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OF

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''V'"' BULLETIN NO 4

OF THE

Illinois State Museum

OF

NATURAL HISTORY.

UPPER DEVONIAN AND NIAGARA CRINOIDS.

By 8. A. MILLER and Wm. F. E. GURLEY.

Springfield, Illinois,
October 15, 1894.

SPRINGFIELD, ILL.
Ed. F. Hartman, State Printkk,

1894.

BULLETIN NO. 4

OF THE

Illinois State Museum

OF

NATURAL HISTORY.

UPPEK DEVONIAN AND NIAGAEA CKINOIDS.

By S. a. miller and Wm. F. E. GURLEY.

With Compliments of

Prof. wm. F. E. GllRLHY,

STATE GE0LO3IST,

SPRINGFIKLD, ILLINOIS, IT. S. A.

BULLETIN NO. 4

OF THE

Illinois State Museum

OF

NATURAL HISTORY.

UPPER DEVONIAN AND NIAGARA CRINOIDS.

By S. a. MILLER and Wm. F. E. GURLEY.

Springfield, Illinois,
October 15, 1894.

SPRINGFIELD, ILL.
Eu. F. Hahtman. State Printer,

1894.

4

ILLINOIS STATE MUSEUM

OF

Natural History,

SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.

Board of Trustees.

John P. Altgeld, Governor.

William H. Hinrichsen, Secrefart/ of State.

Henby Eaab, Siq)erinten(lent Public Instruction.

Geokqe Walter Murray,

Secretary.

William F. E. Gurley,

Slate Geologist and Curator.

SUBKINGDOM ECHINODERMATA.

CLASS CEINOIDEA.

OKDER PAL.EOCRINOIDEA.

FAMILY MELOCRINID.E.

DOLATOCRINUS MAGNIFICDS, n. sp.

Pldie 1, Fig. 1, Ixiscd view of ihe calyx, injured in ike middle

part; Fig. 2, view of the vnult, part of which is broken

away and the sutures between the plates only

partly preserved; Fig. 3, lateral view,

with tfie six-armed ray iji front and

showing height of vault.

Calyx very large sub-liemispheroiflal, broadly lobed in the radial
fields and slightly concave below. The radial field opposite the
azygous side is much larger, more prominent and more broadly
lobed than either of the others. The diameter of the specimen
illustrated is two and six-tenths inches and height one and two-
tenths inches. The dome is only moderately convex, the radial
areas being raised and the iuterradial areas depressed. Surface of
the plates of the calyx sculptured, the larger ones bearing a cen-
tral node. The radiating ridges do not connect from one plate to
another, as is usual in the ornamentation of crinoids, but a radi-
ating ridge may be directed toward the suture between two adjoin-
ing plates, instead of joining an end to that of a similar ridge on
a contiguous plate; and there are shorter and longer ridges and
nodes on the plates. The plates of a kind, however, are orna-
mented alike and on the whole the ornamentation is very pleasing.

The column, in our specimen, is broken otf by an irregular fract-
ure and part of the radial plates are injured. Enough is preserved,
however, to show that the column is very large and conceals the
basal plates that are deeply sunken in the interior of the calyx.
The columnar canal is slightly peutalobate.

Basal plates concealed iii tlio calyx. First primary radials prob-
ably as long as wide, including the projection up into the calyx
to reach the basal plates, but one-half wider than high as exposed
around the columnar cavity. The superior side of each is quite
concave, and the inferior end is abruptly sunk in the basal cavity,
so as to form a funnel around the upper end of the column, as
we have seen in specimens of D. marshi and other species in this
genus, but the depth of the funnel we have not observed in this
species.

Second primary radials quadrangular, one-third wider than high,
both the inferior and superior sides somewhat convex, and each
bears a rather large central tubercle. The superior sides of these
plates curve slightly upward and the inferior sides bend a little
toward the basal depression, so that the calyx may be made to rest
on the central tubercles of these plates.

Third primary radials, in four of the rays, pentagonal, larger
than the second radials and about one-fourtli wider than long. We
will follow these four rays to the arms and afterward recur to the
other ray. On eacli of the upper sloping sides of these four third
primary radials there is a single, large, hexagonal, secondary radial,
which supports on each of its superior sides two tertiary radials,
the last of which supports the free arms. This gives us four arms
to each of these four radial series.

In the other or fifth ray, wiiich is opposite the azygous area,
the third primai-y radial is broadly truncated above, hexagonal,
twice as wide as higii, and supports, upon its upper face, a series
of three iiitersecondary and intertertiary plates, and upon each of
its sujierior latei-al sides a single large secondary radial, one of
which is hexagonal and the other heptagonal. Each secondary
radial bears u[)on its innt>r superior sloping side a series of three
tertiary radials, the last one of which bears a free arm, and upon
its outer su[)erior sloping side a single, large, tertiary radial, which,
in turn, sui)p()rts ujjon each of its two upper sloping sides two
radials of tlie fourth or (piarti'mary .scries, the last of which sup-
port free arms. This structure gives to this ray six arms. The
first inh-rsecondary radial in this series is a large, quadrangular
plati', having iieaily cciual sides; it is followed by an hexagonal
plate abutting its two underslopiug sides upon the secondary radials
and two upper sloping f-ides upon the tertiary radials and sup-
porting upon the npi)er truncated face a somewhat smaller peutag-

onal plato, that abuts its superior sloping sides against the adja-
cent tertiary radials, that support the free arms. The six plates
that support the six free arms in this radial series abut against
each other without any intervening plates.

There are, as shown above, twenty-two arms, in this species,
which are more than have been found in any species heretofore
described. If, however, tlie ray containing six arms and three in-
terradial plates is abnormal the species would have twenty arms
and still be so different from any species heretofore described that
no comparison with any of them would serve any purpose in dis-
tinguishing it. There is nothing to indicate that this six-armed
radial series may be abjiormal and we believe it is iii the normal
condition of the species.

The tirst interradials are the larger plates of the calyx as ex-
posed on the surface, and larger, in fact, than any of the other
plates, unless the first primary radials, including that part which
forms the funnel in the columnar cavity should prove to have as
great or greater size. The one opposite the six-armed series or
first azygous iuterradial is the larger one and has eleven sides; an
approximate one is the smaller and has nine sides; the other three
have ten sides each. The first iuterradial is followed by a single
plate that extends nearly to the top of the calyx, and which, in
turn, is followed by one or two small plates that separate the arms
and connect with the plates of the vault, except in the azygous
area, where three plates separate the arms and connect with the
plates of the vault. The sutures between the plates in the upper
part of some of the iuterradial areas aj-e not distinct in our speci-
men, and for that reason are not shown in the illustration.

The dome or vault, as may be seen in the illustration, has part
of the plates broken away on the azygous side and some of the
sutures are anchylosed or obscure. It is, however, covered with
large, polygonal plates of very unequal size. It is most convex
toward the six-armed series opposite the azygous side and most
sinuate or depressed at the azygous interradius. No pores or pas-
sages through the vault between the arms have been found in our
specimen.

The specimen from which the foregoing description is drawn is
the largest known Dolatocrinus. It was found in the Hamilton
Group, at the Falls of the Ohio, and is now in the collection of
Wm. F. E. Gurley.

DOLATOCRINUS SPINOSUS n. Sp.

Plate /, Fig. 4, basal view of ihe cah/x, wUhoui the surface mark-
ings of the plates; Fig. 5, lateral view, showing some
of ihe spines on the ])lates of ihe vault.

Calyx large, subhemispheroidal, broadly lobed in the radial fields,
and depressed concave on the lower side. Apparently no azygous
interradius. The diameter of the specimen illustrated is two and
two-tenths inches, and height three-fourths of an inch, though we
have seen specimens only about two-thirds as large. Vault moderately
convex and slightly depressed in the interradial areas. A strong
ridge crosses the primary radials. Column round and deeply in-
serted in the calyx. Surface ornamentation not preserved in any
of our specimens.

Basal plates sunk deep within the calyx and extending internally
as high as the arm openings. First primary radials twice as wide
as high externally, but near the middle of the plates they are
abruptly bent, almost at right angles, into the basal cavity, where
they form a funnel to the basal plates, into which the column is
inserted, so that, in fact, their length is fully equal to their great-
est width. The superior face is slightly concave.

Second primary radials quadrangulKr and more than one-half
wider than high. Third primary radials slightly larger than the
second, pentagonal, a little wider than high, and supporting upon
each upper sloping side a single secondary radial.

Secondary radials nearly as large as the third primary radials
pentagonal, and supporting upon each upper sloping side a series
of three tertiary radials, tlie last one of which bears the free arms.
The first tertiary radials are larger than the second or third. The
species bears twenty arms.

The first interradials, in each area, are elongated eleven sided
plates and larger than any of the other plates in the body. Each
one is followed by an hexagonal plate that is as long or longer than
wide and supports three narrow, elongated plates in the third
range that reach as high as the base of the arnig. These are ft)l-
lowed, in the fourth range, by three plates that separate the arms,
and unite with the plates of the vault. One or two intersecond-
ary plates (apparently a pair of them) are inserted at the base of
the arms in the intersecondary areas, but it is not clear, in our

9

specimens, that they unite with the plates of the vault. Probably
they do not, but as the sutures are destroyed this cannot be de-
termined.

The limestone matrix covers the greater part of the vault, in
our best specimen, so that but little can be said of it beyond what
is shown by the illustratiou. It is characterized, however, by a
plate over each double radial series which bears a very long, strong
spine. The broken ends of spines belonging to other plates are
preserved in the matrix, but there is no evidence of a proboscis.
The summit of the vault is apparently below the top of the matrix
shown in the illustration, and not as high as the top of the spines
over the radial series.

There have been described, heietofore, only two species bear-
ing twenty arms — D. lamellosus and D. iroosii—&nd this species
is so far removed from them that comparison is unnecessary.

Found in the Hamilton Group, at Charleston, Indiana, and now
in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley.

DOLATOCBINUS LACUS, Lyou.

Plate I, Fig. a, side rietc: Fig. 7, basal riew.

Lyon described the body as "subglobose, truncated below, col-
umnar pit broad and deep; summit somewhat conical, prolonged
by a proboscis: column round, columnar perforation rather large
and pentalobate." He said; "The body is adorned by a most
beautiful network of raised triangular figures; the points of the
principal triangular figures rise from, and terminate at the center
of the first interradial pieces; a subordinate set of figures terminate
at the center of all the pieces below the arms. In some spec-
imens the lines are continuous, in others, interrupted. The sum-
mit pieces are sometimes adorned by a single prominent granule;
in other specimens, many of the pieces are ornamented by a num-
ber of granules, arranged in lines across some of the pieces in
nearly parallel rows, or in a circular band around a more promi-
nent central one."

Our specimens agree with the above description and in compar-
ison with other species we would note the high calyx, with a slight
constriction below the arm bases, the flattened or truncated base,
and pentagonal, funnel shaped, columnar pit, bounded externally
—2 G.

10

by a raised ridge running from a central tubercle on each first
radial to another, so as to bound the columnar cavity with a raised
pentagonal figure. We have illustrated a basal view to show this
pentagonal oi^tline, because Lyon's figure does not show its pen-
tagonal character.

The basal plates are deeply sunken. First primary radials in-
cluding the extension into the columnar cavity longer than wide;
oi'iiamented with sculptured ridges, which terminate at a central
node, at each angle of the columnar depression. Second radials
quandrangular, wider than high, and bearing a central node. Third
radials pentagonal, wider than high, and bearing a central node.
First secondary radials as large or larger than the third primary
radials. Second secondary radials much smaller and of irregular
form and size. Third secondary radials still smaller and of irreg-
ular form and size. Arms, ten, composed of ovoid flat pieces of
equal thickness.

First int^erradials the larger plates of the calyx, nine-sided, sub-
ovate, angularly pointed below and resting between the upper slop-
ing sides of the first primary radials, the upper sloping sides separate
the first secondary radials and the superior side is truncated for a
single plate in the second range. Second interradials subquadrate,
four pentagonal and one quandrangular and followed by two small
plates in the third range (in some areas there are three) and
these by three smaller, elongated plates (sometimes there are only
two) that separate the arms and unite with the plates of the vault.
Intersecondary plates, two, similar to the last three in the inter-
radial areas, and separating the arm bases and uniting with the
plates of the vault. Above the summit of the three inter-
secondary plates and also above the summit of the last two or
three interradials, two elongated pores or passages penetrate the
vault horizontally. In some interradial areas there are four of
these pores, especially where there are tliree plates in the third
range. These pores are conspicuous, in our specimens, but they
seem to have been entirely overlooked by Lyon, for they are not
shown in his illustration or mimtioned in his text. We have given
a side view of a specimen for the purpose of showing the inter-
radials and intersecondary plates and the pores, because Lyon's
illustration is very erroneous and defectira, in all these respects.
Found in the Upper Hclderberg Group, at the Falls of the Ohio,
and in Clark County, Indiana.

11

DOLATOCRINUS MARSHI, Lyon.

Plate 1, Fi<j. 8, showing tlie abrupt hendiiuj oj ihe first radials
into a pentagonal funnel shaped cavity.

This species was described and illustrated, by Lyou, in 18G9, in
the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. XIII,
p. 461, pi. XXVII, Figs, n, nl and n2. His description and
illustrations are very good, and for the purpose of identifying the
species none other are necessary, but that publication is rare and
but few western people ever have an opportunity to see it, and,
for that reason alone, we are justified in redescribing it. But our
principal object, in calling attention to it, is for the purpose of
redescribing and showing a basal view, as we have a specimen
hollow on the inside and showing both the exterior and interior
of all the plates.

Lyon described the calyx as "discoid, with five broad, sharp
carina, which rise perpendicularly from the margin of the basal
pit, and extend outward, equally elevated to the center of the
third radials, the carina rising gradually from the margins of the
radials, then more rapidly to the center of the pieces. At the
center of the third radials the carina sends out branches, not quite
so bold as the main stem, but strong, involving all the pieces of
the superradials up to the arm bases. Arm bases prominent, in
groups of two to each ray, producing a lobed, pentagonal figure
of that section of the body. The dome is subconical; twice as
high as the body below the arms; surmounted by a thick, sti'ong,
subcentral proboscis. The interradial fields unite to the dome-
covering between the arms."

The characters above described, to which special attention may
be directed, are the low calyx, high vault, subcentral proboscis
and carina. Instead of ordinary radial ridges occupying the cen-
tral part of the radial plates, the whole plates are involved in
forming a high central ridge, in each series, which Lyon calls the
"carina." And they "rise perpendicularly from the margin of the
basal point," which is a striking peculiarity, much more notice-
able in a specimen than it is in his illustration or in ours, though
the attention of the artist was called specially to it, and our figure
is accurate except in giving a full idea of the height of the "carina"

12

at the "basal pit." The surface of the plates is covered with
fine ridges, disposed in groups, radiating from the center of the
plates.

The basal plates form a cone, the top of which is on a level
with the top of the calyx. The internal position which they occu-
pied, probably caused them to become anchylosed, at all events,
one cannot see any possible flexibility they could give the animal,
in that situation, if tliey were not anchylosed. The summit of
these anchylosed plates is perforated with a large pentalobate or
cinque-foil columnar canal. There is a rim, formed by a thicken-
ing of the plates, within the apical p.'irt of the cone to which the
end of the column was attached, and it appears that the column
filled the interior of the cone and the plates were more or less at-
tached to it.

The first primary radials form a pentagonal funnel that extends
to the base of the cone formed by the basal plates. The length
of the funnel, without including the height of the carina, is equal
to the greatest width of the radials. In other words, the length
of the first radials is more than their greatest width, but the
plates are abruptly bent, and four-fifths of the length is within
the funnel shaped basal cavity, and only one-fifth without, which
is very little more than the thickness of a plate. It seems quite
impossible to show the true depth of the funnel, by pen drawing,
but the artist has indicated it as well as he could, in the illustra-
tion, which is a character not attempted to be shown, in Lyon's
figure of the base of tlie calyx of this species. In the inside of
the calyx, neither the pentagonal form of the funnel nor the ex-
ternal carina are indicated, but a round cone is formed by the
extension into the interior of the first radials and basal plates.

Second primary radials quadrangular one-half wider than long.
Third primary radials wider than the second and wider than long,
pentagonal, and support on each upper sloping side three or four
secondary radials, the last of which supports the free arms. The
radial series are of variable length within the calyx, as mentioned
by Lyon, which somewhat destroys the symmetry of the calyx.
There are ten arms.

There are from seven to nine interradials in each area. The
first is large, subovoid and has nine sides, it supports a hexag-
onal plate as large as a primary radial, and it is followed by
three plates, in the third range, except in one area, where there

13

are only two. There are two plates in the fourth range, except
in one area, where there are four, and two in the fifth range, to
which are united the points of the long pieces that lie between
the lobes on the dome, according to Lyon. Home specimens, how-
ever, we think show more than two plates, in the last range, in
some of the areas.

There are from two to four intersecondary plates in each area
wedged between the arm bases; when four, tliey are in pairs, one
above the other.

"The dome is covered by large pieces; each field between the
lobes contains a pair of the largest, which reach from the arm-
bases toward the proboscis; they are six or seven sided; long;
broadest at the upper extremity; pointed, or very slightly trun-
cated at the lower end; joining each other by their longest sides,
at the center of the depression between the lobes. A circle of
large pieces surround the dome; all of these rest partly upon the
ten long pieces. The pieces composing this zone are of different
sizes; they also differ in form; all six sided; two of the largest
pieces of the circle rest directly over two of the long pieces; three
other groups of the long pieces unite under the suture, uniting
two of the pieces forming the circle, so that the sutures, uniting
both sets of pieces, form one line from the arm bases to the base
of the second circle surrounding the dome near the base of the
proboscis. Below the zone described, and between the groups of
long pieces, are groups of from five to seven pieces, the upper
one of which is joined to the circle above the group of long
pieces, and on which it rests. The lowest piece of these groups
is lanceolate; is lodged between the arm bases, and unites with
the interbrachials. The upper and largest piece of these several
groups is of the same size and form as the pieces comprising the
first zone around the top of the dome. Around the arm bases the
pieces are numerous and quite small. The pieces comprising the
lower zone, and the large ones of the groups above the arms, are
surmounted by a group of from three to five rough, pointed spines,
confluent near their bases. The plates of the second zone at the
base of the proboscis are ornamented with hemispherical tubercles,
all other pieces of the dome are gibbous or concave and not orna-
mented."

In this species there are from four to six pores between each
of the arm bases, that were not mentioned by Lyon, or shown in

his illustrations, and which are quite conspicuous in our speci-
mens. These pores or passages are elongated. They commence
by a slight horizontal furrow across the top of the last interradia:
plates in the calyx and penetrate the adjoining plates of the vault
horizontally, which makes an elongated surface opening. This
feature is present and even more noticeable in Dolatocrhius (/randis
and may be understood by referring to the illustration of that
species. We know all these openings penetrate the test because
we can see through them.

This species occurs in the Upper Helderburg Group, at the
Falls of the Ohio, and in Clark county, Indiana.

DOLATOCRINUS GRANDIS, n. sp.

Plate II, Fig. 1, basal view of the calyx; Fig. 2, view of the
vault broken in the central part: Fig. 3, lateral view.

Calyx very large, subhemispheroidal, quite concave below, the
concavity including part of the third primary plates, and most de-
pressed in the interradial areas. The diameter of the specimen
illustrated is two and three Heuths inches; height to the place
where the vault is broken, one and fifty-five hundredths inches;
height of calyx, nine-tenths of an inch; height of vault, if un-
broken, and calyx about equal. The vault is quite convex, a little
more abrupt on one side than the other, indicating that it pos-
sessed a proboscis on the abrupt side, and it is very slightly de-
pressed in tlie interradial areas. Surface of the calyx beautifully
and delicately sculptured, numerous raised lines seem to cross the
sutures from one plate to another, but none of them arise from
nodes or tubercles. The sutures are not beveled and in some parts
they are very indistinct. The sutures on the vault are dis-
tinct and beveled and between the larger plates they are broadly
and deeply grooved, the grooves being bounded with a rim of
granules, while the central part of each plate is concave or sculp-
tured and sometimes granulous. The columnar cavity and part of
the first primary radials, in our specimen, are covered with the
.limestone matrix.

First primary radials very little wider than high, upper side
transverse. Second primary radials quadrangular and about one-
fourth wider than high. Third primary radials larger than the
second, pentagonal, and from one-fourth to one-third wider than

15

high. The superior sides bend upward and the inferior sides curve
into the basal depression so that the calyx can be made to rest
on a smooth surface on the third radials. Each one supports on
each upper sloping side a series of secondary radials the last ones
of which support the free arms.

The first secondary radials are fully as large or larger than the
third primary radials, rather wider than high, part of them pen-
tagonal and the others hexagonal, and each one abuts upon the
first interradial and one of the plates in the second range of in-
terradials. The second secondary radials are as large as the first
and wider than high, but not of uniform size. The third secondary
radials seem to be smaller than the second, l)ut the sutures are
anchylosed, or so obscure, in our specimen, that the outliues can-
not be accurately determined. Above these the arm bases be-
come prominent. There are only ten arms in this species, btit
they are very large and composed of a double series of interlock-
ing plates.

The interradial areas are not exactly of uniform size nor is it
certain that they are filled with the same number of plates. The
first interradials are the larger plates in the calyx. Each one has
ten sides, is much elongated, rests its lower angle between the two
upper sloping sides of two first primary radials, and separates the
first secondary radials between its upper lateral sides, and sup-
ports upon the two superior faces two rather large and more or
less elongated plates in the second range. In some areas these
plates are larger than in other areas. In three of the areas, where
the sutures are distinct, there are two plates, in the third range,
about half the size of those in the second range, four small plates
in the fourth range, six still smaller plates in the fifth range, and
eight small plates in the sixth range, that form the top of the
calyx between the arm bases and unite with the plates of the
vault, in a zig zag line. Whether or not the plates in the other
two areas are the same cannot be determined from our specimen.

The intersecondary areas are short, but almost like the inter-
radial areas, in the upper part, and the plates consist of four
ranges. The first one, consisting of two plates, rests between the
upper slightly sloping sides of the second secondary radials and
in line with the third range of interradials; it is followed by four
plates in the second range, six in the third range and eight in the
fourth range, that unite with the plates of the vault, in a zig zag

16

line. The sutures are so obscure between the small plates, in
some of the areas, that it cannot be determined whether or not all
the areas are exactly alike. The arms are separated about equally
distant from each other, whether by the interradials or iuter-
secondary radials.

There seems to be no azygous area in the calyx.

The vault, in our specimen, as may be seen in the illustration,
is broken away at the summit. It is, however, highly convex, the
convexity probably equaliiiit^ the height of the calyx, and covered
with ornamented polygonal plates arranged in peculiar and system-
atic order. The sutures are distinct, even between the smaller
plates, and the edges of the plates are beveled, and between the
larger plates the sutures are widely grooved. The plate.s are de-
pressed convex, concave in the center and more or less sculptured
and granulous. The smaller plates are over the arm furrows and
regularly interlock. The plates toward the central area are large
and polygonal. The plates in the iuterradial areas are elongated
and arranged fan like, in some of the areas, and more like a key-
stone arch in others, which have a very long, wedge shaped plate
in the middle. There are eight or ten plates in each depressed
interradial area. A horizontal furrow crosses the top of each of
the last plates of the calyx and penetrates the vault at the suture
between the plates of the interradial areas. There are, therefore,
eight or ten horizontal elongated pores or passages that penetrate
the vault between each of the arms. They are shown in the
illustration. This subject will be further considered in remarks
at the close of the descriptions of Dolatocrinus in this article.

Found in the Hamilton Group, at Louisville, Ky., and now in
the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley.

DOLATOCRINUS ORNATUS Var. ASPERATDS, U. vnr.

Plate II, Fig. 4, basal view, Fig. '>, view of the vault; Fig. (>,

side vierv.

Calyx low, basin shaped, flattened or truncated at the base as
far as the extent of the second radials; columnar cavity small;
primary radial ridges prominent; surface of all the plates closely
and radiately sculptured and pitted.

Basal plates hidden by the column, which is round and pierced
with a cinque-foil canal. First primary radials longer than wide

17

aud only a small part at the lower eud is curved iuto the col-
umnar cavity. Strong radial ridges rise on the first radials, cross
the sec'/nd aud terminate at a tubercle on the third radials, from
which a delicate ridge crosses each secondary radial. The radial
ridges are most prominent in the central part of the plates. The
radiating lines from the comniencemeiit of the radiating ridges
form a pentagonal figure arourd the small columnar cavity. Sec-
ond primary radials quadrangular aud wider than long. Third
primary radials larger than the second, wider than high, pentago-
nal and support on each upper sloping side two secondary radials.

First secondary radials about as large as the third primary radials
and hexagonal, except in some instances, where slightly truncated
by a small plate resting between the upper lateral side of the sec-
ond interradial and the base of the arm, they become heptagonal.
Second secondary radials much smaller; they separate the arms
and extend to the summit of the calyx and slope laterally. There
are ten arms, composed, at their origin, of a double series of
plates. No intersecondary radials.

The first interradials are the larger plates of the body and have
nine sides. The second interradials are less than half as large as
the first and hexagonal; the three superior sides are the shorter
ones; the upper truncated side extends to the summit of the calyx
and a small vault plate abuts laterally against it. A small plate
rests between each superior lateral side and the second secondary
radial and forms part of the support of the free arm. There is no
azygouB area.

The vault is only slightly convex and very much depressed in
the interradial areas, especially between the arm bases. It bears
a small subcentral proboscis that is not preserved in our speci-
mens. It is covered with rather large, polygonal, tuberculated
plates, two of which, in each depressed interradial space, are elon-
gated, and the larger plates of the vault. There are no pores or
passages that penetrate the vault betweeu the arms.

Found in the Hamilton Group, near Charleston, Indiana, and
now in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley.

-3G.

18

DOLATOCKINUS ORNATUS, Meek.

Plate II, Fig. 7, basal view; Fiy. 8, summit view; Fig. 9, side
view of the same specimen from Columbus, Ojjio.

The following is the definition of this species, by Meek, from
the Proceedings of the Academy of Nntural Sciences of Philadel-
phia, 1871, p. 57. It has never, before, been illustrated.

"Body including the vault, depressed subglobose, the portion
below the arm bases being a little higher than the vault, with
nearly vertical sides above, but rounding under below to the some-
what flattened under side; arm bases protuberant, mainly in con-
sequence of the rather deep furrows or sinuses of the vault over
the interradial areas; vault composed of irregular pieces, each of
which projects in the form of a little sharply prominent node or
short spine, the largest of which are situated around the nearly
central ventral tube, and on the elevations between it and the arm
bases. Base small, a little compressed within the shallow concav-
ity of the under side, and marked by a distinctly indented column-
facet, which occupies near three-fourths of its entire breadth, so
that only a narrow ring, as it were, of the basal pieces can be
seen when the column is attached. First radial pieces compara-
tively large, extending out nearly horizontally, or only a little
arching upward, and with their inner ends curving slightly into
the shallow central concavity; all wider than long, and hexagonal,
with the upper (outer) side of each longer than any of the others.
Second radial pieces about half as large as the first, wider than
long, and quadrangular in outline. ( In one ray of the typical
specimen the second radial is abnormally wanting, while the third
is larger than usual.) Third radials about as large as the second>
from the curved-up edges of which they rise vertically wider than
long, and pentagonal in form; bearing on each of their superior
sloping sides a smaller secondary radial, each of which supports
another smaller, more or less cuneiform piece, from which the
arms arise; thiis making two arms from each raj', unless the num-
ber is increased by bifurcations after tliey become free; arms
unknown, but ajjparently composed, at their origin, of a double
series of alternating pieces.

"First interradial pieces, somewhat larger than the first radials,
about as wide above the middle as their length, eight or nine
sided, with the lower part of each curving under to connect with

19

the first radials, while they curve upward vertically from near or
below the middle; each supporting on the upper side a much smaller
hexas^onal piece, which rises vertically, and usually bears on its
short superior lateral edges two smaller pieces connecting with
the secondary radials or first arm-pieces, while its short truncated
upper side is not surmounted by any succeeding piece, but con-
nects on its inner surface with the vault.

"Sutures between all the plates channeled. Surface of body
plates ornamented with raised lines or very small radiating costa?,
that cross the sutures parallel to each other at the sides of the
plates, but soon become bent about and connected, in various
ways, so that very few of them extend directly to the middle of
any of the plates, the arrangement being such as to produce a
kind of vermicular style of ornamentation, especially over all the
central part of the plates, like that often seen on the body plates
in ADijjhorncriuKS. A small rather sharp ridge also extends up
the middle of each radial series of plates, more or less interrupted
at the sutures, and showing a slight tendency to form a pinched
node on the middle of the first and second radials; while it is
sometimes seen to bifurcate on the third radial, to send branches
to the secondary radials, but these are generally so small as
scarcely to be distinguished from the other little ridges ornament-
ing all of the body pieces.

"Ventral tube unknown, but judging from the spiniferous char-
acter of the vault-pieces around its base, probably also spiniferous.
"Height of body to arm-bases, 0.47 inch. do. to top of vault,
0.60 inch; breadth, 0.95 inch."

The specimen illustrated is from the typical locality, in the
Upper Helderburg Group, at Columbus, Ohio, and is from the col-
lection of Charles Faber. It will be observed that it is about the size
of the type described by Meek, and agrees with it ia all particulars.
The variety asperaius, above described, has a proportionally longer
calyx, which produces some difference in the relative sizes of the
plates, but this aloue would not be of varietal importance; taken,
however, in connection with the different surface ornamentation
and the great difference in the ridges that cross the radial plates,
varietal characters may exist. The plates on the superior lateral
sides of the second interradials are proportionally smaller in
D. ornaius than in D. ornalus iiar. aspevatus and other minor
differences might be pointed out, but they do not seem to us to

20

constitute specific differences, though the two forms on cursory
examination are readily separated. If the arms were preserved
possibly the two forms could be specifically distinguished.

D0LAT00KINU8 STELLIFER n. Sp.

Plate II, Fig. 10, basal view; Ficj. 11, view of ihe vault, only part
of the sutures can be distinguished and the ornamenta-
tion is not preserved; Fig. 12, internal view of
the calyx showing the basal plates and
part of the first primary radials.

Calyx low, basin shaped, three time as wide as high, deeply
and broadly concave below, the concavity extending to the middle
of the first interradials; columnar cavity deep; radial ridges quite
small. Surface of all the plates deeply, closely and radiately
sculptured.

Basal plates extending in a cylindrical form up as high as the
top of the calyx and completely hidden externally by the column,
which fills the cylindrical area. The column is round and pierced
with a cinque-foil canal. First primary radials longer than wide
and together forming a funnel-shaped columnar cavity, ornamented
near the top with two raised lines, forming a pentagon, with a
furrow between them. Second primary radials a little wider than
high, quadrangular, gradually expanding upwanl, and each orna-
mented with a small, sharp radial ridge that rises at an angle
of the pentagonal ornamentation, on the first radial, and, crossing
the second and third radial bifurcates at the superior angle of the
third radial, from which point a bi-oken ridge crosses each second-
ary radial series to the free arms. Od each side of the radial
ridges the plates are closely, deeply and radiately sculptured. Tiiird
primary radials shorter than the second, pentagonal, expanding up-
ward to the lateral angles and supporting on each upper sloping
side a secondary radial series.

There are four secondary radials in each of nine series, and they
become smaller toward the arms, which commence, at the arm
openings, with a double series of interlocking plates. They are
radiately sculptured from a more or less well defined central node.
One secondary radial series in our specimen consists of a single pen-
tagonal plate which bears upon each of the upper sloping sides a
tertiary radial series having three plates before reaching the double

21

series of interlocking plates, at the base of the arms. There are,
tlierefore, eleven arms composed at their bases of a double series
of iuterlocking plates.

The first interradials are the larger plates of the body and have
nine sides. Thej^ are deeply stellate in their ornamentation. The
second interradials are more than twice as wide as high and ap-
parently heptagonal as the two superior sloping sides of each ap-
pear to bear four small plates that separate the second and third
secondary radials. These plates are followed by two plates that
separate the fourth secondary radials, and upon the superior lateral
sides of these plates there is a single small plate, on the side of
the arm base, that appears to properly belong to the calyx. There
are, therefore, ten regular interradials if the last two small plates,
above mentioned are to be regarded as interradials. Tlie sutures;
between the intersecondary radials cannot be distinguished in ouF;-;
specimen, but, from the ornamentation, it is inferred there is one,
small plate in the first series and two in the second. No azygous
area has been determined.

The vault is moderately and evenly convex, with very slightly
concave interradial spaces and a small, long subceutral proboscis.
It is covered with rather large polygonal plates, the ornamentation
of which is destroyed in our specimens. The plates in the inter-
radial areas are elongated and arranged in fan-like order. A hor--
izontal furrow crosses the top of each of the last plates in the
calyx, except the minute ones abutting the arm bases, and pene-
trates the vault at tlie suture between tlie plates of the interradial
and intersecondary radial areas. Our specimens disclose four
of these horizontal elongated passages in each interradial area and .
two in each secondary interradial area.

A glance at the vault of this species will at once distinguish it
from D. orwtius, D. ornaius car. asprrafits and all other de-
scribed species. Beside it is remarkable for the comparatively low
calyx, broad and deep basal concavity and dense stellate sculptur-
ing of the surface.

Found in the Hamilton Group, at Louisville, Ky., and at Char-
leston, Indiana, and now in the collection of Wm. 'F. E. Gurley.

22

DOLAT0CRIND8 BULBACEUS 11. Sp.

Plate II, Fig. 13, based vieiv; Fig. 11, summit view: Fig. 15, side

view.

Calyx and vault together bulbous. Calyx pentagonal from base
to the arms, somewhat bowl- shaped, most expanded in the middle
part, slightly constricted below the arms; columnar cavity deep.
Surface marked by strong radial ridges, and a prominent node in
the central part ol each first iuterradial from which radiating ridges
extend to the adjoining plates.

Basal plates almost hidden by the column though extending a
little beyond it. First primary radials about as long as wide and
abruptly bent in the middle, the lower part forming part of the
funnel-shaped columnar cavity andthe upper end curving as abruptly
upward. In the center of each there is a prominent node, from
which the radial ridges arise, and which are connected by straight
ridges, from one to the other, that form the pentagonal outline of
the base, and on which the calyx will rest, if placed on a level
surface. Second radials quadrangular, very little wider than high
and sides nearly or quite parallel. Third primary radials about
twice as wide as high, expanding from below to the lateral angles>
pentagonal and supporting upon each of the superior sides two
short, secondary radials.

The first secondary radial is much larger and wider than the
second and abuts one side against a truncated corner of a first in-
terradial and another against the secondary interradial. The sec-
ond secondary radials abut against each other, are rounded extern-
ally and assume the form of the arms. The arms in each radial
series are thus arranged close together, and the arm openings are
directed upward. There are only ten arms, and they consist, as
we infer from the commencement, of a single series of plates.

The first interradials are the larger plates of the body and have
nine sides. Tiiey are convex centrally and have a prominent cen-
tral node from which ridges radiate to adjoining plates. The sec-
ond interradials are about half as large as the first, bear a central
tubercle, aic iicplngonal, abut laterally upon the first secondary
radials, and a smfdl plate that separates the first and secondary
radials from the plates of the vault and forms part of the base of
the arms, and the two superior sides abut two interradial plates
belonging to the vault.

23

The vault is quite convex, depressed in the interradial areas and
bears a subceutral proboscis. It is covered with only a few large,
polygonal plates, the surface ornamentation of which is not pre-
served in either of four specimens examined. There are no pores
or passages that penetrate the vault between the arms and there
does not seem to be any azygous side.

The general form of this species will readily distinguish it from
all others that have been described, but it will be noticed that the
number and arrangement of the plates of the calyx is the same
as in D. ornatus even to the abutting of the second interradials
upon the two vault plates, without pores or passages between the
arms, though otherwise the vaults are quite different.

Found in the Hamilton Group, at Charleston, Indiana, and now
in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley.

DOLATOCKINDS VENUSTUS, n. sp.

Plate II, Fig. IG, hasdl vieiv; Fig. 17, side view; Fig. 18, sum-
mit ciew.

Calyx hemispherical, surface ornamented with radiating ridges
and nodes; radial ridges sharp, prominent and interrupted at the
sutures. Column large.

Basal plates almost covered by the column. First primary radials
wider than long and not extending into the columnar cavity.
Second primary radials a little wider than high, quadrangular,
sides nearly parallel. Third primary radials a little shorter than
the second, pentagonal, expanding to the lateral angles and except
two, supporting upon each of the upper sloping sides a single sec-
ondary radial; two of them bear four secondary radials each.

Eight of the secondary radials bear upon each upper sloping
side three tertiary radials; they grow gi-adually smaller, and the
last ones are followed by cuneiform plates that belong to the arms.
There are, therefore, eighteen arms in this species, four in each
of three radial series and three in each of the other two series.
The arms are composed of a single series of cuneiform plates.

The first interradials are the larger plates of the body and have
nine sides. The second interradials are less than half as large as
the first and they are each followed by three plates, a small one

24

on each side at the base of the arms and a lurj^e oue that unites
with two plates in the interradial depression on the vault. There
seem to be no intersecondary radials. There is no azygous area.

The vault is only slightly convex and moderately depressed in
the interradial areas. It bears a long subcental proboscis. It is
covered with large polygonal plates that are densely covered with
tubercles and short spines. The tubercles are not shown in the
illustrations because there are from twenty to fifty on each plate.
The two interradial plates in each area that abut upon the last
interradial in the calyx are elongated, and the larger plates of the
vault. There are no pores or passages that penetrate the vault
between the arms.

The hemispherical form and peculiar surface ornamentation dis-
tinguish this species. Beside, the number of arms is different
from all related species. The number of plates and general order
of their arrangement in the calyx, however, are like those in D.
orncdus and D. bulbacevs, notwithstanding the wide variation in
the forms of the three species.

Found in the Hamilton Group, at Charleston, Indiana, and. now
in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley.

DOLATOCRINUS ADREATUS n. Sp.

Plaie III, Fig. 1, hosal vieio; Fig. i, side view; Fig. H, siinniiH

view.

Calyx hemispherical. Surface ornamented with radiating ridges,
usually broken, and nodes; radial ridges sharp and more or less
interrupted at the sutures. The sculpturing is more dense than
shown in the illustrations. Column round.

Basal plates display a pentagonal rim around the column, where
it enters the concavity formed by the basal plates. First primary
radials wider than long nnd abut upon the basal plates without
entering the columnar cavity. Second primary radials about twice
as wide as long, quadrangular, sides nearly parallel. Third pri-
mary radials about half as long as wide, pentagonal, expanding to
the lateral angles, and except three, supporting upon each of the
upper sloping sides a single secondary radial; three of them bear
three secondary radials each.

Seven of the secondary radials bear upon each upper sloi)iug
side two tertiary radials, the last one of which is followed by the

25

cuneiform plates that belong to the arms. There are, therefore,
seventeen arms in this species, four in each of two radial series
and three in each of the other three series. The arms appear to
be composed of a single series of cuneiform plates.

The first interradials are the larger plates of the body and have
nine sides. The second regular interradials are about half as
large as the first and they are each followed by three plates, a
small one on each side at the base cf the arms and a large one
that unites with two large plates in the interradial depression ou
the vault. There are no intersecondary radials. There is, how-
ever, a distinct azygous area shown in our specimen on the side
nearest the proboscis. The first and second interradials are like
those in the other areas, but the second plate is followed by four
or five plates (the sutures are not all distinct), that separate the
arms, one-fourth more than they are separated in the other areas,
and these unite with three or more plates of the vault, instead of
with two as in the other area.s-.

The vault is moderately convex and depressed in the interradial
areas. It bears a long subcentral proboscis ou the azygous side.
It is covered with large polygonal plates that are densely covered
with tubercles. The two interradial plates, in each regular area,
that abut upon the last interradial in the calyx, are elongated and
the larger plates of the vault. There are no pores or passages
that penetrate the vault between the arms.

This species most resembles D. venuftlu^, from which it is dis-
tinguished by having seventeen instead of eighteen ai'ms, and by
having an azygous area. The surface ornamentation, too, is differ-
ent, but on that ground alone we would not be justified in found-
ing a new species in this genus, for we are satisfied the sculptur-
ing is not uniform on specimens belonging to the same species.

Found in the Hamilton Group, at Charleston, Indiana, and now
in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley.

DOLATOCKINUS APPBOXIMATUS, n. sp.

Plate III, Fir/. 4, based view: Fitj. 5, summit rieir; Fig. 6, side
view, shotving the three armed radial series.

Calyx bowl-shaped; truncated below; slightly constricted below
the arm bases; pentagonal, funnel shaped columnar pit, bounded
externally by a raised ridge running from a central tubercle on
—4 G.

26

each first radial to a central tubercle on the adjacent first radials;
column round, perforation small, cinque-foil. Surface ornamented
by rather strong radial ridges commencing at the central node on
the first primary radials and extending to the arms, and by radi-
ating ridges from a central node on each plate.

Basal plates sunken and so nearly covered by tlie column as not
to be visible externally. First primary radials about as long as
wide, one-half the length being in the columnar cavity. Second
radials, quadrangular, wider than long, flattened and bearing a
prominent central node. Third radials, pentagonal, expanding to
the late:-al angles, wider than high, four of them bearing upon
each upper sloping side four secondary radials and the other one
bearing upon one upper sloping side four secondary radials and
upon the other a single secondary radial which bears upon each
of the upper sloping sides three tertiary radials. Four of the
radial series thus bear two arms each and the other bears three
arms, making eleven arms in this species. From the arm bases it
might be inferred that the arms are composed of a double series
of interlocking plates, as there are two plates at the base instead
of one, but two furrows are not seen to enter the vault.

First iuterradials the larger plates of the calyx and have nine
sides. Second iuterradials less than half as large as the first,
hexagonal, and support three small plates in the third range,
which are followed by three smaller plates that separate the arm
bases and unite with the plates of the vault. Intersecondary radi-
als two, separating the arm bases and uniting with the plates of
the vault. No azygous side.

Vault moderately convex, with a subcentral proboscis and com-
posed of convex polygonal plates. Those in the interradial areas
are elongated and disposed in a fan-like arrangement. Four pores
or passages enter the vault in each interradial area, and two in
each intersecondary area; they are continued by a shallow furrow
across the top of the last range of iuterradials.

This species is more nearly related to D. laois than to any other
that has been described. It is distinguished, however, by having
eleven arms instead of ten, which, alone, wo regard as of specific
inii)ortauce. It is further distinguished by having one more sec-
ondary radial and one more interradial in the third range, which
we think is of specific importance, especially as our specimen is
much smaller than any specimen of D. lacus we have seen. The

27

diflference iu size aud in surface ornamentation we do not Regard
as of importance, especially where, as in this case, the two species
have the same general form aud without careful examination
might be taken one for the other. A basal view of the two species
is alike.

Found in the Hamilton Group, at Louisville, Ky., and now in
the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley.

DOLATOCRINUS LINEOLATUS, n. sp.

Phdr III, Fig. 7, basal n'eic; Fig. 8, side vieir; Fig. 'J, SHminit

view, ihe small plaies near the arm openings

(ire not distinguished.

Calyx hemispherical, very slightly constricted below the arm
bases, which protrude nearly horizontally. Surface ornamented
with fine radiating lines, in fascicles of three, that run from a
sharp prominent nod'\ in the center of each principal plate, to
the central node in each adjacent plate. liadial ridges small,
shar23, continuous over the sutures aud bearing a siiarp node at
the center of each plate. Column round, rather small.

Basal plates almost covered by the column. First primary radi-
als a little wider than long and not extending into the columnar
cavity. Second primary radials about twice as wide as long, quad-
rangular, sides nearly parallel. Third primary radials longer and
wider than the second; about twice -as wide as loug; expanding to
the lateral angles, pentagonal and bearing upon the upper sloping
sides the secondary radials. One of them bears upon each upper
sloping side three secondary radials and each of the other four
bear upon one upper sloping side three secondary radials and
upon the other one a single pentagonal secondary radial that bears
upon each upper sloping side two tertiary radials. There are,
therefore, three arms to each of four radial series and two arms
to the other one, making fourteen arms in all. The arm bases
project nearly horizontally. The arms are composed of a single
series of cuneiform plates.

The first interradials are the larger plates of the body and have
nine sides. The secoud interradials are more than half as large
as the first and reach to the summit of the calyx. This plate iu
the second range is followed by three plates, the central one is
the larger aud unites with tvv,) plates on the vault and the lateral

28

ones form part of tlie arm bases. There are uo iutersecondary
radials. There is uo azygons area.

The vault is quite convex and much depressed in the interradial
areas, which is made more conspicuous by the prominence of the
ambulacral areas, at the base of tlie arms. There is a long sub-
central proboscis. The vault is covered with large polygonal
plates; the smaller plates over the arm furrows near the openings
in the vault are not shown in the illustrations, because the sutures
are not distinct in our specimens. It is rare that they are cor-
rectly exhibited in illustrations of other species, for the same
reason. The plates are covered with tubercles, those near the
base of the proboscis being somewhat spinous. The two inter-
radial plates, in each area, that abut upon the three plates in the
third range of interradials belonging to the calyx, are elongated
and the larger plates of the vault. There are no pores or passages
that penetrate the vault between the arms.

This species is distinguished by its general form, surface ornamen-
tation and by having fourteen arms. It is probably as nearly related
to D. venusfus as to any other species.

Found in the Hamilton Group, at Charleston, Indiana, and now
in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley.

DOLATOCRINUb GEEENEI, U. sp.

Plate III, Fig. 10, basal view; Fig. 11, side view; Fig. 12,

summit view.

Calyx hemispherical, very slightly constricted below the arm
bases. Surface sculptured in a variety of ways; there are promi-
nent nodes in the central part of the larger plates from which
there are radiating ridges and there are shorter radiating ridges
that do not arise from the central nodes, beside scattering tuber-
cles. The radiating ridges are interrupted at the sutures and
ventricose in the middle part of the plates with a node at the
center of each. Column round, medium size.

Basal plates expose a pentagonal rim around the column. First
primary radials wider than long and of uneijual size, two of them,
on the azygous side, being much larger than the others, as shown
in the upper part of Figure 10. Second primary radials only
slightly wider than long, quadrangular, sides nearly parallel. Third

29

primary radials, about the same length as the secoud, expand to
the lateral angles, and bear upon each upper sloping side, except
one, a single secondary radial. Upon one side of the radial series
opposite the azygous side there are three secondary radials, the
last one of which bears a cuneiform arm plate. The first second-
ary radials are large and bear upou each upper sloping side two
tertiary radials. There are, therefore, four arms to each of four
radial series and three arn:s in the radial series opposite the azy-
gous area, making nineteen arms in this species. The arm bases
are not large and the arms appear to be composed of a single
series of cuneiform plates.

The first interradials are the larger plates of the body and have
nine sides, in three of the areas; but, in the other two areas, there
are two interradial plates in the first range and together they are
much larger than the single first interradials. The two interradials
in the first range in the two areas may be seen to abut upon the
two large first primary radials in Figure 10, one plate extending
below the other and one of them may be seen on the left of Fig-
ure 11. We cannot say that the two large first primary radials,
followed laterally by two plates, in the first range of interradials,
represent an abnormal development. We have only one specimen.
The two first primary radials are substantially alike and the two
peculiar interradial areas are substantially alike. If they are ab-
normal there is regularity about them, and they are each separated
by a four-armed radial series from the three-armed series. There
is only one plate in the second range, in three of the areas, and
two in the other two areas. In the third range there are three
plates, the central one is the larger and unites with two plates on
the vault and the lateral ones form part of the arm bases. There
are no iutersecondary radials. There is an azygous side if we
would embrace within it two radial series and three interradial
areas, but there cannot be said to be a single azygous area as that
term is applied in the description of crinoids.

The vault is only slightly convex but I'ather strongly depressed
in the interradial areas between the arm bases. There is a small
subcentral proboscis. The vault is covered with rather large
polygonal plates, the two, in the interradial areas that abut upon
the plates in the third range of the interradials, are elongated and
the larger plates of the vault. All the plates bear tubercles and

30

a few of them bear a central spine each that is surrounded with
tubercles. There are no pores or passages that penetrate the
vault between the arms.

This species is distinguished by its wide calyx, low vault, pecu-
liar form, surface ornamentation and number of arms.

Found in the Hamilton Group, at Louisville, Ky., by G. K.
Greene, in whose honor the specific name is proposed, and now
in the collection of S. A. Miller.

Remarks. — We have described and illustrated fourteen species
of Dolaiorrimis, being all that are now known from Ohio, Indi-
ana and Kentucky. Eleven of these are new to science, one of the
others has never before been figured, and the other two are illus-
trated and redescribed for the purpose of showing characters not
heretofore known. AVe call attention to the fact that no one has
discovered an azygous opening in any of the species, and this im-
portant character or part of the ordinary structure of crinoids may
fairly be said not to exist in this genus. D. magnifcus and D.
aurcuius have each an azygous side to the calyx and vault and
D. greenci has two azygous areas in the calyx, while none of the
other species have an azygous side or azygous area.

D. grandis, D. hicns, D. m<(rshi\ D. sfellifcr and D. apjjroxi-
maius have orifices entering the body through the vault, between
the arms, an important structure having no existence in D. nuignif-
icxis, D. orntitus, D. ornufns v(ir. asperatus, I). hiiUxtcriis, D.
vennsfiiii, I), aureaius, D. lineolatus or D. greenci, and whether
or not the character belongs to D. spinosiis is not determined.
These orifices, though conspicuous in the species to which they
belong, have not, so far as we are advised, been heretofore men-
tioned, and it would seem, therefore, appropriate for us to state
more fully the structure and appearance and the possible or proba-
ble physiological functions with which they were connected.

We regard them as excurreut orifices for the reason that they
cross the plates of the calyx at the summit by a furrow and en-
ter the vault horizontally, which is inconsistent with any other
hypothesis. What flowed through the orifices flowed through the
channels acros^s the thickness of the plates of the calyx, for we
cannot conceive of any other utility or purpose of the furrows.
Nothing could iiave flowed through the furrows and entered the
orifices for the pur[)ose of gaining access to the interior of the
body, for there was no means of propelling anything in that direc-
tion. Eudosmosis would not take place in that way.

31

They may Lave been used as conduits for the waste material
that entered through the ambulacral furrows, or for the discharge
of surphis water, but whatever their purpose they must have been
used in the performance of some important physiological function.
There would seem to be no doubt of that fact. This conclusion
leads us to ask why, if they were so important to the species pos-
sessing them, did the greater number of species in the genus ex-
ist without them? The question is unanswered and at present un-
answerable, because the physiological functions performed, at the
seat of life, which is supposed to have been near the central part
and on a level with the top of the calyx, in this genus of palaeo-
zoic crinoids, are not known. The orifices are elongated externally
and in their passage througii the vault, because they are directed
horizontally through the convex vault, and the elongation, there-
fore, depends upon the convexity of the vault in the different spe-
cies.

CRINOID BASES.

Plate III, Fig. 13, siq)erior side of an eroded base; Fig. 14, in-
ferior side of same.

Crinoid bases are as full of pores as sponges and, when silici-
fied, they may be cleaned with acid and made to expose the pores
as shown in the illustrations. Weathered specimens, when not
silicified, expose the pores, and a broken fragment will expose
them also. Unaltered and finely preserved specimens do not expose
the pores externally. The column is inserted in an obconoidal
cavity in the base and the pores radiate from this cavity in all di-
rections to the farthest extremities of the base. They are rarely
larger than an ordinary sewing needle, and generally less in size,
but so numerous that the interspaces have a diameter but little
more than the diameter of the pores. The radiating pores are
more or less sinuous and accommodated to the irregularities of
the base.

These pores, as we suppose, were connected with the columnar
canal and through them the material passed that formed the base.
The histogenesis of the base may be compared with the formation
and development of the bones of an animal. The mucous or fluid
substance, that contained the material for the base, passed through
the columnar canal into the pores of the base and was deposited

82

in a softer state than it afterward assumed. In this way the base
increasod in size with the growth of the animal, and was made to
fill the inequalities of the surface, to which it attached, and to
extend over the border so as to form hooks or anchors of sup-
port. The nutrition for the formation of the organic structure of
the base was furnished in the same manner that it was supplied
for all other parts of the skeleton of a crinoid. The pores of the
base were channels for nutrition and were appropriated exclusively
to the construction and support of it.

The plates of a crinoid column were enlarged with the growth
of the animal, as bones and shells are increased in size; but new
plates seem to have originated exclusively at the lower end, or
within the obconoidal cavity, in the base, at the end of the col-
umn; none appear to have been intercalated between older plates
and none were added at the superior end of the column. The
columnar canal was, therefore, a channel for nutrition, and noth-
ing passed into it except the digested and reparatory juices for
the columnar cords or tendons and the skeletal plates and base.

The base illustrated is from the Hamilton Group, at Louisville,
Ky., but it does not differ in organic texture or structure from
bases found in other groups of rocks.

33

Family ICHTH YOCRIN IDAE.

lecanockinus oswegoensis u. sp.

Plate III, Fig. 15, ciew on the right of the ray on the azygous
side; Fig. 16, azygous side; Fig. 17, view of the ray be-
tween the azygous area and the area shoum in
Fig. 15, and which bears four pri-
mary radials.

Species small, subelliptical in general outline. Calyx obconoidal,
bulged on the right of the azygous area, truncated for a small,
round column, which is composed of thin plates, exposing the ser-
rated edges for the union of the plates, and having a very small col-
umnar canal. Plates of the calyx slightly convex and covered with
granules; sutures distinct.

The three basals form a low pentagonal cup, about twice the
diameter of the column. The subradials are of unequal size, the
one below the azygous area is the larger and has seven sides, two
of the others are hexagonal and two pentagonal. There are four
primary radials in the series on the right of the azygous area and
three in each of the other series. The first primary radials are
unequal in size, the one on the right of the azygous area being
the smaller and having only five sides, the others are hexagonal
or heptagonal, depending upon whether they are truncated upon
one or both superior lateral angles by the first interradials. The
second primary radials are short and wide and of very unequal
size, the one on the right of the azygous area is the larger and is
hexagonal, the others are subquadrangular, but when a superior
lateral angle is truncated by a second interradial they become pen-
tagonal. Four of the third primary radials are short, wide, pen-
tagonal and bear upon the upper sloping sides the secondary radi-
als or free arms; the other third primary radial is shoi t, wide,
Bubquadrangi;lar though slightly truncated at the superior lateral
-5G.

34

angle on the azygous side, so as to make it pentagonal; and it is
then followed by a fourth primary radial which is pentagonal and
axillary, and bears upon the upper sloping side the secondary radi-
als or free arms. The arms preserved in our specimen have three
short, secondary radials, in each, the last one of which is pentag-
onal and supports, on each upper sloping side, a third series of
plates.

There are two small regular interradials in each area, one above
the other; the first one separates the second and third primary
radials, in each series, in some of the areas, it truncates the su-
perior angles of the first primary radials, in otiiers it does not ex-
tend so low. The first azygous plate is rather larger than the first
primary radial on the right and has eight sides; it truncates a sub-
radial, abuts upon three primary radials on the right, though the
third one truncates the angle only slightly, two on tlie left, and
is followed by two plates on the superior side, the one on the left
being quite small. The larger plate in the second range is suc-
ceeded by a small plate on the right, which is all that is preserved
in our specimen, but the facet for another plate in the middle part
is well preserved. The azygous area, therefore, has five or more
plates.

This species is readily distinguished from all others bv the gen-
eral form, regular interradial plates, azygous interradials and series
of four primary radials in one of tiie rays. It is wholly unneces-
sary to compare it with any of them, though it clearly belongs to
this genus.

Found in the Niagara Group, at Oswego, Illinois, and now in
the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley.

35

Family ACTINOCRIN IDAE.

MEGISTOCRINUS EXPANSUS 11. sp.

Plate III, Fif). J8, hasal rii-io of (i large specimen; Fig. 19, sum-
mit rieir of the same; Fig. 20, side vieiv of the same;
Fig. '<!!, basiil vieiv of a small specimen
shoumig tlie commencement of
the horizontal arms.

Calyx very shallow; broadly basin-shaped; from three to five
times as wide as high; columnar cavity, evenly concave, commenc-
ing from about the middle of the second radials, the superior part
of which curve upward; the calyx continues to expand from the
second radials to the arms, expanding more rapidly as the arms
are approached. The arms are directed horizontally. The column
is round and of medium size. The vault is one-half higher than
the calyx and has twic(; the capacity.

The basal plates have an hexagonal outline, about one-half wider
than the diameter of tlie column. The first primary radials abut-
ting on a single basal plate are hexagonal, those abutting on two
basals ai-e heptagonal. The second primary radials are a little
larger than the first and hexagonal. The third primary radials
are about the size of the first, pentagonal, and support upon each
upper sloping side secondary radials.

The external surfaces of all the plates covering the three speci-
mens at hand, one of them being intermediate in size between the
two illustrated, are more or less eroded or disintegrated. The
best preserved plates are beveled at the sutures, and it is, there-
fore, believed that specimens having a well preserved external sur-
face will show distinctly the outlines of all the plates. In our
specimens the sutures of the secondary and tertiary radials and
those of the vault are generally obscure; some of them are, how-
ever, distinct. This is the reason the illustrations are not made

36

to show all the plates, and, for the same reason, there is a little
doubt about the uumber and shape of some of the plates just
below the top of the calyx.

The first secondary radials are nearly as large as the third pri-
mary radials. In one of the lateral rays on each side there are no
tertiary radials. In each of these two rays the second secondary
radials are somewhat smaller than the first and extend to the
lower part of the commencement of the enlargement for the arms.
There are three or four more plates in each series, forming the
base of the arms, before the arms become free. This gives us five
or six secondary radials in each series, and two arms to each of
these rays. In the other three rays there is only a single sec-
ondary radial in each. It is pentagonal and supports upon each
of the upper sloping sides tertiary radials. There are four or five
tertiary radials in each series, the last three or four of which form
the base of the arms before they become free. The last two or
three plates in each of the radial series are more or less cunei-
form before the arms become free. There are, therefore, four
arms to each of three rays and two arms to each of the other two
rays, making in all sixteen arms to this species. The arms are
composed of a single series of cuneiform plates.

In the interradial areas there is one hexagonal plate separating
the second primary radials, and two plates in the second range sep-
arating the third primary radials, each of which is about the size of
the primary radials. There are three plates in the third range, three
in the fourth and three in the fifth; the last form a sharp ridge
between the arm bases, which rises above the vault plates, that
abut against it. In the intorsecondary areas there is one plate in
the first range and two in the second; the latter form a sharj)
ridge between the arm bases, which rises above the vault plates
that abiit against it. First azygous plate in line with the first
primary radials and of the same size; it is followed by three plates
of the same size as the first radials. Above these the area and
arrangement of the plates is very much like the regular areas,
with about one more plate in each range.

The vault bears a large central plate with a big conical spine.
There is also a spinous plate over the junction of the ambulacral
furrows in each series, making six spinous plates on the vault.
The plates that cover the vault are polygonal and of very unequal

37

size. There is an orifice on the azj'gous side of the central spine.
The ambulacral areas are raised into rounded ridges and the in-
terradial areas are depressed between the arms. The surface of the
plates, in our specimens, is destroyed and the larger number of
the sutures are not discei-nable.

This species is distinguished, hj its general form, from all others.
The broad shallow calyx, high convex vault, and horizontal arms
will alone distinguish it. The number aud arrangement of the
arms is also a distinguishing feature as well as the surface of the
plates, for most species from rocks of the same geological age,
have highly convex or subspinous plates in the calyx.

Found in the Hamilton Group, at Louisville, Kj'., and now in
the collections of the authors.

AN INTERESTING LETTER.

There is a letter, on file in the State Museum of Natural His-
tory of Illinois, belonging to the Geological Department, from
Charles Wachsnmth, dated, at Burlington, Iowa, August 9, 1892,
containing the following paragraph:

" I have described the Eiirnlyi:>tocrinns lindahli and have sent
the description, together with that of some other new species from
the Niagara Group to the American Geologist for early publication,
to secure priority, as I am aware that S. A. Miller will be out
this fall, on some of the same S2)ecies. This, of course, is confi-'
dential, for I do not want Miller to know it."

There was no more sympathizing place, for the publication of
such material, than the American Geologist, a journal that never
aspires to a higher level in scientific matters.

-6 G.

PLATE I.

Page.

DOLATOCBINUS MAGNIFITOS, n. Sp 5

Fig. 1. Basal view of a calyx Bomewhat injured near middle part.

Fig. 2. Vault, a part beinj; broken away.

Fii;. 3. Lateral view of calyx, showing six-armed ray and height, of vault.

DOUITOCRINUS SPIN0SC8, n. sp s

Fig. 4. Basal view of a calyx.

Fi«r- 5. Lateral view of calyx showing some of the spines on the plates of the vanit.

DOI^TOCKINUS LAUUS, Lyoii

Fig. 6. Lateral view of a calyx.
Fig. 7. Baeal view.

DOLATOCRINL'S MARSUl, LyOB

Fig. S. Basal view of a calyx.

ILL. STATE MUS. OF NAT. HIST.

Bulletin No. 4.

Plate I.

PLATE II.

DOLATOCRINlie* ORANDIS, n. 8p ■ 1**

Fig. 1. Baaal view of a calyx.

Fig. 2. Vault, somewhat broken away near the center.

Fig. 3. Lateral view of calyx.

DOLATOCBINUS ORNATDS VAR. A9PEUATUS, U. var 16

Fig. 4. Basal view of a calyx.

Fig. .5. Vault.

Fig. ti. Lateral view of calyx.

DoLATOCRiNus ORNATU8, Meek 1^

Fig. 7. Basal view of a calyx.

Fig. 8. Vault.

Fie. 9. Lateral view of calyx.

DOLATOCRINrrS 8TELL1PBU, n. Bp '.i**

Fig. 10. Basal view of a calyx

Fig. 11. Vault.

Fig. 13. Lateral view of a fragmentary calyx, showing Interior of basals.

DOLAIOCRINIIS BUI.BACEU8, n. 8p 33

Fig. 13. Basal view of a calyx.

Fig. 14. Vault.

Fig l.''!. Lateral view of calyx.

DOLATOCRISL'S VENU9TU8, n. Sp

Fig. 16. Basal view of a calyx.
Fig. IT. Lateral view of calyx.
Fig. IS. Vault.

23

Bulletin No. 4.

ILL. STATE MUS. OF NAT. HIST.

Plate II.

ill aTAi!'

PLATE III.

DOLATOCIIINCS AfREATUS, D. 8p. .

Pig. 1. Baeal view of a calyx.
Pig. 2. Lateral view of calyx.
Fig. 3. Vanlt.

PAQE.

... 34

DOLATOCRINUS APPROXIMATU8, D. Sp.

Fig. 4. Basal view of a calyx.

Fig. 5. Vault,

Fig. 6. Lateral view of calyx.

DOLATOCIUNUS 1JNE0LATU8, 11. Sp.

Fig. 7. Baeal view of a calyx.
Pig, R. Lateral view of calyx.
Fi^. 9. Vault.

DOLATOOBINUS GKEKNEI, 11. 8p

Fig. 10. Baeal view of a calyx
Fig. 11. Lateral view of calyx.
Fiff. 13. Vault.

3S

CKINUIU BA6E 31

Fig. 18. Superior Bide of an eroded base.
Pig. 14. Inferior side of same.

Lbcanocuinus oswkqoensis, n. Bp

Pig. 16. Lateral view showing area on right of tlie ray on azygoue side.

Fig. 16. Azygous side view.

Pig. 17. View of the ray between the azygone area and the area shown in Viz. ITi.

33

MEQISTOCRINUB EXPAN8UB, n. sp 35

Fig. IH. Basal view of a calyx.

Fig. 19. Vault.

Fig. 30. Lateral view.

Fig. 21. Basal view of a smaller specimen, showini; the rominencemenl of th*- horizonial

ILL. STATE MUS. OF NAT. HIST.

Bulletin No. 4.

Plate III.

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