ioe) ae " ons see OH rad fe Seta 3 * M9 pense ath som : . % ye ws a oe A aes a8 6st oe Pe 49 vote a ts 182 8 ears a4:> Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/bulletinofmuseu46harv WV BULLETIN OF THE ' MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY HARVARD COLLEGE, IN CAMBRIDGE. VOL. XLVI. CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S. A. 1904-1906. UNIVERSITY PREsS: Joan Witson anp Sox, Camprince, U.S.A. | CON PEN CS. No. 1. — Descriptions of Bolca Fishes. By C. R. Eastman. (2 plates.) June, 1904 . - F bee . No. 2. — Maldive Cephalochordates, with the Description of a New Species from Florida. By G. H. Parker. (2 plates.) November, 1904 . No. 3. — Batrachia and Reptilia from the Bahamas. By Tuomas Barzour. December, 1904 . No. 4.— Three Letters from Alexander Agassiz to the Hon. George M. Bowers, United States Fish Commissioner, on the Cruise, in the Eastern Pacific, of the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer “ Albatross,” Lieut. Com- mander L. M. Garrett, U.S. N., Commanding. April, 1905 . No. 5.— The Vertebrata of Gorgona Island, Colombia. By Ourram Bayes, Tuomas Barsour, Witmor W. Brown, Jr., and Joun E. THayrerR. June, SOS). No. 6.— Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S. Fish Com- mission Steamer ‘‘ Albatross,” from October, 1904, to March, 1905, Lieut. Commander L. M. Garrett, U. S.N., Commanding. II. Description of a New Genus of Isopods, Typical of a Peculiar Family. By Harriet RICHARDSON. (1 plate.) July, 1905. No. 7.— Notes on Bermudian Fishes. By Tuomas Barpour. (4 plates.) September, 1905 No. 8.— The Mammals and Birds of the Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama. By Joun I. THayer and Outram Banes. September, 1905. No. 9.— Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S. Fish Commis- sion Steamer “ Albatross,” from October, 1904, to March, 1905, Lieut. Commander L. M. Garrett, U.S. N., Commanding. III. Craspedotella, a New Genus of the Cystoflagellata, an Example of Convergence. By CHARLES Atwoop Koroip. (1 plate.) September, 1905 No. 10.— Reports on the Results of Dredging, under the Supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, and on the East Coast of the United States, 1877 to 1880, by the U.S. Coast Survey Steamer ‘“ Blake,” Lieut. Commander C. D. Sigsbee, U. S. N., and Commander J. R. Bartlett, U.S. N., Commanding. XLI. Zur Anatomie yon Pentacrinus decorus Wy. Th. Von AuGust REICHENSPERGER. (3 plates.) December, 1905 . PAGE 63 161 lV CONTENTS No. 11.— New Plagiostomia. By SamurL Garman. January,1906 . . No. 12.— Vertebrata from the Savanna of Panama. By Ovurram Banes, Tuomas Barsour, SAMUEL GARMAN, and Jonny E. THayer. January, 1906 . No. 13.— Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commis- sion Steamer “ Albatross,” from October, 1904, to March, 1905, Lieut. Commander L. M. Garrett, U.S.N., Commanding. IV. Octacnemus. By Wiruam E. River. (3 plates.) January, 1906 No. 14.— Certain Scopelids in the Collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoblogy. By Cuarves H. Girpert. (3 plates.) April, 1906 . PAGE 201 209 231 253 Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy AT HARVARD COLLEGE. Vou. XLVI. No. 1. DESCRIPTIONS OF BOLCA FISHES. By C. R. EastMan. Witu Two PuateEs. CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S. A.: PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM. JuNE, 1904. No. 1. Descriptions of Bolca Fishes. By C. R. Eastman. THERE are two principal sources of information in regard to the marine fish fauna of the Eocene period, leaving out of account the minor evidence that is presented by detached hard parts, such as teeth and other fragmentary remains. The first of these, which is at the same time the most important and historically the most interesting, is that furnished by the tolerably abundant skeletons occurring in the fissile limestone of Monte boleca and Monte Postale in northern Italy. The other is that association of ichthyic remains which is known from the nearly equivalent horizon of the London Clay. These two faunas fortunately supplement each other to a consider- able extent, one of them making us acquainted with the large variety of forms which flourished during the later Eocene, and the other sup- plying us with important anatomical details. For the conditions of preservation in clay beds are obviously very different from those which are peculiar to limestone. Calcareous sediments are more compact ; and where pressure and subsequent hardening occur, bodies which are not absolutely rigid, like the skeletons of vertebrates, or even the outer covering of chelonians and crocodilians, are liable to become compressed and flattened out. Hence, as a general rule, the parts belonging to either side of the body in fishes become squeezed together and con- fused when preserved in limestone, and the pliant head-bones become more or less distorted and displaced. This is almost invariably the case with the fishes from Monte Bolca, and for a correct understanding of the cranial osteology we must turn to the uncrushed skulls from Sheppey and elsewhere. The London Clay fauna,! however, is not nearly so rich as the Italian, either in point of numbers or variety ; and it is accordingly the latter which provides us with the principal data for comparing the ichthyic representation of Eocene and modern times. Comparisons of this nature and of detailed structural modifications are of the very greatest importance, since by their means we are able to trace the direction and 1 Agassiz, L., Report on the Fossil Fishes of the London Clay (Rept. Brit. Assoc. Ady. Sci. pp. 279-310, 1845). VOL. XLVI.—No. 1 1 2 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. extent of variation and specialization that has been going on in certain groups during this interval. But the most striking fact which arrests our attention is not that variation should have advanced at such a slow rate since Eocene times as it apparently did, but that this process shonld have been quickened by such a sudden and enormous accelera- tion as took place at the dawn of the Tertiary system. Cretaceous forms pass away, leaving only here and there a few moribund survivors (e.g. Pycnodus, Palaeobalistum, etc.) in the Eocene, their place being taken by a host of modern types which appear for the most part ab- solutely unheralded. Not only does the Eocene fish fauna bear an overwhelmingly modern aspect, but many of its types are as highly specialized as they are to-day ; and forms which at the present day are widely aberrant have representatives at least as far back as the Middle Eocene. It is evident that an “‘expression point” (to us Cope’s apt term) was reached in the evolution of ichthyic life exactly correspond- ing to, and contemporaneous with that which is so well recognized in mamunalian life, although the cause of the phenomena is in each case unknown. The literature of Bolca fishes is extensive, and material from the typical locality has become distributed throughout the principal museums of the world. Nevertheless, the authentic specimens which have served either for the establishment of species, or for extending our knowledge in regard to them, are preserved in comparatively few in- stitutions. These are the only reliable standards we have to refer to in cases where the synonymy is confused; and as such cases are numerous, it is of importance to systematists to know where these standards are preserved and may be consulted for study. In the sequel, therefore, a list is given of all the type and figured specimens belonging to the largest single collection of Bolcea fishes which at present exists. In the following brief historical summary it is hoped that some facts have been brought together relating to the study of this fauna which shall be of service to investigators. 1. Old Collections, and Early Studies of Bolca Fishes. Although the priority of the Italian school of geology and palaeon- tology amongst those of other nations is clearly established, the share contributed by fossil vertebrates towards stimulating inquiry has been less generally appreciated. For this reason it may be profitable to cast a retrospective glance over the formative period of these branches of —— EASTMAN: DESCRIPTIONS OF BOLCA FISHES. 3 natural science, a period coéval with the literary reawakening in Italy. We need not, however, extend our survey so far back as to include the detached statements or speculations of classic authors, or even post- Augustan writers, such as Tertullian and Pomponius Mela, for, familiar as the ancients undoubtedly were with the occurrence of fossils, they do not appear to have been seriously concerned in attempts to account for their origin, nor did their views serve to enlighten subsequent progress. Per contra, the doctrines of Aristotle, followed blindly or enlarged upon by scholastic writers during the middle ages, acted as a positive hindrance. Minds which could accept without difficulty Aris- totle’s ideas of spontaneous generation were free to admit that mineral matter could take on of itself any conceivable shape, even mimicking animate forms. If living plants and animals could produce themselves, why not fossils, as readily? Avicenna,’ for instance, most brilliant luminary of the Arabian circle of sciences in the tenth century, and whose Canon Medicinae remained the principal medical authority throughout the middle ages, proposed a ws lapifidica, and following him in the thirteenth century Albertus Magnus? affirmed his virtus forma- tiva. At a still later period a ‘‘ World-Spirit,” or Archaeus, was pre- dicated by Bauhin, and Libavius held that fossils sprang from germs or seeds, like living beings. Glimmerings of a spirit of experiment and observation are rarely in evidence before the fourteenth century. Until about this period nature-study in Europe continued at an extremely low ebb, Greek and Latin scientific works were unread in the original, and untranslated into the vulgar tongue, and popular concepts of natural history were perverted by the bestiaries. Fourteenta Century. In Cecco d’Ascoli (1257-1327),? the ill- fated author of 7’ Acerba, and sometime professor of philosophy in the University of Bologna, we discover a man of remarkable erudition and 1 Cf. Wiistenfeld, F., Geschichte der arabischen Aerzte und Naturforscher, nach den Quellen bearbeitet. Gottingen, 1840. 2 Sighart, J., Albertus Magnus, sein Leben und seine Wissenschaft, nach den Quellen dargestellt. Regensburg, 1857. 8 Popular name for Francesco Stabili of Ascoli, whom Petrarch honored with a sonnet beginning, — “Tu se ’l grande Ascolan che il monde allumi.’”’ He has been made the subject within recent years of a thoughtful essay by Wel- bore St. C. Baddeley, and of a historical romance by Pietro Fanfani (Cecco d’ Ascoli, Racconto storico del secolo XIV. Leipzic, 1871). L’Acerba, which was the immedi- ate cause of the author’s death, passed through a score of editions between 1473, the date of the earliest, and 1546. The latest bears date of 1820, at Venice. 4 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. varied abilities, in many respects far ahead of his age. The work by which he is best known, an encyclopaedic poem of moderate literary merit, contains a vast number of vbservations on all manner of things natural and supernatural, in which the veritable and mythical are curiously blended. In Book I., Chapter viii. of ?Acerba, which is de- voted to thunder, lightning, meteorites, earthquakes, and other physical phenomena, mention is made of the occurrence of fossils, although no definite explanation of their origin is undertaken, as has been claimed by Libri and others. Considering the period in which he wrote, we must admit Cecco to have been a first-rate observer, a good reasoner, and less credulous in his judgments than many of his predecessors and contemporaries. Caustic envy of Dante is conspicuous in various parts of his poem, especially in the concluding passage of Book IV., from which the following lines are taken : — “ Qui non se canta al modo dele rane, Qui non se canta al modo del poeta Che finge imaginando cosse vane; Ma qui respiende e luce onne natura, Che a chi intende fa la mente lieta ; Qui non se regna per la selva oscura.” Less a stranger to fame than Cecco is Giovanni Boccaccio, “ prince of story-tellers ”(1313-1375), one of whose early amusements consisted in gathering fossil shells near his home in the Valdelsa, hard by Florence. Unusually intelligent and well educated himself, he deplored the pre- vailing ignorance of his age, and aided largely in reviving the study of classic literature in Italy. Amongst his more serious Latin works is a Geographical Dictionary,' a laborious but indiscriminating compilation, 1 De Montibus, Silvis, Fontibus, etc., supposed to have been written about 1575. The passage on £lsa fluvius (q. v.) occurs on p. 456 of the Basle edition, 1589. Cf. also, by the same author, Commento a Dante, Lezione LIT, in Vol. IL., pp- 367-369, of the Milan edition, 1863. On Boccaccio and the extent of his information, the following may be consulted : Hortis, A., Studj sulle opere latine del Boccaccio. ‘Triest, 1879. — Koerting, G., Der Umfang des Wissens Boccaccios, in his Geschichte der Litteratur Italiens, Vol. II. Leipzic, 1880. — Landau, M., Giovanni Boccaccio, sein Leben und seine Werke. Stuttgart, 1877.— Libri, G., Histoire des sciences mathématiques en Italie, Vol. III. Paris, 1840.— A list of the older writers consulted by Boccaccio in the compilation of his De Montibus, etc., is published in Boll. Soc. Adriat. Sci. Nat., Ann. III. pp. 62-114. On Dante as a naturalist, see Holbrook, R. T., Dante and the Animal Kingdom, New York, 1902. EASTMAN: DESCRIPTIONS OF BOLCA FISHES. 5 in which he refers to the occurrence of fossils, and agrees with Pom- ponius Mela (whose Cosmography he quotes) in considering them as having belonged to living bodies. A passage is also said to occur in Book VIII. of the Filocopo, by the same author, in which fossils are mentioned, and the inference is drawn from them that the land had been submerged beneath the sea; but Brocchi,’ who is authority for this statement, appears to have been mistaken in his reference. SrxrrentH Century. Very few Cinquecentisti appear to have in- quired into the significance of fossils. The first to claim our attention is Alexander ab Alexandro (1461-1523), a learned Neapolitan juris- consult, concerning whom little is known save for personal statements interjected amongst a mass of miscellaneous information in his Dies Geniales.2, In Book V., chapter ix., of this peculiar work, which first ap- peared at Rome in 1522, the author recalls having seen in the moun- tains of Calabria, at a considerable distance from the sea, divers sorts of marine shells heaped together and embedded in a variegated hard marble, so that they formed one mass: ‘“‘ guas quidem ossea et non lapideas esse, et quales in litoralibus vadis inspicimus, facile erat cernere,” as he remarks. He refers to the statement of Herodotus * concerning the presence of marine shells in the hills of Egypt and over the Libyan desert, from which the Greek geographer had inferred that the sea formerly covered that whole region ; and a like explanation is applied by him to Calabria. According to Brocchi and Lyell, both of whom have furnished ex- cellent accounts of the development of geological science in Italy, Alessandro anticipated by a long interval the theory advanced by Burnet and Whiston in England, which explained the waters formerly covering the land as having been drawn off in consequence of a change in the inclination of the earth’s axis of rotation. But such a theory implies an understanding of the Copernican cosmogony, which Ales- sandro certainly did not possess, and as no such suggestion as is attrib- uted to him can be found in the Dves Geniales, the statement is probably an error. Nevertheless, Alessandro is deserving of credit for 1 Brocchi, G., Discorso sui progressi dello studio della conchiologia fossile in Italia, prefixed to his Conchiologia Fossile Subappenina, Vol. I. p. iv. Milan, 1814. Other early references to petrifactions are given by G. Lami in his Hodoeporicon of Chariton and Hippophilus (Deliciae Eruditorum, Vol. X., p. 43, passim). Florence, 1741. 2 Alexandri ab Alexandro, Genialium Dierum, libri sex. There is a Paris edition of 1589, and a Leyden edition of 16738, in two volumes. 8 History, Lib. II. cap. xiii. 6 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. having recognized the true nature of fossils, in despite of the popular notions that they were relics of the Scriptural deluge, or sports of na- ture generated within the solid rock through the operation of some occult force, or through the fermentation of a materia pinguis. Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the nature and origin of fossils remained a favorite topic of discussion. In the frequent and often vexed disputes of this period are to be observed on the one hand the influence of ecclesiastical prejudice, the Church claiming ability to explain all things, and possessing means of proved efficacy for com- pelling the acceptance of her views; and on the other hand the per- sistency of Aristotelian doctrines mingled with rank superstition. Such was the infertile soil into which the method of experiment and observa- tion endeavored to send its roots. A tender plant in the beginning, its first green leaves withered, and during the long warfare between science and theology its growth was retarded. Concerning the methods in vogue during the period we are considering, it has been aptly remarked by Lyell? that “the system of scholastic disputations encouraged in the Universities of the middle ages had unfortunately trained men to habits of indefinite argumentation, and they often preferred absurd and ex- travagant propositions, because greater skill was required to maintain them ; the end and object of these intellectual combats being victory and not truth. No theory could be so far-fetched or fantastical as not to attract some followers, provided it fell in with popular notions.” In the midst of such conditions as these it is pleasing to note the appearance of two men of remarkable insight, whose vision was in no wise clouded by the prevailing atmosphere of superstition and dogmatism, The first whom we have to consider is that versatile and brilliant genius, Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), of whom Humboldt remarked that “he was the first to start on the road towards the point where all the impressions of our senses convey the idea of the Unity of Nature.” His clear exposition of the manner in which fossils have become preserved in the rocks offers a refreshing contrast to the prevailing views of the age, and although noticed by Humboldt,” Lyell and others, his remarks 1 Lyell, C., Principles of Geology, I. chap. iii. London, 1834. 2 Humboldt, A. von, Cosmos, II. chap. viii. Stuttgart, 1845. — Libri, G., Histoire des sciences mathématiques en Italie, III. Paris, 1840. — Lyell, C., Principles of Geology, I. chap. iii. London, 1830. — Raab, F., Leonardo da Vinci als Naturfor- scher, in Virchow and Holtzendorff’s Sammlung gemeinverstandl. Vortrage, ser. 15, p. 504. Berlin, 1880. — Ravaison-Mollien, C., Les manuscrits de Léonard de Vinci. Manuscrits F et J de la Bibliotheque del’Institut. Paris, 1889. — Richter, EASTMAN: DESCRIPTIONS OF BOLCA FISHES. 7 have not attracted the attention amongst geologists and palaeontologists which they deserve. An idea may be formed of the nature of his ob- servations from the following extracts, translated literally from his published manuscripts : — “ All marine clays still contain shells, and the shells are petrified together with the clay. From their firmness and unity some persons will have it that these animals were carried up to places remote from the sea by the deluge. Another set of ignorant persons declare that Nature or Heaven created them in these places by celestial influences, as if in these places we did not also find the bones of fishes which have taken a long time to grow; and as if we could not count, in the shells of cockles and snails, the periods of their growth, as we do in the horns of bulls and oxen.” — Lec. MS. 10 a. «‘ And if you were to say that these shells were created, and were continually being created in such places by the nature of the spot, and of the heavens which might have some influence there, such an opinion cannot exist in a brain of much reason; because here we find [lines denoting] annual growth num- bered on their shells, and there are large and small shells to be seen which could not have grown without food, and could not have fed without motion, — and here they could not move.” — Lezc. MS. 9 b. “ As to those who say that shells existed for a long time and were formed at a distance from the sea from the nature of the place and of the cycles, which can influence a place to produce such creatures, — to them it must be answered : such an influence could not place the animals all on one level, except those of the same sort and age; and not the old with the young, nor some with an operculum and others without their operculum, nor some broken and others whole, nor some filled with sea-sand and large and small fragments of other shells inside the whole shell, which remained open; nor the claws of crabs without the rest of their bodies, nor the shells of other species adhering to them like animals which have moved about on them, since the impressions of their tracks still remain on the outside, after the manner of worms in the wood which they ate into. Nor would there be found among them the bones and teeth of fish which some call arrows and others serpents’ tongues, nor would so many portions of various animals be found all together if they had not been thrown on the sea-shore.” — Lezc. MS. 9 a. J. P., The Literary Works of Leonardo da Vinci, compiled and edited from the original manuscripts, II. chap. vi. London, 1888.— Uzzielli, G., Leonardo da Vinci ele Alpi. Turin, 1890.— Venturi, G. B., Essai sur les ouvrages physico-mathéma- tiques de Léonard de Vinci. Paris, 1797. — Whewell, W., History of the Inductive Sciences, II. London, 1847, — White, A.D., History of the Warfare of Science with ‘Theology, I. New York, 1896. The most sumptuously published of all Leonardo’s writings is the Codex Atlanticus of the Ambrosian library in Milan, which has re- cently been reproduced in facsimile under the auspices of the Regia Accademia dei Lincei. 8 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. “On Shells in the Mountains. — And if you were to say that Nature has formed the shells in the mountains through the agency of the constellations, how will you explain it that the constellations create shells of divers species and of different ages in the selfsame spots? .. . “On Leaves. — How will you explain the multitudinous leaves of different species solidified in the rocks high up in the mountains, and sea-weed com- mingled with shells and sand? And likewise you will see all [sorts of] petri- factions together with fragments of marine crabs, commingled with these shells.” — MS. F, folio 80, a, b (circa 1510). With the exception of the last fragment, which has been inaccurately paraphrased by Venturi, Lyell, and others, the above passages have not been noticed in geological literature. How fhr Leonardo’s ideas are reflected by the commonly current paraphrase referred to may be seen on comparing it with the original text, a literal transcript of which follows :— “ Denichi nemontt. ** Kssettu vorai dire linichi esserprodutti dalla natura inessi monti mediante leconstelatione per qual uia mosterai tal constellatione fare li nichi di uarie grandeze i eddi uerse eta edi uarie spetie nun medismo sito “ Delle fogle. “Cone [Come] proverrai ilgrandissimo numero di uarie spetie di foglie conge- lata nellei pietre alti sassi di tal monti ellaligha erba dimare stande a diacere mista con nichi ecosinderi onni cosa petrificato insieme congranche marini rotti inpezi etramezati tu essi nichi.” The second notable sixteenth-century personage whose opinions con- cern us is Girolamo Fracastoro, or in the more usual scholastic form, Hieronymus Fracastorius (1483-1553) of Verona, famous as physician, poet, and astronomer. A statue erected to his memory a few years after his decease attests the esteem in which he was held by his fellow- townsmen, and the eulogies pronounced upon him in foreign lands indicate a widespread recognition of his ability. Through the par- tiality of an enthusiastic fellow-countryman,’ he has been allotted little short of an apotheosis, but the most trustworthy judgment is probably that of Libri, which is as follows: ‘Un seul nom, celui de Fracastoro, domine & présent les noms de tous ces astronomes italiens. I] fut célebre par la profondeur et la variété de ses connaissances. De Thou, qui, dans son histoire, en a fait un magnifique éloge, dit que Sannazar s’avoua vaincu par les vers latins du médecin de Vérone. II fut bota- 1 Lioy, P., Linneo, Darwin, Agassiz nella vita intima. Milan, 1904. EASTMAN: DESCRIPTIONS OF BOLCA FISHES. 9 niste, philosophe, et mathématicien, et, cultivant des sciences si diverses, il s'illustra dans toutes.” ? Fracastoro resembled his illustrious contemporary Leonardo in his ability to deduce sound conclusions from observed facts, and in his habit of appealing directly to nature rather than to authority for answer to the problems confronting him. His opinions in regard to the nature of fossils, a variety of which were brought to his attention during the reconstruction of a citadel in Verona in 1517, are set forth very clearly in a description of the Calceolarian Museum,” a work fre- quently referred to by the older writers, and also in an historical account | of Verona by Torello Saraina.* Fracastoro ridicules the notion -that fossils are the reliquiae of the Mosaic deluge, or were formed within the rocks through the agency of a plastic force, and states his reasons for believing them to be the remains of plants and animals which inhabited the sea at a period when the continents were submerged. Had these sensible views been heeded, much useless discussion which continued throughout the succeeding two centuries would have been avoided. A brief notice concerning the fossil fishes of Monte Bolca, the earliest in which they are specifically referred to, was inserted by the celebrated botanist Mattioli* in his fourth edition of the Materia Medica of Dioscorides, which he commentated and illustrated in 1552. He also quotes the statements of Polybius, in Book XXXIV. of his History, re- 1 Op. cit., II. p. 101. 2 Chiocco, A., and Ceruti, B., Musaeum Franc. Calceolari iun. Veronensis. Verona, 1622. The passage entitled “ Magni Fracastorii Sententia de proposita quaestione,” which occurs on p. 407 of this work, is quoted im extenso by Vallisneri in his De’ corpi marini che sw’ monti si trovano (Venice, 1721), and is referred to by various other authors prior to Lioy. A figure evidently of Holocentrum macroce- chalum is given on p. 428 of this work. 8 Saraina, T., De Origine et Amplitudine Civitatis Veronae. Verona, 1530. See also on Fracastoro the following: Barbarini, E., Girolamo Fracastoro e le sue opere. Verona, 1894.— Caverni, R., Storia del metodo sperimentale in Italia. Florence, 1893.— Holden, E. S., The Precursors of Copernicus (Pop. Sci. Monthly, LXIV. p. 316), 1904. — Lioy, P., Fracastoro e le sue idee divinatrici della Paleon- tologia (Atti R. Istit. Veneto, ser. 7, IX. p. 1098), 1898. — Meneghini, G., Dei meriti dei Veniti nelle Geologia. Pisa, 1866.— Menken, O., De vita, moribus, scriptis meritisque H. Fracastori Veronensis. Leipzic, 1731.— Omboni, G., Cenni sulla storia della Geologia. Padua, 1894.— Stoppani, A., Della preminenza e priorita degli studj geologici in Italia. Milan, 1868. * Mattioli, P. A., Commentarii secondo aucti, in libros sex Pedaci Dioscoridis de Medica Materia, 4th ed., Venice, 1552; 5th, ibid., 1558. The reference occurs in the Introduction to Book V., and is wanting in earlier editions of this work. 10 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. garding the “subterranean fish” of Narbonne and the views of earlier © writers on the nature of fossils in general. About this time interest became awakened in the formation of natural history collections, first in Italy, where zodlogical gardens had long since been introduced, and afterwards generally throughout Europe. One of the earliest and at the same time most extensive, was the museum founded at Verona in 1572 by Francesco Calceolari, which contained a number of Bolca fishes, and was the fruitful source of several publica- tions. Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522-1607), a noted scientist and professor at the University of Bologna, brought together a large private collection, out of which grew eventually the Public Museum of Bologna, and de- scriptions of his minerals and fossils were published some years after his death. In 1574 an elaborate description was prepared by Mercato, but not published until nearly a century and a half later, of the Vatican collection of minerals, fossils, and antiquities which had been brought together under the auspices of Pope Sixtus V. The priestly author, however, was content to believe that not only fossils, but even an- cient pottery and inscriptions were mineral concretions which had assumed their shapes through the influence of celestial bodies.? Agassiz contemptuously remarks of this work that it is a “compilation sans valeur et sans gout.” The physician Olivi of Cremona, who described in 1584 the fossils contained in the Calceolarian Museum,’ was likewise prejudiced in regarding them as Jus? naturae. Nevertheless his work was deemed worthy of being reprinted nine years later, and new illus- trations of the same museum appeared in 1622, at the hands of Ceruti and Chiocco, as already noted. It is in this work that the opinions of Fracastoro, announced more than a century earlier, are at last accorded recognition. Among the curiosities of palaeontological literature be- longing to this period should be mentioned Buonamici’s dissertation on Glossopetrae,* published in 1668. SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES. The important contri- butions to palaeontology made by Fabius Colonna, Nicolas Steno, and Augustin Scilla during the seventeenth century are well known, hence we 1 Ambrosini, Musaeum metallicum. 1648. 2 Mercato, M., Metallotheca [Vaticana], opus posthumum. Rome, 1717. 8 Olivi, G. B., De recondites et praecipius collectaneis a Francesco Calceolario Veronensis, in Museo adservatis. Verona, 1584; and Venice, 1595. * Buonamici, F., Sulle glossopetre, gli occhi di serpe ed altre pietre, etc. (Opusce. Sicil. Vol. XII), 1668. References to other essays of this period on the same sub- ject will be found in Palaeontographica, XLI. pp. 149-153, 1895. EASTMAN: DESCRIPTIONS OF BOLCA FISHES. ~ i may pass over these authors with the bare mention of their names.’ Throughout this period the growth of museums continued apace, and attempts to describe their fossil contents succeeded better as Fracastoro’s ideas were revived and gradually gained acceptance. Descriptions ap- peared of the Aldrovandi collection in 1648, as has been stated, and in 1656 of Count Moscardo’s? museum in Verona, both of which contained interesting fish remains. Another museum famous for its fossils was that of Zannichelli* of Venice, who prepared an elaborate catalogue of its contents, published first in 1720, with additions in 1736. Attention should also be called to the important essay by Vallisneri* ‘ On Marine Bodies found in the Mountains,” published in 1721, in which reference is made to the fishes and crustaceans occurring at Monte Bolca. Ap- pended to the complete works of this author is a letter on Bolca fishes, with a map of the locality, by Ferdinand Marsili.’ As remarked by Lyell, the writings of Vallisneri are rich in geological observations. He attempted the first general sketch of the marine deposits of Italy, their geographical extent and most characteristic organic remains, and was the principal opponent amongst his country- men of Woodward’s diluvian hypothesis. In 1702 the fossil fishes of Monte Bolea were made the subject of a communication before the French Academy by Maraldi,® an Italian astronomer, and the same body was similarly addressed by J. J. Scheuchzer, whose “ Pisciwm querelae et vindiciae” and other writings provoked wide-spread discussion. No- tices of vertebrate remains appear also in the dissertations of Spada,’ 1 On these writers one may consult the following: Seguenza, G., Agostino Scilla. Messina, 1868.— Marsh, O. C., History and Methods of Palaeontological Discovery (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1879), 1880.— Ward, L. F., Sketch of Palaeobotany, Fifth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. (1883-1884), 1885.— Zittel, K. A., Geschichte der Geologie und Palaontologie. Munich, 1899. 2 Note overo memorie del Museo di Lodovico Moscardo, dal medesimo de- scritte. Padua, 1656. Some poor figures of Bolca fishes are given on p. 182. 3 Zannichelli, Apparatus rariorum Musaei Zannicchelli. Venice, 1720. Jdem, Enumeratio rerum naturalium Musaei Zannichelli. Venice, 1786. This catalogue contains the earliest mention of fossil hippopotami in Italy. # Vallisneri, A., De’ corpi marini che su’ monti si trovano. Venice, 1721. 5 Vallisneri, A., Opere, II. p. 359. 6 Maraldi, J. P., Diverses observations de physique génerale, § xi. (Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci., année 1703). Paris, 1720. This is the earliest communication on Bolca fishes published by any learned society. The earliest in English is a paper by G. Graydon, entitled “On the fish enclosed in stone of Monte Bolea,” which appears in the transactions of the Royal Irish Academy for 1794 (Vol. V., p. 281). 7 Spada, J. J., Dissertazione ove si prova che i corpi marini petrificati non sono a BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. a Jearned priest of Grezzana, who wrote in 1737, and again in 1744, to prove that the fossils found near Verona were not of diluvian origin. Scipio Maffei! was another active collector and writer on Bolca fishes during the middle of the eighteenth century. But we cannot dwell upon any of the numerous minor publications of this time, nor even upon the more important contributions of Moro,? Generelli,? and others. With this brief sketch we must conclude our survey of pre-Linnaean literature, and pass on to the modern era; for from the time of the two great Swedish naturalists onward, Linné and Artedi, the latter of whom is justly styled the “father of ichthyology,” a new order of things existed. One of the earliest writers of the new era in natural science, and in- deed the first who attempted a specific determination of the Bolea fishes, was Cammillo Zampieri d’Imola,t whose Catalogue of the Ginanni Museum, published in 1762, is decidedly meritorious. His identifica- tion of species, however, based as it was upon the treatises of Willoughby and Ray, was altogether faulty. The celebrated Fortis also made un- successful endeavors to identify Bolca fishes with the species described by Bloch and Broussonet. Fortis had already noted the occurrence of fossil fishes® in other parts of the Alpine strata, but on turning his attention to the Bolea forms, he encountered difficulties.° He was mis- diluviani: Verona, 1737.— dem, Corporum lapidefactorum agri veronensis cata- logus. Verona, 1744. In Plate ii. of this work is given a tolerable figure of Semiophorus. See also Cobres’s estimate of Spada, in Biichersammlung der Natur- geschichte, I. p. 20. 1 Maffei, F. S., Del Monte Bolca, della sua Pesciaia, e degli annessi Monti Calon- nari, etc., in his Compendio della Verona Illustrata, Vol. I., pp. 217-280, pl. i—viii. Verona, 1795. 2 Moro, L., Sui crostacei ed altri corpi marini che si trovano sui monti. 1740. The same work was also published in German under the title of “‘ Neue Unter- suchungen tiber die Abainderungen der Erde.” Leipzic, 1751. Moro’s ideas were appropriated without acknowledgment by Edward King in a paper read before the Royal Society entitled “ An attempt to account for the Universal Deluge” (Phil. Trans., LVII. pp. 44-57), 1767. For a biographical sketch of Lazzaro Moro see Giornale di Storia naturale del Griselini, I. p. 79. 8 Generelli, C., Dei crostacei e di altre produzione del mare. 1749. 4 Zampieri, C., Produzione naturali che si ritrovano nel Museo Ginanni in Ravenna. Lucca, 1762. ° Fortis, A., Viaggi in Dalmazia, II. p. 289. 1774. 6 Fortis, A., Extrait d’une lettre, etc. Journ, de Phys., XXVIII. 1786. Ina later communication to the same journal, Fortis vigorously disclaims authorship of the catalogue of Bolca fishes which is appended to his first article. In this anony- mous postscript an extravagant valuation (28,000 liv.) is placed upon the Bozza Collection, which then consisted of about six hundred specimens. EASTMAN : DESCRIPTIONS OF BOLCA FISHES. tS led into supposing certain species to be identical with modern tropical forms, and his somewhat fanciful theories to explain their occurrence in northern Italy plunged him into a spirited controversy with another prominent naturalist, Domenica Testa. Their letters, written in a style that is both elegant and incisive, show wide erudition and good argu- mentative ability on both sides. The correspondence was finally col- lected and published in book form, with comments of his own, by Count Giambattista Gazola} of Verona, in 1793 and 1794. By this time a very lively interest had arisen in regard to the fishes of Monte Bolca, and the Veronese collections became greatly aug- mented as the result of excavations that had been undertaken on pur- pose to secure them. The culmination of this activity was marked by the appearance in 1796 of an elaborate work by G. Serafino Volta, entitled J¢tiolitologia Veronese. In the compilation of this famous monograph, which was illustrated by nearly fourscore excellent plates, Volta was aided by several collaborators, chief amongst whom was Count Gazola himself. Volta had already published in 1789 a list of the fossil fishes occurring at Monte Bolca,? in which about one hundred species were enumerated, and of these twenty-five were erroneously identified with recent forms. The determinations in his final memoir were scarcely more fortunate, Agassiz having afterwards declared that there was only one® adequately established species in the whole work, that one being Blochius lonyirostris. The practical value of Volta’s work, however, was immeasurably increased by the redetermination of his originals, an authentic list of the figured specimens being published by Agassiz*in 1833. In this list Volta’s originals are regarded as belonging to 90 species and 69 genera, all of the species being marine, and none of them represented in the existing fauna. 1 Gazola, G., Lettere recentemente pubblicate sui pesci fossili veronesi, con annotazioni inediti agli estratti delle medesime. Milan, 1793, and Verona, 1794. 2 Volta, G.S., Deg!’ impietrimenti del Territorio Veronese, etc. Lettera al Sig. Vincenzo Bozza, 1789. Jdem, Prospetto del Museo Bellisomi. 1787. 8 This is not strictly true. The names of over a dozen species described by Volta as new are rejected by Agassiz, and others substituted, for the reason that the forms were regarded in the first instance as belonging to existing genera. A list of the species which should properly be credited to Volta is as follows : Blochius longirostris, Eocottus veronensis, Ephippus asper, Ductor vestenae, Mene rhombeus, Monopterus gigas, Platax papilio, Pygaeus boleanus, Pycnodus apodus, Rham- phosus rastrum, Rhinellus lesiniformis, Semiophorus velifer, Vomeropsis triurus, Xiphop- terus falcatus. 4 Agassiz, L., Revue critique des Poissons Fossiles figurés dans |’Ittiolitologia Veronese. Neuchatel, 1833. Also in German in the Neues Jahrbuch for 1835. 14 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. Volta narrates in considerable detail the history of the principal col- lections which furnished him with material. Of these there were ten belonging to Veronese gentlemen, the most notable one being the prop- erty of Count Gazola, with which the Bozza and Dionisi collections became shortly afterwards united. The circumstances which deprived Count Gazola of most.of his specimens in 1797, their removal to Paris by order of First Consul Bonaparte, and their presentation by him to the Museum of Natural History in that city are familiar historical facts. The second largest suite of fossil fishes was that belonging to the Marchese Ottavio di Canossa, which afterwards became enlarged by the purchase of Julius Cesar Moreni’s collection. Agassiz never had access to the Canossa Collection, nor in fact to any in Italy, but portions of it were described by subsequent authors at various times. The collec- tion remained intact at Verona until 1903, when it passed into the possession of natural history dealers and museums of several countries. Heckel’s figured specimen of Palaeobalistum orbiculatum, for instance, was acquired by the British Museum, Massalongo’s types of Archiophis were divided between the Harvard and Berlin Museums, and the Car- negie Museum at Pittsburg also obtained several of Massalongo’s figured specimens. Count Gazola’s first care on suffering the loss of his splendid collec- tion was to undertake the formation of a new one. Excavations at Bolea were recommenced, and on the death of Count Ronconi a number of fine specimens which he had brought together passed into Gazola’s hands ; the result of all this activity being that, phoenix-like, his museum became speedily rehabilitated. This second collection of Count Gazola is preserved in the Museo Civico of Verona, but is not now, and un- ~ fortunately never has been, fully accessible for study. The scientific value of this collection was fully appreciated by Jacob Heckel, who first visited it in 1850. The condition in which he found the museums of Verona, Padua, Venice, and other cities at that time is set forth by him in a highly entertaining narrative which he communicated to the Vienna Academy,! under whose patronage the journey was undertaken. In referring to the Gazola Collection, he laments particularly the fact that it never came under Agassiz’s observation, for this “ heerliches Material,” as he calls it, would have helped him to a much more complete under- standing of many interesting species, and even genera, and would have enriched our knowledge of the Boleca fauna with valuable details. 1 Heckel, J., Bericht iiber eine Reise, etc. (Sitzungsber Akad. Wissensch. Wien, VIL. p. 318), 1851. EASTMAN: DESCRIPTIONS OF BOLCA FISHES. 15 Heckel also remarks that the same collection “ist bei weitem reicher als jene des Marchese Canossa und liefert eine beinahe vollstindige Ueber- sicht simmtlicher organischer Reste, welche in den tertiiiren Ablage- rungen des Monte Bolca enthalten sind.” The only other private collection which we need notice here is that brought together early in the nineteenth century by Luigi Castellini, of Castelgomberto, which now forms one of the principal treasures of the Padua Museum. This comprised in all about five hundred fishes from Monte Bolca and Monte Postale, some of which were remarkable for their large size and excellent preservation, as well as for their rarity. ‘Sie ist auf drei grossen Doppelpulten aufgestellt,” writes Heckel in his naive narrative of 1850, ‘“‘und enthalt ausser vielen der seltenen Arten und manchen Prachtstiicke, stimmtliche in Doppelplatten, auch einige bisher unbeschriebene Species, deren nihere Bekanntschaft mich um so ange- nehmer beriihrte, da ich bereits mehrere derselben zu Verona in der schoénen Sammlung des Herrn Grafen Gazola unter Glas bemerkt hatte.” Some of these new forms were shortly afterwards described by Heckel, and others have been investigated by more recent writers. We return now to the first Gazola Collection, which, as we have seen, was transported to Paris in 1797, and deposited in the Museum of Natural History. It is well known that Cuvier spent considerable time in the investigation of this material, with the intention of preparing a monograph upon it, — a task, however, which was ceded finally to Agassiz. Some use of the collection was made by de Blainville in the preparation of his article + on fossil fishes, published in 1818, but it cannot be said that our knowledge was materially increased by thisauthor. It remained ‘for the elder Agassiz, in 1831 and 1832, to ascertain the true nature of the extinct forms of fish life here represented, and by means of this and other collections which he studied, to give the first accurate and best general account we possess of the remarkable ichthyic fauna occurring at Monte Bolca. Agassiz’s own estimate of the value of the Gazola Collection is thus expressed by him: “Le Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris a été pour moi l'une des mines les plus riches que j’aie exploitée. .. . La collection de poissons fossiles la plus importante qui existe maintenant, et en méme temps qui offre le plus d’intérét historique, est, sans con- tredit, celle du comte de Gazola, qui a fourni les originaux pour V’Ittiolitologia Veronese. . . . Je Vai entitrement revue et compléte- 1 De Blainville, H. D., Sur les Ichthyolites., ou les Poissons Fossiles, in his Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Histoire Naturelle, Vol. XXVIII. Paris, 1818. 16 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. ment décrite vers la fin de 1831 et pendant les huit premiers mois de Vannée 1832, et j'ai inscrit mes déterminations sur le revers de toutes les plaques.” ? The total number of species recognized by Agassiz as the result of his investigations of the Gazola Collection and other Bolea material that came under his observation was 127, and the total number of genera 77. Many of Volta’s types were refigured by him, but in several cases descriptions were given without fresh illustration, and in others Volta’s figures were merely renamed without further description. Some con- fusion in the nomenclature was occasioned by reason of other names being applied to species which had been duly established both by Volta and by de Blainville, and in about a dozen instances MS. names were proposed for certain forms which up to the present time have remained undescribed. These types inédits, designated as such in Agassiz’s hand- writing, have recently been investigated by the present writer, and their publication undertaken by the French Geological Society. It must not be supposed, however, that all of Volta’s types which originally formed part of the Gazola Collection are now preserved in the Paris Museum, nor was it possible even in Agassiz’s time to account for the specimens which were then missing.” Owing to the historic and scientific interest attaching to these originals, it is to be hoped that all such as are still in existence and have escaped notice amongst other collections may again come to light. Lists are given below of all the types and hypotypes belonging to the Gazola Collection in Paris. It will be sufficient to pass over the post-Agassizian literature of the Bolca fish-fauna very briefly, merely indicating the names of the principal contributors. These are, in chronological order, Jacob Heckel, Rudolf Kner, Franz Steindachner, Raffaele Molin, Abramo Massalongo, Paolo Lioy, Achille de Zigno, Francesco Bassani, Wladislaw Szajnocha, 1 Agassiz, L., Poissons Fossiles, I. p. 5. Neuchatel, 1835. 2 The Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology possesses the identical copy of Volta’s work employed by Professor Agassiz in his determinations of the types in the Gazola Collection at Paris. Each figure of the plates is marked with Agassiz’s revised designation, and in cases where the originals were wanting, the fact is so indicated. His private copy of de Blainville’s Poissons Fossiles, in the same library, likewise contains valuable corrections and annotations. The Museum has received through Prof. R. T. Jackson, who obtained it from Prof. J. E. Wolff, a specimen which formerly belonged to the Gazola Collection at Paris, but which disappeared from it probably during some of the early vicissitudes through which the collection passed. Several interesting notices of the latter are to be found in the papers of Faujas-St.-Fond, de Jussieu, Cuvier, and others, published in the early volumes of the Annales and of the Mémoires du Museum d’ Histoire Naturelle. EASTMAN: DESCRIPTIONS OF BOLCA FISHES. LZ Carl Gorganovic-Kramberger, Otto Jaekel, and A. Smith Woodward. Some seventy-five additional species have been described by these authors in the aggregate, making a total representation of slightly more than two hundred. A rather considerable number of these, however, are undoubtedly synonyms, and the status of a score or more of imper- fectly defined species requires further investigation. The best general account of the geology of the region in which this fish-fauna occurs is contained in an inaugural dissertation by the late Munier-Chalmas, entitled ‘ Htude du Tithonique, du Crétacé et du Terti- aire du Vicentin” (Paris, 1891), the usefulness of which is increased by a copious bibliography. Mention should also be made of Enrico Nicolis’ “Carta Geologica della Provincia di Verona” (Verona, 1882), and of his “ Sugli antici Corsi dell’ Adige” (Rome, 1898). The invertebrate fauna of Monte Bolca forms the subject of special memoirs by Cattullo 4 and Oppenheim.’ List oF SPECIMENS IN THE GazoLA COLLECTION OF THE Paris Museum Ficurep 1N Vouta’s ‘“ IrrroLrroLoGiA VERONESE,”’ AR- RANGED IN SERIAL ORDER. VoLtTa REFIGURED BY AGASSIZ (itt. Ver.). (Poissons Fossiles). Pl. 3, Fig. 1. Oarcharias (Scoliodon) cuviert (Ag.). 4, Platax pinnatiformis (Blv.). Wolk EV2 Pr a 5, “ 1. Aulostoma bolcense (Blv.). Vol. IV. Pl. 35, Fig. 3 5, “ 2. Fistularia longirostris (Blv.). Vol-PV_ Pl: 35, Fig. 4 5, “ 3. Calamostoma breviculum (Blv.). Vol. II. Pl. 74, Fig. ie 5, “ 4. Rhamphosus rastrum (Volta). Vol. IV. Pl: 32, Fig. 7. 7, “ 1. Semiophorus velifer (Volta), Vol. IV. Pl. 37 a, Fig. 2. ae! Se ae & Re Vol. IV. Pl. 37a, Fig. 1. es *3- a velicans (Bly.). Vol. IV. Pl. 37. 8, “ 1. Pomacanthus subarcuatus (Blv.). Vol. IV. Pl. 19, Fig. 2. 9, Figs. 1, 2. Trygon muricatus (Volta). 10, Fig. 1. Hphippus rhombus (Blv.). ll, “ 1. ocottus veronensis (Volta). Vol. IV. Pl. 34, Fig. 3 Pie 2, a « < Vol. IV. Pl. 34, Fig. 4. 12, “ 1. Blochius longirostris Volta. Vol. II. Pl. 44, Fig. 3. 12. ce 2. “ec 6c“ “ 1 Cattullo, T. A., Memorie sopra li corpi organizzati fossili del Bolca, etc. (Gior- nale di Pavia), 1818-22. 2 Oppenheim, P., Die Eociinfauna des Monte Postale bei Bolca in Veronesis- chen feiseontopraphica, XLIII. pp. 125-222), 1896. VOL. XLVI.— No. 1 7 30. BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. Sit i Pe i = bw = ox ge GN DN Pw No ae ch eae deo ele Sparnodus vulgaris (Blv.). Spinacanthus cuneiformis (Blv.). Enoplosus pygopterus Ag. Sparnodus vulgaris (Blv.). Lates gracilis Ag. Acanthonemus subaureus (Bly.). Ephippus asper (Volta). Pristigenys substriatus (Blv.). Naseus nuchalis Ag. Ophisurus acuticaudus Ag. Anguilla leptoptera Ag. Rhamphognathus sphyraenoides (Ag.). Chanoides macropoma (Ag.). “c “ Platax papilio (Volta). Zanclus brevirostris Ag. Thynnus (?) bolcensis Ag. = lanceolatus (Ag.). Urosphen dubia (Blv.). Callipteryx recticaudus Ag. Sparnodus elongatus Ag. Acanthurus tenuis Ag. Sparnodus elongatus Ag. Ductor vestenae (Volta). Naseus rectifrons Ag. Pycnodus apodus (Volta). Vomeropsis triurus (Volta). Cyclopoma (?) micracanthum (Ag.). Labrus valenciennest Ag. Paranguilla tigrina (Ag.). Trachynotus tenuiceps Ag. Engraulis evolans (Ag.). Palaeobalistum orbiculatum (Blv.). Ostracion dubius (Blv.). REFIGURED BY AGASSIZ (Poissons Fossiles). Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. IV. Pl. 29, Fig. 2. V. Pl. 39, Fig. 1. IV. Pl. 9, Fig. 1. IV. Pl. 29, Fig. 2. IV. Pl. 3, Fig. 2. V. PL 4. IV. Pl. 36, Fig. 2. V. Pl. 38, Fig. 2. V. PL. 378, Fig. 4. IV. Pl. 42. IV. Pl. 38, Figs. 1, 2. IV. Pl. 33, Fig. 2. IV. Pl. 28, Figeds IV. Pl. 36, Fig. 1. IV. Pl. 236, infra. VenPl Tz: IV. Pl. 36, Fig. 3. ViewPiiGe V. Pl. 39, Fig. 2. V. Pl. 49. V. Pl. 7; Figgas 2 V. Pl. 37-6, Magee Il. Pl. 74, Figs. 4, 5. “ Pegasus volans” Linn. (indeterminable). Lophius brachysomus Ag. Amphistium paradoxum Ag. Vomeropsis triurus (Volta). Toxotes antiquus Ag. Dules temnopterus Ag. Sparnodus microstomus (Ag.). Monopterus gigas Volta. Atherina macrocephala Ag. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. V. Pl. 40, Figs. 1, 2. V. PL.6. IV. Pl. 43. IV. Pl. 21, Figs. 1, 2. VoLTA (Itt. Ver.). PI. 51, Fig. 2. 3. 2. 51, 53, bd. BD, 55, 56, 56, 57. 58, 58, 59. 60, 61. 62. 69, 70. 72, 72, 73. 74, 75, 76. “ec “ “c _ ° EASTMAN : DESCRIPTIONS OF BOLCA FISHES. 19 REFIGURED BY AGASSIZ (Poissons Fossiles). Holocentrum macrocephalum Bly. Vol. IV. Pl. 14. Acanthonemus subaureus (Blv.). Vol. V. PL. 3. Leptocephalus medius Ag. Dentex leptacanthus Ag. Vol. IV. Pl. 26. Blochius longirostris Volta. (The head of an anguilliform fish has been substituted for the one properly belonging to this specimen.) Orycynus latior Ag. Apogon spinosus Ag. Cyclopoma (?) micracanthum (Ag.). Xiphopterus faleatus (Volta). Pseudosyngnathus opisthopterus (Ag.). Ductor vestenae (Volta). Pygaeus boleanus (Volta). Sparnodus vulgaris (Blv. ). Platyrhina gigantea (Blv.). Sphyraena bolcense Ag. Seriola analis Ag. Blochius longirostris Volta. Holocentrum macrocephalum Bly. Myripristis homopterygius Ag. Sparnodus vulgaris (Blv.). Cyclopoma gigas Ag. Rhamphosus rastrum (Volta). Cyclopoma spinosum Ag. Vol: V. PL 24. Vol. IV. Pl. 9, Figs. 2, 3. Vol. IV. Pl. 20. Vol. IV. Pl. 28, Fig. 3. ALPHABETICAL List OF THE TYPE AND FIGuRED SPECIMENS OF BOoLca FisHes BELONGING TO THE GaAzZOLA COLLECTION, NOW PRESERVED IN THE Parts Museum or Naturat History. 1. Acanthonemus subawreus (Blv.). Volta, Pl. 51, Fig. 3; Ag., V. Pl. 3. 2. a Fs Volta, Pl. 19; Ag., V. Pl. 4. 3. Acanthurus tenuis Ag. Volta, Pl. 31, Fig.2; Ag., IV. Pl. 36, Fig. 1. 4. Amphistium paradoxum Ag. Volta, Pl. 44, Fig. 1. b. “ Ag., V. Pl. 13. 6. Anguilla branchiostegalis Ag. (MS.). a brevicula Ag. Ag., V. Pl. 43, Fig. 1. 8. leptoptera Ag. Volta, Pl. 23, Fig. 3. 9 . Atherina macrocephala Ag. . Apogon spinosus Ag. Volta, Pl. 56, Fig. 2; Ag., IV. Pl. 9, Figs, 2, 3. Volta, Pl. 48, Fig. 3. BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. . Aulostoma bolcense (Blv.). “ “ “ . Blochius longirostris Volta. . Calamostoma breviculum (Blv.). . Callipteryx recticaudus Ag. a speciosus Ag. . Carangopsis dorsalis Ag. . Carcharias (Scoliodon) cuviert (Ag.). . Chanoides leptostea Ag. (MS.). vs macropoma (Ag.). “ “c ‘ . Coelogaster analis Ag. (MS.). . Cybium speciosum Ag. . Cyclopoma gigas Ag. “ “ce “ (2) micracanthum (Ag.). =e spinosum Ag. “ “ “ 2. Dentex crassispinus Ag. “ — leptacanthus Ag. . Ductor vestenae (Volta). “ “ec “cc . Dules temnopterus Ag. . LEngraulis evolans Ag. . Enoplosus pygopterus Ag. 2 interspinalis a gg z latispinus (Ag.). . LEocottus veronensis (Volta). “ “ “ . Ephippus asper (Volta). eo rhombus (Blv.). Volta, Pl. 5, Fig. 1; Ag., IV. Pl. 35, Fig. 3. Ag., IV. Pl. 35, Fig. 2. Volta, Pl. 12, Fig. 1; Ag. Ieee 44, Fig. 3. Volta, Pl. 12, Fig. 2. Volta, Pl. 55, Fig. 1. Volta, Pl. 70. Volta, Pl. 5, Fig. 3; Ag., II. Pl. 74, Fig. 1. Volta, Pl. 30; Ag., IV. Pl. 33, Fig. 2. Ag., IV. Pl. 33, Fig. 1. Ag: Ve PLS: Volta, Pl. 3, Fig. 1. Volta, Pl. 25, Fig. 1. Volta, Pl. 25, Fig. 2; Ag., Vie PL 37 b, Fig. 4. Ag., V. Pl. 25. Aes Ve Bl 2: Volta, Pl. 74. Volta, Pl. 35, Fig. 4. Volta, Pl. 76. Ags iV. Pied. Volta, Pl. 54; Ag., IV. Pl. 26. Volta, Pl. 32, Fig. 2; Ag., V. Pl. 12. Volta, Pl. 58, Fig, 2. Volta, Pl. 45, Fig. 2; Ag., IV. PI. 21, Figs. 1, 2. Volta, Pl. 39, Fig. 5; Ag., V. Pl. 37), Figs. 1, 2. Volta, Pl. 14, Fig. 1; Ag., IV. PL'9, Fig. 1. . Eomyrus formosissimus (Ag.) (MS.). 40. Ag., V. Pl. 43, Fig. 4 Volta, Pl. 11, Fig. 1; Ag BV- er 34, Fig. 3. Volta, Pl) 11, Fig. 2; Agi; BVageu 34, Fig. 4. Volta, Pl. 20, Fig. 1. Ag., IV. Pl. 39, Fig. 3. Volta, Pl. 10, Fig. 1. EASTMAN: DESCRIPTIONS OF BOLCA FISHKS. 21 47. Ephippus rhombus (Blv.). 48. Fistularia longirostris (Blv.). 49. Holocentrum macrocephalum Blv. 50. “ 6c “cc 51. Ke pygmacum Ag. 52. Holostews esocinus Ag. < Labrax schizurus Ag. 54. Labrus valenciennest Ag. 55. Lates gracilis Ag. oO co a 57. Leptocephalus medius Ag. 58. Lophius brachysomus Ag. 59. “ “ “6 60. Mene oblongus (Ag.). 61. Monopterus gigas Volta. 62. Myripristis homopterygius Ag. 63. Naseus nuchalis Ag. 64. “ -rectifrons Ag. 65. Odonteus sparoides Ag. 66. Ophisurus acuticaudus Ag. 67. Orycynus latior Ag. 68. Ostracion dubius (Blv.). 69. Pagellus microdon Ag. 70. Palaeobalistum orbiculatum (Blv.). 71. Paranguilla tigrina (Ag.).1 72. Pegasus volans”’ Linn. 73. Pelates quindecimalis Ag. 74, Platax papilio (Volta). 75. “ pinnatiformis (Blv.). 76. “ subvespertilio (Blv.). YiTk “cc (T4 iT 78. Platine intermedius Kastm. 79. “ — macropterus (Blv.). 80. Platyrhina gigantea (Blv.). 81. Pomacanthus subarcuatus (Blv.). 82. Pristigenys substriatus (Blv.). 83. Pristipoma furcatum (Ag.). Ag., IV. Pl. 40. Volta, Pl. 5, Fig. 2; Ag., 1V. PI, 35, Fig. 4. Volta, Pl. 51, Fig. 2; Ag., IV. Pl. 14. Volta, Pl. 72, Fig. 1. Ag, bY.Pl. 15; Vig. 1: Ag., V. Pl. 43, Fig. 5. Ag, 1V-.PIn13, Fig: 3. Volta, Pl. 37; Ag., V. Pl. 39, Fig. 2. Volta, Pl, 1'7, Fig, 3; Ag. LV. Pls) Fig. 2. Aig sri SPL a 5, ce Volta, Pl. 53, Fig. 2. Volta, Pl. 42, Fig. 3; Ag., V. Pl. 40, Figs. 1, 2. Ag., V. Pl. 40, Figs. 3, 4. Woe Vek let, Migs: toee: Volta, Pl. 47. Volta, Pl. 72, Fig. 4. Voltas Pl 22, Fig. ‘1; Ag. LV. PI: 36, Fig. 2. Volta, Pl. 33 ; Ag., IV. Pl. 36, Fig. 3. Ag., IV. Pl. 39, Fig. 2. Ag Ve El 23, Fic. 1. Volta, Pl. 55, Fig. 2; Ag., V. Pl. 24. Volta, Pl.42, Fie. 13 Ao. TI. Pl: 74, Figs. 4, 5. Be. Peri: Le Volta, Pl. 40. Volta, Pl. 38, Fig. 1; Ag., V. Pl. 49. Volta, Pl. 42, Fig. 2. Ag. LV. Pl 22, Volta, Pl. 26, Fig. 1 ; Ag., IV. Pl. 42. Volta, Pl. 4; Ag., IV. Pl. 41. Volta; Pl..6; Ag. lV. Pl, 41 a. (In press. ) Ag., V. Pl. 14. Volta, Pl. 61. Volta, Pl. 8, Fig. 1; Ag., IV. Pl. 19, Fig. 2. Volta, Pl. 20, Fig. 2. Aes TVs; Pl 39) Hig. 1. 84. Pseudosyngnathus opisthopterus (Ag.). Volta, Pl. 58, His, 1 The relations of this type are discussed by Cuvier in Mém. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., Vol. I. (1815), p. 821. 90. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. WDE 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. Mili 118. 1t9: BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. . Pterygocephalus paradozus Ag. . Pycnodus apodus (Volta). . Pygaeus boleanus (Volta). . Rhamphosus rastrum (Volta). “ “ “cc Rhamphognathus paralepoides Ag. * sphyraenoides (Ag.). . Scatiphagus frontalis Ag. . Semiophorus velicans (Blv.). velifer (Volta). “ “ “ . Seriola analis (Ag.). “ prisca (Ag.). . Serranus rugosus Heckel. . Sparnodus elongatus Ag. “ “ce “ a microstomus (Ag.). “ “ “c Sparnodus vulgaris (Blv.). Sphyraena bolcensis Ag. Spinacanthus cunetformis (Blv.). Thynnus (?) bolcensts Ag. a lanceolatus (Ag.). “ “ “ “ (2) propterygius Ag. Toxotes antiquus Ag. Trachynotus tenuiceps Ag. Trygon muricatus (Volta). “ “ “ Urolophus crassicaudatus (Blv.). Urosphen dubia (Blv.). Ag., IV. Pl. 32, Figs. 5, 6. Volta, Pl. 35, Fig. 1. Volta, P1.59 ; Ag., IV. Pl. 20. Volta, Pl. 5, Fig. 4; Ag., IV. Pl. 32, Fig. 7. Volta, Pl. 75, Fig. 1. Ag., V. Pl. 38, Fig. 1. Volta, Pl. 24, Fig. 3; Ag., V. Pl. 38, Fig. 2. Ag., IV. Pl. 39, Fig. 4. Volta, Pl. 7, Fig. 3; Ag., IV FEeE Volta, Pl. 7, Fig. 1; Ag.; D¥23ee 37 a, Fig. 2. Volta, Pl. 7, Fig. 2; Ag?) TV2eeE 37 a, Fig. 1. Volta, Pl. 69, Fig. 1. Ag., V. Plu dba. Ag., IV. Pl. 23 b (supra). Volta, Pl. 32, Fig. 13 Ag, FV. 2 23 b (infra). Volta, Pl. 31, Fig. 1; Ag., TV. or 28, Fig. 1. Volta, Pl. 45, Fig. 3. Ag., [V. Pl. 23, Figs. 1, 2. Volta, Pl. 13, Fig. 1, and PL-17,; Fig. 1; Ag., IV. Pl. 29, Fig. 2. Volta, Pl. 60, Fig. 2; Ag., IV. Pl. 28, Fig. 3. Volta, Pl. 73. Ag., IV. Pl. 29, Fig. 1. Ag., IV. Pl. 29, Fig. 3 Volta, Pl. 62. Volta, Pl. 13, Fig. 2; Ag., V. Pl. 39, Fig. 1. Volta, Pl. 27. Volta, Pl. 29, Fig. 1. Ag.,'V. Pl. 23. Ag., V. Pl. 27. Volta, Pl. 45, Fig. 1; Ag., IV. Pl. 43. Volta, Pl. 39, Fig. 3; Ag., V. Pl. 7, Figs. 1, 2. Volta, Pl. 9, Fig. 1. Volta, Pl. 9, Fig. 2. Type not figured (de est ?). Volta, Pl. 29, Fig. 4. EASTMAN: DESCRIPTIONS OF BOLCA FISHES. 23 120. Urosphen dubia (Blv.). Ag., IV. Pl. 35, Fig. 6. 121. Vomeropsis triurus (Volta). Volta, Pl. 44, Fig. 2; Ag., V. Pl. 6. 122. +: éc ce Volta, Pl. 35, Fig. 3; Ag., V. Pl. 5. 123. Xiphopterus falcatus (Volta). Volta, Pl. 57. 124. Zanclus brevirostris Ag. Volta, Pl. 26, Fig. 2; Ag., IV. Pl. 38, Figs. 1, 2. II. SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS. ELASMOBRANCHII. RAJIDAE. Platyrhina gigantea (Btyv.). 1796. Raja torpedo G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. 521, Plate LXI. 1818. Narcobatus giganteus H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvii. p. 337. 1835. Torpedo gigantea L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb., p. 297 (name only). 1843. Torpedo gigantea L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., iii. p. 382; ** iv. p. 38 (name only). 1860. Narcine gigantea R. Molin, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xl. p. 585. 1874. Torpedo gigantea A. de Zigno, Catalogo ragionato dei Pesci Fossili, p. 177. 1894. Platyrhina gigantea O. Jaekel, Die eocanen Selachier vom Monte Bolca, p. 108, text-fig. 19. The holotype of this species is preserved in the Paris Museum of Natural History, and not, as stated by Baron de Zigno, in the second Gazola Collec- tion at Verona. In its present state the disk is remarkable for its great antero-posterior elongation. De Blainville was of the opinion that this was not a character properly belonging to the specimen, but one due to deceptive appearances, a portion of the disk having become folded upon itself. O. Jaekel, without having had access to the specimen, imagined that the disk had become deformed by mechanical agencies subsequent to the death of the creature. An examination of the original leads the present writer to conclude that there is no evidence of a folding over of the edges of the disk, nor of distortion due to pressure or other causes. Although extremely probable that the lateral mar- gin of the disk escaped fossilization, it nevertheless appears certain that the form was more elongated longitudinally than in the majority of rays. TRYGONIDAE. Trygon muricatus (Vorra). 1796. Raja muricata G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. 37, Plate IX. Figs. 1, 2. 1818. Trygonobatus vulgaris H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxvii. p. 336. 24 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 1835. Trygon gazzolae L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb., p. 297 (name only). 1839. Trygon gazzolae L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., iii. p. 382**; vol. iv. p. 88 (name only). 1851. Zrygon gazzolae J. Heckel, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vii. p. 325. 1861. Alexandrinum, sp. RK. Molin, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xlii. p. 579. 1874. Alexandrinum molini A. de Zigno, Mem. R. Istit. Veneto, xviii. p. 299, Pl. XII. 1874. Yrygon gazolae A. de Zigno, Catalogo ragionato dei Pesci Fossili, p. 180. 1894. Trygon (Taeniura) muricatus O. Jaekel, Die eocinen Selachier vom Monte Bolea, p. 142, Plate LV. text-fig. 32. One can gain some idea of the difficulties attending the identification and designation of this species from the following statements of Dr. Jaekel : “Fs ist auffallend, dass eine Form, die bereits von Volta vortrefflich beschrieben und abgebildet war, und welche durch ihren reich gegliederten Skeletbau so leicht kenntlich ist, so viele nachtragliche Benennungen erfahren hat. Volta kannte und beschrieb das hier Tafel 1V abgebildete Exemplar der Collection Gazola; aller- dings rechnete er zu der gleichen Art, die er als Raja muricata bezeichnete, noch ein mit einem Stachel besetztes Schwanzfragment (/. c. Taf. ix. Fig. 2), welches zu Urolophus crassicauda [sic] gehort. . . . Zu den spaiteren Benennungen gab z. Th. die Auffindung neuer Exemplare und die Nichtberiicksichtigung des vorher beschriebenen Veranlassung. So enstanden auf Grund eines Exemplares in den Pariser Sammlung die Namen T7’rygonobatus vulgaris de Blainville und Trygon Gaz- zolae Agassiz, von welchen die letztere, obwohl er ohne Beschreibung veroffent- licht wurde, sich in der Litteratur am meisten einbiirgerte. Dass Molin lediglich auf Grund der distalen Stellung des Schwanzstachels eine neue Gattung Alez- andrinum aufstellte, . . . kann nicht gerechtfertigt erscheinen ” (p. 142). The above extract is in complete accord with the views of the present writer, save in one particular, which concerns the presence in this species of the form of caudal spine attributed to it by Volta. Heckel, and following him most writers, have maintained that the original of Volta’s Pl. IX. Fig. 2 does not be- long to Trygon muricatus, but to another form of ray altogether, that now known under the name of Urolophus crassicaudatus (Bly.). It is probable, however, that the same form of dermal defence is common to both species. As for the original of Volta’s figure, either the identical specimen, or one so closely resembling it as to be indistinguishable from it, is preserved in the Paris Museum of Natural History ; and this is seen very clearly to belong to a complete individual of Trygon muricatus. Urolophus crassicaudatus (Btyv.). 1818. Trygonobatus crassicaudatus H. d. de Blainville, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XXVii. p. 3387. 1835. Trygon oblongus L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb., p. 297. Trygon oblongus L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., iii. p. 882, **, iv. p. 38. 1851. Tygon brevicauda J. Heckel, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vii. p. 324. 1853. Urolophus princeps J. Heckel, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wissen. Wien, xi. p. 122. EASTMAN: DESCRIPTIONS OF BOLCA FISHES. 25 1861. Taeniura knert R. Molin, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xlii. p. 581. 1863. Urolophus princeps Kner und Steindachner, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xxi. p. 82, Plate VI. Fig. 2. 1874. Trygon oblongus A. de Zigno, Catalogo Ragionato dei Pesci Fossili, p. 181. 1874. Taeniura kneri A. de Zigno, ibid., p. 182. 1874. Urolophus princeps A. de Zigno, ibid., p. 183. 1889. Taeniura kneri A. S. Woodward, Cat. Fossil Fishes Brit. Mus., pt. i. p. 153. 1894. Urolophus crassicauda O. Jaekel, Die eocinen Selachier vom Monte Bolca, p. 148, Plate V. It seems desirable to give the complete synonymy of this species, as there is no possible reason for doubting that all of the rays described under the various names cited above belong to a single species. There is no specimen at the Paris Museum which can be certainly identified as the type either of de Blain- ville’s Trygonobatus crassicaudatus, or of Agassiz’s Trygon oblongus. CARCHARIIDAE. Carcharias (Scoliodon) cuvieri (AGassiz). (Text-figure A.) 1796. Squalus carcharias G. 8. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. 10, Plate III. Fig. 1. 1807. Squalus vulpes Scortegagna, F. O., Memoria epistolare al Sig. Faujas-St.- Fond. 1807. Squalus carcharias G. Gazola, Lettera al Sig. Scortegagna, &c. 1818. Squalus innominatus (errore) H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XXVill. p. 336. 1835. Galcus cuvieri L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb., p. 291. 1839. Galeus cuvieri L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., iv. p. 38. 1860. Protogaleus minor (pars) R. Molin, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xl. p. 583. 1874. Alopiopsis cuvieri (pars) A. de Zigno, Catalogo ragionato dei Pesci Fossili, p. 174. 1894. Galeus cuvieri O. Jaekel, Die eocanen Selachier vom Monte Bolca, p. 172, text-fig. 38. The holotype of this species forms part of the Gazola Collection in Paris, and another specimen slightly smaller than the type is preserved in the Uni- versity of Padua Museum. An outline figure of the latter is given by Jaekel, and likewise the following description : — “Was nun schliesslich das kleinere, vorstehend abgebildete Exemplar der Padu- aner Sammlung betrifft, so ist dasselbe fast vollstandig erhalten, also wesentlich besser, als das von Volta abgebildete und von Agassiz als Galeus cuviert bezeich- nete. . . . Die Brustflossen sind schlank, fast sichelformig riickwarts gekriimmt.” Regarding the type-specimen in the Paris Museum the same author re- marks that the rostral region is incompletely preserved, and “von den Flossen 26 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. sind nur die beiden Brustflossen deutlich.” A little further on, however, he says: “Die erste Rickenflosse ist auch bei dem Pariser Exemplar an dersel- ben Stelle angedeutet, wo sie bei dem hier abgebildeten sitzt, naémlich un- mittelbar iber dem Hinterrand der Brustflossen. Auch die zweite Dorsalis und die Analis scheinen bei dem Pariser Stiick an der gleichen K6rperstelle, wie an dem Paduaner, iibereinander zu stehen. ... Ueber die Form der Schuppen und sonstigen Einzelheiten konnte ich leider an dem Pariser Stiick keine zuverlassige Beobachtung anstellen ” (p. 174). The present writer has not been able to verify the above description in all. particulars, but on the other hand has found it possible to observe some details not previously made known. The specimen, by the way, is preserved on a single slab, and the catalogue of the Museum does not show that it ever existed in counterpart, although the contrary is affirmed by Jaekel. The anterior third of the trunk lies squarely on its back in the matrix, the first dorsal fin being thus wholly or for the Ws egw on ncen tir cnacee : N faeces ti) NS, pete CUCL EEL EEE E nN, UT ga suerte Wigs GT eneenn, "Maret Fic. A. Type-specimen of Carcharias (Scoliodon) cuviert (Ag.). XX zy. Extremi- ties of the dorsal and caudal fins hypothetically restored. most part concealed. The remainder of the trunk is visible from the lateral aspect, and the fins which it exhibits are the posterior dorsal, anal, and a portion of the lower lobe of the caudal, as indicated in the accompanying Figure A. A small triangular mass of scales lying immediately in front of the posterior dorsal may perhaps be interpreted as a ruptured portion of the shagreen, or possibly even as the displaced tip of the anterior dorsal. The shagreen is very excellently preserved over various portions of the body, the form and structure of the individual scales appearing as distinct as in life. The shagreen granules agree so perfectly with those of the recent Scoliodon that no further description is necessary, and the same is true of the dentition. A number of the teeth are preserved in their natural position in the mouth region, and all exhibit very clearly the inclined triangular crown with smooth edges characteristic of Scoliodon. It will be seen that the identification which is here made of this shark as a species of Scoliodon is in accordance with all the characters, except that the rostrum appears to have been rather less pro- longed. In the above text-figure, the posterior dorsal and caudal fins have been hypothetically restored. EASTMAN: DESCRIPTIONS OF BOLCA FISHES. 27 Altogether seventeen species of elasmobranchs are known from the Monte Bolea horizon, a list of which is subjoined : Species oF ELASMOBRANCHS FROM Monte Botca. 1. Rhinobatis zignii (Heckel). 10. Promyliobatis gazolae (Zigno). 2. > primaevus Zigno. 11. Lamna vincenti Winkler. 3. Platyrhina bolcensis (Heckel). 12. Odontaspis hoper Ag. 4. * egertont Zigno. 13. Carcharodon auriculatus (Blv.). 5. gigantea (Blv.). 14. Pseudogaleus voltar Jaekel. 6. Narcine molini Jaekel. 15. Alopiopsis plejodon Lioy. 7. Trygon muricatus (Volta). 16. Carcharias (Scoliodon) cuviert (Ag.). 8. “ zignit (Molin). 17. Mesiteia emiliae Kramb. 9. Urolophus crassicaudatus (Blyv.). TELEOSTOML. ACTINOPTERYGII. ALBULIDAE. MONOPTERUS Vo ta. Trunk elongated oval and laterally compressed. Head relatively short, with steep frontal profile; opercular bones well developed. Vertebrae at least 60 in number, half of them being caudal. Length of anterior pectoral fin-ray exceeding maximum depth of trunk; pelvic fins minute, situated nearer the anal than the pectoral pair. Anal placed opposite the dorsal, and rising into an acuminate lobe in front. Caudal very deeply forked, with a scaly lamella extending over the middle of the tail at the base. Mouth opening small, a series of conical teeth present along the margin of the jaws, and a series of hemispherical crushing teeth placed further back. Monopterus gigas Vorra. 1796. Monopteros gigas G. 8. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. 191, Plate XLVII. 1818. Monopteros gigas H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvii. p. 357. 1835. Platinx gigas L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb., p. 304. 1858-44. Platinx gigas L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., v. pt. 2, p. 126. 1874. Platinx gigas A. de Zigno, Catalogo ragionato dei Pesci Fossili, p. 151. The removal of this species from the genus Platinx, and its transfer to the vicinity of Chanos, amongst the Albulidae, appears warranted by the presence of numerous hemispherical crushing teeth in the pharyngeal region, and by the 28 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. structure of the caudal and other fins. The dorsal and anal are situated oppo- site each other, and consist each of 20 rays. The caudal is short and much expanded, covered with a scaly lamella along the middle at its base, and the distance between the extremities of its lobes exceeds the maximum depth of the trunk. All of the fins have the foremost ray covered with a finely rugose dermal layer, and the anterior pectoral fin-ray is as much enlarged and elon- gated as in certain Osteoglossidae and Chirocentridae. This species, of which several examples are known, attains a total length of about 80 cm. SCOPELIDAE. Holosteus esocinus Agassiz. 1838-44. Holosteus esocinus L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., v. pt. 2, p. 85, Plate XLIII. Fig. 5. 1856. Holosteus esocinus H. G. Bronn, Lethaea Geognostica, p. 683, Plate XLII. Fig. 8. 1874. Holosteus esocinus A. de Zigno, Catalogo ragionato dei Pesci Fossili, p. 140. The holotype and only known example of this species is an imperfectly preserved fish belonging to the Gazola Collection of the Paris Museum. It bears on the reverse the following MS. inscription in Agassiz’s handwriting : “Cette plaque est évidemment composée de pi€ces incoherentes, surtout de la partie antérieure de la dorsale, et vers le front de la téte; cependant la colonne vertebrale indique un poisson d’un genre nouveau voisin de Belone.”’ An examination of the specimen shows that the vertebral column is intact from the occiput at least as far as the insertion of the dorsal fin, the latter being unquestionably preserved in its natural position. It is evident that the triangular piece intended to represent the interneurals supporting the dorsal does not belong to this fish, and the same remark applies also to another fragment introduced in advance of the dorsal, which was properly recognized by Agassiz as “n’étant q’une fausse dorsale.” Although the authenticity of - the anal itself is doubtful, its position is shown by the presence of fin-supports to be opposite the dorsal. Very little of the portion posterior to the anal fin can be regarded as other than a factitious mosaic. CARANGIDAE, Caranx primaevus, sp. nov. (Plate 1, Fig. 4; Text-fig. B.) A small species attaining a total length of about 10cm. Head with oper- cular apparatus contained slightly less than 3} times in the total length to base of caudal fin. Trunk laterally compressed, elongated, regularly fusiform, An- EASTMAN: DESCRIPTIONS OF BOLCA FISHES. 29 terior dorsal fin with about 8 spines of moderate length, closely followed by the low second dorsal with about 20 soft rays. Anal fin opposed to the pos- terior dorsal, and apparently of equal extent, preceded by two short and sepa- rate anal spines. Dorsal and anal finlets not observed. Scales thin and small. Lateral line with well-developed scutes along its entire length, the line arch- ing upward and the scutes becoming shorter anteriorly; number of scutes about 65. The unique individual upon which the above description is based exists in counterpart, and details taken from both halves have been combined in Os MR \ Ny SLY oS (eo ay SIR ie al he See VAIS LU ATE NES ee tees ORs = oN E £42 LES SSO the adjoining Figure B. This is the earliest recorded appearance of the genus in geological history, the half-dozen fossil species that are known being confined to the Oligocene and Miocene. Amongst the latter C. ovalis, which is imperfectly known, seems to have resembled the present species in general out- line, and amongst modern forms the species commonly referred to “ Trachurus” (e.¢., Caranzx trachurus and C. picturatus) present the same peculiarity of hav- ing scutes developed along the entire length of the Jateral line. The type-specimen, which is from Monte Bolea, is preserved in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. LABRIDAE. Symphodus szajnochae (Zeno). (Plate 1, Fig. 5.) 1887. Crenilabrus szajnochae A. de Zigno, Mem. R. Istit. Veneto, xxiii. p. 17, Fig. 3. Besides the holotype of this species, which is small and imperfectly pre- served, no other examples have come to light until recently, when one was acquired for the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, and another for the Car- negie Museum at Pittsburgh. The individual belonging to the Cambridge collection is preserved in counterpart, and is interesting for the additional information which it affords in regard to certain structural details. This example has a total length of 10 cm. to the base of the candal fin, and in this distance the head with opercular apparatus is contained four times. 30 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. The preoperculum is strongly serrated, its posterior border being produced into very prominent spines. The marginal teeth are conical and arranged in single series, no pharyngeal teeth being observed. The vertebrae are about 25 in number, of which 14 are caudal. The dorsal fin is much extended, with about 26 rays, and of these 11 are spinous. The caudal is composed of 17 principal rays, there being one more in the upper than in the lower lobe, and these are preceded both above and below by four or five spinelets. The anal appears to be formed of about eight rays in addition to the spines, but their number cannot be accurately counted. There are at least eight branchiostegal rays. Evidence of the former extension of the scales over the opercular bones and cheeks is not apparent in the present condition of the specimen, nor in fact is it ordinarily to be expected amongst fossils. The scales are thin, ctenoidal, and very strongly pectinated. Crenilabrus was separated by Cuvier from Labrus as a distinct genus on account of its having a serrated preoperculum, but it has been shown by D. 8. Jordan in his Review of Labroid Fishes! that the form is identical with the earlier described Symphodus of Rafinesque. CHAETODONTIDAE. PYGAEHUS Aeassiz. To this imperfectly known extinct genus have been referred half a dozen species from the Bolca Eocene, and two from the Lower Miocene of Chiavon, Vicentin. The type species is P. bolcanus (Volta), renamed P. gigas by Agassiz. This is a large form, attaining a total length of about 35 cm., the remaining species being very much smaller, and included by Agassiz only provisionally in the same genus with the type. It appeared to Agassiz that the smaller forms constituted a group by themselves, typified by P. coleanus, but passing over into the group of larger forms through the intermediate P. oblongus. Con- cerning the advisability of subdividing the genus, Agassiz remarks as follows: “Tl faudra done probablement démembrer un jour ces especes et en faire autant des genres qu’on y reconnaitra de types differents, en les étudiant d’une maniére plus complete; ce qui sera d’autant plus difficile que les Pygées sont fort rares dans les collections.” There are in addition to the small number of forms known to Agassiz two other species represented by a solitary individual each, which are evidently closely akin to Pygaeus boleanus, although possessing more finely divided vertical fins. These are the so-called Acanthurus gazolae Massalongo* and A. gaudryi de Zigno,? from the Bolea Eocene, whose true position amongst 1 Jordan, D. S., A Review of the Labroid Fishes of America and Europe, Rept. U.S. Fish Comm. for 1887, pp. 559-699, 1891. 2 Specimen Photogr. Anim. Foss. Agr. Veron., 1859, p. 26. 3 Atti R. Istit. Veneto, xxiii. 1887, p. 14, Fig. 2. EASTMAN: DESCRIPTIONS OF BOLCA FISHES. 31 Chaetodonts has already been suspected by Smith Woodward. It is probable that they represent types of distinct genera, but for the present they may be most conveniently included within the limits of Pygaeus, as purposely extended by Agassiz. It is evident that some of these forms are closely related to modern Acanthuridae, the chief differences consisting in the great development of the dorsal spines, and the fact that the maxilla and premaxilla are distinct. The latter condition is alone sufficient to warrant the retention of these larger species of Pygaeus amongst the Chaetodontidae, rather than amongst the Acan- thuridae, or so-called “ Acronuridae” of Giinther, and Teuthidae of Jordan. On the other hand, the teeth are much stouter than in living Chaetodonts, We have now to offer the description of a new species of Pygaeus, as con- strued in its broader sense, no division of this genug being at present attempted. The type-specimen formerly belonged to the Marchese di Canossa Collection, a part of which was purchased some months ago for the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. The choice of a specific title has been determined by the desire to commemorate the labors of the master in this field, his name not being simi- larly associated with any other member of the Bolca fauna. Pygaeus agassizil, sp. nov. (Plate 2.) D.10+9; A.5+8; V.5; P.17 or 18. A comparatively large species, attaining a total length of about 19 em. Maximum depth of trunk contained twice, and length of head with opercular apparatus three times in the total length to base of caudal fin. Dorsal fin arising immediately behind the occiput and extending as far as the caudal pedicle with ten subequal spines and nine articulated rays, the latter not longer than the former, and not produced into an acute lobe in front. Anal spines gradually increasing in length and stoutness from the first onward, the fifth equalling the foremost articulated ray in length, and longitudinally striated. Articulated portion of the anal corresponding in size and position to the articulated dorsal. Abdominal vertebrae 10, caudal 13. Large incisi- form teeth present in front, gradually diminishing in size posteriorly, appar- ently in single series; maxilla and premaxilla clearly separate. Scales small, those of the posterior part of the body in the form of shagreen-like calcifications and tubercles. Neural spines of abdominal region and all of the interspinous bones much expanded; pelvic bones strongly developed. No lateral caudal spines. 1 The writer is indebted to President Jordan, than whom is no higher authority, for the suggestion that “ Pygaeus, and possibly Apostasis also, should be taken as representing a distinct family, which would occupy a more central position near the common ancestry of Acanthuridae Chaetodontidae, and Siganus (Teuthis)”? (litt., May, 1904). w) 32 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. © The general outline of body in this species is more suggestive of Acanthurus than Pygaeus, but the fin-structure is wholly in accord with the latter genus. The development of the spinous dorsal is about equal to that of the type species of Pygaeus, but the articulated dorsal is less strongly developed. This is a character of specific importance, and its variation amongst different forms belonging to the same general group is indicated by the following formulae : Pygaeus boleanus D. 10 or 12 + 20 (fide Agassiz). “ agassizit D.10+ 9; A.54+8. « nobilis D. 12 + 12; A.3 + 12. “ coleanus D. 144-15; A.9+11. Acanthurus gaudryi D. 7+ 28; A. 3+ 25. “tenuis D. 9421; A.3419. LOPHIIDAE. Histionotophorus, nomen nov. [Histiocephalus A. de Zigno, 1887.] The name proposed for this genus by Baron de Zigno is not only inap- propriate but preoccupied, Diesing having applied it to a genus of Vermes in 1851. The title Histiocephalus may therefore be discarded in favor of Histionotophorus, which is bestowed in allusion to the sail-like median fin ex- tending along the back. Histionotophorus bassani (Z1eno). (Plate 1, Figs. 1-3; Text-fig. C.) 1887. Histiocephalus bassani A. de Zigno, Mem. R. Istit. Veneto, xxiii. p. 31, Fig. 9. D. I~ I—1+18; C.8; A.9; V.7; P.6. A comparatively small pediculate species attaining a total length to the base of the caudal fin of about 6 em. Mouth oblique, maxillary extending far downward, dentary thickened, jaws with cardiform teeth, skin naked. An- terior dorsal of three separated tentacle-like spines on the head, posterior dorsal high, much extended, with thirteen articulated rays, the fin-membrane stiffened at the base with small spiniform calcifications. Pectoral members situated immediately above the origin of the anal fin, their short rays directed vertically, and supported by extremely long pseudobrachia, which are apparently composed of two actinosts. Number of vertebrae apparently not more than 18 (according to de Zigno, however, there are 22 in the type, 10 abdominal and 12 caudal). Three specimens answering to the above description, two of them in counter- part, are preserved in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, and their princi- EASTMAN: DESCRIPTIONS OF BOLCA FISHES. 33 pal characters are combined in the accompanying text-figure, so far as they are observable. There is little room for doubt that these interesting and rare pediculates are identical with the species described by Baron de Zigno under the name of Histiocephalus bassani, although the type-specimen is so imper- fectly preserved that his description is at variance in some points with the one given above, and the affinities of the type have remained more or less obscure. The latter, indeed, was referred to the Scorpaenidae by Dr. A. S. Woodward in his Catalogue of Fossil Fishes in the British Museum. The characteristic pectoral members are not shown in de Zigno’s illustration of this form, and the head is much disfigured; as for a supposed membrane sup- ported by the cephalic spines (to which the name Histiocephalus alludes), no indication is afforded by the new material that such a structure existed. An interesting fact to be noted is the close correspondence existing between the fin-formulae of the fossil and recent species. In the common Angler, Lophius Fig. C. Histionotophorus bussani (de Zigno). X }. A composite drawing based upon three individuals belonging to the Mus. Comp. Zool. piscatorius, for instance, as well as in the form under discussion, the first and second dorsal together comprise 13 rays, and the number of rays belonging to the caudal, anal, and ventral fins is identical in both species. It is to be regretted that the cranial osteology is not more clearly displayed, as it would be interesting to compare the various degrees of modification exhibited by the Eocene and modern pediculates. The recent genus Corynolo- phus exhibits a similar thickening of the dentary and other bones of the lower jaw, and another resemblance is seen in the construction of the premaxillaries, which are probably movable, but further than this we cannot go. Attention should be called, however, to the remarkable fact of a type of fish-life appear- ing suddenly in the Eocene, already highly modified, without any known predecessors nor any that can be plausibly conjectured, but which persists after its first introduction essentially unchanged until modern times. VOL. XLVI. — No. 1 3 34 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. GYMNODONTIDAE. Diodon erinaceus AGassiz. (Yext-figure D.) 1844. Diodon erinaceus L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., ii. pt. ii. p. 274. 1859. Diodon erinaceus A. B. Massalongo, Specimen Photogr. Anim. Foss. Agr. Veron., p. 21, Plate XII. Fig. 2. 1874. Diodon erinaceus A. de Zigno, Catalogo ragionato dei Pesci Fossili, p. 163. 1876. Diodon erinaceus F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat., iii. p. 189. 1901. Diodon erinaceus A. S. Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., pt. iv. p. 572. Fic. D. Diodon erinaceus Ag. X }. This species has never been satisfactorily defined, and with the extremely limited material that has thus far been obtained, a precise definition is not yet EASTMAN: DESCRIPTIONS OF BOLCA FISHES. 3d possible. Agassiz’s sole description consists in the statement that it is “une espeéce de trois pouces de long, remarquable par sa forme ovale et par ses piquants courts, robustes et assez clair-semés.” Of the type-specimen, now preserved in the British Museum, Dr. Woodward states that it is exposed from the ventral aspect, has the dentition much obscured, and “no fins are seen except part of the caudal. The largest and most slender spines are at the sides of the middle of the trunk.” The type-specimen has never been figured, and the species is so little known that it seems desirable to furnish an illustration of a specimen closely resem- bling the type, which has recently been secured by the Museum of Comparative Zoology. This is shown from the ventral aspect in the adjoining text-figure 4, and it will be seen that scarcely any differences are to be noted between it and the so-called “ Enneodon echinus’’ of Heckel. In the latter, according to this author, “der Oberkiefer ist mit sieben kleinen Zahnplatten besetzt, die gleich einer Reihe flacher Schneidezahne dicht an einander stehen.”” There are some obscure indications that separate teeth were also present around the margin of the upper jaw in Diodon erinaceus, but as this cannot be absolutely demon- strated at present, it is not deemed advisable to unite these two species. The lower dental plate is well shown from the inferior aspect in the Cambridge specimen, and does not appear to have been divided by a median longitudinal suture. Pelvic fins are not observable, nor has the writer been able to detect them in any specimen of D. tenuispinus from Monte Bolea thus far examined by him. An example of this species so closely resembling the type as to have been confused with it by some writers is treasured amongst the splendid collection belonging to the Paris Museum of Natural History. For the excep- tional favors and facilities enjoyed at the hands of M. Albert Gaudry and M. Boule during his study of this collection the past year, the writer finds it difficult to express his deep sense of obligation and gratitude. 36 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. All figures are of the natural size, and the originals are preserved in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. PLATE 1. Figs. 1-3. Histionotophorus bassani (Zigno). Upper Eocene; Monte Bolca. Figs. 1 and la are counterparts of the same specimen. Fig. 4. Caranzx primaevus, sp. nov. Upper Eocene; Monte Bolea. Fig. 5. Symphodus szajnochae (Zigno). Upper Eocene; Monte Boleca. PLATE 2. Pygaeus agassizii, sp. nov. Upper Eocene; Monte Bolca (ex Canossa Collection). Eastman.—Bolca Fishes. Plate 1. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy AT HARVARD COLLEGE Wor UNE No: 2: MALDIVE CEPHALOCHORDATES, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES FROM FLORIDA. By G. H. PARKER. Witu Two P.Lates. CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S. A.: PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM. NOVEMBER, 1904. No. 2. — Maldive Cephalochordates, with the Description of a New Species from Florida. By G. H. PARKER. Introduction. TuroueH the kindness of Mr. Alexander Agassiz, to whom my thanks are due, I have had the privilege of studying the cephalochordates col- lected by him in his recent expedition to the Maldive Islands. These consisted of material from three localities. At Timarafuri, Kolumadulu Atoll, a single specimen of the rare Branchiostoma pelagicum Gtinther was taken in the net between one hundred and fifty fathoms and the surface ; at Nalandu, Miladummadulu Atoll, a single specimen of a new species of Heteropleuron was dredged in twenty-four fathoms ; and at Hanimadu, Tiladummati Atoll, the dredge brought up from sixteen fathoms twenty- one specimens as follows : twelve Heteropleuron maldivense Cooper, two specimens of a new species of Heteropleuron, and seven specimens of a new species closely related to Asymmetron lucayanum Andrews. The exact positions of these localities are well shown in the chart accom- panying Mr. Agassiz’s (1903, Plate 1) account of his voyage. In addition to this material I have also studied that in the collections of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy and of the United States Na- tional Museum. In the former I found seven specimens of a new species of Asymmetron from the coast of Florida. A description of this species is included in the present paper. I am indebted to the officers of the National Museum and of the Museum of Cor parative Zodlogy, especially to my friend Dr. W. MeM. Woodworth, for the use of the collections under their charge. Description of Species. While it is perhaps premature, in view of the rapidly increasing number of species, to discuss at any length the classification of the cephalo- chordates, a survey of the recent literature on the subject shows that the species thus far known fall more or less naturally into three groups, which have at least the taxonomic value of genera. The first of these is Costa’s original genus Branchiostoma, which, though somewhat restricted by new definitions, has been retained by Kirkaldy VOL. XLVI .—NO. 2 40 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. (1895), Gill (1895), Willey (1901), and Tattersall (1903*), and is defined by all excepting Kirkaldy for the inclusion of symmetrical species only. The second is Andrew’s Asymmetron, which was accepted in its origi- nal form by Kirkaldy (1895) and by Gill (1895), but expanded by Tattersall (1903*) to include all unsymmetrical species, whether they possessed a urostyloid process or not. The third is Kirkaldy’s subgenus Heteropleuron, which was raised by Willey (1901) to generic value for the reception of all unsymmetrical species, including those originally put under Asymmetron. These three genera may be briefly defined as follows : 1. Branchiostoma. — Symmetrical cephalochordates in which the right aud left metapleural folds terminate just behind the anus and the gonads form two lateral series. 2. Heteropleuron. — Unsymmetrical cephalochordates in which the left metapleural fold terminates just behind the anus, and the right one is continuous with the median ventral fin; the gonads form a single series on the right side ; and a urostyloid process is not present. 3. Asymmetron. — Unsymmetrical cephalochordates in which the left metapleural fold terminates just behind the anus and the right one is continuous with the median ventral fin ; the gonads form a single series on the right side ; and a well developed urostyloid process is present. As already indicated, species representing all three genera were found by Mr. Agassiz in the Maldives, and their descriptions follow. Branchiostoma pelagicum GwtnTuHeEr. Giinther, 1889, p. 43. Plate 1, Figs. 1, 2. A single specimen of this somewhat rare species was taken in the net between one hundred and fifty fathoms and the surface at Timarafuri, Kolumadulu Atoll. This species was originally described from a single specimen taken by the “Challenger” a few degrees north of Honolulu in the Pacific. A second specimen obtained by Mr. J. J. Lister, in the Indian Ocean midway between Madagascar and Australia, was reported on by Cooper (1903, p. 352) in his account of the Maldive and Laceadive cephalochordates. Finally six specimens formed the basis of an account of this species by Tattersall (1903°, p. 214) ; all six were taken by tow-net in the Indian Ocean, one about halfway between Perim and the Maldives, and the other five between the Maldives and the Gulf of Manaar. Notwithstanding these several catches, all three lots of material were reported as poorly preserved, and consequently the best description of this species that could be compiled is still defective in several important particulars. PARKER: MALDIVE CEPHALOCHORDATES. 4] The specimen obtained by Mr. Agassiz is exceptionally well preserved, and the following notes based upon an examination of it are intended to supple- ment former descriptions. The length of the specimen is 9 mm. and its depth 0.8 mm., being slightly smaller than the ‘‘ Challenger” specimen, though having almost exactly the same proportions. Cooper’s specimen had the considerable length of 21 mm., though, as his figure shows, its depth was proportionally as great as that of the “Challenger ’’ specimen. Tattersall’s largest specimen was 8.5 mm. long and 1 mm. deep, thus agreeing fairly well with the measurements of the small individuals already given. Tattersall’s drawing (1903>, Fig. 16), however, represents, probably by mistake, a more slender animal. Notwithstanding the slight differences in the dimensions of the various specimens, they probably all belong to one species. The fins in the specimen taken by Mr. Agassiz were in perfect preservation. The caudal fin (Plate 1, Fig. 2) is oval in outline and almost exactly sym- metrical dorsoventrally. The chorda extends through its major axis, and ends close to its posterior edge. The fin dorsally and ventrally is marked with numerous delicate radiating striae. Dorsally the caudal is continuous with a dorsal fin, which can be followed to “the anterior end of the animal. Near the tail (Fig. 2) it is moderately high, but it gradually becomes lower and lower, till near the anterior end (Fig. 1) it is about one-third as high as at its posterior limit. In the posterior region a row of low fin-ray chambers can be seen (Fig. 2). These increase in height, and near the middle of the trunk reach the outer edge of the fin. At the anterior end they rapidly diminish in height, and cease near the eye-spot (Fig. 1). They contain no fin-rays. A low ventral fin without fin-ray chambers connects the caudal fin with the right metapleural fold. Anteriorly the dorsal fin is continuous with a rostral fin (Fig. 1) which ex- pands ventrally and posteriorly to join the buccal hood on the left side. The number of myotomes in the specimen under examination is sixty- seven, corresponding in this respect exactly with the ‘‘ Challenger ” specimen. Cooper’s specimen contained at least sixty, and Tattersall’s sixty-five, though, as the authors state, neither of these counts can be relied upon as accurate be- cause of the poor state of the material. The myotome formula for this species had been provisionally stated by Kir- kaldy (1895, p. 320) as36 + 16 + 15 = 67. This was based upon a tentative statement by Giinther (1889, p. 43), in whose specimen the atriopore could not be identified with certainty. In our specimen the atriopore and anus were distinctly visible, and the myotome formula proved to be 46 + 10 + 11 —67. The notochord, which is well developed, reaches from very near the anterior edge of the rostral fin almost to the posterior limit of the caudal. At both ends it projects well beyond the myotomes. The nerve tube contains in its anterior end a well developed eye-spot and, 49 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. beginning at the third myotome and extending almost to the posterior end, a series of smaller spots in groups irregularly twice as numerous as the myotomes. The gonads form two series, one right and one left, though, as intimated by Ginther (1889, p. 44), they are often so closely pressed together near the median plane that they there seem to form asingle median row. The presence of a double row of gonads places this species unquestionably in the genus Branchiostoma. The number of gonads on each side was thirty-three, and the series ranged from the first to about the twenty-ninth myotome instead of the twenty-sixth, as in the “ Challenger” specimen. Our specimen is probably a male, though the gonads were not sufficiently mature to allow this determination to be made with certainty. I can confirm the statement of most previous writers that oral cirri are absent. I have also been unable to find any evidence of branchial apparatus, and I agree with Cooper (1903, p. 353) that if this apparatus is present at all, it must be very limited in extent. Possibly the small size and flattened form of this species, which must place very near the surface all the living substance in need of oxygen, may have been acquired in connection with a gradual loss of special- ized respiratory organs in much the same way that many of our smaller sala- manders seem to have lost their lungs. Heteropleuron maldivense Cooper. Cooper, 1993, p. 349. Twelve specimens of this recently described species were dredged in sixteen fathoms of water at Hanimadu, Tiladummati Atoll. They agreed in all par- ticulars with the very full account of this species given by Cooper. The more important structural relations as shown in three of the specimens are given in Table I. TABLE 1. SrructuRAL CHARACTERISTICS, ETC., OF H. MALDIVENSE. No. of Specimen. zones iit Sex. No; of Myotome Formula. mm. Gonads. 1 19 a 23 42 + 16 + 12 = 70 2 17.5 Q 24 43 + 16 + 11 = 70 3 16 23 48 + 16 $12 =o Mode 25 45 + 16+ 12 = 78 Range 8 5 4 4 7 PARKER: MALDIVE CEPHALOCHORDATES. 43 These records agree fairly well with those tabulated for this species by Punnett (1903, p. 363), from whose table the modes and ranges at the base of Table I. are taken. Heteropleuron agassizii, sp. nov. Plate 2, Fig. 5. One specimen of this species was dredged in twenty-four fathoms of water at Malandu, Miladummadulu Atoll. It is rather elongated, measuring 27 mm. in length by 3 mm. in depth. The dorsal fin is of almost uniform height throughout. From the anal region to a point a little in advance of the anterior end of the nerve tube, it contains fin-ray chambers to the number of four or five toa myotome. In the anterior and posterior regions these fail to reach the free edge of the fin, but in the trunk region they meet the edge. The most anterior three chambers are without fin-rays, which are present in all the more posterior chambers to a point about midway between the atriopore and the anus. From this point posteriorly, only faint traces of fin-rays are here and there ob- servable, and even these disappear as the caudal region is approached. Never more than one fin-ray is present in a chamber. Often in the anterior region and sometimes posteriorly the fin-rays may reach to half the height of the fin, but in most places they are only about one-fourth this height. Anteriorly the dorsal fin is continuous with the rostral. Posteriorly it passes into the simple inconspicuous caudal fin which in turn is continuous with the ventral. The ventral fin has much less height than that part of the dorsal fin opposite to it, and is without fin-rays or fin-ray chambers. The myotome formula is 45 +15 + 10 = 70. The chorda is stout and almost reaches the anterior and posterior limits of the body, projecting well beyond the myotomes in both directions. The nerve tube has a faint anterior eye-spot followed by a series of smaller spots reaching from the third to the last myotome, and showing the usual ten- dency to fall into two groups for each nyotome. The gonads form a single series on the right side, and are twenty-four in number. They extend from the seventeenth to the forty-first myotome. The specimen is a female. The oral region is so contracted that it is impossible to be certain of the number of preoral cirri; at least nine to a side are present. Heteropleuron agassizii is related to H. bassanum, and especially to H. mal- divense. In length it is between H. bassanum (43 mm.) and H. maldivense (22mm.). The ratio of its depth to its length, one to nine, is almost exactly that of H. bassanum, and less than that of H. maldivense, one to six. The gonads, which in H. maldivense begin between the ninth and thirteenth myotomes and extend to a point between the thirty-third and thirty-ninth, in H. agassizii extend from the seventeenth to the forty-first. The caudal fin of H. agassizii, though much like that of H. maldivense, differs strikingly in its 44 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. simple outline from the more lancelike form of that of H. bassanum. Perhaps the best differential character lies in the ventral fin. In H. bassanum and H. maldivense the ventral fin has fin-ray chambers and fin-rays; in H. agassizii it has no chambers and no fin-rays. A summarized statement of the contrasts between H. agassizii and other allied species is given in Table 2, page 45. Heteropleuron parvum, sp. nov. Plate 2, Fig. 6. Two specimens of this species were dredged in sixteen fathoms of water at Hanimadu, Tiladummati Atoll. They measured 11.5 mm. and 12.5 mm. in length respectively, and their depth is about one-tenth their length. The dorsal fin is well developed, and is slightly higher posteriorly and espe- cially anteriorly than in the middle. It has well marked fin-ray chambers ex- tending from the anterior end of the nerve tube to the tail, and numbering about four toa myotome. In the middle region the chambers reach the free edge of the fin. Single fin-rays are present. Anteriorly the dorsal passes into the rostral fin, posteriorly into the inconspicuous caudal. The caudal fin, which is in no way marked off from the dorsal, is also continuous with the ventral, which contains a series of low fin-ray chambers and short single fin-rays. These are inconspicuous, and have not been shown in the figure (Plate 2, Fig. 6). The myotome formula in both specimens is 40 + 18 + 10 = 68. The chorda is stout and almost reaches the anterior and posterior limits of the body. The nerve tube contains a conspicuous anterior eye-spot, and from the third myotome to the last a series of smaller spots. The gonads, which were completely present in only one specimen, formed a single series on the right side, and were sixteen in number. They extended from the fourteenth to the thirtieth myotome. The structure of the ventral fin allies this species with the first four men- tioned in Table 2. It differs from all these in its small size and narrow form, for it is even longer in proportion to its depth than H. bassanum, the narrowest of the four. From H. bassanum it differs markedly in its myotome formula, the small number of its gonads, and the simpler form of its tail. A comparison of H. parvum and H. agassizii with other allied species is given in Table 2. PARKER: MALDIVE CEPHALOCHORDATES. “sABI-UYy OU SIOGWUBID ON 1:6 1G Se aa ‘aou “ds ‘TIZISSBBB . ‘sKvi-Uy OU SsroquBy Zo = OL + OF + Ze 0% 9} LI AP ag ss + * gdoqjaq WINT[93[N9 “ » » » 89 = OL + 8T + OF 91 1:01 ral - + + + saou ‘ds “winased “yy » ” » Gh (Sec Obet G5) i) 20a, 8106 1:8 LZ ‘+ Apyexyaryy esuayesuro “ » » ” gL = G1 + OL + GF 0g 9} EZ 1:9 ra Jadoop asuaatpyeur “HL ” » » $8 = ZI + 6 + €9 ALOU 10 QT jay €¢ ys ts wuBymeg 1103004 “H “sABiI-uy YIM SOQ UV) GL = FL + OL ft cP tg 04} 9% T: 6 CP a ees JIyJUNY) TWNUBSSB ‘H “aL [e1yueA Jo VOMIpUOD “e[NUIIO.T oULojoATT ‘spvu0y Jo ‘ON | 09 ee ON canary ‘soroadg jo oulvNy oney : ‘paloNaddg AAITIV UTHLO ANV ‘WOAUVA ‘HL JIZISSVOV NOUNAITMOUALATT AO “OLE “SOILSIMALOVUVHD TVAALOAULG AO NOSIUVANOD) \ 6 ATAV.L 46 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. Asymmetron orientale, sp. nov. Plate 1, Fig. 4. Seven specimens of this species were dredged in sixteen fathoms of water at Hanimadu, Tiladummati Atoll. They varied in length from 18 mm. to9 mm., and their general proportions and structural features suggested at once that they belonged to the species Asymmetron lucayanum Andrews. Although the material on which Andrews based his description came from the Bahamas, Cooper (1903, p. 348) has recently claimed that the same form also occurs in the Maldives. In discussing this question he states that “the only point in which the Maldivan and West Indian forms consistently differ from one another is in their size. Theaverage length of the Maldivan specimens is 23 mm., the extremes being 18 and 30 mm., thus being nearly double the length of the Bahama specimens which Andrews found to average 13 mm. In spite of this difference the average myotome formula for the two forms remains practically the same, the mode in each case being sixty-six myotomes, 7. ¢. forty-four from the head to the atriopore, nine from the atriopore to the anus, and thirteen from the anus to the tail.” Observations on the seven specimens obtained by Mr. Agassiz confirm most of these statements, as may be seen by inspecting Table 3, in which records from three of the seven individuals are given, and below these for comparison average records for the eastern form as given by Cooper (1903, p. 348) and by Punnett (1903, p. 362), and for the western by Andrews (1893, p. 242). It is obvious, as Cooper states, that in all these characters, except size, the eastern individuals agree with the western ones. TABLE 3. CoMPARISON OF EASTERN AND WESTERN SPECIMENS OF ASYMMETRON. No. of Specimen. sag ant Sex. Gonads. Myotome Formula. 1 17.5 a 28 44+ 10 + 12 = 66 2 18 2 shed 46 + 10 + 13 = 69 3 9 fe) 26 43+ 9+ 11 = 6s East form} 23 29 44+ 9+ 13 = 66 West form? 13 29 44+ 94+ 13 = 66 1 Records for the eastern specimens as given by Cooper (1903, p. 348), and by Punnett (1903, p. 362). 2 Records for the western specimens as given by Andrews (1899, p. 242). PARKER: MALDIVE CEPHALOCHORDATES. AT The collection from the United States National Museum, which I had the privilege of studying, contained a few specimens of the West Indian Asym- metron donated by Dr. Andrews, and I therefore had the opportunity of mak- ing a close comparison between this and the eastern form. As a result of this comparison I found one structural feature in which the two sets of individuals consistently differed ; this was the form of the caudal fin. In the West Indian specimens as figured by Andrews (1893, Plate 13, Figs. 1, 2), and as seen in the material before me (Plate 1, Fig 3), the dorsal and particularly the ventral portions of the caudal fin in the vicinity of the myotomes were very broad, the fin becoming narrow and blade-like only on the urostyloid process. In the Maldivan forms (Plate 1, Fig. 4) collected by Mr. Agassiz, the ventral portion of the caudal fin next the myotomes was only slightly broader than that under the urostyloid portion, and the dorsal portion next the myotomes was no broader than that over the urostyloid process. These features of the caudal fins in the two forms were so characteristically different in the material at my disposal that I do not hesitate to say that the seven Maldivan specimens certainly repre- sent a species different from A. lucayanum, and I have therefore proposed the name of Asymmetron orientale for them. While I am confident that the specimens collected by Mr. Agassiz are spe- cifically distinct from A. lucayanum, I do not wish to be understood to imply that this species may not occur in the Maldives. Although the seven speci- mens examined by me have lengths not far from those of Cooper’s specimens, they differ from the figure and description of these given by Cooper (1903, p- 348, Plate 18, Fig. 1) in the form of their caudal fins. The caudal fin, how- ever, is an extremely delicate structure, and now that an important differential character has been found in it, a re-examination of its condition in Maldivan material heretofore supposed to be A. lucayanum would seem desirable before declaring this species to be an unquestionable member of the Maldive fauna. Asymmetron macricaudatum, sp. noy. Plate 2, Fig. 7. Seven specimens of this species were in the collection of the Museum of Com- parative Zodlogy. They were labelled “Salt Key Anchorage Fla.” and were probably dredged onthe Florida coast by the late Count Pourtalés. Two of the specimens were much curled and were of very little service for study ; the remaining five were straight and in excellent preservation. The following de- scription is based upon an examination of these. The specimens varied in length from 14.0 mm. to 10.5 mm. and were over twelve times as long as they were deep (Plate 2, Fig. 7). The dorsal fin is low, particularly in its middle and anterior extent. From the second myotome to a region somewhat posterior to the anus there are low fin-ray chambers and short fin-rays. The fin-rays are generally block-like in 48 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. outline and occur one for each chamber. There are as a rule four fin-ray chambers to a myotome. Anteriorly the dorsal fin passes over into a small rostral fin. Posteriorly it is continuous with the much reduced caudal fin which invests the long uro- styloid process dorsally and ventrally as a very narrow blade. The caudal fin is continuous with the rather broad ventral fin, in which there are neither fin- ray chambers nor fin-rays. ; The myotome formula may be given as 43 +5 + 14+ = 62+. Between the anterior end and the atriopore the number of myotomes varies from 42 to 44, and between the atriopore and the anus it is usually 5. For the region posterior to the anus an exact number cannot be given, for the reason that the most posterior myotomes are so smal] that it is impossible to count them or deter- mine with certainty where the system terminates. In the enumerations for this region given in Table 4, only the numbers that could be counted with certainty are given, though in every case more myotomes were prohably present. This is indicated by suffixing a plus sign to the numbers for this region and to the totals. A well marked chorda passes through the animal almost from end to end, and forms posteriorly a delicate, long, urostyloid process. The nerve tube has a distinct anterior eye-spot, and a series of numerous smaller spots extending from the third myotome to about the region of the anus. The gonads, which vary in number from twenty-three to twenty-eight, form asingle series on the right side. In a specimen with twenty-six gonads they extended from the eleventh to the thirty-seventh myotome. - A summarized statement of the chief structural features of the five speci- mens examined is given in Table 4. TABLE 4. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS, ETC. OF A. MACRICAUDATUM. No. of Specimen. Length in =| Sex. of ee. Myotome Formula. 13.5 26 444+ 44 104+ = 58+ 10.5 26 42 +54 174+ = 644 14.0 42 +54 19+ = 664+ 12.5 44+ 5 + 13+ = 62+ 11.0 : 43 + 5 + 114+ = 59+ The presence of gonads only on the right side of the body and the well developed urostyloid process place this species unquestionably in the genus Asymmetron. It differs from all known species of this genus in the form of its PARKER: MALDIVE CEPHALOCHORDATES. 49 caudal fin, which is narrower even than that in A. orientale, and in the small number of myotomes intervening between the atriopore and the anus. Table 5 gives in a condensed way some of the more obvious differences between this and the other known species of Asymmetron. TABLE 65. SPECIES OF ASYMMETRON CONTRASTED. Lengthin}| No. of as Gonads: Myotome Formula. Name of Species. A.lucayanum Andrews . . . 13 29 444+ 9+4 13 = 66 A. orientale,sp.nov. . .. . 23 29 444+ 9+ 138 = 66 A.caudatum Willey ... . 20 30 444+9+4 11= 64 - A. macricaudatum, sp. nov. ‘ 13 26 43 + 5 + 144 = 62+ 50 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. BIBLIOGERAPH Y. Agassiz, A. 1903. The Coral Reefs of the Maldives. Memoirs of the Museum of Com- parative Zodlogy at Harvard College, vol. 29, xxv + 168 pp., 82 pls. Andrews, E. A. 1893. An undescribed Acraniate: Asymmetron lucayanum. Studies from the Biological Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, vol. 5, pp. 213- 247, pls. 13-14. Cooper, C. F. 1903. Cephalochorda. Systematic and Anatomical Account. The Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, edited by J. S. Gardiner, vol. 1, pp. 347-360, pl. 18. Gillie 1895. The Genera of Branchiostomidae. American Naturalist, vol. 29, pp. 457-459. Giinther, A. 1889. Report on the Pelagic Fishes collected by H. M. S. ‘“ Challenger” during the years 1873-76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M.S. “ Challenger,” 1873-76, Zoology, vol. 31, 47 pp., 6 pls. Kirkaldy, J. W. 1895. A Revision of the Genera and Species of the Branchiostomidae. Quarterly Journal .of Microscopical Science, new series, vol. 37, pp. 303-325, pls. 34-35. Punnett, R. C. 1903. Cephalochorda. Note on Meristic Variation in the Group. The Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, edited by J. 8. Gardiner, vol. 1, pp. 861-367. Tattersall, W. M. 1903. Notes on the Classification and Geographical Distribution of the Cephalochorda. Proceedings and Transactions of the Liverpool Biolog- ical Society, vol. 17, pp. 269-302. PARKER: MALDIVE CEPHALOCHORDATES. Bt Tattersall, W. M. 1903. Report on the Cephalochorda collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In W. A. Herdman’s Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, Pt. 1, Sup- plementary Report No. 6, pp. 210-226, 1 pl. Willey, A. 1901. Dolichorhynchus indicus n. g., n. sp. A new Craniate. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, vol. 44, pp. 269-271. 52 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. All the figures are camera drawings of specimens preserved and dehydrated in alcohol and cleared in clove oil. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. o> PLATE 1. Right side of the anterior end of Branchiostoma pelagicum Giinther. x 30. Right side of the posterior end of Branchiostoma pelagicum Giinther. X 30. Left side of the posterior end of Asymmetron lucayanum Andrews, from the West Indies. X 40. Left side of the posterior end of Asymmetron orientale, sp. nov. X 26. PLATE 2. Heteropleuron agassizii, sp. nov.; right side. X 5. Heteropleuron parvum, sp. nov.; right side. XX 12. Asymmetron macricaudatum, sp. noy.; right side. X 10. RKER - CEPHALOCHORDATES. B.Meisel lith Boston PLATE 2. B.Meisel ,lith. Boston fs SUSSSANSS SHURE ERATOR AY UAL hee ROR ee Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE. Vout. XLVI. No. 3. BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA FROM THE BAHAMAS. By Tuomas Bareour. CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S. A.: PN ED OR Ilo MUSEUM. Decemper, 1904 No. 3.— Batrachia and Reptilia from the Bahamas. By THomas Bargovur. THis paper is the fourth of a series based on collections made by Dr. G. M. Allen, Mr. Owen Bryant, and the writer during part of the summer of 1904 (June 28-July 28). We collected on the islands of New Providence, Great Abaco, Little Abaco, Grand Bahama, as well as on a number of outlying cays. Some specimens from New Provi- dence Island, taken by the author in 1901, and a large series collected by Mr. Bryant at Mangrove Cay, Andros Island, from August 1-7, 1904, are included. All the material mentioned is now in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, in Cambridge, Mass. A considerable number of other specimens, also in the collection of the Museum, have been utilized. Cope has summed up the relations which the Bahaman reptilian fauna bears to the surrounding regions in a paper in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 1887, Vol. 10, pp. 436-439. Since then several peculiar species have been added by Garman, Bul- letin Essex Institute, 1888, Vol. 20, pp. 101-113. BATRACHIA. Trachycephalus septentrionalis Tscx. This tree-toad was abundant on New Providence Island, where we obtained fourteen specimens. Most of these were taken during the daytime, sitting among the leaves of orange and lemon trees, or on sisal plants. When approached, they made little or no effort to escape. Their noise at night sounds like that of a rope drawn through an unoiled pulley. The species was less common at Little Abaco, where only one specimen was obtained, though several others were heard. There is a specimen in the Museum from Andros Island, where Mr. Bryant heard several, but failed to obtain one. Garman has recorded the species from Rum Cay. M. C. Z. No. 2415. Distribution. — Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, and San Domingo. 56 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. Hyla squirella Bosc. Two specimens of this species from the reeds of a brackish water marsh at Stranger Cay, north of Grand Bahama, are the first recorded from the Bahamas. Here they were common; and their chirp, as was pointed out at the time by Dr. Allen, who found them, was noticeably different from that of the other indigenous batrachians. As there are signs that this cay, though now uninhabited, has been cultivated in times past, it is possible that the species was introduced with imported plants. There were a number of the latter growing near the site of the single old house. M. C. Z. No. 2419. Distribution. — Southeastern North America generally. Hylodes ricordii Dum. axp Brrr. We collected twenty-nine examples of this species from New Providence Island, where it was decidedly common under heaps of rubbish of almost any nature, but particularly decaying palm leaves. A single specimen from Marsh Harbor, Island of Abaco, differs considerably from the Nassau specimens in that the tip of the snout is pallid, and there are two distinct parallel white lines running down the back. This specimen possibly represents a local race, but additional material is needed to determine this question. A single example from Mangrove Cay, Andros Island, is very pale, and there is a noticeable in- terruption medially in the long series of vomerine teeth. I strongly suspect that another local race inhabits this island. M. C. Z. No. 2416 ; 2417 ; 2418. Distribution. — Cuba, Bahamas, and extreme southern Florida. REPTILIA. Sphaerodactylus flavicaudus, sp. nov. Type series, fourteen specimens (M. C. Z. No. 6953) collected at Mangrove Cay, Andros Island, by Mr. Owen Bryant, August 1-7, 1904. Specific characters. — Similar to Sphaerodactylus decoratus Garman in squa- mation, but differing widely in coloration and in proportions. The general body color is that of pale cream, with the skin showing darker between the scales. Thus the entire surface appears to be covered with fine reticulations. On the tail this darker color shows itself in the form of rings. The tail, moreover, is bright orange-yellow. This species is more slender than S. decoratus. The head is unusually sharply pointed. In S. decoratus, par- ticularly in the young, the length of the head and body considerably exceeds that of the tail. In S. flavicaudus the tail is almost always longer than the BARBOUR: BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA FROM THE BAHAMAS. 57 head and body; in a few cases, however, these lengths were very nearly the ‘same. The diameter of the tail at the base is less in the latter species than in the former. The types were taken in chinks in the wall of the house in which Mr, Bryant stayed while at Mangrove Cay. He says that the species is very active and difficult to capture, except in the direct sunlight, when they appear to be some- what dazed, and may be taken in the hand without difficulty. Sphaerodactylus notatus Barrp. This lizard is not uncommon about Nassau in some of the limestone caves, where several were captured running about on the walls. There are before me thirteen specimens from New Providence, two from Stranger Cay, and one from Little Abaco Island. M. C. Z. No. 6971; 6972; 6974. Distribution. — Cuba, Bahamas, and vicinity of Key West, Florida. Sphaerodactylus decoratus Garman. In the collections made during the past summer there are thirty-two examples of this hitherto rare geckoid from Mangrove Cay, Andros Island, where Mr. Bryant found it very common about the houses, and also a single specimen from New Providence Island. These have been critically compared with the type, a single specimen from Rum Cay. There is also in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy a single specimen from Andros Island, but the record is unpublished. So far as I can learn, the species has been heretofore unknown on New Providence. M. C. Z. No. 6952; 6973. S Distribution. — Bahamas. Anolis porcatus Gray. This species was common on New Providence and Andros Islands ; from the former locality eight specimens, and from the latter thirty-nine specimens were taken. We did not observe it at Abaco, whence it was recorded by Cope (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 10, p. 437). A careful comparison of these specimens with others from Cuba shows a slight but apparently constant difference. In the Cuban specimens the longitudinal rugae of the head are rather more pro- nounced, and do not appear to involve so many scutes as in the Bahamam speci- mens. It is possible that this difference may warrant subspecific separation ; but until a large series is available from various localities in Cuba, as well as in the Bahamas, a new name would only complicate this already over-perplex- ing genus. M. C. Z. No. 6964; 6951. Distribution. — Cuba, Bahamas, and Florida Keys. 58 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. Anolis distichus Corr. Eighteen specimens of this species were taken on New Providence, and Mr. Owen Bryant obtained a fine series of fifty-four specimens from Man- grove Cay, Andros Island. It was very common on the big silk cotton-tree in Nassau, but is usually not so common as A. sagrae. M. C. Z. No. 6950 ; 6956. Distribution. — Bahamas, Haiti, and San Domingo. Anolis sagrae Brsron. This is the most widely distributed and abundant lizard in the Bahamas, and we obtained it at a number of scattered localities : five at Little Abaco, five at Grand Bahama, three at Moraine Cay, two at Pensacola Cay, five at Elbow Cay, ten at Stranger Cay, one at Marsh Harbor, Abaco, twenty at New Provi- dence ; and Mr. Bryant collected ninety-two at Mangrove Cay, Andros Island. M. C. Z. No. 6959; 6960; 6957; 6963; 6977. Distribution. — Bahamas, Cuba, Yucatan, Jamaica, east coast of Central America, and Venezuela. Cyclura baeolopha Cope. Mr. Bryant obtained a good series of this species on Andros Island. He states that the natives hunt them regularly for food, and that he had no diffi- culty in procuring specimens from them. He saw none himself about the village. M. C. Z. No. 6975. Distribution. — Andros Island replaced on Watling’s, Turk’s, and Cat Islands by OC. rileyi, C. carinata, and C. nubila. Liocephalus carinatus Gray. We observed this species almost every day ashore during our cruise among the northern cays. Though recorded by Cope, it is unknown on New Provi- dence Island, but it is said to occur on some of the small cays lying at some distance toward Eleuthera Island. Mr. Bryant states that it is unknown on “the mainland” of Andros, although not uncommon on certain of the outer cays. Specimens were taken at the following localities: Hopetown, Elbow Cay, three examples ; Marsh Harbor, Abaco Island, two examples; Stranger Cay, one example; and Grand Bahama, one example. M. C. Z. No. 6966 ; 6967; 6968. Distribution. — Bahamas and Cuba. BARBOUR: BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA FROM THE BAHAMAS. 59 Ameira thoracica Cops. We collected fourteen specimens on New Providence Island and seven on Andros Island. I am unable to verify the occurrence of this species on the Island of Abaco, whence it was reported by Cope (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. 10, p. 438). Possibly the specimens were incorrectly labelled, and were from Andros Island. The species is said by Mr. Bryant to be rather common there, although I cannot find a previous record. M. C. Z. No. 6948 ; 6965. Distribution. — Bahamas. Typhlops lumbricalis Linnt. A single specimen of this species was taken by the writer about ten miles northwest of Marsh Harbor, Abaco Island. It was found tightly curled up under a large rock in a sweet-potato field. When touched, it became very active, and it was only after considerable manoeuvring that it was caught. M. C. Z. No. 6970. Distribution. — West Indies and Guianas. Epicrates strigilatus Corr. A single specimen of this species was seen in the hands of an animal-dealer in Nassau. It was a rather large specimen, measuring, I should judge, six and one-half or seven feet. There is a specimen in the Museum from the same locality. Recorded also from Andros Island by Garman (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1887, p. 279). M. C. Z. No. 6242. Distribution. — New Providence and Andros Islands, replaced by £. chryso- gaster on Turk’s Island. Ungualia pardalis Gunptacu. With a considerable series before me from New Providence Island, I disagree with Professor Cope in considering this species U. maculata. We took six specimens this summer; the writer obtained four previously, and there were two other specimens labelled U. curta by Garman, one from New Providence, the other from Cuba, in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. In all of these specimens part of the tail is black; in the smallest specimen only the extreme tip, in the largest specimen more than half. In some of these there are very many fine punctae on the gastrosteges, as well as the characteristic alternating spots. Two distinct color phases are evident; in three of the specimens the color is slaty-blue gray, the dorsal blotches being very distinct. In the others 60 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. the color is brownish or buff with the blotches rather inconspicuous. The squamation of these specimens exhibits a considerable range, and for this reason a table of the scale-counts is appended. No. 6114. “U. curta Garman.” Cuba. 25 Sc. 153+ 30 No. 6491. “U. curta Garman.” New Providence Island. 25 Se. 159431 No. 6780. U. pardalis Gund. New Providence Island. 25 Se. 154+ 33 No. 6781. U. pardalis Gund. New Providence Island; three specimens. 23 a. Sc. 150+ 31 25 b. Se. 152-32 25 ce. Se. 154+ 34 No. 6969. U. pardalis Gund. New Providence Island ; six spe- cimens ; collected in 1904. 25 a. Se. 158 + 34 25 b. Sc. 159+ 28 25 ce. Se. 156+ 33 23 d. Se. 156 + 37 25 e. Sc. 158 + 32 95 foc. 7433 Distribution. — Bahamas and Cuba. Alsophis vudii Cope. Two specimens of this snake were caught on New Providence Island; Mr. Bryant took one on Andros. A comparison of these with Cuban specimens of Alsophis (= Dromicus) angulifer shows that Dr. Boulenger is mistaken in con- BARBOUR: BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA FROM THE BAHAMAS. 61 sidering the former synonymous with the latter. As is rather often the case in the preparation of his otherwise monumental catalogues, he has united in his synonymy several perfectly valid species, possibly because he personally has not verified the descriptions from actual specimens. From his list it appears that there were no specimens of this species from the Bahamas in the British Museum. M. C. Z. No. 6954 ; 6955. Distribution. — New Providence and Andros Islands, Bahamas. \) Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE. Vou, ALVIS" No. 4; THREE LETTERS FROM ALEXANDER AGASSIZ TO THE HON. GEORGE M. BOWERS, UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSIONER, ON THE CRUISE, IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC, OF THE U. S. FISH COMMISSION STEAMER “ ALBATROSS,” LIEUT.-COMMANDER L. M. GARRETT, U.S.N., COMMANDING. [Published by Permission of GEorcE M. Bowrrs, U.S. Fish Commissioner. | CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S. A.: PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM. ApPRIL, 1905. No. 4.— Three Letters from ALEXANDER AGaAssiz to the How. GeEorGcE M. Bowers, United States Fish Commissioner, on the Cruise, in the Eastern Pacific, of the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer “ Albatross,” LikuT. COMMANDER L. M. GARRETT, U.S. N., Commanding. I. Lima, Peru, November 28, 1904. Tue ‘ Albatross,” under command of Lieutenant-Commander L. M. Garrett, left San Francisco on the 6th of October and arrived at Pan- ama the 22d. On her way along the coast Professor C. A. Kofoid took advantage of the opportunity for making surface hauls with the tow nets as well as vertical hauls, generally to a depth of 300 fathoms. A large amount of pelagic material was thus collected, not at a great distance from the coast however. Off Mariato Point the ‘“ Albatross ” made two hauls in the vicinity of the stations where in 1891 she found “modern green sand,” in about 500 and 700 fathoms. It was interest- ing to find the green sand again, as the specimens collected in 1891 were lost in transit to Washington. I am fortunate in having as assistant for this trip, Professor Kofoid, who has had great experience in studying the Protozoa both in fresh water and at sea. He has been given charge of the collection of Radiolarians and Diatoms and of other minute pelagic organisms ; and he will prepare a report on the results of that branch of the work of the expedition. The ‘ Albatross” arrived at Panama on the 22d; she was coaled and provisioned at once. On my arrival at Panama on the Ist of November I found her ready for sea, and on the 2d we left for Mariato Point to make a few additional trawl hauls in the region of the green sand. In both the hauls made off Mariato Point green sand was found, but not in the quantity obtained in 1891. From Mariato Point we made a straight line of soundings towards Chatham Island in the Galapagos, intersecting the ring of soundings we made northeast of the islands in 1891. The deepest point of the line (1900 fathoms) was found about 100 miles southwest of Mariato VOL. XLVI. — NO. 4 5 66 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. Point. The bottom continued to show about 1700 fathoms for nearly 200 . miles, and then shoaled very gradually to 1418 fathoms about 80 miles from Chatham Island. The slope became quite steep, the 1000-fathom line not being more than 60 miles from Chatham Island. We ran a short line south of Hood Island, and found a somewhat steeper slope to that face of the Galapagos, reaching over 1700 fathoms in a distance of less than 50 miles, when the bottom remained comparatively flat, attaining a depth of 2000 fathoms about 100 miles farther south. This depth we carried eastward on a line to Aguja Point, until half-way the soundings had increased to over 2200 fathoms and remained at about that depth to within 60 miles of the coast, when the depth rapidly shoaled. From Aguja Point we ran a line of soundings to the southwest to a point about 675 miles west of Callao; on this line the depths gradually increased from 2200 fathoms, 100 miles off the Point, to nearly 2500 fathoms. On running east to Callao the depth soon in- creased to about 2600 fathoms, and at a distance of about 80 miles off Callao we dropped into the Milne-Edwards Deep and found a depth of over 3200 fathoms. We spent a couple of days in developing this deep, making soundings of 1490, 2845, 458, 1949, 2338, and 3120 fathoms ; showing a great irregularity of the bottom within a compara- tively limited area of less than sixty miles in diameter. Thus far all our soundings have been made with the Lucas sounding-machine. In the Panamic basin to the northeast of the Galapagos we only trawled off Mariato Point, but we occupied ten stations with the tow nets, hauling both at the surface and at 300 fathoms, and vertically from that depth; we also continued this pelagic work at nearly all the stations (35) from the Galapagos to Callao. When off Chatham Island we began to trawl and used the tow nets regularly, occupying twenty stations. ‘The nets were in charge of Mr. F. M. Chamberlain. The pelagic collections, as a whole, are remarkably rich. They are especially noteworthy for the great variety and number of pelagic fishes obtained inside the 300-fathom line at a considerable distance from shore, — from 300 to 650 miles. Many of these fishes had been considered as true deep-sea fishes to be obtained only in the trawl when dredging between 1000 and 1500 fathoms or more. On one occasion the tow net brought up from 300 fathoms, the depth being 1752 fathoms, no less than 12 species of fishes; of one species of Myctophum we obtained 18 specimens; of another, 37; of a third, 45; in all, nearly 150 specimens. On other occasions it was not uncommon to obtain 8 or 10 species, and from 50 to 100 specimens. Among the AGASSIZ: LETTERS TO THE HON. GEORGE M. BOWERS. 67 most interesting types obtained in the tow net I may mention as coming from less than 300 fathoms, Stylophthalmus and Dissoma, both of which Chun considers as deep-sea fishes, found from 600 to 4000 metres ; also a species of Eurypharynx obtained for the first time in the Pacific. Stylophthalmus I had also caught in a tow net in 1900, during the tropical Pacific Expedition of the “ Albatross,” in depths of less than 300 fathoms. In the lines we ran across the great northerly current which sweeps along the coast of Peru and Chili and is deflected west- ward at the easterly corner of the Galapagos Islands, we obtained with the tow nets an unusually rich pelagic fauna at depths less than 300 fathoms. We collected a number of Schizopods, among them many beautifully colored Gnathophausiae, pelagic Macrurans; huge, _bril- liant red Copepods, as well as many other species of blue, gray, mottled, and banded Copepods. Lucifer and Sergestes were abundant in many of our hauls. Many species of Amphipods were collected, Hyperids without number, especially where the surface hauls were made among masses of Salpae, which, on several occasions, formed a jelly of Tuni- cates. Several species of Phronimae also occurred constantly in the tow nets. Sagittae were very numerous, a large orange species being note- worthy. Several species of Tomopteris, some of large size and bril- liantly colored, violet or carmine with yellow flappers, and two species of Pelagonemerteans. Two species of orange-colored Ostracods were also common, one having a carapace with a long spiny appendage. We obtained several species of pelagic Cephalopods, Cranchia and Taonis among them. ‘Two species of Doliolum also occurred, but they were never as abundant as the Salpae, two species of which often con- stituted the whole contents of the tow net. In the surface and deeper tows we also procured a number of Acalephs ; we have thus far collected more than 50 species of Medusae and Siphonophores, many of which have been figured by Mr. Bigelow, dif- fering from those of the 1891 Expedition. Atollae, and other deep- sea Medusae, were common within the 300-fathom line. The Salpae guts gave us, in addition to the finer tow nets, immense collections of Radiolarians, Diatoms, Dinoflagellata, many of which have been con- sidered to live at great depth and upon the bottom. The number of Diatoms found in this tropical region is most interesting. They have usually been considered as characteristic of more temperate and colder regions. On several occasions the surface waters were greatly discolored by their presence, and the extent of their influence on the bottom de- posits is shown by the discovery of a number of localities where the 68 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOULOGY, bottom samples at depths from 1490 to 2845 fathoms in the track of the great Peruvian current formed a true infusorial earth. The tow nets also contained many species of Hyalea, Cymbulia, Styliola, Cleodora, Tiedemannia, Clio, and the like. On one occasion the mass of the pelagic hauls consisted entirely of small brown Copepods, the contents of the tow nets looking like sago soup. Another time Sagittae, Salpae, Doliolum and Liriope, all most transparent forms, formed the bulk of the tow net’s catch. Again, Firoloides and Carinarias constituted the bulk of the haul. These catches, coming on successive days or interrupted with hauls of more than mediocre quality, show how hopeless it is at sea to make any quantitative analysis of the pelagic fauna and flora at any one station within the influence of such a great oceanic current as the Chilian and Peruvian stream. Hauls of the trawl made at the western extremity of our lines brought us within the area of the manganese nodules, with its radiolarian ooze mud, shark’s teeth, Cetacean ear-bones and beaks of Cephalopods ; nothing could stand the damaging work of these nodules in grinding to pieces all the animal life the trawl may have obtained. Down to the depth of 2200 fathoms or so the bottom was covered by Globigerina ooze, its character being more or less hidden when near the coast by the amount of detrital matter and terrigenous deposits which have drifted out to sea. North of the Galapagos we found vegetable matter at nearly all the stations, and between the Galapagos and Callao such material was not uncommon in the trawl. Beyond the line of 2200 fathoms dead Radiolarians became quite abundant on the bottom, as well as in the mud of the manganese no- dules, though among the nodules it was not uncommon to find an occasional Biloculina. Many of the dead Radiolarians found on the bottom Professor Kofoid found in the guts of Salpae swimming near the surface or within the 300-fathom line in the tow nets sent to that depth. The same is the case with many of the Dinoflagellata which had been considered as deep-sea types. In our tow nets from 300 fathoms we found very com- raonly Tuscarora, Tuscarosa, Aulospira, and others. In depths of 300 fathoms to the surface the tow net was rich in Tintinnidae, either dead or moribund Plauktoniellae, and Dinoflagellata. Among the Dinoflagel- lata there were 10 species of Ceratium, 9 of Peridinidae, Gonyaulax, Phalacroma, Pyrocystis, Cyttarocylis, Undella, and Dictiocystus. On the surface Planktoniella so] predominates with Asteromphale, Biddulphia, and Synidia thalassothrix; among the Dinoflagellata we obtained 12 species of Ceratium, 5 of Peridinium, and 22 species of other Peredinidae. AGASSIZ: LETTERS TO THE HON. GEORGE M. BOWERS. 69 Among the Tintinnidae were a number of Sticholonche; among the Acantheriae were specially to be noticed Acanthometra, Acanthostaurus, Amphilonche, Collozoum, Thalassicola, and a number of Chirospira murrayana, and a few Challengeridae. Our trawls brought up from the bottom many interesting fishes, among which I may mention Bathypterois, Ipnops, a few bat fishes, all species thus far described by Mr. Garman from the 1891 Expedition. I may also mention a Chimaera, different from the Chili species. The fish have been admirably cared for by Dr. J. C. Thompson, U.S. N. Among the Crustacea: Lithodes, Munidopsis, and many Macrurans, all well-known species of the 1891 Expedition. We found a few Mollusks, and a few interesting genera of tubicolous Annelids. Compared to the 1891 Expedition, few starfishes and brittle stars were obtained, and still fewer sea urchins, only one species of Aceste and one of Aérope, a marked contrast to the numerous Echini collected in the Panamic basin in 1891. We obtained, however, a magnificent collection of Holothurians ; nearly every species occurring in the Panamic basin be- ing found in numbers in our track south of the Galapagos, in the wake of the great Chilean-Peruvian current and at considerable depths. On one occasion, at Station 4647, in 2005 fathoms, we obtained no less than 16 species of Holothurians, among them brilliantly colored Benthodytes, Psychropotes, Scotoplanes, Euphronides, and the like. At Station 4670, in 3209 fathoms, we obtained 6 species of Holothurians. At Station 4672, in 2845 fathoms we also obtained very many specimens of three species of Ankyroderma, a large Deima, 2 species of Scotoplanes, 2 of Psychropotes, with a number of young stages of that genus ; re- peating thus the experience of the “Challenger,” which found Holothurians in abundance at great depth, not only in the number of specimens, but also of species, though the “ Challenger” did not at any locality obtain as many as we did at Station 4647. Mr. Westergren made a number of colored sketches of the species which were not obtained in the 1891 Expedition. We also collected in the trawl a number of deep-sea Actinians, none different, however, from genera found previously in the Panamic district. We also obtained a few Pennatulids, Gorgonians, and Antipathes, and a very considerable number of siliceous Sponges, usually associated with the Holothurians found in deep water in the track of the Peruvian current. Inthe track of the current at not too great distances from the coast we invariably brought, even from very considerable depths, sticks and twigs and fragments of vegetable matter. On two oc- casions we brought up in the trawl specimens of Octacnemus. The 70 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. trawl had been working at 2235 and at 2222 fathoms. Both Moseley and Herdman described this interesting Ascidian as attached to the bottom by a small peduncle. While the presence of the peduncle can- not be denied, yet its attachment, if attached at all, must be of the slightest. Its transparent slightly translucent body, with its eight large lobes, suggesting rather a pelagic type than a sedentary form. This Ascidian was discovered by the “Challenger” west of Valparaiso.* Mr. Chamberlain made two daily observations of the density of the water, and found the same discrepancies between our observations and those of 1891 with those given by the “ Challenger ” and in the Deutsche Seewarte Atlas of the Pacific Ocean. Whenever we took a serial tem- perature, he also determined the density at 800 fathoms. We occupied six stations for the serial temperatures, two on the western termini of the lines normal to the coast across the great Peruvian current, two in the centre of the current, and two at a moderate distance from the coast. These serials developed an unusually rapid drop in the temperature between the surface and 50 fathoms, nearly 12°, at the western extremity of the northern line, the temperature having dropped from 71.7° at the surface to 59.2°. At 200 fathoms it was 51°, and at 600 fathoms it had dropped to 40.7°, the bottom temperature at 2005 fathoms being 36.4°. The temperature of the station in the central part of the current in 2235 fathoms agreed with the western series. At the eastern part of the line in 2222 fathoms, with a bottom temperature of 36.4°, the surface being only 67°, we found again a close agreement at 50 and 100 fathoms, the lower depths at 400 and 600 fathoms being from one to two degrees warmer than the outer temperatures. On taking a serial from the sur- face to 100 fathoms, we found that the greatest drop in temperature took place between 5 and 30 fathoms. The temperatures of a line running due west from Callao showed a very close agreement both at the western end of the line about 780 miles from the coast and in the central part of the line, as well as in the shore station about 80 miles from the coast in 3209 fathoms. The bot- tom temperature in nearly all the depths we sounded was 36°, a high temperature for that depth. Ido not make at present any comparison with the serials taken in the Panamic district in 1891 until we shall have completed our lines to the south and to the west. We leave for Easter Island on the 3d of December, where we shall 1 In the Albatross Tropical Pacific Expedition (1899-1900) Octacnemus was obtained in the tow net from less than 150 fathoms at Station 15, Lat. 4° 35’ N., Long. 186° 54’ W. AGASSIZ: LETTERS TO THE HON. GEORGE M. BOWERS. 71 coal, and go from there to the Galapagos and thence to Manga Reva and Acapulco, where we ought to arrive in the early days of March. The changes made in the working apparatus of the “ Albatross” under the superintendence of Lieutenant Franklin Swift, U. S. N., have proved most satisfactory. The changes made in the main drum and the device for preventing the piling of the wire on the surging drum and the accompanying shock have greatly reduced the risk of breaking the wire rope when trawling at great depths. The wire rope has proved an excellent piece of workmanship, and has worked admirably in the comparatively deep water in which most of our trawling has been done thus far. A new dredging-boom has also been installed, and everything relating to the equipment of the “ Albatross”? has been carefully over- hauled. Lieutenant-Commander L. M. Garrett has been indefatigable in his interests for the expedition, the officers and crew have been devoted to their work, and the members of the scientific staff have carried out most faithfully their duties of preparing and preserving the collections thus far made. We hoped to be docked at Callao, but owing to the prolonged occupa- tion of the dock by a disabled steamer, and the uncertainty of its becom- ing free within reasonable time, we decided to proceed without further delay to Easter Island and continue the expedition as we are. ie CuatHam Isianp, GALAPAGoOs, January 6, 1905. We left Callao for Easter Island Saturday afternoon, December 3; as far as 90° western longitude we remained in the Humboldt current, as we could readily see from the character of the temperature serials and from the amount of pelagic life we obtained both from the surface and the intermediate hauls. This also affected the bottom fauna, which was fairly rich even as far as 800 miles from the shore as long as we remained within the limits of the northern current. As soon as we ran outside of it the character of the surface fauna changed; it became less and less abundant as we made our way to Easter Island, the western half of the line from Callao to Easter Island becoming gradually barren. This also affected the deep-sea fauna to such an extent that towards Easter Island, at a distance of 1200 to 1400 miles from the South American continent, our trawl hauls were absolutely barren ; the bottom for the greater part 72 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. of the line being covered with manganese nodules on which were found attached a few insignificant siliceous Sponges, an occasional Ophiuran, and a few Brachiopods or diminutive worm tubes; the same bottom con- tinuing to Sala y Gomez and between it and Easter Island. Sala y Gomez and Easter Island are connected by a ridge on which we found 1142 fathoms near Sala y Gomez, and 1696 fathoms between it and Easter Island. The ridge rises rapidly from about 2000 fathoms, the general oceanic depth within about 100 miles, to over 1100 fathoms within a comparatively short distance from both Sala y Gomez and Easter Island. The southern part of our line from Easter Island to the Galapagos shows all the characteristic features of the western part of the line from Callao to Easter Island: like it, as far as the 12th degree of south- ern latitude, it proved comparatively barren, the bottom consisting of manganese nodules to within about 250 miles of the Galapagos. The pelagic and intermediate fauna from Easter Island to 12° south latitude was very poor, and the serial temperatures show that we were outside and to the westward of the great Humboldt current. But near the 12th degree of southern latitude a sudden change took place; the pelagic and intermediate fauna became quite abundant again, and soon fully as rich as at any time in the Humboldt current. There was also a marked change in the temperature of the water as shown by the serials; show- ing that from the 12th degree of southern latitude to the Galapagos we were cutting across the western part of the Humboldt current. The great changes of temperature which took place in the layers of the water between 50 and 300 fathoms are most striking, and show what a disturb- ing element the great mass of cold water flowing north must be in the equatorial regions of the Panamic district to the south and to the north of the Galapagos. South of the Galapagos the western flow of the Humboldt current must be nearly 900 miles wide and of about the same width when running parallel to the South American coast. The range of temperatures between 30 and 150 fathoms is at some points as great as 21°. Such extremes cannot fail to affect the dis- tribution of the pelagic fauna, and may account for the mass of dead material often collected in the intermediate tows when hauling at depths of less than 300 fathoms, when the range becomes as great as 28°. Such a range of temperature is far greater than that of the isochrymic lines which separate coast faunal divisions. The bottom fauna, as we en- tered the Humboldt current going north, gradually became richer in spite of its being covered with manganese nodules. AGASSIZ: LETTERS TO THE HON. GEORGE M. BOWERS. 73 The two lines centring at Easter Island developed the “ Albatross” plateau indicated on the “Challenger” bathymetrical charts, on the strength of a few soundings reaching from Callao in a northwesterly direction, and of a couple of soundings on the 20th degree of latitude. The Albatross plateau is marked as a broad ridge separating the Buchan Basin from the deep basin to the westward, of which Grey Deep and the Moser Basin are the most noted areas. Our. line from Easter Island to the Galapagos showed a wonderfully level ridge, varying in depth only from 2020 to 2265 fathoms in a dis- tance of nearly 2000 miles. The soundings we made to the eastward from the Galapagos to the South American coast, and to the westward of Callao, as well as on the line from Callao to Easter Island, all indi- cate a gradual deepening to the eastward to form what the “ Chal- lenger” has called the Buchan Basin with a greatest depth of 2400 to over 2700 fathoms, and passing at several points near the coast to Milne, Edwards, Kriimmell, Richards and Haeckel Deeps, some of them with a depth of over 4000 fathoms. According to the “ Challenger” sound- ings, the Juan Fernandez plateau connects with the Albatross plateau, and forms the southern limit separating Buchan Basin from the Barker Basin to the south of the Juan Fernandez plateau. At Easter Island we found our collier awaiting our arrival. We moved from Cook Bay to La Pérouse Bay to coal, as there was less swell there than in Cook Bay, where we could scarcely have gone alongside to take in coal. Considerable shore collecting was done at Easter Island. We must have brought together at least 30 species of plants. The flora of Easter Island is very poor. There are no trees nor native bushes — not even the bushes which characterize the shore tracts of the most isolated coral reefs of the Pacific are found there; and yet some of the equatorial counter currents must occasionally bring flotsam to its shores. We collected a number of shore fishes and made a small collection of the littoral fauna. The fishes have a decided Pacific look, and the few species of sea urchins we came across are species having a wide distribu- tion in the Pacific. While coaling, we spent some time examining the prehistoric monu- ments which line the shores of Easter Island. During our stay at La Pérouse Bay we visited the platforms studding the coast. of the bay, and made an excursion to the crater of Rana Roroka, where are situated the great quarries from which were cut the colossal images now scattered all over the island, many of which have fallen near the platforms upon which 74 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. they were erected. Near Rana Roroka, at Tongariki, is the largest plat- form on the island, about 450 feet in length, to the rear of which are fifteen huge images which have fallen from the pedestals upon which they once stood. The plain in the rear of the platform is crowded by stone houses, most of which are in ruins. On our return to our anchorage at Cook Bay, we examined the plat- forms within easy reach of the settlement, and also the crater of Rana Koa, on the north rim of which, at Orongo, are a number of the stone houses built by the people who quarried the great stone images. At Orongo are also found sculptured rocks, but neither the sculptures nor the images show any artistic qualities, though the fitting of some of the cyclopean stones used in building the faces of the platforms indicate excellent and careful workmanship. To Mr. C. Cooper, manager of the Easter Island Company, we are indebted for assistance while visiting the points of interest of the island. He was indefatigable in his exer- tions in our behalf. We took a number of photographs during our stay, illustrating not only the prehistoric remains, but giving also an idea of the desolate aspect of Easter Island during the dry season. We arrived at Wreck Bay, Chatham Island, Galapagos, on the third of January, where we found a schooner with a supply of coal. As soon as the ship has been overhauled and coaled we shall start for Manga Reva, where we ought to arrive the last days of January. We reached Chat- ham Island towards the end of the dry season. Everything is dried up, the vegetation seems dead with the exception of a few small wild cotton plants, weeds, cactus, and an occasional Mimosa; and the great barren slopes present fully as uninviting an aspect as when Darwin described them. When the “ Albatross” visited the Galapagos in March, 1891, everything was green, presenting a very marked contrast to its present desolate appearance. III. Acaputco, Mexico, March 26, 1905. We left the Galapagos (Wreck Bay) for Manga Reva the 10th of January. On the northern part of this line we did but little work beyond , sounding, as we were likely to duplicate our former work to the east- ward. The fourth day out, in latitude 5° S., we began a series of trawl hauls, surface and towing to 300 fathoms. In the northern part EE rr AGASSIZ: LETTERS TO THE HON. GEORGE M. BOWERS. 15 of the line to Manga Reva the hauls were remarkably rich as long as we remained within the influence of the western extension of the Humboldt current, and as long as there poured from the surface masses of the Radiolarians, Diatoms, and Globigerinae living at or near the surface. Some of the hauls were remarkable for the number of deep-sea Holo- thurians and siliceous Sponges. Among the former I may mention a huge Psychropotes, 55 c. m. long. As we passed south and gradually drew out of the influence of the western current, we entered the same barren region we passed through to the eastward when going to and from Easter Island. By the time we reached latitude 15°S., the hauls became quite poor, and this barren bottom district extended to within a short distance of Manga Reva; corresponding to it near the surface we found a most meagre pelagic fauna, both at the surface and down to 300 fathoms —so poor that it could afford but little food to the few species, if any, living on the _bottom in that region. We arrived at Manga Reva on the 27th of January and found our collier awaiting our arrival. While at anchor in Port Rikitea, we examined Manga Reva, the prin- cipal island of the Gambier group, from its central ridge on the pass leading from Rikitea to Kirimiro on the west side of Manga Reva, as well as from the pass leading to Taku. On both these passes we ob- tained excellent views of the “ barrier reef” to the west, north, and east of the Gambier Islands, and we could trace in the panorama before us the western reef extending in a northeasterly direction parallel to the general trend of Manga Reva Island for a distance of about 5} miles. From the northern horn to nearly opposite Kirimiro Bay the barrier reef has only three small islets. It is narrow, of uniform width (about 4 of a mile), plainly defined, submerged in places, and passing north bounds a large northern bight dotted with numerous interior coral patches from a quarter of a mile toa mile in diameter or length, with from 7 to 11 fathoms. The southern part of the western barrier Jagoon off Manga Reva is irregularly dotted with many small patches of reef, with an occasional deep hole near Manga Reva Island of from 15 to 20 fathoms. From the islet to the west of Kirimiro there are but few coral patches, indicating a reef which dips gradually in a distance of a mile to a deeper channel of from 4 to 6 fathoms, which separates the northern and western reef from the great reef flat lying to the south- west of Tara Vai. This flat has a width of nearly 2 miles, it is about x miles long, and is marked at its southwest extremity by a series of 76 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. low islets arranged in a somewhat circular line, formed by 3 deep bays and spurs from the outer line of islets, as so frequently occurs on wide reef flats in atolls of the Pacific. This part of the reef is called Tokorua. This reef flat shelves very gradually from 34 to 4 fathoms on the west face to 7, and connects with the “plateau” upon which stand Tara Vai and Aga-kanitai. From Tokorua the reef extends in an indefinite narrow ridge 8 miles long, with from 3 to 8 fathoms, in a southeasterly direction. ‘The western edge is steep to, and the eastern face passes gradually into the lagoon, which at that point has a general depth of 8 to 20 fathoms; the deepest part of this region being at the foot of Mt. Mokoto between it and Tara Vai, though Tara Vai is united with Manga Reva Island by a plateau varying in depth from 3} to 4} fathoms. At the southeastern point of the reef it passes into a wide pla- teau with from 9 to 10 or 15 fathoms. The plateau is about 9 miles wide southwest of Tekava. That part of the atoll has not been well surveyed, so that the position of the reef flat has not been ascertained further west on that part of the east face; but the southeast passage indicates 54, 6, and 63 fathoms where it probably marks the south- western extension of the eastern barrier reef, separating the lagoon from the southern plateau to the south of the encircling reef. The western faces of Manga Reva and of Tara Vai are indented by deep bays, formed by spurs running from the central ridge of these islands, the remnants probably of small craters which flanked the large crater, of which Manga Reva forms the western rim and Au Kena is the remnant of the southeastern edge, the former extension of this rim being indicated by the spits uniting the base of Mt. Duff with Au Kena, and by the projection of Au Kena towards the outer barrier reef, and by the numerous patches of coral reef off the northeast point of Manga Reva towards the outer line of Motus till they almost unite with the barrier reef. , The whole of the western bays of Manga Reva Island are filled by fringing reefs which leave but here and there a deeper pass to the shore. The south face at the foot of the bluff of Mt. Mokoto and Mt. Duff is edged by a flourishing, fringing reef extending nearly half a mile on the plateau at their base. The port of Rikitea is a reef harbor formed within the large fringing reef which occupies the whole of the southern bay of Manga Reva Island. The east face of Tara Vai and part of the east and of the west face of Aga-kanitai are also fringed by reefs. The islets and islands of Aka Maru, Mekiro, and Maka-pu are within AGASSIZ: LETTERS TO THE HON. GEORGE M. BOWERS. Wi a fringing reef flat which runs around the west face of Aka Maru; Au Kena is also edged by an extensive fringing reef which runs out in a spit of more than half a mile, in a northeasterly direction almost to the outer line of Motus, which are nearly united with it by irregular patches. To the west of Au Kena a huge spit of 2 miles in length extends towards the base of Mt. Duff and almost unites with the fringing reef off the Cemetery, leaving a narrow but deep pass for the entrance of ships into the inner harbor of Rikitea. There is only from 1 to 23 fathoms of water on these two spits. The depth of the basin within this area with from 25 to 31 fathoms would be naturally explained as being part of an ancient crater, as in Totoya in Fiji; its northeastern rim is also perhaps further indicated by the comparatively shallow flat of the lagoon to the west of the barrier reef, with from 5 to 11 fathoms of water. The principal islands of the group are in the central part of the lagoon. The four larger islands are Manga Reva, Tara Vai, Au Kena, and Aka Maru. Tara Vai is flanked by Aga-kanitai and another islet to the west called Topunui; Aka Maru is flanked by Mekiro to the north, and by Maka-pu to the south. The southeast face of Aka Maru is an extinct erater, of which Maka-pu forms the south rim. The main ridge of Tara Vai is the edge of parts of three craters now opening to the west. The four small volcanic islands in the southern part of the lagoon are isolated fragments, steep to, greatly weathered, and disintegrated. No sound- ings exist to show their relation to the other islands of the group. The soundings thus far made indicate in the southern part of the lagoon a depth of about 23 fathoms, with an occasional hole of from 38 to 40, and a gradual slope towards the outer sunken reef. To the south of the old crater of Manga Reva the general depth of the banks varies from 6 to 11 fathoms, with a deeper channel varying from 20 to 40 from southwest of Au Kena towards Tara Vai. The lagoon seems to form a western basin where the depth varies from 10 to 20 fathoms. To the west of An Kena and Aka Maru, lying between them and the line of the outer barrier reef islets. A similar but shallower basin exists, off the northern end of Manga Reva, between it and the northern horn of the barrier reef, with from 7 to 11 fathoms. Its rim is formed by a ring of reef patches of very varying size. On two occasions we visited the outer barrier reef and examined the outer line of islets of the eastern face of the Gambier Islands. The position of the islets as marked on the chart is not that of to-day, and the position of the reef flats is not correct. The position of Tekava and Tauna appears 78 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. to be correct. Opposite Au Kena and in its extension the cast face of the barrier reef projects sharply to the east, forming an angular horn, with one island south of the horn and the other north running at a sharp angle with it, so as to form a triangle which makes a deep bight open- ing westward to such an extent that when off the northern side of the horn we could see Tekava far to the westward of it. The second island is followed bya third, and then by a long island — Tarauru-roa — nearly 2 miles long ; these are separated by small gaps. Then comes a larger island — Amou — followed by three small islands separated by deep gaps. At Vaiatekeue (not the Vaiatekeua on the chart), the reef flat be- comes quite narrow, it is hardly more than 100 yards wide, the islets perhaps 50. The northern islets are small and separated by long stretches of low shingle, and carry but little vegetation and very few cocoanut trees. There are but two short sand beaches all the way from the northeastern to the eastern horn of the eastern face of the encircling reef of Manga Reva. A regular dam of shingle from 10 to 14 feet high, on the top of which the usual coral reef vegetation flourishes, extends along the outer face of the reef flat, which varies from 50 to 150 yards in width, and is flanked at the base by low buttresses of modern ele- vated coral reef rock and of breccia in places all more or less weather- beaten and honeycombed. The islets, and their formation, and their junction or separation into larger or smaller islets, and the gaps which separate them, the mode of formation of the buttresses, of the planed-off, hard, nearly level reef flat, of the coralline mounds of the outer edge, — all these differ in no way from what has been described in other barrier reef islands and atolls of the Pacific. The beaches of the lagoon are steep, and corals do not seem to thrive in those parts of the lagoon to which the sea does not have access or at some distance from shore. This is well shown by the vigorous growth of corals in the fringing reef to the south of Mt. Duff on the outer edges of the reef patches of Port Rikitea, and on the spits which connect Au Kena with Manga Reva, contrasted to those along the west face of the lagoon flats to the west of the eastern barrier reef. There is a northeast horn of the eastern barrier reef in the extension of Manga Reva Island, forming the northern culmination of the central bight of the eastern face of the barrier reef. From that point the reef flat runs westerly to form the northern horn about 3 miles north of Manga Reva Island. The position of the outer reef cannot be correct AGASSIZ: LETTERS TO THE HON. GEORGE M. BOWERS. 79 on the chart (H.0.2024). On leaving Manga Reva, we made three soundings close off the reef flat line of breakers, — one off Tekava, at the most one-third of a mile from the reef, in 225 fathoms. Our position plotted by tangents to the volcanic islands or by their summits indicated in this case, on the chart, a distance of 14 miles. A second sounding of 245 fathoms off the eastern horn at less than one-half mile, indicated on H.O. chart 2024 a distance of 2 miles from the horn; and a sounding of 241 fathoms one-fourth of a mile off the point which we had visited (Vaiatekeue) indicated a distance of three-fourths of a mile on the chart. The slope of the Gambier archipelago to the east is steep. On coming in sight of Manga Reva we sounded in 2070 fathoms at a distance of 11 miles from Mt. Duff, that is, 6 miles from the outer edge of the reef bearing southwest; and on coming out we sounded again half-way to that point at a distance of 34 miles from the breakers in 1394 fathoms. One cannot fail to be struck with the similarity of the Manga Reva archipelago to the great atoll of Truk. If I remember rightly, Darwin also called attention to this from a study of the charts. Yet, owing to the great size of Truk, no less than 125 miles in circumference, and the great distance of the barrier reef from the encircled volcanic islands, the effect as one steams into Manga Reva is totally different from that produced by Truk. In the latter some of the islands, though large, and of the same height as those of Manga Reva, are much more scattered, and seem of comparatively small importance in the midst of the huge lagoon which surrounds them. The barrier reef islets of Truk are from 11 to 15 miles distant from the encircled volcanic islands. In Manga Reva, which is only 45 miles in circumference, after passing the small islands in the southern and open part of the lagoon when once off Maka-pu, we can fairly well take in the atoll as a whole. The western island (Tara Vai) is only 5 miles off; Manga Reva and Au Kena are about 3, as are also the islets of the east face of the barrier reef. These distances, as you approach the entrance to Rikitea, are constantly growing less, so that when in the gap between Manga Reva Island and Au Kena, at the foot of Mt. Duff, none of the larger islands are more than 3 miles off ; and the islets of the eastern face of the barrier reef are seen to the northeast about 4 miles off. When on the summit of the central ridge of Manga Reva, one can, in a radius of a little more than 4 miles, take in the whole panorama of Manga Reva, and get an impression of the relations of its different parts far better than it can be conveyed by 80 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. the chart, for the whole of the visible part of the archipelago is included in a line drawn east and west, south of Maka-pu ; south of that line the position of the southwestern reef can be traced only by the discoloration of the water. Manga Reva is an intermediate stage of erosion and denudation between an archipelago lagoon such as Truk and a barrier reef island like Vanikoro, and other islands in the Society group, as Bora Bora,’ Huaheine, Raiatea, Eimeo, in which the surrounding platform has comparatively little width and the barrier reef is close to the principal island and often becomes a part of its fringing reef. Manga Reva is open to the south and to the west, Vanikoro to the east, while the volcanic islands of Truk are completely surrounded by the outer encircling barrier reef, as are the Society Islands just mentioned, which have several wide passages into the lagoon through the wide barrier reef. One is tempted to reconstruct the Gambier Archipelago of former times, and to imagine it with a great central voleano, with a deep crater of more than 34 fathoms, of which Manga Reva and Au Kena are parts of the rim which once were connected from the southeast point of Manga Reva to Au Kena, and thence along the line of the outer islets to the northeast end of the former island. On the west face it was flanked by smaller craters extending to the western islets of the barrier reef of which the bays of Taku, Kirimiro, and Rumaru, and the bays of the west side of Tara Vai are the eastern ridges. There were probably also other secondary volcanoes, of which Aka Maru and the islets of the south part of the lagoon are the remnants, the latter all being situated on the gentle slope of the southern part of the Manga Reva plateau ; this may have been the southern slope of the principal volcano of the group on the face of which have grown up the outer line of the barrier reef and its islets. The existence of a central voleano with a deep crater would readily explain the great depths of the lagoon in its different regions, and off the outer face of Manga Reva, depths showing slopes which are no steeper nor more striking than the heights and slopes of the southern part of Manga Reva, of Tara Vai, of Aka Maru, and of Maka-pu; sup- posing them to be extended into the sea. Mt. Mokoto and Mt. Duff drop precipitously for more than one-third their height, and in less than a quarter of a mile fall from over 1300 feet to the level of the sea. Similar slopes are found along the volcanoes 1See A. Agassiz, The Coral Reefs of the Tropical Pacific, Plates 210 and 231. —————— rl tt —_— SS AGASSIZ: LETTERS TO THE HON. GEORGE M. BOWERS. 81 of Easter Island where there are no coral reefs. The edge of the crater of Rana Kao drops perpendicularly a height of nearly 1000 feet in less than one-eighth of a mile horizontal distance ; and the eastern face of the crater of Rana Roroka rises vertically about 800 feet above the plain of Tangariki. It is interesting to note how poor is the flora of the Manga Reva archipelago as compared with that of the more western volcanic islands like the Marquesas and the Society Islands and some of the western elevated Paumotus. In the Gambier Archipelago the forests are reduced to a few patches extending along the small valleys of the slopes of the volcanic spurs. Iam informed that even in the thirties of the last cen- tury, when the missionaries first landed at Manga Reva, the forest trees while more numerous yet never attained the luxuriance of growth that they attain in the Society and Marquesas Islands. At the present day, with the exception of the forest patches Just mentioned and a few trees which have been introduced for cultivation, the islands of the group are in great-part thickly covered with a species of cane closely resembling that of our southern States. It grows toa height of nearly 10 feet. The fauna of Manga Reva is also extremely poor. There are no mammals, and, with the exception of a “sandpiper,” no indigenous birds. Sea birds are few in number, and in our trip in the eastern Pacific we rarely had more than three or four birds accompanying us; often only one, and frequently none were visible for days. ‘There are a few lizards on the islands, apparently the same species as those in the Society Islands. We left Port Rikitea for Acapulco on the 4th of February to anchor off Aka Maru; on the 5th we left our anchorage, sounded off the east face of Manga Reva, and took photographs. On our way north from Manga Reva to Acapulco we did not begin to trawl or tow until warned by the surface nets that the surface was becom- ing richer in animal and vegetable life, and also by the surface tempera- tures indicating that we had reached the southern edge of the cold western equatorial current. A little north of 10° south latitude we made our first haul and deep tow, and found a very rich pelagic surface fauna down to the 300-fathom line; recalling the pelagic fauna of the eastern lines and fully as rich. On trawling we found, as we expected, a very rich bottom fauna. Among the animals brought up in the trawl were some superb Hyalonemas, siliceous Spongés, Benthodytes, and other deep-sea Holo- thurians ; fine specimens of Freyella, and some large Ophiurans. This haul is interesting as showing that in the tract of a great current, with VOL, XLVI.— NO, 4 6 82 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. abundance of food, we may find at a very considerable depth (2422 fathoms) an abundant fauna at very great distances from continental lands. We were, at this station, about 2140 miles from Acapulco, 1200 miles from Manga Reva, 1700 miles from the Galapagos, and about 900 miles from the Marquesas. Another haul made under the equator, near the northern edge of the cold current, in 2320 fathoms, gave us the same results. The pelagic life was very abundant, the surface teemed with Radiolarians, Diatoms, and Globigerinae, and swarmed with invertebrates. The trawl contained a superb collection of Holothurians, Brisinga, Hyalonema, Neusina, and on this occasion we brought up the only Stalked Crinoid collected during this expedition, parts of the stem of two specimens of Rhizocrinus, of which, unfortunately, the arms were wanting. Our progress, which had been excellent during the first days of our journey after leaving Manga Reva, has for the past six days been greatly impeded by head winds in the region where we ought to have been in the full swing of the southeasterly trades. This led us with great re- luctance to abandon all idea of further work in the equatorial belt of currents, to give up our proposed visit to Clipperton, and on account of our limited coal supply to make for Acapulco, merely sounding every morning. This was a great disappointment to me, as we had every rea- son to expect to be able to spend some time in the belt of the equato- rial currents, and settle more conclusively than we have been able to do, the question of their influence upon the richness of the fauna living in their track far from continental shores or insular areas. The presence of Diatoms in all parts of the Humboldt current which we crossed from south of Callao to the equator at the Galapagos, and west towards Clipperton, shows how far the tract of a great oceanic cur- rent can be traced, not only by its temperature, but also by the pelagic life living upon its surface or near it. When once in the warm westerly equatorial current, the Diatoms disappear and the bottom samples show only surface Radiolarians and Globigerinae. We took a number of serial temperatures in the line Galapagos to Manga Reva, passing from the colder water of the Humboldt current to the warmer waters south toward Manga Reva. The temperatures at 200 fathoms became nearly identical. North the great change in temper- ature took place between 25 and 200 fathoms, where there was a difference of 24°. South the warm water extended to 100 fathoms, a great change occurring between 100 and 200 fathoms, a drop of 16°. Tho serial temperatures taken at the southern and northern edges of the cold cur- AGASSIZ: LETTERS TO THE HON. GEORGE M. BOWERS. 83 rent on the line Manga Reva to Acapulco agreed well with those taken in the same current to the east. The samples of the bottom obtained by the soundings taken by the expedition or gathered in the mud-bag and in the trawl indicate that an immense area of the bottom of the eastern Pacific is covered by man- ganese nodules, and that they play an important part in the character of the bottom, not only in the area covered by this expedition, but also that the area of manganese nodules probably extends to the northwest of our lines to join the stations where in 1899 manganese nodules were found by the ‘‘Albatross” in the Moser Basin, on the line San Fran- cisco to Marquesas. This area may also extend south of our line Callao to Easter Island, and join the line west of Valparaiso where the “ Chal- lenger” obtained manganese nodules at many stations. Ido not mean to imply that the manganese nodules are present to the exclusion of Radiolarians and of Globigerinae. It is probable that the layer of nodules is partly covered by them, and by the thick sticky dark choco- late-colored mud which is found wherever manganese nodules occur. During this expedition we sounded every day while at sea, and de- veloped very fairly that part of the eastern Pacific which lies to the south and west of the line from Cape San Francisco to the Galapagos and west of a line Galapagos to Acapulco, limiting an area occupied by the “ Albatross” in 1891. The area developed by us is included by a line 3200 miles in length from Acapulco to Manga Reva, and north of a line from Manga Reva to Easter Island and from Easter Island to Callao. We developed on our line Galapagos to Manga Reva the western exten- sion of the Albatross plateau, and found it of a depth varying from 1900 to somewhat less than 2300 fathoms in a distance of nearly 3000 miles; but about half-way from the Galapagos to Manga Reva we came upon a ridge of about 200 miles in length with a depth of 1700 to 1055 fathoms, dropping rapidly to the south to over 1900 fathoms. I pro- pose to call this elevation the “ Garrett Ridge.” Our line from Manga Reva to Acapulco continued to show the west- ern extension of the almost level bottom of the eastern Pacific. In a distance of 3200 miles the depth varied only about 400 fathoms. This great area of the eastern Pacific was practically a mare incognitum. Three soundings in latitude 20° S. toward the Paumotus and five sound- ings in a northwesterly trend from Callao to Grey’s Deep are all the depths that were previously known in this great expanse of water.’ The 1 These soundings were made (one) by the Italian S. “ Vittor Pisani ” in 1882; (three) by the “ Silverton” in 1893; (four) by the U.S. S. “ Alaska,” and two east of the Paumotus by the H. B. M.S. “ Alert.” 84 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. existence of the great platean dividing Barker Basin along the South American coast from Grey and Moser Basins to the west is most inter- esting. It recalls the division of the southern Atlantic into an eastern and western basin by a central connecting ridge (The Challenger Ridge). The Albatross plateau joins the western extension of the Galapagos plateau, as developed by the “ Albatross” in 1891. The existence of a sounding of 2554 fathoms near the equator in longitude 110° W. would seem to indicate a small basin included in this plateau, disconnected from Grey’s Deep and Moser Basin by its extension to the west. How far west towards these basins that extension reaches, no soundings indicate as yet. It is interesting to note that along the Mexican coast there are a number of deep basins lying disconnected close to the shore, just as there are a number of disconnected deeps close to the South American coast extending from off Callao to off Caldera, Chili, opposite high volcanoes or elevated chains of mountains. These basins are deeper than the Albatross plateau to the south, and form a deep channel separating in places the plateau from the steep continental slope. The steepness of a great part of the Mexican continental shelf is well seen, especially off Acapulco and Manzanilla. One of the small basins along the Mexican coast with 2661 fathoms lies off Sebastian Viseaino Bay ; another with more than 2900 fathoms is to the west of Manzanilla Bay ; a third to the southeast of Acapulco has about the same depth,’ and a fourth with 2500 fathoms is off San Jose, Guatemala. These basins off the west coast, close to the shore and at the foot of a steep continental slope, are in great contrast to the wide continental shelves which characterize the east coast of Central America and the east coast of the United States. The collections made during the present expedition will give ample material for extensive monographs on the Holothurians, the siliceous Sponges, the Cephalopods, the Jelly-fishes, the pelagic Crustacea, Worms and Fishes of the eastern Pacific, as well as on the bottom deposits and on the Radiolarians and Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, and other Protozoa collected by the tow nets. Small collections of plants were made at Easter Island and Manga Reva which may throw some light on the origin and distribution of the flora of the eastern Pacific. 1 The last sounding we made off Acapulco in 2474 fathoms 29 miles south of the Light House showed the western extension of this deep hole. ee Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE. Vou. XLVI, No. 5. THE VERTEBRATA OF GORGONA ISLAND, COLOMBIA. INTRODUCTION. MAMMALIA. By Ourram Bancs. PHYSICAL ASPECT AND CLIMATE; FAUNA. By Wiimotr W. Brown, JR. AVES. By Joun E. THAYER AND OvuTRAM Banos. REPTILIA; AMPHIBIA. By Tuomas Bargpoor. CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S. A.: PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM. JUNE, 1905. No. 5. — The Vertebrata of Gorgona Island, Colombia. CONTENTS. Page Hetuiroduction. By Outram Bangs . . 2 2 264 eusceue eye 87 Il. Physical Aspect and Climate, Fauna. By Wilmot W. Brown, Jr. . . 88 Ill. Mammalia. By Outram Bangs. . . Se ahiitg oes Ceres See ESO IV. Aves. By John E. Thayer and Outram Rae c Ma GS, Wel ekate. RoR eee OL V. Reptilia and Amphibia: By Thomas Barbour. . .....-+ ..- 98 J. Inrropuction. By Outram Banas. In February, 1904, John E. Thayer, Esq., equipped and put into the field the well-known zodlogical collector, Mr. Wilmot W. Brown, Jr. Some little-known regions in Panama and northern South America were selected for the season’s work. One of the places visited was Gorgona Island. The biota of this island is practically unknown ; so far as I can find out the island has never been visited by a naturalist, though Captain Kellett and Lieutenant Wood apparently stopped there many years ago on their way to the Galapagos. The Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum (Vol. 11, p. 215) mentions a tanager, Tachyphonus delattrit Lafr., taken on Gor- gona by these officers. From its isolated position and its unlikeness to the adjacent main- land it was anticipated that Gorgona would prove a most interesting field. The results, however, are disappointing, for although many of the reptiles, birds, and mammals are very peculiar, the conditions that prevail seem singularly unsuited to support a rich and varied vertebrate fauna. ; Mr. Brown remained upon the island about two weeks, June 19 to July 2, 1904. A word as to the disposition of the specimens. The mammals, rep- tiles, amphibians, and fishes Mr. Thayer presents to the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. Of the birds Mr. Thayer retains for his museum at Lancaster, Mass., those that particularly interest him, chiefly North American migrants; a small series of each species he has kindly given 1 Papers from the John E. Thayer Expedition of 1904, No. 1. 88 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. to me; and of the remainder —the bulk of the material —a pair or two of each species has been selected and will be presented to the United States National Museum; the remainder is given to the Museum of Comparative Zoology. : An annotated list of the fishes collected by Mr. Brown, and identified by Mr. Samuel Garman will be given in the paper on the Panamic vertebrates. IJ. Paysican ASPECT AND CiimaTE; Fauna. By Winmotr W. Brown, Jr. Gorgona Island was probably discovered and named by Pizarro, as history tells us that he and his hardy band of followers, after leaving Gallo Island, retreated to Gorgona Island, where they fortified them- selves and lived for five months, enduring great hardship. Finally the ship sent from Panama to their aid reached Gorgona, and Pizarro and his companions sailed for Tumbez Bay on the coast of Peru. Gorgona Island, politically a part of the Republic of Colombia, is the private property of Don Pyan Cuevas, of Buenaventura. It is uninhab- ited ; fishermen occasionally visit it for a few days at atime. It is five miles long by about half a mile wide, and lies N. N. E. by S. S. W., about twenty miles off Punta las Reys, the nearest point on the Colom- bian coast. The rise and fall of the tide is ten feet, and the current of the island sets off to the northeast. The water between the island and the coast of Colombia is said to be deep. Gorgona, apparently of volcanic formation, consists of three peaks ; the highest, and central one, is some 800 feet in altitude. The three hills make the island very conspicuous from the ocean, and form a pleasant contrast to the low, swampy mainland opposite. In clear weather the high peaks of the distant Andes can be seen. It is completely wooded with a dense tropical forest without trails or open places, and is well watered by numerous streams. Rain falls continuously throughout the year, there being no dry season, and heavy electric storms are of daily occurrence. The excessive mois- ture entailed much personal inconvenience and hardship, and the collec- tions made were preserved by artificial heat and constant vigilance. In my attempts to preserve botanical specimens I wholly failed. Collecting was done under great difficulties ; at low tide one could walk along the beaches, but high water reaches to the very forest, and every step inland had to be cut with machetes through the dense, satu- rated jungle. ee ————— BANGS: VERTEBRATA OF GORGONA ISLAND. 89 The fauna of the island is extremely poor. There are very few birds, either in numbers or in species ; in a day’s tramp perhaps from six to ten birds may be seen. Mammals also are scarce, and with the exception of the spiny rat, no small rodents were found. Land crabs swarmed and proved a great annoyance, eating up or injuring most of the spiny rats caught; they also carried off the bait about as soon as a trap was set. Snakes of several species were not uncommon, and two small frogs were abundant in the woods. The waters around the island swarmed with fish, and whales were very abundant, the vicinity of the island being a favorite feeding-ground during the summer months. At the southwestern extremity of the island there is a peninsula about a mile long, called Gorgonilla ; at high water Gorgonilla is essentially an island. Here boobies of two species and man-o’-war birds breed in great numbers. At the time of my visit they were not nesting, though they were present in considerable numbers, roosting or resting between the times they were at sea fishing. II]. Mammatra. By Ovrram Banas. Apart from two bats, Mr. Brown found but three species of mam- mals, —a monkey, aspiny rat, and anagouti. The first two are peculiar and new; the agouti, however, I am not able to distinguish from Dasy- procta variegata, though the only specimen taken is too young to be identified with absolute certainty. Mr. Brown feels confident that no small terrestrial mammals occur in Gorgona, not only because he trapped assiduously without getting any, but because the rain-soaked condition of the ground and underbrush throughout the year seems to preclude any chance of their occurrence. Dr. Glover M. Allen has very kindly helped me identify the bats. All the measurements are in millimetres, and the colors are according to Ridgway’s nomenclature. OCTODONTIDAE. 1. Proechimys gorgonae, sp. nov. Type. — Mus. Comp. Zodl. No. 10,828, old ad. §, Gorgona Island, July 2, 1904. Seven specimens, adults and young, June 25 to July 2, 1904. Characters. — Apparently nearest P. centralis panamensis Thomas, but very different in color, being very dark above and with the under parts not wholly white. Skull very similar to that of P. centralis panamensis, from which it can 90 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. only be separated by the slightly larger, wider, and longer palatal foramina and rather heavier molars. The nasals are pointed posteriorly as in that form, by which character the skull can be distinguished from that of P. centralis cha- riquinus Thomas or P. burrus Bangs. The rostrum is rather heavy, less de- curved, and rather straighter than in panamensis. Color and Pelage. —Spines confined to anterior two-thirds of back, not very numerous and rather softer than in allied forms ; colors very dark ; wpper parts burnt umber, most of the hairs as well as the spines tipped with black ; head, top of nose, and cheeks chiefly blackish, slightly varied with Vandyke brown ; sides a little paler than back and with fewer black tips to the hairs; under parts white only along middle of belly, the under surface of legs, arms, neck, anal region, and sides of belly being dull mars brown or russet ; upper surface of feet and hands brownish black ; tail black above, dull gray below, well clothed with short, stiff hairs ; ears black. Young similar to adults, but still darker, having a pronounced black dorsal band. Measurements — No. Sex. Total length. Tail vertebrae. Hind foot. Ear. 10,828 é old ad. 427 150 60 23 10,829 é old ad. 365 901 55 22 10,834 2 adult 405 140 53 23 10,830 @ youngad. 409 123 53 20 ‘ 10,831 ¢ young 340 120 50 20 10,832 é young 327 120 52 20 Skull. — Type, old adult ¢: Basal length, 59 ; occipito-nasal length, 65 ; zygomatic width, 30.4; mastoid width, 23.8 ; least interorbital width, 13 ; length of nasals, 25; width of nasals, 7.2; length of palate to palatal notch, 22.6 ; length of palatal foramina, 5.8; upper tooth row, 10.2 ; length of single half of mandible, 35.4; lower tooth row, 10.2. temarks.— The spiny rat was not uncommon in Gorgona Island, and a much larger number were trapped than could be preserved, as the crabs ate them up as soon as caught. The form is very well marked, so far as color goes, in its blackish upper parts and the small amount of white on the belly, being very different from the other forms of this group, all of which are reddish brown above and pure white below. The skull, however, does not appear to differ markedly from that of P. centra- lis panamensis, which is probably the nearest ally of the present island form. DASYPROCTIDAE. 2. Dasyprocta variegata Tscuupt. One young g. This specimen is unfortunately too young to identify posi- tively, but it seems to belong to this species. 1 Tip of tail gone. ee THAYER AND BANGS: VERTEBRATA OF GORGONA ISLAND. 91 PHYLLOSTOMATIDAE. 83. Micronycteris megalotis Gray. One adult #. June 28. 4. Dermanura rava MILLER. One male, July Ist. CHBIDAE. 5. Cebus curtus, sp. nov. Type. — Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. 10,824, adult ¢, Gorgona Island, July 2, 1904, Two specimens, ¢ ? July 2, 1904. Characters. —A small, short-tailed island form, related to OC. hypoleucus (Humbt.). Similar in color to C. hypolewcus, — black all over except head, under surface and sides of neck and shoulders, which are white in the male and Isabella color in the female. Differs from C. hypoleucus in being smaller; tail very much shorter; hands, feet, and limbs shorter. Skull smaller and nar- rower, especially so across the orbits and just behind them. Measurements — No. Sex. Total length. Tail vertebrae. Hind foot. 10,824 & ad. 753 420 115 10,825 Q young ad. 753 420 112 Skull. —Type, adult ¢: Basal length, 69; occipito-nasal length, 80.4 ; zygo- matic width, 58.4; mastoid width, 48.2: width across orbits, 49.2 ; least width behind orbits, 38.4; length of palate to palatal notch, 33.6; palatal notch to foramen magnum, 28; upper tooth row, canine to last molar, 25; length of mandible, 58; lower tooth row, canine to last molar, 28. Remarks. —The monkey of Gorgona Island is a well-marked species, differing greatly from Cebus hypolewcus in its very short tail, and much smaller hands and feet. The limbs, also, judging from skins made in the same way, appear to be very short, and the skull shows characters by which it can be separated from that of C. hypoleucus. It was not uncommon in the forest, but was hard to reach owing to the denseness of the jungle. ITV. Aves. By Jonn E. THayer anp Outram Banas. The paucity in the ornis of Gorgona Island is well shown by the fol- lowing list of sixteen species. Mr. Brown took examples, during his stay of two weeks, of but fourteen species, and of these several are represented by only from one to three individuals each. The small amount of prepa- ration gave Mr. Brown more time for field work, and he tells us he often 92 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. stayed out all day shooting every bird he saw, and even at that never got more than ten birds in a single day. Two species only, the yellow honey creeper and the ant shrike, were even fairly common ; all other land birds were in such small numbers that of several of them he saw but one or two individuals during his stay on the island. Owing to the dense jungles that completely cover the island, it was very hard to get about, and the birds were all in the high trees, so that it is very possible Mr. Brown did not procure all the species that occur there. In spite of the late date, June and July, at which the island was visited, the birds are in excellent plumage, showing no signs of wear or fading. In a wet, heavily forested island such as Gorgona, the plumage of the birds appears to keep in fine condition up to the very time they moult, in marked contrast to what happens in dry, hot, barren regions. The four species of land birds we describe as new are strongly charac- terized, and additional material might show that one or two of the others also represent new island forms. The new booby is quite different from either Sula leucogastra or Sula brewsteri, though somewhat intermediate between them. We give it specific rank, because the only alternative is to consider S. leucogastra, S. brewsteri, S. nesiotes, and the new form subspecies of one bird, which we are not quite prepared to do, We are under great obligations to Dr. Robert Ridgway, who, though extremely busy at the time, compared many of the specimens with the material in the United States National Museum, and also to Mr. E. W. Nelson for comparing the boobies with typical specimens in the United States Biological Survey Collection. All the measurements are in millimetres, and the colors are according to Ridgway’s nomenclature. SULIDAE. 1. Sula nebouxi Mizye Epwarps. One immature ¢, June 26. Earlier in the season this species breeds abundantly on Gorgonilla, according to information given Mr. Brown by the fishermen who visit the island. 2. Sula etesiaca, sp. nov. Type. — Coll. E. A. & O. Bangs, No. 14,026, adult ¢, Gorgona Island, June 29, 1904. Five specimens, adults @ 9, June 29 to July 2, 1904. M. C. Z., No. 40,280, adult 9, Gorgona Island, July 1, 1904. Characters. —Size about as in Sula brewsteri Goss. Intermediate in color and color-pattern between S. brewstert and S. leucogastra ; in the adult ¢ of THAYER AND BANGS: VERTEBRATA OF GORGONA ISLAND. 93 the new bird the forward part of the head only is gray, shading into the dark sooty brown of the rest of upper parts at nape, on cheeks and on throat just below the gular sack (in 8. brewstert the adult ¢ has the head entirely whitish and the neck ashy gray shading into color of back at shoulders). The female of the new form has the whole head and neck, dark sooty brown con- color with the back, like Sula leucogastra (the female of S. brewsteri has the head and neck distinctly lighter or grayer than the back). Young as well as adult examples are darker brown than specimens of S. brewsterv in corre- sponding plumage. Colors of Naked Parts in Life. — Adult @: Bill dusky, slightly yellowish toward base; gular region and skin around eye dusky, sometimes tinged with greenish yellow; tarsus and foot pea-green. Adult 2: Bill, gular region, skin around eye, tarsus, and foot sulphur yellow. Measurements — No. Sex. Locality. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Culmen. 14,026 é ad. Gorgona Isl. 374 187 47 95 14,251 & ad. Saboga Isl. 380 186 45 95 14,252 & ad. San Miguel Isl. 379 168 45 94 14,027 Q ad. Gorgona Isl. 398 198 47 97 14,028 9° ad. do. 405 197 50 100 14,253 Q ad. Saboga Isl. 400 192 48 100 Geographic Distribution. — Sula etesraca is not confined to Gorgona Island, but breeds also in great numbers on Saboga Island, —the “ bird rock ”’ of the Pearl Islands in the Bay of Panama, — Mr. Brown securing a large series on the present trip at the last-named place. Cocos Island, between Panama and the Galapagos, is another breeding place, Mr. Nelson informing us that specimens in the National Museum from this island are identical with ours from Gorgona and the Pearl Islands. Remarks. — Mr. E. W. Nelson has most kindly compared our birds with the fine series of true S. brewster? taken by himself and Goldman on the west coast of Mexico and adjacent islands, and agrees with us that the present form is well worthy of recognition. Whether it should be treated as a distinct species or all the forms like Sula leucogastra arranged as subspecies of one bird, is a matter best to be left for a detailed revision of the group. Sula etestaca breeds in large numbers on Gorgonilla; at the time Mr. Brown visited the place the breeding season was over, though the birds were still abundant about the island. FRHGATIDAE. 3. Fregata aquila (Linné). No specimens were secured. The breeding season was past and the birds could not be obtained. It nests in numbers on Gorgonilla. 94 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. ARDEIDAE. 4. Butorides striata (Livyné). Three specimens, June 24 to July 2, all in the striped immature plumage. They agree minutely with a skin from Surinam in corresponding plumage with which we have compared them. FALCONIDAE. 5. Urubitinga subtilis, sp. nov. Type. — Coll. E. A. & O. Bangs, No. 14,001, adult #, Gorgona Island, July 1, 1904. Two specimens, adult @, July 1, 1904; juv. ¢, June 19, 1904. Characters. —Somewhat similar to U. anthracina (Licht.), but smaller (wing nearly two inches shorter); white central tail band and terminal margin nar- rower; in color the new form differs from U. anthracina in having the ground color of the broad mottled band extending across the secondaries, bright cinna- mon rufous, this band in true U. anthracina having the ground color dull grayish only tinged with rufous on the inner edges of some of the feathers; the young skin has the wings much marked and spotted with cinnamon rufous — much more so than in any of the many specimens of U. anthracina we have examined, Measurements — No, Sex. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Culmen. 14,001 & ad. 330 187 87.5 38.5 14,002 gd young 324 188 84 38 RALLIDAE. 6. Ionornis martinica (Lryyf). One adult %, June 23. This specimen shows no peculiarities. It agrees exactly with skins from various localities in North and Middle America. CUCULIDAE. 7. Coceyzus melanocoryphus VieIt. One adult 9, June 23. This specimen is perfectly typical of the species. TROCHILIDAE. 8. Amizilis tzaeatl (Liave). Three specimens, all females, June 24 to July 2. These are not to be dis- tinguished from continental specimens, a ee SE = ~ THAYER AND BANGS: VERTEBRATA OF GORGONA ISLAND. 95 FORMICARIIDAE. 9. Thamnophilus gorgonae, sp. nov. Type. — Coll. E. A. & O. Bangs, No. 14,005, adult 9, Gorgona Island, July 1, 1904. Twenty-four specimens, adults ¢ 9, June 23 to July 2, 1904. M. C. Z., Nos. 40,281-40,290, adults g@ 9, June 23 to July 2, 1904. Characters. — Nearest to T. naevius (Gml.), but slightly larger, tail longer, and bill relatively smaller. Adult ¢ similar in color to that of 7. naevius, but paler gray below, and more whitish in middle of belly — intermediate in color between the males of T. naevius and T, ambiguus Swains. Adult Q quite dif- ferent in color from females of these two species, though somewhat interme- diate between them. From the 9 of 7. naevius it differs in being much paler and much more reddish brown ; the general color much as in T. ambiguus, ex- cept that in that species the pileum and tail are strongly rufescent. Color. — Adult 2, upper parts reddish raw umber, slightly more rufescent on crown; wings blackish, the primaries edged with raw umber, secondaries with buff and lesser coverts tipped with buff; outer scapulars edged externally with whitish ; tail raw umber, all the feathers except central pair with a white ter- minal spot, the central ones with a tiny buff spot in the middle of the tip, the outer pair with another spot, buffy white, on the outer web midway of feather ; ~ under parts pale raw sienna on throat and middle of belly and under tail coverts and shading to tawny-olive on sides ; a large semi-concealed white patch on back. Measurements — No. Sex. Wing. Tail, Tarsus. Culmen. 14,003 f ad. 70.5 57 21.5 19 14,004 é ad. {As 58 22 19 20,281 M.C.Z. o ad. 73 57 21 17.5 40,282 M.C.Z. @ ad. 71.5 54 22 20 CS f ad. Sey Al 54 21 19.5 D. & ad. 70.5 54.5 21 18.5 40,283 M.C.Z. ff ad. 70.5 54 21.5 18 F. fad. 72 56 21.5 19 G. é ad. 70 56 22 19.5 40,284 M.C.Z. ¢ ad. 72 55 22 20 14,005 ? ad. 72 53.5 22 18.5 14,006 9 ad. 68.5 51.5 22, 19 T, Q ad. 72 55 21.5 18.5 ae 9 ad. 69.5 53 22.5 20 Ke Q ad. 68 55 22 18.5 40,285 M.C.Z. Q ad. 68 56.5 22 19 40,286 M.C. Z. @ ad. 68.5 b4 22 20 AVIS M.C: Z. 9 ad. 72 56 22 18.5 40,288 M.C.Z. 9 ad. 71 56.5 22.5 18 P, ? ad. 68.5 56 22 20 96 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. TYRANNIDAHE. 10. Tyrannus melancholicus satrapa (Licut.). One adult g, July 1. Another, a nestling, was shot, but was so mangled that it could not be saved. The adult agrees in all respects with continen- tal skins, except that the under tail coverts are much more clouded with dusky than usual. In an enormous series of this form from Central and northern South America, not one has the under tail coverts marked with dusky to such an extent, though many show traces of such markings. COEREBIDAE. 11. Cyanerpes gigas, sp. nov. Type. —Coll. E. A. & O. Bangs, No. 14,007 juv. g, Gorgona Island, June 26, 1904. Three specimens, 2 juv. g, 1 adult 9, June 26-28, 1904. Characters. — A very distinct species, though nearly related to C. cyaneus (Linné). Size very large ; tail very long; bill short and stout; the purplish color of rump and outer scapulars in the g very much darker — more purple, less blue — than in C. cyaneus. Female much darker and duller green. Color. — Male, type (not quite fully adult, the breast and sides still retaining some of the green feathers of the immature plumage, and the crown mainly green, the turquoise-colored feathers of the adult plumage appearing irregularly through it), similar in distribution of colors to the male of C. cyaneus,; the under parts slightly darker —cyanine blue; rump, upper tail coverts, and outer scapulars much darker than in C. cyaneus and of a different shade, being about the same shade as under parts, —cyanine blue.t Adult female, upper parts dark, dull green (nearer to parrot green of Ridgway than any of his colors, but duller and more dusky) ; under parts decidedly darker and duller than in C. cyaneus and less tinged with yellowish on throat and middle of belly. Measurements — No. Sex. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Exposed culmen. 14,007 a 68.5 ? 42 16 16 A. a 662 - A3 16 16.5 14,008 Q 67.5 42 16.5 16.5 Remarks. — This species is much more distinct from C. cyaneus than the above description and measurements seem to imply. In general bulk it is a 1 In Birds of North and Middle America, Part II. p. 686, Ridgway describes the & of Cyanerpes cyaneus as though the rump and the under parts were the same color, —smalt blue. Ina very large series examined by us, the rump is invari- ably paler and brighter blue than the under parts, about French blue. 2 In these two skins the wing measurement is much too short, as the longer primaries having recently moulted are not full grown. THAYER AND BANGS: VERTEBRATA OF GORGONA ISLAND. 97 much larger bird. The much darker and duller blue of the rump in the male is very striking, and the dull, dusky green of the upper parts in the female is wholly different from the paler and more olive green of these parts in C. cyaneus. Cyanerpes cyaneus has, according to Ridgway, never been recorded from any point in South America west of the Andes, so that the form inhabiting Gor- gona Island appears to be widely separated geographically from that species. It must, however, be borne in mind that very little is known about the ornis of the western coast of Colombia opposite Gorgona Island. 12. Coereba gorgonae, sp. nov. Type. — Coll. E. A. & O. Bangs, No. 14,009, adnlt g, Gorgona Island, June 28, 1904. Thirty specimens, adult # 9, ljuv. g, June 23-July 2, 1904. M. C. Z., Nos. 40,291-40,306, adults @ 9, Gorgona Island, June 24 to July 2, 1904. Characters. — A very distinct species, nearest to C. cerinoclunis Bangs of the Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama. Differing in the much smaller — reduced to a mere dot— white wing spot, much deeper black back, darker gray throat, darker and more greenish yellow belly, and in having a greenish band border- ing the gray of throat below. Size about the same. Color. — Adult @, upper parts deep sooty black, a broad white superciliary stripe extending from nostril to beyond auricular region; rump patch olive yellow; malar region, chin, and throat dark gray (almost slate-gray, No. 5, of Ridgway), the malar region distinctly freckled with dusky; below the gray of throat, an ill-defined band of dull oil green, which separates the gray of the throat from the yellow of the breast; rest of under parts gamboge yellow with a greenish tinge, passing into yellowish olive on flanks; under tail coverts buffy white ; lateral rectrices broadly tipped with white on inner webs, nearly as broad as in C. luteola ; white wing spot reduced to a mere trace on the three or four primaries next the outermost. Female similar, perhaps averaging slightly paler and duller. Young differs from the adult in baving the throat yellowish and the back duller and browner. Measurements — No. Sex. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Culmen, 14,009 & ad. 57 3] V7 13 14,010 & ad. 55.5 34 16 13 14,011 & ad. 57.5 32.5 17 13:5 14,012 ? ad. 53 30.5 16.5 12.5 14,013 @ ad. 52 29 ly 12 A. 9 ad. 53 30 16 13 Remarks. — This fine island species can be separated at once from all its allies by the very small white wing spot, the greenish band below the gray throat, and the dusky freckling of the malar region. In its dark gray throat VOL. XLVI.— NO. 5 7 98 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. and jet black upper parts it resembles C. luteola, but otherwise the likeness is not very close, and the species is very strongly characterized. TANAGRIDAE. 13. Calospiza lavinia (Cassr). Three specimens, two males and a female, June 25-27. These agree minutely with continental examples, in color and general pro- portions, except that the bill is shorter and relatively broader. This charac- ter, though strongly marked in these three specimens, might fail in a larger series, and we prefer, fer the present at least, to allow the Gorgona bird to stand as true C. lavinia. 14. Tachyphonus delattrii Larr. Not met with by Mr. Brown. The species is recorded from Gorgona Island by Sclater in Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, Vol. 11, p. 215, one adult g having been procured there by Captain Kellett and Lieutenant Wood, FRINGILLIDAE. 15. Sporophila gutturalis (Licur.)? One adult 2, July 1. This skin comes nearer to the Q of S. guttwralis than to females of S. luctuosa and S. coliaris (the females of these three species all look much alike), but probably really represents a distinct form, as it is much smaller — shorter wing and tail and smaller feet — and slightly darker in color. Withouta male, however, it is impossible to decide just what it really is. Its measurements are as follows: No. 14,015 9, wing, 50.5; tail, 36.5; tarsus, 13.5; culmen, 7. 16. Sporophila telasco (Lesson)? One young @, July 1. This specimen seems to be referable to S. felasco of Peru and Ecuador. At all events, it needs comparison with no other species. We can find no skins of T. telasco in quite corresponding plumage to compare it with, but on the other hand can detect in our specimen no marked differences from the fully adult skins with which it has been compared. Our specimen is immature, the bright chestnut throat patch of the adult plumage being indicated by feathers of this color appearing irregularly over the throat. VY. Repricia aNpD AmpHipia. By THomas Barpovur. The Reptiles of Gorgona Island are derived from the adjacent main- land. Many of the species, however, are very distinct from their nearest congeners. BARBOUR: VERTEBRATA OF GORGONA ISLAND. 99 The two representatives of the Geckonidae are indistinguishable from widely spread mainland forms. One notes with surprise the fact that no Sphaerodactylus occurs in the collection. Of the Iguanidae the Anolis, though quite different from, is probably a modification of, A. andianus. The series of Basiliscus americanus and the single young Iguana tuberculata are typical of their respective species. Dr. Stejneger has very kindly examined the Enyalioides and the two amphibians. For this kindness I wish to thank him. He considers ZL. heterolepis as the nearest relative of H. tnsulae. The specimens of Ameiva show a constant difference from A. bridgesii, in the weak carination of the dorsal scales. With only four specimens from Gorgona Island, and these all of the same age, it hardly seems desirable to name the island specimens. Of the snakes,’ the Green Tree Snake (Leptophis occidentalis) differs sufficiently to warrant its being considered a new subspecies. The Spilotes agrees well with Giinther’s figure of S. argus in the Biologia Centrali-Americana. The Leptodeira belongs to a wide-ranging species of the Continent. Owing to the luxuriant vegetation, Mr. Brown used his gun very freely in collecting reptiles, and there are several specimens so imperfect that they cannot be identified, but which lead one to believe that there are other new forms, besides those described. REPTILIA. GECKONIDAE. 1. Gonatcdes fuscus (HaLiowe tr). Nine typical examples. 2. Gonatodes caudiscutatus (GinrH.). Four examples. IGUANIDAE. 3. Anolis gorgonae, sp. nov. Types. — Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. 6,984, Gorgona Island. Three specimens nearly related to A. andianus Blgr. From this species it differs in having five rows of loreal scales, no tricarinate supraoculars, and six labials to below the centre of the eye. The hind limb is longer than in the continental species. Ear opening medium and round. Body hardly compressed. Ventrals small, but considerably larger than the dorsals and strongly imbricate. The ap- pressed hind limb reaches a point halfway between the orbit and the tip of 100 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. the snout. Digits considerably dilated, 16 lamellae under phalanges II and III of the fourth toe. Tail somewhat compressed, covered with rather large, equal, strongly keeled scales. Color. — Bright purple above, lower surfaces lighter and buffish. Gular ap- pendage large, whitish, with lines and dots of lilac at the base. * The under surfaces of the thighs are buff with indistinct wavy bands of pale lilac. ICA eee hi) ern 4.” al Oemine Widthyothenaduy =. 05 ve ee ciate |< 9 4g Body fig w.0 chsh aa vee eee sc; ke SOs HoresLinibapeee eee lot aeed osteo ee EndiJlimib) cae ee. Oe eee wee ee aa Oem Tibia SO Ama ce a moe CLP eS GE eae Cee 4. Basiliscus americanus Laur. * Sixteen examples of this widely spread species, which do not appear to differ from typical specimens from Panama. 5. Enyalioides insulae, sp. nov. Types. — Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 6,983, Gorgona Island. Two specimens, closely allied to E. heterolepis Bocourt. The ventral scales, however, are only very slightly keeled. The spinose lateral scales, considerably enlarged, form three longitudinal series on each side of the back. On the flanks are only a few scattered enlarged scales ; these do not fall into vertical series, as is the case with 2. heterolepis. The color of this island race is uniform rich mahogany brown above ; ivory or creamy white below. There are forty-one distinct spiny whorls evident upon the tail, which is brown above and below at the tip. EiGad 5 es Wen ee ge ee ae. ct OU Width of ead" 273.0%.) 25 Ser cmias po) aeeecOee Body: ..) 20 02s 0 a ee ee ae Oe Fore limb i Me a ar etna flrs ind) limb ye soe eee ae Oa Tibia :.: 2.07. i) ee ee, ee Oa FD iis 28, See ee ee Petree ©! 82. cil Gy Mane 6. Iguana tuberculata Laur. A single young male. TEHIIDAE. 7. Ameiva bridgesii (Core). Four specimens agree perfectly with the descriptions of continental speci- mens, except that in these island examples the keels on the dorsal scales are obsolescent. BARBOUR: VERTEBRATA OF GORGONA ISLAND. 101 COLUBRID. 8. Spilotes guentheri (Brer.). S. argus Bocourt. Giinth. Biol. C.-Amer. Rept. p. 118; pl. xliv (1894). A single large specimen, with only a short stump of tail present, and with the yellow spots on the scales very irregularly arranged. 9. Leptophis occidentalis insularis, subsp. nov. Type. — Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 6,985, adult, Gorgona Island, one specimen. 15 171+ 165 This island race is different from the continental form in that there are several dark brown or black spots, or short wavy lines, on each side of the carina of each scale. This carina is characteristically dark-colored. The scales on the tail are dark-edged ; and this condition gives a reticulate condition. Scales 10. Leptodeira albofusca (Lacrr.). A single example of this common species, with scales , 1s the only 23 174+ 75 one which Mr. Brown captured. 11. Lachesis lanceolatus (Lacep.). Two young specimens, typically colored, have their scales arranged as fol- lows: the smaller is 312 + 51 mm. in length, scales the larger is 27 193 + 68” 369 +? mm. long, scales 195+? AMPHIBIA. RANIDAE. 12. Prostheraspis femoralis, sp. nov. Types. — Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. 2,422, Gorgona Island. Twenty-two speci- mens, all apparently adult. Apparently closely related to P. inguinalis Cope. It differs in coloring and proportions. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches somewhat beyond the eye. The color is gray above, sometimes with faint brown marblings. Below paler gray, frequently with rich markings of deep chocolate brown, these particularly abundant under the chin. 102 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. ENGYSTOMATIDAE. 13. Atelopus gracilis, sp. nov. Types. — Mus. Comp. Zoil., No. 2,423, Gorgona Island. Fourteen specimens, adults and juy. Rather similar to A. flavescens Dum. and Bibr., the digital arrangements are the same. This island race, however, differs in the following points. First, the head is contained three times in the length of the trunk of an adult female, and two and one half times in an adult male. Secondly, the tibio-tarsal ar- ticulation reaches slightly beyond the anterior border of the eye. The color is very deep brown, with red-brown longitudinal stripes. In many examples there is a white lateral stripe running from the posterior border of the eye to the groin. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE. Vou. XLVIS) No: 6. REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE EXPEDITION TO THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC, IN CHARGE OF ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, BY THE U. S. FISH COMMISSION STEAMER ‘‘ ALBATROSS,” FROM OCTOBER, 1904, TO MARCH, 1905, LIEUT. COMMANDER L. M. GARRETT, U.S. N., COMMANDING. Il. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF ISOPODS, VEC AL OF A PECULIAR FAMILY, By Harriet RicHarRDson. [Published by Permission of Georar M. Bowers, U. S. Fish Commissioner. | With ONE PLATE. CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S. A.: PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM. Juiy, 1905. No. 6. — Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer ‘* Albatross” from October, 1904, to March, 1905, Linut. Commanper L. M. Garrett, U.S,N., Commanding. if. Description of a new genus of Isopods, typical of a peculiar family. By Harrier RicHarpson, In the recent voyage, 1904-05, of the Steamer “ Albatross” to the Eastern Pacific a very peculiar Isopod was collected, which does not seem to belong to any of the known families of the order. Although it was found free and unattached, it is probably a parasite, owing to the fact that it presents marked degeneration in having lost all the abdominal appendages. It is also without eyes and has prehensile legs. I have made it the type of a new family, CoLyPuRIDAE. A few years ago,! Giard and Bonnier described a peculiar Isopod, Rhabdochirus incertus, which also lacks abdominal appendages. The abdomen, however, is not inserted under and covered by the last thoracic segment, as is characteristic of the present type. Rhabdochirus incertus also differs in having all seven segments of the thorax free, well devel- oped antennae, and a differentiation in the thoracic legs, Which are not prehensile, the three anterior pairs and the seventh pair being very much shorter, about half as long as the fourth, fifth, and sixth pairs. Giard and Bonnier were unable to place it in any of the known families of the order. I propose for this form the family RuaBDOCHIRIDAE, COLYPURIDAE. Colypurus, gen. nov. Head coalesced with the first thoracic segment. The following six thoracic segments free, the first four free segments increasing gradually in width backward. Seventh thoracic segment, or sixth free segment, longer than the others and rounded posteriorly. 1 Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1898, No. 9, pp. 198-200. 106 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. Abdomen unsegmented, conically tapered, reduced in size, devoid of appendages, and placed under the last thoracic segment, so that, in a dorsal view, only the extremity appears below the seventh thoracic segment. All seven pairs of legs present, and prehensile in character. Antennae rudimentary, composed of only a few articles and almost inconspicuous, being placed on the ventral side of the head and invisible in a dorsal view. Colypurus agassizi, sp. nov. Body gradually increasing in width baekward from the first to the fourth free thoracic segment. The head is 2mm. wide, the first free thoracic segment is 3 mm. in width, and the fourth free segment meas- ures 4 mm. The length of the body is 5 mm. The head is produced in the middle anteriorly in a rounded lobe. The sides of the head are also expanded in rounded lobes. Four knob- like bodies are situated in a transverse series on the dorsal surface of the head, the two central ones being largest ; the lateral knobs are placed one on each lateral lobe. The antennae are rudimentary, inconspicuous, composed of only a few articles, and not visible in a dorsal view. The tips of the mandibles project from the apex of the oral cone. The first segment of the thorax is coalesced with the head and bears the first pair of legs. The following five segments are more or less sub- equal in length, but increase gradually in width to the fourth free segment. The last thoracic segment is longer than any of the preceding segments and is posteriorly rounded. Each thoracic segment bears a pair of prehensile legs, there being seven pairs altogether.’ The abdomen is inserted beneath the last thoracic segment, is conically tapered, unsegmented, and devoid of appendages. Only one specimen was collected in the Eastern Pacific by the Steamer “ Albatross” in 1904-05 at station 4621. Lat. north 6° 36/; Long. west 81° 44’, off Mariato Point. The type is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 1 In the specimen the third leg on the right side is broken off about the middle. | % ry Ricuarpson. — Colypurus. . | ¥- f mF anes Hf ; Lo - a i im | a > ro} > 74 al ee Lia I ; eel nt yee a - é COLYPURUS AGASSIZI. 1.— Dorsal view x 19}. 2.— Ventral view x 19}. EASTERN PaciFic Ex. ‘‘ ALBATROSS.”’ COLYPURUS AGASSIZI. a — Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE. Worecivi. Nos. T: NOTES ON BERMUDIAN FISHES. By Tuomas Bargpour. Wiru Four Puates. CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S. A.: PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM. SEPTEMBER, 1905. No. 7.— Notes on Bermudian Fishes1 By THomas Barzour. Tue material which forms the basis for this paper belongs to the Museum of Comparative Zoology and is from several sources: first, a collection made by my brother, Mr. W. W. Barbour, and myself during parts of March and April, 1903; secondly, a large and rather complete collection made during part of June, July, and part of August, 1903, while I was attached to the Biological Station at Flatts, Bermuda ; thirdly, a number of specimens in the collections of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, and finally, a series obtained by Professor Mark and collected at the Station during the summer of 1904. I here express my gratitude to Dr. Mark for his kindness in procuring a number of most interesting specimens, and thank Messrs. H. B. Bigelow, Owen Bryant, and J. T. Nichols, for their kind aid in collecting and presery- ing the largest collection. Finally, it is a pleasure to thank Mr. Samuel Garman of the Museum for the assistance he has giving me in making the identifications. Before turning to a systematic consideration of the material in hand, a few words are necessary in explanation of the peculiar faunal conditions which obtain about the Bermuda Islands. In 1872 Dr. G. Brown Goode visited the Bermudas for several weeks (February to March), and made the first collections of any considerable size or value from this locality. He pointed out in his paper on the fishes (Goode 76") the splendid op- portunity here presented to the ichthyologist for the study of the effects which the ocean currents have had in providing Bermuda with a fish fauna. He called attention to the fact that almost all the more charac- teristic fishes of the West Indian regions, and also many fishes which are found in the Azores, Canaries, Madeira, Cape de Verde Islands, and even on the coasts of Southern Enrope and Africa are represented in Bermudian waters. One of the most interesting examples of distribution probably dune to ocean currents is the occurrence of Synodus saurus, a fish which, on account of its sluggish, bottom-loving disposition, one would consider unlikely to range far from home. The majority of the 1 Contributions from the Bermuda Biological Station for Research. No. 6. VOL. XLVI. — 7 110 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. species derived from distant regions, are, as Goode has pointed out, powerful and rapid swimmers. Few of the species which have been described as peculiar to Bermuda have remained so long. Both Stole- phorus choerostomus and Siphostoma jonesi were once believed to be peculiar to Bermuda, but only a year or so ago the U. S. Fish Commis- sion expedition to Porto Rico found both these species there. The Bermuda representatives were in all probability derived from the West Indian region. Ulaema lefroy: also is now known from many of the West Indies, and the Florida Keys. The classic on the general Natural History of the Bermudas is Jones, Wedderburn, and Hurdis (’59) ; while more recently Verrill (:02) has published a most valuable and interesting volume dealing with the history, scenery, etc., of the island and on the faunistic changes due to man. In (:01) Verrill also published a paper dealing with the fauna; this contains a short article on the fishes. The birds and several groups of invertebrates have been treated in a volume by Jones and Goode (’8¢4). An interesting popular account of the fish markets of Bermuda was published by Goode (’76”) in “Forest and Stream.” Giinther (’79) bas listed the species of fishes taken by the naturalists of H. M. S. Challenger near the islands. In the present paper the notes on distribution are obtained partly from “The Fishes of North and Middle America,” by Jordan and Everman, which I have found very valuable in this connection, and partly from specimens in the vast collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. LEPTOCARDII. BRANCHIOSTOMATIDAE. Branchiostoma caribbaeum Sunpevat. The West Indian Lancelet. Verrill, :O1, p. 55. Goode, '77, p. 293 (B. lubricum). Distribution. — Atlantic coast of North America to Rio Plata. Found in all localities where the bottom is suitable. Very common on the sandy spit in Flatts Inlet, directly opposite the Hotel Frascati. Asymmetron lucayanum Anprews. Andrews’s Lancelet. Mark, : 04, p. 179. Distribution. — Bahamas and Bermudas. - Taken in dredgings at a number of localities in different parts of the Bermudas. < BARBOUR: NOTES ON BERMUDIAN FISHES. 111 PLAGIOSTOMI. GALEHIDAE. Carcharhinus platyodon (Pory). Puppy Shark. Verrill, :O1, p. 55. Distribution. — Coasts of Texas and Cuba. Very common off the Challenger Banks and outside the reefs. Considered a fine food fish by the colored people. The only specimen preserved was iden- tified by Mr. Garman as belonging to this species. TELEOSTEI. ANGUILLIDAE. Anguilla chrisypa Rar. Eel. A. bostonzensis (Le Sueur) AyRES. Goode, 764, p. 71. Distributeon. — Atlantic coast (ascending rivers); West Indies. Said to be common in ditches in Devonshire Marshes. The specimens, seven in number, were all obtained in mud-holes near the mangrove swamp at Hungry Bay. I found four there in April, 1903, and three in July, 1903. The largest specimen was about 4inchesin length. The only water connection of this swamp was directly with the ocean, and as no eels have ever been taken off the shores of Bermuda, it puzzles me to know how such young eels got into the mangrove swamp. The Devonshire Marshes, so far as I could learn, have no connection with the ocean ; the water there is only slightly brackish, MURAENIDAE. Lycodontis moringa (Cuv.) Spotted Moray. Gymnothorax moringa (Cuv.) Goode. Goode, 76+, p. 72. Distribution. — West Indies; North coast of South America; St. Helena. This species with the larger L. funebris (Ranzani) was quite common about all the reefs, particularly off the south shore, where many are taken by fishing from the rocks. The specimen before me was taken during the “Challenger Bank Expedition” —a three-days trip provided by Captain Meyer, of St. George’s, for the members of the Biological Station about the first of August, 1903. The flesh is eaten by the negroes, who say that it is sugary-sweet, and very tender; I heard nothing of its being considered poisonous. L. sanctae-helenae (Ginruer), Distribution. — Tropical Atlantic; St. Helena. A single example taken in 1904; compared with the preceding this species is rather rare. 112 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. OPHICHTHYIDAE. Sphagebranchus anguiformis (Perers), Distribution. — West Indian region. A single example of this rare species was dredged in shallow water by Professor Mark on Aug. 6., 1904, at Station No. 468. It is without spots and is 53 inches long. The head is contained 18 times in the length of the body. A second specimen of this species, which I may mention in this connection, was dredged by Messrs. G. M. Allen, Owen Bryant and myself while on our Northern Bahama Expedition in July, 1904. It is far larger, being of the same propor- tions and 124 inches long. It was dredged in 14 fms. in Whale Cay Channel off the Island of Abaco, Bahamas. ALBULIDAE. Albula vulpes (Lixné). Bone fish. Distribution. — Tropical seas, almost universally distributed. Day ASS: The species is rare at Bermuda; I have examined only a single specimen taken there. (M. C. Z. No. 18,088.) CLUPHIDAE. Sardinella anchovia Cuy. & Vat. Anchovy. Goode, 76%, p. 69. Distribution. — West Indies, N. Coast of South America. IDE aKa re aloe Large schools of this clupeoid were seined regularly in Hamilton Harbor and Flatts Inlet for bait. They appeared to run up into shoal water at about sun- rise or sundown. S. macrophthalma (Rayzant). Pilchard. Harengula macrophthalma (Ranzani). Goode, ’762, p. 69. Distribution. — West Indies, coast of Brazil. D. 17s A.18) “St. 403\12: We took only two specimens of this species. Mr. H. B. Bigelow and myself each took one about 11 o’clock one very warm evening in August in Flatts Inlet on a hook baited with strips of Bathystoma. A dark lantern turned to- ward the water showed a considerable number of what appeared to be the same species swimming about ; no more were seen afterward. They are said to be rather common in winter. Opisthonema oglinum (Le Sueur). Herring. O. thrissa (L.) Goode, ’762, p. 69. Distribution. — West Indies, common on coasts of Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas, occasionally much farther northward. BARBOUR: NOTES ON BERMUDIAN FISHES. mis D. 19; A. 24. I have about 100 specimens of this common tropical herring, varying in size from one to five inches. They appeared erratically in great schools. ENGRAULIDAE. Stolephorus choerostomus (Goope). Hog-mouth Fry. Engraulis choerostomus Goode. Goode, ’74, p. 880; and ’76:, p. 70. Jordan & Evermann, ’96-00, vol. 1 (1896), p. 444. Distribution. — Bermuda and Porto Rico. D. 13 or 14; A. 28. This species was not at all common during July, but in August immense quantities were seined for bait in Bailey’s Bay and Flatts Inlet. SYNODONTIDAE. Synodus saurus (Lisnfé). Snake fish. S. lacerta (Valenciennes) Goode. Goode, ’76:, p. 68. Jordan & Evermann, 96-00, vol. 1 (1896), p. 537. Distribution. — Atlantic coast of Southern Europe ; Bermuda. D.12; A. 12. One of the two specimens taken jumped into a rowboat at Flatts Inlet ; they frequently rise three feet from the water in the upward dash after their prey. The second specimen was taken from the fish pot of a Portuguese at Cooper’s Island by Messrs. Nichols and Bryant. We had many opportunities to watch their habits as they lay on the white shell and coral sand in the Flatts Inlet. They changed color remarkably and mimicked their surroundings very closely indeed. They would wait until their food, usually a small fish, was directly over them, and then rise with great speed, and seize it from below. ESOCIDAHE. Tylosurus raphidoma (Ranzan1). Distribution. — West Indies ; coasts of Florida and Brazil. D. 23; A. 22. This species has not, I believe, been found at Bermuda before. One small specimen (44” 1g.) was taken with a fine seine in Flatts Inlet. It showed none of the silvery coloring of the adults, but was covered with stellate chromatophores. T. acus (Lackrrpe). Hound. Distribution. — West Indies, occasionally northward and in the Mediterra- nean Sea. D. 23; A. 21. 114 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. This species was present in great numbers in most of the inlets and bays about the islands. We obtained a number of specimens on hooks baited with Sardinella or Stolephorus. These fishes play havoc with the useful bait fishes, killing numbers which they do not eat. They all contained parasitic worms in the trunk musculature. HEMIRAMPHIDAE. Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Ranzan1). Needle fish, Gar fish. Distribution. — Southern Florida, Panama, and Brazil. D. 12; A. 15. Specimens were taken with seine at low tide in the Flatts Inlet. They were quite common, but did not appear as regularly or in as large numbers as did Tylosurus acus. Hemiramphus brasiliensis (Lixxe). H. pleti (Cuv. & Val.) Goode. Goode, ”76+, p. 64. Distribution. — The West Indian region. D. 14; A. 12- One badly damaged specimen, apparently of this species, is in the collection of the M. C. Z. No. 8,774, taken by Captain Hamilton at Bermuda about 1870. EXOCOETIDAE. Exonautes esiliens (Mitrer). Flying fish. Exocoetus exiliens Gmelin. Goode, ’76?, p. 64. Distribution. — Pelagic. D. 12-13 2 0A. 12 OPS Vie Cn. One young specimen of what appears to be this species was taken from Sar- gassum off the Challenger Banks and thirteen young examples were taken in the tow net, July 7, at 9 p. m., wind east, in Flatts Inlet. No adult flying- fishes were seen close to shore at any time, and only very few inside the outer reefs. Hundreds of flying fishes, however, were seen from the steamer from forty to sixty miles off shore. FISTULARIIDAE. Fistularia tabacaria Liyne. Goode, ’762, p. 27. Fistularia serrata Goode, ’762, p. 75. Distribution. — West Indies, straying northward. D4 Aces: One specimen of this curious species was taken by Mr. L. Mowbray off St. George’s and was kindly obtained from him by Prof. E. L, Mark for examination. q BARBOUR: NOTES ON BERMUDIAN FISHES. 115 SYNGNATHIDAE. Siphostoma jonesi (GinrTuer). Jordan & Evermann, ’96-00, vol. 1 (1896), p. 768. Syngnathus jonesi Giinther, ’74, p. 455. Goode, ’76:, p. 27. Distribution. — Bermuda and Porto Rico. Mr. O. Bryant obtained a single specimen of this species under a rock at Hungry Bay ; and a second specimen has recently been handed me by Pro- fessor Mark ; it was taken during July, 1904. S. pelagicum (Ossrck). Syngnathus pelagicus Osbeck. Goode, 76%, p. 27. Distribution. — Tropical Atlantic and Mediterranean. About a dozen specimens were obtained in Sargassum and by the dredge in from 6-12 fm. Several very large specimens were taken during July, 1904. S. mackayi Swain & MEeEK. Distribution. — §. Florida to Yucatan. One small specimen was taken from the dredge in Castle Harbor. This is the first time the species has been reported from Bermuda. S. dendriticum, sp. nov. (Plate 1.) Type, (M. C. Z. No. 29,057) a single specimen dredged in about 7 fms. off Ireland Island, Bermudas, July, 1904. Rings 14 + 39. Dorsal 16, just over vent on rings 1—4. Snout about twice in distance to base of pectoral. Tail longer than body. Anal fin vestigial ; composed of two rays on ring 2. Color brown with irregular blotches and darker marblings. A number of peculiar filamentous appendages; many of these have probably been torn off, as this specimen was taken in the dredge with a considerable mass of broken Oculina, ete. The largest pair of these appendages is situated just above and behind the orbits. The next largest pair is on the nape, just anterior to the branchial aperture. Pairs of filaments are situated irregularly along the dorsal and ventral surfaces. On the segments of the trunk rings are peculiar radiating striae; and a raised boss marks the centre of each segment. On the tail rings the bosses are very conspicuous and the ornamental striae less so, HIPPOCAMPIDAE. Hippocampus sp. Sea Horse. One exceedingly small specimen taken in the tow-net off Flatts Inlet one night during July. I have been unable to determine the species. Sea-horses are well known to the natives, and are said to be common at certains seasons. 116 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. ATHERINIDAE. Menidia notata (Mitrcuitt). Distribution. — Coast of United’ States southward to the Carolinas. D. 649; A. 1, 93. There is one specimen of this species in the collection of the M. C. Z. (No. 18,246); so far as I can ascertain no other specimen has ever been taken. M. menidia (Lisy£). Blue Fry. Distribution. — Atlantic coast of United States, the Carolinas southward. D.A$9; At 293: This species was exceedingly common in Flatts Inlet. Thousands were seined daily by the natives for bait. MUGILIDAE. Mugil brasiliensis AGassiz. Mullet. M. liza Cuv. & Val. Goode, ’76*, p. 63. Distribution. — West Indies; Atlantic coast of South America. D.5+8; A.3+4+8. Specimens were frequently taken from the seine in Flatts Inlet; the species is generally common. M. curema Cov. & Vat. Distribution. — Both coasts of the Americas. D.5+5; A.34+9. I obtained a large number of specimens of this species in March and April, 1903, at Hungry Bay. During the summer, however, only one specimen was taken; this was from Sargassum floating off Ireland Island. The species has not been taken before at Bermuda. SPHYRAENIDAE. Sphyraena sphyraena (LixvE.) S. spet (Haiiy) Goode, 76%, p. 61. Jordan & Evermann, ’96-00, vol. 1 (1896), p. 826. Distribution. — Southern coast of Europe to Bermuda. D.6+9; A. 1+9. This European species is not uncommon about Bermuda. I have a single specimen about 10 inches long taken in the seine near Gibbet Island and another, considerably smaller, taken by the members of the Biological Station during the summer of 1904. BARBOUR: NOTES ON BERMUDIAN FISHES. i Bg HOLOCENTRIDAE. Holocentrus ascensionis (Osseck). Squirrel. Holocentrum sogo Bloch. Goode, ’764, p. 49. Distribution. — Florida and Cuba to St. Helena. D. 11415; A.6+10. This species is very common in sheltered nooks about the rocky shores and reefs. It is nocturnal and great numbers were sometimes taken in a few hours at night in the fish pots. H. puncticulatus, sp. nov. (Plaie 2.) De t--13; A.4+8; ll. 45; lir. 3-8: Near H. siccifer Cope, but differing in the number of rays in the anal fin, in the shape of the dorsal fins,.and in color. Head with spines 23, depth 23. Spinous dorsal rather long and elevated anteriorly ; soft dorsal not as high as spinous portion. Second anal spine and first anal soft ray about the same length and almost reaching the base of the caudal. There is one strong spine on the preopercular bone and one on the opercular. The posterior and ventral edges of both these bones are strongly serrate. The interorbital keels are rather weak, and each divides posteriorly into nine, spreading out in a fan-like manner. The color in life is bright rosy red with nine lateral series of very fine black and dark brown dots; growing fainter and fewer ventrally. eéeFEFEFHFHeROHHETHEHETETFERTeEeThTehe_ETF——— ee *WA NI ASSOUr) REICHENSPERGER: ANATOMIE VON PENTACRINUS DECORUS. 191 stark verzweigtes Netzwerk, welches weite Maschen besass. Dasselbe durchzieht Bindegewebsliicken, welche die Fortsetzung des Genitalkanals im Kelche zu bilden scheinen, und wird stellenweise eng von Bindegewebe umsponnen und begleitet. Die Striinge des Netzwerks setzen sich ebenfalls aus zwei ineinander geschobenen Réhren zusammen. Die Wandung der dusseren Rohre, d. h. des Genitalgefasses, ist mit einem gleichen Epithel verselien, wie in den Armen. Unter diesem Epithel befindet sich wiederum eine Bin- degewebslage von wechselnder Feinheit, in der man auf vereinzelte Kerne trifft. Ein eigentliches Endothel ist nicht vorhanden. Die Wandung der Genitalréhre selbst ist nur an sehr giinstigen Stellen wahrzunehmen; sie besteht aus einer diinnen bindegewebigen Lamelle mit sparlichen Kernen. Perrier (21) stellt eimen Querschnitt durch die Genitalréhre im Kelch von Antedon in seiner Fig. 144, Pl. XVII, dar. Die dort mit a bezeichnete Membran ist auch bei Pentacrinus vorhanden ; es fehlt aber hier ein Innenepithel, welchem Perrier den Namen “epithelium genital ” beilegt, und aus dem er die Keimzellen hervorgehen lasst. Der Durchmesser der das Netzwerk bildenden Doppelrdéhren schwankt erheblich ; dieselben sind teils nur schwach, teils sehr stark entwickelt. Unter andern fand ich als Durchmesser fir : Genitalgefiss Genitalréhre 0,0571 mm 0,042 mm 0,0738 “ 0,0573 “ 0,025 « ep a i 0,0416 “ 0,023 « 0.0176 “ rt 0,0981 q “¢ 0,101 0,096“ Oazite a SS 0,0983 “ Man ersieht daraus, dass die Genitalstrir ze nach dem Ubergang in die Kelchscheibe wieder im allgemeinen ganz bedeutend an Starke zu- nehmen. Von Antedon hingegen berichtet Hamann (13) S. 119, dass der Genitalschlauch im Kelch einen bedeutend geringeren Durchmesser als in den Armen besitze ; er bestimmt die Dicke desselben auf 0,02 mm, die der eigentlichen Genitalréhre auf 0,01 mm. Als Inhalt des Genitalgefasses fand ich helles, éusserst feines Gerinn- sel, das zuweilen eine schwache Fiarbung annahm, sowie gelbliche, meist grobkérnige Massen, an denen eine zellige Struktur nicht erkennbar war. Mitunter fanden sich wohlerhaltene Lymphkérperchen, auf die ich gleich zuriickkommen werde. Die gelben Elemente trifft man auch in den 192 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOULOGY. intervisceralen Blutgefiissen an. Cuénot (10) S. 425 halt sie: “pour des amibocytes migrants, . . . chargés d’apporter des produits de ré- serve dans les divers organs.” Auch ich mochte die gelben Massen als Reservestoffe ansprechen, kann aber nicht wohl eigentliche Wanderzellen in ihnen erkennen. Bei Cuénot, Etudes sur le sang et les glandes lymphatiques (11) werden die Lymphkorperchen der Echinodermen einer eingehenden Be- trachtung unterzogen, S. 613-641. Von Crinoiden hat Cuénot an- scheinend nur Anfedon untersucht und berichtet hiertiber: “ Les plus nombreux (pl. XVIII, fig. 19) sont des amibocytes assez petits, 1] p, . émettant de courts pseudopodes; ils sont donc assez différents de ceux des Oursins et des Astéries si bien caracterisés par le développe- ment de leurs pseudopodes.” Bei Pentacrinus senden die 0,022—0,03 mm grossen Lymphkorperchen dagegen im allgemeinen sehr lange Pseu- dopodien aus, wie Fig. 21 zeigt. Die Korper selbst enthalten eine kleinere oder gréssere Anzahl unregelmiéssiger Kérnchen und ein bla- siges Gebilde. Mit den eben erwihnten gelben Elementen haben sie keine Ahnlichkeit. In der Lange der Pseudopodien finde ich zwischen Pentacrinus einerseits und den Echinoidea und Asteroidea anderseits nicht den geringsten Unterschied. Bei Pentacrinus scheinen sich die Pseudopodien stetig zu verjiingen und laufen in eine Spitze aus, wahrend sie bei den eben erwahnten Klassen ihre Breite beibehalten, eine Diffe- renz, die aber auch durch die Konservation hervorgerufen sein kann, da mir nur in Alkohol konserviertes Material zur Verfiigung stand. Ver- bindungsbriicken zwischen zwei oder drei benachbarten Pseudopodien fand ich bei Pentacrinus nicht vor, wahrend solche nach Cuénot, PI. XVIII, Fig. 7 und 8, bei Echinoidea und Asteroidea hiufig sind. Die eigentliche Genitalréhre endlich birgt auch im Kelch Genital- zellen der verschiedensten Grosse. Fig. 20 gibt das Bild eines sehr stark vergrésserten Lingsschnittes durch einen Teil eines weiblichen Genitalstranges. In Fig. 22 erkennt man der geringen Vegrésserung wegen nur die bereits weiter vorgeschrittenen Ureier als dunkle Kérper, mit deutlich sich abhebendem hellerem Keimblaschen. Auffallend sind die betrachtlichen Gréssenunterschiede der im Kelch befindlichen Eizellen. Oft findet sich nahe beieinander jedes Wachs- tumstadium vertreten. Neben kleinen Zellen von 0,015 bis 0,017 mm Durchmesser, welche in Form und Aussehen genau mit den von Hamann (13) Taf. XII, Fig. 15 wiedergegebenen Plasmawanderzellen von An- tedon eschrichti tibereinstimmen, trifft man Eizellen, welche sich bereits sehr weit entwickelt haben und deren Durchmesser bis 0,11 mm betrigt. REICHENSPERGER: ANATOMIE VON PENTACRINUS DECORUS. 193 Eine solche Zelle fullt in der Breite ein Gefiiss fast bis zam Platzen aus. In engen Gefassen nehmen demgemiiss die grésseren Eizellen eine sehr langgestreckte Gestalt an. Folgende Messungreihe mége die Verhiilt- nisse genauer illustrieren : Grosse der : Keimzellen Keimblaschen Keimfiecke 0,016 0,009 ? mm 0,024 0,01 2 *s 0,0216 0,098 2 ce 0,0283 0,0113 0,001 Ue 0,0641 0,0246 0;0062. <“ 0,1018 0,0283 0,0108 & 0,102 0,031 0,0109 « 0,113 0,0462 0,0098 * 0,098 . 0,0284 0,027 COM OO AE es 0,0475 . 0,19 0,045 . 0,019 0,00953 0,04 OMT 0,031 0,00824 * Verfolgen wir die Ziige des Netzwerks der Genitalstriinge zentralwiirts, so gelangen wir schliesslich in die Nahe der Mundéffaung. Dort setzen sich die Genitalgefasse mit dem Geflecht der labialen Blutgefiisse in Ver- bindung. Einzelne Auslaufer des letzteren treten an die Genitalgefiisse heran und anastomosieren mit denselben, wie ich mit grosser Sicherheit aussprechen kann. Weiterhin umziehen die Genitalgefasse den Schlund in unmittelbarer Nahe und treffen dort mit Teilen des bindegewebigen Gefasses zusammen, welches, wie oben S. 19 erwihnt, aus der Mitte des dem driisigen Organ angelagerten Zellkomplexes in der Richtung auf den Schlund hinfiihrt. Gleich neben dem labialen Blutgefiissgeflecht finden sich in der Genitalrohre mitunter schon weit entwickelte Eizellen von 0,043 bis 0,062 mm Grésse, an denen Keimbliaschen und Keimfleck leicht kenntlich sind. Der giinstige Umstand, dass die Genitalfiisse ziemlich umfangreich sind und bereits grosse Eizellen enthalten, erleich- tert die Feststellung ihres Verlaufs bei Pentacrinus bedeutend. Nach dem Gesagten mochte ich nun wiederholen, dass ich die Zellen des fraglichen Komplexes fiir Plasmawanderzellen halte, welche sich loslésen, durch das um den Schlund ziehende Rohr zum labialen Blutge- fassgeflecht hinwandern, um sich endlich in den Stringen der Scheibe und der Arme und Pinnulae zu heranwachsenden Ei- bzw. Samenzellen zu entwickeln. Weiterhin scheint mir fiir diese Ansicht vornehmlich folgendes zu sprechen. In den Genitalrdhren von Antedon fand Ludwig (18) 8. 31 und Taf. XV, Fig. 15, in den Armen einen inneren Wandbelag von nur 0,0075- VoL. xLv1.— No. 10 13 194 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 0,0085 mm grossen Zellen, aus denen sich erst spiter in den Pinnulae die Eier entwickelten. Ausftihrlicher, aber im wesentlichen mit Ludwig ubereinstimmend, beschrieb Hamann (13) 8. 118, die in den Genital- rodhren von Antedon vorgefundenen Zellen. A. Lang (16) S. 1089 und 1090, Fig. 776, spricht von einer Wandverdickung, einer Leiste, von der aus sich stets neue Keimzellen bilden. Perrier (21) S. 51 endlich neunt den Innenbelag der Genitalréhren: V’épithélium producteur des cenfs, bzw. l’épithélium testiculaire. Dagegen haben wir bei der Besprechung der Genitalréhren von Pen- tacrinus decorus gesehen, dass dort weder ein innerer Zellbelag, ein Epithel, noch eine Leiste vorhanden ist, aus welchen sich Keimzellen bilden kénnten. Vielmehr fanden wir die aus einer diinnen Lamelle gebildete Genitalrdhre des Armes von weit entwickelten Ei- oder Samen- zellen erfullt. Hamann sprach (14) S. 83 zuerst aus: Er betrachte die Zellen in der Genitalréhre nicht als festsitzende Epithelzellen, sondern als Wander- zellen, welch in die Pinnulae einwandern, um dort zu reifen. Weiterhin sagt er: “ Die Geschlechtsprodukte entstehen an besonderen Stellen der Genitalréhren aus Urkeimzellen”, ohne aber solche Stellen des Naheren zu bezeichnen.— Dass die Keimzellen in der Tat Wanderzellen sind, dafiir scheint mir Pentacrinus decorus ein gutes Beispiel zu liefern. Schon aus der verinderlichen Form der jiingeren Keimzellen kann man auf eine amdboide Fortbewegung schliessen ; bereits ziemlich weit in der Entwicklung vorgeschrittene Keimzellen zeigen in hohem Grade die Fahigkeit, sich sehr engen RoOhren anzupassen, wie wir weiter oben gese- hen haben. Da wir nun bereits im Kelch von Pentacrinus eine grosse Anzahl weit entwickelter Eizellen fanden, und eine Epithel, aus dem sich Keimzellen bilden und loslésen kénnten, nicht vorhanden ist, haben wir meiner Meinung nach die Ursprungsstelle der Urkeimzellen im Kelch zu suchen und kommen naturgemiéss auf den dem driisigen Organ angelagerten Komplex zuriick, dessen Zellen die grésste Ahnlichkeit mit Plasmawan- derzellen, bzw. Urkeimzellen besitzen (vgl. Fig. 16 u. 20)¢ Es eriibrigt noch der Versuch, Klarheit iiber das Verhiiltnis zwischen dem driisigen Organ und dem ihm angelagerten Zellkomplex zu erhalten. Friiher sprach man das drisige Organ allgemein als Mittelpunkt des Gefiasssystems an (Ludwig, Greef u. a. m.), nenerdings wird es als Geni- talstolo bezeichnet (Perrier, Hamann). Hamann (13) S. 119 verfolgte beim erwachsenen Antedon die Geni- talstriinge von den Armen her in die Scheibe bis zur unmittelbaren Nihe REICHENSPERGER: ANATOMIE VON PENTACRINUS DECORUS. 195 des driisigen Organs, ohne aber einen Zusammenhang mit diesem finden zu kOnnen. Perrier (21) kam auf Grund entwicklungsgeschichtlicher Forschungen zuerst zu der Ansicht, das driisige Organ selbst sei der einzige Aus- gangspunkt der Generationsorgane. Von ihm aus lisst er die Genital- strange ihren Ursprung nehmen und zu den Armen hinziehen. Er legt ihm daher den Namen “stolon génital” bei und erklart es als homolog der “glande ovoide ” der Asteriden und Echiniden (S. 211). Zu einem hiervon abweichenden Ergebnis kommt A. Russo, der sehr genaue, ebenfalls der Hauptsache nach entwicklungsgeschichtliche Stu- dien an Antedon gemacht hat. Er beobachtete das Auftreten von Genitalzellen an verschiedenen Ko6rperteilen der jungen Larve, und be- richtet dariiber (24) S. 11 ff.: “Sul principio aleune cellule celomiche, che formano una delle due pareti del mesentere, . . . s’ingrandiscono molto, aumentando anche di numero come si vede in g delle fig. 15, 23, 36, 42. In tal modo si forma un cumulo di cellule caratteristiche per le dimensioni molto grandi, e per il loro nucleo grosso e rotondo, che formano il primo accenno della gonade.” Dieser von Russo Gonade genannte Komplex liegt nach seiner Schilderung in der Niihe des Oesophagus, etwa in der Mitte des Interradius CD. Fast gleichzeitig mit dieser Bildung sah Russo in der Nihe des gekammerten Organs den oben genannten dhnliche Zellelemente ent- stehen, welche sich lebhaft vermehren und spiter das driisige Organ, *Vorgano assile,” bilden. Schliesslich fahrt er dann weiter unten fort: “In corrispondenza dell’ esofago, ben presto nella larva alquanto avanzato nello sviluppo, dopo che organo assile si € constituito, si differenzia dalle cellule peri- toneali un nuovo gruppo di elementi sessuali. I] processo, con cui questi si formano é chiaramente visibile nella fig. 25, dove alcune cellule celomiche sono molto ingrossate e sporgenti nella cavita generale, in modo da formare una gemma. Esse, proliferando si mettono in rap- porto con J’organo assile mentre in seguito formano attorno l’esofago una serie di cordoni genitali cavi, aventi diverse dimensioni. . . . Dai cordoni periesofagei emanano perd molti cordoni cellulari pieni, i quali si anastomizzano fra di loro formando un intreccio, come si vede nella fig. 40, ricavata da una sezione orizzontale di grosso Antedon.” Die von Russo zuerst erwihnte Zellgruppe im Interradius CD re- duzierte sich sp&ter und verschwand. Die zuletzt genannte Gruppe dagegen blieb bestehen und trat an das driisige Organ heran. Aus ihr wird der eigentliche Bildungsherd der Urkeimzellen. 196 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. Meine an Pentacrinus gemachten Beobachtungen stehen mit denen Russos in vollem Einklang. Es ist unschwer zu erkennen, dass der Komplex der Urkeimzellen nicht aus dem drisigen Organ hervorge- gangen ist; es gelang mir nicht einmal mit Gewissheit nachzuweisen, dass die Schlauche des letzteren sich zn dem Komplex hin 6ffnen, obwohl ich dies fiir wahrscheinlich halte; aus meinen Schnitten liess sich bisher nur eine Randanlagerung und Verbindung unter einem Epithel erkennen. Die Zellelemente beider Organe sind sehr vonein- ander verschieden und deutlich gegeneinander abgegrenzt. Denkt man sich den von mir bei Pentacrinus gefundenen Zellkomplex sehr verkleinert, so wurde er eine Gemme bilden, wie Russo sie von der jungen Antedon-Larve beschreibt und in seiner Fig. 25 darstellt. Auch die bei meinen erwachsenen Tieren noch vorhandene Verbindung mit dem Célomepithel des Schlundes stimmt mit den von Russo gemachten Beobachtungen tberein. Zuerst mochte es scheinen, dass die Form der Komplexe einen Unter- schied bedinge, indem bei Antedon ein dicker Strang vorhanden ist, welcher sich dem driisigen Organ eng anschmiegt, wahrend es bei Pen- tacrinus zur Ausbildung einer Scheibe kommt. Bei naherer Unter- suchung jedoch ergibt sich aus dem Verhalten der Komplexe der Urkeimzellen bei Pentacrinus decorus, bei dem pentacrinoiden Larven- stadium von Antedon und bei dem erwachsenen Antedon eine interes- sante, phylogenetische Beziehung. Pentacrinus behalt zeitlebens die Gemmenform des Komplexes bei, welche bei Antedon nur im penta- erinoiden Stadium voriitbergehend vorhanden ist, waihrend der erwach- sene Antedon bereits eine hdhere Modifikation dieser Form anfweist, einen weiteren Fortschritt phylogenetischer Entwicklung darstellt. Die Homologie der “glande ovoide” mit dem driisigen Organ allein halte ich nicht fur vollstindig ; vielmehr kommt erst durch die Verei- nigung des driisigen Organs mit dem eigentlichen Bildungsherd der Urkeimzellen ein Komplex zustande, der mir in seiner Gesamtheit der “slande ovoide” der Asteriden und Echiniden gleichwertig scheint. Zusammenfassung. 1. ANTIAMBULACRALES NERVENSYSTEM. Ausser dem bereits frither bekannten Ring in den Radialia, fanden wir schon in den Basalia Connective, welche die vom Zentralorgan aus- gehenden Strange paarweise verbanden. Die Paare verlaufen bis zu dem in den Radialia befindlichen Ring getrennt parallel und vereinigen REICHENSPERGER: ANATOMIE VON PENTACRINUS DECORUS. 197 sich erst dort wieder. Das Chiasma ist einfacher wie bei Antedon gebaut. In jedem axillaren Gliede ist ein Chiasma vorhanden. 2. GEKAMMERTES ORGAN. Das gekammerte Organ hat keine Fortsetzungen nach oben; seine finf Kammern enden blind geschlossen. Nach unten sendet es Aus- laufer in den Stiel, von denen in den Nodien die Cirrengefisse aus- gehen. Gebildet wird es von einer diinnen Bindegewebslage, die mit einem deutlichen Endothel versehen ist. Seine simtlichen Teile ent- halten als charakteristiches Merkmal dunkle Kérner, deren Natur uns zweifelhaft blieb. Im oberen Teil des gekammerten Organs verlaufen im Innern von Wand zu Wand ziehend schwache bindegewebige Striinge, die frei von Kalkbildungen sind. 3. Driisiges ORGAN. Vom drusigen Organ aus geht in den Stiel der Achsenstrang, der aus einer einfachen Rohre mit sehr engem Lumen besteht. Die ilin bilden- den Zellen besitzen Ahnlichkeit mit denen des driisigen Organs. Im Kelch wird das driisige Organ von einer sehr grossen Anzahl von Schlauchen gebildet, zwischen denen schwache Bindegewebsfasern vor- kommen. Ob alle Schlaéuche untereinander in Verbindung stehen, liess sich nicht feststellen. Die Gesamtheit der Schlaéuche lasst annihernd in ihrer Mitte ein kleines Lumen frei, gegen das sie durch Célomepithel abgegrenzt ist. Im unteren Teil des driisigen Organs wird das Lumen von einzelnen Bindegewebsstringen durchzogen. Ich spreche es als abgekapselten Teil der Leibeshéhle an. Dem oberen Teil des driisigen Organs ist ein umfangreiches Zellpolster angelagert. Dasselbe bildet mit dem driisigen Organ einen oben offenen Sack. In diesen treten vom labialen Blutgefissgeflecht her zahlreiche Gefiisse ein. Ein direkter Zusammenhang der Schliauche des driisigen Organs mit Blutgefassen war nicht nachweisbar, wohl aber das Eintreten der letz- teren unter das Epithel, welches das driisige Organ umbiillt. 4. Die GESCHLECHTSORGANE. Den Ausgangspunkt der Urkeimzellen bildet der dem driisigen Organ angelagerte Komplex. Von diesem aus gelit ein Strang, welcher den Schlund in unmittelbarer Nahe umzieht, zum labialen Gefassgeflecht hin. Durch Verzweigung kommt unterhalb des Integuments der Kelchdecke ein umfangreiches Netzwerk von Genitalstrangen zustande. Von dem Netzwerk aus ziehen Auslaufer durch die Arme zu den Pinnulae. Die 198 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. Stringe und Ausliufer bilden Doppelréhren. Die iiussere Rodhre, das Genitalgefiiss, ist ein Blutgefiiss; die inmnere Réhre besteht nur aus einer feinen bindegewebigen Lamelle und enthalt Geschlechtsprodukte. Die Genitalrdhre hat kein Innenepithel. Das Zellpolster, von welchem die Plasmawanderzellen ausgehen, um sich bald zu Ei- oder Samenzellen zu entwickeln, wird von Blutgefiissen umzogen und durchlaufen. Es ist meiner Meinung nach nicht wohl moglich, Blutgefaésssystem und Generationsorgane scharf zu sondern, Beide sind aufs engste miteinander verbunden. Ob sich vielleicht die Generationsorgane tiberhaupt als Blutgefisse betrachten lassen, worauf Ludwig (18) S. 89 hinweist, daviiber kénnte ich mir kein volles Urteil bilden, da mir nur ausgewachsene Tiere zur Verfiigung standen. Bonn, im Dezember 1904. REICHENSPERGER: ANATOMIE VON PENTACRINUS DECORUS. 199 LLP h RA TUR. ALEXANDER Agassiz, Calamocrinus Diomedae. Mem. Mus. of Comp. Zool. Harvard College, Cambridge, U. 8. A. Vol. XX VII. n. 2. 1892. . F. A. Barner, The Echinoderma. Aus: A Treatise on Zoology; ed. Ray Lanxester. London 1900. H. Bossuarpt, Zur Kenntnis der Verbindungsweise der Skelettstiicke der Arme und Ranken von Antedon ros. Jenaische Zeitschr. f. Naturw. 1900. P. H. Carpenter, Reports on the results of dredging under the supervision of Au. Acassiz, ete. XIII. The stalked Crinoids of the Caribbean Sea. Bull. Mus. of Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. 1882. Report on the results of the exploring voyage of H. M. 8. Challenger. Vol. XI. The stalked Crinoids. 1884. Ibid. Vol. XXVI. The Comatulae. 1888. On certain points in the anatomical nomenclature of Echinoderms. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Vol. VI. 1890. W. B. Carpenter, On the structure, physiclogy and development of Ante- don rosaceus. Proc. Roy. Soc. London. No. 166. 1876. On the nervous system of Crinoids. Proc. Roy. Soc. London. Vol. XXXVII. 1884. L. Cuénor, Etudes morphologiques sur les Echinodermes. Arch. Zool. expérim. 1891. Etudes sur le sang et les glandes lymphatiques. Ibid. T. IX. 1891. . R.Greerr, Uber das Herz der Crinoiden. Marburger Sitz.-Ber. 3.,4. und 5. Mitt. 1876. O. Hamany, Beitrage zur Histologie der Echinodermen. Heft 4. Ophiuren u. Crinoiden. Jena 1889. O. Hamann, Die wandernden Urkeimzellen. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zoologie. Bd. XLVI. 1888. . C. Jicxuxt, Vorlaufige Mitteilung iiber den Bau der Echinodermen. Zool. Anz. VIE. i884. . Arwotp Lane, Lehrburch der vergleichenden Anatomie. 1894. Levnis-Lupwie, Synopsis der Tierkunde. 3. Aufl. Bd. II. 1886. - Husert Lupwie, Beitrage zur Anatomie der Crinoiden. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. XXVIII. 1877. . Cur. Lirken, Om Vestindiens Pentacriner. Nat. Foren. Vidensk. Med- delelser 1864. 200 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 20. A. M. Marsuatt, On the nervous system of Antedon rosaceus. . Quart. Journ. of micr. Se. 1884. 21. HE. Perrier, Mémoire sur l’organisation et le développement de la Coma- tule de la Méditerranée. Nouv. Arch. d. Mus. 1886-1890. 1., 2. und 3. Abteilung. 22. AcuiLLe Russo, Sulla omologia dell’ organo assile dei Crinoidi ete. Zool. Anz. 1899. 23. Sull’ agruppamento dei primi elementi sessuali nelle Larve di Ante- don. Rendiconti della R. Ac. d. L. Rom 1900. 24. Studii su gli Echinodermi. Catania 1902. 25. Voer u. Yune, Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie. 1. Bd. Braun- schweig 1888. 4 ERKLARUNG DER ABBILDUNGEN. Die folgenden Buchstaben gelten fiir alle Figuren : a, Achenstrang ; G, Bildungsstatte der Urkeimzellen ; bg, Bindegewebe ; go, gekammertes Organ ; cep, Colomepithel ; gz, Ganglienzelle ; co, Centralorgan ; kgr, Kalkgrundsubstanz ; d, Darm; ‘ mo, Mundoffnung ; dep, Darmepithel ; nr, Nervenring in den Radialia ; dn, dorsaler Nervenstrang ; oe, Oesophagus ; do, driisiges Organ; sy, Syzgie. ut Ai ie fh =e @ Af a i + é ' 7 y AD v iy eat “ee ut 4) Pal’ Li - I<) iyi A TT ; ; ‘ > : if hue || ge Pree oar) yt LA te i ia ‘i ? ‘ ih it } 4% (4 ij ) ) 5. , - ey } e's j _ oi5 Ay P i . \ ii Ane ui’ { 7) : fyi . { ' r ity? ok : gute i ; + x had Ne Tt i re ’ On abn CA!) yi Kolin WTR wateu Are (Cp ies SAS naar 1) er if Cer: tia JT EL be ee e.4 4 ee 7 ee i) Nt gcell yl) f jig — by Ly y ieee TF : oy iV ral fa eli, | Vv ; Be el ato ees fat ey. = = ae mar Fy any vad 1 a) homie we - ti of A) /t2 07 Ty" Wasi! ee phe i ; “ 5 eee ls fAati? rae ' a heh ee eaten we vo 4 al Bhd 7 : oan : Lain || *, Vries HiFen ye =e BATU ‘i 3 len ri ee 2 etree PCat chit Set nl) ao eee eR) ab Rert Abend ivan talt REICHENSPERGER. — Anatomie von Pentacrinus decorus. TAFEL I. Fic. 1. Liangsschnitt durch den Kelch von Pentacrinus decorus. Kopie nach P. H. Carpenter (5) Pl. LXII, 1/, mal verkleinert und etwas um- geandert. Erklirung der Farben: Nervensysteme gelb; Blutgefasse roth; Wassergefiss- system griin; driisiges Organ schwarz; Generationsorgane grauschwarz. B, Basale; R, Radiale; Cy, Costale; D,, Distichale 7; ap, ambulacrale Platten ; kp, Kelchporen; sap, subambulacrale Platten; abc, ambulacrales Nervensystem ; st, Steinkanal; lbg, labiales Blutgefassgeflecht; ib, interviscerales Blutgefiss ; wg, Wassergefass ; 7, Rectum; gs, Genitalstrang. Fic. 2. Tangentialer Langsschnitt durch die untersten Armglieder, um die Chiasmata, ch J, 77 und J// zur Anschauung zu bringen. R, Radiale; C, Costale; D, Distichale; P, Palmare; 4, Brachiale; dst, Dorsal- strang. Fic. 8. Querschnitt durch ein Nodium des Stieles, so dass die von den Fortset- zungen des gekammerten Organs fg ausgehenden Cirrengefasse cg ge- troffen sind. ep, Epithel des gkammerten Organs; 2, Nervenschicht ; n,, deren peripherische zu den Cirrengefassen hinziehende Fasern ; k, dunkle Korner. Zeiss, Obj. E, Oc. 2. Fie. 4. Querschnitt durch ein Cirrengefaiss mit der umgebenden Nervenschicht nim Stiel. cg, Lumen des Gefisses ; sc, Septum. Zeiss, Obj. C, Oc. 2. Querschnitt durch ein Cirrengefass, nachdem dasselbe in den Cirrus eintrat. Die Nervenschicht n hat sich auf die beiden Seiten gezogen. Zeiss, Obj. C, Oc. 2. Fie. 6. Zwei Auslaufer, aus, des dorsalen Armnervenstranges dn, deren feinste Enden, en, in der Kalkgrundsubstanz verlaufen. /, begleitende Kerne. Zeiss, Obj. C, Oc. 2. Fie. 8. Teil eines Querschnittes durch ein Nodium des Stieles in Hohe der in die Cirrengefasse ziehenden Septen sc. n, Nervenschicht und deren peripherische Fasern; ep, Epithel des Cirrengefasses. Zeiss, Obj. C, Oc. 2, Fic. 9. Teil eines Lingsschnittes durch ein Nodium. sp, Septum; cg. Beginn eines Cirrengefiasses; n, Nervenfaserschicht; go, Fortsetzung des gekammerten Organs. Zeiss, Obj. C, Oc. 3. Fie. 10u.11. Langs-und Querschnitt durch den Achsenstrang. > tI A US.C.S. S.,Blake U.S.C. S. S. Blake.” PLT. Wao em oe hh DT ary hy DI a ‘a PEP uaa ame WAL sy ‘4 H } :! DI is ie chT fe. ie ur Aug Reichensperger gez. Me Lith Anst. Julius Minkhardt, Leipzig. REICHENSPERGER. — Anatomie von Pentacrinus decorus. Fie. Fic. Fic Fic. Fic. 7a: TAFEL IL 7 a-h. Querschnitte zur Erlauterung des Verhiltnisses des gekammerten Organs zum driisigen Organ, bzw. Achsenstrang. Zeiss, Obj. C, Oc. 1. Querschnitt im Stiel. n, Nervenfaserschicht. Fig. 7b u.c: In Hohe des Zentralorgans co. k, dunkle Korner. Fig. 7d: In Hohe der Con- nective cb in den Basalia. bg, Bindegewebe der Leibeshohle. Fig. 7eu. f: In Hohe der Radialia. ubg, unverkalktes Bindegewebe; k, dunkle Korner. Fig. 7 g: Oberster Teil des gekammerten Organs ; ble, blindes Ende einer Kammer. Fig. 7: Veranschaulichte Lage und Gestalt des driisigen Organs do kurz nach dem Endigen des gekammerten Organs. .12au.+. Wandung des gekammerten Organs. Fig. 12a von der Seite, 13. 14. Fig. 12 6 von der Flache aus geselien. epz, Endothelzelle; 5g, Binde- gewebslamelle. Zeiss, Obj. E, Oc. 2. Stiick eines Querschnittes durch die breiteste Stelle des driisigen Organs. ger, Gerinnsel; schi, Schlauch; bg, Bindegewebsfasern; ZL, inneres Lumen; ¢p, dessen Epithel, welches dem Colomepithel cep gleich ist. Zeiss, Obj. D, Oc. 2. Querschnitt durch den von driisigem Organ und Bildungsherd der Urkeimzellen gebildeten Sack. &, zum Schlund hinfiihrende Rohre ; bl, Blutgefiasse; ep, beide Organe unter sich vereinigendes Colomepi- thel. Zeiss, Obj. C, Oc. 1. Langsschnitt durch den Sack. wg, Wassergefass: st, Steinkanal; T. Tentakel; sonst wie in Fig. 14. Zeiss, Obj. B, Oc. 2. Langsschnitt durch den Genitalkanal gc eines mannlichen Tieres. Die Genitalréhre gr ist mit Samenzellen erfiillt. g/, Wand der Genital- rohre ; ep, Epithel des Genitalgefasses gf; ger, Gerinnsel. Zeiss, Obj. C, Oc. 4. U S.C. S. S.,Blake,’ PUL. "Aug. Reichensperger gez - Lith.Anst. Julius Kinkhardt,Leipzig. ed PLIL USC. S. S., Blake? Fig 12a 6g Aug Rechensperger ger. Lich Anot. Julie Kinkhardt,Letpzig, Pentacrinus decorus. ext LST eae ai he ated Blea ae One if, : ' v 7 is : va” . A » ¥ ¢ o _—— ; . : ! - i] bp 4 A) 4% v2. ee ee Wt ries Hd ; ehh Maen Sere alrvatl: i ers WV, ee. . ae Phe (i ites aaa gi ee iw, rey, Pie ay ¥s a co ) Sed; Se IU ee ate _ L ) . ® Pos Pe? Wie. a aid : ' ‘ Emit y a) E ; : adel, Sha + aha sf z b> We oi € +f t ; er ‘ é 4 + f i 4 ae: i g r ve : ™ ‘i = r we sits i : ¥en av ce ; - y : ‘ z ‘ ; : ap Se 1 i* 7 a 7) aad LF 7 i c PA _ iy ReICHENSPERGER. — Anatomie von Pentacrinus decorus. Fie. Fie. Fic. Fie. Fic. Fic. Fic. TAFEL III. 16. Teil des dem driisigen Organ angelagerten Komplexes. 6/, Blutgefasse; plw, Plasmawanderzellen ; cep, Colomepithel ; 7, Innenraum des Sackes ; A, Leibeshéhle. Zeiss, Obj. F, Oc. 2. 17. Teil eines Langsschnittes durch den Arm eines erwachsenen weiblichen Tieres. gc, Genitalkanal; ger, Gerinnsel; ep, Epithel des Genital- gefisses ; ez, Eizelle; kb, Keimblaschen; kf, Keimfleck. Zeiss, Obj. AA, Oc. 2. 19. Teil eines Querschnittes durch den Arm eines minnlichen Tieres. gc, Genitalkanal ; ger, Gerinnsel ; sz, Samenzelle; de, Dorsalkanal ; ge/, Genitalgefass. Zeiss, Obj. F. Oc. 1. 20. Genitalgefass gf im Kelch langs durchschnitten. gr, Genitalréhre ; ep, Epithel des Genitalgefasses; ger, Gerinnsel; krm, gelbe kornige Massen ; plw, Plasmawanderzellen ; ez, bereits weit entwickelte Eizelle. Zeiss, homog. Immersion 1/18. 21a. Lymphkorper Z in einem Blutgefass b/. ger, Gerinnsel. Zeiss, Obj. D Oct: 21b. Lymphkorper, stirker vergrossert. bly, blasiges Gebilde; ps, Pseudo- podien. Zeiss, Obj. F, Oc. 1. 22. Teil des Netzwerkes der Genitalstringe im Kelch. Horizontalschnitt, zwischen Darm und Integument der Kelechdecke gelegen. A, Arm; gk, Genitalkanal ; gs, Genitalstrang im Ubergang zum Arme; Ez, weit entwickelte Eizellen; gf, Genitalstrange im Kelch; kp, Kelechporen. Zeiss, Obj C. Oc. 1. —r yee hte DSC SS. Blake, PUI, Tig. 20. es : = = 2S -S Se eB \ = 9) @ aa’, a fi Arm _ B P moe” se : gt SY Sy, ~ my OY a a WN 0 K\\ M ge Aug Reichensperger gez . _lith.Anst. Julius Kimkhardt,Leipzig. PLM, US. CS. S.,Blake? Aug. Reichensper: " ig Rel perger gez _Lith.Anst. Julius Klinkhardt,Leipzig. Pentacrinius decorus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy AT HARVARD COLLEGE. Vor.