KL .L'k' Bulletin OF THE Illinois State Laboratory OF Natural History Urbana, Illinois, U. S. A. VOLUME VII. 1904-1909 Contributions to the Natural History Survey of Illinois made under the direction of Stephen A . Forbes SASY NEW YO^X tfOTAN 1910 Illinois Printing Company Danville, Illinois (9o4-i >n with Trichodrilus and Lumbricidus varicgatus 45 All itunen Gland 45 - ; lermiducal Pores and Gonads 46 46 Vascular System 47 athecae 47 Atrium and Penis 48 important Characters 48 Lumbriciilus 49 iegatus 49 inconstans 50 Summary 50 Literature cited 51 ARTICLE VI. A CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA OF ILLINOIS. BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER. (1 Map.) September, 1906 .. . 53-136 Introductory 53 iry 53 Acknowledgments 53 Topography 54 Literature 55 New Species and Varieties described from Illinois 56 Molluscan Fauna of Illinois discussed 57 Fluviatile Mollusks 57 Terrestrial Mollusks 59 Numerical Comparison of Illinois Mollusks with those of other States. 59 Geographical Distribution 61 Systematic Catalogue of Species 63 Bibliography 124 Index j 3_j. ARTICLE VII. ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE SAND AREAS OF ILLINOIS. BY CHARLES A. HART AND HENRY ALLAN page GLEASON. (1 Map and 15 Plates.) January, 1907 137-272 Introduction 137 Part I. Glacial Geology and General Characters of the Illinois Sand Areas, especially those of Western Illinois. By Charles A. Hart. . 139-148 Glacial Geology 139 Topography : General 144 The Surface Sands 145 Other Sand Areas 146 Part II. A Botanical Survey of the Illinois River Valley Sand Region. By Henry Allan Gleason 149-194 Introductory 149 Ecological Factors 149 The Plant Associations 15 7 The Bunch-grass Association 158 The Blow-sand Association 162 The Blowout Association 167 Reversion to Bunch-grass 169 The Black-jack Association 171 Some Adaptations of the Plants to the Environment 178 List of the Plants observed 181 Phytogeographical Relationships of the Flora 189 Part III. Zoological Studies in the Sand Regions of the Illinois and Mis- sissippi River Valleys. By Charles A. Hart 195-267 General Features 195 The Localities visited 197 Geographical Distribution of the Species 199 Sand as a Factor of Animal Environment 208 The Relation of Sand and Climate to Insect Coloration 211 Local Distribution of Species in the Sand Areas. The Insect Associa- tions 220 Annotated List of Species 227 Systematic Notes 259 Bibliography 268 ARTICLE VIII. ON THE LOCAL DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN ILLINOIS FISHES: AN ESSAY IN STATISTICAL ECOLOGY. page BY S. A. FORBES. (15 Maps and 9 Plates.) April, 1907 273-303 Introductory 273 Associative Relationships among the Etheostomince 275 The Method of the Investigation 276 Coefficients of Association 277 Discussion of Associative Tables 280 Typical and Non-typical Darters 281 Sufficiency of the Collections 282 Relations to Physical Environment 283 Equalization of the Data 283 VI PAGE I >• cal Tables 284 The I ' Ecological Group 285 The Typical and the Non-typical Species 285 A ion 287 Si udy of TaMcs and Maps 288 llections for Ecological Study 295 Acknowledgments 296 E: of Tables and Maps 298 Associativi cients of Thirteen .Species of Darters (Ethcostomincc) : In order of size of coefficients (Table I) 300 In the order of the size of the coefficients of association of each species with Hadropterus as pro (Table II) 301 ' Table of the Pour least frequent Associates (Table III) 302 efficient Table of the Six most frequent Associates (Table IV) 302 lent Table of the Seven least frequent Darters(Table V) 302 Local 1 ins of Darters (Table VI) 303 ARTICLE IX. AN ORNITHOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTION OF ILLI- NOIS IX AUTUMN. BY S.A.FORBES. April, 1907 305-335 Introductory 305 The Field Method 306 al Results of Observations 307 The Fifteen most important Birds, Indiana line to Quincy, August 28 to October 17, 1906 (Table I) 309 The Eighteen most important Native Birds, Indiana line to Quincy (Table II) 7. . . 7.310 The Vegetable Covering of the Soil 310 Crop Areas, Indiana line to Quincy (Table III) 311 General Distribution according to Crops. . . .' 312 eral Distribution of all Birds, by Crops, Indiana line to Quincy (Table IV)' '.313 The Principal Birds in each Crop 314 Number of Principal Birds in Principal Crops, Indiana line to Quincy (Table V) '.315 Number of Birds per Square Mile in each Crop (Table VI) 315 Percentage of each Species in each of the Principal Crops (Table VII) ..316 Ratio of each Species in each Crop to all Birds in that Crop (Table VIII) 316 The Principal Species separately 317 English Sparrows 317 Crow -blackbirds and Crows 318 Meadow 1-arks 318 birds 319 I lorned Larks 319 Mourning-doves 320 Goldfinches and Field-sparrows 320 Summary for Principal Species 320 Vll PAGE Ratios of Frequency and Preference 321 Ratios of Frequency, most Abundant Birds, Indiana line to Quincy (Table IX) 324 Coefficients of Preference : All Birds, Indiana line to Quincy (Table X) 325 Nine most Abundant Birds, Indiana line to Quincy (Table XI) 325-328 Data of Tables; Classification by Crops (Table XII) 329-332 Conclusion 332 List of Birds identified, Indiana line to Quincy ,334 ARTICLE X. THE ORIBATOIDEA OF ILLINOIS. BY HENRY E. EWING. (3 Plates; 5 Text Figures.) September 25, 1909 . .337-389 Introduction 337 Methods 338 External Anatomy 339 Internal Anatomy 341 Life History 343 Habits 344 Taxonomy of the higher Groups 345 Key to Families 348 Keys to Genera: Oribatidce 349 Nothrida; 349 Hoplodermida; 351 Descriptions of Species: Family Oribatidce 351 Genus Oribatella 352 Key to Species 352 Genus Oribata 353 Key to Species 3 54 Family Nothrida; - 364 Genus Liacarus 365 Key to Species ! 365 Genus Notaspis 367 Key to Species 367 Genus Tegeocranus 370 Key to Species 370 Genus Damams 371 Key to Species 371 Genus Hermannia 373 Genus Hypochthonins 374 Family Hoplodermida; 375 Genus Hoploderma 375 Key to Species 375 Genus Phthiracarus 377 Key to Species 377 A List of the Known North American Species of Oribatoidea 379 Explanation of Plates 389 ERRATA AND ADDENDA. Page 55, line 15, for 1854 read 1855. Page 55, line 16, for Horticultural read State Agricultural. Page 60, in second table, Illinois, for 240 read 241 . Page 65, first line above foot-note, for ventricosa read ligamentina. Page 72, line 9, for imbecilis read imbecillis. Page 79, line 19, for asperimus read asperrimns. Page 80, above Quadrula rubiginosa insert Section Fusconaia Simpson. Page 76. The record of Calkins for Margaritana margaritifera is without doubt erroneous and should be eliminated. This species is not found in Illinois. Page 95. Pomatiopsis sheldonii Pilsbry should read Amnicola sheldonii and should be transferred to the genus Amnicola on page 93. Page 100. Physa gyrina oleacea Tryon is the immature stage of Physa gyrina. Page 103. Lymncea tazewelliana is a synonym of Lymncea parva. Page 105. Lymncea palustris michiganensis is the immature form of Lymncsa reflcxa. Page 106. Lymncea reflexa iowensis and Lymncra reflexa crystalensis are synonyms of Lymncea reflexa. Page 112, line 6 from bottom, for gouldi read goiddii. Page 114, line 5 from bottom, for juxtigens read juxtidcus. Page 115, line 2 1 , for Witter read Walker; line 23, Polygyra sayii Binney should be changed to Polygyra sayana Pilsbry. Page 116, line 1. Polygyra cxoleta Binney (1885) should be changed to Polygyra zaleta Binney (1837). Page 117, line 11 from bottom, for leai read leaii; line 3 from bottom, Poly- gyra monodon fraterna is a good species and should read Polygyra fraterua. Page 119, foot-note. A specimen of alliarius in the collection of Mr. Aldrich, received from Calkins, proves to be draparnaldi. Page 121, line 3 from bottom, for Champaign read Piatt. Page 122, line 12 from bottom, for Pyramidula striatella Anthony read Pyra- midula cronkkitei anthonyi Pilsbry; line 4, for Held read Hald. Page 123, for Helicodiscus lineaius Say read Helicodiscus paralLlus Say. Page 162, line 7, for glandidosa read linearis. Page 171, line 17, for riparia read vulpina. Page 176, line 8 from bottom, for canadense read majus. Page 180, line 9, for virginica read virginiana. Page 221, line 6 from bottom, for rectangulus read rectangularis. Page 226, line 3, for fasciatits read fasciata. Page 239, line 11, strike out Lake Co. entry. Page 246, lines 6 and 7, and page 248, lines 1, 14, 20, and 23, for Oenothera read Onagra. Page 248, line 4, for Candida Horn substitute n. sp. Page 249, line 8 from bottom, for Olethrcutes dimidiana Sodoff? read separatana Kearfott, and strike out parenthetical matter. Page 251, line 7. for grossa read thoracica; line 21, for words preceding H. 6, read Asilus rufipennis Hine; line 18 from bottom, for words preceding H. 2, substi- tute Asilus cacopilogus. Hine. ■■ 253, line 8, for Linn, read Emory. Page 257. line 15, for pennsylvanicus DeG. read auricomus Rob. Page 261 . Note 6. Melanoplus macncilli is very probably M. fluviatilis Brun. e 262, Xote 9. Dr. Bergroth writes that Nabis elongatus is preoccupied. The original is elogantus in the check list. Comparison with long-winged vicarius is desirable before re-naming it. Page 309, in table, for 59 read 57, and for 743 read 741. Page 310, in table, for 59 read 57. Page 314, line 5, for 1587 read 481', line 16, after stubble insert meadows; line 1 7, after pastures strike out and meadows, and after 1500 strike out each. Page 315, last line, for 553 read 481. Page 362, line 7 from bottom, for longa read parvilamellata. Page 3 73. As a second entry in synonymy insert as follows: 1854. Xothrus bistriatus, Xicolet, Acari ens des Environs de Paris, p. 397, PI. VII., Fig. 7. Page 376, line 13 from bottom, for Oribata read Oribates. Page 378, line 1. for XXV. read XXXV. Page 384, after line 5 insert as follows: .V. bipilis Hermann. Mem. Apt., p. 95. In moss, Areola and Parker, 111. Page 384. line 5 from bottom, for pyrostigma read pyrostigmatat Page 386, after line 11 from bottom insert as follows: H. bistriata Xicolet. Acariens des Environs de Paris, p. 397, PI. VII., Fig. 7. Under logs and in moss, Urbana and Areola, 111. Page 388, line 12, for sph&rulum read sphcerula. tf> BULLETIN OF THE ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY Urbana, Illinois, U. S. A. Vol. VII. FEBRUARY, 1904 Articles I.-1I. art. i. studies of the life history, habits, and taxo- nomic relations of a new species of oberea ( oberea ulmicola Chittenden). art. ii. studies of the habits and development of neo- cerata rhodophaga coquillett. BY F. M. WEBSTER, M.S. Article I.— Studies of the Life History, Habits, and Taxo- nomic Relations of a New Species of Oberea (Oberea ulmicola Chittenden). By F. M. Webster. The species of this genus of Cerambijcidw are not easy to define, on account of their variability in color, and they have for this reason been the subject of repeated and radical revision by entomologists. In 1878, Dr. G. H. Horn, in his revision of the genus* restricted the number of species to eleven, while Mr. Chas. W. Leng, eighteen years later, reduced this number to five. In this latter revision Oberea tripunetata Swederus was divided in- to two groups, or forms as they are there called, the bimaculata form and the tripunetata form, the species itself being thus burdened with no less than eleven synonyms. Even this ar- rangement is unsatisfactory, and considerable evidence has ac- cumulated tendingto show that we may have species the adults of which are difficult to separate, whose larvae are restricted to very different food plants. Thus Oberea bimaculata has hitherto been reared exclusively from plants belonging to the genus Rubus, while 0. tripunetata breeds in a variety of food plants other than Rubus, and including the elm. It is therefore inter- esting to find another apparently valid species which seems re- stricted to the elm, although 0. tripunetata, as at present under- stood, breeds on the same tree with the one under consideration. One of its close allies, Oberea texana, is a southern form, while 0. ulmicola has thus far been found only in a single city of about 20,000 inhabitants in central Illinois. Even there it does not infest the elms of the entire city, but has confined it- self to a certain section, within which it is so excessively abun- dant that the females are compelled to deposit their eggs in the same twigs again and again, notwithstanding the fact that only *Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. VII., pp. 45-48. \Loc.cit., Vol. XXIII., pp. 153-157. a single larva can survive in each twig. This congestion in num- bers and restricted distribution would commonly be taken to in- dicate a spirit of mutual toleration bordering on gregariousness. In this case, however, if adults of both sexes are confined at all closely together they will, regardless of sex, fall upon each oth- er, amputating antennae and legs with a savagery like that of the most bloodthirsty quadruped, and this vicious disposition is, in fact, one of the greatest obstacles to the close study of these insects in confinement. These studies are based very largely on the acute and un- tiring observations of Mr. E. S. G. Titus, formerly Assistant to the State Entomologist of Illinois and now an assistant in the Division of Entomology of the United States Department of Ag- riculture. The species was from the first regarded by him as probably new, and later, in connection with my own studies of insects infesting shade and ornamental trees, specimens were submitted to Dr. L. 0. Howard for identification, which revealed the fact that it was not represented in the collections of the Department of Agriculture, or in those of the United States National Museum. As Mr. F. H. Chittenden, of the Division of Entomology of the Department of Agriculture, had already col- lected considerable material for a study of the genus Oberea, he was invited to describe the species, and his description of the adult follows, together with a table prepared by him showing the relations of the species in the genus. DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES. The Adult. "While studying reared material of the genus Oberea, and referring to published accounts of the species, it was observed that in many references to economic literature the raspberry cane-borer was called Oberea tripunctata Fabr. as well as 0. tri- punctata Swed. It has been conceded by Horn and others that the former name is synonymous with 0. bimaculata Oliv., which, the writer is convinced, is quite distinct from 0. tripunctata of Swederus. We have recently had considerable correspondence with Prof. F. M. Webster, who has also reared these two species, as well as a third, and as his views correspond with the writer's, a table has been drawn up, after careful comparison of nearly a hundred examples of the first two species discussed and a lesser number of the third. "As a preliminary, it should be stated that the writer fully concurs in the views expressed by Dr. Horn* when he stated thai the table furnished at that time, 1878, although founded on color characters, attained 'the object in view as nearly as can be done'; also that the species were so variable, even with the sup- pression which he had made, 'as almost to resist generalization'. "The first two forms considered can readily be distinguished by color characters alone, examination of all available ma- terial showing these colors of sufficient constancy to leave no doubt as to the specific identity of a single specimen. More- over, the three species are physiologically distinct, being con- stant within certain limits as regarding habits, 0. bimaculata having thus far been reared only from canes of raspberry and blackberry (Rubus), 0. trijpunctata from various deciduous trees, including dogwood (Cornus) and witch-hazel, while the third species is known only as inhabiting the elm {Ulmus). The three species now under discussion may be separated by the aid of the following table: A. Ventral surface (including legs and antennas) excepl thorax, black; abdomen somewhat coarsely and \m\\ sparsely punctate, with rather long, black or dark brown pubescence. Elytra with black pubescence, disc with prominent carinas, and deeply and closely punctate. Head somewhat strongly and denselj punc- tate, with moderately black, brown, or darkyel- low pubescence bimaculata Oliv. AA. Ventral surface (including legs) Largely yellow: ab- domen with punctuation feeble, obsolete, orwanting on some segments; pubescence short and pale. *Loc. cit. Elytra with cinereous or griseous pubescence; disc more flattened, with less prominent carina?, less strongly punctate. * Head less strongly and more sparsely punc- tate, more strongly pubescent with gray or yellow. a. Form slender, antennae long; head, an- tennas, and elytra mostly black, with cine- reous pubescence; elytra moderately, fine- ly, and sparsely punctate ulmicola Chittn., n. sp. aa. Form more robust, antennae shorter, black, or partly yellow; head with yellow or griseous pubescence; elytra largely yellow, more strongly and densely punctate, with very pale yellowish or griseous pubescence. tripundata Swed. "Oberea ulmicola Chittenden, n. sp. (PI. I., Fig. 1.) "Form slender. Head, antenna?, and elytra black, with gray pubescence, becoming long and dense on the head, nearly, obscuring the punctures, and darker plumbeous-gray on the thorax. Antenna? slender, long, five-sixths of the length of the entire insect. Head somewhat feebly and sparsely punctate, with strongly defined median line, especially in the posterior portion. Thorax yellow, callosities black, occasionally with a smaller black antescutellar spot on each side; just above the leg there is usually another variable black spot, either smaller or much larger than the others. Elytra with basal portion on each side of and including the scutellum, yellow, occasionally with a longitudinal yellow streak on each elytron, extending from the base nearly to the apex, which is emarginate and sub-bidentate; the surface comparatively sparsely and feebly punctate. Epipleura? yellow. Ventral surface usually yellow, but occasionally with a portion of the thorax and of the second and third abdominal segments and less frequently the first and last segment, black. Punctuation very shallow, nearly obsolete on abdominal segments. Proximal portion of legs yellow, distal portion black. The sexual and other characters asfaras observed differ but slightly from those of tripunctata and bimaculata. Length, 9-13 mm.; width, 1.2-2.0 mm. Average length, 12 mm.; width, 1.9 mm. The small specimens are obviously stunted. "Habitat, Decatur, Illinois, where it breeds in twigs of the American elm, Ulmus americana. Described from many speci- mens reared by Mr. E. S. G. Titus and collected by himself and Mr. Webster. "Type, No. 6981, U. S. National Museum. Kindly presented by Dr. S. A. Forbes, Director of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. "This species has a somewhat strong resemblance, in dark individuals, to 0. bimaculata, while the pale forms approach 0. tripunctata. In reality it is nearer 0. texana in appearance, but has longer antennae than any of these. 0. texana is quite distinct in having the paler parts, thorax, and ventral surface red, epi- pleurse black, proximal portion of the legs reddish, head less hairy, and abdomen comparatively strongly punctate." At present it does not appear possible to separate the early stages of this group of species. While there are obscure dif- ferences, there do not appear to be the necessary positive ones. The Egg. (PI. I., Fig. 2.) Length, 3 mm.;width, 0.6 mm.; slightly reniform,of a creamy white color, without perceivable reticulations. The hurra. (PI. I., Fig. 3.) Length, 14 mm. Head much smaller than thoracic seg- ments, body decreasing in width posteriorly with moderate uni- formity to the eighth segment, which is considerably smaller, i lie anal still more reduced; body light straw-color, the two posteri- or segments lighter; head anteriorly dark brown, posteriorly the color of the body, mandibles darker than anterior portion of head. Cervical shield brownish yellow, anterior surface smooth polished, terminating posteriorly in a slightly raised, transverse ridge. The apical declivity is shagreened. more finely posteri- 6 orly and centrally; narrow median dorsal area whiter; lateral oblique, sinuate grooves darker. In front of the shagreened area are a few short erect hairs, with larger ones placed laterally on this segment. On the next segment there are but two lateral hairs on each side, and none on other segments until the eleventh, which has a single stout bristle on each side considerably above the margin, and a transverse row of hairs along the posterior margin. The anal segment has a considerable number of long curved hairs along the lateral and posterior areas. The lateral margins of each of the abdominal segments, just below the spiracles, have an inflated appearance, and segments three to ten inclusive are strongly sculptured, especially on the dorsal surface, by transverse, tubercular, flattened ridges wThich are minutely shagreened. The sculpture of these is clearly shown in Fig. 3, PI. I. The lateral inflations, with deep intervening constrictions, give the larva when extended a somewhat monil- iform aspect. The Pupa. (PI. I., Fig. 4.) Length, 13 mm.; color uniformly light yellow; head with nearly triangular impressed area between the bases of the an- tennae, on each side of which are a pair of closely set hairs. There are two clusters of minute spinules on the clypeus. The antennas, being abruptly bent downward, give the head a de- cidedly square appearance. They extend backward to just be- yond the middle femora, where they turn forward along and out- side of the anterior and middle legs, the posterior pair of legs being folded under the wings. There is a minute, robust, hooked spine on the marginal ridge of each of the abdominal segments except the terminal, the hooks being reversed; there is also on each of these segments a transverse dorsal elevation armed with irregularly placed, minute, stout spines. The terminal s gment is provided with a number of long hairs. LIFE HISTORY. There is a single annual generation, the larvae hibernating in the twigs and finishing their development in the spring, the larval period being nearly eleven months. Pupation takes place within the twigs during late April and early May, the pupal period occupying from 22 to 29 days. The eggs are de- posited, in the vicinity of lat. 40°, in Illinois, from about May 20 to June 15. The egg period is from 5 to 7 days. METHOD OF OVIPOSITION. As observed by Mr. Titus, the female first girdles the ten- der growing twig by cutting, with her jaws, a deep groove en- tirely around it. The twig is then easily detached, and falls to the ground with the first light breeze that occurs. Retreating about an inch along the remaining portion of the twig, the beetle cuts a short longitudinal slit in and through the bark but not entering the wood, and at the lower end of this she cuts a shorter transverse gash, also extending only through the bark. She now pushes the tip of her abdomen under the bark at the angle formed by the two gashes she has made, usually to the right of the longitudinal slit but sometimes to the left, and places her egg snugly under the young tender bark, some- times nearly a fourth of the way around the twig, where it can be easily detected by the slight elevation thus caused. Having placed her egg, she now retreats still further toward the base of the twig, usually about an inch, and here girdles it a second time, but cutting only to the wood, thus crippling the twig without killing it. If the same female deposits more than one egg in the same twig, she does it at different times, the evident intention being to place them singly, one in each twig, and as shown in Plate I., Fig. 2. HABITS OF THE LARVA. The young larva, on first hatching from the egg, begins to feed even before it has entirely emerged, gnawing a minute channel toward the base of the twig and under the bark long enough to enable it wholly to withdraw the body from the egg- shell. It then seems to back up into the abandoned shell and cuts a minute circular hole in the bark directly in line with the channel. Up to this time all of the castings have been pushed 8 back into the egg-shell, but now they are pushed out through the circular hole thus made. Working now down the center of the twig and continually enlarging its burrow, the larva pro- vides at intervals similar but larger vents in the walls for the same purpose. In this species these holes for the disposal of excreta and waste material do not appear to be as frequently cut as in the case of allied species, the distance from one to an- other ranging in our specimens from a little over an inch to more than two inches. Several years ago, while studying similar habits of what I then supposed to be Oberea bimaculata, but now know to have been O.tripunctata, I observed these holes to occur frequently not more than an inch apart, and the excreta were pushed through and fell down in more or less continuous sections. In two cases the masses of excreta thus disposed of by a larva of that species nearly full grown and about an inch in length during the twenty- four hours, were kept and carefully measured. Their length amounted to the astounding total of twenty-four and three eighths inches, showing that each hour of the day and night the larva had voided a stool greater than its own length, — a fact which gives some idea of the enormous amount of food eaten within that time.* As the larva increases in size it frequently reverses its posi- tion in its burrow, and moves up and down at will. These journeys are easily accomplished by the simple contraction and expansion of the segments of its body aided by the shagreened areas on the dorsal surface. Just prior to pupation, the larva gnaws out a cavity in the wall of its burrow similar to that constructed for the disposal of the excreta, except that it does not penetrate the outer bark. An avenue of escape is thus pro- vided for the adult beetle without exposing the pupa. Pupation occurs within the burrow, and only a few minutes are required for the escape of the beetle from the pupal envelope. Secure as they may appear to be in their channels, the larvae are not without their troubles, for not only the main *Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Vol. V., pp. 202-203, PI- X., Fig. 1 and 2. 9 twig is inhabited but the laterals as well, and there may thus be several larvae, each in its individual twig, pushing down- ward to the base, in which but one of them can survive. The one that is foremost in this blind race, as it passes below it- fellows cuts oft' their food supply and leaves them to perish in their homes. In some instances larvae have been observed to pass the whole length of water-shoots and for a short distance into the wood of the tree itself. The effect on the trees is to destroy the growth of shoots put forth prior to the middle of June. This injury, continued year after year, results in bunches of dead stubs, a clump of which is shown in the colored plate (II.), drawn from a speci- men cut by me from a tree in one of the parks in Decatur. The short blackened stub to the right shows the work of the larvae two years ago; the longer one to the right of it, with the two blackened laterals, shows the work last year; while the green and brown shoots show the effect on the twigs the pres- ent season. The single small twig at the extreme right, which sprang out from the base of a larger one already affected, was the only one of the cluster that had escaped destruction, it having been put forth after the beetles had disappeared. By another year this whole group of twigs would have become hollow blackened stubs. Fresh growths being attacked and destroyed in the same manner, the cluster of dead stubs is in- creased year after year. In such a case as that of the unin- jured twig at the extreme right in the colored plate, the larva would continue its work another spring and, passing below the juncture, finish the destruction of the group. HABITS OF THE ADULT INSECT. Two very striking peculiarities were observed by both Mr. Titus and myself. In the twenty-five years that I have been studying the habits of insects, I do not recall an instance of such seemingly utter disregard for the perpetuation of tin- species as is exhibited by these beetles. The vicious assaults which they make on each other, regardless of sex, are paralleled only among the Mantidce and some species of spiders. While I 10 did not notice any conflicts in the open, we both experienced the utmost difficulty in keeping the adults in sufficiently close quarters to enable us to study their actions. If a male and female were confined at all closely, they would instantly attack each other with such ferocity that within a few moments they would be rolling helplessly about among fragments of legs and antennae, only the basal portions of these remaining attached to their bodies. It was found wholly impossible to transport living individuals without giving them ample quarters, and I was finally forced to give each a box or vial to itself. The other peculiarity referred to is alack or insufficiency of the dispersal instinct when the beetles become excessively abundant in a locality. Though no trace of them was found in some parts of the city of Decatur, in other parts they were so abundant that the young growth of the elm did not afford them sufficient material in which to mature more than a small percentage of their larvae, only one of which can develop in a single twig, but instead of hunting for other trees where suit- able conditions existed, the females girdled the twigs and de- posited the egg where this had been done, not only once, but time and time again, before. I have found twigs in which there had been as many as eight separate ovipositions, with the usual number of girdlings in each case. The upper figure in the colored plate affords a very good illustration of a multiplicity of ovipositions, as also one of the twigs in the cluster below. We have here, consequently, what might almost be termed insect infanticide on a stupen- dous scale. But the full extent of this wholesale murder does not appear in the illustrations. In all examinations of the am- putated portions of the twigs made by Mr. Titus, he found none which contained eggs or larvae, and this was true of my own ob- servations, made during the early part of the egg-laying season. Late in May, however, I began to find sections of amputated twigs on the ground underneath the trees, which showed plainly that this amputation was not the result of a first visit of a female intent on oviposition. Ordinarily, the tip of the twig is severed far 11 enough back to include from two to four or five leaves, and this amputated portion is free from egg or larva. But I now began to find, scattered under the infested trees, pieces of twigs which had been cut off at both ends, and those freshly dropped con- tained in most cases either an egg or a newly hatched larva, while in the older, withered ones there was more often a very young larva, dead. As the season of oviposition advanced, these secondary amputations, repeated perhaps five or six times on the same twig, became more numerous, and an examination of the trees disclosed the fact that nearly every twig contained at least one egg or larva, and that some of them contained several. For those females that had yet to oviposit, there were no twigs not preoccupied, and fully five per cent, of the amputated pieces on the ground contained a larva or an egg. It became clear that the mortality resulting from this repeated oviposition and am- putation was greater than that from all other causes combined. The beetles appear to feed but little, and then only on the leaf veins, as shown in Fig. 5, Plate I., and at the extreme right of the colored plate. Neither Mr. Titus nor myself found them feeding on any other part of the leaf, or any indication of their having done so, even when confined in breeding-cages. FOOD PLANTS. . It would seem from the information thus far obtained, that this species confines itself strictly to the American elm. While the beetles will, if confined on other plants exclusively, feed sparingly on the leaves, they will not oviposit in the twigs, but if removed and placed on elm, they will proceed to deposit their eggs. Adults of both sexes confined on raspberry May 20, were all dead by May 29, having in the mean time shown no inclina- tion whatever to oviposit, though the sexes were observed in the act of pairing. The same was true of those confined on Cornus; but when removed, these females oviposited in elm. These state- ments are taken from Mr. Titus's notes, and my own experi- ments simply duplicated these results. Though I found Oberea larvae in other kinds of trees in the parks at Decatur, I am con- fident that these belonged to another species, probably Oberea 12 tri punctata, which was also reared from elm -trees infested by ul- micola. No experiments were tried with other species of elm. NATURAL ENEMIES. As may be seen from the foregoing, this species is its own greatest enemy. No egg parasites have been found, though such may confidently be looked for in the future. That the eggs are to some extent destroyed by birds, appears probable, though none were observed in the act. Nuthatches were pres- ent in the trees, both in those infested and in those free from the pest, and the frequent occurrence of twigs with the bark pushed upward and outward at the point where the egg is usually placed, as is shown in Plate II., upper figure, suggests clearly that some feathered enemy had pushed its beak beneath. As this lifting of the bark was noticed only on the side of the longitudinal slit where the egg is usually placed, it is fair to presume that either the egg or young larva had been removed. GENERAL EFFECT ON ELM-TREES. The production of bunches of short twigs which are annu- ally killed and replaced by others, these suffering in turn in the same manner, has been already described, and the inevitable effect on the general appearance of the trees will be clear to any one at all familiar with the growth of young elms. They gradually assume a scraggy, stunted, and misshapen appear- ance, with the foliage inclined to grow in tufts about the larger limbs, the latter throwing up an unusually large number of wa- ter-shoots, which, being killed down each year, add to the un- sightly appearance of the tree. The limbs may increase in size but not in length, as each year's growth is killed back the same year. Sometimes the larvae working in spring pass be- yond into lateral twigs which had escaped attack and cause their death. I have found lateral twigs and fresh growths withering and dying from this cause as late as the latter part of May. Larger trees do not show the injury as much as smaller ones, but even the former will lack the broad, wide-spreading growth so much admired in the elm. Not all trees standing in 13 close proximity are affected alike. Some will be girdled com- paratively little, while others, perhaps but a few rods away, will suffer a most serious pruning, it would seem as though the beetles were disinclined to forsake the trees from which they had themselves emerged,— a supposition strongly sup- ported by their extremely local distribution. DISCOVERY OF THE SPECIES. The attention of the custodian of the Decatur city park was first attracted to the insect by the enormous dropping of the leaves during late May and June, this increasing the labor re- quired to keep the grounds in proper condition. The facts were first reported to the State Entomologist in October, 4 901, at which time it was said that the injury had been noticed for some two or three years preceding, becoming more serious each year. The tips of the twigs, with from three to six leaves attached, appeared to have been cut squarely off in a way to suggest the work of an insect, but of the author of the injury itself nothing had then been learned. May 23, 1902, Mr. Titus was sent to Decatur by Professor Forbes to learn the cause of the injury, and it was during this visit that he first secured material for his studies of the habits and life history of the species. This was supplemented by further accessions from the trees during the remainder of the season, and by carrying the females with him, in his travels about the state, Mr. Titus was enabled to secure the facts here given relative to oviposition and to the actions of the very you ag larva. Other data were obtained by carrying the insect through the year in the insectary. The writer took up the investigation in the spring of 1903, and was able to add somewhat to the re- sults of the careful work of Mr. Titus, as well as to clear up some points on which the latter had not been able to secure conclu- sive evidence. 14 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Plate I. The Elm Twig-girdler, Oberea ulmicola Chittenden: a, adult beetle; b, egg, enlarged and in position under bark of twig; c, larva, d, pupa, e, showing leaf-veins eaten out by beetle in feeding. Plate II. Elm Twig-girdler, Oberea ulmicola Chittenden; a, illustrating girdling of twigs by- adult and the general effect on the young twigs, the original having been cut from an elm-tree in a city park in Decatur, 111.; adult shown engaged in feeding on leaf at right; b, a much girdled twig illustrating the effect of birds in search- ing for eggs or young larvae. II. Injuries caused by Elm Twig-girdler ( Oberea ulmicola Chittenden) Article II.— Studies of the Habits and Development of Neo- cerata rhodophaga Coquillett. By F. M. Webster. About the year 1897, in the vicinity of Chicago, Illinois, certain varieties of rosesgrown under glass, notably the Meteor, •were attacked by great numbers of minute cecidomyian larvae which destroyed the terminal leaf and blossom buds. In the greenhouses of one extensive rose-grower, the injury was so severe as to render the production of the Meteor unprofitable, and he stopped growing it for a time, until the pest seemed to have disappeared. Strangely enough, another grower, whose houses were separated from those of the first only by a narrow alley, did not at that time suffer at all from the ravages of the insect, but continued to grow the Meteor in his rose-houses with- out difficulty until sometime after, when he, too, began to ex- perience severe losses on account of its depredations. The species was not definitely determined at that time, and it is im- possible in the light of later investigations to say with cer- tainty whether or not more than one was engaged in these at- tacks. Since then, however, a number of extensive rose-grow- ers about Chicago have been obliged to abandon the growing of this particular variety of rose on account of its extreme liability to attack from these larvae. In 1900, Mr. D. W. Coquillett published a paper* reporting similar injuries to roses grown under glass in New Jersey in 1886 and 1889; New York in 1890; Washington, D. C, in 1891, 1894, and 1896; Boston in 1894; and Chicago, as has been stated, in 1897. In this paper, Mr. Coquillett describes a new species, Diplosis rosivora, and a new genus and species, Neoceratu rho- dophaga, both of which were reared from larvae attacking roses in this manner in Washington, D. C. The author says that the larvae of the former species — those of the latter being un- known to him — "are of a white color when young, but become ♦Bull. 22, N. S., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 44-48. 15 16 orange-red in the latter part of their periods". Elsewhere in his paper he tells us that these larvae are entirely devoid of the the so-called "breast-bone", and in still another place expresses the suspicion that the species was originally a native of some tropical region, as they were not known to attack roses in the open air. Summarizing this information, then, we have a peculiar injury to roses, especially to the Meteor, a variety originating in Europe, occurring in widely different localities, due to two species of insects, working to all appearances pre- cisely alike, and reared from infested plants growing in Wash- ington. Apparently the same species was sent to the U. S. De- partment of Agriculture from Cleveland, Ohio, in 1903. On May 16, 1903, a firm located in the vicinity of Chica- go, engaged in growing roses extensively under glass, advised the State Entomologist of serious trouble among their Meteors, evidently due to a minute white worm which attacked the buds and destroyed them. Early in June, Mr. C. A. Hart, being in that vicinity, visited the premises by Dr. Forbes's direction, and brought some of the affected buds to the office. The larvae found in them were very small, white, except those seemingly full grown which were tinged with orange, and the so-called "breast-bone" was clearly present. The matter was now placed in my hands for investigation, and on June 11, acting under instructions, I visited the rose- houses containing the injured plants. Larvae were found in the young rosebuds of both leaf and blossom, but more abun- dantly in the latter, and also eggs, which, from their position in these buds, indicated that they were those of the same species as the larvae. Several very minute female midge-like flies were also taken, seemingly in the act of ovipositing in the blossom buds. SPECIES DIFFERS FROM THOSE PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED. The larvae found in the rosebuds did not agree with those described by Mr. Coquillett, but, like those brought home by Mr. Hart, possessed the "breast-bone", and the older individuals were not an orange-red color, but slightly tinged with orange with- 17 out any clearly defined pattern to the coloration. The adult flies afterwards reared from these larvae did not entirely agree with either of the species described by Mr. Coquillett, but proved to be the same as those observed in the act of ovipositing in the buds. Moreover, from larvae inhabiting the buds at this time I reared adults which, ovipositing in other buds on plants pro- vided them, gave me eggs like those previously observed, as well as larvae, pupae, and adults, afterwards reared from these eggs. Clearly, I was dealing with a species whose larvae inhab- ited rosebuds in the same manner as those described from Washington. Specimens have since been submitted to the noted British dipterologist, Mr. F. V. Theobald, who reported upon them as follows: "I have made a number of careful preparations of the rose cecidomyid. The female you sent previously had the antennae broken. But for the antennae, they exactly answer to:£)ecido- myia rosarum Hardy. I feel quite sure they are all Coquil- lett's Neocerata rhodophaga (Bull. 22, N. S., Div. Ent., U.S.Dept. Agr., p. 47. 1900). The males are all 9-jointed in regard to the antenna?, and exactly answer Coquillett's description. I mounted some twenty females, and found the antennal joints vary from 9 to 11, so the character of his genus (which is certainly a good one) in regard to antennal joints must be modified. There is no doubt that antennal joints vary in cecidomyids, especially in the female sex. In one I found an evidence of transition between 10 and 1 1 joints. All the males, some fifteen, had the same geni- talia and 9-jointed antennae. The globular second joint is very characteristic. Note also the marked lepidopterous scale in this species." While the normal antenna of the female is shown in Plate III, i, and is certainly 10-jointed, with an occasional indication of 11 joints, as stated by Mr. Theobald, the terminal joint being prolonged and constricted but without distinct articulation, yet there is a wider variation than was observed by him. In oneca se a female was found with a 6-jointed antenna on one side, joints 3 and 4 being fused, with the terminal joint fully twice the ordi- 18 nary length, while the other antenna consisted of 9 joints, the terminal one seeming to consist of two fused together. Another female had 9-jointed antennae, but again the terminal joint was fully twice the normal length, with the same appearance of two joints being fused as is exhibited where there are 10, and a con- striction as if indicating an 11th joint, while still another female had 9-jointed antennae, with an indication of a tenth. The males all have 9-jointed antennae. It will thus be observed that the fe- male does not agree with Mr. Coquillett's description of this species. Hardy described Dichelomyia (Cecidomyia) rosarum &s having 14-jointed antennae, so our species does not fit his descrip- tion, though, as stated by Mr. Theobald, aside from the number of antennal joints there is no perceivable difference between them. We have shown that the number of joints in the female antennae of the American species is too variable to be considered a specific character. Are not those of Hardy's species equally variable, and did he not describe a variation instead of the normal? How far can the number of antennal joints be relied upon in sepa- rating the species of Cecidomyiidcel These are questions that I am unable to answer, but they have a decidedly important rela- tion to the solution of the problem of the specific identity of the insect under consideration. The larvae from which all my material was reared, closely correspond with the description given by Hardy, but unfortu- nately he could not say whether it was his C. rosarum or C. rho- dophila that developed from them. HABITS OF THE BRITISH SPECIES. The habits of Dichelomyia rosarum are given in "Die Rosen- schadlinge," p. 272, by Friedrich Richter v. Binnenthal; and by Rubsaamen, in "Biologisches Centralblatt," Vol. XIX., Nos. 16, 17, and 18. Mr. Theobald informs me that he has found it attacking roses in England, both in rose-houses and in the open. In the open, it attacks the dogrose, Rosa canina Linn., the commonest rose in Britain, which grows rapidly and luxuri- antly in hedges, thickets, and various dry places in every part of the country. "The gall is formed by the edges of the leaflet 19 rising above the midrib until they approximate and a thin-walled hollow pod is formed. The galls may be sought for during the months from June to October. The larvae pupate in the ground, the imagines emerging in about six days after pupation."* The galls on the leaves are certainly more conspicuous than are the effects of the American species in this country, in rose-houses. The species winters in the pupal stage. HABITS OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES. I have never seen the larvae attacking the native wild roses, even about Chicago, though, in the near vicinity of infested rose- houses, I have found them in buds of a variety known as the Bride, growing in the open air. The manner of hibernation in our species is not well understood, but in the rose-houses there is no injury done by the larvae from late October until late the following May. A thorough inspection of large rose-houses about Chicago, November 18-20, did not reveal a single larva or adult, even where serious damage had been wrought a few months before, and an inspection made on January 29, 1904, also failed to reveal their presence. In the rose-houses, the larvae attack the Meteor, Wooton, Bride, Madame Chatenay, La France, Ivory, and Golden Gate, but are far more fatal to the first than to any other variety. The insect first appears in such rose-houses as are old and more or less open on account of cracks and crevices, or else in such as are new and tight, requiring much ventilation. In the case previously referred to, where only an alley separated infested from uninfested premises, the uninfested houses were given the least possible ventilation consistent with the growth of the roses, while those infested were more generally ventilated. Later on, these conditions were reversed, and the situation as to insects changed also, the premises that had before escaped being now overrun. An experienced foreman in the employ of a firm of exten- sive rose-growers whose premises were infested with this midge, informed me that the insect first attracted his attention by at- *"British Vegetable Galls," by Edward T. Connold, p. 206, Plate 87. 20 tacking those buds that were highest up and nearest to the glass, and that the larvae were only to be found in such buds as were in close proximity to the glass, those situated lower down not being at all affected, thus indicating that one rose-house may become infested from another by adults, and not necessarily from the introduction of infested plants. From the fact that there are but few larvae present up to the month of May, but that they increase in number during the summer and altogeth- er disappear in late October, it would seem that they follow very closely the habits of the British species. The eggs are deposited either in the unfolding leaf buds or under the sepals of the blossom buds, the latter position seem- ingly being preferred by the females where there is an oppor- tunity for selection. In case the former is chosen, the eggs are deftly inserted in the conduplicated leaves between what would, later on, constitute the upper surfaces of the two halves of the unfolded leaf. The maggots appear to fasten the edges togeth- er with some viscous matter, thus forming a sort of pod within which they attain their larval growth. If there are few larvae, their effect is to cause more or less prominent swellings on what would later become the lower surface of the leaf; if there are many larvae in the leaf, it simply becomes distorted and discol- ored and dies, leaving the affected parts as illustrated in Plate III, a. In case of blossom buds, the effort of the female seems to be to place her eggs as far under and near the base of the sepal as possible, but there does not appear to be any regularity ei- ther in their exact position ornumbers. Occasionally they will be found stuck in the sutures separating the sepals. The ovi- positor of the female is capable of great extension, and I have observed it to be curved, coiled, and twisted in her efforts to push it under the closely adhering sepal of a very young bud. Frequently, after this has been accomplished she is unable to extricate it, and dies attached to the bud. In one case I found two females on a single bud, they having apparently perished in this manner. Nevertheless, the females seem to be striking- ly attached to their labor of ovipositing, as, in a propagating 21 house where there were thousands of young plants with but few blossom buds, if they were driven from one of these they would fly but a few inches away and soon return. They are exceedingly minute, and obscure while on the wing, having much the appearance of floating particles of dust. While the larvae are at first usually well covered by the, sepals and folded leaves, if excessively abundant they will, later swarm out and over the outer surface, especially of the blossom buds, finally leaving them in the condition indicated in the plate. DESCRIPTION. Egg (PL III., b).^Length, 0.32 mm.; width, 0.075 mm. Smooth, orange color with tinge of yellow, elongated ovoid, with one end but slightly obtuse. When placed under the sepals, the eggs are often slightly bent or otherwise distorted, but when deposited on the surface or in the folded leaves, this does not occur. They have a vague resemblance to the hair-glands of the buds, and might be mis- taken for these by the careless observer. The egg period is two days. Larva (PL III., c, d). — The newly hatched larva is but little larger than the egg from which it emerged, and much the same color. Later it becomes nearly white, but when ap- proaching maturity it takes on a reddish tinge, without definite pattern in its coloration, except that the lateral margins remain white. The amount of color varies with individuals, but none are wholly orange. The length of afully grown larva is 1.8 mm.; width, 0.45 mm.; widest at middle, obtuse and tuberculated on the posterior segment, tubercles with minute apical spine, sur- face finely granulated, lateral margins distinctly compressed, at- tenuated anteriorly, breast-bone distinct, a conspicuous black spot on upper side and showing through to the under side in- distinctly, just in front of breast-bone. Antennae short, not extending beyond the body. When fully grown the larvae crawl out and drop to the ground, and I have observed as many as twenty-five in a single 22 blossom bud. They are very tenacious of life. Those Mr. Hart secured some days after removal from the buds and placed in 80 per cent, alcohol at 11:25 a.m., were still active at 2:40 p. m., and lived for some time in the 95 per cent, alcohol in which I then submerged them, but at 3:50 p. m. seemed to be dead. Infested rose plants were fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas, in one case one tenth, and in another fifteen hundredths of a gram of potassium cyanide being used to each cubic foot of space. The plants were subjected to the gas for fifteen minutes in both cases, with the result that only the larvae that were ex- posed were killed, while such as were protected by the sepals were not affected. The same treatment killed flies (in from twenty to thirty seconds), plant-lice, and beetles. On descending into the ground the larva constructs an almost transparent co- coon— presumably the product of exudation — sufficiently viscid to stick to surrounding particles of sand or dirt, and becoming sufficiently tough to retain its contents. Within this the larva remains two days, some of the time in a curved position, when it passes into the pupa state. The larval period, including two days in the cocoon, is seven days. That moisture has little in- fluence on the development of the insect is shown by the fact that pupation in this case was continued in sand thoroughly sat- urated with water. Pupa (Plate III., e, f). — Length, 1.6 mm.; width, 0.53, mm. Color, at first as in the full grown larva, later the eyes are red and the general color of the body more reddish-yellow, but at the time of emerging from the cocoon the eyes are black, the antennae and legs nearly black, and the head and prothorax dusky. On the dorsal abdominal area is a median red space, widest at base, diminishing to the sixth segment. On all of the segments except the first is a transverse spinulose ridge near the anterior dorsal margin, less marked on the second segment and increasing in size to the eighth, which is sculptured somewhat as in the larva. Ventral surface without spinulose ridges. Anal segment much smaller than seventh, which is slightly smaller than sixth. Bases of antennae produced, with 23 the usual pair of bristles just behind them, while the two large, pointed respiratory tubes protrude through the cocoon, as though utilized by the pupa in making its way forth. Pupal period, six days. On making its way from the cocoon to the surface of the ground, the pupa travels by the aid of the spinulose ridges on the back. One under observation, which had pupated in water in a watch-glass, crawled to the rim and traveled three times around the edge entirely on its back ; and another, which emerged under a bell-glass, traveled for a distance of six inches, also on its back, over the moistened inner surface of the glass. Rdult (PL III., g, h). — " Antennae in both sexes slightly shorter than the head and thorax taken together, nine-jointed; joint 1 obconical, 2 globular, wider than any of the others; joints 3 to 8 only slightly longer than wide, subsessile, the hairs very sparse, not arranged in whorls; joint 9 almost twice as long as 8, slightly constricted near the middle. Wings hya- line, bare except along the hind margin near the base and on the veins, which are sparsely bristly, rather densely bristly aloug the first half of the costa, interspersed with flattened bristles; the first vein lies very close to the costa, which it joins slightly before the middle of the wing; third vein evenly ar- cuate, joining the costa far before the extreme apex of the wing, this distance almost equaling one-half of the greatest width of the wing, the extreme base of this vein, where it joins the first vein, very indistinct; fifth vein indistinct toward its apex, forked at its last fourth, the anterior fork reaching the hind margin a short distance basally of the tip of the third vein. First tarsal joint less than one-half as long as the second, claws of tarsi simple. Color of alcoholic speci- mens yellow, the head and thorax tinged with brown. Length, 1 to 1.25 mm." (Coquillett.*) NATIVITY OF THE INSECT. In the light of the foregoing it will be seen that our rose- attacking insect is not a native species, else it would certainly *Bull. 22, N. S.( Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 47- 24 have attracted attention by its appearance in roses in the open air, and its gradual occurrence farther and farther inland does not imply an American origin. It affects the most seriously a species of rose that requires a very warm, yet ventilated environment, and which, indeed, is one of the most difficult varieties to grow successfully in this country, besides being of European origin. In England and Europe there is also a rose-attacking insect which can only be separated anatomically from our species by the number of an- tennal joints, a character known to be somewhat variable. The habits of the two are very much alike, except that in Britain the larvae affect the leaf buds and not the blossom buds, both in the rose-houses and in the open air. Our species attacks roses only in rose-houses, largely confining its ravages to the blossom buds, but when attacking the leaf buds affects them as does the English species. In Britain, and in the open air, the wild, or dogrose, though it grows rapidly, can not certainly make as rapid growth as does the Meteor in our rose-houses, where all the ingenuity of the grower is centered on producing the most rapid and vigorous growth possible. It is doubtful if the American species could, under these conditions, develop in any considerable numbers in the leaf buds, as the growth of the buds is so accelerated by artificial conditions that there is not time for the larvae to develop within them before they become too much expanded and too tough to aduiit of the larvae affect- ing them. The blossom bud, being of a slower development, affords a longer time for the larvae to mature, and, besides, pre- sents food of a different character from that of a leaf bud. To sum up the whole discussion, then, it is not now possible to regard our American species as the same as that occurring in England and Europe, known as Dichelomyia rosarum Hardy, but that it is closely allied to that species can not be doubted. We must wait for future studies to show us whether our Amer- icanized form has sufficiently developed to admit of its being separated as a new genus and species. I have held to Mr. Coquillett's specific name because it is 25 very convenient whereby to designate our American insect, and time, which sooner or later will settle these problems, will put the question to rest, perhaps by proving that his new genus and species is entirely distinct. At present, we know too little of these insects to go beyond this. EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Plate III. The Rose Midge, Neocerata rhodophaga Coquillett: a, illustrating effect of larva? on blossom and leaf buds; b, egg; c, newly hatched larva; d, fully grown larva; e, immature pupa in cocoon, dorsal view; f, immature pupa in cocoon, lateral view; g, adult male; h, adult female; i, normal antenna of female. Figures a, b.c, and d, Plate I.,andb,c,d. e, f, g, h, and i, Plate III., all greatly en- larged; Figure e, Plate I., and Plate II., all about natural size; Figure a, Plate 111., reduced. All figures drawn from life by Miss Charlotte M. Pinkerton, under author's supervision. Articles I. and II. issued Feb. 26, iqoj. Thr-. Rnw MirW ( Nennftrata rhodoDhapa Coauillett ) and injured plant. BULLETIN OF THE ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY Urbana, Illinois, U. S. A. Vol. VII. MARCH, 1904 Article III. A REVIEW OF THE SUNFISHES OF THE CURRENT GENERA APOMO- TIS, LEPOMIS, AND EUPOMOTIS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE SPECIES FOUND IN ILLINOIS. BY R. E. RICHARDSON, A.M. Article III. — A Review of the Sunfishes of the current Genera Apomotis, Lepomis, and Eupomotis, with particular Reference to the Species found in Illinois. By R. E. Richardson. During the progress of studies on material from the large collection of Illinois sunfishes belonging to the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, a striking and, as it appeared later, fundamental difference in form was observed between the lower pharyngeals of specimens of Lepomis pallidum (Mitch- p.sp. p.sp. Lcl;— > o.rrt afit. o.m. Fig. i, Eupomotis gibbosus, lower left pharyngeal, from above; 2, side view ; 3, same of Lepomis pallidus, from above ; 4, side view. Ant., anterior apex : p. sp., posterior spur; o. m., outer margin ; 1. a., inner angle. ill) and Eupomotis cjibbosus (Linnseus). These bones in the first species were found to be comparatively light, flattened dorso-ventrally, and always narrow, the width in the length of 28 the toothed portion of the bone ranging from 2.9 to 3.4 and averaging more than 3 in twenty measured specimens whose length ranged from 2| to 6 inches. The inner angle (i.a.) is quite obtuse, 120° to 140°, and the outer margin (o.m.) is straight or slightly inbent from the tip of the posterior spur (p. sp.) to the anterior extremity (ant.) of the bone. The lower phar- yngeals of Eupomotis gibbosus are deep and broad, with infe- rior and lateral prominences, never being flattened or hollowed out underneath as in L. pallidus. Measurements made on twenty specimens, from 2| to 6 inches in length, show a varia- tion of only 1.9 to 2.5 (average 2.17) in the ratio of width to length of the toothed portion, and a range of 95° to 111° in the inner angle. The outer margin of the pharyngeal in this spe- cies presents a double curve, with a moderate sinus situated pos- teriorly, immediately in front of the spur, and a more or less de- cided anterior arcuation, margining a lateral ledge-like promi- nence. The spur is directed more or less definitely outward, rather than backward as in L. pallidus. The differences between the teeth of these two species were found to be as hitherto described, those of E. gibbosus being short and heavy and either very blunt or entirely paved, while those of L. pallidus are long and comparatively slender, with more or less acuminate tips. An examination of the pharyngeal bones and their teeth from specimens of E. heros and E. holbrooki* disclosed complete conformity in those species to the type of bone and tooth found in E. gibbosus. The pharyngeals of E. euryorus McKay proved, however, to be of the pattern found in L pa II id us. The phar- yngeals of Apomotis cyanellus, ischyrus, and symmetricus, and of L. miniatus, auritus, megalotis, occidentalism humilis, and hap- lognathus were also found to differ in no essential respect from these bones as described for L. pallidus. The lower pharyngeal teeth of A. cyanellus, ischyrus, and symmetricus, and of L. min- iatus and E. euryorus appear as a rule to be somewhat less ♦Through the courtesy of Dr. S. E. Meek, of the Field Columbian Museum, we have been permitted to examine specimens of this and other species not found in the waters of Illinois. \L. occidentals, Meek, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. II., No. 6, p. 118. 29 slender and acutely pointed than the teeth of the remain- ing species of the genus Lepomis, but this distinction is recog- nizable only with difficulty, and is scarcely to be regarded as of even subgeneric value. In the case of L. pallidus and E. gibbosus, and in other species when possible, care was taken to examine the pharyngeals of a considerable number of young specimens, and no difficulty was in any case experienced in making out the distinctive form of the pharyngeal in each species, the best idea of which is obtained from the accom- panying figures. While the ratio of width to length of the toothed portion of the bone becomes greater in the young of Eupomotis, it was in no case found to equal the ratio obtained for the species of Apomotis and Lepomis. Species of which I have yet had no opportunity to exam- ine specimens are A. phenax and punctatus, L. macrochirus, and E. pallidus. Of the first two there can scarcely be any doubt concerning the generic affinities, the first species being possibly identical with A. ischyrus (Jordan & Nelson). Of L. macro- chirus little is known. In view of the palatine teeth, long gill- rakers, and dusky color at back of dorsal and anal in E. pal- lidus (Agassiz), I have, with Boulenger, regarded that species as identical with L. pallidus (Mitchill), and have taken no ac- count of it in the present characterization of the genus Eupo- motis. Consequent on the removal of this species and E. eu- ryorus McKay to the genus Lepomis, and apparently in no other way, does it become possible to establish the genus Eupo- motis beyond question on characters that have constant value. Lepomis Rafinesque. Lower pharyngeals narrow and comparatively weak, flat- tened or hollowed out underneath; width in length of toothed portion about 3 in adult specimens; inner angle, 120° to 140°; outer margin straight or slightly inbent from tip of posterior spur to anterior extremity of bone; pharyngeal teeth always long and slender and more or less acuminate. Brilliant colors 30 on posterior margin of opercular Hap, if present, always blend- ing with the adjacent paler or darker color, and not forming a definitely localized spot as in Eupomotis. A somewhat heterogeneous group, represented in this state by eight species, the genus as here understood including Apomotis and Lepomis of recent authors. The form of the body is vari- ously elongate, elliptical, or short and deep. Most of the spe- cies are inclined to be rather robust, while others are thin and compressed. Mouth various, usually rather large; supplemental maxillary bone well developed in some species, rudimentary or wanting in others, its development greatest in those species which have the mouth largest; teeth on palatines in most spe- cies. Operculum ending behind in a convex bony or osseo- membranous process or flap, its development much greater in some species than in others and subject to variation with age; the flap proper well differentiated (or not) from a fleshy or mem- branous margin partly or wholly of paler color than the oper- cular spot. Gill-rakers well developed (long, stiff, and rough ) to rather slender, or very soft and weak. Pectorals nearly always considerably shorter than head, but about equaling it in some species (megalotis, humilis, pallidus); dorsal spines usually low, but scarcely lower in some species than in Eiipotnotis. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS LEPOMIS FOUND IN ILLINOIS. J.. Operculum more or less stiffened posteriorly, its osseous portion always distinctly differentiated from a posterior fleshy or membranous margin, which is about equally broad above, behind, and below, and partly orwholly of paler color than the osseous portion, to which the black of the opercular spot is entirely or for the most part confined. A well-developed supplemental maxillary bone. b. Scales moderate or small, 42 to 50 in lateral line ; oper- culum produced backward and rather sharply rounded behind, triangular. 31 c. Soft dorsal dusky, with a more or less distinct blotch of darker color near base of last rays ; dark colora- tion on scales regular, with no appearance of mot- tling due to darker color on scattered groups of scales. d. Body oblong, depth 2.2 to 2.5 in length ; profile long and straight ; margin of ear-flap coppery to pur- plish cyanellus. dd. Body short and deep, depth 1.8 to 2 in length ; pro- file steep, convex in front of dorsal, and with angle at nape prominent ; margin of ear-flap pale blue to pinkish ischyrus. cc. Soft dorsal tessellated with darker but without large black blotch at base of last rays ; dark coloration more intense on scattered groups of scales, resulting in a mottled appearance much as in E. gibbosus : in life, some red or coppery on ear-flap behind. euryorus. bb Scales large, 35 to 41 in lateral line ; operculum not pro- longed much backward, but more or less broadly rounded behind, not triangular. e. Flexible margin of operculum narrow, its width J to ^ the length of the black opercular spot, which is mostly confined to the bony portion ; body green, barred with darker ; small coffee-colored specks on body and fins symmetricus. ee. Flexible margin of operculum broad, \ to as wide as the black or dark green spot on osseous portion, and mostly of the same dark color ; body dusky olive, with rows of red or orange spots on sides. in in in! us. AA. Operculum thin and flexible behind, its thin membranous margin much produced and broadened posteriorly, with a rather wide edging of pinkish to crimson almost sur- rounding the black of the opercular spot, which is mostly confined to the membranous extension, barely tipping the osseous portion of the flap. No supplemental max- 32 illary bone. Color olive, with orange spots ; body rather elongate ; size small, not exceeding 3| inches. humilis. AAA. Operculum not composed of well differentiated osseous and membranous portions, the bone becoming gradu- ally thinner posteriorly and terminating in a flexi- ble osseo-membranous flap, which is usually consid- erably produced in adults, sometimes exceedingly so, and is entirely black or with only a very narrow edging of pale. Supplemental maxillary bone very rudimentary or entirely wanting. /'. Dorsal spines low, the longest but slightly more than snout; gill-rakers very short and weak; color olive, with blue or orange spots and wavy vertical streaks of emerald; no black blotch on dorsal or anal be- hind megalotis. ff. Dorsal spines higher, the longest usually greater than snout and eye; gill-rakers rather long and slender; color olive, with purplish lustre, usually rather dark; dorsal and anal with black blotch at base of last rays pallidas. Lejpomis cyanellus Rafinesque. Apomotis cyanellus, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, p. 996. Distributed throughout the state, being the most abundant sunfish in the smaller prairie streams and pools of central Illi- nois. Lepomis ischyrus (Jordan & Nelson). Apo?notis ischyrus, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, p. 097. Type, in possession of the Illinois State Laboratory of Nat- ural History, obtained from the Illinois River in 1877. Not again taken until 1899, when two excellent adult specimens were obtained from the Illinois River at Meredosia. Lepomis euryorus (McKay). Eupomotis euryorus, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, p. 1008. Form strongly suggestive of Eupomotis gibbosus, but the 33 body robust and rather more elongate than in that species; dor- sal outline more arched than ventral; depth 2 to 2.3, head 2.6 to 2.9 in length. Mouth large, oblique, maxillary reaching con- siderably past front of orbit, 2.6 to 2.9 in head; jaws about equal; supplemental maxillary well developed; teeth present on vomers and palatines; lower pharyngeals narrow, the teeth rather bluntly pointed; eye small, 3.8 to 4.3 in head; opercle produced backward and rather sharply rounded behind, trian- gular; gill-rakers well developed, rather stiff and rough. Dor- sal X, 11 or 12, the spines low, but slightly longer than from snout to eye in young specimens, 2.2 to 2.7 in head; anal III, 9 or 10; pectorals short, 1.3 to 1.4 in head; ventrals reaching a little past vent. Scales 6 or 7, 43-45, 14 or 15, those on cheeks small, in 6 to 8 rows. Color in life not very well known; in spirits dusky olive, mottled with darker, the general appear- ance very much as in E. gibbosus; fin-membranes dusky, with darker tessellations behind on soft dorsal and anal and near base of caudal; opercular spot black, the margin paler, with some red or coppery behind in life. Known in this state from two young specimens, 2 and 3i inches in length respectively, taken in Crooked Creek, near La Harpe, Illinois, in May, 1900. These specimens form the basis of the present description. Lepomis symmetricus Forbes. Apotnotis symmetricus, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No, 47, p. 098. Not taken in Illinois since 1883, when it was described bj Professor Forbes from specimens taken in the Illinois River at Pekin. Found only sparingly, chiefly in the southern por- tion of the state, especially the Wabash valley. It has not been observed that the pharyngeals of this fish suggest affinities with the genus Eupomotis as hitherto sup- posed. Lepomis miniatus Jordan. Lepomis miniatus, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, p. 1002. Lepomis garmani, Forbes, Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. II., Art. 1 1., p. 135. — Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, p. 1002. Specimens which I now refer to this species were de- 34 scribed by Professor Forbes in 1885 from the Wabash and Little Fox rivers in southern Illinois, under the name of L. garmani, but no examples have since been taken in that part of the state. The types of L. garmani Forbes are thin and rather deeply angled at the nape, with pectorals comparatively long, 1.2 to 1.4 in head, and dorsal spines rather high, 1.9 to 2.2 in head, in these and all other essential respects agreeing with typical more southern representatives of the species from Missouri, Arkan- sas, and Texas. Specimens of this species taken since 1894 in the Illinois River at Havana and Meredosia have the body more or less robust, dorsal spines short, 2.3 to 2.7 in head, and pec- torals reaching but little beyond the back of the cheek in adults, their length 1.4 to 1.6 in head. These differences are seen to be less important after comparison of specimens from different southern localities, some of which are quite intermediate be- tween the two extremes just described. Southern specimens examined, however, agree in most instances more nearly with the types oiL. garmani than with the form from the Illinois River. Lepomis megalotis (Rafinesque). Lepomis megalotis, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, p. 1002. Generally distributed in Illinois, in the clearer portions of the swifter streams and brooks. Lepomis hit mi lis (Girard). Lepofnis hnmilis, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, p. 1004. The peculiar structure and coloration of the opercular flap gives to this fish a unique place among the species of the genus Lepomis. Widely distributed over Illinois, except in the northern part. Lepomis pallidus (Mitchill). Lepomis pallidus, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, p. 1005. In our collections from Lake Michigan and the streams and lakes of the northern part of the state to the waters of Union county. The most abundant sunfish by far in the Illi- nois River. 35 Eupomotis (Jill & Jordan. Lower pharyngeals deep and broad, with inferior and lat- eral prominences, never flattened or hollowed out underneath as in Lepomis; width in length of toothed portion about 2 in adults; inner angle 95° to 111°; outer margin a double curve, moderately inbent posteriorly, in front of spur, and more or less decidedly rounded anteriorly, as the margin of a lateral ledge- like prominence; teeth on lower pharyngeals short and heavy, their upper surfaces very bluntly rounded or paved. Red or orange on posterior portion of opercular flap definitely marked off from the paler or blackish portions adjacent, and not blended with them as in the preceding genus. Body more or less compressed and back elevated. Mouth rather small; no supplemental max- illary bone and no teeth on palatines. Gill-rakers always short, sometimes very much reduced. Pectoral fins always longer than head, sometimes extending past middle of anal. Dorsal spines rather higher than in most species of Lepomis. T\\n species found in Illinois. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS EUPOMOTIS FOUND IN ILLINOIS. a. Pectorals reaching to or beyond middle of anal : wavy lines oivcheeks faint heros. m aa. Pectorals scarcely reaching front of anal; evident wavy lines of emerald on cheeks gibbosus. Eupomotis heros ( Baird & Girard). Eupomotis heros, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, p. 1007. Rare in Illinois, mostly from the southern part. Nut taken since 1882. Eupomotis gibbosus ( Linnaeus I. Eupomotis gibbosus, Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, p. n Widely distributed in Illinois, except in the Wabash basin. Issued Mar. q, iqoj. BULLETIN OF THE ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY Urbana, Illinois, U. S. A. Vol. VII. May, 1905. Article IV. ON A NEW SHOVELNOSE STURGEON FROM THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. (Plates IV.— VII.) BY S. A. FORBES, PH.D., AND R. E. RICHARDSON, A.M. *\ o CO CO u CC CO CD CO CD =s CX co CD C cS or CO =3 JZ o >^ <~ o J? u CJ CO CO Q_ Q_ CO co \ ■ *\ J ", Article IV.— On a New Skovelnose Sturgeon from the Mis- sissippi River (Plates IV- VII.). By S. A. Forbes and R. E. Richardson. In the course of our studies of the fishes of Illinois, made in connection with the preparation of a report upon the ichthy- ology of the state, it became necessary last year to examine greater numbers of the larger species of the Mississippi River than could well be preserved in collections. Consequently, in June, 1904, Mr. Richardson visited for this purpose the fishing grounds at Grafton, Illinois, at the mouth of the Illinois River, and the fish boats at Alton, where the catches from that part of the Mississippi and from the lower Illinois are mainly handled by the firm of Ashlock & Son, long established at that point. Mr. H. L. Ashlock of this firm expressed at this time his belief that a distinct sturgeon, known to the fishermen of the locality as the "white sturgeon," was occasionally obtained among the catches of the common shovelnose locally called the "switch-tail," an opinion presently confirmed by the receipt of one specimen of this species and the head of another, brought in by his fishing crews. Seven additional specimens have since been sent us by Mr. Ashlock, all taken in fyke-nets at or near Grafton. # The failure of students of American ichthyology to distin- guish this species can be accounted for only on the supposition that specimens of it have never come to their notice, since its distinguishing characters are too obvious and important to have been overlooked. Its uniformly light color, relatively long head, very small eye, sharp and elongate snout, naked brew si and belly, relatively small and numerous dermal scutes, numer- ous ribs, and few-pointed gill-rakers, separate it sharply from the common shovelnose. Its scarcity must doubtless explain its absence from our literature. According to Mr. Ashlock's estimate, about one in five hundred of the shovelnose sturgeons <=>taken in the central Mississippi belongs to this new species, and i 38 as the number of these sturgeons examined by all the ichthy- ologists of America taken together, doubtless falls far short of five hundred, it is not remarkable that it has hitherto been overlooked. Recognizing, as we are disposed to do, the generic criteria proposed for the scaphirhynchoids by Berg ('04), we regard this form as generically distinct from species hitherto described. Parascaphirhynchxs, gen. nov. Snout broad, shovel-shaped ; caudal peduncle long and flattened above, broader than deep, and completely covered by scutes. Breast and belly naked, sides sprinkled with small discoidal ossifications. Lips four-lobed ; spiracles and pseudo- branchs wanting ; gill-rakers fan-shaped, two- or three-pointed on the lower half of the arch ; ribs twenty or twenty-one ; air-bladder well developed, about 8 times in length of head and body. One species; known at present only from the Mississippi River. Parascaphirhynchus albus, sp. nov. Head long, 2.9 to 3.2 in total length, and the body compar- atively short ; depth, 7.5 to 9 in length of head and body ; dis- tance from gill-cavity to front of dorsal 2.5 in total length. Color very light, the upper parts bluish gray in life, the lower parts of the sides and belly shading from very light gray to almost milky white. Scutes small (PI. VI.), sixteen to nineteen in the dorsal tow, forty-one to forty-seven in the lateral, and ten to thirteen in the ventral. Spines of the dorsal and lateral scutes sharp, projecting strongly backward, and reaching to near the poste- rior border of the scute. Denticulated ossifications between the dorsal and lateral, and lateral and ventral rows of scutes diminishing in size and abundance from above downward. A few imperfect plates along the dorsal row of scutes, extending as far forward as the backward reach of the pectorals, more numerous and larger backwards, and becoming continuous with 39 the dorsal covering of the caudal peduncle. Belly wholly naked in front of ventrals ; breast with a few bony points similar to those on the lower part of the sides. The pectoral shields are long and narrow (PI. V.), the triangular, posterior part equal- ing in area the remainder of the shield. Rostrum long and narrow (PI. V.), 2.5 to 2.9 in length of head ; the eye very small, 8.3 to 10 in the interorbital s\K\n>. which is 3.7 to 4.2 in the length of the head. Barbels doubly pectinated on the anterior edge, the posterior pectinations ob- solete or wanting, the inner barbels 1.7 to 2.9 in length of outer. Mouth large, 1.4 to 1.6 in the greatest width of the ros- trum. Papilla^ of the four clusters on the lower lip reduced to a few7 flattened scallops at the hinder edge of the lappet. Gill-membranes united to the isthmus and to each other in a deep angle (PI. V.), and continued backward to cover the anterior fourth of the pectoral shields. Operculum long and narrow, its depth contained more than twice in distance from posterior margin of cheek to posterior margin of gill-opening, and this distance about 8.5 times in length of head and body. Gill-rakers 10 or 11, + 3, the two rows of each arch separated by a broad smooth surface (PI. VII.). Dorsal fin of 35 to 43 rays, the length of its base 11.8 to 12.8 in length of head and body; anal rays 20 to 23, ventral rays 23 to 26. Length of our seven specimens 19 to 43 inches, to base of caudal fin, the largest weighing 9.75 pounds. Mr. Ashlock has seen specimens 4.5 feet long, with an estimated weight of 16 pounds. Described from 9 specimens. The sexual differences are not known, all our specimens being males. The species is said by Mr. Ashlock to spawn between March and June, and to continue spawning sometimes as late as August. The testes were well developed in those taken about the middle of June. Although seen by us only from the Mississippi River at Grafton, this fish is said by Mr. Ashlock to be more abundant along the lower Missouri. Catches of sturgeon were seen by 40 him at West Alton, Mo., in which a fifth of the number were of this species. It is also said by him to occur, as a rule, in swifter water than the common sbovelnose. The following table exhibits some of the more important differences observed in comparing our nine specimens of Parascaphirhynchus albus with twenty-one specimens of Scaphi- rhynchus platorhynchus in the Laboratory collection. P. albus S. platorhynchus Ribs 20 or 21 10 or 1 1 Ventral radials g 7 Gill-rakers (points) 2 or 3 2- 5 (usually 4 or 5 Air-bladder in length head and body 8 5 Belly and breast naked fully armored Sides between scutts scattered ossifications Depth lateral scutis in length head and body ... . 28 — 32.5 19.8 — 23.8 Eve in interorbital space 8.3—10 5-3— 8.3 1 (usually r ° less than 7) Inner barbel in outer 1.7 — 2.9 1.1— 14 Width mouth in width snout 1.4 — 1.6 1.6 — 1.9 "Width head in length head 2.5 — 2.9 1.9 — 2.2 Length head in length head and body 2.9 — 3.2 3.5 — 3.8 The first of the shovelno.se sturgeons was described in 1820 by Rafinesque as Acipenser platorhynchus, and was, in 1835, made by Heckel the type of a new genus distinguished from Acipenser by the absence of spiracles. The first of the Asiatic species was described by Kessler from the Suir-dar in 1872 as JS. fedtschenkoi ; the second, S. kaufmanni,hy Bogdanovin 1875; and the third in 1877 from the Amu-dar as S. hermanni by Kessler, who also discussed and figured Bogdanov's species. A fourth species was described by Nikolsky in 1900 as the type of a new genus, Pseudoscaphirhynchus. Berg ('04) unites the three preceding species under this genus, but does not recognize Nikolsky's species as distinct. The American and Asiatic species were first subjected to detailed anatomical analysis by Brutzer ('59) and lwanzow ('87), the memoir of the latter being our fullest treatise on its subject. Zograff wrote in 1887, and again in 1896, especially on the embryonal teeth of these and other cartilaginous ganoids- 41 The two genera above mentioned have recently been studied by Berg ('04). The following analytical table will serve to exhibit the re- lations of the three genera here recognized, the characters of the Asiatic genus being derived by us from the papers of Berg, Mkolsky, and Kessler. A. Caudal peduncle shortened and laterally compressed as in Acipenser, the rows of scutes not meeting above and be- low to form a complete armor; mouth as in Acipenser, the lips two-lobed* and without clusters of papilla- ; gill- rakers lance-shaped as in Acipenser] air-bladder small or rudimentaryf ; ribs numerous.^ Pseudoscaphirhynchus Nikolsky. AA. Caudal peduncle lengthened, depressed, broader than deep, and completely armored; lips four-lobed, each lip bearing four clusters of flattened tubercle-like lappets ; gill-rakers fan-shaped, two-, three-, four-, or five-pointed on the lower half of the arch. b. Ribs twenty or twenty-one ; gill-rakers two- or three- pointed ; belly and breast naked ; air-bladder 8 in length of head and body. Parascaphirhynchus, gen. now bb. Ribs ten or eleven ; gill-rakers two-, three-, four-, or tive- pointed ; belly and breast wholly covered with subrhom- bic plates ; air-bladder 5 in length of head and body. Scaphirhynchus Beckel. Issued May 15, 1905. *See Berg, Zool. Anz., XXVII., 22, 1904, p. 667; also Kessler's fiugrea of P. kaufmanni and hermanni, Aralo-Caspian Exped., IV., 1877, 1- ig. 25 and 26. |One twenty-seventh of length of head and body in P . fedtschenkoi. JTwenty-four or twenty-five in P. fedtschenko BIBLIOGRAPHY.* Berg-, L. S. '04. Zur Systematikder Acipens oriden. Zool. Anz., Bd. XXVII., Nr. 22, pp. 665-667. Brandt, J. F. '69. Einige Worte uber die Europaische-Asiatischen Stor-Arten. Melang. Biolog., T. VII., pp. 110-116; Bull. Ac. Sc. St. Pe- tersb, T. XIV., pp. 171-175. Bridge, T. W. '96. The Mesial Fins of Ganoids and Teleosts. Jour. Linn. Soc. Lond., Vol. XXV., pp. 530-602, PI. XXXII-XXXIII. Brutzer, G. *'59. De Scaphirbyncho Rafinescii disquisitiones anatomicae. Dorpat, 1859. Davidoff, M. v. '79. Beitriige zur vergleichenden Anatomic dcr binteren Glied- masse der Fische. Morpb. Jahrb., Bd. V., pp. 450-520, Taf. XXVIII— XXXI. Fitzinger, L., and Heckel, J. '41. Monograpbiscbe Darstellung der Gattung Aciftcnser. Ann. Wiener Mus. Naturgescb., Bd. II.Tpp. 263-326, Taf. XXV XXX. Gray, J. E. '34. Characters of two new species of Acipenser. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Vol. II., pp. 122-123. Greve, C. '96. Ueber die Lebensweise der central-asiatiscben Arten der Gattung Scaphirhynchus. SB. Ges. Dorpat, Bd. XI., pp. 137- 144. Giinther, Albert. '73. Note on Scaphirbynchus Fedtscbenkoi. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4, Vol. XII., 1873, No. 70, p. 277. * Papers whose titles are starred have been seen by us in abstract only. 43 Hcckel, J. '35. Scaphirhynchus ^ eine neue Fiscbgattung aus der Ordnung der Chondropterygier mit freien Kienien. Ann. Wiener Mus. Naturgesch., Bd. I., pp. 71-78, Taf. VII. Iwanzow, N. '87. Scaphirhynchus. Eine vergleichend.-anatoraische Beschreib- ung. Bull. Soc. Imp. des Natural. Mosc, N. Ser., T. I., pp 1-41, PI. I. and II. Kessler, K F. '72. On a remarkable Fish of the Family of Sturgeons discovered by M. A. P. Fedchenko in the River Suir-dar. Mem. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Mosc, Vol. X , p. 26, PI. 12 (in Russian). Trans- lation, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, Ser. 4, Vol. XII., 1873, No. 70, pp. 269-276. Redescribed and figured in Fedchenko's Turkestan Journey, II , Pt. 6. p. 48, PI. VI., Fig. 28, 29, and PI. VII., Fig. 30-35; Nachr. Ges. Mosc. XI., Ser. 5, 1874. * '77. The Aralo-Caspian Expedition. (IV. Fishes of the Aralo- Pontine Regiou.) 360 pp., 26 fig. Suppl. to Trans. Petersb. Nat. Hist. Soc. (in Russian). Kirsch, P II , and Fordice, M. W. '89. A Review of the American Species of Sturgeons (Acipen. seridaa). Proc. Acad Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, pp. 245-257. Nikolsky, A. M. '00. Pseudoscaphirhynchus rossokowi, n. gen. et spec. Annuaire xMus. St. Petersb , T. V , pp. 257-259. Pelzam, E. * '83. Biologische Untersuchungen ueber Stor-artige Fische. SB. Naturf. Ges. Kasan, Beitrage No. 65. 17 pp. kafinesque, C. S. '20. Ichtbyologia Ohiensis, p. 80. Regan, C. T. '04. The Phylogeny of the Teleostomi. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hisi., Ser. 7, Vol. XIII., No. 77, pp. 329-349, Fig. 1-4, and PI. VII. Thacher, J. K. '77. Median and Paired Fins, a Contribution to the History of Vertebrate Limbs. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci., Vol. III., pp. 281-310, PI. XL1X.-LX. '77a. Ventral Fins of Ganoids. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci., Vol. IV., pp. 233-242, PI. I. and II. 44 Westberg, P. '99. Ueber die Fiscbgattung Scafhirhynchus. KB. Ver. Riga, Bd. XLIL, pp. 159-160. Zograff, N. '87. Ueber die Zahne der Kuorpel-Ganoiden. Biol. Centralbl., Bd. VII., Nr. 6, pp. 178-183. '87a. On some of the Affinities between Ganoidei-Chondrostei and other Fishes. Nature, Vol. XXXVII., p. 70. * '96. Note sur l'odontographie des Ganoidei-Chondrostei. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 8, T. I., pp. 197-219, PI. IV. and V.; Abstract, Congr. Zool. Leyden, pp. 320-322. V. 'A 2 N — /. 2 d "g 3 X • — > — P i VI. \ -'- : VfRt«2 ■-■\. ^ ■■Aijr ,-A V !>-, \J\J,' N-- 03 y CD -> "55 -V *< s— 02 i ' -t-J *2 X 9 ^ • — i 1 ,, , > ■ r^ • — - r^ «4-H c • A >v ^; CD CD K a 84-1 ^ C -?: O ^ %- 1 *•* r— ■ - CD CD 72 VII. • ^ it 5s 5s S o (D S o -> z I - 'Z BULLETIN OF THE ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY LIBRA NEW yo; Urbana, Illinois, U. S. A. Vol. VII. December, 1905. Aktki.k \ . NOTES ON SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN OLIGOCil KT \ . V. THE SYSTEMATIC RELATIONSHIPS OF LUMBRICULUS (THINODRILUS) (N- CONSTANS (SMITH ). BY FRANK SMITH, A. M., Assistant Professor of Zoology, University of Illinois. December 26, 1905. Article V.— Notes on Species of North American Oligochwta.V. The Systematic Relationships of Lumbriculus (Thinodrilus) ineonstans (Smith). By Frank Smith. When this species was described by the writer (1895) it was thought that the differences between it and previously described species were such as to warrant the recognition of a new genus; hence the genus Thinodrilus. Michaelsen in his great work on the Oligochceta (1900) saw fit to include thisspecies in the genus Trichodrilus Claparede with the two European species. Recent papers on the reproductive organs of Lumbric- ulus variegatus (Miiller) by Wenig (1902) and Hesse (1902) have extended our knowledge of that species and have shown that it is in some particulars very similar to Thinodrilus in- eonstans, and as it now seems to the writer that there is more rea- son for including the latter species in the genus Lumbriculus than in the genus Trichodrilus, it will be referred to in the fol- lowing discussion as Lumbriculus ineonstans. We will first consider the chief points in which L. ineonstans differs more from L. variegatus than from the two species of Tri- chodrilus (T. allobrogum Claparede and T. pragensis Vejdovsky ). Albumen Gland. — An albumen orcopulatory gland, which is described and figured by Vejdovsky (1884) as occurring in somite IX in L. variegatus, is lacking in Trichodrilus and in L. ineonstans. No reference is made to such an organ by Wenig and Hesse in their recent papers on L. variegatus, and Michael- sen (1903, p. 60) has recently raised the question as to its oc- currence, and queries whether the structures seen by Vejdov- sky may not have been rudiments of efferent reproductive organs. It should not be overlooked that the structure of the albumen gland is described by Vejdovsky (1884, p. 149 I as simi- lar to that of the spermathecie, and that Wenig (1902) de- scribes and figures a single spermatheca in IX but makes no reference to an albumen gland. Vejdovsky used the presence 46 or absence of an albumen gland as the basis for the separation of the Lumbriculidce into two groups, but without presenting any reason for believing that such a character should be con- sidered of especial importance in determining systematic rela- tionships, and I am disposed to assume that it has at the most no greater significance than that of a specific character. Positions of Sp'ermiducal Pores and Gonads. — The spermidu- cal pores are usually on VIII in L. variegatus, but Yejdovsky (1895) found them on VII in one specimen. Wenig found but one spermiducal pore in each of the specimens examined by him, and that on VIII. In L. inconstans the spermiducal pores are on X in two of the specimens studied and on XI in another. In the two species of Trichodrilus they are on X. With such individual variability in mind, it seems reasonable to consider the position of the spermiducal pores as of no more than spe- cific importance. In L. ehn^«»n st j. c* a. ^5 J — S-J — "-* — ii - l LJl-v'v . LrOuntu Ota.T. Article VI.— A Catalogue of the Moll, ism of Illinois. By Frank Collins Baker. Introductory. The following catalogue of Illinois mollusks is intended to record every reference to the Mollusca occurring in the state which may be found in the few published lists, and also all scat- tered references to the same, wherever published. The bibliog: raphy is believed to contain a majority of the publications re- ferring to the Mollusca of the state, but it can scarcely be com- plete, since references probably exist which are unknown to the author. The classification is that of Dall, Pilsbry, and Simpson. The valid species (so considered at the present time) overhang at the margin, while those specific names which have been used in Illinois references and which are now considered synonyms follow in parenthesis. In indicating the geographical distribu- tion the author has deemed it best simply to quote every local- ity from which specimens have been recorded, adding after each locality, in parenthesis, the name of the collector or author who is authority for the same. By this means an exact census of our molluscan fauna will be secured, based on actual collections. There have been several references to species which are evi- dently founded on misidentifications. These are indicated in foot-notes under their respective genera. Several specif- arc listed on the authority of correspondents, and the identifica- tions have not been verified. Acknowledgments are clue to the following Illinois con- chologists, wrho kindly furnished more or less exhaustive lists: Mr. A. A. Hinkley, DuBois; Mr. J. H. Ferriss and Mr. J. II. Handwerk, of Joliet; Mr. W. A. Marsh, Aledo; Dr. \Y. A. Nason, Algonquin; Dr. W. S. Strode, Lewiston; and Mr. Charles A. Hart, of Urbana. The following persons have also aided in tin- work, either by presenting collections to the Chicago Academj 53 54 of Sciences or by loaning material for study: Professor W. K. Higley, T. Jensen, John Henry, A. W. Conner, J. D. Hood, Thomas Swick, Carl Dilg, W. W. Calkins, W. W. Cooper, F. M. Woodruff, H. B. Derr, Dr. H. N. Lyon, H. Fischer, E. W. Engle- holm, R. L. Rea, and James Zetek, of Chicago; J. H. Ferriss, J. H. Handwerk, and Mr. Oakes, of Joliet; E. Chamberlain and V. H. Chase, Wady Petra; Benjamin T. Gault, Glen Ellyn; L. E. Dan- iels, La Porte, Indiana; and Mrs. E. C. Wiswall, Kenosha, Wis- consin. Collections made by Robert Kennicott, E. W. Nelson, and J. W. Velie are in the collection of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and have been used in preparing this catalogue. The following gentlemen have kindly identified the groups indicated, and my thanks are due to them: Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Penn., various land and fresh-water shells; Mr. Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich., Ancijll and other fresh-water shells; and Dr. V. Sterki, New Philadelphia, Ohio, Corneor//cl(ts and Pupidce. These gentlemen have also identified considerable material in the State Labora- tory collection. My thanks are especially due to Prof. S. A. Forbes, Director of the State Laboratory of Natural History, Urbana, for the priv- ilege of studying and listing the very large collection of Illi- nois mollusks under his charge. This catalogue is but a tentative list, and additions and corrections are earnestly solicited from all interested persons. In the following pages the writer has aimed to present a condensed survey of our knowledge concerning the molluscan fauna of the state of Illinois. The position of the state, lying, as it does, with the Mississippi River on the west, the Wabash River on the east, the Ohio River on the south, and Lake Michi- gan on the north, not to speak of the Illinois, Kaskaskia, Rock, and other rivers intersecting the state, is particularly favorable to the presence of a varied and abundant molluscan fauna. The rich woodlands bordering or near the watercourses also afford favorite retreats for the terrestrial species, about one sixth of the surface being forest-covered. 55 There are two main drainage areas, one. very small, in the northern part of the state, draining into Lake Michigan, and the other, including the larger part of the state, draining into the Mississippi River by way of the Illinois, Rock, Fox, I lesplaines, Kankakee, Wabash, and Ohio, and other rivers and streams. When the state is more thoroughly explored conchologically 11 will probably be found that its mollusks will show peculiar geographical variations due to its extent through five ami ;i half degrees of latitude (from 37° to42|°). While the literature relating to the Mollusca of Illinois is rather extensive, it is a singular fact that not one catalogue has been published which gives a list of all of the species of the state. Some of the more extensive catalogues which have been published are mentioned below. In 1854 Mr. H. A. Ulffers published a list of the Mollusca of Southern Illinois inthe Transactions of the Illinois Horticul- tural Society (Vol. I., p. 610). This included 87 species. Of these, 14 are nowr considered synonyms. In 1871 Mr. John Wolf published his "Catalogue of the Shell-bearing Mollusca of Fulton County, Illinois," inthe Amer- ican Journal of Conchology (Vol. VI., p. 27), listing 138 spe- cies, of which 8 are now considered synonyms. In 1874 Mr. W. W. Calkins listed the Mollusca of Northern Illinois in the Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science I Vol. I., p. 321). This list included 129 species, of which but 6 are now considered synonyms. The same author, in the Proceed- ings of the Ottawa Academy of Sciences for ls74. enumerates 105 species as occurring in La Salle County. In 1887-89 Mr. William A. Marsh enumerated 110 species of land and fresh-water shells as found in Mercer county, his lists being published in the Conchologist's Exchange I \ ol. Land II.) and in the Nautilus (Vol. III.). Several of the species listed are now considered synonyms. Dr. W. S. Strode (Nautilus, Vol. V., p. 61, American Natur- alist, Vol. XXVI., p. 495) enumerates :;:> species, mostly Unios, from Spoon River, near Bernadotte. 56 In 1898 Mr. John W. Huett published a volume on "The Natural History of La Salle County, Illinois," in which (Part II., p. 96) 92 species of land and fresh-water shells are listed. In 1898-1902 Mr. Frank C. Baker published a report on "The Mollusca of the Chicago Area", in which 164 species are recorded for Cook, Du Page, and Will counties. In addition to these more or less extensive lists, numerous papers have been published in which Illinois shells are men- tioned, and also quite a number which are devoted to critical remarks or notes on the geographic distribution or economic value of Illinois mollusks. The works of Binney, Bland, Con- rad, Haldeman, Kuster, Lea, Pilsbry, Prime, Say, Simpson, Ster- ki, Tryon, and Walker contain many references to Illinois spe- cies, as well as descriptions of some species new to science. There have been twenty-eight species and varieties new to science described from Illinois specimens. These are as fol- lows: Unto upsoni Marsh. Mercer County. Sph.serium lilycashense Baker. Lilycash Creek. " stamineum forbesi Baker. Matanzas Lake. Mu8culium hodgsoni Sterki. Albion. Corneoc>/clas handwerki Sterki. Lilycash Creek. roperi Sterki. Higginbotham's Spring, Joliet. Campeloma subsolidum Anthony. Illinois. Amnicola pUsbryi Walker. Rockford. Pyrgulopsis mississippiensis Pilsbry.- Mississippi River, near Rock River. scalariformis Wolf. Tazewell Co. shore, Illinois River. Pleurocera leirisii Lea. Peoria. moniliferurn Lea. Ohio River, near its mouth, in Illinois. Goniobasis grosvenorii Lea. Fox River. Physa hildrethiana Lea. A lake in Illinois. elongata Say. Shores of Illinois. Lymnsea tazewelliana Wolf. Tazewell Co. shore, Illinois River. woodruffi Baker. Lake Michigan. " ferrissii Baker. Joliet. " sufflatm Calkins. Calumet River, Chicago. " reflexa jolietensis Baker. Joliet. reflexa crystattensis Baker. Crystal Lake. Vallonia parvula Sterki. Joliet. Zonites upsoni Calkins. Rockford. Vertigo tridentata Wolf. Canton. 57 Siiccinea calumetensis Calkins. Calumet Marshes, Chicago. " peoriensis Wolf. Peoria. " ittinoisensis Wolf. Canton. Polygyra muttilineala algonquinensis Nason. Algonquin. Of the above list the following are now considered syno- nyms of other species: Unio upsoni = Lampsilis ligamentina Lamarck. Goniobasis grosvenorii = Goniobasis semicarinata Say. Physa elongata = Aplexa hypnorum Linne. Lymnsea ferrisdi = Lymnsea caperata Say. " 8ufflatu8 = Lymnsea palustris Miiller. Zonites upsoni = Vertigo ovata Say. Suceinea calumetensis — Succinea retusa Lea. Illinois lies wholly within Binney's Interior Region of the Eastern Province. Of the 69 species mentioned by Binney as inhabiting this region, all but 8 have been found in Illinois. It will thus be seen that the Illinois molluscan fauna is typical of the interior region. Among the land shells the families Zonitidw and Helicidce are represented by the largest number of species; among the genera, Polygyra is the most noteworthy. The Mississippi Valley is the metropolis of the pearly fresh- water mussels (Unionidce), and the position of the state, bor- dered on the west by the Mississippi River and on the south and east by the Ohio and Wabash rivers, has produced a large and varied Unio fauna, no less than 98 species and varieties being found in the various rivers and lakes. The Sphceriidw, Vivi- paridce, Amnicolidce, and Lymna?ida? are also notably developed. The fiuviatile species are distributed among 9 families and 47 genera. Of these, 2 families and 25 genera are bivalves, '5 families and 7 genera are pulmoniferous, and 4 families and 15 genera are branchiferous and operculate, as is evident from the following list. FLUVIATILE MOLLU8KS. „ ., ,r, No. of No. of Family. Genus. Species. Varietl. Unionidas Truncilln 6 1 Lampsilis 24 Micromya 1 Obovaria 4 58 Family. Unionida [Cont.] Spha riida Viviparida Valvatida Amnicolida Pleuroct rida Physidv Ancylida Lymna ida „ No. of Genus- Species. Plagiola 3 Tritogonia 1 Oyprogenia 1 Obliquaria 1 Ptychobranchus 1 Dram us 1 Strophitus 1 Anodonta 6 Lastena 1 Anodontoides 1 Arddi ns : 1 Symphynota 3 Alasmidonta 2 Hemilastena 1 Margaritana 2 I 'iiin 3 I 'I, n ml,, urn 3 Quadrula 22 Sphserium 9 M,,srii/iniii 9 ( ',,,-,,, ocyclas 24 Viinpara 3 ( 'ampeloma *> TAoplax 1 Valvata 4 Bythinia 1 A ill iiiriil h 4 9 34 78 50 14 4 6 10 60 78 33 10 3 10 24 35 91 50 18 4 10 28 42 78 20 24} If 17 302 / 10 59 o 105 240 52 274 83 ,276 89 332f 256 705 A comparison of the figures in the table will show ( 1 ) that the number of species increases toward the south and west; (2)thatthis increase is confined mainly to the aquatic forms; and (3) that the increase in certain families is very great. The increase in aquatic forms is shown in the following comparisons. State. Land Species. Aquatic Species. Maine 50 55 New York 82 158 Michigan 78 194 Indiana 78 198 Illinois 91 240 A labama 78 627 The ratios of land to aquatic forms increase more rapidly to the south than to the west, being in New York 1 to 2, in Illi- nois 1 to 2i, and in Alabama 1 to 8. In Maine the ratios are nearly equal. As to the great increase in certain families toward the south and west, Alabama has 25 times as many species of Unionidw as Maine, 3 times as many as Illinois, and nearly 4i times as * This does not include the recently described Corneocyclas, which would mate- rially increase the number of species recorded in the older lists. t This does not include the 56 varieties enumerated in the present list. t The recently described Amnicola and Somatogyrm are here included. § Vide Hinkley. 61 many as New York; while in the Pleuroceridce this comparison is even more marked, the corresponding record being 34 times as many for New York, 30 times as many for Michigan, and about 11 times as many for Illinois. In other families the ra- tios are more nearly equal. In the Hygrophila the greatest in- crease is toward the west, Michigan and Illinois having the greatest number of species. In a general way we may say that the Unionidce, Pleuroceridce, and \ririjxiri.<hi<» River (Marsh). 96 Lithasia obovata Say. Ohio River (Marsh). Genus Pleurocera Rafinesque. Pleurocera alveare Conrad { — nupera Say). Little Wabash and Saline rivers (Hinkley) ; Ohio River (Marsh) ; Southern Illinois (UlfTers). Pleurocera canaliculatum Say. Wabash and Ohio rivers (Hinkley) ; Wabash River (Marsh) ; Mt. Carmel, Wabash Co. (Nelson); Southern Illinois (Ulffers); Golconda, Pope Co. ; Saline River, Saline Co. (State Labora- tory). Pleurocera elevatum Say. Cook Co. (Baker, Jensen) ; Joliet, Will Co. ; Kankakee River (Ferriss, Handwerk) ; Kishwaukee and Kaskaskia rivers (Hinkley); Illinois River (Marsh); Spoon River (Strode); Peoria, Peoria Co. ; Pekin Lake, Tazewell (Jo. ; Golconda, Pope Co.; Saline River, Saline Co.; Kaskaskia River, Bartelso, Clin- ton Co. ; Pistakee Lake, Lake Co. ; Skillet Fork, Wayne Co. ; Duncan's Mills and Bernadotte, Fulton Co. ; Little Muddy River, Franklin Co. ; Havana, Mason Co.; Kishwaukee River, Winnebago Co. ; Carlyle, Clinton Co. ; Lake Michigan, Chicago, Cook Co. (State Laboratory). Pleurocera elevatum lewisii Lea. Northern Illinois; Fox River (Calkins) ; Utica, La Salle Co. ; Joliet, Will Co. ; Kankakee River(Ferriss) ; Quincy, Adams Co. (Hart) ; La Salle Co. (Huett) ; Peoria Co. (Lea, Lewis, Marsh, Tryon) ; Illinois River; Canton, Fulton Co. (Nason) ; Spoon River (Strode) ; Fulton Co. (Wolf) ; Peoria, Peoria Co. ; Quiver and Matanzas lakes, and Illinois River, Havana, Mason Co. ; Pekin Lake, Tazewell Co. ; Thompson's Lake, Fulton Co. ; Milan, Rock Island Co. (State Laboratory). Pleurocera Horencense Lea. Wabash River (Marsh). Pleurocera lesleyi Lea. Ohio River (Marsh). Pleurocera moniliferum Lea. Wabash, Little Wabash, Saline, and Ohio rivers (Hinkley, Marsh) ; Ohio River (Lea). 97 Pleurocera neglectum Anthony. Big and Little Muddy rivers (Hinkley) ; Washington Co. (Marsh). Pleurocera pallidum Lea. Fox River (Calkins) ; Kappa, Woodford Co. (Hinkley, col- lected by C. A. Hart). Pleurocera ponderosum Anthony. Illinois River (Ferriss, Marsh) ; Fox River (Tryon). Pleurocera subulare Lea. Cook Co. (Baker, Calkins, Jensen, Lyon); Northern Illinois; Fox River (Calkins); Kankakee River (Ferriss) ; Rock River and Kent's Creek (Hinkley) ; La Halle Co. (Huett) ; Union Co. (Lyon); Mississippi River (Marsh); Fulton Co. (Wolf); Lake Michigan, Chicago, Cook Co. ; Havana, Mason Co. (State Laboratory). Pleurocera subulare intensum Anthony. Desplaines River (Baker) ; Cook Co. (Jensen, Velie) ; Mere- dosia, Morgan Co. (Woodruff) ; Quincy, Adams Co. (State Lab- oratory) . Pleurocera troostii Lea. Wabash River (Marsh). Pleurocera undulatum Say. Wabash and Ohio rivers (Hinkley) ; Wabash River (Marsh). Genus Goniobasis Lea. Goniobasis costifera Haldeman. Creeks of Hardin Co. (Hinkley) ; Hennepin, Putnam Co. (Haldeman, Tyron) ; Saline River (Marsh). Goniobasis plebeius Anthony (= cubicoides Anthony). Kankakee River (Ferriss, Marsh). Goniobasis depygis Say. Northern Illinois (Calkins) ; Kankakee River (Ferriss) ; Jo- liet, Will Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk); Hickory Creek, Will Co. (Handwerk) ; La Salle Co. (Huett) ; Peoria Co. (Marsh). Goniobasis gracilior Anthony. Fulton Co. (Wolf) ; Peoria, Peoria Co. (State Laboratory). Goniobasis infantida Lea. Ohio River (Marsh). 98 Goniohasis semiearinata Say (= grosvenorii Lea). Hickory Creek, Will Co. (Ferriss) ; Fox River (Lea) ; Big Vermilion River (Marsh); Grand Pierre Creek, Herod, Pope Co. ; Elizabethtown, Hardin Co. ; Bartelso, Clinton Co. (State Laboratory). Goniohasis livescens Menke. Cook Co. (Baker, Calkins, Jensen, Lyon) ; Northern Illinois; Fox River (Calkins) ; Utica, La Salle Co. ; Kankakee River (Ferriss) ; Kappa, Woodford Co. (Hart) ; La Salle Co. (Huett) ; Illinois River (Marsh) ; Elgin, Kane Co. ; Algonquin, McHenry Co. ; Illinois River (Nason) ; Fulton Co. (Wolf) ; Havana, Mason Co.; Peoria, Peoria Co.: Lake Michigan, Chicago, Cook Co. (State Laboratory). Goniohasis pulchclla Anthony. Big Vermilion River (Calkins) ; Desplaines River (Ferriss) ; Illinois River (Lewis, Marsh). Goniohasis spartenhurgensis Lea. Mt. Carmel, Wabash Co. (Hinkley, collected by Mr. Charles A. Hodgson). Genus Anculosa Say. Anculosa subglohosa Say. Ohio River (Marsh). Anculosa prcerosa Say. Wabash and Ohio rivers (Hinkley) ; Ohio River (Marsh) ; Southern Illinois (Differs); Golconda, Pope Co. (State Labora- tory). Anculosa costata Anthony. Wabash River (Marsh). 99 Subclass Euthyneura. Order PULMONATA. Suborder BASOMMATOPHORA. Superfamily Hygrophila. Family PHYSLD^E. Genus Physa Draparnaud. Physa ancillaria Say (= vinosa of authors, not of Gould). Quincy, Adams Co. (Garman) ; tank pond, Du Bois, Wash- ington Co. ; Winnebago Co. (Hinkley) ; Winnebago Co. (Marsh) ; Lake Michigan, Cook Co. (Nason). Physa say ii Tappan. Cook and Will counties; Northern Illinois (Baker) ; Fox Riv- er; Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason); Clear, Sand, and Cedar lakes, Lake Co.; Peoria, Peoria Co.; Urbana, Champaign Co.; Milan, Rock Island Co. ; Havana, Mason Co. ; Northern Illinois (State Laboratory). Physa heterostropha Say. Cook Co. (Baker, Calkins); Southern Illinois (Binney, Dif- fers) ; Quincy, Adams Co. (Garman); Joliet, Will Co.; Kan- kakee River (Handwerk) ; Saline River; Winnebago, Washing- ton, and Hardin counties (Hinkley) ; Mercer Co. (Marsh) ; Sil- ver and Crystal lakes and Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason) ; Thompson's Lake, Fulton Co. (Strode) ; Cedar, Pistakee, and Clear lakes, Lake Co. ; Quiver Lake, Havana, Mason Co. ; Nor- mal, McLean Co.; McHenry Co. (State Laboratory). Physa an a tin a Lea. Elizabethtown, Hardin Co. (Hinkley) ; Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason) ; Quincy, Adams Co. (State Laboratory). Physa gyrina Say. Northern Illinois (Baker, Calkins ) ; (look Co. (Baker, Calk- ins, Lyon, Woodruff) ; Oregon, Ogle Co. ; Savanna, Carroll Co. (Baker, Nason); Du Page River (Ferriss) ; Kankakee River (Handwerk) ; Winnebago, Jefferson, Hardin, and Washington counties; Saline River (Hinkley) ; Fulton Co. (Hinkley, Wolf) ; 100 La Salle Co. (Huett) ; Mercer Co. (Marsh) ; Fox River; Algon- quin, Flint Creek and Crystal and Silver lakes, McHenry Co. (Nason) ; Quincy, Adams Co. ; Quiver and Matanzas lakes, and Illinois River, Havana, Mason Co. ; Grand Pierre Creek, Herod, Pope Co. ; Normal, McLean Co. ; Peoria, Peoria Co. ; Polecat Creek, Ashmore, Coles Co. ; Cypress Creek, Grantsburg, Johnson Co. ; Urbana, Champaign Co. ; Union Co. ; Lake Michigan, Chicago, Cook Co. (State Laboratory). Physa gyrina oleacea Tryon (= elliptica of authors, not of Lea). Cook Co. ; Northern Illinois (Baker, Nason) ; Quincy, Adams Co. (Hart) ; Little Muddy River (Hinkley) ; Algonquin, Mc- Henry Co. ; Quincy, Adams Co. ; Athens, Menard Go. (Nason) ; Miller's Pond, Union Co. ; Saline Co. ; Peoria, Peoria Co. ; Pekin, Tazewell Co. ; Pistakee and Fourth lakes, Lake Co. ; Dixon, Lee Co.; Havana, Mason Co. (State Laboratory). Physa gyrina hildrethiana Lea. Cook Co. (Baker, Nason) ; Northern Illinois (Calkins) ; La Salle Co. (Huett) ; a lake in Illinois (Lea) ; Canton, Fulton Co. (Lewis) ; Fulton Co. (Marsh, Wolf); Elgin, Kane Co. ; Crystal Lake, McHenry Co.; Athens, Menard Co. (Nason). Physa integra Haldeman ( = niagarens/s Lea). Savanna, Carroll Co. (Baker); Oregon, Ogle Co.; Cook Co. (Baker, Nason) ; De Soto, Jackson Co.; Du Bois, Washington Co.; Rockford, Winnebago Co.; Big Muddy River ( Hinkley) ; Elgin, Kane Co. ; Crystal and Silver lakes and Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason) ; Blue Mound, Macon Co. ; Peoria, Peoria Co. ; Pistakee, Fox, Cedar, Sand, and Fourth lakes, Lake Co. ; Quiver and Matanzas lakes, and Illinois River, Havana, Mason Co. ; Lake Michigan, Chicago, Cook Co.; Bluff Lake, Anna, Union Co. ; Pekin Lake, Tazewell Co. ; Flag Lake, Fulton Co. ; Cedar Creek, Quincy, Adams Co. (State Laboratory). Physa walker/ Crandall. Rockford, Winnebago Co. (Hinkley); Elgin, Kane Co. (Nason). Physa crandalli Baker {=rhomboidea Crandall, 1901, not Meek and Hayden, 1856). Big Muddy and Saline rivers: Jefferson Co. (Hinkley); Athens, Menard Co. (Nason). 101 Physa sp. Greenhouse, Douglass Park, Chicago, Cook Co. (Hood, Zetek). Genus Aplkxa Fleming. Aplexa hypnorum, Linne ( = Physa elongata Say). Cook Co. (Baker, Higley,Nason) ; Northern Illinois (Calkins) ; Desplaines River (Ferriss); Rockford, Winnebago Co. (Hink- ley) ; La Salle Co. (Huett) ; Canton, Fulton Co (Lewis) ; Eastern Illinois (Marsh); Elgin, Kane Co.; Algonquin, McHenry Co. ; Canton, Fulton Co. (Nason) ; shores of Illinois (Say) ; Southern Illinois (Ulffers); Fulton Co. (Wolf). Family ANCYLID^E. Genus Ancylus Geoffroy. Section Lsevapex Walker. Ancylus diaphanus Haldeman. Illinois River (Ferriss, Walker). Ancylus fuscus Adams. Algonquin and Fox Lake, McHenry Co. (Nason). Ancylus fuscus euglyptus Pilsbry. Havana, Mason Co.; Illinois River (Pilsbry). Ancylus kirklandi Walker. Havana, Mason Co. ; Crystal Lake, Urbana, Champaign Co. (State Laboratory). Section Ferrissia Walker. Ancylus rivularis Say. Du Page River (Ferriss) ; Winnebago and Washington coun- ties (Hinkley) ; Cook Co. (Jensen) ; Mercer Co. (Marsh) ; creek, Algonquin, McHenry Co. ; Fox River, Elgin, Kane Co. (Nason) ; Salt Fork, Urbana, Champaign Co. (State Laboratory). Ancylus parallelus Haldeman* Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason) ; Pistakee and Cedar lakes, Lake Co. (State Laboratory). Ancylus tardus Say. Northern Illinois; La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett) ; Du Page River (Ferriss) ; Winnebago Co. (Hinkley) ; Mercer Co. (Marsh) ; creek, Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason); Rockford, Winnebago *Armflw paraMehJts Haldeman as quoted by Marsh from .Mercer Co., is said by Walker to be A. tardus. (Nautilus XVIII., p. 76. ) 102 Co. (Walker) ; Fulton Co. (Wolf) ; Havana, Mason Co. (State Laboratory). Ancylus haldemani Bourguignat. Quiver Lake and Illinois River, Havana, Mason Co. (State Laboratory). Ancylus pumihis Sterki. Rockford, Winnebago Co.; Kankakee River (Walker). Ancylus shimehii Pilsbry. Salt Fork, Urbana, Champaign Co. (State Laboratory). Ancylus sp.* Genus Gundlachja Pfeiffer. G undlach ia m eekiana Sti mpson . Rock Island Co. (Marsh, Pilsbry). Gundlachia sp. Quiver Lake, Havana, Mason Co. (State Laboratory). Family LYMN^EID^E. Subfamily LYMN^INjE. Genus Lymncea Lamarck. Subgenus Lymncea Lamarck. f Section Lymnsea s.s. Lymncea stagnalis appressa Say ( = jugularis Say). Cook Co. (Baker, Calkins, Jensen, Nason); Northern Illinois (Calkins) ; Desplaines River (Ferriss, Handwerk) ; Romeo, Will Co. (Handwerk): La Salle Co. (Huett, for stagnalis) ; Lake Co. (Marsh) ; Silver Lake and Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason ) ; Cedar and Fourth lakes, Lake Co. ; Chicago. Cook Co. (State Laboratory ) . Section limlix Montfort. Lymnaa auricula ria Linne. Greenhouse, Lincoln Park, Chicago, introduced (Baker, Nason). * Ancylus shimehii Pilsbry as quoted by Baker from Joliet and by Pilsbry from Rock Island, is said by Mr. Bryant Walker to be an undescribed species. \Lymnsea emarginata Say is reported from Southern Illinois by Ulffers, but tins would seem to be an error, as no authentic specimens of this species from Illinois have been seen by the writer. 103 Lymncea columella Say. Cook Co. (Baker); Little Muddy River, Du Bois, Washing- ton Co.; De Soto, Jackson Co. (Hinkley) ; McHenry Co. (Marsh). Ly tnniea columella ohalybea, Gould ( = casta Lea). Mercer Co. (Marsh). Section Acella Haldeman. Lymncea haldemani Deshayes (= gracilis Jay). Cedar Lake, Lake Co. (State Laboratory). Subgenus Galba Schrank. Lymncea obrussa Say (= desidiosa of authors, not of Say). Cook Co. (Baker, Higley); Northern Illinois (Calkins); La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett) ; Joliet,Will Co.(Ferriss, Handwerk ) ; Desplaines River (Ferriss) ; Mackinaw River, Kappa, Woodford Co. (Hart); Winnebago and Hardin counties (Hinkley); Mer- cer and Will counties (Marsh); Elgin, Kane Co.; Fox River, Algonquin and Silver Lake, McHenry Co. ( Nason ) ; Fulton Co. (Wolf); Dixon, Lee Co.; Panola, Woodford Co.; Galena, Jo Daviess Co. ; Cedar, Fox, and Fourth lakes, Lake Co. ; Quiver and Matanzas lakes, and Illinois River, Havana, Mason Co. ; Urbana and Champaign, Champaign Co. ; Thompson's Lake, Fulton Co. (State Laboratory). Lymncea obrussd plica Lea ( = exigua Lea ) . Chicago, Cook Co. (Baker, Jensen) ; Rockford, Winnebago Co. (Hinkley). Lymncea obrussa decampi Streng. Silver Lake and Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason) ; Cedar and Long lakes, Lake Co. (State Laboratory). Lymncea obrussa modicella Say. Cook Co. (Baker, Higley); Elgin, Kane Co; Fox River, Al- gonquin and Crystal Lake, McHenry Co. ; Athens, Menard Co. (Nason) ; Wabash Co. (Marsh) ; Urbana, Champaign Co ; Illi- nois River, Havana, Mason Co.; Thompson's Lake, Fulton Co. (State Laboratory). Lymncea tasewelliana Wolf. Tazewell Co. shore of Illinois River, (Wolf). Pleistocene fossil. 104 Lymncea sterhii Baker. Canton, Fulton Co. (Nason). Lymncea humilis Say. Cook Co. (Baker); Desplaines River (Ferriss) : Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk ) : La Salle Co. (Huett); Mercer Co. (Marsh); Elgin, Kane Co. : Algonquin, McHenry Co. ; Canton, Fulton Co. (Nason) ; Jackson Co. (Walker) ; Fulton Co. (Wolf) : Grand Tower, Jackson Co. (Woodruff): Quiver and Matanzas lakes, Havana, Mason Co. (State Laboratory). Lymncea parva Lea (= curta Lea). Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk) ; Mercer Co. (Marsh) ; Athens, Menard Co. ; Cook Co. : Algonquin and Crystal Lake, Mc- Henry Co.; Elgin, Kane Co. (Nason) : Canton, Fulton Co. (Na- son, Walker); Fulton Co. (Wolf); Copperas Creek ( Phil. Acad. Sciences); Illinois River, Havana, Mason Co.: Clifton, Iroquois Co. (State Laboratory). Lymncea dalli Baker Rockford, Winnebago Co. (Hinkley); Northern Illinois, in drift (Sterki). Subgenus Stagnicola Leach. Section Stagnicola 8.8. Lymncea catascopium Say ( = fuslformis Lea). Cook Co. ( Baker, Jensen, Nason ) ; Northern Illinois (Calkins) ; Will Co. (Marsh) ; Lake Michigan, Chicago, Cook Co. (State Lab- oratory). Lymncea <-.: Des- plaines River (Ferriss) ; Kankakee Co. (Marsh). Lymncea pall id a Adams. Northern Illinois (Calkins); La Salle Co. (Huett); Winne- bago Co. (Marsh). Lymncea palustris Midler (= elodes Say, umbrosa Say, suMatus Calk- ins).* Cook Co. (Baker, Calkins, Nason); Northern Illinois (Calk- ins); Desplaines River (Ferriss); Winnebago Co.; Canton, Fulton Co. (Hinkley, Marsh) ; Mercer and Lake counties (Marsh) ; Silver Lake, McHenry Co. (Nason) ; Southern Illinois (Ulffers, as fragilis); Havana, Mason Co. (Walker); Fulton Co. (Wolf); Urbana, Champaign Co.; Flag Lake, Fulton Co. ; Quiver Lake, Havana, Mason Co. ; Peoria, Peoria Co. ; Cedar, Fourth, and Pistakee Jakes, Lake Co. (State Laboratory). Lymncea palustris michiganensis Walker. Cook Co. (Baker); Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk ) ; Winnebago Co. (Hinkley); Havana, Mason Co. (State Labo- ratory ) . Lymncea re/fexa Say ( --zebra Tryon). Cook Co. (Baker, Calkins, Lyon, Nason); Northern Illinois (Calkins) ; Joliet, Will Co. ; Desplaines River (Ferriss, Hand- werk) ; Pecatonica, Winnebago Co. (Hinkley) ; Kappa, Wood- ford Co. (Hart); La Salle Co. (Huett) ; Mercer Co. (Marsh) ; Silver and Crystal lakes and Algonquin, McHenry Co. ; Mason Co. (Nason); Southern Illinois (Ulffers); Fulton Co. (Wolf); Quiver Lake, Havana, Mason Co. ; Clear and Cedar lakes, Lake Co. ; Thompson's Lake, Fulton Co. ; Normal, McLean Co. ; Run- ning Lake, Union Co. ; McHenry Co. (State Laboratory). Lymncea -.re Hexa exilis Lea (= kirtlandianal&a,, lanceata Gould). Cook Co. (Calkins) ; Mercer Co. ; Desplaines River (Ferriss) ; Winnebago Co. (Hinkley) ; Will Co. (Marsh); Algonquin and Silver Lake, McHenry Co. (Nason); Aledo, Mercer Co. (Walker); Cedar Lake, Lake Co.; Northern Illinois (State Laboratory). *Lymnxa palustris nuttalliana and Lymnsea palustris expansa, recorded in The Mol- lusca of the Chicago Area, Part II., pp. 276, 277, prove to be forms oipalustris. 106 Lymncea reilexa jolietensis Baker. Rock Run, Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss) ; Elgin, Kane Oo. ; Crys- tal Lake, McHenry Oo. (Nason). Lymncea reilexa walkeri Baker (=sealaris Walker, 1892, not Van den Broeck, 1870). Cook Co. (Baker, Nason): Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss); Algon- quin, McHenry Co. (Nason). Lymncea reif>exa iowensis Baker. Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss). Lymncea reilexa cry stalensis Baker. Crystal Lake, McHenry Co. (Lyon); Flint Creek, McHenry Co. ; Mason Co. (Nason). Subfamily PLANORBINiE. Genus Planorbis Muller. Subgenus Planorbis s.s. Section Planorbina Haldeman. Planorbis glabratus Say. Northern Illinois (Calkins): Winnebago Co.; Mercer Co.; Pecatonica River (Hinkley): La Salle Co. ( Huett) ; Cypress Creek, Johnson Co. ; McHenry Co. ; Hamilton Co. ; Hawthorne, White Co. (State Laboratory). Subgenus Helisoma Svvainson. Section Helisoma Swainson. Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Cook Co. (Baker, Calkins, Higley, Jensen, Nason) : Northern Illinois (Calkins): La Salle Co. ( Calkins, Huett) ; Desplaines River (Ferriss) ; Kappa, Woodford Co. (Hart) ; common throughout the state (Hinkley): Crystal Lake, McHenry Oo. (Lyon); Mercer Co. (Marsh); Elgin, Kane Co.; Algonquin, McHenry Co. : Mason Co. (Nason ) ; McHenry Co. (Stearns) ; Ful- ton Co. (Wolf) : Illinois River and Dogfish, Quiver, and Matan- zas lakes and Slough, Havana, Mason Co. ; Fourth, Sand, Cedar, Fox, Pistakee, Clear, Long, and Slough lakes, Lake Oo. ; Pope Oo. ; Johnson Co. ; Thompson's Lake, Fulton Co. ; Milan, Rock Island Co.; Panola, Woodford Co.: Pekin, Tazewell Co. (State Laboratory). A white variety from Crystal and Silver lakes, McHenry Co. (Nason). 107 Section Pierosoma Dall. Planorbis trivolvis Say (= fallax Hald., megastoma De Kay, lentus of authors, not of Say).* Cook Co. (Baker, Calkins, Lyon, Nason); Southern Illinois (Binney, UlfFers) ; Northern Illinois (Calkins) ; Joliet, Will Co. ; Desplaines River (Ferriss); Quincy, Adams Co. (Garman) ; East Branch Du Page River (Gault) ; Romeo and Joliet, Will ( !o. (Handwerk); Kappa, Woodford Co.; Quincy, Adams Co. (Hart); Kishwaukee and Little Wabash rivers ; Winnebago, Washington, and Hardin counties; Seifert, Perry Co. (Hink- ley) ; La Salle Co. (Huett) ; Crystal Lake, McHenry Co.(Lyon) ; Eastern Illinois; Mercer Co. (Marsh); Athens, Menard Co.; Fox River, Algonquin and Silver Lake, McHenry Co.; Elgin, Kane Co. (Nason) ; Fulton Co. (Wolf) ; Saline Co. ; Champaign Co. ; Peoria, Peoria Co. ; Quiver Lake, Havana, Mason Co. ; Cy- press Creek, Johnson Co. ; Cedar Lake, Lake Co. ; Dug Hill and Miller's Pond, Union Co. ; Washington Co. ; Thompson's Lake, Fulton Co. ; Pekin, Tazewell Co. ; Taylorville, Christian Co. ; Northern Illinois; Warsaw, Hancock Co. (State Laboratory). Planorbis trivolvis macrostoma Whiteaves. Desplaines River, Will Co. (Ferriss); Northern Illinois (Marsh) ; Fox River and Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason). Planorbis trunoatus Miles. Cook Co. (Baker, Higley, Jensen). Planorbis sampsoni Ancey. Athens, Menard Co., collected by E. Hall (Nautilus, IX., p. 36, 1895). Section PlanorbeUa Haldeman. Planorbis campanulatus Say. Cook Co. (Baker, Calkins, Higley) ; Northern Illinois (Calk- ins) ; La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett) ; Desplaines River (Fer- riss) ; Romeo and Joliet, Will Co. (Handwerk); Quincy, Adams Co. (Hart); Winnebago Co. (Hinkley, Marsh): Crystal Lake, McHenry Co. (Lyon) ; Silver and Crystal lakes and Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason) ; McHenry Co. (Stearns): Southern Illi- nois (Ultf'ers) ; Milan, Rock Island (Jo. ; Clear, Cedar, Sand, Fox, *The references to Planorbis lentus Say from Illinois are extremely doubtful, as il is essentially a southern species. It is reported from the following localities: Winne- bago Co. (Hinkley); Mercer Co. (Marsh). (See Nautilus, III., p. 23.) 108 and Fourth lakes, Lake Co. ; Pekin Lake, Tazewell Co. ; Ha- vana, Mason Co. ; Fulton Co. ; McHenry Co. ; Lake Michigan, Cook Co. ; Northern Illinois; Camp Point, Adams Co. (State Laboratory). Subgenus Hippeutis Agassiz. Section Menetus H. & A. Adams. Planorbis exaeuous Say ( = exacutus of authors). Joliet, Will Co., Desplaines River (Ferriss) ; Winnebago Co. (Hinkley) ; Mercer Co. (Marsh) ; Chicago, Cook Co. ; Algonquin, McHenry Co.; Illinois River (Nason) ; Fulton Co. (Wolf); (Quiver Lake and Havana, Mason Co.; Pistakee, Fourth, Fox, Sand, Long, Cedar, and Slough lakes, and between Cedar and Loon lakes, Lake Co. ; Urbana, Champaign Co. ; Flag Lake, Fulton Co. (State Laboratory). Subgenus Gyraulus Agassiz. Planorbis albus Miiller (= hirsutus Gould). Rockford, Winnebago Co.; Du Bois, Washington Co. (Hink- ley); Algonquin, McHenry Co. ( Nason ); Pistakee and Cedar lakes, Lake Co. ; Northern Illinois (State Laboratory). Planorbis cleflectus Say. Cook Co. (Baker, Nason) ; Northern Illinois (Calkins); La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett) ; Desplaines River (Ferriss); Win- nebago Co. (Hinkley) ; Will Co. (Marsh) ; Silver Lake and Al- gonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason) ; Fulton Co. (Wolf) ; Cedar, Fox, and Pistakee lakes, Lake Co. ; Quiver Creek and Quiver and Dogfish lakes, Mason Co. ; McHenry Co. (State Laboratory). Section Tor qui* Dall. Planorbis parvus Say. Cook Co. (Baker, Calkins, Lyon, Nason); Northern Illinois (Calkins) ; La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett) ; Desplaines River (Ferriss) ; Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk) ; Romeo, Will Co. (Handwerk) ; Rockford, Winnebago Co. (Hinkley) ; Mercer Co. (Marsh) ; Algonquin, McHenry Co.; Quincy, Adams Co.; Athens, Menard Co.; Elgin, Kane Co. (Nason); Fulton Co. (Wolf) ; Thompson's Lake, Fulton Co.; Quiver, Dogfish, and Matanzas lakes and Slough, Havana, Mason Co. ; Cedar, Pis- takee, Sand, Fox, Fourth, and Slough lakes, Lake Co. ; Urbana, < 'hampaign Co. (State Laboratory). 109 Planorbis dilatatus Gould. Carbondale, Jackson Co. (Hinkley). Section Armiger Hartinann. Planorbis crista Linne, 1758 (=nautileus Linne, 1767). Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason). Genus Segmentina Fleming. Subgenus Planorbula Haldeman. Segmentina armigera Say. Cook Co. (Baker, Calkins, Nason); Northern Illinois (Calk- ins) ; La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett) ; Desplaines River, Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss) ; Rockford, Winnebago Co. (Hinkley); Mer- cer Co. (Marsh) ; Elgin, Kane Co. ; Silver and Crystal lakes and Algonquin, McHenry Co. ; Athens, Menard Co. (Nason ) ; Fulton Co. (Wolf); Glen Ellyn, Du Page Co. (Woodruff); Quiver Lake, Havana, Mason Co.; Urbana, Champaign Co. ; Fourth Lake, Lake Co. ; McHenry Co. (State Laboratory). Superfamily Akteophila. Family AURICULID^E. Genus Carychium Miiller. Carychium exiguum Say. Cook Co. (Baker, Jensen); Northern Illinois; Fox River (Calkins); La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett); Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss); Lilycash Creek, Will Co. (Handwerk ) ; Rockford, Winnebago Co. ; Du Bois, Washington Co. (Hinkley) ; Mercer Co. (Marsh); Elgin, Kane Co.; Algonquin, McHenry Co.: Athens, Menard Co. (Nason) ; Fulton Co. (Wolf). Carychium exile H. C. Lea. Oregon, Ogle Co. (Baker) ; Cook Co. (Baker, Higley, Jensen) ; Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss); Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason). 110 Suborder STYLOMMATOPHORA. MONOTREMATA. Vasopulmonata. ORTHURETHRA. Family VALLONIID/E. Genus Vallonia Risso. Vallonia pulchella Miiller ( = Helix minuta Say). Cook Co. (Baker, Higley, Jensen ) ; Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk); Mercer Co. (Marsh) ; Elgin, Kane Co. ; Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason); Fulton Co. (Wolf). Vallonia costata Miiller. La Salle Co. ( Calkins) ; Rock Island Co. (Marsh ) ; Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason). Vallonia parvula Sterki. Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk); Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason): Will Co. (Sterki). Family PUPLEvE. Genus Strobilops Pilsbry. Strobilops labyrinthica Say. Cook Co. (Baker, Jensen); Northern Illinois (Calkins) ; La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett) ; Utica and Sheridan. La Salle Co. (Ferriss); Winnebago and AVashington counties (Hinkley): Mercer Co. (Marsh); Elgin, Kane Co.; Algonquin, McHenry Co.; Athens, Menard Co. (Nason) ; Southern Illinois (Ulffers) ; Fulton Co. (Wolf). Strobilops afiinis Pilsbry. Oregon, Ogle Co. ; Evanston, Cook Co. (Baker); Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason). Strobilops virgo Pilsbry. Elgin, Kane Co.; Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason). Genus Pupoides Pfeiffer. Pupoides marginata Say (=fallax Say of American authors, not of Say)'. Oregon, Ogle Co. (Baker); Northern Illinois (Calkins); La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett) : Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss, Hand- Ill werk); Lilycash Creek, Will Co. (Handwerk) ; Cook Co. ( Hig- ley, Nason); Winnebago Co. (Hinkley) ; Mercer Co. (Marsh); Algonquin, McHenry Co.; Athens, Menard Co. (Nason); Auro- ra, Kane Co. ( Oakes) ; Fulton Co. (Wolf). Genus Bifidaria Sterki. Section Bifidaria s.s. Bifidaria corticaria Say. Northern Illinois (Calkins) ; La Salle Co. ( Calkins, Huett) ; Sheridan, La Salle Co. (Ferriss); Mt. Carmel, Wabash Co. (Gratacap); Washington Co. (Hinkley); Will Co. (Marsh); Fulton Co. (Wolf). Bifidaria procera Gould (= rupicola of authors not of Say). Joliet, Will Co.; Du Page Co. (Ferriss): Will Co. (Marsh); Fulton Co. (Wolf). Section AlMnula Sterki. Bifidaria armifera Say. Oregon, Ogle Co. (Baker) ; Cook Co. (Baker, Higley, Jensen) ; Northern Illinois (Calkins); La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett) ; Peoria Co. (Chamberlain) ; Stark Co. (Chase) ; Joliet, Will Co. ; Utica, La Salle Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk); Winnebago and Washington counties (Hinkley) ; Mercer Co. (Marsh); Elgin, Kane Co.; Algonquin, McHenry Co.; Athens, Menard Co. (Nason) ; Fulton Co. (Wolf) ; Illinois River, Havana, Mason Co. (State Laboratory). Bifidaria contraeta Say. Oregon, Ogle Co. (Baker); Cook Co. (Baker, Jensen); La Salle Co. (Calkins); Stark Co. (Chase) ; Joliet, Will Co. (Fer- riss, Handwerk); Mt. Carmel, Wabash Co. (Gratacap); Wash- ington Co. (Hinkley); Mercer Co. (Marsh); Elgin, Kane Co. ; Algonquin, McHenry Co. ; Athens, Menard Co. (Nason); South- ern Illinois (Ulff'ers) ; Fulton Co. (Wolf) : Havana, Mason Co. (State Laboratory). Bifidaria holzingeri Sterki. Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk); Northern Illinois; Will and La Salle counties (Ferriss, Sterki) ; Will Co. (Marsh). 112 Section Vertigopsis (Cockerell) Sterki. Biiidaria tappaniana C. B. Adams (=pentodon of authors, not of Say ) . Cook Co. (Baker, Jensen); Northern Illinois (Calkins) ; La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett) ; Stark Co. (Chase) ; Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss); Washington and Winnebago counties (Hinkley); Will and Fulton counties (Marsh) ; Canton, Fulton Co. (Nason). Bifidaria pentodon Say ( =curvidens Gould). Cook Co. (Baker, Jensen) ; Ottawa, La Salle Co. (Calkins) ; Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk ); Eastern Illinois (Marsh). Bifida via pentodon Uoridana Dall. Huntley, McHenry Co. (Ferriss). Genus Pupilla Leach. Papilla muscorum Linne. Mercer Co. (Marsh). Genus Vertigo Draparnaud. Subgenus Angustula Sterki. Vertigo milium Gould. Washington and Winnebago counties (Hinkley, Marsh); El- gin, Kane Co.; Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason); Canton, Fulton Co. (Nason, Wolf). Subgenus Vertigo Draparnaud. Section Vertigo s.s. Vertigo ovata Say ( = Zonites upsoni Calkins). Rockford, Winnebago Co. (Calkins, Hinkley); Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk) ; Winnebago Co. (Marsh) ; Algonquin, McHenry Co. : Canton, Fulton Co. (Nason) ; Fulton Co. (Wolf). Vertigo ventricosa Morse. Illinois (Pilsbry). Vertigo ventricosa approximata Sterki. Winnebago Co. (Marsh). Vertigo gouldi Binney. Rockford. Winnebago Co. (Hinkley): Will Co. (Marsh). Vertigo tridentata Wolf. Joliet, Will Co.; Utica, La Salle Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk) ; Canton, Fulton Co. (Gratacap, Hinkley, Marsh, Nason, Wolf) ; Fulton Co. (Marsh). 113 Family COCHLICOPLD^E. Genus Cochlicopa (Ferussac) Risso. Cochlicopa lubrica Miiller. Cook Co. (Baker, Higley) ; Wilmington, Will Co. (Ferriss) ; McHenry Co. (Marsh) ; Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason). HETERURETHRA. Superfamily Elasmognatha. Family SUCCINEID^E. Genus Succinea Draparnaud. Suecinea ovalis Say ( —obllqua Say). Oregon, Ogle Co. ; Cook Co. ; Savanna, Carroll Co. (Baker) ; Northern Illinois (Calkins) ; Fox River (Calkins, -Ferriss) ; La Salle Co. ( Calkins, Huett ) ; Joliet, Will Co. ; Bristol, Kendall Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk) ; Quincy, Adams Co. (Hart); Will Co. (Marsh); Carpentersville, Kane Co. ; Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason); Fulton Co. (Wolf); Matanzas Lake, Havana, Mason Co. (State Laboratory ). Suecinea ovalis totteniana Lea. Cook Co. (Baker, Jensen, Nason) ; Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss) ; Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason). Suecinea retusa Lea (=ovalis Gould, calumetensis Calkins). Cook Co. (Baker, Calkins, Jensen, Lyon) ; Northern Illinois (Calkins); La Salle Co. ( Calkins, Huett); Kankakee River (Ferriss); Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk ); Washington and Winnebago counties (Hinkley); Crystal Lake, McHenry Co. (Lyon); Mercer Co. (Marsh); Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason) ; Glen Ellyn, Du Page Co. (Woodruff); Quiver and Matanzas lakes, and Illinois River, Havana, Mason Co. ; Cedar Lake, Lake Co. ; Flag and Thompson's lakes, Fulton Co. ; Peoria, Peoria Co. ; Normal, McLean Co. (State Laboratory). Suecinea retusa magister Pilsbry. Cook Co. (Baker) ; Rock Island (Pilsbry). Suecinea retusa peoriensis Wolf. Kankakee River (Ferriss) ; Peoria Co. (Wolf). Suecinea avara Say ( =vermeta Say, wardiaua Lea). Oregon, Ogle Co. (Baker ) ; Cook Co. (Baker, Higley) ; North- 114 ern Illinois, Illinois River (Calkins); La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett) ; Joliet, Will Co. ( Ferriss, Handwerk) ; Washington and Hardin counties (Hinkley) ; Mercer Co. (Marsh); Elgin, Kane Co.; Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason) : Starved Rock, La Salle Co. (Oakes); Fulton Co. (Wolf); Herod, Pope Co. (State Laboratory). Succinea nuttalliana Lea. Rockford, "Winnebago Co. (Hinkley): Fulton Co. (Wolf). Succinea higginsi Bland. Rock Island Co. (Marsh). Succinea concordialis Gould. Du Bois, Washington Co. (Hinkley). Succinea grosvenorii Lea (=mooresiana Lea). Canton, Fulton Co. (Nason, Wolf). Succinea a urea Lea. Effingham Co. (Marsh). Succinea illinoisensis Wolf. Canton, Fulton Co. (Handwerk); Fulton Co. (Marsh). SIGMURETHRA. Superfamily Holopoda. Family HELICLD^E. Subfamily POLYGYRIN^. Genus Polygyra (Say) Pilsbry. Section Polygyra s.s. Polygyra leporina Gould. Jackson and Hardin counties (Hinkley) ; Jackson Co. (Marsh). Section Triodopsis Rafinesque. Polygyra tridentata Say. Near Berry Lake, Chicago, Cook Co. (Higley) : Hancock Co. (Marsh) : Southern Illinois (Ulffers) ; Golconda, Pope Co. (State Laboratory). Polygyra tridentata juxtigens Pilsbry. La Salle Co. (Calkins) ; Cook Co. (Higley). Polygyra fraudulenta Pilsbry (= fallax of authors, not of Say). La Salle Co. (Calkins) ; Lemont, Cook Co. (Higley ) ; Pope and Hardin counties (Hinkley) ; Union Co. (Lyon) ; Grand 115 Tower, Jackson Co. (Woodruff); Cypress Swamp, Johnson Co. (State Laboratory). Polygyra fallax Say ( = introf evens Binney). La Salle Co. (Calkins); Knox Co. (Lyon). Two undoubted specimens of this species are in the collection of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, received from Mr. W. W. Calkins. As the locality is somewhat north of its known range the record from La Salle Co. must be looked upon with suspicion until verified. Polygyra inffeeta Say. Northern Illinois (Calkins) ; Cook Co. (Higley) ; Jackson Co. (Hinkley, Woodruff); Wabash Co. (Marsh); Cypress Swamp, Johnson Co.; Grand Tower, Jackson Co. (State Laboratory). Polygyra profunda Say. Oregon, Ogle Co. (Baker) ; Cook Co. (Baker, Higley, Jensen ) ; Northern Illinois (Calkins) ; La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett) ; Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk, Nason) ; Winnebago Co. (Hinkley); Mercer Co. (Marsh); Rock Island (Nason); Spoon River, Fulton Co. (Strode); Southern Illinois (Ulffers); Fulton Co. (Wolf). Polygyra profunda alba Witter. Cook Co. (Baker); Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss). Polygyra sayii Binney ( = diodonta Say). Northern Illinois (Calkins); Edgar Co. (Marsh). Polygyra albolabris Say. Cook Co. (Baker, Higley, Jensen) ; Fox River; Northern Illi- nois (Calkins); La Salle Co. (Calkins, Ferriss, Huett); Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk); Marion Co. (Hinkley); Mercer Co. (Marsh) ; Algonquin, McHenry Co. ; Elgin, Kane Co. ; Athens, Menard Co. (Nason) ; Spoon River, Fulton Co. (Strode) ; Southern Illinois (Ulffers); Grand Tower, Jackson Co» (Woodruff) ; Normal, McLean Co. ; Cairo, Alexander Co. (State Laboratory). Polygyra albolabris traversensis Leach. Summit, Cook Co. (Zetek). Polygyra albolabris dent at a Tryon. Cook Co. (Baker). 116 Polygyra exoleta Binney. Northern Illinois (Calkins) ; La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett, Marsh) ; Cook Co. (Higley) ; Grand Tower, Jackson Co. (Wood- ruff). Polygyra multilineata Say (= vars. alba and rubra Witter). Oregon, Ogle Co. ; Savanna, Carroll Co. (Baker); Northern Illinois (Calkins): Cook Co. (Calkins, Higley, Jensen); La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett); Peoria Co. (Chase); Kendall Co. (Ferriss) ; Joliet, Will Co.; Utica, La Salle Co. (Ferriss, Hand- werk); Winnebago Co. (Hinkley); Elgin, Kane Co. (Jensen, Nason); Knox Co. (Lyon); Mercer Co. (Marsh); Fulton Co. (Wolf); Havana, Mason Co.; Bernadotte, Fulton Co. (State Laboratory). Polygyra multilineata algonquinensis (Nason). Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason). Polygyra palliata Say. Wabash Co. (Hinkley); Hamilton, Hancock Co. ; Union Co. (Lyon) ; White Co. (Marsh) : Southern Illinois ( differs) ; Nor- mal, McLean Co. : Cypress Swamp, Johnson Co ; Dug Hill, Union Co. ; Golconda, Pope Co. -(State Laboratory). Polygyra appressa Say. Alton, Madison Co. (Ferriss); Washington and Jackson counties (Hinkley); Albion, Edwards Co. (Hodgson); Hender- son Co. (Marsh); Bernadotte, Fulton Co. (State Laboratory). Polygyra obstriota Say. White Co. (Marsh). Polygyra elevata Say. Vermilion Co. (Marsh) ; Spoon River, Fulton Co. (Strode); Southern Illinois (Ulffers). Polygyra pennsylvanica Green. Northern Illinois (Calkins) ; La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett); Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk); La Salle Co. (Ferriss, Marsh ) : Washington and Jackson counties (Hinkley) ; Hamilton, Hancock Co. (Lyon); Fulton Co. (Wolf). Polygyra thyroides Say. Cook Co. (Baker, Higley, Jensen); Northern Illinois (Calk- ins) ; La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett) ; Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk) ; Washington, White, and Hardin counties (Hink- 117 ley) ; Union Co.; Hamilton, Hancock Co. (Lyon); Mercer Co. (Marsh); Athens, Menard Co. (Nason); Southern Illinois (Ulffers); Fulton Co. (Wolf); Grand Tower, Jackson Co. (Woodruff) ; Havana, Mason Co. ; Urbana, Champaign Co. ; Peoria, Peoria Co. (State Laboratory). Polygyra clausa Say. Oregon, Ogle Co. ( Baker) ; Northern Illinois (Calkins); La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett) ; Joliet,Will Co.(Ferriss, Handwerk) ; Kappa, Woodford Co. (Hart) ; Winnebago and Washington counties (Hinkley) ; Cook Co. ; Willow Springs, Cook Co. (Jen- sen) ; Mercer Co. (Marsh) ; Chicago, Cook Co. ; Canton, Fulton Co. (Nason) Fulton Co. (Wolf); Cairo, Alexander Co. (State Laboratory). Polygyra mitchelliana Lea. Starved Rock, La Salle" Co. (Baker) ; La Salle Co. (Calkins) ; Mercer Co. (Marsh); Spoon River, Fulton Co. (Strode). Section Stenotrema Rannesijue. Polygyra stenotrema Ferussac. McHenry Co. (Pilsbry). Polygyra hirsuta Say. Oregon, Ogle Co. (Baker) ; Cook Co. (Baker, Higley) ; North- ern Illinois (Calkins); La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett ); Joliet, Will Co. ( Ferriss, Handwerk) ; Kappa, Woodford Co. (Hart); Winnebago, Jackson, and Washington counties (Hinkley); Henderson Co. (Marsh) ; Canton, Fulton Co. (Nason) ; Southern Illinois (Ulffers); Grand Tower, Jackson Co. (Woodruff); Ur- bana, Champaign Co. (State Laboratory). Polygyra monodon Rackett {—leal Ward). Cook Co. (Baker, Higley) ; Northern Illinois (Calkins); La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett, Marsh) ; Stark Co. (Chase) ; Joliet, Will Co., Utica, La Salle Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk) ; Cass Co. (Gratacap); Willow Springs, Cook Co. (Jensen); Mercer Co. (Marsh); Algonquin, McHenry Co. ; Athens, Menard (^.(Na- son); Fulton Co. (Wolf); Havana, Mason Co.; Normal, McLean Co. (State Laboratory). Polygyra monodon fratema Say. La Salle Co. (Calkins); Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss); Evanston, Cook Co. (Higginson); Vermilion Co. (Marsh); Algonquin, lis McHenry Co. ; Chicago, Cook Co. ; Canton, Fulton Co. (Nason) ; Southern Illionis (Ulffers); Fulton Co. (Wolf); Grand Tower, Jackson Co. (Woodruff) •, Makanda, Jackson Co. (State Labora- tory). Family ACHATINIDJi. Genus Opkas Albers. Opeas mauritianum Pfeiffer. Garfield Park greenhouse, Chicago, Cook Co. (Hood, Zetek). Superfamily Agnatha. Family TESTACELLID^E. Genus Testacella Cuvier. Testacella haliotidea Ferussac. Chicago, in greenhouses, Lincoln Park (Baker). Superfamily Agnathomorpha. Family CIRCINARILDiE. Genus Circinarta (Beck) Pilsbry. Circinaria concava Say. Oregon, Ogle Co. ; Evanston, Cook Co. (Baker); Cook Co. (Baker, Jensen, Nason); Northern Illinois (Calkins); La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett) ; Kankakee River, Joliet, Will Co.; Utica, La Salle Co. (Ferriss) ; Kappa, Woodford Co. (Hart); Winne- bago, White, and Jackson counties (Hinkley ) ; Hamilton Co. (Lyon); Mercer Co. (Marsh); Athens, Menard Co. ; Canton, Fulton Co. (Nason) ; Fulton Co (Wolf) ; Grand Tower, Jackson Co. (Woodruff); Urbana, Champaign Co. (State Laboratory ). Superfamily Atjlacopoda. Family ZONITID^E. Subfamily ZONITIN-flS. Genus Omphaltna Rafinesque. Omphalina fuliginosa Griffith. Maywood, Cook Co. (Higley) ; Williamson Co. (Hinkley) ; Cobden, Union Co. (Lyon) ; Gallatin < 'o. (Marsh) ; Grand Tower, Jackson Co. (Woodruff). 119 Omphalina inomata Say. La Salle (Jo. (Calkins). Omphalina laevigata Pfeiffer. Illinois (Binney, Bland); Edgar Co. (Marsh). Omphalina friabilis W. G. Binney. Southern Illinois (Binney, Pilsbry) ; Shelby Co. (Marsh). Genus Vitrina Draparnand. Vitrina limpida Gould. La Salle Co. (Marsh). Genus Vitrea Fitzinger. Vitrea draparnaldi Beck.* Chicago, greenhouses in Lincoln Park (Baker). Vitrea hammonis Strom ( = radiatula Alder, electrina Gould, virid- ula Menke). Cook Co. (Baker, Nason) ; Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss) ; Mercer Co. (Marsh); Elgin, Kane Co.; Algonquin, McHenry Co.; Athens, Menard Co. (Nason ) ; Fulton Co. ( Wolf) ; Havana, Ma- son Co. (State Laboratory). Vitrea wheatleyi Bland. Washington Co. (Hinkley) ; Fulton Co. (Marsh). Vitrea cellaria Miiller. Chicago, Cook Co., in greenhouses, Lincoln Park (Baker, Calk- ins) ; Rockford, Winnebago Co., in greenhouses (Hinkley); La Salle Co. (Marsh). Section Glyphyalina Martens. Vitrea indentata Say. Cook Co. (Baker, Jensen, Nason) ; Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss); Southern Illinois (Hinkley); Henderson Co. (Marsh); Elgin, Kane Co. ; Algonquin, McHenry Co. ; Athens, Menard Co. (Na- son); Fulton Co. (Wrolf). Genus Euconulus Reinhardt. Euconulus fulvus Draparnaud. Cook Co. (Baker, Jensen, Nason); Northern Illinois (Calk- *Vitrea alliarius Miiller has been reported from the greenhouses of Chicago by Calkins and Gratacap, but the record has not been substantiated by later collectors. The specimens so identified might have been either eel/aria or draparnaldi, which are common in the greenhouses of Chicago. 120 ins) ; Joliet, Will Co. ; Utica, La Salle Co. (Ferriss) ; Winneba- go and Washington counties (Hinkley) ; Mercer Co. (Marsh); Algonquin, McHenry Co.; Athens, Menard Co. (Nason). Euoonulus fulvus mortoni Jeffries. Huntley, McHenry Co. (Ferriss). Euconulus c her sinus Say. Cook Co. (Baker); Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason) ; Fulton Co. (Wolf). Subfamily ARIOPHANTIN^. Genus Zonitoides Lehmann. Zonitoid.es nitidus Muller. Oregon, Ogle Go. (Baker) ; Cook Co. (Baker, Higley, Jensen) ; Northern Illinois (Calkins); Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss); Union Co. (Lyon); Will Co. (Marsh); Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Na- son); Grand Tower, Jackson Co. (Woodruff'); McHenry Co. (State Laboratory). Zonitoides arboreus Say. Oregon, Ogle Co. (Baker) ; Cook Co. (Baker, Higley, Jensen, Lyon); Northern Illinois (Calkins); La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett) ; Peoria Co. (Chamberlain); Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss); Lemont, Cook Co. (Higley); common throughout the state (Hinkley) ; Union Co. (Lyon) ; Mercer Co. (Marsh) ; Elgin, Kane Co.; Algonquin, McHenry Co.; Athens, Menard Co. (Nason); Fulton Co. (Wolf); Havana, Mason Co. (State Laboratory). Section Pseudohyalina Morse. Zonitoides limatulus Ward. Washington Co. (Hinkley); Hamilton Co. (Marsh). Zonitoides minttscuhis Binney. Cook Co. (Baker, Jensen, Nason); Northern Illinois (Calk- ins) ; Joliet, Will Co. ; Utica, La Salle Co. (Ferriss) ; Du Bois, Washington Co. (Hinkley); Mercer Co. (Marsh); Algonquin, McHenry Co. ; Athens, Menard Co. (Nason); Canton, Fulton Co. (Nason, Wolf) ; Havana, Mason Co. ( State Laboratory ). Zonitoides milium Morse. McHenry Co. (Marsh). 121 Genus Gastrodonta Albers. Gastrodonta ligera Say. Joliet, Will Co. ; Utica, La Salle Co. (Ferriss) ; Cook Co. (Hig- ley); Williamson Co. (Hinkley) ; Vermilion Co. (Marsh). Gastrodonta intertexta Binney. White Co. (Hinkley); Vermilion Co. (Marsh). Gastrodonta demissa Binney. Northern Illinois (Calkins); Cook Co. (Higley) ; Du Bois, Washington Co. (Hinkley). Gastrodonta gularis Say. Northern Illinois (Calkins). Gastrodonta interna Say. Macoupin Co. (Marsh). Family LIMACID^F. Genus Limax Linne. Li max maximus Linne. Chicago, greenhouses in Lincoln Park (Baker). Limax flames Linne. Chicago, greenhouses in Lincoln Park (Baker). Genus Agriolimax Morch. Agriolimax campestris Binney. Cook Co. (Baker, Lyon) ; Mercer Co. (Marsh) ; Urbana, Cham- paign Co. ; Normal, McLean Co. ; Havana, Mason Co. (State Lab- oratory). Agriolimax agrestis Linne. Mercer Co. (Marsh). Family PHILOMYCIDvF. Genus Philomycus (Rafinesque) Ferussac. Philomycus carolinensis Bosc. Cook Co. (Baker); Union Co. (Lyon); Mercer Co. (Marsh); Bernadotte, Spoon River, Fulton Co. ; White Heath, Champaign Co.; Golconda, Pope Co.; Anna, Union Co.; Savanna, Carroll Co. (State Laboratory). 122 Family ENDODONTLCvE. Subfamily ENDODONTINiE. Genus Pyramidula Fitzinger. Subgenus Patula Held. Pyramidula alternata Say(= var. mordax of authors, not of Shuttle- worth ) . Oregon, Ogle Co. ( Baker) : Cook Co. ( Baker, Higley, Lyon ) ; Northern Illinois (Calkins); La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett); Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk) : Winnebago and Wil- liamson counties (Hinkley): Albion, Edwards Co. (Hodgson ) ; Union Co. (Lyon): Mercer Oo. (Marsh) ; Elgin, Kane Co. ; Al- gonquin, McHenry Co.; Athens, Menard Co. (Nason) ; Spoon River, Fulton Co. (Strode): Southern Illinois (Ulffers); Fulton Co. (Wolf); Du Page Co.; Grand Tower, Jackson Co. (Wood- ruff) ; Normal, McLean Co. ; Peoria, Peoria Co. ; Bernadotte, Fulton Co.; Bloomington, McLean Co.; Panola, Woodford Co.; Towanda, McLean Co. (State Laboratory). Pyramidula solitaria Say. Northern Illinois (Calkins); La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett); Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk); Cook Co. (Higley): Du Bois, Washington Co. (Hinkley ) ; Will Co. ( Marsh ) ; Macon Co. (Nason ): Fulton Co. (Wolf). Subgenus Gonyodiscus Fitzinger. Pyramidula striatella Anthony. Cook Co. ( Baker, Higley, Jensen) ; Northern Illinois (Calk- ins) ; La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett) ; Peoria Co. (Chamberlain ) : Stark Co. (Chase) ; Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss, Handwerk) ; Mer- cer Co. (Marsh) : Elgin, Kane Co. : Algonquin, McHenry Co. (Nason) : Fulton Co. (Wolf). Pyramidula perspeetiva Say. Northern Illinois; La Salle Co. (Calkins) ; Southern Illinois ( Hinkley) ; Union Co. (Lyon) ; Mercer Co. (Marsh) ; Brown Co. (Nason) ; Canton, Fulton Co. (Nason, Wolf) ; Southern Illinois (Ulffers) ; Grand Tower, Jackson Co. (Woodruff) ; Cairo, Alex- ander Co. (State Laboratory). 128 Genus Helicodiscus Morse. Helicodiscus lineatus Say. Oregon, Ogle Co. (Baker) ; Cook Co. (Baker, Higley, Jensen, Lyon, Nason, Woodruff) ; Cook Co. ; Northern Illinois (Calkins) ; La Salle Co. (Calkins, Huett) ; La Salle Co.; Joliet, Will Co. (Ferriss) ; Winnebago and Washington counties (Hinkley); Mercer Co. (Marsh); Elgin, Kane Co. ; Algonquin, McHenry Co. ; Athens, Menard Co. (Nason) ; Fulton Co. (Wolf)*; Havana, Mason Co. (State Laboratory). Subfamily PUNCTINjE. Genus Punctum Morse. Punctum pygmceum Draparnaud. Joliet, Will Co. ; Huntley, McHenry Co. (Ferriss) ; Joliet, Will Co. (Handwerk) ; Du Bois, Washington Co. (Hinkley) ; Cook Co. (Jensen) ; Will Co. (Marsh). Genus Sphyradium Charpentier. Sphy radium edentulum Draparnaud (= Vertigo simplex Gould). Eastern Illinois (Marsh); Canton, Fulton Co. (Nason, Wolf). *Stenolrema hneata Say is recorded by Wolf from Fulton County. Helicodiscus lineatus is probably what was meant. (See Am. Journ. Conch., VI., p. 27.) BIBLIOGRAPHY.* Adams, C. 0. '92. Mollusks as Catfish Food. Nautilus, Vol. V., p. 127. Anonymus. '84. List of the Unionida3 of the Gould Collection. Thirty- fifth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat, Hist., 1881, p. 68. '84a. List of Shells presented to the State Museum by Dr. James Lewis, March 15, 1875. Thirty-fifth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1881, p. 112. '95. Planorbis sampsoni Ancey in Illinois. Nautilus, Vol. IX., p. 36. '06. Output of American Pearls. Nautilus, Vol. XX., p. 9. Anthony, J. G. '60. Descriptions of New Species of American Fluviatile Gas- teropods. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 55. Baker, F. C. '96. On the Correct Position of the Aperture in Planorbis. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist,, Vol. XIX., p. 45. '97. On a Collection of Mollusks from Grand Tower, Illinois. Nautilus, Vol. XL, p. 28. '97a. On the Pulsations of the Molluscan Heart. Journ. Cin. Soc, Nat. Hist,, Vol. XIX., p. 73. '97b. Notes on Raduhe. Journ. Cin. Soc, Nat, Hist., Vol. XIX., p. 81. '97c. Collecting about Chicago. Sports Afield, Vol. XIX., No. 2, Aug. '98. A Day on the Chicago Drainage Canal. Nautilus, Vol. XII., p. 63. '98a. A New Spluierium. Nautilus, Vol. XII., p. 65. '98 -'02. The Mollusca of the Chicago Area, The Pelecypoda. 1898. The Gastropoda. 1902. Parts I. and II. Bull. No. III., Nat. Hist, Surv. Chicago Acad. Sci. '99. Notes on the Mollusks of Lilycash Creek. Nautilus, Vol. XIII. , p. 30. *This list of references to publications on Illinois Mollusca is believed to be meas- urably complete. Absolute completeness can not be claimed for it, as it is possible that some references have escaped the writer's notice, owing to inaccessible or ob- scure publication. It is believed, however, to embrace all of the more important ref- erences. 124 125 '00. A Revision of the Physse of Northeastern Illinois. Nau- tilus, Vol. XIV., p. 16.' '00a. Mollusks in Grass. Nautilus, Vol. XIV., p. 03. '01. New Varieties of Fresh-water Shells. Nautilus, Vol. X V., p. 17. '01a. Limnsea auricularia in America. Nautilus, Vol. XV., p. 59. '01b. The Digitations of the Mantle in Fhysa. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. II., p. 225. '01c. Description of a New Species of Limnsea. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. II., p. 229. 'Old. A Revision of the Limnseas of Northern Illinois. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 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'59, '78. The Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States. Vol. IV. (1859). New York. Vol. V. (187s ), in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. IV. 126 '05. Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America. Part. II. Pulmonata, Limnophila and Thalassophila. Smith. Misc. Coll., No. 143, 1865. '65a. Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America. Part III. Ainpullariidse, Valvatiche, Fresh-water Rissoidse, etc. Smith. Misc. Coll., No. 144, 1865. '83. A Supplement to the Fifth Volume of the Terrestrial Air- breathing Mollusks of the United States and Adjacent Ter- ritories. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XL, No. S, p. 135. '85. A Manual of American Land Shells. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 28, 1885. *9<). A Third Supplement to the Fifth Volume of the Terres- trial Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States and Adja- cent Territories. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XIX., No. 4, p. 183. *9J . A Fourth Supplement to the Fifth Volume of the Terres- trial Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States and Ad- jacent Territories. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XXII. , No. 4, p. 163. Binney, W. G., and Bland, Thomas. '60. Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America. Part I. Pulmonata Geophila. Smith. Misc. ("oil., No. 194, 1869. Bland, Thomas. '58, '62. Remarks on Certain Species of North American Helicidse. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, N. Y., Vol. VI. (1858), pp. 280, 336; Vol. VII. (1862), p. 115. Blatchley, W. S., and Daniels, L. E. '03. On Some Mollusca known to occur in Indiana. Twenty- seventh Ann. Hep. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Kesources Ind., 1902, p. 577. Calkins, W. W. '74. Land and Fresh-water Shells of La Salle Co., Illinois. Proc. Ottawa Acad. Sci., 1874. '74a. Notes on Fresh-water Mollusca found in the Vicinity of Chicago, 111. Oin. Quart. Journ. Sci., Vol. I., p. 242. '74b. Notes on the Molluscan Fauna of Northern Illinois. Cin. Quart. Journ. Sci., Vol. I., p. 321. '75. Notes on Mollusca of La Salle County. Cin. Quart. Journ. Sci., Vol II., p. 95. 127 '80. Valley Naturalist, St. Louis, Vol. II., No. 4, Dec. '81. Home and Science Gossip, Rockford, 111., March. Call, R. Ellsworth. '83. Note on the Genus Oampeloma of Rafinesque. Am. Nat., Vol. XVII., p. 603. '85. A Geographic Catalogue of the Unionidse of the Mississip- pi Valley. Bull. Des Moines Acad. Sci., Vol. I., p. 5. '86. On the Genus Campeloma Kafinesque, with a Revision of the Species, Recent and Fossil. Bull. Washb. Coll. Lab. Nat. Hist,, Vol. I., No. 5, p. 149. '94. On the Geographic and Hypsometric Distribution of North American Viviparid*. Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., Vol. XLVIIL, p. 132. '95. A Study of the Unionidse of Arkansas, with incidental Reference to their Distribution in the Mississippi Aralley. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. VII., p. 1. '00. A Descriptive, Illustrated Catalogue of the Mollusca of Indiana. Twenty-fourth Ann. Rep. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Resources Ind., p. 335. Call, R. E., and Pilsbry, H. A. '86. On Pyrgulopsis, a New Genus of Rissoid Mollusk, with Descriptions of two New Forms. Proc. Dav. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. V., p. 9. Chenu, J. C. '45. Bibliotheque Conchyliologique. Tome III. Clessin, S. '79. Die Familie der Cycladeen. Conch. Cab., Ed. 2, 1879. '82. Die Familie der Ancylinen. Conch. Cab., Ed. 2, 1882. Conrad, Timothy A. '34. New Fresh-water Shells of the United States, with Colored Illustrations and a Monograph of the Genus Auculotus of Say. Also a Synopsis of the American Naiades. Philadel- phia. '35 -'38. A Monograph of the Family Unionidte, or Naiades of Lamarck, of North America. Philadelphia. Dall, William H. '05. Land and Fresh-water Mollusks of Alaska and Adjoining Regions. Harriman Alaska Expedition, Vol. XIII. 128 Downing, Elliott R. '02. Variation in the Position of the Adductor Muscles of Ano- donta grandis Say. Am. Nat., Vol. XXXVI., p. 395. Forbes, S. A. 77. The Food of Illinois Fishes. Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. I., No. 2, p. 71. '80-'83. Studies of the Food of Birds, Insects, and Fishes made at the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat, Hist,, Vol". I., No. 8, p. 18 (2d ed. 1903) and No. 6, p. 1. '88. Studies of the Food of Fresh-water Fishes. Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat, Hist,, Vol. II., Art, VII., p. 433. '88a. On the Food Relations of Fresh-water Fishes: a Summa- ry and Discussion. Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. II., Art. VIII., p. 475. ( iarman, H. "90. A Preliminary Report on the Animals of the Mississippi Bottoms near Quincy, Illinois, in August, 1888. Bart I. Bull. 111. State Lali. Xat. Hist., Vol. III., Art. IX. Mollusea, pp. 149-154. Gratacap, L. P. '01. Catalogue of the Binney and Bland Collection of the Ter- restrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States and Territories in the American .Museum of Natural History, with Enumeration of Types and Figured Specimens, and Sup- plementary Xotes. Bull. Am. Mus. Xat. Hist., Vol. XIV., p. 335. Haldeman, S. S. '10 -'15. A Monograph of the Fresh- Water Univalve Mollusea of the United States. Philadelphia. Harper, George W. '86. Catalogue of the I nionida- of the Mississippi Valley. Journ. Cin. Sue. Nat, Hist., Vol. IX., p. 10. Hinkley, A. A. '87. Record of a Collecting Trip in White, Hardin, and Gallatin Counties, 111. Conchologists" Exchange, Vol. I., p. 56. '06. Some Shells of Mississippi and Alabama. Nautilus, Vol. XX.. p. 40. Hod-son, C. S. '02. A Large Pearl. Nautilus, Vol. XVI., p. 60. 129 Hoy, P. R. '73. Deep-water Fauna of Lake Michigan. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, Vol. XL, p. 319. Huett, J. W. '98. Essay toward a Natural History of La Salle County, Illi- nois. Fart II. Geology and Zoology. Mollusca, p. 93. Jay, John C. '52. A Catalogue of Shells contained in the Collection of John C. Jay. 4th ed., 1852. Kelly, H. M. '99. A Statistical Study of the Parasites of the Umonidse. Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. V., Art. VIII., p. 399. Kennicott, Robert. '55. Catalogue of Animals observed in Cook County, Illinois. Trans. 111. State Agr. Soc, Vol. I. (1853-54), p. 577. Mollus- ca, p. 595. Kiister, H. 0. '48. Die Flussperlmuscheln ; Unio, etc. Conch. Cab., Ed. 2, 1848. '52. Die Gattung Paludina. Conch. Cab., Ed. 2, 1852. Kiister, H. C, and Clessin, S. '62, '66. Die Familie der Limnreiden. Conch. Cab., Ed. 2, 1862 and 1866. Kunz, George F. '98. A Brief History of the Gathering of Fresh-water Pearls in the United States. Bull. U. S. Fish Coram., Vol. XVII., 1897, p. 321. '98a. The Fresh-water Pearls and Pearl Fisheries of the United States. Bull. U. S. Fish Com ra., Vol. XVII., 1897, p. 375. Lea, Isaac. '36 -'70. A Synopsis of the Family of Naiades. Four editions. '34 -'74. Observations on the Genus Unio. 13 vols. Philadel- phia. '41. Descriptions of New Fresh-water and Land Shells. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, Vol. II. (LS4L), p. 30. '44. Continuation of Mr. Lea's paper on Fresh-water and Land Shells. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, Vol. IX., p. 1. '62. Description of a New Genus (Trypanosoma ) of the Fami- 130 ly Melanida?, and of forty-five New Species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 169. '62a. Description of a New Genus (Goniobasis) of the Family Melanidas, and eighty-two New Species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 262. Lewis, James. '78. On Unio subrostratus Say. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1878, p. 273. Marsh, William A. '87 -'88. Brief Notes on the Land and Fresh-water Shells of Mercer Co., 111. Conchologists' Exchange, Vol. I., pp. 42, 50, 62, 74; Vol. II., pp. 4, 20, 36, 48, 65, 80, 90, 103, 110. '89. Brief Notes on the Land and Fresh-water Shells of Mer- cer Co., Illinois. Nautilus, Vol. III., pp. 23, 34. Nason, William A. '06. A New Subspecies of Polygyra multilineata Say. Nautilus, Vol. XIX., p. 141. Pilsbry, Harry A. '86. Notes on some Eastern Iowa Snails. Am. Nat., Vol. XX., p. 75. '89. Nomenclature and Check-list of North American Land Shells. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila,, 1889, p. 191. '90. A New Species of Fresh-water Mollusk. Review of paper by B. Shimek. Nautilus, Vol. IV., p. 48. '90a. Preliminary Notices of Ne w Amnicolid;e. Nautilus, Vol. IV.. p. 52. '95. Notes on American Forms [of Gundlachia]. Nautilus, Vol. IX., p. 63. '96. New American Ancylidne. Nautilus, Vol. IX., p. 137. '97. A Classified Catalogue of American Land Shells, with Localities. Nautilus, Vol. XL, p. 45, et seq. '98. Notes on New and Little-known Amnicolidae. Nautilus, Vol. XII., p. 42. '99. New American Land Shells. Nautilus, Vol. XII., p. 101. '06. Vitrea rhoadsi and Succinea retusa magister. Nautilus, Vol. XIX., p. 109. Pilsbry, H. A., and Vanatta, E. G. '00. A Partial Revision of the Pupae of the United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, p. 582. 131 Prime, Temple. '62. Monograph of the Species of Sphaerium of North and South America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 28. '65. Monograph of American Oorbiculida". Smith. Misc. Coll No. 145, 1865. Roper, Edward W. '90. Notes on Sphaerium secure Prime. Nautilus, Vol. IV., p 39. Say, Thomas. '16-'19. Conchology. Nicholson's Encyclopedia : first ed., Vol. II., 1816; sec. ed., Vol. IV., 1818; third ed., Vol. IV., 1819. '21. Descriptions of Univalve Shells of the United States. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. II., p. 149. '30-'34. American Conchology; or Descriptions of the Shells of North America. New Harmony, Ind. '58. The Complete Writings of Thomas Say on the Conchology of the United States; edited by W. G. Binney. New York. Shimek, B. '04. Helicina occulta Say. Proc. Dav. Acad Sci., Vol. IX., p. 173. Simpson, Charles T. '95. The Classification and Geographical Distribution of the Pearly Fresh-Water Mussels. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XVIII., p. 295. '96. Notes on the Parvus Group of Unionidas and its Allies. Nautilus, Vol. X., p. 57. '98. The Pearly Fresh-Water Mussels of the United States ; their Habits, Enemies and Diseases, with Suggestions for their Protection. Bull. U. S. Fish Coram., Vol. XVIII., p. 279. '00. Synopsis of the Naiades, or Pearly Fresh-water Mussels. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXII., p. 501. Smith, Hugh M. '98. The Mussel Fishery and PearJ-button Industry of the Mis- sissippi River. Bull. U. S. Coram., Vol. XVIII., p. 289. Stearns, R. E. C. '81. Observations on Planorbis. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1881, p. 92. Sterki, Victor. '89. Pupa Holzingeri, n. sp. Nautilus, Vol. III., p. 37. 182 '89a. Pupa Holzingeri. Nautilus, Vol. III., p. 96. '90. On New Forms of Vertigo. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 31. '02. Some Notes on North American Forms of Vallonia. Nau- tilus, Vol. V., p. 100. '93. Observations on Vallonia. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, p. 284. '95. Descriptions of New Pisidia. Nautilus, Vol. IX., p. 74. '98. Descriptions of New Pisidia. Nautilus, Vol. XL, p. 124. '98a. New Pisidia. Nautilus, Vol. XII., p. 77. '99. Pisidia New to our Country, and New Species. Nautilus, Vol. XIII., p. 9. '99a. Pisidium handwerki, n. sp. Nautilus, Vol. XIII., p. 90. 'no. New Pisidia and some General Notes. Nautilus, Vol. XIV., p. 5. '01. New Pisidia. Nautilus, Vol. XV., p. 66. '02. Some Notes on the North American Calyculinse with New Species. Nautilus, Vol. XVI., p. Si). '06. New Varieties of North American Pisidia. Nautilus, Vol. XIX , pp. 80, 118. Stimpson, William. '65. Researches upon the Hydrobiiiue and Allied Forms; chiefly made upon the Materials in the Smithsonian Insti- tution. Smith. Misc. Coll., No. 201, 1865. '70. On the Deep-water Fauna of Lake Michigan. Am. Nat., Vol. IV., p. 403. Strode, W. S. '94. Mollusks of Thompson's Lake, Illinois. Nautilus, Vol. IV., p. 133. '91a. Mollusks of Spoon River, Illinois. Nautilus, Vol. V., p. 61. "91b. Destruction of Anodonta corpulenta Carpenter, at Thomp- son's Lake, Illinois. Nautilus, Vol. V., p. 89. '92. The Unionidae of Spoon River, Fulton Co., Illinois. Am. Nat., Vol. XXVI., p. 495. '95. A Day on the Spoon River in Illinois. Nautilus, Vol. IX., p. 19. '95a. Helices in Illinois. Nautilus, Vol. IX., p. 28. 133 '96. The Size of Mussels. Nautilus, Vol. IX., p. 115. '96a. The Unionidse, or Fresh- Water Mussels. The Museum, Vol. II., p. 107. '97. Unios. Nautilus, Vol. X., p. 106. '98. Unio Collecting on Spoon River. Nautilus, Vol. XII., p. 8. Tryon, George W., Jr. '65. Catalogue of the Species of Limnsea inhabiting the United States. Am. Journ. Conch., Vol. I., p. 247. '65 -'66. Monograph of the Family Strepomatidse. Am. Journ. Conch., Vol. I., p. 299; Vol. II., pp. 14, 115. '66 -'67, Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States. Am. Journ. Conch., Vol. II., p. 218; Vol. III., p. 34. '70. Continuation of Haldeman's Monograph of the Fresh-wa- ter Mollusca of the United States. Philadelphia. '73. Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America. Part IV. Strepomatidse. Smith. Misc. Coll., Vol. XVI., No, 253, 1873. Differs, H. A. '55. Mollusca of Southern Illinois. Trans. 111. State Agr. Soc, Vol. I. (1853-54), p. 610. Walker, Bryant. '02. A Revision of the Carinate Valvatas of the United States. Nautilus, Vol. XV., p. 121. '03. On the Specific Validity of Campeloma milesii Lea. Nau- tilus, Vol. XVI., p. 121. '03a. Notes on East American Ancyli. Nautilus, Vol. XVII., p. 13. '04. Notes on East American Ancyli. II. Nautilus, Vol. XVIII., p. 25. '05. The Distribution of Polygyra in Michigan. Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII., p. 92. '06. New and Little-Known Species of Amnicolida-. Nautilus, Vol. XIX., p. 114. '06a. Notes on Valvata. Nautilus, Vol. XX., p. 25. Wolf, John. '70. Descriptions of Three New Species of Shells. Am. Journ. Conch., Vol. V., p. 198. '70a. Catalogue of the Shell- bearing Mollusca of Fulton County, Illinois. Am. Journ. Conch., Vol. VI., p. 27. INDEX Acella, 103. Achatinidse, 118. Agnatha, 118. Agnathornorpha, 118. Agriolimax, 121. Akteophila, 109. Alasmidonta, 75. Albinula, 111. Amnicola, 92. Amnicolidae, 92. Anculosa, 98. Ancylidse, 101. Ancylus, 101. Angitrema, 95. Angustula, 112. Anisopleura, 88. Anodonta, 72. Anodontoiden, 73. Aplexa, 101. Arcidens, 74. Ariopbantina-, 120. Armiger, 109. Aulacopoda, 118. Auriculidse, 309. Basommatophora, 99. Bifidaria, 111. Bythinia, 92. Bythiniinse, 92. Calyculina, 84. Campeloma, 89. Carunculina, 67. Carychium, 109. Cincinnatia, 93. Circinaria, 118. Circinariidse, 118. Cochlicopa, 113. Cocblicopidse, Hi Corneocyclas, 85. Crenodonta, 78. Cy progenia, 71. Cvrenacea, 82. D Diagense, 71. Digenir, 70. Dromus, 71. Dysnomia, 63. E Elasmognatba, 113. Elliptic, 76. Endodontid®, 122. Endodontic-, 122. Eschatigense, 71. Euconulua, 119. Eurynia, 65. Euthyneura, 99. Ferrissia, 101. Galba, 103. Gastrodonta, 121. Gastropoda, 88. (ilvphyalina, 119. < roniobasis, 97. Gonyodiscus, 122. Gundlachia, 102. Gyraulus, 108. H Helicidse, 114. Helicina, 88. Helicinidse, s*. 134 35 Helicodiscus, 123. Helisoma, 106. Hemilastena, 76. Heterogena1, 63. Heterurethra, 113. Hippeutis, 108. Holopoda, 114. Homogena?, 72. Hydrobiina?, 92. Hygrophila, 99. Lrevapex, 101. Lampsilis, 64. Lasmigona, 74. Lastena, 73. Limacidse, 121. Umax, 121. Lioplax, 89. Lithasia, 95. Lymnaea, 102. Lymnseidse, 102. Lymna'ime, 102. M Margaritana, 76. Menetus, 108. Mesogeme, 71. Micromya, 64. Monotremata, 110. Musculium, 84. N Naiadacea, 63. O Obliquaria, 71. Obovaria, 69. Omphalina, lbs. Opeas, 118. Ortburethra, 110. Paludestrina, 94. Patida, 122. Pelecypoda, 63. Philomycida', 121. Philomycus, 121. Physa, 99. Physida?, 99. Pierosoina, 107. Pilea, 63. Pisidium, 85. Plagiola, 69. Planorbella, 107. Planorbina, 106. Planorbina1, 106. Planorbis, 106. Planorbula, 10!). Plethobasus, 77. Pleurobema, 77. Pleurocera, 96. Pleuroceridas 95. Polygyra, 114. Polygyrinaj, 114. Poniatiopsinse, 95. Pomatiopsis, 95. Pressodonta, 75. Prionodesmacea, 63. Proptera, 68. Prosobranchiata, 88. Pseudohyalina, 120. Pseudoon, 69. Pterosygna, 75. Ptychobranohus, 71. Ptychogena*, 71. Pulmonata, 99. Punetime, 123. Punctum, 123. Pupidse, 110. Papilla, 112. Pupoides, 110. Pyramidula, 122. Pyrgulopsis, 95. Q Quadrula, 78, 71). 136 R Radix, L02. Rhipidoglossa, ss- Rotundaria, 81. Rugifera, 75. Scalenaria, 63. Segmentina, 109. Sigmurethra, 114. Somatogyrus, 94. Sphseriidse, 82. Sphserium, 82. Sphyradium, 123. Stagnicola, 104. Stenotrerna, 117. Strobilops, 110. Strophitus, 71. Stvlomniatophora, HO. Succinea, 113. Suceineida', 113. Symphynota, 74. Tanioglossa, 88. Teleodesmacea, s'-' Testacella, 118. Testacellida', 118. Tetragena-, 78. U Theliderma, 79. Torquis, 108. Triodop^is, 114. Tritogonia, 70. Truncilla, 63. Unio, 76. Unioinerus, 77. Qnionidse, 63. Vallonia, 110. Valloniidse, HO. Valvata, 91. Valvatidse, 91. Vasopulmonata, 1 10. Vertigo, 112. Vertigopsis, 112. Vitrea, 119. Vitrina, 119. Vivipara, 88. Viviparidse, ss- Zonitidse, 11s- Zonitinfe, 11s- Zonitoides, 120. ERRATA AND ADDENDUM. Page 55, line 15, for 1854 read 1855. Page 55, line 16, for Horticultural, read State Agricultural. Page 60, in second table, Illinois, for 240 read 241. Page 65, last line above foot-note, for ventricosa read ligann ntina. Page 72, line 9, for imbecilis read nnl><<-illix. Page 79, line 19, for asperimus read asperrimus. Page 80, insert Section Fusconaia Simpson, above Quadrula rubiginosa. BULLETIN OF THE ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY Urbana, Illinois, U. S. A. Vol. VII. January, 1907 Article VII. ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE SAND AREAS OF ILLINOIS. BY CHARLES A. HART AND HENRY ALLAN GLEASON, Ph.D. BULLETIN OF THE ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY LIBRARY NEW YORK Urbana, Illinois, U. S. A. GARLM Vol. VII. January, 1907 Article VII. ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE SAND AREAS OF ILLINOIS. BY CHARLES A. HART AND HENRY ALLAN GLEASON, PhD. LIBRARY ~~ ~ NEW YORK CONTENTS. BOTANICAL GARDEN. PAGE Introduction 137 Part I. Glacial Geology and General Characters of the Illinois Sand Areas, especially those of Western Illinois. By Charles A. Hart 139-148 Glacial Geology 139 Topography: General 144 The Surface Sands 145 Other Sand Areas 146 Part II. A Botanical Survey of the Illinois River Valley Sand Region. By Henry Allan Gleason 149-194 Introductory 149 Ecological Factors , 149 The Plant Associations 157 The Bunch-grass Association 158 The Blow-sand Association 162 The Blowout Association 167 Reversion to Bunch-grass 169 The Black-jack Association 171 Some Adaptations of the Plants to the Environment 178 List of the Plants Observed 181 Phytogeographical Relationships of the Flora 189 Part HI. Zoological Studies in the Sand Regions of the Illinois and Missis- sippi River Valleys. By Charles A. Hart 195-267 ( ieneral Features 195 The Localities Visited 197 Geographical Distribution of the Species 199 Sand as a Factor of Animal Environment 208 The Relation of Sand and Climate to Insect Coloration 211 Local Distribution of Species in the Sand Areas. The Insect Associa- tions 220 Annotated List of Species 227 Systematic Notes 255) Bibliography 268 05 WESTERN flu N0I5 LJ Sand H £/ac/a/ ridyes '.'.'.'.'.". Bluff /in es "-~-~-ChlCaqo Out/et Article VII.— -On the Biology of the Sand Amis of Illinois. By Charles A. Hart and Henry Allan (Ileason. Introduction. While located at Havana in connection with the work of the Illinois Biological Station on the Illinois River, the writer made a few trips to the tract of waste sandy land lying east of the city, locally known as the Devil's Hole. A novel fauna and flora were noted, but no systematic study of either was attempted until August, 1903, when a brief survey was made of this local- ity and of similar regions southeast and south of Havana in company with Mr. H. A. Gleason, of the Department of Botany at the University of Illinois, who studied the flora, the writer giving attention to the fauna, especially to the insect life. At the same season in the following, year we made a second visit to these regions, and also examined the sandy tract lying north- east of Havana, between that city and Pekin, which culmi- nates in a remarkable barren area called the Devil's Neck. The botanical results of these two trips are presented by Mr. Gleason as the second part of this joint article. In 1905 I was enabled to make brief comparative examinations of these same regions in the early part of the season, and of similar sand areas in other parts of western Illinois in August and Septem- ber. In 1906 I paid a brief visit June 23 to the Illinois valley sand region, stopping off at Bishop, 111.; and in August spent a few days studying the sandy reaches on the flats bordering Lake Michigan above Waukegan, 111. Delays in going to press have enabled me to include herein some important data from the latter locality concerning species already on the list. The limited amount of time available for these visits enabled me merely to secure some knowledge of the abundant, varied, and largely unfamiliar insect fauna, and to develop a large crop of highly interesting biological problems for future investigation. 137 138 Part III. consists largely of some discussion of these prob- lems, followed by an annotated list of species which it is hoped may be an acceptable contribution to the knowledge of the in- sect life of Illinois. A comparison of these western Illinois areas with those of the northeastern part of the state is greatly to be desired, as the indications are that their biotas differ con- siderably, and are derived more or less from different geograph- ical sources. In addition to the faunal studies, I have given particular attention to the topography and remarkable glacial history- especially with regard to the origin of the sand areas and their fauna — of the Illinois River valley, nearly the entire length of which I have traversed at one time or another. These subjects are treated in Part I. as a preliminary to the biological studies. The map is adapted from Leverett ('99, PI. VI.); plates XXII. and XXIII. are from photographs belonging to the State Laboratory of Natural History; and the remaining plates are from photographs by Mr. Gleason. The authors are greatly indebted toTrofessor S. A. Forbes, Director of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, for his kindly interest and for the publication of this paper; and they desire to acknowledge gratefully the cordial hospi- tality and assistance of various citizens of Havana and vicinity. C. A. Hart. Part I: Glacial Geology and General Characters of the Illi- nois Sand Areas, especially those of Western Illinois. By Charles A. Hart. Glacial Geology. Illinois as a land area has been subjected to at least two principal glacial invasions from the direction of Lake Michigan, the limits of these being roughly concentric with the lower end of this lake. Much of our knowledge of them is derived from the work of Leverett ('99), whose statements, supplemented by my personal observations, form the principal basis of this account. The earlier of these ice invasions, the Illinoian, apparently much more remote from the later one than this is from the present time, reached about as far west as the Mississippi River, and covered nearly all of Illinois except the northwest corner and the hill country in the extreme south. The later invasion, the Wisconsin, reached about half as far across the state. The heavy deposits of gravel, sand, and clay brought down by these ice-sheets have largely filled up and often en- tirely obliterated the previous lines of drainage. The contour of the rock surface beneath these deposits is very imperfectly known, and deserves specific investigation. Records of wells, borings, etc., show, however, that it is deeply carved by immense river valleys of which there are often no surface indications whatever. The great depth of these val- leys, usually about one hundred feet below present river levels, does not necessarily indicate a subsidence of this part of the earth, but merely the undisturbed action of water for a vast period of time, or of a greater volume for a lesser period, deep- ening them to a low gradient nearing base-level, after which the energy of the stream was mostly occupied in widening them. The Mississippi from Keokuk down and the Illinois below the bend at Hennepin are still in ancient preglacial valleys. 139 140 and apparently the entire area of Mason county lies within the boundaries of the latter valley. The highest known point of its rock surface is lower than that of any other county in Illi- nois, and fifty feet below the present level of the river. Quite probably this county lies in a forking of the preglacial valley, an eastern fork being perhaps indicated by the drainage line now occupied by Sugar Creek and the lower ends of Salt Creek and the Sangamon River, the two latter sections being in a pre- glacial valley at least four miles wide. Records of wells and coal shafts indicate great valleys beneath Bloomington and Cham- paign, and another valley leading south from Lake Michigan near the Indiana line, but at present it is impossible to trace these old drainage lines. In northwestern Illinois the Illinoian invasion evidently caused a radical readjustment of the river systems, turning them westward across adjacent divides into other valleys be- yond. (Leverett, '99, PI. XII.) The buried northward exten- sion of the preglacial Illinois valley above Hennepin is appar- ently continuous with that of Rock River above Rockford. At a point just below this city the river now leaves its evident pregla- cial channel, turning westward along side lines of its preglacial tributaries, and is still cutting narrow passages across the rock of the intervening divides. A considerable section of the Mis- sissippi was temporarily crowded over some distance into Iowa, where it has left a fairly well-marked channel that has greatly modified the course of minor streams. It now leaves its great preglacial valley not far below Fulton, 111., and runs south- west at right angles across the still evident lines of preglacial drainage, which appear to be directed eastwardly and to con- verge in that direction. In the vicinity of Rock Island the flow of both the Mississippi and Rock rivers seems to be up- stream with regard to preglacial lines, in order to cross into an- other ancient valley at Muscatine. The probability that the pre- glacial Mississippi channel swings eastward beneath the pres- ent lower Rock River valley, and thence across to the bend of the Illinois, is confirmed by the remarkably low sag, espe- cially in rock levels, along this line. In that case, it must have 141 joined the Rock River somewhere in Bureau county, and the lower Illinois valley was then part of one of the main drain- age lines of the continent. The question naturally arises as to the effect of this former relation on geographical distribution. Apparently it had none, since the entire Illinois valley was subsequently covered by the Illinoian glaciation, at which time our river systems were shifted to about their present lines. The exact rock limits of the preglacial Illinois valley are but imperfectly known. Apparently in obedience to the gen- eral law of the westward shift of southward-flowing streams, the present river flood-plain from Peoria down (PI. V.) follows the west border of the immense valley, never very far from the west bluff, which has a rock core throughout, and exhibits practically all the few rock exposures of the lower valley. Be- low Meredosia the valley is excavated in limestone strata and is comparatively narrow, usually three or four miles wide, nar- rowing to a minimum of two and a half miles. From Meredo- sia up to Beardstown (fifteen miles) it widens out to six miles or more. Above Beardstown the general rock surface was ap- parently rather low originally and composed of softer strata, and the valley is enormously expanded. The low east bluff is completely concealed by subsequent deposits, yet from the Sangamon to the Mackinaw the original valley is probably not far from twenty miles wide. Above Peoria the limits of the rock valley are largely undetermined, forreasons given further on. The deposits of the Illinoian glaciation are not very deep. The water action seems to have been moderate, and the sur- face sand deposits caused by it in Illinois are of little conse- quence. The larger preglacial valleys, although usually tilled with these deposits to a depth of about one hundred feet, are as a rule still traceable, and are usually reoccupied by the main streams, although slight deflections are not uncommon. The terminal ridges pushed up by the ice in this period are now discontinuous, fragmentary, or entirely wanting, although often still prominent and massive. Probably the greater part 142 of the deposits which now lie between the Illinois valley bluffs over the ancient rock bed are due to the Illinoian glaciation. The next ice invasion, probably the Iowan, came from the northwest, and to this stage have been assigned deposits in Illinois in the vicinity of the lower Rock River watershed. It seems to have had no marked effect in our state. Long ages after the close of the Illinoian period, came an event which profoundly affected the future of Illinois, and caused, among other things, the sand deposits studied by us. The Wisconsin glacial invasion was not so extensive as the Illinoian, but it is characterized by voluminous deposits, deeply covering and almost entirely obliterating the previous surface contours; by large and continuous ridges thrown up along the terminal lines and during the successive stages of its retreat; and by abundant and powerful water action. Upon or near the terminal ridges in Illinois are the cities of Princeton, Peoria, Pekin, Atlanta, Clinton, Shelbyville, Mattoon, and Charleston. A later substage of less extent but even greater intensity was that called the Bloomington, whose terminal ridges branch off eastward near Peoria, and pass under Bloomington and Gib- son City, and to the north of Danville, 111., and Covington, Ind. The enormous outwash of sand and gravel has left more or less of its deposits in all the valleys leading away from these ridges. The west side of the rock valley above Peoria was covered by the terminal ridge to a height, near Peoria, of about 350 feet above the present river, making a total depth of about 450 feet of glacial deposits upon the bottom of the ancient rock valley. The Illinois, clogged with more than it could carry, filled its bed with sediment to a depth of about 170 feet above pres- ent levels at Peoria within the gap in the terminal ridges, and spread out in a vast detrital fan over the great expansion of the valley below, with a comparatively rapid gradient of de- scent. At the mouth of the Sangamon the filling reached about 75 feet above present levels; and at the river's mouth, about 50 feet. As the ice retreated and the water cleared, nearly all of this vast deposit was swept out of the valley, leav- 143 ing only a worked-over sandy surface, and, along the valley margins, occasional gravel terraces. The re-excavated expansion below Peoria is now about twenty miles wide between Pekin and Havana, narrowing gradually below Havana to about twelve miles near the mouth of the Sangamon, and to seven miles at Beardstown, then widening to about twelve miles in western Cass county. At this point the expansion suddenly narrows, and the valley, now in Mississippian limestones, assumes a fairly uniform width of three or four miles. The eastern border of the expansion is in- dicated by a low bluff, often obscured by subsequent wind ac- tion. Teheran, Mason county, lies at the foot of this bluff. After the ice had retreated from Illinois but still occupied the lower lake-region and St. Lawrence valley, the upper lakes discharged for a time over the low divide at Chicago, along present drainage lines, the valley in this stage of its history be- ing called the Chicago Outlet. The clear and abundant flow ex- cavated the present river flood-plain along the western side of the valley to a depth of fifty to seventy feet below the glacial flood- plain, about thirty feet below its present level. It also spread out to some extent over the glacial flood-plain. Peoria Lake was scooped out in the comparatively narrow opening through the terminal Wisconsin ridges. Leverett ('99, PI. VI.) has in- dicated the existence at this time of an eastern channel below Pekin, occupying a depression now approximately followed by the line of the Chicago, Peoria and St. Louis railway from the Mackinaw River below Pekin to Havana. The Mackinaw enters this depression about ten miles south of Pekin, and, turning abruptly northward, reaches the Illinois by way of the upper end of the channel. Quiver Creek enters it near Forest City, and follows it down to the Illinois. The railroad runs along the eastern side of the ancient island included between the two channels. The topography along this line has probably been altered to a considerable extent by wind action upon the loose surface deposits since the formation of the eastern channel. With the establishment of the St. Lawrence drainage the Illi- nois assumed its present size and position. The lessened flow 144 in this river, and probably in the Mississippi also, has resulted in a slight and gradual filling, in the Illinois River amounting now to twenty-five or thirty feet. Topography. The present lower Illinois River is an inconsiderable stream, normally six hundred to one thousand feet wide, flowing in a belt of very low bottom-land extensively occupied by large swamps, sloughs, and lakes. (PI. V., VI.) This bottom-land is usually two to four miles in width, narrowest where it passes through the Wisconsin terminal ridges near Peoria and in the narrower part of the valley towards the mouth. Its naturally slow current is still further reduced by the series of govern- ment dams, permitting a deposit of soft mud over nearly the en- tire under-water surface. A few expansions occur, such as Pe- oria Lake and Havana Lake, respectively a mile and a half-mile wide, but these are shallow, and the river is gradually filling them up and building an enclosed channel down through them. On the other hand, the bottom-lands, although below normal levels for a stream of this size, are so extensive that their gen- eral filling up wrould require a comparatively long period of time. Doubtless under present conditions of the watershed the river is depositing silt vastly more rapidly than it did before the original prairies were broken up and drained for cultiva- tion. The remaining spaces between this modern flood-plain and the upland bluffs are occupied by the glacial flood-plain or " second bottom," thirty to fifty feet above the river and twenty to forty feet above the lower flood-plain. (PI. VII.) That portion of this glacial flood-plain which occupies the great ex- pansion of the centra] part of the lower valley contains the principal sand deposits of the valley, and has been especially studied by us. This lies entirely between the distant low east- ern bluffs and the present flood-plain, which closely follows the west bluff. It is about seventy-five miles long, extending from the morainic border below Peoria to the vicinity of Mere- dosia, Morgan county. It occupies the southwest part of Taze- i45 well county and extends across nearly the whole of Mason county to the Sangamon, with a maximum width of eighteen miles near the upper end, narrowing southward to about ten miles. The lower part — that below the Sangamon— forms a minor expansion of about half this width in western Cass county and the northwestern corner of Morgan county. The total area is approximately seven hundred square miles. Except for light superficial deposits its substance is largely sand, which usually reaches to considerable depths. The surface exhibits broad level areas capped by a shallow but rich soil, many of which were originally wet or swampy, but are now drained and cultivated. These alternate with large areas of surface sand — the great sand-bars of the glacial river- drifted by long-continued wind action into irregular, undulat- ing dunes, often barren and desolate, which have traveled northeastward with the prevailing winds. Frequently these dunes form long ridges parallel to the general direction of the valley. Even the bordering uplands are frequently capped with small sand-dunes and ridges which presumably came from the adjacent valley-margin. In drifting with the wind these sand masses have of course overridden to some extent the soil of the level areas, but were probably originally continuous with the underlying sands. THE SURFACE SANDS. The surface sand begins at the north with a few narrow strips along the river near Pekin, above the mouth of the Mackinaw. Below this river the sand-covered area is quite large. Only an estimate can be given of its actual extent. The governmental Soil Survey (Bonsteel, '03) reports 22,97(5 acres of it in southwestern Tazewell county, within a flood- plain area of about eighty square miles, or 51,200 acres. The sand therefore occupies rather more than forty percent of the total flood-plain area in this county. This ratio is doubtless larger in Mason county, which has not yet been examined by the Soil Survey, but accepting it for the entire basin of seven 146 hundred square miles, . it would indicate 179,200 acres, or 280 square miles, of sand. In an agricultural state like Illinois the economic aspect of such a body of sand becomes of importance. Farm land on the neighboring uplands is valued at $100 to $150 per acre, and yields good crops of corn and oats — the grains most generally cultivated. A considerable part of the sand area also yields excellent grain crops, but in these fields patches of more or less barren or worthless sand often occur. This land is in fact much better adapted to truck crops. Much of the sand is usable only for pasture, and in Mason county alone there are thousands of acres, assessed at a one-fifth valuation of one dollar per acre, which are not used for any purpose. In no other part of central or northern Illinois, except in the larger river-bottoms, are there such extensive tracts of waste land. The surface configuration, wind action on sand, plant-cov- ering, and similar details of this sand area, are described in con- nection with the biological studies which follow. OTHER SAND AREAS. The remaining sand areas of Illinois are but imperfectly known to me as yet, but a brief statement concerning the principal ones seems desirable. The presence of sand in the soil is not sufficient to modify the character of the biota until it becomes so abundant as to affect the physical character of the surface and cause it to drift easily with the wind, when it is called blow-sand. When this point is reached, cultivation becomes difficult, and the land is usually left undisturbed even by pasturage. In ad- dition to the biotic change due directly to the excess of sand, the absence of cultivation favors the development of a rich and varied fauna and flora. A large part of the areas usually mapped as sandy do not reach this extreme stage, and are con- sequently of less interest biologically. In the large sand area of the expanded middle section of the lower Illinois valley, blow-sand is of frequent occurrence. The upper section, about fifty-five miles in length, lying with- 147 in the limits of the Wisconsin glaciation, includes but small areas of the glacial flood-plain, and these are not especially sandy, although it is stated (Leverett, '99, -p. 207) that there are some dunes capping the eastern bluff-line near the upper end. The lower section, extending from Meredosia to the mouth of the river, about sixty-five miles long, is also narrow, and- al- though the strips of glacial flood-plain are often quite sandy, they are, so far as I know, destitute of blow-sand. In the Mississippi River valley also, well-developed sand areas of the same general character as the large Illinois River area are similarly present a little farther northward. Large tracts of sand lie on the sag over the supposed preglacial con- nection between the two rivers, and a similar very sandy glacial flood-plain extends interruptedly along the east side of the valley of the Mississippi, with small dunes capping some of the bordering uplands, from near Burlington, Iowa, up to the vicinity of Savanna, 111. Blow-sand is known to be present, with all its attendant phenomena, in considerable quantities. The glacial flood-plain along this river is also quite sandy be- low Burlington over considerable distances, as far as the mouth of the Illinois, but so far as known without true blow-sand de- velopment. The blow-sand areas of these two rivers are ap- parently very similar also in organic life, and evidently should be grouped together. East of the Illinois River, along the Wisconsin morainic border, especially in eastern Illinois and in adjacent Indiana counties, there is considerable sandy outwash along the rivers, but no definite development of blow-sand is known to me. These sandy strips appear in the Sangamon valley near Niantic, along the Embarras in Cumberland and Jasper counties, and in the Wabash valley near Covington, Ind., and fromTerre Haute, Ind., to the mouth of the river, the sand at Covington resulting from the Bloomington glacial substage. There is an important sand area in northeastern Illinois, with considerable development of blow-sand, derived from the glacial outwash and sand beaches of the upper Kankakee val- 148 ley. It extends into northwestern Indiana, and is not far dis- tant from the dunes about the south end of Lake Michigan. It is probably similar to these in its plant and animal life, but differs definitely in this respect from the western Illinois areas, judging from published records of collections in the district. Part II. A Botanical Survey of the Illinois Hirer Valley Sand Bee/ion.* — By Henry Allan Gleason. Introductory. The ecological study of sand-dune vegetation has in recent years attracted the attention of numerous American botanists, and many noteworthy contributions to it have been made. Dune vegetation is especially well adapted to ecological inves- tigation, since the changes in the physical factors of the envi- ronment are usually considerable, the component associations are sharply distinguished, physiographic processes go on with comparatively great rapidity, and the plant inhabitants show characteristic features in habit and structure. The vegetation of the dunes bordering Lake Michigan has been studied in de- tail by Cowles, while Rydberg, and Pound and Clements have described the sand-hills of Nebraska. Intermediate in position between these two regions lie the sand deposits now to be con- sidered, and it is hoped that the matter presented may be of some value, not only in the study of sand vegetation in general, but in extending a knowledge of the origin of the prairie flora and of the relation of the forest to the prairie. The field work upon which this study is based, was carried on during the summers of 1903 and 1904, mainly in the vicinity of Havana, Mason county. Ecological Factors. The varying structure and distribution of vegetation are an expression of the various conditions to which it is subjected. Any force or condition, present or past, which has in any way an effect upon vegetation may be termed an ecological factor. The use of this term is, however, more generally restricted to * Mr. Gleason's manuscript for this paper was filed for publication early in 1905. Its appearance has been retarded by inevitable delays in the completion of the con- tributions of Mr. Hart, it being the intention and desire of both the authors that their work should be published jointly in a single paper.— S. A. F. 149 150 those forces or conditions which have or have had direct influ- ence, and among them may be mentioned the historical factors of migration, succession, and the like; the physical factors of water, temperature, and soil; and the biotic factors, including competition, layering, and others. The various factors are by no means independent, but each influences the others and is to some degree influenced by them. The biotic and historical factors are here mentioned either incidentally or under the head- ing of phytogeography, but the physical factors are in many cases so different from those normal to other parts of Illinois that they are discussed more in detail. The physical factors which aid in the control of the vege- tation of any area have been divided by Schimper ('98, p. 174) into two groups, climatic and edaphic. The climatic factors are temperature and rainfall, and they determine respectively the specific composition of the flora and the general character of the vegetation, whether forest, prairie, or desert. Similar climatic factors are operative over broad areas, and the changes from one type of climate to another are usually very gradual. Local variations in the vegetation are due to the physical or chemical composition of the soil, to its exposure to the sun, to the available supply of water, and to other such factors, desig- nated collectively by the term edaphic. Edaphic factors are always influenced by, and are sometimes the direct result of, the climate. They are also modified to a greater or less extent by the plant-covering, as will be shown later in the discussion of the plant associations. Although the climate of the Illinois River valley sand region is in every essential respect like that of other parts of central aud western Illinois, a strikingly different vegetation has been developed. Receiving the same amounts of heat, light, and rainfall, and exposed to the same winds, the differences in veg- etation are due in every case to the sand in its relation to wind, moisture, and available food supply. The designation Miami fine sand has been applied by the United States Bureau of Soils to the sand composing these extensive deposits along the Illinois River, and the following 151 description of it is taken from the report of this bureau on the soil survey of Tazewell county (Bonsteel, '03). "The sand consists of partly rounded grains of quartz stained rusty yellow or orange by iron, and made slightly loamy by the presence of silt or clay. There is no distinction between soil and subsoil. Organic matter is very deficient, as is shown in the following table giving the mechanical analysis of a sam- ple of Miami fine sand from 7| miles west of Delavan, Tazewell county. "Organic matter, 0.53% Fine sand, .25-. 1 mm., 62.20% Gravel, 2-1 mm., 0.10% Very fine sand, .l-.05mm., 6.24% Coarse sand, 1-.5 mm., 3.92% Silt, .05-005 mm., 2.86% Medium sand,. 5-25 mm., 22.26% Clay, .005-.0001 mm., 2.42%" The soil in the depressions between the sand deposits, known as Miami loam, contains from 1.69% to 2.80% of organic matter, while other soils in the county contain as high as 4.69%. In every region where large quantities of sand are exposed, the wind plays an exceedingly important part in the ecology of the plant life. Inland it is by no means so active a factor as on or near the shores of large bodies of water, where its ve- locity is greater and the sand is less protected by a covering of vegetation. Sand blown by the wind may do considerable me- chanical injury to the leaves, young stems, and other succulent parts, but as the plants growing in the sand associations are usually adapted to it they are seldom much affected. Growing crops, however, are sometimes badly damaged. The native plant-covering is normally sufficient to prevent much blowing, but if it is any way destroyed, large excavations called blow- outs are formed, which, as they increase in size, undermine and destroy most of the vegetation. The sand in these blowouts is so loose and easily disturbed by the wind that only a few species of plants are able to grow in it. The sand removed by the wind is deposited on the leeward side in a fan-shaped heap nearly or quite bare of vegetation (PI. XII., Fig. 2), or is blown on as a traveling dune. To protect themselves against this shifting of the sand, many plants are especially adapted as sand-binders, and effectually hold the sand in position. 152 Of far greater importance as an ecological factor is the sand in its relation to the water supply and, indirectly, to the sup- ply of plant food. It is a known fact that coarse soils, such as sands, have a smaller capacity for water than fine soils, the water being held as a thin film surrounding the soil par- ticles, and surface-tension being less effective over large sur- faces than over small ones. The water capacity of soils, accord- ing to experiments by Sctiuebler and Wollny (Warming, '96, p. 51), is least in quartz sand. Schimper ('98, p. 94) states that the water which loose sand can hold is but 13.7 percent of its own volume, while clay has a capacity of 40.9 percent. Exper- iments by the United States Bureau of soils (Whitney and Hosmer, '97, pp. 14-17) on sandy soil in Alabama showed a water content varying from maxima of 11 percent and 14 per- cent after rains to minima as low as 1 percent and .6 percent during periods of drought. This is in marked contrast with the results of similar experiments on prairie sod in Kansas, where the water content varied from a maximum of 15 percent to a minimum of 7.4 percent, and on blue-grass land in Ken- tucky, where the average content was over 20 percent, and the line of drought, at which the vegetation began to suffer, was at 15 percent. The actual size of the particles composing these soils is not stated. Warming (/. c.) quotes Wollny as saying that the water capacity of quartz sand composed of particles 1-2 mm. in diameter is only one tenth that of sand with particles .01-07 mm. in diameter. No data are as yet avail- able concerning the actual water capacity of the Miami fine sand in Illinois, but it must be much lower than that of the other soil types of the district. The power of capillary action to lift water from lower levels is also less in coarse-grained than in fine-grained soils; and in fine sand, according to Ramann (Warming, '96, p. 50), water will rise only 40 centimeters, or about 16 inches, above the surface of the ground-water. In sand with grains from .25 mm. to . I mm. in diameter, such as constitutes 62 percent of the Miami fine sand in Mason county, water should rise by capillary attraction from 19 to 48 inches. It is evident that no 153 water could by this means be brought within reach of the smaller plants when the level of the ground-water is twenty feet or more below the surface, as it is in Mason county. The water-retaining properties of the sand are also of im- portance to the vegetation. The effect of the percolation of rain water is the saturation of the upper layers of sand to a depth dependent upon the amount of rain. If the surface is dry or only partially saturated, that will first be brought to full saturation, and the surplus water will sink down to lower levels. None is removed by surface drainage, so that, aside from the small quantity remaining attached to plants and other objects, all the rainfall sinks at once into the sand. Evapora- tion from the surface removes large quantities of water, but ac- cording to results obtained by King ('04, p. 159) in North Caro- lina this is less from sand than from loams or clays. By the drying out of the upper few inches a mulch of loose sand is formed, which still further reduces evaporation. King found that eight ninths of the water which might be expected to evaporate is thus retained, and that during twenty-eight days in July and August, 1902, only .205 in. evaporated from the sur- face. The climate of central Illinois during the summer is not so different from that of North Carolina as to lead us to expect here any considerable variation from the above record. The moisture in the deeper layers of sand is thus effectually con- served. After a considerable period of drought, as in August, 1894, when only .21 in. of rain had fallen in eighteen days, the sand at a depth of three inches was still moist enough to compact readily in the lingers. Thus, while the actual amount of water present is small, it is nevertheless constant, and it is a common statement of the farmers in Mason coun- ty that corn grown upon the sand is less susceptible to drought than that on the more fertile fields of loam. Accord- ing to Professor J. CI. Mosier, of the Illinois Agricultural Ex- periment Station, the "firing" of corn on the sand is due to a deficiency of plant food and not to lack of water. Some inter- esting cases of other soil types, having similar but more marked powers of water conservation, are reported by Whitney ('98). 154 He describes soils in California which can mature crops with- out any rain during the growing season, and without irriga- tion. All the water held in the soil by capillary action is not available for plants, but the percentage which can be absorbed is greater in coarse-grained soils, like sand, than in those of finer texture. Experiments by Sachs showed that in a clay with a water capacity of 52.1 percent, only 44.1 percent could be used by a tobacco plant, leaving 8 percent of unavailable water; while in a sand with 20.8 percent water capacity, 19.3 percent, very nearly the whole amount present, was available. These results are substantiated in the held, plants suffering from drought in some soils with 15 percent water, while in others, of more sandy nature, they are still healthy with a water content of less than 5 percent. In contrast with the foregoing data mention should be made of the experiments of Livingston and Jensen ('04), who have shown that the fertility of the soil is dependent on the size of the component particles, and that coarseness alone "can produce sterility in spite of a plentiful supply of water." It is entirely possible, then, that the mere size of the sand particles may bean important ecological factor in the sand region along the Illinois River. But independently of the quantity of water present in the sand, the precipitation must have a marked bearing on the quantity and kind of available plant food. In all the sand re- gion, as before stated, there is no surface drainage. Water falling as rain sinks at once into the sand, and the excess is re- moved by underground drainage to the Illinois River, where it issues through countless springs along the east bank. After the heaviest rains, water may collect for a time in the blow- outs and interdunal depressions, but it soon sinks into the sand. By this rapid percolation through the upper layers of sand much of the soluble matter must be dissolved and carried down to the level of the ground-water, which in this region is never less than twenty feet below the surface ( Leverett. '96, p. 759; 155 '99, p. 688), and on the higher sand-hills is certainly much lower. It is here beyond the reach of all plants except the larger trees, and they, too, must be able to live in the poorer surface sand until their roots have penetrated nearly to the level of the ground-water. The importance of the relation of food supply to vegeta- tion has probably been greatly underestimated, while too much stress has been placed on the water supply and the physical condition of the soil. Whitney and Cameron ('03) have even declared that all ordinary soils contain plant food sufficient foi the growth of crops, and this may well be so in a soil contain ing relatively large amounts of calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus, even though little may be available at any one time; but in a sand composed in very large proportion of silica, the leaching action of the rainfall must ultimately tend toward the exhaustion of the plant food, leaving a residue of silica and other insoluble substances. Such has been found the case in various places. Livingston ('05, p. 26) has remarked upon the low content of soluble salts in some sands in north- ern Michigan. Graebner ('01, p. 64) has discussed the leaching action of rain on the sandy soils in Germany, and decides that the formation of heaths there is due in great part to the insuffi- cient supply of plant food. No full determinations of the solu- ble matter in the Miami fine sand have as yet been made, but. according to Professor Mosier, this sand is deficient in plant food of all kinds. The relative height of plants growing in Mason county on sand and on loam soils, certainly indicates a scarcity of plant food in the former. Indian corn tassels on the sand at a height of three to four feet; Monarda punctata is usually little over a foot high; and many other species are con- spicuously below the size reached in the neighboring woodl- and on the prairies. Unfortunately none of the foregoing theories has been tested by actual experiment on sand plants in the region un- der discussion, and until more definite knowledge is available, one can only believe that in general the supply of food matter 156 and the physical properties of the sand, including the size of the particles and to some extent the water content, are both of importance, and by their combined effect determine the pe- culiar type of vegetation. Direct observation alone, however, is sufficient to show that the water supply on the dunes is rea- sonably constant, and the plants owe their xerophytic habit to the rapid loss of water by transpiration, and not to a deficient soil content. The climate in these sand regions is of course similar to that of the surrounding parts of the state, and has no direct in- fluence in causing the marked differences in vegetation. Nev- ertheless, temperature is of importance in determining the flora of any region, and the mixed prairie and forest type of vegeta- tion of central and northern Illinois is to some extent the result of the seasonal distribution of rainfall. For these reasons, as well as to show the general climatic conditions of the area un- der discussion, tables showing the precipitation and tempera- ture are included. The data are taken from Mosier's "Climate of Illinois", and are given for Havana so far as observations at that place are available. The records are also given for Peoria and Springfield, Illinois, and for Keokuk, Iowa, three cities forming a triangle, with Havana and the sand region in its approximate center. It should be noted that the temperature readings are taken under the regular shelters used by the U. S. Weather Bureau, and consequently do not represent the de- gree of heat to which plants are normally subjected. Monthly and Annual Mean Temperature. Station eg (V (9 < >-> 0> 1-5 si — < 75.9 74.6 74.8 73.9 -4— ' ft +3 u O o a Q t- 06 Havana Keokuk . . . Peoria .... Springfield 27.8 24.7 24.6 26.4 27.7 24.0 27.3 29.4 39.9 37.5 38.7 39.2 53.4 52.5 53.4 53.4 63.8 59.9 63.6 63.1 74.2 72.4 74.3 72.0 77.5 78.6 78.3 76.4 69.0 66.7 67.3 66.8 57.8 55.0 54.4 56.7 40.8 39.2 39.8 41.4 31.5 26.4 30.7 32.0 53.3 50.9 50.8 52.5 The average annual range of temperature in the central district of Illinois is 109°, while the extreme range is 140°, from -28° in January, 1884, to 112° in July, 1901. The average 157 range in summer is 50°, but no data are available showing the daily range. The average date in the central district for the last killing frost in spring is April 21, and for the first in au- tumn, October 10, thus including a growing season of 172 days. Mean Monthly and Annual Rainfall. Station H Ha u eS 3.06 2.30 2.51 3.03 a < 3.07 3.18 3.01 3.22 >-> a >> Hi 3.08 3.06 2 88 2.67 4-3 ft, o CO 3.44 3.68 3.57 3.56 w O 1.19 2.66 2.26 2.57 > o 2.18 1.98 2.63 2.94 o P 1.89 1.63 2.21 2.43 1* Havana. . . Keokuk. . . Peoria Springfield 2.21 1.72 1.73 2.26 2.17 1.64 1.93 3.16 3.75 4.41 3.80 4.76 3.23 4.37 4.01 4.45 3.81 4.33 3.44 2.64 33.08 34.96 33.98 36.69 The amount of rainfall in this same district during the growing season, assuming that to be from April to September inclusive, is at Springfield 60.8 percent, at Havana 61.6 percent, at Peoria 63.6 percent, and at Keokuk 66.0 percent. At Cairo, at the extreme southern end of the state, only 48.4 percent of the total rainfall occurs during this period. There is thus seen in central Illinois a resemblance, increasing toward the west, to the type of rainfall found on the western prairies, where as much as 80 percent of the total falls during the growing season. This unequal seasonal distribution is an important factor in determining the prairie type of vegetation in the West, and is certainly not without some influence in directing the eastward migration of the prairie flora. The Plant Associations. The plant associations occurring in this region belong to both of the prevailing types of vegetation in the state, the for- est and the prairie. They may be classified as follows: I. The prairie formation. 1. The bunch-grass association. 2. The blow-sand association. 3. The blowout association. II. The forest formation. 4. The black-jack oak association. It is difficult to estimate the relative areas occupied by the two formations, although the impression gained by traveling 158 across the country, by rail and on foot, is that the two are about equal in extent. THE BUNCH-GRASS ASSOCIATION. Through the prairie formation the bunch-grass association is the prevailing one, covering alike the level areas of sand and the dunes, and broken only by cultivated fields or by blowouts and blow-sand. The association derives its name from, and is characterized by, several species of grasses which grow in com- pact stools or bunches varying from a foot to two feet in diam- eter. They are not crowded so closely as to produce a sod, as in the typical Illinois prairies, but stand a little distance apart, thus making the bunch character prominent (PI. XVIII., Fig. 1 ). There is but little of the bunch-grass prairie remaining in its original state, most of it having been pastured with horses or cattle, which by their grazing have greatly changed the char- acter of the vegetation. Southeast of Bath there is a field which has apparently never been pastured (PL VIIL, IX.), and the following description of the original type of bunch-grass prairie is based on its character there and on small strips along the railroads. The principal grasses are Eragrostis t /■/diodes, Stipa spartea, Panicum cognatum, and an undetermined species of Piniti<< humi- fusa, Callirrhoe triangulata, and Monarda punctata are the most conspicuous, but as the quantitative study of the plants shows, not so numerous as Teucriumcanadense, or Ambrosia psilostachy a. With the exception of Monarda punctata and the last two species, these grow in rather dense, rounded patches. The same is true to a lesser extent of almost every other species in this class, but since the individuals are smaller or less abundant, many other species may be included, or two or more patches, each with traceable outlines, may overlap. If the plants are at all conspicuous the overlapping is plainly seen, and in any case it is brought out by quantitative study of the area. This form of distribution is characteristic of associations where there are no progressive changes in any of the ecological factors, and conse- quently no zonal arrangement of the plants. Annuals with limited means of seed dispersal, and perennials spreading by rootstocks or runners, naturally grow in rounded patches un- der those conditions. It is evident, then, that while the bunch- grasses are representative, the other species, of merely local distribution, are to be considered as secondary members of the association. Table I. shows the distribution of the species in a piece of original bunch-grass prairie. The letters after each name here and in subsequent tables, indicate the number of individuals, if any, in one quadrat of one hundred square feet, a signifying 1 to 5; b, 5-10; c, 10-25; d, 25-50: e, 50-100; l\ 100-200; g, over 200; and o, none. These counts were estimated for the most part, although care was taken to make actual counts at inter- vals in order to avoid so far as possible any serious errors of ob- servation. The quadrats in this table, as well as in all the ot.h- 160 er tables, were side by side, in this instance extending in a strip 110 feet long by 10 feet wide. Near the area covered by these quadrats, but not included in them, were patches of Solidago missouriensis (c) and Rosa humilis (e);c and e, as above de- fined, indicating their respective numbers per quadrat. TABLE I. ORIGINAL BUNCH-GRASS PRAIRIE. Eragrostis trichodes d* Hi//• a Ambrosia psilostachya 0 0 0 d c 0 c (Jhrysopsis camporum a o 0 0 0 o o Other species: Teucrium canadense, Eu- phorbia corollata. TABLE XII. NATURAL OPENING IN BLACK-JACK ASSOCIATION. Helianthus occidentalis f* f f f Of f Cracca virginiana e e f e f f Rhus aromatica a c a c d c Opuntia humifusa c c 0 b c c Ambrosia psilostachya c 0 0 c c c Onosmodium carolinianum 0 0 a c 0 0 Helianthemum canadense 0 0 0 a a 0 Eragrostis trichodes o 0 a o a 0 Asclepias verticillata o o 0 0 a a Monarda punctata 0 0 0 a 0 o Cassia chamrecrista b 0 0 0 0 0 Other species : Gallirrhoe triangulata, Ca- rex gravida. * See p. 159. 177 These changes go on very slowly. There are now areas of black-jack covering several square miles with scarcely a trace of leaf-mold. This is illustrated especially by the black-jack timber south of Havana between Bath and Ealbourne, where, in a belt five miles wide, there is nothing but pure sand without any covering of humus. In the country east of Havana, where the sand is mostly confined to long wooded dunes, and near the Illinois River, the formation of the soil appears to be more rapid. Some of the wooded ridges back from the river have a coating of leaf-mold only half an inch to an inch in thickness, and the cacti still growing in it show that it has been but a few years since its formation. With the first traces of leaf-mold such semi-xerophytic plants as AquiU'tjut conudensis, Triosteum aurantiacum, Silene stellata, Anemone virginiana, and Agrimonia mollis begin to ap- pear, together with many other species common to most up- land-wood associations, although many of the sand-loving xero- phytes, such as Callirrhoe triangulata, Rhus aromatica, and Les- pedeza capitata, still persist. As the soil increases in depth more characteristic mesophytes appear, including Vagnera racemosa, Vagnera stellata, Geum canadense, Asclepias exaltata, and Eupatorium ageratoides. Parthenocissus quinquefolia be- comes very abundant, climbing up most of the trees, and trail- ing prostrate on the sand, covering it with a dense mat. The arborescent flora is still unchanged ; the two oaks and the hickory constitute nearly all of the forest, and the only addi- tions are small scattering trees of Cercis canadensis, Morus ru- bra, and Celtis occidentalis. None of the black-jack forests observed has as yet passed beyond this semi-mesophytic stage except in a narrow belt along the Illinois River (PI. XXL, Fig. 2), where plants from the neighboring mesophytic and hydrophytic forests may spread more quickly over the sand ridges. In such places the forests of the wooded dunes contain but a small proportion of black- jack oak, its place being taken by bur-oak (Quercus macrocarpa I and white oak {Quercus alba). The leaf-mold is deep, and the 178 herbaceous flora resembles that of the most mesophytic of our upland woods. Some Adaptations of the Plants to the Environment. The plants of the sand region are nearly all xerophytes, and as such show many xerophytic adaptations for the reduc- tion of transpiration. Some of the more important of these are given below, and illustrative plants mentioned. 1. Redaction of the Leaf Surface, — Opaatia humifusa, the cactus or prickly pear so common throughout the region, is the best example. The leaves are no longer functional, and the green succulent stem is divided into flat obovate joints which transpire very slowly. 2. TJiiek or Succulent Leaves. — Talinum najosperiaaia has a basal cluster of cylindrical succulent leaves one to two inches long. Physostegia virginiana when growing on the sand prairies has blunt-toothed leaves, slightly folded along the midrib, and greatly thickened. The difference between this leathery-leaved xerophytic form and the thin-leaved mesophyte abundant along ditches and sloughs elsewhere in the state, is very strik- ing. 3. Narrow or Linear Leaves. — A reduction of the transpir- ing surface by linear leaves occurs in many species, among which are Polygonum tenue, Poly gala verticillata, Petalostemon Can- didas and P. purpureas, Phlox bifida, and Ionactis linariifolius. 4. A Protective Covering of Hairs or Scales. — This is one of the commonest adaptations for preventing excessive transpira- tion, and is found on a great many of the species. Froelichia campestris is softly gray-hairy throughout; Aaiorpha canescens, Cracca virginiana, and Chrysopsis camporum are densely hairy, giving them a gray appearance; and Croton glandulosus has a thin covering of stellate hairs. The linear leaves of Crotonopsis /incaris&re silvery with stellate hairs, and in Lesquerella spathu- lata there is a basal rosette of spatulate leaves silvery with stel- late pubescence. The glandular hairs with which the stem of Gristatella Jamesii is covered, hold the sand blown against it by the wind, so that the plants become encased in a veritable 179 armor, which may be of some use in reducing transpiration. Many other species also have hairy leaves or stems. In fact, such a protective covering is so common that the landscape has not the ordinary green color, but is distinctly gray in general tone. 5. Involute or Conduplicate Lea res. — This adaptation is shown by many of the grasses. 6. Position of th<' Lcarcx. — In Helianthus occidehtalis the thick, rough basal leaves stand with their blades nearly vertical. Prostrate plants, like Mollugo verticillata and Euphorbia Geyeri, may also be protected against excessive transpiration by their position. As the surface of the sand dries out quickly after rains, the first few inches contain very little water, and the roots of the plants must penetrate through this dry upper layer into the moist sand below. Many species accordingly have straight tap-roots, which give off few lateral branches or none at all for the first six to twelve inches. Some of the plants of this habit are Polygonum tenue, Cycloloma atriplicifolium (PI. XIX., Fig. 1), Froelichia campestris, Cristatella Jamesii, Croton glandulosus, Euphorbia Geyeri, and (Enothera rhombipetala. Others have thickened roots or rootstocks which serve for water storage, Talinum rugospermum, Ceanothus americanus, and ]j)oinrilt'Tm. H.6, H.m.; Apr. 13, May 6, Je. 8, 9. (6) All 111. 231 Paratettix cucullatus Burra. H 6, Mer. ; Je. "), Au. 29. Nymphs, Je. 8, 9. (9) Moist shores. All 111. Mermiria neomexicana Thorn. H 2, 4, Teheran ; Au. 18, 19, 20, S. 2. Nymph, Au. 17. (38) With the next species araon^ long bunch-grass (Panicum virgatum) in old blowout between dunes. No other Illinois records. Mermiria Uvittata Serv. H.l, 2, 3, 4, Mer. ; Au. 12, 13, 14, 18, 22, 30, S. 2. (31) With the preceding; also in patch of Cracnt. Tamaroa (S. 111.), long grass on summitof Mississippi R. bluff at Chautauqua, 111., near Grafton, July 20. Syrbula admirabilis Uhl. H 2, 3, 4, Teheran, Mol.; Au. 12, 17, 18, S. 8. Nymphs, Au. 19, 20. (17) All 111., dry grassy ground. Eritettix virgatus Scudd. H.4, Je. 6. (Note 2) Amphitornus bicolor Thom. H.l, 4; Au. 20, 22. Nymph, Je. 7, 23. (8) Grassy dune summits near middle of postglacial island. No other Illinois record. Orphulella speciosa Scudd. H.4, Mol.; Au. 20, S. 8. (61) Com- mon in short dense grass on sand at Moline Sand Hill; rare in Havana region. All 111., especially on dry soils; taken at lights. Orphulella pelidna Burm. Mer., Au. 30. Moist bottom of sand- pit. Swales between sand ridges, Waukegan. Dlchromorpha viridis Scudd. H.l, 2, 5; Au. 12, 17, 18,22. (7) Moist grassy bottoms of old blowouts; old forest. All 111. Ghloealtis conspersa Harr. H.3, 4; Au. 14, 17, 20. (5) C. 111. and northward. Ageneotettix scudderi Brun. H.l, 2, 3, 4, Mol., Mer.; Au. 12, 13, 17, 18, 22, 29, 30, S. 2, 8. Nymphs, Je. 5, 7. (91) Abun- dant in all blow-sand areas. "Near Moline, where it seems to be confined to a few sandy hilltops along the Mississippi R." (McNeill). Waukegan, sandy ridges near L. Michigan. (Note 3) Mecostethus lineatus Scudd. Matanzas L., July 6. At margin of sand plain, probably in bottom-land. In bog, Lake Co., 111., Au. 13. Mecostethus platypterus Scudd. Teheran, Je. 22. Low ground on glacial flood-plain. Champaign, July 31, dense grass in wet ground. 111. (Coll. O. S. Westcott). Hitherto known only from New England, but these are typical examples of the species as characterized and figured by Morse ('96) and McNeill. 232 Arphia sulphured, Fabr. H.l, 4, 6; Je. 6, 7, 9, 23. (10) Open woods, all 111., early summer. Arphia xanthoptera Germ. H.l, 4, Mer. ; Au. 20, 22, 30. (5) Roadsides, in black-jack. Dry woods, all 111. Encoptolophus sordidus Burm. Mol., S. 8. 111., especially north- ward, on dry open ground. Hippiscus tuberculatus Palis. H.4, Je. 6. 0. 111. and northward; infrequent. Hippiscus phomicopterus Germ. H.l, 4; Je 5, 6, 7, 23. (43) Common on grassy dunes and along roadsides in black-jack in early summer, with the next species. S. 111., in dry open woods on hillsides. Hippiscus haldemanii Scudd. H.l, 2, 4; Je. 6, 7, 8, 23. (21) Com- mon in the sand region, associated with the preceding species. On Rock Island (McNeill, tuherculatus, fide Scudder). The intercalary vein in Hippiscus, especially in this species and phwnicopterus, is quite prominent and bears a row of minute tubercles, as in Mecostethus ; and the upper carina of the in- ternal face of the hind femur is rubbed against it, causing a distinct rasping stridulation. The sound may be easily pro- duced in this way in freshly killed individuals. In all the (Edipodince of this list the same structure of the intercalary vein occurs, and presumably also the same habit of stridula- tion by means of it when not flying. Regan ('03) has de- scribed and figured (PL I., Fig. 3) this method of stridulation in Psophus. Morse ('96) has noted the general occurrence of this structure in the (Edipodinm, and has seen and heard the stridulation in Circotetti.n verruculatus and Encoptolophus sor- didus. Hippiscus suturalis Scudd. Mol. (McNeill, rugosus). Hippiscus rugosus Scudd. H.l, 2, 3, Teheran, H.m. ; Au. 13, 17, 18,22. Nymph, Au. 18. (16) Lower slopes of dunes. All 111. Hissosteira Carolina Linn. H.2, 4; Au. 12, 18. Nymph, Au. 20. (3) Roadsides. All 111., bare ground of roads, etc. Spharagemon bolli Scudd. H.l, 2, 3, 4, Mer. ; Au. 13, 17, 20, 22, 30. (7) In older dry forest, occasional in black-jack. All 111. Spharagemon wyomingianunt, Thorn. H.l, 2, 3, 4, 5, Mol., Mer. ; Je. 23, Au. 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 29, 30, S. 2, 8. Nymph, 238 Au. 20. (76) Abundant everywhere on sand in open ground. Waukegan, sandy ridges near L. Michigan. Mestobregma thomasi Gaud. ELI, 2,3,5, Mol. : Au. 17, IN, 11), 22, S. 2, 8. (13) Common on the dunes. Throughout S. 111., on dry barren ground. ( Trachyrhachis thomasi in text.) Pslnidia fenestrates Serv. H.l, 2,3, 4, 5, Mol., Mer. ; Au. 12, L3, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 29, 30, S. 2, 8. Nymph, Au. 18. (85) Abundant everywhere on the blow-sand; wings rose-red. Waukegan, sandy ridges near L. Michigan. (Note 4) Trimerotropis citrina Scudd. H.2, 6, Mer. ; Au. 12, 29, 8. 5. 1 12 i Sandy shores of Ohio, Mississippi, and Illinois rivers in Illi- nois; one taken at Devil's Hole. "N. 111." (Note 5) Schistocerca americana Drury. H.m. Seen with Locustichf in suit grass in moist bottom of old blowout. C. and S. 111. Schistocerca alutacea Harr. H.2, 3, 4, Mol., Mer.; Au. 14, 15, 17. 18, 20, 29,30, S. 2, 8. Nymph, Au. 20. (69) Common along the margins of black-jack forest and about thickets ami bunch-grass; roadsides. Dry soils of the Ulinoian giaciation in S. 111., and a few restricted localities in N. 111. ; swales be- tween sand ridges, Waukegan. (Jampylacant 'ha acutipennis Scudd. H.4, Mer.; Au. 20, 30. (2) Found associated with t\v next species, but in much fewer numbers. Perhaps only a dark grayish variety of it. ( 'lay < '<>. Campylacantha olivacea Scudd. H.l, 2,4, Mer.; Au. 18, 20, 21,22, 29, 30, S. 2. Nymph, Au. 18. (19) On the grassy dunes, moderately common. Abundant on Ambrosia bidentata on the dry soils of the Ulinoian giaciation across southern Illinois. Hesperotettix pratensis Scudd. H.3, Au. 18. (17) On a patch of Euthamia (Solidago) in a basin among sand-hills. Taken in southern Illinois along the I. 0. R. H. : swales among sand ridges, Waukegan; long grass on summit of Mississippi H. bluff at Chautauqua, 111., near Grafton, .July 20. Hesperotettix speciosus Scudd. H.l, 2, 3; Au. 18, 22, S. 2. Nymph. Au. 22. (4) Occasional with Campylacantha olivacea. Taken on the dry soil of the Ulinoian giaciation in southern Illinois. Melanoplus Havidus Scudd. H.l, 2, 3, 4, 5, Mol., Mer. ; Au. 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 22, 29, 30, S. 2, 8. Nymphs, Au. 17, 18, 19, 20. (51) Common everywhere in blowouts and on very sandy ground. Not taken elsewhere in Illinois. Associated by McNeill with the sand-bur ( Cenchrus), but it is apparently an 234 accidental relation, and not invariable. Mr. J. D. Hood has shown me examples taken near Lone Rock, S. W. Wis. Melanoplus atlanis Riley. H.l, 2, 3, 4, 5, Teheran, Mol. ; Je. 6, 7, 8, Au. 12, 14, 17, IS. 19, 20, 22, S. 5, 8. (72) Moderately sandy ground. Dry sandy or gravelly places in N. and C. 111. ; general and abundant in 8. 111. Melanoplus impudicus Scudd. H.3, 4; Au. 14, 17, 20. (4) Occa- sional in black-jack. Common on high rocky slopes of Ozark Ridge in S. 111. Melanoplus scudderi Uhl. H.l, 3, 4, Mer. ; Au. 17, 20, 22, 30. (6) Roadsides in black-jack, and occasional elsewhere on sand. All 111. Melanoplus fascial as Karnst. H.4, Au. 20. (11) On dry rloor of fallen leaves in black-jack. Also in similar localities in east- ern and southern Illinois. Melanoplus femur-rubrum DeG. H.l, 2, 3, 4, Teheran ; Au. 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, S. 2. (32) On the level areas with coating of soil. All 111., least common in southern part. Mela,noplus angustipennis Dodge. H.l, 2, 3, 4, Mol., Mer.; Je. 23, Au. 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 29, 30, 8. 2, 8. Nymph, Au. 19. (122) Very abundant everywhere on waste sandy land. Commoner than flav'ulus, even at the Moline Sand Hill, but not recognized by McNeill as distinct from his cenchri ( tlavidus). Waukegan, sandy ridges near L. Michigan. Melanoplus macneilli, n. sp. Mol., 8. 8. (19) With angustipennis and Havidus at edge of large blowout at east end of the sand hill. (Note 6) Melanoplus minor Scudd. H.l, Je. 7. (20) In sandy corner of close -cropped grassy pasture in early summer. No other Illinois record. Melanoplus luridus Dodge. H.2, 3, 4, Mer; Au. 14, 17, 18, 20, 30. (31) Common in black-jack. Also on dry, barren, high, wooded hilltops in Illinois, and, at Waukegan, on sandy ridges near L. Michigan. Melanoplus diiferentialis Uhl. H.2, 3; Au. 15. Nymph, Au. 18. (2) Roadside, level ground. All 111. Melanoplus bivittatus femoratus Burm. H.l, 2, Teheran; Au. 13, 17, 18, 22. (6) Low ground, roadsides. All 111. Phmtaliotes nebrascensis Thorn. H.4, Au. 20, nymphs and adults. (7) Rock Island region (McNeill, '91, Pezotettix autumnalis) . 235 Dry sandy ground; also along swales between sand ridges near Waukegan. Scudderia texensi§ Sauss.-Pict. H.2, 3, 4; Au. 14, 17, 18, 20. (6) Lower slopes of dunes, not uncommon. All 111. Scudderia furcata Brunn. H.3, 4; An. 18. Nymph, Au. 20. (2) All 111. o Amblycorypha uhleri Stal. Mer., Au. 30, in damp sand-pit. S. 111. Conocephalus robustus Scudd. H.2, 4, 5; Au. 11, 12, 18, 20. (4) Waste sandy land. Observed resting, head downward, on a grass stem, closely resembling a grass leaf. Its long-continued, penetrating shrill call is heard on all sides at dusk. Dry places in C. and S. 111. Xiphidium strictum Scudd. H.2, 4, Mol.; Au. 18,20, S. 8. (7) One of the two from the Moline Sand Hill was long-winged. Common in damp grassy bottoms of old blowouts. 111. Xiphidium brevipenne Scudd.? Nymph, H.4, Au. 20. 111. Orchelimum, sp. Nymph, H.4, Au. 20. Ceuthophilus, sp. H.l, Je. 7. Injured specimen ; taken under fal- len tree in blowout. Udeopsylla robusta Hald. H.2, 5; May 17, Je. 8. (2) Under logs. No other Illinois records. (Note 7) Nemobius fasciatus vittatus Harr. H.l, 4, Mol., Mer.; Au. 20, 22, 30, S. 8. (9) On sandy ground and elsewhere. All 111. (Note 8) Nemobius carolinus Scudd. Thompson L., S. 1. (6) On moist sandy beach under sticks among trees. All 111., in damp woods. Gryllus ahbreviatus Serv. H.6, S. 5. (15) Under driftwood on dry sandy shore. 111., in fall. Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burm. Short-winged form, H.l, 2, 4, ; Je. 6, 7, 8, 9, Au. 20. (13) Long-winged form, H.2, H.m. ; Je. 7, 8. (6) Under sticks, boards and leaves on sand, and at electric light. 111., mostly in summer. Gryllus personatus Uhl. (Blatchley, det.). H.l, 2; Au. 19,22. (3) Under logs in blowouts. Nymphs only, but mature enough for determination. No other Illinois records. (Ecanthus niveus DeG. H.4, nymph, Je. 23. 111. (Ecanthus pini Beut. H.6, S. 4. (2) 111. CEcanthus J^-punctatus Beut. Mol., S. 8. (4) On vegetation. 111. in fall. 236 Hemiptera. Cicada dorsata Say. H.4, Au. 20. (2) Flying on open grassy sum- mit of sand ridge. Tamaroa and Urbana. Cicada marginata Say. Mol., S. 8. S. 111., common. Cu-ada tibicen Linn. H.m., Au. 17. 111. Tettigia hieroglyphica Say. H.l, H.m. ; Je. 23, July 2. (2) Entered car window while train was passing through sand region. No other Illinois record. Chlorochara conica Say. H.2, 4; Au. 19, 20. (2) 111. Scolops grossus Uhl. H.2, Au. 12, 18. (4) 111. Philcenus lineatus Linn. H.4, Je. (5. (3) On vegetation of waste open sandy land. No other Illinois record. Lepyronia gibbosa Ball. H.J, 4; Je. 6, 23, Au. 20. (7) On Uallirhoe triangulata, etc. Also from Dayton (N. 111.). A sand-hill species in Nebraska. Cercopidue, sp., immature. H.l, 4, 6; Je. 6, 9, 23. (11) Numerous on bases of radical leaves and stems of Callirhoe triangulata, each in mass of froth. Perhaps young of preceding species. Deltocephalus melsheimeri Fitch. H.4, Je. 6. (2) 111. Agallia sanguinolenta Prov. H.4, Je. 6. (2) 111. Ceresa bubalus Fabr. H. 5, Teheran ; Au. 17. (2) 111. Stn-tocvp/iala lutca Walk. H.4, Je. 6. 111. Ophiderma salamandra Fairm. H.4, .le. 6. 111. Campylenchia curvata Fabr. H.5, 6; Je. 9, Au. 17. (2) 111. Lecanium, sp., immature. H.2, Au. 19. (6) Common on stems of Cycloloma atriplicifolium in road. Diommatus congrex Uhl. ( Osborn, det. ). H.6, Je. 8. Tinicephalus -sim/ili ■>■ Uhl. Teheran, Au. 17. Vegetation along railroad. 111. Malacocori* irroratus Say. Teheran, Au. 17. (2i With the preceding species. 111. Lygus pratensis Linn. H.2, Au. 19. 111. Phytocoris colon Say. (Osborn, det.). H.4, Je. 5. (3) Oilplants by roadside. Resthenia insitiva Say. H.l, 2, 4; Je. 6, 8, 23. (5) On Rhus aro- matica. 111. Nobis ferus Linn. H.4, Au. 18, 19. (2) 111. Nabis elongatus, n. sp. H.O, Je. 9. (Note 9) Sinea confusa Oaud. Mol., S. 8. (2) Possibly S. diadema, as the males of these two species are not readily separable, and 237 . no females were taken. The abdominal margin is nearly en- tire, scarcely undulate. Acholla multispinosa DeG. H.2, Au. 18, 19. (2) 111. Zelus socius Uhl. H.l, 2, 3, 4, 6; Je. 8, 9, Au. 12, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22. (32) Common, on Rhus aromatica in June and on Mesadenia atriplicifolia flowers in August. Seen eating Phormia ter- rmnovce. No other Illinois records. Zelus renardi Kol. H.4, Je. 6. In black-jack. N. Ill (Bolter Coll.). o Zelus luridus Stal. H.6, Je. 9. 111. Melanolestes picipes H.-Schf. Teheran, Au. 17, nymph. Under board by railroad. 111. Aradvs acutus Say. H.l, Je. 7. Also from Cobden and Villa Kid«-e (S. 111.) Phymata fascia ta Gray (wolM Stal). H.2, Au. 13, 18. (10) Oc- casional on sand plants. 11J. Emblethis griseus Wolff. H.2, 3; Au. 14, 19. (2) 111. Sphragisticus nebulosus Fall. Mol., S. 8. (2) 111. Ligyrocoris constrictus Say. H.l, Je. 7. 111. o Ligyrocoris sylvestris Stal. Mol., S. 8. 111. o Phlegyas annulicrus Stal. (Osborn, det. ). H.4, Je. 5. Blissus leucopterus Say. Teheran, Je. 22. Serious injury to corn on very sandy land. 111. Nysius angustatus Uhl. H.m. 111. Lygoeus hiorueis Say. H.2, Au. 12, 13, 18. (18) Common on flow- ers of Mesadenia atriplicifolia. 111. On Mesadenia rati formis at Carlinville (Rob.). LygoBus turcicus Fabr. H.2, Au. 13. 111. o Lygceus kalmii Stal. H.l, 2, 3, 5, 6, Teheran; Apr. 14, Je. 7, 8, Au. 13,15,17,18. (17) On Asclepias cornuti. 111. Jalysus spinosus Say. H.m., July 12. 111. Serinetha trivittata Say. H.m., Je. 23, Au. 12. (12) On box-elder tree. 111. sta<-hyocnemis apiealis Dall. H.l, 2, 3, 5, Mol., Mer. ; Je. 7, 8, 23, Au. 12, 14, 18, 22, 30. (69) In blowouts and on nearly bare sand. Excessively abundant at Devil's Hole one sunny day, but the next day, which was rainy, only one was found — under a cow-chip. Examples were seen apparently feeding on some bird droppings. No other Illinois records. . 238 Alydus pilosulus H.-Schf . H.l, 2, Mol., Mer. ; Je. 7, Au. 18, 30, S. 8. Nymphs, Au. 18. (21) Sandy ground among plants. On dry ground elsewhere in Illinois. The immature forms re- semble ants. Alydus conspersvs Mont. Mol., S. S. With the preceding species. Urbana. Alydus eurmus Say. H.3, 4, 6, Mol.; Je. 5, 6, Au. 18, S. 8. Sup- posed nymph, Je. 6, 9. (7) With A. pilosulus. 111. Megalotomti* 5-spinosus Say. H.l, 3, 4; Je. 6, 23, Au. 17, 20. (6) 111. o Gatorhintha mendica Stal (Osborn, det.). H.2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ; Je. 6, 8, 9, 12, 24, July 22, Au. 18. (26 > Common on R/ui* aromatica, Allionia nyctaginea, and a variety of other plants, especially along roadsides. Also from Camp Point ( Adams Co.), Dix- on, and Galena. Ghariesterus antennator Fabr. H.2, 3; Au. 12, 15. (3) On Eu- phorbia corollata. Tamaroa, Villa Ridge and Anna (S. 111). Podisus maculiventris Say. H.5, Au. 17. 111. o Perillus circumcinctus Stal. H.l, 2, 4; Je. 6, 8. Nymphs, Je. 5, 8, 23. (21) On Rhus aromatica, not uncommon. Makanda (S. 111.), and "N.I11." Thyanta custator Fabr. H.2, Au. 18, 19. (2) 111. Gosmopepla camifex Fabr. H.4, Je. 6. (33) On Scrophularia nodosa and other plants in black-jack, clustered along stems. 111. Neottiglossa sulcifrons Stal. H. 4, Je. 6. (2) On vegetation of grassy open dunes. Dry hillsides in S. 111. Hymenarcys nervosa Say. H.4, Je. 6. 111. Gamus delius Say. H.4, Je. (>. (3) 111. Euschistus iissilis Uhl. H.4, Je. (5. 111. EtischistvH variolarius Pal. Beauv. H.2, 3, Mol.; Au. 14, 18, S. 8. (7) 111. (Note 10) Mormidea lugens Fabr. H.4, 5; Je. 5, 0, Au. 17. (4) 111. Pentatoma juniperina Linn. H.l, 2,3,4; Je. 6, Au. 13, 14, 18, 22. Nymphs, Je. 8 and in August. (35) Common on Opuntia humifusa, puncturing the tip of the fruit. Eureka and Mas- coutah ; Waukegan,on dwarf cedar (Juniperus sabina) along sand ridges near L. Michigan. o PeribalvH limbolarius Stal. H.4, H.m. : Au. 20. (3) 111. 239 Brochymena • Ji.-pustula,ta Fabr. H.2, Je. 8. On trunks of elm along roadsides. 111. Sehirus ductus Pal. Beauv. H.2, on Monarda punctata. Savanna and Galena (N. 111.), on Stachys and sweet clover. Pangceus bilineatus Say. H.2, Je. 8. 111. Cydnus obliquus Uhl. H.l, An. 22. "N. 111." Cydnus, sp. (jEthus). H.2, Au. 19. (9) Nymphs under sticks in sandy hollow at lee of 'dune, under tree. Homcemus ameifrons Say. H.4, Je. 6, Au. 20. (5) Swept from long grass on sand near black-jack. N. 111. (Bolter ('oil. ) ; Lake Co., 111., Au. 3. (Note 11) Corimelcena ciliata Uhl. H.l, 2, 3; Je. 7, Au.12, 18. Very abundant in blow-sand about grass roots in June ; also on plant stems in August. No other Illinois records. Neuroptera. Chrysopa plorabunda Fitch. H.2, Au. 18, 19. (3) 111. Chrysopa oculata Say. H.2, Au. 12, 13. (3) 111. Cryptoleon conspersum Kamb. H.4, Je. 5, 6. (4) Sand ridges near L. Michigan, Waukegan, 111., Au. 22. Cryptoleon signatum Hag. (Currie, clet.). H.l, 2, 3, 4, H.m. ; Je. 6, 7, 8, Au. 18, 19, 21, 22. (12) No other Illinois records. Brachynemurus abdominalis Say (Adams, det.). H.m., August. Not rare in September. 111. Brachynemurus irregularis Currie (Currie, det.). H.m., Au. 21. No other Illinois record. Myrmeleon immaculatus occidentalis Currie (Currie, det. ). H.4, H.m.; Au. 20, 21. (4) No other Illinois records. COLEOPTERA. Cicindela seutellaris lecontei Hald. H.l, 3, 1, 6, H.m., Mol., Mer. ; April, Je. 6, 23, Au. 18, 20, 22, 30, S. 4, 5, 6, 8. (58) Common on bare sand, especially in blowouts and roadways. Chicago; "N. Ill"; Peoria (Brendel) ; Fort Sheridan (Kwiat, '05) ; Waukegan. Cicindela purpurea, Umbalis Klug. Mol., S. S. Hock Island; "N. 111." Cicindela formosa generosa Dej. H.l, 2, 3, 4, 5, Mol., Mer., H.m.: Apr. 13, Je. 6, 7, 19, 23, 24, Au. 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 22, 29, 30, S. 4, 8. (45) Common with C. seutellaris !<■<■<> „te'i. "N. 111."; Peoria (Brendel). 240 Cicindela vulgaris Say. Mol., Mer. : Au. 30, S. 8. (3) 111. Cicindela repanda Dej. H.6, Mol., Mer., Thompson L. ; Je. 8, 9, Au. 14, 29, S. 8. (68) Moist sandy shores: one example in blowout at Moline Sand Hill. 111. Cicindela 12-guttata Dej. Mol., S. 8. One example, taken in blowout at the Sand Hill. 111. Cicindela hirticollis Say. H.6, Je. 19. (2) Mud banks; sandy beach of L. Michigan, Waukegan. 111. Cicindela punctulata Fabr. H.l, 2, Matanzas L. ; Je. 23, Au. 18, 22,23. (6) Roadways and fields, if not very sandy ; frequent Au. 24 on beach of L. Michigan at Waukegan, cast up by waves. 111. Cicindela cuprascens Lee. H.6, Mer.; Au. 10, 29. (4) Moist sandy margins of Illinois, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers, and L. Michigan, in 111. Cicindela lepida Dej. H.2, 3, Au. 14. In blowouts; not common. Savanna, on sandy island in Mississippi R. ; N. 111. (Bolter Coll). Carabus sylvosus Say. H.2, Je. 8. (3) Under boards along lane in level ground. N. 111. (Bolter Coll.); 0. 111.; Peoria (Brendel ). Calosoma externum Say. H.2, Je. 8. 111. Calosoma scrutator Fabr. H.m. (2) 111. Elaphrus ruscarius Say. H.6, Je. 8, 9. (2) 111. Pasimachiis elongatus Lee. H.l, H.m., Teheran; Je. 7, Au. 17. (4) 111. Bembidiu/u Icevigatum Say. H.6, Je. 9. (3) 111. Patrobus longicornis Say. H.6, Mer.; Je. 8, 9, Au. 29, S. 5. (10) 111. Pterostichus sayi Brulle H.6, Je. 8. (3) 111. Pterostichus lucublandus Say. H.2, Je. 8. 111. Pterostichus caudicalis Say. H.6, H.m. : May 6. 15. (3) HI. Pterostichus erythropus Dej. H.6, Je. 9. 111. Amara cupreolata Putz. H.m., Apr. 13. 111. Loxandrus brevicollis Lee. H.6, May 6. "111." Diplochila impressicollis Dej. H.m., April. 111. Platynus extensicollis Say. H.6, Je. 9. 111. Platynus decorus Say. H.6, Thompson L. : Feb. 26. May 6, S. 1. (4) 111. Platynus octopunctatus Fabr. H.6, Je. 8. <5) 111. 241 Platynus placidus Say. H.6, Je. 12. 111. Zuphium longicolle Lee. H.m. Tetragonoderus faselatus Hald. H.5, 6; Je. 12, 22, July 22. (3) Dry sand of river banks. Grafton, Quincy, Savanna ; Peoria (Brendel). Lebia scapularis Dej. Matanzas L., Au. 23. 111. Callida purpurea Say. Teheran, Je. 22. Peoria (Brendel). Chlcenius erythropus Germ. H.6, H.m. ; May 6, 21. (3) 111. Chlamius sericeus Forst. H.6, Thompson L. ; May 6, Je. 8, 9, S. 1. (11) Moist shores, under driftwood. 111. Chlcenius prasinus Dej. H.6, Matanzas L., Thompson L. ; Je. 9, Au. 23, S. 1. (8) 111. Chlcmiius pennsylvanieus Say. H.6, H.m., Matanzas L., Thompson L. ; Feb. 26, April, May 6, Au. 23, S. 1. (6) 111. Chlcenius impunctifrons Say. H.6, May 6. 111. Anomoglossus emarginatus Say. H.6, S. 5. (2) 111. Oodes cuprceus Ohaud. H.6, Matanzas L., Thompson L. ; Au. 6, 23, S. 21, 24. (10) Pekin and Carmi. Geopinus incrassatus Dej. H.l, 6, H.m.; Apr. 13, Je. 7,8, Au. 22. (10) Under sticks in blowout, and at electric lights. 111. Seems to prefer sandy places. Nothopus sabroides Lee. H.l, 2, 3, H.m. ; Au. 14, 18, 19, 22, S. 16. (11) A common species under boards and logs on blow-sand and in blowouts. Many were seen in such situations at Devil's Neck June 7, but all were dead. 111. (Bolter Coll.) ; C. 111. ; found also in the West on sandy stretches, Me Wickham (Wolcott). Cratacanthus dubius Beauv. H.l, Au. 22. Common under sticks and boards in blowout at Devil's Neck. One found captured by a tiger-beetle, Cicindela formosa generosa. 111. Harpalus erraticus Say. Mol., S. 8. (11) Under sticks and cow- chips at edge of pasture on the Sand Hill, in company with another pallid species, H. testaceus. Illinois K, valley in La Salle Co. ; Quincy. Inhabits sandy places. Harpalus caliginosus Fabr. H.l, 3, 4, Mol.; Au. 14, 17, 20, 22. (12) Common under boards on sand. 111. Harpalus f annus Say. Mol., S. 8, 111. Harpalus herbivagus Say. H.l, Mol.; Je. 7, S. 8. (2) 111. Harpalus testaceus Lee. H.l, Mol. ; Au. 22, S. 8. (2) Under boards 242 in blowout at Devil's Neck, also with H. erraticus. S. 111. (Bolter Coll.); E. Cairo, Ky. ; Quincy, September. Stenolophus ochropezus Say. H. 6, Thompson L. ; Apr. 14, Au. 14. (3) 111. Stenolophus dissimilis Dej. H.6, Feb. 26, S. 16. (4) 111. Anisodaclylus rusticus Say. H.l, 2, Mol., H.m. ; Apr. 13, Au. 18, 19, 20, S. 8. (17) Very common under boards and logs on sand, especially in blowout at Devil's Neck. 111., generally distributed. Anisodactylus carbonarius Say. H.4, Au. 20. 111. Anisodaclylus discoideus Dej. H.6, Je. 8, 9. (11) A common river-shore species under driftwood on sand. 111. Anisodaclylus baltimorensis Say. H.6, Je. 8. 111. Anisodaclylus verticalis Lee. H.6, Je. 8. (2) 111. (Bolter Coll.) ; Peoria (Brendel). Anisodaclylus piceus Lee. H.l, Au. 22. (6) Under boards in blowout at Devil's Neck. 111. Harpalini, n. sp. Mol., S. 8. With Harpalus erraticus. (Note 12) Sphceridium scarabwoides Linn. Mol., S. 8. One specimen, with Harpalus erraticus. Introduced on Atlantic coast and spreading westward. Not previously reported west of the lake shore at Chicago. It was found there by me last spring also, Apr. 28, 1906, washed up by the waves in large numbers, about 80 specimens being taken. (See also Kwiat, '05.) Cercyon analis Payk. H.6, Je. 7. 111. Silpha surinamensis Fabr. H.m., Je. 7. 111. Silpha inazqualis Fabr. H.6, Je. 8. (14) About carrion on sandy shore. 111. Silpha noveboracensis Forst. H.4, Je. 6. 111. Staphylinus maculosus Grav. H.6, Je. 8. 111. Staphylinus tomentosus Grav. H.6, May 6. 111. Bledius fumatus Lee. Mer., Au. 29. 111., a common shore species. Exbstilbus apicalis Mels. H.6, Feb. 26. 111. Hippodamia glacialis Fabr. H.4, Au. 20. 111. Hippodamia convergens Guer. H.2, Au. 12. 111. Neoharmonia venusta Mels. H.6, July 8, on willow. 111. (Bolter Coll.). Coccinella 9-notata Hbst. H.2, 3, H.m. ; Apr. 13, Au. 12, 18. (12) On sand plants. 111. Adalia bipunctata Linn, H.l, 6; Je. 8, 9, 23. (4) "111." (Bolter 243 Coll., one specimen); Jacksonville, from correspondent. Lately ('05, '06) seen occasionally about Urbana. Chicago ('06). No other Illinois records. Hyperaspidius trimaculatus Linn. . H.4, Je. 6. No other Illinois record. (Note 13) Languria Ucolor Fabr. H.2, Je. 8. (10) On stems of Mesadenia air iplici folia, in which the larvas burrow. Also found thus at Champaign. "111."; Normal; Peoria (Brendel). Ischyrus 4-punctatus Oliv. H.5, Je. 8, 111. Attagenus piceus Oliv. H.m., Je. 8. 111. Cryptorhopalum, sp. H.4, Je. 6. (3) Hister interruptus Beauv. -H.6, Je. 8. (2) 111. Hister abbreviatus Fabr. H.m. 111. Saprinus ferrugineus Mars. H.4, Je. 6. No other Illinois record. Saprinus fraternus Lee. H.6, Je. 8, 9. (15) Abundant, feeding on dead fish along sandy shore. 111. Saprinus patruelis Lee. H.l, Je. 7. "N. 111." Tenebrioides mauritanica Linn. Teheran, Au. 17. In food stuffs. Ptilodactyla serricollis Say. H.l, Je. 7. 111. Lacon reetangularis Say. H.l, 4; Je. 5. (7) Common under boards in dry sandy pasture. Grand Tower and Pekin, under boards along banks of Mississippi and Illinois rivers respectively. Peoria (Brendel). Cardiophorus convexus Say. H.2, 4; Je. 5, 6, 8. (3) 111. (Bolter Coll.). Monocrepidius vespertinus Fabr. H.5, Teheran ; Je. 16, 22, July 22. (9) Anna and Grand Tower (S. 111.) ; Peoria (Brendel). Melanotics communis Gyll. H.6, May 6 (larva). 111. Melanotus infaustus Lee? H.l, 2; Je. 7, 8. (4) 111. Limonius quercinus Say. H.2, 4; Je. 6, 8. (43) Abundant on oak sprouts in grove at foot of sand ridge. 111. (Bolter Coll.). Chrysobothris femorata Fabr. H.m. 111. Acmcwdera tubulus Fabr. H.l, H.m; Je. 23. (3) In ilowers of Opuntia and Chrysopsis. "N. 111.", Galesburg, Hudson, Cobden, Villa Ridge; Apr. 28, May 29, September; Peoria (Brendel); Carlinville, on Hypoxys erecta (Rob.). Agrilus egenus Gory. H.l, Je. 7. (2) 111. Calopteron terminate Say. H.4, Au. 20. (4) With the next species. 111. (Note 14) 244 Calopteron reticulatum Fabr. H.l, 2, 4, Mol.; Au. 19, 20, 22, S. 8. (20) Common on plants at sides of roadway through black- jack. 111. (Note 14) Lucidota atra Fabr. H.4, Je. 6. 111. Photuris pennsylvanica DeG. H.6, Je. 9. 111. Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus DeG. H.2, Au. 12. 111. Collops tricolor Say. H.l, 4, Je. 6, 23. (7) In Opuntia flowers. Peoria (Brendel). Anthocomus ericlisoni Lee. H.6, Je. 12. (2) Villa Ridge. Anthocomus, sp. H.4, Je. 5. Clerus thoracicus Oliv. H.4, Je. 6. Towanda, Villa Ridge, Peoria (Brendel). Hydnocera submnea Spin. H.4, Je. 6. 111. (Bolter Coll.). Hydnocera pallipennis Say. H.5, Au. 12. "N. 111.", Pekin. Lucanus placidus Say. H.l, 4, 6; Je. 6, 7, 9. (7) Coming out of ground at dusk beneath shade trees along street of Forest City. Chicago; Peoria (Brendel). (Note 15) Canthon ?iigricornis Say. H.l, Teheran; Je. 22, Au. 22. (3) Un- der dry animal remains in blowout at Devil's Neck. Peoria (Brendel). Canthon kevis Drury. H.2, H.m.; Je. 7. (8) Common along roadways in level ground. 111. Copris Carolina Linn. H.m. Ill Onthophagus hecate Panz. H.l, 4; Je. 6, 7. (2) 111. Onthophagus pennsylvanicus Harold. H.l, Je. 7. (9) Common about horse droppings in road near Devil's Neck. III. Aphodius rubeolus Beauv. H.l, Je. 7. (2) With the preceding species. C. 111. Bolbocerus lazarus Fabr. H.m. 111. Trox scabrosus Beauv. H.l, Je. 7, Au. 22. With Canthon nigri- cornis. No other Illinois record. Trox suberosus Fabr. H.m. 111. Lachnosterna prunina Lee. H.l, Je. 7. "N. 111."; Peoria (Bren- del). Polyphylla hammondi Lee. H.5, Au. 17. Lying dead on bare blow-sand. No other Illinois record. Anomala Unotata Gyll. H.6, H.m.; Apr. 13, May 6, 21. (3) 111. Strlgoderma arboricola Fabr. H.l, 2, 4; Je. 6, 7, 8, 23. (53) On flowers of clover, rose, Opuntia hurnifusa, and Monarda punctata. 111. 245 Ligyrus gibbosus DeG. H.m., Apr. 13. Electric light. (2) 111. Ligyrus relictus Say. H.m., Je. 7. Electric light. 111. Euphoria sepulcralis Fabr. H.2, 3, Matanzas L. ; Au. 14, 16, 18 30. (7) In tops of various herbaceous plants. Common in southern Illinois. Trichius piger Fabr. H.2, 4, 6; Je. 6, 8, 9. (3) On flowers of wild rose. 111. Parandra brunnea Fabr. H.2, H.m. ; Au. 18. (3) Under log in grove at Devil's Hole. 111., infesting the bases of fruit and shade trees. Orthosoma brunneum Forst. H.m. 111. Physocnemum brevilineum Say. H.6, Je. 12. 111. Romaleum simplicicolle Hald. H.m. No other Illinois record. Batyle suturalis Say. H.4, Au. 20. 111. Xylotrechus colonics Fabr. H.m. 111. Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fabr. H.4, Pekin ; Je. 5, 6. (2) 111. Typocerus velutinus Oliv. H.6, Je. 9. On willow. 111. Typocerus sinuatus Newm. Teheran, Je. 22. 111. Mecas pergrata Say. H.l, 4; Je. 6, 23. (4) Dry soils of Illinoian glaciation in southern Illinois. Oberea tripunctata Swed. H.2, Je. 8. 111. Tetraopes tetraophthalmus Forst. H.2, 4; Je. 6,8, July 1. (3) On Asclepias cornuti. 111. Tetraopes femoratus Lee. H.3, Matanzas L., Mol. ; Au. 15, 16, S. 9. (8) On Asclepias. 111. Lema cornuta Fabr. H.2, 3; Au. 18, 19. (11) On leaves of Com- melina virginica, gnawing the surface and causing whitened streaks. Richardson ('92) describes a similar injury to this plant by L. sayi. He found its eggs placed singly in the folds of the central leaf about the flower stalk, and the larvae, — which were white, with a black spot on the second segment, — eating down an inch or two into the soft stalk. Knaus ('01) found L. cornuta feeding on dock near sand-hills in Kansas. Sand-dunes of N. W. Ind. (Kwiat '05). Cryptocephalus J^-maculatus Say. H.6, Je. 9. 111. Cryptocephalus mutabilis Mels. H.4, Au. 20. 111. Pachybrachys pubescens Oliv. Teheran, Je. 22. 111. Monachus ater Hald. H.4, Je. 6. (2) 111. Monachus saponatus Fabr. H.4, Je. 6. (3) 111. Graphops nebulosus Lee. H.4, Je. 6. (2) 111. 246 Typophorus aterrimus Oliv. H.4, Je. 6. 111. Metachroma angustulum Or. H.2, 4, 6; Je. 5, 6,8, 9. (21) Abund- ant on Carolina poplar, willow, (Enothera biennis, and other plants, on sand-dunes and along the river shore. No other Illinois records. Metachroma parallelum Horn. H.l, 2, 4, 6; Je. 6, 7,8,9. (30) Very abundant on willow, (Enothera biennis, and other plants, in company with the preceding species. Peoria (Brendel). Leptinotarsa 10-lineata Say. H.2, Au. 19. 111. Zygogramma suturalis casta Rog. H.2, 4; Je. 5, Au. 18, 19. (4) 111. Chrysomela auripennis Say. H.l, H.m.; Je. 7, S. 29. (2) Nor- mal, Galesburg, and Waterman, May, Je. 14, and August; "N. 111."; 111. (Bolter Coll.). Sand-dunes of N. W. Ind. (Kwiat '05). Melasoma lapponica Linn. H.l, 6; May 21, Je. 7,8,9. (14) On willows in sand-dune hollows and along river shore. 111. Melasoma scripta Fabr. H.6, Je. 8, S. 4. (4) On willows along river shore. 111. Cerotoma trifurcata Forst. H.4, Je. 6. (4) 111. Diabrotica 12-punctata Oliv. H.2, Je. 8, Au. 12, 13, 18, 19. (5) 111. Diabrotica longicomis Say. H.2, Teheran; Au. 17, 18. (4) 111. Oalerucella notulata Fabr. H.4, Je. 6, Au. 20. (3) 111. Blepharida rhois Forst. H.l, 2, 4; Je. 5, 6, 8, 23. (52) Larvae, Je. 5. Common on Rhus aromatica, sometimes defoliating it. 111. (Edionychis vians 111. H.6, Je. 9. 111. (Edionychis thyamoides Cr. H.4, Je. 6. (2) 111. Disonycha pennsylvanica 111. H.l, 4, 6; May 6, Je. 6,7, 8, 9. (6) On willow. 111. Diso?iycha 5-vittata Say. H.l, Je. 7, Au. 22. (3) On willow in dune hollows. Same situation, Waukegan, near L. Michigan. 111. Disonycha triangularis Say. H.6, Je. 8. 111. Haltica fuscoamea Mels. H.2, 4, 5; Je.6, 8, July 22, Au. 12. (14) On (Enothera biennis, its food plant. No other Illinois rec- ords. Systena blanda Mels. H.4, Je. 6. (4) 111. Ghalepus smithi H. Donck. (Odontota horni). H.4, Au. 20. No 247 other Illinois record. N. W. Ind., coll. by Wolcott (see Kwiat '05). Chalepus dorsalis Thunb. (Odontota). H.l, Je. 7. (3) 111. Coptocycla clavata Fabr. H.l, Je. 7. Bloomington and Kappa, Mar. 8, July 14; N. 111. (Bolter Coll.); Peoria (Brendel). Bruchus cruentatus Horn. H.2, Au. 18. (8) On Cassia chamce- crista, probably breeding in the seeds. 111. Bruchus hibisci Oliv. H.4, Je. 6. (2) Camp Point and Normal, 111. Zabrotes, n. sp. H.2, Au. 18. Epitragus acutus Lee. H.l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, H.m. ; July 22, 30, Au. 3, 12, 14, 18, 19, 20, 22. (23) On flowers of Mesadenia atriplici folia. No other Illinois records. Scotobates calcaratus Fabr. H.l, Je. 7. 111. Xylbpinus saperdioides Oliv. H.l, Je. 7. 111. Tenebrio molitor Linn. H.m. (2) 111. Opatrinus notus Say. H.l, Je. 7, 8, Au. 22. (21) Common under boards in dry sandy pasture in company with Lacon rectangu- laris. On sandy land in Texas (Hart, '06) the same associa- tion is conspicuous, except that 0. notus is replaced by the allied species aciculatus. 111. Blapstinus interruptus Say. H.6, Je. 8, 9, 12. (4) In dry bare sand along upper slope of river bank. 111. (Bolter Coll.). Collected by Wolcott in "Chicago Area" (Kwiat '05). On sand near Waukegan, Au. 18. Hymenorus obscurus Say. H.l, Je. 7. 111. Nothus varians Lee. H.4, Je. 5. (3) 111. (Lee). Mordella scutellaris Fabr. Teheran, Je. 22. 111. Mordella octopunctata Fabr. H.6, Je. 9. 111. Mordella mar ginata Mels. H.4, H.m. ; Je. 5, 6, July 12. (5) 111. Mordellistena biplagiata Helm. H.2, 4; Je. 5,8. (2) "N. 111., June"; Carlinville (Rob.). Stereopalpus mellyi Laf. H.l, Je. 7. (3) Rock Island; sand ridges near Waukegan, Au. 23. Notoxus bifasciatus Lee. Teheran, Je. 22. 111. Macrobasis unicolor Kirby. H.l, 2, Mer. ; Je. 8, 23, Au. 30. On Cracca virginiana. (18) 111. Epicauta pennsylvanica DeG. H.l, 2, 4; Je. 6, 7, 8. (7) 111. Rhipiphorus pectinatus Fabr. H.2, Au. 18, 19. (2) On plants on dune slopes. 111. 248 Attelabus bipustulatus Fabr. H.2, Je. 8. On (Enothera biennis stems on sand-dunes. Villa Ridge, September; Peoria (Bren- del). Phacepholis Candida Horn. H.l, 2, 4; Je. 6,7,8. (22) Abund- ant on stems of plants along the railroad in low ground near Forest City. Urbana. (Note 16) Phytonomus comptus Say. H.6, Je. 8. (5) 111. Lixus concavus Say. H.2, Je. 8. 111. Magdalis armicollis Say. H.2, 6; Je. 8, 12. (3) On elm along roadside. 111. Rhyssematus llneatlcollis Say. H.3, Au. 15. On Asclepias cornuti. Morris, July 19; "N. 111." Chalcoder'mus collaris Horn. H.2, Je. 8, Au. 12. (14) Common on (Enothera biennis on dune slopes. Knaus ('93) found "a fine lot" about Kansas sand-dunes, which he thought bred in the seed pods of the Yucca which was abundant along the sides of the blowouts. There is no wild Yucca in this valley. Chittenden thinks its habits are probably similar to those of C. ceneus, which breeds in cow-peas. No other Illinois records. Tyloderma foveolatuni Say. H.6, Je. 8. On stems of (Enothera biennis, in which the larvae breed. 111. Acanthoscelis acephalus Say. H.2, Je. 8. 111. (Bolter Coll.) ; Pe- oria (Brendel). Occurs on (Enothera biennis. Trichobaris trinotata Say. H.4, Je. 5. 111. Centrinus picumnus Hbst. H.4, Je. 6. 111. Rhodobcenus lS-punctatus 111. H.2, Je. 8. 111., on cocklebur. Lepidoptera. Pyrameis huntera Fabr. H.2, Au. 12, roadside. 111. Apatura celtis Boisd. & Lee. H.2, Au. 18, roadside. 111. Apatura clyton proserpina Scudd. H.2, Au. 18, roadside. 111. Thecla melinus Hiibn. H.2, Au. 13, roadside. 111. Chrysophanus hypophlceas Boisd. H.2, Au. 13, roadside. 111. Pieris protodice Boisd. & Lee. H.2, Au. 13, roadside. 111. Colias philodlce Godt. H.3, Au. 18. 111. Terias lisa Boisd. H.2, 3; Au. 13, 14. (2) 111. Pamphila zabulon Boisd. & Lee. H.3, Au. 17. 111. Pamphila metacomet Harr. H.2, Au. 13. 111. Pyrgus tessellata Scudd. (Skinner, Ent. News, Vol. XVII., p. 277.) H.3, Au. 17. Common along roadways in sand region. 111. 249 Eudamus tityrus Fabr. H.2, Au. 18, roadside. 111. Eubaphe aurantiaca Irevicornis Walk. H.2, Je. 8. (2) Frequent on sand-dunes. 111. Estkjmene acrcea Drury. H.3, Au. 17. 111. Ghloridea virescens Fabr. H.l, 6; Je. 8, Au. 11. Urbana; III (Bolter Coll.). Heliocheilus paradoxus Grote. H.2, 5; Je. 17, Au. 12 13. (2 + ) These curious little noctuids dance up and down in stationary groups of usually two to four at twilight, in open sandy ground, near the level of the tops of plants. The subcostal •and discal cells of the male fore wings are greatly enlarged, transversely ribbed, and usually denuded. While they^are dancing, a continuous rapid series of sharp ticks is heard, exactly like that of a watchman's rattle, but of diminutive volume, yet easily heard fifty feet away. This is probably effected by the male's extending the fore legs and rasping the tibial spurs against the corrugated cell-membranes during flight. Urbana, Au. 28 and S. 29, in gravel-cut on railroad. Schinia arcifera Guen. H.2, Au. 13. 111. Xanthoptera semi/lava Guen. (Dyar, det.). H.3, Au. 17. 111. Acontia lactipennis Harvey. H.l, 4; Je. 6, 7. (2) This handsome Texan species is new to Illinois. Ypsia undularis Drury. H.l, Je. 23. 111. Sesia tipuUformis Linn. (Dyar, det.). H.2, Au. 13. 111. Meroptera cviatella Dyar (Dyar, det.). H.4, Je. 5. Recently de- scribed (Proc. Ent, Soc. Wash., Vol. VII., p. 34) from Chicago, and named after the collector, Mr. A. Kwiat. This may be a sand-region species, common to the Lake Michigan and Illi- nois valley areas. Crambus haytiellus Zinck. (Dyar, det.). H.2, Au. 12. Not infre- quent about sand blowouts. Described from Hayti and listed from Texas. No other records found. Olethreutes dimidiana Sodoff? (U. S. Bur. Ent., det.). H.l, 2; Je. 7, 8 (all immature). In these two localities many cylin- drical tubes of webbed sand were found extending up the stems of Onagra biennis, Cassia c/ianuvcrista,&nd AtnbrosiaC?), often as much as two feet long, and following most of the stems of a plant, reaching the top, where the new growt li had been fed upon. In one case a short tube was formed on the surface of the bare sand. These tubes closely resemble those figured 250 by Daecke ('05) for Prionapteryx nebulifera, from sand areas in New Jersey. In these tubes were found small and very active tortriciform larvae. Mr. J. J. Davis, of the University of Illinois, submitted an example to Mr. Daecke, who replied that it was not the same as his species. Mr. Davis was suc- cessful in securing an adult from these larvae June 30, and the Bureau of Entomology at Washington has determined it for him as Olethreutes dimidiana, a European species, reported also from Missouri. The larva of this species, however, ac- cording to Treitschke, is quite differently marked from our specimens, feeds on birch and elder, and occurs in August in- stead of June, pupating in September and emerging the fol- lowing May. DlPTERA. Tipula, sp. H.6, S. 4. Spogostylum albofasciatum Macq. H.3, Au. 18. No other Illinois record. Exoprosopa fasciata Macq. H.l, 2, 4, 5; Au. 12, 17, 18, 20, 22. (9) 111. Exoprosopa fascipennis Say. H.3, Teheran; Au. 14, 17. (2) 111. Anthrax lateralis Say. From a pupa apparently of the ordinary noctuid type, taken by Mr. Davis at the Devil's Hole June 8, an adult of this species emerged July 1. The species of this genus rest quietly — making occasional short flights — about roadways and bare sandy places. 111. Anthrax hypomelas Macq. H.6, S. 5. This species has been bred from cutworms (Ins. Life, Vol. II. p. 353). No other Illinois record. Anthrax halcyon Say. H.6, S. 4. Savanna, July 22; Oarlinville (Rob.).' Anthrax fulvohirta Wied. H.2, 3; Au. 12, 18. (2) 111. Anthrax sinuosa Wied. H.6, Je. 9. Matteson, July 8 ; Oarlinville, on Psoralea onobrychis (Rob.). Systcechus vulgaris Loew. H.l, 2, 3; Au. 18, 22. (5) On flowers. 111. Phthlria sulphurea Loew. H.2, 4; Au. 18, 20. (2) Roadside plants. Oockerell has noted it resting on composite flowers of the same color as itself. 111. Psilocephala pictipennis Wied. H.4, 6; Je. 6, 9. (2) No other Illinois records. 251 Psilocephala hmnorrhoidalis Macq. H.2, 4; Je. 6, Au. 18. (2) Resting on bare sand. 111. Laphystia 6-fasciata Say. H.2, 4; Je. 6, 7. (2) On the bottoms of deep blowouts in company with Microhembex monodonta, which it somewhat resembles, especially when in action. No other Illinois records. Common at the seashore. (Note 17) Dasyllis grossa Fabr. H.4, July 1. No other Illinois record. Proctacanthus brevipennis Wied. H.l, 2, 4; Je. 6, 7, 8, 23. (6) Flying about vegetation in sandy places, and alighting on or near the ground. No other Illinois records. These "robber- flies" prey on other insects. Proctacanthus milbertii Macq. H.2, 3, 4; Au. 15, 18, 19, 20. (9) With the preceding species; said to prey upon honey-bees and grasshoppers. Sand ridges near L. Michigan, Wankegan. Asilus agrion Jaennicke, a doubtful synonym, is the only other record for Illinois. Erax mstuans Linn. H.l, 4; Je. 6, 7. (8) Common along sandy roads near the Devil's Neck. La Salle Co., Mt. Carmel, Ur- bana, sand at Waukegan ; Au. 16, 28, S. 25. Promachus vertebratus Say. H.l, Au. 22. 111. A common robber-fly. Asilus angustifrons Will. (Coquillett, det.). H.6, Je. 9. No other Illinois record. Rhadiurgus leucopogon Will. (Coquillett, det.). H.2, 3; Au. 12, 17, 18. (8) This robber-fly is common at Devil's Hole. No other Illinois records. Mesogramma politus Say. H.2, Au. 19. 111. Mesogramma marginata Say. H.2, Au. 19. 111. Volucella faseiata Macq. H.l, 2, 3, 4; Je. 6, 8, 23, Au. 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19. (14) This odd little syrphid is one of the charac- teristic blow-sand species. The larvae breed in the tissues of the cactus ( Opuntia humifusa) which grows abundantly in this region (Smith, '91, Williston, '91). The adults are often seen flying about, and abound on roadside flowers, such as Verbena, dandelion, sweet clover, etc. No other Illinois records. Conops sylvosus Will. H.3, Au. 14. No other Illinois record. Conops xanthopareus Will. H.l, 2, 4; Je. 6, 7, Au. 18. (4) 111. Zodion oblique fasciatum Macq. (leucostoma Will.). H.2, 6, Fekin ; Au. 12, 18. (3) Urbana and Sandwich ; July 25 and 28. Carlinville (Rob.). 252 Cistogaster immaculata Macq. H.2, Je 8. 111. Ocyptera carolinm Desv. H.2, 4; Je. 6, 8. (3) 111. Sturmia albifrons Walk. (Coquillett, det.). H.2, An. 19. (2) 111. Phormia temenovce Desv. (Coquillett, det.). H.2, An. 18, 19. (4) Very common on Cassia chamoecrista at Devil's Hole. A common species of house-fly. Musca domestlca Linn. H.2, Au. 18. Not infrequent at Devil's Hole. The common house-fly. Anthomyia pratineola Panz. (Coquillett, det.). H.2, Au. 18. No other Illinois record. Comosia lata Walk. (Coquillett, det.). H.2, Au. 19. No other Illinois record. Rivellia viridulans Desv. H.4, Je. 6. (2) 111. Rivellia J+-fasciata Macq. H.2, 6; Je. 9, Au. 19. (3) Common on plants along the river shore. 111. Hymenoptera. Tenthredo vertiealis Say. H.4, Je. 6. 111. (Bolter Coll.). Dolerus arvensis Say. H.5, Apr. 14. 111. Monophadnoides rubi Harr. H.2, Je. 8 (larv;e). On raspberry by roadside. 111. Schisocerus, n. sp. (Ash mead, det.). H.3, Au. 14. Common on undetermined low plants at edge of blowout, associated with Chelonus, and closely imitated by it. (See Chelonus texanus, below.) Iphiaulax eurygaster Brulle. H.4, Au. 20. 111. Cat'diochiles apicalls Cress. (Ashmead, det.). H.2, Au. 18. (5) 111. Microdus sanctus Say (Ashmead, det.). H.4, Je. 6. (2) 111. Chelonus texanus Cress. (Ashmead, det.). H.3, Au. 14. Examples of Chelonus were very abundant in association with an unde- scribed Schizoeerus, so closely resembling it when in action that the two were hard to distinguish. Two Chelonus were taken, and proved to be one each of this and the next species. No other Illinois record. Chelonus angherl La Mun. ( Ascog aster) (Ashmead, det.). H.3, Au. 14. (See the preceding species.) No other Illinois record. Exochilum fuseipenne Nort. (Ashmead, det.). H.2, 5; Au. 12, 13. (2) 111. Nototrachys canadensis Prov. (Ashmead, det.). H.2, Au. 19. 111. Enicospilus purgatus Say. H.1,6; Au. 22, S. 4. (5) 111. 253 Lampronotus mellipes Prov.? ("mellipes Say"; Ashmead, det.). H.6, Je. 9. No other Illinois record known to me. Amblyteles nubivagus Cress. H.5, 6; Je. 9. (2) 111. Ichneumon subcyaneus Cress. H.m., Au. 19. 111. Formica fusca Linn. H.2, Au. 19. 111. Formica pallidefulva schaufussi Mayr. H.2, Au. 18 19. (5) Very few ants' nests were seen in the blow-sand. 111. Lasius niger americanus Linn. Mol., S. 8. Males and females swarming from a large nest in the coarse grass on the slope of the Sand Hill. 111. Lasius latipes Walsh. Mol., S. 8. (2) Examples under boards at edge of pasture on the Sand Hill, along with the pallid har- paline beetles. Rock Island (Walsh); Muncie. Prenolepis fulva Mayr? H.5, Au. 17. (7) Nesting in sand in a thicket, 111. Camponotus herculaneus Linn. H.5, Au. 17. In same place as pre- ceding species. 111. Myrmica rubra scabrinodis schencki Emery. H.5, Au. 17. (3) In thicket with the two preceding species. 111. Pheidole vinelandica Forel (Ashmead, det.). H.5. A sand-in- habiting species. No other Illinois record. Monomorium minutum Mayr (Ashmead, det.). H.2, Au. 18. 111. Sphmrophthalma, n. sp. (Melander, det.). Mol., S. 8. (2) Belongs to simillima group. Sphmrophthalma harmonia Fox (Melander, det.). H.2, 3; Au. 14, 18. (13) One of the commoner species of the Illinois valley blow-sand areas. Sand-dunes in N. W. Ind. (Melander, '03) ; Pine Hills, Union Co. (S. 111.), Au. 11. Sp/uvrophthalma occidentalis Linn. H.2, 3, Mer., Pekin; Au. 12, 13, 14, 17, 29. (6) Occasional. The Mason Co. examples are all a golden ochre color. The Meredosia specimen is of the usual scarlet color of the species, as are also the State Laboratory specimens, which are all from southern Illinois. Mason Co. is near the northern limit of its range. Sphmrophthalma ^.-guttata Say. H.2, 3, Mol. ; Au. 12, 14, 18, S. 8. (7) Savanna, Normal, and Metropolis; July 25, 26, Au. 18, September. Sphmrophthalma ferrugata Fabr. (Melander, det.). II. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Mol.; Au. 14, 17, 18, 20, 22, S. 8. (15) Another common species of our sand regions. 254 Sphrerophthalma vesta Cress. (Melander, det.). H.4, Au. 20. No other Illinois record. Sphmrophthahna canella Blake (rugulosa Fox) (Melander, det.). Mol., S. 8. No other Illinois record. Sphmrophthalma chlamydata Mel. H.l, 2, 3, 4, 6, H.m., Mer. ; Je. 23, Au. 12, 14, 15, 18, 29, S. 5. (80) H.3 (Melander, '03, chlamydata). The leading species of velvet ant in the Illinois-valley sand area. It will be noted that with the ex- ception of a single Methoca bicolor no MutillidcB whatever were seen during the early June visit to "the Illinois valley region. (Note 18) Sphmrophthalma agenor Fox (Melander, det.). H.2, 4, Mol.; Au. 18, 20, S. 8. (7) 111. Sphmrophthalma macra Cress. H.2, Au. 18. 111. (Note 19) Timulla hexagona Say. H.2, 6; Au. 18, S. 5. (3 males) 111. Timulla dubitata Smith. H.l, 3 (Melander, '03), 4; Au. 20, 22. (4 females) 111. Probably female of hexagona. Methoca bicolor Say (Ashmead, det.). H.6, Je. 9; the only mutillid taken in early 'June. Lake Co. 111., in gravel-pit (Melander, '03). Tiphia punctata Rob. H.2, 3; Au. 13, 14, 18. (9) 111. Dielis plumipes Drury. H 2, 4, 6, Pekin ; Je. 6, 8, Au. 15. (54 males, 2 females) Abundant on dandelion and sweet clover flowers along roadsides at Forest City and the Devil's Hole in June. N. 111. (Bolter Coll.) ; Rock Island, Savanna, Fox L. ; July 26, 30. Carlinville (Rob.). Trielis octomaculata Say. H.3, Au. 14. The thorax of this exam- ple is black except for three very small yellowish dots on the collar. No other Illinois record. Discolia bicincta Fabr. H.5, Au. 17. 111. Plesia namea Fabr. {Myzine) (Ashmead, det.). H.2, Au. 18. (2) Common on flowers of Mesadeniaatviplici folia. 111. Plesia interrupta Say. H.2, 3, H.m., Teheran; Au. 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, S. 25. (10) 111. Plesia, sp. (Ashmead, det.). H.2, H.m. ; July 1, Au. 18, S. 25. (4) Plesia obscura Fabr. (Ashmead, det.). H.2, 3, 6, H.m.; July 29, Au. 12, 14, S. 10. (5) Hedychrum obsoletum Say. H.l, 2; Au. 12, 22. (2) 111. Ancistrocerus campestris Sauss. H.4, Au. 20. 111. Odynerus pedestris Sauss. H.2, Au. 18. 111. 255 Odynerus geminatus Cress. (Ashmead, det.). H.2, Au, 18. (2) No other Illinois record. Odynerus dorsalis Fabr. H.2, Au. 13, 19. (2) 111. Polistes pallipes St. Farg. H.2, 4; Au. 12, 18, 20. (6) Common on Cassia chamcecrista. Vespa cuneata Fabr. H.2, 4, Mer. ; Je. 6, 8, Au 30. (11) On fresh watermelon rinds in sandy road. Abundant at Du Bois about cider-mill August 24; Normal, July 28 ; Aldridge, Au. 11; Carlinville, on Aster erieoides villosus (Rob.). Vespa germanica Fabr. H.4, Je. 6, Au. 20. (8) 111. Ceropales fulvipes Cress. H.2, Au. 18. 111. Anoplius ingenuus Cress. (Pompilus). H.l, 4; Je. 7, Au. 20. (2) 111. Anoplius scelestus Cress. H.2, 4; Au. 12, 20. (2) III. Anoplius atrox Dahlb. H.2, Au. 12. 111. Anoplius philadelphieus St. Farg. H.6, Au. 30. 111. Anoplius tropicus Linn. H.l, 2, 3; Je. 7, Au. 17, 18,19. (5) 111. Anoplius fuscipennis St. Farg. H.2, 4; Au. 12, 20. (2) III. Anoplius marginatus Say. H.2, Au. 12, 18. (3) 111. Anoplius cylindricus Cress. H.m. 111. Anoplius Uguttatus Fabr. H.2, 6; May 20, Au. 12, 18. (2) 111. Anoplius, spp. (Ashmead, det. "Ceropalidce; can not be determined at present"). H.l, 2, 3, 4; Au. 14, 18, 20, 22. (9) Four species. Cryptocheilus nebulosus Dahlb. (Prioonemis). H.6, Au. 12. Cryptocheilus, sp. H.2, Au. 13. Ammophila vulgaris Cress. H.2, Au. 18. (5) 111. Ammophila argentata, n.sp. H.l, 2; Je. 7, Au. 18, 22. (3) (Note 20) Ammophila proeera Klug. H.2, 3, 4; Je. 6, 8, Au. 13, 14, 18, 19. (5) 111. Ammophila extremitata Cress, (pictipennis Walsh). H.2, Au. 13. 111. Priononyx bifoveolatus Tasch. (thonue Fabr.). H.2, Au. 19. 111. Priononyx atratus St. Farg. H.2, Au. 18. 111. Sphex pennsylvanicus Linn. H.l, Au. 22. 111. Sphex ichneumoneus Linn. H.l, 2; Au. 18, 22. (2) 111. Anthophilus pulchellus Cress. H.2, Au. 18. (3) Cerceris fumipennis Say (Ashmead, det.). H.4, Au. 20. HI. Cerceris venator Cress. (Ashmead, det.). H.2, Au. 12, 18. (2) 111. 256 Tacky sphex texanus Cress. (Ashmead, det.). H.2, Je. 8. No other Illinois record. Tacky tes obscurus Cress. H.2, Au. 13. 111. Stictia Carolina Fabr. (Monedula). H.2, 5; Au. 12, 18. (2) N. 111. (Bolter Coll.) ; Carlinville, on Pycnantkemu?n muticum pilosum (Rob.). Microbembex monodonta Say. H.2, 3; Au. 12, 11, 18. (8) Resting on bare sand in blowouts, or flying about near the surface. 111. Bembex spinolw St. Farg. H.3, 6, Mol. ; Au. 14, 18, S. 8. (4) Common along the sandy shore above Havana. 111. Bembidula capnoptera Handl. H.2, Au. 13. No other Illinois record. (Note 21) Bembidula J^-fasciata Say. H.4, Au. 20. Carlinville, on Pycnan- tkemum linifolium (Rob.). Mimesa argentifrons Cress. Mol., S. 8. 111. Anacrabro ocellatus Pack. H.2, 4; Au. 18, 20. (3) 111. Notoglossa, americana Rob. H.2, 4; Je. 6, Au. 18. (2) 111. Colletes americana Cress. H.2, 3; Au. 12, 14, 18. (5) Carlin- ville, on various flowers (Rob.). Colletes latitarsis Rob. H.l, 3; Au. 12, 21. (3) 111. Chloralictus pilosus Smith. H.l, 2, 3; Au. 14, 18, 22. (4) 111. Lasioglossum coriaceum Smith. H.4, Au. 20. III. Oxystoglossa confusa Rob. H.5, Au. 12. 111. Augochlora fervida Smith. H.2, Au. 12. 111. Augocklora humeralis Patton (Titus, det.). H.2, 3; Je. 8, Au. 14, 18, 19. (5) 111. Agapostemon texanus Cress. H.2, Au. 18. 111. Agapostemon splendens Lep. H.l, 2, 4, 6; Je. 6, 7, 8, 9, Au. 18. (7) On sweet clover. Halictus tumulorum Linn. H.l, Je. 6. 111. Goelioxys octodentata Say. H.2, 5; Je. 8, Au. 13,17,18,19. (7) 111. Megachile mendica Cress. H.3, 4; Au. 15, 20. (3) 111. Megachile brevis Say. H.2, 3, 4; Au. 15, 18, 20. (6) 111. Megackile latimanus Say (Titus, det.). H.2, Au. 13, 19. (27) Found one cloudy morning (Aug. 13) resting in occasional large clusters on dead wild verbena stems along the road to Devil's Hole. Nothosmia albiventris Cress. H.4, Je. 6. 111. Epeolus concolor Rob. H.2, 6; July 22, Au. 13, 19. All 111. 257 Epeolus lunatus Say. H.l, 2, 4; Au. 13, 18, 19, 20, 22. (18) On the occasion referred to under Megachile lathnanus, E. hum tus was frequently found singly, attached by its jaws to vari- ous plants. No other Illinois records. Epeolus blfasciatus Cress, (fumipennis) . H.l, Au. 22. 111. Epeolus pusillus Oress. H.2, Au. 18. Carlinville, on Composita (Rob.). Melissodes obliqua Say (Titus, det.). H.2, Au. 13, 18, 19. (10) 111. Melissodes atripes Oress. (Ashmead, det.). H.2, 3; Au. 13, 14 17, 18, 19. (38) On the occasion referred to under MegachUe latimanus this species also was found in large numbers, clus- tered on dead weed stems by the roadside. Melissodes agilis aurigehia Cress. H.l, Au. 22. 111. Tetralonia dilecta Cress. H.2, 4; Je. 6, 8. (2) 111. Bombus pennsylvanicus DeG. H.2, Au. 12, 18. (2) Bombus vagans Smith. H.4, Matanzas L. ; Je. 6, Au. 15. (3) 111. Bombus virginicus Oliv. H.2, 3; Au. 17, 18. (3) 111. Bombus separatus Cress. H.2, Au. 13. 111. Apis mellifera Linn. H.l, 2, 3; Je. 7, Au. 13, 14, 18. (6) Com- mon on flowers of Monarda punctata and other plants in t lie sand region. BATKACHIA. Hyla squirella Bosc. H.l. Two seen on bushes on open sand-dune. REPTILIA. Heterodon simus Linn. Pekin (H. Garman, '92). The hog-nose snake is common in the Illinois valley sand region, particularly under boards along sandy roads at the Devil's Neck, and under stones and driftwood along the sandy shores. Cnemidophorus sexlineatus Linn. H.l, Je. 7. Henry, in a dry sunny field on the banks of the Illinois River, not rare; Ottawa; lives in dry sandy regions (H. Garman, '92). Terrapene Carolina Linn. (Cistudo). About ten years ago I saw a number of these box-turtles traveling about the dunes of the Devil's Hole, but only one was seen by us during the field work for this article. The sinuous line at the edge of a moving dune, shown in PI. XII., Fig. 2, was probably made by this box-turtle. Southern Illinois, dry woods (H. Garman, "92). 258 Mecostethus platypterus Scudd. (Page 231) While this article is going through the press I find Mr. E. D. Ball's list of Iowa Orthoptera ('97), supplementary to that of Osborn, in which he records this species from the extreme northwestern corner of that state. Otherwise it is known only from New England, and is only so listed by Scudder in his Catalogue ('00). Mr. Ball also records Mermiria hivittata from Iowa, which is a little north of its usual range. Arphla xanthoptera Germ. (Page 232) On'page 214, in discussing the differences of hind-wing coloration of certain Orthoptera in dry and humid environments, I mention the lack of sufficient material for a comparison of the two variably colored species which are common both in the sand region and on the humid prairie. An opportunity for such a comparison has since been afforded by the kindness of Mr. J. D. Hood, of the University of Illinois. Mr. Hood is making a very interesting study of a similar sand region in AVisconsin, and has secured a large se- ries of Arphia ,ra nth opt 'era, which may properly be compared with our series from the humid prairie, as the effect of aridity would be reduced rather than increased by the higher latitude of his locality. Blatchley says that in Indiana one third or more of the males have yellow wings and not over one sixth of the females, or an average of one fourth. Our collections show practically identical conditions, the usual color being a clear orange-red. On the other hand, Mr. Hood states that although in the Wisconsin sand region this species was very abundant, being seen by the hundreds every day, only a sin- gle orange- winged specimen was observed during five weeks' collecting, all the rest having yellow wings with at most a faint tinge of orange. Mr. Hood pertinently points out that the original color in all these species is probably that found in the more arid environment; not the reverse, as might be inferred from my wording. Lepyronia gihhosa Ball? (immature). In the preceding list (page 236) I have mentioned immature CereopidcB, probably L.gihho- sa, occurring on the extreme bases of the stems in tufts of Cal- lirhoe triangulata. Ball ('01) has found a western Aplxroph- ora feeding on pine in the adult stage, but in the immature 259 stages inhabiting the stem bases of Ghrysopsis villosa and Lupinus sp. after the manner of our species on Gallirhoe. He regards this as a result of the arid environment, the envelop- ing froth with which the young surround themselves being more easily maintained here than on exposed twigs ; and he as- sumes that the adults oviposit on these herbaceous food plants of their young. In the Illinois valley sand region there are no wild conifers. Systematic Notes. Note 1, p. 230. — Bacunculus blatchlei/i. Walsh described his Diapheromera velii from Nebraska males and Illinois females. Scud- der, in his Catalogue, credits velii to Nebraska only. The common prairie species of Illinois and Indiana, which we have been calling velii., was represented in our collections mostly by female specimens, but it was noted that the males indicated either that our velii was not a typical Diapheromera or that it was a Bacunculus. Mr. A. N. Caudell has received from Mr. W. S. Blatchley a pair of alcoholic specimens taken in Indiana, and described them as Bacunculus blatcMeyi. Mr. Caudell has kindly sent me a typical male velii from Kansas, and 1 can now say with certainty that our specimens, and also those in Mr. Blatchley's cabinet, which I had previously ex- amined, are all Bacunculus blatcMeyi, to which . species Walsh's females probably belonged. It is an inhabitant of rank prairie vegetation like velii, while femorata is a forest species. I have also taken blatcMeyi at Lake Geneva, Wis., as stated in the list. Note 2, p. 231. — Eritettix virgatusl This single female agrees with Scudder's description and McNeill's key except that the sup- plementary carinae of the pronotum are almost entirely obsolete. It is possibly a new species. Note 3, p. ZSl.—AgeneoteUix scudderi. Hancock ('06) has col- lected examples of Ageneotettix near Chicago, which, after compari- son with a type specimen of A. scudderi, he has described as a new species under the name arenosus, suggesting that the Minnesota, Illi- nois, and Indiana scudderi of Lugger, McNeill, and Blatchley respec- tively are probably also arenosus. According to him, arenosus, as compared with scudderi, is smaller and more slender, with the vertex right-angled, not acute-angled as in scudderi, the foveohe deeper, the tegmina slightly shorter, etc. He has evidently overlooked Bruner's 260 "Some New Colorado Orthoptera" (Bruner, '04), in which a key to this genus appears and A. occidentalis is described from Colorado. This is said to differ from scudderi "in its somewhat slenderer form and smaller size," in its "somewhat abbreviated tegmina and wings," and "in the fewer (9) spines on the outer row of the hind tibiae." Scudderi is characterized in Bruner's key as having 10 or 11 spines in the tibial outer row and the vertex right-angled or obtuse-angled • in both sexes, while in the remaining species, deorum, it is slightly acute-angled. It will be noted that the broad-angled vertex is used by Bruner to distinguish scudderi from deorum ; and, on the other hand, by Hancock, to distinguish arenosus from scudderi. Appar- ently arenosus is not sufficiently distinguished from occidentalism or from scudderi as defined by Bruner, and it seems best for the pres- ent to retain the name scudderi for our Illinois examples. Individ- uals from all the Illinois localities herein cited, as well as some tak- en in Wisconsin by Mr. J. D. Hood, agree sufficiently with Han- cock's description of arenosus, as well as with Bruner's characteriza- tion of scudderi just cited. The vertex is usually slightly obtuse- angled. An examination of the spines in the hind tibial outer row of 12 specimens from various localities gave the following result : spines, 9-9 (1 specimen), 9-10 (2), 10-hT(7), 10-11 (1), 11-11 (1).* Note 4, p. 233. — Psinidia fenestralis. Five eastern specimens of fenestralis (New Jersey, etc.) in the State Laboratory collections show varietal differences from Illinois examples. Our specimens are smaller — female, 19-23 mm., male, 14-17 mm. — as compared with the eastern examples — female, 25 and 27 mm., male, 18-19 mm. ; and in our examples the wing band is farther from the base. In the eastern specimens it crosses the wing centrally, or a trifle nearer the base ; the first convex radiate vein — that crossing near the wing center — is at least half in the band ; and there is a broad hyaline space beyond the band, the apex immaculate in the female. In our examples the band crosses nearer the apex than the base ; the first convex radiate vein is about two fifths in the band ; and the hyaline spot beyond is small, the apex in the female with evident darker spots at the vein tips and in the subcostal region. In all the males the apex is blackish. Note 5, p. 233. — Trimerotropis citrina. Our examples of T. * Rehn, in a paper received since the above was written (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. 58, p. 371), shows that both scudderi and occidentalis are probably syno- nyms of deorum. 261 maritima from New York and New Jersey have a very narrow wing- band, tapering out at the anal vein and falling far short of the anal angle ; the tegmina are without definite indication of the two prin- cipal spots or bands ; the dorsal hue is a dull pale sand-color ; and the tibiae are whitish yellow. Typical citrina (from Galveston, Tex., from Elizabethtown, 111., on the Ohio River, from Meredosia and Havana on the Illinois, and from the Mississippi River shore from Grand Tower to Savanna) has a broad complete band approaching the anal angle; the tegmina have a pair of evident spots or bands; the general color is a speckled brownish; and the tibiae are red to orange. In the State Laboratory collections are a number of ex- amples labeled "N. 111." which are intermediate between the two forms above described — the wing band narrow, but not interrupted except by the pale anal vein, a pair of inconspicuous small spots on the tegmina, the general color light, and the tibiae pale lemon-yel- low. One of this type, with yellow tibiae, is from Henry, 111., north of Peoria, on the Illinois River. This and a citrhia from Bird's Point, Mo., were listed by McNeill in his "Orthoptera of Illinois" as Circotettix verruculatus. Collections of the lakeshore form of maritima were made by us along the beach of Lake Michigan at Waukegan in August, 1906, in time to include the results herein. These were closely like the somewhat intermediate form just men- tioned as labeled "N. 111." — probably, therefore, lakeshore col- lections also. The tibhe were lemon-yellow, and identification as maritima seemed admissible. Mr. Shobe succeeded, however, in finding on the lake beach examples with well-marked orange tibiae not otherwise differing from those with lemon-yellow tibiae. This makes the line of division between the two species very indefinite. Note 6, p. 234. — Melanoplus macneilli, n. sp. This was found only in a restricted area beside the blowouts on the Moline Sand Hill, associated with M. flavidus and angustipennis, to the latter of which it is closely allied. It was at once recognized by my assistant, Mr. Frank Shobe, and myself, as a new form because of its different thoracic and femoral coloring. The male terminal structures are about as in angustipennis, except that the furcula is very short and strongly divergent, and the apex rather narrowly rounded. The hind tibiae are light blue, apically greenish. The species is about the size and color of angustipennis, perhaps a trifle smaller, but with two noticeable color differences. The entire ventral margin of the hind femora is strongly sanguineous, while in angustip&rmis 262 ifc is dull greenish yellow; and the dorsum of the thorax, especially in fresh specimens, is a lighter gray than in angustipennis, con- trasting much more with the black lateral stripe. The dorsal mar- gin of the hind femur is more distinctly banded than in angusti- pennis. The prozona is slightly narrower behind than in angusti- pennis and the metazona shorter. Apparently these differences re- quire the formation of a new species, which I dedicate to the pioneer in this interesting local field. Note 7, p. 235. — Udeopsylla robusta. The common Udeopsylla nigra of eastern Illinois is uniform black or piceous, except for some faint rufous thoracic spots. Examples of Udeopsylla robusta from South Dakota are rufo-testaceous throughout, except for being dark- er in front of the sutures. The male and female taken near Ha- vana are mahogany-brown, darker at the sutures; the face, legs, and ovipositor are rufo-testaceous, about as in the South Dakota speci- mens, but the outer faces of all the femora are indefinitely striped and mottled with the dark mahogany color, not uniformly pale as in typical robusta. The tibiae and tarsi are just as in typical robusta^ while those of nigra are no paler than the dorsum. The Havana pair are clearly not nigra, and for the present may be regarded as a variation of robusta. The eastward range of robusta is thus ex- tended across the Mississippi. That of nigra reaches certainly about to the Indiana line, and probably far beyond it. Note 8, p. 235. — Nemobius fasciatus vittatus. As I have elsewhere stated ('06), we may recognize three forms of wing development in Nemobius by adding an intermediate form to the usual macropter- ous and brachypterous types. In the intermediate form the wings are aborted as in the brachypterous form, but the tegmina are long, as in macropterous individuals, the dorsal field at apex ampliate and much exceeding the tip of the lateral field, not truncate. The specimen from the Devil's Neck is of this form. Note 9, p. 236. — Nobis elongatus^ n. sp. Length, 10 mm. ; width, 2 mm. Elongate, with whitish pubescence, minute and sparse on upper surface, surface yellowish white above, a dusky stripe extend- ing from between the antennae to the tip of the scutellum, broader and darker posteriorly, especially on the scutellum ; hemelytra at- taining the base of genital segment, wings but slightly shorter, hemelytra whitish without fuscous dots, veins of membrane faintly bordered with fuscous on basal part, a dark spot at base of mem- brane on inner margin ; tergum fuscous, darkest medially, becoming 263 yellowish laterally. Beneath, dull yellowish with broad lateral fuscous stripe, bordered on the metastethium by a whitish stripe edged within by a dark line. Head nearly as long as the thorax medially, a little more than three times as long as the width between the eyes; first antennal joint about as long as the head, antennae yellowish, apex of sec- ond joint and remaining joints feebly infuscated; pronotum about as wide at base as its length. Legs pale dull yellowish, femora rather slender, the anterior and middle ones gently tapering towards apex, the posterior one subcylindrical, all dotted with fuscous spots, tibiae with some fus- cous points, apex of tarsi, and claws black; fore femora slightly longer than head and pronotum conjointly. Abdomen about four times as long as broad, the genital segment parallel-sided, one half longer than broad, with dark median line on apical three fifths; male hamule about as figured by Reuter for vicarius, with a lobate extension of the margin in a lower plane, on the ventral side beneath the junction of the petiole and the semi- circular lamella. Taken along the sandy river margin in the lower part of Havana, 111.,' June 9, 1906. Type in coll. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist. This macropterous male is near vicarius Keut., which was de- scribed from Illinois, and is by some united with propinquus Reut.* Both were described from the brachypterous form. Professor Her- bert Osborn thinks our specimen can not be vicarius, and I have de- cided to describe it as new. ] Ligyrocoris constrictus. (See page 237) The species thus listed by me is that commonly so identified in Illinois collections. All examples at hand, however, clearly lack the stridulatory vitta of Ligyrocoris. It is not Perigenes fallax, which resembles Ligyrocoris and also lacks this vitta, but is larger, broader, and otherwise differ- ent. \Phlegyas annulicrus. (See page 237) This is our common Peliopelta ahbreviata, now catalogued as a synonym of annulicrus. I have not verified the occurrence of annulicrus in the sand region if *IJPopinquus and vicarius were originally described on the same page, propinquus first. Reuter in a later article made vicarius a synonym of propinquus, but Lethierry and Severin list the species under the name vicarius, giving propinquus as a synonym. fThe two notes without serial number were added after the printing of the list. 264 it be a western species distinct from abbreviata as suggested by Van Duzee ('05). Note 10, p. 238. — Euschistus variolarius. In a study of the genus Euschistus, I noted examples of an apparent variety of variolari- us having the usual black terminal ventral dot of the male, but with small black dots at the sutural intersections of the abdominal mar- gin as in fissilis and other species. The humeral spines are very prominent in these specimens, and the lateral edge just in front of the spines is concave or straight instead of being more or less con- vex. This variety is represented in variolarius from H.2 and 3. Note 11, p. 239. — Homauius wneifrons. In this genus the gen- eral aspect of the punctuation varies to a remarkable degree. The surface pattern is formed by sudden changes in the density of the punctures, emphasized by contrasting shades of the ground color, which also varies excessively in distinctness, from sharp contrasts to their almost total obliteration; but its form is nevertheless very constant for each species. The differences in the median scutellar pattern may be tabulated as follows : Median pale line of scutellum rather suddenly widening back of middle into a broad medio-apical stripe. Medio-apical stripe parallel -sided, the dark adjacent color gradually shading off. Length, 7-8 mm. .... geneifrons Say. Medio-apical stripe usually narrowing posteriorly, margined by a dark line. Length, 4.5-6 mm. .... grammicus Wolff. Median pale line gradually widening into a narrow medio-apical stripe. bijugis Uhl. Median pale line very narrow or interrupted at posterior third of scutellum, in front of and behind this usually very distinct, posteriorly spread out fanlike or broadly subtriangularand gradually darkening, to apex. proteus Stal, Proteus is readily recognized also by the deep notch in the flap like anterior extension of the prosternum each side of the middle. Note 12, p. 242. — Ilarpalini, n. sp. This interesting carabid appears to be generically and specifically new. It belongs to the tribe Harpalini, but as the single specimen obtained is a female, its systematic place is uncertain, and it does not seem advisable to do more at present than to call attention to its striking peculiarities. It is about the size of Harj>alu8 testaceus, but even paler than that species, yet apparently perfectly matured ; the thorax has the 265 well-rounded angles and the form of that of Harpahts herbivagus. Unlike Harpalus, however, it has three dorsal series of elytral punctures, 4 or 5 in each row, located on the 3d, 5th, and 7th inter- vals. The tibial and tarsal angles are not prolonged; the fore tarsi are spinulose beneath, slightly dilated; the first joint of the hind tarsi is not elongate. The antenna has the proximal two joints glabrous; the eyes are rather small; the left mandible is chisel- shaped, slightly overlapping the right; the labial palpi are plurise- tose in front, the last joint slightly shorter than the preceding one; the mentum is acutely toothed at middle, its epilobes are narrow, and it has a single setigerous puncture at each posterior angle. Note 13, p. MS— Hype ra $/>/' and PI. XXII.: and Line 9 from bottom, for PI. VII. read PI. XXIII. Page 201, line 7, for northeastern read northwestern. Page 246, lines 3, 7, and line 4 from bottom, and page 24S, lines, 1, 14, 20, and 23. for Oenothera read Onagra. VIII. 31 e ■a 5' c o i P 3 5-o II ErS O an P - ■<9 ' n 3-S. ffl rr - P 0 P - o TO (5 P M 'n a •a ■1 r - - i - (D / ~~ p — (B — p D c T - m p o e a; p o 7T IX. X XL o •a ft 5- a a >-~ Sa 3 £ 3 XII. Fig. 1. Blow-sand entirely without vegetation. A grove of walnuts (Juglans nigra) in the rear. Fig. 2. Traveling dune formed of sand removed from a blowout. A small thicket of plum-trees has been partially buried and the trees killed. A dense zone of Diodia teres grows around the edge. Robinia pseudacacia cultivated in the background. — The zigzag line at the edge of the sand is the track of a box-turtle (Cistudo Carolina). XIII. t-1 c I W P 3 PL- s — s-g c •2 3 £ 5'-' CTc- ° 2 c c •-) 3 o O Q a £~ o 5. TO K ~f GO n - to. & II Q. CD TO, I- XV. 80 **>(B 2 s° i o" .** "8 "8 ~ 'So 2 3^ 'l ° *§ >?■ g gap 4:1 _ S — <* r o ^r *"* 5 « S o 3." o S.S-3 2 °-~ s - *■■ s s p ea Si; p ~?-3 **■< a CD r*. a <^ 5 5 5 2.f S SE'P. ~> a. a. a ioJ. s » Hz »|h. 3 X * -1 ■§.«■ »P n> c" c XV. w so ft ~> 5 ~ 05 S c m §§§ S » 3 -to 135 «' s 51 i .. . O k. " ° t§2. ° B B rt> 01 a® cr 'ffS I1! a p tc &§* e--s s s"Sjp ^3 3 09 " feS. «■ ft » 2,gS 1*18 TjS a 8- Is O <*. 03 *J 5C* tw c XVI. XVII. 3 5' p p J? XVIII. Fig. 1 . Bunch-grass association (Stipa sparlea) on top of a hill, showing the open character of the vegetation. The trees in the background are not native. — Mrlanoplus angustipennis, Ageneotettix scudderi, Mestobregma thomasi, Hippiscus rugosus, and Mu- tillidcp. are common, and in early summer Hippiscux phceni- copterus and //. haldemanii. Conocephalus robustus also occurs here. m / FlG. 2. A single plant of Sporobolus cryptandrus growing on blow-sand baa built up a conspicuous mound beneath it. XIX. Fig. 1 . A low mound of sand held in place by Rhus aromalica. Several other 3peeies grow in the pro- tected sand on its lee side. The small plants in the left foreground are Commelina virjfinica Fig. 2. A dense thicket of the sand-binder R/ius aromatica. The tumbleweeds, Cpclotoma atrtpHctfoHum, are the only plants on the blow-sand in front. -Upon the Bhlta are BlephorUta rhoU and its larvae, Peritius circumcinclus and its nymphs, Hestkt um tnattioa, and the predaccous Zelvssoctus. XX. Fig. 1. Populus Dilatata spreading by suckers over the blow sand into the blowout. Jamesii grows in abundance in the right foreground. — Upon the Popvius are Metachroma parallelum and 71/ . angustulum. Cri&tatella Flo. 2. A dune has invaded a walnut grove. The ground cover on the moist shaded sand 18 mainly Solarium nigrum and Sicyos angulatus. — Under logs are Ischnoptera inceyualis, Udeopsylla robusta, Pangitus, etc. XXI iM/yjc'SBEl^ BSSgSJSiPI V^^^sTfl ■AflHk. Si- Jx£*»r9»32w Wfc^l rni v ' ^^\ atr^t a K^mS^^M nusffiMK& ^ffSSEfta£PBy • J Kyg mJBKjJMwIqkJI H^Km KHj Pv-- SB* ', \ M^pSf v ' j Ilil ifil Fig. 1. Interior of a black-jack forest. — On the ground are Melanoplus fanciatus, M. luridus, and M. impudicus, and under gatherings of dry leaves Gryllus is abundant. Along the forest margins are Schistocerca alutacea and Hippiscus phcenicopterus. Fig. 2. Interior of a mesophytic forest of white oak and bur-oak on a sand ridge extending along the low marginal bluff of the sand plain bordering the Illinois River — On the ground are M elan o plus scudderi and Spharagemon bolli. XXII. XXIII. BULLETIN OF THE ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY Urbana, Illinois, U. S. A. Vol. VII. April, 1907 Article VIII. ON THE LOCAL DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN ILLINOIS FISHES : AN ESSAY IN STATISTICAL ECOLOGY. BY S. A. FORBES, Ph.D. Article VIII. — On the Local Distribution of certain Illinois Fishes: an Essay in Statistical Ecology. By S.A.Forbes. An animal society is composed of animals habitually oc- curring together in the same locality and the same class of sit- uations. Such an association is, of course, composed of many species, variously related to their special environment, some attracted to it by one set of conditions and some by another. Although their local haunts may be virtually identical, their ecological relations, if determined in detail, may prove to be very different. A pike and a minnow may be members of the same associate group, to whose habitat, however, the pike is especially attracted by the minnow, and the minnow by the facilities which are offered there for concealment or escape from the pike. It is usually possible to learn the contents of a local associ- ation of plants by simple inspection and enumeration; but an- imals come and go, elude observation, and refuse to be num- bered, and the details of their associate occurrence can only be learned indirectly, by means of sample collections preserved for subsequent study. If the situations from which such collec- tions are made are carefully chosen and correctly classified, and if the collections themselves are full enough, uniform enough, and numerous enough to be fairly representative of each situation, the essential facts concerning the assemblage of animals corresponding to any unit of environment may be readily made out. The making of such collections for such a purpose is, however, a relatively new thing, and scarcely a be- ginning has been made in the systematic study of animal asso- ciations by this method. A knowledge of definitely circumscribed, or merely meas- urably distinct, local associations does not, however, by any means exhaust the subject of associate relations, for the ani- mals of a region cannot be wholly divided up into such definite 273 274 societies, and such society groups as can be clearly recognized rarely have any precise boundaries. For a full knowledge of the intricate web of the relations to their physical environment, and through that to each other, of the animals of any com- posite area, it is necessary that the entire assemblage of the in- habitants of that area should be studied as a compound unit, and for this, of course, extensive and comprehensive collections must be made, such as will fairly represent the entire animal life of their region. The possession of a miscellaneous but very large collection of Illinois fishes, obtained during various seasons of a long pe- riod of years, from all kinds of waters and in all parts of the state (see Map I.), each lot still bearing, as a rule, the original collector's data giving both the time of collection and the ex- act locality, has suggested to me a trial study, intended to show what may be learned with regard to the ecology of fishes by a critical analysis of the local data of such a collection. These data may be organized and generalized for ecologic- al study in two ways. They may be treated in one mass, with- out local subdivision, and in such a way as to bring out the facts concerning the association of the different species of fishes with each other, without reference, in the first instance, to the localities and situations from which the specimens have been taken; or they may be first divided and arranged according to location and surroundings, the assemblage of species from each geographical unit and from each kind of ecological situation being studied separately, as a local animal society. The first method has the advantage over the second, that it gives us much larger numbers of specimens and collections from which to generalize, and thus enables us to enter further into the details of the associate relationship without danger of error from unsafe generalization; and it also enables us to dis- tinguish similarities and differences of ecological relationship among the species, uninfluenced by any previous discrimination or classification of ecological situations. The second method has the advantage over the first, that it attacks the problem more 275 simply and more directly, and, if the data are sufficient, reaches results more immediately and obviously significant. I have used both these methods in the present paper, com- paring the results of the two in a way to make the one set ac- count for and explain the other. This paper is thus to be taken as a contribution to an answer to. the following questions: What Illinois fishes are habitually found in each others' society, and what is the relative frequency of their associations? How are Illinois fishes grouped and distributed according to location and situation, and in each ecological assemblage so formed what is the proportionate representation of its various constituent species? How far are the two classes of data, those of associa- tive affiliation and of ecological relationship, comparable, and to what extent may the one be used to explain the other? An answer to these inquiries would enable us to recognize, de- fine, and account for associate groups among our fresh-water fishes, and also to distinguish those members of each group which, being most frequently and most strictly associated, are most characteristic of it. It has, in fact, been a part of my un- dertaking to find a method of distinguishing clearly these cen- tral or typical members of an ecological assemblage, and to ex- press numerically the intensity of the influence — the strength of the bond — which holds them to the local situation, as compared with the more lax or less continuous forces influencing what we may call the outlying members of the group. Studies of this description may be expected to give us significant information, also, concerning the competitions of associated species, and concerning the evasions of competition, and the escape from its consequences, by those closely related and similarly endowed, and concerning the niceties of adapta- tion, psychological, physiological, and structural, exhibited by fishes inhabiting a notably uniform area. Associative Relationships among the Etheostomin^e. For a preliminary and sample study of this description, I have chosen first a subfamily of our fishes, the Etheostomince — or darters, as they are commonly called — and have endeavored 276 to learn to what extent the species of this subfamily are ecolog- ically affiliated, which of the species are most typical of the subfamily as an ecological group, which are to be regarded as lagging or wandering members of it, and which, if any, do not belong ecologically with their taxonomic relatives. I shall be obliged, in these studies, to assume provisionally that my collections are large enough and numerous enough fairly to represent actual field conditions in Illinois, and that they are so numerous that they may reasonably be treated, for the present purpose, as homogeneous and similar, each collec- tion as a unit substantially like every other, important differ- ences among them disappearing, in aggregates and averages, by the process of mutual cancelation. In other words, I must assume provisionally, testing my supposition later by the con- stancy and reasonableness of the results, that these random samples of Illinois darters represent the subfamily as a whole sufficiently well to justify their use as materials for a study in statistical ecology. The Method of the Investigation. The species of darters which are most frequently found in each others' company are, of course, those most likely to be closely related ecologically; and the ratio of the number of collections containing both of any two-species to the total num- ber of collections containing either, may be used as a provi- sional measure of the ecological affinity of the two. Furthermore, given a certain average frequency of occur- rence of each of two species inhabiting a common territory, and assuming a uniform distribution of each in this territory, un- influenced by ecological relationships, the average frequency of the joint occurrence of these species in collections may be computed; and any very marked departure, positive or negative, from this computed average will point to some ecological bond if the difference is positive, or to some cause of ecolog- ical separation if it is negative. If, for example, it appears that several species ought to be found together, on an average, in one out of twenty of our col- 277 lections, provided that they are distributed over their common area uninfluenced by causes tending to bring them together into the same situations, and if the actual average of the joint occurrences of the species is one in every five collections, then the associative bond of the species concerned may be given the value of four- — a value of little significance perhaps, taken by itself, but useful, at any rate, for a comparison of the darters with other groups. And if certain of the species are associated with the other darters in an average ratio of five to one, while other species are associated with the other darters in an aver- age ratio of only two to one, then the former species will typify the ecological group more definitely and correctly than the latter. By this means, also, if the actual frequencies of joint occur- rence of the various species of the group be compared with the computed average of such frequencies, the division of any pre- sumably single group into two distinguishably separate ones might be made out. If it should appear, for example, that the species of darters may be divided into two groups, each of which taken separately is found to have a mutual associa- tive ratio of six to one, while the corresponding ratio between the two groups themselves is but three to one, we may infer provisionally the division of the darters into two ecological groups, distinguishable by their predominant attraction to dif- ferent sets of ecological factors in their common environment, but united in turn in one larger group by their common at- traction to certain other factors. For an analysis of the facts, we need for each species of darter a determination of the average frequency of its merely chance occurrence in collections with each of the other species, a determination of the actual frequency of these joint occur- rences, and a numerical expression of the ratio of one of these frequencies to the other. Then dv a systematic tabulation of these latter ratios, which may be called the coefficients of associ- ation, we may compare one species with another, and bring the essential data for the whole family under the eye for conve- nient inspection and analysis. 278 For the computation of these ratios, I have used, with two exceptions to be presently stated, the thousand Illinois collec- tions most available for these studies, excluding five hundred and forty-four additional collections, which, because of imper- fect data and for various other reasons, are undesirable mate- rial. I find that the species Hadropterus aspro has been taken in 159 of these thousand collections, which ratio of average frequency may be expressed by the fraction .159 ; and that the species Hadropterus phoxocephalus has been taken 85 times, which gives a frequency ratio of .085. That is, in any thousand similar miscellaneous collections distributed over the area in- habited by these species we may, according to these data, ex- pect to get the first species 159 times and the second species 85 times; and the chance that any single collection will contain the first species is .159, and that it will contain the second species is .085. From this it follows that the chance that the two species will occur together in any single collection of the thousand, provided that the distribution of each is arbitrary and acci- dental with reference to that of the other, is the product of these fractions; and the probable number of chance joint occur- rences of the two species in the thousand collections is, of course, a thousand times that product, or 13.515. As a matter of fact, however, these two species were found together in my collections 40 times instead of approximately 13.5 times, or three times as frequently as there was reason to expect provided that there had been no associative bond between the spe- cies. This number 3, indicative of the frequency of actual asso- ciation as compared with the chance or accidental, is the coeffi- cient of association for these two species. If the numbers of pre- sumable and actual joint occurrences were equal, this coefficient would evidently be 1, in which case no associative bond would be indicated; and if it were notably less than 1, we should have some reason to suppose that the two species belonged to dif- ferent ecological groups — that their ecological affinities and relationships tended to separate them instead of to bring them together. 279 The computation may be facilitated by the use of algebraic symbols. Let a equal the total number of collections to be used in the computation; b, the number of collections containing the more abundant of two species to be compared with one another; c, the number of collections containing the less abundant of these species; and d, the number of collections each of which actually contains both species together. Then - - expresses the chance that any collection of a will contain one or more representatives of the first species; --, the chance that any collection will con- tain one or more representatives of the second species; —r, the chance that any collection will contain one or more represent- atives of both species at once, provided that the distribution of each is ecologically independent of that of the other; and be — , the probable number of chance occurrences of the first and second species together in the number of collections repre- sented by a, the same proviso being made. Since d = the ac- tual number of such joint occurrences, ^— is the formula for be the ratio of actual to calculated joint occurrences— the for- mula, in other words, for the computation, in all cases, of our coefficients of association. For example, substituting in this formula the values already given for Hadropterus aspro and Had) 'optei us ph oxoceph alus, ad 1000 X 40 2 96 be ~ 159 X 85 ' ' ' To determine the coefficient for any pair of species, we need only to know their separate frequencies and their joint frequencies in collections derived from the territory of their common distribution. The above formula may be translated into the following- rule for finding the coefficient of association of any two 280 species: Multiply the number of collections made from the common area of the species by the number containing one or more represent- atives of both; multiply the number of collections containing one or more representatives of one of the species by the number containing one or more of the other; and divide the first product by the second. The quotient will be the coefficient of association. Discussion of Associative Tables. I have computed, by the above-described method, for thirteen species of Illinois darters— each of which was obtained more than fifteen times in my collections— the coefficients of the as- sociation of each species with each of the other twelve, and have arranged these seventy-eight coefficients (apparently one hundred and fifty-six, since each of them is entered ttwice) in Tables I.-V. for comparison and discussion. In computing the coefficients of two species, Diplesion blennioides and Etheostoma zonule, the first of which is found only in the eastern part of the state and the second only in the northern half, I have used as the value of a in my formula, not the entire number of col- lections made throughout the state, but the number made in the stream systems in which these species occur. In Table I. the coefficients in each column are in serial or- der, the highest to the lowest from above downwards; and the columns for the several species are placed in the order of the average coefficients for the columns, the highest at the left. We notice first, that the total of the one hundred and fifty- six coefficients of this table is 315.8 — a general average associa- tive coefficient of 2.02 for all the thirteen species. As the nor- mal chance average would be but 1, we conclude, from these data, that darters were found together in my collections about twice as frequently as mere chance would indicate. This ratio of 1 to 2 is thus an approximate and provisional measure of the ecological bond in this family taken at large. We notice next, the unlike totals and averages of the co- efficients for the several species, these running from 1.22 to 2.69 — an indication that the associative bond is more than 2.2 times as strong for Radropterus phoxocephulus and Etheostoma 281 zonule as for Boleichthys fusiformis and Boleosoma camurum. On the other hand,we find no species in which the average coefficient of association is less than 1 — no indication that any of these twelve species are wholly drawn away from their family by stronger ecological affiliations with some other group. Nor do we find, in passing from the more strongly associated species to those less strongly associated, any abrupt transition in the series — a fact which may be taken as evidence that the darters of my list are a unitary group, of which certain species are ecologically more typical than others, having, that is, the darter habits and relationships more fully developed and more strongly fixed. Typical and Non-typical Darters. The more typical species of this list seem to be the fol- lowing six, mentioned in the order of the size of their coeffi- cients of association: Hadropterus phoxocephalus, Etheostoma zonale, Etheostoma flabellare, Hadropterus aspro, Ammocrypta pel- lucida, and Etheostoma coeruleum, the associative coefficients of which average 2.48. Apparently the least stringently connected with their kind by the associative relation are Diplesion blen- nioides, Etheostoma jessict, Boleosoma earn arum, and Boleichthys fusiformis, the average coefficient of which is 1.36. Furthermore, those least strictly associated with darters in general are not especially strongly associated with each other. Of the four species just mentioned, six pairs may of course be made, and the average of the coefficients of these six pairs is 1.33 — less by .69 than the general average for the entire group (see Table 111.). If we similarly pair the six species which I have selected as most typical, and average the fifteen coeffi- cients of these pairs (see Table IV.), we get a general coefficient of 3.47 — more by 1.5 than the average for the group. That is, those species which are laxly associated with the darters in general, are also laxly associated with each other; while those which are strongly associated with darters in general, are still more strongly associated among themselves. This last fact was to be anticipated, since in making up the special average coeffi 282 cients of those species which exhibit strong associative affinities we omit those which have the weaker affinities, and so have a group of select associates whose average coefficient must be higher than that of the whole thirteen species, including, as this does, some with strong and others with feeble associative tendencies. The same fact is illustrated in Table II., in which all the coefficients of the seventy-eight possible pairs of my thirteen species' are arranged in the order of the magnitude of their co- efficients of association with Hadropterus aspro (1421). Taking the first twenty-one coefficients of the six most frequent asso- ciates of Hadropterus aspro, we find that they average 3.27, while the last twenty-one coefficients of the six least frequent associates of Hadropterus aspro average 1.4. That is, the twen- ty-one coefficients at the upper left angle of Table II. (above the black line) average two and a half times as much as the twenty-one coefficients at the lower right angle of that table (to the right of the black line). The most frequent associates of this species are associated with each other about two and a half times as frequently as are its least frequent associates. It is also significant that five of the list of six most fre- quent mutual associates made up from Table I., are the same as those of the corresponding list made up from Table II., of Ha- dropterus aspro and its five closest associates, the two tables con- taining the same figures, differently arranged. We further notice that the three least frequently associated species are the same on both lists. Whether the data indicating frequency of association are arranged under each species independently, in the order of frequency, as in Table I., or with reference only to a single leading species, as in Table II., the results are nearly identical as to the darters most typical and least typical of the group. Sufficiency of the Collections. With respect to the sufficiency of the collections for the use which is here made of them, some additional evidence may be found by tabulating separately the seven species which appear least frequently in them— ranging in number of occurrences 288 from 16 to 60, with an average of 34— and comparing the aver- age of their coefficients of mutual association with the general average coefficient for the entire group, with its 82 occurrences to the species. From Table V. it appears that this general co- efficient for the seven least frequent species take a separately is 1.85, while that for the whole group of thirteen (Table I.) is 2.02 — a coincidence probably as close as could be expected in view of the fact that the former number is an average of only 21 coefficients and the latter of 78. The coefficient expressing frequency of mutual association among these least frequent species, is thus so close to the general coefficient for the entire group that even the former species may be said to occur fre- quently enough in the collections for the purposes of this dis- cussion. Relations to Physical Environment. I have next to study the interrelations of this group of dart- ers by means of another and widely different set of data, to be derived from an analysis of collectors' records concerning the kinds of waters and the classes of situations from which the several collections came; and to compare the conclusions thus reached concerning the physical relations of the species with those already derived from an analysis of their relations of asso- ciation. For this purpose these records have been organized in a way to show the relative frequency of the occurrence of each species in our collections in each of the three sections — northern, central, and southern Illinois, as the state is commonly divided; in each of the ten stream systems, or river basins, distinguished by us; and in each kind or class of body of water — whether stream, lake, pond, or marsh— the classification made express- ing differences in size, in water movement, and in the charac- ter of the bottom. Equalization of the Data. The data available are not equally numerous under these various heads. Those concerning the size and general charac- ter of water bodies, and the distribution by stream systems 284 and sections of the state, are inclusive of all our collections; but in many cases data are wanting definitely descriptive of the waters and the situations from which the collections were made. This is owing to the fact that the present use of these materials was not foreseen in the beginning of our collection period, nor, indeed, until the greater part of the field work had been done, and the records of the earlier years are consequently often in- complete for the present purpose. Later, collectors were instruct- ed to make full descriptive notes, from the ecological stand- point, of each body of water visited and of each location at which a haul of the seine was made, and the whole body of the data of local distribution and ecological preference is such that if used with due discretion it may be expected to throw con- siderable light on the associative relationships of this little group of fishes. These data have been worked out, in the same manner as in the preceding section of this paper, in the form of percent- ages of frequency of the occurrence of each species in each ge- ographic or hydrographic subdivision and in each ecological situation. As the numbers of collections made have varied widely for the several areas and situations, those from one be- ing often many times as numerous as those from another, it was necessary to reduce the frequency ratios of the several species in each area to a common standard for comparison. These num- bers have been equalized, and confusing discrepancies removed, by reducing the collection data to percentages of the same base, which, for convenience, has been made one hundred collections. Discussion of Ecological Tables. If equal numbers of miscellaneous collections had been made from each situation, and if the total number of collec- tions were such that any given darter had been taken one' hun- dred times, what number or percentage of these collections of darters would have come, according to my present data, from each of the situations represented? The figures in Table VI. are answers to this question; and 285 when I say that 63 per cent, of our collections of Hadropterus phoxocepkalus are from rivers and 26 per cent, from creeks; or that 94 per cent, of them are from waters with a bottom of rock and sand and only six per cent, from mud; this means that if miscellaneous collections of fishes of all descriptions had been made from all kinds of Illinois waters until one hundred of them contained darters of this species, then sixty-three of the hundred would have come from rivers and twenty-six of them from creeks, ninety-four of them from rock and sand, and six of them from mud. The ratios of this table differ in significance from those of my tables of associative coefficients in the fact that while the latter exhibit various degrees of associative relationship be- tween species, the former express the tendencies or preferences of the species with respect to the features of the physical envi- ronment. An understanding of these physical relations of a species must help us to understand and explain its associative relations, and the one set of data may be expected to serve as a test of the completeness and correctness of the other. The Darters as an Ecological Group. It is well known that the darters as a group are most likely to be found in comparatively swift and rocky streams, and that they are especially adapted, by their small size, their large paired fins, their pointed heads, and their habit of resting on the bot- tom, for maintaining themselves in swift currents, and for secur- ing from among and under stones the insect larvae and crusta- ceans on which they mainly depend for food: This fact is clear- ly reflected in my Table VI., of "Local Preferences of Darters", from which it appears that 70 percent, of our collections of the thirteen species were obtained from the smaller streams, 77 per cent, from swift waters, and 82 per cent, from waters with a bot- tom of rock and sand. Only 12 per cent., in fact, came from lakes and ponds, and 18 pet* cent, from waters with a muddy bottom. The Typical and the Non-typical Species. A comparison, in respect to the strength of their local pref- erences, between the six species which, by means of an analy- 286 sis of their associative ratios, I have distinguished as typical and the six less typical species, shows that the more typical group occurs in the smaller rivers and creeks in 88 per cent, of these collections, and the less typical in 47 per cent.; the first group, in swift waters in 88 per cent, of the cases, and the sec- ond in 62 per cent.; the first, in rocky or sandy streams in 91 per cent., and the second in 66 per cent. That is, the frequency of occurrence of the less typical species in small rivers and creeks is 53 per cent, of that of the more typical species; in swift waters it is 71 per cent., and on rock and sandy bottoms it is 72 per cent., — an average of 65 per cent, for these three factors. These purely ecological ratios agree in a significant manner with the corresponding averages to be drawn from the tables of associative frequencies, as may be seen by reference to Table I. If we average separately the totals for the first six and the last six species of that table, we find the average of the latter group to be 63 per cent, of that of the former — the dif- ference in degree of associative affiliation is essentially the same as the difference of ecological relationship, the one con- clusion confirming, and likewise explaining, the other. It is further to be noticed, of the ecological affinity of the six selected species, that no one of them has been found in up- land or glacial lakes; that their occurrence in lowland lakes, ponds, and sloughs — ah average of only 1 per cent. — is so rare as to be negligible; and that, omitting Ammocrypta pellucida, which is in some respects peculiar, the frequency ratio for the larger rivers ranges from 3 to 9 per cent., with an average of only 5.5 per cent, for these species. This uniformity of their ecological relationships, which makes of them a well defined ecological group, is the explanation, of course, of their high de- gree of associative affiliation. The most notable specific differ- ences among them are the relative frequency of Ammocrypta pellucida, and the absence of Diplesion blennioides, in my two hundred and ninety-three collections from the larger rivers. The six less typical species, on the other hand, have little in common except their difference from this more typical group. Boleosoma nigrum, of which we have two hundred and 287 thirty-six collections, is an abundant and wide-ranging species, with comparatively feeble ecological preferences, as is shown by the fact that 15 per cent, of these collections are from lakes, 32 per cent, from still waters, and 11 per cent, from those with a muddy bottom. Petri na caprodes (sixty collections) makes a similar showing, this being also a lake species in part (19 per- cent.); but it differs from the preceding in the fact that it has occurred more frequently in the larger streams (10 per cent.), less frequently in still waters (7 per cent.), and not at all on muddy bottoms. Cottog 'aster shumardi, so far as may be judged from our sixteen lots of this species, is peculiar in its frequency in the larger rivers (55 per cent.) and the lowland lakes (18 per cent.), and in its avoidance of the smaller streams (only 4 per cent, in the creeks and smaller rivers). Etheostoma jesske (one hundred and fifty-eight collections) is an indifferent species, and occurs in almost equal ratios in large rivers, small rivers, creeks, and lowland lakes. Boleichthys fusiformis, which we have taken fifty-six times, is rare in the larger rivers, and seems to be the commonest of all our species in the upland lakes. Boleosoma camurum (one hundred and seven collections) is somewhat less indiscriminate in its local preferences. It is com- monest in creeks (42 per cent.) and relatively rare in the larger rivers (9 per cent.). It apparently has no marked preference for swift waters over slow, nor for a hard bottom as compared with one of mud. The ecological heterogeneity of these least typical species is reflected in their relatively feeble associative affiliations, these six species having a mutual associative ratio (derived from Table II.) of 1.4, while the corresponding ratio of the first six more typical species of Table II. is 8.28. / Association and Distribution. The association of species may be looked upon as a conse- quence of their distribution. Species of wholly different gen- eral, or geographical, distribution can, of course, never be asso- ciated; and the same is true of those of wholly unlike local dis- tribution. Those whose areas of general distribution merely 288 overlap, will be less frequently associated, other things being equal, than those whose distribution areas are identical; and species which are equally attracted to some local situations and unequally attracted to others, will be less frequently asso- ciated than those whose local preferences are altogether simi- lar. Furthermore, if two species which occupy the same situa- tions in the same area have a widely unlike abundaDce in dif- ferent parts of this area — one being much the most abundant to the north, for example, and the other to the south — these species will occur together in collections less frequently, will have a lower coefficient of association, than if the two «were most abundant in the same section and least abund- ant in the same. The number of joint occurrences will be con- ditioned, in part, in each section of the common area, by the abundance there of the less abundant species. It is impossible, consequently, to distinguish, by a simple inspection of a table of coefficients, local from general factors among the determin- ing causes of difference in associative frequency. For this pur- pose maps of species distribution, and tables showing the local- ity preferences of species (like my Table VI.) must be studied in connection with tables of associative coefficients. The causes controlling general distribution and local dis- tribution are alike ecological, those affecting general distribu- tion being usually general — climatic, topographic, hydrograph- ic, and the like — and those affecting local distribution being- local. In a small area like that of Illinois, one in which there are comparatively few physical barriers to the intermingling of fishes, these two classes of causes are not widely different, but they must nevertheless be distinguished, so far as possible, if we are to have a clear and correct knowledge of ecological relationships. Comparative Study of Tables and Maps. As an example of the manner in which these factors may be separated by a comparison of my tables and maps, and of the extent to which associate relationships may be accounted for, we may take a few instances of very low, and others of 289 very high, coefficients from Table II., and look up the facts concerning the species compared, as given in Table VI. and in the distribution maps appended to this paper. Thus far, it may be noticed, I have dealt with aggregates and average numbers only, which, owing to the heterogeneous and variable character of the data, are much more likely to be uniformly reliable than are the separate entries of the tables. The present discussion will, however, necessarily bring into comparison these separate entries, and the reasonableness and consistency of the conclu- sions reached by it may serve as some measure of the validity of their individual coefficients. By reference to Table II. it will be seen that zeros appear at five points, in place of coefficients of association— an indi- cation that representatives of the several pairs of species con- cerned have never been taken together by us in the same col- lection. This, as already pointed out, must mean either a com- plete difference in general distribution, so far as represented by my collections, or a very radical difference in locality preference. Species 1443 and 1461 (Diplesion blennioides and Etheostoma zonale) are examples. A glance at the distribution maps of these species will show that each has been taken by us only in a different part of the state from the other, blennioides being con- fined to the Wabash valley, with the exception of a single col- lection at Chicago, and zonale being limited to the Illinois and Rock river systems. It seems difficult to believe that the flat and indefinite watershed separating the tributaries of the Wa- bash from those of the Illinois, can constitute a physical barrier sufficient to prevent the intermingling of these two species. On the other hand, it must be admitted that their ecological relations, as expressed in their preferences of situation, are, on the whole, very similar, as may be seen by a comparison of the two in Table VI. A similar explanation is to be made in the case of Diple- sion blennioides and Cottogaster shumardi (1443 and 1436). Here the areas of our collections of these two species are entirely separate, with the exception of a single collection of Cottogaster from the Wabash valley— to which Diplesion was entirely con- 290 fined. Furthermore, Cottogaster has been taken only in the larger streams or their immediate neighborhood, as is shown by the distribution map for that species; while Diplesion is limited to the smaller rivers and creeks. With respect to Cottogaster shumardi and Etheostoma cmru- leum (1436 and 1477), the case is a little less clear, and it is quite possible that wTith a larger number of collections contain- ing the former species, the two might have been found in com- pany. It is true that only 4 per cent, of our collections of Ethe- ostoma cceruleum have come from the larger rivers and from stagnant waters to which Cottar/aster is confined. On the other hand, a concurrence of the locality marks on the maps of dis- tribution of these species (Maps V. and XII.) shows that the two were taken from the same locality — although not in the same collections — in three out of nine possible cases. The lack of any coincident occurrence of Cottogaster shii- mardi and Etheostoma zonale ( 1436 and 1461) is explained by a glance at the maps (V. and X.), as due, not to a difference of geographical distribution, which is approximately identical for the two, but to that of local preference, the former species oc- curring only in or near the largest streams, and the latter be- ing limited to the smaller rivers and creeks. Indeed, the two species were not taken by us from even the same locality at any time. Nearly the same may be said of Diplesion blennioides and Boleosoma camurum (1443 and 1448), which have come from the same locality but once, although in general distribution they are not mutually exclusive. Blennioides, as may be seen from Table VI., is a species of more indefinite preferences than camurum, and occurs in various situations from which the lat- ter is excluded. I take up next five pairs of species, representatives of which have been occasionally taken together by us, but the co- efficients of whose association are nevertheless very small. Etheostoma zonale and E. jessia> (1461 and 1474), for ex- ample, with an associative coefficient of only .37, show a pre- 291 ponderant abundance of the first in the north half of the state and of the second in central and southern Illinois. Among the twenty-nine localities from which the first of these species was taken, and the fifty-four for the second, there were but two in which both were found, and at each of these localities they oc- curred in only one collection. That is, in one hundred and eighty-eight separate collections of one or the other of these species from these various localities, the two were taken together but twice— a fact to be connected partly with the limitation of Etheostoma zonule to the northern half of the state, and partly with differences in the bodies of water in which these species habitually occur. Twenty-one per cent, of our collections of jessice came from the larger rivers, and only 3 per cent, of those of zonale; 19 per cent, of jessice, from the smaller rivers and creeks, and 74 per cent, of zonule; 24 per cent, of jessice, from lakes and ponds, and none of zonale. Boleosoma camurum and Etheostoma zonale (1448 and 1461), whose coefficient of association is but .89, furnish an example of the relation of distribution already referred to, the area of the two species overlapping, but not coinciding throughout — that of zonale expanding to the northward and that of camurum to the southward. Partly in consequence of this fact, we have but a single joint occurrence of these species out of one hun- dred and thirty-eight collections containing one or the other. Their ecological relations, as shown by Table VI., are also quite unlike. Boleosoma camurum occurring in sluggish or stagnant waters five times as frequently as the other species, and in waters with a muddy bottom in a still greater differential ratio. The low associative coefficient (.63) of Hadropterus plioxo- cephalus and Boleichthys fusiformis (1418 and 1494) is largely explained by the difference* in preponderant distribution, the former being commonest in the Illinois valley and to the northward generally, while the latter is much the most abund- ant in the Wabash system and in extreme southern Illinois. In one hundred and thirty-eight collections containing one or the other of these species, they have occurred together but three times,— twice in branches of the Little Wabash River and 292 once in the Saline. The ecological relationships of the species are likewise very different, phoxocephalus showing a much stronger tendency than fusiformis to the larger streams. It oc- curs, for example, according to our data, in rivers in 63 per cent, of the cases, as against 13 per cent, for the other species. It also prefers swift to moderate water much more strongly, if I may judge from the small number of collections for which this factor was recorded, the ratios for swift water being 87 per cent, for phoxocephalus and 22 per cent, for fusiformis. A cor- responding difference is seen in respect to the character of the bottom, 66 per cent, of our collections of fusiformis coming from waters with a muddy bottom and only 6 per cent, of those of phoxocephalus. Boleosoma nigrum and Etheostoma jessiw (1446 and 1474), with their coefficient of .99, may serve as an example of species similarly distributed but essentially indifferent as associates, a coefficient of 1, it will be remembered, indicating a neutral re- lation. A glance at the distribution maps of the species shows at once some notable differences. Boleosoma nigrum, the most abundant of our darters, and taken by us in two hundred and thirty-six collections, has virtually the same geographical dis- tribution as the other species, but it is represented in the larger rivers in very much smaller ratio. The marks of local distri- bution for the more abundant species are widely and rather uniformly scattered over the map, with but few on the larger streams, while those of the less abundant species are strung, like beads, along the principal rivers of the state. On the other hand, neither species is definitely excluded from either the ter- ritory or the situations of the other, as may be seen by a com- parison of the figures for them given in Table VI. Turning now to pairs of species with extraordinarily high associative coefficients, I may call attention first to Etheostoma zonale and Etheostoma coeruleum (1461 and 1477), whose coeffi- cient reaches the remarkable figure of 8.38. The general dis- tribution of these species is substantially the same, except that EtJieosto)ua coeruleum has a greater development to the south. Etlieostuma zonale is much less numerous than coeruleum, but 293 both species have been found most frequently in the eastern part of the state. A close comparison of the distribution maps shows that both have been taken from eighteen of the thirty lo- calities in which the less abundant one was found; and they have been taken together in seventeen of the one hundred and five collections containing either or both. A comparison of their local preferences indicates a close agreement in ecological relationship. Each of the species was found in the larger rivers in 3 per cent, of the collections; zonale in 97 per cent, of those from the smaller rivers and creeks, and cceruleum in 89 per cent. — the remainder of the latter coming from lowland lakes and ponds (1 per cent.) and from various miscellaneous sources. Eighty-nine per cent, of the collections of zonale and 83 per cent, of those of coeruleum were from streams of swift or moderate flow; 89 per cent, of zonale and 92 percent, of coeruleum, from rock and sandy bottom. The only notable difference between these species is the preponderant disposi- tion of zonale towards the smaller rivers rather than the streams classed as creeks. The next highest coefficient (5.69) is that of Hadropterus yhoxocephalus and Etheostoma zonale (1418 and 1461), which have occurred together sixteen times in my one hundred and one collections of one or the other. Both have been taken from seventeen of the thirty localities in which we have found zonale. The general distribution of the two differs but little, except that zonale is very much less abundant than phoxocepha- lus, and has been limited much more closely to the Illinois and Rock river basins. The ecological ratios for zonale and phoxo- cephalus respectively are, — larger rivers, 3 per cent, and 7 per cent.; smaller rivers, 74 per cent, and 56 per cent.; creeks, 23 per cent, and 26 per cent. ; lakes and ponds, 0 and 3 per cent. The ratios of preference for rapid and slow waters respectively are still more closely approximate — 89 per cent, of zonale and 87 per cent, of phoxocephalus from moderate or rapid currents. The preferences of the two species for rock and sandy bottom are similarly close— 89 per cent, for zonule and 94 per cent, for phoxocephalus. 294 The next coefficient in order of size, that of Hadropterus phoxocephalus and Ammocrypta pellucida (1418 and 1450), is 4.95. These species are virtually identical in general distribu- tion, pellucida being, however, comparatively scarce. The two species have been taken in ten of the seventeen localities in which pellucida was found, and have occurred conjointly eight times in the ninety-six collections containing one or the other. In general ecological relationship they are very closely similar, both occurring infrequently in the larger rivers, and in smaller rivers more frequently than in creeks. Ammocrypta [pellucida has not been taken at all in lakes and ponds, and phoxocephalus only to the amount of 3 per cent. Both are rapid-water spe- cies, and strongly prefer streams flowing over rock and sand to those with muddy bottoms. Hadropterus aspro and Ammocrypta pellucida (1421 and 1450), with a coefficient of 3.97 based on their twelve joint occurrences in one hundred and sixty-six collections, were taken from the same localities in ten cases of a possible seventeen. Ammo- crypta pellucida, although much the less abundant, is distrib- uted in general precisely like aspro, except that it does not show so marked a preference as does the latter species for the east- ern part of the state. With respect to the character of the streams in which these species are most generally found, the ratios are unusually similar, pellucida occurring, however, ac- cording to our data, more commonly in the larger rivers, and aspro more frequently in creeks. ' Neither has been taken by us in lakes or ponds. The ratios of preference for waters with a clean bottom are 84 per cent, for each. Percina caprodes and Etheostoma zonule (1417 and 1461) were taken together four times in the eighty-eight collections con- taining either or both. Their associative coefficient is 3.55. Their general distribution is different in the fact that caprodes is the more abundant in the central and southeastern parts of the state. They were collected from the same localities seven times out of a possible thirty. In ecological relationships they are only fairly similar. Both occur in the larger rivers, but 295 Percina caprodes in the larger percentage. This species was likewise frequently found in lakes and ponds, from which zonule was entirely absent. Their relations to slow and rapid waters seem essentially the same, but while all the collections of ca- prodes were taken from sand and rock, 11 per cent, of those of zonale came from a muddy bottom. Indeed, we have, for the first time, in these last two spe- cies, a pair whose ecological records do not seem to correspond quite closely to their associative coefficients — a fact which might be due to a number of collections of these species too small to give a reliable average, or to the influence of ecologic- al factors not covered by the classification of Table VI. Per- cina caprodes was represented by sixty collections, and Etheos- toma zonale by thirty-two; but I have information concerning the relations of the species to the water current for only four- teen collections of the first species and eighteen of the second, and concerning their relation to the kind of bottom for only twenty of the first and nineteen of the second. On the other hand, it seems certain that the local distribution of darters must be affected by many things not referred to in Table VI. -variations in the mere instinct of segregation, in the kind of food preferred, in relations to the temperature and the chem- ical condition of the water, and the time of the year at which the greater part of the collections were made — involving, as this may, similarities and differences of the annual migratory move- ments of the species — and several other like conditions. Collections for Ecological Study. It has been the object of this paper to test the availability and the usefulness for ecological study, of the data of the care- ful zoological collector, by applying to them a special method of classification and analysis. At the same time, of course, the method itself has been severely tested; and it might have failed completely in this instance' without being permanently dis- credited. The unit of this paper is the collection; but this term as here used is highly various in its meaning, and to some extent 296 accidental in its denotation. It usually includes everything which it was convenient or desirable to catalog under one ac- cessions number, with a mention of the date, place, and body of water from which the collection came, and, in the majority of cases, particulars concerning the apparatus used and the more notable features of the situation. It may cover at one time the product of a single haul of a small minnow seine from a rivulet or a pond, and at another time that of a number of longer hauls with a larger seine from a great lake or from a considerable stretch of the course of a great river; and in this discussion no account has been taken of differences of condi- tion, season, or time of day, represented by the several acces- sions numbers. If each collection had been made as much like every other as practicable in respect to the apparatus used, the proportion- ate area covered, and the definiteness and distinctness of the unit of environment from which it was drawn; if these ecologic- al situations had been skilfully chosen, fully described, and thoroughly "sampled" as to the contents in fishes; and if col- lections, of moderate size but ample in number for the territory covered, had been judiciously repeated for each situation at dif- ferent seasons and under varying conditions— we should doubt- less have obtained for our tables coefficients capable of yield- ing a larger and more complex knowledge than I have here presented of the local distribution of fishes under the influence of their environment. In a later paper, in course of preparation, the writer intends to discuss, in a similar manner, the local and ecological rela- tions of all the species obtained from a limited area— that of the Wabash valley in Illinois. Acknowledgments. For a large part of the materials of this paper, both speci- mens and field observations, I am indebted to a considerable se- ries of former and present assistants of the State Laboratory of Natural History — most largely to Professor H. Garman, Pro- fessor H. A. Surface, Mr. Wallace Craig, Mr. Thomas Large, and 297 Mr. R. E. Richardson. I am also under special obligations to Mr. Richardson, my colleague in a study of the ichthyology of Illinois, for the compilation and primary tabulation of our data from collectors' labels and notes and from accessions catalog entries. EXPLANATION OF TABLES AND MAPS. In place of the names of species, the corresponding numbers of Jordan and Ever- inann'9 "Synopsis of North American Fishes" have been used in the construction of the tables, as follows: — 1417. Percina caprodes (Raf. ). 1418. Hadropterua phoxocepholus (Nelson). 1421. Hadropterus aspro (Cope & Jordan). 14,36. Cottogaster shumardi (Gir.). 1443. Diplesion blennioides (Raf.). 1446. Boleosoma nigrum (Raf.). 1448. Boleosoma camurum Forbes. 1450. Ammocrypta pellucida (Baird). 1461. Etheostoma zonale (Cope). 1474. Etheostoma jessise (Jordan & Brayton). 1477. Etheostoma cozruleum Storer. 1490. Etheostoma flabellare Raf. 1494. Boleichthys fusiformis (Gir.). Table I. shows, under each species number, first, the number of collections of the species used in this study; second, the coefficients of the association of the species with each of the others of the group of thirteen represented by this table, these coefficients being arranged in order of magnitude from above downward; and, third, the totals and the averages for each column. The species columns are arranged in the order of their average coefficients. At the bottom of the table is the sum of the totals for the species and the general average of their average coefficients, the last being the gen- eral associative coefficient for the entire group. In Table II. the species numbers are placed in like order at the top and at the side of the table, and the coefficient of any two species will be found at the point of inter- section of the column for one with the line for the other. The upper right half of this table is the reversed duplicate of the lower left half, inserted for convenience in following a series of coefficients. Table III. is constructed like Table II., but with totals and averages added, as in Table I. It contains the coefficients of mutual association of the last three species of Table I., which are distinguished by the lowest average coefficients of the whole se- ries of thirteen. Table IV. is constructed like Table III. It contains the coefficients of mutual asso- ciation of the "typical darters" — the first six of Table I. distinguished by their high average coefficients. Table V. contains the coefficients of mutual association of the seven species which have occurred least frequently in my collections. Table VI. is intended to represent the relations of preference and avoidance of the various species with reference to kinds of bodies of water, to current movements, and to character of bottom, so far as these are determinable from our data. AVhere the ratios do not amount to 100 per cent., the difference is due to the omission of miscellaneous minor data. 298 299 The general map of the distribution of collections (Map I ) shows, by the location of the red spots, all the localities from which collections of fishes have been made by us in the work of the Natural History Survey. The distribution maps for the various species indicate in the sam^ way all the localities from which representatives of the species have been taken. For an accurate idea of the significance of these species maps, each should be compared with Mop I. The following numbered list of the counties of the state corresponds to the num- bers on these maps. Hancock. McDonough. Fulton. Mason. Tazewell. McLean. Vermilion. Champaign. Piatt. Dewitt. Logan. Menard. Cass. Schuyler. Brown. Adams. Pike. Scott. Morgan. Sangamon. Christian. Macon. Moultrie. Douglas. Edgar. Clark. Coles. Cumberland. Shelby. Montgomery. Macoupin. Greene. Calhoun. Jersey. 1. Jo Daviess. 35. 2. Stephenson. 36. 3. Winnebago. 37. 4. Boone. 38. 5. Mc Henry. 39. 6. Lake. 40. 7. Cook. 41. 8. Du Page. 42. 9. Kane. 43.' 10. DeKaib. 44. 11. Ogle. 45. 12. Lee. 46. 13. Carroll. 47. 14. Whiteside. 48. 15. Rock Island. 49. 16. Mercer. 50. 17. Henry. 51. IS. Bureau. 52. 19. Putnam. 53. 20. La Salle. 54. 21. Kendall. 55. 22. Grundy. 56. 23. Will. 57. 24. Kankakee. 58. 25. Iroquois. 59. 20. Ford. 60. 27. Livingston. 61. 28. Marshall. 62. 29. Woodford. 63. 30. Stark. 64 31. Peoria. 65. 32. Knox. 66. 33. Warren. 67. 34. Henderson. 68. 69. Madison. 70. Bond. 71. Fayette. 72. Effingham. 73. Jasper. 74. Crawford. 75. Lawrence. 76. Richland. 77. Clay. 78. Marion. 79. Clinton. 80. St. Clair. 81. Monroe. 82. Randolph. 83. Washington. 84. Perry. 85. Jefferson. 86. Wayne. 87. Edwards. 88. Wabash. 89. White. 90. Hamilton. 91. Franklin. 92. Jackson. 93. Williamson. 94. Saline. 95. Gallatin. 96. Hardin. 97. Pope. 98. Johnson. 99. Union. 100. Alexander. 101. Pulaski. 102. Massac. 300 g s o Ei CC c w E w « W « CO W U W e* a> V N fe w / w •~ H o K rH K 0) H 6h o O a CO H I— 1 fc W u u, h w o O w > ►H H •< HI u o GO 03 M ■< H oo co CO CD i—i o CM CD O CO CM CD CD CO CM O CD O 05 05 o. o 05 o co CD CM CO 00 1— I CO S. CP r= 3 iz; co CP Oh 03 CC SO O cp o O •tONCD(M(Nai,cCCOO't COCOiOlO>OrH05'05CCCOCOCl CO r-H i-I i-H rH rH cx CO CM Ol CD 41 ■*i<01NM05HNOC»H COCOOOCOCOOJ05CDU5COCOO CO CN i-H 1— I ^H i— I CO CO CD CN +1 r-C005-*<05COt^t^05t^CCI:^ t- 1> CO CO CD CO CM CM Ol l^ CD CO CM CM i— I »-i i— i i— ii— ir- 1 CO CD t^ Tf +1 CCt^iOCD-*i-+ oo -*< rH Ol 41 3 N O X * M O lO N t^ -^ CI rH X -t O N * N N H H CO -f rp CO CO CO CM 05 05 Ol CO Ol Ol 41 X31NOIONCDOSON OOCOOCCiOCOiOCOCOCOOO couoeococooirHi— i o o CM 1^ CO CD co 41 05ioeocO'^t,cDt^-*cooit^co C005C005C5t^lO>i— ICCCOrHCD IO-HH90CMO1OIO1O1 O Ol Ol co 05 CD CM CO Ol 41 CO — o EH CO S C >-. u W CC CP cu be c? c3 £ V rO o r* u < Ph CO co r— 05 o TJH o 05 o CO o o co o o CO CD o rQ o S-. CO CP bC cS S- CP r* N-i o O -<-" C U "■§ 2 05 CD 41 Ol o Ol aT be s8 (h CP > a u cu CP o 16 rH CO O c c« ri o 301 4-4-4-4-4-4- --I •+»■ CO CO 4>- M 4^- 00 4* © 00 -^1 4-4-4-4-4-4-4- -^1 CO M 4^ Oi Cn to MOCOffiMOH 02 U-l _ OiOOiHWOl oo ^j © © *>■ o tO M CD 00 00 CO CO !-■ Cn O O Cn Oi to CO CO o o 6" a to to to co co co 4* to to to Cn Cn -j to --J © -I -J -*4 O •■ to M Oi CO to Cn Cn 4i. to O O 4>- © tO I-1 K) to CO M M to Cn 4*- to M 1— l oo ~a co © co esn co Oi to co *- -^ co 00 M H- 1 Oi CO CO 00 ^1 4* CO Cn Oi M ' HrfiCOM tO © 00 l— ■ *■ h— i ^1 tO O M 00 M *- t- ' co co m to 4* M to 00 -J ^J *■ ^J Cn O Cn CO 4>. © © OMH ^i co co o co co -*I M ' CD Oi O *. m to oo to to 4>- 00 4*- CO CO --1 4*- CO On GO 4* CO *> -0 -•3 MM CO tO OlCOWMiti CO ^l O CO Cn m h-> co m oo to to CO M CO Oi Cn Oi to O — ' 00 CD Cn CO O 4* h- » 2.45 0.0 .24 0.0 1.84 to CO to M o to M CO*.OiCJOM■ 00 3.13 0.0 1.12 2.34 2.77 O 4- tO O&SM O m co - H-i M 4V © 4- Oi CO M to 00 00 4» to 4>- © © 00 © Cn cn © cn © © co to © *- --j M CO tO O M 00 CO CO O 00 CO •*••*»• -J h-1 1— ' 00 © 00 © 00 Cn to M to to t— ' © © © M 4- 4- 00 • M tO Ml I—" Ml tO MW 4^ 00 © ^J 00 © © 00 ^j *> © ^r to -J © CO oo to -*] ^J © © --J CO ■ Qd a CD f 1 M O Ml f-f» h-H r»- B- CD >■ oo cn (0 oo O O o t-t > t-l- H tr <1 cd W o O CD o 35 "9 o *j CD a a 1— t - M 00 a o H *+> CO 9» O CO CO •=3 O o H 91 a n- w O H a W W o ^ t-»» CD GO 93 >fl O W a- a CO w MJ CO CD O O *i CD co O 3 ►> Tl a- H tq S3 CO £ ^_^ Sri, -J H O H KW a sr M -* O c? co H O s< "3 Z o « , — % **•*" l_l 4- to 302 Table III. — Coefficient Table of the Four least frequent Associates. Species 1443 1448 1474 1494 1443 1448 1474 1494 0.0 1.84 .24 0.0 1.89 3.34 1.84 1.89 .68 .24 3.34 .68 Totals 2.08 5.23 4.41 4.26 General Average, 1.33 Table IV. — Coefficient Table of the Six most frequent Associates. Species 1418 1461 1490 1421 1450 1477 1418 5.69 1.17 2.96 4.95 1.83 1461 5.69 3.80 3.97 1.39 8.38 1490 1.17 3.80 2.73 1.75 4.44 1421 2.96 3.97 2.73 3.97 2.73 1450 4.95 1.39 1.75 3.97 2.34 1477 1.83 8.38 4.44 2.73 2.34 Totals 16.60 23.23 13.89 16.36 14.40 19.72 General Average, 3.47. Table V. — Coefficient Table of the Seven least frequent Darters. Species 1436 1450 1443 1490 1461 1494 1417 Collections 16 19 24 30 32 56 60 1436 3.28 0.0 4.17 0.0 1.12 3.13 1450 3.28 2.14 1.75 1.39 .94 2.63 1443 0.0 2.14 3.48 0.0 .24 2.45 1490 4.17 1.75 3.48 3.80 1.80 1.11 1461 0.0 1.39 0.0 3.80 1.56 3.55 1494 1.12 .94 .24 1.80 1.56 .30 1417 3.13 2.63 2.45 1.11 3.55 .30 Totals 11.70 12.13 8.31 16.11 10.30 5.96 13.17 General Average, 1.85. 303 ££ £2 dt-'QSF^ oderate uggish arger ri nailer i reeks owland pland 1 5-S rt- ' is _ „. <- O rt-- cr p < a CO ?" SB g B 3 DO ° (D t^ CD r* rt- ►-< co re >-t co -co °° w p. "S-S ^L rt c "-< 3 s* 0*3 S3 pj 95 cr o rt- rt- to 3j - CO o O i-> B a rt- rt- EfL P o c OTQ cr CO CD rt- p h- > h- ' CO h-* O O COMi^m Cn 4^ OS o o © © CO ~J *. o l—l h- ' H o o M CO OOCUit'O 4> s> bd o o ■ *- OS CO --) OWOSOIM 00 f 1 — I CO 1— i O O 4- 4* o to *>• OS h- ' CD O H M M Ol h- ' i I— ' J- ' O CO (— ' l—i CO OOKMO OS M CO I— i t— i CO © © co *. co ►— ' co O "1 t— 1 ^ 0 CD © i-1 bo OOJ'JiO ^J to 00 -J CO o t-1 o *. co --I t— ' M *■ CO 00 h- ' CO OS hj O Cn to O *- CD h- « to CO 4- 1-' co oi co OS l—i l—l 4^ 1 — 1 OO O CO OMtSCOM O O -»J CO o 4- OS CO to o to Oi to 1— ' *>■ h- ' 4^ W OS Ox 4* O 1— i 4^ to o oo to OS ►£■ O ^1 to CO CO 00 t> co p-j tO -7 OOWWH 1 <* to co CO -q 1 OS OS -^1 CO h-» 1 Water Courses and Distribution of Collections ..Illinois and Michigan Canal . ..Illinois and Mississippi Canal ..Drainage Canal County Seat ..Illinois and Michigan Canal - ..Illinois and Mississippi Canal — Drainage Canal County Seat D .Illinois and Mid ..Illinois and Miss .Drainage Canal County Seat IV Distribution of Hadropterus phoxocephalus ...Illinois and Michigan Canal Illinois and Mississippi Canal ...Drainage Canal County Seat V Distribution of Hadropterus aspro llinols and ..Illinois an .Drainage County Seat VI Distribution of Cottogaster shumardi llinois and Michigan Canal llinois and Mississippi Canal .Drainage Canal County Seat VIII Distribution of Boleosoma nigrum .Illinois and Michigan Canal llinois and Mississippi Canal .Drainage Canal County Seat IX Distribution of Boleosoma camurum Illinois and Michigan Canal Illinois and Mississippi Canal Drainage Canal • County Seat X Distribution of Ammocrypta pellucida .Illinois and Michigan Canal ..Illinois and Mississippi Canal .Drainage Canal County Seat XI Distribution of Etheostoma zonale .Illinois and Michigan Canal ..Illinois and Mississippi Canal .Drainage Canal County Seat XII Distribution of Etheostoma jessiae .Illinois and Michigan Canal ..Illinois and Mississippi Canal .Drainage Canal County Seat XIII Distribution of Etheostoma cceruleum ...Illinois and Michigan Canal .. .Illinois and Mississippi Canal ...Drainage Canal County Seat XIV Distribution of Etheostoma flabellare ..Illinois and Michigan Canal . ..Illinois and Mississippi Canal ..Drainage Canal County Seat XV Distribution of Boleichthys fusiformis ...Illinois and Michigan Canal .. Illinois and Mississippi Canal ...Drainage Canal County Seal XXIV. * x *:.,+■' Boleosoma camurum Forbes. x2. SAND DARTER. Ammocrypta pellucida (Baird). xl; '..-'- Cottogaster shumardi (Girardi. xl%. XXV. Boleichthys fusiformis (Girard). x2. RAINBOW DARTER. Etheostoma coeruleum Storer. Male, x 1 14 W BANDED DARTER. Etheostoma zonale (Cope I. Male. xl& XXVT. a > ■z H D > H m (ii o a 73 su 5' -.***• x XXVII. 2 m r W o z w D > H ra M a. *t o •d ■a =r O X o o a ■a a- >< XXVIII. DO r > o i w D ra D a > H m X Hi a. -f o •o O o •o a &> C o '/;>//'i""" XXIX. o 7J m m ■z w 5 m D o > 7) H m 73 D •5] en 2. 5' 5' W C 2 C XXX. o X z z D > H m CO o 3 X) 5 3j I .v. XXXI. tn 8? ca X to B XXXTT. H > :K# 1 > •'-; r **2k3ws ro wjyJ'l'J D D ft > pa £*§fci H JM 70 •■^frjlsi ;?'JhHK m 3- n> • *^Va9^^B* o ^ * ^ *«i ■»■ W O :g?^^.;- 3 ilnflK''. (u -Tl W * S^finHk * cr ■!'tBBH£' \ Cll • ';*lBs?« * v ■ v'4£«Si< > " 33 «r'.'-' ■ o^ :•' Cll CD >< Bulletin OK THE Illinois State Laboratory OF Natural History Urbana, Illinois, U. S. A. Vol. VII. April, 1907 Article IX. AN ORNITHOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTION OF ILLINOIS IN AUTUMN BY S. A. FORBES, PH.D. Second Edition, 1914 Article IX. — An Ornithological Cross-section of Illinois in Autumn. By S. A. Forbes. The subject of the relations of interaction between organisms and their environment, animate and inanimate, which goes by the name of ecology, may be studied with reference to the welfare of species or to that of the general assemblage of organisms to which the species belong. The ecology of a species is special ecology; that of the assemblage is a phase or division of general ecology — more or less general according to the size and contents of the assemblage considered. In special ecology every ecological factor, every feature of the environment, is valued according to its importance to the species ; in general ecology the various ecological factors are valued according to their significance in the general system of life. In special ecology the species is the all-important, dominating center ; in general ecology each species takes its appropriate place — dominant, important, subordinate, or insignificant — according to its dynamic value as a part of the whole. Precise studies in animal ecology have heretofore been made mainly in the special field, necessarily so in the beginning since a knowledge of the ecology of species must precede that of groups or assemblages of species. These special studies are, however, merely preliminary to a general study of the dynamic system of organic life as exhibited in its larger and more complex units. Without the corrective and organizing influence of such a study of the system as a whole, our ideas of that system must be badly proportioned and correspondingly inadequate or misleading — a fact readily illustrated by the state of our knowledge and opinion respecting the ecological significance of birds. To learn what we now know of the effects of the activities of birds has required much difficult, expert, time-consuming study, espe- cially of the details of their food, since it is mainly through the food relation that birds affect the welfare of other animals and of plants. These studies, although both qualitative and quantitative as related to the welfare of the various species of birds themselves, have been quali- tative only as concerning the relation of birds to the general welfare; and we have little but vague estimate and doubtful surmise in place of a definite knowledge of the relative ecological values of the various 305 306 species, and equally little knowledge, in consequence, of the total significance of birds as a class. We do know fairly well (owing, in part, to the early work of this Laboratory*, but mainly to that of the United States Biological Survey) the principal features of the food of many species of our common birds, but we can not lay these data together for an intelligent estimate of the total effect of the life of birds on their environment except on the supposition that the various species are about equally abundant wherever they occur. That this is not the fact is obvious to every one, and it must be equally obvious, consequently, that until we know how abundant, on an average, the various species are in the various parts of the country and throughout the country at large, we can make little definite application, either scientific or strictly practical, of the knowledge we now have. Our present information in this field is like a chain, one of the links of which is missing and has been replaced by a piece of twine. To substitute iron for cotton at this point is the object of the studies now in progress in Illinois on the local distribution, average numbers, and ecological preferences of the various species of Illinois birds. The Field Method. To this end, after a preliminary quantitative study made in 1905-06 of the bird life of a single limited tract — a 400-acre stock and grain farm in central Illinois — a systematic program of field ob- servation and statistical record was entered upon last August, with complete arrangements for its continuance through one entire year. Two acute and thoroughlv reliable ornithological observers — one of whom, Mr. A. O. Gross, although still an undergraduate student in the University of Illinois, has had several years' experience as a col- lector and observer of birds — were sent into the field under instructions to traverse the state in various directions, traveling al- ways in straight lines and always thirty yards apart, and noting and recording the species, numbers, and exact situation of all birds flushed by them on a strip fifty yards in width, including also those crossing this strip within one hundred yards to their front. No attention is paid by them, for this purpose, to any other birds. As they are able to recognize with accuracy all species of Illinois birds at sight, and most of them by song, their movement is like that of a gigantic sweep-net 150 feet wide and 300 feet deep, so drawn across the country day by day as to capture every bird which comes in its way — with this difference, that the birds are not actually caught *See Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist.. Nos. 3 and 6, Vol. I. 307 or even inconvenienced, and that nothing can escape the meshes of their well-trained observation. One of these observers, Mr. H. A. Ray, also a University stu- dent, is primarily responsible for the record of distances and kinds of surface over which they travel, carrying for this purpose a pedometer whose action has been carefully tested and repeatedly checked, and a mechanical tally or "lumber-counter" — both used to make a record of the number of paces traveled over each crop or other kind of surface vegetation. The reports of their travel made to me by Mr. Gross contain every needful detail as to date and time of dav; to precise location of their line of march ; to temperature, wind, and other features of the weather ; to distances traveled in succession over each field or other distinguishable area; to vegetation, wild or cultivated, on each tract; and to the species and numbers of birds identified on each area and in each kind of crop. General Results of Observations. The present paper is a discussion of the product of one of their earlier trips, made from August 28 to October 17, 1906, across the state from east to west, from the Indiana line beyond Danville, 111., to Quincy, on the Mississippi River. It has to do with autumnal conditions in the central part of the state, and is merely preliminary to a comprehensive report on the whole investigation. The entire distance covered by these observations is 191.86 miles, and the strip from which all birds were accurately determined and numbered was 150 feet in width for this whole distance. The area thus covered was 3519 acres, or 5^ square miles. It included every kind of surface, soil, and vegetation traversed by the observers, with the exception of forests of too lofty or too dense a growth for a complete and certain recognition of their bird population. The whole number of birds identified was 4804, of which 1620 were English sparrows and 3184 were of native species. The aver- age number of birds seen was 25 for each mile of the trip, which is 1.36 for each acre covered, or 874 for each square mile. The English sparrows averaged .46, and the native species .9, per acre, or 295 per square mile for the sparrows and 579 per square mile for the native birds. The total number of species recognized was 93 ; but 90 per cent, of the individual birds seen, belonged to 20 of these species, leaving but 10 per cent, for the other 73 species. Indeed, 15 species included 85 per cent, of the individual birds observed, leav- ing for the other 81 species but 728 birds — an average of 130 birds per square mile, or one bird to each five acres. 808 It is evident, consequently, that the real dynamic significance of the birds of this district at this time was to be found wholly in the fifteen most abundant species, the remainder being virtually negligible as a general ecological factor.* These fifteen species are arranged in the order of their frequency in the following table, which shows for each the number of individuals seen, the ratio of its numbers to the number of all the birds observed, and the average number of the species per square mile of the area under observation. Tabi•, ■d a 0) Oh o •a a 3 c o s u o u O 101 •d u a >* 119 •a .0 3 u aq 530 10 9 251 21 49 12 2 6 53 22 97 7 2 26 41 21 1 1 7 1 445 122 190 133 141 73 9 20 3 20 1 8 3 13 1 38 1 .... "3 1 (62*) Mourning-dove Swamp-sparrow 14 7 ''O 1S 7 5 87 20 7 4 56 16 ?$ T, 30 19 3 8 1 47 15 1 2 13 16 21 5 13 11 11 2 1 33 1 8 11 16 *Sorg-hum. 314 Table VI. Number of Birds per Square Mile in Each Crop English sparrow Crow-blackbird jvi eadow-lark Crow Cowbird Horned lark Mourning-dove . Goldfinch Field-sparrow . . , All birds 0) c .a 4) u 3 J3 o O 03 £ 275 36 10 21 24 92 86 6 7 4 1 2 4 3 25 29 26 39 4 10 7 17 5 2 4 468 429 192 1-1 -4-» tfl &H 366 307 84 131 89 97 50 39 23 1551 o 48 98 15 98 5 39 5 481 s o w ho ■a & o 55 18 79 6 230 6 430 Ih o o 1383 42 220 110 2726 Table VII. Percentage of Each Species in Each of the Principal Crops* •c c p o t*> I) 3 0! o -a bi -a 0) 3 * ed 09 i bber lium V a X* 4) -*-• £ X •a s ^ 01 u o O 3 CO J3 * at Ri 0 Oh o Ih o ( c o Rj <«% 7 35 2 33 .6 5 6 15 4 4 • • • • 90 . . . . 2 * . . * . 16 31 7 38 7 1 * ■ • • 5 3 . • • • 84 1 6 1 1 60 9 28 Horned lark . . . . . . 3 12 3 64 17 Mourning-dove 29 23 1 40 4 1 2 15 5 3 42 12 2 21 Field-sparrow 13 2 1 40 1 10 . 1 L9 14 All birds 20 9 1 47 2 1 4 3 1 1 11 fRead from left to right. Table VIII. 315 Ratio oe Each Species in Each Crop to Aix Birds in that Crop* -d fl 3 o ^ hfl a> 0) % T3 ~H 4 -» Ih o *o Vh c ■4 V 3 u p : to o o o -4-> >■ % rt w U CD t Oh § ru o .59 .08 .. 24 .09 .13 .51 .02 .05 .05 .21 45 .20 .05 .18 .04 .01 .02 02 .09 .03 .18 02 .06 .18 .01 • • • • • • .... .06 IS .06 .01 .53 .06 .02 .09 .02 02 09 .03 .03 .07 .01 .01 .08 .01 .02 .02 .01 .04 *Read from above downwards. of that species found in that crop to the total number of all birds found in the same crop. From Table VIII. it will be seen that the principal corn-Held spe- cies at the times and places of this trip was the English sparrow, to which more than half the birds seen in corn fields belong, and that the mourning-dove and the meadow-lark were the species next in abundance there — 6 per cent, and 5 per cent, respectively. In stubble fields the meadow-lark was the most abundant species, making about a fifth of all the birds seen in such fields. The next in order of abundance were the mourning-dove, the English sparrow, the horned lark, and the crow-blackbird, present in ratios ranging from 9 per cent, to 5 per cent. The meadow-lark was also much the most abun- dant bird on fields of young wheat, where it made 45 j^er cent, of all the birds seen; and the horned lark and the goldfinch were next to this in number, one third and one fifth as great respectively. The principal pasture species were the English sparrow (24 per cent.) and the crow-blackbird (20 per cent.), with the crow, the cowbird, the horned lark, and the meadow-lark following in numbers ranging from a third to about a fifth the number of the sparrows. In meadows, on the other hand, the meadow-lark and the cowbird were in the lead, each 18 per cent, of all the meadow birds identified, and the English sparrow and the mourning-dove were about half as numerous. On fall plozving more than half the birds were horned larks, and the only other abundant species were the crow (18 per cent.) and the English 31(3 sparrow (13 per cent.). In the small number of orchards traversed the English sparrow was at this time much the most abundant bird (51 per cent.). The other common species were the goldfinch (8 per cent.), the field-sparrow (4 per cent.), and a few passing mi- grants— the myrtle warbler and the white-throated sparrow, for ex- ample. (See Table V.) The Principal Species Separately. English Sparrows. — From these tables we learn that about two thirds of the English sparrows were in corn fields and pastures, and in about equal numbers in each ; that approximately half as many were found in waste weedy fields as in pastures; and that the remainder were about equally divided between barn-yards and orchards. Some 52 per cent, of this species — those in corn fields, stubble, and waste lands — were among weeds, and 40 per cent, of them were following farm stock in pastures and yards. Those in orchards (6 per cent.) were doubtless there mainly for shelter and rest. The table of num- bers per square mile (Table VI.) shows that orchards were the favor- ite resort of the sparrows. Barn-yards, pastures, and corn fields were their principal feeding grounds, and only scattering numbers occurred in stubble, meadows, and plowed fields. Not a single one of the 1620 sparrows noted on this trip was seen in the 59 fields of young wheat. These sparrows were, in a word, barn-yard, corn-field, and pasture birds, and were doubtless feeding mainly on weed seeds and undi- gested fragments of grain. Crow-blackbirds and Crozvs. — Blackbirds, on the other hand, were seen to be at this time essentially birds of the pasture, 90 per cent, of them occurring there, and only 4 per cent, in corn fields, 4 per cent, in stubble, and 2 per cent, in farmyards. Practically the same may be said of the crows, whose ratios of abundance are close copies of the preceding excepting for the 6 per cent, on plowed ground, the 1 per cent, in meadows, and the absence of crows from barn-yards. During this whole trip of 192 miles, only 12 crows and 21 black- birds were seen in the 1300 acres of corn covered by these observa- tions— an average of 6 crows and 10 blackbirds per square mile of corn. It was suggestive of a useful feature of the habits of crows that an average of 79 of these birds per square mile were seen on plowed ground, where they could have found little if any food except insect larvae — mainly white-grubs. The record for blackbirds is dis- turbed by the fact that they were moving southward when the trip began, as is shown by their occurrence at the rate of 7.2 per mile of travel during the first half of the period of this trip and at only 1.1 per mile during the last half. 317 Meadow-larks. — That good genius of the farm, the meadow-lark, was evidently at home almost everywhere on the farm premises, as is shown especially by the numbers per square mile, which are ap- proximately equal for stubble fields, meadows, pastures, and fields of young wheat (Table VI.). These birds were about a fourth as numer- ous in corn fields, and a fifth as numerous on plowed ground, as in meadows and fields of stubble, and somewhat more numerous in these latter situations than in pastures and young wheat; but taking into account the actual crop areas in the country covered (Table VII.) we find meadow-larks so distributed through these crops as to be about equally common in pastures and stubble fields, and about half as common in corn, with only 7 per cent, of their number in wheat and meadow-lands respectively. Their recorded numbers on plowed ground amounted to only 1 per cent, of the whole number seen. The occurrence of 86 of these birds per square mile in fields of young wheat suggests a possible economic depredation, of which, in fact, they have been sometimes accused. Cowbirds. — The cowbird's record of occurrence for this trip would be almost exclusively that of a pasture and meadow species if it had not been for a flock of 62 seen in a field of sorghum, feeding on the seeds. Even including these in the ratios, 60 per cent, were in pastures and 9 per cent, in meadows, the remaining distribution be- ing merely a scattering one. Tested by the number of species per square mile in each crop, as shown by Table VI., the cowbird shows no very decided choice between pastures and meadow-lands, averag- ing 89 per square mile for the former and 98 for the latter. The species was evidently migrating at the time, as only one example was seen during the last seventy miles of the trip. It should be noted at this point that these generalizations con- cerning gregarious birds, which roost in company or feed in flocks, require a much larger body of data than those for birds of solitary habit. The averages of this paper are hence more likely to require amendment for blackbirds, cowbirds, and crows, as information ac- cumulates, than for the other species of our list. Horned Larks. — The birds of this species found in central Illi- nois were all of the prairie variety, praticola. With habits much like those of the meadow-lark, they differed from that species widely in their local distribution, especially in their preference for plowed ground, on which they occurred at the rate of 230 per square mile as against 18 meadow-larks for the same area. Their next preference was for pastures, where 97 per square mile were found, the remainder occurring mostly on stubble and young wheat, 25 and 29 per square mile respectively. Nearly two thirds of their actual numbers were 318 found in pasture-land?, 17 per cent, were on plowed ground, and 12 per cent, on stubble. The remainder were in fields of wheat and corn, 3 per cent, in each. Mourning-doves. — Mourning-doves were mainly in pastures (40 per cent.), corn fields (29 per cent.), and stubble lands (23 per cent.), these three situations thus containing 92 per cent, of all these birds recorded. As tested by the average numbers per square mile, their preferences seem much less definite. While commonest on pasture- lands (50 to the square mile), they were almost as abundant in stub- ble, meadows, and orchards, — about 40 per mile in each situation, — and more than half as common in corn fields (26 to the mile). Their occurrence on plowed ground and wheat was only occasional, and their numbers there were trivial. Goldfinches and Field-sparrows. — These little birds were at this time similarly distributed, occurring in the same situations and in nearly equal ratios in each. Both were most numerous in pastures, 42 per cent, for the goldfinches and 40 per cent, for the field-sparrows, and were otherwise rather equally scattered through corn fields and orchards and on waste patches of weeds. In birds per square mile they were about three times as common in orchards as in all the other places taken together, their next apparent preference being for pasture- lands, where, however, the sparrows averaged only 2^ to the square mile and the goldfinches 39. Summary for Principal Species. Summarizing now the data for all these nine species taken to- gether as one group, we find an average of 1755 birds to the square mile of orchard, more than three fourths of this number English spar- rows; 1 186 per square mile in pasture, nearly one third of them Eng- lish sparrows; 394 to the square mile of plowed ground, 230 of these being horned larks ; 373 to the square mile of corn, three fourths of these English sparrows ; 308 to the square mile of meadow-lands, where meadow-larks and cowbirds made each about a third of the number; 231 to the square mile of stubble, about two fifths of them meadow-larks; and 148 to the square mile of young wheat, of which meadow-larks made nearly three fifths. This statement may be still further generalized and simplified by saying that the number of these birds per square mile varies in round numbers from 150 in young wheat to eight times that number in pastures, and to nearly 12 times the same number in orchards; and that the intervening ratios were 230 per square mile in stubble, 300 in meadows, 375 in corn, and 400 on plowed ground. 319 The wide differences of their numbers in these several situations can not be taken to demonstrate corresponding differences in the lo- cal or ecological preferences of these birds, although they do indicate something of the effects which birds may be producing on equal areas in these crops. If sparrows resort to orchards largely for resting places and for protection against the wind, they would tend to ac- cumulate there in much greater numbers to the unit of area in a country containing only scattering small orchards than in one where many large orchards were within their reach; and if horned larks de- cidedly prefer bare ground to a grassy turf, there will be a larger number of them in plowed fields to the square mile when but few fields have been lately plowed than when the larger part of the agri- cultural area has just been broken up. Ratios of Frequency and Preference. Bearing in mind the necessity thus shown for an intelligent analysis and interpretation of certain of the facts, the following ta- bles of frequency ratios, and coefficients of preference may be found convenient as a compact systematic summary of my data. The fre- quency ratios express the comparative densities of population on each kind of surface, for each species tabulated and for all the birds of our list. Taking the ratio of the number of birds found in a crop to the whole number of birds as a dividend, and the ratio of the area in that crop to the entire area as a divisor, the quotient is the fre- quency ratio for those birds and that crop. If a species were equally distributed over the entire area studied, this ratio would be i for all situations and all crops. If 40 per cent, of the area were in corn, then 40 per cent, of the birds of that species would be in corn fields. If, on the other hand, only 20 per cent, of the birds were in corn, the density of population in corn fields would be expressed by the fre- quency ratio of 50 per cent. All ratios below 1 indicate a density of population less than that resulting from a uniform distribution; and all greater than 1, a density above that limit. The coefficients of preference are found by dividing in succes- sion the frequency ratios of a species for each crop by its frequency ratios for each of the other crops. They are thus a measure of the degree of preference of the species for one crop or situation over an- other ; and as arranged in my tables of coefficients following, they en- able us to see just where the preferences lie, and how they compare one with another. Turning, for example, to the coefficient table for the mourning-dove (Table XL, p. 324), we find at the left of the table a list of the crops in which this bird is found, and a like list, 320 in the same order, at the top. At the place of intersection of the line of figures for one crop with the column of figures for another, will be found the coefficient of the preference of the mourning-dove for one of these crops as compared with the other, — the standard crop being the one whose name is at the head of the column. Selecting, as an illustration, the column headed "corn," and following it to its intersection with the line for "meadows," we find there the coefficient 1.16, — the meaning of which is that for every hundred mourning- doves found in a given area of corn fields, 116 would be found, ac- cording to our data, in a like extent of meadows. If any number of these birds found in corn fields is multiplied by the coefficient 1. 16, the product is the number which we may expect to find in meadows of the same aggregate area. Reading upward from 1 in any column, one gets a descending series of expressions for the densities of the dove population in crops less attractive than the one named at the head of the column ; and reading downward from the same point, a reverse series for crops more attractive to doves than this standard crop. The figures on one side of the diagonal line of l's are the reciprocals of those on the other side. Tables of this description will be useful for a comparison of the distribution and ecology of the several species at different seasons and in different situations, and for a comparative study of the statistics of bird distribution in different parts of the state and in different states. 321 05 0 X M m < o 55 p n tn O 55 a P a o 55 o 5 W » P 55 o« M w J « fa -4 55 tn < O w U w 55 o »— I H H . I/) • ro • spjBA v© • CO i© • cO cO •cO ■CO 00 spxeqajo ■ •<*■ CO On 00 ■ rH ON t^ CO SMOpBSJ^ .13 1.56 .22 2. ■00 ■00 saan^sBjj ■*Nrt>OVOHO003>O HrtrtrtMNHHHH punoaS paMOu ro • i© CO • t> ■ CO • VO cO • CO CO l^MAY • o\ • 00 CO O ro cO • O M *0 N N 9iqqn;s HOMfliOHOOlOON r-(MLOr-(OVOi- : o . c c 0 c i c V. 3 a •r * fa * ••0 u < 322 Table X. Coefficients of Preference, all Birds, Indiana Line to Quincy. Wheat Plowed ground Meadows Stubble Corn Swamp Pastures Orchards Yards •a a 3 o u bo Cfl Cfl t« +J •o fc u a •a £> CO 1. 1.3 1.7 9.2 12.4 46.1 600. 23330. to o •d v .77 1. 1.31 7.08 9.54 35.5 462. 17946. -a a 3 O u bo o s 1 5 7 27. 353. 13724. .6 .76 .41 .29 cfl Cfl a> •a c u 3 4J u CO V u Cfl o O O Oh u O £ .11 .08 .022 .002 .14 .10 .03 .002 .19 .14 .04 .003 1. .74 .2 .015 1.35 1. .27 .02 5.01 3.72 1. .08 65. 48.4 13. 1. 2536. 1881. 506. 38.9 cfl ■a u .00004 .00006 .00007 .0004 .0005 .002 .03 1. 323 Table XI. — Continued. ea •o to H Crow-blackbird d s a u 3 cfl u o -t-> rt rd O CO & fa 1. 1.91 31.1 60.55 .52 1. 16.28 31.71 .03 .07 1. 2.06 .02 Stubble .03 .48 1. -o a p O u ho cfl <« Meadow-lark •d u % V D 3 ■o £> rt £ c +j nl £> u o 3 0) o Cfl Id O co E Ph a, 1. 1.15 1.69 15.4 24.3 .87 1. 1.47 13.3 21. .55 .68 1. 9.09 14.4 .065 .075 .11 1. 1.58 .04 Stubble .05 .07 .63 1. 324 Table XI — Continued. m l« V £ 0) Cowbird & o u a J3 4-> u o V 10 O tC s Cm 1. 1.92 76.9 80. .52 1. 40. 45.2 .013 .025 1. 1.13 .01 .02 .88 1. Horned lark a u o O 0) to •4-» u ■*■> en T3 fl o u bD *d 4) o 1. 7.72 8.61 30.51 71.65 .13 1. 1.11 3.95 9.28 .12 .90 1. 3.54 8.32 .03 .25 .28 1. 2.35 .01 .11 Wheat.. .12 .43 1. Mourning-dove ei V J! -a o be •a o s c u O O O U5 4) U 3 en rt Cm in d o Ih O Wheat 1. 1.43 3.30 3.96 5.13 6.52 6.70 .70 1. 2.33 2.67 3.58 4.55 4.67 .30 .43 1. 1.16 1.55 1.97 2.03 .26 .38 .86 1. 1.34 1.70 1.74 .19 .28 .64 .75 1. 1.27 1.31 .15 .22 .51 .59 .79 1. 1.03 .15 .21 .49 .57 .77 .97 1. 325 "<3 ■3 e « rl « oo N ■* ■* VO ■d © © O © tO © O O O O i-l D O © O O O O "* © O O O O O VO £ X rtkON O O O rH >* 3 O C O O O CI )H O O O © O O t^ J5 © © © © © © to Cfi r-t rH to T3 tO 00 1h h n « ■+ oi cd © © © © rH X! rH IO IO o VO rH Ih ■* r-~ O tfl V u 3 NiOiOf) <0 OHHN rH 4-1 HU1 to VO 10 fO VO id to *o Ph n to ON tO 00 rH a W VO VO ■* VO u O T-t Hj" N ■* C- O ci on t> N rH © VO y-l rH -4-" cd 0) rO to 00 M •* ON Tfr iO •* .3 rH rH VO tO 1> CO £ rO rH rH fN ON io m rH N to t uj io io n o ■* © to oo •a rH rH rH VO VO ON © CO © © a> ON © 3 to in rH C>J CJ £1 3 NrtTf On rHCSClcOlOVO©© HI^OO tc © © if j io CO VO S c> *% *^ « ■& <0 to • to « ■Q V £ . 111 "? , /i \> 35* SS3.8 k \i -*- ) r : a : a > > to (N CO to •O © © © rH VO ■* a> © O © © © CO U3HN CO to On rH tO 3 o o o n m Ih c>a>Or-f XS © © © © © t- Cfl rH 00 rH to -d cd 00 CI 'O rH «N Tf l^ 1> © © © T~< tO X HHN o oo t-> Ih to o rH to u 3 1> to ■* -* HMt)- 00 rH tO IO rH 10 I> VO cd <* oo Ph oo 4-> cd D 00 VO ON to "O CJ ■* X! H M rO N O £ rH 00 ON © fS rH © ri VO t> uo C VO l> © t> o O rH rH ^- tO fO t^ C-l CI 0^ On 00 rH IO ©VO ■* X! X3 tO VO © to rH rH fM VO IO IO VO 3 to oo <* oo oo Cfi CM tO to ►si "S1 •^ o vj to to H "1 «i id 3 rtX J2 X! X S D «-; J2 3 J 3 1- _c ">. O Vh n) -*- r/ c ;^ :cuc ^ 326 The data of Table XL, arranged under the different species of birds, may also be classified, as in Table XII., according to the differ- ent situations, or the different kinds of crops, frequented by the birds. The one table shows us how each kind of bird is related to the vari- ous crops; and the other, how each crop is related to the various kinds of birds. Table XI. is thus essentially ornithological, showing the preferences of each kind of bird with respect to the food resources and places of resort offered it by each kind of crop or other situation. Table XII. is essentially agricultural, and shows the principal bird visitants of each kind of crop, brought into comparison with respect to their preferences for that crop alone. Referring, for example, to the section for corn, we see at the left the names of the principal birds of the corn field, arranged from above downwards in the order of their frequency in corn, the least frequent visitants uppermost. We may use this table to compare any species with another as a corn- field bird — the horned lark with the meadow-lark, for instance — by finding the place of the one species in the diagonal series of i's and going up or dowTn the column until the line for the other species is reached. The coefficient at the intersection of the column with the line shows the frequency relation of the one bird to the other. In this way we learn that for every hundred horned larks, 532 meadow- larks were found in corn, or, what is virtually the same thing, that for every hundred meadow-larks there were 19 horned larks on an average in corn. It is also easy to ascertain from these tables whether there is any group of species which seem especially and strongly attracted to any special situation. We notice such a group in the horned larks, mourning-doves, and meadow-larks, considered as visitants of fields of stubble, and found there respectively about 3 times, 5 times, and jYi times as frequently as are blackbirds; in the crows and the horned larks, considered as visitants of plowed fields, found there approxi- mately 6 times and 1 7 times as frequently as are meadow-larks ; and in the field-sparrows, goldfinches, meadow-larks, mourning-doves, and English sparrows in the corn fields, in which they occur from 3 to 8 times as frequently as blackbirds. The principal meadow birds, by these tables, are mourning-doves, meadow-larks, and cowbirds, since they occur in meadows 7 times, 12 times, and 15 times as commonly as English sparrows; while pastures apparently afford a common meeting ground for* all the birds of this list of most important spe- cies, the coefficient of the blackbird — the most frequent pasture bird — being less than three times that of the English sparrow, the least frequent of these birds in pastures. 327 Numerous questions of cause, effect, and controlling condition are suggested by these data, some of them readily answerable and others doubtfully so, but the discussion of ecological problems may best be postponed until the data here presented may be brought into comparison with those obtained from other trips, made at other sea- sons and in other parts of the state. Table XII. Coefficients of Preference, Tabulated by Crops Corn Cowbird Horned lark Crow-blackbird. . Crow . Field-sparrow. . Goldfinch Meadow-lark Mourning-dove . English sparrow •c 0) u £ > u o u u u o ■d ri o d s: be Cowbird p o w Crow-bla o u O Field-sp o C o •d a '3 u o 2 1. .33 .24 .20 .08 .07 .06 .03 3.04 1. .72 .61 .23 .20 .19 .10 4.23 1.39 1. .85 .32 .28 .26 .14 5. 1.65 1.18 1. .38 .33 .31 .17 13.08 4.30 3.09 2.61 1. .87 .81 .45 15. 4 94 3.55 3. 1.15 1. .92 .51 16.15 5.32 3.82 3.23 1.24 1.08 1. .55 29.23 9.62 6.91 5.85 2.24 1.95 1.81 1. 35.38 11.64 8.36 7.08 2.71 2.36 2.19 1.21 o u u tfl "So a .03 .09 .12 .14 .37 .42 .46 .83 1. 328 Table XII. — Continued. Stubble Cowbird Field-sparrow . . . English sparrow. Crow Crow-blackbird . . Goldfinch Horned lark . . . Mourning-dove . . Meadow-lark £ o •a o hD o u u X WA*a* '3 c o to 1 "3 T3 V a Ih o o a o ■d S £ X O 3 1. 1. i. i. .34 .34 .33 .33 .14 .14 2.96 3. 6.91 2.96 3. 6.91 1. 1.01 2.34 .99 1. 2.30 .43 .43 1. Plowed ground English sparrow Meadow-lark Mourning-dove . Crow Horned lark o u > u ^ O d !h •a a. cd i t« ^H he x £ a CO o S3 T3 Jh o be S 3 o H 3 % O 1. .52 .52 .08 1.94 1. 1. .16 1.94 1. 1. .16 11.76 6.06 6.06 1. 33.29 17.15 17.15 2.83 329 Table XII Concluded. Pastures English sparrow, Meadow-lark. . . Mourning-dove . Field-sparrow . . Goldfinch Cowbird Horned lark . Crow Crow-blackbird . % o u v > o u M Vh o •a X a cd i u «) he rf J2 d a ft O a O a cm ■ •a u O Vw O. rt tfl rt be *-H X a a £ m CO a o i^3 £ -d Vh -a be 3 ri o o 0) fa O 1. .59 .59 .15 .08 1.69 1. .1 .25 .14 1.69 1. 1. .25 .14 6.77 4. 4. 1. .57 12. 7.09 7.09 1.77 1. 15.80 9.09 9.09 2.27 1.28 Vh Id & o O .07 .11 .11 .44 .78 Conclusion. The circumstance that the data of this paper are summarized in numerical tables must not be permitted to obscure the fact that they merely present a fixed picture of a fleeting condition; that they are to be taken only as numerical generalizations of the observations here recorded, and do not, in themselves, warrant much by way of in- ference beyond their immediate contents. The view of the autumnal bird life of central Illinois which we get by their means is like a short-time photograph of a changing scene — changing so rapidly, in- deed, that the effects of its transformations are noticeable even in the picture itself; for it is evident, especially from the list of species 330 • at the end of this paper, that there was some bird migration south- ward during the fifty days of this trip. Summer residents of central Illinois diminish in numbers, or even wholly disappear, during its course, winter residents come in, and migrants to the south, not seen in the earlier days of the journey, become abundant as they move across the line of march in the western part of the state. Some of the effects of this migration were seen a fortnight later in the very different picture of bird life presented on a trip made by these same observers, October 31 and November 1, from Cairo, the southernmost point in Illinois, to Ullin, some twelve and a half miles north. Here, instead of the scanty average of 874 birds per square mile, as found in central Illinois, there were over 9 to the acre, or 5882 to the square mile. Two thirds of these were crow-blackbirds and robins — 45 per cent, of the first and 23 per cent, of the second — and the next most abundant species was the white-throated sparrow (7 per cent.), and next to that, the quail (4 per cent.). The meadow- lark was reduced to 2 per cent, of the birds observed; and, more remarkable still, the English sparrow, to a little more than 1 per cent. Into the angle formed by the meeting of the Ohio River with the Mississippi, birds from the north were dropping down by thousands as into a huge pocket, to be held there, no doubt, until cold weather or a diminution of their food supply should drive them farther south. Definite conclusions of permanent value concerning the numbers and significance of the bird life of the state evidently can not be drawn until many such pictures as these have been assembled, com- pared, and adjusted in their right relations; and it has been the prin- cipal object of this paper to describe and illustrate one process, at least, by which the materials necessary to a correct general view of the ornithological ecology of the state may be brought together and made available. 331 List of Birds Identified, Indiana Line to Quincy, Ii.iv. Check-list No. 190 194 201 214 261 273 289 305 316 325 331 337 347a 357 360 387 390 393 394c 402 406 409 412 420 423 444 456 461 466 474b 477 488 494 495 498 501 511b 517 529 540 542a 546 548 554 558 Species Botaurus lentiginosis Ardea herodias Butorices virescens Porzana Carolina Bartramia longicauda Oxyechus vocif erus Colinus virginianus Tympanuchus americanus Zenaidura macroura Cathartes aura Circus hudsonius Buteo borealis Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis. Falco columbarius Falco sparverius Coccyzus americanus Ceryle alcyon . Dryobates villosus Dryobates pubescens medianus ...... Sphyrapicus varius Melanerpes erythrocephalus Centurus carolinus Colaptes auratus Chordeiles virginianus Chaetura pelagica Tyrannus tyrannus Sayornis phoebe Contopus virens Empidonax traillii Otocoris alpestris praticola Cyanocitta cristata Corvus brachyrhynchos Dolichonyx oryzivorus Molothrus ater Agelaius phceniceus Sturnella magna Quiscalus quiscula aeneus Carpodacus purpureus Passer domesticus Astragalinus tristis Poocaates gramineus. . . Passerculus sandwichensis savanna.. Coturniculus savannarum passerinus. Ammodramus leconteii Zonotrichia leucophrys Zonotrichia albicollis 1 1 1 1 55 2 56 4 21 23 21 2 5 1 2 41 11 14 60 3 82 309 188 12 16 II 7 61 3 5 24 19 65 447 1 8 11 III 14 2 1 1 2 1 14 49 15 19 1 63 50 11 112 10 11 IV 42 1 14 17 12 20 73 31 95 683' 12 1 1 14 32 2 2 158 20 5 12 VI 55 14 T 1 1 8 2 1 s 1 3 50 14 10 1 5 110 37 4 185 99 52 6 7 11 6 91 *I = Indiana line to Champaign, Aug. 28-Sept. 1 Sept. 17-21. III=Decatur to Springfield, Sept. 24-29. sonville, Oct. 1-4. V- Jacksonville to Meredosia, Quincy, Oct. 12-17. II=Urbana to Decatur, IV = Springfield to Jack- Oct. 5-8. VI=Meredosia to 332 IviST ok Birds Identified — Continued. Check- list No. 560 563 567 581 583 584 585 587 593 598 604 611 612 613 614 619 622 624 626 629 645 646 647 655 657 667 672 681d 687 697 703 704 705 719 721 724 726 727 728 731 735 736 748 749 758a 761 766 ?* Species Spizella socialis Spizella pusilla Junco hyeir alis Melospiza cinerea melodia Melospiza lincolni. Melospiza georgiana Passerella iliaca. Pipilo erythrophthalmus Cardinalis cardinalis Cyanospiza cyanea Spiza americana , Progne subis Petrochelidon lunifrons , Hirundo erythrogaster Iridoprocne bicolor Atnpelis cedrorum L/anius ludovicianus Vireo olivaceus Vireo philadelphicus. Vireo solitarius Helminthophila rubricapilla .... Helminthophila celata Helminthophila peregrina Dendroica coronata Dendroica maculosa Dendroica virens Dendroica palmarum Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla Setophaga ruticilla Anthus pensilvanicus Mimus polyglottos Galeoscoptes carolinensis Toxostoma ruf um Thryomanes bewickii Troglodytes audon Cistothorus stellaris Certhia familiaris americana. . . . Sitta carolinensis Sitta canadensis Baeolophus bicolor Parus atricapillus Parus carolinensis Regulus satrapa Kegulus calendula Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni. • Merula migratoria Sialia sialis II III IV 1 3 4 3 12 V 1 1 1 32 1 2 1 -7 34 1 15 18 10 1 77 32 19 3 110 2 14 1 33 1 1 5 11 2 identification uncertain. BULLETIN OF THE ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF it,f NATURAL HISTORY — — ^ I^C^Bl I mill— 3Z1— BI^^HIIJEBM^M^^^MO ——a— ^ ^^^^—^^^^M Vol. VII. SEPTEMBER, 1909 Article X. THE ORIBATOIDEA OF ILLINOIS. BY HENRY E. EWING, A.M. 332 L,ist of Birds Identified — Continued. Check- list No. 560 563 567 581 583 584 585 587 593 598 604 611 612 c~ < ( 624 626 629 645 646 647 655 657 667 672 681d 687 697 703 704 705 719 721 724 726 727 728 731 735 736 748 749 758a 761 766 ?* Species Spizella socialis.. Spizella pusilla Junco hyemalis Melospiza cinerea melodia. Melospiza lincolni. Melospiza georgiana . . Passerella iliaca. Pipilo erythrophthalmus. . . Cardinalis cardinalis Cyanospiza cyanea Spiza americana Progne subis Petrochelidon lunifrons. .. n:-„v^A oi-vthrn^aster II III Vireo oiivaceus . Vireo philadelphicus. Vireo solitarius Helminthophila rubricapilla .... Helminthophila celata Helminthophila peregrina Dendroica coronata Dendroica maculosa Dendroica virens Dendroica palmarum Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla Setophaga ruticilla Anthus pensilvanicus Miraus polyglottos Galeoscoptes carolinensis Toxostoma ruf um Thryomanes bewickii Troglodytes aedon Cistothorus stellaris Certhia familiaris americana. . . . Sitta carolinensis Sitta canadensis Baeolophus bicolor Parus atricapillus Parus carolinensis Regulus satrapa Kegulus calendula Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni. . Merula migratoria Sialia sialis 1 2 1 2 34 1 15 18 10 1 IV 1 3 4 3 12 1 1 1 32 33 1 1 4 5 11 3 ^Identification uncertain. BULLETIN OF THE ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY Urbana, Illinois, U. S. A. Vol. VII. SEPTEMBER, 1909 Article X. THE ORIBATOIDEA OF ILLINOIS. BY HENRY E. EWING, A.M. • Article X. — The Oribatoidea of Illinois. By Henry E. EwiNG. Introduction. The mites of the group Oribatoidea, though abundant in this country, have received but little study. About a hundred species have been recorded from America. Out of this number over 90 per cent, are new species, yet with this very large per cent, of new species only two new genera (Gymno- bates Banks and Tumidalvus Ewing) are peculiar to our country. Our fauna is especially rich in the abdominal-winged forms (Pterog aster ea) . The number of the Pterogasterea described from this country, up to the present, is over 40. Nearly all of these winged forms have a shiny integument, which fact may have caused their more ready discovery and the apparently much greater percentage of winged forms here than in Europe. The Oribatoidea are appropriately called beetle-mites be- cause of their hard, chitinized integument. They are quite distinct however from the mites of those groups which are para- sites or pseudoparasites of beetles, and which for this reason have been called beetle-mites by some persons. The internal anatomy and life history of this group have been studied very carefully by A. D. Michael, of England, to whom the writer is indebted for a large collection of named European species. The physiology and embryology of the group are almost entirely unknown. Economically the beetle-mites have no great importance. The writer is very much indebted to Dr. J. W. Eolsom, of the department of zoology of the University of Illinois, for assistance in many ways. Mr. J. D. Hood, a specialist in the study of the Thysanoptera, has not only collected material for the author from many parts of the state, but has in most cases furnished mounted specimens and also added notes upon their 337 338 habits, etc. The following persons have aided very materially in collecting specimens: Mr. C. A. Hart, systematic entomol- ogist of the State Laboratory of Natural History: Mr. J. J. Davis, assistant to the State Entomologist: Mr. J. L. Pricer, A. M., graduate student in entomology; and Messrs. J. Zetek, R. D. Glasgow, and FT. Glasgow, all students of the University of Illinois. Dr. S. A. Forbes has kindly permitted the author to work up the oribatid collections of the State Laboratory of Natural History, in which type specimens of the species described in this paper have been deposited. Methods. In making collections of oribatids several methods may be employed. It is very desirable that these mites be collected alive, in order that they may be studied before being placed in a preserving fluid. All notes on color and the position of the bristles and pseudostigmatic organs should be made from living- specimens. Individual mites can be very readily transferred on a camel's hair brush to a collecting vial, to be taken to the laboratory and killed. Specimens are best killed in hot water or hot alcohol, when they die in an extended position, most favorable for study. While the specimens are still in the alcohol, notes should be made on the shape of the pteroinorphae, the pseudostigmata. and the pseudostigmatic organs, since it is hard to study the form of these parts in the dorsal or ventral view of perma- nently mounted specimens. Mr. Michael suggests the use of dilute acetic acid instead of alcohol as a preservative. In order to collect oribatids in large numbers, 1 use with great success a modification of the lierlese method described by Howard in '•Entomological News". Vol. XVII.. 1906. pages 49-54. If vegetable debris is passed through a sieve before being treated by the Berlese method, the number and variety of small arthropods that may thus be obtained is surprisingly large. A simple but satisfactory method consists in placing 839 Ps.O.s. the sittings on a Hat dish suspended over a large funnel, and placing the funnel and all in the sunlight. The sunlight drives the mites out of the sittings, and they fall through the funnel into a vial below. The most convenient and satisfactory mounting media for oribatids are Canada balsam and dammar balsam. Dissections of the mouth-parts are frequently necessary. Material must often be rendered partially transparent by means of potassic hydrate or eau de Labrraque. In making the drawings I used an Abbe camera lucida. The measurements were made with an ocular micrometer. External Anatomy. The body in the Oribatoidea (Fig. 1) consists of an anterior narrower region termed the cephalothorax, and a posterior, much larger, portion termed the abdomen. The union of these two regions is more in- timate in some genera than in others. There is usually an evident division between the cephalothorax and the ab- domen except in the genera Scutovertex and Aincnis. In two genera, Hoploderma and Phthiracarus, t h e cephalo- Fig. l. Damseus nitens, dorsal view. thorax is hinged to the ab- domen in such a way that the former can be folded down against the ventral surface of the latter. The cephalothorax may be divided into two parts; the rostrum (Fig. 1, Ro.) and the posterior portion. The rostrum is the \ anterior hood-like portion which protects the mouth-parts. Upon the rostrum is found a pair of stout hairs termed rostral hairs (Fig. 1, Ro. h.); sometimes the Tctp. — .Mr. a. lsf seg. Fig Oribata banksi, man- dible. 340 Max. Lin". Max. I. Fig. 3. Oribata banksi, mouth-parts. rostrum bears an additional pair of hairs. Underneath the rostrum may he seen the mouth-parts, which consist of man- dibles (Fig. 2), palpi (Fig. 3, Pa.), maxilla? (Fig. 3, Max.), and the maxillary lip (Fig. 3, Max. I. ). From the maxillary lip project the maxilla? and the palpi. The maxilla? are curved and blade-like, and are large and highly developed in the genus Hoploderma. The palpi consist usually of five segments, and as a rule are very small; in the genera Phthiracarus and Hoploderma, however, they are large. On the posterior part of the cephalothorax are found the following organs: pseudostigmata, pseudostigmatic organs, lamella?, lamellar hairs, interlamellar hairs and sometimes a translamella, and often one or more pairs of tectopedia, The pseudostigmata (Fig. 4, Ps.), formerly supposed to be the true stig- mata, are situated near the abdominal margin and usually close to the lateral margin of the cephalothorax. They are of Fig. 4. various forms, though usually cylindrical or funnel shaped. From each pseuclostigma pro- jects the pseudostigmatic organ (Fig. 4, Ps. org.). This may- be filiform, fungiform, setiform, clavate, or subglobose, and is often pectinate or dentate. The lamella? consist of either blade-like chitinous projections, or of mere ridges. They vary greatly in size and shape, and are situated on the dorso-lateral part of the cephalothorax. Sometimes the la- mella? project in a free end which may extend to the apex of the rostrum or even beyond it. From the tip of the lamella? pro- ject a pair of prominent bristles, termed the lamellar hairs. The tectopedia, of which there may be as many as three pairs, are generally blade-like, are situated on the sides of the cephalothorax, and have either a tactile function or serve to protect the coxa?. Psorg. Oribata setosa, pseudostigma and pseudostigmatic organ. 34] The abdomen has the following structures: dorsum, ven- tral plate, anal covers, genital covers, often pteromorpha?, and sometimes large bristles. The dorsum of the abdomen consists of a single large chitinous plate. The ventral plate varies much in size; is sometimes confluent with the dorsum, and contains the genital and anal apertures. The genital aperture is anterior to the anal aperture, and is closed by two chitinous "folding doors", known as the genital covers. The anal aper- ture is similarly closed, its "folding doors" being termed the anal covers. Sometimes on the dorsum, rarely on the ventral plate, long bristles may be found, though frequently the ab- domen is hairless. In some genera, as Pelops and Oribata, there are chitinous wing-like expansions of the abdomen termed pteromorphse (PI. XXXIII., Fig. 4, pter.). The legs (Fig. 5) consist of five segments, namely, coxa, femur, genual, tibia, and tarsus. The coxa (Co.), or basal segment, is usually the shortest and stoutest Fig. 5. Oribata mollicoma, leg 4. Qf the segments> and sometimeS has a blade-like expansion (Bl.) on one side. The femur (Fe.) is usually the largest and sometimes the longest segment. The genual (Ge.) is very small and inconspicuous. The tibia {Ti.) is usually subequal to the tarsus (Ta.), and often bears, espe- cially on the front pair of legs, a long tactile hair at its distal end. The tarsus ends in either one (monodactyle) claw or three (tridactyle) claws, and never in two except in the species Nothrus anauniensis. The parts most used for systematic purposes are the pseudostigmatic organs, lamellae, translamella, pteromorpha?, and ungues. Internal Anatomy. Most of the internal organs of the oribatids may be divided into three systems: the digestive, tracheal, and reproductive systems. The digestive and reproductive organs occupy most of the body cavity. 342 The digestive system includes the mouth, pharynx, oesoph- agus, ventriculus or stomach, intestine, and rectum. The mouth leads into a not well marked off region, called the pharynx, which is sometimes broader than the oesophagus. The posterior end of the (esophagus is generally enlarged, form- ing the ingluves just in front of the stomach. The ventriculus, or stomach, is very large, and its outline can often be seen through the integument of light-colored species or in specimens which have recently emerged from the nymphal skin. 1 have found that treatment with acetic acid and mounting in glycer- ine will frequently show the internal organs very plainly. The stomach is almost like a spherical bag in most cases, with its anterior wall lying at the division between the cephaio- thorax and abdomen, while its posterior wall extends to a point almost above the anal opening. Extending out from the stomach on each side at the posterior part is a blind pouch or ccecum. The cceca vary somewhat in size, shape, and situation with the species. The intestine and rectum are very short and often resemble a C-shaped tube, leading from the posterior wall of the stomach to the anus. In connection with the digestive process is a small pair of glands situated on the front wall of the ventriculus or stomach. The tracheal system exists only in the adult forms and is absent in the Hoplodermi dee. The tracheae usually consist of from eight to twelve main trunks, which start from the acetab- ula of the legs, most of them extending backwards in a wavy course to the posterior end of the abdomen, where they become slightly enlarged at their termination to form air-sacs. The trachea1 are always un branched. The nervous system has not been well worked out in the case' of the Oribatoidea but consists of a sub- and a supra- oesophageal ganglion, which have nerves running to the important organs. Situated on the sides of the abdominal cavity in the case of some species, is a small sac which opens to the exterior through the integument. This apparatus is supposed to have an excretory function. The region of the cephalothorax is largely occupied by muscles controlling the legs and the mouth- 348 parts. No circulatory system has been demonstrated in the beetle-mites although some Acarina have a pulsating organ called the heart. The reproductive system occupies a large part of the lat- eral and posterior portions of the abdomen. In the case of the male, the organs consist of a large central gland, the testis, which has two ducts, the vasa deferentia, leading from it. These unite to form the ejaculatory duct, which opens through a small penis. The reproductive organs of the female consist of a paired or unpaired ovary, and of two large oviducts which pass backwards along the sides of the abdomen to its posterior end, to form there the vagina, which opens to the ex- terior through a large protrusible ovipositor. The ovipositor is usually trifid, and may possess a few small hairs on its distal end. In specimens treated with glycerine and acetic acid, the large ovipositor may often be seen in repose with its proximal end against the posterior wall of the abdomen and its distal end at the entrance of the genital opening. Life History. Most Oribatoidea are oviparous; some species, however, ac- cording to Michael, are ovoviviparous, and a few viviparous. It is believed by some that many if not all the Oribatoidea are parthenogenetic. Up to the present time they have never been found in copulation. The larvae, as in the case of most of the Acarina, have only three pairs of legs, which always have tarsi with monodactyle claws. When the larvge transform into the nymphs they have the full number of legs of the adult, but in other respects are very different from the mature forms. Instead of being a dull brown or black color, they frequently are tinted with red, yel- low, or pink, and, more marked yet, their external form may be very different from that of the adult. Instead of having a body almost or quite free from any integumentary projections, as is generally the case in the adult, they may have large, leaf- like, or sword-shaped integumentary processes. These integu- 344 mentary processes are sometimes so large that they almost completely conceal the rest of the body. In the case of the nymphs of some of the species of Liacarus, the leaf-like appendages are radially arranged around the central part of the body, giving the whole creature a beautiful stellate ap- pearance. In the nymphal state the integument is usually poorly chitinized. As would be expected, the sexual organs are not developed in the case of the nymphs. About ten days are passed by the inert nymph preliminary to the appearance of the adult. Upon the splitting of the old nymphal skin the adult usually emerges, leaving its "old clothes " behind ; but this is not always the case, as is shown by the genus Neoliodes, the members of which carry through- out life the cast nymphal skin — which can readily be removed by treatment with potassium hydroxide. The members of the genus Damceus almost always bear a part of the old nymphal skin supported by means of the bristles on the dorsum of the abdomen, but not adhering firmly to the newly formed integument as in the case of the species of Neoliodes. The adults immediately after emerging from the nymphal skin are usually lighter in color than the older forms ; in other respects they are the same. Habits. The Oribatoidea are very small creatures of about the size of a pin-head, or even smaller. They may be easily found under logs (slightly decayed), under bark, in rubbish, under stones, in moss, or may be shaken from the branches of trees or collected in grass sweepings. They live very largely upon fungi, or, to some extent, upon plant juices, and apparently are never predaceous although the Hoplodermidee have large and powerful mandibles. Most of the beetle-mites, though blind, are very sensitive to light, and avoid it when possible. I have found that they have a very sensitive touch and also have the power of smell, which sense may be situated in the so-called pseudostigmatic organs. g 45 Not being well armed for aggressive warfare, this group is very remarkable in its adaptation for defense. The thick chi- tinous integument of the group when taken into consideration with the special structures of the Oribatidce, the pteromorphge or abdominal wings, affords an excellent protection against some of their smallest, though most troublesome, enemies. When the least disturbed, most of the species with these chitinous ab- dominal wings will fold the legs up underneath the body and close down the abdominal wings over them, so that they are almost or quite completely concealed and protected. In case of the Hoplodermidce, which have the cephalothorax hinged to the abdomen, they at once feign death upon being disturbed, fold themselves into a small ball by bending the cephalothorax down over the ventral surface of the abdomen, at the same time drawing up the legs, and are thus completely covered by the cephalothorax. In their movements the Oribatoidea are sluggish as com- pared with the other Acarina. As a rule the smooth, shiny species are more active than the larger, rough species. The species of the genera Neoliodes and Nothrus are especially slow in their movements. One species, Zetorchestes micronychus, which though common in Europe has been found in only one place in America, is quite unique in being the only oribatid which is saltatorial. Many of the Oribatoidea pass the winter in moss. Some of the species which live upon the leaves of trees, apparently winter under the bark. The Taxonomy of the Higher Groups of the Oribatoidea. Michael, the expert acarologist already mentioned, regards the group of beetle-mites as a family, and in his monograph of them in " Das Tierreich" (Lief. 3, 1898) divided the group into seven subfamilies. I can hardly agree with this author in all respects as to this division, for although the characters which separate some of his subfamilies are fundamental and are correlated with differences in habit as well as structure, others are somewhat variable and hardly of more than generic im- 346 portance. I refer for example to the separation of his subfam- ily Notaspidinw from the subfamilies Damceince and Nothrince, based upon the absence or presence of the lamellae. While the lamella? are sometimes very constant in their shape and size in a single species, yet, taking all the species together, we can get an insensible gradation from forms with enormous shelf-like expansions, which conceal much or most of the cephalothorax from above, to small chitinous ridges or only wrinkles of the integument which may vary in some cases so as to be almost invisible. This fact, taken together with the fact that there are few if any supplementary characters in support of this division, make it rather artificial, if not unwarrantable, to accord it the same rank with his other divisions of the group. On the other hand, his separation of those forms which have the cephalothorax anchylosed to the abdomen from those which have the cephalothorax hinged to the same (his Phthiracarince) is certainly based on characters of family portance. This is more convincingly evident when we con- sider the other important points of difference, which are given below. Forms with. Cephalothorax An- chylosed to Abdomen. Body frequently depressed. With tracheae. Ventral plate anchylosed to dorsal plate Genital and anal openings sit- uated apart. Legs frequently long or slender or moniliform. Mouth-parts very small, or rudimentary. Palpi with five segments. Femora generally stouter than the other segments of the legs. Cephalothorax never with a median carina. Forms with Cephalothorax Hinged to Abdomen. Body always compresed. Without trachese. Ventral plate not anchylosed to dorsal plate. Genital and anal openings us- ually together Legs always stout. Mouth-parts large, mandibles enormous. Palpi with only four segments. Femora subequal in width to the other segments of the legs. Cephalothorax often with a median carina. 347 Abdomen never with a chitin- Abdomen sometimes with a ous hood-like projection from its chitinous hood-like projection anterior margin. from its anterior margin. Claws of legs usually small and Claws of legs always stout; if monodactyle ; if tridactyle the tridactyle the dactyles are snb- dactyles are usually unequal. equal. * When we consider all these points of difference, it appears to us that they are not only of sufficient importance for the separation of the two forms into different families, but that they might even justify a wider separation and a higher rank. About the only important characters the two have in common are the chitinous integument and the presence of the pseudo- stigmata and the pseudostigmatic organs. Mr. Banks, in his treatise on "The Acarina, or Mites" (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVIII., p. 1-114), separates those forms which have the cephalothorax hinged to the abdomen from the other oribatids, under the family name of Hoplodermidce. This separation and name the author of this paper has adopted. Mr. Michael's separation of those forms which possess ab- dominal wings from those which do not ("Apterogasterea") we accept, raising both forms, however, to family rank, and giving the first-mentioned the old name Oribatidce, since it contains the old genus Oribata. This division is not altogether happy for two reasons: first, many authors may consider the small, shelf- like chitinous expansions from the shoulders of the abdomen in the case of some genera (as Notaspis and Tegeocranus) as homologous with the true abdominal wings, or pteromorphse; second, there are not many other fundamental characters in support of the division. Notwithstanding these facts, we con- sider the development of abdominal wings — especially when taking into account their defensive value and the habits of mites possessing them, and some other points of difference as well- as of sufficient importance to entitle such forms to family rank. Since we have applied the family name Oribatidce to those forms having abdominal wings, the remaining forms, the "Ap- terogasterea", we naturally consider as constituting a family, us- 348 ing for it the name Nothridce, derived from the genus Nothrus, which name has been previously so applied by CI. Canestrini and made a subfamily name by Mr. Michael. Having thus created three families out of the group to which the old family name Oribatidce was given, we regard the group as a superfamily, as suggested by Mr. Banks, including in it, however, as already stated, three families for the two I Oribatidce and Hoplodermidw) recognized by that author. The following is a summary of the characters of the superfamily Oribatoidea: Integument generally well chitinized, which gives the in- dividuals a beetle-like appearance. Cephalothorax with a pair of funnel-shaped or cylindrical structures on the dorsum which are called pseudostigmata, from each of which projects an elongate specialized organ, or seta, the pseudostigmatic organ; chitinous blade-like expansions termed laraellse often present. Palpi small, with five segments, generally hidden by the ros- trum: mandibles chelate. Abdomen usually oval; ventral surface covered by a large chitinous plate termed the ven- tral plate; dorsal surface often with a large chitinous wing- like expansion on each side, known as the pteromorpha. Legs composed of five segments, the distal segment bearing a claw (unguis) which is either monodactyle or tridactyle. KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF ORIBATOIDEA. 1. Cephalothorax and abdomen immovably fused together; body never compressed; mouth-parts small; with trachea? opening at the acetabula of the legs; legs often long or slender 2. Cephalothorax hinged to the abdomen and capable of being folded down over the ventral surface of the same; body compressed; mouth-parts large; without trachea?; legs Stout HOPLODERMID M. 2. Abdomen possessing chitinous wings, or pteromorpha?.; integ- ument usually smooth and shiny and always well chitinized; legs never stout or with swollen seg- ments Oribatidce. 349 Abdomen without wings; integument often rough or sculp- tured and sometimes very little chitinized; legs fre- quently stout or moniliform Nothrid^e. The three families of the superfamily Oribatoidea we divide into 29 genera, which are distributed as follows: Ori- batidce, 5 genera; Nothridce, 21 genera; and Hoplodermidce, 3 genera. KEY TO THE GENERA OF ORIBATIDjE. 1. Superior bristles of body spatulate; mandibles long and slender; integument sometimes rough or pitted. . Pelops. Superior bristles never spatulate; integument smooth. .. 2. 2. Tarsi of first pair of legs broad at the tip; pteromorphae at- tached to the sides of the cephalothorax as well as to the abdomen Gymnobates. Tarsi of first pair of legs tapering at the tip; pteromorphae attached to the abdomen only 3. 3. Claws of the tarsi tridactyle 4. Claws of tarsi monodactyle Oribatodes. 4. Lamella? large, attached to the cephalothorax by their posterior margins only Oribatella . Lamellae moderate, attached to the cephalothorax by their inner margins Oribata. key to the genera of nothridce. 1. Mandibles rod-like, serrate Serrarius. Mandibles chelate 2. 2. Last pair of legs distant from the others and saltato- rial Zetorchestes. Last pair not distant from the others, nor saltatorial, being used for crawling 3. 3. Abdomen apparently divided into three parts by a pair of oblique sutures passing backward from the posterior edge of the cephalothorax to the middle of the lateral margins of the abdomen Trizetes. Abdomen without such oblique sutures 4. 4. Integument thin and little chitinized; variously colored . . 19. 350 Integument well chitinized ; color brown 5. 5. Cepbalothorax with lamellae 6. Cephalothorax without lamellae 12. 6. Body smooth 7. Body rough 8. 7. Last three pairs of legs situated under the body. . Liacarus. Last three pairs of legs situated at the sides of the body Notaspis. 8. No demarcation between the cephalothorax and ab- domen SCUTOVERTEX. Cephalothorax and abdomen plainly divided 9. 9. Ungues monodactyle; femora I and II pedunculate 10. Ungues tridactyle 11. 10. Lamella1 large, blade-like Tegeocranus. Lamellae merely low chitinous ridges Carabodes. 11. Femur I pedunculate Chaunoproctus. Femur I not pedunculate Cepheus. 12. Legs slender, longer than body, segments pedunculate. . 13. Legs short and stout 14. 13. Cephalothorax and abdomen coalescing at the median plane Amerus. Cephalothorax and abdomen plainly divided Dam^eus. 14. Ungues monodactyle; dorsum of abdomen convex 15. ( ' ngues tridactyle 16. 15. Genital and anal covers separate; situated in the ventral plate Hermannia. Genital and anal covers contiguous; no ventral plate pres- ent IjOHMANNIA. 16. Dorsum of abdomen convex 17. Dorsum of abdomen fiat or concave 18. 17. Abdomen with concentric rings on the dorsum; ventral plate present Neoliodes. Abdomen without concentric rings on the dorsum; ventral plate absent Tumidalvus. 18. Body elliptical; leg II with tectopedia ( 1ymb^erem^us. Body rectangular; leg 11 without tectopedia. .. . Nothrus. 351 19. Abdomen without transverse suture. . . . Trhypochthonius. Abdomen with transverse suture 20. 20. Ungues tridactyle, with inner dactyle less than half as long- as the others; cephalothorax truncate in. front Parhypochthonius. Ungues either monodactyle or tridactyle. if tridactyle, dactyles of equal length; cephalothorax not truncate in front Hypochthonius. KEY TO THE GENERA OF HOPLODERMIDvE. 1. Genital and anal openings situated apart; ventral plate large Mesoplophora. Genital and anal openings situated together; ventral plate small or rudimentary 2. 2. Ungues monodactyle; genital and anal covers sepa- rate HOPLODERMA. Ungues tridactyle; genital and anal covers coalescing. Phthiracarus. Descriptions of Species. Thirty-three species from Illinois are described in the following pages, and of this number twelve are new. In every case the author has made figures illustrating the new species, and a few figures have been made of some of our most common American species. The species are arranged in the natu- ral order under each genus, a key being given to aid in their identification. The genera and families are similarly arranged, the leading characters being given for each group. Family ORIBATID^. Forms with the cephalothorax and abdomen immovably fused together; body not compressed; mouth-parts very small; tracheae opening at the acetabula of the legs. Abdomen possessing chitinous wing-like expansions called pteromorphse; integument usually smooth and shiny. Legs never with swollen or moniliforni segments. 352 Genus Oribatella Banks. Ungues tridactyle; pteromorphae attached to the abdomen only; lamellae large, attached to the cephalothorax by their posterior margins. Two species: Pteromorphae truncate, not extending beyond the anterior mar- gin of abdomen quadridentata. Pteromorphae extending almost to the tip of the rostrum. oval is. Oribatella quadridentata Banks. 1895. Oribatella 4-dentata, Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, Vol. XXII., p. 9. 189S. Oribata quadridentata, Michael, Das Tier., Lief. 3, p. 19. Dark brown; integument brittle; surface slightly rough. Cephalothorax about as broad as long and almost entirely hidden from above by the lamellae, which are very large, project- ing beyond the rostrum and ending each in two subequal cusps; lamellae almost touching each other and twice as long as broad. No translamella. Lamellar hairs almost straight, pectinate and directed forward. There are two very much curved, pectinate rostral hairs; also a pair of similar but straight interlamellar hairs; pseudostigmatic organ large, clavate, and pectinate, about two thirds as long as the lamellae. Just behind each pseudo- stigma is a short, stout, pectinate bristle. Abdomen almost as broad as long, pteromorphae truncate, not extending beyond the anterior margin of the abdomen, their anterior margin slightly concave. There is a whorl of about a dozen stout, curved, pectinate bristles around the mar- gin of the abdomen. Anal covers slightly larger than the genital covers, and situated about their own length from the posterior margin of the abdomen and twice their length from the genital plates. Legs small and short. Length, 0.56 mm.; breadth, 0.38 mm. Under logs and boards. Collected by the writer at Urbana, 111. Many specimens. Mr. Banks has confirmed the determi- nation of this species. 353 Oribatella ovalis C. L. Koch. 1835. Oribates oralis, C. L. Koch, Crust. Myr. Arach., Heft 3, Tab. 5. 1877. Oribates oralis, Canestrini & Fanzago, Atti 1st. Venet., Ser. 5, Vol. IV., p. 82. 1855. Oribata nitens, Nicolet, Arch. Mus. Paris, T. VII., p. 433, PI. IV., Fig. 6. 1884. Oribala punctata, Michael, Brit. Orib., Vol. I., p. 253, PI. IX., Fig. 1-14. 1883. Oribates nicolet ii, Berlese, Acari, Myr., Scorp., Fasc. III., Nr. 3. 1895. Oribatella armata, Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, Vol. XXII., p. 9. 1898. Oribata oralis, Michael, Das Tier., Lief. 3, p. 19. Dark walrmt-bvown; integument thick and very resistant; surface pitted. Cephalothorax short and almost entirely hidden by the large lamellae. Lamelhe greatly enlarged, as long as the ceph- alothorax; pseudostigmata pyriform; pseudostigmatic organ large, clavate, and about two thirds as long as the cephalo- thorax. Abdomen oblong. Pteromorphaa very large, almost as long as the entire body, and ending anteriorly in a long, sharp- pointed process. Anal covers about half as long again as the genital covers. Legs rather small aud hidden by the large pteromorphse. The anterior pair project about half their length in front of the apex of the rostrum; the posterior extend slightly beyond the posterior margin of the abdomen. Tibia of the first two pairs rather short. Length, 0.60 mm.; breadth, 0.42 mm. In moss. Collected by C. A. Hart, from the pitcher-plant {Sarracenia purpurea), in bog, at Cedar Lake, 111., and by the author at Homer, 111. Genus Oribata Latreille. Superior bristles not spatulate; mandibles stout; integu- ment usually smooth; pteromorpha' attached to the abdomen only; ungues tridactyle; lamellae attached by means of their inner margins to the dorsal surface of the cephalothorax. 354 KEY TO SPECIES. 1. Pteromorphae rounded anteriorly and extending almost to the tip of the rostrum 2. Pteromorphae truncate in front and not extending beyond the anterior margin of the abdomen 4. 2. Pteromorphae smooth: an tero- ventral margin deeply emar- ginate emarginata. Pteromorphse somewhat wrinkled; antero-ventral margin irregularly rounded 3. 3. Abdomen unicolor; with four large, snbequal bristles situated on the posterior margin robusta. Abdomen with eight dark spot- on the dorsum; no bristles on the posterior margin octopunctata. 4. With a translamella 5. Without a translamella* 10. 5. Pseudostigmatic organ short, subcapitate 6. Pseudostigmatic organ long, clavate or lanceolate 9. (5. Translamella short, very broad, being as broad as long. *spinogenuala. Translamella very narrow, almost reduced to chitinous ridges 7. 7. Translamella curved gradually backward from the ends to the center unimaculata. Translamella doubly curved, giving rise to a small median cusp 8. 8. Lamellar hairs one and a half times as long as the la- mella? turgida. Lamellar hairs scarcely as long as the lamellae minuscula. 9. Femora of legs 11 with lateral blade-like expansions, fuscipes. Femora of legs IT without lateral blade-like expan- sions aHilamellata. 10. Abdomen oblong, beingmuch longer than broad 11. A I tdomen globose 13. 11. Pseudostigmatic organs slender, lanceolate, and clavate. 12. Pseudostigmatic organs short, subcapitate arborea. 355 12. Lamellae large, broad, three fourths as long as the cephalo- thorax virginica. Lamella? very small, short, about one fourth as long as the cephalothorax parvilamellata. VS. Abdomen hairless illinoisensis. Abdomen with prominent hairs banksi. Oribata emarginata Banks. 1895. Oribata emarginata, Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, Vrol. XXII., p. 7. Dark brown; integument very hard: surface smooth. Lamella? absent. Rostrum stout, with a rounded anterior end; rostral hairs curved and pectinate; tectopedia blade-like and two thirds as long as the rostrum; pseudostigmatic organ clavate and pectinate, about as long as the tarsus of leg T; interlamellar hairs stout and pectinate. Abdomen slightly pyriform and hairless; pteromorpha? slightly pointed, extending forward almost to the tip of the rostrum; anal and genital openings far apart; genital covers about two thirds as long as the anal covers. Females with a long, segmented ovipositor, which is often extended when the mite is killed in hot water. This ovipositor is trilobed distally, each fork bearing two large bristles. Legs subequal in length ; fourth pair longest; second pair with very stout femora. First pair of legs twice as long as the ceph- alothorax; tarsus the longest segment, bearing a large plumose hair at a point about one third the distance from the proximal to the distal end of the segment; tibia much shorter than the tarsus and globose distally; genual as long as the tibia, but only about half as broad; femur large; coxa small. Length, 0.89 mm.; breadth, 0.50 mm. Under logs and in rubbish. Collected by the writer at Areola, LIrbana, Galesburg, Chicago, and Marshall, 111. Mr. Banks has confirmed the determination of this species. Oribata rqbusta Banks. (PL XXXI1L, Fig. 4.) 1895. Oribata rdbusta, Hanks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, Vol. XXII., p. 7. Uniform light brown; integument thin and brittle. 356 Cephalothorax broader than long. The lamellae and trans- lamella consist each of a narrow blade on edge; translamella slightly narrower than the lamellae and continuous with them, the whole being sublimate; lamellar hairs as long as the ceph- alothorax, straight and pectinate; rostral hairs stout, curved, and pectinate, a little longer than the pseudostigmatic organ. Abdomen broader than long, with a few small hairs; ptero- morphse very long and prominent, projecting beyond the tip of the rostrum, rounded in front and pointed behind. Anal covers three fifths as broad as long, and situated one half their length from the posterior margin of the abdomen; genital covers about two thirds as long as the anal covers, similar to them in form, and situated about twice their length from the same. Legs subequal in length; hind pair slightly longest; tibia and tarsus of leg I subequal. genual one half as long as the tibia, femur a little longer than the genual. The femur of leg II is very much enlarged, and is half as long again as the femora of the two posterior legs. Length, 0.88 mm.; breadth, 0.62 mm. Collected by myself at Urbana, HI. Three specimens. Mr. Banks has confirmed this determination from specimens sent to him by the author. Oribata odopundata, n. sp. (PI. XXXIV., Fig. 7.) Light yellowish brown; integument thin. Cephalothorax broad; pseudostigmatic organ very long, re- curved, with a thin peduncle and a much enlarged, pectinate, sub- cylindrical head; interlamellar hairs straight, pectinate, short, and inclined toward the median plane, but projecting very little forward; rostral hairs similar to the lamellar hairs but curved. Abdomen broad, hairless, with a longitudinal row of four small, oval dark spots on each side, the anterior spots being much the largest; a few similar but very minute spots on the dorsum also. Pteromorphee free, projecting almost to the tip of the rostrum; both the anal and genital covers situated about their length anterior to the anal covers. Length, 0.54 mm.; breadth, 0.40 mm. 357 In moss. Collected by the writer at Homer, 111. Several specimens, Oribata spinogenuala, n. sp. (PI. XXXIII., Fig. 1.) Dark reddish brown; integument thick and brittle. Cephalothorax broad; lamellae horizontal and broad, being broadest at the tips; lamellae with cusps; lamellar hairs as long as the lamellae and pectinate; pseudostigmatic organ short, with small peduncle and large clavate head; interlamellar hairs long, pectinate, and straight; rostral hairs about as long as the lamellar hairs and curved. Abdomen two thirds as broad as long; pteromorphse narrow, truncate, and lying close to the sides of the body; genital covers two thirds as long as the anal covers and sit- uated twice their own length in front of the latter. There is a row of short, stout, almost straight hairs around the margin, and about eight hairs on the summit of the dorsum. Legs short and subequal. Length, 0.60 mm.; breadth, 0.46 mm. Collected by the writer at Areola, 111. Several specimens. Oribata unimaculata Banks. 1906. Galumna unimaculata, Banks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Nov. 1906, p. 490, PI. XVIII., Fig. 33. Dark reddish brown; integument thick; surface smooth. Lamella? large, about two thirds as long as the cephalo- thorax, broader anteriorly than posteriorly; lamellar cusps prominent, slightly bifid in front, the long, straight, pectinate lamellar hairs extending from them; translamella about a third as broad as the lamellae; anterior free edge concave. There are two pairs of tectopedia, of which the inner pair is the longer, extending forward almost as far as do the tips of the lamellar cusps, curved slightly toward the median plane, and bearing a pair of long, curved, pectinate bristles. The outer pair of tec- topedia are much thicker and shorter than the inner pair and bear no bristles. Interlamellar hairs similar to lamellar hairs but longer. Pseudostigmatic organs short and clavate, about as long as the genual of leg I. 358 Abdomen subglobose, the dorsum bearing ten pairs of short, stout, slightly curved pectinate bristles; two pairs are situated just above the pteromorpha?, two pairs on the crown of the dor- sum, two pairs are posterior in position, and four pairs occur around the margin of the abdomen. The pteromorpha? are at- tached to the anterior half of the side of the abdomen ; are trun- cate in front, and do not extend beyond the anterior margin of the abdomen. Genital covers about three fourths as long as the anal covers and situated one and a half times their length in front of the latter. Anterior pair of legs about two thirds as long as the body; tarsus and tibia subequal; genual more than half as long as the tibia. The tibia and genual of leg I each bear laterally a very stout, slightly curved enlarged spine. Genual of leg IT with a similar spine. Ungues tridactyle. Length, 0.80 mm.; breadth, 0.60 mm. Under old boards. Collected by the writer at Areola, 111. Several specimens. Mr. Banks has confirmed this determina- tion from a specimen sent him by the author. Oribata turgida Banks. 1906. Galumna turgida, Banks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 190G, p. 493. Very light brown; integument smooth. Cephalothorax short and wide; lamellae narrow, about half as long as the cephalothorax, broader at the anterior than at the posterior end; translamella equal to the lamellae in width. Lamellar hairs long, straight and barbed, about one and a third times as long as the lamellae; interlamellar hairs slightly longer than the lamellar hairs; antero-lateral hairs about two thirds as long as the lamellar hairs and curved as usual. Pseudostigmatic organ short, subcapitate. Abdomen about as broad as long, broadest near the middle, hairless. Pteromorplrae small, truncate anteriorly, and not ex- tending beyond the anterior margin of the abdomen. Genital covers slightly over half as long as the anal covers and situ- ated about twice their length in front of the latter. 359 Anterior pair of legs about as long as the abdomen. Tarsus and tibia of leg I subequal; genual about a third as long as the tibia; femur equal to tibia in length. At the distal end of tibia of leg I, there is a small tubercle from which extends a long- tactile bristle, longer than the segment itself. Uugues tri- dactyle; dactyles almost equal. Length, 0.50 mm.; breadth, 0.42 mm. Shaken from elm and from papaw by C. A. Hart, ai Mnncie, Til. Oribata minuscula Banks. 1907. '>- Cicada dorsata, 206, 236. marginata. 204, 223, 236. tibicen, 236. Cichoriacea;, 187. Cicindela cuprascens, 227, 240. 12 -guttata, 240. formosa generosa, 220, 225, 239, 241. hirticollis, 22 7, 240. lepida, 211. 220. 240. punctulata, 226, 240. purpurea limbalis, 239. repanda, 240. scutellaris lecontei, 220, 225, 239. vulgaris, 240. Cicindelidae, 212. Circotettix verruculatus, 232, 261. Circus hudsonius, 334. Cistaceae, 185. Index 395 Cistogaster immaeulata, 252. Cistothorus stellaris, 33 5. Cistudo Carolina, 225, 257. Cladonia, 168, 169. Clematis simsii, 171, 183, 189. Clerus thoracicus, 205, 244. Click-beetles, 226. Clover, 244. Sweet, 226, 239, 251, 254, 256. Cnemidophorus sexlineatus, 225, 257. Coccinella 9-notata, 242. Coccyzus americanus, 334. Cocklebur, 248. Ccelioxys octodentata, 256. Ccenosia lata, 252. Colaptes auratus, 334. Coleoptera, 239, 248. Colias philodice, 248. Colin ns virginianus, 334. Colletes americana, 256. latitarsis, 256. ColletidEe, 223. Collops tricolor, 224, 244. Commelina virginica, 160, 161, 162, 163, 167, 170, 180, 182, 224, 245. Commelinacea?, 182. Composite, 187, 189, 250, 257. Conocephalus robustus, 202, 222, 223, 235. Conops sylvosus, 251. xanthopareus, 2 51. Contopus virens, 334. Convallariaceas, 182. Convolvulacea?, 186. Copris Carolina, 244. Coptocycla clavata, 247. Coreopsis palmata, 189, 191. Corimelasna ciliata, 206, 212, 224, 239. Corispermum hyssopifolium, 192. Corn, 153, 155, 237. Cornus, 3,11. Corvus brachyrhynchos, 334. Cosmopepla carnifex, 226, 238. Cottogaster shumardi, 287, 289, 290, 298. Cottonwood, 171. Coturniculus savannarum passerinus, 334. Cowbird, 309, 310, 315, 316, 317, 319, 321, 324, 327, 330, 331, 332. Cow-peas, 248. Cracca, 231. virginiana, 174, 175, 176, 178, 180 (see Errata), 184, 192, 224, 247. Crambus haytiellus, 207, 220, 249. Cratacanthus dubius, 221, 241. Cristatella, 192. jamesii, 165, 166, 167, 173, 178, 179, 184, 191, 193, 104. Croton glandulosus, 160, 161, 162, 163, 166, 167, 170, 17S, 179, 185. Crotonopsis linearis, 160, 161, 162 (see Errata), 174, 175, 176. 178, 185. Crow, 309, 310, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 324, 326, 329, 330, 331, 332. -Blackbird, 309, 310, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 324, 326, 330, 331, 332, 333. Cruciferas, 183. Cryptocephalus mutabilis, 245. 4-maculatus, 245. Cryptocheilus nebulosus, 255. sp., 255. Cryptoleon conspersum, 239. signatum, 239. Cryptorhopalum sp., 243. Cucurbitaceas, 187. Cutworms, 250. Cyanocitta cristata, 334. Cyanospiza cyanea, 335. Cycloloma atriplicifolium, 165, 166, 167 169, 179, 183, 190, 236. Cydnus obliquus, 206, 239. sp., 239. Cymbasremaeus, 350, 387. marginalis, 387. Cyperaceae, 182. Cyperus bushii, 159, 170, 182, 190. riliculmis, 159, 160, 175, 182, 191. schweinitzii, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163. 166, 170, 182, 190, 192. 396 Index D Daddy-long-legs, 22 7. Damaeinae, 346. Danisms, 344. 350, 371, 380, 385. angustipes, 385. australis, 386. bulbipedatus, 386. calif ornicus, 386. floridanus, 386. longiseta, 386. nitens, 339, 371, 372-373, 386. puritanicus, 386. sufflexus, 371 372, 386. Dandelion, 226, 251, 254. Darters, 275-303. Dasyllis thoracica, 251 (see Errata). Deltocephalus melsheimeri, 236. Dendroica coronata, 33 5. maculosa, 335. palmarum, 335. virens, 335. Diabrotica 12-punctata, 246. longicornis, 246. Diapheromera femorata, 259. velii, 259. Dichelomyia rosarum, 18, 24. Dichromorpha viridis, 225, 231. Dielis plumipes, 223, 226, 254. Diodia teres, 187. Diommatus congrex, 236. Diplesion blennioides, 2S0, 281, 286, 289, 290, 298. Diplochila impressicollis, 240. Diplosis rosivora, 15 Diptera, 250-252. Discolia bicincta, 254. Disonycha pennsylvanica, 246. 5-vittata, 227, 246. triangularis, 246. Dissosteira, 222. Carolina, 211, 232. Dock, 245. Dogwood, 3. Dolerus arvensis, 2 52. Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 334. Dragonflies, 225. Dr5robates pubescens medianus, 334. villosus, 334. E Elaphrus ruscarius, 240. Elder, 250. Elm, 1, 3, 239, 248, 386. American, 5, 11. Emblethis griseus, 211, 237. Empidonax traillii, 334. Encoptolophus sordidus, 232. English Sparrow, 308, 309, 315, 316, 317, 321, 324, 325.. 329, 330, 331, 332, 333. Enicospilus purgatus, 2 52. Epeolus bifasciatus, 2 57. concolor, 256 fumipennis, 257. lunatus, 225, 257. pusillus, 205, 257. Epicauta pennsylvanica, 247. Epitragus acutus, 207, 223, 247. Equisetaceas, 181. Equisetum arvense, 181. robustum, 173, 181. 190. Eragrostis pectinacea, 158, 182 trichodes, 158, 160, 161, 173, 176, 182, 190, 192. Erax, 225. sestuans, 251. Eremaeus arcticus, 384. floridanus, 384. marginalis, 387. Eritettix virgatus, 200, 202, 203, 206, 231, 259. Erysimum arkansanum, 174, 183, 192. Estigmene acraea, 249. Etheostoma cceruleum, 281, 290, 292- 293, 298. flabellare, 281, 298. jessiae, 281, 2S7. 290-291, 292, 298. zonale, 280, 281, 289, 290-291, 292- 293, 294-295, 298. Etheostominse, 275-303. Eubaphe, 220. aurantiaca brevicornis, 249. Eudamus tityrus, 249. Index 397 Eupatorium ageratoides, 177. purpureum, 1S7. serotinum, 1S7. Euphorbia corollata, 175, 176, 185, 224, 238. geyeri, 162, 163, 166, 167, 170, 175, 179, 180, 185, 190, 192. heterophylla, 171, 185, 189. polygonifolia, 192. Euphorbiaceae, 185. Euphoria sepulcralis, 245. Eupomotis, 27, 29, 30, 33, 35. euryorus, 28, 29, 32. gibbosus, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35. heros, 28, 35. holbrooki, 28. pallidus, 29. Euschistus fissilis, 238, 264. variolarius, 238, 264. Eustilbus apicalis, 242. Euthamia caroliniana, 188. sp., 225, 233. Exochilum fuscipenne, 2 52. Exoprosopa fasciata, 250. fascipennis, 250. Fagaceas, 182. Falcata comosa, 184. Falco columbarius, 334. sparverius, 334. Field-sparrow, 309, 310, 315, 316, 317, 320, 324, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332. Fish, 22 7, 243. Flicker, 309, 310. Formica fusca, 253. pallid efulva schaufussi, 253. Fragaria virginiana grayana, 184. Froelichia, 192. campestris, 160, 162, 163, 166, 174, 178, 179, 183, 190. Fungi, 384, 385. Galeoscoptes carolinensis, 335. Galerucella notulata, 246. Galium circaezans, 187. pilosum, 174, 187. Galumna armipes, 380. imperfecta, 381. minuscula, 359, 381. nitidula, 382. persimilis, 382. slossonae, 382. texana, 382. turgida, 358, 382. unimaculata, 357, 383. virginica, 362, 383. Gaura biennis, 185. Geopinus incrassatus, 211, 221, 241. Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla, 33 5. Geum canadense, 177. Gleditsia triacanthos, 173, 184. Gnaphalium obtusifolium, 188. Goldfinch, 309, 310, 315, 316, 317, 320, 324, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332. Gramineas, 181. Graphops nebulosus, 245. Grasshopper, Carolina, 211. Grasshoppers, 213, 221, 222, 225, 226, 251. Grossulariaceas, 184. Gryllus abbreviatus, 235. arenosus, 202. pennsylvanicus, 226, 227, 235. personatus, 202, 206, 212, 221, 235. Gymnobates, 337, 349, 379. glaber, 379. H Hackberry, 171. Hadropterus aspro, 278, 279, 281, 282, 294, 298. phoxocephalus, 278, 279, 280, 281, 285, 291-292, 293, 294, 298. Halictus tumulorum, 256. Haltica fuscoaenea, 205, 224, 246 Harpalini sp., 204, 242, 264. Harpalus caliginosus, 221, 241. erraticus, 211, 221, 241. 242. faunus, 241 . herbivagus, 241, 265. testaceus, 204, 211, 241, 264. 398 Index Hedeoma pulegioides, 186. Hedges, 181. Hedychrum obsoletum, 254. Helianthemum majus, 174, 175, 176 (see Errata), 185. Helianthus illinoensis, 174, 188, 191. occidentalis, 168, 169, 174, 175, 176, 179, 188. scaberrimus, 168, 169, 1SS, 191. strumosus, 189. Heliocheilus paradoxus, 206, 223, 249. Heliopsis scabra, 188. Helminthophila celata, 335. peregrina, 33 5. rubricapilla, 33S. Hemiptera, 22 5, 236-239. Hermannia, 350, 373, 386. bistriata, 3 73. quadriseriata, 386. trinebulosa, 386. Hesperotettix, 212. pratensis, 202, 205, 208, 225, 233. speciosus, 202, 205, 208, 233. Heterodon simus, 225, 257. Heteroptera, 208. Hexagenia, 225. Hickory, 173. Hicoria microcarpa, 173, 182. Hieracium longipilum, 16S, 169, 173, 187, 191. Hippiscus, 221. haldemanii, 202, 205, 214, 222, 232. phcenicopterus, 202, 204, 213, 222, 226, 232 rugosus, 214, 222, 232. suturalis, 232. tuberculatus, 202, 213, 214, 232. Hippodamia eonvergens. 242. glacialis, 242. Hirundo erythrogaster, 335 Hister, 227. abbreviatus, 243. interruptus, 243. Hognose Snake, 22 5. Homaemus seneifrons, 225, 239, 264. Homasmus — continued. bijugis, 264. grammicus, 264. proteus, 264. Honey-bees, 224, 251. Hoploderma,339, 340, 351, 375, 377, 3S8. dasypus, 375, 376-377, 388. granulatum, 388. setosum, 388. sphasrula, 375. 376, 388 (see Errata). Hoplodermidas, 342, 344, 345, 347, 348, 349, 375, 388. Hoplophora arctata, 388. eontraetilis, 3 76. dasypus, 376. lentula, 376. setosa, 388. sphasrula, 388. Horned Lark. 309, 310, 315. 316, 317, 319. 321, 324, 327, 329, 330, 331, 332. House-fly, 226, 252. Huckleberry, 222. Hydnocera pallipennis, 244. subasnea, 244. Hyla, 22 5. squirella. 257. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni, 335. Hymenarcys nervosa, 238. Hymenoptera, 221, 223, 252-25 7. Hymenorus obscurus, 247. Hyperaspidius trimaculatus, 243, 265. Hypericaceae, 185. Hypericum sphaerocarpum, 174, 185. Hypochthonius, 351, 374, 387. rufulus, 374, 375, 3S7. Hypoxys erecta, 243. Ichneumon subcyaneus, 253. Ionactis linariifolius, 161, 178, 188, 191. Iphiaulax eurygaster, 252. Ipomcea pandurata, 174, 179, 186. Iridoprocne bicolor, 335. Ischnoptera inaequalis, 204, 221, 230. Ischyrus 4-punctatus, 243. Index 399 Jalysus spinosus, 237. Juglandacea?, 182. Juglans nigra, 182. Junco hyemalis, 335. Juniperus sabina, 238. K Killdeer, 309, 310. Koellia flexuosa, 186. . pilosa, 186. Kuhnia eupatorioides, 187. glutinosa, 188, 191. Labiata?, 186. Lachnosterna prunina, 244. Laeinaria scariosa, 168, 188. Lacon rectangularis, 206, 221 (see Er- rata), 243, 247. Lactuca canadensis, 160, 187. Lampronotus mellipes, 253. Languria bicolor, 243. Lanius ludovicianus, 335. Laphystia notata, 266. 6-faseiata, 212, 220 221, 25l,|266. Lappula virginiana, 186. Lark, Horned, 309, 310, 315. 316, 317, 319, 321, 324, 327. 329, 330, 331, 332. Meadow, 309, 310, 315, 316, 317, 318, 321, 324, 326, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333. Prairie, 320. Larrida, 223. Lasioglossum coriaceum, 256. Lasius latipes, 253. niger americanus, 253. Lathyrus maritimus, 192. Lauraceas, 183. Lebia scapularis, 241. Leeanium sp., 236. Lechea villosa, 174, 185. Leisoma globifer, 383. ovata, 375. Lema cornuta._204,|_224, 245. sayi, 245. Lepidoptera, 211, 213, 220, 248-250. Lepomis, 27, 29, 30, 35. auritus, 28. cyanellus. 31 , 32. euryorus, 31, 32. garmani, 33, 34. haplognathus, 28. humilis, 28, 30. 32, 34. ischyrus, 31 . 32. machrochirus, 29. megalotis, 28, 30, 32, 34. miniatus, 28, 31, 33. occidentalis, 28. pallidas, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34. symmetricus, 31, 33. Leptilon canadense, 160, 161, 162, 163, 170, 175, 188. Leptinotarsa 10-lineata, 246. Lepyronia gibbosa, 236, 258. sordid a, 225. Lespedeza capitata, 160. 161, 162. 163, 170, 175, 17 7, 184. virginica, 184. Lesquerella spathulata, 173, 178, 183, 191, 193. Liacarus, 344, 350, 365, 3S3. abdominalis, 383. carolinensis, 383. frontalis, 383. globifer, 383. lucidus, 365, 383. minutus, 365, 383. modestus, 383. niger, 365, 366, 383. nitidus. 365, 366-367, 383. Ligyrocoris constrictus, 237, 263. sylvestris, 237. Ligyrus gibbosus, 245. relictus, 245. Limonius quercinus, 226, 243. Liobunum, 227. vittatum, 230. Lithospermum gmelini, 186, 190, 192. linearifolium. 161, 162, 166, 180, 186, 190. Lixus concavus, 248. Lizard, Striped, 225. 400 Index Lobelia inflata, 187. leptostachys, 187. spicata, 1S7. Locustidas, 225, 233. Lohmannia, 350. Lombardy Poplar, 181. Loxandrus brevicollis, 240. Lucanus dama, 265. placidus, 204, 226. 244, 265. Lucidota atra, 244. Lumbriculidae, 46 50. Lumbriculus, 45, 50. inconstans, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50. variegatus,'45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50. Lupinus sp., 259. Lygaeus bicrucis, 223, 237. kalmii, 237. turcicus, 237. Lygus pratensis, 236. Lythracea?, 185. M Macrobasis unicolor, 224. 247. Magdalis armicollis, 248. Malacocoris irroratus, 236. Malvaceae, 185. Mantidae, 9. Meadow-lark, 309, 310, 315, 316. 317, 318, 321. 324, 326, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333 Mecas pergrata, 207, 245. Mecostethus lineatus, 231. platypterus. 200, 205, 231, 232, 258. Megachile brevis, 256. latimanus, 225, 256, 257. mendica, 2 56. Megalotomus 5-spinosus, 238. Meibomia canadensis, 168, 184. nudiflora, 174, 1S4. paniculata, 174, 184. sessilifolia, 174, 184. Melanerpes erythrocephalus, 334. Melanolestes picipes, 237. Melanoplus angustipennis, 202, 206, 215, 216, 217. 219, 221, 222, 230, 234. 261, 262. atlanis, 200, 214, 216, 217. 219, 234. Melanoplus — continued. bivittatus, 218, 219. femoratus, 234. cenchri, 209, 234. coccineipes, 217, 219. cceruleipes, 217. differentialis, 234. extremus, 200. fasciatus, 202, 204, 215, 226, 234. femoratus, 218, 219. femur-rubrum, 209, 210. 214, 216, 219, 222, 226, 234. flavidus, 202, 205, 209, 215. 217, 219, 221, 233, 234, 261. nuviatilis, 261 (see Errata). impudicus, 200, 201, 203, 204, 215, 226, 234. islandicus, 200. luridus, 201, 215, 226, 234. macneilli, 204, 234, 261. (See also Errata.) mir.or, 201,204,214,215,216,219.234. packardii, 217, 219. scudderi, 215, 226, 234. spretus, 218, 219. cceruleipes, 218. walshi, 200. Melanotus communis. 243. infaustus, 243. Melasoma lapponica, 227, 246. scripta, 246. Melissodes agilis aurigenia, 257. atripes, 25 7. obliqua, 25 7. Melospiza cinerea melodia, 335. georgiana, 335. lincolni, 335. Menispennaceas, 183. Menispermum canadense, 168, 171, 183. Mermiria bivittata, 202, 204, 225, 231, 258. neomexicana, 202, 205, 225, 231. Meroptera cviatella, 204, 249. Merula migratoria, 33 5. Mesadenia atriplicifolia. 168, 189, 223 237, 243. 247, 254. reniformis, 237. Index 401 Mesogramma marginata, 251. politus, 251. Mesoplophora, 351. Mestobregma thomasi, 233. Metachroma angustulum, 207, 227, 246. parallelum, 207, 224, 227, 246. Methoca bicolor, 254. Microbembex monodonta, 212, 220, 251, 256. Microdus sanctus, 252. Microlepidopter, 222. Mimesa argentifrons, 256. Mimus polyglottos, 335. Minnow, 273, Mollugo verticillata, 166, 179, 180, 183. Mollusca, Illinois, 53-133. (Index. 134- 136.) Molothrus ater, 334. Monachus ater, 245. saponatus, 245. .Monarda punctata, 155, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 166, 170, 171, 174, 175, 176, 186, 191, 192, 224, 239, 244, 257. Monedula Carolina, 256. Monocrepidius vespertinus, 243. Monomorium minutum, 253. Monophadnoides rubi, 252. Moracea?, 183. Mordella marginata, 247. octopunctata, 247. scutellaris, 247. Morel ellistena biplagiata, 247. Mormidea lugens, 238. Morus rubra, 17 7, 183. Moss, 379, 381, 382, 383, 386, 387, 388. Mourning-dove, 309, 310, 315, 316, 317, 320, 322, 324, 327, 329, 330, 331, 332. Mullein, 227, 230. Murcia acuminata, 369. Musca domestica, 252. Mutillidae, 212, 221, 230, 254. Myrmeleon immaculatus occidentalis, 206, 239. Myrmica rubra scabrinodis schencki, 253 Myrtle Warbler, 309, 310, 315, 31 7. Mvzine, 224. namea, 254. N Nabalus asper, 174, 187. 192. Nabis elongatus, 204, 236, 262. (See also Errata.) ferus, 236. propinquus, 263. vicarius, 263. Nemobius carolinus, 235. fasciatus vittatus, 235, 262. Neocerata rhodophaga, 15-25. Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 245. Neoharmonia venusta, 242. Neoliodes, 344, 345, 350, 386. concentrica, 386. floridensis, 386. Neottioglossa sulcifrons, 222, 238. Neuroptera, 239. Nomotettix compressus, 201. Notaspidinae, 346. Notaspis, 347, 350, 367, 380, 384. arctica, 384. bipilis, 367, 369. burrowsi, 384. canadensis, 384. carbonaria, 384. fioridana 384. montana, 384. pilosa, 384. punctulata, 384. pyrostigmata, 367, 384 (see^Errata). spinipes, 367, 368, 384. Nothopus zabroides, 206, 221, 241. Nothosmia albiventris, 256. Nothridae, 348, 349, 364, 383. Nothrinas, 346. Nothrus, 345. 348,|3S0,|387. anauniensis, 341. banksi, 387. bipilis, 387. bistriatus, 373. excisus, 38 7. marinus, 385. palliatus, 373. rugulosus, 387. simplex, 387. taurinus, 387. 402 Index Nothras — continued. truncatus, 387. varians, 247. Notoglossa americana, 256. Xototrachys canadensis, 252. Xotoxus bifasciatus, 247. Nuthatches, 12. Nyctaginaceae, 183. Xysius angustatus, 237. 0 Oak, 192, 226, 243. Black, 173. Black-jack. (.See Black-jack Oak.) White, 17 7. Oberea, 1.11. bimaculata, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8. texana, 1,5. tripunctata, 1, 2, 3. 4, 5, S, 12, 245. ulmieola, 1-14. Ocyptera Carolina?, 252 Odontota dorsalis, 247. horni, 205, 246. Odynerus dorsalis, 25 5. geminatus, 207, 255. pedestris, 2 54. CEcanthus niveus, 235. pini, 235. 4-punctatus, 222, 235. CEdionychis thyamoides, 246. vians, 246. CEdipodinae, 213, 221, 232. Oenothera laciniata, 185. rhombipetala 160, 162, 163, 175, 179, 185, 190, 192. Olethreutes climidiana, 206, 222, 2 50. (See also Errata.) srparatana, 249 (see Errata). Oligochaeta, 45-50. Onagra, 222. biennis, 185, 224. 249, 246 (see Errata), 248 (see Errata), 249. Onagracea?, 185. Onosmodium carolinianum, 176, 186. Onthophagus hecate, 22 5, 244. pennsylvanicus, 225, 244. Oodes cuprasus, 241. Opatrinus aciculatus, 247. notus, 205, 20S, 221, 247. Ophiderma salamandra, 236. Oppia bipilis, 369. canadensis, 384. corauta, 369. montana, 384. nitens, 372, 386. spinipes, 368. 384. Opuntia, 243, 244. humifusa, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 169, 174, 175. 176, 178, 180, 185, 190, 192, 223, 238, 244, 251. Orchelimum sp., 235. Oribata. 341, 347, 349, 353, 380. affinis, 380. alata, 380. americana, 380. angustipes, 385. arborea, 354, 361, 380. armipes. 380. artilamellata. 354, 360-361, 380. banksi, 339. 340, 355, 364, 381. californica, 386. centro-americana, 381. clavilanceolata, 3S1. clavipectinata, 381. curva, 381. depressa, 381. emarginata, 354, 355, 381. fuscipes, 354, 360, 381. hirsuta, 381. illinoisensis, 355. 363-364. 381. imperfecta, 381. longiseta, 386. magna, 381. minuscula, 3 54, 359-360, 381. mcesta, 381. mollicoma, 341. multipilosa, 382. nitens, 353. nitidula, 3S2. octopunctata, 354, 356-357, 382. oralis, 353. pallida. 382. palustris, 382. Index l<>3 Oribata — continued. parvilamellata, 355, 362 (see Errata), 382. persimilis, 382. pratensis, 382. punctata, 353. puritanicus, 386. robusta, 354, 355-356, 382. rugifrons, 382. setosa, 340. slossonae, 382. spinogenula, 354, 357, 382. texana, 382. turgida, 354, 358-359, 382. unimaculata, 354. 357—358, 383. virginica, 355, 362, 383. Oribatella, 349, 352, 379. aquatica, 379. armata, 353. bidentata (?), 360. borealis, 379. minuta, 380. obesa, 380. ovalis, 352, 353, 380. perfecta, 380. quadridentata, 352, 380. setosa, 380. signata, 380. Oribates dasypus, 376 (see Errata), 388. nicoletii, 353. ovalis, 353, 380. Oribatidre, 345, 347, 348, 349, 351-364, 379-383. Oribatodes, 349, 379. mirabilis, 379. Oribatoidea, 337-389 (list, 379). Oribatula pallida, 382. Orphulella pelidna, 202, 225, 231. speciosa, 202, 222. 231. Orthoptera, 201, 203, 207, 213, 223, 230-235, 258. Orthosoma brunneum, 245. Otocoris alpestris praticola, 334. Oxalidacese, 184. Oxalis violacea, 184. Oxyechus vociferus, 334. Oxystoglossa eonfusa, 2 56. Pachybraehys pubesecne, 245. Pamphila metaeomet, 24S. zabulon, 248. Pangaeus bilineatus, 239. Panicum cognatum, 158, 160, 161, 163, 173, 181, 191. virgatum, 158, 168, 169, 181, 231. sp., 158, 160, 161, 175, 181, I'M. Papilionacea?, 184. Parandra brurmea, 245. Parascaphirhynchus, 38, 11 alba, 38-40. Paratettix cucullatus, 22 7, 231. Parhypochthonius, 351. Paroxya hoosieri, 200. scudderi, 200. Parsonsia petiolata, 185. Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 171, 177. Parus atricapillus, 335. carolinensis, 335. Pasimachus elongatus, 240. Paspalum setaceum, 15S, 161, 163, 170, 173, 181. Passer domesticus, 334. Passerculus sandwiehensis savanna, 334. Passerella iliaca, 335. Patrobus longieornis, 227, 240. Peach, 380, 381. Pedicularis canadensis, 1S7. Peliopelta abbreviata, 263, 264. Pelops, 341, 349, 37". americanus, 379. Pentatoma juniperina, 205, 207, 208, 223, 238. Pentstemon hirsutus, 174, 187. Percina caprodes, 287, 294-295, 298. Peribalus limbolarius, 238. Perigenes fallax, 263. Perillus circumcinctus, 212, 224, 238. Petalostemon candidus, 161, 178, 184, 190, 192. purpureus, 178, 184. Petrochelidon lu nitrons, 335. Pezotettix autumnalis, 234. Phacepholis Candida, 207, 225, 24S (see Errata), 265. 404 Index Phacepholis — continued. obscura, 265. Pheidole vinelandica, 253. Phidippus insolens, 212, 221, 230. Philaenus lineatus, 236. Phlegyas annulicrus, 237, 263. Phlox bifida, 161, 178, 186 191. Phoetaliotes nebrascensis, 202, 206, 234. Phormia temenovae, 224, 237. 252. Photuris pennsylvanica, 244. Phryma leptostachya. 187. Phrymaceae, 187. Phthiraearinre, 346. Phthiracarus, 339, 340, 351, 377, 388. amerieanus, 377, 378, 388. arctatus, 388. arduus, 378. contractilis, 376. cryptopus, 388. flagelliformis, 37 7, 388. flavus, 388. glabratus, 388. magnus, 388. rotundus 388 Phthiria sulphurea, 2 50. Phymata fasciata, 237. woltti, 237. Physalis heterophylla, 187. virginiana. 186. Physocnemum brevilineum, 245. Physostegia virginiana. 178. 186. Phytocoris colon, 236. Phytonomus comptus, 248. Pieris protodice. 248. Pike, 273. Pine, 258. Pipilo erythrophthalmus,* 33 5. Pitcher-plant. 3S3. 364. Platynus decorus, 240. extensicollis, 240. octopunctatus, 22 7. 240. placidus, 241. Platyptera, 230. Plesia interrupta, 2 54. namea, 2 54. obscura, 254. sp., 254. Plum-trees, 181. Poa pratensis, 161, 169, 182. Podisus maculiventris, 238. Polanisia graveolens, 184, 191. Polemoniaceas, 186. Polistes, 224. pallipes, 255. Polygala verticillata, 161, 162, 178, 184. Polygalaceae, 184. Polygon aceae, 183. Polygonum cristatum, 174, 183. 191. emersum, 183. tenue, 161, 162, 178, 179, 1S3, 191. Polyphylla hammondi, 207, 244. Polypodiaeeae, 181. Polytaania nuttallii, 186. 192. Pompilus ingenuus, 255. Poocaetes gramineus, 334. Poplar. 22 7, Carolina, 198. 246. Lombardy, 181. Populus deltoides, 168, 169, 173, 182 dilatata, 173, 182. Portulacaceas, 183. Porzana Carolina, 334. Potato-beetle, 226. Potato Stalk borer, 226. Potentilla canadensis, 18 4. Prairie Lark. 320. Prenolepis fulva, 2 53. Prickly Pear, 17S. Priocnemis nebulosus, 2 5 5. Prionapteryx nebulifera, 222. 250. Priononyx atratus, 255. bifoveolatus, 25 5. thoma?. 255. Proctacanthus brevipennis, 205, 251. milbertii, 251. Progne subis, 335. Promachus vertebratus, 251. Prunella vulgaris, 186. Prunus pumila, 193. Pseudoscaphirhynchus, 40, 41. Psilocephala haemorrhoidalis, 251. pictipennis, 205, 250. Psinidia, 222 fenestralis, 202, 214, 221, 233: 260. Index 405 Psophus, 232. Psoralea onobrychis, 250. Pteridium aquilinum, 174, 181. Pterogasterea, 337. Pterostichus caudicalis, 240. erythropus, 240. lucublandus, 240. sayi, 240. Ptilodactyla serricollis, 243. Pycnanthemum linifolium, 256. muticum pilosum, 256 Pyrameis huntera, 248. Pyrgus tessellata, 248. Q Quail, 309, 310, 333. Quercus alba, 177. macrocarpa, 177. marylandica, 172. 173, 182. velutina, 173, 182, 192. Quiscalus quiscula aeneus, 234. R Ranunculacese, 183. Raspberry, 3, 252. Cane -borer, 2. Ratibida pinnata, 188, 192. Regulus calendula, 335. satrapa, 335. Reptilia, 257. Resthenia insitiva, 224, 236. Rhadiurgus leucopogon, 207, 251. Rhamnaceae, 185. Rhipiphorus pectinatus, 247. Rhodobaenus 13-punctatus, 248. Rhus aromatica, 169, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 180, 185, 192, 224, 236, 237, 238, 246. radicans, 185. Rhyssematus lineaticollis, 212, 248. Ribes missouriense, 171, 184, 192. Rivellia 4-fasciata, 252. viridulans, 252. Robber-flies, 251. Robin, 309, 310, 333. Romaleum simplicicolle, 245. Rosa canina, 18. humilis, 159, 160, 184. Rosaceae, 184. Rose, 244, 245. Roses, 15. Bride, 19. Golden Gate. 19. Ivory, 19. La France, 19. Madame Chatenay, 19. Meteor, 15, 16, 19, 24. Wild, 19. Wooton, 19. Rubiacese, 187. Rubus, 1,3. Rudbeckia hirta, 175, 188. triloba, 188. Ruellia ciliosa, 187. Rutaceae, 184. Salicacese, 182. Salix tristis. 173, 180. 182, 191 Salomonia commutata, 182. Sand-bur, 209, 233. Sand-myrtle, 222 Sand Wasp, 212. Sanicula canadensis, 186. Saprinus, 227. ferrugineus, 204, 243. fraternus, 243. patruelis, 243 Sarracenia purpurea, 353, 364. Sayornis phcebe, 334. Scaphirhynchus, 41. fedtschenkoi, 40, 41. hermanni, 40, 41. kaufmanni, 40, 41. platorhynchus, 40. Schinia areifera, 249. Schistocerca alutacea, 201, 208, 226, 233. americana, 233. Schizocerus sp., 213, 2 52. Scolops grossus, 236. Scotobates calcaratus, 205, 247. Scrophularia marylandica, 187. nodosa, 226, 238. Scrophulariacete, 187. 406 Index Scudderia, 22 5. furcata, 235. texensis, 235. Scutovertex. 339, 350, 385. marinus, 385. petrophagus, 385. pilosus, 384. Sehirus cinctus, 224, 239. Serinetha trivittata, 237. Serrarius, 349. Sesia tipuliformis, 249. Setophaga ruticilla, 335. Shovelnose Sturgeon, 37-44. Sialia sialis, 335. Sicyos angulatus. 171, 187, 189. Silene antirrhina. 183. stellata, 177, 183. Silpha, 227. inaequalis, 242. noveboracensis, 242. surinamensis, 242. Sinea confusa, 206, 236. diadema, 236. Sitta canadensis, 33 5. carolinensis, 335. Smilax hispida, 182 Smiliaceas, 182. Solanaceae, 186. Solanum carolinense, 187. nigrum, 171, 187, 189. Solidago missouriensis, 159, 160, 180, 188, 191. nemoralis, 188. rigida, 188. ulmitolia. 188. sp., 225. 233. Sorghastrum avenaceum, 168, 169, 181. Sparrow, English, 308, 309, 315, 316, 317. 321, 324, 325, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333. Field, 309, 310, 315, 316, 317, 320, 324, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332. Swamp, 309. 310, 315. Vesper, 309, 310. White-throated, 309, 310, 315, 317. 333. Spartina cynosuroides, 173, 182. Speeularia perfoliata, 1S7. Spha?ridium searabaeoides, 205, 207, 242. Sphaerophthalma agenor, 254, 266. bioeulata, 266. eanella,.254. ehlamydata, 204, 2 54, 266. creusa, 266. ferrugata, 2 53, 266. harmonia, 205, 208, 253. macra, 254, 266. oceidentalis, 212, 253. 4-guttata, 207, 253. rugulosa, 254. vesta, 2 51. n.sp., 253. Sphagnum, 380, 381, 385, 387. Spharagemon bolli, 201, 232. wyomingianum, 202, 212. 221, 232. Sphex ichneumoneus, 255. pennsylvanicus, 255. Sphragisticus nebulosus, 237. Sphyrapicus varius, 334. Spiders, 9, 212, 221. Spiza americana, 335. Spizella pusilla, 335. socialis, 335. Spogostylum albofasciatum, 2 50. Sporobolus crypt and rus. 158, 166, 169, 170, 175, 180, 182, 191. Spruce, 387. Stachyocnemis, 211. apicalis, 206, 220, 237. Stachys, 239. Stalk -borer, Potato. 226. Staphylinus maculosus, 242. tomentosus, 242. Stenolophus dissimilis, 242. ochropezus, 242. Stenophyllus capillaris, 168, 169 173, 182. Stereopalpus mellyi, 247. Stictia Carolina, 2 56. Stictocephala lutea, 236. Stipa spartea, 158, 161, 173, 182, 190. Strigoderma arboricola, 224, 244. Strophostyles helveola, 184 umbellata, 184. Index 407 Sturgeon, Shovelnose, 37-44. Sturmia albifrons, 252. Sturnella magna, 334. Sumac, 224. Sunfishes, 27-35. Swamp-sparrow, 309, 310, 315. Syntherisma filiformis. 159, 181. Syrbula admirabilis, 201, 225, 231. Syrphid fly, 213, 223, 251. Systena blanda, 246. Systoechus vulgaris, 250. T Tachysphex texanus, 256. Tachytes obscurus, 256. texanus, 207. Talinum rugospermum. 174, 178, 179. 1S3, 192. Tectocepheus velatus, 370. Tegeocranus, 347, 350, 370, 385. lamellatus, 370, 371, 385. velatus, 370. Tenebrio molitor, 247. Tenebrioides mauritanica, 243. Tenebrionida;, 212. Tenthredo verticalis, 252. Terias lisa, 248. Termes flavipes, 221, 230. Terrapene Carolina, 25 7. Tetragnatha laboriosa, 230. Tetragonoderus fasciatus 211, 227, 241. Tetralonia dilecta, 206, 25 7. Tetraopes femoratus, 245. tetraophthalmus , 245 Tettigia hieroglyphica, 204, 236. Tettiginae, 200. Tettix arenosus, 201, 2^0. Teucrium canadense, 159, 160, 175, 176 186. Thaspium trifoliatum aureum, 186. Thecla melinus, 248 Thinodrilus. 45. inconstans, 45. Thryomanes bewickii, 335. Thyanta custator, 238. Tiger-beetles, 212, 221, 227, 241. Timulla dubitata, 254. hexagona, 254. Tinicephalus simplex, 236. Tiphia punctata, 2 54. Tipula sp., 250. Tobacco plant, 154. Toxostoma ruium, 33 5. Trachyrhachis, 222. thomasi, 202, 233. Tradescantia virginiana. 182. Tree-toad, 225. Trhypochthonius, 351. Trichius piger, 245. Trichobaris trinotata, 248. Trichodrilus, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50. allobrogum, 45. pragensis, 45, 48. Tricuspis seslerioides, 158, 173, 182. Trielis octomaculata, 207. 254. Trimerotropis citrina, 212, 226, 233, 260. maritima, 200, 261. saxatilis, 200. Triosteum aurantiacum, 177. Tritia lentula, 376 Trizetes, 349. Troglodytes aedon, 335. Trombidium locustarum, 230. Trox scabrosus, 221. 244. suberosus, 244. Tumidalvus, 337, 350, 387. americana, 387. Turtles, 227. Tyloderma foveolatum, 224, 248. Tympanuchus americanus, 334. Typocerus sinuatus, 245. velutinus, 245. Typophorus aterrimus, 246. Tyrannus tyrannus, 334. U Udeopsylla nigra, 262. robusta, 202, 206, 212, 221, 235, 262. Ulmacere, 182. Ulmus, 1. americana, 5. Umbelliferas, 186. Urticaceas, 183. Urticastrum divaricatum, 171, 183, 1S9 408 Index V Vagnera racemosa, 177. stellata, 177. Verbascum thapsus, 187. Verbena, 251, 256. bracteosa, 186, 190. stricta, 186, 190. Verbenaceee, 186. Vespa cuneata, 255. germanica, 255. Vireo olivaceus, 335. philadelphicus, 335. solitarius, 335. Vitaceas, 185. Vitis vulpina, 168, 171 (see Errata). 185. Volucella fasciata, 212, 223, 226 (see Errata), 251. w Wala mitratus, 230. Walnut, 171, 382. Warbler, Myrtle, 309. 310. 315 317. Wasp, Sand, 212. Wasps, 213, 223. White-grubs, 318. White Oak, 177. -throated Sparrow, 309, 310,315,317, 333. Willow, 198, 227, 242, 245, 246. Witch-hazel, 3. Xanthoptera semiflava, 205, 249. Xanthoxylum americanum, 184. Xiphidium, 225. brevipenne, 235. strictum, 235. Xylopinus saperdioides, 205, 247. Xylotrechus colonus, 245. Xysticus gulosus, 230. Ypsia undularis, 249. Yucca, 248. Zabrotes, n. sp., 247. Zelus lurid us, 237. renardi, 206, 237. socius, 206, 223, 224, 237. Zenaidura macroura, 334. Zetes ephippiatus, 360. Zetorchestes, 349. micronychus, 345. Zodion leucostoma, 251. obliquefasciatum, 207, 251. Zonotrichia albicollis, 334. leucophrys, 334. Zuphium longicolle, 204, 241. Zygogramma suturalis casta, 246. Mb ' mm urn IRIX HP) mflBst 4Bi &MH