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57

GENEALOGY COLLECTION

ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY

3 1833 01

01

1167

Digitized by the Internet Archive
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BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

VOLUME VII.

1875.

SALEM, MASS.

PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS

1876.

1425137

CONTENTS.

Page.
Eegular Meeting, January 4, 1875, 1

F. W. Putnam, Archaeological Researches in Kentucky, 2.— William II.
Dall, On the Mode of Burial of the Aleuthian Islands, 9.— Robert
Ridgway, Lists of Birds observed at various localities contiguous
to the Central Pacific Railroadfrom Sacramento to Salt Lake City, 10.

Eegular Meeting, January 18, 1875, 25

Haydn Brown, On Comb Manufacturing, 26.

Eegular Meeting, February 1, 1875, 27

A. Graham Bell, On the Subject of Speech, 28.— Lists of Birds observed
at various localities contiguous to the Central Pacific Railroad (con-
tinued), 30.— Catalogue of the Birds ascertained to occur in Nevada,
35.

Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, February 10, 1875, ... 41

Proposals of Misses Mary E. and Abby O. Williams to deposit a col-
lection of Paintings, 41.— A New Draft of the Constitution and By-
Laws proposed, 42.

Eegular Meeting, Monday, February 15, 1875, .... 42

G. Batchelor, Memoir of B. F. Browne, 44.— John Robinson, Ferns of
Essex County, 44.

Eegular Meeting, Monday, March 1, 1875, 54

F. W. Putnam, Account of the Fortifications and other Enclosures of
the Older Races of Indians in N. A., 56.

Catalogue of the First Art Exhibition, March, 1875, ... 57

Eegular Meeting, Monday, March 22, 1875, 63

J. H. Stevens, On the Applications of Galvanic Electricity, 63.

Eegular Meeting, Monday, April 5, 1875, 69

E. C. Bolles, On East Indian and Japanese Paper, 71.— Synonymy,
Description, History, etc., of the Prairie Hare, by E. Coues, 73.

Eegular Meeting, Monday, April 19, 1875, 85

Eegular Meeting, Monday, May 3, 1875, . . . 87

Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 12, 1875, .... 87

Retrospect of the year, 89; Members, 89; Meetings, 94; Lectures and
Concerts, 96; Horticultural, 97; Art Exhibition, 99; Library, 100;
Publications, 101; Museum, 101; Financial, 101; Officers elected, 103.

Field Meeting at Hamilton, Thursday, June 3, 1875, . . . 105
Ramble and Notice, 105.— F. W. Putnam, Notice of Shellheaps and

Indian Relics at Newbury, 108.— A. Osgood, Notice of the Mining
Lands of Newbury, 108— J. H. Stevens, On the Cane Brakes in Lou-
isiana, etc., 108.— L. H. Upton, List of Plants found in flower, 1U9.

Eegular Meeting, Monday, June 21, 1875, 110

Notice and Resolutions on the decease of C. W. Upham, 110.

(iii)

iv • CONTENTS.

Field Meeting at Byfield, Thursday, July 1, 1875, . . .113

Ramble and Historical Notices, 113.— W. D. Northend, Remarks on
Byfleld and Dumnier Academy, 120.— Remarks by J. Spofford, F. W.
Putnam, J. Robinson, 120.— Haydn Brown, Amos Noyes, SamuelJ.
Spalding, 127.

Regular Meeting, Wednesday, July 7, 1875, . . . .129

Excursion to the Isles of Shoals, 129.
Field Meeting at Concord, Tuesday, July 27, 1875, . . .131
Ramble, 131. — Opening Remarks by the President, 135.— Remarks by
E. R. Hoar, 130, 139.— E. S. Morse, 137.— F. W. Putnam, 138.— E. C.
Bolles, 139.— G. Reynolds, 110.

Regular Meeting, Monday, August 2, 1875, 141

Regular Meeting, Monday, September 6, 1875, . . . .142

Regular Meeting, Monday, September 20, 1875, . . . .144

Adjourned Quarterly Meeting, Monday, October 4, 1875, . . 144

Adjourned Quarterly Meeting, Monday, October 11, 1875, . . 146
Election of Officers, 140.— John Robinson, Addenda to the Ferns of
Essex County, 147.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 18, 1875, . . . .149

Mr. Upham's Paper on the Settlement of Rev. S. Skelton, 149.— Mr.
Kimball exhibited casts of Indian utensils, 150.

Regular Meeting, Monday, November 1, 1875, . . . 150

A. Graham Bell, On Visible Speech, 151.

Second Art Exhibition, 151 ; Catalogue, 152

Regular Meeting, Monday, November 15, 1875, .... 162

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 6, 1875, .... 162

Wright, On "Indian Ridge and its Continuation" in Andover, 165.
Regular Meeting, Monday, December 20, 1875, .... 168

Letters Announced, 1, 25, 27, 42, 55, 69, 85, 87, 118, 141, 142, 148, 150,
162.

Additions to Library, 1, 25, 28, 42, 55, 69, 86, 88, 118, 141, 142, 145, 163.

Additions to Museum, 2, 70, 110, 148.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Vol. 7. Salem, Mass., January, 1875. No. 1.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy..

Kegular Meeting, Monday, Januaky 4, 1875.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From E. P. Boon, New York, Dec. 15; Melvil Dewey, Amherst, Dec. 21, 26; W.
I.Fletcher, Hartford, Conn., Dec. 31; Daniel A. Gleason, Boston, Dec. 21; Frank
E. Hotchkiss, New Haven, Dec. 27; Alfred M. Mayer, South Orange, N. J., Dec. 18;
Charles Phillips, Germantown, Penn., Dec. 30; Lyon, Societe" d' Agriculture,
Juillet 20.

The Librarian reported the following additions to the

library : —

By Donation.

Hotchkiss, F. E., of New Haven, Conn. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 8.

Merritt, L. F. Essex County Mercury for Dec. 2, 9, 16, 23, 1874.

Stetson, Chas., of New York, N. Y. The Erie Kailway Tourist. 1 vol. 4to.

Willson, E. B. The Christian Freeman and Record of Unitarian Worthies,
Dec, 1874. 8vo pamph.

Worcester County Musical Association. Seventh Annual Festival, Oct.
19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 1874. 8vo pamph.

By Exchange.

Academie Imperiaee des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts, Lyon. Me-
moires, Classe des Sciences. Tome xx, 1873-74.

Essex Inst. Bulletin. vii 1

2

Institut Historique, Paris. L' Investigates. 40 Ann6e, No. 5, 1874.

Soci£t£ d' Agriculture, d' Histoire Naturelle et des arts Utiles,
Lyon. Annates, 4e Serie. Tomes iv, v, 1871-72. 2 pamphlets.

SociETft Linneenne, Lyox. Annates. Tome xx. 1873.

Piiysikalisch-medicixische Gesellschaft, Wurzburg. Verhandlungen,
Neue Folge, Bd. viii. 1-2 Heft. 1874.

Zoologische Gesellschaft, Frankfurt. Zool. Garten xv, Jahrg. Nos.
1-6, 1874.

Publishers. American Naturalist. Forest and Stream. Gloucester Telegraph.
Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter.
Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody
Press. Salem Observer. Salem Post. Sailor's Magazine and Seaman's Friend.

Donations to the cabinets were announced from George
L. Peabody, of New York City, a rare and valuable
Japanese gold obang ; from Louis F. Emilio, gold bearing
quartz from the Vulture Mine, Arizona, and from Charles
T. Jenkins, gold bearing quartz from Ophir Hill, Grass
Valley District, Nevada County, Cal.

Mr. F. W. Putnam, of the committee appointed at a
previous meeting to prepare a memorial for action of
the Institute in relation to a proposed State Topographi-
cal, Geological and Biological Survey, reported the same,
which was referred to the directors, with authority to act.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN KENTUCKY.

Mr. F. W. Putnam gave an account of some of his
recent archaeological investigations in Kentucky, made
with the assistance furnished by the Peabody Museum of
Archaeology and Ethnology at Cambridge, while he was
engaged as Ichthyologist of the Kentucky State Geologi-
cal Survey, of which Prof. Shaler is chief.

Confining his remarks to researches made in the caves,
and in connection with a peculiar form of burial in cir-
cular graves, he first exhibited a number of skulls and
other bones found under various conditions, and described
the peculiarities of each group, comparing them with

those of undoubted Mound Builders, and with those of
the New England Indians. While the skulls of the New
England Indians are long and narrow, those from the
mounds, the circular graves, the stone graves and the
caves, were of the short, broad and high type ; but in
the caves were found two, if not three, classes of burials,
and at least two well-marked forms of skulls.

The skulls found in graves which were, as a rule, pro-
tected by slabs of stone, were, so far as his researches
went, of a form resembling the high, short and broad
crania of the typical Mound Builders, while those from
caves that contained a large number of skeletons repre-
senting bodies that had been thrown into the caves, or
perhaps skeletons which had been placed there after the
flesh had decayed, were quite characteristic from the very
marked depression of the frontal bone and the equally
marked concavity on the anterior part of the parietals.
The skulls from the "circular grave" were also distin-
guished from the others by their decided width and short-
ness, and the more vertical occipital portion.

A series of shin bones was also exhibited, to show the
various degrees of flattening which existed, and to prove,
as shown by the researches of others, that platycnemism,
while most marked in ancient and uncivilized races, could
not be taken as a special race character of any great im-
portance.

The examination of a group of mounds near Glasgow
was then described, and though no human remains were
found in these particular mounds, a most interesting burial
place on a hill close by may have had some connection
with them. This burial place consisted of a number of
circular graves, most of which had been destroyed by the
cultivation of the land ; but one that had been undis-
turbed by the plough was carefully opened. This grave

was nearly a circle of about four feet in diameter, and
had been dug to the depth of about three feet. Upright
slabs of limestone about three feet in height, from one to
two feet in width and three or four inches in thickness,
had then been placed round the hole. The bottom of the
grave had been covered with pieces of shale brought from
Peter's Creek, about a quarter of a mile distant. The
bodies, at least ten in number, had been placed in the
grave, evidently arranged in a sitting posture, in a circle,
with their backs against the upright slabs. A few pieces
of stone found on the surface of the grave may indicate
that stones had been placed over it. If any slight earth-
mound had been formed over the grave, it had been
washed away, as the edges of the upright stones were
projecting a few inches above the present surface of the
soil. From the fact that only a fragment of pottery was
found among the stones on the surface of the grave, and
no implements of any kind in the grave, it may be that
articles since scattered were placed over the grave. The
number of these circular graves that once existed at this
spot on the homestead of Gen. Jos. H. Lewis, who had
taken Mr. Putnam to the place, brings up many thoughts
as to their connection with the group of mounds in the
little valley below them, and speculations regarding their
peculiar position lead Mr. Putnam to consider them as
probably indicating a peculiar mode of burial which may
yet be found to be as characteristic of the singular mound-
building race, as the burial under mounds is now sup-
posed to be. The fact that all the bodies must have been
placed in the grave at the same time, and, as shown by
the teeth, that they were those of persons of various ages,
from two children who had still the first set of teeth, to a
person so old as to have many of the alveoli closed up,
while the majority were evidently of middle age; and

also from the peculiar hole in one of the arm hones, per-
haps indicating a blow with some pointed instrument,
gives opportunity for speculations which cannot be proved
or disproved by these silent relics of a once populous race
inhabiting the beautiful country where their bones were
laid so I0112: ago that tradition of the more recent Indian
tribes gives no clew to them ; whence they came or
whither they went, all is lost in the great mystery of the
past, and only their empty heads and wonderful monu-
ments of industry, with their implements of skill, are
left to tell us of their former power. We know not if
these burials indicate famine, pestilence, war, or the un-
holy sacrifice. We can only conjecture that they were
not the graves of persons who had died a natural death.

The caves of Kentucky were often used as receptacles
for the dead, and many of them contain large numbers of
human skeletons ; but that they were also used as at
least temporary places of habitation is shown by the
relics found in Salt Cave, situated near the Mammoth
Cave, and belonging to the same proprietors. This cave,
wThich is a rival to the Mammoth in the size of some of
its avenues, is difficult of access. A small stream of
water flows over its mouth, and runs off, through the loose
rocks that have fallen from the roof of the cave, to the
passage on the left. After entering the cave, the descent
of a steep hill of loose rock to the right leads into a large
avenue of several miles in length, the floor of which is
covered with jagged rocks which have fallen from above.
After climbing over this rough road for some distance,
small areas are observed where the rock has not fallen
from above, and where the original dirt floor or river bed
is seen. In these places there are to be found quite level
spots where fires have been kindled, and small piles of
stone placed by human hands. Here and there, in favor-

6

able places, other small piles of stones are to be seen
erected in such a way as to leave a small hole in their
centre, and at the bottom of this hole ashes and the stubs
of burnt sticks can be seen ; while on some of the rocks
about were found small bundles of fagots tied with bark
and of a convenient size to be taken in one hand and
placed in the holes of the rock piles, evidently indicating
that these bundles of sticks were brought into the cave
for use as lights and firewood. Farther on, in side pas-
sages and chambers, other indications of habitation were
noticed, and in one small chamber, in which the foot of a
white man had never stepped before, were seen on the
cave earth the imprints of feet that had been shod with
peculiar braided moccasons or sandals. Here were in
reality the "footprints on the sands of time." The naked
heel and toes, and the braided covering to the sole of the
foot, have left impressions as distinct in the tenacious and
heavy soil of the cave as if made but a few days pre-
vious. In these side chambers, in only a few of which
Mr. Putnam's guides had been before, were found a num-
ber of cast-off sandals, very finely made of the twisted
leaves of the cat-tail flag (Typha) braided in a careful
and artistic way, identical in the maimer of braiding
with the straw sandals from China, though of a differ-
ent shape, and having a raised portion from toe to heel,
like the sides of a leather slipper, while all the ends
of the braids were brought forward and united on the
median line over the toes. About twenty-five of these
sandal-like moccasons of various sizes and of several
slightly varying designs, but all worn through at toe and
heel, were found in the interior chambers of the cave. A
piece of cloth more than a foot square and finely and
regularly woven, probably from the inner bark of some
tree, was also found. This cloth was specially inter-

esting, showing as it did that it had been dyed or colored
with black stripes, and also in exhibiting at one corner a
place where it had been mended by darning. The other
articles found in the cave, which were exhibited at the
meeting, with those already mentioned, consisted of
bunches of the bark such as was used to make the cloth,
and of different degrees of fineness ; a number of pieces
of bark-twine and rope, several showing knots where
pieces had been tied together, some made of twisted
strands simply, while others were of a five-strand braid,
and of a different and more pliable substance than the
coarser-twisted kinds ; a small piece of quite a delicate
fringe or tassel of neatly braided fibres ; a number of
reed "torches," generally burnt only at one end; a few
small fragments of burnt wood, one showing the rough
cutting of a flint axe ; several fragments of large gourds ;
two flint arrow points ; a few fragments of shells of JJnio ;
a few feathers, probably of the wild turkey, and a portion
of a wooden platter or dish. No bones of animals indica-
ting the food of these cave people were found, and though
the earth in one of the chambers had been disturbed, and
looked, in several places, as if burials had been made, no
human bones were discovered. Mr. Putnam intended
to make further explorations in this cave, but a severe
illness, brought on. by exposure and fatigue in the caves,
prevented him at that time from carrying out his plan.
Enough was discovered, however, to show the importance
of a thorough exploration of the caves in this country,
both to ascertain the facts relating to their having been
used as habitations and as sepulchres, and Mr. Putnam
stated that it was encouraging to science to feel that the
work begun by the Kentucky Survey, with the assis-
tance given by the Peabody Museum of Archaeology at
Cambridge, will be continued until more is known relat-

8

ing to the archaeology of this large and most important
group of American caves.

The discovery, by the saltpetre miners of 1812-15, of
bodies buried with care in some of the caves of Ken-
tucky and Tennessee, and the numerous articles which
had been found with them, was alluded to by Mr. Put-
nam, who stated that since his return from Kentucky he
had examined the body, and wdiat remained of the very
large number of articles found with it, that was so widely
known as the "Mammoth Cave Mummy" sixty years ago.
This body was, in reality, found in Short Cave, situated
about eight miles from, the Mammoth Cave, and had been
taken to the latter place for the purpose of exhibition.
Mr. Putnam had visited the spot from which the body had
been taken, and from the location of the grave thought
that there was some evidence of the burial having been
prior to the fall of the roof rock, which seems to have
taken place in many of the caves in this region at a
remote time. In some of the caves large stalagmites
have formed over these fallen rocks, though in most of
the caves where this falling has occurred the passages
were dry at the time, and have so continued. He was
glad to state that though these priceless relics of a former
race had been sadly neglected, and many of the articles
found in the grave had been lost and others had gone to
decay, still enough remained at the rooms of the Amer-
ican Antiquarian Society at Worcester, to identify the
articles found by him in Salt Cave as the same in mate-
rial, design and structure as those found with the body
in Short Cave, so that he had thus secured undoubted
osteological characters of the race to go with the articles
of clothing, etc., of the people who had made use of Salt
Cave as a habitation, and he thought, from all that had
beeu found, we could, with little doubt, class this people

9

among the more highly civilized and agricultural of the
prehistoric races of America, and it was also very prob-
able that Salt Cave had only been used as a temporary
retreat. A number of fragments of the twine, cloth, etc.,
found with the body now in the collection of the Antiqua-
rian Society, were exhibited side by side with similar
ones from Salt Cave, and were seen to be of the same
character. All the specimens of cloth, etc., from Salt
Cave were extremely brittle, and had only been preserved
by saturating in gelatine and afterwards mounting be-
tween glass, while those from the grave in Short Cave
were, from some cause, still in their natural pliable con-
dition. In this connection it is also interesting to record
the fact that the wooden bowl from the Mammoth Cave,
in the collection of the American Antiquarian Society at
Worcester, is the one which tradition gives as having
been found in the passage of the Mammoth Cave, still
known, from this circumstance, as the wooden-bowl cham-
ber, and it is probable that the fragment of the wooden
vessel found in Salt Cave was part of a similar article.

Capt. Wm. H. Dall, of the United States Coast Sur-
vey, alluded to the mode of burial of the Aleutian Is-
landers, and of the preparation of the bodies after death,
by which they were partially mummified. He also spoke
of the beautiful braided grass- work of the Aleuts, and
stated that the Eskimos made a kind of a stocking of
braided grass, which they wore inside of their boots as
an extra protection to the feet.

10

LISTS OF BIRDS OBSERVED AT VARIOUS LOCALITIES CONTIGUOUS

TO THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RALLROAD, FROM SACRAMENTO

CITY, CALIFORNIA, TO SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH.

By Robert Ridgway.
Continued from page 174, Vol. vi.

The following species were found, breeding on the adjacent moun-
tains eastward of the Sierra Nevada, in July and August, 1867, and
April and May, 1868 : —

1. Sialia arctica. Abundant.

2. Lophophanes inornatus. Common (locally).

3. Psaltriparus minimus plumbeus. Abundant (locally).

4. Salpinctes obsoletus. Very abundant.

5. Catherpes Mexicanus conspersus. Eare.

6. Myiadestes Townsendi. Common?

7. Pipilo erythrophthalmus Oregonus. Abundant.

8. P. chlorurus. Common.

9. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus. Very abundant.

10. Corvus corax carnivorus. Abundant.

11. Gymnokitta cyanocephala. Abundant.

12. Empidonax obscurus. Common.

13. Selasphorus rufus. Abundant.

14. Trochilus Alexandri. Abundant.

15. Archibuteo lagopus Sanctijohannis. Common.

16. Aquila chrysaetus Canadensis. Common.

17. Falco saker polyagrus. Common.

18. F. columbarius. Eare?

19. Nisus Cooperi. Eare.

20. Oreortyx pictus plumifera. Eare.

III. WESTERN NEVADA, ETC.

a. Eagle Valley (November 29, 1867).
In Eagle Valley but one locality was visited, viz., the town of Genoa
and vicinity, including marshes in the valley and pine forests on the
Sierra Nevada. In the former the usual species of water fowl were
found, and also Circus hudsonius and Falco polyagrus. In the pines
the species were the same as those near Carson City, but the mountain
quail {Oreortyx pictus plumifera) was more common.

b. Carson Valley (Nov. 27-29, 1867; Jan 13-April 29, 1868).
The species breeding in the vicinity of Carson City were divided
into three groups — one inhabiting the pine woods of the Sierra
Nevada (Washoe Spur), one the cedar and pinon groves of the ranges

11

to the eastward, and the other the sage brush wastes and other local-
ities in the valleys. The first two sets are included in lists under the
head of ii, d; the other was composed of the following species, in-
habiting chiefly the sage brush and meadows : —

{Sage-brush plains.')

1. Oreoscoptes montanus. Very abundant.

2. Eremophila alpestris chrysolsema. Common.

3. Collurio Ludovicianus excubitoroides. Common.

4. Poospiza Belli Nevadensis. Very abundant.

5. P. bilineata. Rare.

6. Spizella Breweri. Abundant.

7. Chonclestes grammaca. Common.

8. Antrostomus Nuttalli. Common.

9. Chordeiles popetue Henryi. Common.

10. Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea. Rare.

11. Zenaidura Carolinensis. Very abundant.

12. Centrocercus urophasianus. Rare.

(Biver valley.)

1. Geothlypis trichas. Common.

2. Icteria virens longicauda. Common.

3. Pyranga Ludoviciana. Common.

4. Vireo gilvus Swainsoni. Abundant.

5. Pooecetes gramineus confinis. Rare.

6. Passerculus savanna alaudinus. Common.

7. Coturniculus passerinus perpallidus. Common.

8. Hedymeles melauocephalus. Common.

9. Cyanospiza amoena. Common.

10. Carpodacus frontalis. Common.

11. Melospiza meloclia Heermanni. Common.

12. Pipilo erythrophthalmus Oregonus. Common.

13. Agelaius phoeniceus. Abundant.

14. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus. Abundant.

15. Sturnella neglecta. Abundant.

16. Icterus Bullocki. Abundant.

17. Pica melanoleuca Hudsonica. Very abundant.

18. Tyrannus verticalis. Very abundant.

19. Contopus Richardsoni. Abundant.

20. Empidonax pusillus. Abundant.

21. Otus vulgaris Wilsonianus. Common.

22. Bubo Virginianus arcticus. Rare.

23. Palco sparverius. Very abundant.

24. iEgialitis vociferus. Abundant.

12

25. Tringoides macularius. Abundant.

26. Herodias alba egretta. Rare.

27. Nyctiardea grisea nsevia. Rare.

28. Botaurus minor. Common.

29. Grus Canadensis. Common.

30. Porzana Carolina. Common.

31. Fulica Americana. Common.

32. Anas boschas. Common.

33. Querquedula cyanoptera. Common.

{In suitable localities.)

1. Progne subis. Common.

2. Tachycineta bicolor. Abundant.

3. Cotyle riparia. Common.

4. Stelgidopteryx serripennis. Abundant.

5. Hirundo horreorum. Common.

6. Petrochelidon lunifrons. Very abundant.

7. Sayornis Sayus. Common.

8. Ceryle alcyon. Common.

Farther down the river, where the cottonwood trees increase in
number, the fauna was augmented by JVephoecetes niger (extremely
abundant), Buteo ISwainsoni and B. borealis calurus, thus becoming
essentially like that of the lower Truckee Valley (see table f.).

CATALOGUE OF WINTER RESIDENTS IN THE VICINITY
OF CARSON CITY.

No.

Species.

Numteri.

Localities frequented.

1

Turdus migratorius . .

Common ....

Willows.

2

Cinclus M.'xicanus . .

Rare

Streams.

.',

Sialia Mcxicana . . .

Abundant ....

Fields and pines. '

4

8. arctica

Abundant ....

Cedars and open fields.

5

Regulus calendula . .

Abundant ....

Willows.

6

Lophophanes inornatus

Abundant ....

Pines and cedars.

7

Parufa montanus . . .

Abundant ....

Pines only.

8

Psaltriparus minimus

plumbeus

Sometimes met with

Brushy ravines.

9

Sitta Carolinensis aculeata

Abundant ....

Pines only.

10

s. pygmsea

Abundant ....

Pines only.

11

Certhia Americana . .

Not common . . .

All wooded places.

12

Catherpes Mexieanus

conspersxis

Common ....

Secluded rocky places.

13

Telmatodytes ])alustvis

paludicola

Common ....

Tules and rushes.

14

Troglodytes aedon

Parkmanni

Not common . . .

Brushwood and willows.

15

T. hyemalis Paoiflcua .

Rare

River bottoms.

Ki

Antnus I^udovicianus .

Extremely abundant.

All wet open portions.

17

Dendroica Auduboni

Common ....

Willows and cotton woods.

18

Collurio borealis . . .

Not common . . .

Open situations.

13

No.

Species.

Numbers.

Localities frequented.

10

C. Ludovicianus

excubitoroides

Abundant ....

Open situations.

20

PlectrophanesLapponicus

Rare

Mixed with flocks of Ere-
mophila.

21

Zonotrichia leucophrys

intermedia

Abundant ....

Willows and brushwood.

22

Junco hyemalis Oregonus

Abundant ....

All wooded places.

23

Poospiza Belli Nevadensis

Abundant ....

Sage-brush only.

24

Spizella monticola. . .

Common ....

Sage-brush and brush-
wood.

25

Melospiza melodia

Heermanni

Abundant ....

Willows and tules.

26

Passerella schistacea

Rare

Willows along streams.

27

Pipilo erythrophthalmns

Oregonus

Abundant ....

All bushy places.

2S

Eremophila alpestris

chrysolsema

Exceedingly abund't.

All open portions.

29

Agelaius phooniceus . .

Abundant ....

Vicinity of corrals.

30

Xanthocephalus

icterocephalus

Not common . . .

Vicinity of corrals.

n

Sturnella neglecta

Abundant ....

Sage-brush and fields.

J2

Scolecophagus

cyanocephalus

Extremely abundant

Vicinity of coiTals.

33

Pica melanoleuca

Hudsonica

Abundant ....

Everywhere, particularly
around slaughter-houses.

34

Cyanura Stelleri frontalis

Abundant ....

Pines and brushy ravines.

35

Gymnokitta cyanocephala

Abundant ....

Pifion and cedars only.

36

Picicorvus Columbianus

Abundant ....

Pines only.

37

Corvus corax carnivorus

Abundant ....

About slaughter-houses.

J8

Picns villosus Harrisi •

Common ....

All wooded places.

39

P. albolarvatus ....

Rather common

Pines only.

40

Picoides arcticus . . .

Rare

Pines only.

41

Sphyrapicus thyroideus

Common ....

Pines only.

42

Colaptes auratus

Mexicanus

Abundant ....

Everywhere.

43

Speotyto cunicularia

hypogsea

Rare

Sage-brush and fields.

44

Bubo Virginianus arcticus

Rare

Woods.

45

Otus vulgaris Wilson ianus

Common ....

Willows.

40

Falco saker polyagrus .

Common ....

Open situations.

47

F. columbarius ....

Rare

Open situations.

IS

F. sparverius

Very abundant . .

Woods chiefly.

49

Circus cyaneus Hudsonius

Common ....

Marshes and streams.

50

Nisus Cooperi ....

Rare

General.

51

Aquila chrysaetos

Canadensis

Common ....

Mountains.

52

Archibuteo lagopus

Sanctijohannis

Common ....

General.

53

Buteo borealis calurus

Common ....

Woods chiefly.

54

B. Swainsoni

Common ....

River valley.

55

Oreortyx pictus plumifera

Rare

Mountains.

56

iEgialitis vociferus . .

Rare

Streams.

57

Botaurus minor ....

Rare

Marshes and streams.

58

Branta Canadensis . .

Abundant ....

Lakes, etc.

59

B. Hutchinsi

Abundant ....

Lakes, etc.

60

Anas boschas ....

Abundant ....

Lakes, etc.

SI

Aythya Americana . .

Abundant ....

Lakes, etc.

62

A. vallisneria ....

Abundant ....

Lakes, etc.

B3

Bucephala Americana ..

Abundant ....

Lakes, etc.

64

B. albeola

Abundant ....

Lakes, etc.

G5

Fulix marila

Abundant ....

Lakes, etc.

GG

F. collaris

Abundant ....

Lakes, etc.

67

Erismatura rubida . .

Abundant ....

Lakes, etc.

OS

Podiceps occidentalis .

Common ....

Lakes, etc.

09

P. auritus Californicus .

Common ....

Lakes, etc.

70

Podilymbus podiceps .

Common ....

Lakes, etc.

14

d. Washoe Valley (May 9, 1868).

In passing by the shore of Washoe Lake, large numbers of the
following species were seen: — Fulica Americana, Sterna regia, 8.
Forsteri and Hydroclielidon fissipes. Among the open pine groves and
scattered pine trees which reached from the slope of the lofty and
heavily timbered Washoe Mountains out some distance upon the val-
ley, the characteristic birds were Cyanura Stelleri frontalis, Melaner-
pes torquatus, iSialia Mexicana and Turdus migratorius ; penetrating a
short distance into the forest, Picus albolarvatus and Passerella iliaca
megarhynchus were found to be common.

e. Truckee Meadows (July 16-20; November 5-7 and 11-20, 1867).

The characteristic birds of the summer fauna were chiefly numer-
ous water-fowl, especially Querquedula cyanoptera, Chaulelasmus strep-
ems, Anas boschas, Fulica Americana, Becurvirostra Americana, and
Himantopus nigricollis, all found in the greatest abundance. In the
fall the following species not met with in the summer, were observed : —
Anthus Ludovicianus (excessively abundant), Corvus Americanus (com-
mou) , Archibuteo lagopus Sanctijohannis (abundant) . A. yellow-winged
Colaptes, probably C. chrysoides, was seen.

/. Catalogue of the Birds breeding in the Truckee Valley (May
and June, 1868 and July and August, 1867.)

1. Oreoscoptes montanus. Common.

2. Troglodytes aeclou Parkmanni. Abundant.

3. Tclmatodytes palustris paludicola. Abundant.

4. Dendroica sestiva. Abundant.

5. Geothlypis trichas. Common.

6. Icteria virens longicauda. Common.

7. Pyranga Ludoviciana. Common.

8. Hirundo horreorum. Common.

9. Tachycineta bicolor. Very abundant.

10. Progne subis. Rare.

11. Stelgidopteryx serripennis. Abundant.

12. Cotyle riparia. Abundant.

13. Petrochelidon lunifrons. Abundant.

14. Vireo gilvus Swainsoni. Abundant.

15. Collurio Ludovicianus excubitoroides. Common.

16. Carpodacus frontalis. Common.

17. Chrysomitris tristis. Rare.

18. Passerculus savanna alaudinus. Common.

19. Pooecetes gramineus coiifinis. Rare.

15

20. Melospiza meloclia Heermanni. Abundant.

21. Poospiza bilineata. Common.

22. P. Belli Nevadensis. Abundant.

23. Spizella socialis Arizonae. Abundant.

24. S. Breweri. Abundant.

25. Chondestes grammaca. Abundant.

26. Hedymeles melanocephalus. Common.

27. Cyanospiza amoena. Rare.

28. Pipilo erythrophthalmus Oregonus. Common.

29. P. chlorura. Rare.

30. Molothrus pecoris. Rare.

31. Agelaius phoeniceus. Abundant.

32. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus. Abundant.

33. Sturnella neglecta. Abundant.

34. Icterus Bullocki. Abundant.

35. Pica melanoleuca Huclsonica. Abundant.

36. Tyrannus Carolinensis. Common.

37. T. verticalis. Abundant.

38. Myiarchus crinitus cinerascens. Rare.

39. Sayornis Sayus. Rare.

40. Contopus Richardsoni. Abundant.

41. Empidonax pusillus. Abundant.

42. Chordeiles popetue Henryi. Common.

43. Nephoecetes niger borealis. Rare.

44. Chsetura Vauxi. Common.

45. Trochilus Alexandri. Abundant.

46. Ceryle alcyon. Common.

47. Coccyzus Americanus. Rare.

48. Picus villosus Harrisi. Common.

49. Colaptes auratus Mexicanus. Abundant.

50. Bubo Virginianus arcticus. Common.

51. Otus vulgaris Wilsonianus. Common.

52. Circus cyaneus Huclsonius. Abundant.

53. Falco sparverius. Very abundant.

54. Buteo borealis calurus. Common.

55. B. Swainsoni. Common.

56. Pandion halisetus Carolinensis. Rare.

57. Rhinogryphus aura. Abundant.

58. Zenaidura Carolinensis. Very abundant.

59. iEgialitis vociferus. Common.

60. Recurvirostra Americana. Common.

61. Himantopus nigricollis. Common.

62. Rhyacophilus glareola solitarius. Rare.

63. Tringoides macularius. Common.

16

64. Numenius longirostris. Rare.

65. Herod ias alba egretta. Rare.

66. Nyctiardea grisea nsevia. Rare.

67. Botaurus minor. Common.

68. Ardetta exilis. Rare.

69. Grus Canadensis. Common.

70. Rallus Virginianus. Common.

71. Porzana Carolina. Common.

72. Fulica Americana. Abundant.

73. Branta Canadensis. Common.

74. Anas boschas. Very abundant.

75. Dafila acuta. Common?

76. Chaulelasmus streperus. Very abundant.

77. Mareca Americana. Common.

78. Querquedula cyanoptera. Abundant.

79. Q. discors. Rare?

80. Spatula clypeata. Common ?

81. Aix sponsa. Rare?

82. Erismatura rubida.

83. Graculus diloplius.

84. Sterna regia.

85. S. Forsteri.

86. Podiceps occidentalis.

87. P. auritus Californicus.

88. Podilymbus podiceps.

g. Species breeding on adjacent plateaux.

1. Eremophila alpestris chrysolsema. Common.

2. Antrostomus Nuttalli. Common.

3. Speotyto cunicularia hypogsea. Rare.

4. Centrocercus urophasianus. Common.

h. Species breeding on the rocky islands in Pyramid Lake.

1. Tachycineta thalassina. Abundant.

2. Falco communis anatum. One pair.

3. Haliaetus leucocephalus. One pair.

4. Ardea lierodias. Abundant.

5. Pelecanus erythrorliynchus. Excessively abundant.

6. Larus Californicus. Excessively abundant.

The following notes relate further to the bird-fauna of Western
Nevada :

17

List of species observed in the Lower Truckee Valley in
May and not at other times.

1. Nephcecetes niger borealis. Rare.

2. Chsetura Vauxi. Common.

3. Trochilus Alexandri. Common.

4. Turdus Swainsoni ustulatus. Rare.

5. Carpodacus frontalis. Abundant.

6. Molothrus pecoris. Rare.

Species seen only in July and August.

1. Selasphorus rufus. Very abundant.

2. Tyranuus Carolinensis. Several pairs.

3. Myiodioctes pusillus. Rare.

Species seen only in December.

1. Regulus calendula. Very abundant.

2. Anthus Ludovicianus. Very abundant.

3. Dendroica Auduboni. Very abundant.

4. Sialia arctica. Rare.

5. Troglodytes parvulus hyemalis. Rare.

6. Certhia familiaris fusca. Rare.

7. Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia. Very abundant.

8. Junco hyemalis Oregonus. Very abundant.

9. Spizella monticola. Common.

SPRING ARRIVAL OF BIRDS IN WESTERN NEVADA IN 1868.

a. Carson City.

1. Sayornis Say us March 12.

2. Salpinctes obsoletus "20.

3. Oreoscoptes montanus "24.

4. Tachycineta bicolor "25.

5. Poocsetes gramineus conflnis . . . April 1.

6. Rhinogryphus aura " 2.

7. Hirundo horreorum " 8.

8. Spizella Breweri " 9.

9. Stelgidopteryx serripennis .... " 15.

10. Empidonax obscurus " 21.

11. Tyrannus verticalis " 22.

12. Progne subis " 23.

13. Zenaidnra Carolinensis " 23.

14. Pipilo chlorurus " 25.

fcssEX Tnst. Bulletin. vii 2

18

15. Melanerpes torquatus April 25.

29.

29.
29.
29.
29.

1G. Spizella socialis Arizonse

17. Cyanocitta Floridana Californica . .

18. Melospiza Lincolni

19. Tringoides macularius

20. Vireosylvia gilva Svvainsoni . . .

21. Chondestes grammaca May 3.

22. Myiadestes Townsendii " 4.

23. Petrochelidon luuifrons " 4.

b. "Washoe Valley.

24. Fulica Americana May 9.

25. Sterna regia " 9.

26. Hydrochelidon fissipes " 9.

(These were all abundant at this date.)

c. Steamboat Valley.

27. Pendroica sestiva May 9.

28. Cyanospiza amcena " 9.

29. Icterus Bullocki M 9.

d. Truckee Meadows.

30. Geothlypis trichas May 10.

31. Icteria virens longicauda .... " 10.

32. Pyranga Ludoviciana " 10.

e. Truckee Reservation, near Pyramid Lake.

33. Carpodacus frontalis May 13.

34. Poospiza bilineata " 13.

35. Rhyacophilus glareola solitarius . . " 13.

36. Hedyineles melanocephalus .... " 14.

IV. EASTERN NEVADA, ETC

a. Birds found in the West Humboldt Mountains,
Sept. 3-Oct. 23, 1867.

1. Turdus migratorius. Common.

2. Sialia arctica. Common.

3. Cinclus Mexicanus. Common.

19

4. Psaltriparus minimus plumbeus. Abundant.

5. Salpinctes obsoletus. Common.

6. Troglodytes aedon Parkmanni. Common.

7. Antlms Ludovicianus. Common.

8. Eremophila alpestris chrysolsema. Common.

9. Helminthophaga celata. Common.

10. II. celata lutescens. Kare.

11. Dendroica aestiva. Common.

12. D. Auduboni. Common.

13. Geothlypis Macgillivrayi. Common.

14. Icteria virens longicauda. Common.

15. Myiodioctes pusillus. Abundant.

16. Vireosylvia gilva Swainsoni. Abundaut.

17. Lanivireo solitaria Cassini. Rare.

18. L. solitarius. Very rare.

19. Collurio Ludovicianus excubitoroides. Rather common.

20. Carpodacus frontalis. Rare.

21. Passerculus savanna alaudinus. Common.

22. Melospiza melodia fallax. Common.

23. M. melodia guttata. One specimen.

24. Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia. Abundant.

25. Z. coronata. One specimen.

26. Poospiza Belli Nevadensis. Rare.

27. P. bilineata. Rare.

28. Junco hyemalis Oregonus. Common.

29. Hedymeles melanocephalus. Common.

30. Pipilo erythrophthalmus Oregonus. Common.

31. P. chlorura. Common.

32. Agelaius phoeniceus. Common.

33. Sturnella neglecta. Common.

34. Icterus Bullocki. Rare.

35. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus. Very abundant.
3G. Corvus corax carnivorus. Common.

37. Pica melanoleuca Hudsonica. Abundant.

38. Cyanocitta Floridana Woodhousii. Common.

39. Sayornis Sayus. Common.

40. Empidonax obscurus. Rare.

41. Colaptes auratus Mexicanus. Common.

42. C. chrysoides? One specimen.

43. Nisus Cooperi. Rare.

44. Ectopistes migratoria. One specimen.

45. Zenaidura Carolinensis. Abundant.

46. Centrocercus urophasianus. Common,

47. Regulus calendula. Common.

20

b. Species breeding on Toyabe Mountains, at an altitude of about
G, 500-7, 000 feet (Austin, July 2-4, 1868).

1. Oreoscoptes montanus. Bare.

2. Turdus migratorius. Common.

3. Pipilo clilorurus. Very abundant.

4. Empidonax obscurus. Abundant.

5. Eremophila alpestris (leucolsema?) Common.

6. Spizella Breweri. Abundant.

7. Cyanospiza amcena. Common.

8. Poocsetes gramineus confinis. Common.

9. Panyptila saxatilis. Rare.

c. Eastern slope of Ruby Mountains (July 13- Sept. 1)-

1. Turdus migratorius. Common.

2. Oreoscoptes montanus. Rare.

3. Sialia arctica. Abundant.

4. Parus montanus. Rare.

'5. Psaltriparus minimus plumbeus. Rare.

6. Salpinctes obsoletus. Common

7. Catherpes Mexicanus conspensus. Rare.

8. Troglodytes aedon Parkmanni. Common.

9. Eremophila alpestris fchrysolsema?) Common.

10. Helminthophaga Virginia?,. Common.

11. Dendroica sestiva. Abundant.

12. 1). nigrescens. Common.

13. Geothlypis Macgillivrayi. Common.

14. Icteria virens longicauda. Rare.

15. Myiodioctes pusillus. Rare.

1G. Pyranga Ludoviciana. Common.

17. Tachycineta thalassiua. Abundant.

18. Hirundo horreorum. Common.

19. Petrochelidon lunifrons. Very abundant.
20 Vireo solitarius plumbeus. Common.

21. Vireosylvia gilva Swainsoni. Abundant.

22. Collurio Ludovicianus excubitoroides. Common.

23. Carpodacus Cassiui. Very abundant.

24. Loxia leucoptera. One specimen.

25. Chrysomitris pinus. Very abundant.

26. C. tristis. Rare.

27. Poocsetes gramineus confinis. Common.

28. Melospiza melodia fallax. Common.

1 What was taken to be P. melanotis, a North Mexican species, was seen here.

21

29. Poospiza Belli Nevadensis. Common.

30. Spizella Breweri. Common.

31. S. socialis Arizona). Very abundant.

32. Chondestes grammaca. Common.

33. Hedymeles melanoccphalus. Common.

34. Cyanospiza amoena. Common.

35. Pipilo erythrophthalinus megalonyx. Rare.
30. P. chlorura. Rare.

37. Icterus Bullocki. Common.

38. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus. Rare.

39. Corvus corax carnivorus. Common.

40. Picicorvus Columbianus. Common.

41. Gyinnokitta cyanocephala. Common.

42. Cyanocitta Floridana Wooclhousii. Common.

43. Tyrannus verticalis. Abundant.

44. Myiarchus crinitus cinerascens. Common.

45. Sayo.rnis Sayus. Common.

46. Coutopus borealis. Rare.

47. C. Richardsoni. Abundant.

48. Empidonax obscurus. Abundant.

49. E. pusillus. Abundant

50. Antrostomus Nuttalli. Common.

51. Chordeiles popetue Henryi. Abundant.

52. Panyptila saxatilis. Excessively abundant.

53. Stellula calliope. Common.

54. Selasphorus platycercus. Excessively abundant.

55. Trochilus Alexandri. Common.

56. Picus villosus Harrisi. Rare.

57. Colaptes auratus Mexicanus. Common.

58. Falco saker polyagrus. Common.

59. E. sparverius. Abundant.

60. Aquila chrysaetus Canadensis. Common.

61. Buteo borealis calurus. Common.

62. B. Swainsoni. Common.

63. Nisus Cooperi. Rare.

64. Zenaidura Carolinensis. Abundant.

65. Centrocercus urophasianus. Common.

d. Species found on the eastern slope of the East Humboldt
Mountains (September 4-10, 1868.)

1. Troglodytes aedon Parkmanni. Common.

2. Helminthophaga ruflcapilla.2 One specimen.

J The species in italic were met with no farther west than this locality.

22

3. H. celata. Very abundant.

4. II. celata lutescens.3 Very rare.

5. Dendroica Townsendi. Rare.

6. D. occidentalis. Rare.

7. Geothlypis trichas. Common.

8. G. Macgillivrayi. Common.

9. Tardus Swainsoni. Common.

10. Chrysomitris pinus. Abundant.

11. Poocaetes gramineus confinis. Abundant.

12. Contopus Richardsoni. Common.

13. Empidonax obscurus. Abundant.

14. E. Hammondi. Common.

15. Selasphorus rufus.3 One pair,
in. S. platycercus. Abundant.

17. Melanerpes torquatus. Common.

18. Canace obscura. Common.

e. Species observed in the Upper Humboldt Valley
(September 10-19).

1. Turdus Pallasi nanus. One specimen.

2. T. Swainsoni. Common.

3. Helminthopbaga celata. Common.

4. Sitta Canadensis. Rare.

5. Ampelis cedrorum. Rare.

6. Vireo solitarius. Rare.

7. Passerculus savanna alaudinus. Common.

8. Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia. Abundant.

9. Melospiza melodia fallax. Abundant.

10. M. Lincolni. Common.

11. Passerella iliaca schistacea. Common.

12. Junco hyemalis Oregonus. Abundant.

13. Pipilo chlorura. Common.

14. Empidonax obscurus. Common.

15. Antrostomus Nuttalli. Common.

16. Picus villosus Harrisi. Common.

17. P. pubescens Gairdneri. Rare.

18. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis. Rare.

19. Melanerpes torquatus. Rare.

20. Nisus fuscits. Common.

21. Pediocaites phasianellus Columbianus. Abundant.

8 These Bpecies were seen no farther east than this locality.

23

/. Species found in the Lower Humboldt Valley (at the "Sink,"
August 20-27, 18G7).

1. Passerculus savanna alaudinus. Abundant.

2. Eremophila alpestris chrysolsema. Abundant.

3. Corvus corax carnivorus. Abundant.

4. Kecurvirostra Americana. Abundant.

5. Himantopus nigricollis. Abundant.

6. Actodromus minutilla. Abundant.

7. A. Bairdi. Abuudant.

8. Ereunetes pusillus. Abundant.

9. Ibis thalassinus. Abundant.

10. Sterna regia. Abundant.

11. S. Forsteri. Abundant.

At the town of Oreana, about a clay's journey above, Ibis thalassinus
was found, and also several species of land birds, in addition to the
above, as Oreoscoptes montanus, Poospiza Belli Nevadensis, Melospiza
melodia fallax, Xanthocephalus icterocephalus, Agelaius phceniceus, Stur-
nella neglecta, etc.

g. List of species found at Soda Lake, Carson Desert
(June 28, 1868).

1. Phsenopepla nitens? One specimen.

2. Himantopus nigricollis. Abundant.

3. Kecurvirostra Americana. Abundant.

h. Species found at Ruby and Franklin Lakes, Ruby Valley
(July 13-September 4, 1868.)

1. Geothlypis trichas. Common.

2. Telmatodytes palustris paludicola. Common.

3. Coturniculus passerinus perpallidus. Common.

4. Passerculus savanna alaudinus. Abundant.

5. Agelaius phceniceus. Abundant.

6. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus. Abundant.

7. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Abundant.

8. Ibis guarauna? Abundant.

9. Ardea herodias. Abundant.

10. Fulica Americana. Abundant.

11. Branta Canadensis. Abundant.

12. Anas boschas. Abundant.

13. Sterna Forsteri. Abundant.

14. Hydrochelidon fissipes. Abundant.

24

i. Species seen in Thousand Spring Valley (Sept. 20-25).

1. Dendroiea Townsendi.

2. Zonotrichia leucoplirys intermedia.

3. Empidonax obscurus.

4. Picus villosus Harrisi.

5. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis.

6. Nyctale acadica.

j. Species observed at " City of Rocks," southern Idaho
(October 3, 1S68).

1. Corvus corax carnivorus. Common.

2. Gymnokitta cyanocephala. Abundant.

3. Cyanocitta Floridana Woodhousii. Abundant.

4. Centrocercus urophasianus. Common.

5. Rhinogryphus aura. Common.

k. Species found at Deep Creek, Northwestern Utah (Oct. 5, 1868.)

1. Telmatodytes palustris paludicola. Abundant.

2. Geothlypis trichas. Common.

3. Zonotrichia leucoplirys intermedia. Abundant.

4. Melospiza melodia fall ax. Abundant.

5. M. Lincolui. Common.

V. EASTERN UTAH.4

a. Species breeding in the Salt Lake Valley (May 20-June 2, and
June 16-21, 1869).

1. Turclus migratorius.f Rare?

2. Oreoscoptes montanus. Common.

3. Galeoscopt.es Carolinensis. Common.

4. Sialia arctica.f Common.

5. Troglodytes aedon Parkmanni. Common.

6. Telmatodytes palustris paludicola. Very abundant.

7. Eremophila alpestris chrysolaema. Common.

8. Dendroiea aestiva. Abundant.

9. Geothlypis trichas. Common.

10. Icteria virens longicauda. Common.

11. Sctophaga ruticilla. Common.

* See Bulletin of the Essex Institute, V, Nov., 1873, pp. 168-173, for paper entitled
«• Notes on the Bird Fauna of the Salt Lake Valley and adjacent portions of the
Wahsatch Mountains."

t species so marked have been attracted from the adjoining mountains by the
protection and accommodations provided by man.
[ To be continued.]

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX I1TSTITTJTB.

Vol. 7. Salem, Mass., February, 1875. No. 2.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Kegular Meeting, Monday, January 18, 1875.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From E. J. Attinelli, New York, Jan. 5; F. H. Appleton, Boston, Jan. 7; W. S.
Barton, Worcester, Jan. 14; Hayden Brown, West Newbury, Jan. 9; G. W. W.
Dove, Andover, Jan. 9; D. A. Gleason, Boston, Jan. 16; Julia Ward Howe, Boston,
Jan. 19; Jacob Leamon, Croton, Ohio, Dec. 29.

The Librarian reported the following additions to the

library : —

By Donation.

Cole, Mrs. N. D. Salem Gazette for 1874.

Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 21.

Hunt, T. F. Spirit of the Fair. lvol. 4to. 1864. Our Daily Fare. 1 vol. 4to.
1884. Hamilton's Genealogical Tables of the Hindus. 1 vol. folio..

Perkins, Sam'l C, of Phila. Proceedings at the Laying of the Corner Stone of
the New Public Buildings in Penn. Square, in Phila., July 4, 1874. 8vo pamph.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Dec. 15, 22, 29..

Waters, J. Linton. The External Aspects of the Sun, by Prof. S. P. Langley.

By Exchange.

Harvard College. Forty-ninth Annual Report of the President. 1873-74.
Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio. Annual Report. 1S74.
Essex Inst. Bulletin. vii 3

26

New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. Genealogical and
Biographical Record. Jan., 1875. 8vo pamph.

New York Lyceum of Natural History. Annals, Vol. xi, Nos. 1-2, July, 1874.

Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. Forty-First Annual Report, 1873.
] vol. 12mo.

Publishers. American Journal of Science and Art. Forest and Stream.
Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chron-
icle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and
Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Public Spirit. Quaritch's
Catalogue. Salem Observer. Salem Post.

The meeting was principally occupied in listening to a
very interesting and instructive presentation of the sub-
ject of comb manufacturing, by Hayden Brown, Esq., of
West Newbury, who has been engaged for many years in
the business. He gave a detailed account of the process
of the manufacture of horn combs, interspersed with many
entertaining anecdotes and pithy sayings. The first combs
made in America were manufactured by hand, and with
rude implements, in 1759, by Enoch Noyes, of Newbury,
a self-taught mechanic, who cut horn buttons and coarse
combs as well as he was able. He continued at this busi-
ness until 1778, when William Cleland, a deserter from
Burgoy ne's army, a comb-maker by profession and a skil-
ful workman, sought out Mr. Noyes and engaged with
him, greatly increasing the production of combs, the man-
ufacture of which has been continued in Newbury to this
day, and immensely increased by the use of the most in-
genious machines, one of which, he stated, tended by a lad
of twelve years, can do the work which formerly required
thirty-five men, and with his present force of fifty men,
he could turn out more and better combs than a regiment
of men could a half or three-quarters of a century ago.

Mr. Brown thought the earliest combs used must have
been made of wood. Specimens were exhibited of the
crude horn, of the material after it had gone through the
several processes required, and of the several varieties of
combs manufactured, beautifully finished and polished.

27

He referred to the immense number of cattle slaughtered
every year, giving some interesting statistics to show
where the horns required for such an immense manu-
facture came from, and stated some of his experiences
abroad and at home in connection with the business. He
was listened to with great attention, and the thanks of
the Institute were voted to him for his entertaining and
instructive address.

Mr. F. W. Putnam stated that combs made of various
materials were in use among uncivilized nations, and men-
tioned the bronze combs of prehistoric times in Europe as
similar to those now in use.

On motion of Mr. Putnam the thanks of the Institute
were tendered to Mr. Brown for his remarks, and for his
kindness in promoting the technological department of
the Institute.

Arthur S. Gray, of Danvers, Jerome Horton Fiske
and D. Henry Taylor of Salem, were duly elected resident
members.

Adjourned.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 1, 1875.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. Vice President
F. W. Putnam in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From J. W. Dean, Boston, Jan. 18, 21; F. H. Johnson, Andover, Jan. 13; J. F.
Mayer, New York, Jan. 18; A. W. Morgan, New York, Jan. 28; A. T. Perkins, Bos-
ton, Jan. 21; Charles Phillips, Philadelphia, Jan. 20; R. Ridgway, Washington, D.
C, Jan. 29.

28

Among the donations to the cabinets announced were
the commission of a letter of marque, bearing the signa-
tures of Madison and Munroe, presented by Rev. Mr.
Atwood, and a unique Indian stone implement from Pea-
body, presented by Mr. John V. Stevens, for each of
which thanks were voted to the donors.

Prof. A. Graham Bell, now a resident in Salem, occu-
pied the evening with a singularly interesting and curi-
ously instructive address on the subject of speech, with
illustrative experiments of various kinds, and the aid of
Rev. E. C. Bolles with his camera. Prof. Bell has prac-
tically introduced into this country the system of Visible
Speech invented by his father, Prof. A. M. Bell of Uni-
versity College, London. Mr. Bell, in conjunction with
Dr. Clarence J. Blake, the aurist, of Boston, has conducted
a series of experiments, the remarkable results of which
were now first exhibited to a public audience.

Mr. Bell had succeeded in using the membrana tympani
of the human ear as a phonautograph. An ear from a
dead subject had been experimented upon. A small style
of hay was attached to one of the ossiculse, and a hearing
tube was inserted in the outer ear. When any sound
was uttered into the tube, the membrana tympani was set
in vibration, and its motion was communicated to the,
style. This latter was then caused to record its vibration
upon a plate of smoked glass passed rapidly underneath.
Mr. Bell stated that each different vowel uttered into the
tube caused the style to trace a different curve upon the
glass. A large number of these tracings were exhibited
to the audience by means of the camera.

Mr. Bell was provided with accurate representations
and models of the* vocal organs and organs of hearing so
as clearly to point out their several parts, even to the

29

most delicate, and showed how sound was produced. He
averred that each note was not a single tone, as it appears
to be, but a composite of several, including the funda-
mental, or loudest, with the addition of overtones and
undertones ; there was no sych thing as a tone pure and
simple. He explained the pitch, the quality, timbre,
and resonance of tones, and showed how they were pro-
duced. He showed that, as ripples are produced in the
water, so wave ripples are produced in the air by differ-
ent sounds, each sound causing a combination of wave-
lets, the curves of which can be made visible to the eye
and many of which are of exceeding beauty. These
were exhibited to the audience by means of a gas jet,
whose vibrations were reflected in a mirror, through an
ingeniously contrived apparatus, the manometric capsule
invented by Scott and Kcenig. He explained how the
notes of different musical instruments operated in the
vibrations of the air, and what "caused the differences in
the sounds. In short, he gave a most attractive and in-
structive exposition of the mysteries of speech as it affects
the air, the vocal organs, and the ear, and was listened to
with the most absorbed attention.

After some complimentary remarks from Mr. W. P.
Upham and the presiding officer, the thanks of the audi-
ence were unanimously voted to Prof. Bell for his able
and excellent lecture.

30

LI3TS OF BIRDS OBSERVED AT VARIOUS LOCALITIES CONTIGUOUS

TO THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD, FROM SACRAMENTO

CITY, CALIFORNIA, TO SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH.

By Robert Ridgway.
[Continued from page 24.1

12. Pyranga Lucloviciana. Common.

13. Progne subis.f Common.

14. Petrochelidon lunifrons.f Abundant.

15. Tachycineta bicolor.f Common.

16. Hirundo horreorum.f Common.

17. Cotyle riparia. Common.

18. Stelgidopteryx serripennis. Abundant.

19. Vireosylvia gilva Swainsoni. Abundant.

20. Carpodacus frontalis. Common.

21. Chrysomitris tristis. Common?

22. Passerculus savanna alaudinus. Common.

23. Coturniculus passerinus perpallidus. Common.

24. Melospiza melodia fallax. Common.

25. Poospiza bilineata. Common.

26. Spizella Breweri. Abundant.
21: S. socialis Arizonae. Common.

28. Chondestes grammaca. Abundant.

29. Hedymeles melanocephalus. Common.

30. Cyanospiza amcena. Common.

31. Pipilo erythropthalmus megalonyx. Abundant.

32. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Common?

33. Molothrus pecoris. Common.

34. Agelaius phoeniceus. Very abundant.

35. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus. Very abundant.

36. Sturnella neglecta. Common.

37. Icterus Bullocki. Common.

38. Cyanocitta Floridana Woodhousii. Rare?

39. Tyrannus verticalis. Abundant.

40. T. Carolinensis. Common.

41. Sayornis Sayus. Common.

42. Contopus Richardsoni. Abundant.

43. Empidonax pusillus. Abundant.

44. Antrostomus Nuttalli. Common.

45. Chordeiles popetue Henryi. Common.

46. Selasphorus platycercus.f Common.

47. Trochilus Alexandri.t Common.

48. Ceryle alcyon. Common.

31

49. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. One specimen.

50. Colaptes auratus Mexicanus. Common.

51. Speotyto cnnicularia hypogaea. Rare?

52. Circus cyaneus Hudsonius. Common.

53. Falco saker polyagrus. Common.

54. F. sparverius. Abundant.

55. Buteo Swainsoni. Abundant.

56. Zenaidura Carolinensis. Abundant.

57. Centrocercus urophasianus. Common?

58. Pediocsetes phasianellus Columbianus. Common?

59. iEgialitis vociferus. Common.

60. M. cantianus nivosus. Very abundant.

61. Recurvirostra Americana. Very abundant.

62. Himantopus nigricollis. Very abundant.

63. Steganopus Wilsoni. Common.

64. Ereunetes pusillus. Common.

65. Actodroraus minutilla. Common.

66. Tringoides hypoleucus macularius. Common.

67. Symphemia semipalmata. Abundant.

68. Numenius longirostris. Abundant.

69. Ibis guarauna. Abundant.

70. Ardea herodias. Common.

71. Herodias alba egretta. Rare?

72. Botaurus minor. Common.

73. Grus Canadensis. Common.

74. Rallus Virginianus. Common.

75. Porzana Carolina. Common.

76. Fulica Americana. Abundant.

77. Anas boschas. Abundant.

78. Daflla acuta. Common?

79. Chaulelasmus streperus. Abundant.

80. Mareca Americana. Abundant.

81. Spatula clypeata. Abundant?

82. Querquedula cyanoptera. Abundant.

83. Q. discors ? Rare ?

84. Nettion Carolinensis. Rare ?

85. Erismatura rubida. Common.

86. Graculus dilophus. Common.

87. Sterna regia. Common.

88. S. Forsteri. Abundant.

89. Hydrochelidon fissipes. Abundant.

90. Podiceps occidentalis. Abundant.

91. P. auritus Californicus. Abundant.

92. Podilymbus podiceps. Common. ,

32

b. Species breeding only on the islands in Great Salt
Lake (June, 1869).

1. Branta Canadensis. Common.

2. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus. Abundant.

3. Larus Califomicus. Very abundant.

c. List of the species breeding in Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains,
Utah (June 23-July 2; July 16- Aug. 16, 1869).

1. Turclus migratorius. Common.

2. T. Swainsoni. Abundant.

3. T. Pallasi Auduboni. Common.

4. Galeoscoptes Carolinensis. Common.

5. Sialia arctica. Common.

6. Cinclus Mexicanus. Common.

7. Regulus calendula. Common.

8. Parus montanus. Common.

9. Sitta Carolinensis aculeata. Rare.

10. S. Canadensis. Rare.

11. S. pusilla pygmsea. Rare.

12. Certhia familiaris fusca. Rare.

13. Troglodytes aedon Parkmanni. Abundant.

14. Telmatodytes palustris paludicola. Common.

15. Eremophila alpestris (chrysolaema?). Common.

16. Helminthophaga celata. Common.

17. H. Virginise. Abundant.

18. Dendroica aestiva. Abundant.

19. D. Auduboni. Common.

20. D. nigrescens? Rare.

21. Geothlypis Macgillivrayi. Abundant.

22. G. trichas. Rare.

23. Icteria virens longicauda. Very rare.

24. Myiodioctes pusillus. Rare.

25. Setophaga ruticilla. Rare.

26. Pyranga Ludoviciana. Rare.

27. Progne subis. Abundant.

28. Petrochelidon lunifrons. Common.

29. Hirundo horreorum. Common.

30. Tachyciueta bicolor. Abundant.

31. T. thalassina. Common.

32. Cotyle riparia. Common.

33. Stelgidopteryx sernpennis. Common.

34. Vireosylvia gilv.a Swainsoni. Abundant.

33

35. Lanivireo solitaria plurabea. Rare.

36. Collurio Ludoviciana excubitoroides. Common.

37. Carpodacus Cassini. Abundant.

38. C. frontalis. Common.

39. Chrysomitris tristris. Rare.

40. C. psaltria. Rare.

41. C. pinus. Very abundant.

42. Passerculus savanna alaudinus. Rare.

43. Poocsetes gramineus conflnis. Common.

44. Coturniculus passerinus perpallidus. Rare.

45. Melospiza Lincolni. Common.

46. M. melodia fallax. Abundant.

47. Junco caniceps. Common.

48. Spizella socialis Arizonae. Abundant.

49. S. Breweri. Common.

50. Zonotrichia leucophrys. Abundant.

51. Chondestes grammaca. Common.

52. Passerella iliaca schistacea. Abundant.

53. Calamospiza bicolor. One specimen.

54. Hedymeles melanocephalus. Common.

55. Cyanospiza amoena. Common.

56. Pipilo erythrophthalmus megalonyx.

57. P. chlorura.

58. Molothrus pecoris.

59. Agelaius phoeniceus.

60. Xantliocephalus icterocephalus.

61. Icterus Bullocki.

62. Sturnella magna neglecta.

63. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus.

64. Corvus corax carnivorus.

65. Cyanocitta Floridana Woodhousii.

66. Cyanura Stelleri macrolopha.

67. Picicorvus Columbianus.

68. Tyrannus verticalis.

69. T. Carolinensis.

70. Myiarchus crinitus cinerascens.

71. Contopus borealis.

72. C. Richardsoni.

73. Empidonax obscurus.

74. E. flaviventris diflicilis.

75. E. pusillus.

76. Antrostomus Nuttalli.

77. Chordeiles popetue Henryi.

78. Trochilus Alexandri.

79. Stellula calliope ?

34

80. Selaspliorus platycercus.

81. Ceryle alcyon.

82. Picus villosus Harrisi.

83. P. pubescens Gairdneri.

84. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis.

85. Sphyrapicus thyroicleus. Rare.

86. Colaptes auratus Mexicanus. Common.

87. Bubo Virginianus arcticus. Rare.

88. Falco saker polyagrus. Rare.

89. F. sparverius. Common.

90. Circus cyaneus Hudsonius. Rare.

91. Nisus Cooperi. Rare.

92. N. fuscus. Rare.

93. Buteo borealis calurus. Common.

94. B. Swainsoni. Abundant.

95. Archibuteo lagopus Sanctijohannis. Rare.
9G. Aquila chrysaetos Canadensis. Common.

97. Rhinogryphus aura. Common.

98. Zenaidura Carolinensis. Abundant.

99. Canace obscura. Abundant.

100. Bonasa umbellus umbelloides. Rare?

101. Centrocercus urophasianus. Common.

102. Pediocsetes phasianellus Columbianus. Common.

103. iEgialitis vociferus. Common.

104. Gallinago gallinaria Wilsoni. Common.

105. Ereunetes pusillus. Rare.

106. Actodromus minutilla. Rare.

107. Symphemia semipalmata. Rare.

108. Tringoides hypoleucos macularius. Common.

109. Rhyacophilus glareola solitarius. Rare.

110. Numenius longirostris. Rare.

111. Grus Canadensis. Rare.

112. Porzana Carolina. Common.

113. P. Jamaicensis? Common.

114. Fulica Americana. Rare.

115. Anas boschas. Rare.

116. Querquedula cyanoptera. Rare.

d. Pack's Canon, western spur of Uintah range (July 3-8, 1869).
The fauna of this locality was exactly like that of Parley's Park, with
the exception that Cijanura Stelleri macrolopha was more abundant.

e. Kamas Prairie (July 9, 1869).
The only species seen in this grassy valley, which was not noticed
elsewhere, was the Actiturus Bartramius.

1425137

35

/. Canon of the Provo River (July 10, 18G9).
The following species not found by us elsewhere were abundant
among the willows bordering the river :

1. Turdus fuscescens.

2. Parus atricapillus septentrionalis.

There were also found Setophaga ruticilla and Galeoscoptes Caroli-
nensis in plentiful numbers, and Pica melanoleuca Hudsonica, which in
other localities in Utah was found to be rare or entirely wanting.

CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS ASCERTAINED TO OCCUR IN NEVADA.

The following is a complete list of the birds known at the present
time to occur within the limits of the State of Nevada. The number
will doubtless be Considerably increased in the course of time, when
portions of the state not visited by us shall have been explored.
Those marked with an asterisk (*) breed within the limits of the
State; those distinguished by a dagger (f) belong to the western
portion, and those with a % are more abundant in the eastern part,
being stragglers from the Rocky Mountains.

2. T. Pallasi Cab., var. nanus Aud.f

3. T. Swainsoni Cab.J

*4. T. Swainsoni Cab., var. ustulatus Nutt.f

*5. Oreoscoptes montanus (Towns.).

*6. Sialia Mexicana Sw.f

*7. S. arctica Sw.

*8. Cinclus Mexicanus Sw.

*9. Regulus calendula (L.).

10. R. satrapa Licht.
*11. Lophophanes inornatus (Gamb.).f
*12. Parus montanus Gamb.

13? P. atricapillus L.,| var. septentrionalis Harris.
*14. Psaltriparus minimus (Towns.), var. plumbeus Baird.

15? Psaltriparus melanotis (Hartl.)J
*16. Sitta Carolinensis Gm., var. aculeata Cassin.J
*17. S. Canadensis L.
*18. S. pusilla Lath., | var. pygmaea Vig.
*19. Certhia familiaris L., var. fusca Bart.
*20. Campylorhynchns brunneicapillus (Lafr.).
*21. Salpinctes obsoletus (Say).
*22. Catherpes Mexicanus (Sw.), var. conspersus Ridgw.

36

♦23. Troglodytes aedon V., var. Parkmamii Aud.

24. T. parvulus Koch, var. hyemalis Wils.
*25. Telmatodytes palustris (Wils.), var. paludicola Baird.

26. Anthus Ludovicianus (Gm.).
♦27. Helminthophaga Virginias Baird. J

28. H. ruficapilla (Wils.) .$
*29. H. celata (Say).

30. H. celata (Say), var. lutescens Ridgw.f
*31. Bendroica sestiva (Gm.).

32? D. occidentalis (Towns.).

33. D. Townsendi (Nutt.).
*34. D. nigrescens (Towns.). J
*35. D. Auduboni (Towns.).
*36. Geothlypis trichas (L.).

*37. G. Philadelphia (Wils.), var. Macgillivrayi Aud.
♦38. Icteria virens (L.), var. longicauda Lawr.
*39. Myiodioctes pusillus (Wils.).

40. M. pusillus (Wils.), var. pileolata Pall.f
♦41. Pyranga Ludoviciana (Wils.).
*42. Hirunclo horreorum Barton.
*43. Tachycineta bicolor (V.).
*44. T. thalassina (Sw.).
*45. Cotyle riparia (L.).
*46. Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Aud.).
*47. Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say).
*48. Progne subis (L.).

49. Ampelis cedrorum (V.).J
*50. Phsenopepla nitens (Sw.).
*51. Myiadestes Townsendi (Aud.).
*52. Vireosylvia gilva (V.), var. Swainsoni Baird.

53. Lanivireo solitaria (Wils.).

54. L. solitaria (Wils.), var. Cassiui Baird. f
*55. L. var. plumbeus Coues.J

*56. Collurio Ludovicianus (L.), var. excubitoroicles Sw.

♦57. Carpodacus Cassini Baird.

*58. C. frontalis (Say).

*59. Loxia leucoptera (Wils.).

60. L. curvirostra L., var. Americana (Wils.).

61. Leucosticte tephrocotls Sw., var. littoralis Baird.
*62. Chrysomitris tristis (L.).

*63. C. pinus (Wils.).
64. Plectrophanes lapponicus (L.).
♦65. Passerculus savanna (Wils.), var. alaudiuus Bonap.
*66. Pooecetes gramiueus (Gm.), var. conflnis Baird.

37

*67. Coturniculus passerinus (Wils.), var. perpallidus Ridgw.

*68. Melospiza Lincolni (And.).

*69. M. meloclia (Wils.) 4

*70. var. fallax Baird.

*71. var. Heermanni Baird.f

72. var. guttata Nutt.

*73. Poospiza bilineata (Cass.).

*74. P. Belli (Cass.), var. Nevaclensis Ridgw.

*75. Junco hyemalis (L.), var. Oregonus (Towns. )f
76. Spizella monticola (Gra.).

*77. S. socialis (Wils.), var. Arizona? Coues.

*78. S. Breweri (Cass.).
79. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.). $

*80. Z. leucophrys (Forst.), var. intermedia Ridgw. t
81. Z. coronata (Pall.).f

*82. Chondestes grammaca (Say).

*83. Passerella iliaca (Merrem),J var. schistacea Baird.

*84. Passerella iliaca (Merrem), var. megarhynchus Baird.f

*85. Hedyraeles melanocepbalus (Sw.).

*86. Cyanospiza amoena (Say).
*?87. Guiraca ca3rulea (L.).

*88. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (L.), var. Oregonus Bell.f

*89. var. megalonyx Baird.J

*90. P. chlorurus (Towns.).

*91. Eremophila alpestris (Forst.).
92. E. alpestris (Forst.), var. leucol£ema Coues.

*93. var. chrysolaema Wagl.

94. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (L.),J var. albinucha Ridgw.

*95. Agelaius phceniceus (L.).

*96. A. phoeniceus (L.), var. gubernator Wagl.f

*97. anthocephalus icterocephalus (Bonap.).

*98. Molothrus pecoris (Gm.).

*99. Sturnella magna (L.), var. neglecta Aud.
*100. Icterus Bullocki (Sw.).
*101. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus (Wagl.).
*102. Corvus corax L., var. carnivorus Bartr.

103. C. Americanus Aud.
*104. Picicorvus Columbianus (Wils.).
*105. Gymnokitta cyanocepbala Max.
*106. Pica melanoleuca V., var. Hudsonica Sab.
*107. Cyanura Stelleri (Gm.),f var. frontalis Ridgw.
*108. Cyanocitta Floridana (Bartr.), var. Californica Vig.
*109. var. Woodhousii Baird. J

*110. Tyrannus Carolinensis (L.).

38

•111. T. verticalis Say.

*112. Myiarchus crinitus (L.), var. cinerascens Lawr.
*113. Sayornis Sayus (Bonap ).
*114. Coutopus borealis (Sw.).
•115. C. Kichardsoui (Sw.).
♦116. Empidonax pusillus (Sw.).

*117. Empidonax flaviventris Baird, var. difficilis Baird.
•?118. E. Hammondi Baird.
*119. E. obscurus (Sw.).
*120. Antrostomus Nuttalli (And.).
*121. Chordeiles popetue (V.), var. Henryi Cass.
*122. Panyptila saxatilis (Woodh.).J
*123. Nephcecetes niger (Gm.), var. borealis Kennedy. f
*124. Chaetura Vauxi (Towns. ).f
*125. Trochilus Alexandri Bourc.
*126. Selasphorus rufus (Gm.).
*127. S. platycercus (Sw.).
•128. Stellula calliope Gould.
•129. Ceryle alcyon (L.).
•^130. Coccyzus Americanus (L.).
*131. Picus albolarvatus (Cass.).f
*132. P. villosus L., var. Harrisi And.
*133. P. pubescens L., var. Gairdneri Aud.

134. Picoicles arcticus (Sw.).
*135. Sphyrapicus varius (L.), var. nuchalis Baird.
*136. var. ruber Gm.f

*137. S. thyroides (Cass.).
*138. Melanerpes torquatus (Wils.).

139. Colaptes auratus (L.), var. hybridus Baird.
*140. var. Mexicanus Sw.

*?141. C. clirysoicles Malh.

*142. Bubo Virginianus (Gm.), var. Arcticus Sw.
*143. Otus vulgaris (L.), var. Wilsouianus Less.

144. Nyctale acadica (Gm.).
*145. Speotyto cunicularia (Mol.), var. hypugasa Bonap.
*14G. Falco communis Gm., var. anatum Bonap.
♦147. F. saker Schl., var. polyagrus Cass.
*148. F. Columbarius L.
*149. Falco sparverius L.

*150. Pandion haliaetus (L.), var. Carolinensis Gm.
*151. Circus cyaneus L , var. Hudsonius L.
*152. Nisus Cooperi (Bonap.).
*153. N. fuscus (Gm.).
♦154. Buteo borealis (Gm.), var. calurUs Cass.

39

*155. B. Swainsoni BoDap.

♦156. Archibuteo ferrugineus (Licht.).

*157. A. lagopus (Brunn.), var. Sancti-Johannis Gra.

*158. Aquila chrysaetos (L.), var. Canadensis L.

*159. Haliaetus leucocephalus (L.).

*160. Rhinogryphus aura (L.).

161. Ectopistes migratoria (L.).|
*162. Zenaidnra Carolinensis (L.).
*163. Canace obscura (Say).

*164. Bonasa umbellus (L.), var. umbelloides Dougl.J
*165. Pedioecetes phasianellus (L.), var. Columbianus Ord.
*166. Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonap.).
*167. Oreortyx pictus (Dougl.),f var. plumifera Gould.
*168. iEgialitis vociferns (L.).
*169. Reeurvirostra Americana Gra.
*170. Himantopus nigricollis V.
*171. Steganopus Wilsoni (Sab.).
*172. Gallinago gallinaria (Gra.), var. Wilsoni Temm.
*173. Ereunetes pusillus (L.).

174. Actodromus Bairdi Coues.
*175. A. minutilla (V.).

176. Peliclna alpina (L.), var. Americana Cass.
*177. Symphemia semipalmata (Gm.).
*178. Rhyacophilus glareola (L.), var. solitarius Wils.
*179. Tringoides hypoleucus (L.), var. macularius L.
*180. Numenius longirostris (Wils.)

181. Tantalus loculator L.
*182. Ibis guarauna (Gm.).
*183. I. thalassinus Ridgw.f
*184. Ardea herodias L.

185. Herodias alba (L.), var. egretta Gm.
*186. Nyctiardea grisea (L.), var. naevia Bodd.
*187. Botaurus minor (Gm.).
♦188. Ardetta exilis (Gm.).
♦189. Grus Canadensis (L.).
*190. Rallus Virginiauus L.
*191. Porzana Carolina (L.).
*192? P. Jamaicensis (Gra.). J
*193. Fulica Americana Gm.

194. Cygnus buccinator Rich.

195. Anser hyperboreus Pall.
*196. Branta Canadensis (L.).

197. B. Ilutchinsi Rich.

198. B. bernicla (L.), var. nigricans Lawr.

40

*199. Anas boschas L.
♦200. Chaulelasraus streperus (L.).
*201. Mareca Americana (Gm.).
*202. Nettion Carolinensis (Gm.).
*203. Querquedula cyanoptera (V.).
♦204. Q. discors (L.).
*205. Daflla acuta (L.).
*206. Spatula clypeata (L.).

207. Aix sponsa (L.).

208. Fulix marila (L.).

209. F. marila (L.), var. afflnis Eyton.

210. F. collaris (Donov.).

211. Aythya vallisneria (Wils.).

212. A. ferina (L.), var. Americana Eyton.

213. Bucephala albeola (L.).

214. B. clangula (L.), var. Americana Bonap.
*215. Erismatura rubida (Wils.).

216. Mergus merganser (L.), var. Americanus Cass.

217. Mergus serrator L.

218. Lophodytes cucullatus (L.).
*219. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus Gm.
*220. Graculus dilophus (Sw.).

*221. Larus argentatus Briinn., var. Californicus Lawr.
222. L. Delawarensis Ord.
*223. Sterna regia Gambel.
*224. S. Forsteri Nutt.
*225. Hydrochelidon flssipes (L.).
*226. JEchmophorus occidentalis (Lawr.)
*227. Fodiceps auritus (L.;, var. Californicus Heerm.
*228. Podilymbus podiceps (L.).

Total number of species known to breed in Nevada, 179.

BULLETIN

OF THE

esses: iustittjtb.

Vol. 7. Salem, Mass., March, 1875. No. 3.

One Dollai* a Year in Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.

Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, Feb. 10, 1875.

Meeting this afternoon at three o'clock. Vice Presi-
dent F. W. Putnam in the chair. Eecords of the pre-
ceding quarterly and regular meetings were read.

Frank L. Smith, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

Mr. Putnam mentioned that the Misses Mary E. and
Abby O. Williams, of Salem, would be willing to deposit,
in the rooms of the Institute, temporarily, their valuable
collection of paintings, many of which were copied by
them from the "old masters," during a residence in Rome
of several years.

After some conversation, the subject was referred to the
Curators of the Department of Art, to make such arrange-
ments with the Misses Williams as may be deemed advis-
able ; on the understanding that the collection shall be
Essex Inst. Bulletin. vii 4

42

properly cared for by the curators, and that the Institute
be not held responsible in case of fire or accident ; also to
tender to the Misses Williams the sincere thanks of the
Institute for this liberal proposal.

The committee appointed at a previous meeting pre-
sented as their report a new draft of the Constitution and
By-laws of the Institute. After some discussion it was

Voted, That a copy of the report be placed in the rooms
of the Institute, and that the same be presented at the
Annual Meeting in May, for further action.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 15, 1875.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. Vice Presi-
dent F. W. Putnam in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From E. J. Attinelli, New York, Feb. 6; Francis H. Appleton, Boston, Feb. 13;
Charles H. Bell, Exeter, N. H., Feb. 5; E. P. Boon, New York, Feb. 2; John M.
Bradbury, Ipswich, Feb. 1, 4; C. H. Dall, Boston, Feb. 13 J W. H. Dall, Washing-
ton, Feb. 1; George Haskell, Ipswich, Feb. 11 ; A. EL Hoyt, Boston, Feb. 8; Joseph
K. Jenness, Haverhill, Feb. 12; Jacob Leamon, Croton, Ohio, Jan. 25; J. H.
Leavitt, Feb. 2; E. J. Maynard, Newtonville, Feb. 11; Henry Morton, Hoboken,
N. J., Jan. 26; J. W. Moulton, Feb. 10; Nathaniel Paine, Worcester, Feb. 12; W.
S. Perry, Geneva, N. Y., Feb. 9; B. Pcrley Poore, Indian Hill Farm, near New-
buryport, Feb. 1 ; Cyrus Woodman, Cambridge, Feb. 10; Bern, Die Naturforschende
Gesellschaft, Aug. ; Dresden, K. Leopoles caro, Deutschen Acad, der Naturfor-
schende, Nov. 17; Emdeu, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Sept. 11; Freiburg, Die
Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Sept. 8; Geneve Societe de Physique et d' Histoire
Naturelle, Sept. 15; Neuchatel Societe des Sciences Naturelles, Oct. 19; Yale Col-
lege, Feb. 9; Zurick, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Oct. 1.

The Librarian reported the following additions to the
library : —

43

By Donation.

Bolles, E. C. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 5.

Humphreys, Brig. Gen. A. A. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers. Pts.
1, 2, 1874. 2 vols. 8vo.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, Jan. 2, 9, 10, 1875.

Mass. Horticultural Society. Schedule of Prizes offered by the Mass. Hor-
ticultural Society for 1875.

Peabody Institute, Danvers. Seventh Annual Report of the Trustees of the,
Year ending March 31, 1874.

Phillips, Chas., of Germantown, Penn. Railroad Report of Penn., 1803. 1 vol.
8vo. The American Historical Record, 8 numbers. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 91.
Almanacs, 1870, 1871.

Putnam, H. W. Directory of Peabody, Danvers, Marblehead, 1873. 1 vol. 8vo.
N. E. Business Directory, 1873. 1 vol. 8vo. Essex County Directory, 1873. 1 vol.
8vo. Mass. Register and Business Directory, 1872. 1 vol. 8vo.

Ropes, W. L.,of Andover, Mass. Catalogue of AndoverTheol. Seminary, 1874-75.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Jan. 5, 12, 1875.

Waters, J. L. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 50.

Williams, James, of Columbus, Ohio. Annual Report of the Auditor of the
State ot Ohio, 1874. 1 vol. 8vo.

By Exchange.

Accademia d' Agricoltura Commercio ed Art di Verona. Memoire, Vol.
L, II Serie, Fasc. II, 1874. Vol. L, II Serie, Fasc. I, II, 1874.

Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliol. 3e Serie, Tome xiv, No. iv, 1874.

Institut Historique, Paris. L' Investigateur. 40 Annee. N6. vi, Nov., 1874.

Kaiserliche Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutschen Akademie der
Naturforscher in Dresden. Leopoldina, Heft vii, viii, ix, 1871, 1872, 1873.

Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Bern. Mittheilungen, Nos. 812-827, 1873.

Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Freiburg. Berichte, Band vi, Heft II,
III, 1873. 2 pamphlets.

Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Zurich. Vierteljahrsschrift, Jahrg. xviii,
1873.

Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Emden. Jahresbericht, 1873. 8vo. 1874.

New England Historic-Genealogical Society. New England Historical
and Genealogical Register, Jan., 1875.

Societe d' Acclimation, Paris. Bulletin Mensuel, 3me Serie, Tome i, No. 10,
Oct., 1874.

Societe d' Anthropologie, Paris. Bulletins, Tome ix, He Serie, 2e Fascicule,
1874.

Societe des Sciences Naturelles, Neuchatel. Bulletin, Tome x, 1873-4.
Memoires, Tome iv, 2nd pt., 1874.

Societe de Physique et d' Histoire Naturelle, Geneve. Memoires, Tome
xxiii, 2nd pt., 1873-74.

Publishers. American Journal of Science. Forest and Stream. Gardener's
Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwicke's Science-Gossip. Haverhill Gazette.
Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript.
Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Public Spirit.
Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Salem Post. Salem Observer.

Mrs. C. A. Carlton, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

44

Rev. George Batchelor presented a memoir of our
late associate, Hon. Benjamin F. Browne, of Salem.
Referred to the publication committee.

Mr. John Robinson read the following paper, illus-
trating the same with diagrams and specimens : —

FERNS OF ESSEX COUNTY, MASS.

One of the most important objects of the Essex Insti-
tute is the collecting and investigation of Essex County
products of every sort. Oakes, Russell, Nichols, Fowler,
Putnam, Packard, Hyatt, Tracy and others have each in
turn worked at this, and all seem to have agreed in
leaving the ferns for some one else to look up. The
rocks, insects, fishes, birds, mammals, early inhabitants
and Indian remains, flowering plants, mosses, and lichens,
have been more or less fully reported upon ; but the ferns,
even so abundant and conspicuous as they are, were
omitted. Searching the publications of Essex County
societies, no notice or list of ferns is to be found ; even
Tracy's "Plants of Lynn" stops just upon them. I have
for some years been interested in these curious and beau-
tiful plants, and have given special notice to those in our
county and have searched myself with friends in the fol-
lowing localities, thoroughly or in part: — Lynn, Swamp-
scott, Saugus, Lynnfield, Dan vers, Peabody, Salem,
Beverly, Manchester, Essex, Gloucester, Rockport, Ips-
wich, Newbury, North Andover, Bradford, Wenhain,
Tops field, Marblehead, Groveland, Middleton, and have
had the assistance of Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, of George-
town, who kindly gives me the localities for that region,
about which I know very little myself.

Among the older botanists, now gone, who gave ferns
some particular notice, was William Oakes, of Ipswich,
and judging from looking over the beautifully prepared

45

specimens he left to tell of his earnest labor as a botanist,
I should think he had noticed about two-thirds of our
county ferns.

The arrangement in this paper is according to Gray's
botany, fifth edition, where full descriptions of each
species will be found.1

We have represented in the county, so far as is now
known, sixteen genera, including twenty-nine species and
about eight book varieties. A very few species may
possibly be added after a careful search, but that is ex-
tremely doubtful.

I will take these species in order, and notice each sep-
arately, commencing with : —

1. Onoclea sensibilis L.

Sensitive Fern.

So called on account of the habit of quickly turning black after the
first frosts. The fertile and sterile fronds are entirely different in ap-
pearance, the former not showing themselves till August and then
becoming rigid and remaining perfect almost through a second season,
while the sterile fronds commence to unfold early in May, are very
broad, and perish at the first frost. Common everywhere.

2. A very curious abnormal form is the var. obtuselobata of Torrey,
not a true variety but only an occasional state of a frond of the ordi-
nary plant. This illustrates how the sterile and fertile fronds in
dimorphous ferns can be shown to resemble each other and is only a
half-way state between sterile and fertile, so to speak. Frequent,
with No. 1.

3. Stiiuthiopteris Germanica Willd.
Ostrich Fern.

This is the tallest of all New England ferns, growing to a height
of six feet, and yet it is one of the most graceful of our species. It
is not coarse, and spreads by numerous underground runners, filling
whole fields in parts of New Hampshire and Vermont, where I have

1 It should be noted that this paper was illustrated by perfect herbarium speci-
mens of each species and variety referred to, rendering botanical descriptions
unnecessary. English names are added for each species, though many are poor
enough.

46

walked among plants, though not of the largest growth, with only
my head above them. Like the last, the fruit spike is separate and
rigid, often found the second year black and persistent, while the
spikes of that season are new and green. I included this in the list
of Essex County ferns, as the place from which I knew it was but
just beyond the county line in North Reading, towards Middleton, not
nearer one town than the other. I have since heard from Mrs. Horner,
who reports it from Georgetown; she, therefore, is first to add this
truly noble fern to our county list.

4. Woodsia Ilvensis E. Br.

Hairy Woodsia.

This is a rare fern in Europe, but here is very abundant, particu-
larly on the hills about Salem. A short, woolly plant growing in tufts.
It is found in Danvers, Swampscott, Wenham, and in fact in almost
every hilly town.

- 5. Woodsia obtusa Torrey.

Blunt Woodsia.

Not so abundant as the last, taller and more delicate. The small
forms resemble Cystopteris fragilis, with which it often grows. There
is a fine locality for this at Peabody, on the Swampscott road, and it
is to be found in Salem pastures, Beverly, Middleton and elsewhere.

6. Dicksonia punctilobula Kunze.

Hay-scented Fern.

This is the only American representative of a genus which in the
tropics boasts of the noblest of tree ferns, including the D. antarctica
of Tasmania, the trunk of which rises to the height of thirty or forty
feet, crowned by a circle of enormous fronds, some even twenty feet
to their tips. Our humble Dicksonia is one of our most common and
yet most beautiful ferns. It grows by creeping, underground stems,
and sometimes is found with fronds three or four feet high ; the fruit
is very small on the little lobes of the pinnules, the fronds are much
dissected and almost always widest at the base. When crushed it
has a very pleasant aromatic odor, and after a frost this is quite notice-
able in the woods where the plants grow.

7. Cystopteris fragilis Bernh.
Delicate Bladder Fern.

This will be found in old stone walls where the earth is banked up
high at the back, and in damp, rocky woods or ravines. There are
many fine localities in Salem, Beverly, Essex, Swampscott and else-

47

where. This is an early fern and often in dry seasons by August the
fruit will have perfected and the fronds entirely have disappeared (it
should be looked for in June). I found at Essex in September, 1873,
a plant that, thinking the dry summer was its winter rest, had with
the September rains again started; I collected several fine young
fronds at that'late date.

This varies considerably ; the less cut form is var. dentata, but not
approving of naming every variation, as some seem to do, the most
prominent ones only are given in this list.

8. Adiantum pedatum L.
Maiden Hair.

By many considered our most beautiful fern, and when seen in the
grand clumps two feet or more high, as I have seen them in this
county at the fine locality in North Andover, one can hardly find in
any conservatory a more elegant, graceful or delicate fern. It grows
sparingly in Salem, Danvers, Lynnfield, Georgetown and some other
places. In the western part of this state, Vermont and southward,
it is found by the acre. It varies but slightly even in Californian
specimens.

9. Pteris aquilina L.
Eagle Fern. Bracken.

Common along railroad tracks and gravelly places skirting and in
the woods. This is in England one of the rankest growing ferns,
sometimes attaining a height of twelve feet. I think six feet from
the ground to the tip, when lifted up, is the extreme that has been
noticed here. Most beautifully crisped forms and often strange devel-
opments of the pinnules may be found in the county specimens, some
of which approach the var. caudata which grows south.

10. WOODWARDIA VlRGINICA Smith.

Chain Fern.

(The fruit upon the underside of the fertile pinnules is in short
lines, resembling the links of a chain.)

In searching for this fern I spent three days before finding it in a
locality now nearly destroyed, known to Mr. Russell. Since then I
have found it growing profusely around many ponds or in swamps at
Beverly, Hamilton, Essex, Manchester, Wenham, Georgetown (Mrs.
Horner), etc. This is the only fern I have ever observed growing
under water. Many grow near the water, but this I have repeatedly
found growing, even at low water seasons, with the rhizome creeping

48

out into the pond, with little if any earth over it, which seems at
variance with the rest of the ferns hereabouts.

11. ASPLENIUM TkICHOMANES L.

Dwarf Spleenwort.

A charming little fern growing upon the rocks, with its black,
thread-like roots working their way so deep into the crevices that it
is with difficulty removed without breaking them off. This varies
greatly in size, but in the cutting very slightly. Not rare ; good
localities in Peabody, Marblehead, Georgetown, etc.

12. ASPLENIUM EBENEUM Ait.

Ebony Spleenwort.

Found in pine woods near rocks, but not so much on and in them
as No. 11, which in general style it resembles, although never to be
mistaken for it.' A much serrated form is frequently met with, and the
fronds are often found split, forming a double apex. Found in nearly
every town ; fine localities in Beverly, Essex, etc.

13. ASPLENIUM THELYPTEROIDES Michx.

Silvery Spleenwort.

This is a rare fern with us but very abundant in Vermont and
western Massachusetts, particularly near the eastern end of the
Hoosac tunnel, on the path to the "twin cascades." The fruit on the
fertile pinnules is very regular and distinct, a very beautiful object
under the microscope. The only plant I know of this is at Swamp-
scott. It is at Georgetown (Mrs. Horner), Lynnfield (Russell), and
" with Mr. Oakes it was a favorite fern and found by him at Ipswich."
(Prof. Tuckerman.)

14. Asplenium Filix-fcemina Bernh.

Lady Fern.

The most abundant and variable of all our ferns, except, perhaps,
Aspidium spinulosum. It grows everywhere, in sun and shade, and
often so much fruited that the fronds will look black. It sometimes
is found nearly four feet high, and one quite marked variety has the
lower pinnae as long, if not longer than the rest, while in the common
form they are conspicuously reduced.

Some will confound this with Dicksonia, when not in fruit, and with
Aspidium spinulosum, but the difference will be readily seen upon
examination. Common everywhere.

49

15. Aspidium acrostichoides Swartz.

Christmas Fern.

It is found abundantly near the first pond on the road to the Che-
bacco house, Essex: also in Beverly woods; near the turnpike and
floating bridge; Andover; Danvers, etc. This is a rigid, evergreen
species, and is very abundant north and south ; one of the best for
decorative purposes, as it keeps well. There is some variation to the
cutting of the fronds, and one is called var. incisum. The peculiar
fruiting of this fern distinguishes it from all others of our species,
hence the name acrostichoides, for the fruit dots becoming confluent,
the pinnae curl, and the whole looks as if one mass of spore cases, as
it is with the genus Acrostichum, hence resembling Acrostichum, or
Acrostichoides.

16. Aspidium Thelypteris Swartz.
Marsh Fern.

Formerly this fern was confused with A. Noveboracense, but the
conspicuously reduced pinnae of the latter, as well as the lighter color,
should have been noticed as distinguishing points; it is also quite
different in the fruiting. Found in every meadow and by every road-
side as well as in deep woods and in bogs. Perfect specimens can be
found in full fruit from six inches to Jive feet high, and from one inch
to one foot wide. Where it grows exposed to the sun the pinnae are
curled up and quite angular, while in the shade they are less fruited,
wide spreading and more delicate.

17. Aspidium Noveboracense Swartz.
New York Fern.

More delicate than the last, not revolute when well fruited, and
growing in less wet places. Common in the woods. By the latter
part of September this and the Dicksonia become, under favorable
circumstances, pure white, and form a very beautiful addition to the
decorating ferns for winter.

18. Aspidium spinulosum Swartz.
Prickly Toothed Wood Fern.

This is the typical form of a most protean species, varying from
plants perfectly fruited only six inches high to heavy forms four feet
high ; and in width from six inches on a plant four feet high to more
than a foot on a plant but two feet high. And here is not all ; the
variations in cutting are as great as those of height and width. We

50

find it not twice pinnate and fully three times so, with fruit scarcely
visible, and dots so large as to be plainly seen at quite a distance.
Sometimes the lower pinnae are much reduced, sometimes very much
extended. To take prominent varieties one would at a glance pro-
nounce them very different species, so much more do they vary in
appearance than many species which are distinct ; but I can show a
suite of specimens which run so gradually from one to another that
it will at once be seen that to draw a separating line would be quite
impossible, and the best that can be done is to name the prominent
forms as varieties. The typical plant is rare and as yet I have only
found it at Essex. Doubtless other localities will be discovered.

19. Var. intermedium. The common form will be found in nearly
every patch of woods.

20. Var. dilatatnm is a larger and more cut form, most common at
the mountain regions of New Hampshire. A near approach to it can
be obtained at Essex, Beverly, Georgetown (Mrs. Horner), etc.

21. Var. Boqttii is much more narrow, reduced at the base. This,
to judge from the specimens I find, which are very numerous, seems
to resemble much more closely A. cristatum than A. spinulosum. The
sterile fronds particularly resemble each other in these two species
and it is often very difficult to decide to which they belong. Is it
possibla that this can be a hybrid between A. spinulosum and A. cris-
tatum? Found in shady, swampy land.

22. Aspidium cristatum Swartz.

Crested Buckler Fern.

Not so common as some varieties of the last. It grows in similar
localities, but seldom more than one or two clumps in a place together.
The fertile fronds are usually much taller than the sterile and perish
during the winter, while the sterile ones of the previous year are
found quite perfect the next spring.

Found in nearly every town in localities similar to the last.

23. Aspidium marginale Swartz.
Marginal or Evergreen Wood Fern.

(So called as the fruit is close to the edge or margin of the pinnule,
and the fronds are often found as perfect in spring as they were before
winter came.)

This fern is of a beautiful blue-green and is found in rocky woods,
where the foliage is not thickest. The fronds are twice pinnate and
occasionally found still more cut. Eight years since I collected in
Swampscott a plant with very broad and much cut fronds. This I

51

have had under cultivation ever since. It keeps its distinct character,
which is strikingly different from the ordinary form. For conven-
ience I have ticketed herbarium specimens from this as var. elcgans.
Small forms scarcely six inches high and perfectly fruited are often
met with.2 It grows in almost every town in the county.

24. POLYPODIUM VULGARE L.

Common Polypody.

One of our most common ferns, found on rocks and in mossy woods.
This fern has a great many curious forms and in the English fern
books as many as twenty varieties are described, but as it is useless
to undertake to book varieties which are likely to rise to the hundreds
it is best to throw out all but those which are well established as
being sufficiently different from the typical form and constantly remain
so. Found everywhere.

25. Phegopteris polypodioides Fee.
Beech Fern.

Grows in the Essex woods and I have found it in two places in
Common lane, Beverly ; it grows in Danvers (Miss Page). This is a
White and Green Mountain fern and, with the next, is rare here.
These two species of Phegopteris usually are found in about the same
localities, growing together in Essex, and quite near each other in
Beverly. This one almost runs into P. hexagonoptera which occurs
about us, and which I hope may yet be found here.

2Q. Phegopteris Dryopteris Fee.
Oak Fern.

This as the last is a mountain fern and is found in localities with it.
Both are European Ferns as well as American. Found in Essex, Bev-
erly, Georgetown (Mrs. Horner).

27. OSMUNDA REGALIS L.

Boyal Flowering Fern.

Common in almost all meadows. Sometimes six feet high. Called
flowering fern on account of its having the upper pinnae changed to a

2 This comes nearer being a tree fern than any of our species, the caudex covered
by the bases of the fronds of previous seasons, sometimes resting upon bare rocks
for four or five inches without roots or fronds.

52

spike of fruit. Sometimes it will be found with fertile and sterile
piunules on the same little division of the frond.

28. Osmuxda Claytoniana L.
Interrupted Flowering Fern.

(So called as the fruit is found in the middle of the frond, with
sterile pinnae above and below the fruited ones.) A sterile frond
closely resembles that of the next, but is more delicate, broader
towards the top, and the segments more rounded. Specimens are
found fruited nearly all the way up from the base and one I believe
clear to the top. Common ; fine localities in North Andover, Tops-
field and Salem.

29. Osmund a cinnamomea L.
Cinnamon Fern.

(So called from its color when coming into fruit.) Familiar to all
in pastures and by the roadside, throwing up its tall spikes of fruit in
the centre of a whorl of sterile fronds. Often when in the shade I
have found sterile fronds of this six feet long.

30. Var. frondosa is a state where a portion of the sterile frond
becomes fertile, very curiously imitating the fertile fronds of No.
28. Found everywhere.

31. Lygodium palmatum Swartz.

Climbing Fern.

Found at Saugus. I have not searched for it myself, but add it on
the authority of Mr. G. E. Emery, of Lynn, a specimen being in the
Institute collection from him.3 All know this fern, and a descrip-
tion is unnecessary. Judging by the way it is sold in Boston one can
hardly help thinking that if the practice of tearing it up so recklessly
continues, it will soon be quite scarce, even at the Windsor and Con-
cord localities.

32. Ophioglossum vulgatum L.

Adder's Tongue Fern.

I know of but one locality for this in the county, in Beverly, where
it was first noticed by J. H. Emerton, 1872. No doubt others are to
be found, as owing to its inconspicuous habits the fern is easily over-
looked. Meadows and wet ground about the clumps of bushes and
hummocks are the places to be searched for it.

3 The above locality is endorsed by Mr. C. M. Tracy.

53

33. BOTRYCHIUM TERNATUM SwartZ.

Temate Grape Fern.

The Botrychiums form one of the most interesting genera of ferns
we here have represented. There are but ten recognized species of
Botrychium known in the world, seven of which grow in America.
Our two larger forms are very distinct, but the smaller ones seem to
run into each other, though there are distinctions not at once notice-
able to a casual observer. B. ternatum has two perfect fronds, one
sterile and one fertile, distinct to the ground. The typical form is
found in California growing to great size, while here the fertile frond
seldom exceeds ten inches in height, with a sterile frond five inches
across. Found at Essex, 1872-4.

34. Var. lunarioides has more rounded segments than the typical.
The finest specimen I ever saw was found by Mrs. Horner, in George-
town.

35. Var. obliquum. The segments are longer, and are quite oblique
to the rachis.

36. Var. dissectum. The whole frond is cut and recut till almost
entirely reduced to points. Nos. 34, 35, 36, are found both in wet
shady places, and in pastures.

37. Botrychium Virginianum Swartz.

Rattlesnake Fern.

Found in Beverly, and also in Georgetown (Mrs. Horner). This
beautiful and delicate fern is the largest of all the Botrychiums and is
found from Canada to the tropics. Not rare, yet (owing to its never
spreading except by spores) it is seldom found abundant except as a
number of specimens scattered through the woods. In this the fertile
spike is on the same stalk with the sterile frond, all the limbs spring-
ing from a common centre much above the ground. There are one or
two of the small species of Botrychium which possibly may be found
in the county.

FERNS THAT POSSIBLY MAY YET BE FOUND GROWING
NATURALLY IN ESSEX COUNTY, MASS.

1. Woodwardia angustifolia Smith. Now found in Hingham
and Dedhara.

2. Phegopteris hexagonoptera Fee. Found in Portland, Brattle-
boro and South.

3. Aspidium cristatum var. Cltntonianum T). C. Eaton. Found in
Vermont and New Hampshire.

54

4. Aspidium Goldianum Hook. Found in New Hampshire, Ver-
mont and Connecticut.

5. Botrychium simplex Hitch. Found on Long Island, Deerfield,
Mass, etc.

6. Botrychium matricarlefolium'A. Br. Found in New Hamp-
shire, New York, Dedham, Mass.

7. Botrychium lanceolatum Angstrom. Found in Sudbury,
Mass., etc.

EYCOPODS FOUND IN ESSEX COUNTY.

Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Essex, Peabody, Georgetown.

L. inundatum L. Beverly, Beaver pond ; Chebacco pond.

L. annotinum L. Chebacco woods (1872, J. R.) ; probably the local-
ity of this rare species was known to Wra. Oakes about 1840.

L. dendroideum Mx. also var. obscurum. Common in almost every
town.

L. clavatum L. Common North Andover, Georgetown, Essex,
Beverly, etc. '

L. complanatum L. Very common, including a variety.

Selaginella apus Spring. West Boxford and Georgetown, abun-
dant (Mrs. Horner).

S. rupestris Spring. Common on rocky, bare hills.

hydropterides.

Marsilia quadrifolia L. Has become fully established in a little
pond by Leggs Hill, where it was planted years ago by Mr. Russell
(S. B. Buttrick).

EQUISETACE^.

Equisetum arvense L. Common everywhere.
E. sylvaticum L. Not rare in the woods.
E. limosum L. Wenham, Topsfleld, etc.
E. hyemale L. Danvers (J. H. Sears.)

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 1, 1875.

Meeting this evening1 at 7.30 o'clock. Vice Presi-
dent F. W. Putnam in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

55

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Mary J. Safford Blake, Boston, Feb. 20; John M. Bradbury, Ipswich,
Feb. 24; J. Colburn, Boston, Feb. 20; C. F. Crocker, Lawrence, Feb. 17: S. G.
Drake, Boston, Feb. 25; S. A. Green, Boston, Feb. 27; Frederick A. Lucas, Roch-
ester, N. Y., Feb. 28; Alfred Osgood, Newburyport, Feb. 24; Nathaniel Paine,
Worcester, Feb. 19; A. A. Scott, Saugus, Feb. 18; Boston Public Library, Feb. 25-
Buffalo Historical Society, Feb. 25; Portland Institute, Feb. 18; Worcester Lyceum
and Natural History Association, Feb. 24.

The Librarian reported the following additions to the
library : —

By Donation.

Bolles, E. C. Sunday School Helper, 63 numbers. Christian Leader, 12 num-
bers. Sunday School Journal, 5 numbers. Sunday School Teacher, 3 numbers.
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 27.

Brooks, H. M. Woman's Journal, Apr., June, July, Aug., Oct., Nov., Dec, 1874.

City of Boston. City Documents, 1874. 3 vols. 8vo.

Cutter, A. E., of Charlestown, Mass. Ninth Annual Report of the Winchester
Home Corporation for Aged VYomen, Jan., 1875. 8vo pamph.

Foote, II. W., of Boston, Mass. Sermon preached at King's Chapel, Sunday,
Jan. 3, 1875. 8vo pamph.

Green, S. A., of Boston, Mass. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 70.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, Feb. 13, 20, 27, 1875.

Mass. Charitable Mechanic Association. Twelfth Exhibition of the, Sept.
Oct., 1874. 8vo pamph.

By Exchange.

American Philosophical Society. Proceedings of. Vol. xiv. June-Dec.
No. 93. 1874.

New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Proceedings of the, Jan.
6, 1875. 8vo pamph.

Wisconsin Academy. Transactions of the. Vol. ii, 1873-4.

Publishers. Forest and Stream. Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwicke's Sci-
ence-Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American.
Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation.
Nature. Peabody Press. Quaritch's Catalogue. Salem Post.

After remarks by the chair in relation to the very in-
teresting photographs of ancient stone houses on the cliffs
of the Mancos Valley, which had been taken by Messrs.
Jackson and Ingersoll, of the Hay den Expedition, it was

Voted, To invite Mr. Ernest Ingersoll, of the Hay-
den Expedition, to give an illustrated lecture on the
recent archaeological discoveries of the expedition.

56

Mr. Putnam then called Dr. G. A. Perkins to the chair,
and occupied the evening by giving an account of the
fortifications, and other enclosures, made by the Indians
and the older races in North America. First, calling at-
tention to the fortifications which, from historical evi-
dence, were known to have been made and occupied by the
different Indian tribes at the early period of the settle-
ment of North America by the white race, he described
their characteristic structure, which, generally, was that
of low earth embankments, with, or without, an outside
ditch, and these embankments were generally surmounted
by palisades. In other instances the walls were of stone
in the place of earth, and in many forts palisades were
used without additional defence. He then described
those which, for several reasons, were considered as hav-
ing been erected by the mound builders. These were,
so far as yet known, confined to the great Mississippi
valley, the Ohio valley, and the southern and south-
western parts of the country. These structures are far
more imposing than those made by the Indians, and are
built with more regard to permanence. Many are so
situated as to have formed almost impregnable positions,
and we cannot but brieve that their defenders must have
maintained them for years, until finally they were forced,
by continued battles and probably from lack of subsis-
tence, to migrate farther to the southwest, or were so re-
duced by starvation as to become exterminated.

Many interesting comparisons were made between the
fortifications in different parts of the country, and also
those of South America, the Pacific Islands and the an-
cient parts of the old world, showing that in all lands, and
during nearly all time, there had been a continued system
of warfare and extermination of races.

BULLETIN

ESSE3XI INSTITUTE

Vol. 7.

Salem, Mass., April, 1875.

No. 4.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.

CATALOGUE OF THE FIRST ART EXHIBITION, MARCH, 1875.

2To.

Contributor.

Artist.

1

Marriage of St. Catherine.*

Mary E.Williams.

Antonio Balestra.

2

View from Taormina in Sicily, looking

towards Messina.*

c«

A. 0. Williams.

3

Copy of St. Margaret dispelling the
Dragon with the Cross in the Church
of San Pietro in Vincoli at Rome, by

Guercino.*

<(

Mary E. Williams.

4

Copy of the Madonna Enthroned, by

Pinturicchio, at Perugia.*

<<

Mary E. Williams.

5

Copy of the Marriage of St. Catherine
by Murillo in the Vatican Gallery.*

a

Mary E. Williams.

6

View of Ischia from Capri.*

11

A. 0. Williams.

7

Erithrean Sibyl.*

"

Mary E. Williams.

8

View on the Road to Vallombrosa.*

u

A. O. Williams.

9

Lake Corao from San Giovanni.*

ti

A. 0. Williams.

10

Lake Maggiore from Baveno.*

<<

A. O. Williams.

11

Lake Conio from Bellagio.*

"

A. O. Williams.

12

Study of Capuchin Monks.*
Sans Souci.*

(«

Mary E. Williams.

13

««

Mary E. Williams.

14

View of Sorrento and Bay of Naples.*

<(

A. O. Williams.

15

Un Bajocco per Carita.*

"

Mary E. Williams.

16

A Roman Maiden.

a

Mary E. Williams.

17

Heidelberg Castle and Town.*
Cloister Life in the Olden Time.*

«

A. 0. Williams.

18

<<

Mary E. Williams.

19

The Roman Forum at Sunset; view

from the Capitol.*

«

Moietti.

20

Copy of some Angels in the Corona-
tion of the Virgin, by Raphael, in

the Vatican.*

ti

Mary E. Williams.

21

View of Mount JEtna from Taormina.*

"

A.O.Williams.

22

Roman Beggar.*

"

Mary E. Williams.

23

View of Tivoli and its Falls*

ii

A. O. Williams.

24

Study of an Arab, from life.*

«

Mary E. Williams.

25

Roman Peasant Girl.*

i<

Mary E. Williams.

Essex Inst. Bulletin.

vil

58

No.

Contributor.

Artist.

2G

Tomb of Cecilia Metella and the Via

Appia looking towards Rome.*

Mary E. Williams.

A. O. Williams.

27

Study of an Arab's Head, from life.*

"

Mary E. Williams.

28

Litlle Wild Flower.*

u

Mary E. Williams.

29

Bay of Salerno; view on the road to

Amalfi.*

«<

A. O. Williams.

30

Palermo.*

u

A. O. Williams.

31

American Autumn.*

u

A. O. Williams.

32

Old Joanna.*

(t

Mary E. Williams.

33

The Alchemist.*

"

Mary E. Williams.

34

The Tenants of our Kitchen.*

u

Mary E. Williams.

35

Italian Kitchen.*

"

Mary E. Williams.

36

Angel of the Annunciation; copied

from Pinturicchio.

"

Mary E. Williams.

37

Madonna; copied from Pinturicchio.

a

Mary E. Williams. J

38

Papvrus growing on the River Anapo

in 'Sicily.*

"

A. O. Williams.

39

Saracenic Tombs at Taormina.

'<

A. 0. Williams.

40

Stella, Roman Costume.*

"

Mary E. Williams.

41

Roman Peasant.*

<<

Mary E. Williams.

42

Pifleraro*

"

Mary E. Williams.

43

Capuchin Monk.*

"

Mary E. Williams.

44

Star Grass.

«

Mary E. Williams.

45

Fringed Gentian.

a

Mary E. Williams.

46

Mallows.

a

Mary E. Williams.

47

Lady's Slipper.

(i

Mary E. Williams.

48

Mountain Laurel.

"

Mary E. Williams.

49

Lysimachia and Lobelia.

"

Mary E. Williams.

50

Harebell.

"

Mary E. Williams.

51

Painted Cup.

u

Mary E. Williams.

52

Cardinal Flower.

'<

Mary E. Williams.

53

Closed Gentian.

"

Mary E. Williams.

54

Gay Feather and Burnett.

«'

Mary E. Williams.

55

Nodding Lily.

<<

Mary E. Williams.

56

Meadow Lily.

"

Mary E. Williams.

57

A Copy by Far rar, from a Water Color

Sketch by Jno. W. Turner.*

G. L. Chandler.

58

A view on the Androscoggin River In
Bethel, Me., a sketch in oils by But-

man.*

a

F. W. Butman.

59

Crayon drawing from a cast of an

antique head.

"

G. L. Chandler.

60

Millbrook Falls — Thornton, N. H.—

pencil sketch.

<<

G. L. Chandler.

€1

Water color drawing; Lake Winnipi-

sauke.*

"

Wheelock.

62

Landscape.*

S. L. Gerry.

63

Landscape.*

W. A. Gay.

64

Photograph from a portrait.*

"

W. M. Hunt.

65

Etching, by Vandyke ; portrait of Paul

Pontius.

"

Vandyck.

m

Photograph from a portrait of the

Duke d'Olivares.

"

Velasquez.

67

Paul preaching at Athens; engraving

by Horigny, after Raphael.

«'

Raphael.
R. H. Fuller.

68

Landscape.*

69

The Transfiguration; engraved by

Dorigny after Raphael.*

<<

Raphael.

70

Landscape; engraved by Woolett,

alter Claude.*

Claude.

71

Engraving; "Comfort the Fatherless
and the Widow," from a design by

Flaxman.

<<

Flaxman.

72

Landscape; Livermore Falls, Plym-

outh, N. II.*

«i

G. L. Brown.

73

Landscape; Medford Salt Marshes.*

G. L. Brown.

59

No.

Contributor.

Artist.

74

Four photographs; Landscapes from

Turner's Liber Studiorum.

G. L. Chandler.

Ira W. Turner.

75

Crevasse on the Mer de Glace; Chro-

mo-lithograph.

it

G. L. Chandler.

76

Head of Daniel Webster; a photo-

graph from a relievo in marble, life

a

77

size.
The Prophet Zachariah; carbon pho-
tograph, from the fresco by M.

Angelo.

a

78

Italian Shepherd.*

Mr. Newcomb.

George Newcomb.

79

View in Conway, N. H., near Artists'

Mill.*

it

George Newcomb.

80

Kiarsarge Brook, Conway.*

a

George Newcomb.

81

Artists' Brook, Conway.*

a

George Newcomb.

82

Mooniise and Sunset, White Head

Harbor, Portland.

E. S. Morse.

H. B. Brown.

83

Out-door Sketch, Campton, N. H.

"

H. B. Brown.

84

Palette Knife Sketch.

"

H. B. Brown.

85

American Bittern; Pastel from Still

Life.

Mrs. Osgood.

Mrs. G. P. Osgood.

86

Woodcock from Still Life.

"

Mrs. G. P. Osgood.

87

Water Color, Autumn Leaf and Maid-

enhair.

Miss L.H.Cleveland

88

Water Color, Autumn Leaves.

Miss L. H.Cleveland

89

Lake Lucerne.

Helen Philbrick.

90

Autumn Scene.

Helen Philbrick.

91

Water Color.

Eliza Philbrick.

92

Sketch in Oil.

Chas. T. Jenkins.

G.W.Alston Jenkins

93

Clytie, Charcoal.

Miss Caller.

Miss Ida Caller.

94

Copy from Photograph, Charcoal.

"

Miss Ida Caller.

95

Head — original.

"

Miss Ida Caller.

96

Child's Head, Charcoal.

"

Miss Ida Caller.

97

Eastern Beauty, Charcoal.

a

Miss Ida Caller.

98

Fruit Piece.

Mrs. Metcalf.

Mrs. E. S. Metcalf.

99

Lamb bound for Slaughter.

"

Mrs. E. S. Metcalf.

100

Italian Doves.

«

Mrs. E. S. Metcalf.

101

La Cucitrice.

"

Mrs. E. S. Metcalf.

102

Landscape.

Mrs. J. S. Cabot.

Gifford.

103

Portrait of Danish Prince, Copy.

k<

MissM. E.Williams

104

Grapes.

it

Mrs. R. H. Lathrop.

105

Table Top.

Mrs. Kemble.

Mrs. E. T. Kemble.

106

Table Top.

"

Mrs. E. T. Kemble.

107

Table Top.

It

Mrs. E. T. Kemble.

108

Tile.

lt

Mrs. E. T. Kemble.

109

Tile.

"

Mrs. E. T. Kemble.

110

Derby Mansion.

E. S. Morse.

E. S. Morse.

111

The Lookout.

41

E. S. Morse.

112

Norman's Woe near Gloucester, Mass.
Scene of the Wreck of the Hes-

perus.*

Mrs. Kindler.

Mrs. A. M. Kindler.

113

Study of Cattle.*

"

Mrs. A. M. Kindler.

114

Eastei'n Point.

"

Mrs. A. M. Kindler.

115

Marine View.*

"

Mrs. A. M. Kindler.

116

Full Military Record of Gen. U. S.
Grant executed on the Principle of
Reynold's Escutcheon of Military

Service.

J. P. Reynolds.

R. L. Brown.

117

Military Record.

"

R. L. Brown.

118

Military Record.

"

R. L. Brown.

119

Shadow Dance.

Miss Caller.

Miss Ida Caller.

120

Terrier*

u

Miss Alice Caller.

121

Pen and Ink Composition.

George Flint.

George M. White.

122

Peace.

John Robinson.

123

Pond Lilies.

u

Miss Mary A. Clark.

124

House Seven Gables.

tl

George M. White.

60

No.

Contributor.

Artist.

125

Copy of Portrait of Raphael (pur-

chased at Florence).

A. J. Archer.

126

Castle of St. Angelo.

Elijah W. Upton.

Abel Nichols.

127

Fancy Head.

"

Joseph Ames.

128

Landscape, Head Waters of the Saco

River.

(i

Champney.

129

Off Cape Race.

W. D. Northend.

S.'G. W. Benjamin.

130

Fairy Tales.

"

Miss H. F. Osborne.

131

Dominican Nun.

"

T. T. Spear.

132

Sherwood Oaks; English "Water Color

Chromo.

John Robinson.

133

Bridge at Bassee.

N. Wopes.

Dufresne.

134

John Brown.

A. G. Browne.

T. S. Noble.

135

Crayon from Model.

Mr. Whitney.

Charles F. Whitney.

136

The Winnower.

Miss Johnson.

Miss Kate Johnson.

137

Fuchsia on Rice Paper.

Miss M. E. Briggs.

Miss Kate Johnson.

138

Painted Cup.

Miss Johnson.

J\liss Kate Johnson.

139

Wistaria.

"

Miss Kate Johnson.

140

Sketch.

M. G. Wheatland.

Gay.

141

Water Color.

a

L. E. Merrill.

142

Water Color.

"

Rebecca Munroe.

143

View on the Hudson.

k

Miss Forrester.

144

Portland Harbor from Cushing's Isl-

and.

u

Miss E. Gardner.

145

Motto in Water Colors.

Mr. Dodge.

William B. Dodge.

146

Violets.

Miss Johnson.

Miss Kate Johnson.

147

Water Color.

Miss Quimby.

Miss A. M. Quimby.

148

Charcoal Sketch near Readville.

Miss Smith.

Miss S. E. Smith.

149

Copy from an Oil Painting.

«

Miss S. E. Smith.

150

The Monk, after Hunt.

"

Miss S. E. Smith.

151

Pine Grove, Blue Hill.

it

Miss S. E. Smith.

152

Copy of Head by Hunt.

"

Miss S. E. Smith.

153

Italian Boy.

Miss S. E. Smith.

154

Oak Bluff, Water Color.

Miss Kimball.

Miss S. S. Kimball.

155

Bird and Nest.

"

Miss S. S. Kimball.

156

Medallion; Europe; photograph.

Geo. R. Chapman.

157

Medallion; Asia; photograph.

"

158

Medallion; Africa; photograph.

«

159

Medallion; America; photograph.

<(

160

Sunset.

E. S. Atwood.

Loemons.

161

The Mountain Brook.

"

162

Cape Elizabeth.

Mrs. F. H. Lee.

Miss M. T. Hersey.

163

Lucrece.

O. P. Lord.

Goodman.

164

Artists' Reunion.

'<

Hamman.

165

Socrates instructing Alcibiades.

a

Schopin.

166

Lily, charcoal copy.

Miss Peirson.

Pupil of S. E. Smith.

167

Hand from a cast.

"

S. E. Smith.

168

Grapes from cast.

Miss Osgood.

" Miss Williams.

169

Japan Lily, Charcoal.

Miss Smith.

Miss S. E. Smith.

170

Currants.

T. F. Hunt.

George M.White.

171

Autumn.

"

George M. White.

172

Early Morning at Sea.

K

S. G. W. Benjamin.

173

Path in the Woods.

<(

J. J. Enneking.

174

Fruit.

<(

Italian.

175

Gorge near Stowe, Vt.

(1

George M. White.

176

Wild Cattle, Engraving.

W. D. Northend.

Land seer.

177

Panel; Apple Blossom.

Miss Caller.

Miss Alice Caller.

178

Panel; Lilac.

<«

Miss A. Caller.

179

Panel; Wild Rose.

»«

Miss A. Caller.

180

Panel; Violets.

n

Miss A. Caller.

181

Panel; Golden Rod.

a

Miss A. Caller.

182

Blue Gentian, Water Color.

Miss H. Putnam.

Miss H. G. Carlton.

183

Thistle Piece,* " "

Miss Grant.

Miss C. L. Grant.

184

Table Top. Pen and Ink.

Mrs. Davis.

Mrs. H. H. Davis.

185

Panel.

Mrs. G. Z. Silsbee.

Miss Silsbee.

186

Panel.

i<

Miss Silsbee.

61

No.

Contributor.

Artist.

187

Nath'l Hawthorne at age of 36.

R. C. Manning.

Charles Osgood.

188

Portrait.

"

E. L. Custer.

189

Afternoon on L.Wallansee, Switzer'd.

"

E. L. Custer.

190

1Q1

Cascade, Franconia.

Fruit.

Study, Landscape.

<<
a

S. P. Hodgdon.

192

tt

E. L. Custer.

193

Horse, Pencil Drawing.

Benj. Henderson.

194

Portland Light.

E. C. Bolles.

H. B. Browne.

195

Flower Piece.

A. E. Whitroore.

196

Flower Piece.

A. E. Whitmore.

197

Sketch in Conway.

C. H. Weston.

George Newcomb.

198

A Study.

Miss K. Brooks.

Miss Kitty Brooks.

199

View in South Salem.

Miss K. Pierson.

Miss C. C. Lawrence.

200

Seven Pen Sketches.

Miss Saltonstall.

201

Portrait, painted 1790.

Gardner Barton.

202

Head of a Horse, after Landseer.

Mrs. Merritt.

Mrs. E. S. Merritt.

203

Roman Boy (copy after W. M. Hunt).

Miss Smith.

Miss S. E. Smith.

204

Italian Boy, a study from life.

u

Miss S. E. Smith.

205

Motto, Water Color.

a

Miss Dunning.

206

Baby (copy after W. M. Hunt).

"

Miss Smith.

207

Rainbow Creek, Florida (copy after

Hunt).

tt

Miss S.E.Smith.

208

Pansies.

u

Miss S. E. Smith.

209

Red Rose.

Miss S. E. Smith.

210

Flower Panel.

Miss S.E. Smith.

211

Flower Panel.

Miss S.E.Smith.

212

Flower Panel.

Miss S. E. Smith.

213

Flower Panel.

Miss S. E. Smith.

214

Fruit,

S. E. C. Oliver.

215

Ship Rock.

C. Cooke.

George M. White.

216

Study.

'«

George M. White.

217

White Mountains.

J. A. Gillis.

Geriy.

218

Winter Landscape.

MissH.H. Silsbee.

Miss E. Gardner.

219

Engraving, Sistine Madonna.

B. H. Silsbee.

220

Engraving, The descent from the

Cross.

u

221

Engraving, St. Michael 6laying the

Dragon.

((

222

Engraving. Christ bearing the Cross.

u

223

Valley of the Pemigewasset.

11

S. L. Gerry.

224

Copy of Madonna by Murillo.

"

225

Engraving, Marriage of St. Catherine.

"

226

Ferns, etc.

Lucy E. Merrill.

227

Water Color, Cat o> Nine Tail.

Helen F. Ayres.

228

Pink Spiraea, Hardhack.

Helen F. Ayres.

229

Water Color, Flower piece.

Ellen Bobbins.

230

Flower Piece.

Ellen Robbins.

231

Convolvulus.

Ellen Robbins.

232

Gladioli.

Ellen Robbins.

233

Winter Scene.

M. Macpherson.

234

Landscape.

M. Macpherson.

235

Loon.

M. Macpherson.

236

Echo Lake.

J. W. Averill.

237

Gioup of Cattle.

J. W. Averill.

238

Fruit Piece.

I. Fellows.

Miss S. E. Fellows.

239

Landscape.*

Miss Perkins.

Miss Annie Perkins.

240

Water Color.*

Miss Annie Perkins.

241

Water Color.

I. Fellows.

Miss S. E. Fellows.

242

Ezekiel.

Mrs. Nourse.

243

Joel.

*«

244
245

Spanish Lady. .
Panel in Oil.

it
E. W. Upton.

Miss J. A. Stetson.

246

Shylock and Jessica.

»

Ames.

247

Feeding Chickens.

Miss H. F. Osborne.

248

Panel, Pansies.

Miss H. F. Osborne.

62

Ko.

Contributor.

Artist.

249

Poet's Dream.

C. A. Ropes.

Alex. Vion.

2.00

Canadian Winter.

'•

Creighoff.

251

Kitchen and chicken.

"

Couterier.

252

Dessert.

"

X. L. Marsh.

253

The Dumb Donkey.

"

Lalaisse.

254

The First Ride.

<<

Lalaisse.

255

Madonna.

u

Shraeder.

256

The Transfiguration.

"

S. B. Waugh.

257

Resignation.

a

Unknown.

258

Eastern Point.

"

Lane.

259

English Inn.

"

D. F. Notermay.

260

Barn Yard.

it

261

Sir Galahad's Guest, from Tennyson's

"Holy Grail."

Miss Osborne.

Miss H. F. Osborne.

262

Portrait of Daniel Webster, a relievo

in marble.*

Mr. Chandler.

G. L. Chandler.

263

Portrait of Washington.

Mr. Southward.

George Southward.

264

Marine View.

»'

George Southward.

265

George Washington.

E. W. Upton.

J. Ames.

266

Fruit Piece.

Miss Pratt.

Miss Pratt.

267

Fruit Piece.

ii

Miss Pratt.

268

Rev. Dr. Cutler's Barn, Hamilton, Ms.

F. Lamson.

H. S. Fiske.

269

View Belknap,.N. H.

"

H. S. Fiske.

270

Lamson's Bridge, Topsfield.

"

C. C. Marcy.

271

Cymbeline, Water Color.

W. H. Foster.

H. L. Burchmore.

272

Interior.

"

Unknown.

273

Interior.

"

Unknown.

274

Fruit Piece.

Miss Saltonstall.

John Sutton.

275

Lynntield Pond.

"

R. D. Wilkie.

276

Copy and Design, Breast-plate and

War Mantle. Minerva.

Miss Carlton.

Miss H. E. Carlton.

277

Flowers from Nature.

D. B. Hagar.

Miss H. E. Carlton.

278

Table Top, Roman Mosaic.

Mrs. J. O. Saiford.

279

Fancy Carved Ink Stand.

Willie Safford.

280

Marine View.

Mrs. John N. Mott.

Dr. Rnggles.

281

Roses.

"

Miss Sindbcrg.

282

Venice, Moonlight.

"

283

Venice, Moonlight.

c<

2S4

Water Fall.

Mrs. G. H. Wood.

Griggs.

285

Early Autumn.*

Mrs. Kindler.

Mrs. Kindler.

286

A Sibyl; copy from Guercino.

Mrs. J. II. Silsbee.

287

Rabbits, copy.

Miss Grant.

Miss Lydia Grant.

288

Lion, copy, charcoal.

Miss Pickering.

Miss Pickering.

289

Azalia and Vase.

"

Miss Pickering.

290

Cupid from Cast, charcoal.

Miss Brown.

Miss Alice Brown.

291

Winter Scene, copy.

Miss Nichols.

C. F. A. Nichols.

292

Flowers, copy.

"

C. F. A. Nichols.

293

Spools, from object.

Miss Oliver.

Miss Lizzie Oliver.

294

Venetian Scene.

J. M. Caller.

Defaux.

295

Church and Piazza of St. Peter's at

Rome.

Miss Williams.

Moretti.

296

View on the Tiber near Rome.

Geo. R. Emmerton.

J. M. Emmerton.

297

Monastery in Gottenberg.

J. M. Caller.

Deiaux.

298

Artist's Brook, North Conway.

Daniel Low.

George Newcomb.

299

Panel.

Mrs. F.C. Butman.

Miss Butman.

300

Apple Blossom.

"

Miss Butman.

301

Original painting of Cleopatra, by

Guido.

Miss E. Gardner.

Guido.

302

Terrier Study.

Miss Agge.

Miss A. Agge.

303

Abd El Kadir, from Bronze.

"

Miss Asrge.

30 1

Contentment, water color.

Miss Brown.

C. P. Brown.

305

The Little Foxes.

W. D. Northend.

Carter.

30fi

Autumn Leaves.

Miss Allen.

Miss Allen.

307

Naugus Head.

Prof. A. S.Packard

Mrs. Hyatt.

308

Portraits.

J Peirce.

Charles Osgood.

309

Water Color.

Miss A. M. Quimby.

63

No.

Contributor.

Artist.

310

Photograph of bust of Wendell Phil-

lips.

A. G. Brown.

311

Water color, Roses.

Pupil of S. E. Smith.

312

Painting1, Rose.

Pupil of S. E. Smith.

313

Sepia Tree Study.

Pupil of S. E. Smith.

314

Head of an Armenian Priest.

Miss M.E. Williams.

315

Head of a Pilgrim.

Miss M.E.Williams.

316

Copy of picture in Boston Athenaeum.

Miss M. E.Williams.

317

Picture wrought on silk with chenille

and floss.

Mrs. F. C.Butman.

Lucy Ropes, 1819.

318

Glace Portraits.

J.W.&J.S.Moulton.

319

Albumen Portraits.

J.W.&J.S.Moulton.

320

Albumen Portraits.

J.W.&J.S.Moulton.

321

Spring Flowers.

Mrs. E. Putnam.

Miss E. Gardner.

322

Portrait.

Alfred Peabody.

Mrs. Way land Hoyt.

323

Portrait.

"

Mrs. Wayland Hoyt.

324

Intervale at North Conway.

Miss Gardner.

Miss E. Gardner.

325

Winter's Farewell. This is for sale
for the benefit of the Salem Hos-

pital.*

"

Miss E. Gardner.

32G

Island of Pico.

A. II. Johnson.

G. W. S. Benjamin.

327

English Channel.

[<

G. W. S. Benjamin.

328

Apple Blossoms.

J. M. Caller.

Miss Alice Caller.

329

Roses.

"

Miss Alice Caller.

330

Charcoal Sketches.

"

Miss Ida Caller.

331

Prayer in the Desert.

C. A. Ropes.

Pupil of Vernet.

332

Portrait, Cromwell.

A. G. Brown.

333

Landscape.

C. II. Higbee.

E. Burrill, jr.

334

Flowers.

Miss Gardner.

Mrs. Gardner.

335

Cattle.

W. P. Upham.

0. W. H. Upham.

336

Landscape.

Geo. Newcomb.

Geo. Newcomb.

337

Water Color.

Miss M. Allen.

Miss M. Allen.

338

Landscape.

H. Kilburn.

H. Kilbnrn.

339

Landscape.

"

H. Kilburn.

340

M. Angelo; engraving.

C. H. Higbee.

Pictures marked thus* were for sale. The exhibition was continued from Thursday,
March 11, to Friday evening, March 19.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 22, 1875.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President in
the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.

Mr. J. H. Stevens delivered an interesting lecture upon
a subject with which he has become pretty thoroughly ac-
quainted by long and patient study.

He commenced by stating that he should treat experimen-

64

tally the applications of galvanic electricity to a few of the
arts of every day life. Electricity, he said, is one of the
more newly developed of the wonderful and beautiful forces
that nature offers with a lavish hand, and in this great awak-
ening on scientific subjects, the efforts to invade the pen-
etralia of her domain have been amply rewarded by the
glorious revelations she has vouchsafed of the operations
carried on in the mysterious depths of her aerial and subter-
ranean laboratories.

Electricity, though long known, has always been, and is
now, very imperfectly understood. It is true it can be lib-
erated from its elemental prison house, measured and sent
laden with intelligence to the uttermost parts of the earth in
a moment of time, but should the question be raised, "What
is electricity?" the lecturer said that he for one should have
to say, he did not know. It is simply known that it is one
of the most powerful of the natural forces, but the intensity
which can carry it, upon a free conductor, entirely around
the circumference of the earth four times in one second is
utterly beyond comprehension.

It is customary to speak of it as a fluid, and talk of a cur-
rent of electricity flowing through a wire. But that cannot
be, for certainly a fluid and a solid cannot occupy the same
space at the same time. However, that is a convenient way
of speaking, and to call it a current also hides our ignorance
on the subject. As one of the natural forces it is of very
vital importance in every day life. It pervades all things.
The air we breathe is vitalized by its presence. The food
we eat is rendered palatable and nutritious by its power. It
attends the rising and the setting of the sun, and the midday
solar heat causes a surging of vast electric and magnetic
forces, which exert a powerful influence in the great economy
of nature.

The methods of developing electricity in considerable

65

quantities for practical use are abundant. As the time
for experiments was necessarily short, the lecturer pro-
ceeded at once with them. He took, at first, one of the
simplest methods of developing a galvanic current. He
said this is done most effectually by subjecting to an acid
solution two metals of an entirely opposite nature, one of
which shall be most easily oxidized by the acid, and the
other not oxidized at all. The easily oxidized or positive
metal is commercial zinc ; the other or negative metal is
pure platinum, the most refractory and valuable of metals
to the chemist and the electrician. If the two metals
were alike, they would be acted upon equally, thus offer-
ing no inducement for a transfer of force from one to the
other, and consequently no electrical action.

The lecturer then placed the metals in a glass of water,
slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid. The zinc plate
was amalgamated with mercury, so that no local action
should take place until the condition required for a trans-
fer of the tension or electro motive force from one plate
to the other was fulfilled. That condition is to place a
metallic connection from one plate to the other, outside of
the solution, as a conductor for the current to travel upon.
This was done with a piece of copper wire. The current
then was flowing rapidly along the wire, from the platinum
to the zinc plate. Through the solution it was flowing
from the zinc to the platinum. The water was decom-
posing, the oxygen evolving at the zinc plate and the
hydrogen at the platinum. The sulphur attacking the
zinc was precipitated in the form of crystallized sulphate
of zinc.

The wire conductor may be one inch long or one thou-
sand miles long, and the electric force will be felt equally
along its whole length, the strength of battery being
equal to the resistance of the wire. Now to utilize this

6Q

current of electricity for a motive power, it must be con-
verted into magnetism, which is easily done by wrapping
insulated copper wire, in many turns, around soft iron of
any convenient shape.

One of the many practical uses of the electric current
he explained by the use of apparatus which was put up
in a circuit about the hall. It represented a circuit of
street gas-lights, such as have been in use in Ward Three
in this city since last fall, and though the winter has been
an unusually severe one, they have proved themselves
equal to it, and have worked with perfect success through
the severest storms. The apparatus consisted substan-
tially of an electro magnet, an armature, ratchet wheel
and pawl. Two wires led from the battery at the cen-
tral station to the first light in the circuit, and thence to
each one in its turn. When a current was sent out on the
lighting wire, the magnet was charged, the armature of
which actuates the pawl and ratchet wheel, thus opening
the cock to let on the gas, at the same time, by an inter-
ruption of the current at the tip, lighting the gas. At
the expiration of the half second of time which it takes
to turn on and light the gas, the current was sent forward,
by the action of a cam and spring, to the next light, and
so on to the end of the circuit. A reversal of the switch
at head quarters sent out a current on the other wire,
which by a similar operation turned off the gas at the rate
of four burners in one second.

After explaining the apparatus very fully and minutely,
in its capacity as a burglar alarm, etc., the lecturer passed
on to the consideration of some other branches of electri-
cal science. The subject of ocean telegraphy was taken
up and treated as fully as the time would permit, by the
use of actual working apparatus and diagrams.

After speaking of the importance of international tele-

67

graphic communication, in a political and commercial
light, the lecturer introduced some very delicate receiving
apparatus, to show the great difference between ocean
and land telegraphy. He explained that instead of the
noise, glare of light, clicking and bustle of an ordinary
telegraph office, the cable office was silent and dark, to
enable the watchful operator to detect the slight deflection
of the tiny pencil of light which was to impart to him
the intelligence which had flashed along under a thousand
watery leagues from a distant part of the world. After
explaining the reversing key and the different methods of
working cables, by reversal and change of potential, the
lecturer explained by diagrams some of the methods of
locating a fault or a break a hundred or a thousand miles
away from the shore, down deep upon the bottom of the
ocean ; also how a steamer would go almost directly over
the spot, find, take up and repair the fault. Several
specimens of cables were exhibited.

A very sensitive tangent galvanometer with a small
reflector within its coils was arranged to receive a small
ray of light coming from a lamp, through a small hole in
the side of a box. On the back of the reflector was fas-
tened a very small magnetic needle, which was deflected
to the right or left in obedience to the positive or negative
current sent through the wire by the reversing key at the
sending station. The ray of light from the darkened box
falling upon the reflector through a convex lens, was re-
flected upon a screen at the top of the box.

A positive current through the galvanometer would
throw the little spot of light to the right of zero on the
screen. A negative current would throw it to the left,
thus producing the combination, which to the practised
eye formed the letters of the alphabet.

The lecturer then gave an illustration of the very deli-
cate and difficult process of finding a break or fault in the

6$

cable in mid-ocean. For instance, a very slight abrasion
occurs in the insulation of the conductor at some point in
the ocean. It is just sufficient to allow enough of the
current to escape to prevent intelligent communication.
The test is made by disconnecting both ends of the cable
from all apparatus. A test battery and sensitive galva-
nometer are then applied to one end, and the resistance in
ohms of that portion is obtained, which is the resistance
of the conductor to the fault, plus the resistance of the
fault itself to the earth. Then the same process is re-
peated from the other end.

The resistance of the fault itself must be eliminated
from both tests, and as it will be the same in both cases,
the process will be as follows :

To the known resistance of the whole cable add the
obtained resistance of one test, deduct from that the ob-
tained resistance of the other test, divide that result by
two and you have the resistance of the conductor in the
first test from the office to the fault, in ohms, which is
easily reduced to miles and fractions of a mile.

The chart then gives its locality in the ocean. A
steamer then goes as near to the spot as possible and
drags for the cable until it is fished up. By cutting the
cable it is easily ascertained which side of the steamer
the fault lies.

The cable is then picked up by machinery and passed
along across the deck as the steamer proceeds. By pass-
ing it through a tank of water connected by very delicate
test apparatus to the sea, the fault announces itself the
moment it reaches the tank of water on deck. It is then
cut out. Communication is established with both sides
of the ocean, the cable is joined, the insulation is com-
pleted, and it is dropped down into its bed of infusoria,
to throb again with those mysterious international im-
pulses.

69

The finding of a break in the cable is similar in some
respects, he said, to the process just described.

The lecturer then explained by diagrams the duplex or
double transmission system, where two messages are sent
at the same time in opposite directions upon the same
wire without interference.

The lecture was closed by a series of brilliant experi-
ments in electro-magnetism, the electric light, the defla-
gration of metals by the electric current, and the explosion
of electric torpedoes.

Kegular Meeting, Monday, April 5, 1875.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Kecords of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From George H.Allen, Boston, March 2,22; Samuel L. Boardman, Augusta,
Me., March 17; John M. Bradbury, Ipswich, March lj Waldo Higginson, Boston,
March 2; Frank M. Caryl, Franklin, N. J., March 22; A. P. Mayer, Hoboken, N. J.,
March 1; George B. Gavett, Boston, March 10; Rufus King, New York, March 24;
C. F. Maynard, Newtonville, March 5; Thomas E. Proctor, Boston, March 4; R.
Ridgway, Washington, D. C, March 21, 29; Smith & Co., Woburn, April 1; Bristol
Naturalist Society, Feb. 28; Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society, Jan. ;
Rhode Island Historical Society, March 9; Buffalo Historical Society, March 24;
Iowa State Historical Society, March 30; Maryland Historical Society, March 26;
New York Historical Society, March 26; Wein, K. Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Mun 9, 16; Worcester, Public Library, March 24.

The Librarian reported the following additions to the

library : —

By Donation.

Kelley, James H. Essex Register for 1828, 1829. 1 vol. folio.
Mackenzie, S. S., of Topsfleld. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 15.
Mass. Horticultural, Society. Transactions of. 1874, pt ii.
Mercantile Library Association op San Francisco. Twenty-Second
Annual Report. 1874.

70

Mercantile Library Company of Phila. Fifty-Second Annual Report.
Jan., 1875.

Office of the Chief of Engineers. Report in reference to the Canal to con-
nect the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal with the City of Baltimore, by Col. J. J.
Abert. 1838. 4to pamph. Preliminary Report upon Invertebrate Fossils collected
by the Expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, by C. A. White. 8vo. 1874. Progress Re-
port upon Geographical and Geological Explorations and Surveys west of the
100th meridian.

Perry, W. S., of Geneva, N. Y. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25.

Phippen, Geo. D. Josephus. 1 vol. 4to. Scientific American, 18G2. 2 vols,
folio. History of Provencan Poetry. 1 vol. 8vo. Life of A. Lincoln in German.
1 vol. 8vo. Mechanics' Magazine. 4 vols. 8vo. Harmer's Observations. 4 vols.
8vo. Lisle's Husbandry, 1757. 1 vol. 8vo. Greek and English Dictionary. 1 vol.
8vo. Kempton's History. 4 vols. 8vo. Antiquities of Rome. 1 vol. 8vo. The
Modern Jesuits. 1 vol. 8vo. American Atlas. 1 vol. folio. Log Books, 4. Mis-
cellaneous pamphlets, 150.

U. S. Naval, Observatory. Washington Astronomical and Meteorological
Observations, 1872. 1 vol. 4to.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Jan. 26, Feb. 2, 9, March 9, 16, 1875.

Woodman, Cyrus, of Cambridge, Mass.' Buxton Centennial, 1772-1872. By J.
M. Marshall. 1 vol. 8vo.

By Exchange.

St. Louis Academy of Science. Transactions. Vol. iii. No. ii. 8vo. 1875.

American Geographical Society. Journal. Vol. iv, 1872. 1 vol. 8vo.

Bristol Naturalist Society. Proceedings of. Vol. i, pt. 1. New Series.
1874. 8vo.

Geological Survey of Canada. Report of Progress for 1873-4. 8vo.

N. E. Historic-Genealogical Society. Register for April, 1875.

New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. Genealogical and
Biographical Record. April, 1875.

Peabody Institute, Peabody, Mass. Twenty-Second Annual Report of the
Trustees.

Phila. Academy of Natural Sciences. Proceedings. Pt. iii, Oct., Nov.,
Dec, 1874.

Publishers. American Journal of Education. American Naturalist. Forest
and Stream. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette.
Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript.
Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. Salem Post.

Among the donations announced were a collection of
glass ware made at the works of, and donated by, the
Boston and Sandwich Glass Company, through Mr. John
C. Lee, of Salem, illustrative of glass manufacture.

Horace Brown, Oliver D. Way and Daniel C. Man-
ning, of Salem, and George W. Grader, of Marblehead,
were elected resident members.

71

Rev. E. C. Bolles presented to the Institute about
seventy-five examples of East Indian and Japanese paper,
the former obtained in London through the kindness of
M. C. Cooke, Esq., and the latter derived from exchange
with the Agricultural Department at Washington. After
speaking of the ancient paper made by expanding sec-
tions of the cellular tissues of plants, as the papyrus of
the Egyptians and the rice paper of the Chinese, Mr.
Bolles called attention to the fact that the Japanese paper
exhibited to the Institute was made from the bark of the
Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyri/ era) , the same sub-
stance which, beaten out without pulping, forms the
Tappa cloth of the Sandwich Islanders. One remarkable
thing about the series of paper presented was its range
of texture and weight ; as the examples exhibited the
most delicate and beautiful tracing paper, the coarsest
"board," and most of the intermediate grades. Many
specimens, especially those used for book-binding and
box-covering, were profusely and artistically ornamented
in color. A very fine and gauzy paper was shown as the
goldsmiths' substitute for cotton. Perhaps the most curi-
ous was the vegetable leather, not to be distinguished in
weight, color or flexibility from the best morocco for
binders' use. A description of the manufacture of this
may be found in the "Journal of the Franklin Institute"
for January, 1875.

The East Indian paper was manufactured from a greater
variety of substances. Some from Cashmere was from
waste silk and examples from Berar from bamboo. A
very delicate, highly colored and tough paper was the
"kite paper" of Oude. Accompanying this series were
the bark of Broussonetia papyrifera and Daphne canna-
bina, with the pulps made from both.

It is understood that these series are only in commence-

72

ment of a cabinet illustrating paper-making of all coun-
tries and ages, to which the Institute solicits contribu-
tions.

Mr. Bolles, when in England, procured a large number
of specimens of vegetable fibres, which have been hand-
somely mounted, and will be properly arranged for ex-
hibition, in the new department of Technology, which has
been organized by the Institute, and which cannot fail to
prove both interesting and instructive. He also obtained,
through the courtesy of M. C. Cooke, Esq., a variety of
models in clay, showing the different classes of workmen
engaged in the various processes of paper manufacture as
practised in India. Specimens of each were shown to
the audience.

Mr. F. W. Putnam called attention to the fact that
very similar materials (the inner bark of trees, leaves of
rushes, etc.), described by Mr. Bolles as used by the
ancient races of the East for the manufacture of paper,
were also used by the prehistoric races of this country for
the purpose of making garments, as proved by the speci-
mens which he had exhibited at a former meeting.

BU L L E T I N

OF THE

ESSEX! IITSTITTJTE.

Vol. 7. Salem, Mass., May, 1875. No. 5.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.

SYNONYMY, DESCRIPTION, HISTORY, DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS OF
THE PRAIRIE HARE (LEPUS CAMPESTRIS).

By Dr. Elliott Cotjes, U. S. A.

Synonymy.

Lepus virginianus var.1, Harl., Fn. Amer. 1825,310 (based entirely on the "Vary-
ing Hare of Lewis and Clark," infra ; description from these authors).

Lepus virginiavus ["Harl."], Rich., F. B. A. i, 1829, 224 (Saskatchewan; N. to
55°. Not of Harlan, op. cit. 196, which is L. amer icanus).— Maxim., Reise, i, 1839,
508.

Lepus campestris, BACH., J. A. N. S. P. vii, pt. ii, 1837, 319; viii, pt. i, 1839, 80 (in
white pelage). Waterh.,N.H. Mamm.ii, 1848, 127. Gieb., Saugeth. 1855, 449. Bd.,
M. N. A. 1857, 585. Newb., P. R. R. Rep. vi, 1857, 63 (upper California and Oregon).
Coop, and Suckl., N. H. W. T. 1800, pp. 104, 131 (Columbia to the Missouri). Hatd.,
Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. xii, 1862, 148 (upper Missouri). Maxim, Arch. f. Naturg. xviii,
1862, ; Verz. N.-A. Saug. 1862, 193. Allen, Bull. Ess. Inst, vi, 1874, pp. 52, 58, 61,
66 (Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming and Utah). Ames, Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci.
1874, 70 (Minnesota).

Lepus townsendii', Bach., J. A. N. S. P. viii, pt. 1, 1839, 98, pi. 2 (Columbia R., in
summer pelage). Towns., Narr. 1839, 325. Aud. and Bach., Q. N. A. i, 1849, 25, pi.
3. Stev., U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1870, 462 (Wyoming).

Varying Hare, Lewis and Clark, ii, 179 (earliest identifiable account). Harl.,
op. et I. c. (Not of authors generally.)

Prairie Hare of the Fur Traders. Rich., op. et I. c.

Jackass Babbit, Vtjlg., in the regions it inhabits.

Essex Inst. Bulletin. vii 6

74

Description {from various specimens collected by the writer in July and
August, in Montana, lat. 49°).

With the general form of the other large, long-limbed, great-eared
hares of the west. Ears, measured from extreme base- decidedly
longer than head from nose to occiput. Tail vertebrae about as long
as ears from their extreme base — longer than height of ear above its
notch. Hind foot rather longer than ears or tail, about twice as long
as fore foot from the wrist. Tail with its hairs louger than ear or
foot. Width of ear, pressed flat, about one-half its height. Soles
and palms densely hairy throughout, the pads reaching to the ends of
the nails. Whiskers as long as the head, some black, others white.
A few black bristles over the eyes, the lower series constituting true
eyelashes. Edges of the eyelids naked. Muzzle completely clothed.
Ears softly and closely furry both sides, excepting the deeper portions
of the concavity, and with a long thin hairy fringe on the anterior
folded over edge. General pelage extremely long, loose and fluffy.

General color of the upper parts pale dull yellowish gray, greatly
predominating over a dusky brown with which it is mingled. The
bases of the hairs are plumbeous-white, to which succeeds a dusky
interval, the yellowish gray furnishing the tip. This predominant
tone is pretty uniform, but there is an obscurely darker median dorsal
area; while back of the ears, on the sides, hips, buttocks, and in fact
all around the general dorsal area, the color lightens, by extinction
of the dusky, into a pale plumbeous gray, with a faint yellowish gray
tinge. The throat baud is of this latter character, and so are the
outer surfaces of the limbs for some distance. Toward the extremi-
ties, however, the limbs become more decidedly yellowish brown,
slightly toned with dusky. The feet-pads are dirty brown, as if soiled
by continued contact with the ground. The under side of the head,
and, indeed, all the under parts excepting the throat band, are pure
cottony white. The tail is pure white, too — a strong character of
the species — the dark dorsal area which obtains in its allies being
wholly wanting, or merely indicated by a slight plumbeous line, pro-
longed part way down the top of the tail. The crown of the head
agrees with the upper parts in general, but owing to the closeness of
the fur, the pattern is finer, and the darker annulations of the hairs
gives a heavy ground upon which the yellowish tips of the hairs are
more sharply displayed. This darker coronal area is enclosed be-
tween light trausocular stripes, not well defined, but still showing
plainly by contrast. The eyelids themselves are white. The extreme
muzzle and the cheeks for a short distance, are light buffy brown, or
pale lawn color, well contrasted against the pure white of the chin.

75

The ears are strongly particolored. The back of the ear is snow-
white to within about an inch of the tip, where it is abruptly black.
The very edge of the posterior border of the ear is snow white at
base, but generally tinged with tawny in the rest of its extent. The
broadly folded over anterior border of the ear, and the furriest part
of the inside of the car opposite are like the crown of the head, but
the pattern is still finer. The anterior edge of the ear gives a deli-
cate fawn-colored stripe all the way along, supplemented by a pure
white fringe of longer hairs. The tip of the ear in front is black like
the back, but this black tipping is of less extent than it is behind.
The shortest pilous hairs of the concavity of the ear are white, tend-
ing to pale fawn color towards the end of the ear. Sometimes that
portion of the concavity of the ear which is not covered by the fold
of the anterior border shows a quite blackish area, only less conspicu-
ous than the black tip.

The sexes of this species are not distinguished by any constant
color-marks, nor have I been able to satisfy myself that there are
any other than the purely sexual external characters, though the
male may average rather the larger, longer-limbed and greater-eared.
Nor are the young, from the time they are a few weeks old, materi-
ally different from the adults. The very young rabbits, however,
have distinguishing color-marks. The dark portions of the hairs are
extensive and intense ; while the fur is so remarkably long, loose and
straggling that this dark color is more apparent than it is in the
adults. There are also some curious special head markings. The
most conspicuous of these is a small pure white spot, exactly on the
middle of the crown ; which is usually accompanied by a white eye
stripe, a white patch in front of the eyes, and white on the side of the
nose. These markings are diffuse and irregular, but still quite notice-
able ; and the coronal spot persists usually until the animal is well
grown. The foot-pads are white or whitish until they become grad-
ually discolored by contact with the ground. The incisors are white.
On comparing very young animals with individuals of the same size
of the cotton tail of the region (the latter must be a week or so older
to attain corresponding dimensions) the differences are very obvious.
The larger species already displays the longer limbed and seemingly
"looser-jointed" characteristics of its kind, in comparison with the
close-set, chubby form of the smaller rabbit ; the fur is very notably
longer, looser and fluffier, without the smoothness and gloss of that
of the other species ; while the coloration is entirely mixed blackish
and yellowish gray, without any of the rich ruddy tints of the limbs,
breast and nape, which appear from the first in the smaller species.
The black tips of the ears and their fawn colored margins are also
characteristic.

76

Winter pelage. White, more or less mixed with gray underneath,
and with rusty markings, especially on the legs and ears. The species
probably never becomes entirely pure white, like L. glacialis.

MEASUREMENTS.

From tip of nose to

Tail to end of

Length of

Arm to end
of claws.

Knee to end
of claws.

Height of ear

Number.

Eye.

Ear.

Occip.

Tail.

Verteb.

Hairs.

Fore ft.

Hiodft.

above notch.

41341

2.40

4.00

4.50

19.00

4.50

6.50

2.75

6.00

7.00

10.00

4.30

42002

2.20

3.50

4.50

19.00

4.50

7.00

2.75

5.75

7.50

10.75

5.00

42693

2.25

4.C0

4.50

18.00

5.00

7.00

2.75

5.75

7.25

11.00

4.00

The written history of this species, though somewThat
involved, may be fully elucidated. As in the cases of
so many of our western animals, we owe our first recog-
nizable account of this species to Lewis and Clark,
whose description, though not entirely correct, is per-
fectly recognizable as belonging here. In 1825, Dr.
Harlan copied their accounts in substance, querying the
animal as a variety of his L. virginianus (the L. ameri-
canus of authors). In 1829, Sir John Richardson gave
an accurate description, as far as his slight material went,
supplemented with the account of Lewis and Clark, and
from his whole article it is evident he had this species
in view, although he miscalled it L. virginianus, sup-
posing it to be the same as Harlan's animal, which it is
not. The Prince Maximilian repeated Richardson's mis-
take of nomenclature ; his account is otherwise accurate
and unmistakable. In 1837, Dr. Bachman described it

1 A fresh male specimen from near Milk River, July 5,1874. Testes elongate,
loosely pendulous, inguinal. Ear above occiput, 5.50. Eye grayish yellow. Hu-
merus, 4.00. Femur, 5.00.

2 A fresh female specimen from near Milk River, July 10, 1874. Ear above head,
C.O0; width, pressed flat, 3.00.

3 A fresh female specimen from Three Buttes, Montana, Aug., 9, 1874. Ear
above head, 5.00; width, 2.25.

77

in winter dress as L. campestris, the first tenable specific
name. Shortly afterward, receiving it in summer dress,
and being assured that it was not a "varying" hare, he
redescribed it as L. toivnsendii. His subsequent suspi-
cion, that his two names applied to the same animal in
different vestures, as strongly expressed in the later work
above quoted, has been amply verified. Since the recti-
fied collation of synonymy by Prof. Baird in 1857, we
find this well marked, abundant and widely distributed
species noticed at greater or less length, and under its
proper name, by nearly all the naturalists who have visited
the northwestern or western territories, and reported the
result of their observations. It may now be considered
as a well known and thoroughly established species.

Its geographical distribution may be given with an un-
doubted close approximation to accuracy of detail. In
British America, according to our chief if not only au-
thority, Sir John Richardson, it has been traced north to
55° ; "it is a common animal on the plains through which
the north and south branches of the Saskatchewan flow,
and which extend as far eastward as the Winepegoosis
and southern extremity of Winepeg Lake." Along the
northern border of the United States I have myself ob-
served it from the beginning of the great plains just west
of the Red River of the north, in eastern Dakota, to the
base of the Rocky Mountains. It was most abundant in
the region of the Upper Missouri and Milk River ; but I
have traced it in southeastern Dakota almost to the Iowa
border. According to my observations it is the only
jackass rabbit of Dakota and Montana. In Kansas, Mr.
Allen states, "a few were seen in summer on the plains
north of Fort Hays, and in winter from the western bor-
der of the state as far east as Bunker Hill Station." In
this region they are associated with L.'ccdlotis. In Colo-

78

rado, the same author mentions that the species occurs in
the parks, another species being there characteristic of
the timbered mountainous region. Mr. Allen also found
it "more or less common everywhere" in southwestern
T\ryorning, and extremely abundant in certain localities.
To conclude with this gentleman's observations, he fur-
thermore noted its common presence in the valley of the
Salt Lake, Utah, where, as in Kansas, it is associated
with L. callotis. So far as we have gone, we now see that
the animal inhabits the prairie region of more than the
northern half of the United States, from the eastern limit
of the great plains westward. Our advices from west of
the Rocky Mountains are equally explicit. Dr. Suckley
reports it from the Blue Mountains of Oregon, and Mr.
George Gibbs states that it is common on the plains of
the Columbia east of the Cascades. In California, Dr.
Newberry has indicated the limit of the range, at the
point where the species is replaced by the ordinary "jack-
ass" of that state, L. calif ornicus. "The Prairie or
Townsend's Hare is unknown in the valleys of California,
though we found it a short distance south of the parallel
of 42°, so that it may be said to inhabit that state. In
the upper part of the Sacramento Valley, and even in the
hills northeast of Fort Reading, we found the 'jackass
rabbit' (X. californicus) everywhere abundant, the only
hare, in the common acceptation of the term, known to
exist there — L. artemisice, audubonii and trowbridgii
being all called rabbits. Crossing the 'divide' between
Lassen's butte, and coming down into the interior or Kla-
math basin, on the upper branches of Pitt River, we lost
sight of the Californian species, to see no more of it till
our return south months afterward. In its place another
species * * * began to be occasionally seen, at first
very rarely, afterwards oftener, as we approached the

79

Columbia, but never anywhere, in the region we visited,
becoming so abundant as the Californian hare in some
parts of its habitat. I saw the first individual of this
species on the shores of Wright Lake." From this the
limit of southward extension in California would seem to
be more restricted than it is in the regions farther east.
We have nothing to show that it occurs on the immediate
Pacific slopes, and it probably does not. Nor did I ever
ascertain its presence in New Mexico or Arizona, where
L. callotis is found.

This, then, is the characteristic hare of the great plains
— towards its southern limit associated with L. callotis
and L. calif bmicus , and on its mountainous confines
meeting with the hare of the timber of those regions —
but throughout vastly the greater portion of its range
occupying the territory as the only representative of the
several great hares of the west, all of which are known,
wherever found, as "jackass rabbits," to distinguish them
from the small species of the L. sylvaticus type. It is
further notable as the only one of the very large long-
limbed and great-eared group which, like L. americanus,
regularly turns white in winter. The change probably
occurs, in most cases, throughout the range of the species ;
in northern parts it appears to be universal ; and, in fact,
the only advices we have that it does not change are from
Kansas, where, Mr. Allen states, that about half the spec-
imens he secured in December and January retained their
summer colors. There may, however, be some localities
where the change is the exception rather than the rule.
But even in the most northerly portions of its range, the
change does not appear to be complete. There remains
much bluish-gray about the roots of the hairs, and brown,
rusty or yellowish tinges in places. The pale brown or
fawn colored borders of the ears, and the similar colors

80

of the limbs towards their extremities, appear to be al-
ways retained. This is much as in L. americanus. The
periods of the change are April and November.

In noting the habitat of the Prairie Hare, we must
exclude from its range those portions which are wooded.
Emphatically an animal of the plains, it never, so far as
I have observed, enters timber, though ranging up to the
very edge of the woods. Thus, we find it in the under-
brush, sometimes quite heavy, of the river bottoms of
the larger water courses in the west, but not in the woods
that immediately fringe the rivers. It remains with us
as we approach the timbered foot-hills of the Rocky
Mountains, but we lose it in half a day's journey as we
fairly enter the timber belt. It is as characteristic of the
great sage barrens of the west as the sage cock itself; and
in the more favored, grassy regions it is equally abundant.
I have found it also in vast alkaline deserts I have trav-
ersed, and in those scarcely less forbidding tracts where
a scanty herbage struggles with patches of prickly pear,
mile after mile. In the more desolated regions, the only
associate of its kind is the sage rabbit ; near most of the
water courses it will be found that the timber contains
another ally, the common cottontail ; but out on the
broad rolling prairie, peculiarly its home, it flourishes
almost alone.

Nor is the prairie hare in the least gregarious. I have
never seen nor heard of several together, and indeed it
is rare to find even two together, at any season whatever.
It is one of the most solitary animals with which I have
become acquainted. As we measure the weary miles of
a day's march, a hare springs almost from beneath our
feet, and another and another appears in succession, but
always separated and independent of each other. I have
never found any kind of locality even, which, presenting

81

special attractions, might invite many hares together.
All places are alike to them; the oldest frontiersman,
probably, could never guess with any degree of certainty
where the next hare to bound off before him would appear.
If it have any preference, however, it is for "weedy"
tracts of which the sage brush regions furnish the best
examples ; there it finds shelter which the low, crisp,
grass of rolling prairie does not afford, and also doubtless
secures a greater variety of food. Like many other ani-
mals of the great plains, it appears independent of water ;
but we must judge this to be only an appearance.

In the regions where I have studied this hare, the
female brings forth in June and early July — oftener the
latter — and apparently only one litter is produced each
season. The number of young is five or six, as a rule.
The form is simply constructed, without burrowing, in
the grass beneath some low, thick bush or tuft of weeds.
The young are said to suckle and follow the mother for
a month or more. They are agile little creatures, even
when only a week or two old, and it is only when very
young that they can be caught by hand. In travelling
along the Milk River (where the species was abundant),
early in July, I had several little ones brought to me, and
some I kept for a time in a box. They had been stum-
bled upon as the}r dodged about in the grass, disturbed
from their nest by the passage of our party. Though
only five or six inches long, they had all the motions and
attitudes characteristic of the parents, and made shift to
run about quite cleverly. They could not eat, but some
of them could be coaxed to lick a little milk. Their ap-
pearance, even at this early age, was unmistakable; the
differences between them and young sage rabbits of the
same size are elsewhere given. By the end of July we
happened upon no prairie hares still so young as to be

82

taken in hand, though the third or half grown ones used
often to stray about our camps, affording great amusement
in the attempts instantly made by "all hands" to catch
them.

I have not been eye-witness of the peculiar habits
which doubtless mark the rutting period in this as in other
species of the genus, having only been in the regions they
inhabit later in the season. The period is over, I think,
before June. Males taken during that month and the
next are generally poor ; the sexual organs are very ap-
parent, as two long, linear masses in the inguinal region.
After the care of the young, in July and August, the
females are found much emaciated ; and in fact, at no
time during the summer, are these hares in good condi-
tion for the table. At other seasons the reverse may be
considered the case by those who, unlike myself, are fond
of rabbit-meat, the flesh, when in proper condition, being
light colored, tender and not unpalatable. During the
summer both sexes are terribly infested by a kind of tick,
which fastens anywhere upon the body, but particularly
about the ears, where I have found them almost in clus-
ters. This tick appeared to me so different from any of
those I had noticed on other rabbits, that I supposed it
to be a new species, which I lately named Ixodes leporis-
campestris ("Amer. Sportsm.," vol. iv, No. 22, Aug. 29,
1874). I regret that when I had the opportunity I did
not make the necessary dissections, to see whether, like
others of the genus, this species commonly harbors intes-
tinal parasites. A tape- worm, Tcenia pectinata Goeze
(Diesing, Syst. Helminth, i, 498), is very frequent in
Lepus aquaticus.

According to my experience, this hare is not much es-
teemed, either for its food or for its fur, by the whites of
the region it inhabits, and it is accordingly not often an

83

object of pursuit. I have not known it to be trapped ;
the few I have seen killed, besides those I secured my-
self, were shot wantonly, to test skill with the rifle, or
decide a trivial wager. In the country of buffalo, elk
and antelope, such small game is little heeded, and its
pursuit made an object of ridicule. It is not so easy,
however, to shoot the animal, except by skilful marks-
manship with the rifle ; so timorous is it, that when
startled it rarely stops within range of a shot-gun ; while
its always unexpected appearance, and the great bounds
it gives as it makes off, render it a difficult mark, not-
withstanding its size. Mr. Townsend has described a
mode of netting it in numbers, pursued by Indians.
"Some one or two hundred Indians, men, women and
children, collect, and enclose a large space with a slight
net about five feet wide, made of hemp ; the net is kept
in a vertical position by pointed sticks attached to it and
driven into the ground. These sticks are placed about
five or six feet apart, and at each one an Indian is sta-
tioned, with a short club in his hand. After these arrange-
ments are completed, a large number of Indians enter the
circle and beat the bushes in every direction. The fright-
ened hares dart off toward the net, and in attempting to
pass are knocked on the head and secured. Mr. Pam-
brun, the superintendent of Fort Wallawalla, from whom
I obtained this account, says that he has often participated
in this sport with the Indians, and has known several hun-
dred to be thus taken in a day. When captured alive
they do not scream like the common gray rabbit (L. syl-
vaticus) ."

The extraordinary agility of this animal, which would
be inferred from inspection of its lithe yet muscular and
free-limbed shape, has always attracted attention. Lewis
and Clark speak of its leaping eighteen to twenty-one

84

feet, and doubtless this is no exaggeration. Yet this is a
matter shared by the allied species, and I do not think
that the present surpasses L. callotis for example, in this
respect. The two animals have always seemed to me alike
in their powers of running and leaping. It is difficult
to give one who has not seen the animals alive an idea
of their singular appearance when at full speed, and the
ground they get over in a few seconds is the more re-
markable, considering the force they waste in unnecessary
height of the leaps. The first sign one has usually of a
hare which has squatted low in hopes of concealment, till
its fears force it to fly, is a great bound into the air, with
lengthened body and erect ears. The instant it touches
the ground, it is up again, with a peculiar springy jerk,
more like the rebounding of an elastic ball than the result
of muscular exertion. It does not come fairly down, and
gather itself for the next spring, but seems to hold its legs
stiffly extended, to touch only its toes, and rebound by
the force of its impact. The action is strikingly sugges-
tive of the "bucking" of a mule, an affair with which
people in the west are only too familiar. With a succes-
sion of these high jerky leaps the animal makes off gener-
ally in a straight course ; there is nothing of the dodging
and scuttling about that marks the running of the smaller
rabbits. As it gains on its pursuers, and its fears subside,
the springs grow weaker, just as a flat stone "skipped" on
the water diminishes in length of the rebounds, and finally
the animal squats in its tracks on its haunches with a jerk,
to look and listen. If perfectly reassured, it may then
lope on with easy steps, till it is out of sight, or it may
squat low and disappear by folding back its ears behind
some bunch of weeds. The ears, by the way, are curi-
ously the most conspicuous part of the whole animal ; few
hares are seen, I fancy, as long as they keep those great

85

organs folded flat. But more than likely, on its first halt,
the hare's natural timidity will not permit it either to squat
to steal quietly away. On the contrary it sits erect on
its haunches, intent to discover new alarm. The attitude
at such times is highly characteristic. One fore foot is
advanced a little before the other, and the ears are held
pointing in opposite directions. A hare in such an atti-
tude as this is always upon the watch, and the slightest
stimulation of its fears at such time is enough to start it
on its bounding course. It is a beautiful exhibition of
timid watchfulness.

I have never seen this hare stand erect with its fore
paws off the ground, as some of its smaller relatives are
wont to do, and I doubt that it ever assumes this attitude
except perhaps momentarily. The position above de-
scribed, and the ordinary squatting in its form, are the
only motionless attitudes I have observed. On the few
occasions when I have seen it feeding quietly, unsuspicious
of clanger, it moved about with alternate lengthening and
doubling of the body, like that of the common rabbit
under similar circumstances.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 19, 1875.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair.

W. P. Upham was elected secretary, pro tern. Records
of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From N. J. Bartlett, Boston, Apr. 9; W. H. Whitmore, Boston, Apr. 9, 17; Dr.
J. Plason, Wien, Nov. 20, 1874; Daniel A. Rogers, Chicago, 111., Apr. 9; Brunu,

Natuvfovsctaende Verein, Nov., 1874; Minnesota Historical Society, Apr. 3, 9; New
Bedford Free Public Librar/, Apr. 2; Quebec Literary and Historical Society,
Apr. 9; Smithsonian Institution, Dec. 30, 1874, Apr. 3; Vermont State Library,
Apr. 10; Yale College, Corporation of, April 14.

The Librarian reported the following additions to the
library : —

By Donation.

Cole, C. J. Registers and Programmes of the State Normal School in Salem,
from 1856-1S75. 73 pamphlets.

Huntingto.v, A. L. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 6 vols. 8vo. Collection of the
American Statistical Association, Vol. i, 1 vol. Svo. Water Power of Maine. 1 vol.
8vo. Patent Office Reports, 1851, 1855, 1857, 1S58, 1859. 5 vols. 8vo. Agriculture of
Mass., by C. L. Flint. 3 vols. 8vo. Debates in Mass. Convention, 1853. 3 vols. 8vo.
Message and Documents, 1852-3. 2 vols. 8vo. 1855-6. 1 vol. 8vo. History of the
Reed Family. 1 vol. 8vo. Commerce and Navigation, 1850. 1 vol. 8vo. History
of Lowell. 1 vol. 8vo. Grasca Minora. 1 vol. 8vo.

Kimball, James. Cape Ann Advertiser, Dec. 18, 1874, Feb. 12, 19, 26, March 5,
12, 19, 26, Apr. 2,'1875.

Merritt, L. F. Essex County Mercury, Mch. 31, Apr. 7, 14, 1875. Salem City
Documents, 1874. 1 vol. 8vo.

TWINING, T., of Twickenham, England. Technical Training, by donor. 1 vol.
8vo. London, 1874.

U. S. Board of Education. Report of the Commissioner, 1873. 1 vol. Svo.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette for March, 1875.

By Exchange.

American Antiquarian Society. Proceedings of the, No. 63, 1874. Svo.

Canadian Institute. Canadian Journal, Vol. xiv, No. iv, March, 1875. Svo.

Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin. Sitzuugs-berichte,
Jalng, 1874. 1 vol. Svo.

Naturforschender Verein, Brunn, Austria. Verhandlungen, Bd., xii. Heft
1,11,1873. 8vo.

Naturiiistorische Verein der preussischen Rheinlande, und West-
phalens, Bonn. Verhandlungen, Jahrg, xxx, III Folge, x Bd. 1873. Jahrg
xxxi, iv Folge, I Bd., 1874. Svo.

Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft "lsis" in Dresden. Sitzuugs-
berichte, jahrg, 1874. Apr. -Sept. Svo.

Verein der Freunde der Naturgeschichte in Meklenburg Neubrand-
ENBURG. Archiv xxviii, Jahrg, 1874. 1 vol. Svo.

Vermont Historical Society. Registration Reports, 1871, 1872. 2 vols. Svo.
Vermont Legislative Documents, Vols. 1, 2, 4, 1S74. 3 vols. 8vo. Laws of Ver-
mont, 1874. 1 vol. Svo. Vermont Legislative Directory, 1874-5. 1 vol. 12m o.
Records of the Governor and Council of the State of Vermont. Vol. II 1779-1782.
1 vol. Svo. Transaction of the Vermont Dairyman's Associatiou, 1S73-4. Svo.
pamph.

Publishers. Forest and Stream. Hardwicke's Science-Gossip. Haverhill
Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Trans-
cript. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer. Salem Post.

87

Arthur L. Huntington, of Salem, was elected a resi-
dent member.

Voted, That a committee be appointed to prepare a
list of officers for the year ensuing, and to report a
printed ballot at the annual meeting, May 12.

The chair appointed Messrs. James Kimball, E. C.
Bolles, and W. Neilson.

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 3, 1875.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. President in
the chair. W. P. Upham was appointed secretary jpro
tern. Records read.

Arthur W. Foote, Albert H. Smith and John Mangan,
all of Salem, were duly elected resident members.

Adjourned.

Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 12, 1875.

Annual meeting this day at 3 p. m. The President
in the chair. George M. Whipple was appointed sec-
retary pro tern. Records read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From C. A. Cutter, Boston, Apr. 29; J. C. Holmes, Detroit, Mich., April 22; B.
Quaritch, London, April 22; J. L. Sibley, Cambridge, April 11; W. W. Weildon,
Concord, May 1; Bergen, The Museum, Jan. 11; Berlin, Die Gesellschaft Natur-
forschender Freunde, Feb. 10; Buffalo Historical Society, May 7; Minnesota His-
torical Society, April 20, May 6; Nassauischen Vereins fur Maturkunde, Sept. 1;
New England Historic Genealogical Society, May 5; Worcester Lyceum and Nat-
ural History Association, May 6.

88

The Librarian reported the following additions to the
library : —

By Donation.

Abbott, A. A. Salem Gazette, Jan. 28, 1794 to Nov. 3, 1795, Jan. 3, 1797-Dec. 29,
1797. Essex Register, Jan. 11, 1809 (No. 8).

Bolles. E. C. Ladies' Repository. 2 vols. 8vo. Paley's Theology. 1 vol. 8vo.
Titles of Jesus. 1 vol 8vo. Ballou's Select Sermons. 1 vol. 8vo. Course of
Time, by Pollock. 1 vol. 8vo. Lacon. 1 vol. 8vo. Layman's Legacy. 1 vol. 8vo.
Practical Hints to Universalists. 1 vol. 8vo. Chris and Otho. 1 vol. 8vo. Pepy's
Diary. 3 vols.8vo. Louis xiv and Court of France. 1 vol. 8vo. Lectures on
Domestic Duties. 1 vol. 12mo. Universalist Magazine, 1821. 1 vol. folio. The
Holy Eucharist. 1 vol. 8vo. Bards of the Bible. 1 vol. 8vo. The Old and New.
1 vol. 8vo. Life and Character of A. Lincoln. 1 vol. 8vo. Ancient History by C.
Rollins. 8 vols. 12mo. History of Universalism. 1 vol. 12mo. Notes on the
Parables. 1 vol. 12mo. History of the Churches of New York. 1 vol. 12mo.
Doddridge on Religion. 1 vol. 12mo. Ballou Review. 1 vol. 12mo. Universalist
Hymn Book. 2 vol, 12mo. The Prophecies of Daniel. 1 vol. 12mo. Winchester
Dialogues. 1 vol. 12mo. Jordan's Review. 1 vol. 12mo. Review on Hall. 1 vol.
12m o. Law of Kindness. 1 vol. 12mo. Rayner's Lectures. 1 vol. 12mo. Pin-
gree's Debate. 1 vol. 12mo. History of the Waldenses. 1 vol. 12mo.

COLBY University. Charter of, with Acts and Resolves. 1875. Svo.

Goodell, A. C. Address before the Essex Institute, Oct. 5, 1874, at the Centen-
nial Anniversary of the Meeting of the Provincial Assembly in Salem, Oct. 5, 1774.
1 vol. Svo.

Hunt, T. F. Designs for Parsonage Houses, etc. 1 vol. 4to.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, Apr. 24, May 1, 1875.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Transactions of, Year 1874. Pt. II.

Packard, A. S., Jr. Boston Directory, 1847-8. 1 vol. Svo.

Perkins, Geo. A. Robinson Crusoe, by D. Defoe. 1 vol. 8vo. Siege of Cor-
inth. 1 vol. 18mo. Evelina, by Miss Burney. 1 vol. 18mo. Life of John Wicliff
and others, by W. Gilpin. 1 vol. 12mo. Life of T. Scott. 1 vol. 12mo. Bacon's
Novum Organum Scientiarum. 1 vol. 12mo. Grey's Hudibras. 2 vols. 8vo.
Moore's Zeluco. 2 vols. Svo. Modern Pilgrims, by Wood. 2 vols. Svo. Spirit of
Missions. 20 numbers. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 120.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Apr. 6, 13, 1875.

Whipple, Geo. M. Mass. Special Laws, Vols. 9, 10, 1849-59. 2 vols.

v By Exchange.

Archiv fur Anthropologie. Band vii, Heft. II, 1875.

Boston Public Library. Bulletin for April, 1875.

Bowdoin College. Seventy-third Annual Catalogue of. 1874-5. 8vo pamph.

Komgliche Bayerische Botanische Gesellschaft Regensburg. Flora,
1S74. 1 vol. Svo.

Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool. Proceedings of the.
Vol. xxviii, 1873-4.

New Jersey Historical Society. Proceedings of the. Vol. iv, 2d Series, No.
I. 1S75. 8vo.

Publishers. American Journal of Science. Forest and Stream. Gardener's
Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Law-
rence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Nation. Nature. Peabody
Press. Salem Observer. Salem Post. The Western. Turner's Public Spirit.
|"To be continued.

BU L L E T I N

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Vol. 7. Salem, Mass., June, 1875. No. 6.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.

Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 12, 1875.

[ Continued.]

The annual reports of the officers and curators were
read and accepted, and from them the accompanying

RETROSPECT OP THE YEAR

has been compiled, presenting in a concise form the work
of the Institute, in its various departments, since the
last annual meeting.

Members. — Changes occur in the list of our associates
by the addition of new names, and the withdrawal of
some by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity,
and by death. In this connection notices of five of the
resident and two of the corresponding members, who
have deceased during the year, are inserted.

Joseph Sebastian Cabot, died at his residence in Salem,
on Monday afternoon, June 29, 1874. He belonged to a

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. VII. . 7 (89)

90

family which has been prominent for a century and three-
quarters in the annals of Salem. He was born in Salem
October 8, 1796, and was the son of Joseph and Esther
Orne (Paine) Cabot, grandson of Joseph and Rebecca
(Orne) Cabot, great-grandson of Joseph and Elizabeth
(Higginson) Cabot, great-great-grandson of John and
Anna (Orne) Cabot. The last named ancestor, John
Cabot, came to Salem about the year 1702, from the Isle
of Jersey. After graduating from Harvard College, in
the class of 1815, he studied law for a while in the office
of Hon. Leverett Saltonstall, but did not pursue the
study long. In 1829 he became President of the Asiatic
Bank, and so continued until his death, with brief inter-
vals while he was Bank Commissioner and during two
visits to Europe. Mr. Cabot took a deep interest in the
organization of the Harmony Grove Cemetery Corpora-
tion in 1840, and was a Trustee and President until his
decease. He was also long a President of the Salem Sav-
ings Bank, and for many years on one of its most impor-
tant committees. For several years he was President of
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and was noted
for his enlightened interest in, and taste for, horticultural
and kindred pursuits. In 1843 and 1844 he served as an
Alderman of the city, and in 1845-6-7 and 8, he was the
Mayor of Salem, performing the duties with great effi-
ciency and success. Mr. Cabot was twice married ; first,
August 2, 1843, to Martha Laurens Stearns, of Wor-
cester, who died April 21, 1844; and secondly, March 3,
1852, to Susan Burley Howes (daughter of the late
Frederick Howes, Esq.), who survives him. The de-
ceased was a very companionable and courteous gentle-
man, and his financial skill was constantly at the service
of his fellow citizens.

Edivard Brooks Peirson, M. D.> one of our most

91

skilful surgeons and physicians, died suddenly at his resi-
dence on Wednesday evening, November 18, 1874. He
was a son of the late Dr. A. L. Peirson, likewise an emi-
nent surgeon and physician, who lost his life by the Nor-
walk calamity in 1853 ; and was born Jan. 22, 1820, in
this city. He received his early education in the Salem
schools, was a graduate of Harvard in the class of 1840,
studied his profession with his father and at the Harvard
Medical School, and soon entered upon a very large and
successful practice, particularly in surgery. For several
years he was President of the Essex South District Med-
ical Society, and was an earnest and active cooperator
in all our useful local institutions for the benefit of the
unfortunate. During the war he went to the southern
battle fields to attend a wounded brother, and there ac-
quired the seeds of a malarial disease from which he was
never wholly freed. His sudden death will leave a la-
mentable void in this community. Dr. Peirson was twice
married ; first, to Catharine Pickman, daughter of jNath'l
and Caroline (Sanders) Saltonstall (born May 18, 1823,
died June 25, 1852) ; secondly, to Ellen, daughter of
Justus and Hannah (Wood) Perry, of Keene, N. H.

Daniel Hopkins Mansfield, one of our old and effi-
cient shipmasters, died on Thursday evening, December
24, 1874, in his 74th year. He was for several years
previous to 1859, United States Consul at Zanzibar, and
in 1863, 1864, and 1865, was an Alderman of this city.
He joined the Salem Marine Society in 1849, and was
its treasurer from 1860. He was for a quarter of a cen-
tury or more a member of the First Baptist Church, and
was a gentleman of simple habits and great integrity of
character. He was son of Daniel Hopkins and Marcia
(Tucker) Mansfield, and was born at Salem, January 14,
1801.

92

William Archer. On New Year's morn we were pained
to hear the sudden decease of an associate which occurred
during the evening previous (Dec. 31, 1874), having
attended to his usual business that afternoon. He was a
son of William and Elizabeth (Daniels) Archer, and was
born at Salem July 27, 1816. After leaving the High
School he served an apprenticeship with the late Edmund
Currier, as a jeweller and silversmith, and subsequently
established himself in that business, which he continued
for several years in Beverly, Gloucester and Salem. In
the spring of 1852 he became associated with the late
Israel D. Shepard, as an auctioneer, and continued in that
occupation till his death, having built up a large business
as an auctioneer and real estate and insurance agent. He
was industrious, prompt, energetic and faithful, to the
interests confided to him. He was twice married ; first,
to Mary O., daughter of John H. and Lucy CTrafton)
Glover; she died 9th September, 1860, aged 44 years.
Secondly, June 19, 1862, to Mary J. Brown, of Charles-
town.

John Barlow, one of our esteemed citizens, died on
Monday afternoon, January 11th, 1875. He was the son
of Henry and Catherine (Armstrong) Barlow, and was
born in Shercock, Cavan County, Ireland, 10th July, 1813.
He came to Salem July 3, 1823, where he has since re-
sided. He engaged in the boot and shoe business, in
which he was successful, and from which he retired sev-
eral years since. He was an intelligent, thoughtful,
active and useful citizen; and from his early manhood,
had been associated with the military, the masonic and
other bodies.. He was an Alderman of the city in 1864
and 1865, and a Representative in the General Court in
1869 and 1870. He married Emeline C. Becket, daugh-
ter of Jonathan and Jane (Hylancl) Campbell Becket.

93

Jeffries Wyman, M. D., Professor of Anatomy in Har-
vard College, died from a sudden hemorrhage, at Bethle-
hem, N. H., Sept. 4, 1874, where he had gone to escape
the autumnal catarrh. He was the son of Dr. Rufus and
Ann (Morrill) Wyman, and was born at Chelmsford,
Mass., Aug. 11, 1814, graduated at Harvard in 1833,
and soon after commenced the study of medicine. In
1843 he accepted the chair of anatomy and physiology in
the Hampden-Sydney College, in Virginia. In 1847 he
was appointed to succeed Dr. Warren as the Hersey
Professor of Anatomy in Harvard. From 1856 to 1870
he was President of the Boston Society of Natural History.
On the foundation of the Museum of American Ethnology
and Archaeology at Cambridge, he was named one of the
seven trustees, and was at once requested by his fellow
members of the board to take charge of the museum as
its curator. The seven annual reports on the condition
and accessions to the new museum are evidences of what
he did in that direction. He also communicated to the
Natural History Society, the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences, and to various scientific journals, over one
hundred important papers, the results of anatomical and
anthropological studies. He married in December, 1850,
Adeline Wheelwright, who died in June, 1855, leaving
two daughters. He married secondly, in August, 1861,
Anna Williams Whitney, who died February, 1864, leav-
ing one son.

Nathaniel Bradstreet Shurtleff, M. D., died in Boston
(Dorchester District), October, 17, 1874. He was born
•in Boston June 20, 1810, and was the son of Dr. Benja-
min ShurtlefF, a veteran practitioner of eminence. After
his graduation at Cambridge in 1831, he commenced the
study of medicine, taking his degree in 1834. In early
life he was interested in anatomical studies, but latterly

94

his taste lay in other directions, especially in early New
England history. His numerous antiquarian and his-
torical works will cause him to be long remembered. He
was for many years one of the trustees of the Boston
Public Library, a member of the School Committee, and
for three years Mayor of the city. He was also member
of the Board of Overseers of Harvard College, and for a
long period the Secretary. A ceaseless activity character-
ized his whole life, and no man was more familiarly
known, or had connected himself with so many associa-
tions, either of a permanent or temporary purpose. In
July, 1836, he was married to Sarah Eliza, daughter of
Hiram Smith, of Boston.

Meetings. — During the summer and early autumn five
Field Meetings have been held. The first at Ipswich, on
Wednesday, June 3, 1874. At the afternoon session, in
the First Church, Prof. E. S. Morse, of Salem, spoke on
" the fertilization of flowers ;" Mr. F. W. Putnam gave
an account of the shell heaps at the Light House and at
Eagle Hill ; Rev. T. Morong an historical notice of the
Public Library the gift of Augustine Heard, Esq. Second,
at Topsfield, Thursday, June 18, 1874. The afternoon
session, in the Methodist Church, was attended by a goodly
number of the citizens. Rev. James H. Fitts of Tops-
field communicated a paper on " Robert B. Thomas, the
maker of the Farmer's Almanac;" Vice-president F. W.
Putnam gave an account of the fishes taken from Ipswich
River ; Charles J. Peabody gave a brief history of Tops-
field ; Dr. Jeremiah Spoflbrd of Groveland, B. P. Adams
of Topsfield, Richard Phillips, Samuel Todd and Charles
H. Holmes, offered remarks. Third, at West JVewbury,
Thursday, July 18, 1874. At the session, in the Second
Church, George D. Phippen of Salem, spoke on the flowers

95

that had been collected, and also on the unwelcome class
found in our gardens, kndwn as weeds ; Mr. John Rob-
inson spoke of the ferns ; Messrs. D. B. Hagar of the
State Normal School in Salem, Abner G. Phipps, agent
of the State Board of Education, J. Spofford of Grove-
land, Haydn Brown of West Newbury, Stephen M. Allen
of Boston, and W. H. H. Marsh of Salem, were among
the speakers. Fourth, at Rockport, Thursday August
6, 1874. Afternoon session in the Town Hall, Alfred
Osgood of Newburyport, F. W. Putnam of Salem, A. W.
Dodge of Hamilton, Albert H. Tuttle of the Ohio Agri-
cultural and Mechanical College, Columbus, Rev. A. B.
Hervey of Troy, N. Y., James Kimball of Salem, and
others, addressed the meeting. Fifth, at Manchester,
Friday October 2, 1874, by invitation of Mr. Lewis Tap-
pan and other citizens of that town ; the afternoon session
at the Town Hall ; among the speakers were F. W.
Putnam, E. S. Morse, John Robinson and Rev. E. C.
Bolles, all of Salem.

Evening Meetings have been held at the rooms, usually
on the first and third Monday evenings of each month.
At these meetings an increasing interest was manifested,
and several valuable communications were presented, ab-
stracts of which have been printed in the Bulletin, or
reserved for the Historical Collections. The follow-
ing may be specified : "A talk upon Art," by Charles C.
Perkins, of Boston ; " Observations among the various
Scientific Collections of London," by E. C. Bolles ; "A
List of Birds observed at various localities contiguous to
the Central Pacific Railroad, from Sacramento City, Cal.,
to Salt Lake City, Utah," by Robert Ridgway ; "Fishes
and Crayfishes from Mammoth Cave," by F. W. Putnam ;
"An account of the process in the manufacture of glass,"

by John Robinson; "On the Theory of Evolution," by
E. S. Morse ; "An account of the Archaeological Discov-
eries of the Hay den Expedition," by F. W. Putnam;
"Archaeological Researches in Kentucky," by F. W. Put-
nam ; " Comb Manufacturing," by Haydn Brown ; " On
the System of Visible Speech," by A. Graham Bell ;
" Ferns of Essex County," by John Robinson ; " On the
Fortifications and other enclosures made by the Indians
and the older races in North America," by F. W. Put-
nam; "Synonymy, description, history, distribution,
and habits of the Prairie Hare" (Lepus campeslris) , by
Elliott Coues ; "The applications of Galvanic Electricity
to a few of the arts of every day life," by J. H. Stevens ;
"On East Indian and Japanese Paper," by E. C. Bolles.
At the meeting on the 16th of November, 1874, a full
account was given of the examination of an Indian burial
place in Marblehead, and the finding of several skeletons
in situ by A. C. Goodell, Jr., W. P. Upham, E. S. At-
wood, C. Cooke, E. S. Morse, A. H. Johnson and E. C.
Bolles, who were present at the examination and excava-
tion. The centennial anniversary of the meeting of the
Provincial Congress at Salem, was duly observed at the
Rooms of the Institute, October 5, 1874, by an address
from Vice-president A. C. Goodell, Jr., and a social gatli-

Lectures and Concerts. — An interesting series of
eight lectures, concerts and entertainments were given
in Mechanic Hall. 1st, Monday, Nov. 9, James Steele
Mackaye, upon the "Philosophy of Dramatic Expres-
sion; 2d, Monday, Nov. 23, concert by the Boston
Swedish singers; 3d, Saturday, Dec. 5, concert by Theo-
dore Thomas, with his full orchestra of sixty performers;
4th, Monday, Dec. 14, Charles C. Perkins of Boston, on

97

"Art," illustrated by the calcium light; 5th, Monday,
Jan. 11, Rev. E. C. Bolles of Salem, "Rambles in
Europe," illustrated ; 6th, Monday, Jan. 25, Daniel
Dougherty, Esq., of Philadelphia, on "Oratory"; 7th,
Monday, Feb. 8, Rev. E. C. Bolles of Salem, "Rambles
in Europe," illustrated by means of the lantern ; 8th,
Monday, March 15, Prof. A. M. Mayer, of Stevens'
Institute, "Sound and how we hear," illustrated by fine
lantern pictures.

Also a supplementary course, which comprised a con-
cert by the Schumann Club of Boston, under the direc-
tion of Mr. Carlyle Petersilea, on Monday, May 3d ;
Select Readings by Prof. J. M. Churchill, of Andover;
and a Lecture by Rev. E. C. Bolles, of Salem, subject
"Rambles Abroad," are announced to be given soon.

In addition to the above, James Steele Mackaye, deliv-
ered a lecture, at the Rooms in Plummer Hall, Tuesday,
Nov. 24, on "The Life, Labors, and Peculiar Discoveries
of Francois Delsarte," and on Thursday, March 25, Mr.
E. Ingersoll, a lecture on "The Ancient Inhabitants, or
Cliff Dwellers of the Canons of the Colorado Valley."

Horticultural. — The operations of this department
have been successfully conducted during the past season.
Five exhibitions have been held, two devoted to the show
of special flowers, the others more general in their char-
acter. 1st, on Saturday evening, June 27 ; a beautiful
display ; Cereus nycticollis (variety of Night Blooming
Cereus) a native of Mexico ; Phyllocactus crenatus, and
several other species of cacti ; Cypripedium spectabile,
etc. 2d. Tuesday and Wednesday, June 30 and July 1,
the rose show. 3d, Tuesday, July 21, special; Clero-
dendron Balfouri ; Alamanda Scottii, etc. 4th, Wed-
nesday, July 29. 5th, the Annual, from Tuesday, Sept.

98

15, to Friday, Sept. 18, maintained the usual character
for a display of many choice and beautiful flowers and
fine fruit, vegetables, etc., though the decorations were
not so elaborate as in some previous seasons. The fol-
lowing prizes and gratuities were awarded: — Flovjers.
Cut flowers ; 1st, Charles A. Putnam, 2d, John Robinson,
3d, C. A. Beckford. Pot Plants ; 1st, David M. Balch,
2d, John Robinson. Stand of growing plants ; 1st, John
Robinson. Arranged Basket of Cut Flowers ; 1st, C.
H. Buxton. Collection of Gladioli ; 1st, Charles A. Put-
nam. Parlor Bouquet ; 1st, Mrs. Arthur Kemble. War-
dian Case ; 1st, John Robinson. Ferneries, circular ; 1st,
John Robinson. Fruit. — Collection of Pears ; 1st, Wm.
Maloon, 2d, Joseph A. Golclthwaite. Best single dish of
Bartletts ; T. Putnam Sytnonds. Best single dish of
Seckel ; T. Putnam Symonds. Best single dish of Duch-
ess de Angouleme ; Charles A. Ropes. Best single dish
of Louise Bonne ; R. G. Goss. Collection of Apples ; 1st,
C. A. Ropes, 2d, H. F. Skerry. Best single dish of Ap-
ples ; Henry Very. Collection of Peaches ; 1st, George
Bovvker, 2d, Charles M. Richardson. Best single dish of
Peaches ; F. Lamson. Best single dish of Rogers No. 4
and 15 ; H. F. Skerry. Best Hartford Prolific; T. Put-
nam Symonds. Best Creveling ; George Russell. Vege-
tables.— Best peck of Early Rose Potatoes ; E. C. Lar-
rabee. Best four Marrow Squashes ; Plummer Farm
School. Best four heads of Cauliflowers ; E. C. Larrabee.
Best five heads of Cabbages ; Plummer Farm School.
Best dish of Trophy Tomato ; W. F. Gardner. Best dish
of other varieties of Tomato ; E. C. Larrabee. Best five
Beets ; Plummer Farm School. Best peck of Onions ;
Plummer Farm School. Largest and best-shaped Squash ;
Plummer Farm School. Very large and fine Sweet Corn ;
S. D. Tilton.

99

Art Exhibition. — At the quarterly meeting in Feb-
ruary, it was mentioned that the Misses Mary E. and
Abby O. Williams of Salem, would be willing to deposit
in the Eooms of the Institute, temporarily, their valuable
collection of Paintings, many of which were copied by
them from the "old masters," during a residence of sev-
eral years in Rome. After some conversation, the subject
was referred to the Curators of the department of Art,
to make the necessary arrangements, and to tender to the
ladies the sincere thanks of the Institute for this liberal
proposal. The collection was received on Thursday,
March 4, and it was deemed expedient, with so fine a
basis, to have an Art Exhibition, and to solicit contribu-
tions to this end, though not without some slight misgiv-
ings of its success, and thus fulfilling a long cherished
desire of those connected with the Institute.

The Exhibition was opened Thursday, March 11, and
continued to Friday evening, March 19. The result was
a surprise to all parties interested. From the first day
that notice was given, pictures of all kinds were sent in
with the greatest liberality, until some three or four hun-
dred had been collected and hung upon the walls of the
exhibition room. They comprised oil paintings, water
colors, charcoal sketches, pen and ink drawings, and en-
gravings ; among them were works of decided merit.
The sides of the hall were almost entirely covered with
cloth of a maroon color, against which the pictures were
suspended. The alcoves, which seemed at first to pre-
sent some difficulties, were fitted up with frames, arranged
so as to produce indentations or recesses in the sides of
the hall, and gave an extremely pleasing effect. All
four sides of the room were completely covered with pic-
tures ; a long array of gas burners fitted with reflectors,
threw down upon them a brilliant light, so that the

100

entire effect of the scene was very cheerful, pleasant and
enlivening.

The whole number of pictures registered was three
hundred and forty ; a Catalogue of which was printed in
the April number of the Bulletin for the present year.

Library. — The additions by donations and exchange
during the year are as follows : —

Donations.

Folios, 31 Pamphlets and Serials, . . . 5,603

Quartos 37 Almanacs, ....... 77

Octavos, 457

Duodecimos, 168 Total, 5,680

Sexdecimos, 36 Total of bound volumes, . . 729

Total, 729 Total of Donations,

Exchanges.

Quartos, 1 Pamphlets and Serials, . . 835

Octavos, 141 Total of bound volumes, . . 145

Duodecimos, 3

— Total of Exchanges, ... 980

Total, 145 Total of Donations 6,409

Total,

Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 3,143
were pamphlets, and 3,295 serials.

The donations to the Library for the year have been
received from one hundred and three individuals and fif-
teen societies and departments of the General and State
Governments. The exchanges from seventy-five societies
and incorporate institutions, of which forty-six are for-
eign ; also from editors and publishers.

From the editors of the " American Naturalist " forty-
five serial publications.

101

Museum. — Many valuable specimens in natural his-
tory have been given during the year, and are on deposit
with the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science,
in accordance with previous arrangements. These have
been reported at our meetings, and have been duly ac-
knowledged to the several donors. In addition to the
above, several interesting specimens of an historical char-
acter have been deposited in the Rooms of the Institute,
and contribute very much of interest and value to the
antiquarian and historical portion of the Museum. A
Committee appointed for the purpose have rearranged the
collection of relics, and local antiquities in the eastern
ante-room, and by the efforts of Rev. E. C. Bolles and
others, several series of specimens in Technology have
been added.

Publications. — The Bulletin has been continued in
monthly numbers, giving full reports of the doings of the
Institute, and abstracts of papers read at the meetings.
The Historical Collections, Yol. xii, Nos. 3 and 4,
and Vol. xiii, No. 1, have been printed.

Financial. — The Treasurer's Report shows the fol-
lowing receipts and expenditures during the year. Addi-
tional means are requisite to perform, in a suitable man-
ner, the various duties which the members may reasonably
expect.

DEBITS.

General Account.

Athenaeum, Rent, etc., $350.00; Salaries, $745.00; Coal, $160.50, . , $1,255.50

Lectures, $116.55; Express, $43.32; Postage, $10.50, .... 170.37

Insurance, $50.00; Rosetta Stone, $16.00; Gas, $68.35, .... 134.35

Photographs, $35.84; Publications, $1,129.37, 1,165.21

Collecting, $5.00; Sundries, $23.38, 28.38

Historical.

Binding, $95.00; Books, $10.00 105.00

102

Natural History and Horticulture.
Horticultural Exhibitions, $90.43; Sundries, $5.89, .

CREDITS.

General Account.
Dividends Webster Bank, ....
Assessments, $1,278.00; Publications, $483.05,
Life Membership, $30.00; Sundries, $134.63,
Athenaeum, proportion of coal and janitor,
Cash at beginning of year, ....
Balance due Treasurer,

Historical.
Dividends Naumkeag Bank,

Natural History and Horticulture.
Dividends P. S. & P. R. R., $20.00; Lowell Bleachery, $64.00,
Horticultural Exhibitions,

Davis Fund.
Coupons Burlington and Missouri R. R., . .
Coupons Dixon, Peoria and Hannibal R. R.,

96.32

$2,955.13

30.00

1,761.05

164.63

155.25

182.68

89.58

22.00

84.00
85.94

240.00
140.00

$2,955.13

The receipts and expenditures on account of the recent
courses of lectures and entertainments, and the Art Ex-
hibition in March, which were severally placed in charge
of the curators of the department of the Arts, are not
included in the above statement ; the supplementary
course not having been concluded. The same will be
carried to the next year's account.

Mr. W. P. Upham read a new draft of the Constitu-
tion and By-laws, as prepared by the special Committee
appointed at the meeting held on the 16th of November
last. After discussion the further consideration was
deferred to the next quarterly meeting on the second
Wednesday of August.

103

The following Officers were then elected, until others
shall be chosen in their stead : —

President.
HENRY WHEATLAND.

Vice Presidents.

Of History — A. C. Goodell, Jr. Of Natural History— F. W. Putnam.
Of Horticulture— William Sutton. Of the Arts—D. B. Hagar.

Becording and Home Secretary.
Geo. M. Whipple.

Foreign Secretary.
A. S. Packard, Jr.

Treasurer.
Henry Wheatland.

Librarian.
William P. Upham.

Superintendent of the Museum.
T. E. Hunt.

Curators of Historical Department.
W. P. Upham, M. A. Stickney, James Kimball.

Curators of Natural History Department.
H. F. King, G. A. Perkins, William Neilson.

Curators of Horticultural Department.
T. F. Hunt, D. M. Balch, W. P. Andrews.

Curators of Department of the Arts.
C. H. Higbee, James A. Gillis, George M. Whipple.

Finance Committee.
John C. Lee, Jas. Upton, Geo. D. Phippen, Jas. 0. Safford.

104

Lecture Committee.

D. B. Hagar, George Perkins, William Northey, C. H. Higbee,

E. C. Bolles, A. H. Johnson.

Field Meeting Committee.
A. W. Dodge, E. N. Walton, N. A. Horton, Alfred Osgood.

Library Committee.
J. G. Waters, E. B. Willson, Geo. F. Flint.

Publication Committee.

A. C. Goodell, Jr., F. W. Putnam, R. S. Rantoul,
Henry M. Brooks, E. S. Atwood.

On motion of Mr. C. H. Higbee it was

Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be
tendered to the officers and members of the Schumann
Club, of Boston, for their valuable services gratuitously
rendered, at the concert given on the evening of May
3d, in the Supplementary Series of Lectures and Enter-
tainments.

James Silver Williams and Henry F. Perkins, both of
Salem, were elected resident members.

Adjourned.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX! INSTITUTE.

Vol. 7. Salem, Mass., July, 1875. No. 7.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.

Field Meeting at Hamilton, Thursday, June 3, 1875.

The first field meeting of the season was held at the
Chebacco House, in Hamilton, this day. There is much
that is enjoyable about the woods and ponds in the vicin-
ity of the hotel, and the place is thereby very popular as
an objective point for parties during the summer months.
It is also a favorite resort for the zoologists and the bota-
nists, as the finding of many of our animals and plants,
some of exceeding interest, are frequent rewards of a
half day's tramp. The members of the Institute are,
therefore, always pleased in the selection of this place
for one of their field days.

The Proprietors of the House, the Messrs. Whipple,
are always courteous and very assiduous in their efforts
to promote the objects of these meetings, and to con-
tribute to the comfort of the members and friends in
attendance.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. vii. 8 (105;

106

The forenoon was devoted to the usual rambles in
search of objects of interest, as the inclination of each
dictated, and many fine specimens were found. At one
o'clock lunch was' partaken in the woods near the house.

At 2.30 p. m. the afternoon session was held in the
Hall of the Chebacco House. The President in the chair.

The records of preceding meeting were read.

Vice President F. W. Putnam gave an interesting ac-
count of his late visit to Newburyport for .the purpose of
examining some curious groups of stones recently found
by W. C. eJohnson, Esq., of that city, while prospecting
on his land,- about four miles from tlie city, near Parker
River. These stones were in a few instances of such sin-
gular arrangement as to lead to the supposition that they
possibly indicated something of archaeological importance.

Mr. Putnam mentioned that besides a row of piles of
stones, each about eight feet in diameter, there was found
a few hundred feet distant a singular arrangement of small
stones, in the form of the letter E, the length of the let-
ter being six feet, and the width about two feet. Near
this was a small circle of stones about four feet in diame-
ter, with a number of stones inside the circle. Near this
was a slight earth mound. In the immediate vicinity
were a number of small heaps of shells. These were the
surface indications ; and while there was undoubted evi-
dence of the stones having been placed in these positions
a long while ago, so that the soil and sod had nearly cov-
ered them, still there was nothing that indicated a great
antiquity.

Excavations were begun in the expectation of finding
that the stones had been placed as marks of sepulture,
but nothing except a small piece of Indian pottery was

107

brought to light. Finally the small earth mound was
opened, and the clay, burnt to some depth, showed that
a fire had been kept there for a long time. Pieces of the
old-fashioned square brick, fragments of green window
glass and lead sash, such as were imported by the first
settlers, were also found, showing that part, at least, of
the mound had been caused by some of the early settlers,
though there is no tradition of the land in question ever
having been settled upon or cleared for cultivation.

Thus, after a most careful consideration, the singular
arrangement of the stones remains a mystery. That any
white person should take the trouble to arrange the
stones, as found, seems improbable, while the absence of,
signs of burial under them, would indicate that if made
by the Indians, they were for the purpose of simply
marking the spot for some particular reason. Stone piles
of various shapes have been found in different parts of
the country, evidently the work of the Indians, and it
may be that these at Newburvport, which was a well
known resort of the Indians, were also their work, though
nothing definite could be obtained as to their origin.
Photographs of these heaps were exhibited.

Mr. Alfred Osgood of Newburyport, said that the
early white settlers sometimes used stones to mark their
fishing grounds, and suggested that these heaps might be
for that purpose.

Mr. Putnam wished publicly to thank Mr. Johnson for
his thoughtfulness in calling attention to these curious
piles of stones, as often very valuable relics are found by
a little care and research, from indications far less prom-
ising in appearance than those in question, though often,
as in the present case, an examination may prove them
to be unimportant.

108

Mr. Osgood gave an informal talk on the present aspect
of the mining lands and the presence of minerals in the
vicinity of Newburyport, and expressed himself rather
skeptical as to the richness and value of any of the de-
posits yet found. Without doubt valuable ore is there,
though whether it would pay to work the mines, expecting
a large yield, is questionable. He thought that no new
discoveries had been made favorable to such an opinion.

Mr. J. H. Stevens of Salem, being called upon, said
that the Institute was doing much to develop among the
people, and particularly the young people, a knowledge
of natural history. He then gave an interesting account
of the growth of the cane brakes (Arundinaria macro-
sperma) in the Southern States. Hundreds of miles of
country along the Mississippi bottoms are covered by
these brakes, some growing to the height of twenty-five
or thirty feet. When young and tender the leaves furnish
food for deer and other animals. He had often wandered,
rifle in hand, through that country, and felt the want of
the kind of knowledge that the Essex Institute and these
field meetings were disseminating in order to appreciate
the opportunities for the study of nature there presented.

He also spoke of the American Tulip Tree (Lirioden-
dron tulipifera), which grows luxuriantly in the same
vicinity, and when in bloom presents the appearance, as
seen from the high bluffs, of an immense flower garden
extending sometimes for miles.

Mr. Putnam said that in the Mammoth and several
other caves in Kentucky there were often found pieces
of canes, with one end burned, and it was supposed
that they had been filled with grease and used as torches
by some of the Indian race, who, to a certain extent,
used the caves for various purposes.

109

Miss L. H. Upton of Salem presented the following
list of plants found in bloom during the excursion :

LIST OF PLANTS FOUND IN FLOWER AT ESSEX,
June 3, 1875.

Anemone nemorosa L. Wind-flower.

Banunculus abortivus L. Small-flowered crowfoot.

Ranunculus acris L. Buttercups.

Coptis trifolia Salisb. Gold-thread.

Aquilegia Canadensis L. Columbine.

Sarracenia purpurea L. Pitcher-plant.

Viola lanceolata L. Lance-leaved white violet.

Viola blanda Willd. Sweet white violet.

Viola cucullata Ait. Blue violet.

Primus Pennsylvania L. Wild reel cherry.

Potentilla Canadensis L. Cinque-foil.

Fragaria Virgmiana Ehr. Wild strawberry.

Amelanchier Canadensis Torr. & Gray. June-berry.

Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild sarsaparilla.

Cornus Canadensis L. Dwarf cornel. Bunch-berry.

Oldenlandia coerulea. Houstonia.

Antennaria plantaginifolia Hook. Mouse-ear.

Taraxacum dens-leonis Desf. Dandelion.

Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum Lam. Dwarf blueberry.

Vaccinium corymbosum L. High blueberry.

Trientalis Americana Pursh. Star-flower.

Veronica serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved speedwell.

Bumex acetosella L. Sheep sorrel.

Ariscema triphyllum Torr. Indian turnip. Jack in the pulpit.

Corallorhiza innata R. Brown. Coral-root.

Cypripedium acaule Ait. Lady's slipper.

Sisyrinchium Bermudianum L. Blue-eyed grass.

Polygonatum biflorum Ell. Smaller Solomon's seal.

Smilacina racemosa Desf. Ealse spikenard.

Smilacina bifolia Ker. Wild lily of the valley.

Medeola Virginica L. Indian cucumber root.

After remarks from Dr. J. P. Fessenden, Eev. S. C.
Beane and Messrs. E. N. Walton and N. A. Horton of
Salem, and the adoption of a vote of thanks to the
Messrs. Whipple of the Chebacco House, for their kind-
ness in placing at the disposal of the Institute their house
and grounds for the day, the meeting adjourned.

110

Regular Meeting, Monday, June 21, 1875.

Kegular meeting this evening at the rooms. The Pres-
ident in the chair. Records read.

The President read extracts from the will of the late
Abby W. Ditmore of Salem bequeathing to the Institute
certain sums, subject to conditions which were stated.
As the full amount of the bequests was not to be paid at
present, the matter was laid over for action at a future
meeting.

• The President stated that a collection of documents,
papers, prints, etc., relating to the various centennial
celebrations of this period had been commenced, and
requested contributions from members and friends to
this object.

Mr. Charles H. Higbee stated that he had received
some very fine and valuable specimens of algas from Mrs.
A. L. Davis, Mrs. H. A. Cochran and Mrs. Bray of Glou-
cester, also from N. S. B. Herbert of Lynn, and that these
specimens would be placed in the Institute collection.
He desired thus publicly to thank these persons for their
kindness and attention.

J. H. Stevens; Philip H. Kimball and Miss Mary E.
Kinsman of Salem, and H. M. Cross of Newburyport,
were duly elected resident members.

The President alluded to the decease of one of our
associates, Charles Wentworth Upham, which took
place on Tuesday morning, June 15, 1875, and gave a
brief account of his connection with the Society and of
his strong interest in its objects. He spoke also of. his

Ill

early life and of his various literary labors, and of his in-
terest in the establishment of the State Normal Sehool
in Salem.

Gen. Henry K. Oliver of Salem made some very
appropriate remarks on the death of Mr. Upham, and in
conclusion offered the following resolutions for the con-
sideration of the meeting.

Whereas, it has pleased the Supreme Euler of events
to remove by death our honored and venerated associate
and fellow citizen, Charles Wentworth Upham, long
connected with the Essex Institute, and for half a cen-
tury identified with this community in many relations :

Resolved, That the members of the Institute, deeply
feeling the irreparable loss it has sustained, enroll his
name with unfeigned grief among the most eminent of its
past associates.

Resolved, That while we mourn the loss of so valued a
member of our society, and so justly esteemed a citizen,
our sorrow is tempered as we look back upon a life, so
true to all the purposes of life, and read the record of
the varied virtues and singular excellencies, which char-
acterized the whole career of our departed associate.

Resolved, That in his career as a faithful and earnest
minister of the Gospel, in his zealous labors as a citizen
for the best interests of our community, as a patriotic
officer in state and nation, as a successful laborer in the
fields of literature, biography and history, he has for
himself fully won the highest reputation, and conferred
increased distinction upon our ancient municipality.

Resolved, That as we review the long and inspiring
catalogue of the great and good men, who from its earli-
est clays have adorned and illustrated our historic city,
our just pride receives a new impulse, in adding to the
honored roll the name of one so fully entitled to receive
reverent admiration and honor, among the most highly
honored and revered.

112

Rev. E. C. Bolles moved the adoption of these reso-
lutions, and paid an eloquent tribute to the character and
memory of Mr. Upham.

Rev. E. S. Atwood heartily endorsed the resolutions
offered by Gen. Oliver. He spoke of his long and valued
intimacy with Mr. Upham, who had often expressed to
him his great interest in the various clergymen of the
city, without regard to sect or denomination ; also of his
valuable advice as to the best method of professional life ;
of his interest in the Institute and its objects ; of his ex-
tensive knowledge of books in the various departments of
literature ; of his quick intellect and cheerfulness of mind
to the end of life.

After further remarks from Messrs. C. H. Higbee and
A. C. Goodell, Jr., the resolutions were unanimously
adopted.

Rev. E. S. Atwood said that some more formal notice
should be taken of the death of so distinguished a mem-
ber of the Institute, and suggested that it might be well
to hold, at some future time in the rooms of the Society,
a memorial meeting, at which time a memoir of the de-
ceased should be read, and moved that a committee be
appointed to consider the subject. The motion was
adopted, and Messrs. E. S. Atwood, E. C. Bolles, H. K.
Oliver, A. C. Goodell, Jr., and F. W. Putnam were ap-
pointed as the Committee.

Adjourned.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ZESSEX: IITSTITTJTE.

Vol. 7. Salem, Mass., August, 1875. No. 8.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.

Field Meeting at Byfield, Thuesday, July 1, 1875.

The second field meeting of the Essex Institute for the
present season was held this clay, at Byfield, a locality
highly suitable for a gathering of this character ; its his-
torical associations cannot fail to interest the student in
our local history, and its diversified scenery and natural
conditions offer a wide field for the exploration of the
naturalist.

This territory, through which the Parker Kiver flows,
having upon its adjacent interval lands some of the most
fertile farms of the county, was granted in 1635, a large
portion on the south side to Richard Dummer and on the
north to Henry Sewall, whose descendants have ever
since held prominent positions in the history of this
country. These lands, more especially that portion near
"The Falls," so called, were first used for the keeping
of cattle and sheep that came over in the Dutch ships
in 1635, and were owned by Richard Dummer, Henry

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. VII. 9 {US)

114

Sewall and Richard Saltonstall. It appears that for sev-
eral years afterwards attention was given to the raising
of sheep in this place.

The people living in this territory, part of which is in
the township of old Newbury and part in that of old
Rowley, being at a distance from the churches of the two
towns, in 1702 built a church and established a parish
under the name of "Rowlberry." In November, 1706, it
was organized as the "Falls Parish," and Rev. Moses
Hale was settled as the first minister. In 1710 it was
incorporated as that of Byfield in honor to Nathaniel By-
field,1 a liberal benefactor to the parish.

To visit this place the members of the Institute and
their friends took the cars of the Eastern Railroad, the
principal portion at Salem, the others at the several sta-
tions on the route, for Newbury port and thence pro-
ceeded to Byfield, six miles distant, in barges furnished
by Mr. Enoch T. Northend, proprietor of the Newbury-
port and Amesbury Horse Railroad. The route taken
was somewhat circuitous in order to favor the party with
an inspection of the mining region and other notable
places in the vicinity. A halt was made near the High-
field mines, where an hour was pleasantly passed in
examining the grbunds and witnessing the mining opera-
tions, by the courtesy of Messrs. Patterson, Chipman and
Boynton.

At the Boynton Mine, in charge of Mr. Robertson, the
shaft is the deepest in the whole district. The ore last
taken out is the best. The Chipman works, under the
care of Mr. Patterson, have assumed an orderly and pros-

iCol. Nathaniel Byfield, son of Rev. Richard Byfield of Long Dutton in Sussex,
came to New England in 1674. He was speaker of the House of Representatives
in 1693 j a colonel, Judge of Probate and Common Pleas for the new county of
Bristol, afterwards of Suffolk, also of his Majesty's Council, etc. He died June 6,
1733.

115

perous appearance. A new building has been erected,
65 X 30 feet with attachments, that give an engine
house, a blacksmith and machine shop, pumping gear,
tool room, office and shaft-house combined. All the
machinery is said to be of the most approved kind. The
mine has been timbered. From the depth now obtained,
seventy-five feet, laterals are being run out north, east
and south.

The next stopping place was at the fork of the road
near the "Longfellow house," the "Indian burial grounds "
and the "cave." All three of these places were visited.
The house in which the great-grandfather of the present
Henry W. Longfellow was born is on a sightly spot, sur-
rounded by rich, smooth fields. It is now in a dilapidated
condition. It was probably built in the early part of the
last century by Stephen Longfellow, a son of William,2
the emigrant ancestor, who came in his youth to Newbury,
and married, Nov. 10, 1678, Ann, daughter of Henry

2 William Longfellow,1 born about 1651, in Hampshire, Eng., came in his youth
to Newbury; m. Nov. 10, 1678, Ann, daughter of Henry Sewall. He was" ensign of
the company that embarked in the expedition of Sir Wm.Phips against Quebec,
and with nine others was shipwrecked on the return at Anticosti (one account
Bays Cape Breton) in October, 1690.

Stephen Longfellow,2 son of the above, b. at Newbury 22 Sept., 1685; m. 25 Mar.,
1713. Abigail, daughter of Rev. Edward Tompson of Marshfield. He was a lieu-
tenant and a selectman ; d. 17 Nov., 1764, at Byfield.

Stephen Longfelloiv,5 son of the above, b. at Byfield 7 Feb., 1723, gr. Harv. Coll.
1742; went to Portland Apr. 11, 1745, and opened a school. He was for many years
one of the most active, useful and intelligent men in the town; town clerk, register
of Probate and clerk of Judicial Courts; he married in 1749 Tabitha Bragdon, of
York, Me. He died at Gorham, Me., in 1790.

Stephen Longfellow,* son of the above, born at Portland in 1750, went to Gorham
in 1775. He was largely employed as a surveyor, selectman, etc. Judge of C C.
P., Rep. & Senat. in State Legis. In 1773 m. Patience Young of York, Me. He
died in Gorham in 1824, aged 74 years.

Stephen Longfellow,5 son of the above, born in Gorham Mar. 23, 1776, gr. Harv.
Coll. 1798, studied law, and on being admitted to the bar in Portland he entered at
once upon a large practice and stood in the front rank of able counsellors; mem-
ber of the Hartford convention in 1814, also a member of U. S. Congress. He died
Aug. 2, 1849.

Henry W. Longfellow* son of the above, born at Portland, Feb. 27, 1807, gr. Bowd.
Coll. 1825. Prof, at Bowdoin and at Harvard. Poet. Resides at Cambridge.

116

Sewall,8 and this land was part of the estate which she
received from her father, and is now occupied by Mr.
Joseph Longfellow, a lineal descendant.

Byfield factory, probably the site of the first cotton
mill in the country, was then visited. At this place,
about 1790, Jacob Perkins, the well known inventor
(born at Newburyport, July 9, 1766, died at London,
July 30, 1849), put up a small mill and first demonstrated
the practical working of his machine for cutting and
heading nails at one operation. This invention, though,
it is said, not a pecuniary success to the inventor, has
since its introduction completely revolutionized the mode
of manufacturing nails. Here Paul Moody in his youth
found valuable instruction and satisfactory employment,
and laid the foundation of a brilliant career as a mecha-
nician, and whose name will be always identified with
the introduction of manufacturing industries in Waltham
and Lowell. A mile further on was noticed, shaded
by elms, the residence of the second minister of the

s Children of Henry Sewall : —

1. Hannah, born at Tamworth, May 10, 1649; m. Jacob Tappan of Newbury,
Aug. 24, 1670; d. Nov. 12, 1G99.

2. Samuel, b. Bishopstoke, Hants, March 28, 1652; gr. Harv. Coll. 1671; m. Feb.,
1675-6, Hannah, daughter of John Hull of Boston, Judge Sup. Court, Mass., and
Ch. Justice; d. Jan. 1, 1729-30.

3. John, b. at Baddersly, Hampshire, Eng., Oct. 10, 1654; came to New England
in 1661; m. Hannah Fessenden of Cambridge, Oct. 27, 1674; lived with his father at
Newbury, and there died before him, Aug. 8, 1699.

4. Stephen, b at Baddersly, Aug. 19, 1657; m. Margaret, dan. of Rev. Jona. Mitch-
ell of Cambridge, June 13, 1682 ; resided at Salem, where he was Register of Deeds
for Essex, etc.; d. Oct. 17, 1725.

5. Jane, b. at Baddersly, Oct. 25, 1659; m. Moses Gerrish of Newbury, Sept. 24,
1677; d. Jan. 29, 1716-17.

C. Ann, b. at Newbury, N. E., Sept. 3, 1662; m. 1678, William Longfellow, who
was drowned Oct., 1680; she had for a second husband Henry Short of Newbury,
and died Dec. 18, 1706.

7. Mehitable, b. at Newbury, May 8, 1665; m. William Moody of Newbury; d.
Aug. 8, 1702.

8. Dorothy, b. at Newbury, Oct. 29, 1668; m. 1st, Ezekiel Northend of Rowley,
Sept. 10, 1691 ; 2nd, Dec. 23, 1732, Moses Bradstrcet of Rowley, whose widow she
died June 17, 1752.

117

parish, Rev. Moses Parsons, from June 21, 1744, when
he was ordained, until his death, Dec. 11, 1783. In this
house was born, Feb. 24, 1750, his son Thcophilns Par-
sons, the eminent jurist, Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court of Massachusetts from 1806 until his decease, Oct.,
30, 1813. The house was built, probably, in 1706.

About noon the party arrived at Dummer Academy,
which is situated in a retired and shady spot at the inter-
section of several roads. This school was organized, in
accordance with the will of its patron and founder, in
1763, during the provincial period of our history, under
the direction of Samuel Moody,4 the first Principal. Mr.
Moody had previously been so successful as a teacher in
his native town, York, Me., that twenty-eight pupils
were present at the opening. For many years the num-
ber of scholars averaged over seventy, and it is inscribed
upon his tombstone: — "He left no child to mourn his
sudden death (for he died a bachelor), yet his numerous

4 William Moody,1 probably the ancestor of all the Moodys in this section of the
country, came in 1634 (it was said a saddler) from Ipswich, Co. of Suffolk. He
was first of Ipswich, afterwards in 1635 of Newbury, where he continued to reside.
He died Oct. 25, 1673. He had three sons.

1. Rev. Joshua Moody,2 Harv. Coll., 1653, of Portsmouth and Boston; died July
4, 1697.

2. Caleb Moody,2 married 1st, Sarah Peirce; 2nd, Judith Bradbury. He died
Aug. 25, 1698.

Rev. Samuel Moody,3 son of the above Caleb, b. Jan. 4, 1676; Harv. Coll.

1697; of York Me. ; died Nov. 13, 1747.
Rev. Joseph Moody,4 son of Rev. Samuel, born in 1700; Harv. Coll. 1718;

died Mar. 20, 1753, of York, Me.
Rev. Samuel Moody,5 the preceptor of Dummer, son of the above Rev.

Joseph.

3. Samuel Moody,2 married Mary Cutting Nov. 9, 1657; died April 4, 1675.

William Moody,3 son of Samuel above, born June 20, 1663; married Mehit-

able Sewall Nov. 15, 1684 (see note on page 116); resided in Byfield; died

Feb. 6, 1729-30.
Deacon Samuel Moody* of Newbury, son of the above William and Mehit-

able, born March 21. 1689; died May 25, 1767.
Paul Moody5 of Newbury, son of the above Samuel, d. Dec. 30, 1822, aged

80; his widow Mary, d. March 10, 1825, aged 82.
Paul Moody6 the distinguished mechanician, son of the above Paul and

Mary, b. at Newbury, May 23, 1779; died at Lowell, July 7, 1831.

118

pupils in the United States will ever retain a lively sense
of the sociability, industry, integrity and piety, he pos-
sessed in an uncommon degree ; as well as the disinter-
ested, zealous, faithful and useful manner in which he
discharged the duties of the Academy for thirty years.
He died at Exeter, Dec. 14, 1795, aged seventy."

The school was not in session. Tables were spread on
the green in front, beneath the trees, and a refreshing
lunch was soon prepared.

At 2.30 p. m. the afternoon session was held in the
study room of the Academy. The President in the
chair.

The records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From W. P. Andrews, May 15; D. M. Balch, May 15; Bureau of Education,
Washington, June 23; E. P. Boon, New York, June 13, 28; Cornell University,
June 28; Henry B. Dawson, Morrisania, N. Y., June 23; David B. Gould, May 31;
Laighton & Brothers, Isle of Shoals, June 10; Charles Lawrence, Danvers, June
25; Joel Munsell, Albany, N. Y., June 22; W. D. Northend, June 24; C L. Peirson,
Boston, June; John Kobinson, May 11; M. C D. Silsbee, Boston, June; J. H.
Stevens, June 26; James Upton, June 3, James S. Williams, May 27; Naturfor-
schende Gesellschaft, Danrig, May 10; Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Phila-
delphia, May 19; K. K. Zoologische-botanische Gesellschaft.

The following additions to the library were reported :—

By Donation.

American Association for the Advancement of Science. Proceedings,
at Hartford, Conn., Aug., 1874. 1 vol. 8vo.

Bolles, E. C Theological Discussion. 1 vol. 12tno. The School. 1 vol. 12mo.
Celestial Scenery. 1 vol. 12mo. The Ladies' Repository from 1839 to 1866.

Bolton, H. Carrington, of Columbia Coll., N. Y. Centennial of Chemistry,
Aug. 1, 1874, at Northumberland, Pa. 4to pamph.

Bureau of Education, Washington. Circulars of Information, Nos. 1, 2, 1875.

Cabot, Mrs. J. S. Transactions of the American Pomological Society for 1860.
1 vol. 8vo. Agriculture of Mass. 1857. 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 72.

Cleveland, Mrs. W. S. Six Plans drawn by Jona. P. Saunders in 1837, of Aca-
pulco Harbour, Coast of Africa. Low and Society Islands. Cathburts Bay, Is.
of Tootoillo, Navigators Group. Sandwich Islands. Marquesas, or Washington
Islands. Galapagos Islands.

Dallett, Gillies. Philadelphia Directories, 1844, 1847, 1849, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1855,
1857, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1870, 1871.

119

Gould, David B., of St. Louis, Mo. Directory of St. Louis, for years 1871, 1872,
1873, 1874, 1875. 5 vols. 8vo.

Green, S. A., of Boston. Boston Municipal Register, 1873. 1 vol. Svo. Miscel-
laneous pamphlets, 25.

Lawrence, Chas., of Danvers, Mass. Moore's View in France, 2 vols. Fitzos-
borne's Letters, 1 vol. Gisborne on Christian Religion, 1 vol. Life and Labors of
Dr. Worcester, 2 vols. Heydone's Tour, 2 vols. Life of Washington, 5 vols.
Franklin's Sermons, 3 vols. Chalmer's Sermons, 1 vol. View in Italy, 1 vol. Life
of P. Henry, 1 vol. Siege of Valencia, 1 vol. Notes on Travel, 1 vol. Sacred Bi-
ography, 3 vols. History of the Sandwich Islands, 1 vol. Garden Directory, 1
vol. Chapter on Flowers, 1 vol. Diseases of Animals, 1 vol. Barton's Poems,
1 vol. Mavor's Voyages, 17 vols. Book of Fruits, 1 vol. Treatise on Bees, 1 vol.
Complete Farmer, 1 vol. Manual for Farmers, 1 vol. Memoir of Mrs. Hemans, 1
vol. Memoir of S. Green, 1 vol. Dufief 's Dictionary, 3 vols.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, May 8, 15, 22, 29, June 5, 12, 19, 1875.

Loring, Geo. B. Agriculture of Mass.; by C. L. Flint. 1871-5. 1 vol. 8vo.
Thirty-second Registration Report of Mass. 1 vol. 8vo. Sixth Annual Report of
Mass. State Board of Health. 1 vol. 8vo. Eleventh Annual Report of Mass. State
Board of Charities. 1 vol. 8vo. Sixth Annual Report of Mass. Board of Railroad
Commissioners. 1 vol. Svo.

Mass. Horticultural Society. Transactions of, for 1875. Part I.

Merriam, G. & C, of Springfield, Mass. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. 1
vol. Royal 4to. 1875.

Office of the Chief of Engineers. Report upon the Reconnaissance of
Northwestern Wyoming, 1873, by W. A. Jones.

Osgood, Chas. S. Legislative Documents for 1875. 4 vols. Svo.

Phila. Zoological Society. Third Annual Report. 1875. 8vo pamph.

Putnam, F. W. Archaeological Researches in Kentucky and Indiana. 1874. 8vo.

Rabardy, J. F. Manchester, Mass. The Beetle and Wedge. Feb. to June, 1875.

Stone, E. M., of Providence, R. I. Thirty-third Annual Report of the Ministry
at Large. 1875. 8vo pamphlet.

Stone, Mrs. J. H. Masonic Monthly, 15 Nos. American Homes, 11 Nos. Hunt's
Merchant Magazine, 55 Nos. Yankee Farmer, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1811. Miscellaneous
pamphlets, 10.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette for Apr. 20, 27. May 4, 11, 18, 25, 1875.

Williams, B. W. Lecture Bureau for 1875-6. Svo pamph.

Young Men's Association of Buffalo. Thirty-ninth Annual Report. 8vo.

By Exchange.

ACADEMIE ROYALE DES SCIENCES, DES LETTRES ET DES BEAUX-ARTS DE BEL-

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American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Proceedings. Vol. II. May,
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American Philosophical Society. Proceedings. Vol. XIV. Jan., June, 1875.

Amherst College. Catalogue of Officers and Students for 1874-5. Svo pamph.

Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings, xiv to xvii. Memoirs,
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Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. Bulletin of. Vol. II, No. 4.

Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliologie. Tomexv. 3eSerie, No. 1, 1875.

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120

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Band xxiv, 1S74. 1 vol.

Koxigliche Gesellschaft der Wissexsciiaftex Gottexgex. Nachrichten.
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Mass. Historical Society. Proceedings. 1873-1875. 1 vol., 8vo.

Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Goilttz. Abhandlungen, Band xv, 1875.

New York Lyceum of Natural History. Annals. Vol. XI. Nos. 3, 4.

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European Mail. The Owl. Turner's Public Spirit.

The President then made a few preliminary remarks,
describing the excursion from Newbury port to this place,
and the historical localities visited. He also gave a brief
biographical sketch of the Sewall family, on whose an-
cient domain at the factory they made a halt. He called
upon Hon. William D. Northend of Salem, who was
born in By field, and there had spent his early years, to
give some account of By field, of Dummer Academy, the
founder, the teachers and the alumni.

Hon. William D. Northend, in response, gave a very
interesting sketch of Byfield and Dummer Academy. He
remarked that the parish is a religious one, and at no
time during the last century has it numbered over one
hundred families ; probably no place of its size, in the
United States, can present such a record of notable men.
Regarding them and the Academy he said :

121

Eichard Dummer of Bishopstokc, Hants, England, son
of John, born there in 1599, came to New England
in 1632, and was among the first settlers in Newbury.
He afterwards went to England, but returned in 1638
with his brothers Stephen and Thomas. He prospered
and became a man of great wealth, and owned much land
in this parish, including the grounds which this Academy
now occupies ; his sons Jeremiah, Eichard, and Eev. Shu-
bael held prominent positions in society ; he died Dec.
14, 1679. His grandson, Jeremy Dummer, son of Jere-
miah, was the agent of the colonies in England from 1710
to 1721, and advocated their claims with great ability.
He is well known as the author of "a defence of New
England Charters ;'*' and a "letter concerning the expedi-
tion to Canada," He died May 19, 1739, aged 60.

Another grandson, a brother of Jeremy, William Dum-
mer, was Lieut. Governor of the colony, and for a time
was acting Governor ; his administration was a wise one,
and he was much respected by the people. His wife was
Catherine, daughter of Gov. Joseph Dudley. He died
s.p. 10 Oct., 1761, aged 84 years. This farm was his
country seat, and the mansion to the right of the Acad-
emy was built by him after the old English style.

Henry Sewall, only son of Henry who followed him to
New England, and died in Eowley, March, 1656-7, in the
81st year of his age, and grandson of Henry who was
several times mayor of Coventry, was born in 1614, came
to New England in 1634 plentifully supplied with money
and English servants, neat cattle and provisions, and
with other things suitable for the commencement of a
plantation, removed to Newbury in 1635, where he be-
came proprietor of a large tract of land known as the
Highfields, at the Falls within this parish.

He married, March 25, 1646, Jane, eldest daughter of

122

Stephen Dummer. In 1646 he went to England, but re-
turned in 1659, his family following in 1661, and resided
in Newbury until his decease, which occurred May 16,
1700, at the age of 86 years. From this marriage came
all the Sewalls in this part of the country. His son,
Samuel Sewall, was Judge of the Supreme Court of the
Massachusetts colony from 1692 to 1728, ten years of
which he was Chief Justice ; Stephen, son of his son
Stephen, wras Justice of the same court from 1739 to
1760, eight years of which he was Chief Justice ; David,
grandson of son John, was Justice of the same court from
1777 to 1790 ; Samuel, great-grandson of son Samuel,
was Justice from 1800 to 1814, and the last year Chief
Justice. Therefore from the descendants of Henry and
Jane Sewall the Supreme Court of this state was fur-
nished with Judges for eighty-two years, and Chief Jus-
tice nineteen years. It may be added that Judge David
Sewall, named above, after his resignation was many
years Judge of the U. S. District Court in Maine. Jon-
athan Sewall, likewise a nephew of Chief Justice Stephen,
was Attorney General of Mass., 1767-75, and Jonathan
and Stephen, sons of the above Jonathan, were respec-
tively Chief Justice and Attorney General of the Prov-
ince of Lower Canada. From the same family have been
a large number of distinguished men of the clergy, espe-
cially in this state and Maine, and some in other profes-
sions of life. It is doubtful if any one family in the
country has furnished a larger number of more distin-
guished men.

Henry Sewall, either by deed or bequest, gave these
lands to three of his daughters ; that portion adjoining
the "Falls" to his daughter Mehitable, wife of William
Moody. Many of the descendants of his grandfather,
William Moody, the emigrant ancestor, were distiu-

123

guished, among whom may be mentioned Paul Moody,
the mechanician, who was one of the most influential
persons in the building of the manufactories at Lowell,
and Samuel Moody, the celebrated teacher of Dummer
Academy. This estate has continued in the family until
the present generation.

The portion known as "Highfields" was given to his
daughter Anne, wife of William Longfellow. After his
death she married Henry Short. She had children by
both marriages. The Longfellows in the second gen-
eration purchased the share of the Shorts, and the firm
was then divided between Stephen Longfellow and his
sister Ann, who married Abraham Adams.5 A large
part of the Longfellows' portion has been and is now
owned by descendants of the name. Joseph Longfel-
low is the present owner of a portion of it. Abra-
ham Adams' share is now owned by his descendants,
divided, however, into several farms. From William
Longfellow has descended a man whose name need only
to be spoken, Henry W. Longfellow, the poet. His
great-grandfather was born in the house which was vis-
ited by you this morning. He emigrated to Maine in
1745. Stephen, the grandfather of Henry W. Long-
fellow, was a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and
his father, Stephen, was a distinguished lawyer and mem-
ber of Congress.

The third portion of the estate was given to his daugh-

6Capt. Abraham Adams, b. May 2, 1676; pub. to Anne Longfellow Nov. 13, 1703;
d. April 8, 1763. Ann, his wife, d. Feb. 4, 1758, aged 74 yrs., 11 mo. He was the
son of Serg. Abraham Adams, b. in the year 1639; m. Nov. 10, 1670, Mary Pettingill.
He died June 14, 1714, aged 75. His wife Mary died Sept. 19, 1705. A grandson of
Robert Adams, who with his wife Eleanor came to Ipswich in 1635, thence to
Salem, 1638, finally settled in Newbury in 1640. He died Oct. 12, 1682, aged 81. His
wife Eleanor d. June 12, 1677. His second wife, Sara, widow of Henry Short, whose
maiden name was Glover, to whom he was married Feb. 6, 1678, d. Oct. 24, 1697.

124

ter Jane, wife of Moses Gerrish,6 from whom was de-
scended many persons of note. This portion of the
original estate for the last two or three generations has
been sold out of the family.

Other lands in Newbury were given to his daughter
Dorothy Northend,7 and lands within the present limits
of Newbury port to his daughter Hannah Tappan, prob-
ably where is now Tappan's lane. In this connection
allusion has been made principally to the disposition of
that portion of his estate lying in the parish of By field.

Mr. Northend then mentioned the names of several
distinguished persons who were born, or had their resi-
dence, in this parish. The following may be specified.

Theophilus Parsons, the most distinguished jurist in
Massachusetts ; John S. Tenney, the late distinguished
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Maine, was born
in the Eowley part of this parish, as was also Samuel
Tenney, a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of New
Hampshire ; Samuel Webber, President of Harvard Uni-
versity ; Prof. Eliphalet Pearson of Harvard and Ando-
ver, Prof. John Smith of Bangor Seminary, and Parker
Cleavelancl, the distinguished Professor at Bowdoin Col-
lege, were all born within the limits of this parish. Here
was also settled the distinguished political preacher, Rev.
Dr. Elijah Parish, who in the war of 1812 fulminated
against the acts of the General Government, and whose

"Moses Gerrish, born May 9, 1656; m. Sept. 24, 1677, Jane Sewall; died Dec. 4,
1694, aged 38; resided in Newbury. His widow Jane d. Feb., 1716. He was a son
of Capt. William Gerrish, who came from Bristol, England, about the year 1640,
and settled at Newbury; m. April 17, 1645, Joanna, widow of John Oliver, and
became the founder of a family which properly assumed a leading position in the
colony. His brother Benjamin was a prominent citizen of Salem. See Hist. Coll.
Essex Inst., vol. n, page 213, and vol. v, page 25. His brother Joseph was the
third pastor of a church in Wenham; b. at Newbury, March 23, 1650; ord. Jan. 13,
1675; d. Jan. 6, 1720.

7 For an account of the Northend Family see Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., vol. xii, p. 71.

125

speeches were quoted in the famous discussions of Web-
ster and Haynes.

[In addition to those of Byfield descent mentioned by
Mr. Northend we would add the names of Rev. John P.
Cleaveland, D. D., Hon. Albert Pike, the poet, lawyer,
etc., of Little Rock, Ark., and Rev. Sewall Tenney,
D. D., of Ellsworth, Me.

Mr. Charles Northend of New Britain, Conn., and
Hon. William D. Northend of Salem, are lineal descen-
dants of Ezekiel and Dorothy (Sewall) Northend, and
many of the name of Tappan in New England are descen-
dants of Jacob and Hannah (Sewall) Tappan.8 — Eds.]

Dummer Academy was established by Gov. Dummer,
who left for its endowment this farm of 400 acres, with
the buildings upon the same. It first went into operation
in 1763, and was the first institution of the kind in the
state. The first teacher was the celebrated Samuel
Moody, the Dr. Busby of America. Of those who at-
tended his school, two were afterwards Presidents of
colleges, nine were Professors, eleven were Judges of the
Courts, nineteen were members of the House of Repre-
sentatives at Washington, five were members of the U. S.
Senate, one a member of the Cabinet, and one was min-
ister to England.

Mr. Moody retired in 1790, and his successor was Rev.
Isaac Smith, followed successively by Benjamin Allen,
Rev. Abiel Abbott, Samuel Adams, Nehemiah Cleaveland
and others. Among those who were under their tuition
are enrolled many who have become eminent in the seve-
ral professions and worthy members of society.

8 Jacob Tappan, born in 1644; m. Hannah Sewall Aug. 24, 1G70, who died Nov. 12,
1699. He d. Dec. 13, 1717. He was son of Abraham Tappan, who came to New-
bury in 1637, m. Susanna Goodale of Yarmouth, Eng., who d. March 20, 16S9. He
died Nov. 5, 1672, aged 64.

126

It is a matter of regret that this institution, so well
situated for the education of youth, should have suffered
so much from neglect, and it is to be hoped that efforts
will be made to place it again in the position it held in
the past.

IX'. Jeremiah Spofford spoke of the character of
Dummer Academy, which he had known for seventy-five
years. He had the honor of Dr. Parish's acquaintance,
and had met Dr. Cleaveland in council. The former was
a most forcible speaker, and a bitter enemy to the Demo-
cratic party. The latter had greater education than many
about him who had greater practice, but he was too digni-
fied for his position.

Mr. Frederick W. Putnam gave an account of the few
zoological specimens he had collected about the grounds
of the Academy, and in a small neighboring brook. He
specially described the structure of the galls on the wild
rose, and described the insects by which they were made.
He also exhibited a colony of Polyzoa, of a species quite
abundant on the stones in the brook, and described their
different stages of growth, which were so fully illustrated
by Prof. Hyatt several years since, in the Proceedings of
the Institute.

Mr. John Eobinson of Salem talked about the plants
which he had collected, remarking that every one should
know enough of botany to be able to distinguish the poi-
sonous plants. Ivy and dogwood were the only ones in
Essex County. With the latter he thought that few per-
sons were acquainted. He then spoke of the fertilization
of plants by insects, and made a few remarks on the
growth of the fungi.

127

Mr. Haydn Brown of West Newbury said the influ-
ence of Dummer Academy is felt for miles around in the
manners of the people. The past of the Academy was
secure, but he doubted of the future. The days of pri-
vate institutions were past, now that the state provides
high schools of the same grade. He thought there were
but few academies self-sustaining.

He then changed his subject and spoke of the insects
that devour his crops. He thought that at least a quarter
part of our crops of almost every kind was eaten up by
these pests, and he suggested that the members of the
Institute, and especially its naturalists, should turn their
attention towards the discovery of some mode for the
extermination of the insect pests.

The President said that it would facilitate Mr. Brown's
crusade on noxious insects if local museums were estab-
lished, and children become interested in collecting speci-
mens, and studying the habits of the various plants and
animals that are continually met with.

Amos Noyes, Esq., of Newburyport, considered the
fact referred to by Mr. Brown, that academies were de-
clining, was a sign of progress. We had outgrown them
and they could not and should not compete with state
schools.

Rev. Dr. Samuel J. Spalding of Newbury port, spoke
of the Byfield Academy, which grew out of Dummer, and
which sent out many eminent teachers, whose influence
still pervade the schools of the country. He thought
that private institutions were not in their decadence.
Athens had no schools, but the responsibility of educa-
tion was thrown on individuals, and what sages she pro-

128

duccd. The state cannot do everything, as some would
have it, regulate our meat and drink and hours of labor.
Dummer Academy had lately adopted an improving ele-
ment in the admission of girls, and there were no public
institutions to-day for young ladies so good as private
ones.

Dr. Jeremiah Spofford agreed with the last speaker
that all the business of education should not be done by
the state.

Messrs. Putnam and Brown here reopened the ques-
tion of injurious insects. Mr. Putnam said that science
was equal to the destruction of many kinds of insects
that prey on the crops of the farmer, and if farmers
would only work together they could exterminate their
insect enemies. For instance, printer's ink is a sure ex-
terminator of the canker worm. Printer's ink has exter-
minated many evils, and here was one more it could cope
with, if all the farmers in a given section would apply it
to their trees. Here was one case at least where the
state should interfere and make a law requiring every
man to assist in abating the canker worm nuisance who
had a tree liable to be attacked by these insects.

Mr. Brown replied that he could take care of the can-
ker worm and caterpillar, but he would give a gold medal
to the man who would eradicate other insects which infest
his farm.

On motion of Mr. Putnam :

Voted, That the thanks of the Institute be tendered to
Mr. and Mrs. Ebenczer G. Parsons, the Principals of the
Academy, for their courtesy and kindness so generously
extended to the party during the day.

Adjourned.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX IITSTITTJTE.

Vol. 7. Salem, Mass., Sept. and Oct., 1875. Nos. 9 & 10.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.

Kegular Meeting, Wednesday, July 7, 1875.

This was an adjournment of the meeting held on Mon-
day, July 5. President in the chair.

Mention was made that several members of the Insti-
tute and their friends chartered the new, safe, and com-
modious steamer "Governor Andrew," for an excursion
which took place on Monday, June 14, from Salem har-
bor along the -eastern coast to the Isles of Shoals, with a
view to deep sea dredging and the collection of speci-
mens of the marine fauna and flora of that group of Isles.

The steamer "Governor Andrew" is a new boat, built
last year for the Boston and Hingham line, and is finely
modelled and furnished, making one of the best excur-
sion steamers in the waters of Massachusetts Bay. The
weather was pleasant ; the sail along the shore was very
enjoyable, and the familiar scenery of the rock-bound
and wooded coast, dotted here and there with the resi-
dences of the summer visitors, never looked more attrac-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. VII. 10 O29)

130

tive. The boat stopped at Gloucester and took on board
some twenty-five or thirty more of the party, and from
there sailed direct to the islands, arriving about noon.
The party landed at "Star Island," and was hospitably
received by the proprietor, John A. Poor, Esq. Some
two hours were pleasantly and profitably spent in exam-
ining the peculiar geological features, the fauna and the
flora. The student in history also found much of interest.
The monument erected to the memory of Capt. John
Smith, recalled the scenes incident in the first part of the
17th century, when these islands were visited by Cham-
plain, John Smith, and others of those early voyagers
who navigated these seas before the landing of the Pil-
grims at Plymouth. The old stone church, with the ad-
joining burial ground in the stony soil, and its many
graves marked by rude stones, two of which were promi-
nent, one in commemoration of Rev. John Tucke, A. M.,
died Aug. 12, 1773, aged 72, the other in memory of
Rev. Josiah Stevens, died July 2, 1804, aged 64 (two
of the old divines who Sunday after Sunday were wont
to minister at the sacred desk to these people) , marked
another period in the history of these isles when in the
occupancy of the hardy fishermen. Times have changed
greatly within the last quarter of a century, and now they
have become fashionable watering places, and on two of
them, "Appledore" and "Star," have been erected large
and commodious hotels, that are thronged with visitors
during the heated term.

In recognition of the civilities and courtesies extended
to the party during this excursion to the Isles of Shoals,
it was, on motion of Mr. John Robinson :

Voted, That the cordial thanks of the members and
friends of the Essex Institute who participated in the

131

recent excursion to the Isles of Shoals are hereby pre-
sented to John A. Poor, Esq., of the "Oceanic" on Star
Island, for his kindness in inviting the party to land at
the island, and also for his various acts of courtesy shown
to the excursionists during their stay.

Messrs. John M. Hagar of Salem and C. W. Kempton
of Newbury port, were elected resident members.
Adjourned.

Field Meeting at Concord, Tuesday, July 27, 1875.

The third field meeting of the present season was held
at Concord, this day, having been postponed from Friday
on account of the rain. More than two hundred and
fifty persons attended from Salem and vicinity, the unus-
ually large number, eager to proceed to such an unwonted
distance, evinced a lively continuation of the patriotic
interest in this historic old town inspired by the events
of the 19th of April, 1775, and freshly awakened by the
commemoration of the present year.

An unfortunate delay in the arrival of the Bangor
train at Salem diminished even the limited time of the
stay at Concord, but the misfortune was partially reme-
died by the promptness of the Fitchburg Railroad officials
in furnishing a special train to the excursionists immedi-
ately upon their arrival in Boston.

On reaching Concord the company rendezvoused at the
elegant and unique Public Library building, the noble
gift to the town from one of its citizens, Mr. William
Munroe. It stands on a triangular plat at the junction
of two streets and is a successful adaptation of the pic-
turesque features of mediaeval architecture to the require-
ments and mode of construction of the present day.

132

This place, with its collections, is worthy of a more
thorough examination than the party was enabled to be-
stow. Here may be seen the busts of Plato, Agassiz,
Emerson, Mann, Hawthorne, Brown, and Munroe, as
well as several valuable historical relics. One alcove is
devoted to the printed works of Concord authors from
the settlement of the town to the present time.

From this point the company proceeded in groups to
visit the various memorable places of this delightful old
town. The citizens generally seemed to have put at the
disposal of the visitors all their private vehicles, and
themselves acted as guides and expositors. There was
an outpouring of genial hospitality from first to last, that
was thoroughly characteristic of the Concord people.
Gentlemen of the highest reputation in State affairs and
in literature devoted themselves to the entertainment of
the strangers with an impartiality, earnestness, cordiality
and assiduity which it was refreshing to witness, and the
town officers united with the citizens generally to make
the visit agreeable.

The first objective point was the old North Bridge,
with its impressive surroundings, but we will not repeat
the story so often rehearsed within the last few months.
The newly erected statue of the minute man, designed by
Daniel French, a young Concord artist, now in Italy, in
Powers' studio, excited universal admiration, and is really
one of the finest works in the country. An enhancement
of the pleasure of those who were examining this sacred
spot, and who could not help recalling the oft-repeated
stanza : —

"By the rude bridge that arched the flood,
Their flag to April's breeze unfurled,
Here once the embattled farmers stood,
And fired the shot heard round the world : "

• 133

was the fact of the presence of the author of the immor-
tal poem of which this verse forms a part. Here also at
the bridge, marked by a rude headstone, lie the remains
of British officers killed in action, and near by stands the
monument erected some time since in honor of the Amer-
ican soldiers engaged in the Concord fight.

Several of the visitors found delightful recreation on
'Concord River in the neat and convenient pleasure boats
which were freely placed at the disposal of the party.
Messrs. Morse, Putnam and Bolles visited a shellheap
some two miles up the river, obtaining interesting speci-
mens of Indian relics.

Among the places interesting to Salem people, because
of their connection' with their townsman, Hawthorne, was
the old Manse, which is in the near vicinity of the North
Bridge. Here Hawthorne resided for several years.
Now, as he described it long ago, between two tall gate-
posts of rough-hewn stone, we behold the gray front of
the old parsonage, terminating the vista of an avenue of
black ash trees. It was built by the grandfather of Ralph
Waldo Emerson, and its last inhabitant before Hawthorne
occupied it was the venerable Parson Ripley, who had
died about a twelvemonth before. It was from, the study
window facing the river that the clergyman, who then
dwelt in the manse, stood watching the outbreak of a long
and deadly struggle between two nations ; he saw the ir-
regular array of his parishioners on the farther side of the
river, and the glittering line of the British on the hither
bank ; he awaited, in* an agony of suspense, the rattling
of the musketry. It came ; and there needed but a gentle
wind to sweep the battle smoke around this quiet house.
Hawthorne says that the old manse had never been pro-
faned by a lay occupant, until that memorable summer
afternoon when he entered it as his home, in 1842. A

134 •

priest had built it ; a priest had succeeded to it ; other
priestly men had, from time to time, dwelt in it; aud
children born in its chambers, had grown up to assume
the priestly character. The latest inhabitant alone had
penned in it nearly three thousand discourses, besides the
better, if not the greater number, that had flowed living
from his lips. Here Emerson wrote "Nature," and here
Hawthorne sojourned, sending forth his "Mosses from the
Old Manse " with the declaration :

"For myself the book will always retain one charm, as
reminding me of the river, with its delightful solitudes,
and of the avenue, the garden and the orchard, and espe-
cially the dear Old Manse, with the little study on its
western side, and the sunshine glimmering through the
willow branches, while I wrote."

The Old Manse is now the residence of Judge Ripley,
who gave the visitors a kindly welcome.

We must pass over the visits to other places connected
with the memory of Hawthorne, his later residence, his
walk on the Ridge Path, and his grave ; the home and
haunts of Thoreau, the poet-naturalist, whose favorite
Walden Pond, around whose borders' he studied nature
so closely and of which he wrote so delightfully, was
passed on the way, and was the scene of a gay picnic
party, who probably little thought of the man who had
so often wandered on its former quiet banks ; and of the
many other objects of interest, which crowded a day which
will be remembered with delight.

The dinner was spread in the* vestry of the First
Church, and here the ladies of Concord took the entire
charge of the preparations, with a lavishness altogether
opposed to the simple requirements of the Institute.
The Concord ladies added largely to the ordinary refresh-
ments, laid and decked the tables in a refreshing and

135

tempting style, while many of the younger portion con-
stituted themselves fair waiting maids, and dispensed the
viands with a grace and dexterity that added charm to
the feast.

The afternoon session was held in the Town Hall, and
was attended by a large audience, including Judge E. E.
Hoar, Ralph Waldo Emerson, the venerable A. Bronson
Alcott, Wm. W. Wheildon, and many others, including
Concord's wisest andj^est and fairest citizens.

The President of the Institute called to order, and in
his introductory remarks stated that this was the fourth
field meeting held beyond the limits of Essex county ; of
these, one was at Wakefield, and another at Reading ; as
those towns were settled by Lynn people and were known
as Lynn village, they probably at one period may have
been considered as a part of Essex county, until the
lines between Essex and Middlesex were adjusted. The
third was at Kittery, Me., the residence of Sir William
Pepperell, who was connected by marriage with some
of our old Salem families. It was appropriate that
the Institute should visit Concord, for several reasons.
In the first place, to see the grave of a distinguished
son of Salem, which is marked by two small, white
marble stones, with the simple inscription "Hawthorne,''
of whose ancestry and birthplace a brief sketch was
then given.1

Secondly, it was fitting for the association to visit the
town to which the Legislature adjourned from Salem in
October, 1774, after having resolved itself into a Provin-
cial Congress and assumed the powers of sovereignty,
which event was duly commemorated by the Essex Insti-

1See Bulletin of Essex Institute, vol. 3, page 25, for a communication on "The
Ancestry and Birthplace of Hawthorne."

136

tute, with an address from A. C. Goodell, Jr., Esq., on
the 5th of October last, at the Institute rooms.2

The President next alluded to Concord as the home of
Thoreau,3 the poet-naturalist, who had done so much to
make us acquainted with the fauna and flora of Concord
by his writings. It is, likewise, the place where was
originated some two hundred years ago the famous Hunt's
russet apple ;4 and also, more recently, the widely known
Concord grape so extensively and generally cultivated.

The President closed his remarks by briefly sketching
the history and objects of the Institute, which is the
usual custom at meetings held in a new locality.

Judge E. R. Hoar then came forward, and in behalf
of his townsmen gave the members of the Institute a
cordial welcome to Concord. He felt he but expressed
the feelings of the people of the town when he said he
was very glad to see them. The Judge continued in a
humorous strain which elicited much laughter and ap-
plause. He alluded to their researches on and around
the sluggish river, and to Hawthorne's declaration that it
was the only river he ever knew that was too lazy to keep
itself clean. His father, the Judge said, had a different
idea. He thought the river hated to leave Concord ! In
illustration of the ignorance of many people on the sub-

2 For an account and the address see Bulletin of Essex Institute, Vol. 6, page 160,
The address is printed in full in the Historical Collections of the Essex Institute,
vol. xiii, page 1.

s Henry David Thoreau, b. July 12, 1817, gr. Harv. Univ. 1837, d. May 6, 1862,
dedicated his genius with such entire love to the fields, hills and waters of this
toAvn that he made them known and interesting to the reading public. The river
on whose banks he lived, he knew from its eprings to its confluence with the Mer-
rimack.

4 The Hunt russet apple, a good and desirable variety, is said to have originated
on the Hunt farm, in Concord, located about one mile north of the village, on the
south side of "Puntakasset" Hill, overlooking the old North Bridge of Revolu-
tionary fame.

137

ject of natural history, he repeated a story told to him
by Thomas Hughes, author of "School-days at Rugby,"
"Tom Brown at Oxford," and other popular books, when
he was visiting at Concord. It was at the expense of
one of the railroad guards of an English train. A lady
in the same carriage with him had a pet rabbit, and the
guard protested that the passenger car was not a proper
place for it ; whereupon a gentleman drew from his pocket
a turtle, saying that he, the guard, would not think of
ejecting that, and that the rabbit had as much right there
as the turtle. The guard went to headquarters to deter-
mine the question, and returning said, "cats is dogs, and
rabbits is dogs, and they must go in the baggage van ;
but turtles is insects, and they go free ; and rabbits must
pay." The Judge remarked that that was the only lesson
that he ever received in natural history. He also alluded
to the rivalry between the North Bridge at Salem and
that at Concord, and claimed that the latter had at least
the substantial fact of the graves of two British soldiers
killed there. He further referred to Hawthorne, spoke
of the important objects of the Institute, and concluded,
as he began, by saying that he was glad to welcome the
members to Concord.

Prof. E. S. Morse was called upon for an account of
his trip on the river. He said he had found plenty of
heat, but very little else, as his time on the river had
been very limited. He had been thinking what he should
take for a subject, if called upon to make any remarks,
and Judge Hoar's story of the tortoise had suggested the
subject of turtles. It was astonishing to an Englishman
to see the great number of turtles in this country; in
England they are very rare. He proceeded to speak of
the similarity between the embryos of turtles and those

138

of birds. No two families of vertebrates seemed to be
more widely dissimilar in their development, yet there
was a similarity almost amounting to identity in their
embryonic forms. He illustrated this fact, and the grad-
ual changes which result in the differences between them
when they emerge from the eggs, by drawings on the
blackboard, and briefly alluded to the points of similarity
which are evident to a naturalist. To further illustrate
this similarity he described a fossil skeleton found in Ger-
many, which combined the wings and feathers of the bird
with the vertebral development and teeth of the reptile.
In closing, he alluded with great respect and admiration to
the labors of Thoreau in Concord, to which the naturalists
of the vicinity owe so much, and during further remarks
announced himself a believer in the theory of Darwin.

Vice President F. W. Putnam gave an interesting ac-
count of his visit to the Indian shellheap on the river,
from which Thoreau made the valuable collection of relics,
now under his own charge at the archaeological Museum
at Cambridge. He was glad to have seen the place
where Thoreau and Wyman had collected the relics al-
luded to. He also exhibited and commented upon about
a dozen stone implements, of the shape of arrowheads,
which had been picked up there, some of which were
evidently intended for knives rather than arrow or spear-
heads, and gave a general account of the composition
and formation of the shellheaps found on both coasts of
America, on many of our river banks, and in nearly all
other parts of the world.

Prof. Morse, in answer to a question from Mr. Wheil-
don, explained how the ballooning spiders were sus-
pended in the air.

139

Rev. E. C. Bolles, of Salem, in some eloquent re-
marks, spoke of the microscopic forms of life to be found
in Concord Eiver, illustrating upon the blackboard, and
explaining some of the wonders of the simplest forms
and modes of growth of animal life.

Judge Hoar called attention to the importance of accu-
rate observation, and to the difference between the obser-
ver of facts and mere theorists, illustrating his point by
a pertinent law case which once came before him. It was
the trial of a man for robbery. A farm house had been
entered in the night, the door of the sleeping room se-
cured so that the occupants could not get out, a lamp lit,
and a desk rifled of quite a large sum of money. Sus-
picion rested on a man who had formerly worked on the
farm, and it was brought out in evidence that at about
that time he was seen to have a good deal of money, and
the tracks about the farm house, the morning after the
robbery, were made by a shoe the size of his, but all the
evidence was circumstantial, and Judge Hoar on the bench
and the jury in their box all thought that the government
would fail to convict the prisoner. At last the govern-
ment attorney called a neighbor who had visited the house
on the morning after the larceny, and asked him if he
found anything upon the floor of the room where the
lamp had been lit. Yes, he had found a match about
half burnt, evidently thrown down by the person who lit
the lamp. Turning to the officer who arrested the pris-
oner, he enquired what he had found on his person when
arrested, and among other things the officer produced
half a card of matches. Taking the burnt match found
upon the floor, and the half card found upon the prisoner,
the government attorney showed the court and jury that
the burnt match had manifestly been split from the card

140

in the prisoner's possession, as they fitted so exactly, and
the grain of the wood ran in such a manner that there
could be no doubt whatever in regard to the matter, and
the man was found guilty of the robbery.

The Eev. Grindall Reynolds of Concord, alluded to
some of the historic facts of the Revolution and of the
similarity of events at the North Bridge in Concord, and
the North Bridge in Salem. He also spoke of the value
of such gatherings as the present, in the diffusion of
knowledge combined with the pleasures of a summer's
day picnic.

Prof. D. B. Hagar, of Salem, after some highly com-
plimentary remarks on the reception given by citizens
of Concord to the Institute party, which were endorsed
by the President and the entire company of visitors, of-
fered the following resolutions, which were unanimously
adopted : —

Resolved, That the hearty thanks of the Essex Institute
are hereby presented to the selectmen of Concord, for
the courteous invitation extended to the Institute to meet
in this place, and for the free use of their Town Hall ; to
the authorities of the First Church for the accommoda-
tions kindly afforded by them ; and to the ladies and
gentlemen of Concord who have contributed so hospitably
and abundantly to the entertainment of the Institute.

Resolved, That the Institute will hold in grateful re-
membrance the field meeting at Concord as one of the
most delightful and profitable in all its history.

Resolved, That the thanks of the Institute are due to
the officers of the Eastern and the Boston & Lowell Rail-
roads for kind attentions, and to C. L. Heywood and
John Adams of the Fitchburg Railroad, for their readi-
ness in furnishing a special train for the party to Concord
and for other courtesies.

141

At half-past five the meeting was closed and the com-
pany returned to Boston over the Lexington branch and
Lowell roads, reaching Salem about eight o'clock, after
one of the most interesting and delightful excursions ever
participated in by the Institute.

Adjourned.

Kegular Meeting, Monday, August 2, 1875.

Kegular meeting this evening. The President in the
chair. Kecords read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From S. P. Boyntcm, Lynn, July 21; Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., July 17; Buffalo
Hist. Soc, July 12; John J. Babson, Gloucester, July 9; Edward Cogan, Brooklyn,
N. Y. ; Concord, Selectmen of, July 12, 19, 23; Globe Publishing Co., Boston, July
19; Henry M. Greenough, Newburyport, July 7; D. B. Hagar, July 15; Charles
W. Kempton, Newburyport, July 8; Ivjobenhavn,'K. Danske Videnskab. Selskab,
June 29; Lowell Bleachery, July 9; New Jersey Hist. Soc, July 13; New York
Hist. Soc, July 12; Ohio Hist, and Phil. Soc, July 13; Abner J. Phipps, Boston,
July 3; John R. Poor, Boston, July 29; G. Reynolds, Concord, July 17; Royal
Polytechnic Soc, Cornwall, July 12; Rhode Island Hist. Soc, July 12; Royal Soc.
of Tasmania, July 23, 1874.

The Librarian reported the following additions: —
By Donation.

Dudley, Dean. Directories:— Plymouth and Barnstable Counties, 1873-4;
Hyde Park, Dedham and Canton, 1874; Quincy, Weymouth and Braintree, 1873-4;
Cambridge, 1872; Brookline, Jamaica Plain and West Roxbury, 1S73-4, 1 vol.;
Concord, 1874-5; Dover, Great Falls and Rochester, 1874; Beverly, Peabody and
Marblehead, 1875.

Fearing, A. G., of Boston. Programmes, etc., of the Bunker Hill Monument
Association, June 17, 1875.

Folger, W. C, of Nantucket. Miscellaneous Town Reports, 10.

Gates, Geo. S., Groton. Catalogue of the Groton Public Library.

Green, S. A., Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 21.

Hartranft, J. F., of Philadelphia, Penn. Pennsylvania Archives, Second
Series, Vol. I, 1874.

Kimball, James. Cape Ann Advertiser, May to July. Proceedings of the
Mass. Council of Deliberation held in Boston, June 30, 1874. 8vo pamph.

Munsell, Joel, Albany, N, Y. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 31.

142

Putnam, F. W. Geological Survey of Missouri, by G. Broadhead. Vol. 1, 1873-4.
Valentine, Mrs. Friend's Review. 1859 to 1874. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25.

By Exchange.

Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings. Vol. XVII. Dec, 1874,
Feb. 1875.

New York Chamber oe Commerce. Annual Report, 1874-75.

N. E. Historic-Genealogical Society. Register. July, 1875.

N. Y. Genealogical and Biographical Society. Record. July, 1875.

Phila. Academy of Natural Sciences. Proceedings. Jan. to Apr., 1875.

Yale College. Obituary Record of Graduates. 1875. Yale College in 1875.

Publishers. American Journal of Science. Beetle and Wedge. Boston Daily
Globe. Forest and Stream. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haver-
hill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn
Transcript. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Post. Salem Gazette.
Salem Observer. Salem Register. Turner's Public Spirit.

George W. Cressy and Dorcas C. Nourse of Salem
were elected resident members.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Sept. 6, 1875.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From American Numis. and Archseol. Soc, Aug. 10; Bureau of Education
Washington, Aug. 26; Bristol Naturalists' Soc, Aug. 12; C H. Dall, Boston, Aug
7; London Soc. of Antiquaries, Aug. 4; Lisbon Royal Acad. Sci., July 30; Salem
Young Men's Union, Aug. 16; W. Hudson Stephens, Lowville, Aug. 26; W
Wheeler, West Roxbury, Aug. 16.

The following additions to the library were reported : —

By Donation.

Baker, C. H., Annapolis, Md. Papers and Proceedings of the U. S. Naval In
etitute. Vol. I. 1874.

Butler, B. F. Message and Documents, 1S74-75. Abridgement. 1 vol.

Con ant, W. P., West Newbury. Missionary Magazine, 1807. Locomotion bj
A. Gordan. Georgia Claims.

Cox, E. T., Indianapolis, Ind. Geological Survey of Indiana, 1S74.

Crowell, E. P., of Amherst. Triennial Catalogue of Amherst College, 1875.

143

Garfield, E. I., Detroit, Mich. Report of the Controller of Detroit, year end-
ing Jan. 31, 1875.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, July and August, 1875.

Marsh, O. C, New Haven, Conn. Statement of affairs at Red Cloud Agency,
made to the President of the U. S.

Mekritt, L. F. Essex County Mercury, April to August, 1875.

Oliver, H. K. Report of the Connecticut Board of Education, 1873. School
Report of Michigan, 1872. Penn. Report of the Institute of Mines, 1870. Report
of the Department of Agriculture, 1863. Report? on American Fisheries. Smith-
sonian Report, 1862. Transactions Mass. Agricultural Society, 3 vols. Agriculture
of Mass., ten years. U. S. Coast Survey, 1832. "Worcester's Gazetteer, 2 vols.
Memoir of Ebenezer Bailey. Memoir of Solomon Willard. Mass. State Board of
Charities, 1867, 1870-1, 1873-4. Registration Report, 1873. Auditor's Report, 1864.
Report of the State Board of Health, 1871. Agriculture of Maine, 1865, 1866, 1867.
The Art of Singing, 2 vols. National Lyric, 1 vol. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 64.

Patch, Geo. W., Marblehead. Registration Reports, 1858 to 1872, 15 vols. Board
of State Charities, 1865 to 1873, 7 vols. Report of the State Board of Health, 1870
to 1874, 4 vols. Journal of the Mass. House of Reps., 1865, 1866, 2 vols. Census of
Boston, 1845. Industry of Mass., 1865. Census of Mass., 1860, 1865, 2 vols. 8vo. Re-
port of Mass. Board of Education, 1859 to 1872, 14 vols. Animal Magnetism, 1 vol.
The Psalmist, 1 vol. Railroad Returns, 1863 to 1872, 10 vols. Journal of the Mass.
Convention, 1853, 1 vol. Patent Office Reports, 1853, 1855, 1856, 1860, 1861, 5 vols.
Report on Ship Canal, 1864, 1 vol. Logic and Utility of Mathematics, 1 vol. Reeves'
Bible History, 1 vol. Vocal Culture, 1 vol. Polyglott Bible, 1 vol. New Testa-
ment, 1 vol. Vindication of the Government of N. E. Churches, 1 vol. Sacred
Lyre, 1 vol. Bible News, 1 vol. Manual of the General Court, 1856 to 1873.
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 850.

Quint, A. H., New Bedford. Minutes of the General Association of Mass., 1S75.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, June 15, 22, July 6, 13, 20, 27, Aug. 3, 10.

By ' Exchange.

American Association for the Advancement of Science. Memoirs, No. I.
Archiv der Anthropologie, Paris. Band VIII. Apr., 1875.
Bristol Naturalists' Society. Proceedings. New Series, Vol. I, pt. II, 1874-5.
Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliologie. 3e Serie, Tome xv. No. 2, 1875.
Institut Historique, Paris. L'Investigateur. Mars-Avril, 1875.

NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN GESELLSCHAFT " ISIS " DRESDEN. SitzungS-Be-

richte, Jahrg. 1874, Oct., Dec.

Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereine zu Bremen. Abhandlungen, Bd. IV,
Heft 2, 3. 1874-5. 8vo. Beilage, No. IV, 1874. 4to.

N. Y. Lyceum of Natural History. Annals. Vol. xi. Nos. 5-6. 1875.

Royal Society of Tasmania. Monthly Notices for 1873.

Societe D'Acclimatation, Paris. Bulletin Mensuel, 3me Serie. Tome II, No.
II, 1875.

SociEte d' Agriculture, Sciences et Arts de la Sarthe, Le Mans, France.
Bulletins. Tome xxiii, 1875.

SociEte d'Anthropologie, Paris. Bulletins, Tome ix, 2e Serie. Juin-Juillet,
1874. Tome x, 2e Series. Jan-Mars, 1875.

Western Reserve and Northern Ohio Historical Society. Cleveland
Directories, 1845 to 1871. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 6.

Publishers. American Journal of Science. American Naturalist. Beetle and
Wedge. Boston Daily Globe. Bradford New Era. Forest and Stream. Gar-
dener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill

144

Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Tran-
script. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Gazette. Salem Observer-
Salem Post. Salem Register. The Western. Turner's Public Spirit.

Regular Meeting, Monday, September 20, 1875.

Meeting this evening. Vice President F. W. Putnam
in the chair. Records read.

Ellen B. Kelman was elected a resident member.
William De Roux of Panama, and Charles P. Perkins,
U. S. N., Annapolis, Md., were elected corresponding
members.

Adjournment of Quarterly Meeting, Monday,
October 4, 1875.

The adjournment of the August Quarterly Meeting
was held this evening. Vice President F. W. Putnam
in the chair.

On the motion of Rev. E. C. Bolles the Constitution
and By-laws proposed at the Quarterly Meeting in Febru-
ary, and at the Annual Meeting in May, were adopted
after a discussion by Messrs. A. H. Johnson, D. B. Hagar,
E. C. Bolles, John Robinson, W. D. Northend and C. H.
Higbce.

Adjourned to meet on Monday, Oct. 11, at 7.30 p. m.

The Regular Meeting was held immediately after
the adjournment of the Quarterly. Records read ; and
the correspondence was announced by the Secretary :

From Belfast Naturalists' Field Club, Sept. G; Charles Cadman, Detroit, Mich.,
Sept. 2; S. A. Diake, Boston, Sept. 22; J. W. Hawes, New York, Sept. 6; J. C.

145

Holmes, Detroit, Mich., Sept. 24; O. A. Jenison, Lansing, Mich., Sept. 6; Rufus
King, New York, Sept. 2.5; G. W. Patch, Marblehead, Sept. 8; W. Hudson Stephens,
Grand Rapids, Mich., Sept. 23; Charles A. Walker, Chelsea, Sept. 10; Western
Reserve Historical Society, Sept. 14, 17; W. Wheeler, West Roxbury, Sept. 7; W.
C. Wood, Wenham, Sept. 22.

The Librarian reported the following additions to the
Library : —

By Donation.

Aikin, Edwakd, East Saginaw, Mich. East Saginaw and Saginaw City Direc-
tories, 1868-9, 1870-1.

City of Salem. Centennial Exercises, Feb. 26, 1875.

Kimball, James. Cape Ann Advertiser, July, Aug., Sept. ,

Putnam, F. W. N. Y. Tribune, July to Sept.

Rantoul, Hannah, of Beverly. Mass. Memoires de Sully, 3 vols., 12mo. L'Ob-
servation, 2 vols. Fordyce's Addresses, 1 vol. Hebrew Grammar, 1 vol. Apoc-
ryphal Testament, 1 vol. Modern Materialism, 1 vol. Religious Creed and State-
ments, 1 vol. Conn. Evangelical Mag., 1 vol. Historie des Revolutions Romanies,
4 vols. Bielky's Evidences, 1 vol. Moscow, 1 vol. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 107.

Spence, F. A. Annual Report of the President of Brown University, July 17,
1875. 8vo.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Aug. 17, 31, 1875.

By Exchange.

Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings. Vol. xvii, pt. iv, Feb.,
April, 1875. 8vo.

Publishers. American Naturalist. Beetle and Wedge. Boston Daily Globe.
Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwicke's Science-Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich
Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Nation.
Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Gazette. Salem Post. Salem Observer. Salem
Register.

By Addition. Documents, 17. S. Cong., 1st Sess., 30 Cong., 4 vols.; 1st Sess.,
32 Cong., 13 vols. ; 2nd Sess., 32 Cong., 8 vols. ; 1st Sess., 33 Cong., 5 vols. Directo-
ries, Concord, 1870; Cambridge, 1868; Lowell, 1870; Bangor, 1871-2; Nashua, 1868-9;
Dover and Great Falls, 1869; Somerville, Arlington and Belmont, 1869-70; Haver-
hill and Bradford, 1869-70, 1872, 2 vols.; Rockland, Belfast, Camden and Thomas-
ton, 1868; Metropolitan Business Directory, 1869, 1870, 2 vols; Waltham and Water-
town, 1869-70.

Mr. Augustus S. Brown presented a bud of the ba-
nana plant from St. Augustine, Florida.

Mr. John Eobinson gave a description of the plant,
illustrating his remarks with the bud presented and with
a stalk and leaf from his greenhouse, and by diagrams on
the blackboard.

Prof. E. S. Morse spoke of his recent researches at

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. VII. 11

146

Grand Men an, and described some points in the embry-
olog}r of several species of birds.

Mr. James Kimball presented from Capt. J. J. Coker
a specimen of Hippocampus sp., which formed the subject
of remarks by the chairman.

Eva M. Davis of Salem was elected a resident member.

Adjourned Quarterly Meeting, Monday,
October 11, 1875.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. Vice President
Putnam in the chair.

On motion of Mr. John Robinson ;

Voted, To proceed to the election of officers and that a
committee be appointed by the chair to nominate a list.

Messrs. W. P. Upham, E. S. Atwood and John Robin-
son were appointed as the committee.

The following list was reported and the persons named
were elected :

President: Henry Wheatland.

Vice Presidents: Abner C. Goodell, Jr., Frederick W.
Putnam, William Sutton, Daniel B. Hagar.

Secretary: George M. Whipple.

Treasurer: Henry M. Brooks.

Auditor: Richard C. Manning.

Librarian: William P. Upham.

Curators: History, James Kimball ; Manuscripts, Wil-
liam P. Upham ; Archaeology, Frederick W. Putnam ;
Numismatics, Matthew A. Stickney; Geology, Alpheus

147

S. Packard, Jr. ; Botany, John Robinson ; Zoology, E.
S. Morse ; 'Horticulture, Caleb Cooke ; Music, Charles
H. Higbee ; Painting and Sculpture, Thomas F. Hunt;
Technology, Edwin C. Bolles.

Committees: Finance, John C. Lee, James Upton,
James B. Curwen, James O. Safford ; Library, Joseph
G. Waters, Henry F. King, George F. Flint, Amos H.
Johnson ; Publication, Abner C. Goodell, Jr. ; Edward
S. Atwood, William P. Upham ; Lectures, Charles H.
Higbee, Edwin C. Bolles, William D. Northend ; Field
Meeting, George M. Whipple, Allen W. Dodge, James
R. Nichols, George D. Phippen, Francis H. Appleton,
Amos Noyes, Francis H. Johnson, Amos H, Johnson,
George Perkins.

Rev. Charles Arey of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

Mr. John Robinson presented the following

ADDENDA TO THE FERNS OF ESSEX COUNTY.
(Bulletin E. I., Vol. YU, No. 3, March, 1875.)
10 A. WOODWARDIA ANGUSTIFOLIA Smith.

Dr. Charles Pickering informs me that Mr. Wm. Oakes, in a letter
written some forty years ago, speaks of finding this species while bot-
anizing. The locality, Dr. Pickering was quite certain, was in Essex
Co., probably at Danvers.

25 A. pIIEGOPTERIS HEXAGONOPTERA Fee.

Fine specimens of this specks were found by Mrs. Horner at
Georgetown, Sept., 1875 (see herb. Essex Co. at P. A. S).

Thus two species are added to the County ferns from
the list in the first paper indicating possible inhabitants.

Among the possible inhabitants see No. 5, B. simplex,
from Long Island, N. Y. This will probably prove to
be a mistake, and should be No. 6, B. matricarisefolium.

Mr. Frank Luf kin of Rockport has sent me Lycopo-

148

dium clavatum, L. annotinum and L. LuciDULUM from
that town, species not common in the County, and not
reported previously from that quarter.5

I have found Equisetum hyemale at Methuen and
Boxford during the past season.

While dredging for animals and plants in Wenham,
Pleasant and Chebacco ponds, during July and August,
1875, I collected among the Cryptogamous plants the
following :

Isoetes echinospora Durieu var. Braunii. In shallow water at
Pleasant pond. (The first species of Isoetes yet reported in the
County; doubtless others are to be found.

Characeae (2 gen., 6 species) (named by Mr. C. C. Frost, of Brat-
tleboro, Vt.).

Chara coronata var. Schweinitzii. Wenham pond, abundant.

Chara gymnopus var. elegans A. Br. Pleasant pond, Wenham,
"new to New England."

Chara vulgaris L. (C. foetid a of authors). Pleasant pond, Wen-
ham, common.

Nitella gracilis Agh. Chebacco pond, abundant.

Nitella flexilis Agh. Wenham pond.

— ? "Unknown to me, perhaps new to this region."

C. C. Frost.

Any local county lists or notes on the plants of the
county will be gladly received.

Capt. Saunders, of Orlando, Me., presented to the
Institute a vampire, several snakes, and a very curious
bone belonging to the dorsal tin of a fish, which were
remarked upon by the chairman.

5 Since the above was communicated, and just as this goes to press (May, 1S76),
I also found these species in Beverly.

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Vol. 7. Salem, Mass., Not. and Dec, 1875. Nos. 11 & 12.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 18, 1875.

Meeting this evening. Vice President F. W. Putnam
in the chair. Records read.

Dr. George A. Perkins exhibited some curious speci-
mens of coal and charcoal ; also beautiful impressions of
ferns in coal and stone, and made some remarks on the
subject. The chairman continued the subject, and spoke
on coal deposits in this country, and of the fossil remains
of fish found in several carboniferous deposits.

Mr. William P. Upham read an interesting paper re-
lating to the settlement of Rev. Samuel Skelton, minister
of the First Church in Salem. He also called attention
to the value of old letters and papers, and the importance
of their preservation. The paper was referred to the
publication committee for insertion in the "Historical
Collections."

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. VII. 12 (I*9)

150

Mr. Kimball exhibited plaster casts of two very curi-
ous utensils supposed to have been made by the Indians
and described the way in which they were probably made
and the conditions under which the original specimens
had been found. One was supposed to be a part of a
large mortar and the other a cooking vessel. The chair-
man made some statements of his researches among In-
dian relics, explanatory of the casts on exhibition.

Mr. C. H. Higbee laid on the table for examination
some specimens of minerals which he had collected, and
gave a brief description of them. This led to a discus-
sion of the minerals of this county, particularly of those
found in the region of Newbury, and which have recently
excited great interest, Messrs. Higbee, Kimball, Putnam
and others taking part.

Kegular Meeting, Monday, November 1, 1875.

Meeting this evening. Vice President F. W. Putnam
in the chair. Kecords of last meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Francis H. Appleton, Boston, Oct. 19; Charles Arey, Salem, Oct. 19; Helen
F. Ayres, Boston, Oct. 19; S. L. Boardman, Augusta, Me., Oct. 5; E. P. Boon, New
York, Oct. 26; John J. Bagley, Detroit, Mich., Oct. 17; Fidelia Bridges, Brooklyn,
N. Y., Oct. 18; James B. Curwen, Salem, Oct. 13; J. Edmonds Clarke, Washington,
D. C, Oct. 28; Samuel A. Drake, Boston, Oct. 5, 7; John Ward Dean, Boston, Oct.
5; J. P. Felton, Salem, Oct. 27; S. A. Green, Boston, Oct. 13; F. B. Hough, Wash-
ington, Oct. 2; Rufus King, New York, Oct. 16; H. M. Knowlton, Boston, Oct. ;
Lynn Public Library, Oct. 29; I. P. Langworthy, Boston, Oct. 9; Michigan State
Library, Oct. 9; Michigan State Geological Survey, Oct. 27; Amos No3'es, New-
buryport, Oct. 16; George Peabody, Salem, Oct. 30; Richard A. Proctor, Boston,
Oct. 21; E. P. Robinson, Saugus, Oct. 6, 3.1 ; W. Hudson Stephens, Lowville, N. Y.,
Oct. 13; Smithsonian Institution, Oct. 12; Joseph G. Waters, Salem, Oct. 13; Justin
Wmsor, Boston, Oct. 15.

151

Prof. A. Graham Bell gave a very interesting lecture
on the system of "visible speech" invented by his father,
illustrated by charts of the symbols representing the
various sounds, and by practical examples of the value of
the system in teaching deaf mutes to speak, as tested by
the ability of a young pupil from the Boston Institution
to interpret the symbols at sight. The exposition of the
value of the system, both in its linguistic and educational
aspects, was listened to with intense interest, and the tests
were eminently satisfactory.

After the close of the lecture a conversation followed
between Eev. E. B. Willson, the lecturer, and others, in
which several questions were proposed and answered. A
vote of thanks was then passed to Mr. Bell for the even-
ing's instruction. .

Edward J. Johnson of JSTahant was elected a resident
member.

The Second Art Exhibition

Opened on Tuesday, Nov. 9, at the rooms of the In-
stitute, Plummer Hall, and closed Wednesday the 17th.
About twelve hundred persons visited the exhibition, not
including members of the Institute and contributors.
The main hall was devoted to the display of oil paintings,
water colors, pen and ink and pencil sketches. The col-
lection of portraits of persons prominent in Salem his-
tory attracted much attention, and among them were
represented the productions of Copley, Stuart, Frothing-
ham, Osgood, Alexander and others of our early artists.
Our local artists presented, many choice specimens, enu-
merated in the accompanying catalogue of two hundred

152

and eighty-three pictures by one hundred and eighty-six
contributors.

The eastern ante-room was occupied by the exhibition of
bronzes, porcelain and pottery ; one hundred and five spec-
imens from forty-seven contributors. This was the first
ceramic exhibition in Salem, and it was an entire success,
and many rich and curious articles were there displayed.

CATALOGUE OF THE SECOND ART EXHIBITION, NOVEMBER, 1875.

No. Title.

Artist.

Contributor.

1 James Miller.

C Osgood.

Mrs. J. F. Miller.

2 Timothy Pickering.

S. L. Waldo.

J. Pickering.

3 John Pickering.

Chester Harding.

J. Pickering.

4 Richard Derby.

Sargent.

Misses Derby.

5 Thomas Cole.

C. Osgood.

Mrs. T. Cole.

6 Leverett Saltonstall.

C. Harding.

Mrs. J.F.Tuckerman

7 Wm. Orne.

Essex Institute.

8 Jona. Webb.

Frothingham.

Gardner Barton.

9 Mrs. Edward Lander.

«

Misses Lander.

10 Edward Lander.

«

Misses Lander.

11 C. W. Upham.

Essex Institute.

12 William Bentley.

Essex Institute.

13 Zachariah Hicks.

Stuart.

Mrs. S. B. Howe.

14 B. Lynde Oliver.

Copy by Miss Gil

bert.

J. G. Waters.

15 C W. Upham.

Alexander.

Mrs. C. W. Upham.

16 A. Huntington.

B. C. Porter.

Mrs. A. Huntington

17 Mrs. Lois Paine.

Mrs. J. S. Cabot.

18 Sir Richard Saltonstall.

Copy from Rem-
brandt, by C.

. Osgood.

Misses Saltonstall.

19 Pickering Dodge.

Frothingham.

W. A. Lander.

20 Perm Townsend.

J. G. Waters.

21 Mrs. Samuel Cook.

H. K. Oliver, Jr.

22 Nathaniel Lord.

G. R. Lord.

23 Alpheus Crosby.

E. Billings.

D. B. Hagar.

24 Nathaniel Hawthorne.

Mrs. G. B. Loring.

25 Wm. H. Prescot£.

J. H. Young.

D. B. Hagar.

2G Nathaniel J. Lord.

George R. Lord.

27 Samuel Cook.

H. K. Oliver, Jr.

28 Family of Benjamin West.

Mrs. J. S. Cabot.

29 Rebecca Cabot, daughter of Tim-

othy Orne.

Mrs. J. S. Cabot.

30 Benj. Waters, about 1800.

J. G. Waters.

31 View on the Presumpscot.

H. B. Brown.

E. C. Bolles.

32 Crayon Head.

Pnpil of Miss

Merrill.

S. H. Worcester.

153

No. Title.

33 View in Stowe, Vt.

34 Water Color.

35 Drawing " The Page."

36 Flowers, French crayon.

37 Pencil drawing.

38 Chai-coal head.

39 Pen sketch.

40 Water color.

41 Out door sketch.

42 Lespieglerie.

43 Sketch at Seabrook.

44 LaMignonne.

45 Charcoal. Fancy head.

46 Copy of an old picture.

Charcoal. Fancy head.
Monarch of the Glen.
Drawing.
Beatrice Cenci.

St. Francis, founder of the Fran-
ciscan Order.
Water-Lilies.
Pansies.
Road-side View.
Flowering Vines.
Old Canal.
Woodcock.
Water color.
Woodcock.
Palette Knife Sketch.
Grief.

Head of a Boy.
Apple Peddler.

64 The Exile.

65 Portrait of Lady.

66 Wisteria.

67 Portrait, Miss Manning.

68 Interior of a Studio.

69 Apple Blossoms.

70 Apple Tree at Manchester.

71 Priscilla, (after Hunt).

72 Wayside Flowers.

73 Study.

74 The Willows.

75 Sketch.

76 Medford Spires.

77 Cactus.

78 June Day.

Artist.

G. M. White.

J. W. Thyng.

G. B. Haskell.

Miss H. Putnam.

G. B. Haskell.

Miss Ida Caller.

O. W. H. Upham.

David Roberts,
England.

O. W. H. Upham.

G. M. White.

Miss M. C. Allen.

G. M. White.

Miss Ida Caller.

Miss H. F. Carl-
ton.

Miss Ida Caller.

G. Southward.

J. B. Hudson, Jr.

After Guido.

Ribera.

Seavey.

Seavey.

J. B. Hudson, Jr.

Miss E. Gardner.

J. B. Hudson, Jr.

Mrs. G. P. Osgood

Sattler.

Mrs. G.P.Osgood.

H. M. Knowlton.

H. M. Knowlton.

H. M. Knowlton.

Pupil of Miss

Knowlton.
H. M. Knowlton.
H. M. Knowlton.
Miss S. E. Smith.
Miss S. E. Smith.
Pupil of Miss

Knowlton.
H. M. Knowlton.
H. M. Knowlton.
Miss Smith.
Miss Smith.
Pupil of Miss S.

E. Smith.
Miss S. E. Smith.
Wm. M. Hunt.
a

H. M. Knowlton.
After Rousseau.

Contributor.
N. G. Simonds.
J. W. Thyng.
G. B. Haskell.
Miss II. Putnam.
C F. Archer.
J. M. Caller.
O. W. H. Upham.

Misses Saltonstall.
O. W. H. Upham.
G. M. White.
Miss Allen.
G. M. White.
J. M. Caller.

Oliver Carlton.
J. M. Caller.
Observatory Club.
J. B. Hudson, Jr.
Wm. A. Lander.

Mrs. A. L. Peirson.
G. W. Benson.
G. W.Benson.
J.B. Hudson, Jr.
Miss E. Gardner.
J. B. Hudson, Jr.,
. Mr. G. P. Osgood.
John C. Lee.
, Geo. P. Osgood.
H. M. Knowlton.
Miss Knowlton.
Miss Knowlton.

Miss Knowlton.
Miss Knowlton.
Miss Knowlton.
Miss Smith.
Miss S. E. Smith.

Miss Knowlton.
Miss Knowlton.
Miss Knowlton.

Miss Smith.

Miss Smith.

Miss Smith.
Miss Smith.
Mr. Hunt.
Mr. Hunt.
Miss Knowlton.
Miss S. E. Smith.

154

NO. TlTLB.

79 Study, charcoal.

80 Study, charcoal.

81 Study, charcoal.

82 Study, charcoal.

83 Sketch, charcoal.

84 Study, moonlight.

85 Study, from life.

86 Study, Azalia.

87 Apple Blossoms.

88 Ginger Jar.

89 Planting.

90 Wild Flowers.

91 Portrait, Josh Billings.

93 Study.

93 Wisteria.
, 94 Tea Roses.

95 Descent from the Cross.

96 Madonna.

97 Pond Lilies.

98 Saco River, N. Conway.

99 Cardinal Flower.

100 Water Color.

101 Water Color.

102 Water Color.

103 Presumpscot Falls.

104 Moonlight.

105 Dogs Heads.

106 Portrait, Mrs. Fitch.

107 Pen Drawing.

108 After the Storm.

109 Wild Flowers.

110 Baboosic Lake.

111 Wild Flowers.

112 The Showery Day.

113 Woodcock.

114 White Cactus.

115 Night Blooming Cereus.

116 View on Lake George.

117 The Horse Fair.

118 The Horse Fair.

119 Marine View.

120 Pen Drawing.

121 Pen Drawing.

122 Water Color.

123 Flower Piece.

Artist.
Pupil of Miss

Smith.
Pupil of Miss

Smith.

Miss H. M. Knowl-

ton.
Wm. M. Hunt.
MissH.M.Knowl-

ton.
Miss S. E. Smith.
Pupil of "
Miss S. E. Smith.
Pupil "
Miss S. E. Smith.
Pupil "
MissH.M.Knowl-

ton.
Pupil of Miss

Smith.

Miss S. E. Smith.
(After Overbeck).
Copy from Raph-
ael.
Mary H. Weston.
Geo. Newcomb.
Nina Moore.

Sattler.

J. B. Hudson, Jr.
R. D. Wilkie.
Miss Nellie Had-
dock.
Copley.

Geo. M. White.
Oliver.

Mary H. Weston.
Mrs. F. Cox.
Mary H. Weston.
Mrs. F. Cox.
W. B. Parker.
Miss KateJohnson

u

Fisher.
Unknown.

<«

Ernest Fenollosa.
Geo. M. White.
<t

Chinery.

Miss K.Johnson.

Contributor.

Miss S. E. Smith.

Miss S. E. Smith.
Miss Smith.

Miss Knowlton.
Mr. Hunt.

Miss Knowlton.
Miss Smith.
Miss Smith.
Miss Smith.
Miss Smith.
Miss Smith.
Miss Smith.

Miss Knowlton.

Miss Smith.
Miss Smith.
Miss Smith.
C. A. Ropes.

B. H. Silsbee.
Miss Weston.
Mr. Newcomb.
Mrs. K. Woods.
Miss Saltonstall.
J. C. Lee.
Miss Saltonstall.

Mr. Hudson.

C. H. Higbee.

Miss Haddock.
Misses Derby.
H. M. Brooks.
C. A. Ropes.
Miss Weston.
Mrs. Cox.
Miss Weston.
Mrs. Cox.
Mr. Parker.
Miss Johnson.
Miss Johnson.
H. M. Brooks.
Mrs. T. Hunt.
Mrs. T. Hunt.
Mr. Fenollosa.
H. M. Brooks.
H. M. Brooks.
T. F. Hunt.
Miss Johnson.

155

NO.

TITLE.

124 The Shepherdess.

125 Landscape.

126 Water Color.

127 Water Color.

128 Sea Mosses.

129 Water Color.

130 Water Color.

131 Portrait.

132 Portrait, Lady.

133 Shop in Paris.

134 Diana's Baths.

135 Woman Selling Provisions.
13(5 Interior.

137 Landscape.

138 The Sisters.

139 Water Color.

140 Water Color.

141 The Dentist.

142 View near Naples.

143 Portrait.

144 Sunset.

145 Scriptural Subject.

146 Reading Magdalen.

147 Autumn.

148 Deer.

149 Cloister Life.

150 Roman Forum.

151 Angels, after Raphael.

152 Monks.

153 St. Peter's.

154 Roman Beggar.

155 Study of an Arab.

156 Heidelberg.

157 Sans Souci.

158 Mt. JStna.

159 Alchemist.

160 View of Tivoli and Falls.

161 Roman Peasant Girl.

162 Market Woman.

163 Game.

164 Landscape.

165 Twilight in Venice.

166 Head.

167 Capture of Luther.

168 Fancy Head.

169 Salem Boy.

170 Iris ; after Guido.

171 Mt. Shasta.

Artist.

Contributor.

Henri.

C. A. Ropes.

M. Lajoie.

H. M. Brooks.

G. M. White.

Mr. White.

'"

Mr. White.

Miss M. Gold-

thwaite.

Miss Goldthwaite.

G. M. White.

Mr. White.

Unknown.

Mrs. C. F. Williams.

Jean Raoux.

Miss Jackson.

Lafaye.

George Peabody.

Geo. Newcomb.

Mr. Newcomb.

After Gerhard.

George Peabody.

Unknown.

Wm. A. Lander.

«

George R. Lord.

Copy from Sir T.

Lawrence.

J. P. Cook.

G. M. White.

Mr. White.

Mary H. Weston.

Miss Weston.

School of Vernet.

Miss Jackson.

Mrs. M. J. David.

Mrs. E. Putnam.

J. J. Enneking.

T. F. Hunt.

Unknown.

J. M. Caller.

Mrs. H. M. Berry

Mrs. Berry.

Mrs. A. M. Kind-

ler.

Mrs. Kindler.

Pupil of Miss

Merrill.

A. E. Whitman.

Mary E.Williams

. Miss M. E. Williams

Moretti.

Miss M. E. Williams

Miss M.E.Williams

Mary E.Williams

. Miss M.E.Williams

Moretti.

Miss M.E.Williams

Mary E . William s

. Miss M. E. Williams

"

Miss M. E. Williams

A. O. Williams.

Miss A.O. Williams

Mary E. Williams

. Miss M. E. Williams

A. O. Williams.

Miss A.O.Williams

Mary E. Williams

. Miss M. E. Williams

A. O. Williams.

Miss A. O.Williams

Mary E. Williams

Miss M. E.Williams

Unknown.

W. B. Parker.

Vervoort.

Essex Institute.

Bohm.

James O. Safford.

E. Cecchini.

Mrs. J. S. Cabot.

Mary E.Williams.

Miss M. E. Williams

Van Starken-

burgh.

Mrs. E.D.Kimball.

Miss Knight.

Miss Knight.

Geo. Newcomb.

C. S. Clark.

Mrs. H. M. Berry.

Mrs. Berry.

H. O. Young.

C..A. Ropes.

156

No.

Title.

172 Landscape.

173 Water Color.

174 Cherries.

175 Landscape.

176 Norwegian Scenery. After Gude.

177 Woodbine.

178 Off Baker's Island.

179 Pen Sketch.

180 Magdalen.

181 Washington.

182 St. Ursula.

183 The Wayside Trough.

184 Head; after Miss Knowlton.

185 Osgood Fire Place.

186 Basket of Chestnuts.

187 White Lily.

188 Flower Panel.

189 Wild Flowers.

190 Holy Family.

191 Fruit Piece.

192 Lily of the Valley.

193 Gil Bias.

194 Study.

195 Study from a cast.

196 Crab Apples.

197 Ginger Jar.

198 Flower Piece.

199 Trees on Blue River, Nebraska.

200 View in Newbury, Vt.

201 Blackberry Vine.

202 Flower Panel.

203 Little Red Riding Hood.

204 Apple Blossom.

205 A fresh puff off shore.

206 Morning on Columbia River.

207 Wild Flowers.

208 The Mountain River.

209 Wild Flowers.

210 Marine View.

211 Gloucester Beach.

212 Study of Rocks at Nahant.

213 Winter Scene.

214 Landscape.

215 Dogs Heads ; after Landseer.

216 Portrait.

217 Portrait.

218 Portrait.

219 Placid Lake.

220 Interior; with Figures.

221 Summer Sunset.

Artist.
J. Both.
Miss Needham.
G. M. White.
Wynants.
S. P. Hodgdon.
Mrs. H. H. Davis.
G. M. White.
G. M. White.
Guido.
Jos. Ames.

A. P. Close.
Miss Caller.
Miss K. Brooks.

Miss L.E.Merrill.

Miss Williams.

Miss L.E.Merrill.

Unknown.

Miss L.E.Merrill.

L. L. A. Very.

Van Lerius.

Miss A. A. Agge.

W. H. White.

Miss L.E.Merrill.

Geo. Newcomb.

Miss Emily Wil-
liams.

T. M. Osborne.

Miss M.S. Bullard.

MissL.L. A. Very

Miss M. E. Wil-
liams.

Miss L. L. A.Very.

Miss C. L. Grant.

S. G.W.Benjamin.

H. O. Young.

Mrs. F. Cox.

J. Warren Thyng.

Mrs. F. Cox.

Geo. M. White.

S. S. Tuckerman.

Mrs. F. Cox.

Miss S. E. Smith.
Frothingham.
Stuart.
Alexander.
S. P. Hodgdon.
Van tier.
Miss H. F. Os-
borne.

Contributor.

George Peabody.
Mrs. T. Hunt.
T. F. Hunt.
George Peabody.
George Peabody.
Mrs. Davis.
T. F. Hunt.
T. F. Hunt.
Mrs. S. B. Howe.
E.W.Upton.
Mrs. S. B. Howe.
J. P. Cook.
Miss Caller.
H. M. Brooks.
H. M. Brooks.
Miss Merrill.
Miss Williams.
Miss Merrill.
Geo. P. Osgood.
Miss Merrill.
Miss Very.
Miss Jackson.
Miss Agge.
W. H. White.
Miss Merrill.
Mr. Newcomb.

Miss Williams.
Mr. Osborne.
Miss Bullard.
Miss Very.

Miss Williams.
Miss Very.
Miss Grant.
J. A.Gillis.
J. P. Cook.
Mrs. Cox.
Mr. Thyng
Mrs. Cox.
N. G. Simonds.
J. F. Tuckerman.
Mrs. Cox.
W. A. Lander.
C. H. Higbee.
Miss Smith.
Misses Forrester.
Misses Forrester.
Essex Institute.
E. K. Benson.
Mrs. Mott.
Miss Osborne.

157

No. Title.

222 The Play Mates.

Artist.

Contributor.
Miss II. Silsbee.

223 Winter Sunset.

Miss H. F. Os-

borne.

Miss Osborne.

224 Marine View.

Geo. M. White.

H. F. Waters.

225 Spanish Peasants.

After Murillo.

Mrs. Mott.

226 Wayside Inn.

Miss Jackson.

227 White Mountain Brook.

Mrs. A. M. Kin-

dler.

Mrs. Kindler.

228 Marine View.

Geo. M. White.

H. F. Waters.

229 Marblehead Neck.

Miss H. F. Os-

borne.

Miss Osborne.

230 Home they brought her Warrior dead

. " «

Miss Osborne.

231 Flowers.

MissH.M. Knowl

-

ton.

H. F. Waters.

232 Marine View.

Miss Caller.

Miss Caller.

233 Angel.

After Fra Angel-

ico.

Mrs. F. H. Lee.

234 Angel.

After Fra Angel-

ico.

Mrs. F. H. Lee.

235 Water color.

W. A. Lander.

236 Washington.

After Stuart.

Miss H. E. Deland.

237 Alexander Hamilton.

Trumbull.

Essex Institute.

238 Sunset at Sea.

S. G. W. Benja-

min.

T. F. Hunt.

239 May Flower.

Miss C. L. Grant.

Miss Grant.

240 Misty Morning on the Hudson.

G. D. Brewerton.

X. H. Shaw & Son

241 Pen Drawing; Archb. Williams.

Willis B. Young-

man.

E. N. Peabody.

242 From the Cliff, Newport.

G. D. Brewerton.

X. H.Shaw & Son.

243 Water Color.

Miss E. M. Bur-

0

rows.

M. S. Shaw.

244 Storks Tower.

Mrs. A.Hyatt.

Mrs. Hyatt.

245 Study.

Geo. M. White.

H. F. Waters.

246_ Flower Piece.

Miss E. M. Bur-

rows.

Miss L. Tappan.

247 Peaches.

Mrs. H. M. Berry

Mrs. Berry.

248 Dawn off White Island.

S. G. W. Benja-

min.

Mr. Benjamin.

249 Misty Morning on Lake Thun.

Mrs. A. Hyatt.

Mrs. Hyatt.

250 Artists' Brook, N. Conway.

Miss L. Lander.

Miss Lander.

251 Water Color.

Miss F. Bridges.

Miss Bridges.

252 Water Color.

" "

Miss Bridges.

253 Our Sunny Knoll.

Miss E. Gardner.

Miss Gardner.

254 Water Color.

Miss L. Lander.

Miss Lander.

255 Roman Peasant.

Misses Saltonstall.

256 Ingtham Moat, Sussex.

Buckley, senior.

Misses Saltonstall.

257 Peasant Girl from the Campagna.

Misses Saltonstall.

258 Flower Piece.

Miss K. Johnson.

Miss Johnson.

259 A Quiet Nook.

Miss L. Lander.

Miss Lander.

260 Lilies.

Helen F. Ayres.

Miss Ayres.

261 Morning Glories.

Miss C. L. Grant.

Miss Grant.

262 Mill in Suabian Alps.

Mrs. A. Hyatt.

Mrs. Hyatt.

263 Whitby Abbey,

M "

Mrs. Hyatt.

158

No. Title.

264 Water Color.

265 Nobska Beach.

266 Birds.

267 Wisteria.

268 Autumn.

269 After School.

270 Portrait.

271 Scientific Drawing.

272 James Silver.

273 Samuel Webb.

274 Water Color.

275 Joseph Mosely.

276 Ancient Painting.

277 Autumn Leaves.

278 Autumn Leaves.

279 Study.

280 New England Scenery.

281 Everlastings.

282 Pond Lilies.

283 Fancy Head.

Artist.

Miss E. M. Bur-
rows.

Mrs. A. Hyatt.

Miss L. Lander.

Miss C. L. Grant.

Miss L. Lander.

J. F. Lyon.

Miss Myra Derby.

S. E. Cassino.

Chinery.

Miss Alice Caller.
it it

W. H. White.
H. F. Higgins.
W. H. White.
Mrs. G. P. Osgood.
Geo. Southward.

Contributor.

M. S. Shaw.
Mrs. Hyatt.
Miss Lander.
Miss Grant.
Miss Lander.
Mr. Lyon.
Miss Warner.
Mr. Cassino.
Wm. Silver.
G. Barton.
T. F. Hunt.
Mrs. T. B. Russell.
Nicholas Pitman.
Miss Caller.
Miss Caller.
Mr. White.
J. P. Cook.
Mr. White.
Mrs. Osgood.
J. M. Caller.

CERAMICS, BRONZES, ETC,
No. Title.

1 Collection of Pottery, etc.,

2 China Plate (Canton, modern),

3 Japanese Plate (modern),

4 Japanese cup and saucer (modern),

5 Japanese cup and saucer (modern),

6 Porcelain Pen Rest (Chinese),

7 Japanese Cup and Saucer (modern),

8 Jade Stone Ornament,

9 Japanese Plate (modern),

10 Cup and Saucer, hand-painted,

11 Cup and Saucer, hand-painted,

12 Cup and Saucer (Sevres China),

13 Christian Lamps and Vases from Catacombs at

Rome,

14 Models of Vases found in Pompeii,

15 Ancient Etruscan Pottery,

16 Ancient Lamp and Medallion,

17 Early North American Pottery,

18 Stone Pipe from Jagga Country, Africa,

19 American Pottery,

20 Four examples of Beverly Pottery, decorated by

Miss Kate Johnson,

21 Two examples of Beverly Pottery, decorated in

India Ink by E. S. Morse,

22 Lambeth Jug,

23 Four examples of Lancaster Pottery,

Contributor.
Tech. Dep. Essex Ins.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
T. F. Hunt.
Mrs. J. P. Cook.
Mrs. Chas. S. Nichols.
Mrs. Chas. S. Nichols.
William Silver.

Miss Mary E. Williams.
Miss Mary E. Williams.
Miss Mary E. Williams.
Miss Louisa Lander.
F. W. Putnam.
Caleb Cook.
Miss Louisa Lander.

J. Robinson.

E. S. Morse.
J. Robinson.
Mrs. C. S. Nichols.

159

No. Title. Contributor.

24 Six examples of Chinese Pottery, T. F. Hunt.

25 Japanese Pottery, C. Cook.

26 Horse of Marly, Bronze, J. C. Lee.

27 Bronze Leopard, , J.C.Lee.

28 Silver Bronze Vase, J. C. Lee.

29 Bronze Leopard, J. C. Lee.

30 Horse of Marly, J. C. Lee.

31 Bronze Bell of St. Peter's, J. C. Lee.
31 a Plate, Cup and Saucer, brought from China in

the Grand Turk, 1785, Misses Derby.

" 32 China Plate, G. It. Cur wen.

33 Cup and Saucer, Chinese (ancient), G. R. Curwen.

34 Cup and Saucer, Chinese (ancient), G. R. Curwen.

35 Old Nanking Custard Cup, G. R. Curwen.

36 Tea Set, China, about 1800, Mrs. Jos. Osgood.

37 Seven pieces of Canton Ware, about 1820, Jona. Tucker.

37 a - Four pieces of Old China, Miss M. Whipple.

38 Plate, Old China, Mrs. Frost.

39 Bowl, Japan, Mrs. J. P. Cook.

40 Plate, Old China, Mrs. Frost.

41 Porcelain and Wicker Work, Bowl and Plate, Japan, Mrs. T. Hunt.

42 Plate, China, Mrs. M. A. Andrews.

43 Plate, Old China, Mrs, Jona. Perley.

44 Cup and Saucer, Canton Ware, Mrs. Jona. Perley.

44 a Old Blue Tea Caddy, Cup and Saucer, Misses Derby.

45 Saki Bottle, Japan, Mrs. J. P. Cook.

46 Tea Pot, Japan, Mrs. J. P. Cook.

47 Dragon Vase, China, Mrs. J. P. Cook.

48 Porcelain Pagoda, Mrs. T. Hunt.

49 Pair of Crackle Vases, H. F. Waters.

50 Porcelain Ornaments, Mrs. T. Hunt.

51 Dragon Vase, ., Mrs. T.Hunt.

52 Porcelain Vase, Mrs. J. P. Cook.

53 Cream Jug, Old China Ware, Mrs. J. P. Cook.

54 Old Nanking Tea Pot, Mrs. J. P. Cook.

55 Japanese Lacquer Porcelain Tea Pot, Mrs. J. P. Cook.

56 Plate, formerly property of Royal Family, France, Miss J. F. Bond.

57 Old French Ware, 1676, Jona. Tucker.

58 Old Pencil Ware, four pieces, Jona. Tucker.

59 Two Old Tiles, Mrs. T. B. Russell.

60 Cream Jug, Old English Ware, B. D. Hill.

61 Bowl, B.D.Hill.

62 Old English Ware, Mrs. T. B. Russell.

63 Bowl, G.P.Daniels.

64 Coffee Pot, 1775, G.P.Daniels.

65 Coffee Pot, China, 1803, Mrs. E. Emmerton.

66 Pencil Ware, Cup and Saucer, Miss E. H. Kimball.

67 Liverpool Ware, plate, G. R. Curwen.

68 Pitcher, taken by a Privateer, 1812, Mrs. M. A. Tufts.

69 Chelsea Ware, Miss J. F. Bond.

70 Sugar Bowl, Gen. James Miller's Wedding Set, Mrs. C. H. Highee.

71 Dutch Porcelain Mug, Miss L. Lander

72 Old English Ware Gravy Dish, Miss L. Lander.

160

No.

Title.

Contributor.

73 Sugar Bowl, Wedgwood Ware, Flaxman's designs,

Miss L. Lander.

74 Louis 14th Mug and Saucer,

Miss L. Lander?

75 Old Indian Mug and Saucer,

Miss L. Lander.

76 Independence Ware Plate,

E.L. Per ley.

77 Vase, French,

Mrs. C. H. Higbee.

78 Masonic Wine Glass,

Jona. Perley.

79 Glass Ware,

Mrs. G. M. Whipple.

80 Japanese Crystal,

Mrs. T. Hunt.

81 Glass Bottle, 1767,

Jas. Kimball.

82 Glasses used by Gen. Miller in war of 1812,

Miss.M. E. Miller.

83 Hour Glass Bottle,

Miss E. H. Kimball.

84 Old English Glass,

G. R. Curwen.

85 Old Beer Jug, English,

B. D. Hill.

86 Native Majolica, Boston, Nov. 9, 1872,

J. Robinson.

87 Puzzle Pitcher,

Jas. Kimball.

88 Beer Mug,

Jas. Kimball.

89 German Vase,

Jas. Kimball.

90 Bowl and Pitcher,

Miss A. Grant.

91 Collection of Coins of all Nations, from the earliest

times to the present, showing the progress of

the art of coinage, arranged and contributed by

J. Robinson.

92 Modern copy Burnt China,

H. F. Waters.

93 Old Burnt China,

H. F. Waters

94 Old Burnt China,

H. F. Waters.

95 Delft,

H. F. Waters.

96 Old China,

H. F. Waters.

97 Old China,

H. F. Waters.

98 Delft,

H. F. Waters.

99 Japanese Teapot,

H. F. Waters.

100 Rouen Jar,

H. F. Waters.

101 Japanese Saucer,

H. F. Waters.

102 Burnt China Cup and Saucer,

H. F. Waters.

103 Silver Watch 150 years old,

Miss Mary E. Williams

104 Silver Bell, figure of Silenus,

H. F. Waters.

105 Two watches 150 years old,

H. F. Waters.

106 Old China Cup and Saucer, ,

H. F. Waters.

107 Rouen Jar,

H. F. Waters.

108 Chinese Teapot,

Mrs. T. Hunt.

109 Old Cake Dish,

H. F. Waters.

110 Very old China Bowl,

H. F. Waters.

111 Blue China Dish,

H. F. Waters.

112 Elder Brewster Teapot,

H. F. Waters.

113 Old China Coffee Cup and Saucer,

H. F. Waters.

114 Old China Soup Plate,

H. F. Waters.

115 Specimen of Rogers Ware, English,

H. F. Waters.

116 Old China Tea Caddy and Stand,

H. F. Waters.

117 Delft Plate,

H. F. Waters.

118 Old China Tea POt,

H. F. Waters.

119 Blue China Dish,

H. F. Waters.

120 Old China Bowl,

H. F. Waters.

121 Decorated China,

H. F. Waters.

122 Twenty-eight pieces of Glass Ware, of English,

German and Venetian make,

H. F. Waters.

161

No. Title.

123 Painting on Copper, silver frame,

124 Door Plates,

125 Whist Counters,

126 Wedgwood Portrait Sir W. J. Hooker,

127 Portrait in Wax,

128 Highland Mary Snuff Box,

129 Collection of Miniatures,

130 Painted Table Top,

131 Bronze Medallion of Gibson, the Sculptor,

132 Collection of Manuscripts,

133 Collection of Ceramics,

134 Bronze Figure.

135 Bronze Group of Dogs,

136 Bronze figure.

137 Pair of Bronze Vases,

138 Pair of Bronze Vases,

139 Sesostris.

140 Metallization of Plaster from " The Cluny,"

141 Escuiapins.

142 Japanese Platter,

143 Jupiter,

144 Figure Metallization of Plaster from " The Cluny,'

145 St. George and the Dragon,

146 Bronze Vases, Japanese,

147 Pair of Carved Wood Stands, Chinese,

148 Very old Chinese Bronze Vase,

149 Bronze Figure (Horse),

150 Damascus Metal Bowls,

151 The Dying Gladiator,

152 Bronze Vases, Japanese,

153 Porcelain Vases, Chinese,

154 Old Bronze Incense Burner, Chinese,

155 Japanese Bronze,

156 Incense Burner, Chinese,

157 Pair of Gilded Vases, Chinese,

158 Pair of Japanese Vases,

159 Pair of Bronze Incense Burners, Chinese,

160 Pair of Chinese Vases,

161 Old China Vase (about 1,400),

162 Pair of Japanese Vases,

163 Pair of Bronze Candlesticks, Japanese,

164 Pair of Bronze Ornaments, Chinese,

165 Pair of Bronze Vases, Chinese,

166 Japanese Stork Candlesticks,

167 Bronze Image Worshipped by the Chinese,

168 Chinese Gong Bronze,

169 Pair of Japanese Vases,

170 Pair of Candlesticks used in South Church, 1804,

171 Chinese Porcelain Jar,

172 Pair of Japanese Vases,

173 Japanese Cabinet.

Contributor.
Miss Mary E. Williama.
Miss Kate Johnson.

J. Robinson.

Mrs. E. G. Perkins.

Miss E. H. Kimball.

Mrs. E. T. Kcmble.

Miss Louisa Lander.

Manuscript Department,
Essex Institute.

Dep't of Technology, Es-
sex Institute.

Mrs. T. Hunt.

J. C. Lee.

Mrs. T. Hunt.

Mrs. T. Hunt.

J. Robinson.

J. Robinson.

Mrs. C. S. Nichols.

J. C. Lee.

H. F. Waters.

J. C. Lee.

Mrs. C. S. Nichols.

A. H. Johnson.

J. P. Cook.

Mrs. T. Hunt.

A. S. Packard, Jr.

J. C.Lee.

Misses Forrester.

Miss Saltonstall.

J. P. Cook.

Mrs. T. Hunt.

J. P. Cook.

J. P. Cook.

Mrs. J. Osgood.

Mrs. J. P. Cook.

Mrs. T. Hunt.

Mrs. J. P. Cook.

Mrs. J. P. Cook.

Mrs. T. Hunt.

Mrs. T. Hunt.

Mrs. J. P. Cook.

Mrs. J. P. Cook.

Mrs. J. P.Cook.

Mrs. J. P. Cook.

J. P. Cook.

J. P. Cook.

J. Robinson.

J. Robinson.

J. Robinson.

J. Robinson.

J. Robinson.

162

NO.

Title.

174 Tea Caddy, Chinese,

175 Pair of Japanese Bottles,

176 Roman Lamp,

177 Pair of Japanese Platters,

178 Japanese Lacquer Platters,

179 Florentine Lamp,

180 Japanese Cabinet,

181 Japanese Vase,

182 Collection of Glass, etc.

183 Collection of Tiles, etc.

184 Collection of Beverly Pottery,

185 Paper Making and Jug Making,

186 Collection of Chinese and French Ware,

Contributor.
J. Robinson.
J. Robinson.
Miss M. E. Williams.
J. Robinson.
J. Robinson.
Miss M. E. Williams.
J. Robinson.
J. Robinson.
Dep't of Tech. Essex In.
Dep't of Tech. Essex In.
Mr. Lawrence.
Dep't of Tech. Essex In.
Mrs. C. F. Williams.

Regular Meeting, Monday, November 15, 1875.

Vice President Goodell in the chair. Records
read.

Maiy E. Gould and George L. Upton of Salem were
elected resident members.

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 6, 1875.

Meeting this evening. In the absence of President
and Vice Presidents, Mr. C. H. Higbee was requested to
take the chair. Records read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence: —

From Boston Public Library, Dec. 1; British Archaeological Association, Nov.
27; Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Nov. 30; F. B. Hough, Washington, D. C,
Nov. 15; M. Knoedler & Co., New York, Nov. 3; G. P. Lothrop, Boston, Nov. 13, 16;
Maryland Historical Society, Nov. 24; R. C. Manning & Co., Salem, Dec. 1; New
York Historical Society, Nov. 30; Charles C. Perkins, Boston, Nov. 14; C. O. ihonip-
Bon, Worcester, Nov. 13, 1U.

163

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Baglet, John J., of Lansing, Mich. Proceedings at the laying of the corner
stone of the Capitol of Mich., Oct. 2, 1873.

Baker, Nathaniel B., of Des Moines, Iowa. Adjutant General's Report of
Iowa, Jan. 1, 187-4 to Jan. 1, 1875.

Cole, Mrs. N. D. Kindergarten Messenger, 14 numbers.

Hammond, Chas., of Monson, Mass. Catalogue of Monson Academy, 1875-76.

Humphreys, A. A., of Washington, D.C. Report of a Reconnaissance of the
Black Hills of Dakota made in 1874, by Wm. Ludlow. 1 vol., 4to.

Kimball, James. Cape Ann Advertiser, Oct. and Nov., 1875.

John C. Lee. Commercial Bulletin, Aug. to Nov., 1875.

Levette, Geo. M., of Indianapolis, Ind. Indiana Agricultural Reports, 1874,
5 vols. Transactions of the Indiana Horticultural Society, 1874. Indianapolis
Directory, 1872-73. House Journal, 1871. Senate Journal, 1871. Ohio Statistics,
1872. New School Law of Indiana, 1873. Laws of the State of Indiana, 1871.

Matthews, W. L., of Warsaw, Ind. Report of the Superintendent of Public
Instructions of Indiana, 1874.

Mayer, Alfred M., of Hoboken, N. J. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 5.

Merritt, L. F. Essex County Mercury, May to Nov., 1875.

Neff, J. E., of Indianapolis, Ind. Documentary Journal of Indiana, 2 vols.,
8vo. Report of the Secretary of State, Oct., 1873, 1 vol., 8vo.

Putnam, F. W. On the Habits of the Blind Crawfish, 8vo pamph., 1875. New
York Tribune, Sept., Oct., Nov., 1875..

Stephens, W. H., of Lowville, N. Y. Statutes of South Carolina, Vol. 1, 1836.

Stone, B. W. New York Directory, 1873. Essex Co. Directory, 1870. Salem
Directory, 1869. N. Y. Business Directory, 1874.

Stone, E. M., of Providence, R. I. Report of School Committee of Providence,
June, 1875.

Thornton, J. Wingate, of Boston. The Garden of Health, 1 vol., 4to.

Wadsworth, H. E., of La Porte, Ind. Rockport City Directory, 1872-73.

U. S. Department of Interior. Documents, 42nd Cong., 2 vols. 1st Sess., 43rd
Cong., 36 vols.

U. S. Bureau of Education. Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1874.
1 vol., 8vo.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Aug., Sept., Oct., and Nov., 1875.

Upton, James. Baptist Missionary Magazine, 1870-74. Good Health, 1871. Mis-
sionary Magazine, 1870.

Warner, Oliver, of Boston, Mass. Mass. Public Documents, 1874,, 5 vols.
Acts & Re&olves, 1875.

Waters, J. Linton. History and Directory of Kent Co., 1870. Cincinnati
Directory, 1840.

Unknown. Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration of the Battle of Lexing-
ton, Apr. ly, 1875. 1 vol.

By Exchange.

American Antiquarian Society. Proceedings of the, Apr. 28, 1875.
Amherst College Library. Triennial Catalogue, 1875.
Archiv fur Anthropologie, Braunschweig. Band viii. Aug., 1875.
Belfast Naturalists' Field Club. Annual Report of the, 1873-74. Guide
to Belfast, 1 vol.

164

Berwickshire Naturalists' Club. Proceedings of the, Vol. vii. No. II, 1874.

Boston Society of Natural History. Memoirs of the, Vol. ii. Part IV»
No. 11, 1875. Proceedings of, Vol. xvi i, pt. I, II, 1875.

Botanisk Tidsskrift in Kjobenhavn. Tidsskrift, 1874. 2 pamphlets.

Boston Public Library. Bulletin, Oct., 1875.

Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. Bulletin. Vol. ill, No. 1, 1875.

Canadian Institute. Journal, July, 1875.

Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Kjobenhavn. Oversigt, Bd.
1874, No. 11.

L'ACADEMIE IMPERIALE DES SCIENCES DE ST. PETERSBURG. Memoire8, Tome

xxi, Nos. 6-12, 1874; Tome xxii, Nos. 1-3, 1874-5. Bulletins, Tome xix, Nos. 22-37,
1874; Tome xx, Nos. 1-21, 1874.

Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. Transactions, 1873-74, 1874-75.

Naturforschknde Gesellschaft, Danzig. Schriften, Bd. iii, Heft, iii, 1874.

Naturhistorische Gesellschaft zu Hannover. Dreiundzwanzigster &
Vierundzwanzigster Jahresbeiicht, 1872-73, 1873-74. 2 pamphlets.

Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein zu Hamburg. Naturwissenschaften, y,
Bd.,4Abth. 1873.

N. H. Historical Society. Proceedings of, 1874-5. 1 vol.

N. E. Historic Genealogical Society. Register, Vol. xxix. Oct., 1875.

N. Y. Genealogical and Biographical Society. Record, Oct., 1875.

N. Y. Historical Society. Catalogue of Museum and Gallery of Art, 1874.

Physikal Medicin Gesellschaft in Wurzburg. Verhaudlungen, Bd. viii,
Heft iii and iv. 1875.

Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. Annual Reports, 1833-74 inc.

Societe d'Acclimation, Paris. Bulletin, 3e Serie, Tome 11. Apr., 1875.

Societe d'Anthrofologie, Paris. Bulletin, Tome x. Mar-Mai, 1875. 8vo.

Societe Linneene Bordeaux. Actes, Tome xxvii, pt. II; Tome xxviii, pt. I,
II, 1872.

SociEtE Royale des Antiquaires du Nord Kjobenhavn. Memoires, 1873-74.

SociEtE des Sciences Naturelles du Grand-Duche de Luxembourg.
Publications of, Tome xv, 1875.

Societe Entomologique de Russie Hor^3 Societatis Entomologic^e Ros-
SlCiB. Tome ix, No. 3, 1873. Tome x, No. 1-4, 1873-74. Beitrage, 1S74.

Smithsonian Institution. Report of the Board of Regents, 1873, 1874. 2 vols.

Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege: Memoires. Tomes iv, v, 1873, 1874.

SocietE Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, Lausanne. Bulletin, No. 74.
Mai, 1875.

Vereins fur Erdkunde zu Darmstadt. Notizblatt iii, Folge Heft xiii. 1S74.

Veriens fur Erdkunde zu Dresden. Jahresbericht, xi, xii, 1875.

W. H. Yeomans, of Columbia, Conn. Report of the Conn. Board of Agriculture,
1874. Indiana Agricultural Reports, 1870. Geological Survey of Indiana, by E. T.
Cox, 1870. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 36.

Yale College. Catalogue of the Officers and Students, 1875-76.

Zoologische-Gesellschaft, Frankfurt. Zoologische Garten, xvi Jahrg.
Jan.-Juni, 1875.

Zoologiscii-Mineralogischen Vereins in Regensburg. Abhandlungen,
Zehntes Heft, 1875. Corresponding-Blatt, 1874.

Publishers. American Journal of Science. American Naturalist. Beetle and
Wedge. Boston Daily Globe. Bradford New Era. Gardener's Monthly. Glou-
cester Telegraph. Hardwicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich
Chronicle. Journal of Conchology. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn
Transcript. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Quaritck's Catalogue. Sailor's
Magazine. Salem Gazette. Salem Observer. Salem Post. Salem Register.
Tuft's Collegian. Turner's Public Spirit.

165

Kev. George F. Wright, of Andover, read the paper
of the evening, an abstract of which is here inserted.

INDIAN RIDGE AND ITS CONTINUATIONS.

The so-called "Indian Ridge" of Andover, Mass., has
long been an object of curiosity to citizens, and of inter-
est to geologists. In the "Transactions of the Association
of American Geologists and Naturalists," for 1841 and
1842, Pres. Edward Hitchcock, of Amherst College, gave
a detailed account of the formation so far as it had then
been observed.1 This distinguished observer character-
ized it as "decidedly the most interesting and instructive
case [of moraine ridges] which he had met with." A
map of it is given in the same paper, taken from a survey
of Professor Alonzo Gray, then of Andover, now of
Brooklyn, N. Y. This map, in reduced dimensions,
reappears in Hitchcock's Elementary Geology,2 as an il-
lustration of "Submarine Ridges."

The formation is described as a series of narrow, par-
tially parallel and interlacing ridges, composed of sand,
gravel and boulders intermixed. These ridges are said
to be from fifteen to thirty feet high and. four or five rods
through at the base, extending a mile and a half or more,
in a line nearly north and south. Similar ridges two or
three miles south are alluded to ; and at South Reading,
now Wakefield, twelve miles south of Andover, still other
and higher ridges of a like nature were observed. At
the close of his remarks upon the subject, Dr. Hitchcock
writes, "I presume that still further careful examination
of the region above described may show other similar
ridges, or a continuation of those on the map.
I would gladly resurvey all the moraines with which I am
acquainted, in the confident belief that now fI have learnt

iSee page 198. 2 See page 260 (30th edition).

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN VII. 13

166

to see,' I should find many of them continuous ridges
where I have supposed a confused group of moraines to
exist." Acting upon this hint I have given my spare
time for many months back, in attempting to add to our
stock of knowledge upon the subject. I herewith furnish
a brief survey of the results.

1. Measurements. Taking them in order, going west-
ward about half a mile from Andover depot, and meas-
uring from their base, the East ridge is 41 feet high, the
Middle or Indian ridge is 49 feet, and the West ridge 91
feet. The base is 40 feet above the Shawshin river, and
90 feet above the sea level. So that the summits of these
ridges at this point are, respectively, 131, 139, and 181
feet above the ocean. The west ridge at the place of
measurement is 250 feet broad at the base. I am in-
debted to various members of the scientific class of 1875,
in Phillip's Academy, for assistance in securing these
measurements.

2. Composition. These ridges were not primarily
stratified, and so differ in an important respect (if their
observations were sufficient^ accurate) from the "Horse-
backs" of Maine, described by Professor C. H. Hitch-
cock,3 and the "Karnes" of Scotland, described by James
Geikie.4 There is, however, usually a secondary stratifi-
cation along the flanks of the ridge, and around the rim
of the numberless basins that are enclosed by its inter-
lacing branches, and in some places the entire ridge is
stratified. But ordinarily, sand, gravel, pebbles and
boulders are indiscriminately mingled. Boulders from a
few inches to two or three feet in diameter are found in
the higher portions of the Ridge as well as in the lower.

3. Character of the Stones. The stones of the
ridge are uniformly rounded aud polished, but I have

a See Maine Agricultural Reports, 1861, 1862. * See The Great Ice Age, pp. 210-237.

167

failed to find any scratches upon their surface, such as are
frequently found upon those of the "ground moraine" of
this region. They are not of local origin, but consist, in
indiscriminate mixture, of grauite, gneiss, and slatestones
from the North. Among these a rose quartz is abundant.

4. Extent of the Eidge. With only such interrup-
tions as are made by river valleys and water courses, or
by other apparent causes, I have traced this series of
ridges, in continuous line, from Wakefield, through Read-
ing, North Beading, Wilmington, Ballardvale, Andover,
Lawrence and Methuen to Salem in New Hampshire, a
distance of nearly twenty-five miles as the bird flies. I
have with tolerable certainty identified it on either side
of these limits : south, in Melrose and Maiden; north, as
far as Derry Station, N. H.

5. Direction. It will be observed that this line cor-
responds with the direction of the glacial stria? of this
vicinity, about 15° N. W. by S. E. The line projected
to the north would coincide with the axis of the Merri-
mack valley above Manchester, N. H.

6. Hypothesis. We have not time to work out the
details of the hypothesis which accounts for the facts so
far as at present observed. It is sufficient to say that we
expect eventually to demonstrate that this net-work of
ridges is the medial moraine of that portion of the con-
tinental glacier which took its local direction from the
Merrimack valley. The floods of water which during the
period of its retreat flowed forth from the foot of that
glacier would account for the partial stratification that is
observed.

7. Conclusion. But we wait for further investigation,
especially in the line north and south. And we solicit
facts from any observers, first, as to the composition of
the hills in this vicinity, and for twenty miles east or

168

west of the line of this Ridge, whether they are of solid
rock, or of loose material, whether stratified or not, and
whether the material is of local origin. And furthermore
what is the direction of the axis of these "drift" hills?
And are there elsewhere such ridges as we have described ;
and what is their direction ? The Essex Institute would
do an important work if its members should systemati-
cally collect the facts concerning the whole drift deposit
of the Merrimack valley. When these are gathered and
arranged, we can popularize for this region the intensely
interesting subject of the glacial age, which now does not
have the practical hold of the popular imagination that
its merits, and the proximity of its phenomena, demand.

At the close of the lecture the subject was continued
by remarks from Dr. A. H. Johnson, Messrs. W. P.
Upham, C. H. Higbee and others, and a vote of thanks
was passed to Mr. Wright for his instructive paper.

George West, George Newcomb and C. A. Shaw were
elected resident members.

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 20, 1875.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read.

Robert C. Mills, Charles R. Mills, George W. Benson,
E. K. Benson, Lewis F. Miller, S. F. Chase, D. B. Kim-
ball and Abby R. Knight were elected resident members.

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

VOLUME VIII.

1876.

SALEM, MASS.
PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS
1877.

CONTENTS

Page

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 3, 1876, 1

S. C. Oliver, On the Instinct and Intelligence of Animals, 1.
Regular Meeting, Monday, January 17, 1876, .... 4
John Robinson, On Salix discolor, 4. — G. M. White, On Pottery, 4.—
John J. Hutchinson, Communication in relation to Abby W. Dit-
more's will, 4.

Special Meeting, Monday, January 31, 1876, .... 5

E. S. Atwood, On the Manufacture of Silver Plated Ware, 5.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 7, 1876, .... 9

S. G. W. Benjamin, On the Theory and Practice of Art, 9.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 21, 1876, .... 13

A New Draft of the By-laws read, 13.— N. H. Chamberlain, "On the
Way of Making Orators," 19.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 6, 1876, 21

W. P. Upham, On Incidents during the Occupancy of Boston by the
British Troops in 1775-6, 21.

Wednesday, March 8, 1876, 23

A. H. Johnson's 1st Lecture on the Relation of Mind to the Nervous
System, 23.

Wednesday, March 15, 1876, 24

A. H. Johnson's 2nd Lecture on the Relation of Mind to the Nervous
System, 24.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 20, 1876, 26

John Robinson, On Perns, 26.
Wednesday, March 22, 1876, . .27

A. H. Johnson's 3rd Lecture of his course, 27.
Wednesday, March 29, 1876, 30

A. H. Johnson's 4th Lecture, 30.
Regular Meeting, Monday, April 17, 1876, 33

C. H. Higbee, On Sea-weeds, 33.
Regular Meeting, Monday, May 1, 1876, 33

F. W. Putnam, On the Ancient Peruvians, 34.

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 15, 1876, 37

Retrospect of the year, Members, 39; Meetings, 46; Lectures and Con-
certs, 47; Art Exhibition, 48; Library, 48; Museum, 49; Publications,
50; Centennial Exhibition, 50; Financial, 51 ; Officers elected, 52.

Regular Meeting, Monday, June 5, 1876, 53

F. W. Putnam, On Ancient Gold Images, from Graves near Bogota, 53.

(Ui)

IV

CONTENTS.

Page
Regular Meeting, Monday, June 19, 1876 53

Regular Meeting, Monday, July 3, 1876, 54

Field Meeting at Beachmont, Saturday, July 22, 1876, . . 54

Ramble, 54.— Remarks by E. S. Morse, 58; George Dixon, F. W. Put-
nam, G. A. Otis, D. M. Balch, S. C. Bancroft and others.

Field Meeting at Manchester, Thursday, August 10, 1876, . . 61

Ramble, 61.— Remarks by F. W. Putnam, 66; John Robinson, 67; E. S.
Morse, 69; James Freeman Clarke, 70; Richard II. Dana, 73; Lewis
N. Tappan, 75; C. A. Bartol, 76.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 2, 1876, 77

J. A. Allen, List of Birds collected by Mr. Charles Linden, near San-
tarem, Brazil, 78.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 16, 1876, .... 83

Regular Meeting, Monday, November 6, 1876, .... 83

Regular Meeting, Monday, November 20, 1876, .... 88

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 4, 1876, .... 89

E. W. Nelson, On the Birds of North-eastern Illinois, 90.
Meeting, Monday, December 11, 1876, 155

C. Pfoundes, On Japan and the Japanese, 155.
Regular Meeting, Monday, December 18, 1876, .... 161

Adjourned Meeting, Friday, December 22, 1876, .... 161

W. P. Upham, On the History of Stenography, with a proposal for a
New System of Phonetic Short-hand Writing, 161.

Letters Announced, 3, 18, 37, 55, 63, 83.

Additions to Library, 7, 18, 38, 56, 64, 84.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ZESSEIX USTSTITUTE.

Vol. 8. Salem, Mass., January, 1876. No. 1.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.

Eegular Meeting, Monday, January 3, 1876.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read.

The paper for the evening was on " The Instinct and
Intelligence of Animals," by S. C. Oliver.

Colonel Oliver illustrated his remarks with explanatory
anecdotes, and said that spoken and written language and
all the significant machinery of human life had come to be
regarded as essential parts of our intelligence, and it would
be no easy matter for us to represent to ourselves the
movements of the human intellect deprived of the assist-
ance of that artificial apparatus employed by human beings
to enlarge the compass of thought and of knowledge. It is
quite necessary however to make the attempt to set forth
the fundamental peculiarities of intelligence in general,
that we may, by this means, gain another step towards
the rational explanation of the animal mind.

The first great feature of intelligence common to the

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. VIII (1)

whole animal race, with of course difference of degree,
we may express by the term docility, meaning by it the
power of making acquisitions of every kind independent
of the native or inborn capacities. There is evidently a
great inferiority in the extent and in the character of the
brute acquisitions as compared with humanity. It is
doubtful how far an ordinary quadruped can revive the
pictorial impressions of sight in the entire absence of the
original so as to go through an operation truly mental,
and live in the past, the present and the future. The
best of animals can go but a little way towards recogniz-
ing the proportions of natural objects, chiefly on account
of their utter want of all the artifices of indirect vision,
which have their perfect exemplification in the human
sciences.

It usually happens that every active weapon or instru-
ment belonging to the structure of an animal is fully pro-
vided with nervous communications with all the other
parts of the system through the common centre of ner-
vous action, and is in this way put to employment on all
convenient occasions. Nothing more is required than
such a method of connection to insure the application of
every species of active impulse wherever it can be of any
avail. The electric organs of the torpedo are related by
massive cords of nerve to the brain of the animal, and
act in sympathy with its wishes and movements.

We are to conceive of each class of animals as pos-
sessed of a certain number of susceptibilities and active
capacities in more or less measure of energy, and also of
the power of harmonizing, combining and arranging the
one to meet the other through the medium of a central
brain, and as having this power in unequal degrees.

The varieties of the sense of hearing furnish a basis of
discrimination of the^animal species. This sense is, per-

haps, oir the whole, less complex and less dignified than
the sense of sight, but this last sense is more extensively
possessed than the power of hearing. The development
of the ear goes along with the development of the vocal
organs, and there is a special connection between the two
in the nervous system. When the ear and the voice are
in tolerable perfection they are put to a variety of uses.
Besides the employment of the voice in the expression of
the animal emotion and in kindling up sympathies and
inspiring terrors into fellow beings, it very soon shows
itself as an organ of language,. or as a means of commu-
nication between the different members of any society of
animals.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Amherst College Library, Dec. 13; E. P. Boon, New York, Dec. 9; Insti-
tuto Historico e Geographico do Brazil; Cincinnati Public Library, Dec. 21; Dres-
den Kais. Leop. Carol. Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher, Oct. 29; Emden,
Naturi'orschende Gesellschaft, Oct. 15; LeRoy F. Griffin, Hightstown, N. J., Dec. 22;
Hague, Entomol. Soc. of Netherlands, Oct. 19; Liege, Societe Geologique de Bel-
gique, Sept. 15; Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society, Dec. 3; Lynn Public
Library, Nov. 1(5; Mttnehen, K. Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Nov.
1; E. P. Robinson, Nov. 10; Stockholm. L'Acad. Roy. Suedoise des Sciences, Nov.;
Charles P. Thompson, Washington, Dec. 17; Throndhjem K. Norske Videnskabers-
selskab, July 15; Upsal, Societe Royale des Sciences, Oct. 15, Nov. 15, 20.

At the close of the meeting, on motion of Mr. Wm. P.
Upham, a vote of thanks was passed to Col. Oliver for
his interesting communication.

The following persons were elected resident members :
Mrs. D. B. Hagar, Mrs. C. H. Miller, Mrs. J. O. Safford,
Mrs. D. W. Bowdoin, Harriet A. Austin, Hannah H.
Silsbee, Horace N. Smith, Andrew D. Cross, Thomas H.
Johnson., all of Salem.

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 17, 1876.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read.

•

Mr. John Robinson brought to the notice of the meet-
ing the finding of the willow (Salix discolor) in blossom,
stating that this was rarely the case in midwinter.

Mr. George M. White, of Salem, read a paper on
"Pottery," illustrating the same by some beautifully col-
ored cartoons, prepared by himself, of some of the most
celebrated specimens of pottery on record. He com-
menced by giving a brief sketch of the art in the earliest
period of its history when the clay was made sufficiently
hard for the simple wants of the people by exposure to
the sun. The baking of the clay, so as to produce an
indestructible tenacity was an immense stride, a rough
and rude ornamentation was at that time adopted. An-
other step in the process was in rendering the vessels
less porous and better fitted to hold liquids by covering
them with an impervious glaze. Then followed the use
of copper to obtain the brilliant blue enamel ; other ma-
terials and processes were afterwards gradually intro-
duced for the various kinds of ornamentation which was
carried to so high a degree of perfection as to require the
talents and skill of the most noted artists, and have be-
come an almost inexhaustible source for illustrating the
mythology, the history and the customs of the people.

A communication was read from Mr. John J. Hutch-
inson, executor of the will of the late Miss Abby W.
Ditmore, in relation to the bequest therein noted.

On motion of Mr. A. C. Goodell

Voted, That the Essex Institute will accept the bequest
made by the residuary clause of the will of Abbie W.
Ditmore, late of Salem, singlewoman, deceased, on the
condition therein expressed, and will pay the income of
the same to Frederick J. Perkins, cousin of said testatrix,
during his life, and the Treasurer of said Institute is
hereby authorized and directed to give a receipt for the
same, and to pay the income thereof as required by said
will during the life of said Frederick J, Perkins.

Voted, That said Treasurer be authorized to give bond
to said executor to refund to said executor any part of
said sum that may be recovered against said executor or
said estate within two years of his acceptance of said
trust.

On motion of Mr. R. C. Manning it was

Voted, That the thanks of the Institute be given to Mr.
George M. White for his handsomely illustrated lecture.

The following persons were elected resident members :
Mrs. J. F. Tuckerman, Edward Kemble, Winchester
Smith, Samuel C. Oliver, Mrs. F. H. Lee, Chas. Henry
Andrews, Wm. Phineas Parker, Clarence Edward Murphy.

Special Meeting, Monday, January 31, 1876.

The President in the chair. The meeting this even-
ing attracted a large audience.

Rev. E. S. Atwood gave an explanation of the manu-
facture of silver plated ware, illustrated by the elegant
specimens which have recently been added to the techno-
logical department of the Institute through the generosity
of Messrs. Reed and Barton, of Taunton, manufacturers,
whose establishment ranks among the most distinguished.

6

The lecture was listened to with the utmost interest and
closest attention.

The lecturer commenced with an allusion to the silver
plating practised by the ancient Romans, the silver being
soldered to copper and rolled out. This method was con-
tinued until the middle of the 18th century and was called
the French process. He also spoke of the silvered wires
for filigree work.

The French process was succeeded in England by fire-
plating — silver fused upon copper without solder — known
as the Sheffield process. In this the weight of silver was
1-24 to 1-30 that of the copper. This ware is remarkably
serviceable and does not tarnish. A specimen more than
a hundred years old was exhibited and the plating was
apparently as perfect as when first made.

Amalgam plating was next described — silver and mer-
cury mixed, the mercury volatilized.

The first electro plating, which is the modern process,
was done in 1803, by Brugnatelli, a pupil of Volta. El-
kington's patent was issued in 1840, and it was not until
within twenty-five or thirty years that the manufacture
began to assume its present proportions.

The general composition of the three bases, Britannia,
German silver, and nickel silver was then given, Bri-
tannia being a compound of lead, tin, and antimony;
German silver, of copper, zinc, and nickel ; and so on.

The lecturer then took his audience into the manufac-
turing room and described the process by which the raw
material is worked up into hollow ware, and spoons and
forks, which latter is a special department of the busi-
ness. The various methods of "chasing" were then con-
sidered, and silvered plates illustrating each variety were
exhibited. The "plating" room was next described, with
an enumeration of the various chemical and galvanic oper-

ations, employed at that stage of the work. Following
this was a detailed account of the method of "burnish-
ing," by which the lustreless silver is made to take on a
high polish. The lecture closed with some practical
directions as to the best way to buy, cleanse, and preserve
the various articles of plated ware in use in the household.
A handsome tablet, containing specimens of the raw
materials used, aud of articles in various stages of manu-
facture, was among the donations by Reed & Barton, and
the specimens, being removable, were, with the finished
articles, passed around among the audience and enabled
the listeners to follow the explanations with great satis-
faction.

The Lib raeian reported the following additions to the

library : —

By Donation.

Bolles, E. C. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 10.

Bunker Hill Monument Association. Proceedings of the. At the Annual
Meeting, from 1861-1874. 1 vol. 8vo.

Calef, John. Boston Gazette, 1805, 1806. 2 vols, folio.

Chase, Anne A. Journals of Madam Knight and Rev. Mr. Buckingham, writ-
ten in 1704-1710. 1 vol. 8vo.

Cole, Mrs. N. D. Salem Gazette, July-Dec, 1875.

Cook, James. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 17.

Emilio, L. F., of San Francisco, Cal. Report of the San Francisco Park
Commissioner, 1874-75. 8vo, pamph.

Green, S. A., of Boston, Mass. Little Wanderer's Advocate, 1872. 1 vol. 8vo.
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 7. .

Greenwood, Isaac J., of New York. The Willoughby Family of New Eng-
land. 8vo, pamph., 1876.

Jennison, O. A., of Lansing, Mich. City Directory, 1853, 1854. 1 vol. 8vo.

Kimball, James. Cape Ann Advertiser, Dec. 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 1875.

Lee, John C Commercial Bulletin, Oct. 30, Nov. 6, 20, 27, Dec. 4, 1875.

Merritt, L. F. Essex Co. Mercury, Dec, 1875.

Perry, W. S., of Geneva, M. Y. Journal of the General Convention of the
Protestant Episcopal Church in the U. S., 1874. 1 vol. 8vo.

Putnam, F. W. Paper on Cylinder Condensation, by G. B. Dixwell. 8vo
pamph.

Ropes, W, L., of Andover, Mass. Catalogue of Andover Theological Semi-
nary, 1875-6. 8vo, pamph.

Shipman, Wm. R., of College Hill, Mass. Catalogue of the Officers and
Students of Tufts College, 1875-6. 8vo, pamph.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Nov. 16, 23, 30, Dec. 14, 28, 1875.

Waters, J. Linton. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 5.

By Exchange.

American Antiquarian Society. Transactions of. Vols, v, vi. 2 vols. 8vo.

Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings of. Vol. xviii, sigs. 9, 10,
11, 1875.

Caen, France, Royale Academie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres.
Memoires, 1875. 1 vol. 8vo.

Canadian Institute. Journal, Vol. xiv, No. 6, Dec., 1875. .

Crosse et Fischer. Jurnal de Conchyliologie, Tome xv, No. 3, 1875.

Dresden, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Isis. Sitzungs-Berichte
Jahrg. 1874, Oct.-Dec.

Michigan State Library. Joint Documents, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1850, 1851, 1853,
1854, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869. Laws
of Michigan, 1845, 1857, 1858, 1861, 1862, 1867, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872. Senate Docu-
ments, 1S53, 1855, 1857, 1859, 1861, 1863, 1865. House Journal, 1849, 1858 1859, 1861,

1863, 1864, 1865, 1867, 1869, 1870, 1871. Senate Journal, 1850, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1861, 1863,

1864, 1865, 1867, 1869, 1870. Senate and House Documents, 1843, 1853, 1862, 1867, 4
vols. 8vo. Revised Statutes of Michigan, 1 vol. 8vo. Geological Survey of Mich-
igan, 1860,1 vol.8vo. Census of Michigan, 1874, 1 vol.8vo. Statistics of Michigan,
1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Catalogue of Michigan State Library, 1875-76, 1 vol. 8vo. State
Board of Health, 1873-1874,2 vols Svo. Registration Reports, 1 vol. 8vo. Michigan
romological Society, 1871-72, 1873, 1874, 4 vols. 8vo. Michigan Board of Agricul-
ture, 1865, 1866,1867, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1873-4, 7 vols. 8vo. Michigan Insurance
Reports, 1871/1872, 1873, 4 vols. Svo. Compiled Laws, 2 vols. 8vo. Convention
Journal, 1867, 1 vol. 8vo. Edmund's Impeachment Trial, 2 vols. Svo. Michigan
School Reports, 1865, 1866, 1869, 1871, 1872, 5 vols. Svo. Report of Superintendent of
Public Instruction, 1873, 1 vol. 8vo. Public and Local Acts of Michigan, 1874, 1
vol. 8vo. Public Acts, 1875, 1 vol. 8vo. Local Acts, 1875, 1 vol. Svo. Convention
Debates, 1867, 2 vols. 4to. In all 178 volumes, and 75 Miscellaneous Pamphlets.

Michigan Geological Survey. Vols, i, ii, 1869-1873, 2 vols. 8vo, Maps.

N. E. Historic-Genealogical Society. Register, Jan., 1876. Diary of Dr.
Ezra Green. Centennial Orations, 1874-1875, 1 vol. 8vo.

Paris, France, Institut Historique. L' Investigateur Mai-Aodt, 1875.

Paris, Societe D'Acclimation. Bulletin Mensuel. Tome ii, 3e Serie. Mai,
Sept., 1875.

Paris, Societe DAnthropologie. Bulletins. Tome ix, He Serie. Mai,
Nov., 1874.

Publishers. American Journal of Science and Arts. American Naturalist.
Beetle and Wedge. Boston Daily Globe. Bradford New Era. Haverhill Gazette.
Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript.
Nation. Nature. Salem Gazette. Salem Post. Salem Register. Gardener's
Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Lynn City Item. Peabody Press. Salem Ob-
server. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Turner's Public Spirit.

BULLETIN

OF THE

IBSSIEIX UsTSTITTJTE.

Vol. 8. Salem, Mass., February, 1876. No. 2.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 7, 1876.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read.

Mr. S. G. W. Benjamin of Boston gave a lecture on
"The Theory and Practice of Art," which was attentively
listened to by a large and appreciative audience.

The high expectations which the lecturer's reputation
as a writer had excited, were not disappointed. The
paper presented was an eminently able and finished pro-
duction, giving, in terse and attractive style, a vast deal
of information to the uninitiated in art matters.

The lecturer commenced with a brief statement of the
development of interest in the fine arts, in America, dur-
ing the last quarter of a century, and warmly commended
the progress that had been made. But by the very ra-
pidity of that progress we are in danger of being super-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. VIII 2 (9)

10

ficial, a danger to be guarded against by understanding
the real character and scope of art.

Art was defined as the offspring from the poetic yearn-
ings and emotions suggested by aspirations after the true,
the good, and the beautiful. In the strict meaning of the
term, it is the appeal to the imagination through the eye,
by means of external forms. Religious architecture has
been in the past the first of the arts to receive attention.
Sculpture follows and then the arts of design. Only the
highest art is cosmopolitan. The criticism was passed
upon French art that it confines itself to the expression
of the beautiful, while the Germanic races make place for
the moral element. The ideal is the ultimate aim of
art, and no technical excellences can atone for its absence.
The fine arts and the industrial arts, it was claimed, stand
on the same level, when the expression of the beautiful is
the common aim. Cellini is no more an artist when he ex-
ecutes his silver statue of Perseus, than when he designs
his silver salt cellar for Francis First. The limitations
and modes of art were next discussed. The plastic arts
and the arts of design constitute the two grand divisions.
The three grand limitations are form, light and shade,
and color. The arts of design include form, color, and
light and shade, and, requiring for their perfection the
whole art triad, deservedly take the highest rank.

Color was declared to be the emotional element in
painting. In some people it awakens the same feelings
as music. Scarlet is the emblem of rage. Turner added
awful significance to his picture of the slave ship, throw-
ing slaves overboard, by representing the sun, the hue of
blood, sinking low down over a gray waste of angry sea.
Black and white are hues in harmony with our more
solemn emotions. Color appeals more to the soul than
to the intellect. A scientific knowledge of chromatic

11

effects is essential, and comes only as the result of study,
observation and practice.

In the application of these fundamental principals of
the arts of design to practice, four points are to be mas-
tered : perspective, tone, values, and composition. Per-
spective is linear and aerial ; the former founded upon
the convergence of imaginary geometric lines, the latter
a matter of feeling and observation. Tone is a term bor-
rowed from music, suggested by the limited power of
material colors to give the impression of light. White
is the starting point, and everything in the picture has to
be pitched on that key. The stronger the effect required,
the lower must be the tone. The term "values" is used
to indicate the equilibrium between a given effect and the
materials at command. Only great artists can disregard
them with safety. Composition is the application of all
these principles to the conception of a work of art. Ex-
amples were given of artists who had excelled in each or
all of these particulars. Artists as a whole are agreed
upon these theories, but differ when they come to reduce
them to practice ; and on this point a very sharp and de-
served criticism of many art critics was given. The least
diversity between theory and practice is found in the
plastic arts. ' In regard to the arts of design there is
endless controversy. A consideration of the comparative
merits and demerits of water colors and oil pigments fol-
lowed, and the excellences of each stated, the large pref-
erence in point of dignity and durability being given to
paintings in oil. In this department every great artist
has his own method of employing colors.

The lecturer then explained the importance of careful
study and application, while at the same time the super-
human power of real genius was admitted. This point
was exquisitely illustrated by a description of a church

12

spire in Brittany, "a tower from whose floor one looks up
to the finial at the extreme top, through a hollowed shell
of stone tracery work three hundred feet high, entirely
clear of brace or buttress, pier, beam, or bracket, nothing
to break the astonishing sight but the doves flying in the
dizzy cavity, and the sun flashing here and there through
the open carvings, while the wind breathes, from age to
age, a grand seolian chant through that organ of granite."

The comparative merits of painting from models, or
from memory and imagination, received attention, and
great stress was laid upon the importance of proficiency
in drawing, before attempting to work in colors. The
proper canons of art criticism and judgment on the part
of the general public were very succinctly and fairly
stated. It should be unprejudiced, and take into account
the artist's purpose, with constant remembrance that we
may be tempted to condemn what is really admirable in
its way, but not addressed to our personal taste, which
may be one-sided and partial.

The lecture closed with a brilliant characterization of
art, as the embodiment of the " life blood of master
spirits," as a historic record, giving events an immortality
in form and color, and as a minister to man's highest na-
ture. It was finely written, and well delivered, and those
who were not present may comfort themselves with the
thought that they missed one of the most exhaustive and
instructive lectures that has ever been given in Salem.

W. H. Simonds, Jr., of Salem, and E. P. Robinson of
Saugus were elected resident members.

13

Kegular Meeting, Monday, February 21, 1876.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read.

The new draft of the By-laws was read, as follows : —

ARTICLE I. — MEMBERS.

Section 1. Any person may be elected a member, at a Regular
Meeting by a majority of the members present and voting, the name
of such person having been proposed in writing by two members at a
previous meeting.

Sect. 2. Any person not residing in the County of Essex may be
elected a corresponding member upon nomination by the Board of
Directors, but corresponding members shall not be eligible to office,
or entitled to vote. Any member removing from, or residing out of
the county, may become a corresponding member, by giving notice of
his intention and paying all arrears.

ARTICLE II. — OFFICERS.

Section 3. The officers shall be a President, four Vice-Presidents,
a Secretary, a Treasurer, an Auditor, a Librarian, and Curators of
Departments who, with the Chairmen of the Standing Committees,
shall be the Board of Directors.

Sect. 4. The Board of Directors may appoint an Associate Curator
of any department upon nomination of the Curator of the same depart-
ment; and may appoint an Assistant Librarian, upon nomination of
the Librarian. But the appointment of such Associate or Assistant,
shall not make him a member of the Board of Directors.

Sect. 5. The Board of Directors may at any time remove an Asso-
ciate Curator or Assistant Librarian.

ARTICLE III. — COMMITTEES.

The following Committees shall be chosen at the Annual Meeting :
Section 6. A Finance Committee (of which the President shall be
ex officio Chairman, and the Treasurer ex officio a member), to have
the direction of the funds of the Institute, in accordance with the Act
of Incorporation, and of such investments of funds as may be neces-
sary.

Sect. 7. A Library Committee (of which the Librarian shall be ex
officio a member), who shall make an annual examination of the con-
dition of the Library.

14

Sect. 8. A Committee on Publications, who shall have the manage-
ment of all publications of the Institute, and regulate the manner of
their distribution.

Sect. 9. A Lecture Committee, who shall have charge of all lectures
and public meetings, except such as may be held or given for the ben-
efit of a special department of the Institute, and except Field Meet-
ings.

Sect. 10. A Committee on Field Meetings (of which the Secretary
shall be ex officio Chairman) who shall determine when and where
Field Meetings shall be held, and shall have the general management
of the same.

Sect. 11. Each of these Committees, unless herein otherwise pro-
vided for, shall choose a Chairman, whose election shall be immedi-
ately certified to the Secretary, and such election shall constitute him
a Director.

Sect. 12. The several Committees shall report at the Annual Meet-
ing.

ARTICLE IV. — DEPARTMENTS.

The Management of the Institute shall be divided into the follow-
ing Departments : —

Section 13. The Department of History, which shall include His-
torical Materials and Antiquities.

Sect. 14. The Department of Manuscripts.

Sect. 15. The Department of Archaeology, which shall include Eth-
nology.

Sect. lfi. The Department of Numismatics.

Sect. 17. The Department of Geology, which shall include Miner-
alogy, and Palaeontology.

Sect. 18. The Department of Botany.

Sect. 19. The Department of Zoology.

Sect. 20. The Department of Horticulture.

Sect. 21. The Department of Technology.

Sect. 22. The Department of Music.

Sect. 23. The Department of Art, embracing Painting, Sculpture,
and Engraving.

ARTICLE V.— MEETINGS.

Section 24. Regular Meetings shall be held on the first and third
Mondays of each month, at the Rooms of the Institute, at lh o'clock,
r. M. The second meeting in May shall be the Annual Meeting.

Sect. 25. Special Meetings may be called by order of the President,
or at the written request of five members. Business to be transacted
at a special meeting shall be limited to the subjects stated in the call.

15 '

Sect. 26. Field Meetings shall be held at such times and places as
the Field-meeting Committee may designate.

Sect. 27. The Board of Directors shall meet on the first and third
Mondays of each month, at 7 o'clock, p. m., at the Rooms of the Insti-
tute, and at such other times as they may be called together by the
President.

Skct. 28. Five members shall be a Quorum for holding any meeting
of the Institute, or of the Board of Directors, but any less number,
of whom the Secretary shall be one, may have power to adjourn the
meeting.

Sect. 29. Officers shall be elected at the Annual Meeting, but va-
cancies may be filled by election at any Regular Meeting.

Sect. 30. All Elections shall be by ballot, and by a majority of the
members present and voting.

ARTICLE VI. — DUTIES OF OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES.

Section 31. The President, or in his absence one of the Vice-
Presidents, shall preside at all meetings of the Institute, and of the
Board of Directors. The President shall be ex officio Chairman of the
Finance Committee.

Sect. 32. The Secretary shall give notice of all meetings and record
their proceedings; shall notify all members and officers of their elec-
tion; shall have charge of all papers and documents relating to the
general business of the Institute; shall conduct the general corres-
pondence ; and shall report the doings of the Institute during the year,
at the Annual Meeting. He shall acknowledge the receipt of all dona-
tions except those to the Library. He shall record in a book kept for
that special purpose the By-laws of the Society and the names of its
members, with the date of their election, and whenever any alteration,
amendment, or repeal of the By-laws is made, the same shall be en-
tered in said book. He shall be ex officio Chairman of the Field-meet-
ing Committee, and shall' perform such other duties as the Board of
Directors shall from time to time designate by vote.

Sect. 33. The Treasurer shall be ex officio a member of the Finance
Committee, and shall keep an exact account of all his receipts and
expenditures, and shall submit his report, after examination by the
Auditor, at the Annual Meeting.

Sect. 34. The Auditor shall audit all accounts of the Treasurer, Cu-
rators and Committees, and shall report at the Annual Meeting.

Sect. 35. The Librarian shall be ex officio a member of the Library
Committee. He shall receive, and have the custody of, all books and
other printed works, maps, charts, and diagrams of the Institute; shall
attend to their arrangement, cataloguing and preservation ; shall con-
duct the correspondence relating to the Library and acknowledge all

16

donations thereto; and shall report on its condition at the Annual
Meeting.

Sect. 36. The Library Committee shall divide the books, and other
articles, belonging to the Library, into two classes; namely, (A) those
which are not to be removed from the building, except upon the written
permission of the Library Committee ; (B) those which may circulate
under such rules as may be prepared by the Library Committee, and
approved by the Board of Directors, which rules shall have the force
of By-laws. A copy thereof shall be pasted on the cover of each
volume.

Sect. 37. The Board of Directors shall have full power to transact
all the general business of the Institute, except the election of members
and officers ; and may, when they deem it best, refer any matter to the
general meeting of the Society for its action. They shall decide,
subject to the control of the Society, how and when the general re-
sources of the Society, not devoted to any particular department, shall
be expended; and shall assign all space or location of specimens for
each Department, and shall determine all questions that may arise
between any of the Curators.

Sect. 38. The Curators shall have charge of tlieir respective Depart-
ments, and shall have full power relating to the collection, care and
preservation of the specimens or materials relating thereto : provided,
however, that any alteration of the general plan or principle of arrange-
ment of any department arid the removal of specimens or other mate-
rial except for the purpose of exchange, shall be made only with the
consent of the Board of Directors, or under such regulations as they
may, from time to time, prescribe. Curators shall have charge of all
Lectures, Exhibitions, or Entertainments, given for their respective
Departments. All moneys or funds that may at any time be raised by
any Curator, or that may come into his hands for the benefit of his
Department, and the net proceeds of any Lecture, Exhibition or En-
tertainment under his charge, shall be deposited by him with the
Treasurer, who shall give him a receipt therefor, and place the amount
to the credit of that Department. Each Curator shall have authority
to draw upon the Treasurer from time to time, for the purposes of his
Department, to the amount standing to its credit; excepting, however,
such funds as may be permanently invested, of which the income
only, shall be subject to such authority. Each Curator shall report on
the condition and wants of his Department, at the Annual Meeting.

ARTICLE VII. — ASSESSMENTS.

Section 39. An assessment of three dollars shall be paid by every
member on admission, aud annually thereafter on the third Monday in
May.

17

Sect. 40. No member who shall be in arrears for one year shall be
entitled to vote or hold any office ; and any member so in arrears, who
shall refuse or neglect to pay his dues for six months after being notified
thereof by the Treasurer, by written notice duly recorded, shall cease
to be a member of the Institute. Provided, however, that any member
may, in lieu of the annual assessment, pay the sum of thirty dollars,
to be added to the funds of the Institute, the annual interest thereof
to be considered as the payment of the annual assessment of said
member.

Sect. 41. Members elected more than four months, and within eight
months after an Annual Meeting, shall have one dollar deducted from
the next annual assessment; and members elected eight months or
more after an Annual Meeting, shall have two dollars deducted from
the next annual assessment.

Sect. 42. The President and Treasurer may exempt members from
assessments, when they may deem it for the interest of the Society.

AKTICLE VIII.— APPROPRIATIONS.

Section 43. No Member, Officer, or Committee, except the Board of
Directors, shall incur any debt whatever in the name of the Institute ;
but whenever money shall be expended under any appropriation, an
account of receipts and expenditures, with the vouchers therefor, shall
be rendered to the Treasurer by the party having the same in charge,
and the net receipts, if any, shall be paid into the Treasury within
thirty days after the object for which the appropriation was made
shall have been accomplished.

Sect. 44. When no appropriation shall have been made, a statement
of all receipts and expenses incurred shall be made to the Treasurer
in like manner ; and when all bills shall have been paid, the net receipts
shall be turned over to the Treasurer, unless it have been otherwise
previously ordered by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors
may, in either case above named, in the name of the Institute, assume
all liability for any such debt as may be outstanding, when the balance
of said receipts shall have been placed in the Treasurer's hands ; pro-
vided they are satisfied that the gross receipts exceed all expenses
incurred by the party in charge, and that the business or entertain-
ment has been previously authorized by the Institute or the Board of
Directors.

ARTICLE IX.— ROOMS.

Section 45. The Rooms shall be open to members and the public at
such times and under such regulations as the Directors may determine.
Sect. 46. Visitors may be introduced by any member.

ARTICLE X. — AMENDMENT OR ALTERATION OF BY-LAWS.

Section 47. The By-laws may be altered, repealed or amended by
the votes of two-thirds of the members present and voting, at a Reg-
ular Meeting, notice of the proposed alteration, repeal or-s^aendment,
having been given in writing at a previous Regular Meeu,. ,

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From American Antiquarian Society, Jan. 22; E. T. W. Baker, Dorchester, Feb.
11; S. G. W. Benjamin, Boston, Jan. 25, Feb. 9; N. H. Chamberlain, Cambridge,
Feb. 9; C. F. Crocker, Lawrence, Feb. 11; Frank M. Etting, Philadelphia, Penn.,
Feb. 10; V. A. de Gourguez, Bordeaux, Jan. 25; R. M. C. Graham, New York,
Jan. 21; J. C. Holmes, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 4; T. II. Johnson, Jan. 6; D. B. Kim-
ball, Jan. 4; A. R. Knight, Dec. 27; E. D. Marchant, Boston, Feb. 17; John T.
Moulton, Lynn, Jan. 4, Feb. 18; J. Munsell, Albany, N. Y., Jan. 29; J. D. Philbrick,
Boston, Dec. 30; Ranioul Literary Society, Rantonl, 111., Jan. 19; E. P. Robinson,
Sangus, Feb. 11; John Robinson, Jan. 19; St. Petersburg, Jardin Imperial de
Botanique, Dec. 19; Salem, Ladies Centennial Committee, Jan. 8; Horace N.
Smith, Jan. 5; M. E. Williams, Jan. 27.

The Librarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Bleck, E. F., of Bethlehem, Pa. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 9.

Cutler, A. E., of Ciiarlestown, Mass. Report of the Managers of the Win-
chester Home Corporation, Jan., 1876. 8vo pamph.

Frothingham, Richard. The Battle Field of Bunker Hill. 8vo pamph.

Green, S. A., of Boston, Mass. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 8.

Holmes, John C, of Detroit, Mich. The Detroit Conglomeration, Jan. 31,
Feb. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 1876.

Humphreys, A. A. of Washington, D. C. Report of the Chief of Engineers,
1S75. Vols. I, II. 2 vols., Svo.

Hunt, Mrs. T. U. S. Naval Astronomical Expedition. 2 vols., 4to. Report on
the U. S. and Mexican Boundary. 1 vol., 4to. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 50.

Hunt, T. F. Log Books, 2.

KIMBALL, James. Dialogues on Theology, by D. N. Prime. 1 vol., 12nio. Cape
Ann Advertiser, Jan. 7, 14, 21, 28, Feb. 4, 11, 1870.

Lee, Francis H. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 45.

Manning, R. C. Boston Advertiser for Jan., 1876.

Palfray, C. W. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 58.

ROBINSON, JOHN. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 112.

'i hompson, Ciias. P., M. C. Wilson's Report on the Credit Mobiler. 1 vol., Svo.
Report Poland Committee. 1 vol., Svo. Smithsonian Report, 1S74. 1 vol., Svo.
Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1874. 1 vol., Svo. »

U. S. Bukeau of Navigation. Astronomical and Meteorological Observations
for 1873. 1 vol. 4to.

Waters. J. L. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 15.

Williams, James, of Columbus, Ohio. Report of the Auditor of State, 1S75.
1 vol., svo.

19

By Exchange.

American Philosophical Society. Proceedings of. Vol. xiv, So. 95. June-
Dec., 1875.

American Geographical Society. Bulletin, 1875-76. No. I.

Boston Public Library. Bulletin for January, 1876.

Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings. Vol. xviii, Jan., 1876.

Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. Bulletin. Vol. ill, No. II. 1875-6.
8vo.

Dresden, NaturWissenschaftlichen Gesellchaft-Isis. Sitzungs-Berichte
Jahrg., 1875. Jan.-Juin.

Dresden, Verein fur Erdxcunde. xii Jahresbericht. 1875.

Emden, Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. Sechzigster Jahresbericht, 1874.
8vo.

Harvard College. Report of the President and Treasurer of, 1874-75.

Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. Annual Report, 1874-5.

Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society. Proceedings. No. xxix.
1874-75.

London Royal Society. Proceedings of. Vol. xxii. Nos. 151-155. Vol. xxiii.
Nos. 156-163. 1874-75.

New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Proceedings of the. Jan.
5, 1876. Brief History of the, N. E. Historic-Genealogical Register, 1847-76.

N. Y. Genealogical and Biographical Society. Record. Vol. vii, No. 1.
Jan., 1876.

N. Y. State Library. Report of the Trustees of the. 1874. 1 vol., 8vo. Report
of the Regents of the University, 1874. 1 vol., 8vo. Report of the Regents of the
University on the boundaries of the State of N. Y., 1873. 1 vol., 8vo.

Peabody Academy of Science. Memoirs of the. Vol. i, No. IV. Dec, 1S75.

Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. Proceed-
ings for 1874. Vol. xx. 1vol., 8vo.

Stockholm, Konegliga Svenska Vetenskap-Akademien. Handlingar, Band
9, 10, 12, 1870, 1871, 1873. Oversigt, Vol. 20, 29, 30, 1871-1872-1873. Bihang, Band I,
No. 1, 2, 1872; Band II, No. 1, 2, 1873. Lefnadsteekningar, Band Hafte 3, 1869-73.

St. Gravenhague, Entomological Society of the Netherlands. Tijd-
schrift Voor Entomologie, Vol. 17, 1873-74.

Throndjem Konegelige Norske Videnskabers-Selsicab. Aarsberetning
for 1874. *

Upsal Societe Royale des Sciences. Nova Acta. Ser. iii, Vol. ix, Fasc. I,
II, 1874-1875. Bulletin, Vol. v, Nos. 7-13, 1873. Vol. vi, 1874.

Vermont Historical Society. Governor and Council. Vol. 3, 1782-1791. 1
vol., Svo.

Vermont State Library. Senate Journal, 1874. 1 vol., 8vo. House Journal.
1874. lvol.,8vo. Transactions Dairymen's Association, 1875. 1 vol., 8vo. School
Laws of Vermont, 1875. 1 vol., 8vo.

Wisconsin State Historical Society. Annual Report, 1876.

Publishers. American Journal of Sciences and Aits. American Naturalist.
Beetle and Wedge. Boston Daily Globe. Bradford New Era. Gardener's Monthly.
Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence Amer-
can. Lynn City Item. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Nation. Nature.
Peabody Press. Salem Gazette. Salem Observer. Salem Post. Salem Register.
Turner's Public Spirit.

The President introduced Eev. N. H. Chamberlain,
of Cambridge, who delivered an entertaining lecture on

20

"The way of making orators." Mr. Chamberlaiu traced
the history of oratory and public speaking from an early
age to the present time, and in this connection gave a
brief but interesting sketch of the life of Francois Del-
sarte, the founder of "the Practical School of ^Esthetics
and Art" in Paris, which was very celebrated; reciting
particularly some of the incidents of Delsarte's early
days, his many bitter struggles and disappointments, the
success that attended his first appearance on the stage,
his subsequent brilliant career as a singer and actor until
an impaired voice compelled him to retire ; the subse-
quent devotion to his studies and to the establishment of
his school. Delsarte was a descendant of the Delsartos
of Italy ; born in the north part of France, Nov. 11, 1811,
died July 20, 1871.

The lecturer claims to be a believer in Delsartism, and
said it had been called a science, and in his opinion
justly. Mr. Chamberlain gave several short readings
and recitations showing the difference between a correct
and faulty rendering of the various passages.

At the close of the lecture on motion of Mr. W. P.
Upham, a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Chamberlain
for the lecture delivered this evening.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX! INSTITUTE.

Vol. 8. Salem, Mass., Mar., Apr., Mat, 1876. Nos. 3, 4.

One Dollar a Tear ia Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 6, 1876.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read.

William P. Upham, Esq., read a very interesting
paper narrating

incidents durintg the occupancy of boston by the
british troops in 1775-6.

These incidents were gleaned from many family letters,
journals, diaries, etc., that had recently come into his
possession, or had been loaned to him for the preparation
of this paper.

Among them were many letters written at that period
to Oliver Wendell, a merchant in Boston at the time of
the Revolution. Mr. Wendell was in consultation with the
early patriots of the Revolution, and contributed to the
country's liberty and independence. He was for some-
time one of the Selectmen of Boston, was often a mem-

KSSEX INST. BULLETIN. Vffl 3 (21)

22

ber of the Senate and of the Council under the Constitu-
tion, and was for many years the Judge of Probate for
the County of Suffolk. He was residing, January 1,
1775, on the corner of School Street opposite the King's
Chapel.

The shutting up of the port of Boston by the Boston
Port Bill, June 1, 1774, produced the greatest suffering
and distress, and aroused the intensest indignation through-
out the whole country. The people could not submit ;
there was a feeling that the evils of war were imminent :
"and a gloom settled upon the inhabitants of Boston and
the surrounding towns which is reflected from the corres-
pondence and journals of the time." On the 19th of
April, 1775., all intercourse between the people of Boston
,and the country was cut off by order of Gen. Gage ; but
on the 2 2d an agreement was made that the inhabitants
might, upon surrendering their arms, "leave the town
with their families and effects, and those who remained
mi°"ht depend upon the protection of the Governor."
Gage subsequently violated this agreement, at first ob-
structing such removals and finally denying passes for
that purpose.

A century has passed since the occurrence of the facts
which were here recited, and although our country, dur-
ing that interval, has several times been engaged in Avar,
especially in the recent civil conflict (1861-65), yet, the
scenes have been so far removed from our hearth and
homes that we know but little of its direful effects, and
consequently can scarcely realize the trying events that
our ancestors were encountering at the opening of the
Kevolutionary struggle, the centennial anniversaries of
the leading events of which are now in process of a due
commemoration by a grateful posterity. Much has been
written on these subjects, and the admirable work of

23

Hon. Richard Frothingham on the Siege of Boston seems
to be almost exhaustive, yet the recital of the daily notes
and record of events, either in letters between members
of the same family, or those engaged in close business
connections, or in diaries, give an insight into the inner
life of the people which has necessarily escaped, to a cer-
tain extent, the notice of the historian or the annalist.

Mr. Upham spoke about an hour and was listened to
with marked attention by an appreciative and large audi-
ence.

The President, Mr. A. C. Goodell and others, spoke
in continuation of the subject, and expressed much inter-
est in the communication, which was referred to the
appropriate committee for publication in the Historical
Collections of the Institute.

The new draft of the By-laws was passed through its
second reading.

Wednesday, March 8, 1876.

This evening, A. H. Johnson, M. D., gave the first of
his series of lectures

ON THE RELATION OF MIND TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The lecture, which was mainly introductory, presented
such anatomical details, illustrated by diagrams, as were
necessary to the full comprehension of the lectures to
follow. The diagrams alone, exhibiting the comparative
anatomy of a dozen brains of different animals, furnished
conclusive evidence for the speaker's theory, that mental
power generally corresponds to the size and quality of the
cerebrum. The doctor confined himself closely to facts,
and wasted no time whatever over theories, and his lee-

24

tures will do much good by attracting attention to the
subject, and furnishing indisputable facts.

Our conception of a human being, the lecturer said,
necessarily embraces not only a mind with its character-
istics, but also a physical frame with its attributes and
accomplishments. The animal and the spiritual, the
physical and the mental, whatever may be the degree of
their distinctness, the measure of their independence, or
the method of their connection, are indisputably united.
" What God hath joined together, let no man put asun-
der." If one would understand the laws and workings
of the human mind, he should study it in its connections
with the body with which it is so intimately blended. It
is in such, a study that the lecturer proposed to offer a
little help. An intelligent discussion of physiological
facts presupposes some knowledge of anatomy. To in-
sure a clear understanding of the facts with which we are
especially to deal, it is necessary to somewhat particu-
larly describe the structure and operations of the nervous
system.

Wednesday, March 15, 1876.

This evening was given the second of Dr. Johnson's
series of lectures. In continuation of the physiological
portion of his subject, the lecturer brought forward facts
to show that the functions of the brain must largely de-
pend upon the character of its blood supply. From
these and facts adduced at the previous lecture it appears
that some thought does not require us to suppose it to be
the activity of a soul using the brain as an instrument.

He assumed that it was generally conceded, that the
mental faculties of animals are not the manifestations of

25

a spiritual nature. Since the human brain, the special
organ for intelligent life in animals, appears in a much
more highly developed form in man, we are justified in
considering it capable of producing mental phenomena
of a higher grade and perfection. That we have, in addi-
tion to the physical mental faculties which we hold in
common with the lower animals, a spiritual nature, which
merges in, harmonizes with and controls them, and that
this spiritual nature, together with the experience it gains
through connection with our physical bodies is imperish-
able, is a truth of revelation.

The lecturer then copiously illustrated the automatic
action of the brain, some of the conditions under which
it occurs, and its effects in the production of illusions,
through its action upon the sensorium (or ganglia at the
base of the brain) , as explained by Dr. Carpenter.

The inhibitory action of the brain, first demonstrated
by Brown Sequard, was then explained and discussed
with special reference to the inhibitory action of predom-
inating thoughts.

Turning from the more strictly physiological portion of
his theme, the lecturer sought first to remove objections
to the facts he had presented, raised by those who fear
that they may be used to remove moral responsibility by
representing man as a mere product of material forces.

He showed that physiological facts do not and cannot
deny the existence of a soul, nor do they account for the
soul's origin or existence.

Whether a large number of our mental faculties have
been prepared for us by the slow process of development
and evolution, is immaterial.

The product and its future we esteem above the man-
ner in which it came into existence.

26

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 20, 1876.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records read.

Mr. John Robinson gave an interesting and instructive
lecture

ON FERNS.

Mr. Robinson has made the study of ferns a specialty,
and has in his greenhouse an extensive collection, speci-
mens from which were exhibited, much to the gratifica-
tion of the attentive audience.

Mr. Robinson commenced by stating in what part of
the vegetable kingdom the ferns stood, as compared with
other plants, particularly those called flowerless, or Cryp-
togams. He said it was difficult to draw the line between
the various orders of this great class of plants, and that
they can hardly be separated from the flowering plants
by any clear line, as the higher orders of the cryptogams
approach so nearly the lower orders of flowering plants.
Commencing with the spore, or seed, it was followed
through all its stages of growth. The root, stem, and
fronds were duly considered ; the different modes of fruit-
ing were spoken of and compared ; and in closing an
account was given of the natural distribution of ferns and
the places most favorable to their production and growth.

The lecture was illustrated by excellent diagrams, and
also by living specimens of tropical ferns.

Messrs. T. J. Hutchinson and William S. Hutchinson
of Salem and M. M. N. Fiske of Ipswich were elected
members.

The new draft of the By-laws having been read at two

27

previous regular meetings, passed its third reading and
Dr. Wm. Neilson moved :

That the By-laws as now read be accepted and adopted
as the By-laws of the Essex Institute, in lieu of the for-
mer Constitution and By-laws, which are consequently
repealed.

This motion was then put in the form of a vote and
was unanimously adopted.

Wednesday, March 22, 1876.

Dr. A. H. Johnson gave the third lecture of his course
this evening. He said that anxieties arise lest any ad-
mission of a physical basis for much of mental life should
destroy convictions of man's moral responsibility. Per-
versions of physiological facts may lead indiscreet persons .
into a ruinous fatalism. So may a perversion of the doc-
trine of divine leniency lead some into reckless living.
Properly applied, the truths concerning the dependence
of mental and spiritual power upon our physical organi-
zation more exactly define the limits of moral obligation.
While corporeal states and measure of nerve power may
determine possibilities and obligations in moral and relig-
ious experience, the origin of these bodily conditions en-
ables us to determine when and where to attribute guilt.

A dyspepsia which poisons the whole conception of
duty may have been innocently incurred, in which case it
will excuse misconceptions of privilege and duty. But
if excesses in food, or recklessness as to the time of eat-
ing, or a waste of energies have occasioned the disorder,
here a point of responsibility for mental depression is
found, and also a place indicated at which corrections for

28

the existing evil should be applied. If irr the one case
the fact of a morbid state of the body removes the obli-
gation to feel courageous and hopeful, it also indicates in
the other case the obligation to use conscientiously the
means to maintain bodily health.

A full recognition and wise teaching of the anatomical
and physiological relations of the mind, so far from weak-
ening, will on the contrary strengthen the sense of moral
responsibility. If by such learning, the range of our
responsibility becomes limited in one direction it becomes
increased in many others. With a more exact definition
of the bounds of obligation, words of comfort and encour-
agement may change places with words of condemnation,
but the moral struggle of the will against perverse incli-
nations will still go on, although its method may be
changed.

Having answered some objections to a statement of the
^physiological relations of the mind, the lecturer then said
that a study of the structure and functions of the nervous
system led to conclusions which profoundly affect the
relative moral value of various mental experiences. The
emotions we have in common with the lower animals.
They are the physical response to ideas which originate
either from impressions received from external objects or
from the mind. They are the excitation of the physical
organization. This fact would seem to indicate the low
order of emotional experiences in themselves considered.
The emotions should not be confounded with the appetites
on the one hand, nor the affections on the other. Appe-
tites are desires for some bodily gratification. The affec-
tions lie as far above emotions as the appetites do below.
Emotions are transient states. Affections are persistent
associations of the mind with certain objects and inclina-
tions towards these objects. The very nature of mere

29

emotion reveals its moral worthlessness. In itself con-
sidered it has no more moral significance than muscular
spasms. The morality of an emotion depends upon our
choices to contemplate the object which calls it into exer-
cise.

After eulogizing the power and value of the emotions in
moral and religious reforms, the lecturer said that it was
manifest that the temptation to abuse them has a mani-
fold power. The proper order for moral and religious
instruction is clearly indicated. We must address our
efforts to give and guide thought fitted to excite feelings.
To reverse this order is fraught with danger. It is not
only to put a mere outward expression in the place of an
internal reality, but it is to set loose a force whose inten-
sity we do not know and the direction of whose working
may be toward moral disaster instead of moral life.

Having explained and variously illustrated this state-
ment, the lecturer then passed to the discussion of the
mystical interpretations which certain morbid and star-
tling disturbances of the mind had received from those
who were ignorant of their physical origin. De Quin-
cey's passionate love for the three-years-old daughter of
Wordsworth and the visions of her form to which he was
subject ; Pascal's visions, his belief in their supernatural
origin, and the ascetic life he led in consequence ; Lu-
ther's interviews with Satan and the preposterous conclu-
sions to which they led him, — were adduced to illustrate
how nervous disturbances may lead to spectral illusions,
while the last two instances show that dangers attend a
too ready belief in the supernatural origin of remarkable
mental experiences.

These experiences, when they occur in persons whose
characters and piety we respect, if they have a reverent
form, we are too much inclined to accept as the result

30

of an extraordinary divine influence. What appears so
harmless when endorsed in certain hallowing connections,
may, having once obtained high sanction, reveal a widely
pernicious influence if its testimony be claimed under
other circumstances.

Wednesday, March 29, 1876.

Dr. A. H. Johnson's fourth and last lecture on The
Relation of the Mind to the Nervous System was deliv-
ered this evening.

The lecturer said that the state of the various tissues,
fluids, viscera, and functions of the body are almost con-
stant factors in mental products. The customary diet,
the habitual practice in the use of food, may have quite
as much influence as scholastic training in deciding for a
life-time the spirit, methods, and direction in which men-
tal powers shall be exerted. It is not needful to induce
all the prominent symptoms of dyspepsia, before the mind
will show that things so vulgar as the components of the
daily meals are toning, and limiting, and almost dictating
its action.

Indifference to literary pursuits, flagging enthusiasm in
mental work, impatience in analytic thought, easy, super-
ficial, inefficient study of facts and truths with which one
is especially called to deal, are not always indications of
defects in direct mental training ; they may be symptoms
of the oppression of various organs which are vainly
seeking to rid the body of refuse and superfluous nourish-
ment. Overwork in the digestive organs may produce a
more or less complete inhibitory action upon the brain.
A certain amount of nervous action is required to carry
on the process of digestion.

31

The mind is likely to be trained according to the meas-
ure of elasticity and freedom allowed it after the general
functions of the body have appropriated what nerve
power they require. The persistency of bodily sensa-
tions may give them an educational power more potent
in deciding spontaneous mental action than the drill of
studies.

Among the agencies which very strikingly affect men-
tal power and dispositions is the state of the air by which
the body is surrounded. A warm temperature produces
its repressive action upon the mind by the effect of heat
upon the vasomotor system of nerves. Variations in the
purity of the air, even more markedly than changes in
its temperature, modify the action of the brain. It has
been found that eloquent harangues were far from being
as efficacious in dispelling apparent spiritual apathy and
obduracy, as an abundant supply of fresh air. Drowsy
brains, in ill-ventilated rooms, may blunt the points of
the most piercing shafts of truth.

Physical exercise, other things being equal, so directly
determines the quality, amount and pressure of blood in
the head that its effects upon the development and action
of the brain become very apparent. Beneficial as physical
exercise proves itself to be, if it be too severe, continu-
ous, or prolonged, it may arrest mental activity. So also
intense efforts of the mind may arrest physical develop-
ment. The proper co-ordination of these two depart-
ments of nervous life needs a careful consideration. For
the highest equable development of both the physical and
mental powers, their exercise must be properly propor-
tioned. The special culture of either generally results
in the impoverishment of the other. The undoubted
healthful influence of gymnastic exercises and athletic
sports both upon the miud and upon the body should not

32

be allowed to blind us to the evils arising from their
abuse. •

Having illustrated the dependence of mental activity
upon the character and quantity of food, upon the purity
and temperature of the air, and upon the amount and
degree of muscular exercise, the lecturer said that did we
realize how largely what we esteem our supremely intel-
lectual life receives influential promptings from functional
processes in obscure and despised organs of the body, we
should not only be amazed, but be inclined to esteem phys-
ical training quite as important as the inculcation of ideas.

The lecturer then passed to speak of the physical basis
for the controlling power of thought. Thoughts consume
nervous force. Thoughts according to their intensity
may have an inhibitory action on each other. If this be
so it follows that the best conflict with one's evil propen-
sities is indirect — that is, by immediate exercise of our
faculties with thoughts and deeds conscience approves,
rather than by attempts to increase the power of the will
to rule, by drilling it in direct contests with vicious in-
clinations. If to expel evil we call in virtuous thoughts
to occupy our mental energies, we intensify habits of
mental action which will automatically assert their exis-
tence, and evil propensities will waste and weaken and
perish from disuse.

This course of lectures has been listened to with deep
interest, not for entertainment only, but principally to
ascertain from a scientific stand-point the "mysterious
connection between mind and matter" acknowledged and
recognized by all, but capable of full comprehension by
those only who are willing to patiently investigate the
subject. Dr. Johnson is entitled to gratitude for the
light he has thrown upon this important subject.

33

Kegular Meeting, Monday, April 17, 1876.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Kecords read.

S. H. Gookin of Salem was elected a resident member.

Charles H. Higbee gave a familiar lecture on Sea-
weeds, illustrating his remarks with lantern pictures
under the charge of Mr. E. Bicknell. He also exhibited
many beautiful and well preserved specimens of pressed
seaweeds.

Adjourned.

Kegular Meeting, Monday, May 1, 1876.

Meeting this evening* The President in the chair.
Kecords read.

On motion of Mr. A. C. Goodell :

Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be ten-
dered to Dr. A. H. Johnson for his instructive and pro-
foundly interesting lectures "On the Kelation of the Mind
to the Nervous System."

On motion of Mr. T. F. Hunt :

Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute is hereby
tendered to the Ladies' Centennial Committee of Salem
for their very generous gift in aid of making an exhibit
of the history of Salem at the International Exhibition at
Philadelphia, the present season.

Voted, That a committee be appointed to prepare a list
of officers for the year ensuing, and to report a printed
ballot at the annual meeting, May 15.

Messrs. William Neilson, James Kimball, William D.

34

Northend, James A. Gillis, and the chair, were appointed
on the above committee.

Rev. Richard M. Hodges, of Cambridge, was elected a
corresponding member.

Vice President F. W. Putnam occupied the evening
with an extended discourse

ON THE ANCIENT PERUVIANS.

He stated that he had been led to a special study of the
arts and culture of this prehistoric race by the very im-
portant and large collection of articles froin the ancient
graves, tombs and ruins in Peru which had recently come
under his charge at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology
and Ethnology in Cambridge. This most valuable addi-
tion to the Museum was collected by Mr. Alexander
Agassiz and his assistant, Mr. S. W. Garman, and pre-
sented to the Museum by Mr. Agassiz. In the same
Museum are many vases and other articles from Peru,
presented by the late Professor Louis Agassiz, and ob-
tained during the Hassler Expedition. The Peabody
Museum thus contains the most important collection of
Peruvian antiquities in this country, and furnishes the
means of comparison, not only between the nations of
Peru and those of other countries, but also between the
ancient peoples of different parts of Peru. For this
purpose the large collection of human remains in the
Museum, consisting of several hundred skulls and a num-
ber of perfect bodies, or "mummies," collected by Mr.
Squier and Professor and Mr. Agassiz, is of the greatest
importance, and from the study of these remains from
different localities, and a comparison of the works of art
from the corresponding places, it is evident that there
were two contemporaneous tribes or peoples who differed
in many respects, and it i§ also very probable that these

35

two tribes had come clown to historic time, as the Qucchua
and Aymara tribes, though very much deteriorated and
degraded since the Conquest. The Quechuas were prob-
ably formed by the union of various small tribes adopting
a common language, which Forbes considers as probably
founded on the older Aymara. From a study of the arts
as shown by the specimens of weaving, etc., and espe-
cially of the pottery, it is hardly to be doubted that there
was also a much higher development, at what is consid-
ered by Forbes as the ancient site of the Aymaras, about
Lake Titicaca and especially at Tiahuanaco, all the pot-
tery from this region being far superior in shape, design
and execution, as well as generally of a different pattern,
from that of the coast. Mr. Agassiz also arrived at the
same conclusion from an inspection of the ancient ruins
about the lake, and has stated that there is evidence of
an intrusion of a later people at various places, as shown
by two styles of architecture, one of which has been in-
truded upon the other. That these ancient people of the
lake region were the ancestors of the Aymaras may be
probable, but if so, even these Indians which have re-
mained the purest and most isolated of all the Peruvian
and Bolivian tribes, must have deteriorated, or have been
disturbed in their development toward a higher civiliza-
tion, even prior to the mythical Inca times. The lecturer
here exhibited a large collection of photographs illustrat-
ing the several comparisons he had made, and showing the
various kinds of architecture as exhibited by the ruins on
the islands of Titicaca and Coati, and of several other
places ; also photographs of different localities in Peru, in
order to show the various natural conditions now existing
in the several regions whence the collections were obtained
by Mr. Agassiz, to whose kindness he was indebted for
the use of the photographs on this occasion. A number

36

of other photographs, taken from specimens presented to
the Peabody Museum by Mr. Agassiz, and illustrating the
several forms of mummies and the method of burial, were
also exhibited. The bodies taken from the tombs, or chul-
jpas, in the high Andes, several of which'have their heads
artificially elongated, were either entirely devoid of cover-
ing or had only a braided cord wound about them. Those
from the burial places (graves in the sand) near the Pacific
coast, at An con and Pisaqua, were enclosed with cotton,
leaves, and various articles, in large bundles or bales of
cloth, which were carefully corded and then covered with
rushes.

Several crania from the different localities were exhib-
ited, and their characteristics pointed out. Articles of
clothing were shown, and also pieces of cloth which had
been woven, net and embroidered in many, and often
elaborate patterns, some of the pieces being entirely of
cotton, others of cotton and wool, and still others proba-
bly all of wool. Various other articles were exhibited in
order to make more apparent the several facts mentioned
by the lecturer. An oil painting, by Mrs. David, was
on the stage and was used by Mr. Putnam in illustrating
his remarks. This picture had been made by the artist
from a group of the articles taken from the graves at
Ancon, and beautifully and accurately represented several
of the choicest specimens brought from Peru by Mr.
Agassiz.

As the special account of Mr. Putnam's Peruvian stud-
ies will be published in another connection, only a very
general and brief notice of his lecture has been given
above. The lecture was listened to throughout with
marked attention by a large audience, and the various
articles upon the table were afterwards examined with
much interest.

The meeting then adjourned.

BU L L E T I N

OF THE

ESSEX: INSTITUTE.

Vol. 8. Salem, Mass., May, 1876. No. 5.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 15, 1876.
Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair. Records read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From S. F. Baird, Washington, May 8; E. F. W. Baker, Dorchester, Mar. 21; C.
F. P. Bancroft, Andover, Mar. 6; A. Graham Bell, Boston, April 10; C H. Bell,
Exeter, N. H., Mar. 3, 14; Bresil, Commission Geologique de l'Empire, Feb. 16;
Haydn Brown, West Newbury, May 8; Matthew Cooke, London, Feb. 11; A. W.
Corliss, Camp Mc'Dowell, Arizona Terr., Feb. 16; F. M. Etting, Philadelphia,
Penn., Mar. 4, 18, Apr. 10, 20; M. H. Fisk, Ipswich, May 6; A. C. Goodell, Jr., Mar.
5; Julia Ward Howe, Boston, Mar. 21; S. C. Jackson, State Library, Boston, May
9; O. A. Jenison, Lansing, Mich., Apr. 4, May 4; Kansas Academy of Science, Mar.
11; T. Cushing Ladd, Philadelphia, Apr. 5; J. Francis Le Baron, Boston, May 10;
George B. Loring, Feb. 26; Madrid, Observatorio de, Feb. 21; E. S. Mills, Brooklyn,
N.Y.,Mar. 22; D.Moore, Salem Gas Light Co., May 4; Moscou, Societe Imperiale
des Naturalistes, Apr. 10; New York Academy of Science, Mar.; W. D. Northend,
Apr. 15; Charles Palmer, Ipswich, Feb. 29; Paris, Societe d 'Anthropologic, Apr. 3;
Francis Peabody, Boston, Apr. 6; F. B. Perkins, Boston Athenaeum, May 10; J. D.
Philbrick, Feb. 25, Mar. 21; Edward Porter, Lexington, Apr. 11; M. A.Porter,
Treas. Ladies' Centen. Com., Salem, May 13; Abby S. Richardson, New York, Mar.
7; E.P.Robinson, Saugus, May 1,9; John Robinson, Feb. 23; Leverett Saltonstall,
Boston, Apr. 15, May 4; Sampson, Davenport & Co., Feb. 28, Apr. 1; Hon. Binney
Sargent, May 11; Scribner, Armstrong & Co., New York, Mar. 1; Smithsonian In-
stitution, Apr. 15 ; Richard S. Spofford, Washington, Apr. 11 ;. Charles P. Thomp-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. VIH 4 (37)

38

son, M. C, Washington, Feb. 26; C. O. Thompson, Worcester, May 8; A. R. Turner,
Jr., Boston, Apr. 4; U. S. Bureau of Education, Mar. 24, Apr. 6 ; Oliver Warner,
State Library, Boston, May 5; William H. Yeomans, Columbia, Conn., Mar. 9.

The Librarian reported the followiDg additions : —

By Donation.

Atwood, E. S. Miscellaneous volumes, 55.

Bell, Chas. H., of Exeter, N. H. Exeter in 1876. 8vo pamphlet.

Bolles, E. C. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 7.

Boston, City of. City Documents, 1875. 3 vols., 8vo.

Buffalo Young Men's Association. Report. Feb. 28, 1876. 8vo.

Burr, Fearing, of Hingham, Mass. The Town of Hingham in the Civil War,
,1861-05. 1 vol., 8vo.

Conant, W. P., of West Newbury. The Triumphs of Temper. 12mo. 1804.

Cook, James P. Report of the Directors and Treasurer of the Maine Central
"Railroad Company, 1875. 8vo pamph.

Dane, Joseph F. Memoir of Francis Dane. 26 copies.

Drake, S. A., of Boston, Mass. Catalogue of the Library of S. G. Drake. Part

I, II. 1876.

Flanders, G. P., of Lowell, Mass. Municipal Register of Lowell for 1875. 1
vol., 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 4.

Foote, Henry W. King's Chapel and the Evacuation of Boston. 8vo.

Garnett, A. S., of . Treatise on the Hot Springs of Arkansas. 8vo pamph.

Gillis, J. A. Addresses on the Death of J. B. Rice, A. Crocker, S. F.'Hussey,
. Sam'l Hooper. Feb. 20, 1875. 1 vol., 8vo.

Goodell, Jr., A. C. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 125.

Gostorten, Alex., of St. Petersburg. Hebrew Book.

Green, S. A., of Boston, Mass. Fifth Registration Report of Michigan, 1871. 1
vol., 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 54.

Hartranft, John F., of Philadelphia, Penn. Pennsylvania Archives, 2nd
Series, Vol. III. 1 vol., 8vo.

Harvard University, Bussey Institution. Bulletin, Pt. V, 1876. 8vo pamph.

Higbee, Chas. H. The Royal Elue Book, 1839. 1 vol., 12mo.

Hitchings, E. H., of Boston, Mass. Elements of Chemistry. 1 vol., 8vo. Way-
land's Moral Science. 1 vol., 12mo. Boston Directory, 1862-3. 1 vol., 12mo. No-
tices of Rare Tracts. 1 vol., 12mo.

Holden, N. J. The Commonwealth for, 1875.

Hough, F. B., of Lowville, N. Y. Historical Sketch of the Mt. Holyoke Semi-
nary, 1876. 8vo pamph.

Hunt, T. F. Anniversary of the First Religious Society of Newburyport, 1725-
1875. 8vo pamph.

Kimball, James.. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 9.

Kingsley, J. S. Catalogue of Dean Academy, 1875. 8vo pamph.

Ladies' Centennial Committee of JExeter, N. H. Exeter in 1876. 8vo pamph.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin.

Lowell, Old Resident's Historical Association. Contributions of, No.

II. Feb., 1876. 8vo pamph.

McCeary, James. The Medium and Daybreak, Vol. 6, 1S75. 1 vol., royal 8vo
1875-1876. 23 numbers.

Morse, E. S. The Orient. 15 numbers.1

Paine, Natii'l, of Worcester, Mass. Portraits and Busts in Public Building at
Worcester. Mas3. 8vo pamph.

39

Prescott, Jeremiah. Report of the Manager of the Troy & Greenfield Rail-
road and Hoosac Tunnel. Dec. 31, 1875. 8vo parnph.

Poole, W. F., of Chicago, 111. The Ordinance of 1787 and Dr. Manasseh Cutler.
8vo.

Putnam, F. W. New York Tribune, Feb., Mar., Apr., 1876.

Salem, City of. City Documents, 1875. 1 vol., 8vo.

Stevens*, Anna C. The Climate and Disease of America during the Revolution.

Thompson, Chas. P., M. C. Addresses on the Death of J. B. Rice, etc., Feb.
20, 1875. 1 vol. Addresses on the Death of Wm. A. Buckingham, Feb. 27, Mar. 1,
1875. 1 vol. Mineral Resources West of Rocky Mountains. 1 vol. Revised Stat-
utes relating to District of Columbia. 1 vol.

Towne, W. B., of Milford, N. H. Historical Address at Amherst, 1874. 8vo.

Tucker, Jonathan. Miscellaneous papers, 40.

U. S. Department of Interior. Department of the Interior. Circulars of
Information of the Bureau of Education. Nos. 1-8. 1875.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette. Mar. 28, Apr. 4, 11, 18, 1876.

Waters, J. Linton. Service and Hymn Books. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 12.

Whipple, Geo. M. Biographical and Genealogical Sketches of Wm. Blackstone.
8vo pamph. To-Day. 1 vol., 8vo.

Wilder, Marshall P., Boston. American Pomological Session, 1875. 4to.

Worthen, A. H., of Springfield, 111. Geological Survey of Illinois, Vol. VI.

By Exchange.

American Antiquarian Society, Worcester. Proceedings of. Oct. 21, 1875'

Berlin, Vereines zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues. Monatsschrift-
Jahrg. xviii, 1875.

Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings of. Vol. xviii, pt. 11.
June-Jan., 1875-76, and Sigs. 13, 14, Feb., 1876. Memoirs, Vol. ii, pt. iv, Apr., 1876.

Bowdoin College. Catalogue of, 1875-76.

Canadian Institute. Journal. Apr., 1876.

Cherbough, Societe Nationale des Sciences Naturelles de. Memoires,
Tome xviii. 1874. 1 vol., 8yo.

Dresden, Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft "Isis" in. Sitzungs
Berichte. Jahrg., 1875.

Dublin, Royal Irish Academy. Transactions of. Vol. xxiv, pts. ix, xvi,
xvii, 1870. Vol. xxv. 1872-75. Proceedings of. Vol. I, Ser. II. 1871-73. Nos. 5-
10. Vol. II, Series II. 1875. Nos. 1-3.

Frankfurt a. M. Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft.
Bericht. 1873-74. 8vo pamph. Abhandlungen, Band ix, Heft, iii, iv. 1874-75.

The annual reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Cura-
tors and Standing Committees were read and accepted,
and from them the accompanying

RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR

has been compiled, presenting the work of the Institute,
in its various departments, since the last annual meeting.

Members. — Changes occur in the list of our associates

• 40

by the addition of new names and the' withdrawal of some
by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity, and
by death. Fifty-six resident members have been elected.
The present number is five hundred and fifteen. Four-
teen members have died, all having passed the meridian
of life, and eight the alloted period of three score years
and ten. Some of them had been connected with the
Institute from its organization.

Samuel Gardner Drake, born at Pittsfield, N. H., Oct.
11, 1798; died in Boston, June 14, 1875. Son of Sim-
eon and Love Muchamore (Tucke) Drake. At the age of
eighteen he went as a clerk to his uncle's store in Boston.
Taught school several years in Loudon, N. H., and in
New Jersey. In 1828 began business as a bookseller,
and except about a year and a half spent in Europe, was
identified with that business in Boston until his decease.
In July, 1830, he established the first antiquarian book-
store in Cornhill, Boston. This store soon became the
resort of the literary men of that day, Bancroft, Hildreth,
Prescott, Sparks, Everett, and others well known, and
became a kind of literary exchange. In 1845 five gentle-
men, one of whom was Mr. Drake, originated the New
England Historic-Genealogical Society, whose building is
now on Somerset street, Boston. He originated the New
England Historical and Genealogical Register, the first
number of which was issued in January, 1847. For the
first fourteen years, 1847 to 1861, he was the publisher,
and a large part of the time, editor of the Register. His
best known works are "Book of the Indians," "History
and Antiquities of Boston," "Founders of New England,"
etc. He possessed a large library of 15,000 volumes
and 30,000 pamphlets directly or collaterally relevant to
American History. He had been President of N. E.
Hist. Gen. Society and of the Prince Society, and was

41

also connected with many other historical societies. He
was elected a member Feb. 14, 1849.

Charles Wentworth Upham, son of Judge Joshua Up-
ham, a royalist in the Revolution, born at St. John, N. B.,
May 4, 1802, graduated at Harvard College in 1821, or-
dained at Salem Dec. 8, 1824. Colleague with Rev. Dr.
John Prince of the First Church. Relinquished the min-
istry Dec. 8, 1844. At different times editor of Christian
Review and Christian Register. Mayor of Salem in 1852.
A member in Massachusetts House of Representatives,
of which he was speaker, also of the Massachusetts Sen-
ate, and its president in 1857 and 1858. Representative
in U. S. Congress in 1853-56, and of the Massachusetts
Convention in 1853. In 1828 he published "Letters on
the Logos," "Lectures on Witchcraft" in 1831, "Life of
Sir H. Vane" in 1835, "Life of J. C. Fremont" in 1856,
"Salem Witchcraft," in 1867. He was a frequent con-
tributor to leading reviews and magazines and author of
several orations, pamphlets, etc. He was always inter-
ested in the various institutions of Salem promotive of
education and culture. He contributed several papers to
the Historical Collections of the Institute, among which
may be mentioned Memoirs of George A. Ward, Francis
Peabody and Daniel P. King. His last great work was
the completion of the "Life of Col. T. Pickering" (which
was commenced by Octavius Pickering, who prepared
and caused to be printed the first volume), in 4 vols.,
8vo, a valuable contribution to history and a just tribute
to the memory of a patriot of the Revolution, who was a
friend and counsellor of Washington, both on the field
and in the cabinet. Mr. Upham died in Salem on Tues-
day morning, June 15, 1875. His wife, Ann Susan,
daughter of the late Rev. Dr. Abiel Holmes of Cam-
bridge, and two sons, William Phineas and Oliver Wen-

42

dell Holmes, survive. He was elected a member of
Essex Historical Society March 1, 1825.

Winslow Lewis, of Boston, widely known in many dif-
ferent walks of life, died on Tuesday night, August 3,
1875, at the house of his son, Dr. George H. Gay in
Grant ville. He was son of Winslow and Elizabeth
(Greenough) Lewis and was born in Boston, July 8,
1799. Graduated at Harvard in 1819, studied medicine
with Dr. John C. Warren and took his degree in 1822,
afterwards pursued his studies with the celebrated Aber-
nethy of London and Dupuytren of Paris. On his return
he commenced practice in Boston, and soon rose to dis-
tinction. He was consulting surgeon in the Massachu-
setts General Hospital, and during a successful, extensive
and varied practice of thirty-five years educated hundreds
of young men, many of whom are now eminent in their
profession. He was a scholar, and had an interest in
books and the best literature. He translated from the
French "Gall on the Brain," in 6 vols., edited an edition
of Paxton's Anatomy, and gave many addresses before
literary and scientific societies. He had been President
of New England Historic-Genealogical Society and of the
Boston Numismatic Society. Aside from the profession,
his great interest was in Free Masonry. He filled every
post of service and honor that the order could bestow.
He married, Feb. 22, 1828, Emeline Kichards, daughter
of Capt. Benjamin Kichards, of New London, Conn. He
was elected a member Feb. (5, 1865.

John K. Wig gin, well known as a collector of antiqua-
rian and historical books, and as a publisher, was born in
Wakefield, N. H., August 5, 1825, and died in Boston,
August 20, 1875. He was elected a member Oct. 2Q,
1859.

Increase Allen Lajpham died suddenly at Milwaukee,

43

Wisconsin, Sept. 14, 1875. He was born at Palmyra,
N. Y., March 7, 1811. At one time a civil engineer
employed on the Welland Canal and also on the canal
around the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville, Ky. ; from
1833-1835 Secretary of the Board of Canal Commis-
sioners of Ohio. In 1838 he removed to Milwaukee,
where he resided until his decease. In 1862 he was
chosen President of the Wisconsin Historical Society.
In 1873 he was appointed State Geologist and began
making a thorough geological and topographical survey
of the State. He was a prolific writer, having been a
frequent contributor to scientific journals and other publi-
cations. He was elected a member of Essex County
Natural History Society, July 13, 1836.

William Prescott, son of William and Deborah (Welch)
Prescott, born at Sandbornton, N. H., Dec. 29, 1789.
In early life, a farmer. In 1815 received the Medical
degreefrom Dartmouth Medical School, and commenced
the practice of the profession at Gilmanton,. N. H., where
he remained eighteen years. In December, 1832, he re-
moved to Lynn, Mass., and in September, 1845, to Con-
cord, N. H. In 1852 he relinquished active professional
labor for the purpose of devoting himself to those liter-
ary, scientific, genealogical and antiquarian studies for
which he had a decided taste. He died at his home in
Concord, Oct. 18, 1875. During his residence in Lynn,
he was present and took an active part at the first meet-
ing of the Essex County Natural History Society, Dec.
14, 1833, and was one of the persons named in the Act
of Incorporation. For ten years he was one of the cura-
tors of the Society, and at the time of his removal from
the State one of its Vice Presidents. He delivered a lec-
ture before the Natural History Society in 1838, which
was printed in the Journal, on the Minerals of the South-

44

ern Part of Essex County. His great work, to which he
gave many years of labor, is "A Memoir of the Prescott
Family," in 1 vol., 8vo.

William Ives, eldest son of Capt. William and Mary
(Bradshaw) Ives, was born in Salem, Feb. 15, 1794.
He served an apprenticeship in the office of the "Salem
Gazette" with the late Thomas C. Cushing. In January,
1823, he commenced the "Salem Observer," which assumed
a permanent condition under his management. He was
also for many years well known as the senior partner of
the old firm of W. & S. B. Ives. He retired several
years since and has passed the interval in the enjoyment
of social life and in reading. He died at his residence in
Salem, Dec. "12, 1875. An original member of Essex
County Natural History Society, 1833.

John Merrill Bradbury died at his residence in Ips-
wich on Tuesday, March 21, 1876. He was the son of
the late Ebenezer Bradbury of Newburyport, formerly
State Treasurer, and was born in that city Oct. 29, 1818.
He was three years a student in Dickenson College, but
did not graduate ; teacher for several years in Newbury-
port, then chief clerk in the Treasury Department of the
State, and afterwards connected with a banking firm in
Boston ; retired from business in 1866 with a competency.
In 1868 went to Europe and remained there several years.
Mr. Bradbury had a fondness for antiquarian research,
and devoted his leisure and time to the history and gene-
alogy of many old families of Esjsex County. He was
elected a member Dec. 16, 1873.

Josiah Stichney. This well known and for many years
active merchant in the metropolis, died at his residence,
on the banks of Charles River, Watertown, Monday,
March 27, 1876. He was the son of William and Abigail
(Walker) Stickney, and was born at Grafton, Vt., Jan.

45

6, 1789. He removed to Boston at an early age, and
commenced business near the old "Bite Tavern," and was
very successful. He was afterwards interested in sugar
refinery, railroads, and other business operations, and for
many years Director of the Western, Concord, and Con-
necticut & Passumpsic River Railroads ; also Director and
President of Market Bank. Mr. Stickney was also prom-
inent as an horticulturist, and long an efficient and inter-
ested officer of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
A contributor to the exhibitions, his grounds in Water-
town being always kept in a high state of cultivation, and
furnishing the choicest specimens of fruits and flowers.
He was elected a member Sept. 4, 1865.

Ubenezer Putnam, son of Ebenezer and Sarah (Fiske)
Putnam, was born in Salem, Sept. 6, 1797, graduated at
Harvard in the class of 1815, died at Salem, Apr. 3, 1876.
In early life he was a teacher in the family of Nathan
Read in Maine and also in a family in Virginia. He
afterwards spent some years in mercantile life at the west.
Postmaster of Salem from 1829 to 1840. He was inter-
ested in political history and in the study of the laws
which govern states and nations. He also devoted much
attention to horticulture and in some departments was a
large and successful grower. Associated with his brothers
he largely contributed to the Horticultural Exhibitions
under the auspices of the Institute. He was elected a
member of the Essex Historical Society May 12, 1837.

William U, Doggett, of Chicago, died at Palatka,
Florida, April 3, 1876, where he had gone on account of
failing health. He was born at Freetown, Mass., Nov.
20, 1820. He went to Chicago in 1846, and established
the boot and shoe house of Ward, Doggett & Co. This
connection was maintained until the decease of Mr. Ward
in 1856. The present firm of Doggett, Bassett & Hills

46

has continued from that to the present time. In addition
to this connection he was largely identified with the trade,
commerce, benevolent institutions and progress of Chi-
cago. As Vice President of the Merchant's Savings,
Loan & Trust Company, and an officer of the Academy
of Science, Chicago Historical Society, Young Men's
Library Association, Athenaeum, etc., he contributed very
materially to the success of these Institutions. In 1858
he married Miss Kate Newell, a lady well known as a
writer and lecturer, who survives him. Some ten or
twelve years since, during his summer residence for sev-
eral seasons at Swampscott, he associated himself with
the Institute, attended the field meetings and took a lively
interest in the promotion of its objects. He was elected
a member July 17, 1865.

Meetings. — During the summer three Field Meetings
have been held. The first at the Chebacco House, in
Hamilton, June 3, 1875. The woods and ponds in the
vicinity are very enjoyable for excursions and meetings
of this character. Communications were made by F. W.
Putnam, on Shell Heaps and Indian Relics at West New-
bury ; A. Osgood, Notice of the Mining Lands at New-
bury ; J. H. Stevens, on the Cane Brakes in Louisiana ;
L. H. Upton, List of Plants found in Flower. Second,
at By field, July 1, 1875, the seat of Dummer Academy
and abounding in interesting historical associations. W.
D. Northend spoke of By field and the Academy ; and
J. Spofford, F. W. Putnam, John Robinson, Haydn
Brown, Amos Noyes, and S. J. Spaulcling offered re-
marks. Third, July 27, 1875, at Concord, Mass. The
interest in this historic old town inspired by the events of
the 19th of April, 1775, was freshly awakened by^ the
commemoration of the present year. Remarks by E. R.

47

Hoar, E. S. Morse, F. W. Putnam, E. C. Bolles, G.
Reynolds, and others.

Regular Meetings. Twenty-one have been held at the
rooms, usually on the first and third Monday evenings of
each month. The papers read and lectures delivered
have proved exceedingly instructive. The following may
be specified : — W. P. Upham, on the Settlement of Rev.
S. Skelton, and on the Siege of Boston ; James Kimball,
on Indian Utensils ; A. Graham Bell, on Visible Speech ;
G. F. Wright, on Indian Ridge and its Continuation in
Anclover ; S. C. Oliver, on the Instinct and Intelligence
of Animals ; George M. White, on Pottery ; John Robin-
son, Addenda to the Ferns of Essex County ; E. S.
At wood, on the Manufacture of Silver Plated Ware ; S.
G. W. Benjamin, on the Theory and Practice of Art ; N.
H. Chamberlain, on the Way of making Orators ; C. H.
Higbee, on Algae ; F. W. Putnam, on the Ancient Race
of Peru.

Lectures and Concekts. — A course of four very able
and instructive lectures on the Relation of the Mind to
the Nervous System were given by Dr. Amos H. John-
son of this city. The lectures were attended by a large
and appreciative audience. The receipts of the entire
course were generously given to the Institute by the lec-
turer.

Under the direction of the Curator of music, four con-
certs were given, which proved highly successful. 1st.
On Monday evening, Nov. 22, by Mr. B. J. Lang and'
Miss Ita Welsh ; 2nd. On Monday evening, Dec. 13, by'
Mrs. J. W. Weston, Messrs. G. W. Sumner and George
Bridgham; 3d. On Wednesday evening, Dec. 29, by
Messrs. August and Wulf Fries and Arthur W. Foote ;
4th. Monday evening, January 10, by Mrs. Edward

48

Kemble, Mrs. George Upton, Dr. S. W. Langmaid and

Mr. Arthur W. Foote.

•

Art Exhibition. — Opened at the rooms of the Insti-
tute on Tuesday, Nov. 9, and closed Wednesday the 17th,
under the skilful and tasteful direction of the Curator of
painting and sculpture. It was the generally expressed
opinion that this was one of the most pleasing and inter-
esting exhibitions ever given by the Institute. It was
largely attended and the display of pictures was exceed-
ingly creditable to the taste of our citizens, who cheer-
fully loaned their works of art, many of which were
extremely valuable. The main hall was devoted to the
display of oil paintings, water colors, pen and ink, and
pencil sketches. The eastern anteroom was occupied by
the display of bronzes, porcelain and pottery. This was
the first ceramic exhibition in Salem.

Library. — The additions by donations and exchange
during the year were as follows : —

Donations.

Folios, 2 Pamphlets and Serials, . . . 3,065

Quartos, 17 Total of bound volumes, . . 545

Octavos, 412

Duodecimos, 97 Total of Donations, .... 3,610

Sexdecimos, 17

Total, 545

Exchanges.

Quartos, 6 Pamphlets and Serials, . . . 1,191

Octavos, 315 Total of bound volumes, . . 364

i Duodecimos, 43

Total of Exchanges, .... 1,555

Total, 364 Total of Donations, .... 3,610

5,165
By Purchase, 43

Quartos, . . 41

Duodecimos, 2 Total of Additions, .... 5,208

43

49

Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 1,824
were pamphlets, and 2,432 were serials.

The donations to the Library for the year have been
received from one hundred individuals and twelve soci-
eties and departments of the General and State Govern-
ments. The exchanges from ninety-three societies and
incorporate institutions, of which sixty-one are foreign ;
also from editors and publishers.

The library has been carefully examined and all the
books have been put in good order. The number of ex-
changes has increased during the year. Large additions
have been made to the valuable and full collection of
directories and also to the public documents.

The Assistant Librarian has commenced the prepara-
tion of a catalogue of the books in the upper hall, alpha-
betically by authors. This in its first rough form is now
completed, except only the letter W. This will furnish
a basis for a finished catalogue hereafter. The Secretary
has arranged, catalogued, and placed in convenient folios
for easy reference, the large number of maps, plans, en-
gravings and prints of a miscellaneous character. The
musical library has been rearranged, and the large collec-
tion of programmes, play bills, and musical catalogues
have been placed in folios.

The collection of manuscripts has been placed in glass
cases in the eastern portion of the gallery of the western
anteroom, and are partially put in order. It is intended
to have an index which shall render access to them more

convenient.

i

Museum. — Many valuable specimens in natural history
have been given during the year, and are on deposit with
the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science, in ac-

50

corclance with previous arrangements. These have been
reported at our meetings, and have been <Juty acknowl-
edged to the several donors. In addition to these sev-
eral interesting specimens of an historical character have
been arranged in the rooms of the Institute, and con-
tribute very much of interest and value to the antiquarian
and historical portion of the museum. To the Techno-
logical department several series of specimens have been
added.

Publications. — The Bulletin has been continued,
and gives full reports of the doings of the Institute, and
abstracts of papers read at the meetings. The Histori-
cal Collections, Vol. xiii, No. 2, has been printed.

By-laws. — The revised By-laws, adopted in March,
will soon be printed for circulation among the members.

Excursions. — Two excursions arranged by members
and friends of the Institute, one by boat to the Isle of
Shoals, the other by rail to the White Mountains, were
largely attended. They were planned to promote the
social objects of the Institute and were quite satisfactory
in the results.

Centennial Exhibition. — The Directors of the Insti-
tute, in compliance with several official circulars and per-
sonal letters from the Chief of the Historical Department
of the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, voted to
make an exhibit of specimens illustrative of the history
of Salem. Six portraits of persons noted in the early
history, and about one hundred articles of historical inter-
est, also an album containing one hundred and twenty

51

photographs illustrating our city, have been carefully
packed for sending to Philadelphia under the personal
care of an officer of the Institute.

Financial. — The Treasurer's Report shows the follow-
ing receipts and expenditures during the year.

DEBITS.

General Account.

Athenaeum, Rent, etc., $350.00; Salaries, $782.00; Coal, $160.00, . . $1,202.00

Express and Postage, $64.67; Insurance, $40.00, 104.67

Binding, $20.00; Gas, $161.53; Publications, $950.93, 1,132.46

Sundries, $86.77; Expenses of Excursions, $2,077.86 .... 2,164.63

Department of Art, 1874, 1875, $238.24; Stationery, 19.23, .... 257.47

Balance of last year's account, 89.58

Balance in hands of Treasurer, 65.85

Historical.

Books, 158.00

Natural History and Horticulture.

Books, $3.93; Sundries, $12.50, 16.43

Ditmore Fund.

Chicago City Bond with accrued interest, 1,058.22

$6,339.31
CREDITS.
General Account.

Dividends Webster Bank, 15.00

Assessments, $1,241.00; Publications, $90.21, 1,331.21

Sundries, $201.43; Excursions, $2,316.10, ....... 2,517.53

Salem Athenaeum, one-half coal and janitor, 173.23

Lectures, $165.05; Art Department, $5.80, 170.85

Due to late Treasurer and included in a note passed to him Dec. 11, 1875, 615.49

Historical.

Dividends Naumkeag Bank, 18.00

Natural History and Horticulture.

Dividends P. S. & P. R. R., 16.00

Dividends Lowell Bleachery, 32.00

Davis Fund.

Coupons Burlington and Missouri R. R., . 240.00

Coupons Dixon, Peoria and Hannibal R. R., 140.00

Ditmore Fund.

Received from Executor, 1,000.00

Coupons Chicago City Bond, 70.00

$6,339.31

52

The following Officers were then elected, until others
shall be chosen in their stead : —

PRESIDENT:

HENRY WHEATLAND.

Vice-Presidents
Abner C. Goodell, Jr.

Frederick W. Putnam.

William Sutton.
Daniel B. Hagar.

Secretary :
George M. Whipple.

Auditor :
Richard C. Manning.

Treasurer :
David Pingree.

Librarian : '
William P. Upham.

History— James Kimball.
Manuscripts— W. P. Upham.
Archeology— ¥ . W. PUTNAM.
Numismatics— M. A. Stickney.
Geology— Alpheus S. Packard, Jr

CURATORS :

Botany— John Robinson.
Zoology— Edward S. Morse.
Horticulture— Caleb Cooke.
Painting # Sculpture— T. F. Hunt.
Technology— Edwin C Bolles.

John C Lee.

COMMITTEES :
Finance .•
James Upton. James O. Safford. H. M. Brooks.

Library .•

Chas. W. Palfray. Joseph G. Waters. Henry F.Ktng.

George F. Flint. Wm. Neilson.

Publications :

Abner C Goodell, Jr. Edward S. Atwood.

Edwin C. Bolles. James Kimball.

Lectures .•

William D. Northend. A. H. Johnson. F. W. Putnam. A. L. Huntington.

Field Meetings:

Allen W. Dodge, Hamilton.
Geo. Cogswell, Bradford.
George D. Phippen, Salem.
George Perkins, Salem.
E. N. Walton, Salem.

Francis H. Appleton, Peabody.
Lewis N. Tappan, Manchester.
Francis H. Johnson, Andover.
R. S. Spofford, Newbnryport.
N. A. Horton, Salem.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX! INSTITUTE.

Vol. 8. Salem, Mass., June, July, 1876. No. 6.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, June 5, 1876.
Meeting this evening. Vice President F. W. Putnam
in the chair. Mr. T. F. Hunt was elected Secretary,
pro tern. Records of the preceding meeting were read.

Mr. Putnam exhibited and made remarks on a number
of ancient gold images recently secured by the Peabody
Museum of Archaeology in Cambridge. The articles were
principally from graves near Bogota, New Grenada, and
were particularly interesting in connection with the my-
thology of the ancient race by whom they were made.

J. F. Lougee of Salem was elected a resident member.

Regular Meeting, Monday, June 19, 1876.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Mr. F. W. Putnam was requested to act' in the absence
of the Secretary. Records of the preceding meeting were
read.

essex inSt. Bulletin. vm 5 (53)

54

The presentation of an interesting collection, from
Alfred Peabody of Salem, suggested remarks from seve-
ral members and occupied the hour of the meeting. This
collection consisted of specimens, in fine condition, of
skins of seven species of birds from Madagascar. Also
the horns of a gemsboc from Madagascar, and several
botanical specimens from the Cape of Good Hope.

Regular Meeting, Monday, July 3, 1876.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records of the preceding meeting were read.

Messrs. Charles Henry Hart, Frank M. Etting and
Samuel Chew, of Philadelphia, were elected correspond-
ing members.

Helen J. Almy of Salem was elected a resident mem-
ber.

Field Meeting at Beachmont, Saturday,
July 22, 1876.
The first field meeting of the season was held this day
at Beachmont on the line of the Boston, Revere Beach &
Lynn Railroad. The party left Salem at 9.20 a. m., and
Lynn at 10.00, and proceeded to the Ocean House on the
eastern end of the Revere Beach, where two hours were
pleasantly spent in rambling over the fine beach and en-
joying the refreshing sea breeze. At noon the cars were
taken for Beachmont, the place of rendezvous, near the
western end of the beach. This remarkable elevation
rises directly above the southern shore of Lynn Bay.
On its eastern extremity the rollers break as they come
in from the open sea. The view from the summit is

55

varied and beautiful. Boston, Charlestown, Chelsea,
Maiden, Saugus, Lynn, Swampscott and Nahant in all
their diversified beauties, while the blue expanse of the
ocean with its numerous sail and the occasional passing
steamer, form a grand panorama that is seldom equalled.
Nestling near the southern base is the little town of Win-
throp, with its rural and pastoral appearance in striking
contrast to its surroundings, which are essentially marine.
This locality is well adapted for seaside residences, and it
is to this hill that Dr. Petermann alluded in his recent
address before the American Geographical Society, as
furnishing the most delightful view he had seen in Amer-
ica. At the summit a building has been erected, which
was the headquarters for the day, where the lunch was
partaken and the afternoon session was held.

At 2.30, p. m., the meeting was called to order by the
President. Mr. F. W. Putnam was requested to act as
Secretary in the absence of that officer. Records read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From E. P. Ainsworth, June 3; H. J. Almy, July 12; F. H. Appleton, Lyrmfield,
May 25, July 10; E. P. Boon, New York, May 30, June 13; Henry Breed, Lynn,
July 14; S. Chew, Germantown, Perm,, July 11; D. P. Corey, Boston, June 27;
Frank M. Etting, Philadelphia, May 15, 24; D. B. Hagar, May 25; Charles Henry
Hart, Philadelphia, July 10; Samuel Henshaw, Boston, June 20; A. L. Huntington,
June 5; O. A. Jenison, Lansing, Mich., June 30; F. H. Johnson, Andover, May 30;
S. Kimball, Marblehead, July 19; I. P. Langworthy, Boston, June 20; Jacob Lea-
mon, Condit, Ohio, May 15; G. B, Loring, July 14; Samuel W. McDaniel, Cam-
bridge, May 15; George H. McLean, Washington, Del., July 19; A. S. Packard,
Jr., July 20; E. H. Payson, June 9; David Pingree, May 22; C P. Preston, Dan-
vers, June 26; P. D. Richards, Philadelphia, May 29, July 20; Hor. Binney Sargent,
June 1; C.O.Thompson, Worcester, May 17 ; G. M. Whipple, Philadelphia, May
19; G. F. Wright, Andover, June 20; American Social Science Association, Boston,
May 31; Augsburg, Naturhistorischen Verein in, Feb. 1; Bamberg, Naturfors-
chende Gesellschaft; Basel, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Feb. 22; Berlin, Die
Gesellschaft Naturforschender Verein, May 22; Boston Society of Natural History,
July 14; Brunn, Naturforschende Verein, Feb. 14; Buffalo Historical Society, May
22, June 20, July 1; Calcutta, Geological Survey of India, Dec. 1; Chemnitz, Natur-
wissenschal'tliche Gesellschaft, Apr. 1; Danzig, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Apr.

56

15; Edinburgh, Royal Society, Feb. 21; Erlangen, Physikalisch-medicinische Soci-
etat, Apr. 8; Freiburg, Naturlorschende Gesellschaft, Mar. 17; Geneve, Societe de
Pliysique et de Histoire Naturelle, Jan. 25; Lowell Bleachery, July 7; Marburg,
Gesellschaft zur Beforderung der Gesammten Naturwissensehaften, April; New
England News Co., July 28; New Jersey Historical Society, June 19, 30; New York,
Academy of Sciences, June 19; New York Historical Society, June 19,30; Ohio
Historical and Philosophical Society, May 22, June 19, July 1; Pennsylvania His-
torical Society, June 17; Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, June 28;
Rhode Island Historical Society, July 19; Salem Hospital, June 29; U. S. Office of
Med. Statistics, May 25; Vermont Historical Society, May 22, July 12; Waterbury,
Bronson Library, June 1 ; Wien, K. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Dec. 27; Wien,
K. K. Zoologische-botanische Gesellschaft, March; Worcester Lyceum and Natu-
ral History Association, May 24; Yale College, July 15.

The Librarian reported the following additions: —

By Donation.

Appalachian Mountain Club. Appalachia. June, 1S76. 8vo.

Bolles, E. C. Homage to the Book. 1 vol,, 12mo. The Pilgrim Series Question
Book. 3 vols., 12mo. National Series of Sunday School Lessons. 2 vols., 12mo.
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 22.

Carpenters' Company, Philadelphia. By-Laws, Regulations and Rules, etc.
1 vol., 8vo. Phila., 1873.

Foster, W. H. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 18.

Goodell, Jr., A. C. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 139.

Green, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25.

Humphreys, A. A., of Washington, D. C. U. S. Geological Surveys. Vol. 3,
1876. 1 vol., 4to.

Hunt, T. F. History of Independence Hall, by F. M. Etting. 1 vol., 8vo. 1876.
Celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of the Evacuation of Boston by the
British Afmy, March 17, 177(5, by Geo. E. Ellis. 1 vol., 8vo.

Johnson, Thomas H. Salem Post lor 1873, 1874, 1875.

Kimball, James. Cape Ann Advertiser, Mar., Apr., May, 1876.

Kingsley, J. S. Hand-Book of the Kansas State Agricultural College. 8vo
pamph. 1874.

Mack, Esther C. Dwight's Journal of Music, 1882-1872. 6 vols., 4to.

Mack, Wm. Miscellaneous volumes, 31. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 60.

Newhall, Thomas A., Germantown, Penn. List of Emigrants to America,
1G00-170O. 1 vol., small 4to. Memoirs of the Historical Society of Penn., Vol. viii.
1 vol., 8vo. History of Essex Co., by Phillip Morant. 2 vols., folio. London, 1768.
Reprint, 1816.

Nourse, DORCAS Cf Oliver Optics for 1870, 1871, 1S72, 1873, 1874.

Osgood, Chas. S. Eastern Railroad Investigation, 1876. 1 vol., 8vo. Boston
and Albany Railroad Investigation, 1876. 1 vol., 8vo. Briggs' Investigation, 1876.
1 vol., 8vo.

Palfray, C. W. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 8.

Peabodv, Alfred. History of the Pacific Guano Company. 8vo pamph.

Perkins, Albert C, of Exeter. N. H. Catalogue of Officers and Students of
Phillips Exeter Academy, 1875-76. 12mo.

Putnam, F. W. New York Tribune, Apr., May, 1876.

Story, Augustus." Kastner's Archiv fiir die gesammte Naturlehre. 19 vols.,
8vo. Archiv fiir Chemie tind Meteorologie. 9 vols., Svo. IS other volumes. Also
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 95.

Tucker, Jonathan. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 6.

57

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette, Mar. 28, Apr. 4, 11, 18, May 9, 30, June
6,27.
Watson, Caroline A. Holy Bible. 1 vol. London, 1599.

By Exchange.

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston. Proceedings. 1875-
76. 8vo.

American Philosophical Societt. Proceedings. Vol. xvi. Jan. -June, 1876

Baltimore, Md., Peabody Institute. Report of the Provost to the Trustees,
June 4, 1808, June 1, 1876. 2 pamphlets, 8vo.

Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu. Sitzungs Berichte
Jahrg. 1875.

Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings. Apr., May, 1876.

Calcutta, Geological Survey of India. Memoirs, Ser. ix, pt. 2, 3, 1875.
Records, Vol. viii, pt. 1, 2, 3, 4, 1875.

Canadian Institute. Journal. July, 1876.

Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. Transactions of the. Vol.
3, pt. 1. 8vo.

Erlangen, Physikalisch-Medicinische Societat in. Sitzungs-berichte,
Haft vii. Nov., 1874, Aug., 1875. 8vo.

Geneve, Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle. Memoires, vol.
xxiv, pt. 1,1874-5.

Georgia Historical Society, Savannah, Ga. Address, Jan. 3rd, 1876, on Ser-
geant Wm. Jasper, by Charles C. Jones, Jr. 8vo. Proceedings of the Dedication
of Hodgson Hall, Feb. 14, 1876. 8vo.

G6TTINGEN, KONIGLICHE GESELLSCHAFT DER WlSSENSCHAFTEN. Nachrichten

Jahrg. 1875. 12mo.

Hamburg, Vereins fur Naturwissenschaftliche Unterhaltung zu. Ver-
handlungen, Bd. 11. 1875.

Harvard University', Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bulletin, Vol.
iii. Nos. 11-14. 1876.

Harvard University, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and
Ethnology. Ninth Annual Report of the Trustees of. Apr., 1875. 8vo.

Kjobenhavn, Botanisk Tidsskrift. Tidsskrift, II Raekke. Band IV. 1874.

Kjobenhavn, Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. Oversigt, 1874,
No. III. 1875. No. I.

Konigsberg, Koniglige Physikalisch-Okonomischen Gesellschaft zu.
Shriften, Jahrg. xiii, xiv. 1873-74.

Lausanne, Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. Bulletin, Vol.
xiv. No. 75. 1876.

Maryland Historical Society. Papers relating to the Early History of
Maryland, by S. F. Streeter. Jan., 1876. 8vo pamph.

Massachusetts Historical Society. Transactions. 1875. Part 2. Miscel-
laneous pamphlets, 8.

Mecklenburg, Vereins der Freunde der Naturgeschichte in. xxix
Jahrg. 1875.

MUNCHEN, KONIGLICH BAYERISCHEN AKADEMIE DER WlSSENSCHAFTEN. Sitz-

ungsberichte, Band I, Heft, iv, Bd. II, Heft, i, ii, 1874. Bd. I, Heft, i, ii, iii, Bd. II,
Heft, i, 1875.

Natural History Society of Montreal. Canadian Naturalist. Vol. vii, Nos.
vii, viii. Vol. viii, No. i. 1875.

Naturhistorischen Vereines der preussischen Rheinlande und West-
falens. Verhandlungen. Jahrg. xxxi, Folge iii, Bd. 1, 1874. Jahrg. xxxii, Folge
iv, Bd. II, 1875.

58

Neufchatel, Societe des Sciences Naturelles de. Bulletin. Tome x, lie
Cahier. 1874-75.

New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Register. Vol. xxx, Apr.,
July, 1876. +

New York Chamber of Commerce. Eighteenth Annual Report of the Cor-
poration, 1875-76. 1 vol.

New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. Record. Vol. vii,
Apr., July, 1876.

New Jersey Historical Society. Proceedings. Vol. 4. 2nd Ser., No. 3, 1876.

Paris, Archiv der Anthropologie. Band viii. Jan., 1876.

Paris, Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliogie. Tome xv. Oct., 1875.
Tome xvi, No. 1. Jan., 1876.

Paris, Institut Historique. L'Investigateur. Sept., Oct., Nov?, Dec, 1875.
Jan., Feb., 1876.

Paris, Societe d'Acclimatation. Bulletin Mensuel. Tome ii, 3e Serie. Oct.,
Nov., Dec, 1875. Tome iii, 3e Serie. No. 1, 2, 1876.

Paris, Societe d' Anthropologie. Bulletins. Tome ix, He Serie. Nov., Dec,

1874. Tome x, lie Serie. Juillet-Dec, 1875.

Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Annual Report, 1875. 8vo.
Regensburg, Konigliche bayerische-botanische Gesellschaft. Flora.

1875. 1 vol., 8vo.

Sampson and Davenport, Boston. Ninety-six Directories of various cities.

Smithsonian Institution. Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum. Nos. 5, 6,
1876.

Societe Geologique de Belgique. Annales, Tome 1, 1874.

St. Louis Academy of Science. Transactions of the. Vol. 3, No. 3. 1876.

Publishers. Amei'ican Journal of Science and Art. American Naturalist.
Beetle and Wedge. Boston Daily Globe. Bradford New Era. European Mail.
Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwicke's Science-Gossip. Ha-
verhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn City Item.
Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sailors'
Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Salem Gazette. Salem Post. Salem Register.
Salem Observer. Turner's Public Spirit.

The President remarked that the first field day usually
occurs in the early part of June. Iu this, the centennial
year, so replete with many interesting and all absorbing
exhibitions and commemorations, the accustomed routine
has been interrupted.

He alluded to several rare species of mollusks and
other marine animals that are occasionally found on the
Revere Beach during the lull, or after the close, of an
easterly storm.

The President called on Prof. E. S. Morse, who gave
an interesting and very instructive general statement in
regard to the formation of hills, and of the existing gla-
ciers on the coast of Alaska. He showed how ridges,

59

like the hill on which the party were holding the meeting,
were made by the masses of ice, or glacier. Another set
of hills are produced by volcanic action ; still another
way of hill making is by the bending of rocks due to the
continued concentration and rending of the crust of the
earth. This, Prof. Morse said, might be illustrated by
chains of mountains, the largest mountains being found
on the borders of the largest areas of subsidence. He
illustrated these formations with a piece of fruit cake,
showing how the cake will bend and finally split, exposing
the corresponding strata on each side in the form of
mountain chains with a valley between. Prof. Morse
mentioned Prof. Niles' experiments on the expansion of
rocks, showing that lateral pressure in rocks exists.

Mr. Geo. Dixon of England spoke of the Winston
dyke, and its formation, and gave a description of the
dyke crossing the German Ocean. Prof. Morse re-
marked on the fluid nature of trap, and the erosion
caused by ice, as in the Connecticut valley, where the
matrix of sandstone has been eroded, leaving the trap
standing and protecting the sandstone below.

Mr. F. W. Putnam said he had looked for a shell
heap said to be on the point, but did not succeed in find-
ing it. He therefore gave a short account of the present
Indians of the plains and the existing Indian War, and
endorsed the views lately expressed by Mr. L. H. Mor-
gan in regard to the proper policy to be pursued in rela-
tion to the Indians.

He then introduced Dr. G. A. Otis, U. S. A., and Cu-
rator of the Army Medical Museum at Washington.

Dr. Otis £ave a brief account of the life of the Indian
chief, Sitting Bull, from a pictograph made by that chief
and now in the Army Medical Museum. Dr. Otis also

60

spoke of the advantages enjoyed by members of the In-
stitute, and said he doubted if they were aware of the
high reputation which the society had gained in the esti-
mation of educated and scientific men away from its
immediate location.

Mr. D. M. Balch gave an account of the few minerals
he had been able to find during the morning's ramble.
They consisted principally of the several varieties of por-
phery ; the specimens were exhibited and elicited some
remarks.

Mr. Dixon spoke of the plants he had found in the vi-
cinity, and remarked on a plant which he stated should be
emblematic of America, the Epigea repens, as he thought
there should be a flower as well as a bird. Mr. Dixon
also discussed the question of what the shamrock was.

Mr. S. C. Bancroft asked for further information in
regard to the shamrock, whether or not it was the same
as the clover. Prof. Morse, in answer to the question,
believed that the word shamrock was known before clover
was introduced, but that afterwards clover took the name
of shamrock.

Mr. Bancroft asked if our common plants, weeds for
instance, were as common in foreign lands as here. Mr.
Dixon answered that many flowers, weeds, etc., come
with civilization, as for instance the wood- wax. He fur-
ther alluded to the trouble we should probably experience
from the introduced sparrow.

Mr. Putnam mentioned that the ornithologists gave
timely warning against the introduction of the sparrow,
and in regard to an emblematic plant he thought that
while the Epigea as a flower would be appropriate, its
present want of a popular name would be against its
general adoption.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX I1TSTITTJTE.

Vol. 8. Salem, Mass., August, 1876. No. 7.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.

Field Meeting at Manchester, Thursday,
. August 10, 1876.

Members of the Institute and their friends residing in
Salem and the neighboring towns, took the morning train
for Manchester. On arriving at the station they were
met by several gentlemen, and conducted to the Town
Hall, which had been placed at the disposal of the Insti-
tute for the day by the courtesies of the town authorities.

After a cordial welcome, which wras extended by Mr.
Lewis N. Tappan in behalf of the citizens, the party,
increased by additional arrivals, separated into groups
and visited the several places of interest which had been
designated, according as inclination prompted. Some
went to Agassiz Rock,1 a boulder of very large size, situ-
ated upon the top of Beaver-dam hill, about three miles
from the town hall on the Essex road, and rests upon a
small point of another rock so as to allow an open space

i See Bulletin of Essex Institute, Vol. VI, page 158.
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. VIII 6 (01)

62

between it and the underlying ledge. Several years since
Prof. Agassiz visited this hill and was much interested in
this particular rock ; and on the occasion of a field meet-
ing of the Essex Institute in this town during October,
1874, several members visited the boulder and named it
"Agassiz Rock," in commemoration of that distinguished
naturalist. Some went to Kettle Cove to examine two
interesting and remarkable natural curiosities located in
its vicinity, just within the limits of Gloucester. One of
these, a large fissure in the rocks on the scacoast, through
which the ocean thunders and tosses its spray, known
.as "Rafe's Chasm." The name is said to be derived from
a man named Ralph, who resided near by. Its length
forms a right angle with the shore, from which it extends
more than two hundred feet. The other is "Norman's
Woe," a large rock lying a few rods from the shore and
connected with it by a reef of stones which the sea leaves
bare at low tide. Longfellow, in "The Wreck of the
Hesperus," has alluded to this rock and given it a kind
of immortality.. Eagle Head, and several of the fine
beaches, including the "musical sands," which arc situated
on part of what is known as "Old Neck Beach," or
"Musical Beach," and are alluded to in a notice of the
meeting on Thursday, August 2, 1*866,2 were visited.
This rocky coast is relieved by several of these beautiful
beaches, especial \y at some of the inlets or coves which
indent the coast and add greatly to the attractiveness of
this town for summer residents. Everywhere the land-
scape is most picturesque and varied. The woods, in-
tersected by numerous brooks and rivulets, offer many
inducements to the botanist to make explorations, and be
sure of a reward for his toil in the obtaining choice speci-

2 See Proceedings of Essex Institute, Vol. V, page 57.

63

mens of ferns that thrive so luxuriantly in many of the
cool and sequestered places there found. Also other
plants that thrive in this congenial soil and aspect, speci-
mens of which were placed upon the table for examina-
tion.

The antiquary, as well as the lover of the picturesque
and beautiful in Nature, can find much to interest him in
the examination of the old records and in gathering up the
traditionary lore that alwiiys clusters around our old New
England towns. Manchester was settled about 1626, and
was formerly a part of Salem, and known as "Jeffrey's
Creek," named from William Jeffrey, an early settler and
one of those who, with Roger Conant, John Lyford and
others, separated from their brethren at Plymouth, about
1624, and joined those of the Dorchester Company who
had set up a fishing establishment at Cape Ann, and
removed thence to Salem in 1626, and formed the first
permanent settlement in the colony of the Massachusetts
Bay. Incorporated in 1640 as Manchester. An interest-
ing scries of articles on "The History of Manchester," is
in course of printing in "The Beetle and Wedge," from
the pen of John Lee, Esq., for many years the able and
efficient town clerk.

At 1 o'clock the various parties reassembled at the
Town Hall, where lunch was partaken, and the afternoon
session was held. Many citizens of Manchester and
places contiguous were present.

At 2.30 p. M. the meeting was called to order. The
President in the chair. Records of the preceding meet-
ing were read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Bern, Die Natuvforschenclo Gescllschaft; J. S. Boothby, Philadelphia, Aug.

64

S; Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, July 21; Calcutta, Geological Survey of
India, Mar. 30; Frank M. Etting, Philadelphia, July 31; Charles Hammond, Mon-
son, Aug.; Henry A. Homes, Albany, July 22; Mannheim, Verein fur Naturkunde,
April 4; Lewis N. Tappan, Manchester, Aug. 3.

The Librarian reported the following additions to the
library : —

By Donation.

Allen, Stephen M., of Boston. Religion and Science, by donor. 1 vol., 12mo.

Baxter, J. H., of Washington, D. C. Medical Statistics of the Provost Marshal.
General Bureau. Vols. 1,2. 2 vols., 4to.

Bolles, E. C. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 10.

Cloutman, Wm. R. Letters by Wm. Warden. 1 vol., 8vo.

Hunt, T. P. New York Mirror, 1837-38. 1 vol., 4to. Popular Science Monthly,
Aug. Centennial Eagle, July 4, 11, 18.

Johnson, Samuel. Kcniick's Exposition. 3 vols., 8vo. Writings by Prof.
Frisbee. 1 vol., 8vo. Salem Directories, 1866, 18S9. 1874. 3 vols., 8vo. Memoir of
Dr. Holly. 1 vol., 8vo. Heavenly Union. lvol.,8vo. Greenwood's Miscellanies.
1 vol., 8vo. Sermons of Consolation. 1 vol., 8vo. Revised Statutes of Mass., 1836.
1 vol., 8vo. Greenwood's Sermons. 2 vols., 8vo.

Noeris, C. H. Sermon preached at Lexington, Apr. 19, 1776, by Jonas Clark.
6vo pamph.

Palfray, C. W. The American State, by W. G. Dix. 1 vol., 8vo.

Payson, E. H. The California, 1846, '47, '48.

Perry, W. S., of Geneva, N, Y. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 7.

Putnam, A. P., of Brooklyn, N. Y. Easter Service of the Church of the Saviour,
Apr. 16, 1876. 8vo. Discourse, Jan. 9, 1876. 8vo.

Putnam, F. W. Declaration of Independence and Washington's Farewell Ad-
dress. 1 vol., 8vo.

Sanborn, Geo. Mass. Legislative Documents, House. 2 vols., 8vo. Senate
8 vols., 8vo. Order of the Day. 1 vol., 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 75.

U. S. Bureau of Education, through Hon. John Eaton, Commissioner. Re-
port of the Board of Education of New York, 1874. 1875. Maryland, 1874. Connec-
ticut, 1872. 1873, 1874, 1875. St. Louis, 1869-70, 1871-72. Pennsylvania, 1875. Iowa,
1874-75. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 84.

U. S. Department of Interior. Congressional Documents, 3rd Session, 42
Cong. 1 vol., 4to. 1st Sess., 43 Cong. 3 vols., 8vo. 2nd Sess., 43 Cong. 32 vols.,
6vo.

U. S. Engineers' Office, through Gen. A. A. Humphrey, Chief of Engineers.
Report of Explorations in Utah in 1859, by J. H. Simpson. 1 vol., 4to. Washing-
ton, 1875.

U. S. Patent Office. Official Gazette. May 30, June 6, 27, July 4, 11, 18, 25, 1876.

By Exchange.

American Association for the Advancement of Science. Proceedings of,
Aug., 1875. 1 vol., Svo.

Berlin, Zeitsciiuift fur die gesammten Naturwissenschaften. Band xi,
xii. 1875. Svo.

Bologna, Riale Accademia delle Scienze. Rendiconto, 1S75-76. Svo.

Boston Public Library. Bulletin for July, 1876.

Bremen, Naturwissknsciiaft Verein zu. Abhandlungen. Band iv, Heft, iv,
1876. Band v, Heft, i, 1876.

65

Brunn, Naturforschenden Vereines in. Verhandlungen. Band xiii. 8vo.
Katalog. 8vo.

Canada, Geological Survey of. Report of Progress for 1874-75. 8vo.

Chemnitz, Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellsciiaft zu. Berioht. Jan.,
-1873, Dec, 1874. 8vo. Phanerogamen Flora von Chemnitz unci Umgegimd. 4to.

Danzig, Naturforschende Gesellschaft in. Schriften. Band ill, Heft. ir.
8vo.

Frankfurt, Zoologische Gesellsciiaft in. Zoologische Garten, Jahrg xvi,
Nos. 7-12. 1875.

Freiburg, Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu. Berichte. Band vi, Heft,
iv. 8vo.

Le Mans, d' Agriculture, Sciences et Arts de la Sarthe. Bulletin. Tome
xxiii. 1875.

Marburg, Gesellsciiaft zur Beforderung der gesammten Naturwis-
BENSCHAften in. Sitzungs-berichte Jahrg. 1874,1875. Schriften. 1874. 8vo.

Paris, France, Crosse et Fischer. Journal de Conchyliologie. Tome xvi.
3e Serie. No. II, 1876.

Paris, Societe d' Acclimation. Bulletin Mensuel. Tome iii. Nos. 3, 4. 1876.'*
8vo.

S' Gravenhage, Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging. Tijds-
chrift Voor Entomologie. Achttiende Deel i, ii, iii, iv. Aflevering. 1874-75.

Societe Entomologique de Belgique. Annales. Tome xvii. Fasc. i, ii.
1874-75. Tome xviii. Fasc. i, ii, iii. 1875-76. 8vo.

Tasmania, Royal Society of. Notices of Papers and Proceedings of the, for
1874. 12mo.

Vereins fur Erdkunde. Notizblatt:Folge'iii, Heft. xiv.

Wien, K. K. Zoologisch-botanische Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen. Band
xxv. Jahrg. 1875. 8vo.

Wurzburg, Physikalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft in. Verhandlungen.
Neue Folge ix, Band i, ii, Heft. 8vo.

Publishers. American Journal of Science. Beetle and Wedge. Boston
Globe. Bradford New Era. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Hard-
wicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence Amer-
ican. Lynn City Item. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Nation. Nature.
Peabody Press. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Salem Gazette. Salem
Observer. Salem Post. Salem Register. Turner's Public Spirit.

The President in his opening remarks alluded to the
great pleasure the Institute derives in holding a field day
in this town or vicinity, a localit}^ rich in all that interests
the student of Natural History. The woods on the one
side, and the sea-shore on the other, oner an extensive
field for observation and study. Meetings have been
occasionally held near this great belt of woods that
stretches back from the town and extends somewhat
parallel with the coast from Beverly to Gloucester. In
one part are the Chebacco ponds, a cluster of lovely
lakes lying within the limits of the towns of Essex,

Hamilton and We'nham ; in another the swamps where
the magnolia grows in superb luxuriance, and also near
the foot of the trunks of some of the lofty pines and
hemlocks that little alpine plant, the Linncea borealis, is
found ; thus representatives of the flora of the North and
of the South find here a congenial soil. He spoke of his
familiarity with, and wranderings through, these woods
and along these shores some thirty or more years since,
and noted some of the great changes that have occurred,
especially by the opening of the railroad, thus render-
ing available the land adjacent to the rocky cliffs of
the coast for the summer residences of the citizens of the
metropolis. He recalled some of the incidents of the
early field meetings in this town, and paid a passing trib-
ute of respect to several of those who then took an active
part in our doings and have long since ceased from their
labors.

The President then called upon Vice President F. W.
Putnam, who in response said that he had not had the
opportunity for a ramble, as he did not arrive until noon.
He had, however, seen a number of Indian articles in the
house of General Tannatt, by invitation, and he had been
much interested in a human skull found in Colorado and
now in the General's collection. This skull so closely
resembled the ordinary form of the Algonquin Indians,
such as are found in the Indian burial places in Massachu-
setts, as to lead to the belief that it had belonged to an
Indian of the same great family with our New England
tribes, though it was very venturesome to attempt to
place an isolated human skull in its proper ethnic group.

Mr. Putnam then gave a general account of the several
forms of skulls prevailing among the American tribes,
and extended his remarks to a brief sreneral review of

67

Indians and Eskimos, and their resemblances to others of
the great Mongolian race.

The President remarked, that, in this centennial year
of the Republic, the reminiscences of the past involunta-
rily come to our recollection. On this occasion, those
relating to the early botanists would especially claim our
consideration.

One hundred }rears since, the far-famed Rev. Dr. M.
Cutler, then the minister of the Hamlet Parish in Ipswich,
since incorporated as the town of Hamilton, roamed
through these woods and was undoubtedly collecting the
materials for his paper, published in 1784, in the first
volume of the Memoirs of the American Academy, enti-
tled "An Account of some of the Vegetable Productions
naturally growing in this Part of America, botanically
arranged." Some fifty years since William Oakcs of
Ipswich, one of the most distinguished botanists of New
England, was collecting the plants of this region. His
writings on these subjects, and the beautifully preserved
specimens in his herbarium which he liberally distributed,
gave to these woods a world-renowned reputation as one
of the natural flower gardens of America.

The President then called upon Mr. John Robinson to
give some account of the botany of this vicinity.

Mr. Robinson, in comparing the flora of Essex County,
particularly that of Cape Ann, with more Northern and
Southern regions, said: —

We have here representatives of both the White Moun-
tain and New Jersey plants. Of the species growing at
the base of the White Mountains, there are several Ferns
and Lycopods, two species of Viburnum, the Striped
Maple, American Yew, Red-berried Elder, and many

68

others ; while along the coast the Alpine Potentilla is
often found.

Of the southern species we have the Magnolia glauca,
Yellow Thistle, and perhaps a few others. The White
Cedar ( Cupressus thyoides) reaches here its northern
limit, and its name is in Maine and New Hampshire
transferred to the Arbor Vitas (Thuja occidentalis) , which
has been the cause of much confusion.

Mr. Robinson spoke of the water plants and those of
the seashore, stating that there was a much larger num-
ber of species to be found than most persons supposed,
and considering the natural features of the region, the
Essex Flora might claim to be a very rich one.

The carnivorous habits of the Drosera were then de-
scribed with the aid of a diagram. If an insect alights
on the leaf, the tentacles, one after another, curl over and
entrap it. The insect is digested by the plant and then
the leaf opens again.

Darwin's experiments with this plant were then ex-
plained. He tried placing various substances upon the
disc. Meat, he found, was enclosed and digested. Glass
was enclosed for a certain time and then rejected.

Blowing hard upon the plant had no effect upon it.
The secretion he found was almost exactly like animal
pepsin.

In another genus nearly allied to Drosera, the Dioncea,
the leaves fold over and inclose insects, which are then
digested ; but in this case the leaves are partly open at
the edges, so that small insects can escape, the larger
ones only being held. These leaves will repeat the proc-
ess two or three times. Two species of Drosera are
common in this locality.

The remarks were closed with some notice of a cone
which was imbedded in the wood of the tree, and exhib-

69

itecl by Col. Tannatt. The wood had grown for twenty-
five years in order to entirely cover the cone.

Prof. E. S. Morse made some additional remarks con-
cerning the Drosera, It may be put to sleep by applica-
tion of ether; paralyzed by pricking at a certain point;
and may even be given a fit of dyspepsia by giving it
certain kinds of food. Prof. Morse also described the
manner in which grasshoppers make their peculiar chirp-
ing noises, and the notes they utter. Sometimes we are
almost deafened by the noise they make. This is pro-
duced by rubbing the legs up and down against the wings.
The rasping vibrating surface makes the noise we hear.
It is so high in pitch no musician has yet recognized its
key. In fact some persons cannot hear it ; they are
sound-blind to sounds of so high a pitch. If a whistle
be sounded in presence of a large number of people at a
successively higher and higher pitch, there will be finally
some who cannot hear it, and as the pitch is raised higher
still a larger number of persons will cease to hear it.
The crickets rub the upper wings against the under.
They have a note for sunlight, and a different one for
cloudy weather. The. males are in this case the singers.
The cicada sings by means of a tendon stretched across
a membrane which vibrates like a drum when the tendon
is pulled or twitched rapidly. The vitality possessed by
some of these insects was dwelt upon. A young lady of
Salem, in making a preparation of a grasshopper, dis-
covered that after the head was removed, carrying with it
all the interior portion of the body (disembowelling it in
fact, so that only the outer skin or shell with the wings
remained), certain nerve centres in the rings of the shell
upon being pricked caused the wings to flutter rapidly
for some time.

70

Rev. George L. Gleason, of Manchester, extended
greeting to the members of the Institute. Natural His-
tory was out of his line and he had never given much
attention to local history. He referred to Mr. John Lee
and Mr. Lewis N. Tappan, both of Manchester, as more
acquainted with the history of the town.

The President then called upon the Rev. James Free-
man Clarke, who was present and responded as follows :

I am much obliged, Sir, for the honor you do me, but
I feel like one who finds himself among a race whose
language he does not understand. I should be very glad
instead of using my own voice to hear more from Prof.
Morse about the voice of the grasshopper. Little was
known in my younger days about these things of science.

We were taught at Cambridge something of chemistry,
and a very little about geology and mineralogy. But I
remember when I first went to live near the Falls of the
Ohio, I one day found what I supposed to be a petrified
wasp's nest or enormous honeycomb ; but I was surprised
afterwards to learn that it was a fossil. In botany we
were taught, at Cambridge, only the Linnoean system ;
and it amounted to learning the names of orders, genera,
etc., and we found it not very interesting. Professor
Nuttall was there then, but we never had any teaching
from him.

I was reminded while listening to Mr. Putnam's ac-
count of the evidence of the movements of races on this
continent, derived from the characteristics of the Indian
skulls found in different parts of the country, of that
collateral branch of knowledge, comparative philology,
by which we study the linguistic characteristics of races.
Perhaps some of you may not know how much light has
been thrown upon the history of the human race by that

71

study. If wo had been told a few years ago that wo
could go back so far (some two or three thousand years
before authentic records) in the history of our race, by
the study of language, we should have thought it a most
amazing statement. But such is the fact, as I can show
you in a few minutes.

It was formerly thought that the Latin came from the
Greek, but we now know that it is the oldest lan^ua^c of
the two. It has long been known that there are words
in the Teutonic languages which have a remarkable rela-
tion to words in the Latin and Greek languages ; but this
was not understood till the Sanskrit language began to
be studied. Sir William Jones found that the principal
languages of Asia and Europe had a common origin.
Sanskrit was at first believed to be the original parent
lammajrc, but it was afterward found to be the elder sis-
ter. After that was studied we could explain many of
the irregularities of the Greek and Latin words. This is
very apparent in the formation of the substantive verb,
to be. The Latin "Sum, Es, Est" was so irregular that
it was thought by the elder grammarians that "Es," and
"Est," must come from some obsolete root. But in San-
skrit we find it"Asmi,"I am; "Asi," Thou art; "Asti,"
He is, — which makes the derivation of the second and
third persons plain. In the Zend, or ancient Persian, it
is "Ahmi, Ahi, Asti." In the Gothic it is "Im, Is, 1st."
In the Slavic "Ycsmi, Yesi, Yesto." In the Irish it is
"Esmi, Essi, Esti." So the English word "Daughter"
is in Sanskrit, "Duhitar;" while in Greek it is "Thuga-
tecr." Here the Zend, which is "Dughter," gives the
connecting link. We now know what the ancient Greeks
did not themselves know, — the origin of this word of
theirs. In Sanskrit it means, not only "Daughter," but
also "Milkmaid." The ancient Arians, a pastoral people,

72

and keeping many cows, employed their daughters to
milk, and so the one word was employed in both mean-
ings.

But there are some words in each language entirely
distinct and peculiar to it. We see the reason of this.
When the first parent race emigrated from central Asia
and swept on westward, branches turned off in various
directions, one to the south, another to the southwest,
others to the southeast and southwest of Europe, etc.
Branches flowing to the north formed the great Celtic,
Slavic and Teutonic races.

When these tribes separated from the parent stock they
must have taken with them the civilization which they
had before separating. So the several branches or vari-
eties carried with them the same words for common things
which they all had when together, such as the word for
"House," showing that they lived in houses before migra-
ting from their ancient homes. Thus too we find that there
are similar words in all these great linguistic streams for
ox, horse, sow, mouse, wheat, clothes, the numerals one,
two, three; also for plough, hatchet, hammer, gold, sil-
ver, copper, tin. But when we find the names of the
same thing differing in all these tribal languages, we may
be confident that the original race knew nothing of it,
and did not use it. Such words as that for sail, or that
for boats, propelled by other means than simple oars, are
not found common to all ; hence they did not have sails
or sail boats when together.

The result of such unexpected new discoveries in so
old a science is finally to bring us to the conclusion that
there is no end to knowledge. The discovery of some
new instrument or method of investigation will open to
us means of increasing our knowledge. In our time the
wonderful discovery of the meaning of the lines in the

73

solar spectrum has enabled us to do what we never could
have done before, or imagined possible to have done.
There is no reason for doubting that many similar potent
instruments for penetrating the mysteries of Nature are
yet to.be discovered.

I thank you, ladies and gentlemen of the Essex Insti-
tute, for listening to me so patiently, and wish you all
success in your studies in these deeply interesting depart-
ments of knowledge.

Mr. Kichard H. Dana being called upon, after dis-
claiming any special knowledge of the subjects discussed,
saying that he could make out as clear a case of ignorance
of scientific questions as could Dr. Clarke, related in con-
firmation of this an incident at his father's house after he
had graduated. President Woolsey, who was our guest,
asked me if I had seen, in California, the cactus. Not
knowing what the cactus was, I endeavored to <ret over
the difficulty by saying that I had not been in the interior
where the rich lands and gardens were, but on the dry,
sandy seacoast. My family were somewhat disturbed,
they being aware, as I was not, that the cactus grew in
just such dry, sandy places. I then described a large
"prickly pear," with its beautiful flower and blossoms,
which we found on the coast, and this, to my confusion,
was the cactus itself.

As Dr. Clarke has said, we collegians thought moral
science the only important study. After graduating at
Harvard I thought of taking a course in philosophy with
Professor Marsh, at Burlington, Vt. He asked me what I
knew of natural science. I told him, nothing. To teach
moral and intellectual philosophy thoroughly (he said)
there must be a ground-work of the natural sciences. The
aying of this foundation, I found, would take too much
time, and I did not attempt his comprehensive course.

74

I therefore can contribute nothing to your purposes. But
when I have such an opportunity to come and listen to
such discussions I like to take advantage of it.

If I shall not be occupying too much of your time,
Mr. President, I will give an account of my visit to the
volcano of Mauna-Loa during the eruption of 1859, for
the most illiterate savage can describe what he has seen.
The lava flowed through a tortuous course of forty miles
in length. I procured the services of two natives with
their boat to take me to the place where it emptied into
the sea. On arriving near the place the scene became
one of the utmost grandeur. There was no moon, but
the stars shone with that brightness which is never seen
outside of the tropics. There was a light and pleasant
breeze. The space which the lava occupied, as it de-
scended into the sea, was three miles in width ; that is to
say, not in an unbroken line, but pouring in, sometimes
at one end, sometimes at the other, and again in the mid-
dle. The lava cools on the surface quickly and assumes a
dark lead color, but where it is hot and flowing, or where
this crust is broken through, it shows a beautiful scarlet
or blood-red color. As the lava flows slowly along it
meets with obstructions and resisting forces which for a
time create a barrier ; but after a while having risen higher
than the obstruction, it overflows, and finally carries away
the debris and bears it along in its course, where it tum-
bles over, sometimes from a considerable height, a mass
of lava, earth and stone ; and, with a loud hissing noise,
accompanied by a scries of explosions like the rattling
of small arms along a line of battle, plunges into the sea.
The molten lava heats the sea, so that it was appreciable
even at the distance I was, not less than a mile away. I
endeavored to induce the men to take the boat nearer,
but nothing that I could oiler prevailed upon them to
do so. This reluctance arose partly from their supersti-

75

tion ; the volcano being the residence of their goddess
Pole, whose anger was evinced by its thuuderiugs and
eruptions. They gave, however, as an excuse for not
approaching nearer, that the heat of the water would melt
the pitch from the seams of the boat, and that we should
all sink. Of this of course there could be no danger,
for I found upon placing my hand in the water that it was
just a little warm.

Imagine such a scene here; the mountain forty miles
away. You hear of the approach of the lava from day
to day, for it moves slowly ill its course to the sea.
"When it reaches Manchester it destroys this place utterly,
removing all that is before it, the houses and all the work
of men's hands ; the harbor, creeks and all vegetation, in-
volved in one general destruction. In the process of
time the lava cools and cracks; vegetation starts in the
seams and creviees of the surface, and finally a new soil
covers it; and you have a new harbor, a new soil, and a
new town, perhaps a mile or two farther into the ocean.

Mr. Lewis N. TArPAN was called upon and gave a brief
sketch of the local history of Manchester. It was first
settled in 1626 by a few fishermen from C;ipc Ann, Wil-
liam Jeffries, William Allen, William and John Norman
and others. It was called Manchester simply because
many of the settlers came from Manchester in England.
Mr. Tappan thought some more appropriate name, like
Magnolia, or Masconomo (the name of the Indian chief
who brought strawberries to Gov. Winthrop's party, which
landed here on their way to Salem in June, 1630), would
have been better. He then referred to the partial destruc-
tion of the schooner "Nancy," by the British, at Mingoe's
beach, a. d., 1813, and to the light between tha Chesa-
peake and Shannon, and other naval engagements that
have occurred near the Manchester shore.

76

Rev. C. A. Bartol remarked that he had great pleasure
in seeing the cup of this communion table passing round.
There should be no war between science, philosophy and
religion. All meet on common ground in pursuit of
knowledge. Philosophy must reign, but must not gov-
erri. It has no right, as religion has no right, to shut
out any facts that knowledge finds. Religion reigns over
all, but without injustice to any. Life is the nearest
fact, the most universal thing. The mountain crumbles,
but the plant springs up and insects grow. The trees,
the beasts, and the men are of one stuff. Who can say
what of the mountain is in the man? What of granite in
the plant? What shall we say of the notion of a Deity
as out of matter? This precipitate of mind into matter
ever tends to go back into mind. The Agassiz Boulder
suggests the saying that Queen Elizabeth's mind was like
one of those Druidical rocking-stones, which the slightest
touch can disturb, but the greatest power could not over-
throw. I know a tree near here, three hundred, perhaps
five hundred, years old. We think the tree is the weak
yielding thing. But we know very well how this tree
clings to the rock and sucks food from it, as the child
from its mother's breast. No doubt in those five hundred
years that ledge has changed very much. The rock has
crumbled, but the tree remains. The great sentiments,
the religious sentiments, will survive after all these hard
elements of nature have melted and changed and passed
away. Here is illustrated the immortality of the prin-
ciple of life.

The time drawing near for the arrival of the train for
Salem, the meeting adjourned, after having passed a vote
of thanks, offered by Mr. W. P. Upiiam, to the town
authorities and to the citizens for their kindness and
courtesies*

BULLETIN

OP THE

ESSE2Z UnTSTITTJTB.

Vol. 8. Salem, Mass., Sept., Oct., Nov., 1876. No. 8.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. Ten Cents a Single Copy.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 2, 187b*.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. President in
the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.

Mrs. Charles Arey and Mr. John P. Reynolds of Salem
were elected resident members.

Mr. Arthur IV. Foote was elected the curator of
Music, vice Mr. C. H. Higbee who declined a reelection.

Mr. W. D. Nortiiend stated that Mr. R. S. Spofford
of Newburyport, had discovered a curious oven on or near
his grounds, and would like to have the Institute examine
it. Ho also tendered Mr. Spofford's invitation to the
Society to hold a field meeting at his place.

Mr. James Kimball presented several coins.

ESSEX IKST. BULLETIN. VIII 7 (77)

78

Mr. F. W. Putnam, in behalf of the author, presented
the following communication : —

LIST OF BIRDS COLLECTED BY MR. CHARLES LINDEN, NEAR
SANTAREM, BRAZIL.— By J. A. Allen.

In February, 1873, Mr. Linden left New York for Para, Brazil, for
the purpose of collecting objects of Natural History. Arriving at
Para at the height of the rainy season, he found the constant rains and
the inundated state of the country highly unfavorable for his work,
and soon pushed on to Santarem, on the Amazon, five hundred miles
west of Para. Here he found the conditions for work more favorable,
and adopted this point as the scene of his labors, spending most of
his time here from early in April till the end of July. In June he
made an excursion to Khomes, sixty miles distant, where he spent a
few weeks, and in August passed a short time collecting at Anjos and
Marajo, at the mouth of the Amazon. The chief part of the collection
was hence made at Santarem, in the campos and sparsely wooded
region of the immediate vicinity. The notes added are those accom-
panying the specimens. The collection was made chiefly under the
auspices of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.,
where the greater part of Mr. Linden's collection of birds still re-
mains. The collection embraced two hundred and fourteen speci-
mens, representing one hundred and twenty-eight species.

1. Titrdus albiventns Spix.1

2. 31imus saturnimis Licht. Santarem, April 12; common.

3. Donacobius atricapilla (Linn.). Santarem.

4. Vireosylvia agilis (Licht.). Rhomes2, June 18; common.

5. Dacnis cayana (Linn.). Santarem, April 12; common.

G. Calliste cayana (Linn.). Santarem, April 12 and June 2; com-
mon in thickets.

7. Tanagra episcopus Linn. Santarem, April 12 and June 6 ; com-
mon in thickets.

8. Tanagra palmarum (Max.). Santarem, June 5; common in
woods and thickets.

9. Bamphocodus jacapa (Linn.). Santarem, Marajo and Para;
common.

10. Lanio atricapillus (Gm.). Santarem, May 27; not common.

11. Tachyphonus cristata (Gm.). Santarem, May 27 ; in small flocks
in thick woods.

iThe nomenclature adopted in this paper is, with few exceptions, that of Messrs.
Sclater and Salvin's "Nomcnclator Avium Neotropicalium."

2A plantation so-called, mentioned in Mr. Linden's notes as being sixty miles
from Santarem.

79

12. Spermophila castaneiventris (Cab.). Santarem, May 1 ; found
among the reeds along edge of the Amazon River.

13. Spermophilus mysia (Vieill.). Santarem, June 5; common in
the vicinity of the town.

14. Paroaria gularis (Linn.). Santarem, May 1; rather common in
the campos.

15. Sycalis columbiana Cab. Santarem, April 12; in small flocks
on the campos.

1G. Ostinops yuracarium (Laft. & d'Orb.). Santarem.

17. Ostinops cristatus (Gmel.). Santarem, May 15; common.

18. Cassicits persicus (Linn.) Santarem, April 10; common and in
full plumage.

19. Icterus croconotus (Wagl.).

20. Molothrus bonariensis (Gm.). Santarem, June 5; common near
the town.

21. Gymnomystax melanielerus (Vieill.). Khomes, June 13; Marajos,
August 1 ; common.

22. Leistes guianensis (Linn.). Santarem, May 1-24; common.

23. Cassidix oryzioora (Linn.).

24. Tainioptera nengeta (Linn.). Campos near Anjos (eastern part
of the island of Marajos), Aug. 1.

25. To&nioptera velata Licht. Marajos, August 1 ; open campos,
rare.

26. Arundinicola leucocephala (Linn.). Rhomes, June 28; common
near the reecls along the Tapajos River.

27. Elainea pagana (Licht.). Santarem, June; very common.

28. Myiodinastes solitarius (Vieill.). Santarem, May 19; common
about clearings.

29. Megarhynchus pitangua (Linn.). Santarem, May 23; common
in clearings near deep woods.

30. Myiarchus tyrannulus (Muell.) . Santarem, May 23; common.

31. Myiarchus nigriceps Scl. Santarem, May 23 ; common.

32. Empidonomus varius (Vieill.). Santarem, June 2; common on
the outskirts of woods.

33. Tyrannus niveigularis Scl. Santarem, April 12 ; common in the
open campo.

34. Milvulus tyrannus (Linn.). Marajo, August 5; very common.

35. Pipra, sp. incog.

36. Tityra personata Jard. & Selby. Santarem, May 24; common
in flocks in deep woods.

37. PachyrJiamphus cinereus (Bodd.). Santarem, June 5; common
near the town.

38. Phamicocercus camifex (Linn.).

39. Querula cruenta (Bodd.). Santarem, May 18; rare, in deep
woods.

80

40. Furnarius, sp. incog.

41. Dondrornis muUiynttata (Lafr.). Santarem. April 20: common.
4.2. Picolaptes liciUata (Licht.). Santarem, April 8; common in

thickets.

43. Tliamnnphiftis luttuosu* (Liclit.).

44. Thamnophilus doliatvs (Linn.). Marajo, August 10.

45. hhopnterpe torquuta (BoiUl.). Deep woods near Santarem, May
10; common.

40. h'upctumena macrura (Gm.). Campos near Santarem, April 20;
common.
47. Lampornis gramineus (Gm.).

4S. Lampornis manyo (Linn.). Marajo, August 10; common.
40. Thalurania niyrofasriata Gould.

50. Eiuephala cairiilca (Vieill.).

51. Thaumatias linncei Bon.

52. Podagpr nacnwla (Vieill.).

53. Chordeilcs acutipennis. (Bocld.). Common in the campos near
Anjos, August 5.

54. Stennpsii iruflrcrtix fScl.).

55. Piimmnna mimitns (Linn.). Marajo, August 10; common.

50. Campcphilns melanolnicus (Gm.). Santarem, .June 5; common.

57. Ccleus citrinus (Bodd.). Santarem, in deep woods, April 10;
common.

58. Momotus hrasiliensis Lath. Rhomes, June 29; common in deep
woods.

50. Cenjle tnrquala (Linn.). Santarem, June of common.

CO. Cenjle amazona (Lath.).

Gl. Cenjle amerkana (Gin.). Santarem, May 1 ; rather rare.

G2. Ceri/Je superciliosa (Linn.).

03. Trogon melamirus Sw. Santarem, May IS: common.

G4. Trogon meridional is Sw. Santarem, May 22; deep woods, rare.

Go. Irogun viridis Linn. Rhomes, June 28 ; common.

GO. Gal bid a viridis Lath. Santarem. April 10; common near streams.

G7. Bncco tameUia (Gm.). Rhomes, June 9; deep woods, rare.

G8, Monasa morphcus (Halm). Santarem (May 21), and Rhomes,
June 20; common in deep woods.

GO. Monasa niyri/rons (Spix). Santarem, April 12; common in
small flocks about plantations.

70. Cheiidoptcra tcnebrosa (Pall). Campos about Santarem, April
20.

71. Crotophaya ani Linn. Rhomes, June 28; common, in small
flocks.

72. Crotophaya mnjnr 1 .inn. Rhomes, June 18 ; in small flocks.

73. Viplopterus ncevins (Gm.). Marajo, August; in small flocks of
four to seven or eight.

81

74. Dromooccyx pavoninua Pclzeln.

75. J'iaya coy ana (Linn.). Santarem, April 18; common in thickets.

7G. COCCYGUS UNDENT, 11. sp.

Above olivaeeous-srray, with bronzy reflections, and tinged with nfh on the
head; beneath cinereous, failing to white over the abdomen ; rcmiges wholly with-
out rufous; under side of wings with a faint ochracemis tinge at the base of the
quills; outer rectrices black, broadly lipped with white; middle pair like ihe back.
wholly unicolor (nos darker at the up as in C. americanua). Upper mandible and
tip of lower black; re^t of lower mandible and the edge of the upper at ihe base,
yellow. Tail much graduated, the middle rectrices being 175 longer than the
outer. Length, 10 50; wing, 5-15; tail, 5-50.

This species more closely resembles C. amcricanus than any other
well-described species, from which it differs in its considerably smaller
sides, in the total absence of rufous in the remises, and in the strongly
cinereous color of the lower parts. The bill and the tail arc colored
precisely as in C. amcricanus, except that the middle pair of rectrices
are unicolor, instead of darker near the tip. The dorsal surface is
also of a rather darker tint, with rather more ash on the head.

This species seems to also bear a close resemblance to C. euleri
Cab. (Jourh. f. Orn., xxi Jahrgang, p. 72. Jan., 1873), with which it
may prove to be identical, but Cabauis's very meagre description is
insufficient to enable me to fully decide. I hence adopt a provisional
name for the species above described. Cabanis's specimen of (J. euleri
was obtained at a far more southern locality, — Cantagallo, in the
Province of llio cle Janeiro.

Of the C. Undent I have but a single example, collected by Mr.
Linden, in whose honor I have named the species, at Sautarem, April
11), 1873.

77. Bhamphastos erythrorhynchus (Gmel.). Santarem, April and
May; common in the forests.

78. Bhamphastos arig Viel. Santarem^ June 5; common in deep
woods.

79. Pteroglossus aracari (Linn.). Santarem: common in the forests.

80. Sdenidera maculirostris (Licht.). Santarem, May 18; common
in deep woods.

81. Ara ararauna (Linn.). Santarem.

82. Ara macavuana. Marajo, August 1; rare, in small flocks.
S3. Conurus aureus (Gm.). Santarem, April 10; in small flocks.

84. Conurus roscifrons Gray. Santarem, May 28; in small flocks.

85. Brotogerys virescens (Gm.). Santarem, April. 15 ; common.

80. PsUtacula passerina (Linn.). Santarem, June 1; seen in small
flocks.
87. Fulsatrix torquata CDaud.).

82

88. AfttuHna nitida (Lath.). Santarem, July 12; in deep woods.

89. Asturina nattcri Scl. & Salv, Rhomes, June 10; near clearings.
00. Spizcetus ornatus (Oaud ). Rliomes, Juue 28; rare.

91. Accipiter bicolor (Vieill.). Santarem.

92. Hypotriorchis rufiyularis (I)aud.). Santarem, May 21; deep
woods, rare.

93. Harpagus diodon (Temra.). Santarem, May 1.

94. Milvago chimachima (Vieill;). Anjos, August 3 ; campos, rare.

95. Pulyburus tharus (Mol.). Rhomes, June 20; rare. Iris, light
brown.

90. Cathartes anra (Linn.). Ma raj o, August; common.

97. JPlotus anhinga Linn. Marajo, August 3 ; common.

98. Ardea cocoi Linn.

99. Ardea egretta (6m.)- Santarem.

100. Ardea candidissima (Gm.) Santarem, May 1; singly, near the
banks of the Amazon.

101. TigHsoma brasiliense (Linn.).

102. Cancroma.cochlearia Linn. Marajo, August 5; common.

103. Ciconid maguari (Gm ).
10L Tantalus loculator Linn.

105. Ibis rubra (Linn.). Mavajo, August 5; common.

106. Theristicus melanopis (Gm.).

107. Platalea ajaja (Linn.). Anjos, August 1; common in small
flocks.

108. Columba rufina (Teram.). Rhomes, June 13; in small flocks;
not common.

109. Zenaida ruficauda Bon. Santarem, June 1 ; in small flocks on
the campos.

110. Chamazpclia passerina (Linn.). Santarem, June 5; common in
small flocks.

111. 'Chamazpelia talpacoti (Temm.). Santarem and Rhomes, in
small flocks about clearings^

112. Lcptoptila rufaxilla (Rich.- & Bern.). Santarem, June G; seen
singly, and apparently not common.

113. Pipile cumanensis (Jacq.). Santarem, May 10; deep woods;
not common.

114. Ortalida ruficeps Wagl.

115. Odontophorus yuianensis (Gm.). Santarem, May 27; not com-
mon.

11G. Aramides mangle (Spix).

117. Porphyrio parvus (Bodd.). Rhomes, June 13; common, in
small flocks.

118. Eurypyga helias Pallas.

119. Parra jacana (Linn.). Santarem, May 4; common.

83

120. Vanellus cayanensis (Gm.).

121. jEtjiaiitis collaris (Vieill.). Anjos, August 5; rather rare.

122. Gallinago frenata (Max.). Marnjo, August ; common in marshy

grounds, in small parties of three to five individuals.

123. Ereunetes petrijicatus (111.)- Marajo, August 4; common in
flocks.

124. Gambetta flavipes (Bon.). Marnjo, August 10-20; common In
flocks; extremely shy.

125. Tringouhs macularius (Linn.). Santarcm, April 12; common
along the river banks. Specimens were obtained both in the mature
and immature plumage.

12G. Crypturus cinereus (Gmel.). Santarem, July G; common in
deep woods.

127. Crypturus obsoletus (Temm.).

128. Crypturus pileatus (Bodd.).

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 16, 1876.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
In the absence of the Secretary, Mr. Wm. P. Upham was
chosen Secretary pro tern. Records of preceding meeting
read.

Mr. J. S. Kingsley, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

Dr. F. H. Hance of Whampoa, China, was elected a
corresponding member.

Regular Meeting, Monday, November 6, 1876.
Meeting this evening. The President in the chair*
Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspond
dence: —

From F. E. Abbot, Boston, Sept. 6; J. A. Allen, East JaffreyrN. H., Aug. 13; E.
P. Boon, New York, Nov. 1 ; P. S. Boothby, Philadelphia, Aug. 15, Sept. 1, (5, Oct.
1, 4; Bresil, Bureau de la Commission de PEmpire; Bruxellcs,. Acad. Boy. des.

i

84

Sciences, des Lettres, et des Beaux-arts de Belgique; Buffalo Historical Society,
Sept. 7, 25; Cook, Son & Jenkins, Philadelphia, Aug. 15; James T. Cran*, Indian-
apolis, Sept. 23; Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, Sept. 15; George D.
Dimon, Utica, Sept. 1; L. P. Farmer, Philadelphia, Sept. G, 30; Samuel A. Green,
Boston, Aug. 14; Frankfurt, Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gescllschaft,
Feb. 2(5; Harvard College, Museum of Comp. Zoology, Oct. 11; T. W. Higginson,
Newport, R. I., Oct. 5; Ernest Ingersoll, New York, Sept. 27, Oct. 11 ; A. C. Ken-
dall, Boston, Sept. 13; George Collins Levey, Philadelphia, Oct. 1G; George Lin-
coln, Hingham, Sept. 19; Lisbonne, Acad. Royale des Sciences, Aug. 23; J. Dewitt
Miller, Cross River, N. Y., Oct. 24; London, Society of Antiquaries, Oct. 16; Lyons,
Soeiete dAgriculture, Histoire Naturelle, ct Arts Utiles, July 20; New Hampshire
Historical Society, Sept. 9; New Jersey Historical Society, Sept. 6, Oct. 11; New
York Historical Society, Sept. 8, Oct. 12; New York Mercantile Library Associa-
tion, Oct. 11; Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society, Sept. 7, Oct. 13; Samuel
C. Oliver. Philadelphia, Aug. 19; George B. Phippen. Boston, Aug. 20, Sept. 7;
John S. Pierson, New York, Oot. 10; II. J. Pratt. Chelmsford, Sept. 6; F. W. Put-
nam, Cambridge, Oct. 24; Aaron Richardson, Union ville, Missouri, Sept. 4; Thos.
S. Roberts, Minneapolis Minn., Oct. 29; D. A. Rogers, Chicago, 111., Oct. 18;
W. Hudson Stephens, Lowville, N. Y., July 16; Wm. W. Stewart, Buffalo, N. Y.,
Sept. 29; Stockholm, Acad. Roy. Suedoise des Sciences, Juil. 6; Thomas R. Trow-
bridge, New Haven, Conn., Sept. 6; United States Centennial Commission, Phila-
delphia, Oct. 9; Vermont Historical Society, Sept. 7, Oct. 12; Williams' Lecture'
Bureau, Boston,' Sept. 3.

The Librarian reported the following additions: —

By Donation.

Abbot, F. E., of Boston. Index, Vols. 5, G, 1874, 1S75. 2 vols., folio.

Boardman, Sam'l L., OF Augusta, Me. Report of the Maine Board of Agri-
culture, 1872, 1873, 1874. 3 vols., 8vo.

Bolles, E.C. Universalist Register, 17 numbers. Centennial Eagle, Aug. 22,
29, Sept. 5. Miscellaneous pa p lets, 5.

Buffalo Young Men's Association. Catalogue of the Library. 1 vol., Svo.
Buff .do, 1871. First Supplement to the Catalogue. 8vo. 1872. Annual Reports of.
3 pamphlets.

Foster, W. J. American Agriculturist, 18G7 to 1875. Cultivator and County
Gentleman, 1870 to 1875. The Horticulturist, 1859 to 1866. Journal of Health, 1S59
to 1861. New England Farmer, 1859 to 1864.

Goss, Elbridge H., of Melrose, Mass. Historical Address at Melrose, July
4, 1876, by donor. 8vo.

Green, S. A., of Boston. Historical Address at Groton, July 4, 1876. Miscel-
laneous pamphlets, 8.

Hart, C. F., of Philadelphia. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 15.

Hunt, T. F. Reference Catalogue of Current Literature. 1 vol., Svo. Geneal-
ogy of the Hunt Family. 1 vol., 8vo. Christian Lyre and Supplement. 1 ol.,
12nio. History of Miss Meredith, Vol. I. 1 vol., Svo. The Jilt. 1 vol., Svo. Jubi-
lee Memorial. 1 vol., 8vo. Anglo-Chinese Calendar, 1851. 2 vols., 8vo.

Indiana, Geological Survey of. Report for 1875, by E. T. Cox. 1 vol., Svo.

Kimball, JAMES. Cape Ann Advertiser, July, Aug., Sept., 1876. Proceedings
of the G. Roy. Arch Chapter of Massachusetts Jan., -Deo., 1874, Mar. 9, Dec, 1875.

Lawrence, ABBOTT, of Boston. Journal oi a Tour to Niagara Falls in 180.5,
by Timothy Bigelow. 1 vol., Svo.

Lee, John C. Commercial Bulletin, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., 1S76.

85

Manning, RICHARD C. Boston Daily Advertiser, Atlff., Sept., 1870.

Mkrritt, L. F. Essex County Mercury, Sept., Oct., 1878.

Mills. Robert C. Whitaker's Almanac, 1872, 1S7.">, 1870. Christian Observa-
tory, !) numbers.

Newhall, Thomas A., of Germantown, Penn. England and Wales, Returns
of Owners of Land, 1873. 2 vols., 4to.

NORTHEV, W. Tlie Spectator, 40 numbers.

Olivek, S. C. Filth Annual Report of Railroad and Warehouse Commission of
Ills, 1875. 1 vol , 8vo. Report of Supt. of Public Instruction of Cal., 1871-75. 1
\*ol.,8vo. Prisons and Penitentiaries, 1870. 1 vol., 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets,
35.

Oui:t, Andrew J., or Harrisburg, Penn. Report of the Board of Public
Charities of Penn., 1875. 1 vol , 8vo.

PALFRAY, C. W. Every Saturday, 07 numbers. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 51.

Perkins, sam'l-C, of Philadelphia, Penn. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 3.

Phippen, Geo. D. Public Documents and Directories, 2:» vols. Sv.».

Putnam, M us. Kisen. Miscellaneous books, 6!) vols. Pamphlets, 735.

Putnam, F. \V. New York Tribune, June, July, Aug., 1870. Miscellaneous
papers, 13.

Quincv. Edmund. Speeches delivered in the Congress of the U. S. by Josiah
Quincy, 1805-1813. 1 vol., 8vo.

Robinson, John. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 75.

Sewall, C. C, of Medfield, Mass. Bi-Centenniai of the Burning of Medfield,
1G7«, 187(J. 8vo.

Spofford, A.R, of Washington, D. C. Catalogue of Books added to the
Library of Congress, 1873-75. I vol., 8vo.

Stickney, M. A. Miscellaneous College pamphlets, 8.

Stone, B. W. Boston Directory, 1833. 1 vol., 8vo. Exeter and New Market,
1873. 1 vol., 8vo.

Trowbridge, Thomas R, of Ne.t Haven, Conn. Genealogy of the Trow-
bridge Family. 1 vol., 8vo.

Unknown. The New Century for May, June, July, Aug., Sept., O t., 1870.

U. S. Department of State. Reports upon the Vienna Exposition in 1873. 4
vols., 8vo.

U. S. Engineer Department. U. S. Geological Survey, Zoology, Vol. V. l vol.
Ato.

U. S. Navy Department. Sanitary and Medical Reports, 1873-74. 1 vol., 8vo.
Medical Kssays. 1 vol., 8vo.

Upiiam. W. P. Twenty-second Registration Report, Rhode Island, 1874. 8vo.

Waters, E. Stanley. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 05.

White, W. O., of Keene, N. II. Historical Address in Keene, N. II., July 4,
1870. Svo.

Willson. E. B. Unitarian Review and Religious Magazine, 1871-75. The Radi-
cal, 1805-71. Dialogues on Theology. 1 vol., Svo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 43.

Wixthrop, R. C , of Boston. Oration before tye Oily Council and Cltiztms of
Boston, July 4, 1870. 8v>. Proceedings of the Trustees at their Annual Meeting
of the Peabody Educational Fund, Aug. 3, 1870.

B>j Exchange.

ACADEMIE ROYALE DES SCIENCES, DES LETTRES DE BELOIQUE. Bulletin?,

2me Sone. Tome xxxviii, xxxix, xl. J871-75. 3 vuls., 8vo. Annu.iirc, 1875, 1870,
2 vols., I2mn.
American Antiquarian Society. Proceedings cf. Apr. CO, 1876. Svo.

86

Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Mittheilungen. Jahre, 1874. Nos.
828-905. 8vo.

Berwickshire Naturalist Club. Proceedings of the. Vol. vii, No. iii. 1875.

Boston Athenaeum. Catalogue D. to H. 1 vol., Svo.

Boston Public Library. Annual Report, 1876. svo.

Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings. Vol. xviii. Jan.-Apr.,
1876.

Bruxelles, Societe Malacologique de Belgique. Annalcs, Tome i, ii, iii,
iv, viii, ix. 1863-1871:. 6 vols., 8vo. Proccs vcrbeaux des Seances, Tome iii, iv.
1871, 1875. •

Buffalo Historical Society. Revised Charter of the City of Buffalo, 1839,
181.), 1S56. 3 vols., 8vo. Buffalo Directories, 18!ii) to 1875. 7 vols., 8vo. Buffalo
and Erie Co. Directory, 1870. 1 vol., 8vo. Business Directory, 1851, 18)5. 2 vols.,
8vo.

Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. Bulletin. Vol. 3, No. 3. 1876. 8vo.

Calcutta, Geological Survey of India. Memoirs. Series ix.pt. IV. 1875.
4to. Memoirs. Vol. xi, pt. II. 1875. 8vo. Records, Vol. ix, pt. I. Is76. 8vo.

Canadian Institute. Journal of Science, Literature and History. Oct., 1876.

Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences. Proceedings of. Vol. I. 1861-
1876. 8vo.

Dresden, Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft "Isis" in. Sitzungs-
Berichte Jalirg. 1876. Jan.-Juni. 8vo.

Frankfurt, Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Bericht
1874-75. 8vo. Abhandlungen Bd. x, Hell. 1, 2, 3, 4. 1876.

Frankfurt, Zoologische Gesellchaft. Zoologische Garten, Jahrg. xvii.
1876. Nos. 1-3. 8vo.

Georgia Historical Society. Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests,
by Francis R. Porcher. 1 vol., 8vo. Antiquities of the Southern Indiana. 1 vol.,
8vo. Siege of Savannah in 1779. 1 vol , 4to.

Le Mans, Societe d'agriculture Sciences et Arts de la Sartiie. Bul-
letin. Tome xxiv, lev et 2a Trimestres, 1876. 8vo.

Lyon, Societe d'Agricllture, d'IIistoire Naturelle et des arts Utiles.
Annalcs. 5e Serie, Tome vi, 1873. Tome vii, 1874.

Lyon, Societe Linn^sne. Annales. Tome xxi, xxii. 1874-75. 2 vols., Svo.

Mannheim, Verein fur Naturkunde. Jahresberieht, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873-74.
12m o.

Minnesota Historical Society. History of St. Paul and the County of Rtm-
sey, by J. F. Williams. 1 vol.. Svo.

New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Register for Oct., 1876.

New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. Record lor Oct.,
1876. Svo.

Paris, Arciiiv fur Anthropologie. Band ix. Mai, 1876.

Peabody, Peabody Institute. Annual Report, 1876. Svo.

Pennsylvania Historical Society. Memoirs, Vol. xii. 1 vol., 8vo.

S'Gravenhague, Entomological Societe of the Netherlands. Tijds-
chr.lt Voor Entomologic, 1875-76. 8vo.

Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. Proceed-
ings, 1875. 1 vol., Svo.

Stockholm, Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien. Handlingar Bd.
ii. 1872. 4tr>. Bihang, Bd. iii, No. I. Ofversigt, Arg. xxxii. 18T5. Svo.

St. Petersbourg, L'Academie Imperiale des Sciences. Tableau General
des Publications, 1st Pt. Svo. 1872.

WUrzburg, Piivsikaliscii-medicinsche Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen, ix
Bd., iii & iv Heft, x Bd., i, ii Helt. 1876. Svo.

87

Publishers. American Journal of Education, American Naturalist. Beetle
and Wedge. Boston Globe. European Mail. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill
Gnz :ttc. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Lynn City Item. Lynn
Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Nation. Nature. Salem Gazette. Salem Observer.
Salem Post. Salem Register.

Mrs. Grace A. Ellis, of Swampscott, was elected a
resident member.

Mr. David Pingree having declined the office of
Treasurer, Mr. Henry M. Brooks was unanimously
elected to the office.

Mr. Caleb Cook presented, in behalf of Mr. J. H.
Lefavor, a series of twenty photographs of Salem and
vicinity.

Mr. Alfred Peabody presented, in behalf of Mr. A.
S. Peabody, specimens of fishes from Cape of Good Hope.

Mr. T. F. Hunt offered the following :

Whereas, it is understood that the Old South Preser-
vation Committee, of Boston, propose holding an Exhibi-
tion of Historical Relics for the benefit of the Old South
Fund ; and whereas, the Essex Institute wishes to avoid
any action which might conflict with such exhibit ; it is

Voted, That the Exhibition of Historical Relics pro-
posed to be holden by the Institute the coining winter be
postponed to another season, and the Secretary be in-
structed to present the thanks of the Institute to Col. F.
M. Etting, of Philadelphia, for his kind offer to loan a
collection of valuable relics, and inform him of the rea-
son for postponement.

Vice President A. C. Goodell offered the following

o

Whereas, The Essex Institute has witnessed, with ad-
miration, the labors of those citizens of Philadelphia who
have joined in collecting for exhibition during the pro-

88

grcss of the International Exhibition, such historical
relics and documents as would tend to excite patriotism,
and more strikingly illustrate the progress of our country
from the earliest colonial period, be it

Resolved, That the Institute express to Col. F. M.
Etting and Charles Henry Hart, Esq., and to those ladies
and gentlemen who were associated with them, its high
appreciation of the courage with which they undertook,
and the discretion, energy and perseverance with which
they have conducted the truly National Exhibition at In-
dependence Hall, and in the Academy of Fine Arts iu
Philadelphia during the past summer.

Resolved, That the Secretary be instructed to present a
copy of the foregoing preamble and resolutions to Col.
Etting and Mr. Hart, with the. request that they will
communicate the same to their associates in such manner
as they shall find most convenient.

Regular Meeting , Monday, November 20, 1870.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records of preceding meeting read.

The subject of lectures the coming season was fully
discussed, and a programme was presented by the lecture
committee.

Mr. II. H. Edcs of Charlestown, was elected a resident
member.

BULLETIN

OP THE

IBSSIEIX IE"STITTJTE

Vol. 8. Salem, Mass., Dec, 1876. Nos. 9-12.

Kegular Meeting, Monday, December 4, 1876.

Meeting this evening. The President in the chair.
Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From J. A. Allen, Cambridge, Not.; Belfast Naturalist Field Club, Sept. 7;
Charles A. Bemis, Marlborough, N. H., Aug. 3; George B. Blodgette, Rowley, Nov.
20; S. L. Boardman, Augusta, Me., Nov. 17, 27; Henry Breed, Lynn, Nov. IS; Cher-
bourg, Societe Nationale des Sciences Naturelles, Oct. 13; C Lushing, Boston, Nov.
16; C. W. Eaton, Wakefield, Nov. 27, Dec. 2; Charles Wyllys Elliott, Cambridge,
Nov. 1; Grace A. Ellis, Boston, Nov. 18; Emden, Naturforscheudc Gesellschaft,
Sept. 1; Frank M. Etting, Philadelphia, Nov. 20; A. W. Foote, Boston, Nov. 9; A.
C. Goodell, Jr., Nov. 25; A. F. Gray, Danversport, Nov. 18; Kjobenhavn, Det K.
Dauske videnskabernes Selskab, Oat. 17; F. LeBaron, Boston, Nov. IS; J. D. Mil-
ler, Cross River, N. Y., Nov. 14; W. S. Nevins, Nov. 22; S. C. Oliver, Philadelphia,
Nov. 21; Page Belting Co., Concord, N. H., Nov. 17; J. S. Pierson, New York, Nov.
15, 17, 23, 24; H. Reed, Philadelphia, Nov. 11, 15; Abby S. Richardson, Boston, Nov
18; T. S. Roberts, Minneapolis, Nov. 1(3; C. Saltonstall, Nov. 25; Smithsonian Insti-
tution, July 26; U. S. Bureau of Education, Nov. 10; J. A. Vinton, Winchester,
Nov. 24; Zurich, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Aug.

Dean Dudley of Wakefield, was elected a correspond-
ing member.

Vice President F. W. Putnam presented to the soci-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. VIII 8 (89)

90

ety, in behalf of the author, a work by Dr. George A.
Otis, U. S. Army, containing a list of the human crania
and skeletons now in the collection of the Army Medical
Museum at Washington. Mr. Putnam said that this
work was very complete in the measurements given,
and was a valuable addition to the library as a work of
reference.

Mr. Putnam read a communication on the

BIRDS OF NORTH-EASTERN ILLINOIS.
By E. W. Nelson.

The region about the southern end of Lake Michigan, in Illinois,
presents an unusually fertile field for the ornithologist. Situated, as
it is, midway between the wooded region of the East and the treeless
plains of the West, with the wrarm river bottoms of the South, rich in
southern species, extendiug within a comparatively short distance,
and the Great Lakes upon the north, North-eastern Illinois forms a
kind of "four corners" where the avian-faunse of four regions inter-
grade. To the proximity of Lake Michigan we are indebted for a
number of more or less strictly maritime species, among the most
important of which are, during summer, Ammodromus candacutiis,
JEgiaUtis melodits and Anas obscura, and, during the migrations, Strep-
silus interpres, Tringa bonapartn, T. maritima, T. canuta, Calidris are-
naria, with all the common water birds, with very few exceptions,
found upon the coast at that season. In winter the list is larger,
during which season are found Histrionicus torquatus, llarclda glacialis,
the three species of CEdemia, Somateria mollissima, 8. spectabilis, 8ter-
corarius pomatorkinus, Larus glaucus, L. leucoptcrus, L. marinus, and
Missa tridactyla.

As would be expected, the southern species occur only in summer,
with the exception of Lophophanes bicolor, which is found only in
winter. The principal southern species arc : Mimus polyglottus, Parus
cctrulinensis, Thryothorus htdovicianus, T. bncicJd, Protunotaria cilrea,
Dendrceca var. albilura, D. ccerulca, Oporornis furmosus, Maria virens,
Myiodioctes mitratus, Pyranga (estiva, Collurio var. htdoviciana, Cardi-
iialis virginiamis, Centurus carolinus, Xauclcnts forficatus, Bhynogry-
phus aura, Tantalus loculator, Gallinulamartinica, Porzana jamaicensis,
Sterna regia and 8. antillarum.

We have also, either as residents or transient visitants, the follow-
ing western species: 3Jyiadestes townsendi, Vireo belli (breeds), lies-

91

periphona vespertina, Plectrophancs pictus, Ammodromus lecontei, Zono-
trichia var. intermedia, Z. coronata, Z. querulea, Spizella pallida
(breeds), Eremophila var. leucolcema (breeds), Slumella var. neglccta
(breeds), Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, Pica var. hudsonica, Chordiles
var. henryi (breeds), Buteo var. calnrus (breeds?), B. svoaUisoni
(breeds?), Tringa bairdii, Steganopus wilsoni (breeds), and numerous
others less strictly western.

A belt about twenty-five miles wide, bordering Lake Michigan in
Illinois, will include the field of the present paper. A few species
taken during the migrations at Racine, Wisconsin, have been added.
Although this locality is not situated within the precise limits of the
region to which this paper is limited, it being, however, but a few
miles north of the Illinois state Hue, upon the Lake shore and in the
direct line of migration, it would seem extremely improbable that a
northward bound species taken at Racine should not have passed
through the adjacent portion of Illinois.

Not only is the influence of the Lake upon the fauna shown by the
occurrence of numerous species of birds, attracted by the presence of
a large body of water with its congenial surroundings, but the influ-
ence of the Lake upon the climate and the vegetation in its immediate
vicinity, has a marked influence upon the list of summer residents.

As is well known, the country bordering upon the Great Lakes pos-
sesses an average lower temperature during summer, and a higher
temperature during the winter, than the surrounding districts. This
has a decided effect upon the movements and distribution of the birds
in the vicinity of these large bodies of water.

This influence is seen in a retardation, often of a week or more, in
the spring migration, and in the scarcity of small woodland species
during the breeding season. Although birds are exceedingly numer-
ous here during the migrations, and the number of species found dur-
ing the summer compares favorably with the number found at the
same season in other localities having the same latitude, they are
represented by decidedly few individuals. This fact is especially
noticeable after one has passed a day in the marshes of the vicinity,
where the abundance of numerous marsh and water birds, both in
species and individuals, would lead one to suppose the woods were
equally favored.

The limits of the field discussed in this paper embrace two counties,
Cook County upon the south, and Lake County upon the north. Each
possesses certain topographical peculiarities. Cook County is mainly
prairie land, interspersed with ridges and groves of timber, the for-
mer of which generally extend parallel to the Lake shore. Near the
south-eastern portion of the county the surface of the prairie is but
slightly above the level of the lake. Through this county flows the

92

Calumet river, along winch are extensive marshes, which form a favo-
rite haunt for various waterfowl. Along the Lake shore, in north-
western Indiana, extending thence slightly into Illinois, is the Pinery,
a peculiar, sandy, barren tract of land partly covered by a sparse
growth of pines and deciduous underbrush, with, near the Lake,
patches of juniper. Lake County has much more woodland, and is
more hilly or rolling than Cook County. Extending along the Lake
shore, from the northern border of the state nearly the entire length
of this county, is a tract quite similar to the Pinery before described,
except that here the sand-hills near the Lake are nearly covered with
the junipers (Junipemis communis). Throughout this county are scat-
tered a large number of small lakes, many of which have a marshy
border and are much frequented by waterfowls, both during the mi-
grations and the breeding season.

The woods near Lake Michigan, in both these counties, are upon
ridges extending parallel to the Lake shore, which are separated by
belts of prairie. These ridges form convenient highways for the
woodland species during the migrations. The water birds either fol-
low the Lake shore or the river courses. The migrations of the latter
are almost directly north and south, but with the woodland species it
is quite different. They follow the heavily wooded river bottoms
from the south, and approach the sparsely wooded states along the
upper Mississippi in immense numbers, where they swerve toward
the heavily wooded region of the northern Lake region, where they
find extensive breeding grounds. This change in the direction of
their migration causes them to move diagonally across the northern
half of Illinois toward the north-east. To this we are indebted for
the vast numbers of migrants found along the Lake in this vicinity.
Weary from their flight up the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, they
halt along the inviting ridges bordering the Lake. After a short rest
they resume their northward way, striking boldly across the Lake
towards their summer homes in northern Michigan and beyond. I
have many times stood upon a wooded bluff on the Lake shore and
seen flock after flock of warblers and other small birds pass out of
sight over the Lake.

The fall migration is less uniform, the birds straggling along in
such a manner that it is difficult to trace any movement except a gen-
eral inclination to the south. A severe storm upon the Lake during
the spring migration works sad havoc among the birds, for when a
fog arises they become bewildered and perish by thousands, and large
numbers are washed ashore. An instance of this kind occurred the
last of May, 187G, when I counted over two hundred birds, represent-
ing over fifty species, in walking about a mile along the Lake shore.

For many valuable notes included in the present paper I am indebted

93

to Dr. P. R. Hoy, of Racine, Wisconsin; to Dr. II. B. Bannister, of
Evanston; to Mr. C. N. Holden, Jr., of Chicago; to Mr. F. T. Jcncks,
of Providence, R. I., who was my companion in the field during the
spring of 1876, and who added materially to my notes; and especially
to Mr. F. L. Rice of Evanston, who placed at my disposal notes ex-
tending over several years. I am also indebted to Messrs. T. II. and
C. W. Douglas, of Waukegan, and to others for valuable notes, which
are duly acknowledged in the following pages. My own observations
have been continued through the last three years, and have been
made in various localities in the two above named counties. The
dates of the migrations and nesting given indicate the average of ob-
servations continued through several years.

Family TURDID.ZE.
Genus Turdus Linn.

1. T. mustelinus Gmel. Wood Thrush. Common summer resi-
dent in suitable places. Arrives first of May ; nests the last of the
month and leaves September first.

2. T. fuscescens Steplu Wilson's Thrush. Rather rare sum-
mer resident. Arrives in small numbers the second week of May and
departs the first of September.

3. T. alicise Bel. Alice's Thrush. Very abundant migrant;
frequenting open woods and the borders of adjacent fields. May 1st
to 20th; September 1st to October 5th. I have rarely heard this spe-
cies sing except during clamp, gloomy days in spring, when trees and
bushes were dripping with a fine misty rain. On such occasions, I
have often been greeted by the clear metallic notes of this thrush
rising clear and strong, filling the air with a sweet, indescribable
melody, and then dying away in measured cadence until the last notes
are scarcely distinguishable. As the first strain ends the song is re-
echoed by hidden musicians on every hand, until every tree seemed
to give forth the weird music.

4. T. swainsoni Caban. Swainson's Thrush. Abundant mi-
grant and a very rare summer resident. Arrives in spring a few days
later than the preceding, and at about the same time in fall. I ob-
tained a specimen near Chicago, June 7th, 1873, and July 9th, the
same year, Mr. Rice obtained a second specimen. The song of this
species is similar, but much less musical, than that of the preceding.

5. T. pallasii Caban. Hermit Thrush. Very abundant mi-
grant. April 1st to May 10th, and September 20th to October 31st.
Several years since, during the fall migration, one of these birds was
brought to me alive, it having entered a neighbor's house in Chicago,
through an open window in which were some very large plants. This,

94

with the two preceding species, frequent vacant lots and grounds con-
taining shrubbery in Chicago, in large numbers during the migrations.

6. T. migratorius Linn. Robin. Common summer resident.
Arrives March 1st in large flocks. The resident birds commence
nesting April 15th, and all leave during October and the first part of
November.

Genus Harporhynclms Cab.

7. H. rufus Linn. Brown Thrush. Common summer resident.
Arrives April 20th, nests the middle of May, and departs in Septem-
ber. That the nest of this species is often placed in trees and bushes
for protection against some apparent danger I have no doubt, but in
many cases this site is chosen from a mere whim of the bird. I have
found in one "scrub oak" grove, on a sandy ridge, some half dozen
nests for several seasons in succession, and each year about one-half
the nests were in the trees, and the remainder were built at the bases
of saplings or bushes, yet I could find no apparent cause for the loca-
tion of the nests in the trees. The young were in each case reared
with equal safety.

Genus Minrns Bote.

8. M. polyglottus L. Mocking Bird. A very rare summer
resident. I know of but few instances of its occurrence in the vicin-
ity of Chicago. Dr. Hoy has recorded six nests obtained in the
vicinity of Racine, Wisconsin.

Genus Galeoscoptes Caban.

9. G. carolinensis L. Cat Bird. Very common summer resi-
dent. Arrives May 1st; nests the middle of this month and departs
during September.

Genus Myiadestes Cab.

10. M. townsendi Aud. Townsend's Thrush. A single spec-
imen of this species was obtained December 1G, 1875, by Mr. Charles
Douglas, at Waukegan. The bird was found in a sheltered ravine,
extending a short distance into the bluff, bordering the lake shore
neuV the above named place, and showed no alarm when approached.
Nothing peculiar was observed concerning its habits except that its
movements were very sprightly.

Family SAXICOLIDJE.
Genus Sialia Sw.

11. S. sialis Bd. Bluk Bird. Arrives early in March and is
abundant, in flocks, until the first of May, when they commence

95

breeding. The fall migration extends from September 12th to Octo-
ber 25th. Under the date of October 1st, 1870, my friend Mr. N. S.
Davis, jr., of Evanston, writes that within a few days he has observed
several Blue Birds eating the berries of the wild ivy (Ampdopsis quin-
quefolia), growing near that place.

Note. — S. arctica. Dr. Hoy informs me that he has seen a speci-
men of this species, in a collection at Dubuque, Iowa, which was
taken, late in the fall, upon the east side of the Mississippi River
near that town.

Family SYLVIIDJE.
Genus Regulus Cuv.

12. R. satrapa Licht. Golden-crowned Kinglet. Abundant
migrant. April 1st to May 10th, and October 1st to 31st.

13. R. calendula Licht. Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Like the
preceding, abundant during the migrations, and found everywhere in
woods. Several days behind the other species in the spring and in
advance in the fall.

Genus Polioptila Sclat.

14. P. cserulea Sclat. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Common mi-
grant. April 27th to May 20th, and August 25th to September 10th.
Owing to a lack of heavy timber, few remain to breed.

Family PARIDJE.
Genus Lophophanes Kaup.

15. L. bicolor Bonap. Tufted Titmouse. Occurs only during
fall and winter, when straggling parties occasionally visit us from
Southern Illinois, where it is one of the characteristic species.

Genus Partis Linn.

16. P. atricapillus Linn. Black-capped Titmouse. Resident.
More numerous during the migrations and in winter.

17. P. carolinensis Aud. Carolina Titmouse. A rare summer
visitant to the "Pinery," at the southern end of Lake Michigan.

18. P. hudsonicus Forst. Hudson's Bay Titmouse. A very
rare winter visitant. Dr. Hoy observed a small flock near Racine in
January, 1852 ; and Dr. Velie has since observed them at Rock Island,
Illinois.

Genus Sitta Linn.

19. S. carolinensis Lath. White-bellied Nuthatch. Com-
mon resident. More abundant during the migrations. Near Wauke-

96

gan, May 10th, 187G, a pair of these birds were observed carrying
material for a nest, into a knot-hole in a large oak, about twenty-five
feet from the ground. The hole was large enough to admit my hand,
and several inches deep, but filled to within two inches of the top by
the remains of an old squirrel's nest. The birds worked steadily for
about a week, lining the cavity with small fragments of dry leaves
and pieces of rabbits' fur. Just as the nest was finished a pair of
flying squirrels took possession of the premises and the birds sought
another location.

20. S. canadensis Linn. Red-bellied Nuthatch. Rather more
numerous early in the migrations than the preceding. April 1st to
May 10th, and August 25th to October 30th. A rare summer resi-
dent. I found a pair near Chicago with full grown young the first of
July, and Mr. Rice observed a pair feeding unfledged young the last
of April, 1874, at Evanston. The excavation containing this nest was
in a tree, standing on one of the principal streets of the town. It
was about twenty feet from the ground. The young were thrusting
their heads out- of the hole and clamoring for food, thus attracting his
attention when they would otherwise have been unnoticed.

Family CERTHIID.ZE.
Genus Cerlhia Linn.

21. C. farniliaris var. americana Bonap. Brown Creeper.
Common winter resident, arriving October 1st and remaining until
May 10th. Particularly abundant the first two weeks of October and
of April, when they frequent the streets of Chicago in large numbers,
industriously searching the rough brick walls for the small spiders
which they find in abundance in the numerous crevices. I have seen
as many as a dozen of these birds upon the side of a house at once,
moving from place to place as readily as though on the trunk of a
tree.

Family TROGLODYTID^.
Genus Thryothorus Vieill.

22. T. ludovicianus Bonap. Great Carolina Wren. A rare
summer visitant. Abundant in Southern Illinois.

23. T. bewicki Bonap. Bewick's Wren. Rare summer resi-
dent. A pair of these birds appeared in a vacant lot in Chicago the
first of June, 1876, and taking possession of a convenient corner in
the roof of an arbor proceeded to raise their young. At intervals
through the day the male would mount to the top of some house, or
the topmost twig of a tree in the vicinity, and sing for an hour or
more. The family suddenly left about the middle of July.

97

Genus Troglodytes Vieill.

24. T. aedon Vieill. House Wren. Rather common summer
resident away from the immediate vicinity of the Lake. Arrives the
first of May and departs the last of September.

25. T. parvulus var. hyemalis Vieill. Winter When. A com-
mon migrant. April 5th to May 1st, and September 12th to October
20th. 1 have found this species much more musical during the fall
migration than in the spring.

Genus Cistothorus Caban.

26. C. stellaris Caban. Shout-billed Maksii Wren. Rather
common summer resident and generally distributed in suitable places.
Breeds last of May. I think the distribution of this species is much
more general than is supposed. Owing to the character of the local-
ity in which they are found, and to their shyness, the chances are that
they will be overlooked. Before I learned their habits I passed re-
peatedly through places where I afterwards found they were quite
common.

27. C palustris Bd. Long-billed Marsh Wren. Abundant
summer resident in marshy localities. Arrives the first of May, nests
the last of this month to the first of August. I have seen hundreds
of the nests of this species but have yet to see one attached to a bush
in the manner described in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway's "North
American Birds" (Vol. I, p. 1G2). The nests I have seen have almost
invariably been placed in the midst of tall bulrushes, or wild rice,
growing upon a more or less submerged marsh, and are supported
about two feet above the surface, by being firmly attached to several
of the surrounding stalks, something in the manner of the attachment
of the Red-winged Blackbird's nest. The structure of the nests agrees
with the description in the above named work, with the exception of
mud never being used in nests I have examined. While the female is
incubating, the male is almost constantly employed upon the con-
struction of several unfinished nests, until often a pair may boast the
possession of a dozen unoccupied tenements. The supernumerary
nests are less substantial structures than the one occupied, and are
built indifferently of the living or dead grass leaves, the latter being
almost exclusively used in the structure occupied.

Family MOTACIIiLID-EJ.
Genus Anthus Bechst.

28. A. ludovicianus Licht. Titlark. Common in flocks along
the Lake shore and on bare prairies during the migrations. Arrives
about the 15th of May. It is then just assuming the breeding dress,

98

and remains until about the 30th, when, its moult being completed, it
moves north. Returns in October.

Family SYLVICOLIDJE.
Genus Mniotilta Vieill.

29. M. varia Vieill. Black and White Creeper. Not an un-
common summer resident. Abundant in the migrations; April 25th
to May 15th, and August 20th to October 10th.

Genus Protonotaria Bd.

30. P. citrea Bd. Protiionotary Warbler. A rare summer
visitant. Two specimens were taken during the summer of 1875, and
I have heard of several other instances of its occurrence. All the
specimens taken in this vicinity have remarkably dull colored plu-
mage.

Genus Helmitherus Baf.

31. H. vermivorus Bonap. Worm-eating Warbler. Very rare
visitant. A single specimen observed May 21st, 1876, at Waukegan.

Genus Helminthophaga Caban.

32. H. chrysoptera Caban. Golden-winged Warbler. Com-
paratively rare. It breeds rarely. Migrates May 15th to 25th, and
September 1st to 20th.

33. H. ruflcapilla Bd. Nashville Warbler. A rare summer
resident. Very common during migrations; May 10th to 24th, and
September 5th to 30th, and perhaps later.

34. H. celata Bd. Orange-crowned Warbler. A common
migrant; April 27th to May 20th, and September 15th to October 25th.
Frequents bushy hillsides and borders of woods.

35. H. peregrina Caban. Tennessee Warbler. Nearly equal
to the preceding in numbers, but more difficult to procure during the
spring migration, owing to its frequenting the tops of the trees and
moving quickly from place to place. Like several other species of
warblers which frequent the tops of the trees in spring, it is found
much lower in fall, when it may be easily obtained. I have found this
true of adults and young of the year. Migrates May 15th to 25th, and
August 25th to October 10th.

Genus Parula Bonap.

36. P. amerieana Bonap. Blue-yellow-backed Warbler. An
abundant migrant from May 8th to 25th, and August 25th to Septem-
ber 20th. Breeds rarely.

99

Genus Perissoglossa Bd.

37. P. tigrina Bd. Catt, May Warbler. Very common mi-
grant. May 7th to 25th, and September 5th to 20th. In spring, found
almost exclusively in the tops of the trees; in autumn found in largo
numbers along roadsides, borders of woods and fields in company
■with Dendroeca palmarum, from which it is, with difficulty, distin-
guished at gunshot, so closely alike are their habits and movements
at this season.

Genus Dendroeca Gray.

38. D. sestiva Bd. Yellow Warbler. Abundant summer resi-
dent. Arrives May first and departs the last of August and first of
September.

39. D. coronata Gray. Yellow-rum fed Warbler. An exceed-
ingly abundant migrant; April 1st to May 24th, and September 20th
to October 25th.

40. D. maculosa Bd. Black and Yellow Warbler. Nearly as
numerous in the migrations as the preceding. May 8th to 29th, and
August 25th to October 10th.

41. D. cserulea Bd. Cerulean Warbler. A regular but rare
migrant. May 12th to 20th, and the first of September. Prefers high
woods. Very abundant in the southern half of the state. Rare sum-
mer resident here, but near Detroit, Michigan, I am informed it is
one of the common species at this season.

42. D. blackburniee Bd. Blackburnian Warbler. Very abun-
dant during the migrations. May 10th to June 3rd, September 7th to
25th One of our commonest species during the migrations. The
males arrive at least a week in advance of the females.

43. D. dominica var. albilora Bd. Yellow-throated Gray
Warbler. A very rare summer visitant from the south. Prof. D. S.
Jordan of Indianapolis, Indiana, informs me that this species is a
common summer resident in that vicinity, and I have trustworthy in-
formation of its rather common occurrence, in summer, in the vicinity
of Detroit, Michigan.

44. D. pennsylvanica Bd. Chestnut-sided Warbler. Abun-
dant migrant; May 1st to 25th; September 1st to 20th. Breeds spar-
ingly away from the Lake.

45. D. striata Bd. Black-poll Warbler. A common migrant;
May 15th to 28th, and September 12th to October 1st.

46. D. castanea Bd. Bay-breasted Warbler. Abundant mi-
grant; May 8th to 25th. In autumn this species, with the preceding,
is found in large numbers everywhere, except upon the open prairies.

47. D. cserulescens Bd. Black-throated Blue Warbler. A
common migrant; May 12th to 25th, and September 10th to October
20th.

100

48. D. virena Bd. Black-throated Green Warbler. Very
common migrant; May 5th to 25th, September 20th to October 12th.
A few remain to breed.

49. D. pinus Bd. Pine-creeping Warbler. Common migrant;
April 27th to May 20th, September 15th to October 5th. The first of
July, 1874, I found a large number of these birds with young just old
enough to follow their parents, in the "Pinery," and presume they
nest there regularly.

50. D. palmarum Bd. Yellow Red-poll Warbler. An abun-
dant migrant; April 25th to May 20th, and September 10th to October
15th.

51. D. discolor Bd. Prairie Warbler. A very rare spring and
summer visitant, perhaps breeding. But very few specimens have
been taken in the vicinity of Chicago. Dr. Hoy writes that he knows
of but one instance of its capture in Wisconsin.

Genus Siurus Sw.

52. S. aurocapillus Sw. Golden-crowned Wagtail. An abun-
dant migrant; from May 5th to 20th, September 15th to October 20th.
Common resident in all suitable places.

53. S. noveboracensis Nutt. Water Wagtail. An abundant
migrant; April 1st to May 10th, and August 25th to October 25th.
Pound anywhere in damp woods or along the banks of streams during
the migrations. A very few remain to breed in secluded woods.

54. S. ludovicianus Bonap. Large-billed Water Wagtail.
Not an uncommon summer resident, arriving May 8th to loth, and
leaving the first of September. Much more striking in its habits than
the preceding, and prefers dark woods or dense willow patches in wet
situations.

Genus Oporornis Bd.

55. O. agilis Bd. Connecticut Warbler. A rather common
migrant; May 15th to 27th, and September first to October first. The
species occurs in about equal numbers in spring and fall. Near Wau-
kegan, the last of May, 187G, these birds were found frequenting a
dense swampy thicket on the border of a wood, in company with Geo-
thlypis Philadelphia and two species of Siurus. They kept close to
the ground and were quite difficult to shoot, as they would dart into
the thicket upon the slightest alarm. Their habits in this locality
were so nearly like those of G. Philadelphia, that, until actually in
hand, it was not an easy matter to distinguish them. While confined
to the house by illness, the 26th and 27th of May, Mr. Jencks had the
pleasure of becoming still better acquainted with their habits. His
attention was first drawn to them by hearing a loud ringing song en-

101

tirely new to him. Going to the door he saw the author of the song,
upon one of the lower branches of a small pine tree close to the
house. The specimen was soon in his possession and proved to be
this species. Afterwards, during this and the following day, ho hoard
the song repeatedly, and obtained other specimens of the bird. Their
note he describes as being a trifle harsh, but pleasant to the car. It
is delivered with force, in a clear ringing manner, slightly resembling
that of 0. trichas. Their habits and movements while about the
pine trees — within twenty yards of the house — closely resembled
those of S. aiirocapillus, with which they were associated.

56. O. formosus Bd. Kentucky Warbler. A very rare summer
visitant from Southern Illinois.

Genus Geothlypis Caban.

57. G. trichas Caban. Maryland Yellow-throat. An abun-
dant resident. Arrives May 8th; departs first of September. Breeds
June first.

58. G. Philadelphia Bd. Mourning Warbler. Not common.
Migratory. Found in swampy thickets May 15th to 31st, and the first
of September.

Genus Icteria Vieill.

59. I. virens Bd. Yellow-breasted Chat. A regular but not
common summer resident. Arrives May 1st to 10th, and leaves the
last of August. Nests in hazel thickets.

Genus Myiodioctes And.

60. M. mitratus Aud. Hooded Warbler. A rare summer res-
ident; arriving May 10th to 20th, and leaving early in autumn.

61. M. pusillus Bonap. Green Black-capped Warbler. A
common migrant; May 7th to 2oth, and the first of September.
Found along the borders of woods and about willow patches.

62. M. canadensis Aud. Canada Warbler. A common mi-
grant; May loth to 29th, and the first of September. Rare summer
resident.

Genus Setophaga Swains.

63. S. ruticilla Swains. Redstart. An abundant migrant; May
10th to 25th, and in September. Also a Common summer resident in
damp woods.

Family HIRUETDINTDJE.
Genus Progne Boie.

64. P. snbis Bd. Purple Martin. A very common summer

102

resident in towns. Arrives April 10th to 30th ; departs the first of
September.

Genus Petrochelidon Caban.

65. P. Lunifrons Bd. Cliff Swallow. An abundant migrant;
May 1st to 10th, and the first of September. Also a common summer
resident.

Genus Hirundo Linn.

66. H. horreorum Bart. Barn Swallow. A very common
summer resident; arrives April 15th to May 10th; departs the first of
September.

67. H. bicolor Vieill. White-bellied Swallow. Common
resident. Arrives in large numbers March 20th. The first of May
only residents remain. Departs in September. This species still
keeps its primitive habit of nesting in deserted woodpecker's holes,
hollow stumps and similar places, generally close to some stream or
body of water. Several times during the spring I have seen these
birds occupy- martin houses for several weeks until the owners re-
turned, when, after a desperate battle they would leave. Have never
observed them about the town during the breeding season.

Genus Stelgidopteryx Bd.

68. S. serripennis Baird. Rough-winged Swallow. A rare
summer visitant, perhaps breeds.

Genus Cotyle Boie.

69. C. riparia Boie. Bank Swallow. Abundant summer resi-
dent. Arrives May 7th; departs September first. Nests in the sand-
hills and clay bluffs along the Lake shore.

Family VIKECXMTD.ai.
Genus Vireo Vieill.

70 V. olivaceus Bonap. Red-eyed Vikeo. Common summer
resident. Arrives May 15th and departs the last of September and
first of October. I have found the irides, indifferently, red or brown,
in spring specimens of this species.

71. V. philadelphicus Cass. Philadelphia Vireo. A common
migrant; May 15th to 25th, and September 5th to 25th. While pass-
ing in the spring these birds frequent either willow thickets or high
woods. They were so numerous near Waukcgan about the 20th of
May, 1870, that a dozen specimens might have been obtained in an
hour. The first of July, 1874, I found two pairs of these birds in a

103

dense willow thicket bordering Mazon Creek, about sixty miles south
of Chicago. Upon my approach the birds showed great anxiety, utter-
ing a short complaining cry, and coming within a few feet of me.
That they had young in the vicinity I was sure, but owing to the char-
acter of the covert they were not found. Specimens of this species
may invariably — as far as my experience goes — be separated from
those of V. gilmis by the greater intensity of yellow on the former, as
well as by the quill characters.

72. V. gilvus Cass. Wabbling Vireo. A common summer res-
ident. Arrives May 8th to loth; departs in September.

73. V. solitarius Bd. Blue-headed Vibeo. An abundant mi-
grant; May 5th to 25th, and the last of September and first of Octo-
ber. Found everywhere in the woods and thickets.

74. V. flavifrons Bd. Yellow-throated Vireo. A common
migrant and not uncommon summer resident. May 8th to 24th, and
September 10th to October 15th.

75. V. noveboracensis Bonap. White-eyed Vireo. Summer
resident. Rather rare. Arrives the middle of May and departs the
first of October. Very common in Southern Illinois.

76. V. belli Aud. Bell's Vireo. A single specimen, obtained
near Chicago, June 23, 1875, is the only instance I have recorded of
its occurrence in this vicinity. It is a common summer resident on
the more southern prairies of the state.

Family AMPELIDJE.
Genus Ampelis Linn.

77. A. garrulus Linn. Bohemian Waxwing. An irregular but
occasionally abundant winter resident, especially along the lake. Ar-
rives in December and sometimes remains until April. The winter
of 1875- G they were unusually numerous. In a letter dated March 16,
187G, Mr. Charles Douglas, of Waukegan, describes an "immense"
flock of these birds which he observed the day previous, upon the
lake shore near that town. The birds were feeding upon the juniper
berries found there, and covered, according to Mr. Douglas's estima-
tion, an area at least ten rods square. While feeding, those in the
rear were continually flying and alighting in advance, thus keeping
the flock moving so that it was difficult to overtake them. A few
clays later the flock separated into numerous smaller ones and soon
departed for the north.

78. A. eedrorum Scl. Cedar Bird. Common summer resident.
Arrives the last of February, breeds from the first of June until the
middle of July; leave late in autumn.

104

Family LANIIDJS.
Genus Collurio Vigors.

79. C. borealis Bel. Great Northern Shrike. Regular winter
resident. Arrives the last of October and generally departs the last
of March. Sometimes they remain late in the season and may breed.

80. C. ludovicianus var. ludovicianus Linn. Loggerhead
Shrike. Common summer resident throughout the state. I have ob-
tained its nest with a full set of eggs early in April, near Chicago. It
genera ly arrives about the middle of March.

A small series of shrikes from the northern and southern extremes
of the state have been submitted to my friend, Mr. J. A. Allen, who
replies as follows: " They all belong decidedly to var. ludovicianus,
though somewhat lighter than Florida specimens, with smaller bills,
etc. There is a slight approach in some of them to excubitoroides,
but the resemblance to Florida specimens is far greater than to spec-
imens from the West — Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, etc." During the
past two years I have examined a large number of shrikes from north-
ern Illinois, and have found them, in nearly all cases, to be much
nearer ludovicianus than excubitoroides. Specimens obtained in the
Wabash Valley and other parts of Southern Illinois, exhibit the same
characteristics in about equal proportion, as far as the number of
specimens seen would permit me to judge.

80a. Var. excubitoroides also occurs throughout the state,
especially upon the prairies, but is much less numerous than the east-
ern form. Their habits are identical.

Family TATSTAGRID.ffiS.
Genus Pyranga.

81. P. rubra Vieill. Scarlet Tanager. Common summer resi-
dent. Arrives May 8th and leaves early in autumn.

82. P. sestiva Vieill. Summer Red-bird. A rare summer visit-
ant. I know of but few instances of its occurrence.

Family FRINGILLIDJE.
Genus Hesperiphona Bonap.

83. H. vespertina Bonap. Evening Grosbeak. A winter vis-
itant occurring at irregular intervals. The winter of 1871 they were
quite common throughout the northern portion of the state. The
following winter they were much rarer, and since then but very few
have been seen. I am told that formerly, it was of much more reg-
ular occurrence.

105

Genus Pinicola Vieill.
84. P. enucleator Cab. Pine Grosbeak. Formerly common;
low a rare winter visitant.

Genus Carpodacus Kaup.

85. C. purpureus Gray. Pujiple Finch. Common winter resi-
dent; a few breed. Arrives from the north in flocks the last of Octo-
ber, and remains until April.

Genus Chrysomitris Boie.

86. C. tristis Bonap. Goldfinch. Common resident. The win-
ter dress is assumed the last of October and retained until the first
of May.

87. C. pinus Bonap. Pine Finch. A common winter resident
associating with the preceding. Arrives the last of October and de-
parts the last of May. Prof. Jordan informs me that he has taken a
specimen near Indianapolis in midsummer.

Genus Loxia Linn.

88. L. curvirostra var. americana Bd. Red Crossbill. For-
merly a common winter resident; now rare.

89. L. leucoptera Gmel. White-winged Crossbill. Like the
preceding, a winter resident of rare occurrence at present.

Genus .ZEgiottms Cuban.

90. JE. Unarms Caban. Lesser Red-poll. An abundant winter
resident. Arrives in flocks the last of October, and remains until the
last of March.

91. JS. caneseens Caban. Mealy Red-poll. A rare winter
visitant with the preceding.

Genus Pleetrophanes Meyer.

92. P. nivalis Meyer. Snow Bunting. An abundant winter res-
ident. Arrives in flocks the flrst of November and remains until about
the middle of March. The 5th of March, 1875, I saw a flock of these
birds in a tree in Chicago. The males were chanting a very low, and
somewhat broken, but very pleasant song, bearing considerable re-
semblance to that of Spizella monticola. This and the following
species, as well as other winter residents, appear a week or more
earlier in the fall and depart later in spring, in the vicinity of the
Lake than in other parts of the state in the same latitude.

93. P. lapponicus Selby. Lapland Longspur. A very abun-
dant winter resident in the prairie districts of the state. Arrives in

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. VIII 9

106

straggling flocks from October 1st to 10th, and remains until the first
of May. During the last of March and first of April, large straggling
flocks pass north. An unusually large flight took place the 20th of
March, 1873. A continuous series of large flocks occupied over two
hours iu passing. Those remaining after the middle of April are in
breeding plumage.

94. P. pictus Swains. Painted Loxgspur. Common migrant.
March 30th, 1875, near Calumet Lake, I found a flock containing about
seventy-five individuals of this species. Their habits were quite sim-
ilar to those of P. lapponicus while upon the ground, except that while
the latter species preferred the wet portions of the prairie, the former
were found only about the higher portions. When flushed they inva-
riably uttered a sharp clicking note, rapidly repeated several times.
"When driven from their feeding- place by my approach, they would
rise, in a loose flock, and after wheeling about a few times start oft' in
a direct line, gradually rising higher until they disappeared. After a
short time their peculiar note would be heard, and darting down from
a considerable height they would alight near the place from which
they were driven. Although the flocks of P. pictus and P. lapponicus
often became mingled while flying over the prairie, I did not see them
alight together.

Genus Pyrgita Cuvicr.

95. P. domestica Guv. House Si'aruow. Introduced into Chi-
cago a few years since and has become very numerous throughout
the city.

Genus Passerculus Bonap.

96. P. savanna Bonap. Savanna Sparrow. Plentiful during
migrations, from April 1st to May 20th, and September 15th to Octo-
ber 25th. Not an uncommon summer resident.

Genus PooC98tes Bd.

97. P. gramineus Bd Grass Finch. Abundant summer resi-
dent. Arrives March 25th to April 10th, and departs the last of Sep-
tember. Large numbers nest on the ground among the junipers and
other low bushes along the Lake shore.

Genus Ammodromus Sw.

98. A. henslowi Bonap. IIicnslow's Bunting. Bather common
summer resident upon the prairies. Arrives May 12th to 20th, and
leaves the first of September. A very inconspicuous species that
may be easily overlooked. Has a peculiar, weak, squeaky song, con-
sisting of several short notes. Nests the last of May.

99. A. lecontei Bonap. Lkconte's Buniing. A rare migrant.

107

I obtained a fine specimen May 13th, 1875, at Riverdalc, Illinois, and by
my notes I see that a second specimen was observed the 21st of the
same month near where the first was obtained. The specimen in my
possession was flushed from a small depression in the prairie near the
Calumet river, where the moisture had caused an early growth of
coarse grass, about three inches in height. After darting off in an
erratic course a few rods, it suddenly turned, and alighting ran rapidly
through the grass, from which it was with difficulty started agaiu and
secured.

100. A. passerimis Bonap. Yellow-winged Sparrow. One
of our most abundant summer residents. Found everywhere in fields
and on prairies, from the middle of May until first of September.

101. A. caudacutus var. nelsoni Allen. Nelson's Sharp-
tailed Finch. First obtained September 17th, 1S74, in the Calumet
Marsh, where it was abundant at the time. The 12th of June, 1875, I
saw several of these birds in the dense grass bordering Calumet Lake,
where they were undoubtedly breeding. The first of October, 1875, I
again found them abundant on the Calumet Marsh, and also found
them nnmerous in the wild rice bordering Grass Lake, Lake County,
Illinois, the 10th of November the same year. Prof. S. A. Forbes
has taken them on the Illinois River during the migrations, and Dr.
Hoy has obtained a single specimen at Racine. From the numbers
which visit us in fall, they must breed in abundance north of this
state. They are difficult to obtain as they take refuge in the dense
marsh grass upon the first alarm. Occasionally one mounts a tall
reed and utters a short unmusical song, slightly resembling that of the
Swamp Sparrow (M. palustris).

Genus Chondestes Sw.

102. C. grammaca Bonap. Lark Finch. A common summer
resident. Arrives the last of April or first of May, nesting the last of
this month; departs August 25th to September 10th. Frequents bar-
ren fields and borders of prairies containing a sparse growth of small
trees and rank weeds. Its nest is generally placed at the foot of some
rank weed in a bare piece of ground. My observations regarding the
song and general habits of the species, coincide with those of Mr.
Ridgway as given in North American Birds (Vol. I, p. 5G4).

Genus Zonotrichia Sw.

103. Z. leucophrys Sw. White-crowned Sparrow. Common
migrant: March 20th to May 15th, and September 20th to October
25th. Frequents borders of cultivated fields and hedges.

103^. Var. intermedia Bidg. The 20th of April, 1S71, a specimen
of this form was obtained near Racine by Dr. Hoy. The specimen

108

has been kindly loaned me for examination, and is without doubt a
perfectly authentic example of this variety. The lores are almost
white, considerably lighter than in average specimens of intermedia.

104. Z. coronata Bd. Goli>en-cbownkd Sparrow. A beautiful
male specimen of this species was obtained the middle of April, 1S58,
by Dr. Hoy in his garden at Racine. The specimen was first identified
by Mr. Cassin. This specimen was loaned me with the preceding, and
upon comparison I find it differs but very slightly from California
specimens of the same species in my collection.

105. Z. albicollis Bunap. White-throated Sparrow. Very
abundant migrant, and rare summer resident. Migrates April 20th to
May 25th, and September 20th to October 30th.

106. Z. querula Gamb. Harris's Fixch. A very rare visitant.
There is a specimen in Dr. Hoy's collection, taken at Racine, May,
185G.

Genus Junco Wagl.

107. J. hyemalis Sclat. Snow Bird. Found everywhere in
town and country, in the greatest abundance during the migrations;
March 15th to May 5th and September 15th to October 30th. A few
remain during winter.

Genus Spizella Bonap.

108. S. monticola Bd. Tree Sparrow. Abundant winter resi-
dent about thickets and in marshes. Arrives the 15th of October and
departs the 1st of April. The first of March they collect in large
flocks and are very musical. Often a large portion of the flock will
unite in song which, although it may be more than equalled later in
the season, vet, coming as it does between winter and spring, and so
touchingly plaintive, one involuntarily stops to listen with a peculiar
feeling of pleasure.

109. S. pusilla Bonap. Field Sparrow. Common summer resi-
dent. Arrives April 15th to May 1st, and leaves the last of September.
Nests in large numbers in low bushes along the lake shore.

110. S. socialis Bonap. Chitping Spahrow. A common, but not
abundant, summer resident. Arrives the first of April and leaves
during October. Mr. Rice has obtained a nest of this species placed
in a bunch of grass upon the ground, and in May, 1873, I found a nest
placed directly upon the ground at the foot of a coarse weed. In each
case the nest contained eggs and the parents were seen.

111. S. pallida Bonap. Clay-colored Sparhow. A rare sum-
mer resident about the borders of prairies. Specimens are in Mr.
Iloldeii's collection taken near Chicago.

109

Genus Melospiza Bd.

112. M. melodia Bd. Song Sparrow. A common summer resi-
dent, but, like the Chipping Sparrow, is far less numerous than in the
Atlantic states in the same latitude. Arrives early in March, nests in
May and departs in October.

113. M. lincolni Bd. Lincoln's Fixcii. Common during the
migrations from May 8th to 20th and September 20th to October 15th.
Have seen several specimens during- the breeding season, and the last
of May, 1875, as I was walking through a patch of weeds, a female
started from a few feet in advance of me, while my attention was at-
tracted in another direction, and ran off with half-spread wings. It
was shot and showed unmistakable signs of incubation, but a pro-
tracted search failed to reveal the nest. Specimens were taken in
July, 1875, near Waukegau, hy Mr. Rice.

114. M. palustris Bd. Swamp Sparrow. An abundant summer
resident, far outnumbering 31. melodia, although to one who has not
frequently visited its favorite marshes at all seasons, this would seem
improbable. Arrives the last of March and departs the last of October.

Genus Passerella Sw.

115. P. iliaca Sw. Fox-colored Sparrow. Common in the
migrations from March 15th to the 1st of May, and September 25th
to November 12th. Frequents damp woods and thickets.

Genus Euspiza Bonap.

116. E. americana Bonap. Black-throated Bunting. A com-
mon, and in some localities an abundant, summer resident. Arrives
the second week of May and nests during June. Departs during
August. Shows a decided preference for orchards and fields grown
up with tall weeds. In orchards the nests are generally built in the
shoots growing about the base of the trees, and placed about six
inches from the ground. In fields I have sometimes found them
placed in a depression in the ground. The nests are occasionally
visited by Cow-buntings, but whether the strange egg is incubated or
not I have not learned.

Genus Hedymeles Cab.

117. H. ludovicianus Sw. Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Rather
common summer resident. Arrives 8th to 20th of May, and leaves
early in autumn.

Genus Cyanospiza Bd.

118. C. cyanea Bd. Indigo Bird. Common summer resident.
Arrives May 8th to 20th in small flocks, and leaves the last of Sep-
tember and first of October.

110

Genus Cardinalis Bonap.

119. C. virginianus Bonap. Cardinal Grosbeak. A rare and
irregular summer resident. Occasionally specimens remain until late
in autumn.

Genus Pipilo Vieill.

120. P. erythrophthalmiis Vieill. Towhee. Common summer
resident. Arrives March 25th to April 15th; departs the last of Octo-
ber.1

Family ALAUDID^I.
Genus Eremophila Bote.

121. E. alpestris Bote. Shore Lark. The history of this spe-
cies in Illinois is somewhat complex. Two current and readily dis-
tinguishable varieties are found during the winter, one of which is
also found in summer. Aware of their identity, yet wishing confir-
mation, I sent Mr. Ridgway specimens of the two. The winter resi-
dent he pronounced typical var. alpestris, and the permanently resident
form var. leucolcema Cs.

121a. Var. alpestris arrives in large numbers with the' Longspurs
in October and disperses over the prairies, where its habits are essen-
tially the same as those of leucolcema, with which it associates to a
certain extent. During April it again unites with the Longspurs, and
the last of the month departs for its more northern breeding grounds.

121&. Var. leucolsema Cs. is a permanent resident, found in equal
numbers throughout the year. Sometimes the last of Feburary and
regularly during March and April the first set of eggs are deposited,
and early in May the fully fledged young commence to appear. After
a short rest the female hands the guidance of the young over to the
male and resumes her work on a second set of eggs. When the sec-
ond brood are able to follow, the party wander wherever inclination
leads through the fall and winter, until the breeding season again
approaches, when they disband.

A remarkable characteristic of the young of leucolcema from Illinois
is that they are exactly like the young of alpestris, although the young
of the two varieties are, usually, even more distinct than the adults.
So closely like the young of alpestris are they, that Mr. Ridgway had
labelled young specimens from this vicinity, and from Southern Illi-
nois, " alpestris," and supposed this to be the resident variety until he
received the adults above mentioned.

1 Through Dr. Hoy I learn that two specimens of P. arcticus have been taken
in Wisconsin, one near Milwaukee, where it is now preserved, and a second oppo-
site Dubuque, Iowa. He has seen both specimens and is positive of their identity.

Ill

Family ICTERIDJE.
Genus Dolichonyx Sw.

122. D. oryzivoms Sw. Bob-o-i.ink. Abundant summer resi-
dent. Arrives the last of April and leaves the middle of August.

Genus Molothrus Sw.

123. M. pecoris Sw. Cow Bunting. Common summer resident.
Arrives the last of March and leaves in October.

Genus Agelseus Vieill.

124. A. phCDxriceus Vieill. Red-winged Blackbird. An exces-
sively abundant summer resident. Arrives the middle of March and
leaves late in fall. During October and part of November this species,
in company with the Purple Grackle, forage among cornfields during
the day, and at night enter the large marshes to roost in myriads.

Genus Xanthocephalus Bonap.

125. X. icteroeephalus Bel. Yellow-headed Blackbird. Very
common summer resident in large marshes. Arrives the first of May.
Commences nesting the last of this month. Owing to the restricted
localities inhabited by this bird, it is very slightly known among
farmers; even those living next the marshes generally think it an
uncommon bird. My observations regarding the actions of the males
during incubation do not agree with those of Dr. Coues (Birds of the
North-west, p. 190). The only difference between the habits of male
and female is the slightly additional shyness of the former. Their
nests vary endlessly in size, from four to twelve inches in depth,
although the latter size is rather uncommon.

Genus Sturnella Vieill.

126. S. magna Sw. Meadow Lark. Abundant summer resident.
Arrives the first of March and leaves the last of October. In mild
winters a few are resident.

126a. S. magna var. neglecta Aud. Western Lark. A regular
but rather rare summer resident upon prairies. A more frequent visi-
tant during the migrations. A fine specimen is in the collection of
my friend Mr. A. W. Brayton, taken near Chicago the last of May,
1876. This form is probably a common summer resident upon the
prairies in the western portion of the state.

Genus Icterus Briss.

127. I. spurius Bonap. Orchard Oriole. Rather common sum-
mer resident. Arrives Muy 12th, leaves early in autumn.

112

128. I. baltimore Daud. Baltimore Oriole. Common summer
resident. Arrives May 8th and departs in September.

Genus ScolecophagTis Sw.

129. S. ferrugineus Sw. Rusty Blackbird. Very common in
spring- and fall, from March 25th to May 1st, and from September until
the middle of November. Frequents borders of streams and pouds
in large numbers.

130. S. cyanocephalus Cab. Brewer's Blackbird. A very
rare visitant in company with the preceding.

Genus Quiscalus Vieill.

131. Q. pupureus var. seneus BUlg. Purple Grakle. A com-
mon summer resident. Arrives the middle of March, and departs late
in autumn.

Family CORVIDJE.
Genus Corvus Linn.

132. C. corax var. carnivorus Bartr. Ravex. Formerly a not
uncommon resident; now occurs only in winter and is rare. Fre-
quents the sand hills along the Lake shore from the last of October
until spring. The first of November, 1875, I saw several specimens
near Waukegan, where they were repeatedly seen flying along the
Lake shore, and also eating the dead fish found there.

133. C. americanus And. Crow. Resident. This is far from
an abundant species in Northern Illinois, at any season or locality. A
small number breed in the low pines on the sand hills along the Lake
shore, and in winter they unite in small flocks and move from place to
place.

Genus Pica Cuv.

134. P. caudata var. rmdsoniciis Bonap. Magpie. "Not un-
common in winter." (Kennicott.) I have no record of its occurrence
other than the above, and its capture many years since near Racine,
Wisconsin, by Dr. Hoy.

Genus Cyanura Sw.

135. C. cristata Siv. Blue Jay. Very common resident. Have
taken its eggs the 25th of April. At a farm-house near Waukegan,
where I passed the spring of 187G, these birds were protected, and in
consequence were very familiar. Some six or eight nests were built
in the small pine trees within a few yards of the house, one of which
was composed almost entirely of fragments of cloth, strings, and

113

i

other soft material found in the yard, scarcely a stick being used in
the entire structure. Mr. Rice informs me that a few years since they
nested abundantly in the shrubbery in Evanston, but within a few
years they have resumed their primitive habits and nest in the woods
away from the town.

Genus Perisoreus Bonap.
136. P. canadensis Bonap. Canada Jay. Before the pine forest
extending along- the Lake shore, in the nothern extreme of the state,
was destroyed, this species was in all probability a regular winter
visitant. Dr. Hoy obtained specimens near Racine in the winter of
1859.

Family TYRANNID.El.
Genus Tyrannus Cuv.

137. T. carolinensis Bd. King Bird. A common summer resi-
dent. Arrives the first of May and departs early in autumn. In the
summer of 1875, Mr. Rice saw one of these birds plunge repeatedly
into a stream in the manner of a Kingfisher. Shooting the specimen
he found its stomach contained aquatic insects.

Genus Myiarchus Cab.

138. M. crinitus Cab. Great-chested Flycatcher. Rather
common summer resident. Arrives the middle of May and departs
in September.

Genus Sayornis Bonap.

139. S. fuscus Bd. Pewee. A common summer resident. Ar-
rives the first of April and departs late in autumn.

140. S. sayus Bd. Say's Pewee. Two specimens of this species
are registered in the catalogue of birds in the Museum of the North-
western University, at Evanston, from "West Northfield, Illinois,
collected by R. Kennicott." These specimens are not in the collection
at present. Dr. Hoy has also taken it in Wisconsin.

Genus Contopus Cab.

141. C. borealis Bd. Olive-sided Flycatcher. Not an uncom-
mon migrant, from May 15th to 25th, and the last of September and
first of October. I have taken one specimen as late as June 2nd. It
may breed.

142. C. virens Cab. Wood Pewee. A very common summer
resident. Arrives the middle of May and leaves the last of September.

114

Genus Empidonax Cab.

143. E. pusillus var. trailli Bd. Traill's Flycatcher. An
uncommon summer resident. Arrives May Sth and departs in Sep-
tember.

144. E. minimus Bd. Least Flycatcher. Common summer
resident. Arrives and departs with E. trailli.

145. E. acadicus Bd. Acadia x Flycatcher. A rare summer
resident. Arrives a little later than the preceding.

148. E. naviventris Bd. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. A com-
mon migrant; May 15th to 23th, and September until the 1st of Octo-
ber. The first of July, 1S73, I found them quite common in a dense
swampy thicket in Northern Indiana, where they had probably nested.

Family Alcedinidae.
Genus Ceryle Boie.

147. C. alcyon Boie. Kingfisher. Common summer resident
along streams and ponds. Arrives the last of March and departs the
last of November.

Family CAPRI MULG-ID-EI.

Genus Chordeiles Sio.

148. C. popetue Bd. Night Hawk. A common summer resi-
dent. Arrives the 10th of May and departs in immense flights, often
lasting several hours, the 1st of September.

148a. Var. henryi Cass. First obtained in this vicinity by Mr.
Rice, near Waukegan, July, 1875. The spring of 1876, I found these
birds breeding, with var. popetue, in considerable numbers among the
sand hills on the Lake shore, near Waukegan. I should judge that
the two forms existed in about equal numbers at that place. They
are, however, less common in other localities I have visited. Among
the specimens examined were individuals that exhibited a perfect in-
tergradation of the two forms. Some specimens would have the
white patch on the wings like those in typical henryi, while the tail
was marked as in popetue, and vice versa. Other specimens showed
a varying degree of white, on the wings and tail, between the two
varieties. In none is the lightness of the back quite so prominent as
in specimens from the western plains.

Genus Antrostomus Gould,

149. A. vociferus Bonap. Whip-poor-will. Common summer
resident. Arrives the last of April and departs in September.

115

Family CYPSELIDiE.
Genus Chsetura Steph.

150. C. pelagica Bd. Swift. Common in summer. Arrives the
first of May and departs the last of August and first of September.

Family TROCHILIDJE.
Genus Trochilus Linn.

151. T. colubris Linn. Ruby-throated Hummer. Common
summer resident. Arrives May 10th to 18th and departs the last of
September.

Family CUCULID^.
Genus Coccygus Vieill.

152. C. americanus Bonap. Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Rather
common summer resident. Arrives the middle of May and departs
the first of September.

153. C. erythrophthalnms Bon. Black-billed Cuckoo. Com-
mon in summer during the same time as the preceding. Arrives per-
haps a few days earlier. The two species are of irregular distribution,
and are not generally found together in the breeding season.

Family PICIDJE.
Genus Picus Linn.

154. P. villosus Linn. Haiky Woodpecker. Resident. More
abundant in winter. Rather uncommon in summer.

155. P. pubescens Linn. Downy "Woodpecker. Resident.
Much more numerous at all seasons than the preceding.

Genus Picoides Lac.

156. P. areticus Gray. Black-backed Three-toed Wood-
pecker. Rare winter visitant. A specimen was shot from a tele-
graph pole, in Chicago, a few years since, by Dr. Velie. It is a
common species in Northern Wisconsin, and before the pines along
the Lake were destroyed was probably a regular winter visitant to
this state.

Genus Sphyropicus Bd.

157. S varius Bd. Yellow-bellied Woodpecker. Very com-
mon in the migrations from March 25th to the middle of May, and the
middle of September to October 10th. Males in spring often have
the white nuchal band tipped with red much as in var. nuchalis. In

116

the collection of Mr. C. N. Hoklen is a fine specimen obtained at Chi-
cago, which has the red extending over the head and neck much like
the distribution of color in S. ruber, but of a much lighter shade.

Genus Hylotomus Baircl.

158. H. pileatus Bd. Pileated Woodpecker. A rare winter
visitant. Two specimens were taken near Chicago during the winter
of 1873.

Genus Centurus Sw.

159. C carolinus Bon. Red-bellied Woodpecker. A rare
summer resident. Not very uncommon during the migrations. De-
parts the last of October.

Genus Melanerpes Sw.

160. M. erythrocephalus Sw. Red-headed Woodpecker.
The majority of these birds move south the last of September and
first of October, returning the last of April. A few. generally young
of the year, remain through the winter.

Genus Colaptes Sw.

161. C. auratus Sw. Yellow-shafted Woodpecker. Very com-
mon summer resident. Arrives the last of March and in April; de-
parts by the first of October.

Family PSITTACID^S.
Genus Conurus Kuld.

162. C. carolinensis Kulil. Carolina Parrakeet. Formerly
occurred. Specimens were taken in this vicinity by R. Kennicott
many years ago, and Dr. H. M. Bannister informs me that he has seen
it in this vicinity.

Family STRIGIDJ3.
Genus Strix Linn.

163. S. flammea var. pratincola Bon. Barn Owl. Very rare
visitant. A pair were caught in a trap near Chicago some years since
by Mr. C. H. Smith.

Genus Otus Cuv.

164. O. vulgaris var. wilsonianus Less. Long-eared Owl.
Not uncommon. Resident. Remains concealed during the day in
willow thickets and in similar situations.

117

165. O. brachyotus Steph. Short-eared Owl. The most .abun-
dant species of the family. Arrives from the north in large numbers
the first of November and disperses through the state. They are
common everywhere, on prairies and marshes, during the winter.
Remain concealed in a bunch of grass or reeds until about two o'clock,
p.m., when they commence flying low over the ground in search of
their prey. When approached, while standing on the ground, they
crouch and try to escape observation much in the manner of the Bur-
rowing Owl. They are very harmless and are easily tamed.

Genus Syrnmrn Sav.

166. S. cinereum And. Great Gray Owl. A very rare winter
visitant.

167. S. nebulosum Gray. Barred Owl. Owing to the lack of
heavy timber this is a rare species in this vicinity. Only two instances
of its capture have come under my observation.

Genus Nyctale Brchm.

168. !N". acadica Bon. Acadian Owl. Not an uncommon spe-
cies. Is of frequent occurrence in Chicago, where, upon some of the
most frequented streets in the resident portion of the town, over a
dozen specimens have been taken within two years. Whether resi-
dent or not I have been unable to determine.

Genus Scops Sav.

169. S. asio Bonap. Mottled Owl. Rather common. Resident.
Often strays into Chicago and becomes confused, when they may be
captured alive, as has also been the case with several specimens of
the preceding species.

Genus Bubo Bum.

170. B. virginianus Bonap. Horned Owl. Not common. Resi-
dent. Formerly common.

170a. Var. arcticus Sw. A rare winter visitant. Have a fine
specimen in my collection, taken the last of December, 1874.

171. Nyctea scandiaca var. arctica Gray. Snowy Owl. Reg-
ular winter resident. More numerous in the vicinity of the Lake.
Arrives in November and a few remain as late as the first of May.

Genus Surnia Bum.

172. S. ulula var. hudsonica (Gmeliii). Hawk Owl. Rare win-
ter resident. Dr. J. W. Velie tells me that he obtained a specimen in
Kane County, Illinois, the first of September, 18G9.

118

Family FALCONIDJE.
Genus Falco Auct.

173. F. communis var. anatum Bonap. Duck Hawk. Not un-
common during the migrations. Formerly a rare summer resident.

174. F. lithofalco var. columbarius Linn. Pigeon Hawk.
Abundant migrant, from March 20th to May 1st, and from September
15th to October 5th. Rare summer resident.

175. F. sparverius Linn. Sparrow Hawk. Abundant migrant
and rather common summer resident. Arrives early in March and
departs the last of September and first of October.

Genus Pandion Sav.

176. P. halisetus var. carolinensis (G7meZ.). Fish Hawk. Not
uncommon during March and April in spring, and during September
and October in fall. Some seasons this species is quite numerous,
especially along the Lake shore.

Genus Nauclerus Vig.

177. W. forficatus Iiidg. Swallow-tailed Hawk. According
to Kennicott (111. Agl. llept., 1S;j3-4) this beautiful species was once
common in this vicinity, but was rare at the time he wrote. I can
testify to its scarcity at present, only two or three instances of its
occurrence within the last twenty years having been ascertained.

Dr. Hoy has noted Ictinia mississippiensis in Wisconsin, but I have
no record of its occurrence in this vicinity, although it may yet be
observed here.

Genus Circus Lac.

178. C- cyaneus var hudsonius (Linn.). Marsh Hawk. Com-
mon in the marshes and on prairies during the migrations; March
25th to April 15th, and during October and November. Said to breed
by Kennicott, but I have never seen a specimen here in the breeding
season.

Genus Tfisus.

179. N. fuscus Kaup. Shahf-siun-ned Hawk. Abundant during
migrations; September 15th to October oOlh, and April 15th to May
10th. A few remain to breed.

180. N. cooperi Bonap. Cooper's Hawk. Common summer
resident. Arrives the last of April and departs the last of September
or first of October.

Genus Astur Lac.

181. A. palumbarius var. atricapillus (Wils.). Goshawk.

119

Formerly a common winter resident; now very rare. Dr. A. L.
Marcy, of Evanston, found them quite plentiful during the winter of
1870-71, and obtained specimens. The only time I ever saw the bird
alive, was the 3rd of May, 187G, at Wankegan, when a fine adult speci-
men passed slowly overhead and disappeared toward the north.

Genus Buteo Cuv,

182. B permsylvanicus (Wils.). Broad-winged Hawk. Not
uncommon the first of May and during September. A few breed.

183. B. swainsoni Bonap. Swainson's Hawk. Of rather rare
occurrence in this vicinity. Have only noted it during the migrations.
I obtained an immature specimen May 30, 1875, at Riverclale, 111., and
have since seen others. As this species breeds in Southern Illinois it
probably also breeds in the northern portions of the State.

184. B. lineatus Gmel. Rkd-shouldered Hawk. Common dur-
ing the migrations. Mr. II. Kennicott speaks of an immense flight of
this species, consisting of thousands, which passed over Chicago, "in
October, 1854." The main fall migration of hawks in this vicinity
takes place the last of September or first of October, and a statement
of the numbers which pass in a single day, to one who has not ob-
served them, would be received with incredulity. Choosing a clay
when there is a strong south or south-west wind, the hawks commence
moving south early in the morning and continue flying the entire day,
and so numerously that, taking a stand at a good point, one would
have from one to fifty hawks in view, with but very few intermissions,
throughout the day. Among these occur all the migrants, but by far
the greater number consist of the smaller species.

185. B. borealis var. borealis (Gmel.). Red-tailed Hawk.
The most common resident among the larger Raptores, and very nu-
merous during the migrations.

185a. Var. calurus Cass. Black Red-tail. In my collection is
a fine adult specimen of this variety obtained near Chicago in April,
1873, by my friend Mr. C. 11. Smith.

Genus Archibuteo Brehm.

188. A. lagopus var. sancti-johaimis (Penn.). Arrives in
large numbers the first of October, and after remaining for a few
weeks the majority pass further south for the winter. The last of
February and first of March they depart for the north. Exceedingly
shy except while migrating, and in consequence but few are shot.
Mr. C. 11. Smith captured alive a line specimen in the black plumage,
in the spring of 1874, and kept it until the early part of summer, when
the hot weather caused its death.

For noble presence and piercing eye this bird has few equals among

120

our Falconidae. The specimen above mentioned bore a striking re-
semblance to a Golden Eagle.

Genus Aquila Auct.

187. A. chrysaetus var. canadensis Linn. Golden Eagle.
Not very uncommon during winter. Arrives in November and departs
early in spring. Formerly nested throughout the state. Dr. Hoy
records the breeding of a pair of these birds in a tree near Racine in
1851 (Wis. Ag't Kept., 1852). In December, 1874, while hunting
Prairie Chickens in a field a few miles south of Chicago, my friend,
Mr. T. Morris, was suddenly attacked with great fury by a pair of
these birds, they darting so close that had he been prepared he
could easily have touched the first one with his gun. As it arose to
renew the attack he fired a small charge of number six shot, and
brought it down, dead. The second then darted at him, and so rapidly
that he did not fire until it had turned and was soaring up, but so near
that the charge passed through the primaries in a body, disabling but
not injuring the bird, which was then captured alive. The cause of
this attack was explained by the proximity of a carcass upon which
these birds had been feeding. The craw of the dead eagle contained
a large quantity of carrion, as I learned upon skinning it.

Genus Halisetus Sav.

188. H. leucocephalus (Linn.). Bald Eagle. A common win-
ter resident throughout the state, and breeds sparingly. Mr. T. H.
Douglas writes me that a pair reared young in the vicinity of Wau-
kegan, in 1873.

Family CATHARTIDiE. '
Genus Hhmogryphus Midg.

189. R. aura (Linn.). Turkey Buzzaud. A very irregular and
rare visitant in this vicinity. Sixty miles south it is a common sum-
mer resident, yet I know of but very few instances of its occurrence
here. A specimen was captured, after a snow storm, late in autumn,
several years since at Waukegan, by Mr. Charles Douglas.

Family COLUMBIME.
Genus Ectopistes Sw.

190. E. migratoria Sw. Wild Pigeon. Very abundant migrant;
15th of March to middle of April, and in October and November.
Sometimes arrives in February. A few isolated pairs still breed in
unfrequented woods.

121

Genus Zensedura Bonap.

191. Z. carolinensis Bonap. Carolina Dove. A very common
summer resident. The majority arrive the last of March and first of
April, and depart by the middle of October. Straggling parlies are
occasionally observed during the winter. In many places this speeies
becomes semi-domesticated, breeding in the trees in the yard and
showing but little fear when approached.

Family MELEAGRIDJE.
Genus Meleagris.

192. M. gallopavo Linn. Wild Turkey. Formerly plentiful.
No specimens have been observed for many years. Still abundant in
Southern Illinois and in the bottom-lands along the rivers in Central
Illinois.

Family TETRAONIDJE,
Genus Pedioecetes Bd.

193. P. phasianellus var. eolumhianus (Ord.). Sharp-tailed
Grouse. If this species now occurs it is extremely rare. Mr. Ken-
nicott notes it as k'not uncommon formerly." At present it is re-
stricted to the north-western portion of the state. The last record
of its occurrence in this vicinity is furnished by my friend Mr. T. H.
Douglas, who informs me that in the fall of 18G3 or 1864, while two
gentlemen were shooting prairie chickens near Waukegan, they found
and secured a covey of these birds, numbering fourteen individuals.
These had, in all probability, been raised in the immediate vicinity.

Genus Cupidonia Beich.

194. C. cupido Bd. Prairie Chicken. Once excessively abun-
dant; now rather scarce within thirty miles of Chicago. Still exists
in large numbers on the larger prairies, but is becoming much less
numerous in all the more settled districts. In many places the farmers
are in the habit of collecting their eggs by the pailful to use for culi-
nary purposes. Such a drain as this, with the annual slaughter by
sportsmen, and the restriction of their breeding grounds by cultiva-
tion, is rapidly lessening their numbers except in the remote prairie
districts.

Genus Bonasa Stcph.

195. B. umbellus Steph. Ruffed Grouse. Common resident in
the wooded portions. Farther north, in the forests of Wisconsin and
Northern Michigan, it is very abundant and so unsophisticated that it
may almost be captured with sticks.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. VIII 10

122

Genus Lagopus Vieill.
193. L. albus And. White Ptarmigan. Kennicott gives this
species as : u Sometimes found in the timber along Lake Michigan."
This note was based, I think, upon the capture of two specimens,
December, 1846, near Racine, as noted by Dr. Hoy. (Wis. Agr. Rep.,
1852.)

Family PERDICIDJE.
Genus Ortyx Steph.
197. O. virginianus Bonap. Quail. Still a common resident,
although a recent severe winter greatly diminished their numbers.
Exceedingly numerous in Southern Illinois.

Family CHABADRIIDJE.
Genus Squatarola Guv.

198. S. helvetica Linn. Black-bellied Plover. Not uncommon
-during the migrations. Arrives in full breeding plumage the last of
May and ;after lingering a few days the majority pass north. A few
remain during the summer and undoubtedly breed. Returning early
in September in fall plumage, they remain until well into October.
While with us in the migrations this species is generally solitary,
sometimes a half dozen individuals joining company, or a single speci-
men will be found leading a miscellaneous company of sandpipers
and small plovers.

Genus Charadrius Linn.

199. C. fulvus var. virginicus Bonk. Golden Plover. A very

abundant migrant. Arrives in large flocks early in April, and at this
time the black of the breeding plumage has just begun to mottle their
white breasts. Frequents wet prairies until the last of the month,
when it generally departs. Sometimes a few remain as late as May 5,
and are then in perfect breeding dress. Returning early in Septem-
ber, with the fall plumage just appearing, it remains until into Octo-
ber.

Genus iEgialitis Boie.

200. J3S. vociferus {Linn.). Killdeer Plover. Common sum-
mer resident. Arrives the first of March and departs in October.
Stragglers sometimes appear in mid- winter, during a few warm days.

201. M. semipalmatus Bonap. Semi-palmated Plover. Com-
mon (lining the migrations, generally in small flocks. In spring the
migrations extend from April 25th to May 30th, and in fall from July

123

31st to the last of October. The 2nd of July, 1873, I obtained several
specimens of this species near Chicago. From the condition of the
abdomen and ovaries of one specimen, and the presence of several
recently fledged young, I came to the conclusion that they had nested
in the vicinity. It is barely possible, however', that these birds were
unusually early arrivals from more northern breeding grounds, al-
though the arrivals from the north generally begin about the last of
the month. My suspicions that the species either breeds in this state,
or at no far distant point, were strengthened the following season
when several females examined the last of May contained eggs winch
would have been deposited within a short time.

202. M meloda var. circumcincta Bidg. Western Piping
Plover. Very common summer resident along the Lake shore,
breeding on the flat, pebbly beach between the sand dunes and shore.
Arrives the middle of Aptil and proceeds at once to breeding.

From a specimen shot the 24th of April, 1876, at Waukegan, I ob-
tained a perfect egg, and the abdomeu of several females obtained the
same day exhibited unmistakable signs that they were already breed-
ing, as did, also, the actions of the birds. Some thirty pairs were
breeding along the beach at this place, within a space of two miles,
and I afterwards found the birds as numerous at several points along
the shore. Every effort was made to discover their nest.s without
success, although the birds were continually circling about or stand-
ing at a short distance uttering an occasional note of alarm. The
first of July, the year previous, Dr. Velie obtained young but a very
few days old, at this same locality, showing that there is considerable
variation in the time of breeding. This was also shown by specimens
obtained the last of May, — and which I think were later arrivals than
those found breeding in April, — having the ova just approaching
maturity.

Departs the last of September. The larger portion of the speci-
mens examined show the complete ring of circumcincta, while others
exhibit but little more black than in meloda, or have the complete
ring of the -former indicated by faint black tips to the feathers across
the breast.

Family HJSMATOPODIDJE.
Genus Strepsilas Linn.

203. S. interpros (Linn,.). Turnstone. Common migrant along
Lake Michigan. Arrives May 15th in full breeding plumage and is
found until the first week in June. Returns early in August, still in
breeding plumage, which is exchanged for that of winter during the
last of the mouth. Departs about the 20th of September. While

124

here they are generally found in company with flocks of the smaller
species of sandpipers.

Family RECTJRVIROSTRID-2G.
Genus Recurvirostra Linn.

204. R. americana Gmel. Avocet. A rare migrant. Generally
occurs in small parties the last of April and first of May, and during
September and the first of October. Frequents the borders of marshy
pools.

Genus Himantopus Briss.

205. H. xiigricollis Vieill. Stilt. An exceedingly rare visitant.
Dr. Hoy records the occurrence of a small flock near Racine, in April,
1847. In the collection of the Illinois Natural History Society, at
Normal, 111., is a fine specimen of this species, taken in McLean
County, 111.

Family PHALAROPODID M.
Genus Steganopus Vieill.

206. S. wilsoni Sab. Wilson's Phalakope. Very common sum-
mer resident in this vicinity. Found in abundance about damp prai-
ries and on grassy marshes. Arrives about the middle of May and
remains until into August. I have fouud its nest from the 25th of
May to June 25th. The young usually appear about the middle of
June and commence to fly the first of July. The breeding plumage
of the female of this species is much brighter and richer than that of
the male, as has been recently announced by Mr. A. L. Kumlein
("Field and Forest," July, 187G). The male builds the nest and
attends exclusively to the duties of incubation, it alone possessing
the naked abdomen during the breeding season. The female always
remains near and shows great solicitude upon the nest being ap-
proached. The first plumage of the young, described by Dr. Coues
on page 4l>7, "Birds of the North- west," is retained until they depart
for the south the last of July or early in August. The adults assume
the winter plumage during July. This plumage is much like the
breeding plumage of the male except that there is a hoary east over
the back and neck caused by grayish tips to the feathers, and the
female has a greater amount of dull chestnut on the sides of the neck.
The following description of the breeding plumage of the male is from
a series of six specimens taken in Northern Illinois the last of May
and first of June, 1876. Bill, legs, and feet pure black. Crown of
head varying from a light to a dark blackish brown. The white stripe
so evident on the nape of the female is entirely absent on young males
of the preceding year, and but obsoletely indicated in old speci-

125

mens. The short white stripe over the eye is nearly as distinct
as in the female. Sides of the neck .washed with faint chestnut
brown, rarely as deep even as the fore part of the breast in the
female. The glossy black auricular patch, which extends under the
eye to the lores on the female, is merely indicated by a brownish line
mixed with the color of the neck. The chestnut stripes along the
back of the female are only indicated in very old and perfect plumaged
males, by a few rusty colored feathers scattered over the shoulders
and among the scapulars. The upper parts vary from a dark blackish
brown with each feather tipped with lighter, to a light grayish brown,
the feathers bordered with ashy white. In all cases the feathers have
darker centres. Rump and upper tail coverts lighter and sometimes
pure white. The primaries nearly as in the female. The remainder
of the wing lighter. Tail as in the female. Under parts white except
on fore part of breast, which is light ashy brown, the same extending
along the sides to the flanks. A very light wash of chestnut is gener-
ally present on fore part of the neck. The male averages considerably
smaller than the female. The breeding plumage of the female is as
described by Dr. Coues ("Birds of the North-west," p. 4G7).

The nest is a simple structure of fine grass blades placed in a small
saucer-shaped depression, generally in a perfectly open situation where
but slight concealment is afforded by the few surrounding grass blades.
Sometimes the eggs are deposited directly upon the ground, without
any nest other than the slight hollow. The eggs usually number four
and are very dark. Their general appearance is much like that of a

Genus Lobipes Cuv.

207. L. hyperborens (Linn.). Northern Phalarope. Rather
rare migrant the first of May, and the last of September and first of
October. Frequents slow streams or marshy pools, where, swimming
gracefully from one patch of floating weeds to another, it obtains its
food. It is quite gentle and unsuspicious, and I have approached in a
boat within five yards of one without its showing the least concern.

Genus Phalaropus Briss.

208. P. fulicarms (Linn.). Red Phalarope. Exceedingly rare.
Occurs only during the migrations at about the same time as the pre-
ceding.

Family SCOLOPACIDJG.
Genus Philohela Gray.

209. P. minor (Gmel.). Woodcock. Rather common summer

126

resident. Arrives early in March, nests the first of April, and departs
late in autumn.

Genus Gallinago Leach.

210. G. wilsoni Teqim. Wilson's Snipe. Abundant daring the
migrations and not a very rare summer resident. Arrives the first of
April and nearly all are gone by the first of May. Returns in fall the
first of September and departs by the first of November. Mr. T. H.
Douglas has obtained its eggs near Waukegan, and while there in the
spring of 1876, I found several pairs during the breeding season, in
various portions of the marsh near that place.

Morning and evening and throughout cloudy days in the early part
of the breeding season the male has a curious habit of mounting high
overhead, then descending obliquely for some distance, and as it turns
upward strikes rapidly with its wings producing a loud whistling sound
with each stroke. This 'manoeuvre is repeated again and again, and
appears to be performed for the same purpose as is the "booming" of
the night-hawk. Besides this sound the Wilson's snipe has a peculiar,
sharp cry during this season, which is uttered when the bird is dis-
turbed. I first became acquainted with this note in May, 1876, when,
while walking along a marshy strip of land, I was surprised to hear a
loud ka-ka-la-la-ka, uttered with great force and in a rather loud,
harsh tone. Turning quickly I was still more astonished to find the
author to be one of these birds. It was flying restlessly from post to
post along a fence and showed the greatest uneasiness at my presence,
the notes being repeated at short intervals. Although its nest was
probably near, I could not discover it.

Genus Macrohamphus Leach.

211. M. griseus Leach. Red-breasted Snipe. Rather common
migrant. Passes north, often in large flocks, in May and returns the
first of August, and lingers in small numbers about muddy pools until
well into October. Quite unsuspicious while feeding and will allow a
near approach.

Genus Micropalama Bd.

212. M. himantopus Bd. Stilt Sandpiper. Of rare occur-
rence. The 8th of August, 1873, I saw a single specimen near the
Lake shore in Chicago, and the 10th of September the same year, Mr.
II. P. Clarke obtained a specimen at the same place.

Genus Erennetes Lll.

213. E. pusillus Cass. Semi-palmated Sandpiper. Very abun-
dant migrant and many remain through the summer. From repeated

127

dissections I am confident those are barren birds and, as Mr. Maynard
Suggests, probably young of the preceding year. Migrations: May
1st to 25th, and the last of August to October.

Genus Tringa Linn.

214. T. mirmtilla Vieill. Least Sandpiper. Common migrant;
Not so numerous as the preceding. Arrives the 1st of May and re-
mains until the last of the month; returns with the preceding. The
5th of June, 1875, I found one of these birds building its nest near
the Calumet River. When first observed it was busily at work in the
midst of a small bunch of grass, but upon my approach it ran a few
feet to one side and watched my movements. The nest was nearly
finished, and was a shallow depression in the centre of the tuft of
grass, formed by the bird, which had just commenced lining it with
small straws. Unfortunately work was not resumed upon the nest
after my visit, but the birds were noticed several times in the vicinity,
and they probably had a nest in some safer spot. Several least sand-
pipers were observed near Waukegan the first of July, 1875, by Mr.
Rice, who is certain they had nested in the vicinity.

215. T. bairdii Vieill. Baird's Sandpipkr. A rather uncommon
migrant during the middle of May, and the last of August and first of
September. It is' generally found in small parties or singly, with
other species of sandpipers, but it sometimes occurs in large flocks.

216. T. maculata Vieill. Grass Snipe. Very abundant migrant.
Sometimes uniting into large flocks containing several hundred and
frequents wet prairies or marshes. At other times it can only be
found singly scattered over the same territory. March 25th to May
10th, and the middle of September to the first of November. A few
remain through the summer, but whether they breed or not I have
been unable to decide.

217. T. bonapartei Schleg. Bonaparte's Sandpiper. Rather
uncommon migrant. Dr. Hoy writes "that it was formerly abundant
during the migrations but is now rare" (at Racine). June 9th, 187G,
I obtained one specimen and saw quite a number of others upon the
Lake shore near Waukegan. Mr. R. P. Clarke informs me that he
has taken it late in autumn upon the Lake shore near Chicago.

218. T. maritima Brilnn. Purple Sandpiper. Very rare visi-
tant during migrations. A fine adult male obtained on the Lake
shore, near Chicago, November 7th, 1871, is in the collection of Dr. J.
W. Velie. When first seen it was in company with a flock of sander-
lings. This is the only instance of the occurrence of this species of
which I have learned.

219. T. alpina var. americana Cass. Red-backed Sandpiper.
Very abundant migrant. Arrives in full breeding plumage the last of

128

May and is found about muddy pools and flats near the Lake until the
5th of June. Returning in winter dress during September it remains
well itito October. At this season it is generally found in small par-
ties, while in spring the flocks often contain hundreds of individuals.

220. T. canutus Linn. Knot. This is another of the so-called
"maritime species" which regularly visits its breeding grounds by
way of the "Great Lakes," as well as along the coast. It is not a
common but a regular migrant, passing north during May. It returns
early in September and remains until October. I have never observed
it away from the vicinity of the Lake shore, where it is generally
found in company with one or two others of the same family.

Genus Calidris Cuv.

221. C. arenaria Linn. Sandekling. Abundant migrant along
the Lake shore. Arrives in full breeding plumage — which varies
greatly with individuals — about the 20th of May, and is found in
flocks, numbering from five to seventy-five, along the shore, until
June 10th. Returns the first of August, still wearing its breeding
dress, which is changed the last of the month for the duller garb of
winter. Departs for the south by the 20th of October. This species,
with JE. meloda, is found almost exclusively along the bare sandy
beach, where it would seem an impossibility for it to obtain a living.

Genus Limosa Briss.

222. L. fedoa (Linn.). Marbled God wit. Rather common mi-
grant. April 15th to May 15th, and September 10th to October 20th.

223. L. hudsonica Sw. Hudsonian Godwit. Not very rare
during the migrations. April 15th to May 10th, and September to the
first of October. More common along the water courses in the west-
ern part of the state.

Genus Totanus Bech.

224. T. semipalmatus Temm. Willet. Rare summer resident
in the marshes and on wet prairies. Arrives the last of April and
first of May. Departs by the first of October.

225. T. melanoleucus Gmel. Greater Yellow-legs. A com-
mon migrant and regular summer resident. Breeds. Arrives about
the middle of April, the larger portion passing north early in May.
Returns September first and remains until the last of October. In June,
1875, I found several pairs of these birds about the Calumet Marshes,
where, from their actions, I was certain they were breeding, but was
not fortunate enough to find their nests. The 10th of June, 1876, Mr.
Rice observed a pair about a prairie slough near Evanstou. A few
days later a set of four eggs were brought him from a similar situa-

129

tion a few miles north-west of that place, and from the description of
the parent bird — driven from the nest — he decided they must belong
to this species. I perfectly agree with Mr. Rice's decision, lor the
prominent characteristics noticed by the collector are obviously ap-
plicable to this bird.

The nest was situated in a slight depression at the base of a small
hillock near the border of a prairie slough, and was composed of grass
stems and blades. The eggs measure respectively 1-70 X 1-30; T72
X 1 31; 1-74 X 1 32; 1-80 X 1-38 inches. The ground color is a deep
grayish white, marked on three eggs with spots of dark brown, and
on the other egg with spots and well defined blotches of a considera-
bly lighter shade of the same. In addition there are shell markings
and obscure spots of lilac. The markings are disposed quite abun-
dantly over the surface of the egg, but are more numerous about the
large end.

226. T. flavipes Qmel. Lesser Yellow-legs. Much more nu-
merous than the preceding. Frequents the same localities. Arrives
a few days later and departs earlier for the south. A few breed. I
obtained the young, barely able to fly, near a prairie slough the first
of July, 1874, a few miles from Chicago, and have since observed
several pairs during the breeding season about the Calumet Marshes.

227. T. solitarius Wils. Solitary Tatler. Common migrant.
Arrives the first of May and remains until about the 25th, when the
majority go farther north. I have several times takeu young of this
species just able to fly, and have observed the adults throughout the
breeding season. I clo not think there is the slightest doubt of its
breeding in this vicinity. Departs for the south in August and Sep-
tember.

Genus Tringoides Bonap.

228. T. macularius Linn. Spotted Tatler. Very common
summer resident. Arrives in April and departs late in autumn.
Breeds in abundance among the small sand hills along the Lake shore.
Near Waukegan, the first of June, 1876, I saw Mr. T. H. Douglas
secure over two dozen of their eggs in considerably less than an hour.
The nests were generally placed under a small shrub or in a thin tuft
of grass and the eggs could be seen several yards away.

Genus Actiturus Bon.

229. A. bartramius (Wils.). Field Plover. Very common
summer resident. Arrives early in April and departs in September.
Frequents in greatest abundance the borders of marshes and half wild
prairies. Quite difficult to approach when it first arrives, but during

130

the breeding season becomes perfectly reckless, and hovers over head
or follows through the grass within a few yards until it has escorted
the intruder well off its domain. The presence of a dog in the vicin-
ity of its nesting place is the signal for a general onslaught by all the
birds of the vicinity, which hover over the dog, and with loud cries
endeavor to drive it away. Being but little appreciated as game it is
seldom hunted in this vicinity.

Genus Tryngites Cab.

230. T. rufescens Vieill. Buff-breasted Sandpiper. Very
rare migrant. A specimen is in the collection of Mr. R. P. Clarke,
obtained upon the Lake shore, at Chicago, September 4th, 1873. Dr.
Hoy gives it as "quite common" from September 15th to October
10th, near Racine (Wis. Ag'l Rep., 1852). This is, I think, a mistake,
as is also his note regarding the abundance of T. maritima in the
same list.

Genus Numenius Linn.

231. "N. longirostris Wils. Long-billed Curlew. Formerly
very abundant during the migrations, and a common summer resident.
Now rather uncommon in the migrations and a very rare summer resi-
dent. A pair nested on the Calumet Marshes the spring of 1873.
More numerous on the large marshes in Central Illinois. Arrives the
last of April and departs in October.

232. ~N. hudsonicus Lath. Hudsonian Curlew. Very rare
migrant with the preceding.

233. ~N. borealis (Forst.). Esquimaux Curlew. Rather com-
mon during the migrations. Arrives a little later than the larger
species and passes north with short delay. Returns the last of Sep-
tember and in October. Frequents wet prairies, with the golden
plover.

Family TANTALID^EJ.
Genus Tantalus Linn.

234. T. loculator Linn. Wood Ibis. An exceedingly rare sum-
mer visitant from Southern Illinois. Dr. Hoy has a specimen in his
collection obtained at Racine, September 10th, 18G9, and states that a
second specimen was obtained near Milwaukee, and is now in a mu-
seum at that place.

Genus Ibis Mcehring.

235. I. falcinellus var. ordii Coups. Glossy Ibis. A very rare
visitant. I know of but two or three instances of its occurrence.

131

Family ARDEIDJE.
Genus Ardea Linn.

236. A. herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron. Common summer

resident. Arrives in April and I have seen a specimen on the Lake
shore the first of December after a severe snow storm.

237. A. egretta Gmel. Great White Egret. A rather common
summer visitant throughout Northern Illinois. Generally arrives the
last of July and departs in September. Mr. Rice observed two speci-
mens near Evanston, March 31st, 1875. Breeds in Southern Illinois
and perhaps in other parts of the State.

238. A. candidissima Gm. Little White Egret. Much less
common than the preceding. Occurs at the same time.

Note. A. ccerulea will probably be found, as it is even now more
numerous in Southern Illinois during August and September than the
two preceding species.

239. A. virescens Linn. Green Heron. Common summer resi-
dent everywhere except upon the open prairie, where, however, strag-
glers are often taken.

Genus Ttfyctiardea Sw.

240. !N\ grisea var. nsevia Allen. Night Heron. Common.
Owing to its frequenting the almost impenetrable wild rice swamps
this species would be overlooked on a transient visit to their haunt.
The first of July, 1874, I saw a few young of the year in the Calumet
Marshes, but it was not until June, 1876, that I learned anything re-
garding their habits in this state. The middle of this month, in com-
pany with my friend Mr. T. H. Douglas, I visited Grass Lake, Lake
County, Illinois, some miles west of Waukegan. This "lake" is simply
a widening of the Fox River, which flows through its centre, produc-
ing a shallow body of water a mile wide and about three miles long.
A large portion of the lake is covered with a dense growth of wild
rice. While collecting near a large patch of this we were surprised to
see a number of night herons arise from the interior of the patch and
commence circling about uttering hoarse cries. Upon examining the
place we were still more surprised to find that the birds were breeding
in this apparently improbable location. During this and the follow-
ing day we examined, within an area of two acres, at least fifty
nests of this species. They were all placed in the midst of partic-
ularly dense bunches of rice, the stiff, last year's stalks of which, con-
verging slightly near the roots, formed a convenient base for their
support. The nests were all well-built structures, composed of innu-
merable small pieces of dead rice stalks, varying from two to ten

132

inches in length. Some of the nests were quite mathematically built,
the material being arranged so that the usual cylindrical form would
become either a decided pentagonal or hexagonal figure. The nests
averaged from twelve to fifteen inches in diameter at the top and
from ten to thirty inches in depth. So firmly were they built that I
several times stood upon a large nest, to take a more extended view,
and did it but little damage. A few contained fresh eggs, and a few
had young from one to ten days old, but the majority contained eggs
with half grown embryos. The parents exhibited great solicitude
while we were in the vicinity, but were so cautious that we succeeded
in shooting but two.

Genus Botaurus Steph.

241. B. minor Boie. Bittern. Very common summer resident
in marshes and prairie sloughs. Arrives the last of March and de-
parts the first of November. Nests principally in prairie sloughs.
In over a dozen nests examined I have found but little variation.
They are generally placed in rank swamp-grass or rushes close to the
surface of the water, from which the nest is separated by a mass of
grasses and other material either found upon the spot or collected
from the immediate vicinity by the birds. The nest itself is a loosely
formed platform constructed of the material nearest at hand, be it
grass or reeds. In one instance some boys collecting for me found a
nest of this species which the female refused to desert, so it was cap-
tured and brought me alive with the eggs, which were but slightly
addled.

Genus Ardetta Gray.

242. A. exilis (Gmel.). Least Bittekn. A common summer
resident everywhere in marshes and sloughs. It arrives the first of
May and nests the last of this and all of the following month. The
nest of this species I have always found supported, from one to three
feet above the water, by the surrounding rushes. It is a very frail
structure, being a thin platform from one to three inches thick, with
scarcely depression enough in the centre to prevent the eggs from
rolling out, and is composed of small dry pieces of reeds. The eggs
vary from two to six in number. When approached while upon the
nest the female generally slips quietly to one side and endeavors to
find concealment, but should the approach of the intruder be hasty,
she seeks safety in flight. Under ordinary circumstances this species
places its nest by itself, but should an unusually good feeding ground
be discovered, containing but one or two small patches of reeds, it
will make the best of circumstances, and in such a place I have often
found six or eight nests in close proximity.

133

Family GRUIDiE.
Genus Gnis Linn.

243. G. americanus Linn. Whooping Crane. Once an abun-
dant migrant, but is now of rare occurrence in this vicinity. Along
the Illinois River and more thinly settled portions of the State it is
still common during the migrations, and a few pairs breed upon the
large marshes in Central Illinois.

244. G. canadensis Linn. Sandhill Crane. Formerly nested
abundantly on all the larger marshes, but now few remain to breed
except on one or two large marshes in the central part of the State,
where, I understand, they are still quite numerous.

Family RAIiLIDJEJ.
Genus Rallus Linn.

245. R. elegans Aud. King Hail. Common summer resident.
Arrives the last of April and departs in October. Have obtained half-
grown young the first of July, although they usually breed later than
this. Found about grassy marshes and prairie sloughs.

246. R. virginianus Linn. Virginia Kail. Common summer
resident. Arrives and departs with the preceding. I have obtained
nests with eggs from the 6th of May until the middle of June. This
species is found in almost any place where it can find suitable food.
I have often flushed it in thickets when looking for woodcock, as well
as from the midst of large marshes. The nest can rarely be distin-
guished from that of the Carolina rail in form or structure, and is
generally placed in a similar location, with the exception that the
present species shows a greater preference for dense tufts of grass.
I have never seen more than nine eggs in a nest of this species.

Genus Porzana Vieill.
2,4,1. P. Carolina Cab. Carolina Hail. Exceedingly abundant
summer resident in all marshy situations. Arrives the first of May
and departs in October. Nests along the borders of prairie sloughs
and marshes, depo.Mting from eight to fourteen eggs. Their nest may
often be discovered at a distance by the appearance of the surrounding
grass, the blades of which are in many cases interwoven over the
nest, apparently to shield the bird from the tierce rays of the sun,
Which are felt with redoubled force on the marshes. The nests are
sometimes built on a solitary tussock of grass, growing in the water,
but not often. The usual posiiion is in the soft, dense grass growing
close to the edge of the slough, and rarely in grass over eight inches
high. The nest is a thick matted platform of soft marsh grasses, with

134

a medium sized depression for the eggs. In. the spring of 1875, the
sudden rise of the water in the sloughs in this vicinity flooded a great
many water bird's nests, and among them Carolina rail's nests. Vis-
iting the marshes soon after, I found, that in every rail's nest that had
been flooded the eggs had been broken by the rail piercing the side
with her beak. In one instance the bird was found beside the nest,
and when I looked at the eggs I found a portion of them broken and
the contents still oozing out. I found that the coots (Fulica ameri-
cana) and the gallinules had the same habit when their nests were
destroyed by the water, although it was less common with them than
with the rail. In autumn great numbers of these birds frequent the
floating weeds along the borders of rivers where they are sometimes
in such numbers that several may be killed at a single discharge. Dr.
Bannister informs me that he has found quite a number of these
birds lying dead, but without showing marks of injury, upon railroad
tracks.

248. P. noveboracensis Cass. Little Yellow Rail. Not very
rare. Arrives early in May. Several specimens are taken each spring-
before the grass becomes sufficiently high to effectually conceal them.
It undoubtedly breeds here, since the Smithsonian possesses a set of
six eggs taken with the parent bird, May 17, by Mr. J. W. Tolman, at
Winnebago, Illinois (tide, Prof. S. F. Baird in epist.). The following
is the description of the above set of eggs from Coues's "Birds of
the North- west" : "They are the only ones I have seen and differ from
all those of P. Carolina in the color of the ground, which is a rich,
warm bufty-brown marked at the great end with a cluster of reddish-
chocolate clots and spots. Size, 1.15 by 0-85 to 1-05 by -80."

249. P. jamaicensis Cass. Little Black Kail. Like the pre-
ceding, of not very rare occurrence. Breeds. During the spring of
1S75 I saw three specimens in the Calumet Marshes. The first was
observed early in May. On the liith of June, the same season, while
collecting with me near the Calumet River, Mr. Frank DeWitt, of
Chicago, was fortunate enough to discover a nest of this species con-
taining ten freshly laid eggs. The nest was placed in a deep cup-
shaped depression in a perfectly open situation on the border of a
marshy spot, and its only concealment was such as a few straggling
at rices afforded. It is composed of soft grass blades loosely inter-
woven in a circular manner. The nest, in shape and construction,,
looks much like that of a meadow lark. The following are its dimen-
sions in inches: inside depth, 2-50; inside diameter, 3-25; outside
depth, 3-50; outside diameter, 4*50. The eggs are a creamy- white
instead of clear white, as I stated in a recent article (Bull. Nutt. Urn.
Club, Vol. I, p. 43), and average LOO by -81 inches. They are nearly
perfectly oval, and are thinly sprinkled with fine reddish-brown dots,

135

which become larger and more numerous at one end. Minute shell
markings in the form of dots are also visible. Owing to the small

Genus Gallimila Briss.

250. Gr. galeata Licht. Florida Gallinulk. Abundant sum-
mer resident everywhere in marshes and the larger prairie sloughs.
Arrives the last of April or the first of May. Generally has a full
set of eggs, numbering from seven to twelve, the first week of June.
Its nests are placed wherever fancy dictates; on low ridges a rod
or more from the water; in perfectly bare situations on the borders
of marshes, or in the midst of the bulrushes or wild rice growing in
several feet of water. The material used varies with the situation,
from fine grasses to the coarsest rushes and fragments of wild rice
stalks. In the latter case the nest often floats in the water and is
held in place by the surrounding reeds. The young possess the usual
black down and disproportionate feet of members of this family at an
early age, but the basal two-thirds of the bill is bright red, the tip
only being yellow. I have placed eggs under a hen, but the young,
unless removed as soon as hatched, would scramble out and manage
to get away. At this age they have a clear metallic peep, quite unlike
that of a chicken.

Genus Porphyrio Ternm.

251. P. martinica {Linn.). Purple Gallinule. Very rare visi-
tant. A male specimen was taken in May, 1866, by Mr. C. N. Holden,
Jr., near Chicago, and Dr. Hoy informs me of its capture at Racine.

Genus Fuliea Linn.

252. F. americana Grnel. Coot. Exceedingly abundant. Sum-
mer resident in large marshes, and it is far from rare in any marshy
situation. Arrives the last of April and remains until the last of
November. Nests at the same time as the Florida gallinule, but
shows a greater preference for reed patches in which its nests are
usually located, often in from two to four feet of water. The nests
are generally larger than those of gallinules, and rarely composed of
other material than the dry stalks of reeds. Dr. Cones' description
of the nidification of this species will answer for most of the cases
I have observed, and I have examined a large number of nests. (See
"Birds of the North-wTest," p. 542.) As winter approaches, and the
marshes and shallow pools become covered with ice, these birds con-
gregate in immense flocks on the rivers and small lakes, and remain
until the cold weather closes the streams.

136

This bird has a curious habit when approached by a boat in a stream,
rising often before the boat is within gunshot, and flying directly by
the boatman, generally so near that it may be easily brought down.
The abundance of ducks and other game birds has caused the birds
of this family to be but little molested, until within a few years, when
the amateur sportsmen from Chicago, finding the ducks difficult to
obtain, and "mud hens," as coots and gallinules are called, conve-
niently tame, have turned their batteries upon them and have caused
a diminution in their numbers about the Calumet Marshes. But in
the more retired marshes they still breed in undiminished numbers.

Family ANATIDiE.
Genus Cygnus Linn.

253. C. buccinator Bich. Trumpeter Swan. Occurs during
the migrations. Far from common.

Although many examples of the following species are brought to
the Chicago market during the migrations, it is very rarely that this
species occurs.

254. C. americanus Sharp. American Swan. Rather common
during the migrations and a winter resident in the southern extreme
of the state. In the spring of 1876 they were more numerous than
usual; quite a large number of specimens were in market and many
were seen on the small lakes and large prairie sloughs in this vicinity.

Genus Anser Linn.

255. A. albifrons var. gambeli Cs. White-fronted Goose.
Very abundant migrant, occurring in large flocks. Arrives from the
north in October, and disperses over the state. Found in large num-
bers in corn fields in the central portion of the state, where hundreds
are killed and shipped to the market. When the streams become frozen
they remove farther south. Return early in March and frequent the
same localities until about the first week of April, when, in company
with the various other small species of geese, they depart for the
north. During late seasous they occasionally linger until the last
week of April.

The individual variation in this species is very great. A large ma-
jority have the ordinary white frontal band and the under parts plen-
tifully mottled with black. In others the black gradually decreases
until some specimens do not show the least trace of dark on the abdo-
men; in such instances the frontal white band is usually present.
The young exhibit a dark brown frontal band in place of white, but
with more or le>s dark spots on the abdomen. In very high plumage
the abdomen becomes almost entirely black, only a few rusty colored

137

feathers being interspersed through the black. The white nail on the
bill is generally crossed by one or more longitudinal stripes of dark
horn color. In spring, as the breeding season approaches, the bill
becomes a clear waxy yellow. There is also much variation in size
among adults of this species. I have examined a number of* speci-
mens which by direct comparison were at least one-fourth smaller than
the average.

256. A. cserulescens Linn. Blue Goose. Although less abun-
dant than the preceding species, it is far from uncommon. Many are
sent to the Chicago market with the preceding during the migrations.
During some seasons the blue geese are nearly as numerous as the
white-fronted. Its habits and migrations, while with us, are essen-
tially the same as those of the preceding species. The adults of this
species invariably possess the white head and upper part of the neck,
which in the younger specimens is more or less variegated with dark
feathers. These disappear as the bird becomes older, and in many the
head is a pure snowy white, in sharp contrast to the dark plumage of
the rest of the upper parts. The young would appear, at first sight,
to be a distinct species, so different is the pattern of coloration. The
white of the head, neck, abdomen and tail coverts is entirely absent,
and the bird is of an almost uniform ashy plumbeous, slightly darker
about the head and lighter on the abdomen. This plumage is retained
until the second year, at least, as many specimens are procured in
spring with the dark head, neck and abdomen still immaculate, and
these, I think, are young of the preceding year. At the same time
specimens are found with the dark feathers about the head well mixed
with white, representing the second year. In birds of the third year
the white predominates, but not until the fourth or fifth year does the
plumage become perfect.

257. A. hyperboreus var. hyperboreus Pall. Snow Goose.
257a. Var. albatus Cass. Lesser Snow Goose. Both forms are

found throughout the state during the migrations, and, although Mr.
Ridgway gives the albatus as the more common form, I think they
occur in about equal numbers. The adult plumage of this species, as
is well known, is pure white, with the primaries tipped with jet black.
The young are quite different. The crown, back of neck and fore part of
shoulders are dark plumbeous ; the tip of each feather being whitish
produces a grizzled appearance. A dark line extends from the eye to
the upper angle of the bill. The frontal region, cheeks, throat, fore
part of neck, breast, sides of body and rump are soiled ashy, lighter
than the back of the head and neck, and appearing much as though
caused by the continued contact of white feathers with dark earth ;
but a close examination shows that the effect is produced by each
feather being mottled with fine dusky spots, which on the sides nearly

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. VIII 11

138

cover the entire feather. The shoulders, scapulars, tertials, greater
coverts and secondaries, are of a varying shade of dark plumbeous
edged with lighter, which, on the tertials and secondaries, becomes
pure white, and is of considerable width. The tail feathers are much
the same aud the lesser wing coverts are like the sides of the neck —
a grizzly ashy. The bill, feet, and tips of the primaries are black, as
are two or three of the outer secondaries. This species generally
migrates in flocks of large size, consisting only of its own kind. At
times, however, the three species unite and proceed in company. It
frequents the cornfields in Central Illinois while here, and migrates
a little later in the fall, and earlier in the spring, than the white-
fronted goose.

Genus Branta Scopoli.

258. B. bernicla Linn. Brant Goose. Probably a rare visitant,
i-but the only instance known to me of its capture in this portion of
the country is a specimen taken by Dr. Hoy, from a flock of three,
.upon the Lake shore near Racine. The bird is now in his collection.

259. B. canadensis var. canadensis Linn. An abundant mi-
grant. Arrives early in October and remains until the first of Decem-
»ber. Returns in March and remains uutil well into April. Formerly
ibred commonly in the marshes throughout the state, and still breeds
sparingly in the more secluded situations.

259a. Var. hutchinsi Mch. Hutchins' Goose. Rather common,
■but not the most common form, as my friend Mr. Ridgway states in
his "Catalogue of Illinois Birds." I once had the pleasure of exam-
ining a series of Canada Geese which were sent to market by the
same hunter, and obtained the same clay in Central Illinois. Among
the eight specimens in the lot were typical representatives of the
two forms, above-named. In addition were several specimens which
formed a direct chain in which it was impossible to tell where one
variety ended and the other commenced. The size of the speci-
mens, the coloration, and, indeed every particular, aided in perfecting
the series, except the number of tail feathers, which was eighteen
throughout. In hutchinsi I have found this to be a very variable
character, as a large portion of the specimens which agree perfectly
with the dimensions of the latter possess the eighteen tail feathers,
Instead of sixteen, as given by authors.

Genus Anas Linn.

260. A. boschas Linn. Mallard. An exceedingly abundant mi-
grant and common summer resident in the more secluded marshes.
Once nested abundantly in the prairie sloughs and along borders of
marshes. The spring migrations extend from the last of March to

139

the middle of April. Autumnal, from the last of September until the
last of November. The full complement of eggs is deposited before the
middle of May, in some tussock of grass near the edge of the marsh.

261. A. obseura Gmel. Dusky Duck. An uncommon migrant
with the preceding, and a very rare summer resident. Among the
countless number of mallards killed yearly in this state are scarcely
found more than one in two hundred of this species. One or two
pairs nest each year on the Calumet Marshes.

Genus Dafila Leach.

262. D. acuta (Linn.). Pintail Duck. Very abundant migrant,
and. rare summer resident. Arrives early in October and remains
until the last of November; in spring passes north by the first of
April. Each year a few pairs breed upon the marshes in this vicinity,
but whether they breed, in the State away from the Lake region I have
no means of knowing. In the spring of 1875 several pairs of these
birds nested in the prairie sloughs near the Calumet River, and on the
29th of May I found a nest containing three freshly laid. eggs. The
female was flushed from the nest when scarcely more than a rod away,
and was at once joined by the male from a small slough a few rods
distant. The nest was in the centre of a tall, thick bunch of grass
on a small ridge between two sloughs, and. was a slight hollow thickly
lined with grass stems; no down had been added. The parent birds
circled about overhead, often coming within gunshot, during the
whole time I was in the vicinity. The eggs average 2-25 by 1-50, and
are a grayish olive, similar to the set described by Dr. Coues ("Birds
of the North-west," p. 563).

In June, 1876, several pairs were seen at Grass Lake, on the Fox
River, but their nests were not discovered. In the collection of Dr.
J. W. Velie is a male hybrid between this species and the mallard.

Genus Chaulelasmus Gray.

263. C. streperus (Linn.). Gadwall. This beautiful species is
very common during the migrations from the middle of October to
the last of November, and from the first to the last of April. A very
rare summer resident. I have seen but two or three pairs here in the
breeding season.

Genus Mareca Steph.

264. M. penelope Selby. European Widgeon. Exceedingly
rare straggler. Two instances are known; one quoted by Mr. Ridg-
way on the authority of D. G. Elliot, in "Proceedings of the Zoological
Society" (see Ridg., Cat. Birds Ascer. to occur in 111., 26S), and a sec-
ond is furnished by Mr. C..N. Holden, jr., who informs me that a fine

140

adult male was shot on the Calumet Marsh, April 13, 1876, and is now
preserved in a collection in Chicago. It has also been shot on Lake
Mendota, in Wisconsin, by Mr. Kuralien (Hoy).

265. M. americana (Gmel.). American Widgeon. A very
abundant species during the migrations and not very rare summer
resident. Arrives in spring about the middle of March and remains
until about April 20th. It nests about the borders of marshes and
prairie sloughs. While here during the migrations these birds show
a decided preference for the open water on overflowed marshes and
large sloughs, and are very difficult to approach. Immense numbers
are shot along the various rivers in the state and sent to the Chicago
market.

Genus Querquedula Steph.

286. Q. carolinensis (Gmel.). Green-winged Teal. Yery com-
mon migrant. Arrives about the 5th to the 10th of April, and the
majority pass north by the 25th. Returns the first of October, and
remains until into November. Breeds sparingly. I have known of a
few instances of its nest being found, and have myself observed seve-
ral pairs of the birds in this vicinity during the breeding season.

267. Q. discors (Linn.). Blue- winged Teal. Very abundant
migrant and a common summer resident in all suitable localities.
The middle of May, 1875, I obtained a nest of this species containing
fourteen freshly laid eggs. The parent was flushed from the nest
within a few yards. It was situated near a branch of the Calumet
Marsh and close to the rail-road track, being about midway between
the track and fence in a dense bunch of grass. The nest was a well
matted structure composed of feathers and grass, with the rim turned
in so as to partly cover the bird when sitting. As has been the case
each time I have discovered a duck's nest, and often when I have been
in the vicinity of one not known to me, the parents circled about me
the entire time I was near the nest, often coming within gunshot and
exhibiting considerable anxiety. Arrives a few days later than the
preceding in spring, and leaves at about the same time in autumn.

Genus Spatula Boie.

268. S. clypeata Linn. Spoonbill Duck. An abundant migrant
and rather common summer resident. Breeds in much the same local-
ities as the preceding. Its eggs are deposited early in May. Arrives
the last of March, and the larger number pass north before April 20th.
The autumn migrations extend from the first of October until the
middle of November.

Genus Aix Sic.

269. A. sponsa Boie. Wood Duck. Common migrant and

141

rather common summer resident in secluded localities, and is espe-
cially abundant in the "bottoms" along the rivers in the southern
part of the state. Arrives early in April and departs the last of Octo-
ber.

Genus Fuligula Steph.

270. F. marila (Linn.). Greater Scaup Duck. A rare migrant.
Present with the following species in about the same proportion that
A. obscura bears to A. boschas.

271. F. aflinis Forst. Lesser Scaup Duck. An exceedingly
abundant migrant and in years when the Lake does not become frozen
over is a resident through the year. This is not an uncommon spe-
cies upon the larger marshes and inland lakes during the breeding
season. Commence to arrive in large numbers from the south the
last of February or first of March, according to the season, and are
mostly gone by the 20th of April. About the time they leave for more
northern breeding grounds they congregate in very large flocks on
rivers or small lakes, and soon all have disappeared from these haunts
and none, except the comparatively few which remain to breed, are
found there again until they return in autumn, about the 5th to 10th of
October. Flocks may be found upon Lake Michigan from one to two
weeks after they have left the inland waters. Their young are hatched
from the first to the middle of June.

272. F. collaris Douov. King-neck Duck. In about equal num-
bers with the preceding during the migrations. Its habits, haunts,
and time of migration, agree very closely with those of the little
scaup duck. This species also breeds about the marshes in North-
Eastern Illinois, but in smaller numbers than the preceding.

273. F. ferina var. americana Eyton. Red-head Duck. Very
common migrant. Arrives the last of March and lingers until the last
of April. Returns the last of October and remains until the wild
rice swamps freeze over, the last of November.

274. F. vallisneria Wils. Canvas-back Duck. Very common
migrant. Migrates with the preceding. Like other species of the
Fuligulince found here, the canvas-back shows a liking for open water
and is more numerous on the small inland lakes than in the marshes.

Genus Bucephala Baird.

275. B. elangula (Linn.). Golden-eye Duck. Common mi-
grant throughout the state and abundant on Lake Michigan, where it
is usually a winter resident. This is usually a very shy species, but
occasionally it exhibits great stupidity. I have known of several
being shot from an open boat upon the Lake, by placing out wooden
decoys which they would approach, sometimes while the gunner was

142

standing in plain view. This, however, was a rare occurrence. Ar-
rives the last of October or first of November, and departs the first
of April.

276. B. islandica Bd. Barrow's Golden-eye Duck. A winter
resident upon Lake Michigan, and found irregularly throughout the
state at that season. A specimen was obtained ats Mt. Carmel, on the
Wabash River, in December, 1874, by Professor F. Stein, and I have
observed it at Chicago. Dr. Hoy writes that a specimen was shot at
Racine during the winter of 1860. They are probably not uncommon
upon the Lake in winter, but owing to the great difficulty experienced
in collecting ducks on perfectly open water at this season, a definite
knowledge of the numbers in which this and several other aquatic
species visit us during winter has not been obtained.

277. B. albeola Bd. Buffle-head Duck. The most abundant
species of the genus. Frequents the rivers and other inland waters
in greatest abundance. Immense numbers are sent to the Chicago mar-
ket each season. Although abundant with the preceding upon Lake
Michigan, it is still more numerous on the inland waters. Winter
resident. Arrives the last of October and sometimes remains until
the first of May.

Genus Harelda Leach.

278. H. glacialis {Linn.). Old-wife Duck. An exceedingly
abundant winter resident upon Lake Michigan and sparingly dis-
persed throughout the state during that season. It was obtained by
Professor Stein at Mt. Carmel, in December, 1874. A few stragglers
make their appearance the last of October, but the main body do not
arrive until about the first of December. The last of March or first
of April nearly all depart for the north, but a few are found until the
last of the month. Just before they migrate they unite in large flocks
and make a great gabbling and noise. At all times while here they
are very shy and difficult to obtain.

Genus Histrionicus Lesson.

279. H. torquatns {Linn.). Harlequin Duck. Rather rare
winter resident upon Lake Michigan. Dr. Hoy has secured several
specimens at Racine.

Genus Somateria Leach.

280. S. mollissima Leach. Eider Duck. Not a very rare winter
resident upon Lake Michigan and probably occurs in suitable places
throughout the state. In my collection is an immature specimen, ob-
tained near Chicago in December, 1874, and Dr. H. B. Bannister has
several times noted them at Evanston. Dr. Hoy informs me that a
specimen was shot at Racine in January, 1875.

143

281. S. spectabilis Leach. King Eider. Rare winter visitant —
perhaps winter resident— to Lake Michigan and other parts of the
state. "An adult female, obtained at Chillicothe, on the Illinois River,
in the winter of 1874, has been sent to the National Museum by W. II.
Collins, Esq., of Detroit, Mich." (Ridgway). "A single specimen lias
been taken at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and is preserved in a collection
at that place" (Hoy).

Genus CEdemia Flem.

282. CE. americana Sw. Black Scoter. Rather common upon
the Lake. Winter resident. Arrives the first of November and de-
parts by the first of April.

283. (E. fusca (Linn.). Velvet Scoter. Like the preceding a
rather common winter resident upon the Lake, and occurs throughout
the state, specimens being sent to the Chicago market from the Illi-
nois River and various other streams in Central Illinois.

284. CE. perspicillata Steph. Surf Duck. A common winter
resident upon Lake Michigan and occurs throughout the state at this
season. Quite a number of specimens were taken upon the Calumet
Marshes during the fall of 1875, and many others seen. Arrives the
last of October and departs the last of March. "A single specimen,
an immature bird, was obtained at Mt. Carmel by Professor Stein in
October, 1875" (Ridgway).

Genus Erismatura Bonap.

285. E. rubida Bonap. Ruddy Duck. Very common during the
migrations. Summer resident. Breeds. The spring migration begins
about the middle of April and continues until the 5th of May. A few
return as early as the first of October, but the main fall migration
commences the last of this month and extends to the first of Novem-
ber. The middle of September, 1875, my friend Mr. T. H. Douglas,
of Waukegan, found a pair with eight or ten full grown young in a
small lake near that place, and obtained several specimens. As the
fall migration of this species does not commence until some weeks
later than this, I think it very probable these birds were hatched in
the vicinity. This supposition is rendered still more reasonable by
the following observations. The 12th of June, 1875, while walking
through the dense grass close to the shore of Calumet Lake, looking
for sharp-tailed finches, a female ruddy cluck started from the grass
a few yards in advance and flew heavily away and alighted in the
reeds a short distance out from shore. Being well acquainted with
the species, I at once recognized the bird by unmistakable peculiarities
of form and flight, as well as coloration, so I did not shoot it as I
could easily have done, but instead, made a thorough search for the

144

nest, which I was certain must be near. The dense grass, about three
feet high, proved an effectual shield, however, and I was compelled to
depart without the coveted eggs. The middle of June, 1876, while
rowing among the numerous rice patches upon Grass Lake, in com-
pany with Mr. T. H. Douglas, a ruddy duck arose a short distance in
advance and flew off in plain view, leaving no doubt as to the species,
as we both recognized it at sight. The only other record of the
occurrence of this species in the United States during the breeding
season is that of Dr. Coues, who, while connected with the Northern
Boundary Survey, found them breeding in numbers in Northern Da-
kota and Montana.

Genus Mergus Linn.

286. M. merganser Linn. Goosander. Very common migrant,
and a few remain about airholes in streams and ponds or upon Lake
Michigan, during the winter. I do not think this species remains to
breed, but it is barely possible it' may in rare cases. Arrives the last
of October and departs the last of March and first of April.

287. M. serrator Linn. Red-breasted Merganser. The rarest
species of the genus in this vicinity. Frequents small reedy lakes,
where it is a rare summer resident. Nests upon old muskrat houses.
The migrations are : in fall, from October first to the last of Novem-
ber; in spring, the last of March to the first of May. A very rare
winter resident. During the height of the migrations it is rather
common upon Lake Michigan in small flocks.

288. M. eucullatus Linn. Hooded Merganser. Very abundant
migrant. Common winter resident upon Lake Michigan. Breeds
sparingly throughout the state. Arrives the last of October and
remains until the first of April. The last of August, 1875, I found
several pairs of these birds with partly grown young upon some small
lakes in Union County, Southern Illinois. ►

Family PELECANIDiE.
Genus Pelecanus Linn.

289. P. trachyrhynchus Lath. White Pelican. At present
an exceedingly rare visitant during the migrations. Formerly they
were regular and rather common migrants. Still migrate along the
Mississippi River.

Family GRACULIDJE.
Genus Graculus Linn.

290. G. dilophus var. dilophus Sw. Double-crested Cor-

145

morant. A regular but rather uncommon migrant and sometimes a
winter resident.

290 a. Var. floridanus Aud. Florida Cormorant. A regular
summer resident in Southern Illinois, occasionally straying to the
northern portion of the state. A specimen of this variety was ob-
served in May, 1876, at Waukegan. I do not think G. carbo occurs in
this vicinity.

Family LAKIDJB.
Genus Stercorarius Briss.

291. S. pomatorhinus Vieill. Pomarine Jaeger. A rare win-
ter visitant to Lake Michigan. It was first observed by Mr. F. L. Rice
near Evanston and upon the strength of this introduced to the fauna
of the state. I am happy to record a second instance of its occur-
rence near Chicago, October 9th, 1876, when I observed a fine adult
specimen flying along the Lake shore, and so near that there could be
no possibility of mistake.

Genus Larus Linn.

292. L. glancus Brunn. Glaucus Gull. A rather rare winter
visitant to Lake Michigan. Dr. Hoy has killed three specimens upon
the Lake near Racine, one of which is now preserved in his collection.
He has seen others during severe winters.

293. L. leucopterus Fabr. White-winged Gull. A regular
and not uncommon winter resident on Lake Michigan.

294. L. marinus Linn. Great Black-backed Gull. Not an un-
common winter resident upon Lake Michigan. The immature young
are greatly in excess of the adults.

295. L. argentatus var. argentatus Brunn. European Her-
ring Gull. Very rare winter visitant to the Lake. A single speci-
men, an adult female, was obtained in the Chicago Harbor March 27,
1876. Dr. Coues records two other specimens of this form obtained
in this country, one in Mr. Lawrence's private cabinet and the other
in the Cambridge Museum (see B. of N. W., p. 628). The Illinois
specimen has been examined by Dr. Coues and Mr. Ridgway and pro-
nounced by them to be identical with the European bird. The most
striking peculiarity is its small size and the white terminal space over
two inches long, upon the outer primary. The dimensions of my
specimen are as follows: length, 22*50; wing, 15-30; tarsus, 2-25; bill,
1-90. Iris hazel.

295 a. Var. smithsonianus Coues. American Herring Gull.
Very abundant winter resident upon Lake Michigan, and occurs
throughout the state. Large numbers frequent the prairie near the
slaughter houses, in the vicinity of Chicago, where they find a gene-

146

rons supply of offal. Arrives from the north during October, and the
adults, with the greater portion of the young, move north the middle
of April. I do not think that the young breed until they don the per-
fectly adult plumage, for, in June, 1876, I found a large flock consist-
ing of about two hundred immature gulls, nearly all of this species,
upon the Lake shore near Waukegan, and upon making inquiries
learned that each year about the same number were in the habit of
remaining at this place through the summer. The flock contained
birds in every stage of plumage between the last year's young and
the adult birds, of which a few were present. The large number of
fishing nets set at Waukegan explained their preference for that
locality. A colony of these birds breed on an island in the channel
between Lake Michigan and Green Bay, and many others at various
places on Lake Superior.

296. L. delewarensis Orel. Ring-billed Gull. Common mi-
grant along the Lake. Very rarely remains through the winter.
Most common with us September 20th to November 30th, and March
20th to the first of May. A few young of this species were, with the
flock of young herring gulls, observed at Waukegan in June.

297. L. tridactylus Linn. Common Kittiwake Gull. A rare
winter visitant to Lake Michigan. Dr. Hoy writes that in the winter
of 1870 a single specimen of this species kept about the harbor for
several clays, but was too shy to be shot. He is quite certain of his
identification, as he examined the bird carefully with a large field
glass, while it was standing upon a piece of ice just out of gun shot.

298. L. atricilla (Linn.). Laughing Gull. "Summer visitant"
(Ridgway). I give this species entirely upon the strength of its oc-
currence in Mr. Ridgway's Catalogue (Ann. N. Y. Lye. N. H., Jan.,
1874).

299. L. franklini Bich. Franklin's Gull. A rare visitant to
Lake Michigan. A specimen was obtained at Milwaukee in 1850, and
is preserved in a collection at that place (Hoy). This species un-
doubtedly is of more or less regular occurrence during the migrations
in company with the immense numbers of L. Philadelphia which pass
along the Lake to their breeding grounds.

300. L. Philadelphia Ord. Bonaparte's Gull. Exceedingly
abundant migrant. Arrives in large numbers, and usually in full breed-
ing dress, the 5th to 10th of April, and the majority, after liugering
along the shore a few weeks, pass north to their summer resorts, dur-
ing the first two weeks of May. Returning the last of August, while
resuming the winter dress, they remain more or less abundant until well
into November. In very mild winters a few remain during the season.
As is the case with the herring gull, many of the young of this spe-
cies do not proceed north, but remain along the Lake during the

147

breeding season. Instead of remaining about sand bars, however,
they prefer the fishermen's stakes out half a mile or more from shore,
and it is rarely that they cannot be found at such places during the
summer months. The autumn moult occurs the last of August.

Genus Xema Leach.

301. X. satoinei Bonap. Fobk-tailed Gull. Exceedingly rare
visitant to Lake Michigan. While collecting on the Lake shore near
Chicago, the first of April, 1873, I saw a specimen of this bird in a
small pool of water on the beach. At first I supposed it was a Bona-
parte gull, and was about passing it, when it arose, and as it passed
toward the Lake I saw it was something new to me, and fired. It flew
a few rods and fell into the Lake about thirty yards from shore. It
was in perfect breeding dress, as was shown by the black markings
on the head, each time i\, was raised while struggling in the water.
A gale from off shore soon drifted it from sight.

Genus Sterna Linn.

302. S. anglica Mont. Gull-billed Tern. An exceedingly rare
visitant during summer.

303. S. caspia Pall. Caspian Tern. An irregular but not un-
common visitant during the migrations and in winter upon Lake
Michigan. The 9th of June, 1876, I saw a fine specimen fishing along
the Lake shore, at Waukegan. Its occurrence so late is very unusual.
Dr. Bannister has frequently observed it at Evanston in winter.

304. S. regia Gamb. Boval Tern. An exceedingly rare summer
visitant to Lake Michigan. A specimen was taken at Milwaukee many
years since and preserved in a museum there (Hoy).

305. S. hirundo Linn. Wilson's Tern. Very abundant migrant.
From April 28th to May 10th, and the middle of October, are the times
of the greatest abundance of this species. A few still breed on small
islands at the northern end of the Lake, where they once nested in
abundance. I have never observed it here during the breeding sea-
son.

306. S. forsteri Nutt. Forster's Tern. Migrates with the pre-
ceding, but in less abundance. Bather common summer resident in
this portion of the state. Breeds in the numerous small, reedy lakes.
The young fly about the middle of July.

On page 679, "Birds of the North-west," Dr. Coues states that "in
the interior" forsteri "almost replaces hirundo, being, in fact, the
most characteristic species." This is the case during the breeding
season, as hirundo seeks the larger and more open bodies of water,
and forsteri prefers the small lakes and reedy streams. During the

148

migrations, however, the hosts of hirando moving to or from their
northern breeding places greatly outnumber forsteri.

The above is true of Illinois, and will, I think, apply equally well to
other points in the Mississippi valley, where the two forms occur.
This and the preceding are in breeding plumage when they arrive in
spring. White feathers commence to replace the black cap early in
August in forsteri. Although I have been aware that S. forsteri nested
in this vicinity for several years, it was not until the middle of June,
1876, that I had the pleasure of examining one of their nests. While
we were collecting eggs among the wild rice patches, on Grass Lake,
June 14th, Mr. Douglas observed a pair of these terns hovering near a
small patch of Saggitaria leaves growing in several feet of water, and
rowing to the spot found the nest, which was a loosely built structure
of coarse pieces of reeds resting upon a mass of floating plants and
concealed from view by the surrounding leaves. Upon the side of the
nest was a single young bird, about to scramble into the water, but
upon seeing Mr. Douglas it crouched to avoid being observed, and
was captured^ A thorough search at the time failed to reveal any
other young ones, so the adults, which had been darting and scream-
ing about his head, were secured, with a second pair which had es-
poused the cause of their companions. Their anxiety we afterwards
found to be the proximity of an unfinished nest, similarly situated.
That evening we found and secured two more young upon the nest
found in the morning. The next morning fortune favored me, and,
while passing between several floating masses of decaying vegetable
matter I observed four small heaps of wild rice stalks resting upon
one of these masses, and on a nearer view, to my delight they proved
to be the desired nests containing eggs. The nests were situated in
a line, and the two outer ones were not over twenty-five feet apart.
The only materials used were pieces of wild rice stems, which were
obviously brought from some distance, as the nearest patch of rice
was several rods distant. The nests were quite bulky, the bases being
two feet or more in diameter. The greatest depth was about eight
inches, and the depression in the centre so deep that while sitting in
the boat a rod away the eggs were not visible. Two of the nests con-
tained three eggs, and two contained two eggs, each. The following
are the measurements of three of the eggs, representing the amount
of variation : 1-70 by 1-25 ; 175 by 1-20 and 168 by 1-25. The ground
color varies from a pale greenish to a warm brownish drab. The spots
and shell markings are of a varying shade of brown, distributed much
as in the other small tern's eggs.

While near the nests the birds were circling high overhead, now
and then uttering a harsh cry, but, concealing myself in the rice near
by, I soon secured several of the parent birds as they flew about the

149

nests, uttering angry cries at the spoliation of their treasures. After
the first bird fell into the water, the others showed the usual sym-
pathy of their kind, but as the third or fourth specimen was killed,
the remainder cautiously withdrew and uttered their complaints at a
safer distance. Several other pairs were nesting on the Lake at this
time, but we were unable to find their nests.

308. S. superciliaris Vieill. Least Tern. A very rare summer
visitant in this vicinity. A fine male specimen is in the collection of
the Chicago Academy of Sciences, obtained June 11, 187G, upon the
Calumet Marshes.

Genus Hydrochelidon Boie.

309. H. lariformis Coues. Shout-tailed Tern. Exceedingly
abundant summer resident upon all the large marshes and prairie
sloughs. Arrives the first of May and remains until the first of Sep-
tember, after which but few are to be found. I have taken freshly
laid eggs from May 25th to June 18th. The middle of June I have
taken specimens in perfect winter dress, although this is unusually
early. Generally a few white feathers begin to appear near the base
of the bill about this time, and by the first week of July an endless
series may be seen between the perfect breeding to the perfect winter
plumage. By the middle of July specimens in which the black pre-
dominates are rare. This bird frequents almost exclusively reedy
streams and marshy situations, and is never found upon Lake Michi-
gan except during the migrations, when a few specimens may be seen
with the flocks of the larger terns.

The following notes upon the breeding habits of this species com-
prise my observations during the last two seasons, during which time
I have examined between two and three hundred nests. In nearly
every instance the eggs were deposited in a well-built nest formed of
the surrounding material. In prairie sloughs the nests are generally
located well out from shore, in from one to two and one-half feet of
water, and in the midst of the fine wiry grass growing in such places.
In such situations the nests are formed of a mass of the surrounding
grass, consisting of both living blades and the dead straws floating in
the water. These are heaped into a conical mass, upon the apex of
which, resting but an inch or two above the surface of the water, the
eggs were placed. As would be supposed these structures were often
quite bulky. In one instance I collected all the eggs deposited in a
small prairie slough, and upon visiting the place about a week later,
found the birds had built smaller nests in shallow water, and deposited
a second set of eggs. These were removed, and upon a third visit I
found many of the birds were nesting upon the masses of dead weeds
or upon old muskrat houses. The sets taken from the above nests

150

averaged as follows : first, three eggs ; second, two eggs ; third, one
egg. When the nests are built upon a small lake, where the water is
too deep for their nest to rest upon the bottom, they generally build
a slight nest of grass stems upon a floating bog, mass of dead reeds
or old muskrat houses, but, a well built nest will be found in nine
cases out of ten. Early in May, when farmers are ploughing near a
place frequented by these terns, they often follow behind the plough
and pick np the earth-worms and larvae exposed.

An unfledged young one, which I once took home became very famil-
iar in a few hours, and would come, upon being called by a squeaking
noise, and take a fly from my fingers. It was also quite expert at
capturing flies upon the floor, but it was some time before it learned
to distinguish between a fragment of dirt or a nail head and the
insect. Although but little over a week old it could run rapidly from
place to place and appeared quite contented with its change of quar-
ters, and but for an unfortunate accident which caused its death would,
I think, have been easily raised.

Family COLYMBIDJG.
Genus Colymfous Linn.

309. C. torquatus Brunn. Loon. Very common winter resi-
dent upon Lake Michigan. Formerly nested commonly among the
small lakes in this portion of the state, but now it is of uncommon
occurrence during summer.

310. C. arcticus Linn. Black-throated Loon. A very rare
winter visitant upon Lake Michigan. There is a specimen in Dr.
Hoy's collection, taken at Racine, and a second specimen was cap-
tured and preserved at Milwaukee.

311. C. septentnonalis Linn. Red-throated Loon. Very com-
mon winter resident upon Lake Michigan. Arrives late in autumn and
leaves early in spring.

Family PODICIPIDJE.
Genus Podiceps Lath.

312. P. cristatus Linn. Crested Grebe. Rather common upon
Lake Michigan in winter. Although Mr. Riclgway states (he informs
me on Mr. Kennicott's authority) that it is resident in the northern
portion of the state, I have yet to see one during the summer.

313. P. griseigena var. holbolli Beinh. Red-necked Grebe.
Rather uncommon winter resident upon Lake Michigan.

314. P. cornutus Lath. Horned Grebe. Next to the Carolina
Grebe, our most abundant species. Occurs commonly during the

151

migrations; the first of October to November 10th, and during April.
Breeds sparingly in the small lakes.

315. P. auritus var. californicus Lawr. Eared Grebe. Not
uncommon in winter upon Lake Michigan. Several species of grebes
and a number of ducks are occasionally taken during the winter upon
the hooks, set several miles off shore by the fishermen.

Genus Podilymbus.Le.ss.

316. P. podiceps Linn. Carolina Grebe. Very common sum-
mer resident. Arrives in April and remains until the first of Novem-
ber. Nests along the borders of reedy sloughs, marshes and rivers.

SPECIES NOT GIVEN IN THE PRECEDING LIST WHICH ARE KNOWN TO
OCCUR IN ILLINOIS.

1. Peuccea cestivalis. Common, locally, in Wabash, Richland, and
adjoining counties.

2. Guiraca ccerulea. Rare in the southern half of the state.

3. Cyanospiza ciris. Seen in Wabash Co. in June (Bidgway).

4. Caprimulgus carolinensis. Wabash Co. (Bidgway).

5. Campephilus principalis.

6. Falco lanarius var. polyagrus. Wabash and Lawrence counties
(Bidgway) and Rock Island (Sargent).

7. Elanus leucurus. Wabash Co. {Bidgway).

8. Ictinia mississippiensis. Abundant summer resident in the south-
ern portion of the state. Probably occurs in Northern Illinois.

9. Buteo nitida var. plagiata.

10. Archibuteo ferrvgineus. Under date of November 13, 1876, Mr.
Ridgway writes me that while returning from the West the present
autumn. Dr. Coues observed this species entirely across the Great
Plains, and also on the prairies of Illinois, while on the Illinois side
of the Mississippi, at Rock Island, it was still common.2

11. Catharistes atratus.

12. Ardea wurdemanni. Mr. Ridgway states that while at Mt. Car-
mel, Wabash Co., September 11 to 22, 1876, he found several of these
birds along the Wabash River near that place, and that one was se-
verely wounded, but escaped.

13. A. rufa. Not uncommon near Cairo in August.

14. A. ccerulea. Excessively numerous near Cairo in August.

15. Nyctherodias violaceus. Breeds at least as far north as Wabash
Co.

16. Biotas anhinga. Common in summer near Cairo, and seen by
Mr. Ridgway near Mt. Carmel.

2 See also Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. II, p. 26.

152

LIST OF SPECIES WHICH BKEED IN NORTH-EASTERN ILLINOIS.

1. Tardus mustelinus.

2. " fuscescens.

3. " swainsoni.t
4.* " migratorius.

5. Harporhynchus rufus.

6. Mimus polyglottus.

7. Galeoscopies carolinensis.

8. Sialia sialis.

9. Polioptila ccerulea.

10. Varus atricapillus.

11. £ftwa carolinensis.
] 2. " canadensis.

13. Thryothorus ludovicianus.

14. " bewicki.

15. Troglodytes a Man.

16. Cistothorus stellaris.

17. " palustris.

18. Mniotilta varia.

19. Helminthophaga chrysoptera.

20. " ruficapilla.

21. Panda americana.

22. Dendrceca cestiva.

23. k' ccerulea.

24. " pennsylvanica.

25. " virens.

26. " pinus.

27. Siurus aurocapillus.

28. " noveboracensis.

29. " ludovicianus.

30. £< olhlypis trichas.

31. Myiodioctes mitratits.

32. '* canadensis.

33. Setophaga ruticilla.

34. Pvogne subis.

35. Petrochelidon lunifrons.

36. Hirundo horreorum.

37. " bicolor.

38. Stelgidopteryx serripennis?

39. Cotyle riparia.

40. Fireo olicaceus.

41. " philadelphicus.

42. " (jilvus.

43. " Jlavifrons.

44. " noveboracensis.

45. " &eZZi.

46. Ampelis cedrorum.

47. Collurio borealis-??

48. " ludovicianus.

49. " var. excubitoroidcs.

50. Pyranga rubra.

51. Carpodacus pupureus.

52. Chrysomitris tristis.

53. " pinus.

54. Pyrgita domestica.

55. Passerculus savanna.

56. Pooccetes gramineus.

57. Ammodromus henslowi.

58. " passerinus.

59. " var. nelsoni.

60. Chondestes grammaca.

61. Zonotrichia albicollis.

62. Spizella pusilla.

63. " socialis.

64. " pallida.

65. Melospiza melodea.

66. " lincolni.

67. " palustris.

68. Euspiza americana.

69. Hedymeles ludovicianus.

70. Cyanospiza cyanea.

71. Cardinalis virginianus.

72. Pipilo erythrophthalmus.

73. Eremophila alpestris.

74. Dolichonyx oryzivorus.

75. Molothrus pecoris.

76. Agelceus phceniceus.

77. Zantho. icterocephalus.

78. Sturnella magna.

79. " var. neglecta.

80. Icterus spurius.

81. " baltimore.

82. Quiscalus var. cenarns.

83. Corous americanus.

84. Cyanura cristata.

85. Tyrannus carolinensis.

86. Myiarchus crinitus.

87. ISayornis fuscus.

88. Contopus borealis?

89. " virens.

90. Empidonax var. trailli.

91. " minimus.

92. " acadicus.

93. " flaviventris.
91. Ceryle alcyon.

95. C/wrdiles popetue.

96. " var. henryi.

97. Antrostomus vociferus.

98. Chcetura pelagica.

99. l^rochilus colubris.

100. Coccygus americanus.

101. " erythrophthalmus.

102. P't'c?<s villosus.

153

103.

Picus pubescens.

142.

104.

Centurus carolinus.

143.

105.

3Ielanerpes erythrocephalus.

144.

106.

Colaptes auratus.

145.

107.

Otusy&v. wilsonianus.

146.

108.

" brachyotus.

147.

109.

Nijctale acadica?

148.

110.

Scops asio.

149.

111.

Bubo virginianus.

150.

112.

Falco communis var. anatum.

151.

113.

" var. columbarius.

152.

114.

" sparverius.

153.

115.

Circus var. hudsoniusf

154.

116.

Nisus fuscus.

155.

117.

" cooperi.

156.

118.

Buteo pennsylvanica.

157.

119.

" swainsoni.

158.

120.

" lineatus.

159.

121.

1 ' borealis.

160.

122.

Aquila var. canadensis.

161.

123.

HalicBtus leucocephalus.

162.

124.

Ectopistes migratoria.

163.

125.

Zenaedura carolinensis.

164.

126.

Pedioecetes phasianellus.

165.

127.

Cupidonia cupido.

166.

128.

Bonasa umbellus.

167.

129.

Ortyx virginianus.

168.

130.

Squatarola helvetica.

169.

131.

JEgialitis vociferus.

170.

132.

" semipalmatus.

171.

133.

" melodus.

172.

134.

Steganopus wilsoni.

173.

135.

Philohela minor.

174.

136.

Gallinago wilsoni.

175.

137.

Tringa minutilla.

176.

138.

" maculata.

177.

139.

Totanus semipalmatus.

178.

140.

" melanoleucus.

179.

141.

" fiavipes.

180.

Totanus solitarius.
Iringoides macularius.
Actiturus bartramius.
Numenius longirostris.
Ardea herodias.

" egretta.

" virescens.
Nyctiardea var. ncevia.
Botaurus minor.
Ardetta exilis.
Grus americanus.

" canadensis.
Ballus elegans.

" virginianus.

" Carolina.

11 noveboracensis.

" jamaicensis.
Gallinula galeata.
Fulica americana.
Branta canadensis.
Anas boschas.

" obscura.
Dafila acuta.
Chaulelasmus streperus.
Mareca americana.
Querquedula carolinensis.

" discors.

Spatula clypeata.
Aix sponsa.
Fulix affinis.

" collaris.
Erismatura rubida.
Mergus serrator.

" cucullatus.
Sterna forsteri.
Hydrochelidon lariformis*
Colymbus torquatus.
Podiceps cornutus.
Podilymbus podiceps.

SPECIES WHICH OCCUR IN SUMMER, BUT ARE NOT KNOWN TO BREED.

1. Protonotaria citrea.

2. Helmitherus vermivorus.

3. Dendrceca var. albilora.

4. " discolor.

5. Oporornis formosus.

6. Pyranga cestiva.

6a. Hylotomus pileatus.

7. Conurus carolinensis.

8. Strix var. pratincola.

9. Symium nebulosum.

10. Nauclerus forficatus.

11. Buteo var. calurus.

12. Bhynogryphus aura.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN.

13. Meleagris gallopavo.

14. Ereunetes pusillus.
14«. Tantalus loculator.

15. Ardea candidissima.

16. Porphyrio martinica.

17. Graculus var. floridanus.

18. Larus var. smithsonianus.

19. " delawarensis.

20. " atricilla?

21. " Philadelphia.

22. Sterna anglica.

23. " regia.

2i. " superciliaris*

vrn

12

154

SPECIES WHICH OCCUR ONLY DURING THE MIGRATIONS.

10.
11.

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.

35.

Turdus alicice.
" pallasi.
Sialia arctica.
Begulus satrapa.

" calendula.
Troglodytes var. hyemalis.
Anthus ludovicianus.
Helminthophaga celata.

" peregrina.

Perissoglossa tigrina.
Dendroeca coronata.
" maculosa.
" blackbumice.
" striata.
" castanea.
" ccerulescens.
" palmar um.
Oporornis agilis.
Geothlypis Philadelphia.
Myiodioctes pusillus.
Vireo solitaries.
Ammodromus lecontei.
Zonotrichia leucoph rys.

" var. intermedia.
" coronata.

" querulea.

Junco hyemalis.
Passerella iliaca.
tScolecophagus ferrugineus.

" cyanocephalus.

Sayornis sayus.
Sp'hyropicus varius.
Pandion var. carolinensis.
Charadrius fulvus var. virgin-

icus.
Strepsilas interpres

36. Becurvirostra americana.

37. Himantopus nigricollis.

38. Lobipes hyperboreus.

39. Phalaropus fulicarius.

40. Macrorhamphus griseus.

41. Micropalma himantopus.

42. Tringa bairdi.

43. " bonapartei.

44. " maritima.

45. " var. americana.

46. " canutus.

47. Calidris arenaria.

48. Limosa fedoa.

49. " hudsonica.

50. Tringites rufescens.

51. Numenius hudsonicus.

52. " borealis.

53. /Ms falcinellus.

54. Cygnus buccinator.

55. " americanus.

56. Anser var. gambeli.

57. " cairulescens.

58. " hyperboreus.

59. u var. albatus.

60. Branta bernicla.

Gl. " canadensis var. hutch-
insi.

62. Mareca penelope.

63. Fuligula marila.

64. " vallisneria.

65. " var. americana.

66. Pelecanus trachyrhynchus.

67. Graculus dilophus.

68. Xcma sabinei.

69. Sterna hirundo.

LIST OF WINTER VISITANTS AND RESIDENTS.

1.

3Iyiadestes townsendi.*

10.

Chrysomitris pinus.

2.

Lophophanes bicolor. 4

11.

Loxia leucoptera.

3.

Parus hudsonicus.

12.

" americana.

4.

Certhia familiaris.

13.

JEgiothus Unarms.

5.

Ampelis garrulus.

14.

" canescens.

6.

Collurio borealis

15.

Plectrophanes nivalis.

7.

Hespcriphona vtspertina.

16.

" lapponicus.

8.

Pinicola enuclent<>r.

17.

" pictus.

8<

. Carpodacus pupureus,

18.

Pyrgita domestical

9.

Chrysomitris tristis.*

19.

Junco hyemalis.

•' Visitant from the south.

155

20. Spizella monticola.

21. Eremophila alpestris.

22. Corvus var. carnivorus.

23. " americanus.'0

24. Pica var. hudsonica.

25. Cyanura cristata.b

26. Perisoreus canadensis.

27. Ptfcws villosus.b

28. " pubescens.b

29. Picoides arcticus.

30. Melanerpes erythrocephalus.

31. /SYnx flammed.

32. 0£ms var. wilsonianus.b

33. " brachyotus?

34. Syrinum cinereum.

35. Scops asio.b

36. J3«&o virginianus.b

37. Nyctea var. arctica.

38. Sumia var. hudsonica.

39. ^4s£wr var. atricapillus.

40. Buteo borealis.b

41. Aquila canadensis.

42. Halioetus leucocephalus.5

43. Pedioecetes phasianellus.b

44. Cupidonia cupido.5

45. Bonasa umbellusJ*

46. Lagopus albus.

47. Ortyx virginianus.b
43. Fuligula mania.

49. Fuligula affinis.*

50. " collaris.b ,

51. Bucephala dan gala.

52. " isUindica.

53. " albeola.

54. Harelda glacialis.

55. Histrionicus torquatus.

56. Somateria mollissima.

57. " speclabilis.

58. CEdemia americana.

59. " fusca.

60. " perspicillata.

61. Mergus merganser.

62. " -serrator.5

63. " cucullatusb

64. Stercorarius pomatorhinus.

65. Larus glaucus.

66. " Itucopterus.

67. " marinus.

68. " argentatus.5

69. " tridactylus.

70. Sterna caspia.

71. Colymbus torquatus.5

72. " septentrionalis.

73. " arcticus.

74. Podiceps cristatus.
.75. <' var. holbolli.

76. " var. califomicus.

Monday, Decembek 11, 1876.
C. Pfoundes, an English gentleman who has spent
thirteen years in Japan, in the British Official Service,
gave a familiar talk on

JAPAN AND THE JAPANESE.

Around the room were arranged a great variety of
Japanese photographs, and colored pictures were exhib-
ited and explained in illustration of the speaker's remarks.
The photographs were exceedingly fine ones, and the pic-
tures were mostly cartoons, many of them of political
significance.

6 Also in summer.

15 Young in summer.

156

The lecturer remarked that Oriental life is surrounded
by such a halo of mystery, fiction, and travellers' twice
told tales, that a true picture has been rarely given by
the travellers or stock book-makers. A very large amount
of printed material relating to Japan exists, but the bulk
of the later works are simply reprints or compilations from
previous ones.

The residents, as a rule, in far distant lands, rarely
enter very deeply into the language and literature of the
people among whom their lot is cast. It is like having
to cross unknown lands to reach a far distant mountain ;
the beauties of the extended view are as yet unknown.
The ignorance and jealousy of the natives form an almost
insurmountable difficulty to the foreigners trying to gain
an insight into the inner life of the people.

The lecturer alluded to the charm and attraction to
those who persevered in the exploration of these grand
hitherto untcodden fields, for the toilsome journey is fre-
quently relieved by rays of poetic beauty, glimpses of
artistic design, brilliant and grotesque coloring, interest-
ing legend, and sketches that show a deep knowledge of
human nature, and of astute and refined capabilities.
Quaint humor, terse proverbs, ready wit, are found.
When the meanings of conventional allusions and fre-
quently occurring sketches are met with, the study is
most attractive, and the literature and art are appreciated.

Japan since the days of Marco Polo was from time to
time brought before the world by attempts to reach its
fabled shores. The age of adventure started by Polo's
book was followed by one of discovery. All these at-
tempts at discovery were surpassed by that of Columbus,
who, in trying to find the Zipanga of Polo, reached this
continent.

The lecturer said he should present some points on

157

subjects away from the beaten path. He alluded to the
Japanese collection at Philadelphia, and said it was by no
means a good exhibit of Japanese art. The officers were
most anxious to exhibit the progress made in foreign sci-
ence, but the Japanese traders, who were permitted to
monopolize the space allotted, took advantage to display
what they considered the most salable wares.

The generally received accounts that foreigners first
arrived in Japan in 1542 is not correct. I have discov-
ered in some Japanese works that foreigners arrived there
in 1529-30. They mention the arrival of black ships,
and that the captain of these black ships gave the prince
called Otomo Sorian, lord of Tanega Shima, two "pieces
of fire arms." The Spaniards in trying to cross the main
must have been from time to time carried on to the shores
of Japan. We find accounts of curious people landing
on the coast and behaving themselves strangely. There
is no doubt that the foreigners who landed there have
influenced the arts of the people.

From 1530 to 1630 foreigners flocked into the country
in large numbers ; first Spaniards and Portuguese, then
the Dutch and then the English. These were confined to
Nagasaki. At this time the foreigners intermarried with
the natives to a large extent.

Sketches were exhibited of the island Pappenburg,
from which the foreigners are said to have been thrown
into the sea.

After Perry's expedition to Japan hardly a season has
passed when there has not been a book written on Japan.
Kcempfer's old book is the best we have. He had to
work under great difficulty. All subsequent authors have
followed his method. I have dared to strike out into
new fields.

A new book was lately published by Harpers called

158

ftThe Mikado's Empire." Jarvis has published quite a
work, taking as his basis the Hoku-sai illustrated art
' works. These works give some idea of the depth of
feeling of the artist. All these curious sketches and il-
lustrations have a meaning, though not apparent to us.
The Japanese have learned to copy our way of making
cheap ware with peculiar legendary ornamentation. Old
lacquer objects are the bridal outfits of the daughters of
the nobles of Japan.

Previous to 2300 years ago the Japanese writers treated
of mythological subjects, personification, etc., and several
specimens of these curious old legends were translated by
the lecturer and rehearsed to the audience. The lecturer
then gave the meaning of some of the old legends, as
about the sun goddess being on one occasion angry with
the gods. She hid herself in a cavern, and the gods sent
for dancers, etc. Female curiosity tempted her to peep
in through the chinks and she was caught and drawn forth
by the strong armed god. Of such incidents are these
legends made up.

The next relates how the wicked step-brother was com-
pelled to slay the monsters. He heard weeping and
found a very ancient man and woman in distress because
their only grandchild was to be sacrificed. Proposing to
rescue her from the monster he procures some saki, and
places it in a tub. The monster, dipping each of his
heads into the tub, becomes tipsy. He then cuts the
monster to pieces all but the tail, which he preserves and
finds to be a wonderful charmed weapon. He takes the
maiden away and builds her a hut, etc., etc. Afterwards
he composes the poem which is the oldest Japanese poem.
It is in thirty-one syllables, a line of five, one of seven,
one of five and two of seven.

The son of one of the Emperors was sent to subdue

159

one of the provinces. His wife accompanied him. Dur-
ing a storm the faithful woman jumped into the boiling
waters. His whole army was saved that it might punish
the barbarians. The disconsolate husband cries, Ah!
tsitma koishi: — O my dear wife, how I grieve for you !
Next the legend of a beautiful lady who escaped during
the troublous times with her children. One of these
children afterwards became the Shogoun Yoritomo, the
founder of Kamabura, in about 1190 to 1210 (A. D.).
This gave rise to a number of old stories.

Another legend refers to a demon who haunted the
palace of the Mikado.

These legends are fruitful sources of song and story in
Japan, and all the characters on fans, screens, and pic-
tures have a meaning. Fans are very much used for
representations of scenes and other objects. In Japan
they are used for advertisements. Nine-tenths of them
are intended to advertise restaurant and theatrical resorts,
with representations of noted dancing girls. Sometimes
on the fans are views of places to attract sight-seers and
tourists.

All Japanese decorations have a meaning, either myth-
ological, legendary, historical, symbolic, or proverbial.
One common sketch represents a man slaying a remark-
able animal, a symbol of difficulties overcome. A fabu-
lous animal is a decoration for imperial robes. Every
animal, bird, and tree, and their relations to each other,
their combinations, have their own peculiar meaning. A
pine tree represents good wishes. A swallow represents
return, as "When the swallows homeward fly." And so
a cherry tree and pheasant, a bird flying to the plum tree,
the bamboo and tiger, and the wild boar, have each their
symbolic meanings. They have caricatures of men all
eyes, all ears, or all legs, figurative of those who see too

160

much, hear too much, or can only run away. Their prov-
erbs are very apt, as instances cited showed.

The Japanese are beginning to imitate foreign customs
and to think more of the companionship of their wives.
It was not until recently that husbands walked out with
their wives. The man walked with friends of his own
sex, and the woman with hers.

The lecturer then described the formal way and the
elaborate ceremonies with which the Japanese receive a
visitor, and gave an amusing account of a call he made
on a Prince in 1866. The host received him on his hands
and knees, and the guest followed his example. They
rose together, and the host apologized for the poor recep-
tion. Many curious details were given. The call was
made to examine the Prince's collection of pictures. The
Japanese does not display his pictures on the walls of his
room, but keeps them in a store-house outside, calls a
servant, who summons a retainer, who is directed to go
to a certain place and bring such a package from such a
spot. The pictures are brought in one by one in little
boxes and hung up for view. A collection of swords was
also exhibited in the same way. It is therefore quite a
labor to see any little collection in a gentleman's house.

Mr. Pfoundes then explained the meanings of the vari-
ous works of art hung about the lecture room ; the sig-
nificance of the objects represented in the cartoons ; the
trees, flowers, etc. He referred to the prevalent super-
stitions of the people, their belief in spirit rappings,
witchcraft, etc. The mediums are very poor people, and
are recognized by the hats they wear. They carry con-
tinually a box supposed to contain the head of a dog.
Some spirit has entered into this dog and becomes the
medium of communication between the two worlds. The
mediums were very unwilling to show me any of their

161

performances, for fear, I suppose, I should expose them
and spoil their business.

He stated that lovers sometimes commit suicide to-
gether, and mentioned that he once saw the bodies of a
girl and her lover, tied together with her girdle, floating
down the river. She had filled her sleeves with stones
so that they might sink.

A great many interesting facts were narrated, and a
brief and graphic account of the manner of life in Japan
was given. At the conclusion of the lecture Capt.
Pfoundes invited the audience to propound any questions
on particular points, which they desired to have answered,
and some time was pleasantly and profitably spent in this
manner.

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 18, 1876.
Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. Adjourned to
Friday the 22ud.

Adjourned Meeting, Friday, December 22, 1876.

Meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President
in the chair.

Mr. William P. Upham read a communication entitled
"History of Stenography, with a proposal for a new Sys-
tem of Phonetic Short-hand Writing;" illustrating the
same with diagrams and drawings on the black-board.

This communication was referred to the Publication
Committee.

John P. Peabody, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

TO