from man when it has the power to do so. The wild cats are only as large as setter dogs, yet they possess great strength, and a man re- quires considerable determination to attack one when placed in such a situation that it cannot escape. My friend, Mr. Thurston, once seized a full grown male, that was only slightly stunned by a charge of dust shot, and strangled it, but did not escape without receiving some scratches. Although shy when faced, they will often approach quite near one when sleeping in the open air, and I have upon two Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 18 138 occasions been awakened by their cries to find the beasts within a few feet of me, but upon my moving they instantly sprang away. Florida specimens of this species are fully as large as those from more northern localities. I give the dimensions of a full grown male taken at Dummett's. From nose to eye, 1-80; to ear, 4-78; to occiput, G-00; to root of tail, 33-00; to outstretched hind leg, 48-00. Tail to end of vertebra, 7-75; to end of hair, 8-60. Length of hind leg, 7-00. Length of hand, 4-40; width, 2-00. In color Florida wild cats are much more rufous than those from the north, and are inclined to be more spotted. CANID.E. 3. Canis lupus Linn. Gray Wolf. The stronghold of these wolves is at present in what is called the "Gulf Hummock" in western Florida, where they are quite numerous. According to Mr. F. A. Ober they are also found about the Kissinee River and Lake Okechobee. I saw the tracks made by a single ani- mal near Salt Lake. It was accustomed to pass along a sandy road every night for the greater part of the time which we remained in the vicinity. My guide, Mr. Burton, who had resided near this place for some months, informed me that he had never seen it, nor had any of the settlers, although it was frequently heard to howl. I did not meet with any wolves about Miami nor do I think that they occur south of the Everglades. Individuals who have frequently taken this species describe them as being very dark colored, usually quite black. 4. Vulpes Virginianus Richardson. Gray Fox. Common in the wilder districts. This little fox does not appear to do any great degree of mischief on the plantations and it is probable that it finds sufficient wild game to satisfy its appetite. I once sur- prised one that was cautiously making its way towards a large bevy of quails with the evident intention of capturing some. Specimens from Florida are quite gray in color, especially upon the upper parts. Mustelid^e. 5. Putorius lutreolus Cuvier. Mink. I saw but a single specimen of this animal. This was on the St. John's River above Blue Springs, where one swam across the river but a short distance in advance of our boat. I did not learn that it was at all common ; indeed, nearly all the hunters seemed entirely unacquainted with it. 139 One feature, noticed in skins of this Species taken in Marne and New Hampshire, which I have never seen mentioned, is the presence of white hairs which are more or less numerous in the dark colors of the back. This species appears inclined to albinism, bul the appear- ance of the white hairs is not the result of this disease, for in ever] instance that I have seen of an approach to albinism the fur turns white first and the hair afterwards. 6. Lutra Canadensis Sabine. Otter. Very abundant throughout the greater part of the state. I found them as numerous on Indian River as in the interior, but did not meet with them at Miami, in the Everglades or among the Keys. The fin- is of little value in comparison with northern skins; the best winter pelts being worth but five dollars each in Boston. The usual price paid in Jacksonville is from seventy-five cents to one dollar, conse- quently they are not hunted much and therefore are not shy. They are quite inquisitive and will sometimes follow a boat for some distance, or approach any one standing upon the shore. At the same time they will utter a short, continuous grunt. Otters may frequently be seen chasing each other sportively through the water, and while we were in the vicinity of South Lake, my guide, Mr. Burton, called my atten- tion to certain smooth paths in a sanely spot, which he said were otter slides. They appear to amuse themselves by dragging their bodies over the smooth sand, just as the same species glide down snow- covered river-banks at the north. The slides in Florida were situated at some distance from the water. The color of adult otters from this state is strongly inclined to redclish-brown, but the young which are dropped in February are very dark. I think I never saw a more beautiful animal than a 3'oung specimen of this species which was captured at the head of Indian River by Mr. Thurston. It was only about two weeks old, yet was covered with a fine coat of exceedingly glossy fur. 7. Mephitis mephitica Baird. Common Skunk. This species seems to be restricted to the more northern portions of the state. Specimens taken in this region present the same varia- tion regarding the distribution of the black and white which is no- ticeable in this animal elsewhere. Although the amount of the above named colors is changeable, it is unusual to see the skunk of a dif- ferent hue; yet Mr. F. A. Ober of Beverly has a specimen which was taken in that place, that is marked in a very singular manner, inas- 140 much as those portions which are usually black are in this instance pale brown or fawn. 8. Mephitis bicolor Gray. Little Striped Skunk. This pretty little species which, previous to ray discovering it in Florida, was not known to occur east of the Mississippi, is very abundant in certain sections of the state. They are confined to the narrow strip of land which lies between Indian River and Turnbull Swamp, beiug found as far north as New Smyrna and south to Jupiter Inlet. They appear to take the place of the common skunk, which does not occur in this section. They frequent the scrub, and traces of them may be seen at all times, for they have the habit of digging small holes in search of insects, like the preceding species. These skunks are easily domesticated and I have frequently known of their being used in the houses for the purpose of catching mice. Some- times the animals are captured and the scent glands removed, but they are often simply decoyed about the premises by exposing food, when they will take up their abode beneath the buildings, and will soon become so tame as to enter the various apartments in search of their prey. URSID.E. 9. Procyon lotor Stork. Raccoon. Very numerous both upon the mainland and among the Keys, even frequenting the low mangrove islands which are overflowed by every tide. They subsist upon fish and crabs to a great measure when upon the seashore, but in the interior they live chiefly upon the fluviatile mollusks (Unio, Pomus, etc.). They are strictly nocturnal, seldom appearing abroad during the day. In color the Florida raccoon differs from New England specimens in being more rufous ; the black markings are not as conspicuous, the dark rings on the tail being sometimes nearly obsolete ; in fact, adult specimens from Florida in this respect resemble those from New England. 10. Vrsus Americanus Pallas. . Black Bear. Very common, especially in the unsettled districts ; giving the in- habitants considerable trouble by destroying young pigs. Although extremely abundant in certain sections, as the numerous tracks indi- cate, it is difficult to see one, for they chiefly move about during the night. The bears of Florida do not hibernate, but are not quite as active during the winter months as in summer. The youug are 141 born in early spring, after which the females arc said to be somewhat dangerous, especially if surprised when with their cubs; but at other times both sexes are arrant cowards. They will not even molest one when sleeping, but will always avoid the presence of man when aware of it. I have made my bed in a bear path and, in the morning, found by the tracks made by them in the night that they made a wide cir- cuit rather than pass near me. The food of the Florida bears is variable. During the early winter they feed on the berries of the common and the saw palmettoes ; later in the season they eat the tender new growth, or buds, of the above mentioned plants ; fortius purpose they will climb the tallest palmetto and with their strong claws will tear out the "cabbage," as the new growth is sometimes called, and eagerly devour it. The removing of this bud is no easy task even to an experienced person provided with an axe, yet Bruin's great strength enables him to force the tough leaf- stalks asunder with the greatest of ease. Trees which have been treated in this rough manner invariably die and a large number may be seen in this condition in any cabbage swamp. When the king or horseshoe crabs come on shore to deposit their spawn, the bears resort to the shore and, after turning the crustaceans over, scoop out their softer parts. They are also aware of the time when the sea turtle lay, and during the months of June and July walk the beaches nightly and devour the eggs. Indeed, so persistently do they hunt for them that it is almost impossible to find a nest that has been undisturbed. The bears of this state are fully as large as those from New Eng- land, and the hair is as dark colored. I have also seen skins that were but little inferior to northern ones in woolliness, but generally they are only covered with hair. One which I procured at Dummett's in the winter of 1869 is singularly marked, for it has brownish lines starting from the point of each shoulder and extending down the legs on the inside. The other portion of the hair is black. The young for a year or two are strongly inclined to reddish-brown. The bears inhabit the entire portion of the mainland, but are seldom found on the Keys. Cervid^e. 11. Cariacus Virginianus Gray. Common Deer. Very numerous in almost all sections. The deer of Florida are not likely to be exterminated very soon, not only because of their abun- dance, but because the inhabitants do not kill them wantonly, know- ing that they are extremely valuable to them for food, and the tourists who possess sufficient skill to capture any number of them are scarce. 142 When wo first attempted to hunt deer we were almost always un- successful, even rarely being able to see one, and were informed by the hunters that we did not go out at the right time. Upon ques- tioning them they told us that the deer were governed in their time of feeding by the moon. An hour before moonrise the animals arose from their beds or came out of the hummocks to feed upon the grass in the clearings, or in the piny woods, continuing until after the moon was up. An hour before the moon southed (i. e., attained its highest altitude) they did the same thing, and also when it was directly be- neath the earth, making in all eight hours feeding time. At first I* laughed at this as an old hunter's notion, for although it is easy to understand why the deer should feed at those times when the moon rises near night and sets near morning, it is difficult to perceive why they should conform to the same rule through all the varying phases. But after three seasons' experience I am obliged to acknowledge that as far as my observation extends this theory is correct. The deer are certainly seen feeding much more frequently during these stated times than at others. Of course one occasionally meets a straggling animal at other hours, but I never found any number on their feet at any other time. Ail the hunters with whom I have conversed also confirm this. Another singular fact is that the great horned owls hoot at the feeding time of the deer, even if it be broad daylight. I have observed this fact on many occasions, and the hunters, when they hear the owls, say "now the deer are feeding." Early in February the deer moult. The bucks theu lose their horns and the does are heavy with young, which they drop in March. Before the moult the hair is of a bluish color, but after shedding they take on a sleek coat of fine reddish hue. This animal is found in all sections, even on the Keys. They inhabit small islands where they can obtain little or no fresh water, yet deer from these localities are noticeably larger than those from the mainland. Of this fact I have been assured by Lord Parker, an English gentleman who has spent several winters in Florida, and who has killed a large number of these animals in all sections of the state. MANATIDiE. 12. Trichechns manatus Linn. Manatee. This singular animal is found in large numbers about the inlets of Indian River, and Capt. Dummett informs me that he has captured specimens as far north as his place, which is within five miles of the head of the river. I have been informed by creditable authorities that it is remarkably abundant upon the western coast in the various rivers and creeks which abound between Tampa Bay and Cape Sable. 143 I have never seen it in Mosquito or Halifax Lagoons and am confident that it does not occur there. This species is said to feed upon the leaves of the mangrove during the night. Delpiiinid^e. 13. Delphinus erebennus Cope. Porpoise. A large number of porpoises which I take, to be this species occur abundantly about the bays, salt water rivers and along the entire coast of Florida. It is also probable that a second species may be found. VESPERTILIONID.E. 14. Lasiurus Nbveboracensis Gray. Red Bat. Common in the more northern sections of the state, frequenting the woods. During the clay they rest hanging head downwards upon the leaf of a tree. Specimens captured are not ouly smaller in size than those from the north, but are much deeper in color ; the fur, however, is generally tipped with ash. 15. Scotophilia fuscus H. Allen. Carolina Bat. Common throughout the northern sections, but more abundant in the vicinity of settlements. I once captured a female specimen of this species which was heavy with young, placed her in a cage and left her. After an absence of an hour or so I returned and found that she had escaped, but had left a young one clinging to the woodwork on the side. The little thing was entirely naked, but was furnished with teeth, which it showed when handled and endeavored to bite, squeaking after the manner of all these animals. I replaced it in the cage, where it remained until night, but in the morning it was gone and I supposed that its mother had carried it away. 16. Scotophilia Georgianus H. Allen. Georgia Bat. Two bats which I have'in my collection, that were shot about ten miles south of Salt Lake, I think are of this species. The specimens were taken in the evening and were flying about near a small pond in the piny woods. 17. Nycticejus crepuscularis H. Allen. Mr. J. A. Allen in the "Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" (Vol. ii, No. 3, p. 174) states that there is a specimen of 144 this bat in the museum at Cambridge which was collected in Florida by Mr. Charles Belknap. 18. Corynorhinus macrotis H. Allen. Big-eared Bat. Dr. Harrison Allen in his monogram of North American Bats (p. 55) cites a specimen of this species which was collected in Micanopy, Florida, by Dr. Bean. Noctilionidje. 19. Nyctinomus nasutus Tomes. A bat was shot by a member of my party on the St. John's River, near Jacksonville, early in the winter, which I am confident was of this species. This specimen was unfortunately lost. SHENODERMIDiE. 20. Artibeus perspiccilalune Maynard. Tailless Leaf-nosed Bat. While at Key West in the early winter of 1870, I observed several large bats flying about the city, which closely resembled in flight a species which I had seen in northern Florida two years before, but which flew so high that I was unable to shoot them. I was very anxious to obtain a specimen, but as shooting was prohibited in the streets of the city of Key West, and as I never saw the bats else- where on the island, feared that I should be obliged to go away with- out one. I was, therefore, agreeably surprised one morning to see a boy enter my room with a bat in his hand, which from its large size I knew could be no other than the species which I had so long desired to obtain. He said that he had found it hanging upon the leaf of a tree and had killed it with a piece of limestone. It is a leaf-nosed bat, and Dr. Harrison Allen has kindly identified it, from sketches sent to him, as the above species. This is, I think, the first instance on record of a bat of this form being taken on the Atlantic slope. This species, without doubt, inhabits the whole of Florida. They fly early in the evening, often before sunset, and, as has been remarked, usually very high. None of the bats of Florida appear to hibernate, or at best they only remain quiet during an occasionally cold night. Sorecidjs. 21. Blarina brevicmida et talpoides Baird. Mole Shrew. I found a single specimen of this little species in an unused cistern, 145 at Miami. I have never seen it elsewhere in the state, although it probably occurs. Talpid^e. 22. Scalops aquaticus Fischer. Shrew Mole. Very common at Blue Spring, where they do considerable damage by disturbing the roots of vegetables and plants in the cultivated fields. They are also said to eat sweet potatoes. They form their burrows only an inch or two below the surface; throwing up ridges so that their presence is readily detected. This work is usually per- formed during the night. Sciupjd^e. 23. Sciurus niger Linn. Southern Fox Squirrel. Quite common in the piny woods, but I do not think that they are ever to be found in the hummocks. They feed upon the seeds of the pines and are therefore usually found in the tops of the trees which are commonly high; thus it is quite difficult to procure specimens, as on the approach of the hunter they conceal themselves among the thick foliage. They are extremely variable in color, specimens being found which exhibit all shades of coloration from pale rufous to black or dusky. The latter colors predominate, however. I think this spe- cies is confined to the more northern portions of the state, as I have never seen it at Miami. 24. Sciurus Carolinensis Gmelin. Gray Squirrel. Very abundant in the northern and central sections of the state, but singularly I did not see it at Miami, or among the Keys. They inhabit the hummocks and are seldom seen in the piny woods. They have much the same habits as those which inhabit New England. But I cannot now remember of ever having seen a nest of sticks and leaves such as this species construct in the north. Specimens are not only smaller in size, but are also more rufous than northern indi- viduals. I have never seen a specimen of the black variety in Florida and am confident that it seldom, if ever, occurs. Geomyin^e. 25. Oeomys pineti Rafinesque. Salamander. This singular animal is confined to the more northern portions of the state, none being found south of Lake Harney. They inhabit the dry pine barrens, where in the process of burrowing they throw up Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 19 146 little mounds which in some sections are quite numerous. They are provided with large cheek pouches, with which they are said to con- vey the earth to the surface. The salamander is seldom seen abroad during the clay, and if they ever leave the burrows it is in the night. When by any accident they appear above ground in the daylight, they seem confused, and may be readily captured. Muridje. 26. Mus decumanus Pallas. Brown Rat. Found abundantly at Jacksonville, not only in the city, but on the neighboring plantations. I do not remember of having observed it elsewhere in Florida. I have never seen a specimen of the common mouse (mus musculus) in the state. 27. Mus tectorum Savi. White-bellied Rat. The first instance of my finding this species in Florida was at Miami. There was an old cistern here which was formerly used by the troops which were stationed at old Fort Dallas. It was about ten feet deep, having cemented sides, and contained nearly two feet of water. Several species of the smaller rodents were frequently found dead and floating on the surface, having evidently fallen in while attempting to reach the water. Among them was a specimen of the white-bellied rat. As this was the only instance of ury taking it in the southern section of the state I am unable to give any account of its habits there. But I found it in immense numbers at Salt Lake, inhabiting the moist prairies. Here they build nests near the tops of the grass, somewhat after the manner that the white-footed mouse builds in bushes at the North. This species was probably introduced into the country from the vessels of the early Spanish discoverers. In the old world it inhabits the thatched roofs of houses, from which we may infer that this species originally found its home among thick reeds or grasses, of which the roofing would probably be composed. Thus in the white-bellied rat of the wilds of Florida we have an example of a species instinctively returning to its primitive habits, even though its ancestors from force of circumstances have for many generations dwelt in a different manner. 28. Hesperomys leucopus Wagner (= cognatus, myoides et gossypinus of authors). White-footed Mouse. This mouse is very abundant throughout all sections of the main- land of Florida, infesting the houses of the smaller settlements after 147 the manner of the common mouse. I have also known I his to occur in New England, especially in isolated buildings. I can see no reason why the so-called gossypinus should be separated from leucopus, as I can find no constant character which would entitle it to a specific rank. 29. Hesperomys aureolus Wagner. Golden Mouse. I obtained two specimens of this beautiful little mouse near Dum- mett's. Both of them were captured in a house where the common species (leucopus) was also abundant. This was in the spring of 1869, but since that time I have never been able to find another, and the people who brought the specimens informed me that they were quite rare. 30. Hesperomys palustris Wag. Bice-field Mouse. Audubon and Bachman say that a specimen was obtained in the Everglades of Florida by Dr. Leitner. I was aware of the existence of a small rodent in these immense marshes, but was unable to obtain specimens. They probably were of this species, however. 31. Neotoma Floridana Say and Ord. Wood Rat. I saw nests of this species quite common about Jacksonville and Hibernia, but found none at Blue Springs or at any section south of this point. But Prof. Baird, in his "Mammals of North America," cites a specimen which was taken on Indian River by Dr. Wurclemann. 32. Sigmodon Mspidus Say and Ord. Cotton Rat. Common throughout the entire mainland of Florida, and appears to frequent the marshy places along the borders of rivers and other bodies of water. Whenever we encamped in such localities the cot- ton rats wrould gather around to feed upon remnants of scattered food. It appears to be nocturnal in its habits. 33. Arvicola pinetorum LeConte. Pine Mouse. I insert this species on the authority of Aububon and Bachman, who assert that they have received it from Florida. LEPORID.E. 34. Lepus sylvaticus Bachman. Gray Rabbit. Abundant throughout all sections of the mainland, frequenting the 148 pine woods as well as the hummocks. They appear to have much the same habits as at the north. 35. Lepus palustris Bachman. Marsh Rabbit. Common in the marshes of the St. John's River. DlDELPHIDJS. 36. Didelphys Virginiana Shaw. Opossum. Common throughout the mainland of the state, but does not occur on the Keys. These animals are a decided pest to the inhabitants, for they are prone to rob hen roosts. They are strictly nocturnal, remaining concealed in the trees during the day. I have never met with an undomesticated animal so variable in color. Three specimens now before me exhibit the extremes. One, evidently an old individual, is gray throughout, inclining more to white, with no decided black markings, excepting the ears, legs and feet. The latter are black to the nails on some of the toes, while the other claws have a few white hairs at their bases. The tail is entirely white. Another, younger, has dirty white fur with black tips. Nu- merous long white hairs appear over the entire upper surface of the body, giving the animal a singular appearance. The hind legs and feet are black, as in the other specimens, to the nails, excepting a few white hairs at their bases. The front legs and feet are black nearly to the claws. The ears are tipped with white, while the tail is black for the basal third, the remainder white. Another young specimen has the base of the fur white, but with the tips so decidedly dark that it nearly conceals the former color, and no one would hesitate to call it a black opossum. Yet its toes are white, there are white markings about the head, and a stripe on the belly is white, with a yellow suf- fusion between the fore legs. Only one-fourth of the basal portion of the tail is black. These three represent the widest variation I have ever met with, in point of color, and Mr. J. A. Allen, in the "Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" (p. 185), and Dr. Elliott Coues, in the "Pro- ceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia," for May, 1871, assert that the skulls are also extremely variable. Appendix. Mammals ivhich were formerly found in Florida. According to Bartram the beaver (Castor Canadensis) was formerly found in the state. He makes mention of it in his travels in Florida, published in 1791. 149 The historians of De Soto's travels speak of herds of wild cattle being found in Florida. They probably allude to the bull'alo {Bob Americanus), which without doubt extended its range to the prairies of the west coast. The last mentioned authors and other early writers also speak of a wild dog as inhabiting Florida. They cannot mean the wolf or the fox, for these are included in their lists of the animals of the then new country. It is possible that the singular species of dog now used by the Seminoles of Florida was once wild. Domesticated species found in a wild state. There are hundreds of cattle in Florida which are now perfectly wild and have been in this condition since the first Indian war, at which time they escaped from their owners. They generally inhabit what is termed the "Turnbull Swamp," a wide expanse of waste land which lies about the head of Indian River. But I have seen them in the interior, near the head waters of the St. John's River. They are rapidly becoming exterminated, however, as the settlers consider them common property and shoot them whenever they can. Hogs are also found wild in some sections, but not in any great numbers. The usually black color of the domestic hogs of Florida has been noticed by Darwin in his fifth edition of "Origin of Species" (p. 26) on the authority of Prof. Wyman. He says that the light colored hogs contract a disease from eating the paint-root (Lachnan- thes tinctorial) which causes their hoofs to drop off, whereas black ones are not affected by it. I have carefully inquired into this matter and have not only observed for myself, but conversed with many in- telligent men upon the subject. I find that a slight error has been made in the statement. The color of the hair or bristles has nothing to do with the health of the animal, but its hoofs must be black in order that it may eat the paint root with impunity. I have seen black pigs having white feet lame from this cause, and this is the usual opinion of all the pig raisers with whom I conversed. Yet this does not materially affect Mr. Darwin's argument, which is that the mere existence of a certain plant causes the hogs of this section to assume a dark color, for if the hoofs are dark the whole animal is usually dark. That the case may be made seemingly stronger I will say, that in some sections of Florida, where the paint root does not grow, white hogs are as numerous as black ones. I find that there is another reason why the settlers select hogs which are of a dark color. This is that they stand a better chance of escaping from bears than white ones, as they are less conspicuous, especially in the night. Now I can go a step farther and show that 150 the hogs of themselves assume a protective color. It is noticeable that hogs which have lived for generations in the piny woods are of a reddish hue, corresponding exactly with the color of the fallen pine leaves, so that it is almost impossible to detect one at a little distance when it is lying upon a bed formed of them. This instance, together with the fact that the black hoof is a safe- guard against the poisonous effects of the paint root," seems a conclu- sive argument in favor of the theory that the Florida hogs have made a slight advance towards forming a new variety or species. But I look upon it in another way, and see in these instances but illustrations of a law in nature which grants to nearly all animals the power of assuming protective colors, under certain circumstances, but in a limited degree. This is to be seen in many cases among ani- mals, the most familiar of which is that of the northern hare (Lepus Americanus), which in autumn puts off its brown summer dress and takes on one of the color of the snow, among which it has to live throughout the winter. The hogs of Florida return to the mixed colors in sections where the paint root does not grow and where no pains are taken to select black ones, or where their food and surround- ings are varied. There are apparently few or no analogous instances to the black hoofs being a protection against poison, yet I will ven- ture to say that did we understand the entire economy of nature, we should find many similar ones. Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, August 14, 1872. The meeting was held at 3 p. m. The President in the chair. Stephen P. Driver of Salem and Charles F. Crocker of Lawrence were elected resident members. Regular Meeting, Monday, October 21, 1872. First evening meeting, present season, commenced at 7 30 P. M. The President in the chair. Records read. 151 The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — From American Geographical Society, Sept. 18; Belfast Naturalists' Field Clnb; Brooklyn Mercantile Library Association, Oct. 8; Buffalo Historical Sociei v. Sept. 12; Edinburgh Royal Society, March; Iowa State Historical Society, Aug. 3; Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Sept. 4; London Society of Antiquaries, Ang. 31; Minnesota Historical Society, Aug. 22; Maryland Historical Society, Aug. 12; Moravian Historical Society, Aug. 9; New Jersey Historical Society, Aug. 30, Sept. 3; New York, Cooper Union, Sept. 0, Oct. 15; New York Genealogical and Bio- graphical Society, Aug. 21; New York Lyceum of Natural History, Oct. 7; New York State, Aug. 30; Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society, Aug. 5, Sept. (J; Yale College, Corporation, Sept 23; Ammiden, P. R., Boston, Ang. 22; Anthony, H. B., Providence, Aug. 8; Babson, J. J., Gloucester, Aug. 12; Boow, E. P., New York, Sept. 28, Oct. 4, 17; Chever, D. A., Denver, Col., Oct. 13; Clark, B. II., Roch- ester, N. Y., Sept. 20; Crocker, Chs. F., Lawrence, Aug. 17; Cram, Milo T., Hol- yoke, Mass., Aug. 19; Dall, C. H., Boston, Oct. 11; Drake, S. G., Boston, Sept. 13; Frary, Lucius H., Middleton, Sept. 3; Hanaford, P. A., NeAv Haven, Conn., Sept 23; Higginson, T. W., Newport, R. I., Oct. 20; Hough, F. B., Lowville, N. Y., Ang. 7; Marston & Prince, Lowell, Aug. 20; Perry, W. S., Geneva, N. Y., Oct. 1; Roundy, Henry, Salem, Sept. 28; Tenable, J. E., Paducah, Ky., Sept. 16; Yeomans, W. H., Columbia, Conn., Aug. 8, Oct. 17. A letter was read from W. A. Williams, engineer on the Copiapo Railroad, to Capt. Robert Manning, accom- panying a box of fossil shells and radiates, some found above the sea at Caldera, in extensive beds, at four hun- dred feet above sea level ; the others at Molle, about one hundred miles from the coast, at a height of five thousand feet above the sea, where the ground is strewed with them. Daniel Varney, Charles Baker and Catherine T. Woods, all of Salem, were elected resident members. Dr. J. L. Smith, Louisville, Ky. ; Prof. E. B. Andrews, Marietta, Ohio ; Prof. E. T. Cox, Indianapolis, Ind. ; Dr. G. M. Levette, Indianapolis, Ind. ; J. Collett, Esq., Eu- gene, Vermilion Co., Ind. ; Prof. C. A. White, Iowa City, Iowa; J. L. Waters, Esq., Chicago, 111. ; Col. J. W. Fos- ter, Chicago, 111. ; Prof. C. G. Swallow, Columbia, Mo. ; Prof. J. S. Newberry, New York, N. Y. ; Prof. A. Win- chell, Ann Arbor, Mich. ; Prof. Raphael Pumpelly, Cam- bridge, were elected corresponding members. 152 The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Andrews, Miss. Manual for the General Court, 1864, 1 vol. 12mo. Eland's Treatise of Military Discipline, 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1727. Report of the Comp- troller of New York, 1854, 1 vol. 8vo. Report of the Portsmouth Relief Associa- tion, 1855, 1 vol. 8vo. The Railroad Jubilee, 1851, 1 vol. 8vo. Patent Office Report, 1818, 1 vol. 8vo. Foster's Book Keeping, 1 vol. 8vo. Pickering's Vocabulary, 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 16. Bolles, E. C. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 29. Brooks, Mrs. Henry M. Woman's Journal, 26 nos. Butler, B. F., of U. S. H. R. Message and Documents, 1871-2, 5 vols. 8vo. Report of the Committee on Agriculture, 1869, 1870, 2 vols. 8vo. Ku-Klux Con- spiracy, 13 vols. 8vo. Patent Office Reports, 1868, 4 vols. Svo. Smithsonian Report, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Mineral Resources West of the Rocky Mts., 1871, 1 vol. 8vo. Re- port on Commerce and Navigation, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Congressional Globe, 3rd Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-1, 3 vols. 4to. Statistics of Population. Ninth Census. Tables I- VIII. 1 vol. 4to, 1870. Report on Investigation and Retrenchment, 8vo pamph. Report of the Commissioners of Education, 1870-1, 2 vols. 8vo. Explorations in Nevada and Arizona, 1871, 1 vol. 4to. Chandler, Z., of U. S. S. Proceedings of the National Union Republican Con- vention held at Phila., June 5, 6, 1872, 1 vol. 8vo. Clark, B. H., of Rochester, N. Y. Directories of Rochester for 1870, 1871, 2 vols. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 5. Cole, Mrs. N. D. Salem Gazette, 70 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 20. Conant, W. P. Ninth and Eleventh Report of the St. Louis Agricultural and Mechanical Association, 1870, 1872, 2 vols. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 6. Cutter, A. E., of Charlestown, Mass. Proceedings at the Dedication of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument at Charlestown, June 17, 1872. 8vo pamph. Daland, W. S., of New York. Directory of New York City, 1871, 1 vol. 8vo. De Lorimer, W. K., of Dubuque, Iowa. Iowa State Gazetteer, 1835, 1 vol. 8vo. Gilmore, L. B.,ofAnn Arbor, Mich. Directory of Ann Arbor, 1868, 1 vol. 8vo. Hawks, J. M., of Pensacola, Fla. The Florida Gazetteer, 8vo pamph., 1871. Kellogg, C. A. & Co., of Rochester, N. Y. New York State Directories, 1864, 1869, 2 vols. 8vo. Directory of over one hundred Cities and Villages in the State of New York, 1889-70, 1 vol. 8vo. Directories of Central New York, 1865, 1867, 2 vols. 8vo. Buffalo City Directories, 1866, 1867, 1869, 1870, 4 vols. 8vo. Rochester City Directories, 1864-5, 1866-7, 1867-8, 1870, 4 vols. 8vo. Kimball, James. Lawrence Directories, 1857, 1859, 2 vols. 16mo. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, Aug. 10, 17; Sept. 7, 14, 21, 28; Oct. 5, 1872. Loubat, Alphonse, of New York. Vine Dresser's Guide, 1 vol. 12mo. Manning Robert. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 65. Mc. Creery, J. L., of Dubuque, Iowa. Directory of Dubuque, 1865-6, 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 6. Moore, Chas. B., New York. Indexes. Town of Southold, L. I. 8vo pamph. National Association of Wool Manufactures. Bulletin for Apr., Sept.,lS72. Oliver, Henry K. Patent Office Reports, 1847, 1S50-1, 1S51, 1852-3, 1853, 1854, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1861, 13 vols. 8vo. Message and Documents, 1S67-8, 2 vols. 8vo. Auditor's Report, 1867, 1 vol. 8vo. Hawaiian Club Papers, Oct. 186S, 1 vol. Svo. Eighth Annual Report of the Insurance Commissioners, 1 vol. Svo. Key to the Element of Arithmetic, by P. E. Chase, 1 vol. 12mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 352. [To be continued.'] BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX: INSTITUTE. Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., November, 1872. No. 11. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Dr. Packard gave the following account of recent EXPLORATIONS OF ST. GEORGE'S BANK. During the past summer Prof. S. F. Baird, the U. S. Fish Commissioner, with the assistance of Prof. Verrill, fitted up an expedition to explore St. George's Banks with the dredge, for the sake of ascertaining the nature and quantity of the animals living upon and about these shoals, to which our Cape Ann fishermen annually resort for cod and halibut. Prof. Peirce, the Superintendent of the Coast Survey, who had detailed the steamer "Bache," Commander Howell, to make soundings on and about the bank, generously made accommodations aboard the steamer for the dredging party ; and two nat- uralists, Messrs. S. I. Smith and O. Harger, assistants in the Yale College Museum, spent a portion of Septem- ber aboard, and made several hauls with the dredge on the bank in about twenty fathoms, and again on the eastern edge of the bank in sixty- five fathoms, while Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 20 154 the most interesting results were obtained farther east towards the Gulf Stream at a depth of four hundred, and four hundred and thirty fathoms. At this depth the dredge brought up about forty species of invertebrate animals, among them Schizaster fragilis* an arctic Euro- pean sea urchin, Eupyrgus scaber, an arctic holothurian, and numerous worms, together with Pecten pustulosus Verr., not before found on our coast. On the sandy bottom of the top of the bank the large Pecten tenui- costatus was abundant. The season being late, they were obliged to relinquish the work for their duties at New Haven, and Messrs. Packard and Cooke, of the Peabody Academy at Salem, on the 11th of October, ran out from Boston in the Bache, and were able to make one day's dredging on the northeast end of the bank, in forty and forty-five fathoms, on the sandy and gravelly bottom near the crown of the bank, at or near the fishing grounds for cod and halibut; and then at the bottom of the bank in eighty-five, one hundred and ten, and one hundred and fifty fathoms, respectively, on a sandy, muddy bot- tom. The first haul of the dredge, made in one hundred and ten fathoms, proved exceedingly rich, bringing up numerous shells and worms, though few Crustacea, but several spatangoids (Schizaster fragilis) and several sea pens (Pennatula aculeata) which had been dredged for the first time on this coast by Mr. Whiteaves in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in one hundred and sixty fathoms. The hauls made in one hundred and fifty fathoms also revealed these forms, and a singular starfish (Solaster furcifer), and Archaster arcticus, an additional species of *This and the other species mentioned were identified by Prof. A. E. Verrill, who is publishing a resume of the results in the current numbers of the American Journal of Science and Arts. 155 sea pen (Virgularia Lyngmanni) and other interesting mollnsks and worms ; while two actiniie, one an enor- mous Cerianthns (C. borealis), ten inches in length and inhabiting a tough, slimy tube, and the other, JJolocera TuedicB were discovered, together with Thy one scabra, and a Norwegian shell, Area jpectuncuhides and JVecera arctica, and several new species of mollnsks and worms. The marine fauna of this bank seems to be much like that of the Bay of Fundy, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the banks of Newfoundland, and, in a less degree, the coast of Labrador. The discovery of the Pennatula, Schizaster and Area peetunculoides also makes its rela- tions with that of Norwa}^ intimate, and suggests that the assemblage of life at this regioD is a continuation of the Norwegian and arctic European deep sea fauna, and that it represents a continuous stream of arctic life pervading the ocean at great depths wherever the water is of suffi- ciently low temperature, from the polar regions to Cuba and Florida. The great abundance of life about the bank seems to show that the food for our edible fishes is in this region almost inexhaustible. After exploring this bank the Bache pushed on nearly a hundred miles farther east and with some difficulty, owing to an approaching gale from the southeast, obtained soundings in thirteen hundred fathoms. The sea rising made dredging impossible, and the steamer was obliged from rough weather to run into Provincetown, and the weather continuing boisterous, to the great disappoint- ment of all, made any further attempts impracticable. Every possible facility was extended by Commander Howell and officers Jacques, Hagerman, Jacob and Rush, who personally superintended the dredging operations, which were carried on by night as well as by day, and to them the success of the explorations was largely due. 156 Mr. F. W. Putnam of Salem made the following com- munication on an ANCIENT INDIAN CARVING. By the kindness of Dr. Palmer of Ipswich, I am enabled to exhibit a very interesting carved stone, which was found by an elderly lady while hoeing potatoes in her garden located at Turkey Hill, Ipswich. Turkey Hill, situated between two small streams, and not far from the centre of the town, is a collecting ground well known to our local archeeol ovists from the lar^e num- ber of stone implements that have been found in its immediate vicinity, and is especially noted for the small arrowheads of white quartz and other stone that have been found there in considerable numbers. The dis- covery of the carved stone now exhibited will further identify the locality as one of interest to archaeologists. This stone was evidently carved with care for the pur- pose of being worn as an ornament, and was probably suspended from the neck. It is of a soft slate, easily cut with a sharp, hard stone. The markings left in various places by the carver, showing where his tool had slipped, indicate that no very delicate instrument had been used, while the several grooves, made to carry out the idea of the sculptor, indicate as plainly that the instrument by which they were made, had, what we should call, a rounded edge, like that of a dull hatchet, as the grooves were wider at the top than at the bottom, and the striae show that they were made by a sort of sawing motion, or a rubbing of the instrument backwards and forwards. In fact, the carver's tool might have been almost any stone implement, from an arrowhead to a skin scraper, or any hard piece of roughly chipped stone. The figure on the opposite page represents the stone of natural size, its total length being two and a half inches. 157 It is of general uniform thickness, about one-fifth of an inch, except where the angles are slightly rounded off on the front of the head and on the abdominal outline, and the portion representing the forked tail, or caudal fin, which is rapidly and symmetrically thinned to its edges, as is the notched portion representing the dorsal fin. The carving was evidently intended to represent a fish, with some peculiar ideas of the artist added and several important characters left out. The three longitudinal grooves in front represent the mouth and jaws, while the transverse groove at their termination gives a limit to the length of the jaw, and a very decided groove on the under side di- Fig. 5. vides the under jaw into its right and left portions. The eyes are rep- resented as slight depressions at the top of the head. Natural size. The head is separated from the abdominal portion by a decided groove, and the caudal fin is well represented by the forked portion, from the centre of which the rounded termination of the whole projects. In this part there is an irregularly made hole of a size large enough to allow a strong cord to pass through for the purpose of suspen- sion. The portion of the sculpture rising in the place of a dorsal fin is in several ways a singular conception of the ancient carver. While holding the position of a dorsal fin, it points the wrong way, if Ave regard the portion looking so much like a shark's tooth as intended to rep- resent the fin as a whole. It is very likely that the de- signer wished to show that the fin was not connected with the head and, as he was confined by the length of the 158 piece of stone, after making the head so much out of pro- portion, he was forced to cut under the anterior portion of the fin in order to express the fact. If we regard it in this light, the notches on the upper edge may be con- sidered as indicating the fin rays ; but the figure best shows the character of the sculpture, and persons inter- ested can draw their own conclusions. The symmetry of the whole carving is well carried out, both sides being alike, with the exception that the raised portion at the posterior part of what I have called the dorsal fin is a little more marked on the left side than on the right, and the edge on the same side is surrounded by a faint, irregularly drawn line. The carving was, I think, unquestionably made by an Indian of the tribe once numerous in this vicinity and, as it was almost beyond a doubt cut by a stone tool of some kind, it must be considered as quite an ancient work of art, probably worn as a "medicine," and possibly indicated either the name of the wearer or that he was a noted fish- erman. Additions to the Library announced. (Continued from page 152.) By Donation. Osgood, Alfred, of Newburyport, Mass. History of Newburyport, by Mrs. E. Vale Smith, 1 vol. 8vo. Reports of the School Committee of Newburyport, 1841-1871, inc. 26 Nos. Parsons, C W., of Providence, R. I. Hydrate of Chloral, by donor, 8vo pamph. Patch, Chas., of Hamilton, Mass. Miscellaneous Almanacs, 54. Perkins Bros., of Sioux City, Iowa. Directory of Sioux City, 1871-2, 1 vol. 8vo. Perkins, Geo. A. The Spirit of Missions, 8 nos. Perrv, W. S., of Geneva, 3ST. Y. Journal of the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 1868, 1871, 2 vols. 8vo. Vestry Songs, 1 vol. 12mo. Trinity Psalter, 1 vol. 12mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 310. Stone, B. W. Directory of New York City, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo. First Annual Re- port of the Board of Commissioners of the Department of Public Parks, 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 8. Sumner, C, of U. S. S. Letter to the Colored Citizens, June 29, 1872, 8vo pamph. Tenney, Richard, of Georgetown, Mass. Catalogue of the Georgetown Pea- body Library, 1 vol. 8vo. The Peabody Memorial Church in Georgetown, 1 vol. Sro. 159 Towne, Joseph II. Mass. Register and Business Directories, 1852, 1868, 1854, 1855,1858, 5 vols. 8vo. Condition of the Banks, 1867, 1868, I860, 1861,4 vols. m... N. E. Mercantile Directory, 1849, 1 vol. 8vo. Comptroller's Report of the Cur- rency, 1867, 1 vol. 8vo. Finance Reports, 1852-3, 1855-0, 2 vols. 8vo. Mass. State Record, 1851, 1 vol. 12mo. Blue Book, l vol. 12mo. Mass. Registers, 1880, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1840, 1847, 17 vols. 16mo. Descriptive Register of Genuine Bank Notes, 1 vol. 4to. Hodge's Ameri- can Bank Note, 2 vols. 4to. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 100. U. S. Patent Office, of Washington, D. C. Official Gazette, July 23, Aug. 13, 20, 27, Sept. 3, 10, 17, 24, 1872. Willson, E. B. Address by C. A. Barto] before the Essex Conference, Feb. 28, 1872. 8vo pamph. Withall, Elijah, of Rochester, N. Y. Annual Catalogues of the University of Rochester, 1859-1872. 13 pamphlets. Yeomans, W. H., of Columbia, Conn. Mineral Resources of the U. S., 1807, 1 vol. 8vo. Report of the Conn. Board of Agriculture, 1871, 1 vol. 8vo. Reports of the Committee on the Conduct of the War, 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 28. Diplomatic Correspondence, 1865, 4 vols. 8vo. By Exchange. ACADEMIE IMPERIALE DES SCIENCES BELLES-LETTRES ET ARTS IN BORDEAUX. Actes, 3e Serie, 32e Annee, 1870. Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila., Proceedings of. Jan., Feb., Mch., Apr., 1872. American Academy of Arts and Sciences of Boston. Proceedings of, pp. 137-296 of vol. viii. 1869-70. American Antiquarian Society at Worcester, Proceedings of, Apr., 1872. American Philosophical Society of Phil., Proceedings of, Jan.-June, 1872. Bibliotheque Universelle et Revue Suisse. Archives des Sciences, Phy- siques et Naturelles, Juin, Juillet, Aout. Nos. 174-6, 1872. Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliologie. 3e Serie, Tome xii. No. II, 1872. Institut Historique in Paris. L'Investigateur, 4e Serie, Tome x, Liv. 426. 427, 1870. KONGLIGA DANSKE VlDENSKABERNES SELSKAB IN KJOBEXHAVN. Oversigt. 1871. No II. 8vo pamph. Kongliga Vetenskaps-Societen in Upsal. Nova Acta. Vol. viii, Fase. 1, 1871. 4to pamph. Bulletin Meteorologique Mensuel, vol. i, Nos. 1-12, 1868-9. Vol. iii, Nos. 7-12, 1871. Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, Proceedings of the. Vol. xxv, 1870-71. 1 vol. 8vo. Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft "Isis" in Dresden. Sitzuugs- Berichte, Jan., Feb., Marz, 1872. Naturwisschaften Verein in Bremen. Abhandlungen, Bd. Ill, Helt 1, 1872. New Jersey Historical Society, Proceedings of. 2nd Series, vol. iii. No. 1, 1872. Peabody Institute, Peabody, Mass., Twentieth Annual Report of the Trustees of the. 8vo pamph., 1872. Physikaltsch-medicinische Gesellschaft in Wurzburg. Verhandlungen. Neue Folge, Bd. II, 4 Heft, 1872. Rhode Island Historical Society, Proceedings of, 1872. 8vo pamph. Society d'Acclimation Paris. Bulletin Mensuel. 2me Serie, Tome ix, 1872. Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5. 4 pamphlets. 160 Soci£te d' Anthropologic Paris. Bulletins, Tome vi, lie Serie, 2e Fascicule, 1871. 8vo pamph. SocitTt Vandoize des Sciences Naturelles of Lausanne. Bulletin, vol. xi, Nos. 66-67. 2 pamphlets, 1871-2. St. Gallische Gesellschaft in St. Gallen. Bericht, Vereinsjahres, 1870-1. Vereins fOr Erdkunde in Darmstadt. Notizblatt, Heft X, iii Folge. Nos. 109-121,1871. Vermont State Lirrary. Thirteenth and Fourteenth Registration Reports, 1869, 1870. 2 vols. 8vo. Catalogue of the Vermont State Library, Sept. 1, 1872. 1 vol. 8vo. Governor's Message of the State of Vermont, Oct., 1872. 8vo pamph. Wisconsin State Historical Societt, Collections of, vol. vi, 1869-72, 1 vol. 8vo. Zoologische Gesellschaft. Zoologische Garten, xiii Jahrg., nos. 1-6. Jan.- Juli, 1872. Publishers. American Naturalist. Canadian Naturalist. Christian World. Francis's Catalogue. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Land and Water. Law- rence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailors' Magazine and Sea- men's Friend. Salem Observer. Silliman's Journal. Western Lancet. Regular Meeting, Monday, Nov. 4, 1872. Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — From U. S. Dep't. of Interior, Washington, Oct. 28; Bergen, Norway, The Mu- seum at, Sept. 22; Ipswich, Lyceum, Oct. 24; New York, Cooper Union, Oct. 23; Smithsonian Institution, Washington, Aug. 14; Boow, E. P., New York, Oct. 24, 31; Chever, D. A., Denver, Col. Ter., Oct. 28; Cleaveland, N., Westport, Conn., Oct. 31; Ellis, George E., Boston, Oct. 29, Nov. 2. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Cooper Union, of New York. Report of the Metropolitan Board of Health, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo. Nineteenth Annual Report of the Prison Association of New York, 18G4, 1 vol. 8vo. Tehuantepec Railway Company, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo. Annual Report of the Board of Education, 1859, 1 vol. 8vo. Report of the Board of Immi- gration of the State of Missouri, 1805-66, 1 vol. 8vo. Comptroller Report of City of New York, 1864, 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 11. 161 Gillis, JAMES A. German Encyclopiidie, 1 vol. 4to. Maps to Gibson's Report, 1 vol. 8vo. French Statistics, 1 vol. 8vo. National Magazine and Industrial Rec- ord, 1845, 1846, 2 vols. 8vo. Archivo Americano, 1 vol. 4to. Spurzheini'.-- Outlines of Phrenology, 1 vol. 12mo. Spanish Teacher, 1 vol. IGmo. German Phrase Book, 1 vol. 12mo. Tariff, by James Campbell, 1 vol. 8vo. Revenue Book, by A. Jones, 1 vol. 8vo. Fliigel's Dictionnaire, 1 vol. 8vo. Nature Displayed, 2 vols. 8vo. Patent Office Report, 1848, 1 vol. 8vo. Commerce and Navigation of the U. S., 1830-45, 8 vols. 8vo. Tobacco Statistics, 3 vols. 8vo. Obituary Addresses on tbe Death of Hon. W. R. King, 1 vol. 8vo. Tables showing the Trade of the United Kingdom with different Foreign Countries and British Possessions, 1834-41. Commercial Tariffs and Regulations, 5 pamphlets. Commercial' and Financial Legislation of Europe and America, 2 vols. 8vo. The Daily Union, 27 nos. Tableau General du Commerce de la Belgique, 2 vols, folio. The Southerner, 38 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 179. Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 41. Kimball, James. Abstract of the Seventh Census, 1 vol. 8vo. I. O. of O. F., Digest of the Laws of the Order, 1 vol. 12mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 70. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, Oct. 12, 19, 1872. Patch, G. W., of Marblehead, Mass. Manuals for the General Court, 1863, 1864, 1866, 3 vols. 16mo. Christian Union, 60 nos. Independent, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868. Our Dumb Animals, 12 nos. The Macedonian and Home Mission Record, 37 nos. American Missionary, 46 nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 90. U. S. Department of the Interior. House Miscellaneous, 2d Sess., 41st Cong., 1869-70, 5 vols. 8vo. 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 2 vols. 8vo. Foreign Relations of the U. S., 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. 8vo. Finance Report and Report of Comptroller of the Currency, 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. 8vo. Report of the Department of Agriculture, 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. 8vo. Reports of the Committee of the House of Reps., 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Documents, 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Miscellaneous, 2d Sess., 41st Cong., 1869-70, 1 vol. 8vo. 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Journal, 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Reports, 3d Sess., 41st. Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. 8vo. House Journal, 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. 8vo. Executive Documents, 3 Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 5 vols. 8vo. Report of the Secretary of War, 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 2 vols. 8vo. Report of the Secretary of the Navy and Postmaster General, 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 1 vol. 8vo. Pat- ent Office Report, 1870-71, 1 vol. 8vo. Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 3d Sess., 41st Cong., 1870-71, 2 vols. 8vo. U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Oct. 8, 1872. By Exchange. Boston Public Library. Bulletin for Oct., 1872. 8vo pamph. Iowa State Historical Society. The Annals of Iowa, July, 1872. 8vo pamph. New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Register and Antiquarian Journal, Oct., 1872. Vol. xxvi, No. IV. 8vo pamph. New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, Record of. Oct., 1872. 8vo pamph. Publishers. American Journal of Science and Arts. American Naturalist. Christian World. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Maga- zine. IpsAvich Chronicle. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Lynn Re- porter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv . 21 162 THE ORIGIN OF SURNAMES. A communication was read from George H. Devereux of Salem on the origin of surnames. This subject is re- ceiving considerable attention, especially since so many persons devote their time and leisure to genealogical and historical researches, and, from the records and papers on file in our various state, town, parish and other offices, have gleaned and published many facts that will tend to elucidate more fully the history of the past and delineate the character of the early pioneers and their immediate descendants in the settlement of this country. The paper was an ably prepared document and com- menced with a few brief remarks upon general language. It then proceeded to the special consideration of the names of persons and places, as now extant in the Eng- lish language. We give the following condensed synopsis of this portion. All names had, originally, a significance of their own, derived from some peculiarity of person, place or promi- nent circumstance. We have grown so familiar with them, as merely arbitrary designations, that we pay no heed to this special meaning, which no longer has, in most cases, any particular applicability ; and we talk of a man called Lion or Hare, King or Straw, without a moment's thought of the idea once conveyed when the name was primarily given. The meaning of many bibli- cal, classic, Saxon, Italian, French and other designations was then stated, as well as some of Puritanic and fanciful origin. In the earliest times no person had more than one name, as John, Peter, Albert, etc. But in process of time it was found necessary to distinguish individuals of the same designation, of whom there would soon be many in every neighborhood, by superadded descriptions. 163 These were what we call surnames and became, by trans- mission from father to son, family names. The various modes in which these originated and grew up were then systematically explained. The most obvious would be from personal peculiarities. As, of two Johns in one neighborhood, one would soon become known as John the Long, and another as John the Short. Hence we get all the Shorts, Longs, Whites, Blacks, Browns, etc. Next, children came to be particularized after their parents, as John, Robert's son, or John Eobertson, James, William's son, or James Williamson, and so on. Again, men got names from their occupations, as John the Smith or soon simply John Smith, Hugh the Miller or Hugh Miller. So in other languages, as the Scotch synonymes of Baxter or Baker, Thaxter or Thacher, etc. Then we find many getting titles from their residence. Noblemen, it is well known, are called from their estates. So through all ranks, as Peter of the Lane, Sam on the Hill, Jem of the Meadows, etc., and in this way grow up in time countless family appellatives, as Lanes, Hills, Meadows, Heaths, Dales, Downs, Forests, Brooks, Riv- ers and the like. Of this class, too, are Greenwood, Underwood, Kedfield and many similar. Parts of the human body and various objects of nature, plants, animals, even minerals, have by some singular association, hopeless now to trace, given special designa- tions to individuals first, and then to families. For in- stance, Head, Leg, Foote, Blood, Ash, Birch, Root, Branch, Hedge, Straw, Peach, Pear, Thorn, Berry, Rice, Millet, Hare, Fox, Badger, Bull, Partridge, Sparrow, Bird, Drake, Fish, Pollock, Herring, etc., and Stone, Jasper, Marble, Jewell and many more of similar char- acter. 164 Very many of these names are, when we consider their actual signification, extraordinary and surprising, and we cannot but wonder how a man could ever come to be called a Wolf, a Hog, a Crane, a Gull, or by so curious a title as Moon, Salt, Doll, Pinchbeck and others quoted equally strange. These anomalies and eccentricities were analyzed and explained by references to heraldic bear- ings, jocose and familiar sobriquets or nicknames, cor- ruptions, abbreviations, etc. A great many singular and striking instances were given, and elucidated by explana- tions yet available in history, social customs and records and derivations of various sorts, from which light may yet be thrown upon these apparent vagaries. A large number, seemingly utterly incomprehensible at first sight, were traced to their incidental origins, and the curious transformations they had undergone clearly developed. A long list was also given of grotesque and unaccountable appellatives, of the origin of which no reasonable conjec- ture seems to be now possible. The nomenclature of places, towns, cities, castles, es- tates, etc., was fully investigated, and followed up through contractions and the corruptions of time to its sources in the primitive Celtic of the Britons, the Saxon, the Latin terms of the Romans and the Norman French introduced by the conquest. The frequent transfer of these to family names was also illustrated by examples. The changes effected by translation into other languages were consid- ered too, and made plain by numerous instances. The system of nomenclature of the Greeks and Romans was briefly described, and its analogies with the customs of later times noticed. It is impossible in this compendium to note even all the leading points of the essay. Of course, we cannot recapitulate here the large number of carefully collected 165 and arranged illustrations ; or follow out the theory and state the conclusions deduced, either upon general or spe- cial instances. Our narrow space is inadequate to give a competent view of a thoroughly digested and systematic analysis of such a subject. Regular Meeting, Monday, Nov. 18, 1872. Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President in the chair. Kecords of preceding meeting read. The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — Bremen, Naturwissenschaft verein, Sept. 7; Brunn, Naturforschende verein. Apr. 2; Cherbourg, Societe Nationale des Sciences Naturelles, Juillet; Chicago Academy of Sciences, Oct. 8; Danvers, Peabody Institute, Nov. 7; Sacramento, Agassiz Institute, Nov. 1, 3; Chipman, R. M., Lisbon, Conn., Nov. 8; Foster, J. W., Chicago, 111., Nov. 11; Levette, Gilbert M., Indianapolis, Nov. 9; Newberry, J. S., New York, Nov. 13; Perry, W. S., Geneva, N. Y.,Nov. 14; Pumpelly, Raphael, St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 11; White, C. A., Iowa City, Iowa, Nov. 11; Waters, J. Linton. Chicago, 111., Nov. 9; Woods, Katie T., Salem. Oct. 24. The letters from the "Agassiz Institute," the one by Dr. Thomas M. Logan, the President, the other by the Corresponding Secretary, Rev. J. H. C. Bonte, may be especially noticed, as officially announcing the organiza- tion of a scientific institution under the above name in Sacramento ; and sending "its first greeting to the Essex Institute, Salem, Mass." "In framing our constitution and laws," Rev. Mr. Bonte writes, "we have used yours as our model, and we therefore address you first. Our opportunity for adding material for the study of natural history is, we think, great, and We begin with great hopes of a splendid future." 166 The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Foote, C. Files of several County Papers, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., 1872. Kimball, James. Freemason's Monthly Magazine, 1859-68, 10 vols. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, Oct. 26, Nov. 2, 1872. Logan, Thomas M., of Sacramento, Cal. Report of the California State Board of Health, 1870-71, 1 vol. 8vo. Peabody Academy op Science. Fourth Annual Report, 1871. 8vo pamph. Sibley, J. L., of Cambridge, Mass. Catalogue Universitatis Harvardianas, 1872. Svo pamph. U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Oct. 15, 22, 29, 1872. Williams, Henry L. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 4. By Exchange. Crosse et Fischer, Paris, France. Journal de Conchyl. Tome xii. No.3, 1872. Geological Survey of Canada. Report of Progress for 1870-71. 8vo pamph. Institut HiSTORlQUE, of Paris, Fiance. L'lnvestigateur, Jan.-Juin, 1872. L'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, Bulletin of. Tome xvi, Nos. 1-6. Tome xvii, Nos. ]-3. Memoires. Tome xvii, No. 12, 1871. Tome xviii, Nos. 1-6, 1872. Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, Transactions of, 1871-72. New Series, Pt. IX. 8vo, 1872. Naturforschenden Verein in Brunn. Verhandlungen, Bd. ix, 1870. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Proceedings of. Pt. II. May-Sept., 1872. 8vo pamph. Societe d'Anthropologie, Paris, France. Bulletin. Tome vi. He serie, 3e fascicule. Oct., Nov., 1871. 8vo pamph. Societe Nationale des Sciences Naturelles, Cherbourg, France. Memoirs. Tome xvi, 1871-72. 8vo pamph. Societe Royale des Antiquaires du Nord Kjobenhavn. Memoires, Nouv. Ser., 1870-71. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. Tillaeg til Aarboger for Nordisk Old-Kyndighed og Historie, 1870, 1871. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. Publishers. Asher's Catalogue. Essex County Mercury. Gloucester Tele- graph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. The President called the attention of the Institute to a package of old papers recently presented by Mr. Eben G. Berry of Danvers. Several of the papers were read, and were interesting, showing the spirit of the times in which they were written. The following may be specified : The commission of Benjamin Berry to be Ensign of the third Foot company in the town of Andover in the 4th Regiment of Militia in the County of Essex, whereof 167 Rich. Saltonstall, Esq., is Col. ; signed by Wm. Shirley, dated 2 July, 1754. Bill of sale, Mr. George Daland of Salem to Mr. Ben- jamin Berry of Andover, for a negro named "Fortune," dated Aug. 30, 1756. Warrant from Hon. Henry Gardner, Treasurer of Mass., to Benjamin Berry, constable or collector, dated 21 Feb., 1777, to collect the tax of 277£ 7s., assessed upon the town of Andover. A summons from the selectmen of Andover to Capt. Benjamin Berry, surveyor of highways, dated March 19, 1767, requiring him to see that each person, named in this list, work out the sum annexed to their names in the months of May or June next ensuing, on the roads here- after mentioned. Several deeds of land, also military orders, for calling out the militia for inspection and parade. Some of the papers proved that the "treating to the drinks" on every occasion of purchasing a new saddle or article of dress, etc., was a custom of that period, and a certificate of its performance was given. Thus : — Andover, Augoust 19, 1750. This may Certify All Home It may Concern, That Mr. Benjamine Berry Hath Paid Suffitient Beaverige For A New Red Plush Saddle and lite Colard Housen To The Full Satisfaction of The Subscribers Hereof. Henry Abbot. Henry Abbot, Jr. Andover, March the 19 day, 1756. This may Certify All Home it may Concern that Ben- jamin Berry junr Hath Paid suffitient Beaverige for A new blew sarge Coot with blew morehare buttens with 168 A red lining to the full satisfaction of the subscribers hereof. Benja. Beny. Mary Eobinson. Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibited a photograph of a human skeleton found in a cave in France. This photograph, which had been sent to the Peabody Academy of Science by Mr. S. H. Scudder, formerly of the Boston Society of Natural History, now residing in Mentone, France, showed the skeleton, as found in the cave. Mr. Putnam, taking the photograph for his text, spoke of the great antiquity of man, as proved by the finding of human bones and the works of man in various caves in Europe, and in the river drift of various places. The Adjournment of the Quarterly Meeting from Wednesday the 13th inst., was then held. Daniel B. Hagar was unanimously elected Vice Presi- dent of the Department of the Fine Arts, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of George Peabody. Arthur S. Rogers of Salem, Solomon Varney of Salem and John Todd Moulton of Lynn, were elected resident members. Voted, That the regular meetings in December be held on the 2d and 4th Monday evenings in lieu of the 1st and 3rd. BULLETIN ESSEX INSTITUTE. Vol. 4. Salem, Mass., December, 1872. No. 12. One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. Regular Meeting, Monday, December 9, 1872. Meeting this evening at 7 30 o'clock. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The evening was occupied by the reading of a commu- nication, by Mr. John Robinson, on FERNERIES, HOW TO MAKE THEM, AND WHAT TO PUT IN THEM. Fern cases, or ferneries, as most of us call them, were originally called Wardian cases, in honor of their inven- tor, Dr. B. N, Ward of London, who published a book upon the subject in 1842. These cases are only a modi- fication of the handglass always used to force or protect plants in the greenhouse or open air ; yet the placing of this in a practical way renders it easy to import the plants of foreign tropical countries, which otherwise could never be seen here in a living state, besides enabling us to grow at home as beautiful ferns and other delicate, moisture- loving plants as are seen in the hot-house or conservatory. The fern case, as it comes from the cabinet-maker's, is Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 22 170 a handsome piece of furniture, but an expensive one ; so expensive, perhaps, as to deter many from possessing a fernery. This need not be, for at home a case can be made just as serviceable, and having some advantages even over the expensive ones. Procure from your carpenter a good pine board, of the dimensions you may wish, for the base of your structure, which by the way should be about one-third longer than wide. Next obtain a suitable moulding, black walnut is the best, and fit it around the base board as if it was a picture frame on end. Next have a zinc pan made to fit closely inside of this, coming up to the top of the mould- ing ; do not have any turned over edge or ring to the pan, as they are of no use, neither should the pan be made first, as it is difficult to make a neat box to fit outside it. Have the pan painted on the inside with a good coat of tar, as the delicate roots of the plants dislike to come in contact with a metal surface. Next comes the glass, and here is where most persons fail. Be sure the glass is inside the pan, and never have the pan inside the glass, for the moisture collecting on the glass runs down outside the pan to the woodwork, rotting it, and very likely between the moulding and base board on to the table or what else the case rests on, causing much trouble; also, in watering, the glass directs the water in like manner, with the same, if not worse, results. A good proportion for the glass is to have it as high above the base as the case is wide, and it should go to the bottom of the pan ; have the corners true and the top level, that the plate of glass which covers the top, and which should be one-fourth of an inch larger all around, shall be even. With common flour paste attach narrow strips of cloth up over the corner angles on the outside and but only an inch or so down the inside from the top. 171 When dry, paste some dark paper over it, so as to cover the cloth, also around the top plate of glass to prevent the edge from cutting your hands ; no cloth is necessary for this. Fill and oil the black walnut moulding, and the case is complete. A still more simple one is to tar the inside and paint the outside of a shallow pine box, and place the glass directly inside it. If you intend purchasing a hand- some case, it will be better to have one made to order, as all the ready made ones usually offered for sale have the case poorly and incorrectly constructed in more ways than one ; nearly all have flat tops, to be avoided where there is woodwork (the home made case having no woodwork at the top, it is not a disadvantage). One advantage possessed by the expensive case is that the whole top takes off, enabling you to work all around and not entirely from overhead. Here you may construct ruins, grottos, arches, etc., with pumice and cement; pumice is so light that it adds but little weight to the case, and the cement will bind the whole together as firmly as one rock, all at a very slight expense, at the same time adding much to the beauty of the interior. Very neat circular cases are for sale at the stores, and can be filled so as to be very attractive ; they can also be used as fern nurseries. To do this, make the earth damp and firm on top, having first placed a few small pieces of broken flower pots in the upper soil. Take a leaf of some fern, or several dif- ferent species of ferns, if you desire, that have the fruit quite ripe ; this can be discovered by shaking over white paper, when, if ripe, a brown powder will come off; these are the spores or seeds. Dust these over the pre- pared earth, replace the glass, and leave the case in a warm shady corner. In a few weeks, if not permitted to become dry, a green scum will appear, which in time 172 will transform itself into the most beautiful little ferns, that may be separated, potted, or transferred to other cases. Now to fill the case. First make, if the pan be three inches deep, about one inch in depth of drainage, peb- bles, charcoal, broken bricks, or, better still, broken flower pots ; over this a thin layer of moss or coarse fibrous stuff of some sort to prevent the earth washing into the drainage and choking it. Some cases have holes in the bottom and glass receptacles for superfluous water ; but if care be used in watering, this will be entirely un- necessary. For soil suitable to grow most plants likely to be in the fernery, a mixture of one part sand, one part peat, two parts light pasture loam (leaf mould may be used for peat), will do well. The earth should be heaped up a little in the centre, or if the case is large two or three little elevations may be made ; upon these place the larger ferns or plants, with the others distributed around them. A log of wood covered with moss and small ferns is a very pretty centre piece, and to cover the ground the little running Selaginella, common in all greenhouses, answers better than almost anything else, except our own native mosses, which must be treated with care, or else they mould or dry up. Ferneries may be divided, if you like, into two classes, dormant and active. By dormant I mean such as con- tain plants which lie at rest during the winter months, chiefly our natives and others like them in habit that have been introduced. These it is well to arrange separately, as they require less heat than the species growing all the year round, chiefly from the tropics, which form the active fernery. The dormant fernery can be made very inter- esting, the plants in it keeping about the same all the winter, but growing towards spring ; and as many like 173 the pleasure of filling their case every fall, this is as good a way as any to do, as it is a pretty ornament for winter, and in summer need not be cared for. Of the two thou- sand exotic species known to exist, but three hundred probably can be purchased in this country, and of these comparatively few are suitable to grow in the case. Most of the smaller growing species for sale hereabouts will do, particularly those of Pteris, Doodia, and Adian- tum (maiden hair ferns). Gold and silver ferns require care, as the yellow and white farina washes off in water- ing. Besides ferns, Begonias, Dracaenas and Marantas do well for the centre of a case, and many others can be tried ; even if they do not succeed there is a pleasure in experimenting. In New England there are about the same number of ferns as in Old England, forty-five or six. About Salem, say within ten miles' radius, there are sixteen genera, twenty-nine species ; of these, few are suited to the fern- ery. The larger ones grow well in the garden, on the northerly side of a fence or building. Of the smaller ones, the ebony spleenwort, two or three of the Aspi- diums or shield ferns, the Asplenium Trichomanes, do well ; the climbing fern will look pretty for a while and some of the ferns which lose their foliage at the frost, will, if their roots be planted just under the moss, grow toward spring, such as the beech ferns, hay scented ferns, New York ferns and others. The moonwort, and common poly- pody which grows every where, should never be left out, and the harts tongue, and walking ferns, are valuable accessions if they can be had. This comprises about all the native ferns of use that can be collected here, but there are many little plants to associate with them which add much to the beauty of the case. The partridge berry (Mitchella r&pens) can be gathered in bunches, regardless 174 of roots, tucked in the moss and earth, where it will grow, bloom, and often fruit. The rattlesnake plantain (incorrectly called adder's tongue), the Hepatica, gold thread, Linnea, all do well, and club mosses, wintergreen, checkerberry, all add to the effect. The larger foreign and native ferns may be grown in an open fernery, which should be in a room with as moist air as possible. Do not drown your plants. Persons frequently ask, "How often shall I water my plants?" It is impossible to answer, except to say "whenever they are dry ;" with the same amount of water per day, in a cool room the earth in a flower pot would be mud, while in a hot room it would be powder in a few hours. To avoid pests, mould, etc., sprinkle the ferns occasionally and give air an hour or more every day. Wiping off the moisture from the glass will take away many impurities. Cases sprinkled often seldom require watering, and it is sur- prising how long life will last on a small supply of water. I once planted in the bottom of an olive bottle a fern and some moss, corked it, and sealed the top over with seal- ing wax, placed it upon a light shelf, and left it ; the fern flourished about a year, and weeds which sprang up lived six months longer ; life lasted eighteen months in all, without the addition of a single drop of water. Do not place the fernery at the southern window, in the full glare of the sun ; an eastern or western one is better ; turn it around every week that the plants may grow evenly. The case may be filled in August, to be estab- lished by winter. Some fill them as early as June, others not till October, but August is the best for the tropical fernery ; the natives need not be attended to till Septem- ber, if you like. Not only may ferns be grown in cases but some species are very beautiful as basket or pot plants. 175 A cocoanut may be formed into a very neat basket by sawing off the top and burning holes half an inch across all over the shell with two small ones at the top opposite each other for the wire to suspend it by ; if in this a fern is planted which has running roots with leaf buds, the effect is in time to cover the whole shell with the beautiful foli- age, as these little roots find their way to every hole before long. For this, Adiantum setulosum and A. iEthio- pium are the best. Baskets to hang in the top of a fern case may be made of thin pliable bark, wired together. Wire baskets lined with moss and filled with earth are fine for ferns with stems which run on top of the soil, such as most of the Davallias, Polypodium aureum a native of Florida, and others. The hare's foot fern is one such, throwing out woolly feet in advance of the leaves. A log hollowed out on one end is most suitable to grow the stag horn ferns upon ; they will in time form huge crowns on the top of the log, while little creeping species may be grown successfully on the side at the same time if wired on with a little moss and earth. Hollow stone ware pil- lows are made with pockets in the sides, the centre filled with earth, ferns planted in the pockets, and the whole covered with a bell glass. Wire netting can be formed into a tube filled with coarse earth, and ferns inclined to climb by rooting stems, as the ivy does, can be made to cover it with foliage. In fact, there is no end to the vari- ety of design that can be introduced into the fernery whether it be a simple bell glass or a structure one hun- dred feet long by forty wide and high. Of this latter class of ferneries most beautiful ones are described in foreign books, where sometimes the side walls are of turf covered with the creeping Lycopods and ferns, while little brooks, mimic waterfalls and ponds add both to the beauty of the place and to the air, the moisture necessary for the 176 health of the plants. This is called the natural cultiva- tion of ferns, and approaches as near as possible to their natural habitat. It is to be hoped that such will soon be established by our wealthy amateurs on this side of the water, as it is much more instructive than the ordinary way of growing these plants, and that there will be a steady increase in the already growing interest in ferns and ferneries. The evening was made more enjoyable and the remarks much more interesting and clear by the exhibition of ferneries and plants upon the platform illustrating the subject. They were chiefly as follows : A large black- walnut fern-case (cabinet-maker's pattern) containing stone grotto and choice tropical ferns, Selaginellas, Bego- nia rex, etc. ; a square home-made case (large) con- taining native plants entirely ; circular fernery (large) containing tropical plants ; log with a fine specimen of Platycerium alcicorne, stag horn fern growing upon the top, other ferns and mosses on the sides ; wire basket with Davallia ; cocoanut shells with maiden-hairs ; bell glass with Adiantum Capillus- Veneris or English maiden- hair, also other ferns in pots, cut fronds, etc. Ferns suitable for ferneries which can be purchased at the greenhouses at fifty cents or less : — Pteris serulata, " argyrea, " longifolia, " tremula, " cretica, var. albo-lineata, Pellaea rotundifolia, " hastata, Gymnogramme sulphurea, " calomelanos, Doodia caudata, Asplenium Mexicanum, Onychium Japonicum, Adiantum Capillus- Veneris, " affiue, " JEthiopicum, " cuneatura, " fulvum, " hispidulum, Aspidium molle, Selaginella Martensii, " densa, " Braunii, " Kraussiana, " uncinata. 177 The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — From E. A. Andrews, Lancaster, Fairfield Co., Ohio, Nov. 22; John Collett, Indianapolis, Ind., Nov. 18; C. W. Jenks, Philadelphia, Penn., Nov. 23; John Todd Moulton, Lynn, Nov. 25; G. C. Swallow, Columbia, Boone Co., Mo., Nov. 20; Henry White, New Haven, Conn., Nov. 29; A. Winchell, Ann Arbor, Nov. 25; Berwickshire, Naturalists' Field Club, Aug. 26; Bogota, La Souldad de Naturalists Columbiano; Brooklyn, N. Y., Mercantile Library Association, Nov. 21; Danvers, Peabody Institute, Dec. 2; Lund, Die Carolinische Universitate, Aug. 1; Wiirz- burg, Die Physicalische Medicinische Gesellschaft, Aug. 28. The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Agassiz Institute, of Sacramento, Cal. Constitution and By-laws of. 8vo pamph, 1872. Clogston, Wm., of Springfield, Mass. Oswego County Directory, 1866-7, 1 vol. 8vo. Utica City Directory, 1858-9, 1 vol. 12mo. Bangor Directory, 1867-8, 1 vol. 12mo. Brattleboro Directory, 1871-2, 1 vol. 8vo. Ontario County Directory, 1870, 1 vol. 12mo. Directory of Cities and Villages on the line of the Boston & Albany Railway, 1869-70, 1 vol. 8vo. Erie Business Directory, 1867-8, 1 vol. 8vo. Directory of Binghamton, Elmira, Ithaca and Oswego, 1864-5, 1 vol. 12mo. Janesville Direc- tory, 1859-60, 1 vol. 12mo. American Advertising Directory, 1831, 1 vol. 12mo. Farmer, Moses G. Patent Ofl&ce Reports, 22 vols. 8vo. Department of Agricul- ture, 4 vols. 8vo. Finance Report, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Commercial Digest, 1 vol. 8vo. Compendium of U. S. Census, 1850, 1 vol. 8vo. Cyclopaedia of Commerce, 1 vol. 8vo. The Practical Model. 7 nos. Journal of the Telegraph. 72 nos. Engineer- ing. 32 nos. Journal of Chemistry. 24 nos. Salem Directories for 1851, 1853, 1855, 1857, 1859, 1864, 6 vols. 12mo; 1866, 1869, 2 vols. 8vo. Congressional Globe 1855-6, 2 vols. 4to. Scientific American, 4 vols, folio. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 65. Sci- entific American. 610 nos. Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 20. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, Nov. 9, 16, 1872. Middlesex Mechanics' Association, Lowell, Mass. By-laws etc., of the Li- brary and Reading Room, 8vo pamph. 1872. U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette for Nov. 5, 12, 1872. By Exchange. Archiv der Anthropologie in Braunchweig. Band v, Heft III, 1872. 4to pamph. Berwickshire Naturalists' Club. Proceedings of, 1871-2, 8vo pamph. Geological and Polytechnic Society of the West Riding of Yorkshire. Proceedings of, New Series Pt. 1, pp. 1-56, 1871-2. 8vo pamph. Kongliga Universitets Lund Sweden. Lund Universitets Biblioteks Acces- sions Katalog, 1869, 1870, 1871. 3 pamphlets 12mo. Acta Universitatis Lundensis, 1868, 1869, 1870. 7 pamphlets 4to. Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Hannover. Einundzwanzigster gah- resbericht, 1870, 1871. 8vo pamph. Essex Inst. Bulletin. iv 23 178 Naturhistorischen Verein der preussischen Rheinlande und Westpha- lensinBonn. Verhaudlungen, xxviii, xxix. Yahrg. 1871, 1872. 2 pamphlets 8vo. Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereine ztj Bremen. Abhaudlungen Band iii, Heft II, 1872. 8vo pamph. Philosophical AND Literary Society. Annual Report for 1871-2. 8vo pamph. Physikalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft in Wurzburg. Verhandlungen, NeueFolge. Bd. iii. Heft 1, 2, 1872. Societe D'Acclimatation, Paris. Bulletin Mensuel. Tome ix, Nos. 6, 7, 1872. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. Vermont State Library. Vermont Legislature Directory, 1872-3, 1 vol. 12mo. Montpelier, 1872. Publishers. American Journal of Science and Arts. American Naturalist. Christian World. City Post. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Histor- ical Magazine. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Western Lancet. The Superintendent of Museum reported the follow- From Farmer, Moses G. Portrait of Bishop Griswold. Lamson, F. Paper-weight, formerly belonging to Charles Dickens, bought in London by donor. Marsh, Miss Mary. A Loom, used in the farmer's family in the last century. Porter, Miss M. A. View of Northey's Block, built in 1872. Stimpson, James C. Relics from the Boston Fire, November, 1872. Eegular Meeting, Monday, December 23, 1872. Meeting this evening at 7 30 o'clock. The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. The Secretary announced the following correspon- dence : — From T. C Amory, Boston, Dec. 19; Jacob Batchelder, Lynn, Dec. 5, IS; P. A. Hanaford, New Haven, Dec. 12; Charles V. Hanson, Peabody, Dec. 13; Alfred Osgood, Newburyport, Dec. 13; Proctor Bros., Gloucester, Dec; Buffalo Histor- ical Society, Dec. 19; Peabody Institute, Dan vers, Dec. 14 j New Jersey Historical Society, Dec. 21. 179 The Librarian reported the following additions : — By Donation. Amory, Thomas C. Our English Ancestors, 8vo pamph. A Home of the Olden Time, 8vo pamph. Boardman, S. L., of Augusta, Me. Agriculture of Maine, 1871, 1 vol. 8vo. Water Power of Maine, 1 vol. 8vo, 1869. Report of the Commissioners on "Paper Credits," 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 7. Chapman, G. R. Annual Report of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions for 1872. 8vo pamph. Sermon by Dr. Bartlctt at the Annual Meeting in New Haven, Ct., Oct. 1, 1872. 8vo pamph. Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 5. Hammond, J. Memoirs of Russia from 1727 to 1744. 1 vol. 4to. London, 177:5. Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, Dec. 7, 1872. Peirson, Geo. H. Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of the Most Ancient and Honorable Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons of Mass., Mch. 8-Dec. 27, 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Stone, Joseph W. Salem Directories for 1842, 1850, 1853, 3 vols. 12mo. U. S. Patent Office, Washington, D. C. Official Gazette, Nov. 26, Dec. 3, 1872. White, Capt. A. II., of Boston, The White and Haskell Family, compiled by P. Derby, 1 vol. 8vo. 1872. By Exchange. Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society of Taun- ton, Proceedings of, for 1871. 12mo pamph. Publishers. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwicke's Sci. ence Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. The President read a communication from Rev. P. A. Hanaford of New Haven containing a memoir of Miss Quiner of Beverly. Referred to the committee on publi- cations. The President read a communication from Nehemiah Cleaveland, Esq., containing a sketch of the life of his grandfather, Rev. John Cleaveland, of that part of Ips- wich known as Chebacco, now the town of Essex, with the letters and journals copied and condensed of the campaign of 1758, having received the appointment of chaplain to one of the regiments from Gov. Pownall. Referred to the publication committee.