4 8^0 HARVARD UNIVERSITY Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology BULLETIN OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD COLLEGE, IN CAMBRIDGE VOL. 116 CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. 1957 TnK Cosmos Press, Inc. Cambkidiif,, Mass., U.S.A. 1\< CONTENTS PACE No. 1. — Revision of the Chinese Mecoptera. By Fung: Ying Cheng. (23 plates) March, 1957 ... 1 No. 2. — A Catalogue op the Cerionidae (Mollusca- Pulmonata). By William J. Clench. April, 1957 119 No. 3. — Studies on New Zealand Elasmobranchii. Part VI. Two New Species of Etmopterus from New Zealand. By J. A. F. Garriek. April, 1957 . . 169 No. 4. — Biological Investigations in the Selva Lacan- dona, Chiapas, Mexico. Raymond A. Paynter, Jr., Editor. (1 plate) April, 1957 191 No. 5. — The Genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Argiopidae) in Panama. By Arthur M. Chickering. May, 1957 299 No. (i. — The Tenuis and Selenopiiora Groups of the Ant Genus Ponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). By Edward 0. Wilson. May, 1957 .... 353 No. 7. — The Chinese Caeneressa Species ( Lepidoptera, Ctenuchidae). By Nicholas S. Obraztsov. (4 plates) June, 1957* 387 No. finger-like, extending upward. Female genitalia : subgenital plate broader distally than basally, with small V-shaped distal incision, the median longitudinal line of the subgenital plate less sclero- tized; internal skeleton with long and stout axis, the plate lonp: and narrow, occupying the area between the two axes, the pos- terior arms of the plate well-developed, with sharp apex. Holotype ($): Bao-hwa-shan, Kiangsu, July 16, 1942; in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Al- lotype (?':>: Same collecting data and same type location as 40 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY holotype. Paratypes : 4 S 5,5$ $ , same collecting data as holo- type, in same type location as holotype ; 2 $ 5,2$ $ , same col- lecting data as holotype, in Museum of Comparative Zoology; 2$ 5 , 3 5 5 , same collecting data ; 3 5 $ , 2 5 $ , N. Han-nu- shan, Jul}7 16, 1940, in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. This species, belonging to the davidi group, resembles Panorpa approximata Esben-Petersen, which is in the amurensis group, as established by Issiki (this group comprises four known species, all of which are known as continental, i.e., E. Siberia and Korea), but differs in several respects. Esben-Petersen 's drawing of the male genitalia of approximata shows that the hypandrium is rather long and the distal end of the preepiproct is only slightly emarginated. The distal part of the hypandrium of this new species is deeply cleft to form the narrow bases of the hypovalvae ; the distal end of the preepiproct has a narrow U-shaped distal incision. Unfortunately, according to Esben- Petersen, the type of approximata ( 5 ) lacks the parameres, so I cannot compare the genital structures of these two species in detail. Panorpa typicoides Cheng Figures 26, 36, 39, 66, 67, 276 Panorpa typicoides Cheng, 1949, Psyche, 56(4): 143, figs. 3, 13, 14, 28, 31. Body mostly black ; vertex black anteriorly, brown posteriorly ; rostrum entirely brown ; thorax black dorsally, yellowish brown laterally, meso- and metanotum with a broad brown median band ; 1st to 6th abdominal segments of male black dorsally and ven- trally, last few abdominal segments reddish brown, anal horn absent; the hind border of third tergite slightly prolonged be- hind, and in contact with the small, sharp conical production on the median axis of the 4th tergite ; abdominal segments of female entirely black. Fore wing : length, 12.5 mm. ; width, 3 mm. ; membrane hyaline, markings sooty brown; pterostigmal band complete, with a broad basal branch and a separated narrow apical branch ; basal band interrupted, represented by two large spots; apical band broad, with a large hyaline spot posteriorly; basal spot very small ; marginal spot large, not extending beyond the vein P^ ; pterostigma brown, very prominent. Hind wing : length, 11.5 mm. ; width, 3.3 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the basal spot and the anterior part of the basal band are CHENG : REVISION OP THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 41 entirely lacking. Male genitalia : genital bulb rounded ; coxo- podites long, U-shaped, furnished with a series of long hairs at the distal inner portion ; harpagones slender, the outer margin slightly concave at the middle, inner margin with a median angle and a small basal concave area; hypandrium inconspicu- ous; hypovalvae rather long, reaching to the base of the harpa- gones ; parameres simple and slender, each consisting of a single stalk, which is distinctly twisted and pointed at its apex ; pre- epiproct slender, slightly narrowed towards apex, with a deep U-shaped distal incision ; aedeagus with finger-shaped apical processes and slightly prolonged lateral processes, the distal inner margins of the former usually produced inwards to form a small nipple-shaped plate. Female genitalia : subgenital plate elon- gated, broadened at the middle ; internal skeleton long, the plate narrowed towards its base with a pair of sharp posterior arms, the axis very long, extending nearly two-thirds its length beyond the plate. Holotype ( 9 ) : Tachienlu (5000-8500 ft.), Sikang, Aug. 27, 1939 (F. Y. Cheng, Io Chou and Tein Ho Hei) ; in Museum of Comparative Zoology. Allotype ( 9 ) : same collecting data as holotype ; in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Distribution : same as types. This species, belonging to the davidi group, resembles the com- mon European species Panorpa communis Linne and P. fukiensis Tjeder in the wing markings, but differs in the structure of the male genitalia. The parameres of communis are very broad, lobe- shaped; those of fukiensis are spindle-shaped, whereas those of typicoides are narrow and slender, thread-like. Panorpa fukiensis Tjeder Figures 54, 58, 70, 71 Panorpa fukiensis Tjeder, 1950, Bonn Zool. Beitr., 1950 (2-4) :2S6, figs. 1, 2. Head blackish brown ; rostrum yellowish brown ; thorax black- ish brown dorsally, yellowish brown laterally, the meso- and metanotum with light brown across their hind parts; 1st to 5th abdominal segments of male blackish brown dorsally; 6th seg- ment blackish brown in the upper part and faintly yellow in the lower part, no anal horn present ; 7th and 8th segments long and narrow, of the same length ; abdomen of female long and slender, 42 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY blackish brown, a little lighter at the basal portion; apex of the abdomen light brown ; additional side plates of the 7th and 8th segments very narrow, 9th tergite long. Fore wing : length, 6 . 14 mm. ; 9 , 16 mm. ; width, £ , 3.3 mm. ; 9 , 3.8 mm. ; membrane hyaline, markings blackish brown ; veins whitish ; pterostigmal band distinct, with broad basal branch and separated narrower apical branch ; basal band broad, complete ; apical band broad, in- terrupted posteriorly, connected with the pterostigmal band an- teriorly ; basal spot absent ; marginal spot present ; pterostigma rather prominent. Hind wing : length, S , 12.5 mm. ; $ , 14 mm. ; width, $ , 3 mm. ; $ , 3.5 mm. ; similar to fore wing. Male geni- talia : genital bulb elliptical ; coxopodites long, with more or less truncated apex ; harpagones slender, the outer margin smoothly curved, inner margin with broad tooth-like projection, the median tooth located ventrally; hypandrium narrow, conspicu ous ; hypovalvae short, reaching about the middle of the coxo- podites, slightly diverging from each other; parameres simple, spindle-shaped (list ally, each with eleven long, strong barbs on its inner edge and the same number of slightly narrower barbs at its apex ; preepiproct narrow, with almost parallel edges and a deep U-shaped distal incision; aedeagus with long finger-like apical processes and ax-shaped lateral processes. Female geni- talia: subgenital plate long, narrowed towards apex; internal skeleton large, the outer margins slightly concave at the middle, with a pair of sharp posterior arms; axis well-developed, out wardly curved at their proximal ends, extending beyond the plate for about one-third its length. Holotype ( S ) : Kwangtseh, Fukien, Sept. 25, 1937 (J. Klap perich) ; in Zool. Keichsinstitut and Museum A. Koenig. Allotype ( 9 ) : Kwangtseh, Fukien, Oct. 9, 1937 (J. Klapperich) ; same type location as holotype. Distribution: same as types This species, belonging to the davidi group, resembles Panorpa typicoides Cheng in the wing markings, but the shape of the genital segments of both the male aud the female make it a dis- tinct species. CHENG: REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTEBA 43 Panorpa curva Carpenter Figures 52, 53 Panorpa curva Carpenter, 1938, Proc Ent. Soc. Washington, 40(9) :269. tie?. 1. 8. Body black ; vertex with a transverse black band, enclosing the ocelli; rostrum light reddish brown; anal horn absent; last few abdominal segments reddish brown. Fore wing: length, 7 mm. ; width. S mm. ; membrane hyaline, markings grayish brown ; both basal and marginal spots absent ; basal, pterostigmal and apical bands complete, the last with a few interrupted spots ; erossveins not margined. Hind wing: similar to the fore wing ^Male genitalia: genital bulb rather long; coxopodites very long, deep U-shaped; at the inner distal margins of coxopodites, there is a very prominent papilla bearing a number of black hairs and giving rise proximally to a large black spine; harpagones small, the outer margins slightly concave near the middle, the apices abruptly curved ; no true lobes present ; hypandrium inconspicu- ous; hypovalvae rather slender, not reaching to the base of the harpagones; parameres simple, each consisting of a single stalk, which is distinctly twisted and bears distally a cluster of short barbs; preepiproct slender, with nearly straight side and a deep U-shaped distal incision ; apical processes of aedeagus very long and slender, the outer margins abruptly convex near the middle, the lateral processes short, horn-like. Female unknown. Holotype ( $ ) : 0-er (9000 ft., 26 miles north of Li-fan), Sikang, Aug. 6, 1916 (D. C. Graham) ; in U. S. National Museum. This species, belonging to the davidi group, resembles Panorpa davidi Navas superficially. However, the parameres of this species are distinctly twisted distally, whereas those of davidi are not so. The outer margins of the harpagones of curva are slightly eoncave at the middle, whereas those of davidi are not concave at all. Panorpa aurea n. sp. Figures 55, 61, 62, 76, 77, 281 Body yellowish brown; vertex brown anteriorly with sooty brown mark enclosing ocelli, yellowish brown posteriorly with 44 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY three narrow longitudinal streaks; rostrum uniformly yellow; thorax yellow laterally, meso- and metanotum deep brown an- teriorly, yellowish brown posteriorly; the 1st to 5th abdominal segments of male and female brown dorsally, last few abdominal segments yellowish brown, the hind border of the third abdominal tergite of male slightly produced. Fore wing : length, $ , 15.5 mm., 9 , 16.3 mm. ; width, $ , 4 mm., 5 , 4.2 mm. ; membrane light yel- low, markings yellowish brown ; pterostigmal band complete with same broad basal branch and apical branch; basal band broad, complete ; apical band large, with a faint and small window ; both basal and marginal spots are very small ; pterostigma not prom- inent. Hind wing: length, $ , 14.5 mm., 5 , 14.7 mm. ; width, S , 3.7 mm., 9 , 4 mm. ; similar to fore wing except that both basal and marginal spots are entirely lacking. Male genitalia : genital bulb slender ; coxopodites long with truncated apex ; harpagones slender, the outer margin slightly concave basally, smoothly curved distally, inner margin with a median small angle and a long and large basal concave area ; hypandrium short ; hypo- valvae slender with rounded apex, not extending near the base of the harpagones; parameres long, Y-shaped, the outer branch crooked, the inner branch straight; preepiproct long with deep U-shaped distal incision ; aedeagus elongated, the apical processes long and sharp, lateral processes short, lobe-shaped. Female geni- talia : subgenital plate long with wedge-shaped distal end ; inter- nal skeleton large, the plate constricted medially to form the proximal and distal oval portions, the posterior arms of the plate narrowed towards apex, the axis long, with broad base, extending beyond the plate for exactly half its length. Holotype ( $ ) : Kuatun, Chungan Hsien, Fukien, Oct. 28, 1942 (Maa) ; in Maa Collection. Allotype ( 2 ) : Kwantseh Hsien, Fukien, Sept. 23, 1943 (Maa) ; in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Paratypes : 1 9 , same collecting data as allotype, in Museum of National Foochow University ; 4 9 9 , same collecting data as holotype ; 4 9 9 , Ta-chu-lan, Shaowu Hsien, Fukien, Oct. 14-28, 1942 (Maa), in Maa Collection; 1$ , 1 9 , Ta-chi-lan, Shaowu Hsien, Fukien, Sept. 2-Nov. 28, 1942 (Maa), in Museum of Comparative Zoology; 1 $ , 1 9 , same col- lecting data, in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. This species, belonging to the davidi group, differs from other CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 45 described Panorpa by its golden body color and the peculiar structures of both the male and the female genitalia. Panorpa coomani n. sp. Figures 63, 79, 282 Body dull brown ; vertex deep brown, with black mark en- closing ocelli ; rostrum dull brown, on each of its sides a black longitudinal stripe which narrows towards distal end ; thorax deep brown dorsally, meso- and metanotum with black marking on each side ; the 1st to 3rd abdominal segments of male slightly blackish brown dorsally, the rest of segments reddish brown, 6th to 8th segments much prolonged, the hind border of the 3rd tergite slightly produced. Fore wing: length, 11.3 mm.; width, 3 mm.; membrane hyaline, markings sooty brown; pterostigmal band complete, with broad basal branch and apical branch; basal band interrupted medianly ; apical band large, with a large hyaline spot ; both basal and marginal spots present ; pterostigma prominent. Hind wing: length, 10.5 mm.; width, 2.8 mm.; simi- lar to fore wing, except that the basal spot is not so well de- veloped. Male genitalia : genital bulb elliptical ; coxopodites long, with truncated apex ; harpagones slender, the outer margin not concave at the middle, inner margin with a median angle and a median toothed lobe ; hypandrium very short ; hypovalvae nar- row and slender, not extending near the base of the harpagones ; parameres Y-shaped, the inner branch very narrow, the outer branch broader and longer with a row of short barbs on its distal inner margin; preepiproct broad basally, narrow distally, with deep V-shaped distal incision ; aedeagus elongated, the apical processes long, finger-like, lateral processes short, extended downward, just opposite to the direction of the apical processes. Female unknown. Holotype ( $ ) : Ku-ling, Kiangsi, Sept. 18, 1945 ; in Heude Museum, Shanghai. I take the liberty to name this species in honor of Father De Cooman, who has been so kind as to loan me the material from the Heude Museum. This species, belonging to the davidi group, differs from other described Panorpa by its small body size and the peculiar struc- ture of the male genitalia. [6 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Panorpa japonica Thunberg Figures 85, 90, 100, 104, 286 Panorpa japonica Thunberg, 1784, Nov. Ins. Sp. Dissert., 3:67, fig. 9. Bur meister, 1839, Handb. Ent.. 2:957. Westwood, 1846, Trans. Ent. Soc London, 1846:188. MeLachlan, 1868, Journ. Linn. Soc, 9:256. Id., 1875, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1875: 183. Miyake, 1908, Bull. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1908:1. Id., 1913, Journ. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1913: 347, pi. 30, fig. 14, pi. 3-",, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Esben Peterson, 1921, Coll. Zool. Selys Long. 5 (2) :43, figs. 45, 46. Panorpa macrogastcr MeLachlan, 1868, Journ. Linn. Soc, 1868:257. Id.. 1875, Trans. Ent. Soc London, 1875:184. Panorpa Icucothyria Navas, 1908, Mem. Real. Acad. Cienc. Barcelona, 1908:414. Panorpa dyscola Navas, 1908, Mem. Real. Acad. Cienc. Barcelona, 1908:420. Panorpa rectifasciata Miyake, 1908, Bull. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo. 1908:5, pi.. 1, figs. 10, 10a, 10b. Id., 1913, Journ. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1913:350, pi. 30, fig. 16, pi. 35 figs. 7, 8. Panorpa niphonensis Miyake, 1908, Bull. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1908:7, pi. 1, figs. 3, 3a, 3b. Panorpa pulchra Miyake, 1908, Bull. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1908:8, pi. 1, fig. 4. Id., 1913, Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1913:349, pi. 30, fig. 17, pi. 35, figs. 4, 7, 9. Panorpa sinanoensis Miyake, 1909, Bull. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1909:4, pi. 1, figs. 7, 7a, 7b. Panorpa liagrni Navas, 1909, Rev. Russe d'Ent., 9:276. Panorpa irregularis Miyake, 1910, Journ. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1910:198, pi. 11, figs. 7, 7a, 7b. Panorpa japonica subsp. macrogastcr Miyake, 1913, Journ. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo. 1913:348. Aulops intcrrupta Navas, 1913, Kev. Russe d'Ent., 13:283, fig. 11. Body mostly deeply black, often shining ; the hind border of third abdominal tergite of male produced into a short and broad lobe, 6th abdominal segment cylindrical, 7th segment as long as 6th, but thinner, and its posterior angles somewhat produced, forming a triangular tooth ; 8th segment much longer than 7th, slightly thickened towards the apex, which is obliquely truncate above; no anal horn present. Fore wing: length, 15-19 mm.; broad, with rounded tips; membrane with slightly yellowish tinge, markings sooty black ; pterostigmal band complete, with a very broad basal branch and a very narrow apical branch; in CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 47 some specimens, the latter is absent, or present either as a com- plete, curved streak or as a spot at the hind margin ; apical band very broad, the inner margin somewhat concave; in some speci- mens the pterostigmal band and the apical band may be tra- versed longitudinally by a pale line between each of the longi- tudinal veins ; in the apical band these pale lines are divided by the darker crossveins; basal band either as a complete, oblique band or as one or two separated spots ; basal spot mostly absent, but in some strongly marked specimens, a basal spot, sometimes isolated and sometimes connected with the basal band ; mar- ginal spot present mostly, but usually a little separated from the margin ; pterostigma not very prominent ; veins blackish brown. Hind wing: length, 14-18 mm.; similar to the fore. Male genitalia : genital bulb oval ; coxopodites not very long ; harpa- gones long and slender, the outer margin smoothly curved, inner margin more or less uneven ; the median tooth is very close to the base of the harpagones, the basal lobe very small and tri- angular ; hypandrium conspicuous, appearing as a long narrow stalk; hypovalvae narrow, short and thick, usually divergent from each other, nearly reaching to the base of the harpagones ; parameres simple, short rod-like ; preepiproct tongue-shaped, with rounded apex; aedeagus with a pair of peculiar, weakly sclerotized, hairy, flattened structures and a pair of strongly sclerotized club-shaped processes; lateral processes of the aedea- gus not distinct. Female genitalia : subgenital plate rather long, with V-shaped distal incision; internal skeleton small, long U-shaped, the plate not highly sclerotized, with a rounded ante- rior margin, axis not present. Type: Japan; in Zool. Mus. Univ. Upsala. Distribution : Tien-tseun, China ; Gifu, Japan, April-May 1886; Yokoama, Japan; Higo, 1906, Japan; Kumamoto, Japan, April 17, 1913. This species, belonging to the davidi group, is very common in Japan. Issiki has established a japonica group which included this species, Panorpa klugi MeLachlan, P. nipponensis Navas and P. obscura Miyake. Apparently japonica resembles in general appearance these three Japanese species. However, the wing membranes of klugi and nipponensis are strongly yellowish and that of obscura is ochraceous yellow, whereas that of japonica is 48 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY only slightly yellow. The male genitalia of japonica also show some differences from those of the other three allied species. It is interesting to note that the aedeagns of the male and the internal skeleton of the female of japonica are similar to those of most Neopanorpa. Panorpa tetrazonia Navas Figures 91, 92, 93, 94 Panorpa tetrazonia Navas, 1935, Notes d'Ent. Chin. Mus. Heude, 2(5) :96, fig. 61. Carpenter, 1945, Psyche, 52(1-2) :71, pi. 10, figs. 1, 5, 6; pi. 11, fig. 10. Body light to dark brown ; vertex black anteriorly, light brown posteriorly ; the thoracic nota and abdominal tergites being some- what darker than the rest of the body ; anal horn of male absent. Fore wing : length, 12-13 mm. ; width, 3-3.5 mm. ; membrane faintly yellow, markings brown ; pterostigmal band complete, with broad basal branch and a narrow apical branch ; apical band interrupted posteriorly and usually with a few small clear spots around the crossveins; basal band complete but slender; basal spot present ; marginal spot elongate ; crossveins not mar- gined. Hind wing : similar to the fore, except that the basal band is interrupted and the basal spot is absent. Male genitalia : genital bulb oval ; coxopodites long, U-shaped ; harpagones mod- erately long, the outer margin not concave, inner margin with prominent lobe ; hypandrium inconspicuous ; hypovalvae broad and short, not extending as far as the bases of the harpagones; parameres conspicuous, each arising from a very slender stalk which widens abruptly and gives rise to a long curved process; the wide head of the stalk and the curved process bear numerous long barbs; preepiproct with a shallow distal concavity; apical processes of aedeagus rather long, with narrower distal ends; lateral processes very short. Female genitalia : subgenital plate slender; internal skeleton with broad plate and short axis, pos- terior arms slender, slightly convergent distally. Holotype ( $ ) : Killing, Kiangsi; in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Distribution: Kuling, Kiangsi; Taiping-shien, Anhwei, Oct. 1932 (G. Liu) ; Huang-shan (few miles southwest of Taiping- shien, Anhwei). CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 49 This species, belonging to the davidi group, differs from all the formerly described Panorpa by its genital structures. The parameres of the male are most unusual, as is also the form of the internal skeleton of the genital segment of the female. Panorpa sexspinosa Cheng Figures 81, 87, 89, 123, 124, 278 Panorpa sexspinosa Cheng, 1949, Psyche, 56(4) :145, figs. 4, 8, 9, 15, 16. Vertex yellowish brown, with four black spots on its anterior region, one small spot enclosing the median ocelli anteriorly, one around the other two ocelli posteriorly, the other two are on both sides of the former two spots; rostrum uniformly yellowish brown ; thorax blackish brown dorsally, light yellow laterally, meso- and metanotum as a rule with broad median light yellow- ish streaks; abdominal segments blackish brown dorsally, light brown ventrally, the hind part of 6th abdominal segment of male and its last few abdominal segments yellowish brown, the hind border of the third tergite with a band-like prolongation. Fore wing : length, 12 mm. ; width, 3 mm. ; membrane hyaline, mark- ings blackish brown; pterostigmal band complete, with a broad basal branch and a narrow apical branch ; basal band unusually broad ; apical band complete, with a hyaline spot ; basal spot very small ; pterostigma not very prominent. Hind wing : length, 10.8 mm. ; width, 3 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the basal spot is lacking. Male genitalia: genital bulb rounded; coxopodites long, with six spines on its distal inner margin; harpagones slender, the outer margin smoothly curved, inner margin with a reduced median angle and a large basal concave area ; hypandrium inconspicuous ; hypovalvae rather short, not nearly reaching to the base of the harpagones; parameres nar- row and slender, each consisting of a single stalk which is some- what twisted and pointed at its tip ; preepiproct slender, the dis- tal incision being almost quadrate ; apical processes of aedeagus somewhat prolonged on its distal outer margins, lateral processes well-developed. Female genitalia : subgenital plate elongate, slightly emarginate posteriorly ; internal skeleton large, the plate distinctly concave at its base, with a pair of sharp posterior arms and a pair of anterior side plates ; axis well-developed, extending beyond the plate for nearly one-third its length. 50 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Holotype ( $ ) : Mt. Taipai, Shensi, June, 1942 (Io Chou) ; in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Allotype ( 9 ) : same collecting data as holotype; in Museum of Comparative Zoology. Distribution : same as types. This species, belonging to the davidi group, differs from the formerly described Pernor pa in its wing markings ; the basal band is as broad as in Panorpa dado cere a Navas, but its pterostigmal band is quite different. The structure of the male genitalia, especially the six spines on the distal coxopodites, makes its recognition easy. Panorpa tincta Navas Figure 78 Panorpa tincta Navas, 1931, Rev. Acad. Cienc. Madrid, 26:75, fig. 13. Vertex black; rostrum dull yellow; thorax black; abdomen tawny yellow ventrally, black dorsally with fine dull yelloAV hairs on the straight posterior border of the tergites; 6th ab- dominal segment cylindrical, brownish yellow, somewhat nar- rowed towards apex where it is obliquely cut off dorsally; 7th segment narrow at the base, cylindrical and black in color dorsally, with a sudden swelling near the middle, the upper border of the swollen part being slightly concave, the tip oblique, the lower border convex basally and somewhat concave towards the middle; 8th segment, with narrow cylindrical base, gradually enlarges, the upper border being at first concave and then slightly convex, while the lower border is almost straight. Fore wing: length, 15 mm.; apex elliptieally rounded; membrane yel- low, markings dark rust colored, indistinct ; pterostigmal band complete with connecting basal branch and apical branch ; basal hand well-developed, extending from the subcostal to the anal margin of the wing and broadened towards the posterior end ; apical band complete, sinuous on its inner margin ; basal spot absent ; marginal spot present ; veins black in color ; pterostigma rather prominent, dirty yellowish. Hind wing : length, 13.5 mm. : similar to the fore, except that the basal band and the marginal spot are absent. The £ genitalia have not been worked out. However, according to Navas' original description, the pre- epiproct (''upper cerei" of Navas) is long, slender and bowed; CHENG: REVISION OP THE CHINESE MECOPTEKA 51 the hypovalvae ("lower cerci" of Navas), oblong, with rounded lips, are almost in contact with each other and have nearly parallel margins. Female unknown. Type ( $ ) : Hweihsien, Kansu; M. II.; in Hamburg Museum. Distribution : same as type. This species, having a deep yellow wing membrane, belongs to the davidi group. It differs from the other species with yellow wing-membranes by its indistinct wing markings and the well- developed basal band. The shape of the 6-8th abdominal seg- ments also makes its recognition easy. I have not seen this species. The above description is based upon Navas' original description. Panorpa lutea Carpenter Figures 107, 112 Panorpa lutea Carpenter, 1945, Psyche, 52(1-2) :72, pi. 10, fig. 7, pi. 11. fig. 11. Body reddish brown; darker brown on vertex, thoracic nota and abdominal tergites. Fore wing : length, 15 mm. ; width, 3.5 mm. ; membrane deep yellow or orange, markings blackish brown; pterostigmal band complete, with broad basal branch and broad apical branch ; apical band separated by a wide hyaline stripe into a large anterior apical area and a small posterior spot ; basal band complete and very broad ; basal spot present ; marginal spot rectangular ; crossveins not margined ; Hind wing : similar to fore wing. Female genitalia : subgenital plate broad ; internal skeleton small, with a very short axis and convergent posterior processes. Male unknown. Holotype ( 9 ) : Huang-shan, Anhwei (G. Liu) ; in Museum of Comparative Zoology. Distribution : Huang-shan, Anhwei ; Kinhua-shan, Anhwei, Oct. 1932. This species, which is not determined in the above grouping, is unlike any other described Panorpa in the deep yellow color of the wings, which have the basal spot present and a complete, forked pterostigmal band. 52 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Panobpa klapperichi Tjeder Figures 120, 121, 126 Panorpa TclapperioM Tjeder, 1950, Bonn Zool. Beitr., 1950 (2-4) :289, figs. 3, 4. Head blackish brown, rostrum light brown; pronotum black- ish brown, meso- and metanotum light brown with darker spots at the bases of the fore and hind wing ; abdomen blackish brown dorsally, slightly lighter ventrally, the apex of the abdo- men yellowish brown; additional side plates of the 7th and 8th segments large; 9th tergite long and broad, its lateral borders bent ventrad to embrace the side borders of the subgenital plate. Fore wing : length, 13 mm. ; width, 3.5 mm. ; membrane hyaline, markings blackish brown ; veins yellowish ; pterostigmal band complete, with broad basal branch and narrower apical branch apical band large, with two or three indistinct small windows basal band narrow; both basal spot and marginal spot present pterostigma prominent. Hind wing : length, 11.5 mm. ; width, 3.5 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the basal band is in- terrupted, represented only as a spot at the hind margin of the wing and the basal spot is entirely absent. Female genitalia: according to Tjeder 's drawings, the subgenital plate is long and narrow, concave at the middle, the apex slightly concave; in- ternal skeleton very small, located at the posterior half of the subgenital plate, posterior arms narrowed towards apex, the axis extremely small and obliquely placed, so that their proximal ends point obliquely upward, the proximal ends not extending beyond the plate. Male unknown. Holotype ( 9 ) : Kwangtseh, Fukien, Oct. 9, 1937 (J. Klap- perich) ; in Museum A. Koenig, Bonn. This species, which I have not seen, differs from all the formerly described species by the internal skeleton, which is very small in proportion to the subgenital plate and also by the peculiar small axis. The position of this species in the above grouping is not determined. CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 58 Panorpa semifasciata Cheng Figures 113, 114, 122, 274 Panorpa semifasciata Cheng, 1949, Psyche, 56(4) :146, figs. 19, 20, 21, 53. Body entirely sooty black; vertex black; rostrum uniformly black ; the middle part of the 8th abdominal tergite slightly pro- longed into a band-like extension, the 9th tergite very broad, its lateral borders bent ventrad to embrace the posterior part of the subgenital plate in ventral view. Fore wing : length, 14 mm. ; width, 3.5 mm.; membrane light yellow, markings sooty brown; pterostigmal band incomplete, with an interrupted narrow basal branch; apical band small, with two hyaline spots; pterostigma prominent. Hind wing : length, 12.8 mm. ; width, 3 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the basal branch of pterostigmal band is greatly reduced. Female genitalia: subgenital plate broad, with strongly sclerotized median part and less sclerotized narrow borders, apex of subgenital plate protruded, rounded, less sclero- tized, furnished with several long hairs ; the sides of the plate are enclosed by the well-developed 9th tergite as mentioned above; internal skeleton flattened, the plate very small, less sclerotized; the posterior arms of the internal skeleton very long, sharp and strongly sclerotized, the anterior arms flattened, joined with the posterior arms and extending a little beyond the plate. Male unknown. Holotype ( 9 ) : Jihti (30 miles east of Tachienlu), Sikang, Sept. 1, 1939 (F. Y. Cheng, Io Chou and Tein Ho Hei) ; in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. This species differs from all the formerly described species by its black body color, reduced wing markings and the peculiar shape of the genital segment of the female. The position of this species in the above grouping is not determined. Panorpa leei Cheng Figures 125, 127, 275 Panorpa leei Cheng, 1949, Psyche, 56(4) :147, figs. 17, 18, 54. Vertex black; rostrum reddish brown, with a short and deep brown stripe on each side of its upper portion; thorax black dorsally, yellowish brown laterally; 1st to 6th abdominal seg- 54 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY ments black dorsally and ventrally, the 7th to 9th abdominal seg- ments very small, reddish brown. Fore wing : length, 14 mm. ; width, 4 mm. ; membrane hyaline, markings sooty brown ; ptero- stigmal band broad, with a complete basal branch and a greatly reduced spot-shaped apical branch ; apical band small, including a prominent narrow band and some faintly smoky spots; ptero- stigma prominent. Hind wing : length, 13 mm. ; width, 3.55 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the basal branch of pterostigmal band is greatly reduced. Female genitalia : subgenital plate small, narrowed posteriorly, apex rounded ; internal skeleton long, the plate abruptly narrow at the base, with a pair of sharp posterior arms, the axis extending for nearly half its length beyond the plate. Mabj unknown. Holotype ( 9 ) : Mt. Taipai, Shensi, July 14, 1943 (Chuan Lung Lee) ; in Museum of Comparative Zoology. This species differs from all the formerly described species by its wing markings and the peculiar shape of the genital segment of the female. The position of this species in the above grouping is not determined. Panorpa graham ana n. sp. Figures 108, 115 Body mostly black ; vertex black ; rostrum brownish black, with an orange median longitudinal stripe ; the 9th abdominal tergite very broad, its lateral borders bent ventrad to embrace the margins of the subgenital plate in ventral view. Fore wing : length, 13 mm. ; width, 3.3 mm. ; membrane hyaline, markings sooty brown ; pterostigmal band broad, with a broad basal branch, but no apical branch ; basal band interrupted, represented as a large spot, extended to the hind margin of the wing ; apical band broad, a little interrupted anteriorly; both basal and marginal spots absent; pterostigma rather prominent. Hind wing: length, 12 mm. ; width, 3.2 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the basal band is entirely absent. Female genitalia : subgenital plate slender, tongue-shaped, with strongly sclerotized median part and less sclerotized narrow lateral plates ; apex of subgenital plate rounded, less sclerotized, furnished with some prominent CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 55 hairs; the sides of the plate enclosed by the well-developed 9th tergite; internal skeleton flattened, with long posterior arms which are narrowed towards apex, anterior arms of the plate slightly outwardly curved. Male unknown. Holotype ( 9 ) : Suifu, Szechwan, (D. C. Graham) ; in Museum of Comparative Zoology., This species is named in honor of D. C. Graham. It is close to Panorpa semifasciata in the female genitalia, but differs greatly in the wing markings. The apex of the subgenital plate of this species is broadly rounded, whereas that of semifasciata is protruded and narrowly rounded. The position of this species in the above grouping is not determined. Panorpa carpenteri n. sp. Figure 116 Body mostly black ; vertex black ; rostrum uniformly reddish brown ; the 9th abdominal tergite very broad, its lateral borders bent ventrad to embrace the margins of the subgenital plate in ventral view. Fore wing: length, 13.2 mm.; width, 3.2 mm.; membrane hyaline, markings soot}7 brown; pterostigmal band broad, with a broad basal branch, but no apical branch; basal band represented as a small spot ; apical band broad, interrupted posteriorly; both basal spot and marginal spot absent; pterostig- ma rather prominent. Hind wing : length, 12 mm. ; width, 3.2 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the basal branch of pterostigmal band is narrower than that of the fore wing and the basal band is entirely absent. Female genitalia: subgenital plate slender, tongue-shaped, with strongly sclerotized median part and less sclerotized narrow lateral plates, apex of subgenital plate rounded, less sclerotized, furnished with some prominent hairs ; the si. it's of the plate enclosed by the well-developed 9th tergite; internal skeleton flattened, the plate greatly reduced, with very long and sharp posterior arms and well-developed anterior arms ; the latter are folded transversely right at its median portion. Male unknown. Holotype ( 9 ) : foot of Mt. AVa (6000-7000 ft.), Szechwan, July 27, 1925 (D. C. Graham) ; in Museum of Comparative Zoology. 56 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY This species is named in honor of Professor F. M. Carpenter, who has been so kind to me. It resembles the preceding species in both body color and wing markings, but differs in the color of the rostrum and the anterior arms of the internal skeleton of the female genitalia. The position of this species in the above grouping is not determined. Panorpa statura Cheng Figures 109, 110, 279 Panorpa statura Cheng, 1949, Psyche, 56(4) :148, figs. 32, 33, 34, 57. Vertex blackish brown anteriorly, with a black mark within the ocelli, light brown posteriorly, with a median and a pair of longitudinal bands ; rostrum uniformly reddish brown ; thorax entirely brown laterally, prothorax blackish brown dorsally, meso- and metanotum uniformly blackish brown ; 1st to 4th abdominal segments of female blackish brown dorsally, brown ventrally, last few abdominal segments entirely brown. Fore wing: length, 16.5 mm.; width, 4.55 mm.; membrane deeply yellowish brown, markings deep brown ; pterostigmal band com- plete, with a broad basal branch and a broad apical branch ; basal band interrupted; apical band large, with a hyaline spot; basal spot absent; marginal spot very small; pterostigma not very prominent. Hind wing : length, 15 mm. ; width, 4.2 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the small marginal spot is lacking. Female genitalia: subgenital plate elongated, narrowed pos- teriorly, shallowly emarginated at its apex, its lateral borders bent to form a narrow ridge; internal skeleton long, the plate concave on its median sides with a pair of short tooth-like posterior arms; the axis long, extending beyond the plate for exactly half its length. Male unknown. Holotype ( 5 ) : Mt. Taipai, Shensi, July 14, 1943 (Chuan Lung Lee) ; in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. This species, having a yellowish brown wing membrane, differs from Panorpa flavipennis Carpenter by its very long wing and the markings of the apical band. The peculiar shape of the genital segment of the female makes its recognition easy. The position of this species in the above grouping is not determined. CHENG : REVISION VV THE CHINESE MECOPTEBA 57 Panorpa pusilla Cheng Figures 118, 119 Panorpa pusilla Cheng, 1949, Psyche, 56(4) :149, figs. 37, 38, 52. Vertex yellow anteriorly, with a black spot enclosing ocelli, sooty brown posteriorly, with a median quadrangular plate; rostrum uniformly yellow ; thorax brownish yellow dorsally, yel- low laterally, meso- and metanotum with sooty brown markings on each side; abdominal segments sooty brown dorsally, yellow laterally and ventrally. Fore wing : length, 10.8 mm. ; width, 2.8 mm. ; membrane light yellow, markings sooty brown ; pterostigmal band complete, with a complete basal branch and a separated apical branch ; basal band complete ; apical band represented by two prominent bands, the inner one narrow, being parallel to the pterostigmal band, the outer one running along the wing apex ; basal spot situated on the hind margin of wing ; marginal spot very large ; pterostigma not very prominent. Hind wing : length, 9.5 mm. ; width, 2.8 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the basal spot on the hind margin of wing is entirely lack- ing. The venation of both fore and hind wings identical; Sc, as usual, does not extend to the pterostigmal area, Ri is forked and Ro is simple, no crossvein between Rj and R2. Female genitalia : subgenital plate elliptical, with a slightly distal emargination ; the plate of the internal skeleton small, the pos- terior arms of the plate large, twisted at the middle, the axis short and slender, not extending beyond the plate. Male unknown. Holotype ( 5 ) : Mt. Taipai, Shensi, June, 1942 (Io Chou) 5 in Museum of Comparative Zoology. This species, having a light yellowish wing membrane differs from the other described Panorpa by its very small body size, wing markings and the peculiar shape of the genital segment of the female. The position of this species in the above grouping is not determined. Panorpa pieli n. sp. Figures 111, 117 Body yellowish white ; vertex brown, with small grayish brown mark enclosing ocelli ; rostrum yellowish white, with brownish 58 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY yellow longitudinal stripe on each side ; thorax yellowish white, meso- and metanotum with yellowish brown mark on each side; the whole abdomen of female brownish yellow dorsally. Fore wing: broad basally, rounded apically; length, 11 mm.; width 3.2 mm. ; membrane yellowish white, markings gray ; pterostig- mal band complete, with a basal branch and a separated apical branch ; basal band represented by two spots ; apical band repre- sented by an inner spot and an outer band which is enclosed by the wing apex ; basal spot absent ; marginal spot elongated ; ptero- stigma not prominent. Hind wing: length, 10 mm.; width, 3.2 mm. ; similar- to fore wing, except that the basal band is repre- sented by only one spot. The venation of fore and hind wings identical, in both pairs of wings Sc, as usual, not extending to the pterostigmal area; Rj is forked and R2 is simple, no cross- vein between R3 and R2. Female genitalia: subgenital plate broad, with a wide V-shaped distal incision; internal skeleton small, the plate rather broad, with long posterior arms which are pointed towards apex ; the axis short and slender, not ex- tending beyond the plate. Male unknown. Ilolotype ( 9 ) ; Ku-ling, Kiangsi, Aug. 18, 1943 (Piel) ; in ileude Museum, Shanghai. The material was collected by Dr. Piel, in honor of whom I name the species. This species resembles Panorpa pusilla Cheng in body size, wing venation and wing markings. It is evident that they are closely allied ; but the differences in the structure of the geni- talia and in the color of the vertex and rostrum are so conspicu- ous that there is guod reason to distinguish it as a good species. The position of this species in the above grouping is not de- termined. Panorpa bonis Cheng Figures 102, 106 Panorpa bonis Cheng, 1949, Psyche, 56(4) :150. I'anorpa comigera Tjeder {nee MeLachlan), 1936, Ark. for Zool. 27A (33): 7, pi. 3, pi. 7, fig. 3. The body characters of this species agree wholly with the CHENG: REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTEBA 59 original description for Panorpa cornigera McLachlan accord- ing to Tjeder. The wing-photo of this species is exactly the same as that of the 9 type of cornigera (given by Esben-Petersen) as Esben-Petersen agreed. The detail drawings of 9 genitalia were given by Tjeder. According to these drawings, the sub- genital plate is oval with smoothly rounded side-margins, which slightly overlap the lower margins of the 9th tergite and its apex is very shallowly emarginated ; the internal skeleton large but slender, the two inner pairs of the plate prominent, their proxi- mal part appearing to end straight ; posterior arms of the plate with acute distal ends; axis long, extending more than one third its length beyond the plate. Male unknown. Ilolotype ( 9 ) : Lu-pa-sze (at river Tao-ho, about 2750 m.) South Kansu, July 11, 1030 (D. Hummel); in Stockholm Mu- seum. Distribution : same as type. This species resembles Panorpa cornigera McLachlan super- ficially, but differs in the structure of the female genitalia. The additional lateral plates of the 7th-8th abdominal segments of this species are not so slender as those of cornigera. The sub- genital plate is pointed at its posterior part and shallowly emar- ginate at its apex, while that of cornigera is rounded and not emarginate. The internal skeleton of this species is quite distinct from that of cornigera: the plate of the former is slender with a small proximal part and short posterior arms, while that of the latter is broad, with a well-developed oval proximal part and long pointed posterior arms. The axis of this species extending beyond the plate is less than half the length of the whole axis, while that of cornigera usually extends beyond the plate more than half its length. The position of this species in the above grouping is not determined. Panorpa guttata Navas Panorpa guttata Xavas, 1908, Mem. Real Acad. Cienc. Barcelona, 1908:416. fig. 19c. Esben-Petersen, 1921, Coll. Zool. Selys Long. 5(2) :32, fig. 32. Panorpa davidi ( 9 ) Navas, 1908, Mem. Eeal Acad. Cienc. Barcelona, 1908: 415, fig. 19c (nee davidi Navas, figs. 19a, b). Head and rostrum grayish testaceous; vertex with a blackish 60 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY spot between the ocelli; thorax and abdomen pale castaneous dorsally, pale grayish yellow ventrally. Fore wing : length, 12.5 mm. ; membrane hyaline with a faint yellowish tinge ; pterostig- mal band indicated by a spot posterior to the pterostigma ; apical band represented as three faint spots; pterostigma prominent, yellowish ; veins brownish. Hind wing : length, 11 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the faint apical band is absent. Male unknown. Type ( 5 ) : Mou Pin, Tibet, 1870 (David) ; in Museum Na- tional d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Distribution : same as type. This species resembles Panorpa tjederi ( 5 ) in the pterostigmal band of the fore wing, but differs in the presence of its apical band. The wings of tjederi are subobtuse, whereas those of gut- tata are very narrow and slender. However, a thorough exami- nation of the genitalia of the female type would be highly desirable. The position of this species in the above grouping is not determined. Genus NEOPANORPA Weele Neopanorpa Weele, 1909, Notes Leyden Mus. 31:4. Esben-Petersen, 1913, Notes Leyden Mus. 35:226. Id., 1921, Coll. Zool. Selys Long. 5(2) :73. Campodotecnum Enderlein, 1910, Zool. Anz., 35:391. Id., 1912, Notes Leyden Mus. 34:235. Rostrum long and slender; tarsal claws serrated on inner margins; wings are fully developed, rather narrow, especially at the base; 1A short, extending to the anal margin of wing before origin of the radial sector; abdomen in both sexes not longer than the wings; 6th to 8th abdominal segments of male normal, not much prolongated ; genital bulb of male not peduncu- late basally. Genotype: Neopanorpa angustipennis "Westwood. This genus, common in southeast Asia, includes forty known species in the whole world. Nineteen species have been already recorded in China and eleven new ones are described below, making a total of thirty. They are distributed throughout nine provinces. Since no Neopanorpa have been found in North China (Shensi, Kansu) and Korea, I presume therefore that this genus is restricted to North Asia. The limit seems to be approximately along latitude 40°. CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 61 The most obvious difference between Neopanorpa and Panorpa is the length of 1A, as indicated in the key for the family Panorpidae. However, differences are also apparent in the 3rd abdominal tergite and in both male and female genitalia. In the male of Neopanorpa the median process of the 3rd abdominal tergite tends to be longer and more slender than that of Panorpa. In most of the species of Neopanorpa, this process extends to the middle of the 4th tergite or beyond the hind border of the latter (the only exception is claripennis, the process of which is not much prolonged and appears as a semicircular lobe). In most species of Panorpa, this process is not distinct, only prolonged into a small semicircular lobe (the only exception is stigmalis, the process of which extends to the hind portion of the 4th tergite but not beyond the hind border of the latter). In the male of Neopanorpa the hypovalvae are broad, mostly overlapping each other distally, whereas those of Panorpa are slender, never over- lapping each other distally. The parameres of Neopanorpa are mostly absent or reduced to a short slender thread-like rod, some- times branched, without barbs or hairs, and partly or wholly fused with the aedeagus, whereas those of Panorpa are well de- veloped, prominent and mostly with barbs or hairs on their inner margins, absolutely free from the aedeagus. The only exception is japonica which has reduced rod-shaped parameres and is close to those of Neopanorpa. The aedeagus of male Neopanorpa is mostly very small, and the paired apical processes are short, almost united together, whereas those of Panorpa are very prom- inent, the two apical processes being very long and wide apart from each other (except in the diceras group, the aedeagus of which has united and short apical processes). The preepiproct of most male Neopanorpa has a rounded distal margin (heii etc., fig. 156) ; in some species it is slightly emarginated (translucida n. sp., fig. 223), and in others it has distal processes which are directed inward towards the interior of the bulb (pilosa, fig. 192, taoi, fig. 159). In Panorpa, the preepiproct has a deep U-shaped distal incision, although in waongkehzengi it is slightly emar- ginate and in japonica rounded. This again shows that japonica is close to Neopanorpa. In the female of Neopanorpa, the sub- genital plate is deeply emarginate distally (except that of kwangtsehi n. sp., which is truncated), whereas that of Panorpa 62 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY has either a rounded apex or is slightly emarginate; the only exception is in japonica, in which the subgenital plate is as deeply emarginate as that of the Neopanorpa. The larva of Neopanorpa has very short setae, whereas that of Panorpa has much longer setae. The larval head sutures of Neo- panorpa are usually accompanied by a broadly sclerotized band, while those of Panorpa are simple. Moreover, along the posterior margin of the 10th abdominal segment of the larval Neopanorpa there are numerous hairs, absent in Panorpa. The characteristics which have been used for the specific identi- fication of Neopanorpa are the median process of the 3rd abdom- inal tergite of the male and the wing markings and both the male and female genitalia. In some species the median process of the 3rd tergite of the male is very short, far from reaching to the middle of the fourth tergite (claripennis, fig. 132) ; in others it is very long, extending far beyond the hind border of the 6th abdominal segment (choui, fig. 155). The color of wing mem- brane is useful. In some species, the wings are hyaline {nigritis, fig. 287), in others, they are deep yellow {caveata n. sp., fig. 290) and in some others, they are faintly yellow {cavaleriei) . The markings of the wings are different from species to species. In claripennis, faoi, pilosa, nigritis and validipennis, there are no markings at all. In apicata only a shadoAv of dark appears at the wing apex. In choui and kwangtsehi n. sp.. the markings are very indistinct, while in some others they are sooty brown and very extensive (cantonensis n. sp., fig. 302). As in the genus Panorpa, both the male and the female geni- talia of N eopanorpa remain perfectly stable even in the minute details. The general structures of both sexes are just the same as those of Panorpa. In the male of Neopanorpa, the outer margins of the harpagones are mostly concave at the middle {caveata n. sp., etc., fig. 133) ; in others they are distinctly convex (taoi, fig. 157, pilosa, fig. 193). The hypandrium is usually long and broad {caveata n. sp., etc., fig. 133), but in nigritis and choui, it is very inconspicuous. The hypovalvae are mostly short and broad, usually tending to overlap each other distally {claripen- nis, etc., fig. 136), but in some species, they are narrow and slen- der (nigritis, fig. 191, mutabilis n. sp., fig. 141). The parameres are absent in most of the species (heii etc., fig. 162), in others, they are small and rod-shaped {claripennis, etc., fig. 136) and in CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 63 some others, they are branched (pilosa, etc., fig. 193). In the female of Neopanorpa, the subgenital plate is distinctly emar- ginate distally. This emargination is diversely shaped in differ- ent species. In parva, etc., it is wide and deep (fig. 184). In pulchra, etc., it is slightly concave (fig. 182). In translucida n. sp., etc., it is V-shaped (fig. 197 ) . In banksi, etc., it is U-shaped (fig. 177), and in kwangtsehi n. sp., it is exceptionally truncated, -with- out emargination at all (fig. 198). The internal skeleton of the female Neopanorpa is usually U-shaped, with the axis absent, but in caveata n. sp. nigritis, choui, kwangtsehi n. sp., translucida n. sp., pielina, mutdbilis n. sp. and maai n. sp., the axis is promi- nent and projects beyond the plate of the internal skeleton. The following keys to both male and female Neopanorpa are based upon the characteristics mentioned above. Key to the Males of Neopanorpa The males of the following species are unknown : dimidiata Xavas, banksi Carpenter, parva Carpenter, pulchra Carpenter, Jatipennis Cheng, varia Cheng, chaoi n. sp., cantonensis n. sp., kwangtsehi n. sp., carpenteri n. sp. 1. Wing membrane deep yellow 2 Wing membrane slightly yellow or hyaline 4 2. Apical band large, with four hyaline spots ; hypovalvae stout, the inner margins rather straight, the distal portions slightly separated from each other (figs. 133, 290) caveata n. sp. Apical band smaller, with one or two hyaline spots ; hypovalvae over- lapping each other distally 3 3. Preepiproct with a small U-shaped distal incision; the outer margins of the hypovalvae concave at the middle, inner margins straight, each with a proximal lobe (fig. 134) tienmushnno, n. sp. Preepiproct almost truncated ; the outer margin of the hypovalvae smoothly curved, inner margins without the proximal lobe (fig. 135) hyangshana n. sp. 4. Wings without color markings 5 Wings with color markings 9 5. Median process of third abdominal tergite very short, not extending to middle of the fourth tergite ; preepiproct with truncated apex claripennis .Median process of third abdominal tergite rather long, usually ex- tending beyond the middle of the fourth tergite; preepiproct not truncated at the apex 6 64 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY rt. The outer margins of harpagones convex near the base, basal lobe with two tooth-like processes; preepiproct with a pair of long distal processes 7 The outer margins of harpagones not convex at all, basal lobe rounded, without a tooth-like process ; preepiproct without the long distal processes 8 7. Parameres simple, leaf -shaped ; the outer margins of hypovalvae con- vex basally (fig. 157) taoi Parameres branched, both branches thread-like; the outer margins of the hypovalvae concave at the middle (fig. 193) pilosa 8. Hypandrium short, inconspicuous ; hypovalvae slender, less sclerotized and curved inward distally, separating each other, not reaching to the base of the harpagones (fig. 191) nigritis Hypandrium long, conspicuous ; hypovalvae broad, overlapping each other, with slender basal stalk, extending far beyond the base of the harpagones (fig. 145) validipennis !». Wing markings represented only by an apical band: no pterostigmal band present apicata Both apical band and pterostigmal band present 10 1<>. Wing markings indistinct; median process of third abdominal tergite extraordinarily long, measuring up to 4.2 mm., divided into two portions; hypovalvae with an abruptly narrowed apex (figs. 155, 164) ohoui Wing markings distinct ; median process of third abdominal tergite not very long; hypovalvae without abruptly narrow apex 11 11. Wing markings less developed, with a long narrow band and a sus- picion of dark on the wing apex; wings with dark longitudinal stripes among their veins and their branches ; 7th abdominal segment of male with truncated apex (fig. 188) brisi Wing markings well developed, with broad pterostigmal and apical bands ; no longitudinal stripes occur among veins and their branches 12 12. Pterostigmal. band with broad basal branch and a separate, narrow apical branch; genital bulb as in figure 162 heii Pterostigmal band with both basal and apical branches, apical branch not separated from the pterostigmal band itself 13 13. Apical band interrupted posteriorly, without hyaline spots 14 Apical band not interrupted posteriorly, with hyaline spots 15 14. Fore wing length measures 14 mm. ; median process of the third ab- dominal segment short, with rounded posterior margin, about half the length of the fourth tergite; genital bulb as in figure 194. .ohelata Pore wing length measures 16 mm.; median process of the third abdominal segment narrow and long, almost as long as the fourth tergite cavaleriei CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 65 15. No additional band occurs between pterostigmal band and apical band 16 A narrow band occurs between pterostigmal and apical band 18 16. Basal band interrupted, represented by two spots which are separated from the marginal spot lacunaris Basal band not interrupted, but irregular, connected with the marginal spot 17 1 7. Wing markings brown ; harpagones with large square-shaped basal lobes; apex of hypovalvae rounded (fig. 148) translucida n. sp. Wing markings sooty brown; harpagones without true lobes; apex of hypovalvae more or less pointed in ventral view (fig. 151) . . . .pielina 18. Outer margins of hypandrium and hypovalvae slightly concave at the middle; parameres present, consisting of a narrow stalk, which gives rise to two branches (fig. 141) mutabilis n. sp. Outer margins of hypandrium and hypovalvae abruptly concave at the middle ; parameres absent 19 19. Hypovalvae slender, with rounded apex as in figure 143 . . . .maai n. sp. Hypovalvae broad and stout, with tooth-like apex in ventral view as in figure 149 ovata n. sp. Key to the Females of Neopanorpa The females of the following species are unknown: cavaleriei Navas, lacunaris Navas, brisi (Navas) Carpenter, pilosa Car- penter, validipennis Cheng, taoi Cheng, ovata n. sp. 1. Wing membrane deep yellow 2 Wing membrane slightly yellow or hyaline 4 2. Internal skeleton large, with long and stout axis which extends beyond the plate nearly one-third its length (fig. 204) caveata n. sp. Internal skeleton small, axis absent 3 3. Pterostigmal band with narrow apical branch; basal band interrupted; subgenital plate with deep Y-shaped distal incision; internal skeleton as in figure 171 tienmushana n. sp. Pterostigmal band with broad apical branch; basal band complete; subgenital plate with shallow distal incision; internal skeleton as in figure 170 haangshana n. sp. 4. Wings without color markings 5 Wings with color markings 6 5. Internal skeleton with long axis as in figure 207 nigritis Internal skeleton without axis as in figure 172 claripennis 6. Wing markings represented only by an apical band; no pterostigmal band present apicata Both apical band and pterostigmal band present 7 7. Wing markings indistinct 8 Wing markings distinct 9 66 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 8. Pterostignial band of fore wing complete; subgenital plate with trun- cated apex ; internal skeleton as in figure 202, axis long, with rounded basal ends Icwangtsehi n. sp. Pterostignial band of fore wing incomplete, represented only by a faint basal branch; subgenital plate with a narrow U-shaped distal incision ; internal skeleton as in figure 154, axis long, with abruptly curved hook-shaped basal ends dlwui 9. Pterostigmal band with same broad basal branch, but no apical branch; internal skeleton as in figure 181 banksi Pterostignial band with both basal and apical branches 10 10. Either basal branch or apical branch of pterostignial band inter- rupted 11 Both basal branch and apical branch of pterostigmal band complete 14 11. Apical branch of pterostigmal band interrupted, very narrow; basal branch complete 12 Apical branch of pterostigmal band complete; basal branch inter rupted 13 12. Wing markings slightly gray; between the pterostigmal band and apical band there is an additional band ; internal skeleton as in figure 200, axis straight maai n. sp. Wing markings sooty brown, no additional band between pterostignial band and apical band ; internal skeleton as in figure 212, axis fork shaped heii 13. Apical band interrupted posteriorly; internal skeleton as in figure 214 varia Apical band not interrupted posteriorly, with a faint hyaline spot di/midiata 14. Apical band large, complete, without hyaline spot 15 Apical band more or less interrupted or with prominent hyaline spot. .16 15. Basal spot present; internal skeleton U-shaped as in figure 179 cantoi%ensis n. sp. Basal spot absent; internal skeleton with widely divergent arms as in figure 183 pulchra 1<>. Internal skeleton with long and paired axis 17 Internal skeleton without axis or with single, short axis 19 17. Wing markings brown; subgenital plate with deep V-shaped distal incision; internal skeleton as in figure 201 ; the length of axis is nearly the same length as the posterior arms translucida n. sp. Wing markings sooty brown ; distal incision of the subgenital plate not deep V-shaped ; the axis of the internal skeleton longer than the posterior arms 18 18. Wing membrane slightly yellow; rostrum shining reddish brown; sub- genital plate with shallow V-shaped distal incision; internal skeleton CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 6 i as in figure 206 pielina Wing membrane hyaline; rostrum deeply grayish brown; subgenital plate narrow distally, with small U-shaped distal incision; internal skeleton as in figure 205 mutabUis n. sp. 11'. Wing markings brown; internal skeleton V-shaped as in figure 178 .... chaoi n. sp. Wing markings sooty brown ; internal skeleton more or less U-shaped . . 20 20. Internal skeleton with very short median axis as in figure 185 . . . .parva Internal skeleton without true axis 21 21. Subgenital plate abruptly narrowed posteriorly, with wide U-shaped distal incision; internal skeleton with a long stalk at its base as in figure 203 latipennis Subgenital plate gradually narrowed posteriorly, with shallow V-shaped distal incision; internal skeleton without long stalk at its base ... .22 •22. Wing length measures up to 16 mm.; wing membrane slightly yellow; apical band with one hyaline spot posteriorly; outer margins of the internal skeleton smooth as in figure 180 carpenteri n. sp. Wing length measures only 1-1 mm.; Aving membrane hyaline; apical hand interrupted posteriorly, without hyaline spot; outer margins of the internal skeleton sinuous as in figure 173 chelate Descriptions of Species of Neopanorpa Neopanorpa caveata n. sp. Figures 128, 129, 133, 137, 204, 208, 290 Body light brown ; vertex brown with a blackish brown mark enclosing ocelli ; rostrum uniformly reddish brown ; thorax yel- lowish brown laterally with six black spots, the middle of the meso- and metanotum blackish brown ; in addition to mesonotum, there is usually a blackish brown streak along its anterior side margins; the 1st to 5th abdominal segments of male blackish brown dorsally; 6th abdominal segment blackish brown with reddish brown hind margin; last few segments reddish brown, median process of the 3rd tergite short, never extending beyond the hind margin of the 4th tergite and in contact with the conical production on the median axis of the latter ; the 1st to 5th abdom- inal segments of female blackish brown dorsally, last few seg- ments slightly reddish brown. Fore wing : length, 15-16 mm. ; width, 3.5 mm. (holotype, length, 15 mm. ; width, 3.5 mm.) ; mem- brane yellow, markings deep brown ; pterostigmal band complete with broad basal branch and apical branch ; basal band complete ; 68 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY apical band large, usually joined to the pterostigmal band by some very narrow additional network-like bands so as to form several hyaline spots; basal spot absent; marginal spot large, band like ; pterostigma not very prominent. Hind wing : length, 13-14 mm. ; width, 3.4 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the basal band is represented only by a spot, the network-like addi- tional bands not so developed and the marginal spot entirely lacking. Male genitalia : genital bulb slender ; coxopodites long with truncated apex; harpagones slender; the outer margin slightly concave at the middle, inner margin with a slightly pro- truded median portion and a small true basal lobe ; hypandrium very long ; hypo valvae stout, the outer margin smoothly curved towards its apex, the inner margin rather straight, the basal parts widely separated and the distal parts slightly separated from each other, the apex of hypovalvae usually reaching to the middle of the harpagones; parameres very short, basal portions bending inward and then upward, the whole paramere fused with the basal part of aedeagus; preepiproct abruptly narrowed at the distal portion with truncated apex ; aedeagus very small, the apical processes united together, lateral processes tooth-like, usually bending upward, the base of aedeagus provided with a pair of sclerotized elongate plates. Female genitalia : subgenital plate rather broad with V-shaped distal incision ; internal skele- ton large, the plate mostly occupied by the axis with U-shaped posterior arms, which are somewhat twisted, the axis very large and stout, extending beyond the plate nearly one-third its length. Holotype ( c? ) : Ta-chu-lan, Shaowu Hsien, Fukien, June 13, 1945 (Maa) ; in Museum of National Foochow University, Foo- chow. Allotype ( 9 ) : same locality as holotype ; June 10, 1944 (Maa) ; in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Paratypes : 1 $ , 10 9 9 , same locality as holotype, June 3-10, 1943-1945; 1 9 , same locality, Aug. 13, 1943; 1 9 , same locality, Sept. 29, 1943 ; 1 9 , Tnng-mu-kwan, Chungan Hsien, Fukien, May 17, 1945 ; 1 9 , San-chiang, Chungan Hsien, Fukien, Aug. 12, 1945 (Lin); 39 9, Chien-men; Kwantseh Hsien, Fukien, 4 5 $ , 74 9 9 , Ta-chu-lan, Shaowu Hsien Fukien, April 28- Sept. 20, 1942-1945 (Maa) in Maa Collection; 1 $ , 19, Sien- feng-ling, Chingan Hsien, Fukien, June 3-10, 1943, in Museum of Comparative Zoology ; 1 S , 3 9 9 , Ta-chu-lan, Shoawu Hsien, CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 69 Fukien, May 8-June 13, 1942-1943 (Maa), in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. The color of the wing membrane of this species resembles that of Neopanorpa ophthalmica Navas and sauteri Esben-Peter- sen, but the markings are quite different. In ophthalmica and sauteri, the apical band is completely separated from the ptero- stigmal band and without rounded hyaline spots, whereas that of caveat a n. sp. is usually connected with the pterostigmal band by some network-like bands and forms several rounded hyaline spots. The shape of the hypovalvae of the male and the very large axis of the female also make its recognition easy. Neopanorpa tienmushana n. sp. Figures 130, 134, 138, 167, 171, 292 Body mostly brown; vertex brown, with a narrow longi- tudinal median band posteriorly and a blackish brown mark enclosing ocelli ; rostrum yellowish brown, with a black median longitudinal stripe on its distal half ; thorax light brown ; meso- and metanotum with a black median longitudinal streak ; the 1st to 5th abdominal segments of male black dorsally, last few seg- ments reddish brown, median process of 3rd tergite short, ex- tending a little beyond the middle of the 4th tergite ; the 1st to 9th abdominal segments of female uniformly blackish brown. Fore wing : length, $ , 13-14 mm., $ , 13-14 mm. ; width, $ 2 , 3.4- 3.5 mm. (holotype, length, 13 mm.; width 3.4 mm.) ; membrane yellow ; markings deep brown ; pterostigmal band complete, with a broad basal branch and narrow apical branch ; basal band com- plete, narrow ; apical band large, with a large prominent hyaline spot and sometimes also with a faint spot; basal spot small, marginal spot long, narrow, connected with the basal band; pterostigma not very prominent. Hind wing: length, $ , 11.7- 12.5 mm., $ , 11.4-12.5 mm. ; width, $ , 3-3.5 mm., 5 , 3-3.2 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the basal band is indicated only by a spot at the hind margin and both basal and marginal spots are entirely lacking. Male genitalia : genital bulb slender ; the outer margin slightly concave at the middle, inner margin with a slightly projecting median portion and a small true basal lobe ; hypandrium very long ; hypovalvae stout, wide apart at base, their apical parts overlapping each other, the outer margins 70 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY concave at the middle, the inner margins straight, each with a proximal lobe, reaching to the middle of the harpagones ; para- meres very small, Y-shaped, the outer branches simple, con- nected with the lateral processes of the aedeagus, inner branches longer, with twisted narrow apices ; preepiproct narrowed to- wards apex, with a small U-shaped distal incision ; aedeagus with the two apical processes united together, lateral processes ex- tending upward, with tooth-like apex. Female genitalia: sub- genital plate broad, with a wide V-shaped distal incision ; in- ternal skeleton small, U-shaped, the posterior arms rather sharp distally, broad basally, with a sclerotized bridge; no axis present. Holotype (2): Tien-mu-shan, Chekiang, June 6, 1936; in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Allotype ( 9 ) : Same collecting data and same type location as holotype. Paratypes : 3 S £ , 3 $ $ , same locality as holotype, June 12, 1936, in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai ; 1 $ , 1 $ , same locality as holotype, Aug. 15- 19, 1936, in Museum of Comparative Zoology ; 3 $ $ , 2 $ $ . same locality, June 6, 1936, 1 6 , 3 $ $ , same locality, July 9-26, 1936, in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. This species, having deep yellow wing membranes, resembles the Formosan species, Neopanorpa ophthalmica Navas, in wing markings, but differs in the shape of the male genitalia. The length of the hypovalvae of ophthalmica is the same length as its hypandrium (Esben-Petersen, 1921), whereas that of tien- mushana is much shorter than its hypandrium. The preepiproct of ophthalmica is not narrowed toward the apex, and has only a slightly concave hind margin, whereas that of tienmushana is narrowed towards the apex, with a small U-shaped distal in- cision. Neopanorpa huangshana n. sp. Figures 135, 139, 166, 170, 291 Body reddish brown ; vertex blackish brown anteriorly, with a black mark enclosing ocelli ; rostrum reddish brown, with a deep brown longitudinal stripe on each side ; thorax reddish brown, meso- and metanotum with black median longitudinal streak ; the 1st to 5th abdominal segments of male black dorsally, CHENG: REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 71 6th segment uniformly blackish brown, last few abdominal seg- ments reddish brown, median process of 3rd tergite short, not extending beyond the middle of the 4th tergite; the 1st to 9th abdominal segments of female uniformly blackish brown. Fore wing: length, $, 12.5 mm., 9, 13.2-1-1 mm.; width, $, 3 mm.; 9 , 3.5 mm. (holotype, length, 12.8 mm.; width, 3.2 mm.) ; mem- brane yellow, markings deep brown; pterostigmal band com- plete, with broad basal branch and apical branch ; basal band complete, broader than that of tienmushana; apical band large, with small hyaline spot at the hind margin; basal spot small; marginal spot elongated, connected with the basal band ; ptero- stigma not very prominent. Hind wing: length, $ , 11 mm., 9 , 12-13 mm. ; width, i , 3 mm., 9 , 3.3 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the basal band is indicated only by a spot at the hind margin and both basal and marginal spots are entirely Lacking. Male genitalia: similar to those of tienmushana, except that the outer margin of the hypovalvae are not concave, the inner margin is without the proximal lobe, the apex of the preepiproct is rather truncated, without the small U-shaped distal incision, and the two apical processes of the aedeapus are slightly separated. Female genitalia: similar to those of tien- mushana, except that the V-shaped distal incision of the sub- genital plate is wider and the two bases of the posterior arms are smaller and are separated from each other more than those of tienmushana. Holotype ( 6 ) : Huang-shan, Anhwei, June 19, 1936; in the Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Allotype ( 9 ) : same locality as holotype; Aug. 5 ,1936; in same type location as holotypes. Paratypes: 19, same locality as holotype, June 21, 1936; in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. This species resembles Neopanorpa tienmushana n. sp. super- ficial^, but differs in the shape of the hypovalvae and especially in the absence of the small U-shaped incision at the distal end of the preepiproct. This species also differs from Neopanorpa ophthalmica Xavas by the short hypovalvae of the male ami the more extensive win?' markings. 72 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPAKATIVE ZOOLOGY Neopanorna claripennis Carpenter Figures 131, 132, 136, 140, 168, 172 Neopanarpa claripennis Carpenter, 1938, Proe. Ent. Soc. Washington, 40(9) :273, figs. 21 24. Body mostly black ; vertex black ; rostrum uniformly light brown ; median process of third abdominal tergite of male very short. Fore wing : length, 13 mm. ; width, 3 mm. ; wing mem- brane hyaline, slightly smoky, without color markings, although a few of the specimens have a very slight indication of gray dis- tally; pterostigma large, dark gray, prominent. Hind wing: similar to the fore. Male genitalia : genital bulb elongate ; coxo- podites rather long ; harpagones slender, with a prominent lobe on the inner margin proximally ; hypandrium conspicuous ; hypovalvae well-developed, reaching to the base of the harpa- gones, flattened apically and much broader distally than prox- imally. Parameres ver}- small, filamentous ; preepiproct with nearly truncated apex ; aedeagus with short apical processes, united with each other, lateral processes tooth-shaped, extending posteriorly. Female genitalia : snbgenital plate broad, with small V-shaped incision posteriorly ; internal skeleton small, U-shaped, the axis apparently entirely absent. Holotype ( $ ) : Beh-luh-din (6000 ft,, 30 miles north of Chengtu) Szechwan, July 28, 1923 (D. C. Graham) ; in U. S. National Museum. Allotype ( 9 ) : Chengtu, Szechwan, 1936 (D. C. Graham) ; in U. S. National Museum. Distribution: Beh-luh-din, Szechwan, July 23-Aug. 28, 1923 and 1933; Chengtu, Szechwan, 1936. This species, without color markings, resembles Ncopanorpa apicata Navas. However, according to Carpenter's idea, the tip of the wing of apicata shows a prominent darkening of the apex (hence the name apicata), whereas that of claripennis lacks the darkened apex. Also, in Navas' drawing, the wing of apicata gives no indication of a prominent pterostigma, whereas that of claripennis is made very prominent by its color. Unfortunately, according to Navas, the type of apicata ( S ) lacks the terminal portion of the abdomen, so we shall never know the genital struc- ture of the type. CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 73 Neopanorpa taoi Cheng Figures 157, 158, 159, 160 Neopanorpa taoi Cheng, 1949, Psyche, 56(4): 155, figs. 10, 58, 66, 68. Body light brown ; vertex entirely black ; rostrum light brown, with sooty brown stripe on each side ; pronotum sooty brown, meso- and metanotuin sooty brown on the median portion; the 1st to 5th abdominal segments of male sooty brown dorsally, last few abdominal segments brown in color, median process of third abdominal tergite short, with swollen and truncated apex, not extending beyond the middle of the fourth tergite. Under this process, there is a small median process and a pair of lateral processes; the fourth tergite is provided with a concave area on its anterior portion. Fore wing : length, 17 mm. ; width, 3.8 mm. ; membrane hyaline with slightly grayish tinge, no markings present; R2a forked into R2ai an(l R-2a2 ; pterostigma prominent. Hind wing : length, 15.8 mm. ; width, 3.8 mm. ; similar to the fore. Male genitalia : genital bulb slender ; coxopodites long, nar- row distally, bearing many long hairs; harpagones rather short, the outer margin convex near the base, furnished with a series of short barbs at the middle, inner margin with a large basal lobe which bears two tooth-like processes; hypandrium broad, hypo- valvae wide apart basally, slightly overlapping each other dis- tally, the basal outer margins greatly convex and strongly M-lerotized ; parameres simple, leaf-shaped ; preepiproct slender, with median concave margins, the distal outer portions extended laterally forming large, distal, tooth-like processes; aedeagus rather small, both apical processes and lateral processes tooth- like, extending the same direction and having nearly the same size. Female unknown. Ilolotype ( $ ) : Mt. Lo, Sichang, Sikang, June 10, 1944 (Chia Chu Tao) ; in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. This species, without any wing markings, differs from the other described Neopanorpa by the broadened apex of its median process of the third abdominal tergite and also by the structure of its male genitalia, especially the double-toothed basal lobes of the harpagones and the simple parameres. i 1 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Xkopanorpa pilosa Carpenter Figures 192, 193 Neopanorpa pilosa Carpenter, 1945, Psyche, 52(1-2) :75, text-figs. 1, -. Body light brown, the vertex, thoracic nota and first four abdominal tergites blackish brown; male with the median process of the third abdominal tergite well developed, reaching almost to tbf hind border of the fourth segment. Fore wing: length, 17.5 mm. ; width, 3.8 mm., membrane nearly hyaline, faintly smoky in appearance ; no markings : pterostigma pale yellow. Male genitalia: genital bulb slender, coxopodites very long; harpa- gones rather short, the outer margin concave near the base and with a large cluster of short black hairs near the middle; each of the harpagoncs has a prominent lobe on the inner margin near the base, bearing a number of long black hairs; similar hairs arise from a short papilla on the distal inner margin of coxo- podites ; hypandrium conspicuous ; hypovalvae broad and long, reaching well beyond the base of the harpagones ; each is folded along the outer margin ; parameres small, branched ; preepiproct with a pair of thick, distal processes, enlarged distally and directed inward towards the interior of the bulb; both apical processes and lateral processes of the aedeagus tooth-like, ex- tending in the same direction and having nearly the same size. Female unknown. llolotype ($)-. Suifu (1000 ft.), Szechwan, Aug.. 1928 (D. C. Graham) ; in U. S. National Museum. Distribution : same as type. This species, without any wing markings, resembles Neo- panorpa taoi Cheng superficially, but differs in the structure of the male genitalia, especially the parameres. In taoi, the para- meres are simple, leaf-like, whereas those of pilosa are branched. This species also bears some resemblance to nigritis Carpenter, but is much larger and has a lighter body. In nigritis, the outer margins of the harpagones of the male are normal and smooth, whereas those of pilosa are distinctly convex at their base. Neopanorpa nigritis Carpenter Figures 189, 190, 191, 207, 211, 219, 287 X •opanorpa nigritis Carpenter, 1938, Proe. Ent. Soc. Washington 40(9): 1'74, figs. 17-20. CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 75 Body mostly black ; vertex black ; rostrum light brown, but with a wide, median black stripe along the anterior surface; the entire abdomen of male including genital bulb, black, though the tips of the genital harpagones are reddish brown; median process of third abdominal tergite well-developed, reaching almost to the hind border of the fourth segment; the entire abdomen of female like the male, black. Fore wing: length, 13 mm.; width. •'3 mm. ; wing membrane nearly hyaline, faintly smoky in appear- ance ; no markings present ; pterostigma well-developed, reddish brown. Hind wing : length, 12 mm. ; width, 3 mm. ; similar to the fore. Male genitalia: genital bulb slender, coxopodites long; harpagones only of moderate length, with a small lobe proximally on the inner margin ; hypandrium not very conspicuous ; hypo- valvae slender, not quite reaching to the base of the harpagones, nearly membranous distally, their tips bent slightly; parameres simple, each consisting of a slender stalk, broader distally than proximally; preepiproct slender, with abruptly broader distal portion, the apex; slightly emarginate, the distal outer portion extended laterad to embrace the proctiger as shown in figure 190 ; aedeagus with short apical processes and tooth-like lateral processes. Female genitalia : subgenital plate broad, with a V-shaped distal incision; internal skeleton with the axis pro- jecting beyond the plate, the two posterior arms being well- developed and reaching to the tips of the subgenital plate. Holotype ( $ ) : Mt. Omei (1000 ft.) Szechwan, July 19, 1936 (D. C. Graham) ; in U. S. National Museum. Allotype ( $ ) : same collecting data and type location as holotype. Distribution: Mt, Omei" (7000-9000 ft.). Szechwan, July 19, 1936. This species, without any wing markings, differs from the other described similar Neopanorpa by its short and slender hypandrium and hypovalvae. The wings of this species resemble those of N. claripennis Carpenter, but the body color, the median stripe on the rostrum, the long median process of the third abdominal tergite of the male and the large internal skeleton of the female make its recognition easy. 76 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Neopanorpa validipennis Cheng Figures 145, 146, 217, 222, 227, 288 Neopanorpa validipennis Cheng, 1949, Psyche, 56(4): 154, figs. 46, 47, 48, 64, 65. Vertex entirely black ; rostrum deep brown, with a median longitudinal light brown streak ; thorax sooty brown dorsally, brown laterally, the 1st to 5th abdominal segments of male dark brown dorsally, reddish brown ventrally, 6th segment long, sooty brown, 7th segment reddish brown, 8th segment reddish brown anteriorly, sooty brown posteriorly; both the 7th and 8th segments broaden towards apex, the posterior end of the pleural regions of the 7th segment protruded posteriorly to form two small processes; median process of the third tergite rather long, extending nearly to the hind border of the 4th tergite, pointed at the apex when seen dorsally. Under this median process, there is another small reddish process, and on both sides of this median process is a pair of small tooth-like prolongations ; the median axis of the 4th tergite slightly protruding upward. Fore wing : length, 14.5 mm. ; width, 3.5 mm. ; membrane slightly gray- ish brown, no markings present; veins very stout, R^a usually forked into Roai and Roa2 ; pterostigma not very prominent. Hind wing: length, 13.5 mm.; width, 3.5 mm.; similar to fore wing. Male genitalia : genital bulb slender ; coxopodites very long, abruptly narrow distally, bearing a number of long hairs on the distal inner margins; harpagones short and slender, the outer margin slightly concave at the middle, furnished with a series of short barbs at the basal half, inner margin with a large lobe basally ; hypandrium long, slightly narrowed towards apex ; hypovalvae Avith slender basal stalks, wide apart basally, over- lapping each other, the outer borders extending laterad and being concave near its middle ; parameres club-shaped with rounded apex ; preepiproct slender with rounded apex, the distal outer portion extended laterad to embrace the proctiger, and forming distal tooth-like processes ; aedeagus very small, the two apical processes nearly united, lateral processes extended posteriorly, sharp and tooth-like. Female unknown. Holotype ( $ ) : Jihti ( 30 miles east of Tachienlu ) , Sikang, CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 77 Sept. 2, 1939 (F. Y. Cheng, Io Chou and Tein Ho Hei) ; in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Distribution : same as type. This species, without any wing markings, differs from the other described Neopanorpa by the rounded basal lobes of the harpagones and the very long hypandrium and hypovalvae, which extend far beyond the base of the harpagones. The very stout veins of this species also make its recognition easy. Neopanorpa apicata Navas Neopanorpa apicata Navas, 1927, Rev. Acad. Cienc. Zaragosa, 7:27, fig. 6. Head deep black ; rostrum yellow ; thorax entirely black ; abdominal segments mostly black with yellow hairs ; the terminal portion of the abdomen is lacking in the $ type. However, the last segment of the remaining abdomen is yellow. Fore wing : membrane hyaline, iridescent, no marking present, except a dark shadow at the wing apex; the inner margin of this shadow is straight, and the shadow disappears gradually posteriorly; be- tween the veins there are longitudinal indistinct lines formed by the presence of the black hairs ; veins black ; pterostigma not prominent. Hind wing : similar to the fore wing. Both $ and 9 genitalia are not known. Type ( 9 ) : Kweichow (Cavalerie) ; originally in Navas Col- lection. Distribution : same as type. This species, having reduced wing markings, differs from other described Neopanorpa by the presence of the apical band and the absence of the other markings. I have not seen this species. The above account is based upon Navas' original de- scription. Neopanorpa choui Cheng Figures 153, 154, 155, 161, 164, 165 Neopanorpa choui Cheng, 1949, Psyche, 56(4) :151, figs. 22, 23, 43, 44, 45, 62. Body light brown, the middle part of the thoracic nota sooty brown ; vertex entirely black ; rostrum yellowish brown ; median process of the third abdominal tergite of male extraordinarily long (measuring up to 4.2 mm.), apparently divided into two 7S BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY portions and bearing a series of dense, short stiff hairs on its ventral surface ; the fourth tergite extremely long, covering several of the following abdominal segments, somewhat elevated, and furnished with many short stiff hairs on its surface. Fore wing : length, 3.5 mm. ; width, 3 mm. ; membrane smoky hya- line, markings slightly brown, very indistinct; pterostigmal band incomplete, usually represented only by the faint basal branch and apical branch ; basal band represented only by two small spots on the hind margin ; apical band large ; pterostigma brown, very prominent. Hind wing : length, 12 mm. ; width, 3 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the pterostigmal band and the basal band are entirely lacking. Male genitalia: genital bulb slender ; coxopodites long, with truncated apex ; harpagones slender, the outer margin concave at the middle, inner margin with a triangular angle and a large basal lobe ; hypandrium short and broad ; hypovalvae broad and less sclerotized, with an abruptly narrow apex, extending beyond the base of the harpa- gones ; parameres modified into a pair of sclerotized rods, greatly swollen distally and with an incised apex and fused with the basal part of aedeagus basally ; preepiproct narrow distally, with truncated and slightly concave apex ; aedeagus rather small, the two apical processes united together ; lateral processes extending upward with tooth-like apex. Female genitalia: sub- genital plate broad basally, narrowed towards apex, with a narrow U-shaped incision distally ; internal skeleton large, the plate small, less sclerotized, its posterior arms narrow and slen- der, sword-shaped, the axis very stout, with abruptly curved hook-shaped basal ends. Holotype ( $ ) : Mt. Chowkung, Yaan, Sikang, July 14, 1939 (F. Y. Cheng, lo Chou and Tein Ho Hei) ; in Cheng Collec- tion, Taipeh. Allotype ( 9 ) : same collecting data and type location as holotype. Distribution : same as types. This species, having very indistinct wing markings, differs from other described Neopanorpa by its very long median process of the third abdominal segment and the peculiar struc- tures of both the male and the female genitalia. CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 79 Neopanorpa brisi (Navas) Figure 188 Neopanorpa (?) brisi (Navas), Carpenter, 1938, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washing ton, 40(9) :280. I.rptnpanorpa brixi Navas, 1930, Notes d'Ent. Chin. Mus. Heucle, 1(6) -A. fig. 3. Vertex yellowish brown anteriorly, black posteriorly ; rostrum slender, brownish yellow with an inverted T-shaped mark at its base ; thorax black dorsally, yellowish brown ventralby and lat- erally ; 1st and 2nd abdominal segments black dorsally ; median process of 3rd tergite with parallel margins and extending to the hind border of the 4th tergite, bearing a short golden fringe, 4th and 5th segments also black dorsally with a yellowish brown posterior margin, 6th segment partly cylindrical and partly conical, brownish yellow dorsally, with indistinct dark lines running lengthwise, 7th segment narrow, rather short and sub- cylindrical, narrow basally, obliquely truncated at the distal end ; the upper lateral corner is bidentate ; seen from above it is dilated posteriorly and cut off in a bow. Fore wing : length, 17 mm. ; apex rounded, elliptical ; membrane light grayish yellow, markings brownish yellow; only one long and narrow marking on the wing, the apex is somewhat darkened ; veins black ; among the veins and their branches there are dark longitudinal stripes. Hind wing : length, 15.5 mm. ; similar to the fore, except that the longitudinal stripes are not so distinct as those of the fore wing. Male genitalia have not been worked out. Female unknown. Type ( $ ) : Yunnan; in Navas Collection. Distribution: same as type. This species, having reduced wing markings, differs from other described Neopanorpa by the dark longitudinal stripes among their veins. The truncated apex of the 7th abdominal segment of the male also makes its recognition easy. I have not seen this species. The above account is based upon Navas' original de- scription. 80 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Xeopanorpa kwangtsehi n. sp. Figures 198. 202, 289 Vertex entirely black; rostrum grayish brown, with a pale white median longitudinal stripe ; thorax yellowish brown, with a wide sooty brown median longitudinal band dorsally; abdominal segments of female sooty brown dorsally, yellowish brown later- ally and ventrally. Fore wing : length, 13.5 mm. ; width, 3.15 mm. ; membrane slightly brown, markings light grayish brown, indistinct ; pterostigmal band comjjlete, with complete basal branch and apical branch ; basal band interrupted, not prom- inent ; apical band large, with three windows ; basal spot absent ; marginal spot very small ; pterostigma prominent, deep brown. Hind wing : length, 12.2 mm. ; width, 3 mm. ; no markings pres- ent, except for a slight suspicion of grayish brown at the apex of wing and deep brown at the pterostigma. Female genitalia : subgenital plate broad, with truncated apex ; internal skeleton large, the plate with concave anterior margin, posterior arms of the plate U-shaped, axis prominent, but not extending beyond the plate. Male unknown. Holotype ( 9 ) : Chinmen, Kwangtseh, Fukien, Aug. 22, 1945 (Maa) ; in Maa Collection. This species, having indistinct wing markings, differs from the other described Neopanorpa by the truncated apex of the sub- genital plate and the shape of the internal skeleton. Neopanorpa heii Cheng Figures 156, 162, 163, 212, 213, 293 Neopanorpa heii Cheng, 194!), Psyche, 56(4) :152, figs. 35, 36, 49, 50, 51. Vertex entirely black ; rostrum uniformly brown ; thorax sooty brown dorsally, deep brown laterally ; the 1st to 5th abdominal segments of male sooty brown dorsally, deep brown laterally and ventrally, 6th abdominal segment twice the length of 5th segment, sooty brown in color, last three abdominal segments also very long, deep brown in color ; median process of the third tergite short, never extending to the middle of the fourth tergite, and in contact with the conical projection on the median axis of CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 81 the fourth tergite ; abdominal segments of female sooty brown dorsally, deep brown laterally and ventrally. Fore wing : length, S , 12.8 mm. ; 5 , 13.5 mm. ; width, $ , 3.2 mm. ; 9 , 3 mm. ; membrane slightly brown, markings sooty brown ; pterostigmal band complete, with a broad basal branch and a greatly re- duced and separated apical branch ; basal band represented by a reduced marking on the hind margin ; apical band well de- veloped ; basal spot very small ; marginal spot consisting of two reduced spots ; pterostigma prominent. Hind wing : length, $ , 11.5 mm. ; 9 , 12.2 mm. ; width, $ , 3.2 mm. ; 9 , 3 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that apical branch of pterostigmal band, basal band, basal spot and marginal spot are entirely lacking. Male genitalia : genital bulb slender ; coxopodites rather long, with a protruding apex; harpagones very slender, the outer margin slightly concave at the middle, inner margin with a smooth angle and a true basal lobe ; hypandrium rather long ; hypovalvae not flattened, broadend towards the apex, the basal portion wide apart, the median inner parts greatly prolonged upward and overlapping each other ; parameres apparently ab- sent; preepiproct slightly narrowed towards the apex, the distal portion bent laterad and caudad so as to embrace the proctiger ; aedeagus very small, both the apical and the lateral processes tooth-like, the basal part usually covered by a pair of elliptical membranous plates. Female genitalia ; subgenital plate broad, with a wide U-shaped distal incision; internal skeleton small, the plate being band-shaped, transversely elongated, the posterior arms of the internal skeleton lanceolate, extending laterad and reaching to the side margins of the subgenital plate ; the axis small, fork-shaped, the distal portion of the forks joined closely with the basal posterior arms. Holotype ( 8 ) : Mt. Chowkung, Yaan, Sikang, July 29, 1939 (F. Y. Cheng, Io Chou and Tein Ho Hei) ; in Cheng Collec- tion, Taipeh. Allotype ( 9 ) : same collecting data and deposi- tion as holotype. Distribution : same as types : This species superficially resembles Neopanorpa cavaleriei Xavas in the wing markings, but it can be distinguished by the smaller wing size, the greatly reduced apical branch of the pterostigmal band in the fore wing and the entire lack of this 82 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY band in the hind wing. Another difference is the unforked Roa of this species as compared with the forked R2a in the rede- scribed figure of cavaleriei by Esben-Petersen (1921, fig. 93). This species also resembles N. chelata Carpenter, in wing mark- ings, but these two species are at once distinguished by the forms op both the male and the female genitalia. Neopanorpa chelata Carpenter Figures 169, 173, 186, 194, 195, 216, 299 Xeopanorpa chelata Carpenter, 1938, Proe. Ent. Soe. Washington, 40(9): 274, figs. 13-16. Body brown and black ; vertex black ; rostrum light brown ; thorax mostly brown, with a wide median dorsal black stripe; abdomen black above, the segments beyond the fifth reddish brown, median process of the third abdominal tergite prominent, with rounded posterior margin. Fore wing: length, 14 mm.; width, 3 mm. ; membrane hyaline, markings sooty brown, apical ban dpresnt, but usually interrupted posteriorly; pterostigmal band entire, with broad basal branch and very narrow apical branch; basal band interrupted, represented as three spots; basal spot absent ; marginal spot present ; pterostigma rather prominent. Hind wing : length, 13 mm. ; width, 3 mm. ; similar to fore wing. Male genitalia: genital bulb slender; coxopodites rather long ; harpagones unusually long and slender, with a prominent proximal lobe on the inner margin ; hypandrium con- spicuous; hypovalvae broad, especially distally, each possessing an outer small apical lobe, reaching to the base of the harpa- gones; parameres greatly reduced, mostly united with aedeagus; preepiproct slender, with round distal margin; apical processes of aedeagus short, united with each other, lateral processes short, tooth-like. Female genitalia : subgenital plate broad, abruptly narrowed posteriorly, with a narrow V-shaped distal incision ; interna] skeleton small, posterior arms U-shaped, axis apparently absent. Holotype ( £ ) : Shinkaisi, Mt. Omei, Szechwan, Aug. 16-20. 1934; in U. S. National Museum. Allotype ( $ ) : same collect- ing data and type location as holotype. Distribution : same as holotype ; Chengtu, Szechwan, 1936 ; CHENG : REVISION OP THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 83 foot of Mt. Wa (6000-7000 ft.), Szechwan, July 27, 1925; Kuan- shien, Szechwan, 1936. This species resembles Neopanorpa cavaleriei Navas. However, the median process of the third abdominal tergite of cavaleriei is narrow and long, almost reaching to the fifth segment, whereas that of chelata is short and broad. Moreover, the wing size of cavaleriei is larger than that of chelata. ■ ov Neopanorpa cavaleriei Navas Neopanorpa cavaleriei Navas, 1908, Mem. Real. Acad. Cienc. Bare. 1908:417. Esben-Petersen, 1921, Coll. Zool. Selys Long., 5(2) :83, figs. 93, 94. Navas, 1926, Mem. Pont. Aecad. Nuovi Lincei, 9:920. Id., 1930, Rev. Brot., 24(1):13. Carpenter, 1945, Psyche, 50(1-2) :74, text-figs. 4,7. Head castaneous ; rostrum reddish brown ; thorax reddish brown dorsally, sides yellowish brown with some small linear black spots ; abdomen reddish brown, the hind border of third tergite narrow and long, almost as long as the fourth segment ; 6th segment cylindrical, a little narrowed towards apex ; 7tb segment one-fourth shorter than 6th, a little incrassated towards apex ; 8th as long as 7th, thickened towards apex, which is obliquely truncated above. Fore wing : length, 16 mm. ; elliptical at tip ; membrane hyaline, with a faint yellowish tinge, markings blackish brown ; pterostigmal band complete, with a narrow basal branch and a narrow apical branch ; basal band indicated by two small spots ; apical band large, with an oblique prolonga- tion at the middle of its inner margin, connected along the anterior margin with the pterostigmal band ; basal spot absent ; marginal spot very small ; pterostigma not very prominent ; longitudinal veins and basal crossveins reddish brown, the apical crossveins not very distinct, Roa forked into Roal and R2a2- Hind wing : length. 14.5 mm. ; similar to the fore, except that the small spot which represented the marginal spot in the fore wing is entirely absent. Male genitalia of this species has not been worked out. However, according to Esben-Petersen, the hypovalvae are rather stout, the interior margins running close together, but forming a circular hole at their base ; preepiproct is rounded at tip with long setae. Female unknown. 84 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Type ( $ ) : Kweiyang, Kweichow, 1906 (Cavalerie) ; in Mu- seum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Distribution : same as type ; Tokin, Indo-china. This species resembles Neopanorpa chelata Carpenter in the wing markings, but has a larger wing size. The median process of the third abdominal tergite of this species is narrow and long, almost reaching to the fifth segment, whereas that of chelata is short and broad. Unfortunately, the male genitalia of the type specimen of cavaleriei have not been worked out. Neopanorpa lacunaris Navas Xcopanorpa lacunaris Navas, 1930, Notes d'Ent. Mus. Heude, 1(6) :3, fig. 2. Head brownish yellow ; vertex black with a deep black spot within ocelli ; rostrum brownish yellow, with a black stripe along each side ; thorax brownish yellow, pronotum black, the first abdominal segment brownish yellow dorsally and ventrally ; 2nd to 5th segments black dorsally, brownish yellow ventrally; 6th segment conical, black, with brownish yellow apex ; the latter is truncated and rounded ; the 8th segment tawny yellow, with the same shape and same length as in the 7th segment, except that its posterior border is obliquely truncated ; the 9th segment globular, rusty brick-color, covered with black hairs ; the median process of third tergite has parallel sides and extends a little beyond the tip of the fourth tergite; its apex is covered with dark hairs. Fore wing : length, 12.5 mm. ; narrow, with rounded, elliptical apex, membrane hyaline, very light yellow in the basal third, markings black; pterostigmal band broad, forked pos- teriorly, both basal and apical branches are broad ; basal band indicated by two transverse markings, one anterior and the other posterior; apical band broad, with a small hyaline spot posteriorly ; basal spot absent ; marginal spot present ; veins black. Hind wing : length, 11.4 mm. ; similar to the fore, except that the basal bands are not so distinct. Male genitalia have not been worked out. Female unknown. Type ( S ) : Yunnan ; originally in Navas Collection. Distribution: same as type. This species differs from the other described, distinctly CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 85 marked, Neopanorpa bj- the hyaline spot bearing an apical band, the forked pterostigmal band and the interrupted basal band. I have not seen the species. The above account is based upon Xavas' original description. Neopanorpa translucida n. sp. Figures 147, 148, 197, 201, 218, 223, 295 Body yellowish brown ; vertex brown with a sooty mark en- closing ocelli ; rostrum uniformly brown ; thorax yellowish brown laterally with four black spots, the middle of the meso- and metanotum deep brown, the anterior portion usually deep brown in color ; the 1st to 5th abdominal segments of male deep brown dorsally, 6th segment long, deep brown with somewhat restricted reddish brown apex, the 7th and 8th segments rather short and stout, reddish brown in color; median process of the 3rd tergite rather long, a little extended beyond the hind margin of the 4th tergite; the 1st to 5th abdominal segments of female deep brown dorsally, last few segments slightly reddish brown. Fore wing: length, 14.5 mm.; width, 3.7 mm.; membrane slightly yellowish brown, markings brown; pterostigmal band complete with broad basal branch and apical branch ; basal band irregu- lar; apical band very large with two hyaline spots, usually joined to the pterostigmal band by two very narrow bands ; basal spot very small; marginal spot represented by an inverted Y- shaped band ; pterostigma prominent. Hind wing : length, 13 mm. ; width, 3.5 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the basal band and the marginal spot are entirely lacking. Male genitalia : genital bulb slender ; coxopodites long, with a bundle of 4-5 black hairs on their distal inner margins and a row of short hairs along its anterior inner margin; harpagones with broad base and slender flattened distal portion, the outer margin concave at the middle, inner margin with a small median angle and a very large square-shaped basal lobe which is concave ventrally; the inner margins of this lobe bear a dense row of black hairs, while its posterior margins bear a row of comb-like brown hairs; hypandrium rather long; hypovalvae elongated, very broad in lateral view with rounded apex, extending a little beyond the base of the harpagones; parameres very short, Y-shaped, the 86 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY inner branches free, the outer branches shorter than the inner pair, less sclerotized and fused with the basal part of aedeagus; preepiproct somewhat restricted at its median margins and with slightly concave distal apex ; aedeagus small, the apical proc- esses united together, the lateral processes being sharp and tooth-like, extending outward and upward. Female genitalia : subgenital plate rather broad with deep V-shaped distal incision ; internal skeletons rather large, the plate mostly occupied by the axis with U-shaped posterior arms which are somewhat twisted, the axis short and stout with sharp anterior end, ex- tending only a little beyond the plate. Holotype ( $ ) : Ta-chu-lan, Shaowu Hsien, Fukien, May 18, 1945 (Maa) ; in Museum of National Foochow University, Foo- chow. Allotype ( 9 ) : Same locality as holotype, Aug. 7, 1915 (Maa); in Maa Collection. Paratypes: 1 $ , Tao-shui, Shaowu Hsien, Fukien, June 17, 1943 ; 8 $ $ , same locality as holotype ; May 10-June 10, 1944-1945 (Maa), in Museum of National Foochow University ; 1 $ , Pen-tien-tung, Changting Hsien, Fu- kien, April 22, 1941 ; 1 $ , Chien-men, Kwantseh Hsien, Fukien, Aug. 22, 1945 ; 34 <$ $ , 3 9 9 , same locality as holotype, April 1-Aug. 20, 1942-1945 (Maa), in Maa Collection; 2$ $, 19, same locality as holotype, May 8-Aug. 19, 1942-1945 (Maa), in Museum of Comparative Zoology ; 5 $ 5,29 9 , same collecting data, in Cheng collection, Taipeh. The wing markings of this species somewhat resemble those of Neopanorpa caveata n. sp. However, the color of the markings and the wing membrane are much lighter than those of the latter. The shape of the harpagones and hypovalvae of the male and the short axis of the female also enable it to be easily dis- tinguished as a distinct species. Neopanorpa pielina Navas Figures 151, 152, 206, 210, 301 Xeopanorpa pielina Navas, 1936, Notes d 'Ent. Mus. Heude, 3(4):58, figs. 72, 73. Vertex reddish brown, with black spot between ocelli ; rostrum shining reddish brown ; thorax blackish brown dorsally, reddish brown laterally; the 1st to 5th abdominal segments of male CHENG : REVISION OP THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 87 blackish brown dorsally, reddish brown ventrally, 6th abdominal segment black, with narrow reddish brown posterior border, last three abdominal segments reddish brown ; median process of the third tergite long and slender, extending to the hind border of the fourth tergite, the anterior portion of the latter concave at the middle, with reddish brown color; abdominal segments of female blackish brown dorsally, reddish brown ventrally. Fore wing: length, $, 11.5 mm.; 9, 12.5 mm.; width, $, 3 mm.; 9 , 3.2 mm. ; membrane dusky hyaline, markings sooty brown ; pterostigmal band complete, with broad basal branch and narrow apical branch; the anterior portion of the pterostigmal band extends outward and forms a small spot posterior to the ptero- stigma; basal band represented by two spots; apical band broad, with a large hyaline spot posteriorly ; basal spot absent ; mar- ginal spot present ; pterostigma prominent. Hind wing : length, (5, 10.5 mm.; 9, 11.5 mm.; width, $, 3 mm.; 9, 3.2 mm.; similar to fore wing, except that the basal band is represented by only one spot. Male genitalia : genital bulb slender ; coxo- podites long, with truncated apex and a row of bristles on its distal inner margins ; harpagones slender, the outer margins slightly concave at the middle, inner margins with a smooth median angle and a basal concave area; hypandrium conspicu- ous; hypovalvae broad, restricted proximally, their outer mar- gins bent, with broader distal folded portion, extending far beyond the base of the harpagones; parameres small, Y-shaped, united with aedeagus and supported by a weakly selerotized V-shaped bar; preepiproct broad basally with rounded apex, its distal outer margins bearing a pair of small bent lobes; aedeagus small, the apical processes united together, lateral processes lobe-shaped. Female genitalia : subgenital plate broad at the middle, with a wide V-shaped distal incision ; internal skeleton large, the outer margins of the plate less selerotized, the posterior arms of the plate broad at the middle, abruptly narrowed apically, the axis long, enclosed by the strongly selerotized extended posterior portion of the plate. Types (3 9): Killing, Kiangsi, Aug. 13-16. 193.1 (Piel) ; in lleude Museum, Shanghai. Distribution : same as types. 88 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY This species, having complete basal and apical bands (with a hyaline spot), differs from the other described Neopanorpa by the peculiar structures of both the male and the female genitalia, i.e., no true lobes in the harpagones of the male and the long axis of the internal skeleton of the female. The latter usually occurs with a subgenital plate that has a wide V-shaped distal incision. The description and drawings of both the male and the female of this species are based upon the specimens labeled as paratypes in the Ileude Museum, Shanghai. Neopanorpa mutabilis n. sp. Figures 141, 142, 205, 209, 221, 226 Body mostly blackish brown ; vertex deep grayish brown with sooty brown mark enclosing ocelli ; rostrum uniformly deep grayish brown; thorax deep grayish brown dorsally, meso- and metanotum with broad blackish brown streak ; the 1st to 5th abdominal segments of male blackish brown dorsally, 6th seg- ment long, blackish brown, 7th and 8th segments shorter than the 6th, reddish brown in color; median process of the 3rd tergite short, never extending beyond the hind margin of the 4th tergite ; the anterior median portion of the 4th tergite less sclerotized, forming a light brown square-shaped area; the 1st to 6th abdominal segments of female blackish brown dorsally, last few abdominal segments reddish brown. Fore wing : length, o , 12.6 mm., 9 , 13.5 mm. ; width, £ , 3.5 mm., 9 , 3.7 mm. ; membrane hyaline, markings sooty brown; pterostigmal band complete with broad basal branch and a comparatively narrow apical branch ; basal band represented by two short bands which in some individuals connect with each other; apical band large with a hyaline spot posteriorly; between the apical band and the pterostigmal band there is usually a narrow additional band extending from the pterostigmal area to the hind margin of wing but in some individuals, this band is interrupted, the an- terior half connected with the apical band to form a large hyaline window ; basal spot absent ; marginal spot elongated, band-like; pterostigma not very prominent. Hind wing: length, 3, 11.6 mm., 9, 12.2 mm.; width, $, 3.6 mm., 9, 3.2 mm.; similar to the fore. Male genitalia: genital bulb slender; coxo- CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 89 podites long with a row of hairs on its distal inner margin; harpagones slender, the outer margin slightly concave at the middle, inner margin with a large basal concave area ; hypan- drium broad ; hypovalvae long, broadened at their median por- tion, extending far beyond the base of harpagones; parameres very inconspicuous, weakly sclerotized, consisting of a narrow stalk, which gives rise to two branches, the inner branch free, the outer branch united with the lateral process of the aedeagus; preepiproct narrowed towards its apex with slightly concave distal margin; aedeagus small, the apical processes united to- gether, lateral processes tooth-like, extending outward and up- ward. Female genitalia : subgenital plate broad at the middle with narrow U-shaped distal incision ; internal skeleton large, the plate mostly occupied by the long axis ; posterior arms of the plate swollen at their outer margins. Holotype ( $ ) : Ta-chu-lan, Shaowu Hsien, Fukien, June 3, 1945 (Maa) ; in Museum of National Foochow University, Foo- chow. Allotype ( 9 ) : same locality as holotype ; May 25, 1945 (Maa) ; in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Paratypes : 11 9 9 , same locality as holotype, May 10- June 10. 1945 (Maa), in Museum of National Foochow University, Foo- chow ; 31 $ $ , 64 9 9 , same locality as holotype, April 23-June 13, 1942-1945; 59 9, Changting Hsien, Fukien, April 30- June 3, 1942-1945 (Maa and Lin), in Maa Collection; 2$ $, 2 9 9. same collecting data as holotype, in Museum of Comparative Zoology ; 2 $ £ , 2 9 9 , same collecting data, in Cheng Collection. Taipeh. This species differs from previously described Neopanorpa by its wing markings, especially the presence of the additional band which extends from the outer part of the pterostigma to the apical band to form a large hyaline window. The structures of both the male and the female genitalia are also specific charac- ters. Neopanorpa ovata n. sp. Figures 149, 150, 187, 298 Body deep brown; vertex blackish brown with black mark enclosing ocelli ; rostrum deep brown ; thorax blackish brown dorsallv; the 1st to 5th abdominal segments of male blackish 90 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY brown, 6th segment long, slightly blackish brown, last few abdominal segments deep brown; median process of 3rd tergite rather long, reaching to the hind border of the 4th tergite, the median portion of the 4th tergite projecting to form a convex process which is situated behind the light brown square area of this tergite. Pore wing: length, 13 mm.; width, 3.4 mm.; mem- brane hyaline, markings brown ; the wing apex rather rounded ; pterostigmal band complete, with broad basal branch and nar- row apical branch ; basal band represented by two large spots ; apical band complete, with two hyaline spots, the additional band between the apical band and the pterostigmal band as in Neopanorpa mutabilis n. sp. ; basal spot absent ; marginal spot large ; pterostigma prominent. Hind wing : length, 12.2 mm. ; width, 3.2 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the basal band is represented only by a single spot. Male genitalia : genital bull) slender; coxopodites long with a row of hairs on their distal inner margins; harpagones slender, the outer margin slightly concave at the middle, inner margin slightly convex at the middle with a well developed basal concave area ; hypan- drium very broad ; hypovalvae broad and stout, these distal outer portions usually prolonged to form a broad lobe, which is folded upward to embrace the hind part of the preepiproct ; parameres absent ; preepiproct slender, with truncated apex, rather broad a short distance behind its apex ; aedeagus strongly sclerotized, with tooth-like apical and lateral processes. Female unknown. Ilolotype ( S ) : Pen-tien-tung, Changting Hsien, Fukien. April 22, 1941 (Maa) ; in Maa Collection, Taipeh. This species is very similar to Neopanorpa mutabilis n. sp., but its rounded wing apex and its very broad hypovalvae enable it to be easily separated as a distinct species. Neopanorpa maai n. sp. Figures 143, 144, 196, 200, 220, 224, 296 Body very weak, yellowish brown ; vertex grayish brown ; rostrum uniformly light yellowish brown; thorax grayish brown dorsally, meso- and metanotum with deep grayish brown broad median longitudinal streak ; the 1st to 5th abdominal segments of male brown dorsally, 6th segment not so prolonged as in CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 91 Neopanorpa mutdbilis n. sp., brown in color, last few abdominal segments light reddish brown ; median process of 3rd abdominal tergite long, extending a little beyond the hind margin of the 4th tergite, the median portion of the 4th tergite less sclerotized, forming a light brown square area, which is much smaller than that of mutdbilis; the 1st to 9th abdominal segments of female uniformly yellowish brown. Fore wing: length, 14 mm.; width. 3.8 mm. ; membrane hyaline, markings slightly gray ; pterostigmal band complete with a broad basal branch and a separate apical branch ; basal band complete, irregular ; apical hand large with a median hyaline band; between the apical band and the pterostigmal band there is an additional band, as in mutabilis, the middle portion of this band being usually con- nected with the apical branch of the pterostigmal band; basal snot absent; marginal spot elongated; pterostigma not prom- inent. Hind wing: length, 12.5 mm.; width, 3.5 mm.; similar to the fore. Male genitalia: genital bulb slender; coxopodites long with a row of short hairs on their distal inner margins; harpagones slender, the outer margin slightly concave at the middle, inner margin with a rounded angle and a basal concave area which is not so developed as in mutabilis; hypandrium broad; hypovalvae shorter than those of mutabilis, extending a little beyond the base of the harpagones; parameres absent; pre- epiproct broad at the middle, slender distally with slightly con- cave distal margin ; aedeagus small, the apical processes united together, lateral processes tooth-like, short. Female genitalia : sub- genital plate broad at the middle with deep and narrow V-shaped distal incision ; the length of axis is the same as that of the posterior arms of the plate. Holotype ( $ ) : Ta-shu-lan, Shaowu Hsien, Fukien, April 24, 1944 (Maa) ; in Museum of National Foochow University, Foo- chow. Allotype ( 9 ) : Li-chia-tun, Kienyang Hsien, Fukien, April 18, 1945 (Maa) ; in Museum of National Foochow Uni- versity, Foochow. Paratypes : 2 9 9 , same collecting data as holotype, in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow ; 2 cS S ■ , 5 9 9 , same locality as holotype, April 20-May 8, 1942- 1945 (Maa and Lin), in Maa collection; 19, same collecting data as holotype, in Museum of Comparative Zoology ; 1 $ , 1 9 . San-chiang, Chungan Hsien, Fulkien, May 8-19, 1943 (Maa). in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. 92 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY I have named this species in honor of Mr. Maa, who has been so kind as to allow me the loan of his collection. This species somewhat resembles Neopanorpa mutabilis n. sp., but the gray color of the wing markings, the shorter last few abdominal segments of the male and the short axis of the female internal skeleton make its recognition easy. Neopanorpa banksi Carpenter Figures 177, 181 Neopanorpa banksi Carpenter, 1938, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 40(9) : 275, figs. 25, 26. Body mostly black above ; vertex black ; last few abdominal segments brown, the others black above. Fore wing : length, 15 mm. ; width, 3 mm. ; membrane hyaline ; markings sooty brown ; pterostigmal band interrupted, with same broad basal branch, hut no apical branch; basal band reduced to a few spots; apical band entire, but narrowed posteriorly. Hind wing : similar to the fore. Female genitalia : subgenital plate broad, with a small U-shaped distal incision; internal skeleton large, the axis absent, but with three well developed plates at the base of the long, posterior arms, which reach to the tip of the subgenital plate. Male unknown. Holotype ( $ ) : Suifu, Szechwan (D. C. Graham) ; in U. S. National Museum. Distribution : same as holotype. This species, having distinct wing markings, differs from other described Neopanorpa by the peculiar shape of the internal skeleton, which has three plates at the base of the long posterior arms. Neopanorpa varia Cheng Figures 214, 215, 294 Xeopanorpa varia Cheng, 1949, Psj'che, 56(4) :157, figs. 41, 42, 56. Body light brown, black above, last few abdominal segments brown; vertex entirely black; rostrum light brown, with black stripe on each side. Fore wing : length, 14 mm. ; width, 3.2 mm. ; membrane hyaline, markings sooty brown; pterostigmal band OHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 93 complete, with a separated basal branch and a narrow apical branch ; apical band complete ; pterostigma prominent. Hind wing: length, 13 mm.; width, 3.3 mm.; similar to fore wing, except that the basal band is represented by a small marking on the hind margin. Female genitalia : subgenital plate broad, with a U-shaped distal incision; internal skeleton large, U- shaped, posterior arms rather long, obtuse distally, very large basally, with a narrow sclerotized bridge and a rounded mem- branous portion between them; axis apparently absent. Male unknown. Ilolotype ( 9 ) : Heierhwan (100 miles south of Tachienlu), Sikang, Sept. 20, 1939 (F. Y. Cheng, Io Chou and Tein Ho Hei) ; in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Distribution: Heierhwan, Sikang, Sept, 20, 1939; Jihti (20 miles east of Tachienlu), Sikang, Sept. 9, 1939; AVantung (50 miles south of Tachienlu), Sikang, Sept. 17, 1939. This species is somewhat variable with regard to the markings of the wings. In my collection, there is one individual collected in AVantung, Sikang, with a greatly reduced pterostigmal band on both fore and hind wings and without the basal band on the hind wing. The wings of this species resemble those of N eopanorpa dimi- diata Navas superficially. However, in dimidiata the apical band is well developed, with a faint hyaline spot, whereas that of varia is interrupted posteriorly and without a hyaline spot. Moreover, the body color of these two species differs very much. Neopanorpa cantonensis n. sp. Figures 175, 179, 302 Body mostly black : vertex blackish brown, with a black mark enclosing ocelli ; rostrum reddish brown, with blackish brown longitudinal stripe on each side ; thorax brown laterally, with some obscurely blackish brown maculations, meso- and metano- tum brown, with very broad blackish brown median streak; the 1st to 6th abdominal segments of female black dorsally, last few segments yellowish brown. Fore wing : length, 13 mm., width, 3 ram. ; membrane hyaline, markings blackish brown ; pterostigmal band very broad, complete, with broad basal branch and apical !»4 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY branch ; basal band complete ; apical band large, connected with pterostigmal band at the costal margin ; both basal and marginal spots present, elongated ; pterostigma not prominent. Hind wing : length, 12 mm.; width, 2.9 mm.; similar to fore wing, except that both basal and marginal spots are entirely lacking. Female genitalia : subgenital plate broad at the middle portion, with wide V-shaped distal incision ; internal skeleton small, U-shaped, posterior arms rather sharp distally, their basal outer margins smoothly curved, connected to each other by a bridge, which is covered by a rounded large membranous part ; no axis present. Male unknown. Holotype (9): Canton, Kwangtung; in Heude Museum, Shanghai. This species differs from other described Ncopanorpa by its very broad wing markings and the presence of the basal spot. The peculiar structures of the female genitalia also make its recognition easy. Neopanorpa dimidiata Navas Neopanorpa dimidiata Navas, 1930, Notes d 'Ent. Chin. Mus., 1(6) :2, fig. I. Vertex black, with a rusty yellow line running lengthwise near the eyes ; rostrum yellowish brown, with a black spot on its upper surface ; thorax dull yellow, with a deep black median band dorsally ; 1st to 6th abdominal segments dull yellow, with a broad median band running lengthwise on the dorsum, the last few abdominal segments dirty yellow. Fore wing : length, 15.5 mm. ; apex of wing rounded in an elliptical fashion ; mem- brane appears smudged or very lightly touched with rust ; mark- ings sooty brown; pterostigmal band broad, with complete apical branch, which is narrow posteriorly ; basal branch of pterostig- mal band interrupted, represented by a spot at the anal margin of the wing ; basal band absent ; apical band broad, complete, with curved inner border and a faint window posteriorly. Both basal and marginal spots are absent; veins black and strongly developed. Hind wing : length, 15 mm. ; similar to the fore. Female genitalia have not been worked out. Male unknown. Type (9): Yunnan; originally in Navas Collection. Distribution : same as type. CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 95 This species resembles Neopanorpa varia Cheng in the struc- ture of the pterostigmal band of the wing, but differs in the apical band. In varia, the apical band is interrupted posteriorly, without a hyaline spot, whereas that of dimidiata is well de- veloped, with a faintly hyaline spot posteriorly. I have not seen this species. The above account is based upon Navas' original description. Neopanorpa pulchra Carpenter Figures 182, 183 .V ropanorpa pulchra Carpenter, 1945, Psyche, 52(1-2) :75, text-fig. 6, pi. 11, fig. 12. Body light brown, slightly darker above. Fore wing : length, 14 mm. ; width, 3 mm. ; membrane hyaline, markings grayish brown; pterostigmal band broad, complete, with broad basal branch and narrower apical branch ; basal band complete ; apical band wide and entire, contiguous with pterostigmal band along costal margin ; basal spot absent ; marginal spot present, small ; pterostigma not very prominent. Hind wing: length, 12.5 mm.; width, 3 mm. ; similar to fore wing. Female genitalia : subgenital plate broad, with a shallow distal notch ; internal skeleton broader than long, with widely divergent arms and no axis. Male unknown. Holotype ( 9 ) : Ta-han, Hainan Island, Kwangtung, June 23. 1935 (L. Gressitt) ; in Museum of Comparative Zoology. This species has the general wing pattern of Neopanorpa cantonensis n. sp., but the wing is more slender and the basal spot is absent. It also resembles N. parva Carpenter super- ficially, but has more extensive markings. The internal skeleton of this species differs from that of parva by the widely divergent arms. Neopanorpa parva Carpenter Figures 184, 185 Neopanorpa parva Carpenter, 1845, Psyche, 52(1-2) :73; text figs. 3, 5, pi. 11, fig. 13. Body light to dark brown ; vertex, thoracic nota and abdom- 96 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY inal tergites darker. Fore wing : length, 11-13 mm. ; width, 2-2.8 mm. (holotype, length, 11 mm.; width, 2 mm.) ; membrane hya- line, markings grayish brown ; pterostigmal band wide, with broad basal branch and narrower apical branch ; basal band inter- rupted, represented by two narrow bands ; apical band broken posteriorly ; basal spot absent ; marginal spot appearing as an elongated narrow band. Hind wing: length, 10 mm.; width, 2 mm. (holotype); similar to the fore. Female genitalia: sub- genital plate rather broad, with a wide U-shaped distal incision ; internal skeleton small, with nearly parallel arms and very short median axis. Male unknown. Holotype ( 9 ) : Kwanshien, Szechwan, July 16, 1937 (G. Liu) ; in Museum of Comparative Zoology. Distribution s same as holotype. This species has wing markings resembling those of Neo- panorpa cavaleriei Navas, but it is much smaller than the latter and the wing membrane is hyaline, not slightly yellowish as in cavaleriei. The short median axis of the internal skeleton of the female makes its recognition easy. Neopanorpa chaoi n. sp. Figures 174, 178 Body yellowish brown ; vertex deep brown with a sooty brown mark enclosing ocelli ; rostrum reddish brown f rontally, yellow- ish brown laterally ; thorax yellowish brown laterally with few black spots, deep brown dorsally, meso- and metanotum with a median longitudinal sooty brown streak; 1st to 6th abdominal segments of female deep brown dorsally, last few segments red- dish brown. Fore wing : length, 12.5 mm. ; width, 3.2 mm. ; membrane hyaline, markings brown ; pterostigmal band com- plete with broad basal branch and apical branch ; basal band complete ; apical band prominent with two hyaline spots and partly united with the pterostigmal band at the pterostigmal area ; basal spot present, two in number ; marginal spot band- like, united with the basal band at the median portion of wing; pterostigma not prominent. Hind wing: length, 11.2 mm.; width, 3.1 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the basal band CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 97 is not so developed and both basal and marginal spots are en- tirely lacking. Female genitalia : subgenital plate rather broad with a wide V-shaped distal incision ; internal skeleton small, V-shaped, posterior arms blade-shaped with rather sharp pos- terior ends and stout bases which are connected to each other by a small strongly sclerotized bridge and a large membranous part ; no axis present. Male unknown. Holotype ( 9 ) : Li-chia-tun, Kienyang Hsien, Fukien, Aug. 11, 1915 (Maa) ; in Museum of National Foochow University, Foo- chow. Paratypes : 3 9 9 , Ta-chu-lan, Shaowu Hsien, Fukien, May 21-June 9, 1942-1943, 1 9 , Yao-tou, Kienyang Hsien, Fu- kien, June 11, 1942 (Maa), in Maa collection; 19, Ta-chu-lan, Shaowu Hsien, Fukien, May 6, 1943 (Maa), in Museum of Comparative Zoology ; 1 9 , same collecting data, in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. I have named this species in honor of Dr. Hsiu Fu Chao, who has been so kind as to allow me to borrow the material from the Museum of National Foochow University. This species, having brown and extensive markings, is easily recognized by its double hyaline spots of the apical band and the small V-shaped internal skeleton of the female. Neopanorpa latipennis Cheng Figures 199, 203, 297 .V ' .o panorpa latipennis Cheng, 1949, Psyche, 56(4) :156, figs. 39, 40, 55. Body deep brown, black above, vertex black anteriorly, brown posteriorly, with a sooty brown marking on the median portion ; rostrum brown, with a sooty brown median stripe on its lower portion. Fore wing : length, 14 mm. ; width, 3.53 mm. ; mem- brane hyaline, markings sooty brown ; pterostigmal band very broad, with broad basal branch and narrower apical branch; basal band narrow and uneven, extending to the median portion of the wing ; apical band large, represented by a big marking and an inner small Y-shaped band, the latter connected with the former to form a large hyaline spot ; marginal spots small ; pterostigma prominent; the wing apex rather broad. Hind wing: length, 12.55 mm. ; width, 3.5 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except 98 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY that the apical branch of the pterostigmal band, the inner small Y-shaped band of the apical band and the basal band are greatly reduced. Female genitalia : subgenital plate abruptly narrow posteriorly, with a wide U-shaped distal incision; in- ternal skeleton small, being U-shaped, with a rather long stalk at its base, the axis apparently absent. Male unknown. Holotype ( 9 ) : Moupin, Sikang, July 29, 1941 (Chuan Lung Lee) ; in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. This species, having a large hyaline spot in the posterior part of the apical band of the fore wing, differs from the other de- scribed Neopanorpa by the shape of the internal skeleton of the female. Neopanorpa cabpenteri n. sp. Figures 176, 180, 300 Xeopanorpa cavalerie\ Navas, Carpenter, 1945, Psyche, 50(1-2) :74, text figs. 4, 7. Head chestnut brown, vertex with blackish brown spot be- tween ocelli ; rostrum chestnut brown with reddish brown tip : thorax and abdomen blackish brown dorsally, reddish brown ventrally. Fore wing : length, 15 mm. ; width, 3.7 mm. ; mem- brane light yellow, markings sooty brown; pterostigmal band complete, with broad basal branch and narrower apical branch ; basal band narrow, uneven ; apical band large, with a large hyaline spot posteriorly and an oblique prolongation in the middle, not connected along the anterior margin with the pterostigmal band; basal spot absent; marginal spot appears as a long and narrow band and is connected to the basal band at the middle of the wing ; pterostigma prominent ; longitudinal veins and basal crossveins blackish brown, apical crossveins not very distinct, Roa simple, not forked. Hind wing : length, 13.5 mm. ; width, 3.8 mm. ; similar to fore wing, except that the apical band is interrupted posteriorly, the basal band is reduced to one spot on the hind margin of wing and the marginal spot is entirely absent. Female genitalia: subgenital plate rather broad, with shallow V-shaped distal incision; internal skeleton small, with blade-like and twisted posterior arms, no true axis present. CHENG: REVISION OP THE CHINESE MECOPTEKA 99 Male unknown. Ilolotype ( 9 ) : Yim-na-shan, East Kwangtung, June 16, 1936 (L. Gressitt) ; in Museum of Comparative Zoology. Distribution : same as holotype. I take the liberty of naming this speeies in honor of Professor F. M. Carpenter. The species resembles Neopanorpa cavaleriei in appearance, but differs in the apical band of the fore wing. In cavaleriei, the apical band is interrupted posteriorly and is connected along the anterior margin with the pterostigmal band, whereas that of this species is not interrupted, has a large hya- line spot and is separated from the pterostigmal band on the anterior margin of the wing. The R2a vein of cavaleriei is forked into lUai and K'ja:>, whereas that of this species is simple. More- over, the basal band of cavaleriei is interrupted, whereas that of this species is complete and distinct. Genus LePTOPAXOKPA McLachlan Leptopanorpa McLachlan, 1875, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1875:187. Weele. 1909, Notes Leyden Mus., 31:11. Enderlein, 1910, Zool. Anz., 35:393. Miyake, 1913, Journ. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 4:381. Esben Petersen, 1913, Notes Leyden Mus., 35:228. Id., 1921, Coll. Zool. Selys Long. 5(2) :85. Lieftinck, 1936, Treubia, 15(3) :271. Himanturella Enderlein, 1910, Zool. Anz., 35:392. Xeopanorpa Enderlein, 1912, Notes Leyden Mus., 34:237 (nee Weele;. Rostrum long and slender; tarsal claws serrated on inner margins; wings are fully developed, slender and narrow, es- pecially at the base ; 1A short, extending to the anal margin of wing far before origin of the radial sector ; abdomen very long and slender in male, much longer than the wings; 6th to 8th abdominal segments of male much prolongated ; genital bulb of male with a narrow stalk basally (pedunculate). Genotype : Leptopanorpa ritsemae McLachlan. This genus, which inhabits mostly southeast Asia, especially Japan and Java, is represented in China by only one species. L. javanica (Westwood) ; the Chinese locality of this species is Hainan, an island, which is separated from the mainland by a narrow sea. The most obvious difference between Leptopanorpa and Neo- panorpa is the length of the last four abdominal segments of the 100 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY male. However, the genital structures of both the male and the female of Leptopanorpa are quite close to Neopanorpa. In some species of Lcptopanorpa, e.g., longicauda, the last four abdom- inal segments of the male are exceedingly long, in others, e.g., erythrura, they are rather short. It seems to me that there is no distinct difference between Leptopanorpa and Neopanorpa. Whether or not this characteristic (prolongation of the last four abdominal segments of the male) is of generic significance is not certain. A morphological study of the larva of this genus and that of Neopanorpa would be a great help in settling the question. A knowledge of the life history and feeding habits of the Leptopanorpa is also very desirable. Leptopanorpa javanica (Westwood) Figures 228, 229 Leptopanorpa javanica (Westwood) Esben-Petersen, 1913, Notes Leyden Mus. 35:229. Id., 1915, Ent. Medd., 10:231, cat.-no. 9. Id., 1921, Coll. Zool. Selys Long., 5(2) :89, fig. 100. Lieftinek, 1936. Treubia, 15(3): 315, pis. 6, 7, 10, 12, 14. Panorpa javanica Westwood, 1846, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 4:186. Id.. 1852, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1(2) :5. Walker, 1853, Cat, Nenr. Ins. Brit. Mus., 1853:460. Weele, 1909, Notes Leyden Mus. 31:6. Campodotecnum javanicum Enderlein, 1910, Zool. Anz., 35:391. Id., 1912, Notes Leyden Mus., 34:236. Head black ; rostrum reddish brown ; thorax black above, sides grayish testaceous to pitchy black; abdomen of female black above, terminal segments and the venter paler; 1st to 5th ab- dominal segments of male black, last few segments dark pitchy brown ; the hind border of third tergite extending into a slender cylindrical prolongation which reaches the middle of next seg- ment, where a tubercle is found ; 6th segment cylindrical, 7th and 8th slender, much thinner than 6th, of equal length and one and a half times longer than 6th ; their apical part gradually incras- sate towards the apex, which is obliquely truncated above ; 9th segment pedunculate. Fore wing : length, 9-10.5 mm. ; slender with elliptical apex ; membrane whitish, markings sooty black ; pterostigmal band complete, with a broad basal branch and a very narrow apical branch ; basal band interrupted, represented by two spots; apical band broad, with nearly straight inner CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 101 margin, sometimes enclosing a whitish spot in its posterior part ; along the front margin it is narrowly connected with the ptero- stigmal band ; basal spot absent ; marginal spot present ; ptero- stigma not prominent. Hind wing : length, 8-9 mm. ; similar to the fore, except that the basal band is represented by only one spot. The male genitalia have been figured out by Lieftinck. Ac- cording to his drawings, the genital bulb is slender; coxopodites rather long, with truncated apex ; harpagones long, slender, smoothly incurved at apices, the outer margin slightly concave near the base, the inner margin with a basal rounded tooth and two lobes, opposite each other ; hypandrium conspicuous, broad ; hypovalvae broad, with rounded apex, reaching beyond the base of harpagones, the distal portion of hypovalvae coming into contact with each other; parameres simple, with slender and twisted stalk and a greatly enlarged apical portion (if I under- stand Lieftinck 's drawing correctly) ; preepiproct with rounded tip ; aedeagus with well developed and stout apical processes ; lateral processes curved backward and inward with broad apex. The internal skeleton of the female genitalia has been figured by Lieftinck. According to his drawing, the internal skeleton is very short and comparatively broad; the basal portion of the plate is in the form of two wing-like structures, which are rather twisted and turned dorsad; mesially the two portions converge and are connected with each other by a thin membrane ; the distal portion of the plate well demarcated ; posterior arm of the plate short, with tooth-like apex ; axis not present. Types ( $ , 9 ) : Java (D. Horsfield) ; in Mus. Soc. Merc. Ind. Orient. Distribution : Mt. Wuchi, Hainan, Kwangtung, May 21, 1903 ; Leito, Burma (Leonardo Pea) ; Carin Chebai, Burma (900- 1100 m.), Dec. 5, 1888 (Leonardo Fea) ; Sumatra (Ericson) ; Java (Horsfield) ; Banjoemas, Noesa, Mid. Java, no. 10, 1925- 1928 ("teak forest," L. G. E. Kalshoven) ; coastal forest around Sempoertjondong (Tjidaoen), 100 m., S. W. Java, Sept. 5, 1935 (MaxBartels, Jr.). This is the only known species in China. It resembles L. peter- seni Lieftinck (East Java) in body and wing color. However, according to Lieftinck 's drawings, the male genitalia of this species are quite different from those of peterseni, especially the 102 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY shape of the hypovalvae. The axis of the female internal skele- ton of this species is apparently absent, whereas that of peterseni is well developed. Family BITTACIDAE Hittacidae Enderlein, 1910, Zool. Anz., 35:387. Esben-Petersen, 1921, Coll. Zool. Selys Long. 5(2):115, fig. 126. Carpenter, 1931, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72(6): 257. Ocelli present ; labial palpi two-segmented ; abdomen narrowly cylindrical; females without ovipositor; terminal segments of male only slightly modified; legs tenuate, with a single tarsal claw, modified for grasping ; wings usually subpetiolate, slender ; costal space narrow, with few crossveins; Rs originating at two- fifths to one-half the wing length from base ; M dividing near the middle of the wing. Bittacus is the only one of the six existing genera of the fam- ily which inhabits China. Genus BlTTACUS Latreille Bittacus Latreille, 1805, Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins., 8:20. Id., 1807, Gen. Crust, et Ins., 3:189. Klug, 1836, Abh. Konigl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin. 1836:97. Burmeister, 1839, Handb. Ent., 2:955. Rambur, 1S42, Hist. Nat, Ins. Nevr., 1812:326. Brauer, 1855, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges.. 5:707, pi. 2. Id., 1863, Verb. Zool.-bot. Ges., 21:109, p. 3. Brauer and Low, 1857, Neuropt, Austr., 1857:36. Felt, 1896, New York State Ent. Rep., 10:463, pis. 3, 4. Hine, 189S, Journ. Colunib. Hortieult. Soc. 12:105, pis. 1, 2. MeClendon, 1906, Ent. News, 1906:121, fig. 15. Klapalek, 1910, Acta Soc. Ent. Bobem., 7:114. Enderlein, 1910, Zool. Anz., 35:396. Esben -Petersen, 1913, Revue Zool. Afr., 3:135. Banks, 1913, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 39:233. Lestage, 1917, Revue Zool. Afr., 5:112. Esben-Petersen, 1921, Coll. Zool. Selys Long., 5(2) :117. Carpenter, 1931, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72(6) :257. Leptobittacim Hine, 1898, Joum. Columb. Hortieult. Soc., 12:108. Thyridates Navas, 1908, Mem. Real. Acad. Cienc. Art. Barcelona, 1908:412. Diplostigma Navas, 1908, Mem. Real. Acad. Cienc. Art. Barcelona, 1908:413. Haplodictyus Navas, 1908, Mem. Real. Acad. Cienc. Art, Barcelona, 1908: 413. Id., 1908, Rev. Russe d'Ent,, 1908:277. Eyes widely separated below antennae ; basal segment of hind tarsus longer than fourth segment ; wings present, their mark- CHENG: REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTEKA 103 ings appearing as spots, without bands ; one costal crossvein ; 1A of hind wing coalescing with Cu2 for a short distance. Genotype : Bittacus iialicus 0. F. Muller. This is the second largest genus of Mecoptei'a, including sixty- two known species in the whole world. Seven species have already been recorded in China and four new ones are described below, making a total of eleven. They are widely distributed in that country. Although only eleven species have been found, the localities cover the whole mainland of China, that is, from northern Shensi, Liaoning (one province of Manchuria) to southern Kwangtung, Yunnan, and from western Sikang to eastern Kiangsu. Some species, e.g., sinensis Walker, besides being common in Kiangsu, Chekiang, have also been recorded in Korea and Japan. In the classification of the species of Bitiacus, the chief charac- teristics which have been used are the body structure and wing eoloration. In some species, the wing membrane is yellow {sinen- sis, etc.), in others, light brown {sinicus, etc.). The size of the wing affords some specific characters; in appendiculatus, the fore wing is shorter than 17 mm., whereas that of sinensis is longer than 24 mm. The apex of the wing of most species is obtusely angulated, but in carpenteri n. sp., it forms nearly a right angle, forming a prominent corner. The wing markings usually appear as several small spots. They are present in all the species, except planus and appendiculatus. Most of the venational eliaracteristics are subject to individual variation. However, there are some venational features which are of use and value in the determination of species, especially for the female : the position of the ending of 1A and that of cubital crossvein (Cuv) with respect to the fork of media (M) ; the presence or absence of the anal crossvein ( Av) ; and the number of pterostigmal erossveins (Pcv). Another important characteristic is the structure of the male genitalia, which are not so complex as those of Panorpidae. The tergum of the 9th abdominal segment is deeply cleft posteriorly, forming a pair of claspers. The shape of this appendage varies in different species. Seen from the side, it is triangular in some species (triangularis, fig. 233) and subquadrangular in others {sinicus, fig. 245). Some species have a caudal incision in each 104 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY of the claspers (sinensis, fig. 235), whereas others have a single long process (carpenteri n. sp., fig. 246). In most species, the posterior parts of the inner surface of the claspers have a patch of short, stout, sooty-brown bristles (sinensis, etc., fig. 255), others have no bristles at all (carpenteri n. sp., fig. 256), and others have two to three bristles which are borne on lobes at- tached to the median, inner surface of the claspers. The sternum of the 9th segment is a simple semicircular plate. It is not of much use for identification. The coxopodites are reduced, mostly fused with the 9th sternum. The harpagones are also greatly reduced. However, the shape of this small appendage varies in different species. In some species, the outer margins of the harpagones are concave (sinicus, etc., fig. 249) and in others convex, forming a prominent process (pieli, fig. 250). Some ap- pear as an inverted boot, others have a long and slender distal process (planus, fig. 248). Extending upward between the coxo- podites is a long coiled spiral filament or filum. A pair of prominent lobes, the aedeagus lobes, project upwards on each side of the base of the filament. In some species, they are long and slender (tienmushana n. sp., fig. 268) and in others short and stout (pieli, fig. 250). Some have a rounded apex (sinensis, fig. 270), others have the apex truncated (pla?ius, fig. 248). The proctiger which extends dorso-caudad between the preepiproct and the coxopodites affords some taxonomic value. In some species, it is long and slender (carpenteri n. sp., fig. 262) and in others short and stout (gressitti n. sp., fig. 254). Some have a pair of lateral lobes at the middle (coreana, fig. 240), while others have a pair of long processes on the dorsal part of the apex (tiennmushana n. sp., fig. 263). The lower process of the proctiger varies much in degree of development. In some species, it is very long (carpenteri n. sp., fig. 262), in others, it is very short (gres- sitti n. sp., fig. 254). The females of Bittacus seem to have lost the internal skeleton which is so useful in the taxonomy of the Panorpidae. The sub- genital plate is not well-developed, and no taxonomic value can be found. Therefore, the identification of females is based only upon the general body and wing characteristics. CHENG: REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 105 Key to the Species of Bittacus 1. Wing membrane yellowish 2 Wing membrane light brown or brown 6 2. Fore wing length shorter than 17 mm. or longer than 24 mm 3 3. Wing membrane slightly yellowish ; length of fore wing shorter than 17 mm.; preepiproct extending upward, with pointed dorsal process and an upwardly curved caudal process appcndiculatus Wing membrane strongly yellowish ; length of fore wing longer than 24 mm.; preepiproct extending posteriorly, deeply cleft at the apex, with upper branch and lower branch sinensis 4. Preepiproct cleft at the apex, the upper branch less developed, lower branch elongated, broadening towards its apex which is curved in- wards; proctiger with a pair of median lateral lobes coreanus Preepiproct not cleft at the apex 5 5. Preepiproct triangular when viewed from side; proctiger with a pair of side lobes located close to its apex triangularis Preepiproct not triangular when viewed from side, with more or less truncated posterior margin ; proctiger without paired side lobes .... planus 6. Prepiproct more or less triangular when viewed from side 7 Preepiproct not triangular when viewed from side 8 7. The posterior part of the ventral portion of preepiproct extends pos teriorly to form a process; aedeagus lobes long, with rather sharp tips; dorsal apical half of proctiger with a pair of side lobes zoensis n. sp. The posterior part of the ventral portion of preepiproct less extended ; aedeagus lobes very long, with truncated apex; dorsal apical part of proctiger with a pair of processes tienmushana n. sp. 8. Preepiproct with prominent posterior process when viewed from side. .9 Preepiproct without posterior process when viewed from side 10 y. Preepiproct irregularly quadrangular when seen from side, with a very long posterior process at the dorsum of its posterior margin ; both proctiger and lower process long and slender ; apices of wings appear- ing as a right angle carpenter i n. sp. Preepiproct more or less quadrangular when seen from side, with the caudal margin cleft, the upper branch short, while the lower branch greatly extends posteriorly to form a process with rounded tip ; both proctiger and lower process short and stout; apices of wings not appearing as a right angle gressitti n. sp. 10. Preepiproct subquadrangular, no lobes at its inner side; outer margins or harpagones not convex siriicu-s Preepiproct irregular in shape, with two lobes on its median inner side ; outer margins of harpagones very much convex pieli n. sp. 106 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Descriptions of Species of Bittacus Bittacus appendiculatus Esben-Petersen Figure 230 Bittacus appendiculatus Esben-Petersen, 1927, Notul. Ent. 7: 14. figs. '■'•. 4. Body brown ; vertex with a black spot enclosing ocelli. P'ore wing : length, 16 mm. ; rather narrow, with smoothly angulated apex; membrane with yellowish tinge, no markings present; veins brown, Sc terminating near the middle of the costal margin, 1A very short, ending on the anal margin far before the level of the fork of M ; cubital crossvein (Cuv) present, located before the fork of media; no anal crossvein (Av) present; pterostigma prominent, short, almost triangularly shaped, yellowish brown, connected with Rs by one pterostigmal crossvein (Pcv). Hind wing : length. 16 mm. ; similar to the fore, except that the first anal is a little longer. Male genitalia : I have not seen this species; however, according to P]sben-Petersen's drawing, the preepiproct is very broad and short in lateral view, extending upwards, rather than posteriorly, with a prominent pointed dor- sal process ; the anterior margin of the preepiproct is strongly sinuous, the posterior margin straight, with upwardly curved posterior processes which extend from the lower margin of the preepiproct; coxopodites prominent, harpagones ax-shaped; both proctiger and lower process narrowed towards apex. Type ( S ) : San-nen-kai, Yunnan ; in Esben-Petersen Collec- tion, Silkeborg. Distribution ■ same as type. This species, having light yellowish wing membranes, differs from the other described Bittacus by the dorsally extended preepiproct of the male genitalia. Bittacus sinensis Walker Figures 235, 237, 255, 270, 303 Bittacus sinensis Walker, 1853, Cat. Neur. Ins. Brit. Mus., 1853:469. MeLachlan, 18S7, Mitt. Sc-hweiz. Ent. Ges., 1SS7:406. Miyake, 1913, Journ. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 4:386. Navas, 1913, Notes d'Ent. Chin. 1(7) :4. Esben-Petersen, 1921, Coll. Selys Long., 5(2):121, fig*. 132, 133. Okamoto, 1925, Bull. Agr. Exp. Sta. Got. Chosen, 2(1) :8. CHENG: REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 10/ Diplostigma sinense Navas, 1908, Mem. Real Acad. Oiene. Art. Barcelona, 1908:413. Id., Rev. Russe d'Ent.. 1909:277. Bittacus quatemipunctatus Enderlein, 1910, Zool. Anz., 1910:397. Miyake, 1913, Journ. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 4:387. pi. 33, fig. 6, pi. 37 fig. 10. fiittncus strategus Navas, 1913. Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Taris. 1913:442, figs. 2a. 2h. Head pale brown, vertex with black spot between ocelli ; rostrum fuscous with paler tip; thorax and abdomen pale brown. Pore wing: length, 24-26 mm.; width, 6-6.3 mm.; rather broad with more or less rounded apex ; membrane strongly yellowish, with four minute dark brown spots, one at the fork where M separated from Cu1} one at the base of Rs, one at the subcostal erossvein (Scv) and one at the first fork of Rs; veins yellowish brown, 1A terminating at the level of the fork of M, some of the crossveins in the apical part faintly and narrowly brownish shaded; both cubital erossvein (Cuv) and anal erossvein (Av) present, the former a little beyond the fork of media; ptero- stigma rather prominent, subquadrangular, yellowish, connected with Rs by one or two pterostigmal crossveins (Pcv). Hind wing: length, 21-23 mm.; width, 5.5-6 mm.; similar to fore wings. Male genitalia : the dorsal margin of the preepiproct when viewed from side, convex, deeply cleft at the tip ; lower branch of this cleft larger than the upper one, curved inwards, both lower and upper branches with rounded apex and with a series of short black bristles on their interior side; caudal end of coxopoclites concave ; harpagones short, with inner process ; aedeagus lobes on each side of the base of filum (spiral filament) narrow and slender; proctiger rather truncated at the apex, furnished with a bundle of hairs, no lateral lobe present ; lower process also truncated at the apex. Type ( 9 ) : Shanghai, China (Saunders 68:3) ; in the type- series of Walker, Museum of London. Distribution: same as type: Soochow (Wuhsien), Kiangsu ; shanghai. Kiangsu ; Chusan, Chekiang, June 3-4, 1934-35; Sui- gen, Korea, June to July, 1922 ; Shakuofi, Korea, July, 1922 ; Tokyo, Japan. This species differs from other described Bittacus by its strongly yellowish wing membrane. The apex of the preepiproct of this species is deeply cleft as in B. coreanus Issiki, but the 108 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY upper branch of this species is more developed than that of coreanus. BlTTACUS COREANUS Issiki Figures 234, 240, 247, 251, 309 Bittacus coreanus Issiki, 1929, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa, 19(102): 304, text-fig. 20. Head brownish yellow, the area between the ocelli blackish ; rostrum fuscous, with yellowish tip ; thorax and abdomen yellowish brown or grayish brown, each basal tergite of abdomen with a very narrow, black, median, transverse band on the hind border. Fore wing : length, 22 mm. ; width, 5.5 mm. ; broadened towards the apical area, with obtuse tip ; membrane with yellow- ish tinge ; markings appear as minute blackish brown spots, four in number, one at the fork where M separates from Cu, one at the base of Rs, one at subcostal crossvein (Scv) and one at the first fork of Rs; besides these, there is a very feeble spot at the fork of R4 + 5; of all the spots, the first two are more distinct ; veins brown, some of them yellowish ; 1A ending on the anal margin a little beyond the fork of M; crossveins in the apical part of wing faintly and narrowly brownish shaded, cubi- tal crossvein (Cuv) a little beyond the fork of media, anal crossvein (Av) between Cu2 and 1A absent; pterostigma not prominent, connected with Rs by two crossveins (Pcv). Hind wing : length, 20 mm. ; width, 4.7 mm. ; similar to fore wings. Male genitalia : the dorsal margin of preepiproct more or less rounded when viewed from side, deeply cleft at the tip, lower branch of this cleft elongated, broadened towards apex, curved inwards, with a series of short black bristles on the interior side of the tip, upper branch also with short black bristles on the interior side of its apex ; caudal end of coxopodites with V- shaped distal incision; harpagones short, with inconspicuous inner processes ; aedeagus lobes on each side of the base of filum (spiral filament) short and broad, with rounded tips, reddish brown; proctiger truncated at the apex, the latter furnished with a few short hairs on its dorsal corner; at the middle of proctiger is a pair of lateral lobes, furnished with very short hairs ; lower process short and narrowed towards apex. CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 109 Type ( $ ) : Keizyo, Korea, June 24, 1926 (Issiki) ; in Issiki Collection. Distribution : same as type ; Suigen, Korea, June 23, 1926 (Issiki); Shanghai, Kiangsu, China, June 16-22, 1931-1933; Zikawei, Shanghai, Kiangsu, China, July 17, 1938 (Piel). This species has previously been known only from Korea. Coreanus, having a yellowish wing membrane, differs from other described Bittacus by the peculiar shape of its preepiproct, which is deeply cleft at the tip ; the upper branch of this cleft is short, the lower branch elongate, broadening towards the apex and curved inwards. The paired median lateral lobes of the proctiger also make its recognition easy. Bittacus triangularis Issiki Figures 233, 241, 252, 267, 310 Bittacus triangularis Issiki, 1929, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soe. Formosa, 19(102) : 30G, text-fig. 21. Body pale yellowish brown; vertex yellowish brown, with blackish brown marking between the ocelli and also between the antennae ; rostrum blackish brown, with yellowish tip ; the basal segments of the abdomen have very narrow blackish hind margin above. Fore wing : length, 20-21 mm. ; width, 5.7 mm. ; the wing apex rather obtuse ; membrane with yellowish tinge ; markings very small, blackish brown, three in number, one at the fork where M separates from Cu1} one at the base of R8 and one at the first fork of Rs; veins yellowish brown; 1A terminating on anal margin near the level of the fork of M, crossveins in the apical half narrowly and slightly shaded with brown, subcostal crossvein (Scv) shaded with dark brown, cubi- tal crossvein (Cuv) considerably beyond the fork of media, anal crossvein ( Av) absent ; pterostigma not very prominent, con- nected with Rs by two pterostigmal crossveins (Pcv). Hind wing : length, 18-19 mm. ; width, 5 mm. ; similar to fore wings. Male genitalia : preepiproct triangular when viewed from side, the hind-margin slightly emarginate at the tip, the lower side of this emargination a little produced, and its inner surface without black bristles, while the apical part of the upper side has short black bristles on the inner surface ; distal end of coxo- 1 1 0 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY podites conspicuously produced ; harpagoues comparatively long, with rounded tips; aedeagus lobes on each side of the base of filum (spiral filament) grayish yellow, rather long and broad, with rounded tips; apex of proctiger rounded, with long dense hairs; very close to the apex there is a pair of side lobes, which are furnished with soft hairs ; the lower process long, well de- veloped, with a few inconspicuous hairs on the dorsal surface. Type ( 8 ) : Moukden (Shenyang), Liaoning, (one province of Manchuria), July, 1916 (A. Nohira) ; in Issiki Collection. Distribution: same as type; Keizyo, Korea, June 24, 1926; Moukden, Liaoning, Aug., 1916. This species, having a yellowish wing membrane, differs from the other described Bittacus by its triangular preepiproct in side view and the peculiar structure of the proctiger. Bittacus planus Cheng Figures 239, 244, 248, 258, 305 Bittacus planus Cheng, 1949, Psyche, 56(4) :158; figs. 59, 60, 61, 63, 67. Body light brown, vertex brown, with a sooty brown marking enclosing ocelli ; rostrum brown ; mesothorax with two sooty brown spots on each side dorsally. Fore wing : length, 20.2 mm. ; width, 5.2 mm. ; the wing apex rather broad, apex obtusely angulated ; membrane light yellowish brown, without markings; veins brown, 1A terminating a little before the level of the fork of M, crossveins very slightly emarginate, cubital crossvein (Cuv) located beyond the level of the fork of M, no anal cross- vein (Av) present; pterostigma not very prominent, connected with Rs by two pterostigmal crossveins (Pcv). Hind wing: length, 17.5 mm. ; width, 4.2 mm. ; similar to fore wings, except that there is only one pterostigmal crossvein (Pcv). Male geni- talia : preepiproct with V-shaped inner margins when seen from above, with truncated apex ; the apical margins slightly con- cave, furnished with a series of short black bristles on its inner sides; posterior end of coxopodites extending upward for a considerable distance, with smooth apex ; harpagones broad basally, very narrow and slender distally, with prominent inner process; aedeagus lobes on each side of the base of filum (spiral filament) broaden towards apex, furnished with a bundle of CHENG: REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 111 short hairs; the lower process very long, pointed towards its apex. Holotype ( $ ) : Mt. Taipai, Shensi, June, 1942 (Io Chou) ; in Cheng collection, Taipeh. This species, having a yellowish brown wing membrane, dif- fers from the previously described species by the more or less truncated caudal margins of the preepiproct in lateral view. The slender harpagones and the broadened apex of the aedeagus lobes also make its recognition easy. Bittacus zoensis n. sp. Figures 231, 253, 257, 265, 306 Body brown, vertex deep brown, with sooty brown marking enclosing ocelli ; rostrum blackish brown. Fore wing : length, 23.5 mm. ; width, 5.8 mm. ; rather broad, with obtusely angulated apex; membrane light brown, with six minute blackish brown spots; one at the fork where M separates from Cux, one at the base of Rs, one at the first fork of Rs, one at the subcostal cross- vein (Scv), one at the fork of R4 + 5 and one at the pterostigmal crossvein (Pcv) ; veins brown; 1A terminating before the level of the fork of M, crossveins slightly shaded with brown, cubital crossvein (Cuv) one or two, located in the level of the fork of M, no anal crossvein (Av) present; pterostigma not prominent, connected with Rs by one or two pterostigmal crossveins (Pcv). Hind wing : length, 21 mm. ; width, 5.4 mm. ; similar to fore wings, except that both cubital and pterostigmal crossveins are represented by one crossvein. Male genitalia: preepiproct equi- laterally triangular when seen from side, the caudal margins slightly convex at the middle, the posterior parts of the ventral margin extending backward to form a prominent process; at the inner surface of the angle between the above margins are short black bristles; coxopodites slightly curved upward with emarginate apex ; harpagones short, with rounded tips, the median inner margin with inner processes ; aedeagus lobes on each side of the base of filum (spiral filament) rather long with rather sharp tips ; proctiger with truncated apex, furnished with a bundle of brown hairs; on its apical half there is a pair of prominent side lobes, furnished with a row of long brown 112 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY bristles ; the lower process rather short, pointed towards its apex. Holotype ( $ ) : Zo-se, Chungkiang-Hsien, Kiangsi ; June 5, 1934 ; in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Paratypes : 1 9 , same col- lecting data as holotype; in Museum of Comparative Zoology; 1 $ , same collecting data as holotype ; in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. The male of this species has a triangular preepiproct, as seen in lateral view, as in Bittacus triangularis Issiki, but the more equilateral form of the preepiproct, the stout harpagones and the light brown wing membrane make its recognition easy. Bittacus tienmushana n. sp. Figures 232, 259, 263, 268, 304 Body blackish brown, vertex brown, with a black marking within ocelli; rostrum reddish brown. Fore wing: length, 25.5 mm. ; width, 6 mm. ; rather broad, with obtusely angulated apex; membrane light brown, with three minute blackish brown spots, one at the fork where M separates from Cu1? one at the base of Rs and one at the first fork of Rs; veins brown; 1A terminating at the level of the fork of M, crossveins slightly shaded with brown, cubital crossvein (Cuv) located in the level of the fork of M, no anal crossvein (Av) present; pterostigma not very prominent, connected with Rs by two pterostigmal crossveins (Pcv). Hind wing: length, 21.5 mm.; width, 5.5 mm.; similar to fore wings. Male genitalia : preepiproct equilaterally triangular when seen from side, the caudal parts of the ventral margins very slightly produced behind; at the inner surface of the lower area of the caudal margin are short black bristles ; coxo- podites slightly produced ; harpagones short, inverted boot- shaped ; aedeagus lobes on each side of the base of filum (spiral filament) long, with truncated apex and irregular outer margins; proctiger cone-shaped, with truncated apex; on the dorsal part of the apex, there is a pair of prominent long processes; the lower process rather long, pointed towards its apex. Holotype ( $ ) : Tien-mu-shan, Chekiang ; July 11, 1936 ; in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Paratypes : 1 $ , same collecting data and same location as holo- type ; in Museum of Comparative Zoology ; 1 $ , same collecting data as holotype ; in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 113 This species, having a light brown wing membrane, differs from Bittacus zoensis n. sp. by its less extended processes in the caudal-ventral portion of the preepiproct. Bittacus carpenteri n. sp. Figures 246, 256, 262, 269, 307 Body light brown; vertex brown, with a deep brown marking enclosing ocelli; rostrum brown. Fore wing: length, 21.5 mm.; width, 5.5 mm. ; narrow, with right angulated apex ; membrane light brown, with several minute dark brown spots, one at the fork where M separates from Cu1} one at the base of Rs, one at the first fork of Rs, one at the fork of R4+5 and one at the cubital crossvein (Cuv) ; veins brown, 1A terminating far before the level of the fork of M ; the distal end of R5 and most of the crossveins are heavily shaded with brown; cubital cross- vein located before the fork of M, no anal crossvein (Av) pres- ent; pterostigma prominent, connected with Rs by two ptero- stigmal crossveins (Pcv). Hind wing: length, 17.5 mm.; width, 4.5 mm. ; similar to fore wings. Male genitalia : preepiproct irregular when seen from side, with a swollen caudal portion which has a very long caudal process ; coxopodites with concave apex ; harpagones very small, inwardly bent ; aedeagus lobes on each side of the base of film (spiral filament) narrowed towards apex, with truncated tips; proctiger very long, slender at the middle portion, with enlarged apex which is furnished with a row of hairs; the lower process very long, pointed towards its apex. Holotype ( $ ) : Mt. Omei (11,000 ft.), Szechwan; July 21, 1935; D. C. Graham; in Museum of Comparative Zoology. I take the liberty to name the species in honor of Professor F. M. Carpenter, who has allowed me to describe the species. This species, having a light brown wing membrane, is easily distinguished from the other described Bittacus by the apex of the wing forming nearly a right angle and the long posterior processes of the preepiproct. The very long and slender proctiger and lower process also make its recognition easy. 114 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY BlTTACUS GRESSITTT 1L sp. Figures 236, 254, 260, 266, 312 Body deep brown ; vertex blaek anteriorly ; reddish brown posteriorly ; rostrum blackish brown. Fore wing : length, 23.8 mm. ; width, 5.3 mm. ; membrane light brown, with some ill- defined reddish brown shadows along the margin of the apical portion of wing; markings minute, blackish brown, one at the fork where M separates from Cuj, one at the base of Rs and one at the first fork of Rs ; veins brown ; 1 A terminating at the level of the fork of M, crossveins rather heavilv shaded with brown, cubital crossvein (Cuv) located a little beyond the fork of M, no anal crossvein (Av) present; pterostigma rather prom- inent, connected with Rs by two pterostigmal crossveins (Pcv). Hind wing: length, 21 mm.; width, 5 mm.; similar to fore wings. Male genitalia : preepiproct U-shaped when seen from dorsal side, apparently emarginate at the tip, lower parts of this emargination much produced and not so curved inwards as in Bittacus chujoi Issiki and Cheng; upper parts short and thick; both the lower and upper parts are furnished with short black bristles on the interior sides; harpagones longer than that of chujoi, with broad bases, rounded tips and small inner processes; aedeagus lobes on each side of the base of filum (spiral filament) slender, pointed towards apex in caudal view; proctiger with its posterior half bent upward ; apex truncated, with only very minute hairs; close to the apex there is a prominent side lobe covered with many soft hairs. Lower process short, but apparently present. Holotype ( $ ) : Yim-na-shan, E. Kwangtung ; June 12, 1936 ; L. Gressitt; in Museum of Comparative Zoology. Paratypes: 5 9 9 , same type locality and deposition as holotype ; June 12-17, 1936; L. Gressitt; in Museum of Comparative Zoology. This species is named in honor of the collector, Dr. L. Gressitt. It resembles Bittacus corcanus Issiki in the structure of the preepiproct, but these two species are at once distinguished by the color of the wing membrane and the body size. This species is also closely allied to B. chujoi Issiki and Cheng from Formosa. The preepiprocts of these two species have nearly the same shape when seen from the side. In gressitti, however, the lower CHENG: REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 1 1 ~i margins of the preepiproct are wholly (not just partly, i.e.. caudally, as in chujoi) folded outward and the lower process is much longer and extends straighter than that of chujoi. Be- sides this, the bare apex of the proctiger of this species is quite easy to distinguish from that of chujoi, which has an apical bundle of long hairs. *£■> Bittacus sinicus Issiki Figures 238, 245, 249, 264, 311 Bittacus sinicus Issiki, 1931, Ann. Ma?. Nat. Hist., (10)7:221, fi«. 2. Head and rostrum blackish brown, posterior part of vertex paler; dorsum of thorax blackish brown, meso- and metathorax with a pale median longitudinal streak, scutella pale; abdomen blackish brown, becoming blackish towards apex, except the preepiproct (9th tergite), which is pale brown. Fore wing: length, 17.5-19.3 mm. ; width, 5 mm. ; rather narrow, dilated posteriorly, apex obtusely angulated, hind margin conspicuously sinuate at the end of Cu ; membrane brownish, apical margin darker ; markings appear as four flecks, one at M, where it sep- arates from Ciii, one at the base of Rs, one at the first fork of Rp, and one at ending of Cu2 ; 1A terminating on anal margin before the level of the form of M, crossveins (except in basal part of wing) shaded with blackish brown; three of these fall in a line from fork of Rj + C to near the end of Cu1 ; passing the fork of M3+!, their shading forms a narrow transverse streak; cubital crossvein (Cuv) a little before the fork of M, anal cross- vein (Av) present; pterostigma rather short, not very prom- inent, connected with R2+3 by two pterostigmal crossveins (Pcv). Hind wing: length, 15.5-17.5 mm.; width, 4.5 mm.; simi- lar to fore wing. Male genitalia: preepiproct with deep U-shaped inner margins, when seen from above, with rounded apex, viewed laterally, snbquadrangular, upper and lower margin slightly concave, distal margin slightly convex, oblique and without cleft, furnished with a series of short black bristles along its inner sides ; posterior end of coxopodites extending upward for a con- siderable distance, with emarginate apex ; harpagones broad basally, narrow distally, with prominent inner process ; aedeagus lobes on each side of the base of filum (spiral filament) short, 116 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY rather broad, rounded at apex; proctiger narrow, with tooth- like apex, furnished with a bundle of hairs; the lower process broad basally, narrowed towards apex. Type ( $ ) : Mt. Omei (4500 ft.) Szechwan, July 17, 1929 (Collector unknown) ; in Issiki Collection, Tokyo. Distribution : same as type ; Jihti (30 miles east of Tachienlu), Sikang, Sept. 2, 1939 (F. Y. Cheng). This species, having a brownish wing membrane, differs from other described Bittacus by its subquadrangular preepiproct (in side view) and its rather small body size. Bittacus pieli Navas Figures 242, 243, 250, 261, 308 Bittacus pieli Navas, 1935, Notes d'Ent. Chin. Mus. Heude, 2(5) :99, fig. 63. Id., 1936, Notes, d'Ent. Chin. Mus. Heude, 3(4) :59, fig. 74. Body dull brown ; vertex with black marking enclosing ocelli ; rostrum blackish brown. Fore wing : length, 22 mm. ; width, 4.8 mm.; narrow and slender, with obtusely angulated apex; membrane light brown, markings grayish brown ; of these mark- ings three are prominent, one at the fork where M separates from Cuj, one at the base of Rs and one at the first fork of Rs; the apical portion of the hind margin and the apex of wing heavily shaded with grayish brown; veins brown; 1A terminat- ing on anal margin a little before the level of the fork of M, all the crossveins heavily shaded with grayish brown, cubital cross- vein (Cuv) located a little before the fork of M, anal crossvein (Av) present; pterostigma prominent, connected with Es by two pterostigmal crossveins (Pcv). Hind wing: length, 19.5-20 mm.; width, 4.6 mm.; similar to fore wings. Male genitalia: preepiproct with irregular dorsal margin and inwardly curved rounded apex when seen from side; the median inner side of the preepiproct furnished with two lobes, the dorsal one more or less elongate, with two or three short black bristles, coxopo- dites slightly produced upward, with emarginated apex; harpa- gones short, with rounded tips, the median outer margins slightly convex ; aedeagus lobes on each side of the base of filum (spiral filament ) rather short, with gently rounded outer margin and obtuse tips; proctiger narrowed towards apex, furnished with CHENG : REVISION OF THE CHINESE MECOPTERA 117 a bundle of brown hairs ; the lower process rather short, broad basally, pointed towards its apex. Types ($, 9): Kuling, Kiangsi, Sept. 19, 1934 (Piel) ; in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Distribution : same as type. This species, having a light brown wing membrane, differs from the other described Bittacus by the peculiar shape of the preepiproct, which has an irregular dorsal margin and an in- wardly curved rounded apex when seen from the side. The slender and heavily marked wing also makes its recognition easy. BIBLIOGEAPHY Carpenter, F. M. 1931. Revision of the Nearctic Meeoptera. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72:205-277. 1938. Meeoptera from China, with descriptions of new species. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 40(9) : 267-281. 1940. A new genus of Meeoptera from Tasmania. Pap. and Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1940:51-53. 1945. Panorpidae from China (Meeoptera). Psyche, 52(1-2) : 70-78. 1948. Notes on Chinese Panorpidae (Meeoptera). Psyche, 55:28-30. Cheng, F. Y. 1949. New species of Meeoptera from Northwest China. Psyche, 56:139-173. Esben-Petersen, P. 1921. Meeoptera. Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys Longchamps. Catalogue systematique et descriptif. Bruxelles, 1921:1-172. 1927. New and little-known species of Meeoptera and Neuroptera in the Zoological Museum of Helsingfors. Notul. Ent., 7:13-18. 1934. Two new species of Panorpa Linn. (Meeoptera). Videnak. Medd. Dansk Naturh. Foren., 97:211-213. Issiki, S. 1927. New and rare species of Meeoptera from Corea, Formosa and Japan. Insecta Matsum., Sapporo, 2:1-12. 1929. Descriptions of new species of the genus Panorpa from Japan and Formosa. Journ. Soc. Trop. Agric, 1:182-191. 1929. Descriptions of new Meeoptera from the Japanese Empire. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc, Formosa, 19(102) :260-314. 1931. Two new species of scorpion flies (order Meeoptera). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (10)7:219-222. 118 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 1933. Morphological studies on the Panorpidae of Japan and adjoin- ing countries and comparison with American and European forms. Jap. Journ. Zool., Tokyo, 4:315-416. Issiki, S. and F. Y. Cheng 1947. Formosan Mecoptera with descriptions of new species. Mem. Coll. Agric. Nat. Taiwan Univ., 1(4) : 1-17. Lieftinck, M. A. 1936. Studies in Oriental Mecoptera. I. The genus Leptopanorpa in Malaysia. Treubia, Buitenzorg, 15:271-320. McLachan, R. 1894. On two small collections of Neuroptera from Tachienlu, in the province of Szechwan, western China, on the frontier of Tibet. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6)13:421-436. MlYAKE, T. 1908. A list of Panorpidae of Japan, with descriptions of ten new species. Bull. Coll. Agric. Tokyo Imp. Univ., 8(1):1-12. 1913. Studies on the Mecoptera of Japan. Journ. Coll. Agric. Univ. Tokyo, 4:265-400. Navas, L. 1908. Neuropteros nuevos. Mem. Real. Acad. Cienc. Art, Barcelona, 1908:406-417. 1931. Decadas de insectos nuevos. Rev. Acad. Cienc. Madrid, 26:75. 1934. Nevroptferes et insectes voisins. Notes d'Ent. Chin. Mus. Heude, 2:95-99. Okamoto, H. 1925. The Mecoptera of Korea. Bull. Agric. Expt. Sta. Gov. Chosen, Suigen Korea, 2(1) :l-8. Tjeder, B. 1936. Schwedisch-chinesisehe wissenschaftliche Expedition nach den nordwestlichen Provinzen Chinas. 51. Mecoptera. Ark. for Zool., 27(A) -.1-14. 1950. Mecopteren aus Fukien. Bonn Zool. Beitr., 1950(2-4) :286-290. VVu, C. P. 1937. Catalogus insectorum sinensium. Peiping, 3:1263-1269. JNDEX OF FAMILIES, GENERA AND SPECIES Synonyms are printed in italics angustipennis, 60 apicata, 77 appendieulatus, 106 A ulops, 4 interrupta, 46 a urea, 43 banksi, 92 baohwashana, 38 Bittaeidae, 102 Bittacus, 102 appendieulatus, 106 earpenteri, 113 eoreanus, 10S gressitti, 114 pieli, 116 planus, 110 quaternipunetatus, J 07 sinensis, lOii sinicus, 115 strategus, 107 tienmushana, 112 triangularis, 109 zoensis, 111 honis, 58 brisi, 79 ( a mpodotecn urn, 60 javanicwm, 10U cantonensis, 93 earpenteri (Bittaeus), 113 carpenteri ( Xeopanorpa ) , 9s earpenteri (Panorpa), 55 cavaleriei, 83, 98 caveata, 07 centralis, 20 chaoi, 96 chelate, 82 cheni, 35 choui, 77 cladocerca, 31 claripennis, 72 coomani, 45 eoreanus, 108 cornigera, 58 curva, 43 davidi, 25, 59 diceras, 15, 16, 19 difficilis, 29 dimidiate, 94 Diplostigma, 102 sinensc, 107 tlyscola, 46 emarginata, 22 Estenella, 4 Havicorporis, 33 llavipennis, 24 fructa, 30 f'ukiensis, 41 grahamana, 54 grahami, 15 gressitti, 114 guttata, 59 hageni, 46 Haplodictyus, 102 heii, 80 Rimanturella, 99 huangshana, 70 implicata, 37 interrupta, 46 irregularis, 46 japonica, 46 javanica, 10U javanicum, 100 kimminsi, 19 klapperiehi, 52 kwangtsehi, 80 lacunaris, 84 latipeunis, 97 leei, 53 Leptobittaeus, 102 Leptopanorpa, 99 brisi, 79 javanica, 100 leucothyria, 46 lutea, 51 maai, 90 macrogaster, 46 mutabilis, 88 Neopanorpa, 60, 99 apicata, 77 banksi, 92 brisi, 79 cantonensis, 93 carpenteri, 98 cavaleriei, 83, 98 caveata, 67 chaoi, 96 chelata, 82 choui, 77 elaripennis, 72 dimidiata, 94 heii, 80 huangshana, 70 kwangtsehi, 80 lacunaris, 84 latipennis, 97 maai, 90 mutabilis, 88 nigritis, 74 ovata, 89 parva, 95 pielina, 86 pilosa, 74 pulchra, 95 taoi, 73 tienmushana, 69 translucida, 85 validipennis, 76 varia, 92 nigritis, 74 niphonensis, 46 obliqua, 36 obtusa, 23 ovata, 89 Panorpa, 4 aurea, 43 baohwashana, 38 bonis, 58 carpenteri, 55 centralis, 20 cheni, 35 cladocerca, 31 coomani, 45 cornigera, 58 curva, 43 davidi, 25, 59 diceras, 15, 16, 19 difficilis, 29 dyscola, 46 emarginata, 22 flavicorporis, 33 flavipennis, 24 fructa, 30 fukiensis, 41 grahami, 15 grahamana, 54 guttata, 59 hageni, 46 implicata, 37 irregularis, 46 japonica, 46 japonica macrogaster, 46 javanica, 100 kimminsi, 19 klapperichi, 52 leei, 53 leucothyria, 46 lutea, 51 macrogaster, 46 niphonensis, 46 obliqua, 36 obtusa, 23 pieli, 57 pulchra, 46 pusilla, 57 r.ectifasciata, 46 semifasciata, 53 sexspinosa, 49 sinanoensis, 46 statura, 56 stigmalis, 27 stotzneri, 18 tetrazonia, 48 tincta, 50 tjederi, 16 trifasciata, 32 typicoides, 40 waongkehzengi, 28 Panorpidae, 2 parva, 95 pieli (Bittacus), 116 pieli (Panorpa), 57 pielina, 86 pilosa, 74 planus, 110 pulchra, 46 pulchra, 95 pusilla, 57 quaternipunctatxis, 107 rectifasciata, 46 semifasciata, 53 sexspinosa, 49 sinanoensis, 46 sinense, 107 sinensis, 106 sinieus, 115 statura, 56 stigmalis, 27 stotzneri, 18 strategus, 107 taoi, 73 tetrazonia, 48 Thyridates, 102 tienmushana (Bittacus), 112 tienmushana (Neopanorpa), 69 tincta, 50 tjederi, 16 translucida, 85 triangularis, 109 trifasciata, 32 typicoides, 40 validipennis, 76 varia, 92 waongkehzengi, 28 zoensis, 111 PLATES PLATE 1 Fig. 1. Panorpa tjederi Carpenter, preepiproct of $ type after B. Tjeder in K. J. Morton Collection, Edinburgh. Fig. 2. Panorpa diceras McLachlan, preepiproct of $ type after F. M. Carpenter in British Museum (Natural History). Fig. 3. Panorpa flavipennis Carpenter, preepiproct of $ holotype, in U. S. National Museum. Fig. 4. Panorpa kimminsi Carpenter, preepiproct of S paratype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 5. Panorpa centralis Tjeder, preepiproct of S holotype in Stockholm Museum. Fig. 6. Panorpa tjederi Carpenter, genital bulb of $ type after B. Tjeder in K. J. Morton Collection, Edinburgh. Fig. 7. Panorpa dic.eras McLachlan, genital bulb of $ type after F. M. Carpenter in British Museum (Natural History). Fig. 8. Panorpa stotzneri Esben-Petersen, genital bulb of $ type after Esben-Petersen in Staatl. Museum fiir Tier- und Volkerkunde, Dresden. Fig. 9. Panorpa kimminsi Carpenter, genital bulb of $ paratype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 10. Panorpa centralis Tjeder, genital bulb of $ holotype in Stock- holm Museum. Fig. 11. Panorpa flavipennis Carpenter, genital bulb of $ holotype, in U. S. National Museum. 10 1 1 PLATE 1 PLATE 2 Fig. 12. Panorpa tjederi Carpenter, 9th abdominal segment of 9 typo (lateral view) after B. Tjeder in K. J. Morton Collection, Edinburgh. Fig. 13. Panorpa flavipennis Carpenter, 6th abdominal segment (lateral view) of $ holotype, in U. S. National Museum. Fig. 14. Panorpa tjederi Carpenter, subgenital plate of 9 type after B. Tjeder in K. J. Morton Collection, Edinburg. Fig. 15. Panorpa stotzneri Esben-Petersen, subgenital plate of 9 type after B. Tjeder in Esben-Petersen Collection, Silkeborg. Fig. 16. Panorpa Tcimminsi Carpenter, subgenital plate of 9 paratype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 17. Panorpa tjederi Carpenter, internal skeleton of 9 type after B. Tjeder in K. J. Morton Collection, Edinburgh. Fig. 18. Panorpa .stotzneri Esben-Petersen, internal skeleton of 9 type after B. Tjeder in Esben-Petersen Collection, Silkeborg. Fig. 19. Panorpa Tcimminsi Carpenter, internal skeleton of 9 paratype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 20. Panoi-pa centralis Tjeder, internal skeleton of 9 allotype in Stockholm Museum. Fig. 21. Panorpa centralis Tjeder, subgenital plate of 9 allotype in Stockholm Museum. Fig. 22. Panorpa flavipennis Carpenter, subgenital plate of 9 allotype, in U. S. National Museum. Fig. 23. Panorpa flavipennis Carpenter, internal skeleton of 9 allotype, in U. S. National Museum. Fig. 24. Panorpa emarginata Cheng, internal skeleton of 9 allotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 25. Panorpa emarginata Cheng, subgenital plate of 9 allotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. 12 13 15 PLATE 3 Fig. 26. Panorpa typicoides Cheng, preepiprcxrt of £ holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 27. Panorpa emarginata Cheng, preepiproct of $ holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 28. Panorpa obtusa Cheng, preepiproct of $ holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 29. Panorpa fructa Cheng, preepiproct of $ holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 30. Panorpa stigmalis Navas, preepiproct of $ holotype after Esben- Petersen in Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Fig. 31. Panorpa emarginata Cheng, genital bulb of £ holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 32. Panorpa emarginata Cheng, genital bulb of £ holotype, showing acdeagus, in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 33. Panorpa stigmalis Navas, genital bulb of £ holotype after Esben-Petersen in Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Fig. 34. Panorpa obtusa Cheng, genital bulb of £ holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 35. Panorpa fructa Cheng, genital bulb of $ holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 36. Panorpa typicoides Cheng, genital bulb of $ holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 37. Panorpa obtusa Cheng, genital bulb of £ holotype, showing aedeagus, in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 38. Panorpa fructa Cheng, genital bulb of 6 holotype, showing aedeagus, in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 39. Panorpa typicoides Cheng, genital bulb of $ holotype, showing aedeagus, in M. C. Z., Cambridge. PLATE PLATE 4 Fig. 40. Panorpa trifasciata n. sp., preepiproct of $ holotype in Museum of Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 41. Panorpa cladocerca Navas, preepiproct of S paratype in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 42. Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, preepiproct of 6 holotype in IT. S. National Museum. Fig. 43. Panorpa waongkchzcngi Navas, preepiproct of $ paratype, in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 4i. Panorpa obliqua Carpenter, preepiproct of o holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 45. Panorpa obliqua Carpenter, genital bulb of 8 holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 46. Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, genital bulb of S holotype in U. S. National Museum. Fig. 47. Panorpa waongkehzengi Navas, genital bulb of £ paratype, showing aedeagus, in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 48. Panorpa waonglcehzengi Navas, genital bulb of $ paratype, in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 49. Panorpa trifasciata n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 50. Panorpa trifasciata n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype, showing aedeagus, in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 51. Panorpa cladocerca Navas, genital bulb of $ paratype in Heude Museum, Shanghai. 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 51 PLATE 5 Fig. 52. Panorpa curva Carpenter, genital bulb of $ holotype in U. S. National Museum. Fig. 53. Panorpa curva Carpenter, preepiproet of $ holotype in U. S. National Museum. Fig. 5-4. Panorpa fuTciensis Tjeder, preepiproet of $ holotype in Museum A. Koenig, Bonn. Fig. 55. Panorpa aurea n. sp., preepiproet of S holotype in Maa Collec- tion, Taipeh. Fig. 56. Panorpa cheni n. sp., preepiproet of $ holotype in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Fig. 57. Panorpa davidi Navas, genital bulb of $ holotype after F. M. Carpenter in Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Fig. 58. Panorpa fuTciensis Tjeder, genital bulb of $ holotype after B. Tjeder in Museum A. Koenig, Bonn. Fig. 59. Panorpa flavicorporis n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype in Museum of National Fooehow University, Foochow. Fig. 60. Panorpa flavicorporis n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype, show- ing aedeagus, in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 61. Panorpa aurea n. sp., genital bulb of 3 holotype, showing aedeagus, in Maa Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 62. Panorpa aurea n. sp., genital bulb of S holotype, in Maa Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 63. Panorpa coomani n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype in Heude Museum, Shanghai. 52 53 54 55 61 63 PLATE 6 Fig. 64. Panorpa trifasciata n. sp., subgenital plate of 9 allotype in Maa Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 65. Panorpa trifasciata n. sp., internal skeleton of 9 allotype in Maa Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 66. Panorpa typicoides Cheng, subgenital plate of 9 allotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 67. Panorpa typicoides Cheng, internal skeleton of 9 allotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 68. Panorpa cladocerca Navas, internal skeleton of 9 paratype in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 69. Panorpa flavicorporis n. sp., internal skeleton of 9 allotype in Maa Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 70. Panorpa fukiensis Tjeder, subgenital plate of 9 allotype after B. Tjeder in Museum A. Koenig, Bonn. Fig. 71. Panorpa fukiensis Tjeder, internal skeleton of 9 allotype after B. Tjeder in Museum A. Koenig, Bonn. Fig. 72. Panorpa waongkelizengi Navas, subgenital plate of 9 paratype, in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 73. Panorpa waongkehzengi Navas, internal skeleton of 9 paratype, in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 74. Panorpa cladocerca Navas, subgenital plate of 9 paratype in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 75. Panorpa flavicorporis n. sp., subgenital plate of 9 allotype in Maa Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 76. Panorpa aurea n. sp., subgenital plate of 9 allotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 77. Panorpa aurea n. sp., internal skeleton of 9 allotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. PLATE 6 PLATE 7 Fig. 78. Panorpa tincta Navas, 6th to 8th abdominal segments of $ holotype after Navas in Hamburg Museum. Fig. 79. Panorpa coomani n. sp., preepiproct of S holotype in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 80. Panorpa flavieorporis n. sp., preepiproct of $ holotype, in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 81. Panorpa sexspinosa Cheng, preepiproct of <$ holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 82. Panorpa baohwashana n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype, showing aedeagus, in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Siniea, Shanghai. Fig. 83. Panorpa baohwashana n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Siniea, Shanghai. Fig. 84. Panorpa baohwashana n. sp., preepiproct of $ holotype in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Siniea, Shanghai. Fig. 85. Panorpa japonica Thunberg, preepiproct of $ identified speci- men in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 8G. Panorpa cheni n. sp., genital bulb of £ holotype in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Siniea, Shanghai. Fig. 87. Panorpa sexspinosa Cheng, genital bulb of <$ holotype in Cheng i 'olleetion, Taipeh. Fig. 8S. Panorpa cheni n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype, showing aedeagus, in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Siniea, Shanghai. Fig. 89. Panorpa sexspinosa Cheng, genital bulb of $ holotype, showing aedeagus, in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 90. Panorpa japonica Thunberg, genital bulb of 6 identified speci- men in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. PLATE PLATE 8 Fig. 91. Panorpa telrasonia Navas, genital bulb of $ identified speci men in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 92. Panorpa tetrazonia Navas, preepiproct of $ identified specimen in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 93. Panorpa tetrazonia Navas, subgenital plate of 9 identified specimen in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 94. Panorpa tetrazonia Navas, internal skeleton of 9 identified specimen in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 95. Panorpa cheni n. sp., subgenital plate of 9 allotype in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Fig. 96. Panorpa cheni n. sp., internal skeleton of 9 allotype in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Fig. 97. Panorpa obliqua Carpenter, subgenital plate of 9 allotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 98. Panorpa obliqua Carpenter, internal skeleton of 9 allotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 99. Panorpa implicate/, n. sp., subgenital plate of 9 holotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 100. Panorpa japonica Thunberg, internal skeleton of 9 identified specimen in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 101. Panorpa baohwasliana n. sp., subgenital plate of 9 allotype in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Fig. 102. Panorpa bonis Cheng, subgenital plate of 9 holotype after B. Tjeder in Stockholm Museum. Fig. 103. Panorpa implicata n. sp., internal skeleton of 9 holotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 104. Panarpa japonica Thunberg, subgenital plate of 9 identified specimen in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 105. Panorpa baohicashana n. sp., internal skeleton of 9 allotype in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Fig. 106. Panorpa bonis Cheng, internal skeleton of 9 holotype after B. Tjeder in Stockholm Museum. 98 102 PLATE 8 PLATE 9 Fig. 107. Panorpa lutca Carpenter, subgenital plate of 9 hole-type in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 108. Panorpa grahamana n. sp., subgenital plate of 9 holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 109. Panorpa statura Cheng, subgenital plate of 9 holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 110. Panorpa statura Cheng, internal skeleton of 9 holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 111. Panorpa pieli n. sp., subgenital plate of 9 holotype in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 112. Panorpa lutea Carpenter, internal skeleton of 9 holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 113. Panorpa semifaseiata Cheng, subgenital plate of 9 holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 114. Panorpa semifaseiata Cheng, internal skeleton of 9 holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 115. Panorpa grahamana n. sp., internal skeleton of 9 holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 116. Panorpa carpenteri n. sp., internal skeleton of 9 holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 117. Panorpa pieli n. sp., internal skeleton of 9 holotype in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 118. Panorpa pusilla Cheng, internal skeleton of 9 holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 119. Panorpa pusilla Cheng, subgenital plate of 9 holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 120. Panorpa Mapperichi Tjeder, internal skeleton (ventral view) of 9 holotype after B. Tjeder in Museum A. Koenig, Bonn. Fig. 121. Panorpa Mapperichi Tjeder, internal skeleton (lateral view) of 9 holotype after B. Tjeder in Museum A. Koenig, Bonn. Fig. 122. Panorpa semifaseiata Cheng, ventral view of last few abdominal segments of 9 holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 123. Panorpa sexspinosa Cheng, subgenital plate of 9 allotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 124. Panorpa sexspinosa Cheng, internal skeleton of 9 allotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 125. Panorpa leei Cheng, subgenital plate of 9 holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 126. Panorpa Jclapperichi Tjeder, subgenital plate of 9 holotype after B. Tjeder in Museum A. Koenig, Bonn. Fig. 127. Panorpa leei Cheng, internal skeleton of 9 holotype in. M. C. Z.. Cambridge. PLATE 10 Fig. 128. Neopanorpa caveata n. sp., median process of the 3rd abdominal tergite of $ holotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 129. Neopanorpa caveata n. sp., preepiproct of $ holotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 130. Neopanorpa tienmushana n. sp., preepiproct of $ holotype in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Fig. 131. Neopanorpa claripennis Carpenter, preepiproct of $ paratype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 132. Neopanorpa claripennis Carpenter, median process of the 3rd abdominal tergite of $ paratype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 133. Neopanorpa caveata n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 134. Neopanorpa tienmushana n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Fig. 135. Neopanorpa huangshana n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Fig. 136. Neopanorpa claripennis Carpenter, genital bulb of $ paratype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 137. Neopanorpa caveata n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype, showing aedeagus, in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 138. Neopanorpa tienmushana n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype, showing aedeagus, in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Fig. 139. Neopanorpa huangshana n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype, showing aedeagus, in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Fig. 140. Neopanorpa claripennis Carpenter, genital bulb of $ paratype, showing aedeagus, in M. C. Z., Cambridge. PLATE 11 Fig. 141. Neopanorpa mutabilis n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 142. Neopanorpa mutabilis n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype, show ing aedeagus, in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 143. Neopanorpa maai n. sp., genital bulb of £ holotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 144. Neopanorpa maai n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype, showing aedeagus, in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 145. Neopanorpa validipennis Cheng, genital bulb of S holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 146. Neopanorpa validipennis Cheng, genital bulb of 8 holotype, showing aedeagus, in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 147. Neopanorpa translucida n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype, showing aedeagus, in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 148. Neopanorpa translucida n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 149. Neopanorpa ovata n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype in Maa Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 150. Neopanorpa ovata n. sp., genital bulb of $ holotype, showing aedeagus, in Maa Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 151. Neopanorpa pielin-a Navas, genital bulb of S paratype in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 152. Neopanorpa pielina Navas, genital bulb of $ paratype, showing aedeagus, in Heude Museum, Shanghai. 141 142 143 144 149 150 151 PLATE 11 152 PLATE 12 Fig. 153. Neopanorpa choui Cheng, subgenital plate of $ allotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 154. Neopanorpa choui Cheng, internal skeleton of ? allotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 155. Neopanorpa choui Cheng, median process of 3rd abdominal tergite (lateral view) of $ holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 156. Neopanorpa heii Cheng, preepiproct of $ holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 158. Neopanorpa taoi Cheng, genital bulb of o holotype, showing aedeagus in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 159. Neopanorpa taoi Cheng, preepiproct of 6 holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 160. Neopanorpa taoi Cheng, median process of 3rd abdominal tergite (lateral view) of $ holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 161. Neopanorpa choui Cheng, preepiproct of $ holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 162. Neopanorpa heii Cheng, genital bulb of $ holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 163. Neopanorpa heii Cheng, genital bulb of $ holotype, showing aedeagus, in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 164. Neopanorpa choui Cheng, genital bulb of $ holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 165. Neopanorpa choui Cheng, genital bulb of S holotype, showing aedeagus, in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. 163 164 PLATE 12 165 PLATE 13 Fig. 166. Neopanorpa huangshana n. sp., subgenital plate of 9 allotype in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Fig. 167. Neopanorpa tienmushana n. sp., subgenital plate of 9 allotype in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Fig. 168. Neopanorpa claripennis Carpenter, subgenital plate of 9 paratype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 169. Neopanorpa chelata Carpenter, subgenital plate of 9 paratype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 170. Neopanorpa huangshana n. sp., internal skeleton of 9 allotype in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Fig. 171 Neopanorpa tienmushana n. sp., internal skeleton of 9 allotype in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Fig. 172. Neopanorpa claripennis Carpenter, internal skeleton of 9 para- type in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 173. Neopanorpa chelata Carpenter, internal skeleton of 9 paratype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 174. Neopanorpa chaoi n. sp., subgenital plate of 9 holotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 175. Neopanorpa cantonensis n. sp., subgenital plate of 9 holotype in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 176. Neopanorpa carpenteri n. sp., subgenital plate of 9 holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 177. Neopanorpa banlcsi Carpenter, subgenital plate of 9 holotype in U. S. National Museum. Fig. 178. Neopanorpa chaoi n. sp., internal skeleton of 9 holotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 179. Neopanorpa cantonensis n. sp., internal skeleton of 9 holotype in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 180. Neopanorpa carpenteri n. sp., internal skeleton of 9 holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 181. Neopanorpa banksi Carpenter, internal skeleton of 9 holotype in U. S. National Museum. Fig. 182. Neopanorpa pulchra Carpenter, subgenital plate of 9 holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 183. Neopanorpa pulchra Carpenter, internal skeleton of 9 holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 184. Neopanorpa parva Carpenter, subgenital plate of 9 holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 185. Neopanorpa parva Carpenter, internal skeleton of 9 holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. 170 172 178 179 183 184 PLATE 13 181 185 PLATE 14 Fig. 186. Neopanorpa chelata Carpenter, preepiproct of S paratype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 187. Neopanorpa ovata n. sp., preepiproct of $ holotype in Maa Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 188. Neopanorpa bri-si Navas, last few abdominal segments of $ bolotype by Navas in Navas Collection. Fig. 189. Neopanorpa 'nigritis Carpenter, preepiproct (dorsal view) of $ paratype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 190. Neopanorpa nigritis Carpenter, preepiproct (lateral view) of £ paratype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 191. Neopanorpa nigritis Carpenter, genital bulb of $ paratype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 192. Neopanorpa pilosa Carpenter, preepiproct of $ holotype in U. S. National Museum. Fig. 193. Neopanorpa pilosa Carpenter, genital bulb of $ holotype in U. S. National Museum. Fig. 194. Neopanorpa dhelata Carpenter, genital bulb of $ paratype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 195. Neopanorpa chelata Carpenter, genital bulb of S paratype, showing aedeagus, in M. C. Z., Cambridge. 193 194 PLATE 14 195 PLATE 15 Fig. 196. Neopanorpa maai n. sp., subgenital plate of 5 allotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 197. Neopanorpa translucida n. sp., subgenital plate of 9 allotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 198. Neopanorpa Tcwangtschi n. sp., subgenital plate of 9 holotype in Maa Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 199. Neopanorpa latipennis Cheng, subgenital plate of 9 holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 200. Neopanorpa maai n. sp., internal skeleton of 9 allotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 201. Neopanorpa translucida n. sp., internal skeleton of 9 allotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 202. Neopanorpa Tcwangtsehi n. sp., internal skeleton of 9 holotype in Maa Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 203. Neopanorpa latipennis Cheng, internal skeleton of 9 holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig 204. Neopanorpa cavcata n. sp., internal skeleton of 9 allotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 205. Neopanorpa mutabUis n. sp., internal skeleton of 9 allotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 206. Neopanorpa plelina Navas, internal skeleton of 9 paratype in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 207. Neopanorpa 'nigritis Carpenter, internal skeleton of 9 paratype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 208. Neopanorpa caveata n. sp., subgenital plate of 9 allotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 209. Neopanorpa mutabilis n. sp., subgenital plate of 9 allotype in Museum of National Foochow University, Foochow. Fig. 210. Neopanorpa pielina Navas, subgenital plate of 9 paratype in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 211. Neopanorpa nigritis Carpenter, subgenital plate of 9 paratype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 212. Neopanorpa heii Cheng, internal skeleton of 9 allotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 213. Neopanorpa heii Cheng, subgenital plate of 9 allotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 214. Neopanorpa varia Cheng, internal skeleton of 9 holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 215. Neopanorpa varia Cheng, subgenital plate of 9 holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. 205 204 202 206 207 209 214 PLATE 15 PLATE 16 Fig. 216. Neo-panorpa ehelata Carpenter, median process of the 3rd abdominal tergite of $ paratype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 217. Neopanorpa validipennis Cheng, median process of 3rd al> dominal tergite (dorsal view) of S holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 218. Neopanorpa translucida n. sp., median process of the 3rd ab- dominal tergite of S holotype in Museum of National Fooehow University, Fooehow. Fig. 219. Neopanorpa nigritis Carpenter, median process of 3rd abdominal tergite of $ paratype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 220. Neopanorpa maai n. sp., median process of 3rd abdominal tergite of 6 holotype in Museum of National Fooehow University, Fooehow. Fig. 221. Neopanorpa mutabilis n. sp., median process of 3rd abdominal tergite of $ holotype in Museum of National Fooehow University, Foo- ehow. Fig. 222. Neopanorpa validipennis Cheng, median process of 3rd ab- dominal tergite (lateral view) of $ holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 223. Neopanorpa translucida n. sp., preepiproet of $ holotype in Museum of National Fooehow University, Fooehow. Fig. 224. Neopanorpa maai n. sp., preepiproet of $ holotype in Museum of National Fooehow University, Fooehow. Fig. 225. Neopanorpa pielind Navas, preepiproet of S paratype in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 226. Neopanorpa mutabilis n. sp., preepiproet of $ holotype in Museum of National Fooehow University, Fooehow. Fig. 227. Neopanorpa validipennis Cheng, preepiproet of 6 holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 228. Leptopanorpa javanica OVestwood), genital bulb of 6 identi tied specimen from Noesa Kambangan, Java, after Lieftinck in Esben- Petersen Collection, Silkeborg. Fig. 229. Leptopanorpa javanica (Westwood), internal skeleton of 9 identified specimen from Noesa Kambangan, Java, after Lieftinck. Fig. 230. Bittacus appindiculatus Esben-Petersen, genital segment of $ type after Esben-Petersen in his collection. Silkeborg. 216 217 220 218 221 \ S 219 122 A 223 224 225 226 o 227 228 229 230 PLATE 16 PLATE 17 Fig. 231. Bittacus zoensis n. sp., genital segment (lateral view) of<5 holotype in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 232. Bittacus tienmushana n. sp., genital segment (lateral view) of $ holotype in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Fig. 233. Bittacus triangularis Issiki, genital segment (lateral view) of 3 identified specimen from Keizyo, Korea, in Issiki Collection, Tokyo. Fig. 234. Bittacus coreanus Issiki, genital segment (lateral view) of 3 identified specimen from Keizyo, Korea, in Issiki Collection, Tokyo. Fig. 235. Bittacus sinensis Walker, genital segment (lateral view) of 3 identified specimen from Chusan, Chekiang, in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 236. Bittacus gressitti n. sp., genital segment (lateral view) of 3 holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. 233 PLATE 18 Fig. 237. Bittacus sinensis Walker, proctiger and lower process of 6 identified specimen from Chusan, Chekiang, in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 238. Bittacus sinicus Issiki, proctiger and lower process of & identified specimen from Jihti, Sikang, in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 239. Bittacus planus Cheng, proctiger and lower process of & holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 240. Bittacus coreanus Issiki, proctiger and lower process of & identified specimen from Keizyo, Korea, in Issiki Collection, Tokyo. Fig. 241. Bittacus triangularis Issiki, proctiger and lower process of $ identified specimen from Keizyo, Korea, in Issiki Collection, Tokyo. Fig. 242. Bittacus pieli Navas, proctiger and lower process of $ paratype in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 243. Bittacus pieli Navas, genital segment (lateral view) of 6 paratype in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 244. Bittacus planus Cheng, genital segment (lateral view) of 6 holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 245. Bittacus sinicus Issiki, genital segment (lateral view) of $ identified specimen from Jihti, Sikang in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 246. Bittacus carpenteri n. sp., genital segment (lateral view) of o holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. PLATE 18 PLATE 19 Fig, 247. Bittacus coreanus Issiki, genital segment (caudal view) of & identified specimen from Keizyo, Korea, in Issiki Collection, Tokyo. Fig. 248. Bittacus planus Cheng, genital segment (caudal view) of j hole-type in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 249. Bittacus sinicus Issiki, genital segment (caudal view) of 6 identified specimen from Jihti, Sikang in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 250. Bittacus pieli Navas, genital segment (caudal view) of $ paratype in Ileude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 251. Bittacus coreanus Issiki, preepiproct of - identified specimen from Keizyo, Korea, in Issiki Collection, Tokyo. Fig. 252. Bittacus triangularis Issiki, preepiproct of 6 identified speci men from Keizyo, Korea, in Issiki Collection, Tokyo. Fig. 253. Bittacus soensis n. sp., proctiger and lower process of £ hold type in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 254. Bittacus gressitti n. sp., proctiger and lower process of 6 holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 255. Bittacus situ nsis Walker, preepiproct of S identified specimen from Chusan, Chekiang, in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 256. Bittacus carpenteri n. sp., preepiproct of $ holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge, Fig. 257. Bittacus soensis n. sp., preepiproct of 6 holotype in Ileude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 258. Bittacus planus Cheng, preepiproct of 6 holotype in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig 259. Bittacus tienmushama n. sp., preepiproct of 6 holotype in .Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Fig. 260. Bittacus gressitti n. sp., preepiproct of $ holotype in M. C. Z.. Cambridge. Fig. 261. Bittacus pieli Xavas, preepiproct of $ paratype in Heude Museum, Shanghai. 247 248 249 250 PLATE 20 Fig. 262. Bittacus carpenteri n. sp., proctiger and lower process of $ holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 263. Bittacus tienmushana n. sp., proctiger and lower process of $ holotype in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Fig. 264. Bittacus sinicus Issiki, preepiproct of $ identified specimen from Jihti, Sikang, in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. Fig. 265. Bittacus zoensis n. sp., genital segment (caudal view) of £ holotype in Heude Museum, Shanghai. Fig. 266. Bittacus gressitti n. sp., genital segment (caudal view) of $ holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 267. Bittacus triangularis Issiki, genital segment (caudal view ) of $ identified specimen from Keizyo, Korea, in Issiki Collection, Tokyo. Fig. 268. Bittacus tienmusluina n. sp., genital segment (caudal view) of S holotype in Museum of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Shanghai. Fig. 269. Bittacus carpenteri n. sp., genital segment (caudal view) of $ holotype in M. C. Z., Cambridge. Fig. 270. Bittacus sinensis Walker, genital segment (caudal view) of $ identified specimen from Chusan, Chekiang, in Cheng Collection, Taipeh. 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 PLATE 20 270 PLATE 21 Panorpidae, fore wings Fig. 271. Panorpa Mmminsi Carpenter. Fig. 272. Panorpa oMusa Cheng. Fig. 273. Panorpa cmargbnata Cheng. Fig. 274. Panorpa semifasciata Cheng. Fig. 275. Panorpa leei Cheng. Fig. 276. Panorpa typieoides Cheng. Fig. 277. Panorpa waonglcehzengi Navas. Fig. 278. Panorpa sexspinosa Cheng. Fig. 279. Panorpa statitra Cheng. Fig. 280. Panorpa implicata n. sp. Fig. 281. Panorpa aurea n. sp. Fig. 282. Panorpa coomani n. sp. Fig. 283. Panorpa trifasciata n. sp. Fig. 284. Panorpa cladocerca Navas. Fig. 285. Panorpa baohwasJiana n. sp. Fig. 286. Panorpa japonica Thunheig. 279 272 280 273 282 283 284 277 285 278 286 PLATE 21 PLATE 22 Panorpidae, fore wing!< Fig. 287. Neopanorpa nigritis Carpenter. Fig. 288. Neopanorpa validipennis Cheng. Fig. 289. Neopanorpa Jcwangtsehi n. sp. Fig. 290. Neopanorpa caveata n. sp. Fig. 291. Neopanorpa huangshana n. sp. Fig. 292. Neopanorpa tienmushana n. sp. Fig. 293. Neopanorpa licii Cheng. Fig. 294. Neopanorpa varia Cheng. Fig. 295. Neopanorpa translucida n. sp. Fig. 290. Neopanorpa rnaai n. sp. Fig. 297. Neopanorpa latipennis Cheng. Fig. 298. Neopanorpa ovata n. sp. Fig. 299. Neopanorpa ohelata Carpenter. Fig. 300. Neopanorpa carpenteri n. sp. Fig. 301. Neopanorpa pielvna Navas. Fig. 302. Neopanorpa cantonensis n. sp. 287 295 288 296 289 290 298 299 292 300 293 PLATE 22 PLATE 23 Bittacidae, fore wings Pig. 303. Bittacus sim nsis Walker. Pig. 304. Bittacus tienmusliana n. sp. Pig. 305. Bittacus planus Cheng. Pig. 306. Bittacus zoensis n. sp. Fig. 307. Bittacus carpi nteri n. sp. Pig. 30S. Bittacus picli Navas. Fig. 309. Bittacus coreanus Issiki. Fig. 310. Bittacus triangularis Issiki. Fig. 311. Bittacus sinicus Issiki. Pig. 312. Bittacus gressitti n. sp. 303 -7 ? 308 304 309 305 310 306 311 307 312 PLATE 23 Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol. 116, No. 2 A CATALOGUE OP THE CERIONIDAE (MOLLUSCA-PULMONATA) Bv William J. Clench CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM April, 19f>7 Publications Issued by or in Connection with THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD COLLEGE Bulletin (octavo) 1863 - The current volume is Vol. 115. Breviora (octavo) 1952 — No. 73 is current. Memoirs (quarto) 1864-1938 — Publication was terminated with Vol. 55. Johnsonia (quarto) 1941 -- A publication of the Department of Mollusks. Vol. 3, no. 35 is current. Occasional Papers of the Department of Mollusks (octavo) 1945 — Vol. 2, no. 21 is current. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club (octavo) 1899- 1948 — Published in connection with the Museum. Publication terminated with Vol. 24. The continuing publications are issued at irregular intervals in numbers which may be purchased separately. Prices and lists may be obtained on application to the Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts. Of the Peters "Check List of Birds of the World," volumes 1-3 are out of print; volumes 4 and 6 may be obtained from the Harvard University Press; volumes 5 and 7 are sold by the Museum, and future volumes will be published under Museum auspices. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol. 116, No. 2 A CATALOGUE OF THE CEK10N1DAE (MOLLUSC A-PULMONATA) 1j5y William J. Clench CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM April, 1957 No. 2 — A Catalogue of the Cerionidae (Mollusca-Pidmonata) By William J. Clench INTRODUCTION The Cerionidae, a family of terrestrial pulmonate Gastropoda, are found on certain islands of the West Indies and the southern Keys of Florida from Miami south and west to the Dry Tortugas. It is the only family of land mollusks peculiar to the West Indies. l They are halophiles and are seldom found more than a few hundred feet from the sea. In the Bahamas, however, they may occur at a much greater distance inland, particularly in lowland areas where salt spray can reach them from more than one direction. This family contains but a single genus with a few subgenera and a vast number of "species" and "subspecies." Probably less than 20 per cent of the names now extant actually apply to valid species or subspecies. The task ahead for anyone attempt- ing to monograph this group is rather appalling due to the fact that the characters generally held stable in most other groups of mollusks are, in this group, wildly rampant. Many recent as well as early describers, the present author included, are and were completely oblivious to the remarkable plasticity of this group of mollusks. I think that, in this genus, nature is isolating or mixing small elements of Colon populations as effectively as man has done with his domesticated plants and animals. Cerion lives mainly along the upper strand line, an exceedingly hazard- ous area to occupy in any region where hurricanes occur. Here, for short or long periods of time, they may build up strong, vigorous colonies. The appalling devastation of a hurricane in the strand line is quite apparent to even a casual observer. In such an area, a colony may be greatly reduced or even completely exterminated. The same storm may move elements of this colony to a new region and bring in other elements of the genus from distant places by means of flotsam. This is certainly the way it 1 In essence, the lcnver Florida Keys are mainly West Indian in both their fauna and flora. I do not know of any permanent colonies of Cerion living on the Florida mainland. 122 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OK COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY appears to those of us fortunate in having had extensive field experience in the West Indian region. Such a statement is, of course, difficult to prove, but the facts of distribution still remain and their haphazard distributional patterns seem to offer no other reasonable explanation. Like all other land pulmonates, the larval stages are passed within the egg; there is no "free swim- ming" stage. Their distribution, beyond their ability to migrate within a narrow ecological niche, is exceedingly limited as far as their own mobile power is concerned. Their broader distribu- tion is brought about entirely by mechanical means. A five-foot stream would be an absolute barrier without such means of transport. The morphological characters of the shell appear to be ex- ceedingly variable and most of the differences are certainly more apparent than real. Few, if any, of these characters, such as size, degree of costation, coloration, position of the apertural teeth, convexity of the spire, or the ratio between height and width, are at all stable. We must take a realistic stand regarding the naming of various elements in this genus. We are not dealing with a "normal" group so far as the usual specific characters are concerned, but rather with a group of mollusks existing under natural conditions that closely approximate the control and isolation which have brought about man's domesticated animals and plants. HISTORICAL SUMMARY As for most of our widely distributed West Indian molluscan genera the early work in this group began in the late 18th century. Surprisingly enough, however, only a very few of the many named forms that now exist found their way into the European cabinets prior to 1850. But even at this time, few names had reached the printed page and these few were the re- sult mainly of the indefatigable Cuban collector Juan Gundlach. Much of coastal Cuba was then nearly inaccessible, at least from the land side, and such named forms were described from local- ities mainly within easj^ walking distance of the larger coastal cities. At this time, little was known of the richness of the Bahama Archipelago. Early monographers, such as Kiister in the Conchylien Cabinet (1841-50) and Sowerby (1875-76) in CLENCH: CERIONIDAE 128 the Conehologica Iconica tabulated such species as were then known without any serious attempt to group them into natural assemblages. This task was first accomplished by Pilsbry in the Manual of Conchology, 1901-02. Prior to the work of Pilsbry, Maynard (1889) started such a study but the several new forms that he described over the course of many years, from 1889 to 1924, completely submerged his original attempt at such a com- plete classification. His work was marred by many inaccuracies of all kinds and his attempts toward a clarification of this com- plex problem dwindled as the jrears passed, ending in brief de- scriptions and eventually in a sales catalogue with a few "new species" described. In fairness to Maynard, however, the com- mercial side of his venture was not to gain profit for himself but to realize money to finance additional expeditions in quest of these mollusks in which he was so deeply interested. It seems to me that Maynard failed to grasp much of the importance of his own discoveries. He failed to see that he was actually dealing with unit populations and not with completely isolated entities which he had termed "species." Somewhere in his writings he mentioned that a wagon road on New Providence was a complete barrier between two of his named ' ' species. ' ' But he overlooked the caprice of a single hurricane and the consequent mixing of these two populations. Nevertheless, we owe much to Maynard for his early exploration of both the Bahama Islands and the Cayman Islands, as the specimens he collected are still the only materials available for study from many remote and inac- cessible localities. It is most unfortunate that his writings were privately pub- lished and had a very limited sale. He not only wrote the text, but cut his own wood blocks, and with a small printing press set his own type and printed his publications. His collection was purchased from his daughter jointly by the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the United States National Museum in 1931. After 1900 many students besides Maynard and Pilsbry added materially to the names in this genus ; Dall, Bartsch, Plate, and Clench for the Bahama Archipelago and Aguayo, Sanchez Roig, Jaume and Clench for Cuba. Many names were added by H. B. Baker to the uva complex of the Dutch West Indies, Curacao and its associated islands. 124 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Mr. Allison V. Armour's yacht, the TJtowana, made several trips to various islands in the Bahamas and by this means much Cerion material was collected for this museum mainly by T. Barbour and J. C. Greemvay. In 1936, Mr. J. C. Greenway and his brother Gilbert made extensive collections in the Bahamas by means of a seaplane. Islands visited were Andros, Grand Bahama, the Abacos, Great and Little Inagua. I joined them for the exploration of Grand Bahama and the Abacos. During this same trip I visited also Eleuthera Island. A year previously I had explored rather ex- tensively the northern end of Cat Island and Little San Salvador or Little Island. I was associated on this trip with Henry D. Russell and John Huntington. Later, students and associates of mine visited Long Island (Richard W. Foster, Richard McLean and John Huntington) and Great and Little Inagua (Richard McLean and Benjamin Shreve). Each of these various trips necessitated several days in Nassau, and much time was devoted to collecting Cerion and other mollusks outside of this city on New Providence Island. In 1007, Dr. Plate published upon a few species obtained on islands in the Exuma group. During the summer of 1930, Dr. Paul Bartsch of the United States National Museum made an extensive collecting trip in the southern Bahamas visiting such island groups as: Cay Sal Bank, Ragged Islands, Crooked Island group, Little and Great Inagua, Caicos and Turks Islands. More recently, Mr. and Mrs. George F. Kline of Madison, New Jersey, have added to our series of Cerion from a few islands in the Exuma group and from cays in the Ragged Islands, Bahamas. Many others have figured in the exploration of the Bahamas, mainly with other interests in mind hut, nevertheless, much data in the form of material have been collected which will aid in the eventual solution of this mollusk problem. More data on the historical side are available in the various studies which are listed in the bibliography. There are hut three centers of "speeiation" at the present time, for this genus: Cuba, the Bahamas and the Cayman Is- lands. In these islands the greatest number of populations occur. Elsewhere, such as Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands populations are exceedingly few and all appear to be very closely related. ( hi both Hispaniola and Puerto Rico they CLENCH : CERIONIDAE 125 are to be found only on the south coasts. It is quite astonishing that this genus has failed to invade Jamaica. At this time only a single group in this complex has been analyzed (Clench and Aguayo, 1952) : the subgenus Umbonis. This group is limited to the north coast of Cuba and the Baha- mas. Distributional patterns for the species in this group are not at all uniform ; they appear to be hit or miss and based upon chance introductions. it is interesting to note that this genus succeeded in invading the Dutch West Indies. These islands are far removed from the Greater Antilles and the established species complex on them is quite different from all others in the genus. It is possible that this was an early introduction and that since then no other mem- bers have invaded this area, so that all of the present named entities are exceedingly close in their relationships and appear to be but unit populations of a closely-knit species. COLLECTIONS Major collections of Cerion are to be found in: the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ; American Museum of Natural History, New York City; Museum of Comparative Zoology. Harvard University; Museum of Zoology, University of Michi- gan; Museo Poey, Universidad de la Ilabana, Habana, Cuba; and the United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. Many smaller collections exist in most museums, both in the Americas and in Europe, but the above institutions contain collections that are rich both in type material and in geographical series. GEOGRAPHIC INDEX The following list of names is arranged geographically to aid in locating the species of Cerion which have been described from any given locality. Names of species now considered synonyms have been omitted from this list. This does not mean that a' I the names included below refer to valid species but only that to date no attempt has been made to restudy most of these forms since they were originally described. A good example is that of New Providence, Bahamas, given below. Probably no more than 126 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY live or six species exist on this small island, yet the present list stands at 82! Fossil species have been included in this list as most of these "fossil" forms are not old in any geologic sense. In the list of names below we have retained the original spell- ing. As Cerion is neuter, all the adjectival specific names should end in urn. BAHAMA ISLANDS Andros Island albata bimarginata eapraia eamale casablanca e •■era Columbians erescentia etolva grisea Berry [stands albolabra arbusta aviaria balaene berryense caduca eana candida eonfusa interealaria Bimini Islands biminiensis Caicos Islands caicosense Castle Island regia Cat Island cxiniea felis fordii helena irregulare latisinus lenticularia normale obesum panda pepper i persuasa pilsbryi jenneyi litorea lobata mixta obtusa pictnrata plebia porcina primordia proavita lerneri papilla regula restricta rhyssum saurodon sladeni stupida variabile viaregis procliva profunda rara relequa scutata sylvatica thayeri travelii variata pillsburyi r'raternuni lmutiiisi'toni platei russelli CLENCH : CERIONIDAE 127 Cay Sal Bank nitcloides Conception Island fairchildi Crooked Island c-liffordi marmorata inflata niaitensi Ei-Ei riiKKA Island eleutherac hyattii exigua inconsueta glans indianorum hughesi laeve Exuma Group op Islands accuminator fulvia agricola genitiva albicostata gigantea aspera grayi eervrna hedwigiae i-rassa imperfecta eyelura inconstans cylindriata inexpecta 'legenis inornata dissimila inquita eburnia intentata elegantissima leueophera elongata ruariae exorta marmorosa extranea milleri extrema minuta ritzgeraldi mitra fruticosa mutatoria Fortune Island submarmoratum Grand Bahama Island ehrysaloidea oweni Great Abaco Island abaeoensia lucayauorum liendalli inaynardi Great Exuma Island adumbra fragilis '•aerulescens pauli exasperata pleginatuni exumense I ml la tiamea niultistriatuni weinlandi lilionuii mossi inulta imiformis navalis nebula uormanii palmata perantiqua proeessa prognata progressa pumilia ritchiei sampsoni scalariformis similaria stroutii tenucostata valida vet a leticulatum venniculum pusilla recessa semipolita transmutata 128 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Great Inagua Island columna rubicunda dallii tumerae rehderi Green Cay scalarinoides universa Joulter Cays ralla Little Abaco Island incisum oweni Little Inagua Island baconi sarcostornum ealearea Long Island fernandina josephinae malonei Miraguana Island armouri barbouri Mira For Vos Cay periculosum New Providence and Adjacent Islands valida viola mcleani melanostomum rnanguanense shrevei nuda stevensoni piraticus acceptoria fineastlei palidula affinis Ha cida phoenecia agassizi fulminea primigenia agava glans prisca agava-negleeta gracila purpurea agrestina gubernatoria pygmea ajax hart-bennetii rod i viva albata hesternia reiucarnata albea larga repetita angustalabra latonia rosacea antiqua leva rosea argentia livida rubiginosa avita macularia rufimaeulata caerulea mayoi rufula earlotta migratoria salinaria castra minima santesoni cinerea mobile saxitina cinerea -varia montana sparsa clara morula sula CLENCH : CERIONIDAK 12!) eoncina eoryi crassalabra eurtissii degeneri delicata devereuxi eratiea extensa Plana Cats utowana Ragged Islands juliae Rum Cay alba Sam ana Cay greenwayi Turks Islands blandi brevispira comes Watling Island inconspicuum multa muralia mutata neglecta nivea novita oberholseri oscula iirownei eucosmunn incanoides percostatum lacunorum tenui territa thompsoni thorndikei tracta ultima vagabunda vetusta lentiginosa regma swift ii watlingense CAYMAN ISLANDS Cayman Brac copia intermedia glaber lineota Grand Cayman caymanerise martiniana Little Cayman acuta levigata f estiva lineota fusea nana intermedia liarva perplexa nitela pannosa picta CLE A Camaguey Province aeutieostatum miramarae bioscai palmeri rolumbinus paredonis euspidata pastelilloensis sanctacruzense sanzi saugeti seopulorum 130 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY dorotheae grilloensis gundlachi Habana Province ceiba eurystoma fastigata ignota pretiosus sainthilarius jaumei noriae peracutum rieardi sellare tantilhun roeai salvatori striatissinnim tridentatum Isle ok Pines moi'eleti pineria Las Villas Province alealdei ebriolum arangoi herrerai bennudezi iostoma eatherwoodianum macTodon chaplini poeyi eyclostomum Matanzas Province alealdei canasiense cardenense caroli dickersoni guillermi hologlyptuni Oriente Province aguayoi alberti alleni banesense basistriatum bequaerti blanesi cabocruzense chaparra eobarrubia coutini crassiusculum dimidiata disforme feltoni feriai geophilus infanda infandulum ludovici magistev maritima mierostomuni minusculum harringtoni hessei humberti jascoense josephi lepiduni longidens manatiense raierodon moralesi oriental*' ornatum pandionis parvulum paucicostatum paucisculptum polita pseudoeyclostomum saguaense sanctamariae strigis subcostulatum mumiola obliterata sagraiana scripta sublaevigatum valdesi portillonis portuspatris prestoni proteus ramsdeni saetiae scalar ina smithii sueyrasi tanamensis tenuilabris torrei turgidum vallei vanattai victor CLENCH : CERIONIDAE 131 I'inar Dei, Rio Province cabrerai hernandezi cisnerosi hondana constrictum Johnson i dominicanum laurcani Cuba (without specific locality) hyperlissum kusteri incrassata marieliixuiM sculpta sisal wrighti venusta DUTCH WEST INDIES Aruba arubanum Bonaire bonairensis kralcndijki Curacao ilesculptuni iljerimensis knipensis diablpnsis liutoensis FLORIDA uva incana s;n'charimeta vaccinum HISPANIOLA t'enuginea minor sallei saona tortuga yumaensis inonaense striatella MONA ISLAND PUERTO RICO rudif VIRGIN ISLANDS striatella XOTES ON THE GENUS CERION The following notes are based upon studies in this genus which were made during a rehabilitation of certain portions of our collection. 132 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Subgenus STROPHIOPS Dall Straphiops Dall 1894, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 25, p. 121 (type species, Pupa deoumana Ferussac (=C. regium) Castle Island, Bahamas). Pinguita Maynard 1896, Contributions to Science, 3, p. 30 (type species, Strophia dimidiatia [sic] Pfeiffer, monotypic). Cyclocerion Bartsch 1952, Kevista de la Sociedad Malacologica ' ' Carlos de la Torre," 9. p. 1 (type species, Cerion (Cyclocerion) baconi Bartsch). Both Pinguita Maynard and C yclocerion Bartsch appear to be absolute synonyms of Strophiops Dall. This group is widely spread in the Bahamas and along the northern coast of Cuba. Cerion sanctacruzense Aguayo and Jaume Cerion sanctacruzense Aguayo and Jaume 1951, Revista de la Sociedad Malacologica "Carlos de la Torre," 8, p. 14, pi. 1, fig. 14 (Sabanalamar, .Santa Cruz del Sur, Camagiiey, Cuba ) . This species was described from Sabanalamar, which is just east of Santa Cruz del Sur on the southern coast of Camagiiey, Cuba. It appears to be rather widespread in the Cayos de Doce Leguas, a long series of small islands that run Avesterly and just off the coast from Santa Cruz del Sur. Typical sanctacruzense are smooth, but numerous colonies from the various islands are both smooth and strongly ribbed. We have specimens from the following localities : Sabanalamar ; Santa Cruz del Sur ; Cayo Caguama; Cayo Cochiboca ; Punta Boca de Piedra and Cayo Anclitas. Cerion politum Maynard Strophia marmorata polita Maynard 1896, Contributions to Science, 3. p. 14, pi. 3, figs. 3-4 (Cabo Cruz, Cuba). Cerion politum maisianum Pilsbry 1902, Manual of Conchology, (2) 14, p. 218, pi. 30, figs. 89-91 (Punta Maisi, Cuba). Both of the above names apply to the same species. Maynard was in error in giving the type locality as Cabo Cruz. This species occurs only at Punta de Maisi, at the extreme eastern end of Cuba. In color it ranges from nearly pure white to mar- bled with brownish. Both smooth and finely ribbed forms occur in different colonies as well as mixed in others. CLENCH : CERIONIDAE 133 Cerion alleni Torre Cerion alleni Torre L929, Nautilus, 42. no. 3, pi. 4, figs. 10-11 [no descrip- tion] (Antilla, Cuba). Cerion madama Sanchez Eoig 1951, Revista de la Sociedad Malaeol6gica "Carlos de la Torre," 7. p. 112, pi. IS, fig. 9 (Cayo Madama, Bahia Arroyo Blanco, Mayarf, Oriente, Cuba). Cerion migueleti Sanchez Eoig 1951, Revista de la Sociedad Malacologica •'Carlos de la Torre," 7, p. 113, pi. 19, fig. 5 (Cayo Miguel, Boca de Vaguaneque, Cananova, Sagua de Tanamo, Oriente, Cuba). Cerion sanchezi Clench and Aguayo 1953, Torreia, no. 18, p. 3, text figs. 4-5, Univ. Habana (Lengua do Pajaro, Bahia de Lebiza, Mayari, Oriente, Cuba ). All of tlie above names apply to but a single species. This ap- pears to be a species which is limited to the margins of rather large bays. Its distribution extends from Bahia de Banes east to Bahia de Yaguaneque along the north coast of Oriente, Cuba. Cerion saxzi Pilsbry and Vanatta Cerion. sanzi Pilsbry and Yanatta 1898 [1899], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 478, text fig. 9 (Confites Key, Nuevitas, Cuba). Cerion royi Aguayo and Jaume 1951, Revista de la Sociedad Malacologica "Carlos de la Torre," 8. p. 7, pi. 1, fig. 1 (Cayo Cruz, Camagiiey, Cuba). Cerion circumscriptum Aguayo and Jaume 1951, Revista de la Sociedad Malacologica "de la Torre," 8. p. 12, pi. 1, fig. 10 (Guanalito, Cayo Ro- mano, Camagiiey, Cuba). Cerion tejedori Sanchez Roig 1951, Revista de la Sociedad Malacologica "Carlos de la Torre," 7, p. 112, pi. 18, fig. 7 (Punta Arenas, Paso de las Carabelas, Peninsula de Sabinal, Camagiiey, Cuba). Cerion guajauaense Sanchez Roig 1951, Revista de la Sociedad Malacolo- gica "Carlos de la Torre," 7, p. 114, pi. 18, fig. 6 (Cayo Grillo, Isla de Guajaba, Camagiiey, Cuba). Cerion circumscriptum tenuicallum Aguayo and Sanchez Roig 1953, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat., 21, p. 288, pi. 32, fig. 17 (Cayo Frances, Caibarien, Las Villas, Cuba). Cerion circumscriptum romanoensis Aguayo and Sanchez Roig 1953, Mem. Soc, Cubana Hist, Nat., 21. p. 289, pi. 32, figs. 12, 14 (Cayo Romano, Camagiiey, Cuba). Cerion sanzi Pilsbry and Vanatta appears to be the most widely distributed Cerion throughout the Archipielago de Cama- giiey, a long chain of cays and little islands on the northern coast of Cuba. This chain of cays extends from Cayo Guillermo, 134 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY off Punta Alegre to Cayo Sabinal, a distance of 125 miles (200 kilometers). The synonyms given above all appear to be this species or else hybrid colonies in which the sanzi characters are most prominent. Cerion microdon Pilsbry and Vanatta Cerian mcrassatum microdon Pilsbry and Vanatta 1896, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, p. 328, pi. 11, fig. 5 (Cuba). Cerion tenuilabre pygmaeum Pilsbry and Vanatta 189(5, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, p. 334, pi. 11, fig. 9, (Gibara, Cuba). The two names given above appear to be the same species. C. mierodon is exceedingly variable in size and somewhat in colora- tion. It occurs on both sides of the harbor of Gibara but is very rare on the eastern side. Most of the specimens from the west side were collected dead. At the time Dr. Aguayo and I visited this locality we found even the dead specimens to be localized in certain areas only and not broadly distributed throughout the coastal region of the harbor. ABBREVIATIONS A few abbreviations have been found necessary to reduce needless repetition. Other than these, references are given in full under each species. Catalogue. "Supplement to Catalogue of Specimens of the Family Cerionidae" for sale by Charles J. Maynard, West Newton, Massachusetts. 192-4. This supplement includes the descriptions of fourteen new species of Cerion without figures. Contributions. Contributions to Science, By Charles J. Mayn- ard, Newtonville, Massachusetts. A three volume series (discon- tinued after Vol. 3 no. 1). Published from April 18S9 to March 1896. Many new species of Cerion were published in this journal. M. of C. Manual of Conchology (series 2), Academy of Na- tural Sciences, Philadelphia. Memorias. Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Na- tural. Museo Poey, Universidad de la Habana, Habana, Cuba. Proc. ANSP. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sci- ences, Philadelphia. CLENCH : CERIONIDAE 135 Records, App. Appendix to Records of Walks and Talks with Xature by C. J. Maynard, "West Newton, Massachusetts. In the appendices of volumes 5, 6 and 10 of the above series, there are described and figured numerous species of Strophiops ( = Cerion). Revista. Revista de la Sociedad Malacologica "Carlos de la Torre" Museo Poey, Universidad de la Habana, Habana, Cuba. Torreia. Published by Museo Poey, Universidad de la Habana, Habana, Cuba. Genus CERION Roding Cerion Roding 1798, Museum Boltenianum, p. 90 (type species, Turbo uva Linne, subsequent designation, Dall 1894). Pupa Lamarck 1801, Animaux sans Vertebres, p. 88 (type species, Pupa urn Linne, monotypic). Cerium Link 1807, Besehreibung der Naturalien-Sammlung der Univer- sitiit zu Rostock, p. 131 [emendation for Cerion] (type species, Cerium uva Linne, subsequent designation, Pilsbry 1918, M. of C. (2) 24. p. 268). Puppa Denys de Montfort 1810, Conehyliologie Systematique, 2. p. 298, Paris (type species, Pupa uva Linne, monotypic). Puparia Rafinesque 1815, Analyse de la Nature, p. 143 [substitute name for Pupa Lamarck). Cochlodonta Ferussac 1821, Prodrome, Tableau Systematique des Lima- rous, Paris, p. 24 [28] and p. 58 (type species, Turbo uva Linne, here selected). Cochlodon Sowerby 1825, Catalogue of the Shells in the Collection of the Late Earl of Tankerville, London, p. 40 [in part] (type species, Cochlodon uva Linne, subsequent designation, Pilsbry 1918, M. of C, (2) 24, p. 268). Strophia Albers 1850, Die Heliceen, Berlin, p. 202 (type species, Pupa mumia Brugiere, subsequent designation, von Martens 1861; non Strophia Meigen 1832; Stal 1877). Pulpa Poey 1858, Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba, Havana, 2. p. 30 [error for Puj)a Lam.] (type species, Pidpa sculpta Poey, monotypic). CATALOGUE OF THE CERIONIDAE abaooensis Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion (Maynardia) : 1895, Proc. ANSP, p. 209; ibid. 1896, p. 332, pi. 11, tig. 11 (Abaco Island [Bahamas]). acceptoria Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5. p. 185 (Low Bay Cay, east end of Rose Island, New Providence, Bahamas). 136 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY accumulator Mayiiard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Records, App., 10, p. 124, pi. 20, figs. 1-2 (Long Cay, Exuma Group, Bahamas). acuta Maynard, Strophia: 1889, Contributions, 1. p. 15, pi. 2, fig. 4 41) (South side of Little Cayman, Cayman Islands). Is C. levigatum Mayn., Pilsbry 1901. acuticostatum Sanchez Roig, Cerion scalarinum: 1948, Revista, 6. p. 68, pi. 1, fig. 5 (North coast of Cayo Megano Grande, northern Camagiiey, Cuba). ad umbra Maynard, Strophiops: 1924, Catalogue, Suppl., p. 2 (Cay south of Green Turtle Cut, Gt. Exuma, Bahamas). aedilii Aguayo and A. de la Torre, Cerion enroll: 1951, Revista, 8, p. 22, pi. 3, fig. 4 (Boca de Bacunayagua, west of the river, Matanzas Prov., Cuba). affinis Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5. p. 184 (Sandy and Green Cays, Rose Island, New Providence, Bahamas). agassizi Dall, Cerion (Maynardia) : 1894, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 25, p. 120, figs. 9-10 (west quarry, top of Nassau Ridge, New Providence, Bahamas). agava Maynard, Strophia neglecta: 1894 Contributions, 2, p. 152, fig. 48 (Sisal fields west of Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). Is C. ooryi Mayn., Pilsbry 1902. agava-neglecta Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5, p. 192 (Sisal fields west of Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). agrestina Maynard, Strophia: 1894, Contributions, 2, p. 179, fig. 60 (6 miles south of Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). agricola Maynard, Strophiops: 1924, Catalogue, Supplement, p. 1 (Farm- ers Cay, 1 mile S.W. of Gt. Guana Cay [Exuma Group] Bahamas). aguayoi de la Torre and Clench, Cerion: 1932, Nautilus, 45, p. 89, figs. 6-7 (Road to Caletones, 6 km. west of Gibara, Oriente, Cuba). ajax Maynard, Strophiops : 1924, Catalogue; p. 5 [new name for gigantea Maynard and Clapp 1921, non gigantea Maynard 1894]. alba Maynard, Strophia: 1899, Contributions, 1, p. 74, pi. 7, fig. 17a-b (west coast of Rum Cay, Bahamas). albata Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: May 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 132, pi. 30, figs. 3 4 (Hog Cay [4 miles N.W. of] Morgans Bluff, Andros, Bahamas). albata Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: July 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 145, pi. 41, figs. 7-8 [labeled vagabunda on plate] (Southern end of Rose Island, New Providence, Bahamas). albea Maynard, Strophia: 1S94, Contributions, 2, p. 128, fig. 38 (South side of Spruce Key, New Providence, Bahamas). Is C. varium Bonnet, Pils- bry 1902. alberti Clench and Aguayo, Cerion: 1949, Torreia, no. 14, p. 3, pi. 1, figs. 1-6 (Punta de "El Fuerte, " entrada de la Bahia de Banes, Peninsula de Ramon, Antilla, Cuba). CLENCH : CERIONIDAE 137 albicostata Maynard, Strophiops: 1924, Catalogue, Supplement, p. 2 (Long Key, S.E. of Highborn Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). albolabra Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 12!). pi. 27, figs. 3-4 (Great Harbor Key, Berry Islands, Bahamas). alcaldei Aguayo and Sanchez Roig, Cerion arangoi: 1953, Memorias, 21, p. 294, pi. 32, fig. 15 (Playa el Ingles, Yaguanabo, Cienfuegos, Cuba). alleni de La Torre, Cerion: 1929, Nautilus, 42, pi. 4, figs. 10-11 [no descrip- tion] (Antilla [Oriente] Cuba). alvearia Dillwyn, Turbo: 1817, Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, 2. p. 862 (Santo Domingo and Guadeloupe). [Not recognisable.] angustalabra Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 143, pi. 39, figs. 9-10 (fossil, cliffs, west side of Rose Island, opp. Green Key, New Providence, Bahamas). angustocostata Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 141 (fossil, Lower Fleming Key [Eleuthera] Bahamas). Is C. exiguum Mayn., Clench 1952. anodonta Dall, Strophia (Eostrophia) : 1890, Trans. Wagner Free Insti- tute of Science, 3., p. 13, pi. 1, fig. 8c-d (fossil, Oligocene, Ballast Point, Old Tampa Bay, Florida). antiqua Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5,, p. 183 (fossil, Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). antonii Kiister, Pupa: 1847, Conehylien-Cabinet (2), 1. pt. 15, p. 92, pi. 10, figs. 7-8 (Berbice [British Guiana]. [Probably Great Inagua, Bahamas.] apiarium Roding, Cerion: 1798, Museum Boltenianum, (2) p. 90, [refers to Turbo uva Gmelin]. arangoi Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion iostumum : 1896, Proc. ANSP, p. .".30, pi. 11, fig. 12 (Cienfuegos, Cuba). arbusta Maynard and Clapp, Stropliiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 133. pi. 30, figs. 5-6 (Guana Key, Berry Islands, Bahamas). argentia Maynard, Stropliiops: 1913, Records, App., 5, p. 191 (Three Silver Keys, New Providence, Bahamas). argntea Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 138 (Middle Silver Key, New Providence, Bahamas). [Error for argentia May- nard]. armourl Clench, Cerion (Strophiops) : 1933, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13, p. 96, pi. 1, fig. 4 (South coast of Miraguana Island, Bahamas). arubanum H. B. Baker, Cerion uva: 1914, Occ. Papers, Univ. Michigan, Mus. Zool. no. 152, p. 104, pi. 20 (Baranca Alto, Aruba, Dutch West Indies). aspera Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Records, App., 10, p. 116, 1>I. 1, figs. 9-10 (South end of Great Guana Cay [Exuma Group] Bahamas). aviaria Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 130, pi. 27, figs. 9-10 (Bird Key, Berry Islands, Bahamas). avita Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5, p. 190 (fossil, Silver Key, W. of Nassau Bar, New Providence, Bahamas). 138 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY baeoni Bartsch, Cerion (Cyclocerion) : 1952, Eevista, 9. p. 1, text fig. 1 (Northwest Point, Little Inagua, Bahama Islands). balaena Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 131 pi. 29, figs. 3-4 (Whale Key, Berry Islands, Bahamas). banesensc Clench and Aguayo, Cerion: 1949, Torreia, no. 14, p. 7, pi. 1 figs. 13-15 (east side of Bahia de Sama, Banes, Oriente, Cuba). barbouri Clench, Cerion (Strophiops) : 1933, Proc. New England Zool Club, 13, p. 95, pi. 1, fig. 5 (south coast of Miraguana Island, Bahamas). basistriatum Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion (Paraccrion) : 1895, Proc ANSP, p. 206; ibid. 1896, p. 335, pi. 11, fig. 28 (Cabo Cruz, Cuba). bendalli Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion abacoense: 1896, Proc. ANSP, p 332, pi. 11, fig. 13 ([Great] Abaco, Bahamas). bequaerti de la Torre and Clench, Cerion aguayoi: 1932, Nautilus, 45, p 91, pi. 6, fig. 8 (dunes at Lucretia lighthouse, near Banes, Cuba). bermudesi Aguayo and Jaume, Cerion gundlachi: 1951, Eevista, 8, p. 4 pi. 2, fig. 9 (Punta Brava, Caibarien, Las Villas, Cuba). berryense Plate, Cerion glans: 1907, Archiv fur Rassen-und Gesell. Biol- ogie, 4. p. 596, pi. 5, fig. e (Great Harbour Cay, Berry Islands, Bahamas). bidens Beck, Pupa dhrysalis: 1837, Index Molluseorum, p. 82 [based on Ferussac 1832, Histoire Naturelle General et Particuliere des Mollusques, pi. 153, fig. 5. Names such as bidens, edentula, normalis, major, minor, etc. were not used by Beck in any sense for categories below a species, either as varieties or subspecies. These were descriptive terms only and were used to indicate minor variations which existed in the material studied, either as specimens or as figures. Unfortunately many of these names have been used in subsequent works as validly introduced names. These should be dis- carded.] bidens Roding, Cerion: 1798, Museum Boltenianum, p. 9 [based upon Turbo bidens Gmelin=A*e?n'a bidens Schweigger (Clausiliidae)]. bimarginata Maynard, Strophia: 1894, Contributions, 2. p. 164, fig. 53 (Green Key, east coast of Andros, Bahamas). Is C. griseum Mayn., Pilsbry 1902. biminiensis Henderson and Clapp, Cerion: 1913, Nautilus, 27, p. 64, pi. 4, ligs. 9-10 (southern end of North Bimini Cay, Bahama Islands). bioscai Aguayo and Jaume, Cerion (Paracerion) : 1951, Revista, 8, p. 14, pi. 1, figs. 11-12 (Punta de Praticos, Nuevitas, Camaguey, Cuba). blandi Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion: 1896, Proc. ANSP, p. 334, pi. 11, fig. 7 (Turks Island, Bahamas). blanesi Clench and Aguayo, Cerion: 1951, Revista, 8, p. 70, pi. 11, fig. 1 (Los Cocos, east side of Bahia de Gibera, Cuba). bonairensis H. B. Baker, Cerion uva: 1914, Occ. Papers, Univ. Michigan, Mus. Zool., no. 152, p. 105, pi. 21 (Porta Spaiio, Bonaire, Dutch West Indies). CLENCH : CERIONIDAE 139 botrys Roding, Cerion: 1798, Museum Boltenianum, p. 00 [based upon Lister, pi. 585, fig. 43 = Littorina littorea Linnej. brevispira Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion: 1895, Proe. ANSP, p. 209 (Turks Island [Bahamas]). brownei Maynard, Strophia: 1889 [1891], Contributions, 1. p. 196, pi. 16, fig. 4-a (north side of Rum Key, Bahamas). brunneum Dull, Cerion (Strophiops) : 1905, Smithsonian Misc. Collections, 47, p. 441, pi. 58, fig. 9 (Governors' Harbor, Eleuthera, Bahamas). Is C. eximewm Mayn., Clench 1952. bryanti Pfeiffer, Pupa: 1867, Malakozoologische Blatter, 14. p. 130 (southern [Great] Inagua, Bahamas). caboeruzense Pilsbry and de la Torre, Cerion: 1943, Nautilus, 57. p. 34, refers to Manual of Conchology, (2) 14. p. 278, pi. 46, fig. 21, description and figures only, not the name (i.e. stritelhim "Guerin" Pilsbry, is C. caboeruzense Pilsbry and de la Torre, uon stritellum "Ferassac" Guerin). oabrerai Aguayo and Sanchez Roig, Cerion mumia: 1953, Mernorias, 21. p. 283, pi. 32, fig. 1 (Cayo Hicacos o Ines de Soto, N.W. de Puerto Esper- anza, Pinar del Rio, Cuba). caelum Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 133, pi. 30, figs. 9-10 (Cabbage Key, Berry Islands, Bahamas). caertdea Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1915, Records, App., 6. p. 181 (Field north of Fort Charlotte, Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). caerulescens Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Records, App., 10. p. 122, pi. 23, fig. 5 (Key north of Key opposite Roseville, Great Exuma, Bahamas). eaicosense Clench, Cerion (Strophiops) : 1937, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 16. p. 23, pi. 1, fig. 4 (Cockburn Town, South Caicos Island, Caicos Islands, Bahamas). calcarea Pfeiffer, Pupa: 1847, Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie, 4. p. 83 (locality unknown [Little Inagua, Bahamas-Bland 1875]). cana Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 137, pi. 34, figs. 3-4 (Fortune Key, Berry Islands, Bahamas). canasiense Aguayo and A. de la Torre, Cerion ceiba: 1951, Revista, 8. p. 22, pi. 3, fig. 3 (West of the Boca del Rio/Canasi, Matanzas, Cuba). Candida Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 131, pi. 28, figs. 5-6 (East Marketfish Key, Berry Islands, Bahamas). eanonicum Dall, Cerion (Strophiops) : 1905, Smithsonian Misc. Collections, 47, p. 439, pi. 48, fig. 13 (Gun Key [Bimini Islands] Bahamas). Is C. pillsburyi P. and V., Clench 1942. capilkiris Beck, Pupa: 1837, Index Molluscorum, p. 82 [nomen nudum]. capraia Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 131, pi. 28, figs. 7-8 (North Goat Key, Fresh Creek, Andros, Bahamas). cardenense Aguayo and Sanchez Roig, Cerion miorodon : 1953, Memorias, 140 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 21, p. 285, pi. 32, fig. 7 (El Genoves, Cayos de los Cinco Leguas, Cardenas, [Matanzas] Cuba). carlotta Maynard, Strophia: 1894, Contributions, 2, p. 154, fig. 49 (North side of hill, Fort Charlotte, Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). Is C. coryi Mayn., Pilsbry 1902. carnale Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 136, pi. 33, figs. 5-6 (West [one mile] of Morgan's Bluff, Andros Island, Ba- hamas). caroli Aguayo and A. de la Torre, Cerion: 1951, Revista, 8, p. 20, pi. 3, fig. 2 (Near lighthouse at Punto de Guanos, W. of Punta de Sabanilla, Matanzas, Cuba). casablancae Bartsch, Cerion: 1920, Carnegie Inst., Washington, 14, pub. no. 282, p. 33, pi. 2; pis. 32-47 (White House region, Andros, Bahamas). castra Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 147. pi. 42, figs. 9-10 (field west of Williams St., Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). catherwoodianum Wurtz, Cerion: 1950, Proc ANSP, 102, p. 100, pi. 2, figs. o-9 (Cat island, Bahamas). exvmvwm "Maynard" Pilsbry, Cerion : 1902, M. of C, (2) 14. p. 265, pi. 38, figs. 76-78 [error for eximeum] (Cat Island [Bahamas] I. exorta Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Records, App., 10, p. 122, pi. 24, figs. 4-5 (Refuge Key, [Exuma Group] Bahamas). extensa Maynard, Strophiops: 1924, Catalogue Suppl., p. 2, (Baptist Chapel, East Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). extranea Maynard, Strophiops: 1924, Catalogue, Suppl., p. 2 (Roseville Key, Exuma Group, Bahamas I. extrema Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Records, App., 10, p. 118, pi. 2, figs. 10-11 (south end of Great Guana Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). exwmenst Plate, Cerion: 1907, Archiv fiir Rassen- und Gesell. Biol., 4, p. 607, pi. 3, figs, b-e-d (two unnamed islands between Shroud CayT and Conch Cut and Stocking Island, opposite Georgetown, Great Exuma, Bahamas). fairchildi Clench, Cerion (Strophiops): 1933. Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13. p. 97. pi. 1, fig. 6 (Conception Island, Bahamas). fasdata Binney, Pupa: 1859, The Terrestrial Air-Breathing Mollusks of the United States, 4, pp. 152, 205, pi. 79, fig. 17 (Key Biscayne, Florida'. Is C. incanum Binney, Pilsbry 1902. faseiata "Maynard" Pilsbry. Cerion: 1902, M. of C, (2) 14. p. 215 (Key Vaea, Florida;. [This has been quoted by Pilsbry as named by Maynard but he was only using Binney 's name for this identical form, 1889, Contributions, 1. p. 133.] fastigata Maynard, Strophia: 1896, Contributions, 3, p. 6, pi. 2, figs. 1 2 ( Matanzas [Havana] Cuba). Is C. chrysalis Fer., Pilsbry 1902. faxoni Maynard, Strophia: 1896, Contributions, 3, p. 32, pi. 7, tigs. 1 2 (Cuba). Is C. johnsoni Pilsbry and Yanatta, Pilsbry 1902. felis Pilsbry and Yanatta. Cerion (Maynardia) : 1895, Proc ANSP, p. 206 (Cat Island, Bahamas). feltoni Sanchez Roig, Ct rlon: 1951, Revista, 7, p. 119, pi. 19, fig. 3 (Felton, Mayari, Cuba). ferioi Clench and Aguayo, Cerion vulneratum: 19.13, Torreia, no. 18, p. 3, text fig. 6 (Cayo Largo o de los Muertos, Bahia o Puerto Xaranjo, Oriente, Cuba I. feriai de la Torre, Cerion: 1953, Torreia, no. 18, p. 3 [MS. name in the synonymy of Cerion vulneratum feriai Clench and Aguayo]. fernandinn Clench, Cerion (Strophiops): 1937, Nautilus, 51. p. 21, pi. 3, ri'„'. 5 (Millers, 8 miles S.E. of Simms, Long Island, Bahamas). ferrugmea Maynard, Strophia: 1896, Contributions, 3, p. 19, pi. 4, figs. 5-6 (Jeremie, Haiti; . 146 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY f estiva Maynard, atrophia: Contributions, 1. p. 17, pi. 2, fig. 5a-c (Little Cayman Island [Cayman Islands]). Is C. levigatum Mayn., Pilsbry 1901. fineastlei Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1921, Eeeords, App., 10. p. 148, pi. 44, figs. 5-6 (Fort Fineastle, West Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). fitsgeraidi Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Kecords, App., 10. p. 127, pi. 2."i, figs. 6-7 (northern end of Little Exuma Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). flacida Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Becords, App., 10. p. 152, pi. 48, figs. 3-4 (fossil, in rocks above Queen's Staircase, Nassau, New P ro vidence, Bahamas ) . flamea Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Becords, App., 10. p. 128, pi. 25, figs. 8-9 (Southwest Point, Great Exuma, Bahamas). floriiianuni Dall, Strophia anodonta: 1890, Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., Philadelphia, 3. p. 13, pi. 1, fig. 6 (Oligocene, Ballast Point, Florida). fordii Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion: 1897, Proc. ANSP, 49. p. 365, text figs. 1-2 (Bahamas [Cat Island]). fragilis Maynard and Clapp, Stropldops : 1921, Becords, App., 10. p. 128, pi. 26, figs. 3 4 (second westernmost Brigadier Key [Brigantine] [Gt. Exuma] Bahamas). fraternum Pilsbry, Cerion eximium: 1902, M. of C, (2) 14. p. 265, pi. 38, figs. 79-80 (San Salvador [Cat Island, Bahamas]). fruticosa Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Becords, App., 10. p. 125, pi. 20, figs. 3-4 (Bush Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). fulminea Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1915, Becords, App., 6, p. 182 (east of Fort Winton, New Providence, Bahamas). fulvia Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920. Becords, App., 10. p. 121, pi. 4, figs. 4-5 (Pipe Key [z=Fowl Key, Exuma Group] Bahamas). fusca Maynard, Strophia: 1889, Contributions, 1. p. 77, pi. 7, fig. 19a; text figs. 12a-b (west end of Little Cayman, [Cayman Islands]). Is C. pannosum Mayn., Pilsbry 1901. fusoata Binney, Strophia: 1885, Bull. P. S. Nat. Mus., 28. p. 484 [error for faseiata Binney |. fastis Bruguiere, Bulimus: 1792, Encyclopedic Methodique (Vers), 1. p. 348 (Santo Domingo and Guadaloupe) [not recognisable]. genitiva Maynard ami Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Becords, App., 10. p. 124, pi. 22, figs. 3-4 (fossil, south end of Ship Channel Key, [Exuma Group] Bahamas). gcophUus Clench and Ayuago, Cerion: 1949, Torreia, no. 14, p. 5, pi. 1, figs. 7 12 (Punta de Piedra, Banes, Cuba). gigantea Sanchez Eoig, Cerion mumia: 1951, Bevista, 7, p. Ill, pi. 18, fig. 5 (Cayo Bomano, N. Lat. 22° 24'; W. Long. 78° 6', Cuba). [Is Cerion cuspidata Aguayo and Sanchez Boig.] gigantea Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Becords, App., 10, p. 152, CLENCH : CERIONIDAE 147 pi. 47, figs. 9-10 (wall, Village Road, Sherley St., Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). [Is S. ajax Maynard, non S. gigantea Maynard, 1894.] gigantea Maynard, Strophia grayi: 1894, Contributions, 2. p. 141, fig. 44A (middle part of Highburn Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). glaber Maynard, Strojyhia: 1889, Contributions, 1. p. 25, pi. 2, figs. 10-10b (west end of Cayman Brae, Cayman Islands). Is C. pannosum Mayn., Pils- bry 1901. glans Kiister, Pupa: 1844, Conehylien-Cabinet, (2) 1, pt. 15, p. 74, pi. 11, figs. 1-2 (locality unknown [New Providence and Eleuthera, Bahamas]). gracila Maynard, Strophiops: 1924, Catalogue, Suppl., p. 3, (Soldiers Road, l\-2 miles from south shore, Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). grayi Maynard, Strophia: 1894, Contributions, 2, p. 138, fig. 42, (north end of Highburn Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). grc.cmcayi Clench, Cerion (Strophiops) : 1934, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist,, 40, p. 200, pi. 2, fig. II (Black Booby Cay (West Booby) Atwoods or Samana Group, Bahama Islands). grillocnsis Sanchez Roig, Cerion: 1951, Revista, 7, p. 117, pi. 19, fig. 2 (Cayo Grillo, south coast of Isla Guajaba, [Camagiiey] Cuba). grisea Maynard, Strophia glans: 1894, Contributions, 2, p. 159, fig. 56, (1 mile north of Fresh Creek, Andros Island, Bahamas). gruneri Tfeiffer, Pupa: 1847, Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologic, 4, p. 15 (locality unknown). guajabaense Sanchez Roig, Cerion : 1951, Revista, 7, p. 114, pi. 18, fig. 6 (Cayo Grillo, north coast of Isla de Guajaba [Camagiiey] Cuba). Is C. sami Pilsbry and Yanatta, See notes, this report. gubernatoria Crosse, Pupa: 1869, Jour, de Conch., 17, p. 186; ibid. 1870, 18, p. 105, pi. 2, fig. 4 (New Providence, Bahamas). guillermi de la Torre, Cerion mimiola: 1954, Revista, 9, p. 40, pi. 15, fig. 2 (Playa de Bueyvaquita, Matanzas, Cuba). gundlachi Pfeiffer, Pupa: 1852, Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie, 9, p. 175, (Punta de San Juan de los Perros [Camagiiey] Cuba). harringtoni Aguayo and Sanchez Roig, Cerion paucicostatum : 1953, Memorias, 21, p. 292, pi. 32, fig. 18 (Cueva de los Indios, La Patana, Maisi, Oriente, Cuba). hart-bennetii Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : Records, App., 10, p. 146, pi. 42, figs. 3-4 (Potter's Key, New Providence, Bahamas). hatoensis H. B. Baker, Cerion uva: 1914, Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, no. 152, p. 100, pi. 18, fig. F6 (Seroe Spelonk, near Landhuis Hato, Curasao, Dutch West Indies). hedwigiae Plate, Cerion: 1907, Arehiv fiir Rassen- und Gesell. Biol., 4. p. 605, pi. 3, fig. a (Ship Channel Cay, northern end of Exuma Sound, Bahama Islands). helena Maynard, Strophiops: 1914, Records, App., 6, p. 177 (directly south of Fresh Creek, Andros, Bahamas). 148 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY hernandezi Aguayo and Sanchez Roig, Cerion p'meria : 1953, Memoriae, 21. p. 295, pi. 32, fig. 20 (Cayo Real, Cayos de San Felipe, Pinar del Rio, [south coast] Cuba). herrerai Aguayo and Jaume, Cerion vulneratum? : 1951, Revista, 8. p. 3, pi. 2, figs. 4-5 (Cayo Santa Maria, Caibarien, Las Villas, Cuba). hessei Clench and Aguayo, Cerion: 1949, Torreia, no. 14, p. 8, pi. 1, figs. 19-22 (Balcon de las Damas, Guarda la Vaca, Banes, Cuba). hesternia Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1915, Records, App., 6, p. 180 (west end of Booby Rock [16 miles NE of New Providence] Bahamas). heterodon Pilsbry, Cerion rubicundum: 1902, M. of C, (2) 14. p. 275, pi. 45, figs. 96-98 (Inagua [Bahamas]). hologlyptum Pilsbry, Cerion sagraianum : 1902, M. of C, (2) 14, p. 216, pi. 30, fig. 83 (Cayo Blanco, near Cardenas, Cuba). hondana Pilsbry, Cerion mumia: 1902, M. of C, (2) 14. p. 299, (Bahia Honda, Cuba). hughesi Clench, Cerium: 1952, Revista, 8. p. 107, pi. 15, figs. 1-3 (Sandy Point, Savannah Sound, Eleuthera Island, Bahamas). Itumberti Clench and Aguayo, Cerion: 1949, Torreia, no. 14, p. 4, pi. 1, figs. 16-18 (Ensenada de Jucaro, Bahia de Banes, Banes, Cuba). huntingtani Clench, Cerion: 1938, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 80, p. 526, pi. 3, tigs. 13 (Columbus Point, SE tip of Cat Island, Bahamas). hyattii Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5. p. 194 (Bar Bay Settlement, Current Island, [Eleuthera Island] Bahamas). hypcrlissum Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion: 1896, Proc. ANSP, p. 330, pi. 11, fig. 10 (Cuba). ianthina Maynard, Strophia: 1889, Contributions, 1, p. 69, pi. 2, figs. 13- 13a (south shore of Inagua, 25 miles from Matthewstown, Bahamas). Is C. rubicundum Menke, Pilsbry 1902. ignota Maynard, Strophia eurystoma: 1896, Contributions, 3, p. 9 (Ha- vana, Cuba). Is C. chrysalis Fer., Pilsbry 1902. imperfecta Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1920, Records, App., 10. p. 118, pi. 3, figs. 1-2 (south end of Great Guana Key [Exuma Group] Ba- hamas). inaguense Clench, Cerion (Biacerion) : 1933, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13. p. 98, pi. 1, fig. 9 (Northwest Point, Great Inagua Island, Ba- hamas). incana Binney, Pupa: 1851, The Terrestrial Air-Breathing Mollusks of the United States, 1, p. 109 (nomen nudum) ; ibid., 1852, 2, p. 316 (as P. maritima Pfr.) ; ibid., 1852, 3, pi. 68, figs. 1-4 (Key West, Florida). incanoides Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion (Maynardia) : 1895, Proc. ANSP, p. 209 (Turk's Island [Bahamas]). incisum Dall, Cerion oweni: 1905, Smithsonian Misc. Collect., 47, p. 443, pi. 58, fig. 10 (Stranger Cay, NVv of Little Abaco, Bahamas). Is C. bendalli P. and V., Clench 1938a. CLENCH : CERIONIDAE 140 inconspicuum Dall, Cerion (Strophiops) : 1905, Smithsonian Misc. Collect. , 47, p. 439, pi. 58, fig. 2 (Watling Island, Bahamas). inconstant Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Records, App., 10, p. 119, pi. 3, figs. 7-8 (Bird Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). inconsueta Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5. p. 193 (south portion of Great Pimlico Island [Eleuthera] Bahamas). incrassata Sowerby, Pupa: 1876, Conchologica Iconica, 20, pi. 1, fig. 6 (Cuba). indianorum Clench, Cerion paucicostatum : 1934, Proe. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 40. p. 210, pi. 2, fig. F (Wemyss Bight, Eleuthera Island, Bahamas). inexpecta Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 127, pi. 25, tigs. 3-4 (fossil, next to westernmost Brigadier [Brigantine] Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). infanda "Shuttleworth " Poey, Pupa: 1858, Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba, Habana, 2, pp. 29, 60 (no locality given [Punta Gorda, Matanzas, Cuba] (Arango)). infandulum Aguayo and A. de la Torre, Cerion: 1951, Revista, 8, p. 19, pi. 3, tig. 1 (Punta de Sabanilla, north of Matanzas, Cuba). inflata Maynard, Stropliia: 1889, Contributions, 1, p. 126, pi. 7, figs. 21-a; 30 a-b (Salena Point, Acklin Island, Bahamas). inoimata Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Records, App., 10, p. 126, pi. 3, figs. 11-13 (Bell Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). inijuita Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Records, App., 10. p. 121, pi. 4, figs. 2-3 (Fowl Key, [Exuma Group] Bahamas). intmtata Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Records, App., 10, p. 118, pi. 2, figs. 6-7 (south end of Great Guana Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas), is C. proccssum M. and C, Clench and Aguayo 1952. intercalaria Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 129, pi. 26, figs. 9-10 (fossil, Goat Key, Great Harbor Key, Berry Islands, Bahamas). intermedia Maynard, Stropliia: 1889, Contributions, 1, p. 13, pi. 2, figs. 3 3b (south side of Little Cayman and south side of Cayman Brae [Cayman Islands]). Is C. pannosum Mayn., Pilsbry 1901. iostoma Pfeiffer, Pupa: 1854, Malakozoologische Blatter, 1. p. 204 (south coast of Cuba [Cienfuegos] (Pilsbry)). irregulare Plate, Cerion glavs: 1907, Archiv fiir Rassen- und Gesell. Biolo- gie, 4. p. 594, pi. 4, figs, a and c (Nieholstown, north end of Andros, Ba- hamas). jaucoense Aguayo and Sanchez Roig, Cerion tenuilaore : 1953, Memorias, 21, p. 293, pi. 32, fig. 16 (Jauco, Baracoa, Oriente, Cuba). jaumei Clench and Aguayo, Cerion peracutum: 1953, Torreia, no. 18, p. 2, text fig. 3 (La Jijira, between Boca de Jaruco and Santa Cruz del Norte, Habana, Cuba). 150 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY jcnneyi Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 134, pi. 31, figs. 9-10 (Anderson's Key [Berry Islands] Bahamas). johnscmi Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion (Maynardia) : 1895, Proc. ANSP, p. 207 (Locality unknown [Mariel, Pinar del Rio, Cuba] (Clench)). josephi Clench and Aguayo, Cerion: 1949, Torreia, no. 14, p. 6, pi. 1, figs. 23-25 (Playa de Uvita, oeste de Caletones, Gibara, Cuba). josephinae Clench, Cerion (Strophiops) : 1935, Nautilus, 49. p. 49, pi. 3, figs. 1, 4 (Tate's Bay, SE Long Island, Bahamas). juliac Clench, Cerion (Strophiops) : 1936, Nautilus, 49, p. 112, pi. 8, fig. 6, (Great Ragged Cay, Ragged Island Group, Bahamas). Tcnipensis H. B. Baker, Cerion uva: 1914, Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, no. 152, p. 102, pi. 19 (valley between Seroes Palomba and Bana Hoendoe, Curasao, Dutch West Indies). l-ralendijl'i H. B. Baker, Cerion uva bonairensis : 1914, Occ. Paper, Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, no. 152, p. 106, pi. 21, fig. A2 (south of Kralendijk, Bonaire, Dutch West Indies). Jcusteri Pfeiffer, Pupa: 1852 [1854] Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 69; Kiister 1855, Conchylien-Cabinet, 1, pt. 15, p. 165, pi. 20, figs. 3-6 (locality unknown [Cuba]). lacunorum Dall, Cerion (Strophiops) inconspicuum : 1905, Smithsonian Misc. Collect., 47. p. 439, pi. 58, fig. 4 (shores of lagoon, Watling Island, Bahamas). laeve Plate, Cerion: 1907, Archiv fur Rassen- und Gesell. Biologie, 4, p. 601, pi. 1, fig. 9 (Current Harbour, Eleuthera, Bahamas). larga Maynard, Strophiops : 1913, Records, App., 5. p. 184 (Rose Island, opposite Green Key, New Providence, Bahamas). latilabris Pfeiffer, Pupa: 1855, Malakozoologische Blatter, 2, p. 103, pi. 5, fig. 3 (Blessing, St. Croix [Virgin Islands]). Is C. rude Pfr., Pilsbry 1902. latisinus Pilsbry and Black, Cerion: 1930, Proc. ANSP, 82., p. 292, pi. 22, fig. 9a-d (Wide Opening, Andros, Bahamas). laionia Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Eecords, App., 10,, p. 147, pi. 43, figs. 7-8 (St. Pauls Quarry, Sherley St., Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). laureani Clench and Aguayo, Cerion: 1951, Revista, 8, p. 74, pi. 11, figs. 7-8 (Cabo Corrientes, Peninsula de Guanaliacabibes, south Pinar del Rio, Cuba). lembeyei "Torre" Aguayo and Sanchez Roig, Cerion: 1953, Memorias, 21, p. 293 (in the synonymy of Cerion sanctacrusense poeyi Ag. and S. R.). lenticularia Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 135, pi. 32, figs. 9-10 (Staniard Creek, Andros Island, Bahamas). lentiginosa Maynard, Strophia: 1S89, Contributions, 1, p. 75, pi. 7, figs. 1818a (Rum Key, interior on west side, Bahamas). lepidum Clench and Aguayo, Cerion vulneratum: 1951, Revista, 8, p. 76, pi. 11, figs. 10-11 (Laguna, Punta de Mulas, Banes, Cuba). CLENCH : CERIONIDAE 151 f lemeri Clench, Cerion exemium: 1956, American Museum Novitates no. 1794, p. 1, text figs. 1-2 (East Bimini, Bimini Islands, Bahamas). leucophera Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1925, Eecords, App., 10. p. 181, pi. 52, figs. 1-2 (northern end of Great Guana Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). leva Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 142, pi. 48, figs. 1-2 (rocks above Queen's stair-case, Nassau, New Providence, Ba- hamas). levigata Maynard, Strophia: 1889, Contributions, 1. p. 12, pi. 2, figs. 2-2b (west end of Little Cayman [Cayman Islands]). liliorum Clench, Cerion: 1938, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 80. p. 527, pi. 2, figs. 2-4 (Next Point (east coast) 1% miles ENE of Governor's Harbour, Eleuthera Island, Bahama Islands). lineota Maynard, Strophia: 1889, Contributions, 1. p. 20, pi. 2, figs. 7-7b (south side of Little Cayman and south side of Cayman Brae [Cayman Islands] ). Is C. pannosum Mayn., Pilsbry 1901. litorea Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 133, pi. 30, figs. 7-8 (south border of Guana Key, Berry Islands, Bahamas). livida Maynard, Strophiops: 1924, Suppl. Sale Catalogue, p. 4 (West Bay St., oppo. North Silver Key, Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). lobata Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 134, pi. 30, figs. 7-8 (Eastern Soldier Key [Berry Islands] Bahamas). Longidens Maynard: 1896, Contributions, 3, \>. 39 (type species, Strophia pannosa Maynard, original designation). longidens Pilsbry, Cerion: 1902, M. of C, (2) 14. p. 212, pi. 32, figs. 23- 24 (Cabo Cruz, Cuba). lucayanorum Clench, Cerion (Strophiops) : 1938, Memorias, 12. p. 326, pi. 25, fig. 2 (NW portion of Mores Island, 32 miles NW of Southwest Point, Great Abaco Island, Bahama Islands). ludovid de la Torre, Cerion ceiba: 1954, Revista, 9. p. 41, pi. 5, fig. 4 (coast between Canasi and Playa de Palmarego, Matanzas Province, Cuba). maorodon Aguayo and Jaume, Cerion: 1951, Eevista, 8. p. 12, pi. 1, fig. 9 (Cayo Borraeho, east of Cayo Frances, Caibarien, Las Villas, Cuba). macularia Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5. p. 189 (south shore of New Providence, west side of first sound to 2 miles west to a salina). madama Sanchez Roig, Cerion: 1951, Revista, 7. p. 112, pi. 18, fig. 9 (Cayo Madama, Bahia Arroyo Blanco, Mayari, Oriente, Cuba). Is C. alleni Torre. See notes, this report. magister Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion mumia: 1896, Proc. ANSI', p. 322, pi. 11, fig. 4 (Matanzas, Cuba). maisianum Pilsbry, Cerion politum: 1902, M. of C, (2) 14. p. 218, pi. 30, figs. 89 91 (Punta Maisi, Cuba). Is C. politum Maynard. Sec notes, this report. 152 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OK COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY major Beck, 1'npa. uva: 1837, Index Molluscorum, p. 82 [see note under hklens Beck |. major Kiister, Pupa multieosta: 1845, Gonchylien-Cabinet, (2) 1, pt. 5, ]>. 77, pi. 10, figs. 1-2 (West Indies). major Pfeiffer, Pupa rnumiola: 1854, Malakozoologisehe Blatter, 1. pi. 3, fig. 6 (Playa de Indios, Matanzas, Cuba). Not a subspecies but the name was used to indicate a large form. malonei Clench, Cerion (Strophiops) : 1937, Nautilus, 51. p. 20, pi. 3, fig. 6 (3V2 miles SE of Simms, Long Island, Bahamas). manatiense Aguayo and Jaurae, Cerion: 1951, Revista, 8. p. 9, pi. 1, fig. 4 (Loma Tabaco, SW of Bahia de Manati, Oriente, Cuba). vianica Lamarck, Pupa: 1830, Encyclopedic Methodique, 2, pt. 2, p. 401 [error for viumia Brug.]. mariae Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 128, pi. 24. fig. 10; pi. 25, fig. 5 (Maria Key, Little Exuma, Bahamas). marielinum Hand. Cerion johnsoni: 1920, Nautilus, 40, p. 38 [nomen nudum |. marielinum "Torre" Pilsbry, Cerion johnsoni: 1927, Nautilus, 40, p. 74, pi. 1, fig. 10 (Mariel, Pinar del Rio, Cuba). mariguanense Clench, Cerion (Strophiops): 1933, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13, p. 94, pi. 1, fig. 3 (south coast of Mariguana Island, Ba- hamas). maritima Pfeiffer, Pupa: 1839, Arehiv fur Naturgesch. Wiegmann, 5. pt. 1, p. 353, (Punta de Maya, Matanzas, Cuba). marmorata Pfeiffer, Pupa: 1847, Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie, 4, p. 83 (no locality [Fortune Island, Crooked Island Group, Bahamas]). marmorosu, Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Records, App., 10, p. 125, pi. 24, figs. 6-7 (Well Key a little north of Leward Stocking Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). martensi Weinland, Pupa: 1802, Malakozoologisehe Blatter, 9, p. 194 (Crooked Island, Bahamas). martiniana Kiister, Pupa: 1844, Conchylien-Cabinet, (2) 1, pt. 15, p. 75, pi. 11, figs. 3-4 (West Indies [Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands]). maynardi Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion (Maynardia) : 1895, Proc. ANSI', p. 210 (Abaco Island [Bahamas]). Maynardia Dall: 1894, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 25, p. 122 (type species Strophia neglecta Maynard). mayoi Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 148, pi. 43, figs. 9-10 (field east of Mackey St., Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). mcleani Clench, Cerion (Strophiops) : 1937, Nautilus, 51. p. 22, pi. 3, fig. 7 (1 mile cast of O'Neills, Long Island, Bahamas). media Maynard Strophia: 1896, Contributions, 3. p. 18, pi. 4, figs. 3-4 (Cuba). Is C. mumia Brug., Pilsbry 1902. melanostomum Clench, Cerion: 1934, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 40, p. CLENCH : CERIONIDAE 153 212, pi. 2, figs, a and c (Mortimers, south end of Long Island, Bahama Islands). microdon Pilsbry and Yanatta, Cerion incrassatum: 1896, Proe. ANSP, p. 328, pi. 11, fig. 5 ([Gibara, Oriente] Cuba). microstomum Pfeiffer, Pupa: 1854, Malakozoologische Blatter, 1. p. 207, (Punta de Jicaco [Peninsula de Hicacos, Matanzas Prov.] Cuba). migratoria Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Kecords, App., 10. p. 1-47, pi. 43, figs. 3-4 (Methodist Sunday School grounds, Sherley St., Nassau, Xew Providence, Bahamas). miguelete Sanchez Roig, Cerion: 1951, Revista, 7, p. 113, pi. 19, fig. 5 (Cayo Miguel, Boca de Yaguaneque, Cananova, Sagua de Tanamo, Cuba). Is C. allcni Torre. See notes, this report. milleri Pfeiffer, Pupa: 1867, Malakozoologische Blatter, 14, p. 129 (Duck ("ay, Exuma Group, Bahama Islands). minima Maynard, Strophiops: 1924, Catalogue, p. 4 (St. James corner, East Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). minor Kiister, Pupa striatella: 1847, Conehylien-Cabinet, (2) 1, pt. 15, 1). 92, pi. 11, figs. 13-15 (Haiti). minusGulum Aguayo and A. de la Torre, Cerion ceiba : 1952, Revista, 9. p. 35, text fig. 1 (east of Boca del Rio Canasi, Matanzas, Cuba). minuta Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops palmata: 1920, Records, App., 10. p. 120, pi. 21, fig. 5 (Wax Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). miramarae Sanchez Roig, Cerion: 1951, Revista, 7, p. 116, pi. 18, fig. 1 (Miramar, Punta Domingo, Nuevitas, Camaguey, Cuba). mitra Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Records, App., 10. p. 118, pi. 2, figs. 4-5 (south end of Great Guana Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). mixta Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 130, pi. 27, figs. 5-6 (Bonds Key, Berry Islands, Bahamas). mobile Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 146, pl. 41, figs. 9-10 (west end of Rose Island, New Providence, Bahamas). monaense Clench, Cerion: 1951, Journal de Conchyliologie, 90, p. 274. (igs. 7-11 (Mona Island, Puerto Rico). montana Maynard, Strophiops : 1924, Catalogue, Suppl., p. 3 (Sunnyside estate, East Bay St., Nassau, New Providence Bahamas). moralesi Clench and Aguayo, Cerion torrei: 1951, Revista, 8, p. 77, pl. 11, figs. 13-14 (Playa de Morales, 11 kilometers SE of Banes, Oriente, Cuba). moreleti Clench and Aguayo, Cerion iostomum: 1951, Revista, 8, p. 73, pl. 11, rig. 6 (Punta del Este, Isle of Pines, Cuba). mortuorium de la Torre, Cerion: 1953, [MS name in the synonymy of Cerion vulneratum feriai Clench and Aguayo]. morula Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1915, Records, App., 6, p. 179 (Spruce Key, [4 miles east of Nassau] New Providence, Bahamas). mossi Clench, Cerion: 1952, Revista, 8, p. 108 [new name for Cerion pau- cicostatum Clench 1934 non Torre 1929]. 1 54 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY multa Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5. p. 197 (northern portion of Fleming Key [about 20 miles NE of New Providence] Bahamas). Is C. exiguum Mayn., Clench 1952. Multicostata Maynard: 1920, Records, App., 10. p. 69; 126 (type species, .1/. eximea Maynard). [Is a synonym of Multistrophia Maynard.] multicostata "Krister" Sowerby, Pupa: 1S75, Conehologia Iconica, 20. pi. 2, fig. 13 (Cuba) [error for Pupa multirostum Kiisterj. multicostum Kiister, Pupa: 181"), Conchylien-Cabhu't, (2) 1. pt. 15, p. 77, pi. 10, figs. 3 4; pi. 11, figs. 6-7 (West Indies). multistriatum Pilsbry and Yanatta, Cerion: 1896, Pioc ANSP, p. 335, pi. 11, fig. S (Crooked Island, Bahamas). Multostrophia Maynard: 1894, Contributions, 2. p. 177 (type species Strophia eximea Maynard, original designation). mumia Bruguiere, Bulimus: 1792, Encyclopedic Methodique, 1, p. 384 (Ocean American [Matanzas, Cuba, fide Pilsbry 1902, p. 225] ). mumia Sowerby, Pupa: 1834, The Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells, [it. 41, fig. 2 (no locality given). [Is Cerion regivm Benson, won mumia Bruguiere.] mumiola Pfeiffer, Pupa: 1839, Archiv fur Naturgesch. Weigmann, 5, pt. 1. p. 353 (Playa de Indios, Matanzas, Cuba). muralia Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 151, pl. 47, figs. 5-6 (in walls at East Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). mufa "Maynard" Batchelder, Strophia: 1951, Jour. Soc. Bibliography Natural History, 2. pt. 7, p. 238 [error for mutata Maynard]. mutata Maynard, Strophia einerca : 1894, Contributions, 2, p. 125, fig. 37a (NW part of Long Key [=Athol Id.] NE of Nassau, New Providence, Ba- hamas). Is C. varium Bonnet, Pilsbry 1902. mutatoria Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Records, App., 10. p. 11 0, pl. 1, figs. 3-4 (south end of Great Guana Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). nana Maynard, Strophia: 1889, Contributions, 1. p. 27, pl. 2, figs. 11-lld (west end of Little Cayman [Cayman Islands]). navalis Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Records, App., 10, p. 124, id. 20, figs. 8-10 (north end of Ship Channel Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). nebula Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Records, App., 10, p. 122, pl. 24, fig. 1 (first Key north of Stocking Island, Great Exuma, Bahamas). neglecta Maynard, Strophia: 1894, Contributions, 2, p. 150, fig. 47, (one mile west of Fort Charlotte, Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). Is C. coryi Maynard, Pilsbry 1902. nitela Maynard, Strophia: 18S9, Contributions, 1. p. 73, pl. 17, figs. 16-16a (west end of Little Cayman [Cayman Islands]). Is C. Irrigation Maynard. Pilsbry 1901. niteloides Dall, Cerion (Maynardia) : 1S90, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, 4, no. 1, p. 15, pl. 1, fig. 2 (Water Cay, Salt Cay Bank, Ba- hamas ) . CLENCH : CERION'IDAE 155 )i.trra Maynard, Strophia curtissii: 1894, Contributions, 2. p. 102, (ceme- tery between Waterloo and Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). nivia Maynard, Strophiops: 1894, Records, App., 5. p. 186 [error for iiirca Maynard 1894]. noriae Aguayo and Sanchez Roig, Cerion mumia: 1853, Memorias, 21. p. •285, pi. 32, fig. 8 (La Noria, Cojimar, Cuba). normale Pilsbry and Black, Cerion sladeni: 1930, Proc. ANSP, 82. p. 292, pi. 21, fig. 2 (Purser Point, Andros, Bahamas). normalis Beck, Pupa chrysalis: 1837, Index Molluscorum, p. 82 [see note under bidens Beck]. normalis Beck, Pupa uva: 1837, Index Molluscorum, p. 82 [see note under hi . 108, pi. 3, figs. 1, 3, 7-12 (2 miles south of Mastic Point, Andros, Ba- hamas). peracuta Bartsch, Cerion: 1931, Science (n.s.), 73, p. 419, [nomen nudum]. peracutum Clench and Aguayo, Cerion sagraianum : 1951, Revista, 8. p. 75, pi. 11, fig. 9 (Boca de Jaruco, Habana Province, Cuba). perantiqu-a Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1920, Records, App., 10. p. 115, pi. 1, figs. 1-2 (south end of Great Guana Key [Exuma Group] Ba- hamas). percostatum Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion regina: 1895, Proc. ANSP, p. 208 (Turks Island [Bahamas]). perieulosum Clench, Cerion {Strophiops): 1934, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 40. p. 215, pi. 2, fig. B (South Cay, Mira Por Vos Group, Bahamas). perplexa Maynard, Strophia: 1889, Contributions, 1, p. 71, pi. 7, figs. 15- 15a (Cayman Brae, 2 miles from west end [Cayman Islands]). Is C. pan- nosum Mayn., Pilsbry 1901. persuasa Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 131, pi. 28, figs. 9-10 (along shore north of Fresh Creek, Andros, Bahamas). phoenecia Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 149, pi. 45, figs. 3-4 (Waterloo, East Nassau,1 New Providence, Bahamas). picta Maynard, Strophia: 1889, Contributions, 1, p. 18, pi. 2, figs. 6-6b (west end of Little Cayman [Cayman Islands]). Is C. levigatum Mayn., Pilsbry 1901. pieturata Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 135, pi. 32, figs. 7-8 (fossil, Cabbage Key, Berry Islands, Bahamas). pillsburyi Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion: 1897, Proc. ANSP, 49, p. 366, text fig. 5, (Gun Cay [Bimini] Bahamas). pilsoryi Maynard, Strophia: 1894, Contributions, 2. p. 170, fig. 55 (Goat 158 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Key, Middle Bight, Andros, Bahamas). Is C. griseum Mayn., Pilsbry, 1902. pineria Dall, Cerion (Maynardia) : 1895, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18. p. 6, (Isle of Pines [Cuba]). pinguis Humphrey, Pupa: 1797, Museum Calonnianum, p. 64 [see note under olathrata Humphrey]. Pinguita Maynard: 1896, Contributions, 3. p. 30 [type speeies, Strophia dimidiatia [sic] Pfeiffer, monotypie], piraticus Clench, Cerion: 1937, Proe. New England Zool. Club, 16. p. 64, pi. 3, fig. 1 (Southeast Point, 12 miles SE of Abrahams Bay, Mariguana Island, Bahamas). platei Clench, Cerion (Strophiops) : 1933, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13. p. 90, pi. 1, figs. 7-8 (Bight road, Cat Island, Bahamas). plcbia Maynard and Clapp, Strophioiis: 1921, Eecords, App., 10. p. 130, pi. 28, figs. 3-4 (Lignum Vitae Key, Berry Islands, Bahamas). plegmatum Dall, Cerion (Strophiops) : 1905, Smithsonian Misc. Collect., 47. p. 441, pi. 58, fig. 5 (Exuma Island, Bahamas). poeyi Aguayo and Sanchez Boig, Cerion sanctacruzense : 1953, Memorias, 21. p. 293, pi. 32, fig. 11 (Trinidad, Cuba). polita Maynard, Strophia marmorata: 1896, Contributions, 3. p. 14, pi. 3, figs. 3-4 (Cabo Cruz [is Cabo Maisi] Cuba). pordna Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Becords, App., 10, p. 132, pl. 29, figs. 7 8 (Frazar's Hog Key, Berry Islands, Bahamas). portillonis Welch, Cerion ramsdeni: 1934, Nautilus, 47, p. 105, pl. 11, fig. 2 (near Portillo, 10 kilometers east of Ensenada de Mora, Oriente, Cuba). portuspatris Aguayo and Sanchez Roig, Cerion josephi : 1953, Memorias. 21. p. 291, pl. 32, fig. 10 (Cayo Juan Claro, Bahia de Puerto Padre, Oriente. Cuba). praedicta Maynard and Clap]), Strophiops: 1915, Records, App., 6. p. 181, (fossil, Great Pimlico [30 miles NE of New Providence] Bahamas). Is C. uniforme Mayn., Clench 1952. praedivina Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5, p. 196 (fossi!. Upper Fleming Key [20 miles NE of New Providence] Bahamas). Is C. exiguum Mayn., Clench 1952. praedivina-univrrm Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5, p. 196 (fossil, upper Fleming Key [20 miles NE of New Providence] Bahamas ). Is C. exiguum Mayn., Clench 1952. prestoni Sanchez Roig, Cerion: 1951, Revista, 7, p. 118, pl. 19. fig. 4 (Preston, Nipe, Cuba). pretiosus Sanchez Roig, Cerion : 1951, Revista, 7, p. 115 pl. 18, figs. 2 2a (Playa Bonita, f rente al Faro de Maternillos, Camagiiey, Cuba). primigenia Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5, p. 184 (fossil 1 1 neath a sand cliff, east end of Salt Key, New Providence, Bahamas). peimordia Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 132, pl. 29, figs. 1 2 (Great Stirrup Key [Berry Islands] Bahamas). CLENCH : CERIONIDAE 159 prisca Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1915, Eecords, App., 6. p. 182 (fossil, east end of Salt Key, New Providence, Bahamas). proavita Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Eecords, App., 10. p. 129, pi. 26, figs. 9-10 (fossil, Goat Key, Great Harbor, Berry Islands, Bahamas) processa Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1920, Records, App., 10. p. 11(5, pi. 1, figs. 7-8 (south end of Great Guana Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). procliva Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 134. 1)1. 31, figs. 5-6 (Goat Key, Great Harbor [Berry Islands] Bahamas). profunda Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 129, pi. 27, figs. 1-2 (fossil, Goat Key, Great Harbor, Berry Islands, Bahamas). prognata Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Records, App., 10. p. 118, pi. 2, figs. 8-9 (south end of Great Guana Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). progressa Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1920, Records, App., 10. p. 119, pi. 2, figs. 1-2 (north end of Great Guana Key [Exuma Group] Ba hamas). proteus Pfeiffer and Gundlach, Pupa: 1861, Malakozoologische Blatter, 7. p. 19, (Gibara, Cuba). Is C. dimidiatum Pfr., Pilsbry 1902. pseudocyclostomum Aguayo and Sanchez Roig, Cerion: 1953, Memorial 21. p. 289, pi. 32, fig. 13 (Cayo Frances, Caibarien, Cuba). pudicum Pilsbry, Cerion bryanti: 1902, M. of ('.. (2) 14. p. 273, pi. 4''. figs. 17-18 (no locality given [Great Inagua] ). pulla Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1920, Records, App., 10. p. 122. pi. 23, figs. 3-4 (small key opposite Roseville, Great Exuma, Bahamas). PuJpa Poey: 1858, Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba. 2. p. 30 [error for Pupa; type species, Pulpa sculpta Poey = Cerion sculptum Poey]. pa in ilia Maynard, Strophia grayi: 1894, Contributions, 2. p. 143, fig. 441! (NE end of Highburn Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). pupa Boding, Cerion: 1798, Museum Boltenianum, p. 90 [based upon Heli.r pupa Gmel., a species in the genus Mast us]. papilla Ball, Cerion (Strophiops) variabile: 1905, Smithsonian Misc. Col lect., 47. p. 440, pi. 58, fig. 1 (Red Bay, northwest end of Andros, Bahamas;. purpurea Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5. p. 188 (Creek Settlement and one mile east [East Point Light] New Providence, Bahamas I. pusilia "Maynard" Batchelder, StropJiiops : 1951. Jour. Soc. Bibliography Nat. Hist., 2. p. 255 [error for pusilia Maynard and Clapp]. pusilia Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 127, pi. 22, fig. 5 (key near Long Rock, Great Exuma, Bahamas). pygmaeum Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion: 1896, Proc. ANSP, p. 334, pi. 11. fig. 9 (Gibara, Cuba). Is C. microdon P. and V. See Notes, this report. pygmca Maynard, Strophiops: 1924, Catalogue, Suppl., p. 4 (fossil, crab holes, St. James Corner, Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). ralla Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 137. 160 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY pi. 34, figs. 8-9 (Joulter Keys, north of Andros, Bahamas). ramsdeni "Torre" Welch, Cerion: 1934, Nautilus, 47. p. 105, pi. 11, fig. la-e (Playa Rineon, Ensenada de Mora, Oriente, Cuba). rara Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 133, pi. 31, figs. 1-2 (fossil, west side, Cabbage Key, Berry Islands, Bahamas). reeessa Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Records, App., 10. p. 122, pi. 24, figs. 2 3 (southern portion of Stocking Island, Great Exuma, Ba- hamas). rediviva Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5. p. 187 (west of St. Paul quarry, East Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). regia Benson, Pupa: 1849, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (2) 4. p. 125 (Nanking, China [Castle Island, Bahamas]). regina Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion (Maynardia) : 1895, Proc. ANSP, p. 208; ibid., 1896, p. 330, pi. 11, figs. 23-24 (Turks Island [Bahamas]). regula Maynard, Strophia: 1894, Contributions, 2. p. 161, fig. 52 (Fresh Creek, near settlement, Andros, Bahamas). Is C. griseum Mayn., Pilsbry 1902. rehderi Clench and Aguayo, Cerion (Umbonis) : 1952, Occ. Papers on Mol- lusks, 1, no. 17, p. 422, pi. 57, fig. 2 (Jackline, one mile west of Conch Shell Point, Great Inagua, Bahama Islands). reincarnata Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 148, pi. 44, figs. 1-2 (Ocean Hole, east of Mackey St., Nassau, New Provi- dence, Bahamas). relequa Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 130, pl. 27, figs. 7-8 (Holms Key, Berry Islands, Bahamas). repetita Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 149, pl. 45, figs. 5-6 (fields off Kemp's road, East Nassau, New Providence, Ba- hamas). restricts Maynard, Strophia: 1894, Contributions, 2. p. 175, fig. 58 (middle of Goat Key, Middle Bight, Andros, Bahamas). Is C. griseum Mayn., Pils- bry 1902. reticulatum Dall, Cerion oweni: 1905, Smithsonian Misc. Collect., 47. p. 143, pl. 58, fig. 8 (Sugar Loaves Rocks, NW of Elbow Cay, Great Abaco, Bahamas). Is C. hendalli P. and V., Clench 1938a. rhysstun Dall, Cerion (Strophiops) : 1905, [in] The Bahama Islands, The Geographic Society of Baltimore, Maryland, ed. by G. B. Shattuck, p. 31, pl. 12, fig. 46 (fossil in aeolian rock, Station 14, small unnamed key south of Reids Cay, Middle Bight, Andros, Bahamas). ricardi Clench and Aguayo, Cerion: 1951, Revista, 8. p. 71, pl. 11, fig. 2 ( Punta de Tarara, Habana Province, Cuba). ritchiei Maynard, Strophia: 1894, Contributions, 2. p. 135, fig. 41 (High- liurn Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). robusta Maynard, Strophia cinerea: 1894, Contributions, 2, p. 121, fig. CLENCH : CERIONIDAE 161 36a-b (north side of Hog Island, New Providence, Bahamas). Is C. varium Bonnet, Pilsbry 1902. rocai Clench and Aguayo, Ccrion tridentatum : 1953, Torreia, no. 18, p. 2, text fig. 2 (Lagunas Salobres de Boca de Guanabo, Habana, Cuba). romanocmsis Aguayo and Sanchez Roig, Ccrion circumscriptum: 1953, Memorias, 21. p. 289, pi. 32, figs. 12-13 (Cayo Romano, Camagiiey, Cuba). Is C. sanzi P. and V. See notes, this report. rosacea Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 13!'. pi. 35, figs. 7-8 (West [North?] Silver Key, Nassau, New Providence, Ba- hamas). rosea Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 151, pi. 48, figs. 9-10 (fossil, north east end of Rose Island, New Providence. Bahamas). royi Aguayo and Jaume, Ccrion: 1951, Revista, 8. p. 7, pi. 1, fig. 1 (Cayo Cruz, northern Camagiiey, Cuba). Is C. sansi Pils. and Van. See notes, this report. rubicunda Menke, Pupa: 1829, Yerzeiclmis Conchy. -Samml. Malsburg. Pyrmont, p. 8 (no locality given [Great Inagua]). rubiginosa Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 147, pi. 43, figs. 1-2 (field east of Methodist church, Sherley St., Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). rubra Humphrey, Pupa : 1787, Museum Calonnianum, p. 64 [see note under cAathrata Humphrey]. rudis Pfeiffer, Pupa: 1855, Malakozoologische Blatter, 2. p. 102, pi. 5, figs. 1-2 (subfossil, Diamond, Blessing and Paradise Plantations, St. Croix. [Virgin Islands] ). rufimaculata Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5. p. 189 (south shore of NeAv Providence, west side of salina to Sound Point, Bahamas). rufina Maynard, Stropliiops: 1913, Records, App., 5. p. 198 (south of Current Settlement, Eleuthera, Bahamas). Is C. hyattii Mayn., Clench 1952. rufolabris Beck, Pupa uva: Ps37, Index Molluscorum, p. 82, [see note under bidens Beck]. rufula Maynard, Sitrophiops : 1924, Catalogue, Suppl., p. 3 (west side of Kemp's Road, St. James Corner, Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). russelli Clench, Cerion: 1938, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 80, p. 528, pi. 1, figs. 5-8 (near Turtle Cove, 4 miles NNE of The Bight, central Cat Island, Bahama Islands). saccluirimeta "Blanes" Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion ineanum: 1898 [1899] Proc. ANSP, p. 447, text fig. 5 (Sugar Loaf Key, Florida). saetiac. Sanchez Roig, Cerion: 1948, Revista, 6. p. 67, pi. 1, fig. 7 (Playa del Cristo-Saetia, Bahia de Nipe, Cuba). sagraiana Pfeiffer, Pupa: 1847, Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie, 4. p. 15, (Cayo Galindo [Matanzas] Cuba). 162 BULLETIN": MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY saguaensfi Aguayo and Sanchez Roig, Cerion sagraianum : 1953, Memorias, 21, p. 286, pi. 32, fig. 9 (Cayo Roteno, Sagua la Grande [Las Villas] Cuba). sainthilarius Sanchez Roig, Cerion: 1951, Revista, 7. p. 115, pi. 18, fig. 3 (Fuerte San Ililario, Sabinal, Nuevitas, Camagiiey, Cuba). salimaria Maynard, Strophiops : 1913, Records, App., 5, p. 184 (Salt Key, New Providence, Bahamas). sallci Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion crassilabre : 1896, Proc. ANSP, p. 325 (San Domingo). Is C. yumaense P. and V., here considered a synonym. salvatori "Torre" Pilsbry, Cerion: 1927, Nautilus, 40, p. 74, pi. 1, fig. 11 (Jaimanitas [Habana] Cuba). sampsoni Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1920, Records, App., 10, p. 121, pi. 4, figs. 1, 10 (Sampson's Key [Stanyard Cay on chart — 3^ miles NYV of Great Guana Cay, Exuma Group] Bahamas). sanchezi Clench and Aguayo, Cerion: 1953, Torreia, no. 18, p. 3, text figs. 4-5 (Lengua de Pajaro, Bahia de Lebiza, Mayari, Oricnte, Cuba). Is C. alleni Torre. See notes, this report. sanetacrusense Aguayo and Jaume, Cerion: 1951, Revista, 8. p. 10, pi. 1, fig. 14 (Sabanalamar, Santa Cruz del Sur, Camagiiey, Cuba). sanetamariae Aguayo and Jaume, Cerion: 1951, Revista, 8, p. 13, pi. 1, fig. 13 (Cayo Santa Maria, XE of Caibarien, Las Villas, Cuba). santesoni Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 139, pi. 36, figs. 3-4; pi. 15, fig. 5 (north shore of New Providence, west of Nassau, Bahamas). sanzi "Blanes" Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion: 1898 [1899] p. 478, text fig. it (Confites Key, Nuevitas [Camagiiey] Cuba). saona Vanatta, Cerion: 1924, Proc. ANSP, 75. p. 360, text fig. 3 (Saona Island, Santo Domingo). Is C. yumaense P. and V., here considered a synonym. sarcostomum Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion: 1896, Proc. ANSP, p. 331. pi. 11, fig. 16, (Little Inagua, Bahamas). saugeti Aguayo and Jaume, Cerion inanatUnse : 1951, Revista, 8, p. 9. pi. 1, fig. 3 (SW of Bahia de Nuevas Grandes, about 3V& miles from its mouth, Camagiiey, Cuba). saurodon Dall, Cerion (Strophiops) raruibile: 1905, Smithsonian Misc. Collect., 47, p. 440, pi. 58, fig. 14 (Red Bay, NW end of Andros Island, Ba hamas). saxitina Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 145, pi. 41, figs. 1-2 (Hog Island, east of Three Bays, New Providence, Bahamas i. scalariformis Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1920, Records, App., 10, p. 116, pi. 1, figs. 5-6 (south end of Great Guana Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). Is C. asperum M. and C, Clench and Aguayo 1952. scalarina "Gundlach" Sowerby, Pupa: 1875, Conchologia Iconica, 20, pi. 17, fig. 153 [figure and description is for Granopitpa scalaris Benoit from CLENCH : CERIONIDAE 1 ft] Sicily ; the reference is to Cerion scalarinum Pfeiffer and Gundlach from Cuba | . scalarina Pfeiffer and Gundlach, Pupa: 1860, Malakozoologische Blatter, 7. p. 19 (Gibara [Oriente] Cuba). soalarinoides Plate, Cerion (flans: 1907, Arehiv fur Rassen- und Gesell. Biologic, 4, p. 595, pi. 4, fig. f (Green Cay [east of Tongue of the Ocean and west of Exuma bank] Bahama Islands). seopulorum Aguayo and Jaume, Cerion: 1951, Revista, 8. p. 11, pi. 1, fig. 8, (Punta SE of Cayo Megano Grande and NE of Cayo Cruz, northern Camagiiey, Cuba). scripta Maynard, Strophia: 1896, Contributions, 3. p. 3, pi. 1, figs. 3-4 (Cardenas [Matanzas] Cuba). Is C. chrysalis Fer., Pilsbry 1902. seulpta Poey, Pulpa [sic] : 1858, Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba, 2, p. 30, pi. 2, fig. 22 ([northern coast of Pinar del Rio] Cuba). scutata Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1921, Records. App., 10. p. 133, 1>1. 31, figs. 3-4 (Petit Key [Berry Islands] Bahamas). sellare Aguayo and Sanchez Roig, Cerion sansi: 1953, Memorias, 21, p. 291, pi. 32, fig. 6 (Silla de Cayo Romano, Camagiiey, Cuba). semipolita Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Records, App., 10, p. 123, pi. 23, figs. 6-7 (3rd Key south of Roseville, Great Exuma, Bahamas). Seniculus Maynard: 1896, Contributions, 3, p. 17 (type species, Strophia mumia Bruguiere, original designation). [Is a synonym of Strophi-a Albers.] shrcici Clench and Aguayo, Cerion (Umbonis) : 1952, Oec. Papers on Mol lusks, 1, no. 17, p. 436, pi. .17, fig. 4 (near North West Point, Little Inagua, Bahamas). simihiria Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 128, pi. 26, figs, ."it) (westernmost Brigadier [Brigantine, Exuma Group] Ba- hamas ). similaris "Maynard" Batehelder, Strophiops: 1951, Jour. Soc. Bibliog iaphy Natural History, 2, p. 255 [error for similaria Maynard]. sisal Clench and Aguayo, Cerion {Umbonis): 1952, Occ. Papers on Mol lusks, 1. no. 17, p. 427, pi. 57, fig. 3 (east side — Boca de Mosquito, Mariel, Pinar del Rio, Cuba). sladeni Pilsbry and Black, Cerion: 1930, Proc. ANSP, 82, p. 290, pi. 21. fig. 1 a-1 (Mastic Cay, in Middle Bight. Andros, Bahamas). smithii "Blanes" Pilsbry, Cerion crassiusculum : 1902, M. of C, (2) 14, p. 202, pi. 32, fig. 38 (Sagua de Tanamo [Oriente] Cuba). sparsa Maynard, Strophiops: 1924, Catalogue, Suppl., p. 3 (St. James Corner, East Nassau, Bahamas). stevensoni Dall, Cerion: 1900, Nautilus, 14, p. 65 (Long or Berry Island [Long Island] Bahamas). striata Schumacher, Pupa: 1817, Essai Nouveau Systeme Vers Testaces Copenhagen, p. 230. Refers to Chemnitz 1780, Conchylien-Cabinet, (1) 4, 164 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY pi. 153, fig. 1439a-b. Is C. mumia Bruguiere, Pilsbry 1902. striatella "Ferussac" Guerin-Meneville, Pupa: 1829?, Iconographie du Regno Animal de G. Cuvier, Mollusques, p. 16, pi. 6, fig. 12 (The Antilles [Puerto Rico] ). striatissimum Aguayo and Jaume, Cerion salvatorl: 1953, Memorias, 21, p. 274, pi. 31, fig. 8 (Playa de Santa Fe, Habana, Cuba). strigis Aguayo and Sanchez Roig, Cerion herrerai: 1953, Memorias, 21, p. 287, pi. 32, figs. 2, 4 (Cayo Brujas, Caibarien [Las Villas] Cuba). stritella Humphrey, Pupa: 1797, Museum Calonnianum, p. 64 [see note under clathrata Humphrey]. strobilus Beck, Pupa: 1837, Index Molluscorum, p. 82, [nomen nudum]. Atrophia Albers: 1850, Die Heliceen, Berlin, p. 202 [type species, Pupa mumia Bruguiere, v. Maidens 1861, subsequent designation; non Strophia Meigen 1825; Stal 1877]. Strophiops Dall: 1894, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 25, p. 121 [type species, Pupa dccumana Ferussac, original designation]. stroutii Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1920, Records, App., 10. p. 120, pl. 21, figs. 1-2 (Little Strout [Shroud]; Strout [Shroud]; East and West Hawksbill and Cistern Keys [Exuma Group] Bahamas). stupida Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: Records, App., 10, p. 135, pl. 33, figs. 1-2 (North Key, Staniard Creek, Andros, Bahamas). subcostulatum Aguayo and Sanchez Roig, Cerion herrerai : 1953, Memorias, 21„ p. 287, pl. 32, fig. 3 (northern part of Cayo Santa Maria, Caibarien [Las Villas] Cuba). subcylindrica Beck, Pupa uva: 1837, Index Molluscorum, p. 82, [see note under bidens Beck]. sublaevigatum "Pfeiffer" Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion (Maynardia) : 1895, Proc. ANSI', p. 209 (Matanzas, Cuba). submarmoratum Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion: 1897, Proc. ANSP, 49. p. 365, text tigs. 3-4 ([Fortune Id.] Bahamas). Is C. fordii P. and V., Clench 1938. sueyrasi "Blanes" Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion: 1898 [1899], Proc. ANSP, p. 477, text fig. 6 (Vita, Cuba). sula Maynard and Clap]), Strophiops: 1915, Records, App., 6. p. 180 [new name for obliterafa Maynard 1913, not obliterata Maynard 1896J. sulcata "Lamarck" Sowerby, Pupa: 1834, The Genera of Recent and Fos- sil Shells, pt. 41, figs. 3-4 (no locality). Is C. mumia Bruguiere, Pilsbry 1902. swift ii Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion regina: 1895, Proc. ANSP, p. 208 (Turks Island [Bahamas]). Is C. rer/ina P. and V., here considered a synonym. sylvatiea Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 137, pl. 34, fig. 7 8 (Chub Point Key, Berry Islands, Bahamas). tabida Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5. p. 199 (near Cur- CLENCH : CERIONIDAE 165 rent Settlement, Eleuthera, Bahamas). Is C. hyattii Mayn., Clench 1952. tanamensis Sanchez Roig, Cerion: 1951, Revista, 7, p. 120, pi. 19, fig. 1 (Punta de Piedra, Yaguaeque, Sagua de Tanamo, Cuba). lantUlum Aguayo and Jaume, Cerion gundiachi : 1951, Revista, 8, p. 5, pi. 2, fig. 11 (Cayo Guillermo, north of Punta Alegre, Camagiiey, Cuba). tejedori Sanchez Roig, Cerion: 1951, Revista, 7, p. 112, pi. 18, fig. 7 (Punta Arenas, Paso de las Carabelas, Peninsula de Sabinal, Camagiiey, Cuba). Is C. sanzi P. and V. See notes, this report. ttviuco.stata Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1920, Records, App., 10, p. 121, pi. 4, figs. 3, 9 (Sampson's Cay [Stanyard Cay, 3y2 miles XW of Great Guana Cay, Exuma Group] Bahamas). tenui Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1915, Records, App., 6. p. 182 (east end of New Providence, Bahamas). terwicallwm Aguayo and Sanchez Roig, Cerion circumscriptum: 1953, Memorias, 21, p. 288, pi. 32, fig. 17 (Cayo Frances, Caibarien, Las Villas, Cuba). Is C. sanzi P. and V. See notes, this report. tenuilaoris "Gundlach" Pfeiffer, Pupa: 1870, Malakozoologische Blatter, 17, p. 91 (Barigua, Mata [Baraeoa] Cuba). trrrita Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 147, pi. 15, fig. 2; pi. 43, figs. 3-4 (Methodist Churchyard, Nassau, New Provi- dence, Bahamas). thaycri Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 137, pi. 34, figs. 5-6 (east end of Thompson's Key, Berry Islands, Bahamas). thompsoni Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops : 1915, Records, App., 6, p. 179 (south shore of Hog Island, New Providence, Bahamas). thorndikei Maynard, Strophia: 1894, Contributions, 2, p. 116, fig. 34 (Cemetery between Waterloo and Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). Is C. varium Bonnet, Pilsbry 1902. tibida Maynard, Strophiops : 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 152 [error for tabida Maynard]. torrei "Blanes" Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion: 1898 [1899] Proc. ANSP, p. 476, text figs. 1-2 (Port of Vita, Cuba). tortuga Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion: 1928, Proc. ANSP, 80, p. 476, pi. 27, figs. 15-17 (Tortuga Island, Haiti). tracta Maynard, Strophia cinerea: 1894, Contributions, 2, p. 123, fig. 37 (eastern point of Hog Island, New Providence, Bahamas). Is C. varium Bonnet, Pilsbry 1902. transitoria Maynard, Strophiops : 1913, Records, App., 5, p. 194 (northern portion of Great Pimlico Island [Eleuthera] Bahamas). Is C. uniforme Mayn., Clench 1952. transmutata Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 127, pi. 26, figs. 1-2 (Muddy Point Key, Great Exuma, Bahamas). travelii Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1921, Records, App., 10, p. 135, pi. 32, figs. 3-4 (Bridgewater Key, Berry Islands, Bahamas). 166 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OV COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY tridentatum Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion (Paracerion) : 1895, Proc. ANSP, p. 206; ibid, 1896, p. 336, pi. 11, fig. 27 (Cuba [Eincon de Guanabo, Ha- hana, Cuba] ). Tridcntistrophki Maynard : 1896, Contributions, 3. p. 9 [type species, Strophia striatella Ferussac, original designation]. Is a synonym of Para- cerion Pilsbry and Vanatta. tumida Sowerby, Pupa: 1876, Conehologiea Iconica, 20, pi. 1, fig. 6 (Cuba) [a MS name changed to incrassata]. tumidula Deshayes, Pupa: 1851, Deshayes [in] Ferussac, Histoire Nat- urelle Generale et Particuliere des Mollusques, 2. pt. 2, p. 207 (Cuba) [is C. mumia Bruguiere]. turgidum Torre and Welch, Cerion ramsdeni: 1934, Nautilus, 47, p. 106, pi. 11, fig. 3a-d (hill west of Toro Eiver, 1 km. from beach or "Ojo del Toro" west of Ensenada de Mora, Oriente, Cuba). turnerae Clench and Aguayo, Cerion (JJmbonis) : 1952, Occ. Papers on Mollusks, 1. no. 17, p. 423, pi. 53, figs. 4-7 (Lydia Point, Great Inagua, Ba- hama Islands). typica "Pfeiffer" Pilsbry, Cerion maritimum: 1902, M. of C, (2) 14, p. 213 [nomen nudum]. This was not intended to be a name introduced by Pfeiffer but only a descriptive term. ultima Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5, p. 190 (Southwest Key, New Providence, Bahamas). Umbonis Maynard: 1896, Contributions, 3, p. 28 [type species, Strophia scalarina Pfeiffer and Gundlach, monotypic]. uniformis Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5, p. 194 (Little Pimlico Island [Eleuthera] Bahamas). unirersa Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5, p. 196, (fossil, Green Key [Rose Island, New Providence] Bahamas). Is C. uniforme Mayn., Clench 1952. utowana Clench, Cerion {Strophiops) : 1933, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13. p. 92, pi. 1, figs. 1-2 (East Plana Key, Bahamas). utrioulus Menke, Pupa: 1829, Verzeichnis Conchy. Samml. Malsburg, Pyr- mont, p. 8 (locality not given). uva Linne, Turbo: 1758, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, p. 765, (locality un- known [Curasao]). [Refers to Gualtieri 1742, Index Testarum, pi. 58, fig. D]. vaccinum Pilsbry, Cerion incanum: 1902, M. of C, (2) 14, p. 215, pi. 29, fig. 51 (east end of Key Vaccas [Vaea] Florida). vagabunda Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1925, Records, App., 10, pi. 41, figs. 7-8 (southern end of Rose Island, New Providence, Bahamas). [New name for albata Maynard and Clapp July 1921, not albata Maynard and Clapp May 1921]. CLENCH: CERIONIDAE 167 valdesi de la Torre, Cerion c< iba: 1954, Revista, 9. p. 43, pi. 5, fig. 5 (Abra Ventura, east of Canasi, Matanzas, Cuba). valida Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Records, App., 10. p. 124, pi. 22, figs. 1-2 (near well on west coast of Ship Channel Key [Exuma Group] Bahamas). valida Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion (Maynardia) columna: 189."), Proc. ANSP, 47, p. 207 (Inagua [Bahamas]). vallei Aguayo and Jaume, Cerion vulneratum: 1951, Revista, 8, p. 2, pi. 2, fig. 7 (north coast of Cayo Puerco, bay of Puerto Padre, Oriente, Cuba). vanattai Clench and Aguayo, Cerion: 1951, Revista, 8, p. 78. pi. 11, fig. 12 (I'laya Larga, Boca de Jauco, Baracoa, Oriente, Cuba). vannostrandi Pilsbry and Vanatta, Cerion ritohiei: 1896, Proc. ANSP, p. 323 (locality unknown). varius Bonnet, Pupa: 1846, Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (2) 16, p. 71, pi. 6, figs. 3-4 (Tasmania [New Providence, Bahamas] ). rariahile Dall, Cerion {Strophiops) : 1905, Smithsonian Misc. Collect., 47. p. 440, pi. 58, fig. 6 (Red Bay, NW end of Andros Island, Bahamas). varia-nivia Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5. p. 186 (Eastern Cemetery, Sherley St. to St. Paul quarry, Nassau, New Providence, Ba- hamas). varia-piirpuiui Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5. p. 188 (Bay St., east to Creek Settlement, Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). varia-thorndikei Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5, p. 186 (Cemetery east of Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas). variata Maynard and Clapp, Stropliiops : 1921, Records, App., 10. p. 134, pi. 32, figs. 1-2 (Crab Key, Berry Islands, Bahamas). varicgata Pfeiffer, Pupa incana: 1868, Monographia Heliceorum Viven- tium, 6. p. 289 [based upon W. G. Binney 1859, Terrestrial Air-Breathing Mollusks of the United States, 4. pi. 70 [79], fig. 17 (Florida)]. Is C. in- canum Binney, Pilsbry 1902. variegata Kiister, Pupa rubicunda: 1844, Conchylien-Cabinet, (2) 1. pt. 15, p. 76 (West Indies [Great Inagua, Bahamas] ). ventricosior Beck, Pupa uva : 1837, Index Molluscorum, p. 82 [see note under bidens Beck]. venusta Poey, Pupa: 1858, Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba, 2, p. 30 (Cuba). vermiculum Dall, Cerion oweni: 1905, Smithsonian Misc. Collect., 47, p. 443, pi. 58, fig. 3 (Mathews Point, south side of Great Abaco, Bahamas). Is C. bendalli P. and V., Clench 1938a. veta Maynard and Clapp, Strophiops: 1920, Records, App., 10. p. 120, pi. 21, figs. 3-4 (fossil, Strout's [Stroud] Key, [Exuma Group] Bahamas). vetusta Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5. p. 191 (fossil, Silver Keys of Nassau bar, Nassau, New Providence, and Pimlico Keys, Eleuthera, Bahamas). Is C. inconsuetum Mayn., Clench 1952. 168 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY vetusta-praedevina Maynard, Strophiops: 1913, Records, App., 5, p. 195 (fossil, Great Pimlico Key, [Eleuthera] Bahamas). Is C. inconsuetvm Mayn., Clench 1952. viaregis Bartsch, Cerion: 1920, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 14. no. 282, p. 13, pi. 5; figs. 7-31 (King's Road, Bastian Point, northeast side of South Bight, Andros Island, Bahamas). victor de la Torre, Cerion: 1929, Nautilus, 42. pi. 4, figs. 12-13 [no de- scription] (Caleta de Ovando, Oriente, Cuba). viola Maynard, Strophia: 1890, Contributions, 1, pi. 16, fig. 5a-b [no de- scription] (no locality given but Inagua, Bahamas on original label). rulgar.e Roding, Cerion: 1798, Museum Boltenianum, (2) p. 90, refers to Knorr, 6. pi. 25, fig. 4 (no locality). [Is C. uva Linne.] vulnerata Kiister, Pupa: 1855, Conchylien-Cabinet, (2) 1. pt. 15, p. 161, pi. 19, figs. 16-18 (locality unknown [Oriente, Cuba]). watlingense Dall, Cerion (Strophiops): 1907, Smithsonian Misc. Collect., 47, p. 438, pi. 58, fig. 7 (Watling Island, Bahamas). weinlandi "Kurr." v. Martens, Pupa: 1860, Malakozoologische Blatter, 6. p. 207, pi. 2, fig. 1, (Crooked Island, Bahamas). wrighti Aguayo and Sanchez Roig, Cerion mumia: 1953, Memorias, 21, p. 284, pi. 32, fig. 5 (Cuba; Charles Wright. [Northern coast of Pinar del Rio, Cuba]). ywmaensis Pilsbry and Yanatta, Cerian (Maynardia) : 1895, Proc. ANSP, p. 210 (Yuma River, Haiti [Santo Domingo]). zebra "Weinland" Sowerby, Pupa: 1875, Conchologia Ieonica, 20. Pupa p. 12, fig. 12a-b (Bahamas). REFERENCES Clench, W. J. 1938. Origin of the Land and Freshwater Mollusk Fauna of the Bahamas, With a List of the Species Occurring on Cat and Little San Salvador Islands. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 80: 481- 541, 3 plates. Clench, W. J. 1938a. Land and Freshwater Mollusks of Grand Bahama and the Abaco Islands, Bahama Islands. Mem. Soc. Cnbana Hist. Nat., 12: 303-333, 2 plates. Clench, W. J. 1942. Land Shells of the Bimini Islands, Bahama Islands. Proc. New England Zool. Club, 19: 53-67. Clench, W. J. 1952. Land and Freshwater Mollusks of Eleuthera Island, Bahama Islands. Rev. Soc. Malacologiea "Carlos de la Torre," 8: 97-116, 3 plates. CLENCH : CEBIONIDAE 1(i!) Clench, W. .1. and 0. G. Aguayo 1952. The Sealarinum Species Complex (Umbonis) in the Genus Cerion. Occasional Papers on Mollusks, Harvard University, 1: 413-440. 7 plates. KuSTER, 11. C. 1841- Conehylien-Cabinet, 1. pt. 15: 1 96, 9 plates. 1847. M \VX LED, C. J. 1889- Contributions to Science, Newtonville, .Mass. Vols. 1-3. 1896. Mayxakd, C. J. 1913- Appendices to Records of Walks and Talks with Nature, Wesl 1926. Newton, Mass. Vols. 5. 6. and 10. Maynabd, C. J. 1924. Catalogue of Specimens of the Family Cerionidae for Sale by C. J. Maynard, West Newton, Mass., pp. 1-6. PlLSBRY, II. A. 1901- Manual of Conchology, (2 I 14: 174-281',, 21 plates. 1902. PlLSBRY, II. A. 1943. Xoie on Cerion striatellum ("Per." Guerin). Nautilus, 57: 34-35. PlLSBRY, H. A. 1946. Land Mollusca of North America. Acadamy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, Monographs 3, 2, pt. 1: 158-169, 5 text figures. Plate, L. 1907. Die Variabilitat und die Artbildung nach dem Prinzip geog- raphiseher Fornienketten bei den Cerion-Land Schnecken der Bahama-Inseln. Arehiv fiir Eassen- und Gesellschafts-Biologie, 4: 433-614, 5 plates. Smith, E. A. 1898. On the Land-Shells of Curagoa and the Neighbouring Islands. Proc. Malacological Soc. London, 3: 113-116, 2 text-figures. Sowkkby, G. B. 1875- Conchologia Iconica, 20. Pupa, text and 3 plates. 1876. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol. 116, No. 3 STUDIES ON NEW ZEALAND ELASMOBRANCHII. PART VI. TWO NEW SPECIES OF ETMOPTERUS FROM NEW ZEALAND By J. A. F. Garrick Zoology Department, Victoria University College. Wellington, New Zealaml CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM April, 1957 Publications Issued by or in Connection with THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD COLLEGE Bulletin (octavo) 1863 - - The current volume is Vol. 115. Breviora (octavo) 1952 — No. 73 is current. Memoirs (quarto) 1864-1938 — Publication was terminated with Vol. 55. Johnsonia (quarto) 1941 -- A publication of the Department of Mollusks. Vol. 3, no. 35 is current. Occasional Papers of the Department of Mollusks (octavo) 1945 - Vol. 2, no. 21 is current. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club (octavo) 1899- 1948 — Published in connection with the Museum. Publication terminated with Vol. 24. The continuing publications are issued at irregular intervals in numbers which may be purchased separately. Prices and lists may be obtained on application to the Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts. Of the Peters "Check List of Birds of the World," volumes 1-3 are out of print; volumes 4 and 6 may be obtained from the Harvard University Press; volumes 5 and 7 are sold by the Museum, and future volumes will be published under Museum auspices. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol. 116, No. 3 STUDIES ON NEW ZEALAND ELASMOBRANCHII. PART VI. TWO NEW SPECIES OF ETMOPTERUS FROM NEW ZEALAND By J. A. F. Garrick Zoology Department, Victoria University College, Wellington, New Zealand CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM April, 1957 No. 3 — Studies on New Zealand Elasmobranchii. Part VI. Two New Species of Etmopterus from New Zealand 1 By J. A. F. Garrick Zoology Department, Victoria University College, Wellington, New Zealand Experimental line-fishing- off New Zealand, for the purpose of adding to our knowledge of the deeper-water shark fauna of this region, has resulted in the capture of three specimens of Etmop- terus representing two species apparently new to science. These specimens were caught off Kaikoura on the east coast of the South Island, by Mr. Richard Baxter, who, fishing from a 16 foot dinghy, collected one large brown specimen from 500 fathoms, and a small grey-black specimen from 200 fathoms in November, 1955. In February, 1956, a further grey -black specimen was caught in 100 fathoms. All captures were made close inshore, the submarine topography of the Kaikoura region being such that water 500 fathoms deep is found within 3 miles of the coast. Although squaloid sharks are fairly well represented in the New Zealand fauna, no specimens of Etmopterus have been known, and geographically the nearest member of the genus is E. molleri (Whitley) 1939 of southern Australia. It is therefore of considerable interest that the two species of these luminescent sharks now known to be present should represent what are more or less the extremes of morphological diversity in the genus. The large brown specimen, here proposed as Etmopterus baxteri n.sp., in honour of Mr. Richard Baxter, is akin to E. princeps of the North Atlantic in its size — which exceeds that of most other species ; in the uniform but random arrangement of the dermal denticles ; in the noticeably small and rounded pectoral fins ; in the rather plain colouration and inconspicuous pelvic flank mark ; and in the high number of cusps on the upper teeth. The grej^-black specimens, named here as Etmopterus abemethyi n.sp., for Mr. Fred Abernethy who has contributed greatly to the collection of New Zealand elasmobranchs, are closely allied to the Pacific species E. lucifer, E. brachyurus and E. molleri, and like them are small ; with dermal denticles arranged linearly 1 This study has been assisted by a grant from the Research Grants Committee of the Universitv of New Zealand. 172 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY on the sides and upper surface of the trunk; with large and more angular pectoral fins; with an obvious colour pattern and conspicuous flank marks; and with a smaller number of cusps on the upper teeth. Comparison of E. baxteri and E. abernethyi with other species of the genus, of which twelve are listed by Bigelow, Schroeder and Springer (1953, p. 238), though E. molleri (Whitley) 1939 should be added to these, has been greatly facilitated by the availability of specimens of E. spinax, E. polli and E. princeps provided by Drs. H. B. Bigelow and W. C. Schroeder, to whom I am also especially indebted for their generosity in supplying access to their manuscript key to the species. Etmopterus baxteri n.sp. Figures 1 and 2 Study Material. Holotype, mature female, 742 mm. total length, Dominion Museum No. 1950, lined from 500 fathoms seven miles south of Kaikoura, New Zealand, by Mr. R. Baxter, in November, 1955. Description. Proportional measurements in per cent of total length: Trunk at pectoral origin : breadth, 12.7 ; height, 10.8 Snout length in front of : outer nostrils, 1.7 ; mouth, 8.4. Eye : horizontal diameter, 4.0 ; vertical diameter, 2.7. Mouth : breadth, 8.4 ; height, 1.4. Nostrils : breadth (between inner corners), 3.1. Labial furrow lengths : upper, 3.5 ; lower, 1.7. Gill-opening lengths: 1st., 2.7; 3rd., 1.7; 5th., 1.7. First dorsal fin : vertical height, 3.1 ; length of base, 5.7. Second dorsal fin: vertical height, 4.0; length of base, 8.1. Caudal fin: upper margin, 18.4; lower anterior margin, 10.2. Pectoral fin : anterior margin, 7.5 ; width, 6.1. Pelvic fin: anterior margin, 5.7; distal margin, 6.2; posterior margin, 2.2. Distance from snout to : eye, 5.4 ; 1st gill-opening, 16.2 ; 5th gill-opening, 20.7; 1st dorsal, 33.4; 2nd dorsal, 65.5; upper caudal, 81.8 ; pectoral, 21.7 ; pelvic, 57.4. Interspace between : 1st and 2nd dorsals, 26.0 ; 2nd dorsal and GARRICK : NEW ZEALAND ELASMOBRANCHII 173 caudal, 10.1 ; pelvic and subcaudal, 14.3. Distance from origin to origin of : pectoral and pelvic, 35.7 ; pelvic and subcaudal, 22.2. Head depressed, wide, compact, and very large-eyed; trunk moderately stout, and compressed posterior to the pectorals. Height of trunk at origin of pectorals 7.5 in the length from snout tip to origin of subcaudal. Length of body measured to the cloaca, 62 per cent of the total length. Caudal peduncle little compressed and slender, and without lateral keels or precaudal pits. Dermal denticles small, numerous, and in the form of conical thorns, slightly curved and directed posteriorly, and borne on four-angled bases. Each denticle carries six ridges, four of which are continuous with the ridges arising from the angles of the base, while two are intermediate ridges on the anterior face of the denticle and do not extend on to the base. Denticles from the head and fins similar to those from the trunk. The denticles are distributed uniformly but sparsely so that there are con- siderable interspaces between them where the skin is visible. Their arrangement is random, at least on the anterior two-thirds of the trunk, though towards the caudal peduncle and on the tail they are in more or less regular longitudinal rows. The pectoral, pelvic, dorsal and caudal fins are denticle covered almost to their margins, except for the ventral surface of the pelvic which has a wide, naked zone distally, and the web of the second dorsal on which the denticles are very sparse. Other naked regions of the body include the ventral surface of the tip of the snout ; the upper and lower lips ; the axil of the pectoral where the naked area is large and ovoid in outline, extending along the trunk well posterior to the fin when the latter is laid back, and also continued on to the upper surface of the fin itself as a wide band along the posterior margin ; the axil of the pelvic and the entire upper surface of the base of this fin; the axil of the first dorsal where the naked area is small ; and the axil of the second dorsal where the naked area is very extensive, reaching from in front of the origin of the fin to behind its posterior free tip. In all cases, the naked regions correspond with the lighter coloured areas on the trunk and fins. Within the dark area encompassed by the pelvic flank mark, the denticles are noticeably smaller 174 BULLETIN" : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Figure 1. Etmopterus baxteri n.sp., holotype, 742 mm. total length. A, lateral view and insets of sections through snout and peduncle; B, dorsal view of head showing prominent lateral line pores; C, ventral view of peduncle; B, ventral view of head with pores as in B ; E, left nostril; F-E, upper teeth from right side, row numbers indicated above; I, lower teeth, right side; J, 10th lower tooth, right side; K, 6th upper tooth, right side, (c = level of cloaca.) GARRICK : NEW ZEALAND ELASMOBRANCHII 175 than the adjacent ones, and also the tips of these denticles are directed ventrally rather than posteriorly as are the majority of the trunk denticles. Head measured to first gill-opening 6.2 in the total length, and just less than half the distance from snout tip to first dorsal origin. Head noticeably broad, its greatest width at the level of the first gill-opening where it is 1.6 times the least fleshy interorbital width, the latter being equal to the preoral distance. Width of the head at the level of the nostrils is only slightly narrower than the interorbital width, so that the contours of the head between these levels are almost parallel. The snout tip is broadly rounded, and each nostril forms an abrupt step in the contour. The snout is thick, slightly wedge-shaped in profile, strongly depressed, and flat above as is the greater part of the head to the level of the spiracles. Length of snout measured to eye, 3.0 in the head. Eye very large, ovoid, 1.5 times as long as high, its horizontal diameter 1.3 in the snout. Spiracle large, its length 4.0 in the horizontal diameter of the eye, and placed just above the level of the dorsal margin of the eye, and behind it by a distance equal to about twice its own length. Gill-openings of moderate size and slightly oblique; each gill-opening is deeply emarginate, especially the first in which the tips of the gill- filaments are visible. Lengths of the gill-openings decrease from the first to the fourth, but with the fifth equal to the third. Length of the first gill-opening 1.7 times that of the fourth, and 1.5 in the horizontal diameter of the eye. Interspaces between the gill-openings decrease posteriorly, that between the first and second almost twice that between the fourth and fifth. Nostrils large, oblique, and well anterior on the venter of the snout. Each nasal aperture subdivided into an anteriorly directed, circular, anterolateral aperture and an ovoid posteromedial aperture by triangular nasal flaps. The anterior nasal flap is large, pointed, and external to the shorter, fleshy posterior flap. The postero- medial aperture is also margined in front and behind by a low membrane. Mouth broad, and only slightly arched, its width just greater than the preoral distance, and 1.9 in the length of head. The upper labial furrows moderately long, and deeply incised anteriorly, their length 1.4 in the distance from their anterior extremity to the symphysis of the upper jaw. The lower labial 176 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY furrows are shallowly incised and short, their length about half that of the upper furrows. Teeth 2g_27 , dissimilar in the two jaws. The upper teeth erect, each with a long, sharply-pointed, awl-shaped, smooth- edged major cusp flanked on each side by up to four small lesser cusps, and borne on a longitudinally-striated bifid base. Most of the upper teeth have three lesser cusps on each side of the major cusp, with the middle cusp of these three considerably larger than the others though not more than one-third the length of the major cusp. A few teeth near the centre of the jaw have four lesser cusps on each side, with the largest lesser cusp separated from the major cusp by two small lesser cusps, while in the teeth towards the angle of the jaw there is a reduction in the number of lesser cusps to one or two on each side. Three series of upper teeth functional at the centre of the jaw, two towards the angles. The lower teeth blade-like, each with a smooth, little-sculptured, rectangular base almost twice as high as broad, and bearing a single, smooth-edged, triangular cusp. Each cusp is sharply notched laterally, strongly oblique, and overlaps the adjacent cusp so that an almost continuous cutting edge is formed. There is no median tooth, and the base of the first tooth on the left side overlaps that of the first tooth on the right. A single series of lower teeth functional. First dorsal small, short-based, and brush-shaped, its distance from snout tip 33.4 per cent of the total length. Height of first dorsal 1.9 in its base, and the latter 4.6 in the interspace be- tween the first and second dorsals. Length of the posterior mar- gin 1.5 in the length of the base; the posterior tip sharply pointed. The first dorsal spine short and almost straight, its length less than half the distance from its origin to the first dorsal apex. Interspace between the first and second dorsals equal to the distance from snout tip to the axil of the pectoral. Second dorsal considerably larger than the first, and originating above the posterior insertion of the pelvic base. Height of the second dorsal 2.0 in its base, and the latter 3.2 in the interspace between the dorsals. The second dorsal spine strongly curved and long, its length 2.5 times that of the first dorsal spine. Inter- space between second dorsal and caudal 3.0 in that between first and second dorsals. Caudal measured from hypural origin 5.0 in GABKICK : NEW ZEALAND ELASMOBRANCHII 177 the total length. Height of the epiural 4.6 in its length, and its margin slightly sinuous. The terminal lobe with a convex margin. Height of the hypural 1.7 times that of the epiural, and its lower anterior margin almost straight. The apex acutely angled, and the posterior margin deeply concave. The pectorals short and wide, their length 2.0 in the head measured to the first gill-open- ing, and their width 1.4 in their length. The anterior margin almost straight, the posterior margin slightly convex and contin- ued without a distinct angle into the distal margin. Pelvics originating anterior to the second dorsal origin by a distance equal to the length of the pectoral. Length of pelvic base equal to that of second dorsal base ; posterior margin short, its length 2.5 in the horizontal diameter of the eye. The posterior tip of pelvic pointed, and terminating just anterior to the origin of the second dorsal spine. I-Or del J ATC Figure 2. FA Diopter as baxteri n.sp., holotype, 742 mm. total length. A, external view of dermal denticles from high on side at level of 1st dorsal ; B, lateral view. Colour. The overall colour of the specimen is an almost uni- form, medium dusky brown, slightly darker on the ventral sur- face and on the fins, but considerably lighter in the regions which are smooth and free of denticles, such as the axils of the fins, and the lips. There is also a vertical white band devoid of pigment on the anterior surface of the outer part of each gill-arch, though this is visible only on the first arch where the anterior edge of the first gill-opening is strongly emarginate. Despite the ap- 178 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY parent uniformity of colour of the specimen, close examination reveals the presence of well-defined, darker regions which con- tribute to a pattern similar to that described for other etmop- terids. These darker regions are characterised in this speci- men chiefly by the presence of numerous small, black pits, rather than by an increase in the number of typical chromato- phores. The black pits are not, however, confined to the darker regions, but are distributed more sparsely over the en- tire head, trunk and fins. The most prominent dark region is a longitudinal flank mark above the pelvic fin, and of the shape shown in Figure 1A. As described above, within the area en- compassed by this flank mark, the dermal denticles are smaller and directed more ventrally than those outside it, so that they also contribute to its definition. The pelvic flank marks are con- nected on the ventral surface of the caudal peduncle where they form a pattern as in Figure 1C. The ventral surface of the ab- domen is also a distinct dark region, well delineated on the flanks by a denser concentration of black pits along its edges than elsewhere on the ventral surface. Anteriorly it is continued under the head and snout, but apart from an ill-defined trans- verse band under the head, its extent is not clear. Other dark marks present are a narrow, curved band on the lower surface of the pectoral fin, extending from the origin of the fin to its insertion; a short streak on the anterior margin of each dorsal fin, close to the tip of each dorsal spine ; and a prominent, dark line near the tip of the caudal axis, parallel to and just below the terminal portion of the lateral line where the latter is in the form of a naked groove. The last-mentioned mark is contributed to not only by black pits, but also by a very thin black streak along each edgo. of the lateral line groove. A very few similar black streaks are also present sporadically on the sides of the trunk, where they are short and appear to be derived from the fusion of contiguous black pits. The lining of the mouth is a light dusky brown, as is the lining of the body cavity. Luminescence. The black pits which contribute most of the colour pattern to the specimen, and the few black streaks which are present, appear to be identical with those of E. spinax in which thev are known to be luminescent. However, Mr. Baxter did not notice any luminescence on the specimen when it was GARRICK : NEW ZEALAND ELASMOBRANCHII 179 first taken from the water, though this was during daytime when such luminescence might not be obvious. Maturity. The adult condition of the specimen is evidenced by the extrusion of two embryos during its transport from Kai- koura to Wellington. The embryos are two inches long, devoid of pigment, and only part way through development. They were attached to large yolk-sacs, though these were ruptured and could not be measured. At least two other intact yolk-sacs can be felt within the animal, and possibly others may be present but ruptured. Discussion. The thorn-like denticles of E. baxteri readily dis- tinguish it from those species of Etmopterus with truncate denti- cles, i.e. frontimaculatus, pusillus and granulosus, as they do also from paessleri which is described as having denticles with a larger central spine surrounded by several lesser spines. Of the remaining etmopterids, all of which have denticles with a single spine, four more are separable from baxteri on denticle characters — namely, virens, in which the denticles are thorn- like but very short and low, and spinax, hillianus and schultzi, which have elongate, bristle-like denticles; though as the dif- ferences between these species and baxteri in this respect are less distinctive than those between baxteri and the species with truncate or multispinose denticles mentioned above, it is perhaps better not to rely on them alone as primary specific characters. Compared with virens, baxteri is heavy-bodied and short- tailed (the distance from pelvic origin to tip of caudal 42.6 per cent of the total length in baxteri, 53 per cent in virens). From villosus, baxteri differs in the very much shorter predorsal length (equal to less than the distance from origin to origin of the first and second dorsals in baxteri, but reaching from first dorsal origin to almost the upper caudal origin in villosus). The two noticeably short-tailed Pacific species, brachyurus from the Philippines and molleri from southern Australia, differ from baxteri not only in their short-tailedness (the length of the upper caudal margin two-thirds and three-fourths of the distance from the rear ends of the pelvic bases to the lower caudal origin in brachyurus and molleri respectively, but more than one and a third times in baxteri) but also in the linear arrangement of the denticles on the sides of their trunks; their proportionately longer pectoral fins (reaching to the first dorsal when laid back 1 80 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY in brachyurus and molleri, but falling well short of this level in baxteri) ; and their more attenuate pelvic flank marks. The same differences apply between lucifer and baxteri, though in lucifer the length of the upper caudal margin is proportionately longer than in brachyurus or molleri but still considerably shorter than in baxteri. Of the etmopterids with bristle-like denticles, i.e. schultzi, hil- lianus and spinax, schultzi is clearly distinct from baxteri not only in its very elongate caudal fin (the upper margin of the caudal almost equal to the distance from snout tip to the tip of the pectoral when the latter is laid back in schultzi, but reaching only to the second gill-opening in baxteri) but also in its peculiar frayed and fringe-like fin margins which differ from those of all other etmopterids. E. hillianus has a greater peduncular length than baxteri (the distance from the rear ends of the pelvic bases to the lower caudal origin as long as the distance from snout tip to pectoral origin in hillianus, but reach- ing only midway between spiracle and first gill-opening in baxteri) ; while spinax is readily separable from baxteri by its much narrower head (head width equal to the preoral distance in spinax, but more than one and a half times this distance in baxteri) • its shorter and less concave gill-openings ; and the shape of the dark markings on the ventral surface of the trunk and peduncle. The remaining etmopterids to be compared with baxteri, i.e. polli and princeps, both agree with this species in being more or less plain and dark coloured, and in having thorn-like denticles which are in random but uniform arrangement. E. polli, how- ever, is distinctive in having a short interdorsal space (reaching much less than the distance from snout tip to first gill-opening in polli, but extending to the axil of the pectoral in baxteri) and a longer pectoral which reaches behind the base of the first dorsal spine when laid back. In baxteri and princeps the pec- torals are short, their tips failing to reach the first dorsal origin, while further agreement between these species is seen in the noticeable broadness of the head, the long and concave gill- openings (which expose the lamellae of the first gill-arches), and the vertical white markings on the outer part of the gill-arches. E. baxteri differs from princeps in having a shorter tail (the length from pelvic origin to tip of caudal equal to distance from GARRK'K : NEW ZEALAND ELASMOBRANCITII 181 snout tip to posterior tip of the first dorsal fin in baxteri, but reaching to midway between first dorsal tip and pelvic origin in princeps) ; a shorter caudal fin (the upper caudal margin reach- ing from snout to second gill-opening in baxteri but from snout tip to pectoral origin in princeps) ; a more conspicuous and dif- ferently shaped pelvic flank mark; less oblique nostrils; and upper teeth mostly with 7 or 9 cusps rather than the 5 cusps in princeps. Moreover the arrangement of the lesser cusps of the upper teeth in baxteri, where a very small lesser cusp is sand- wiched between a larger lesser cusp and the major cusp, differs from that in not only princeps but also all other etmopterids where the lesser cusps usually diminish uniformly in size from the major cusp outwards. Etmopterus abernethyi n. sp. Figures 3 and 4 Study Material. Holotype, immature male, 338 mm. total length, Dominion Museum Xo. 1951 ; and paratype, female, 278 mm. total length, Mus. Comp. Zool. Xo. 39714; both lined by Mr. Richard Baxter from 7 miles south of Kaikoura, the holotype from 200 fathoms in November, 1955, the paratype from 100 fathoms in February, 1956. Description. Proportional measurements in per cent of total length : Holotype and paratype. Trunk at pectoral origin : breadth, 10.4-11.1 ; height, 8.6-8.6. Snout length in front of : outer nostrils, 2.7-2.5 ; mouth, 10.9- 11.5. Eye : horizontal diameter, 4.6-5.0; vertical diameter, 2.7-2.9. Mouth : breadth, 5.9-6.1 ; height, 1.2-1.1. Nostrils : breadth ( between inner corners), 3.0-3.2 Labial furrow Lengths : upper, 3.3-3.2 ; lower, 1.5-1.4. Gill-opening lengths: 1st, 1.3-1.3; 5th, 1.0-1.1. First dorsal fin : vertical height, 3.3-4.0 ; length of base, 5.6-6.5. Second dorsal fin; vertical height. 5.6-6.1; length of base. 8.0-8.6. Caudal fin: upper margin, 22.5-23 0; lower anterior margin. 10.9-10.4. Pectoral fin : anterior margin, 9. 5-!). 7 ; width, 8.3-9.3 182 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Pelvic fin : anterior margin, 7.1-6.8 ; distal margin, 6.8-9.0. Distance from snout to : eye 6.5-7.2 ; 1st gill-opening, 18.7-19.0 ; 5th gill-opening, 21.9-23.0; 1st dorsal, 29.6-32.0; 2nd dorsal. 57.0-57.9; upper caudal, 77.5-77.0; pectoral, 22.2-23.4; pel- vic, 48.2-49.4. Interspace between: 1st and 2nd dorsals, 21.6-19.8; 2nd dorsal and caudal, 12.7-11.9. Distance from origin to origin of : pectoral and pelvic, 26.3- 27.1 ; pelvic and subcaudal 27.1-26.3. Head depressed, long, and very large-eyed ; trunk moderately slender, and compressed posterior to the pectorals. Height of trunk at origin of pectorals 8.7 in the length from snout tip to origin of subcaudal. Length of body measured to the cloaca, 53 per cent of the total length. Caudal peduncle little compressed and slender, and without lateral keels or precaudal pits. Dermal denticles small, slender and thorn-like, borne on four- angled bases and with their tips directed slightly posteriorly. Each denticle is six-ridged, as in E. baxteri, though the ridges are less steep and fail to extend to the tip of the denticle. The denticles are numerous, and well-spaced ; arranged in random on the ventral surface of the head and trunk, but in distinct parallel longitudinal rows on the sides and upper surface, the fins, and the venter of the peduncle. Above the lateral line, the rows are oblique, sloping posterodorsally on the head and in front of the first dorsal fin, but with their slope flattening out and reversing behind the latter level. Below the lateral line, the rows are hori- zontal. The line of demarcation between the linear arrangement of the denticles on the sides and the random arrangement below, is sharp, and parallels that of the dark colour pattern; it skirts the lateral margin of the snout, follows round the lower edge of the eye, runs beneath the gill-openings, and is especially prom- inent from the axil of the pectoral to the origin of the pelvic. Within the lateral pelvic flank mark, the denticles are more sparsely distributed, are noticeably smaller, and have their tips directed ventrally rather than posteriorly. The distal parts of the webs of the dorsal, pectoral and pelvic fins are naked, as are the terminal and hypural lobes of the caudal fin. Other naked areas include the upper and lower lips; the interspaces between the gill-openings ; and the axils of the pectoral, pelvic and dorsal fins (though none of the latter is as extensive as in E. baxteri). GARRICK : NEW ZEALAND ELAKMOBRANCIIII 183 •Ji'"*-1-,/ 184 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Head measured to first gill-opening 5.3 in the total length, and about two-thirds of the distance from snout tip to first dorsal origin. Head long, flat above, and with little change in width from the level of the spiracles to the level of the nostrils. Inter- orbital width 1.4 in the preoral distance. The snout contours rapidly taper at the level of the nostrils so that the snout tip is prominently pointed. In lateral view the snout is of almost equal thickness from the hind level of the eyes to the nostrils, though anterior to the latter the profile angles steepen to form the bluntly wedge-shaped snout tip. Length of snout, measured to eye, 2.9 in the head. Eye large, ovoid, nearly twice as long as high ; its horizontal diameter 1.4 in the snout. Spiracle large, its length just less than one quarter of the horizontal diameter of the eye, and placed just above the eye and behind it by a distance equal to one and a half times its own length. Gill-openings small, each vertical but concave, their lengths subequal and about 4.0 in the eye. Interspaces between the gill-openings decrease slightly posteriorly. Nostrils large, oblique, and well anterior on the venter of the snout. Each nasal aperture subdivided by tri- angular nasal flaps into a circular, anterolateral aperture facing to the anterior, and an ovoid posteromedial aperture which is margined in front and behind by a low membrane. The anterior nasal flap is attenuate, sharply pointed, and external to the short fleshy posterior flap. Mouth broad and little arched, its width 1.5 in the preoral distance, the latter 1.7 in the head. The upper labial furrows deeply incised anteriorly, their length equal to the distance from their anterior extremities to the symphysis of the upper jaw, and arranged so that one-third is anterior to the angle of the jaw and two-thirds is posterior. The lower labial furrows are shallowly incised and short, their length less than half that of the upper furrows. Teeth 1g_^7 in the male of 338 mm., -fipnr ^n ^ne fema-le °f 278 mm., dissimilar in tbe two jaws. The upper teeth erect, multi- cusped, each with a long, sharply-pointed, awl-shaped, smooth- edged major cusp flanked on each side by one or two lesser cusps, and borne on a longitudinally-striated base. Most of the upper teeth have two lesser cusps on each side of the major cusp, with the outer cusp of these two very much smaller than the inner which is one-third to one-half of the length of the major cusp. GABRICK : NEW ZEALAND ELASMOBRANCHIT 185 The teeth towards the angle of the jaw have only one or no lesser cusps on each side. Three series of upper teeth functional at the centre of the jaw, two towards the angles. The lower teeth blade- like, each with a smooth-faced, subrectangular, laterally-rounded base, bearing a single, smooth-edged triangular cusp. Each cusp is sharply notched laterally, very strongly oblique, and overlaps the adjacent cusp so that an almost continuous cutting edge is formed. There is no median tooth, and the base of the first tooth on the left side overlaps that of the first tooth on the right. A single series of lower teeth functional. First dorsal small, brush-shaped, originating just anterior to the tip of the pectoral when the latter is laid back. Distance from snout tip to first dorsal origin 29.6 per cent to 32.0 per cent of the total length. Height of first dorsal 1.7 in its base, and the latter 3.8 in the interspace between the first and second dorsals. Length of the posterior margin 1.3 in the length of the base, and the posterior tip pointed. The first dorsal spine short and almost straight, its length less than half the distance from its origin to the apex of the fin. Interspace between the dorsals equal to or less than the distance from snout tip to pectoral origin. Second dorsal much larger than the first, originating just posterior to the rear inser- tion of the pelvic base. Height of the second dorsal 1.5 in its base, and the latter 2.7 in the interspace between the dorsals. The second dorsal spine curved and long, reaching two-thirds of the distance from its origin to the apex. Interspace between second dorsal and caudal 1.8 in that between first and second dorsals. Caudal measured from hypural origin 4.0 in the total length. Height of the epiural 6.5 in its length, and its margin straight along most of its length but convex distally. The terminal lobe with a convex margin. Hypural originates well anterior to the epiural, its height 1.6 times that of the latter. Anterior margin of hypural straight, the apex right-angled but rounded, and the posterior margin concave. Pectorals noticeably wide, their width 1.2 in their length, and the latter 2.3 in the head. Anterior and posterior margins convex, distal margin straight, and the pos- terior angle smoothly rounded. Pelvics originating well anterior to the second dorsal, the interspace between first dorsal tip and pelvic origin equal to the length of the pelvic base. Anterior and distal margin straight, and the apex prominent but rounded. 186 BULLETIN" : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY The posterior tip sharply pointed and terminating at the level of the second dorsal spine. Claspers on holotype cylindrical in section, tapering to a point posteriorly, and showing no sign of the external features which might be expected in a mature ani- mal. Colour. Dusky dark brown above, black below, though a heavy coating of mucus gives the specimens a greyish cast. Dorsal, pectoral and pelvic fins pale and translucent, as is the lower posterior margin of the caudal. A large, ovoidal pale area covers the greater part of the top of the head, and posteriorly is con- tinued as a wide band along the mid-dorsum of the trunk and peduncle, though it is interrupted at the dorsal fins, the bases of which are dusky brown. There is also a pale supraorbital streak on each side of the head ; a narrow indistinct pale band along the lateral line ; and an elongate pale mark above and anterior to the pelvic origin. In the female of 278 mm., the pale markings are more extensive than in the holotype ; the mid-dorsal band extending well down the sides of the peduncle, and the epiural lobe as well as the hypural lobe is pale, though the terminal lobe and the apex of the hypural are darker than elsewhere on the caudal axis as is also the case in the holotype. Microscopic examination shows that the darkness of the ventral surface is due not only to a greater number of chromatophores compared with the condition on the sides and upper surface, but also to the presence of numerous small black pits, as in E. baxteri. The dark regions thus characterised include the undersurface of the snout, head and trunk (the demarcation line between the dark region below and the lighter region above well delineated by a greater concentration of black pits than elsewhere on the under- surface— see Figure 4C) ; the venter of the peduncle where a pattern is present as in Figure 3C, though this pattern is not developed as clearly in the female of 278 mm. ; an attenuate pelvic flank mark of the shape shown in Figure 3A ; a long, narrow caudal streak parallel to and below the naked, grooved portion of the lateral line ; a large curved streak on the underside of the pectoral, and a short arc on its upper surface ; and a short streak on the upper surface of the pelvic base. There is also a prominent row of black pits and streaks along the mid-dorsal line, while others are scattered over most of the head and the OARRIOK : NEW ZEALAND ELASMOBRANCIIII 187 trunk where their concentration and arrangement is similar to that known in E. lucifcr. Lining of mouth dusky grey; lining of body cavity black. Luminescence. It is not known if E. abernethyi is luminescent, for although the black pits and streaks present resemble closely those of luminescent species of Etmopterus, no luminescence was observed in the specimens when they were caught. m *«** »-w<"« -* * *. J»* * * * » .» » * » « » . * ■» «* dei.JA.FG. 05 mn 20n Figs. A-B Figure 4. Etmopterus abernethyi n.sp., holotype, 338 mm. total length. A, external view of denticles from high on side at level of 1st dorsal; B, lateral view; C, external view of skin from lower part of side of trunk, showing three rows of denticles arranged linearly, and others below arranged at random. Note greater concentration of chromatophores in lower half, and black pits which are most numerous at demarcation line between light and dark regions. Maturity. The claspers on the holotype lack the external spurs which might be expected in a mature specimen; the female of 278 mm. has not been examined for its state of maturity though its small size in comparison with the immature male suggests that it, too, is immature. Discussion. As in E. baxteri, the thorn-like denticles of E. abernethyi provide a ready character for the separation of this species from front imaculat us, pusillus and granulosus which have truncate denticles, and from paessleri in which the denticles are 188 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY multispinose. The slender thorns of abernethyi are also obviously distinct from the short, low denticles of virens, though in other respects including the general proportions of the body, abernethyi is strikingly similar to this species. It differs from virens in the relatively shorter peduncular length (the distance from the rear ends of the pelvic bases to the lower caudal origin equal to the distance from snout tip to first gill-opening in abernethyi. but reaching to the pectoral origin in virens) ; in the lack of the transverse pale markings on the abdomen ; in the presence of the conspicuous mid-dorsal pale band ; and in the shape of the dark pelvic flank mark and the ventral peduncular dark marks. E. abernethyi differs from villosus in the much shorter predorsal length (just greater than the distance from origin to origin of the first and second dorsals in abernethyi, but reaching from first dorsal origin to almost the upper caudal origin in villosus). The etmopterids with bristle-like denticles differ less from abernethyi in their denticle shape than they do from baxteri which has shorter and less slender denticles than abernethyi. But schultzi with its very elongate caudal (the upper margin of which is about equal to the distance from snout tip to tip of pectoral when the latter is laid back) and its fringed fins cannot be con- fused with abernethyi whose upper caudal margin is just greater than the length of head measured to the pectoral and whose fins are not frayed more than is usual in other etmopterids. E. hillianus differs from abernethyi not only in its bristle-like denticles, as does spinax, but also in its greater peduncular length (distance from rear ends of bases of pelvics to origin of lower caudal equal to distance from snout tip to pectoral origin in hillianus, but only to first gill-opening in abernethyi) ; the shape of the pelvic flank mark and the ventral peduncular mark; and the prepelvic transverse pale band which is lacking in abernethyi. E. spinax has a peduncular length similar to abernethyi, but differs in its random arrangement of bristle-like denticles, and its colour patterns including the shape and extent of the pelvic and peduncular dark marks. E. polli, princeps and baxteri have denticles only slightly stouter than those of abernethyi, but like spinax, these are ar- ranged in random (at least anterior to the caudal peduncle) and thus markedly different to the linear arrangement in abernethyi. GARRICK : NEW ZEALAND ELASMOBRANCHII 189 The pelvic flank marks of polli and baxteri are much less elongate than those of abernethyi, while the short interdorsal space of polli (equal to less than the distance from snout tip to first gill- opening in polli, but extending to the pectoral origin in aber- nethyi) and the short stubby pectoral fins of princeps and baxteri (failing to reach the first dorsal origin when laid back) clearly distinguish these species from abernethyi. The remaining three etmopterids, brachyurus, molleri and lucifer, all agree fairly closely with abernethyi in their overall proportions, their colour patterns (excluding the extensive mid- dorsal pale band which seems to be characteristic of abernethyi) , and the nature and arrangement of their denticles. Bat brachyu- rus and molleri are short-tailed species, the lengths of their upper caudal margins reaching only two-thirds and three-fourths of the distance from the rear ends of the pelvic bases to the lower caudal origins, while in abernethyi the upper caudal margin is one and a quarter times this distance. Moreover, in lateral view both brachyurus and molleri are noticeably more sharp-snouted species, the upper and lower profiles of the head tapering smoothly to the snout tip. E. abernethyi is less sharp-snouted, the head profiles little tapered from the eyes to the nostrils but steepening rapidly from the nostrils anteriorly, where a distinct change in the angles is evident. E. lucifer is intermediate be- tween abernethyi, and brachyurus and molleri in the length of its upper caudal margin (which is equal to the distance from the rear ends of pelvic bases to the origin of lower caudal), but differs from abernethyi in having a greater peduncular length (distance from rear ends of pelvic bases to origin of lower caudal equal to distance from snout tip to pectoral origin in lucifer, but reaching only to first gill-opening in abernethyi) ; a shorter snout (equal to or less than the length of the eye in lucifer, but 1.5 times the eye-length in abernethyi) ; a different dark pattern on the undersurf ace of the peduncle ; and the lack of the extensive mid-dorsal pale band which is so prominent in abernethyi. 190 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY LITEEATURE CITED BlGELOW, H. B., W. C. SCHROEDER, AND S. SPRINGER 1953. New and little known sharks from the Atlantic and from the Gulf of Mexico. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 109 (3): 213-276, figs. 1-10. Whitley, G. 1939. Studies in ichthyology no. 12. Bee. Australian Mus., 20 (4) : 264-277. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol. 116, No. 4 BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE SELVA LACANDONA, CHIAPAS, MEXICO Raymond A. Paynteb, Jr., Editor With One Plate CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM April, 1957 Publications Issued by or in Connection with THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD COLLEGE Bulletin (octavo) 1863 - - The current volume is Vol. ll(i. Breviora (octavo) 1952 — No. 73 is current. Memoirs (quarto) 1864-1938 — Publication was terminated with Vol. 55. Johnsonia (quarto) 1941 — A publication of the Department of Mollusks. Vol. 3, no. 35 is current. Occasional Papers of the Department of Mollusks (octavo) 1945 Vol. 2, no. 21 is current. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club (octavo) 1899- 1948 — Published in connection with the Museum. Publication terminated with Vol. 24. The continuing publications are issued at irregular intervals in numbers which may be purchased separately. Prices and lists may be obtained on application to the Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts. Of the Peters "Check List of Birds of the World," volumes 1-3 are out of print; volumes 4 and 6 may be obtained from the Harvard University Press; volumes 5 and 7 are sold by the Museum, and future volumes will be published under Museum auspices. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol. 116, No. 4 BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE SELVA LACANDONA, CHIAPAS, MEXICO Raymond A. Paynter, Jr., Editor With One Plate CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM April, 19o7 No. 4 — Biological Investigations in the Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, Mexico TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE I. Introduction. By Raymond A. Paynter, Jr 193 II. The Vegetation about Laguna Ocotal. By Robert L. Dressier 200 III. Land and Freshwater Mollusks of the Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, Mexico. By Joseph C. Bequaert 204 IV. Ants from Laguna Ocotal. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). By William L. Brown, Jr 228 V. Fishes from Laguna Ocotal. By Robert Rush Miller 238 VI. Reptiles and Amphibians from the Selva Lacandona. By Ben- jamin Shreve 242 VII. Birds of Laguna Ocotal. By Raymond A. Paynter, Jr 249 VIII. Design Quantities of some Chiapas Birds. By Charles H. Blake 286 IX. Mammals Collected at Laguna Ocotal. By Frances L. Burnett and Charles P. Lyman 290 I INTRODUCTION By Raymond A. Paynter, Jr. In northeastern Chiapas, bordered on one side by the Rio Usumacinta and on the other by the Rio Jatate, with northern limits near Palenque and southern limits along the Guatemalan border, there is a vast area of about 15,000 square kilometers of almost unexplored and very sparsely inhabited virgin forest (Map). The region is known as the Selva Lacandona, because of the presence of scattered family groups of Lacandon Indians, primitive and isolated remnants of the once vast Maya empire. The Indians, who number less than 200 individuals,- have been the subject of considerable publicity over the past decade, par- ticularly after the discovery at Bonampak of well-preserved murals in some ruined temples which are occasionally utilized by the Lacandons. Several expeditions of archaeologists and an- 194 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY thropologists have been into the Selva Lacandona (see, e.g., Bloni and Duby, 1955), principally in the vicinity of Bonampak, but no biologists have reconnoitered the region, with the exception of the Goodnights (1953), who studied the Phalangitis, and Miranda (1953), who made a botanical survey. Both investiga- tions were made at Monte Libano, on the edge of the forest, and probably are only indications of what occurs in the interior. The Selva Lacandona is on the northeastern slope of the central highlands of Chiapas. There is a gradual decline in altitude from a maximum of approximately 1400 meters, near the Rio Jatate, to about 100 meters, at the Rio Usumacinta. Between the two principal rivers are many lesser streams whose courses are very poorly known, but which generally parallel one another in a northwest-southeast direction. Scattered throughout are a number of sizable lakes (lagunas), the largest of which are Laguna Suspiro and Laguna Ocotal Grande (Plate, upper fig- ure), nine and seven kilometers in length, respectively. The natives call the latter lake simply "Laguna Ocotal," and all the zoological material obtained there was so labeled, but on a map prepared by Frans Blom (see Map) the longer name is used, in contradistinction to Laguna Ocotal Chico, a much smaller lake to the northeast. It is unfortunate that nothing certain is known of the drainage of these important lakes. While they may drain southeast into the Rio Lacanja, thence into the Rio Lacantun, and finally into the Usumacinta basin, there is no evidence that this is the case, despite the predilections of cartographers for drawing con- necting streams between known lakes and known rivers. From personal observations, limited to the region about Laguna Ocotal, I am inclined to believe that these lakes have formed within closed-end solution valleys. The heavily karsted limestone strongly suggests such an origin. Underground drainage to the Usumacinta basin is possible, of course. Miranda (1952) has prepared a generalized vegetation map of Chiapas in which the Selva Lacandona is depicted as being cov- ered by high evergreen forest, with areas of pines and oaks at the lakes and along the southwestern boundary of the region. It should be realized, however, that "high evergreen forest" is a broad term embracing a great diversity of vegetational assem- BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 195 196 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY blages. For example, at Monte Libano the forest is high, lux- uriant, and has a relatively clear understory. It is what is usually referred to as "rain forest," which in this part of the world commonly contains, among other characteristic species, mahogany (Swietenia humilis) and ramon (Trophis racemosa or Brosimum alicastrum). On the other hand, at Laguna Ocotal there is a forest which seems physiognomically quite similar but which is markedly different in composition, lacking, in part, ramon and mahogany, while gigantic oaks (Quercus spp.) are present. A de- tailed description of the vegetation about Laguna Ocotal is found in Dressier 's account (pp. 200-203). Nothing is known of the climatology of the region. Since the altitude and vegetation vary in the Selva Lacandona, it is reason- able to suppose that the climate is also variable. The nearest location from which weather records are aATailable is Tenosique, Tabasco, a town at a somewhat lower elevation (60 m.) than the lowest point in the Selva Lacandona. Here the mean annual rainfall is 1697 mm., with June being the wettest month and March the driest ; the warmest month is May, which has a mean temperature of 30.4°C. and the coolest month is January, with a mean of 22.9°C. (Ward and Brooks, 1936). In 1954, with generous support from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and from the Chapman Memorial Fund of the American Museum of Natural History, a party was formed in order to make the first biological survey of the interior of the Selva Lacandona. The group consisted of the author, as leader and ornithologist, Robert T. Paine, 3rd, as assistant ornithologist, Elisha F. Lee, as mammalogist, Robert L. Dressier, as botanist, and Mrs. Ruth Oberg, also a botanist, specializing in the Orchi- daceae. In early July the party flew from the capital of Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutierrez, to Ocosingo (alt. 850 m.), a village about one hundred kilometers to the northeast. Heavy rains had raised the level of the nearby rivers and delayed for several days the arrival of our pack animals. Finally, on the morning of July 10 we started for Finca El Real (alt. 600 m.), which is approxi- mately 40 kilometers to the east, and reached there in the after- noon of the following day. At El Real additional supplies, mules, and men were secured and on July 15, with 18 mules and 9 arrieros, trail-cutters, etc., BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 197 we moved 20 kilometers east to the settlement of Monte Libano (alt. 600 m.). During the night a number of the mules strayed and we were unable to recover them and move on until July 18. The trail-cutters had been sent ahead to clear the way and pre- pare bridges, but progress was slow and difficult owing to the mud and obstructions in the trail. About seven hours after leav- ing Monte Libano we arrived at El Censo (alt. 700 m.), an uninhabited camping spot in magnificent rain forest. The fol- lowing morning the trail was poor during the first hour of travel, but then became worse due to an escarpment which rises over 300 meters above the country to the east. Ascent was made by steep switchbacks which were barely surmounted by the pack animals. Beyond this point the trail improved somewhat. In the middle of the afternoon our destination was reached and a camp was prepared at the northwestern end of Laguna Ocotal (Plate, lower figure), at an altitude of 950 meters. Because of insufficient forage at the lake, most of the mules were returned to El Real, but four men remained to assist with the collecting and maintenance of the camp. The forest is dense and the terrain rough around Laguna Oco- tal, which means that it is seldom practicable to work far from a trail. The only trails existing in the area are the one by which we entered, and a badly obstructed path leading to Bonampak. Consequently, Ave were not able to range as far as desired and even after a month of intensive collecting did not reach the opposite end of the lake or the pine-covered ridges along its southwestern side. Future workers in the region would do well to employ an additional man or two to cut new trails, thereby enabling the collectors to sample a larger area. The campsite was situated on a narrow strip of ground which has cut off a small arm of the lake, impounding the water and forming a swamp. Most of the mammals, and many of the amphibians were collected here. Although each member of the party concentrated on his field of interest, unrelated material was collected whenever pos- sible. For this reason the bird, mammal, and botanical1 col- lections are probably the most nearly representative samples from the region, while the fish, reptile, amphibian, and inverte- i No complete report on the botanical collections has been prepared. A list of the Orchidaceae has been compiled by Mrs. Ruth Oberg (in press). 198 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY brate collections contain, in the main, only the more conspicuous elements of their faunas. At the end of a month the mules were brought back from the ranch and on August 20 the camp was abandoned. We returned to El Real by the same route used in entering the forest and on August 30 were flown from the ranch to Tuxtla Gutierrez. An especial debt of gratitude is owed to the members of the field party. Their whole-hearted cooperation is evident from the large amount of material which was collected, although the period was brief and conditions difficult. During preparations, and while in the field, we received much assistance and many courtesies from Horacio Albores of Ocosingo, Jose Tarano and Juan Bulnes of Finca El Real, and Frans Blom of San Cristobal de las Casas. I wish, also, to express my appreciation to Joseph C. Bequaert, Charles H. Blake, William L. Brown, Jr., Frances L. Burnett, Robert L. Dressier, Charles P. Lyman, Robert Rush Miller, and Benjamin Shreve, who have submitted the following reports based on material obtained during the expedition. LITERATURE CITED Blom, Frans and Gertrude Duby 1955. La Selva Lacandona. Mexico, D.F. Editorial Cultura, 448 pp. Goodnight, Clarence J. and Marie L. Goodnight 1953. The Opilionid Fauna of Chiapas, Mexico and Adjacent Areas (Araehnoidea, Opiliones). Amer. Mus. Novit., No. 1610, 81 pp. Miranda, Faustino 1952. La Vegetacion de Chiapas, Parte I. Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Dept. de Prensa y Turisnio, 334 pp. 1953. Un Botanieo en el Borde de la Selva Lacandona. Mem. Congreso Cient. Mex., 6: 285-303. Oberg, Ruth [In pressj. Orchids Collected at Laguna Ocotal Grande, Mexico. Orchid Jour., 3. Ward, Robert DeC. and Charles F. Brooks 1936. The Climates of North America. Pt. I. Mexico, United States, Alaska. In Handbuch der Klimatologie. II. Amerika. Teil J (1 Lief.), 325 pp. IJIOI.OCK'AL IXVKSTIGATIONS IX CHIAPAS, MEXICO 1!)!) The northern cud of Laguna Ocotal. The pine-covered ridges parallel the southwestern shore of the lake. Photo by Li i A small liill covered by pines projects from a low deciduous forest (monte; see Dressier, pp. 200) near the campsite at Laguna Ocotal. The lofty tropical evergreen forest begins behind the hill and is not visible. Photo by l.< e 200 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY II THE VEGETATION ABOUT LAGUNA OCOTAL By Robert L. Dressler 1 Only a preliminary characterization of the plant cover can be made at this time. Many important species were not in flower or fruit, and the upper stories of the rich tropical evergreen forest were sampled only through occasional windfalls. Four main vegetation types may he recognized in the area : (1) Pine Forest, or ocotal, which is usually at a higher level on a given slope than is ni<>ut< or selva, but occurs down to the lake shore near the campsite. Pine forest is said to extend south- ward for some distance on the ridge west of the lakes. (2) Monte, a dense transition of small, usually slender, hardwoods. This vegetation generally occurs between the ocotal and the selva or the lake shore. (3) Tropical Evergreen Forest (selva). This, the "montana" of the natives, makes up the hulk of the Selva Lacandona of eastern Chiapas and apparently surrounds the lake area. (4) Cloud Scrub, a distinctive type limited to prom- ontories overlooking the lake. (1) Pine Forest. The pine stands include some splendid, large specimens of Pinus tenuifolia Bentham (probably the only species present i, but are not continuous or very extensive in the area studied. The pines probably occupy only slopes and hilltops which are loo well drained for the more mesic forest types. Open park-like sites, which are few and quite small, have a grassy ground cover including Cyperus, Scleria, Dichromena, and Pani- cum. In favored sites an understory is formed by small hard- wood trees, such as Hauya h< ij certainly introduced. There are two or three very large examples of pomarosa and two large clumps of bamboo near the Bonampak trail, which may date to its original introduction. On a slope nearby, in the ocotal, there is a small area where Lantana camara L., Trema micrantha (L.) Blume, Euphorbia hirta L., and Psidium (probably /'. (district of Palenque, Chiapas). Megacyclotus palenquensis Bartsch and Morrison, 1942, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 181. p. 183; PI. 24, figs. 16-18 (type). Amphicyclotus (Aniphicyclotus) palenquense Solem, 1956, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 108, p. 44 (Veracruz: Motzorongo). Laguna Ocotal, 950 m. ; Monte Libano, 600 m. ; El Censo to RIOLOGICAI, INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 209 Laguna Ocotal, 700-1000 m. ; Monte Libano to El Censo, 600- 700 m. The 30 specimens from the Lacandona area agree well in shape and in sculpture with the descriptions and figures of Pilsbry and of Bartsch and Morrison. When well preserved, the sculpture consists of microscopic, spiral, slightly wavy, densely crowded lines and coarser diagonal, curved threads, spirally ascending forward and crossing the irregular, vertical growth lines. The retractive threads are often irregular or interrupted by coarse malleations and are usually best marked at the peri- phery, below which they are sometimes nearly horizontal. The species was known thus far from only three specimens. The type measured 20.7 mm. in height, 34 mm. in greater diam- eter and 25.9 mm. in lesser diameter. The corresponding figures for the paratype were 21.7 mm., 34.3 mm. and 26.1 mm. As will be seen from the subjoined table, some of the 22 fully adult shells of the Selva Lacandona approach these measurements closely; a few are slightly smaller (down to 29.8 mm. in greater diameter and 18 mm. high), and several are decidedly larger (up to 41.5 mm. in greater diameter and 24.7 mm. high). The larger speci- mens seem to bridge the gap between A. palenquensis and A. ponderosus (Pfeiffer), so far as size is concerned. To judge from the specimens of A. ponderosus at the M.C.Z., that species has, however, a decidedly higher spire and a less flattened, more convex body- whorl, as well as a deeper and somewhat narrower umbilicus, than A. palenquensis. The sculpture seems to be about the same in both species. The specimen of A. ponderosus figured by Bartsch and Morri- son was of about the size of our largest A. palenquensis. Other known specimens are, however, much larger (up to 48.5 mm. in greater diameter and 29 mm. high in a series of 4 specimens from northern Guatemala at M.C.Z.). It is therefore possible that A. ponderosus, definitely recorded only from Guatemala (Alta Vera Paz) and British Honduras, actually grows larger than A. palenquensis. The latter is known only from northeastern Chia- pas, the Selva Lacandona being some 70 km. south of Palenque. In general shape, measurements, depressed spire and widely open umbilicus A. palenquensis resembles Am phi cy clot us mega- planus Morrison (1955, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 45, p. 160, 210 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY figs. 29-31), from El Ocote, some 35 km. south of Ocozocoautla, Chiapas and some 180 km. west of the Selva Lacandona. How- ever, the sculpture of the later whorls of megaplanus is described as ' ' consisting of fine irregular axial vermiculate ribbing, ' ' being similar to that of Amphieyclotus texturatus (Sowerby). Solem suggests that megaplanus may be only a local race of texturatus. Measurements of Adult Amphieyclotus palenquensis (in mm.) eight 20.3 Width Greater Lesser 38.4 29 Aperture Height Width 19.2 17.7 Whorls 5% Lagiuia Ocotal 20 36.2 27.4 17 15.5 5% t 1 < t 20 35 27.3 16.8 15.5 5% i t i i 20 34.5 27.5 18 14.4 5% 1 1 1 1 23.7 38 30 18 16.5 5V2 Monte Libano 20.7 37.3 29.3 19.8 16.8 sy2 1 1 t i 21.5 37 28 18.3 17 5V2 i 1 1 1 21.5 36 28 18 17 5y2 1 1 i 1 20.8 35 27 18 16 5y3 1 i 1 1 21 35 27 16.6 15.2 5V3 1 1 1 1 21 34.5 27.2 16 15.2 5 V* i < 1 1 20 33.6 27.5 16.5 15.4 5 V* < < 1 1 20.8 32.5 25 15.8 15 514 < 1 1 1 18 31.5 26.4 14 13.5 5^4 i < 1 1 18.3 31 23.5 15.3 13.7 5^4 1 1 1 1 19 29.8 24 14.3 13.7 5V5 1 1 < < 24.7 38.7 30.4 19.8 18.8 5y2 El Censo to L. Ocotal 21.2 37.6 27 18.4 16.2 sy2 t < < < 22.8 37.3 27 18.6 16.7 5y2 t < < < 20.5 38 30 18 15.7 sy2 Monte Libano to El Censo 20 36.5 27 17.2 15.2 5% a it 22 36.4 28.5 17.3 16 51/3 t 1 it PILIDAE (AMPULLARIIDAE) POMACEA FLAGELLATA GHIESBRECHTII (Reeve) Ampullaria ghiesbrechtii Reeve, 1856 (December), Conch. Icon., 10. Ampul- laria, PI. 26, fig. 123 (Chiapas). Ampullaria ghiesbreghti Bhmey, 1865, Land Fresh-Water Shells North America, 3. (Smithson. Misc. Coll. No. 143), p. 7 (emendation of ghiesbrechtii). BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 211 Ampullaria livescens Reeve, 1856 (August), Conch. Icon., 10, Ampullaria, PL 5, fig. 21 (no locality). Ampullaria miltocheilus Reeve, 1856 (December), Conch. Icon., 10. Ampul- laria, PI. 25, figs. 102a-b (Chiapas). Pomus giganteus Tristram, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 414 (Lake of Peten, Guatemala). Ampullaria flagellata var. gigantea von Martens, 1S99, Biologia Cen.tr.- Amer., Terr. Fluv. Moll., p. 412; PL 23, fig. 6 (cotype received from Tristram). Ampullaria malleata var. chiapasensis Fischer and Crosse, 1890, Mission Scientif. Mexique, Moll. Terr. Fluv., 2. Pt. 11, p. 235; PL 48, fig. 5 (Las Playas, Chiapas; [immature shell duplicated by some specimens from Laguna Ocotal]). Laguna Ocotal, 950 m., many young shells. The largest meas- ures 53 mm. in length, 50 mm. in greatest width, with the aper- ture 40 mm. by 24 mm. Pomacea flagellata (Say) is the common ampullariid snail in Mexico and Central America, from Veracruz southward, as far as Panama and northern Colombia. It is extremely variable in shape and size (when adult), even in the same population. Some 30 names have been proposed for these variations and, as some of these have been proposed either for unusual or freak speci- mens or for immature or juvenile snails, it is extremely difficult to dispose of them as synonyms of the few races or geographical forms that may be usefully recognized. One of the best characterized of these races, seemingly re- stricted to Tabasco, Chiapas and northern Guatemala, is nearly globular in shape, usually about as high as its greatest width, sometimes slightly higher or slightly lower. Under optimum conditions it may reach greater dimensions than any of the other races of the species. ''Giant" specimens are particularly com- mon in Lake Peten, whence Tristram described his P. giganteus. The original measurements given by Tristram were : height, 95 mm.; greatest diameter, 90 mm.; lesser diameter, 85 mm.; aperture, 66 by 39 mm. The cotype figured by von Martens is 92 mm. high, with the aperture 69.5 mm. long. The largest specimen I have seen from Lake Peten is 102.5 mm. high, 88 mm. in greatest width, with the aperture 74.3 by 42 mm., of about 6 whorls. The largest of several collected by Mr. F. G. Thompson 4 miles south of Villahermosa, Tabasco, is 83 mm. high and 75 mm. wide. 212 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY There can be little doubt that the type of Reeve's A. ghies- brechtii was a slightly smaller specimen of P. giganteus with unusually bright vermilion margins of the aperture. A brightly colored aperture occurs sporadically in several species of Poma- cea, but is never a reliable specific character. The color may be more or less pronounced, and, moreover, is often more orange, as in Fischer and Crosse's figure of A. ghiesbrechtii from the Usamacinta River in Tabasco (Miss. Scientif. Mexique, Moll. Terr. Fluv., 2, PI. 48, fig. 8), where it is present only over the outer margin of the mouth. Reeve's figure of the type of ghiesbrechtii is 85 mm. high, 73 mm. in greatest width, with the aperture 59 mm. by 36.5 mm. A. miltocheilus Reeve appears to be no more than a small specimen of A. ghiesbrechtii; it was collected by the same per- son in Chiapas also, and both may have come from the same population. The figure is 48 mm. high, 43 mm. in greatest width, with the aperture 36.5 mm. by 21.5 mm. The aperture has the same bright vermilion color as the type of ghiesbrechtii. A. livescens Reeve agrees well with some young specimens of A. ghiesbrechtii found in Lake Peten with the giant specimens. Although the name was published some months before ghies- brechtii, I prefer to use the latter, because it was based on a fully adult shell from a precise locality and dates from the same year. POMATIASIDAE Chondropoma rubicundum (Morelet) Cyclostoma rubicundum Morelet, 1849, Test. Noviss. Ins. Cub. Amer. Centr., 1. p. 22 (Peten and Vera Paz, Guatemala). Chondropoma rubicundum Fischer and Crosse, 1890, Mission Scientif. Mex- ique, Moll. Terr. Fluv., 2, Pt. 11, p. 205; PI. 41, figs. 5f-h (cotype from Vera Paz). Laguna Ocotal, 950 m. Known from Tabasco, Chiapas and Guatemala (Peten and Alta Vera Paz). BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 213 BULIMIDAE (HYDROBIIDAB) Amnicola guatemalensis Fischer and Crosse Paludina hyalina Morelet, 1851, Test. Noviss. Ins. Cub. Amer. Centr., 2, p. 21 (Lake Amatitlan, Guatemala). Not of Anton, 1839. Amnicola guatemalensis Fischer and Crosse, 1891, Mission Scientif. Mexique, Moll. Terr. Fluv., 2. Pt. 12, p. 264; PI. 50, figs. 5 and 5a-b (cotypes: new name for hyalina Morelet). Laguna Ocotal, 950 m. ; many dead specimens in a silt deposit on the shore. The species, known thus far from several localities in Guatemala (Amatitlan; Peten; etc.), is now reported for the first time from Chiapas. Guatemalan specimens were compared. Cochliopa infundibulum von Martens Cochliopa (?) infundibulum von Martens, 1899, Biologia Centr. -Amer., Terr. Fluv. Moll., p. 429 ; PI. 23, fig. 3 (Guatemala, without precise locality ; surmises it may be from Lake Peten). Laguna Ocotal, 950 m. Many dead specimens in a silt deposit on the shore. Previously known only from Lake Peten and Laguna cle Ecki- bix, in northern Guatemala (Goodrich and Van der Schalie, 1937, Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, Misc. Publ. No. 34, p. 37) ; now reported for the first time from Chiapas. Guatemalan specimens were compared. THIARIDAE (MELANI1DAE) Pachychilus indiorum (Morelet) Melania indiorum Morelet, 1849, Test. Noviss. Ins. Cub. Amer. Centr., I. p. 25 (Palenque, Chiapas). Melania indorum Petit, 1853, Jour, de Conchyliologie, 4, p. 162; PI. 5, fig. 7 (cotype received from Morelet). Melania laevissi7na var. costato-plicata Brot, 1875, Syst. Conch.-Cab., 1. Abt. 24, p. 35; PI. 5, fig. 5 (Palenque, Chiapas). Pachychilus laevissimus var. varicosa Fischer and Crosse, 1892, Mission Scientif. Mexique, Moll. Terr. Fluv., 2. Pt. 13, p. 329; PI. 53, fig. 6 (Palenque, Chiapas). Monte Libano, 600 m. ; El Censo, 700 m. ; Ocosingo, 850 m. ; El Real, 600 m. Also many dead shells, found with bones in a rock 214 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY shelter near Laguna Ocotal, and others from gopher diggings nearby. No specimens were found alive either in the Laguna or in the streams in the vicinity. The specimens were compared with topotypes collected by Dr. L. Mazotti. A common freshwater snail in the smaller streams and rivers of Chiapas, Tabasco, Oaxaca, and of eastern and northern Guatemala (Peten, Alta Vera Paz). PLANORBIDAE Helisoma caribaeum (d'Orbigny) Planorbis caribaeus d'Orbigny, 18-41, in de la Sagra, Hist. Fis. Pol. Cuba, Moll., Pt. 1, p. 103; PI. 13, figs. 17-19 (Havana, Cuba; and Veracruz, Mexico). Planorbis ancylostomus var. chiapasensis Fischer and Crosse, 1880, Mission Scientif. Mexique, Moll. Terr. Fluv., 2. Pt. 8, p. 63; PI. 3-4, figs. 5 and 5a-b (Chiapas). Laguna Ocotal, 950 m. ; Rio Amarillo at the Sumidero near Las Casas (Mrs. L. Whitaker). A common species throughout Central America, from Vera- cruz to Panama, and in the Antilles, from Cuba to Barbados. Tropicorbis obstructus (Morelet) Planorbis obstructus Morelet, 1849, Test. Noviss. Ins. Cub. Amer. Centr., 1, p. 17 (Island of Carmen, Campeche). Planorbula obstructa Fischer and Crosse, 1880, Mission Scientif. Mexique, Moll. Terr. Fluv., 2. p. 78; PI. 33, figs. 8 and Sa-d (type from More- let) ; PI. 34, figs. 7 and 7o-c (var. berendti Tryon from Orizaba or Veracruz). Laguna Ocotal to El Censo ; a few dead, but fairly fresh speci- mens. Definitely known from southern Mexico ( Veracruz ; Campeche ; Oaxaca; Yucatan; Chiapas), Guatemala and British Honduras: The species possibly extends to southern Texas. Taphius subpronus (von Martens) Planorbis (Taphiua) subpronus von Martens, 1899, Biologia Centr.- Amer.. Terr. Fluv. Moll., p. 396; PI. 21, 4 figs. 15 (Amatitan, State of Tabasco, Mexico). BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION'S IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 215 ? Taphius subpronus F. C. Baker, 19-45, Molluscan Family Planorbidae, p. 79; PI. 131, figs. 36-40 (Turrialba, Costa Rica; U.S.N. M. No. 162827). Laguna Ocotal, 950 m., many dead specimens in a silt deposit on the shore. I have also seen some fresh specimens of this re- markable snail from Lake Coatepeque, El Salvador (N. C. Fassett Coll. — Received through Dr. H. "W. Levi). Von Martens commented upon the close similarity of subpronus and Taphius pronus von Martens of Lake Valencia, Venezuela. It is, indeed, impossible to point out a reliable difference in the general shape, the method of coiling, the degree of deflection of the aperture, the shape of the aperture and the relative width and depth of the umbilicus, particularly as T. pronus varies greatly in all these characters. There remains only the fine spiral striation of the shell, present in fresh specimens of T. pronus. There is no trace of this, neither on the weathered specimens from Laguna Ocotal (where they might be worn), nor on the very fresh specimens from Lake Coatepeque. The largest speci- men from Laguna Ocotal is 8 mm. in greatest width and 2.8 mm. thick. The largest of the 5 specimens from Lake Coatepeque is 4.5 mm. in greatest width and 2 mm. thick, approximating von Martens' original measurements of 5 mm. and 2 mm. I am not fully satisfied that F. C. Baker's figures, cited above, actually represent true T. subpronus. ANCYLIDAE Ferrisia excentrica (Morelet) Ancylus excentricus Morelet, 1851, Test. Noviss. Ins. Cub. Amer. Centr., 2. p. 17 (Lake Itza [= Peten], Guatemala). Ancylus (Ancylastrum) excentricus Fischer and Crosse, 1880, Mission Scientif. Mexique, Moll. Terr. Fluv., 2, Pt. 7, p. 37; PI. 30, figs. 16-16a (type from Morelet). Laevapex excentricus B. Walker, 1924, The Ancylidae of South Africa, p. 10. Ferrisia (Laevapex) excentrica Goodrich and Van der Schalie, 1937, Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, Misc. Publ. No. 34, p. 34. Laguna Ocotal, 950 m., several living specimens in floating vegetation. Known from southern Texas to Costa Rica. 216 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY SUBULINIDAE Lamellaxis exiguus (von Martens) L.eptinaria exigua von Martens, 1898, Biologia Centr.-Amer., Terr. Fluv. Moll., p. 318; PL 18, fig. 10 (Teapa in Tabasco). Laguna Ocotal, 950 m. ; Ocosingo, 1000 m. As von Martens suspected, the original specimens, 5 mm. long, were immature. The lot from Laguna Ocotal comprises three immature shells agreeing with the original description and figure, and one adult, 11.2 mm. long, 5.5 mm. in greatest width, the aperture 5 mm. by 3 mm., of 6y2 whorls; the body-whorl is 7 mm. long in front view. The spaced, costulate sculpture of the earlier (post-nepionic) whorls changes gradually to close, finer vertical striae on the later whorls ; the striation is replaced by exceedingly fine vertical engraved lines below the periphery of the body- whorl; the first 2 (nepionic) whorls are smooth. In the full- grown shell the columella is shaped about as originally drawn for the young, but the median fold is slightly more pronounced. The outer columellar area is broad and its margin is spread over the wide and deep umbilicus. The species is known only from Tabasco and Chiapas. Synopeas beckianum (Pfeiffer) Bulimus beckianus Pfeiffer, 1846, Syinbolae Hist. Helic, 3, p. 82 (Opara I. ?); 1848, Monogr. Helie, Viv., 2, p. 164; 1854, Syst. Conch.-Cab., 1. Abt. 13, Pt. 1, p. 125; PI. 30, tigs. 29-31 (type). Opeas micro, von Martens, 1898, Biologia Centr.-Amer., Terr. Fluv. Moll., p. 294; PI. 17, figs. 10-11. Not of d'Orbigny, 1835. Opens beckianum Pilsbry, 1906, Man. Conch., (2), 18, p. 189; PI. 27, figs. 42-46 and 54-55. Ocosingo, 850 m. ; Laguna Ocotal, 950 m. ; Monte Libano to El Censo, 600-700 m. Widely distributed throughout tropical America, from Vera- cruz to Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Peru, as well as throughout the Antilles. It has possibly been spread by man. Pfeiffer 's original locality appears to have been erroneous. The species is evidently not a true Opeas and I have followed H. B. Baker (1927, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, No. 182, p. 7) in placing it in Synopeas Jousseaume (1899). This generic name appears to be antedated, however, by Synopeas Foerster (1856) and a substitute may have to be proposed. BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 217 OLEACINIDAE Spiraxis scalariopsis (Morelet) Buiimus scalariopsis Morelet, 1851, Test. Noviss. Ins. Cub. Amer. Centr., 2. p. 11 (Peten, Guatemala). Spiraxis scalariopsis Fischer and Crosse, 1877, Mission Scientif. Mexique, Moll. Terr. Fluv., 1. Pt. 6, p. 609; PI. 25, figs. 1 and la-b (type from Morelet 's collection). Monte Libano to El Censo, 600-700 m. Known only from Chiapas and Guatemala (Peten). Spiraxis similaris (Strebel) Volutaxis similaris Strebel, 1882, Beitr. Mexikan. Land- Siisswasser-Conch., 5. p. 122; PI. 7, fig. 11; PI. 17, fig. 18 (Veracruz: Pacho near Jalapa). Laguna Ocotal to El Censo, 600-700 m., on Philodendron. Known only from Veracruz and Chiapas. Streptostyla chiapensis Pilsbry Spiraxis parvula Pfeiffer, 1856 (December), Malakoz. Blatt., 3. p. 234 (Chiapas); 1857 (May), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, (for 1856), p. 379 (Chiapas). Not Achatina parvula Chitty, 1853, now placed rather doubtfully in Spiraxis. Streptostyla limnaeiformis var. parvula von Martens, 1892, Biologia Centr.- Amer., Terr. Fluv. Moll., p. 100; PI. 5, fig. 24 (specimen from Chiapas, in Pfeiffer 's Coll., but probably not the type). Streptostyla limneiformis chiapensis Pilsbry, 1909, Man. Conch., (2), 20. p, 111 (new name for Spiraxis parvula Pfeiffer, 1856). Laguna Ocotal, 950 m. The specimen collected at Laguna Ocotal, 6.5 mm. long, shows the deep lines of growth mentioned by von Martens. I regard chiapensis as specifically distinct from S. limneiformis (Shuttle- worth, 1852). Streptostyla oblonga (Pfeiffer, 1856) differs from chiapensis iu the smooth surface of the shell. Known only from Chiapas. Euglandina monilifera (Pfeiffer) Glandina monilifera Pfeiffer, 1845 (October), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 75 (Coban, "Veracruz" [error for Vera Paz, Guatemala]). Achatina monilifera Keeve, 1849, Conch. Icon., 5, Achatina, PI. 14, fig. 50 (Coban; from Dennison Coll.). 218 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Monte Libano, 600 m. ; Monte Libano to El Censo, 600-700 m. Known from Veracruz, Guerrero, Chiapas, Guatemala ( Peten ; Alta Vera Paz), and Costa Rica. EUGLANDINA GHIESBREGHTI (Pfeiffer) Oleacina ghiesbregliti Pfeiffer, 1856 (December), Malakoz. BlJitt., 3, p. 235 (Chiapas). Achatina (Oleacina) ghiesbregliti Pfeiffer, 1857 (May), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, (for 1856), p. 379 (Chiapas). Glandinu ghiesbregliti Strebel, 1875, Beitr. Mexikan. Land- Siisswasser- Conch., 2. p. 39; PI. 10, figs. 31 and 31a-c7 (possibly 2 paratypes?). Lagima Ocotal, 950 m. ; El Censo to Laguna Ocotal, 700- 1000 m. This species was known thus far from Chiapas and Ta- basco ; but I have seen a specimen from Yepocapa, Dept. Chimal- tenango, Guatemala (H.T. Dalmat Coll.), some 125 km. east of Chiapas. SAGDIDAE Thysanophora impura (Pfeiffer) Helix impura L'feiffer, 1866, Malakoz. Blatt., 13, p. 79 (Mirador, A'era- cruz). Thysanophora impura Strebel, 1880, Beitr. Mexikan. Land- Siisswasser- Conch., 4. p. 30; PI. 4, 3 figs. 2 (Mirador, topotype; not Pfeiffer 's holotype, which was never figured). Pilsbry, 1926, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc-i. Philadelphia, 78. p. 121, figs. 36A-B (Veracruz: Antigua; Pacho ; Veracruz. Yucatan: Tekanta; Tunkas; Merida). Thiele, 1931, Handb. Syst. Weichtierk., 2, p. 582, fig. 664. Ocosingo, 850 m. Known definitely at present from southeastern Mexico (Vera- cruz, Chiapas and Yucatan). Published records from elsewhere are open to question because the species has often been confused with T. conspurcatella (Morelet, 1851). Thysanophora pilsbryi H. B. Baker Thysanophora pilsbryi H. B. Baker, 1922, Occ. Papers Mas. Zool., Univ. Michigan, No. 106, p. 54; PI. 17, figs. 11-14 (Veracruz: La Laja near the Hacienda de Cuatotolapan i. Laguna Ocotal, 950 m. Known only from Veracruz and Chiapas. BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 219 Tiiysanopiiora fuscula (C. B. Adams) Helix fuscula C. B. Adams, 1849, Contributions to Conchology, No. 2. p. 35 (Jamaica). Thysanophora fuscula Pilsbry, 1920, The Nautilus, 33. Pt. 3, p. 94, 2 figs. 1 (on p. 93, after a cotype; synonymizes with it T. fischeri Pilsbry, 1904). Thysanophora fischeri Pilsbry, 1904 (January 30), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, (for 1903), p. 763; PI. 49, figs. 6-6a (Tamaulipas: 4 miles west of Victoria). Laguna Ocotal, !)50 m. ; Monte Libano, 600 m. Known from Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Chiapas and Jamaica. ZONITIDAE Habroconus trochulinus (Morelet) Helix trochulinus Morelet, 1851, Test. Noviss. Ins. Cub. Amer. Centr., 2, p. 10 ("H. non frecpiens in sylvas Petenenses, circa Sancti-Ludovici pagum;" [=San Luis, Peten, probably the locality of that name in about 16°15'N., 89°25'W.] ). Guppya trodhulina von Martens, 1892, Biologia Centr. -Amer., Terr. Fluv. Moll., p. 120; PI. 6, figs. 17 and lla-d (Morelet 's type, "the only specimen which still exists in his collection"). Habroconus trochulinus H. B. Baker, 1930, Oce. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, No. 220, p. 22; PI. 7, figs. 10-11 (Veracruz: Penuela to Sumidero, 2625-3400 ft.; Necaxa, 2215-492.") ft.; "common at lower altitudes on leaves of shrubs and trees, quite arboreal"). Laguna Ocotal to El Censo, 700-1000 m., on Philodendron; El Real, 600 m. The specimens from Chiapas agree with H. B. Baker's inter- pretation of Morelet "s II. trochulina, which fortunately is in accord with Morelet 's type as figured by von Martens. That figure shows the body-whorl even more angulate at the periphery than figured by Baker. Von Martens concluded that Helix selenkai Pfeiffer (1866) could not be separated from H. trochulinus, whereas H. B. Baker regards them as distinct (although recognizing that they may only represent two ecological forms). The material before me is too small to decide the matter. A lot of 27 specimens, from the T. Bland Collection, collected at Mirador, Veracruz, by Berendt, who distributed them as //. selenkai, appear to be all 220 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY H. trochulinus; but the carina at the periphery varies from very strongly marked (more so than drawn by von Martens) to barely indicated, with all transitional stages between these two extremes. If restricted as H. B. Baker does, //. trochulinus is known definitely only from Veracruz, Chiapas and Peten. Omphalina bilineata (Pfeiffer) Helix bilineata Pfeiffer, 1846 (February), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, (for 1845), p. 128 ("locality unknown"); 1852, Syst. Coneh.-Cab., 1. Abt. 12, Pt. 2, p. 96; PI. 83, figs. 23-25 (type; no locality). Hyalina (Zonyalina) bilineata Pfeiffer, 1865, Malakoz. Blatt., 12. p. 16 (Veracruz). Omplwlina bilineata von Martens, 1892, Biologia Centr.-Amer., Terr. Fluv. Moll., p. 109; PI. 6, fig. 6 (several localities for the typical form and the varieties, all in the State Veracruz). Mesomphix {Zonyalina) bilineatus H. B. Baker, 1930, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, No. 220. p. 28; PI. 9, figs. 2-4 (anatomy; 2 localities in Veracruz). Omphalina (Zonyalina) bilineata Thiele, 1931, Handb. Syst. Weichtierk., 2. p. 590. Laguna Ocotal, 950 m. Known thus far only from Veracruz and now recorded also from Chiapas. BULIMULIDAE Bulimulus unicolor (Sowerby) Bidinus unicolor SoAverby, 1833 (July 12), Conchol. Ulustr., Pt. 34, PI. of Balinus, fig. 43 (with name in accompanying printed list; Panama); 1833 (September 26), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 73 (Island of Perico, Gulf of Panama). Bulimulus unicolor Pilsbry, 1897, Man. Conch., (2), 11, p. 53; PI. 10, fig. 73. Ocosingo, 1000 m. Widespread in Central America, from Tabasco and Chiapas to Panama. Drymaeus moricandi (Pfeiffer) Bulimus moricandi Pfeiffer, 1847 (January), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, (for 1846), p. 113 (Coban. [Guatemala]). Reeve, 1848, Conch. Icon., 5, BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 221 Bulimus, PI. 45, fig. 283 ("Central America;" ? type from Cuming Coll.). Bulimulus {Drymaeus) moricandi Fischer and Crosse, 1875, Mission Scientif. Mexique, Moll. Terr. Fluv., 1. Pt. 5, p. 497; PI. 24, figs. 9-9a (Guate- mala: Coban; Vera Paz; Duenas; with var. hyalino-albida, p. 498, from Chiapas ) . Drymaeus moricandi Pilsbry, 1899, Man. Conch., (2), 12. p. 78; PI. 4, figs. 62 (after Reeve) and (13-64 (after Fischer and Crosse). El Censo to Laguna Ocotal, 700-1000 m. The five mostly adult specimens collected belong to the var. hyalino-albida Fischer and Crosse (1875), being clear whitish, although very fresh. Apart from color, they agree not only with the published figures of Reeve and of Fischer and Crosse, but also with specimens from the Bland Collection (now at M.C.Z.), labeled Guatemala. There has been some doubt about the specific distinctness of D. moricandi and Drymaeus sulphureus (Pfeiffer, 1857), prob- ably because of the similarity in color (both species having a pure white and a citron-yellow phase) and the fact that they may occur together in Guatemala. In the series I have compared, full-grown moricandi differs consistently in being broader at the body-whorl, with a wider spire, in the longer aperture (which reaches at least half of the total length of the shell), in a rela- tively wider columellar area, and in a more open and perforate umbilicus. Immature shells are, however, difficult to separate. The largest shell seen from Chiapas is 29 mm. long, 14 mm. in greatest width, the aperture 17 mm. by 9.5 mm. D. moricandi is only known with certainty from Chiapas and the adjoining northeastern section of Guatemala. D. sulphureus is more widely distributed from Veracruz to Costa Rica. Simpulopsis Simula (Morelet) Bulimus simulus Morelet, 1851, Test. Noviss. Ins. Cub. Amer. Centr., 2. p. 11 (Peten, Guatemala). Simpulopsis Simula Fischer and Crosse, 1877, Mission Scientif. Mexique. Moll. Terr. Fluv.. 1, Pt. 6, p. 578; PL 24, figs. 1313a (type from Morelet). Laguna Ocotal to El Censo, 700-1000 m., on Philodendron. Known only from northern Guatemala (Peten) and Chiapas. This appears to be the second record for the species, which is 222 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY probably overlooked because of its extreme fragility and its habitat on leaves of epiphytic plants. Orthalicus princeps (Broderip) Bulinus princeps Broderip, 1833 (May 3), Conchol. Illustr., Pt. 27, PI. of Bulinus, 2 figs. 18 (with name in printed list; "Conchagua, Central America " [El Salvador] ) . Oxystyla princeps Pilsbry, 1899, Man. Conch., (2), 12. p. 113; PL 16, figs. 1-9; PI. 17, figs. 10-12. Monte Libano, 600 m. ; Monte Libano to El Censo, 600-700 m. ; San Lorenzo, midway between Ocosingo and El Real. Known from southern Mexico (Veracruz and Sinaloa) to Panama. TJROCOPTIDAE Eucalodium mexicanum (Pfeiffer) Cylindrella mexicana "Cuming" Pfeiffer, 1860 (February- June), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 139 ("Mexico"). Eucalodium (Eucalodium) mexicanum Pilsbry, 1902, Man. Conch., (2), 15, p. 6; PI. 1, figs. 2-3; PI. 7, figs. 8-10. Monte Libano, 600 m. Known only from Chiapas and Tabasco. Coelocentrum tomacella (Morelet) Cylindrella tomaoella Morelet, 1849, Test. Noviss. Ins. Cub. Amer. Centr., l.p. 10 (Tabasco). Coelocentrum tomacella Fischer and Crosse, 1873, Mission Scientif. Mexique, Moll. Terr. Fluv., 1, Pt. 3, p. 342; PI. 15, fig. 11 (type from Morelet; Tabasco and Palenque in Chiapas). Laguna Ocotal, 950 m. ; Monte Libano to El Censo, 600-700 m. Known from Tabasco, Chiapas and eastern Guatemala (Coban). Microceramus concisus (Morelet) Cylindrella concisa Morelet, 1849, Test. Noviss. Ins. Cub. Amer. Centr., L p. 12 (Yucatan). Macroceramus concisus Fischer and Crosse, 1873, Mission Scientif. Mexique, Moll. Terr. Fluv., 1. Pt. 4, p. 421; PI. 18, figs. 1 and la-b (type from Morelet). Microceramus concisus Pilsbry, 1903, Man. Conch., (2), 16. p. 155; PI. 25, figs. 7-12. BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 223 Laguna Ocotal, 950 m. ; Ocosingo, 1000 m. Known from Chiapas, Yucatan, Guatemala, Utilla I. off the coast of Honduras, and Costa Rica. Most probably M. concisus is not specifically distinct from M. gossei (Pfeiffer, 1846), from Jamaica and (probably) Cuba, the Bahamas, and Hispaniola. CEPOLIDAE Leptarionta trigonostoma (Pfeiffer) Helix trigonostoma Pfeiffer, 1844 (October), in Philippi, Abbild. Beschr. Conchyl., 1. Pt. 7, p. 154 (or p. 24) ; PI. 5 [mislabeled 4] of Helix, 2 figs. 8 ("provincia Honduras Americae centralis"); 1845 (August), Proe. Zool. Soc. London, p. 41 ("Veracruz, Province of Honduras, Central America;" [a fictitious, truly Cumingian locality]). llclix (Geotrochus) trigonostoma Fischer and Crosse, 1872, Mission Scientif . Mexique, Moll. Terr. Fluv., 1. Pt. 2, p. 291 ; PI. 11, figs. 6 and 6a-d (Guatemala: Peten; Vera Paz; San Augustin; Sierra del Mico, near Izabal). Helix (Oxyehona) trigonostomu Pilsbry, 1889, Man. Conch., (2) 5, p. 132; PI. 14, figs. 1-4; PI. 18, figs. 1-2. von Martens, 1892, Biologia Centr.- Amer., Terr. Fluv. Moll., p. 154; PI. 9, figs. 1, la, 9, 9a, 11 and 12, (additional localities in Guatemala: Senahu, N. side of Polochic Valley, above Panzas; Vera Paz; Coban; near Gua^mala City, 5000 ft.; San Juan Eiv. ; Cerro Zunil, Pacific Slope near Quezaltenango ; El Reposo between Retalhuleu and the Pacific ; slope of Cordillera, at 2500-4500 ft., at Hacienda San Francisco, Miramar and Helvetia, Buena- vista). Oxyehona trigonostoma Pilsbry, 1894, Man. Conch., (2), 9, p. 190. Leptarionta trigonostoma Pilsbry, 1897, The Nautilus, 11, No. 8, p. 88. Laguna Ocotal, 950 m. ; El Censo to Laguna Ocotal, 700-1000 m. ; Monte Libano to El Censo, 600-700 m. The species is now for the first time recorded from reliable Mexican localities, in Chiapas. The supposed occurrence in "Veracruz" has never been confirmed and was evidently one more of the many erroneous localities in the Cuming Collection. The record from ' ' Honduras ' ' is likewise based on an error from the same source. L. trigonostoma is restricted to Guatemala and Chiapas, so far as known at present. Dr. H. T. Dalmat col- lected specimens in Guatemala at Yepocapa, Dept. Chimalten- ango, and at the Finca Montequina, Atitlan, Dept. Solola. 224 BULLETIN :' MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY The species varies somewhat, not only in the banding, but also in the shape and slope of the spire. I agree with Pilsbry (1899) that it is scarcely useful to distinguish these variants by names, except as collector's items. Averellia coactiliata (Deshayes) Helix coactiliata "Ferussac" Deshayes, 1839, in Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Gen. Part. Moll. Terr. Fluv., 1. p. 19; PI. 75, figs. 1-5 (Real-Llejos, Nicar- agua; and "environs de Touspan, au Perou" [error for Tuxpan, Veracruz, Mexico] ). Helix (Patula) coactiliata Fischer and Crosse, 1872, Mission Scientif. Mexique, Moll. Terr. Fluv., 1, Pt. 2, p. 234. Helix (Patula, Discus, Trichodiscus) coactiliata Pilsbry, 1887, Man. Conch.? (2), 3. p. 49; PI. 5, fig. 2. Helix (Triclwdisoina) coactiliata von Martens, 1892, Pdologia Centr.-Amer., Terr. Fluv. Moll., p. 133. Epiphragmophora (Trichodiscina) coactiliata Pilsbry, 1894, Man. Conch.. (2), 9. p. 199. Averellia (Triehodwcina) coactiliata Thiele, 1931, Handb. Syst. Weichtierk., 2. p. 698. As neither the original description nor the figures were written or published by Ferussac (who died in 1836), the name should be credited to Deshayes. Laguna Ocotal, 950 m. ; El Real, 600 m. A widely distributed snail, perhaps transported sometimes by man. It is known from Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, Michoacan, Veracruz, Tabasco, Chiapas, Yucatan, Guatemala, British Hon- duras, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela and Trinidad. I am unable to separate Helix cordovana Pfeiffer (1857) from A. coactiliata. Additional Species Recorded From Chiapas The following list of species known from Chiapas, but not mentioned in the preceding pages, is based on published records. as well as on specimens collected by Dr. R. A. Paynter, Jr. and his associates, and more recently (1956) by Mrs. L. Whitaker, outside the Lacandona area. Precise localities are mentioned whenever available ; but some species have been recorded thus far merely from "Chiapas." Species of doubtful occurrence or identification have been omitted. The general distribution out- BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 225 side the State has been added. Asterisks mark the species which I have seen from Chiapas. HeUcina ghiesbreghti Pfeiffer, 1856. Chiapas. Known also from Tabasco, Guanajuato and Guatemala. Tamocyclus gealei Crosse and Fischer, 1872. Chiapas. Known also from Guatemala. Amphicyclotus texturatus (Sowerby, 1850). Chiapas: Chiqui- huite, 6200 ft.; Escuintla, Sonconusco. Known also from Vera- cruz and Guatemala. Amphicyclotus megaplanus Morrison, 1955. Chiapas: El Ocote, S. of Ocozocoautla. *Choanopoma chiapasense Crosse and Fischer, 1877, Chiapas. *Choanopoma sumiclirasti Crosse and Fischer, 1874. Chiapas: El Sumidero near Tuxtla-Gutierrez, 1300 m. (R. A. Paynter, Jr.) . Chondropoma vespertinum (Morelet, 1851). Chiapas: Palen- que. *Pachychilus chrysalis (Brot, 1872) (= Melania larvata Brot, 1877). Chiapas: San Pedro in the Cerro de la Gineta; Ixta- comitan. Reported also from Nicaragua by von Martens. *Pachychilus pyramidalis (Morelet, 1849). Chiapas: Meyapoc near Ocozocoautla, 1000 m. (R. A. Paynter, Jr.) ; Rancho El Eden, 2 miles from Ocozocoautla (Mrs. L. Whitaker) ; Palenque. Also the var. maximus (Lea, 1851) from Lake Tzibal, about 50 miles west of Tenosique (D. W. Amram, Jr.). The species is known also from Tabasco, Guatemala and the Republic of Hon- duras. *Physa berendti Strebel, 1874. Chiapas: Rio Amarillo at the Sumidero near Las Casas (Mrs. L. Whitaker). Known also from Puebla, Jalisco, Mexico City, Veracruz, Tabasco and Oaxaca. Vaginida moreleti (Crosse and Fischer, 1872). Chiapas: Pa- lenque. *Succinea brevis Pfeiffer, 1850. Chiapas: El Real, 600 m. (R. A. Paynter, Jr.). Known also from Mexico City and the State of Hidalgo. Lamellaxis gracilis (Hutton, 1834). Chiapas. World-wide in the Tropics ; spread by man. Lamellaxis (?) semistriatus (Morelet, 1851). Chiapas: Palen- que. Pseudosubulina (?) chiapensis (Pfeiffer, 1856). Chiapas. 226 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Pseudosubulina (?) trypanodes (Pfeiffer, 1856). Chiapas. *Spiraxis nitidus (Strebel, 1882). Chiapas: El Sumidero near Tuxtla-Gutierrez, 1300 m. (R. A. Paynter, Jr.). Known also from Veracruz. Spiraxis sulciferus (Morelet, 1851). Chiapas: Palenque. Known also from Veracruz and Guatemala. Salasiella pulchella (Pfeiffer, 1856). Chiapas. Known also from Costa Rica. Streptostyla dubia (Pfeiffer, 1856). Chiapas. ^Streptostyla oblonga (Pfeiffer, 1856). Chiapas: El Sumidero near Tuxtla-Gutierrez, 1300 mi. (R. A. Paynter, Jr.). ^Streptostyla streptostyla (Pfeiffer, 1846). Chiapas: El Su- midero near Tuxtla-Gutierrez. 1300 m. (R. A. Paynter, Jr.). Streptostyla irrigua var. shuttleworthi (Pfeiffer, 1857). Chia- pas. Known also from Veracruz and Tabasco. Streptostyla lurida (Shuttleworth, 1852) (= S. bocourti Crosse and Fischer, 1868 ; S. lurida var. major von Martens, 1891). Chiapas. Known also from Veracruz, Tabasco, Guate- mala and Costa Rica. Streptostyla nebulosa Dall, 1896. Chiapas: San Cristobal. Polygyra chiapensis (Pfeiffer, 1856). Chiapas. *Polygyra yucatanea var. helictomphala (Pfeiffer. 1856). Chiapas: El Real, 600 m. (R.A. Paynter, Jr.). Known also from Guatemala. Hawaiia minuscula (A. Binney, 1840). Chiapas: Palenque. Nearly world-wide in the Tropics ; spread by man. *Omphalina zonites (Pfeiffer, 1846). Chiapas: El Sumidero near Tuxtla-Gutierrez (R. A. Paynter, Jr.). Pseudohyalina cidariscus von Martens, 1892. Chiapas: Pa- lenque. Drymaeus chiapasensis (Pfeiffer, 1866) (— Otostomus chia- pensis von Martens, 1893). Chiapas: Cumbre de Manzanilla. Known also from Veracruz and Puebla. Drymaeus recluzianus (Pfeiffer, 1847). Chiapas. Known also from Costa Rica (var. martensianus Pilsbry, 1899). * Drymaeus ghiesbreghti (Pfeiffer, 1866). Chiapas: the Sumi- dero near Las Casas (Mrs. L. Whitaker). Known also from Colima, Oaxaca and Guatemala. *Eucalodium decollation var. ghiesbreghti (Pfeiffer, 1856). BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 227 Chiapas. Known also from Guatemala. *Eucalodium walpoleanum Crosse and Fischer, 1872. Chia- pas: Palenque. Known also from Guatemala. Eucalodium sumichrasti Crosse and Fischer, 1878. Chiapas. Coelocentrum attenuatum (Pfeiffer, 1856). Chiapas. Pos- sibly only a variant of C. tomacella (Morelet). Coelocentrum clava (Pfeiffer, 1856). Chiapas. Possibly only a variant of C. tomacella (Morelet). Coelocentrum nelsoni Dall, 1897. Chiapas: Tuxtla-Gutierrez. Coelocentrum pfefferi Dall, 1897. Chiapas: Oeozocoautla, 1200 m. Holospira oerendti (Pfeiffer, 1866). Chiapas. Known also from Veracruz. Epirobia oerendti (Pfeiffer, 1866). Chiapas. Epirobia gassiei (Pfeiffer, 1867). Chiapas. Possibly not sep- arable from E. berendti. *Lysinoe ghiesbreghtii (Nyst, 1841). Chiapas: Zinacantan, 2000 m. (R.A. Paynter, Jr.) ; Rancho Nuevo, 8 miles from Las Casas (Mrs. L. Whitaker) ; mountain above the Sumidero near Las Casas (Mrs. L. Whitaker). Known also from Guatemala, the Republic of Honduras, and El Salvador (Volcan de Santa Ana) *Xanthonyx chiapensis (Pfeiffer, 1856). Chiapas. Elliptio sentigranosus (von dem Busch, 1845) (= TJnio corium Reeve, 1864). Chiapas. Known also from Veracruz. Elliptio (Nephronaias) calamitarum (Morelet, 1849) ; includ- ing var. prolongata Fischer and Crosse, 1894; var. nephretica Fischer and Crosse, 1894; and var. arcuana Fischer and Crosse, 1894. Chiapas : Baluntie River near Palenque. Elliptio (Nephronaias) aeruginosas (Morelet, 1849). Chiapas: Michol River near Palenque. Anondontites banibousetarum (Morelet, 1851). Chiapas: Pa- lenque. 228 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY IV ANTS FROM LAGUNA OCOTAL (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) By William L. Brown, Jr. The ants from Laguna Ocotal were collected for the most part by Robert L. Dressier, and, unless otherwise indicated, the col- lections were made from epiphytes, particularly bulbous-based Tillandsia, growing in the pine forest or the adjacent tropical evergreen forest. Among the 21 species represented in the col- lection, 17 can be determined to species in accordance with present-day classifications; the remainder belong to difficult groups in need of revision, or else the sample is in some way unsatisfactory for species determination, so that identification is carried only to genus. All of these species belong to the tropical American fauna, and all are either widespread in South and Central America or else range at least through Central America and extend north- ward into Veracruz and neighboring Mexican states. Very few ants have been recorded from Chiapas (see Brown, 1950, Was- mann Jour. Biol., 8: 241-250), but with the present series we have accumulated a sample sufficient to confirm the expected close similarity of the Chiapas ant fauna to those of Guatemala and Veracruz. A few of the records of ants received from E. 0. Wilson, collected by him in Veracruz during 1953, are men- tioned below where relevant. I also possess a small number of Chiapas ants collected by C. J. Goodnight and L. J. Stannard during the last five years, mostly from soil and leaf-litter ber- lesates, including new species of dacetines and basicerotines that will be described elsewhere. The soil and soil-cover samples are, of course, quite different from the epigaeic-arboreal collections reported below; on the forest floor, Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger), small species of Pheidole and Solenopsis, Prionopelta modesta Forel, and several of the smaller Dacetini are the com- monest forms, present in nearly every Berlese sample taken, while Pachycondyla harpax (Fabricius), Ponera nitidula Emery, Ponera spp., and Brachymyrmex are rather frequent. BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 229 As is well known, some of the forms listed below have been involved in considerable taxonomic uncertainty, due chiefly to unrecognized synonymy. "Wherever such synonymy has become obvious from the augmented samples now available in the Mu- seum of Comparative Zoology, I have taken the minimum formal steps necessary to list and justify it. Platythyrea punctata P. Smith From a nest in a fallen log, August 3. Winged forms were present, the males being fully pigmented and apparently active, while most of the females were still in the callow stage or were not yet eclosed. Wilson found this ant foraging on tree trunks after dark in Veracruz and Cuba; the nocturnal tree-climbing habit seems characteristic of many members of tribe Platythy- reini. Typhlomyrmex rogenhoferi Mayr Typhlomyrmex rogenhoferi Mayr, 1862, Yerh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 12: 737, worker. Type locality : Amazonas. Typhlomyrmex rogenhoferi race robustus Emery, 1890, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., 22: 40, worker. Type locality: Alajuela, Costa Rica. NEW SYN- ONYMY. Typhlomyrmex robustus subsp. manco Wheeler, 1925, Ark. f. Zool., 17A (8) : 2, worker. Type locality: Pablobamba, Peru. NEW SYNONYMY. Prionopelta marthae Forel, 1909, Deutsch. ent. Zeitschr., p. 240, worker. Synonymy by Brown, 1953, Psyche, 59: 104. This species is very widespread in the forested regions of tropical America, but a single female stray from a log is the first sample so far recorded from Chiapas. Series from different nests from many localities in the Museum of Comparative Zoology show wide diversity in size and in allometric characters, including relative head width, general robustness of body, and sculpture. However, there is often considerable variation in these characters within single nest series, and one particular series, from San Juan Pueblo, Honduras, leg. W. M. Mann, contains extremes of the variation as well as all intergrades ; bracketed are the "diagnostic" characters for robustus and manco, as reviewed for types and metatopotypes, or both, of these two variants before me. 230 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Neoponera lineaticeps Mayr A small colony of this rather uncommonly collected ant was taken from a TUlandsia base, which is apparently a preferred habitat. It has been taken in Veracruz and Costa Rica on several occasions, but this is the first record from Chiapas. The specific name derives from the peculiar coarse, regular longitudinal striation covering the central part of the upper surface of the head, a feature that will identify the species at a glance under magnification. Neoponera apicalis (Latreille) Formica flavicornis Latreille, 1802, Hist. Nat. Fourmis, p. 202, pi. 7, figs. 42B, 43 (?), worker, female, nee Fabricius. NEW SYNONYMY. Formica apicalis Latreille, 1802, ibid., p. 204, pi. 7, fig. 42A (?), worker. Neoponera Latreillei Forel, 1905, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 49: 161, nom. pro N. flavicornis (Latreille). NEW SYNONYMY. Neoponera apicalis var. verenae Forel, 1922, Eev. Suisse Zool., 30: 90, worker. NEW SYNONYMY. A single worker was taken foraging on an epiphyte. This species and the closely related N. obscuricornis Emery have been confused through the literature, and the confusion extends to most of the ant collections rich in neotropical material to this day. The outstanding differences between these two species as I see them are : ( 1 ) N. apicalis has the five or six apical funicular segments a bright, contrasting yellow, whereas in N. obscuri- cornis, the apex of the funiculus is little or not at all lightened, and does not form a sudden contrast with the rest of the antenna. Faded or teneral specimens may seem to be intermediate, but these are rare and are easily identified by the remaining charac- ters. (2) N. apicalis has the sides of the petiolar node nearly flat, scarcely or not at all concave or sulcate just next to the posterolateral angles, so that these angles are blunt, whereas in obscuricornis, the same angles are thrown into relief by a slight but distinct sulcation extending along the posterior sides of the node from top nearly to base. (3) Of the two species, apicalis is slightly but distinctly larger on the average, though there is some overlap in size between the two forms. (4) JV. api- calis is more opaquely sculptured than is N. obscuricornis, though both species are strongly opaque; direct comparison is really BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 231 needed to reveal the difference. A study of numerous nest series, in addition to stray workers, convinces me that the fore- going characters are consistently linked in one or the other combination. No difficulty has arisen in assigning fresh worker specimens to one or the other species, and no intergrades have been seen, despite the fact that the two species frequently occur in close proximity over a vast area reaching from the Amazon Basin to southern Mexico. In the Museum of Comparative Zoology, collections of both species at single localities have been made as follows : Kartabo and Kamakusa, British Guiana, leg. W. M. Wheeler; Barro Colorado I., Panama Canal Zone, leg. N. Banks; Laguna Encantada, Veracruz, leg. Q. Jones and R. L. Dressier ; Pueblo Nuevo, near Tetzonapa, and Las Hamacas, near Santiago Tuxtla, both in Veracruz, leg. E. 0. Wilson. Both species live in plant cavities in arboreal situations, but nothing has been recorded concerning their ecological occurrence in any detail. While it seems clear enough that two and only two species exist in this complex, the application of names to these entities is still in some doubt. The earliest recognized description of a member of the complex appeared when Latreille claimed to have described two species at once, giving them the names flavicornis and apicalis. The former name was supposed by Latreille to apply to a Formica flavicornis earlier named by Fabricius, but Fabricius' insect is apparently an attine species having nothing to do with Neoponera; flavicornis is thereby a preoccupied name. Nearly everything about Latreille 's characterization of flavi- cornis and apicalis is either confused or patently in error, and the confusion extends to the correspondence of the plate figures with their respective descriptions. No reliable difference is mentioned or shown by Latreille that will serve to separate the two forms, and the description of the antennal coloration, if nearly accurate, would indicate that both are referable to apicalis in the present sense. This is my interpretation, made without recourse to types, but a thorough examination of the original references in conjunction with fairly good samples of the com- plex shows that it is the simplest solution to a problem that bothered Latreille, Emery, and Wheeler, among others, to the point where the essentially simple species-to-species relationship became lost to view. The name latreillei is an objective synonym 232 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY of flavicornis. I do not follow Emery's "Genera Insectorum" assignment of latreillei as a variety of obscuricornis — an as- signment which expressed his lack of confidence in latreillei as a named entity in his characteristically mild, but in this case totally confusing, fashion. The variety verenae was described by Forel in his familiar "final melange" paper of 1922, in which several other formicid variants, since synonymized by various authors, were named on the basis of the most doubtful-appearing evidence. Forel mentions no character that would serve to dis- tinguish verenae from typical apicalis, and verenae comes from the middle of the range of the species. Neoponera unidentata (Mayr) Pachycondyla unidentata Mayr, 1862, Yerh. zooh-bot. Ges. Wien, 12: 720, worker, female. Neoponera unidentata var. rugosula Emery, 1902, Rend. Accad. Sci. 1st. Bologna, (n.s.) 6: 30, worker; variant spellings are "rugatula" of Santschi and "rvgvlosa" of Wheeler. NEW SYNONYMY. Neoponera unidentata, Wheeler, 1929, Zool. Anz., Wasmann-Festband, pp. 29-30, typical form, with the following varieties: var. eburneipes Wheeler, p. 29, worker, female. NEW SYNONYMY, var. maya Wheeler, p. 30, worker. NEW SYNONYMY, var. trinidadensis Wheeler, p. 30, worker. NEW SYNONYMY. Wheeler conceived the named variants above (plus also the "subspecies" sulcatula Santschi, q.v. infra, which belongs in the crenata, not the unidentata, complex) as "local varieties" based on differences in color, sculpture, form of petiole, pilosity and some lesser details. There is no doubt that variation exists in these various features, and it is clear that both Emery and Wheeler understood that the variation was graded from series to series even in the limited samples examined by these authors. It is also clear, from the present augmented sample drawn from many parts of the species distribution, that the different charac- ters do not vary according to the same geographic plan. The region of the Upper Amazon Basin shows the strongest varia- tion, especially in sculpture, and the range of the variation there leaves little encouragement for racemakers. While it is possible to trace some series to their general area of origin by the study of trends in individual characters, other samples are ambiguous or contradictory in the display of the same characters. Clearly, BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 233 a study of geographical variation by individual characters is required before further attempts are made to classify the popula- tions making up N. unidentata. At the Laguna Ocotal collecting area, the species is character- ized in general by a petiolar node a bit less thick from front to rear, as viewed from the side, than in the average Amazonian series. However, I am unable to separate some samples in the Chiapas lot from some taken in the Amazon-Guianas region. According to the locality and the characteristics of the most extreme examples, I suppose the Chiapas series would fall under Wheeler's concept of var. may a. This species is common in bulbous-based Tillandsia at the Laguna, if Dressier 's collections are a fair indication of relative abundance. N. unidentata and N. crenata (Roger), and also N. carinulata (Roger), range widely over tropical America. All three inhabit plant cavities, and all are very similar in general habitus, but the types of petiolar node formation are widely divergent. Neoponera crenata (Roger) Ponera crenata Roger, 1861, Berlin, eut. Zeitschr., 5: 3, female, nom. pro Portera pallipes Fr. Smith, 1858, p. 98 nee p. 87. The series from Laguna Ocotal (and most collected else- where in southern Mexico) agree best with the form described by Forel as X. stipitum, of which a cotype rests in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. For the present, I am unable to find any satisfactory characters to separate stipitum from crenata, and I incline to the belief that a thorough study, with resort to the scattered types of these and other named variants of the complex, will see them all merged under the name crenata. Meanwhile, we may tentatively associate various morphological tendencies with the names attached to the several inadequate descriptions involved. The populations of which I have samples vary widely in size from nest to nest, although intranidal variation is relatively re- stricted. Weakly correlated with size is the shape of the petiolar node ; this correlation holds best at the extremes of the size range, but is poor in intergradient series. Larger specimens (ca. 11 to 12.5 mm. in TL, or total outstretched length of body, including head and mandibles) have the posterior nodal face vertical 234 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY throughout, and distinct from the dorsal face, and the compound eyes tend to be farther from the front of the sides of the head, e.g., Kartabo, British Guiana, nos. 60, 425, leg. W. M. Wheeler. These correspond to my idea of "typical" crenata (=pallipes F. Smith preocc). In smaller specimens, such as the Wheeler Kartabo series nos. 495, 708, 679, 286, 507, 671, 148 and 621, among many others, TL averages only 6 to 8 mm. In these, the eyes may be closer to the anterior cephalic margins and the posterior nodal face is often (not always) more convex, with the surface curving con- tinuously into the dorsal face; such specimens correspond to stipitum Forel. It is worth noting that the female node, as usual among ponerines, is higher and thinner in lateral-view profile than in the workers from the same nest. This caste difference appears to have caused some confusion in the complex in the past. A specimen from Espiritu Santo, Brazil (TL 8.8 mm.) and some others away from the Kartabo locality appear to be transi- tional between the large and small forms, but this would not necessarily preclude the specific distinction between two closely related forms where sympatric, as at Kartabo and elsewhere in the Amazon-Orinoco Basins (perhaps a case of "character dis- placement"). The intermediate forms seem to be the same as moesta Mayr, the var. moesta of authors. The polynomials N. crenata fiebrigi Forel, N. crenata confusa Santschi, N. crenata confusa lata Santschi and N. unidentata sulcatula Santschi seem from their descriptions to represent minor southern nest variants in the small-to-medium size range of the crenata complex; these names are almost sure to prove synonymous when properly studied. In view of the insufficiency of my present sample (though it is considerably better than exists in other collections known to me) and the difficulty of seeing all the types involved, I have left formal synonymy in this group to some future worker. ECITON BURCHELLI (WestWOOd) Workers were taken from a raiding column near the Laguna Ocotal camp. These specimens would undoubtedly be placed as "race paririspinum" by Father Borgmeier; however, the head BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 235 of the largest major (soldier) in the series is dingy yellowish- white in color. PSEUDOMYRMEX PALLIDUS F. Smith A few workers from a Tillandsia. Pseudomyrmex gracilis (Fabricius) This is the common bicolored form of the species often known as var. or subsp. mexicanus. It may be that the bicolored form is suppressed in northern South America where other bicolorous species of similar size and appearance become common. The geographical variation of this complex, while outstandingly con- spicuous, has never been carefully and thoroughly investigated. Pheidole punctatissima Mayr Two colonies were taken in epiphytic plants. Pheidole spp. Two indeterminate species of Pheidole were taken in Tilland- sia. One of these is in the confusing biconstricta group, and the other is a much smaller species. Pheidole is one of the very large (1,000-plus named forms) ant genera currently "out of control" taxonomically. Until adequate revisions of these groups become available, description of isolated new species only adds to the confusion and the unrecognized synonymy. Possibly one half of the names currently remaining unchallenged in Pheidole are synonyms of older names, and identification of species with any certainty is hopeless in most faunas, even where helpful pre- liminary revisionary attempts have been published. Procryptocerus scabriusculus Emery A stray worker from foliage. E. 0. Wilson also took a worker during 1953 at Las Hamacas, near Santiago Tuxtla, Veracruz. This and the following two cephalotine species were determined from revisionary papers on the cephalotines by W. W. Kempf. The work of Father Kempf is refreshingly sound and useful as 236 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY compared to the majority of publications on neotropical ants with which the would-be identifier has to grapple. Paracryptocerus cristatus (Emery) A stray soldier. E. 0. Wilson took a colony of this species at Las Hamacas, Veracruz, on August 27, 1953, occupying three internodes of a living Cecropia tree about 15 feet tall in tropical evergreen forest. Paracryptocerus scutulatus (F. Smith) A soldier aud workers. The species is widespread from southern Mexico to Venezuela. Smithistruma epinotalis (Weber) This little dacetine normally lives in plant cavities well above the ground. The collection at Laguna Ocotal was made from a Tillandsia, but collections from Veracruz, sent by N. L. H. Krauss and by E. 0. Wilson, were taken from hollow twigs of standing shrubs and trees. Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) Foraging workers of this fungus-growing ant stole rice from the Laguna Ocotal camp. The species has been discussed at length by W. M. Wheeler (1937, "Mosaics and other anomalies among ants," Harvard Univ. Press. Cf. pp. 69-74), who detailed the ambiguity of the characters supposed to separate it from A. hystrix (Latreille). Wheeler suggested as a better separatory character the presence or absence of bilateral tubercles or carinae on the propodeal dorsum; however, Wheeler's own series of the two forms in the Museum of Comparative Zoology appear to grade through on this basis without a break. The distinction of the "races" echinatior Forel, inti Wheeler, volcanus Wheeler, ekchuah Wheeler and cubanus Wheeler seems to me at least as precarious as the specific separation of hystrix from octospinosus. The differences supposed to separate these forms are weak and variable, and seem to mark mere individual or nest varieties in some eases ; even if they prove later to follow BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 237 to some degree geographical trends, there seems little to be gained by placing formal names upon these samples at this time. As seems to be the case with a large number of the subspecies so far described in the animal kingdom, these examples are based on entirely inadequate samples from restricted localities, and in their description scant thought seems to have been given to the overaU trends in variation of the characters within the whole species. Azteca sp. A small brownish form, represented by minor workers only. Brachymyrmex obscurior Forel Specimens from TiUandsia seem to agree best with descriptions and other determined material of this species, though determina- tions in this genus are doubtful in the absence of anything better than Santschi's revision. Nylanderia ?guatemalensis (Forel) This slender yellowish form is usually placed as a subspecies of vivid ul a, but since the taxonomy of this genus is so poorly worked out, I feel that it is better to accord provisional spe- cies rank to those names not obviously synonyms. The guati - ))iale7isis syntype in the Museum of Comparative Zoology is badly damaged, rendering the comparison uncertain. Camponotus circularis Mayr Stray workers and a small colony or colony-fragment from TiUandsia plants. 238 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY V FISHES FROM LAGUNA OCOTAL By Robert Rush Miller1 Since no special collecting equipment was available, only a very limited sample of the fish fauna of this lake was obtained. Forty-seven specimens, representing four species in three fam- ilies, were secured by dipnet, bent pin, and rifle (using .22 caliber dust shot) between July 21 and August 14, 1954, by various members of the expedition. Many of the examples are twisted, with broken fins and missing scales, thus rendering a careful study difficult or impossible. One viviparous species cannot be identified with certainty to genus since no males were obtained. Although two new species appear to be represented, no suitable type material is available and further well-preserved series, in- cluding both sexes, are needed to clarify their status. The fol- lowing report, therefore, is necessarily of a preliminary nature. The specimens listed below have been divided between the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan. Despite the small size of the collection, a most interesting fish fauna is indicated for Laguna Ocotal. Isolation no doubt has been a potent factor in the differentiation of endemic species in this remote area. CHARACIDAE Characins Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier). Banded tetra. This is one of the widest ranging freshwater fishes of the Americas. It is known from Argentina northward on the At- lantic slope to western Texas and adjacent parts of New Mexico, and on the Pacific slope from Colombia to western Mexico (Rio Armeria basin of Colima and Jalisco). i Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 239 There are 10 adults, 59 to 107 mm. in standard length. The number of anal fin-rays varies as follows: 22(4), 23(4), and 24(2). Recognition of subspecies of A. fasciatus is currently made largely on the basis of the anal-ray count. The above specimens could be assigned to A. f. aeneus (Giinther) or they might be interpreted as intergrades between that lowland form and the highland subspecies, A. f. mexicanus (de Filippi). I prefer to postpone assignment until a good series is available from Laguna Ocotal, especially since these specimens have a more oblique mandible and more posterior dorsal fin than speci- mens of A. f. aeneus from the Usumacinta basin in Guatemala. The following color notes were made in Ann Arbor on October 29, 1954. The fins of the three largest fish (98, 105 and 107 mm. S.L.) are bright yellow-orange to deep red-orange as follows: over seven-eighths of the pelvic fins (tips of rays clear), the anteriormost 9 rays to all of the rays of the anal fin, the outer one-half of the caudal rays (except 3 to 4 rays of each lobe, which are colored their entire lengths), and the median part of the pectoral rays (weakly colored). The dorsal fin is clear in one, faintly yellowish on the distal half in another, and yellow-orange on the same rays in the third. The seven smaller fish show weaker color on these fins or none at all. POECILIIDAE Livebearers PSEUDOXIPHOPHORUS BIMACULATUS (Heckel) This species is known along the Atlantic slope of Middle America from Veracruz, Mexico, to Miranda, Nicaragua ; its alti- tudinal distribution is from near sea level to about 3,500 ft. Twenty-three young to adult specimens, 16 to 49 mm. long, in- cluding 3 mature males, were obtained. The scale crescents are conspicuously blackened. Dorsal-ray counts are as follows: 13(3), 14(12), and 15(8). According to current practice, this sample is assignable to P. b. taeniatus Regan (see Hubbs, 1935, Univ. Mich. Misc. Publ. No. 28: 9-10, and references cited therein), a subspecies known to range from Mexico to Honduras. 240 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Undetermined genus and species. There are 2 adult females of a species of poeciliid which I cannot identify with any known member of the family. In the absence of males, T am uncertain to which genus the species belongs. Reference to the Poeciliidae (rather than to some other cyprinodont family) is assured from the nature of the first 3 rays of the anal fin (unbranched) and of the neuromasts or pit organs on the scale rows (see Hubbs and Miller, 1954, Zoologica, 39 (1):2). The general body form is similar to that of Lucania parva (Baird and Girard), a species of the oviparous family Cyprino- dontidae, although it is more angulate anteriorly, both in dorsal and ventral profiles. The dorsal fin is long, containing 12 rays in each specimen; the anal fin has 9 rays. The origin of the dorsal fin is midway between the base of the caudal fin and the tip of the snout. There is a faint, dark line along the midside of the body that fades out anteriorly, and the skin beneath the anterior half of the exposed part of each scale on the back and sides shows a concentration of coarse chromatophores. There are no distinctive markings. The mandible is short and nearly vertical, indicating a surface- feeding habit. The teeth are distinctive : those in the outer row of each jaw are large and asymmetrical (shaped like the tip of a tableknife blade), and are tilted obliquely away from the center towards the outer margin of the jaws; they are most strongly oblique nearest the midpoint of each jaw, becoming almost erect at the margins. There is a toothless gap at the midpoint in the lower jaw. Inside of each outer row of teeth is an irregular series of small, conical teeth. The body shape, long dorsal fin, oblique mouth, and distinctive dentition comprise characters which set this species apart from any poeciliid known to me from Middle America. The jaw denti- tion of Xiphophorus helleri (Heckel) is very similar and the species in question may pertain to that genus ; it does not repre- sent that species, however, which differs in coloration, mouth width, a less oblique lower jaw, the more robust body, etc. The dentition of the outer jaws is similar also in specimens of Phalli - chthys pittieri (Meek), but the teeth of that species are more loosely attached and more numerous and other marked differences indicate no intimate relationship. BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 241 CICHLIDAE Mo j arras Cichlasoma species Twelve specimens, 51 to 96 mm. long, represent a species of (he "Section" (or subgenus) Parapetenia of Regan (1906, Biol- ogia Centrali-Americana, Pisces, 8 : 26). However, I cannot place the present form with any of those treated by Regan or by sub- sequent authors. What remains of the color pattern is suggestive of both C. salvini and C. iirophthalmus, but the Ocotal specimens otherwise differ in many ways from both of those species. There are rather definite to indistinct vertical to oblique bands along the sides, numbering not more than 10 or 11, the anteriormost 2 to 3 extending obliquely forward across the nape (as in C. nigrofasciatum) . An irregular, usually disrupted, lateral band extends from the upper angle of the opercle, reaching backward not farther than to below the middle of the soft dorsal fin. Some specimens have a prominent black spot at the base of the upper half of the caudal fin (and lying entirely above the posterior extension of the lateral line) which is surrounded by a light area, as in C. urophthalmus (see Giinther, 1868, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 6: PI. 72, fig. 1) ; this spot is indistinct or obsolete in other specimens. The two largest fish are entirely black (a mel- anistic phase?) and have a shorter pectoral fin (not reaching origin of anal), but otherwise agree with the ten smaller fish. In the latter, the pectoral fin extends to above or slightly beyond the origin of the first anal spine. It is possible that the two black specimens represent a different species, but this point cannot be determined satisfactorily on the basis of the present material. The spinous dorsal is long and low, comprising 18 spines in 9 and 19 in 3 specimens; the soft dorsal has 9 rays in all; the anal spines are numerous : 8 in 7 and 9 in 5 ; and the soft rays of the anal fin vary as follows: 6(1), 7(7), 8(3), and 9(1). A narrow but definite frenum is present in each specimen and the gillrakers (total number, including rudiments) number 9(1), 10(9), and 11(2). The premaxillary spines extend posteriorly from about the front to the middle of the orbit. The large number of dorsal and anal spines (with correspond- ingly few soft rays), the body form, and the coloration appear to be among the distinguishing characters of this species. 242 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY VI REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM THE SELVA LACANDONA By Benjamin Shreve As this section of the report deals only with the reptiles and amphibians collected during 1954 in the Selva Lacandona, it is perhaps fitting to mention that Raymond A. Paynter, Jr. and Robert L. Dressier collected reptiles and amphibians in other parts of Chiapas and elsewhere in Mexico. Although not included in this study, these are much appreciated. Of those collected in Chiapas, a specimen of Stenorhina f. freminvillii Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril from Ocosingo, should be mentioned as representing the first record of this race for the state. It will be seen that of those species discussed in the report, several are new to Mexico or to Chiapas. It seems advisable to mention that the wholesale restriction of type localities by Smith and Taylor (1950, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 33, pp. 313-380) is not followed here because of the numer- ous instances of error and poor judgment, aside from being con- sidered unnecessary. See comments of Dunn and Stuart (1951, Copeia, p. 55; and 1951, Science, 113, p. 677). Crocodylus moreletii Dumeril and Dumeril Crooodylus Moreletii Dumeril and Dumeril, 1851, Cat. Meth. Kept., p. 28; Lake Peten, Guatemala. imm. $ (M.C.Z. 53860) Laguna Oeotal, Aug. 12. cranium (M.C.Z. 53903) Laguna Oeotal, July-Aug. The remains of what appears to be an immature Pseudemys script a ornata (Gray) were found in the stomach of M.C.Z. 53860, now a made up skin. Kinosternon leucostomum Dumeril and Dumeril Cinosternon Leucostomum Dumeril and Dumeril, 1851, Cat. Meth. Eept., j>. 17; Mexico, etc. 1 (M.C.Z. 53861) Laguna Oeotal, July-Aug. BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 243 Anolis tropidonotus spilorhipis Alvarez del Toro and Smith Anolis tropidonotus spilorhipis Alvarez del Toro and Smith, 1956, Herpetol- ogica, 12. p. 9: Cerro Ombligo, 1280 m., Chiapas, Mexico. 6 (M.C.Z. 53855-7) Monte Libano, July 16-18. 4 (M.C.Z. 53858-9) Laguna Oeotal, July- Aug. 11 (M.C.Z. 53887-91) Laguna Oeotal to El Censo, Aug. 20. 8 (M.C.Z. 53894-7) El Censo to Monte Libano, Aug. 21. On comparing this series with one from near El Potrero, Veracruz, identified as tropidonotus, I find that the former has a differently colored dewlap, smaller ventrals as compared with the dorsals, and possibly larger head scales. These are mentioned by the two authors of this new form as differences between their new race and the typical form. Anolis limifrons rodriguezii Bocourt Anolis rodriguezii Bocourt, 1873, Miss. Sci. Mex., Eept., p. 62, pi. 13, fig. 1 : Panzos, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala. 3 (M.C.Z. 53862-4) Laguna Oeotal, July-Aug. I am doubtful about the validity of microlepis Alvarez del Toro and Smith (1956, Herpetologiea, 12, p. 4) as a race. Anolis capito Peters Anolis (Draconura) capito Peters, 1863, Monatsb. Akad. "Wiss. Berlin, p. 142 : Costa Kica. 2 (M.C.Z. 53865-6) Laguna Oeotal, July-Aug. 1 (M.C.Z. 53893) El Censo to Monte Libano, Aug. 21. This is the first record of capito from the state of Chiapas. Basiliscus vittatus Wiegmann Basilicus vittatus Wiegmann, 1828, Isis von Oken, 21. p. 373: Mexico. 1 (M.C.Z. 53850) Monte Libano, July 16-18. 7 (M.C.Z. 53867-71) Laguna Oeotal, July-Aug. 1 (M.C.Z. 53898) El Censo to Monte Libano, Aug. 21. Corythophanes hernandezii (Wiegmann) Cltamaeleopsis Hernandesii (sic) Wiegmann, 1831, Isis von Oken, 3. p. 298: Mexico. 5 (M.C.Z. 53872-6) Laguna Oeotal, July-Aug. 244 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Lygosoma assatum cherriei (Cope) Mocoa cherriei Cope, 1893, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, 31. p. 340: Palmar, Costa Rica. 3 (M.C.Z. 53877-8) Laguna Ocotal, July- Aug. 1 (M.C.Z. 53892) Laguna Ocotal to El Censo, Aug. 20. Recently Mittleman (1950, Herpetologica, 6, p. 19) proposed Scincella for all New World members of Lygosoma. However, Schmidt (1953, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., p. 147) treats Scincella as a subgenus of Lygosoma, which seems a better course. Rhadinaea decorata decorata (Gunther) Coronella decorata Gunther, 1858, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 35: Mexico. $ (M.C.Z. 53899) El Censo to Monte Libano, Aug. 21. Midbody scale rows 17; ventrals 118; subeaudals 73+. Lampropeltis doliata polyzona Cope Lampropeltis polyzona Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 12. p. 258 : Cuatupe, near Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. 9 (M.C.Z. 53849) Monte Libano, July 16-18. 9 (M.C.Z. 53879) Laguna Ocotal, July-Aug. Midbody scale rows 21-23 ; ventrals 233-238 ; subeaudals 54+ -56. This form was previously unrecorded from Chiapas. Sibon dimidiatus (Gunther) Leptognathus dimidiata Gunther, 1872, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 9. p. 31 : Mexico. 9 (M.C.Z. 53882) Laguna Ocotal, July-Aug. Midbody scale rows 15; ventrals 182; subeaudals, with some doubt, 109. James A. Peters, who is revising the Dipsas group, tells me this species belongs in the genus Sibon, and that if a subspecies is recognizable this Ocotal snake belongs to the typi- cal form. This specimen provides the first definite locality record for Mexico, although dimidiatus is known from Piedras Negras, Peten, just over the Guatemalan border. Imantodes cenchoa leucomelas Cope Himantodes leuoomelas Cope, 1861, Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Philadelphia, 13. p. 296 : Mirador, Veracruz, Mexico. BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 245 $ (M.C.Z. 53881) Laguna Ocotal, July- Aug. Midbody scale rows 17; verftrals 249; subcaudals 161. Coniophanes fissidens fissidens (Giinther) Coronella fissidens Giinther, 1858, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 36: Mexico. $ (M.C.Z. 53880) Laguna Ocotal, July-Aug. Midbody scale rows 21. Neither ventral nor subcaudal counts can be supplied as the specimen is decayed anteriorly and much of the tail is missing. The snake was found dead. Though this is the first Chiapas record of typical fissidens, as defined by Smith and Taylor (1945, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 187, p. 39), it may not have much significance as the races of this species still appear in need of revision. Micrurus afpinis apiatus (Jan) Flaps apiatus Jan, 1858, Eev. Mag. Zool., p. 522, col. pi. 1 ; Vera Paz, Guatemala. $ , 9 , imm. (M.C.Z. 53883-5) Laguna Ocotal, July- Aug. Midbody scale rows 15 ; ventrals 205 ( $ ) , 217 ( 9 ) , 226 (imm.) ; subcaudals 50 ( S ), 41 ( 9 ), 37 (imm.). These specimens show evidence of intergradation with alienus, but are nearer apiatus. In one snake the white blotch on the end of the snout is reduced ; in another it is absent. In one the number of black body annuli is reduced to 29, which is one in excess of the maximum given for alienus. and one higher than the minimum for apiatus. Micrurus elegaxs elegaxs sg veraepacis Elaps elegans Jan, 1858, Rev. Mag. Zool. p. 524, col. pi. 2: Mexico. Micrurus elegans veraepacis Schmidt, 1933, Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 32; Campur, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala. 9 (M.C.Z. 53900) El Censo to Monte Libano, Aug. 21. Midbody scale rows 15 ; ventrals 217 ; subcaudals 32. The ventral and caudal counts are intermediate between those given by Schmidt (loc. cit.) for the two races mentioned above. Bothrops atrox (Linnaeus) Coluber atrox Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1. p. 222: "Asia" (in error; restricted to Surinam by Schmidt and Walker, 1943). 246 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 6 (M.C.Z. 53886) Laguna Ocotal, July- Aug. Midbody scale rows 25 ; ventrals 212 ; subcaudals 70. Smith and Taylor (1945, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 187. p. 180) regard asper (sic) as a race of air ox, but it seems better to use the binomial pending a revision of the species. As Bothrops is of feminine gender, aspera is the proper rendering for this adjecti- val name when used with that genus. Bufo marinus (Linnaeus) Rana marina Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1. p. 211: America. 1 (M.C.Z. 28212) Monte Libano, July 16-18. On comparing this specimen with toads from Veracruz, Nuevo Leon, and Guerrero, I failed to find the differences mentioned by Taylor and Smith (1945, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 95, p. 551) as distinguishing their Chiapas material from the rest of their Mexican toads, although they referred all to Bufo horribilis Wiegmann. These authors fail to state how horribilis differs from the several other forms that undoubtedly have been included in what is conventionally regarded as marinus, whose type locality was probably Surinam. Head and body length 150 mm. Bufo valliceps Wiegmann Bufo valliceps Wiegmann, 1833, Isis von Oken, 26, p. 657: Mexico. 4 (M.C.Z. 28213-6) Monte Libano, July 16-18. 20 tadpoles (M.C.Z. 28239) Laguna Ocotal, July-Aug. 13 (M.C.Z. 28240-4) Laguna Ocotal to El Censo, Aug. 20. 4 (M.C.Z. 28251-4) El Censo, Aug. 20. 6 (M.C.Z. 28259-63) El Censo to Monte Libano, Aug. 21. The tadpoles are only tentatively referred to this species. Leptodactylus mystaceus labialis (Cope) Cystignathus labialis Cope, 1877, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, 17. p. 90: Prob- ably Mexico. 1 (M.C.Z. 28255) El Censo, Aug. 20. This form seems to differ from typical mystaceus only in size, while no differences at all could be detected between mystaceus and the West Indian albilabris. Possibly some color differences might be found with living material. Eleutherodactylus alfredi conspicuus Taylor Eleutherodactylus conspicuus Taylor, 1945, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 95. p. 567: Piedras Negras, Peten, Guatemala, near Mexico-Guatemalan border. BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 247 1 (M.C.Z. 28224) Laguna Oeotal, July-Aug. Trinomials are used as conspicuus is probably just the southern representative of alf recti. The differences between the two forms appear to be very slight. Although the type locality of con- spicuus is in nearby Peten, this is the first time that this sub- species has been recorded from Mexico. Eleutherodactylus laticeps (Dumeril) Hylodes laticeps Dumeril, 1853, Ann. Sei. Nat. Paris (3), zool., 19. p. 178: Yucatan, Mexico. 1 (M.C.Z. 28220) Monte Libano, July 16-18. 7 (M.C.Z. 28225-9) Laguna Oeotal, July-Aug. 2 (M.C.Z. 28245-6) Laguna Oeotal to El Censo, Aug. 20. These specimens agree closely with Kellogg 's description of laticeps (1932, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 160, pp. 93, 106), which was taken from the unique type. Kellogg does not mention the length of the tarsal fold, which in our material extends from about one-half to two-thirds the length of the tarsus. The entire underside of the lower jaw and throat, not just the sides of the throat as in the type, is stippled Avith brown. In one specimen (M.C.Z. 28246) the usual black side of the upper jaw is reduced to a spot under the eye. The largest example (M.C.Z. 28227) has a head and body length of 78 mm. The much larger size of laticeps and its some- what different coloring seem to be the chief characters separating it from the closely related Central American E. gollmeri (Peters). But in color gollmeri sometimes shows the same varia- tion as is described above for M.C.Z. 28246. Eleutherodactylus rugulosus (Cope) Liyla rugulosa Cope, 1869, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, 11. p. 160: Pacific region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. 1 (M.C.Z. 28221) Monte Libano, July 16-18. 2 (M.C.Z. 28222-3) Laguna Oeotal, July-Aug. 4 (M.C.Z. 28247-50) Laguna Oeotal to El Censo, Aug. 20. 1 (M.C.Z. 28258) El Censo to Monte Libano, Aug. 21. All are subadult so that some are referred to rugulosus with considerable doubt. 248 BULLETIN : MUSET7M OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Hyla loquax Gaige and Stuart Hyla loquax Gaige and Stuart, 1934, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, no. 281, p. 1: Ixpuc Aguada, north of La Libertad, Peten, Guatemala. $ (M.C.Z. 28238) Laguna Ocotal, July-Aug. The color pattern differs somewhat from that of our two paratypes and the original description. A blackish suffusion on the dorsum extends forwards about as far as the insertion of the forelimbs, the anterior border being nearly straight; head and body length 41 mm. Although known from Piedras Negras, Peten, just across the Guatemalan frontier, this is the first record from Chiapas. Hyla phaeota cyanosticta Smith Hyla phaeota cyanosticta Smith, 1953, Ilerpetologica, 8, p. 150: Piedras Negras, Peten, Guatemala. 3 (M.C.Z. 28217-9) Monte Libano, July 16-18. The largest of these unquestionably belongs to this race. The two smaller examples (M.C.Z. 28218-9) are less certain. They do not show the reticulation or spotting on the limbs and sides dis- played by the large specimen. This constitutes the first Mexican record for both the species and the race, as Smith's material came from the Guatemalan side of the Chiapas-Guatemala line (see type locality above). PtANA PALMIPES Spix Bana palmipes Spix, 1824, Nov. Spec. Test. Pan., p. 29, pi. 5, fig. 1 : Amazon River, Brazil. 28 (M.C.Z. 28234-7) Laguna Ocotal, July-Aug. 2 (M.C.Z. 28270) Laguna Ocotal to El Censo, Aug. 20. 1 (M.C.Z. 28256) El Censo, Aug. 20. 1 (M.C.Z. 28257) El Ceuso to Monte Libano, Aug. 21. It is likely that these Mexican frogs are subspecifically distinct from topotypic Brazilian material. A revision is needed. Raxa pipiens Schreber liana pipiens Schreber, 1782, Der Naturforscher, Halle, 18, p. 185, pi. 4: Raccoon, Gloucester County, New Jersey (restricted to White Plains, New York, by Schmidt, 1953). 4 (M.C.Z. 28230-3) Laguna Ocotal, July-Aug. Without a revision of the species, it is not known to what race the above material should be referred. BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS. MEXICO 249 VII BIRDS OF LAGUNA OCOTAL By Raymond A. Paynter, Jr. INTRODUCTION An investigation of the avifauna was one of the primary ob- jectives of the Museum of Comparative Zoology expedition to the Selva Lacandona, Chiapas. Between July 21 and August 19, 1954, while at Laguna Ocotal (alt. 950 m.), 490 birds were pre- pared as skins. While these specimens are a good sample of the resident avifauna, there can be little doubt that additional species occur in the region but were not observed. In a heavily forested region collecting is difficult even under the most favor- able conditions. We were at work at the end of the breeding season when most birds are silent and secretive - obviously the most difficult collecting period. The following list is based on the specimens collected, as well as on unequivocal field observations. The specimens were weighed on a double-pan balance. The means of the measure- ments are accompanied by their standard errors (am)- The Hippoboscidae (bird-flies) were identified by Joseph C. Bequaert. ANNOTATED LIST Tinamus major robustus Sclater and Salvin 1 $ , Aug. 7. The species was heard on a few occasions and seen twice. The bird weighed 1090.5 grams. Crypturellus boucardi boucardi (Sclater) 1 9 , July 22 ; 1$, Aug. 10 ; 1$, Aug. 11. Although by no means common, this is the more abundant tinamou. Occasionally it was found in the tropical evergreen forest but it occurred principally in the monte. The males weighed 291.4 and 403.3 grams; the female 351.0 grams. 250 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Phalacrocorax brasilianus mexicanus (Brandt) 1 S , July 30. On an undisturbed lake one would expect to find water birds in abundance, but the cormorant was the only exclusively aquatic form and even they were in small flocks. The weight of the bird was 1165.0 grams. Butorides viRESCENS virescens (Linnaeus) 1$, Aug. 11. The specimen is immature and weighed 93.1 grams. Green Herons were uncommon. Sarcoramphus papa (Linnaeus) One was observed, within a flock of Turkey Vultures, on August 3. Cathartes aura subsp. A few vultures came to the camp at irregular intervals. Elano'ides forficatus subsp. Two kites were noted on Julv 26 and three on August 1. i& ■ Accipiter striatus subsp. A single individual flew back and forth over the lake on August 16. It would seem an early date for a migrant. Prob- ably the bird was a resident, possibly A. s. chionogaster. Buteogallus urubitinga ridgwayi (Gurney) 1 £ , Aug. 15. This is the only example of the species which was seen. It harbored three species of Hippoboscidae : Omithociona erythro- cephala, Lynchia angustifrons, and L. wolcotti. I concur with Amadon (1949), and Amadon and Eckelberry (1955), that the genera Hypomnrphnus and Buteogallus should lie united. BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 251 Spizaetus tyrannus subsp. Paine, on August 17, saw a single Black Eagle-Hawk in the selva. IIerpetotiieres cachinnans subsp. Laughing Falcons were heard several times. MlCRASTTJR SEMITORQUATUS NASO (LeSSOn) 1$, Aug. 17. Although the dense, undisturbed, forests surrounding the lake appeared ideally suited for certain of the birds of prey, such as those of the genera Micrastur, Spizastur, and Spizaetus, hawks were excessively rare. Only one example of M. semitor- quatus was seen. It was host to the bird-flies Omithoctona erythrocephala and Lynchia wolcotti, and weighed 749.8 grams. Micrastur ruficollis guerilla Cassin 1 (J , Aug. 14. The specimen was taken in the low forest near the edge of the lake. On several occasions others were found in the thickest parts of the evergreen forest. Falco rufigularis subsp. On August 10 a pair of Bat Falcons flew near the (.'amp. where they could be seen distinctly. Crax rubra rubra Linnaeus U, 19, Aug. 8; 1$, Aug. 15. Curassows were fairly abundant but not so numerous as guans. The specimen collected on August 15 is about one-third grown. Penelope purpurascens purpurascens Wagler 1 $ I, July 24. Guans were common, ranging through all types of forest, but were most abundant where the pine and broadleaf forests met. In 252 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY the early morning they were often perched in the pines where apparently they had spent the night. Ornithoctona erythro- cephala was taken from the specimen. Ortalis vetula vetula (Wagler) 1 $ , July 26 ; 19, Aug. 1 ; 1 o , Aug. 6; 19, Aug. 7 ; 1 9 , Aug. 8 ; 2$, 1$, Aug. 10; 1$, Aug. 14; 2 9, Aug. 15; 1 <$ , 3 9 , Aug. 16. Chachalacas were very abundant in the transition zone between the broadleaf forest and the pines, and in the monte at the end of the lake. Specimens of Ornithoctona erythrocephala were obtained from four birds and Lynchia plaumanni from one. Six males ranged in weight from 319.1 to 448.5 grams, with a mean of 402.30±16.82; nine females from 309.6 to 394.8, with a mean of 356.21±10.31 grams. ODONTOrHORUS GUTTATUS (Gould) 2 $ , July 25 ; 19, July 30 ; 19, Aug. 12. Wherever the floor of the forest is dark these birds were seen with fair regularity. The two males weighed 284.0 and 286.9 grams; the two females 314.1 and 316.3 grams. Aram us guarauxa dolosus Peters 19, Aug. 1; 19, Aug. 11. There seems to be no specific record of the species in Chiapas, although Alvarez del Toro (1952) mentions that it is abundant in the state. The shores of the lake are strewn with the empty shells of the snail Pomacea flagellata, the preferred food of limpkins, suggesting the presence of many of these birds. How- ever, none was heard and just a few lone individuals were seen. Aramides cajanea subsp. A wood rail called in the evening of July 30. This is another species which had been expected to occur in large numbers but which was inexplicably rare. Laterallus ruber (Sclater and Salvin) 16,19, July 21. Iii the marshes near the camp, Ruddy Rails abounded, although they were seldom seen. Their call is a rattle, similar to that of a BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS TN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 253 small kingfisher, but somewhat slower. The male is an adult and weighed 49.0 grams. The female retains a portion of the im- mature plumage and weighed 40.5 grams. Elsewhere (Paynter, 1955) I have given my reasons for recognizing no subspecies of L. ruber-. Columba nicrirostris Sclater 1 5 , Aug. 4 ; 1 6 . J $ , Aug. 7 ; 1 $ , Aug. 11 ; 1 $ , Aug. 12 ; 19, Aug. 15. Short-billed Pigeons were heard frequently, and sometimes could be seen in the tallest, trees of the broadleaf forest. The specimens, however, were taken principally in the low forest and edges where they came to feed in fruiting trees. The males weighed 154.3, 154.4. 159.0, and 166.1 grams; the females 132.5 and 148.2 grams. Leptotila cassinii ceryiniventris Sclater and Salvin 1 <5 , July 22 ; 15. July 2.5 ; 1 $ , July 30 ; 16, July 31. Although the species has been recorded in Mexico only from Santa Kosa, Comitan, Chiapas (Berlioz, 1939) and from two localities on the Rio Usumacinta in Tabasco (Brodkorb, 1943), it was reasonably abundant in the deep forest at Laguna Ocotal. The apparent absence of Leptotila verreauxi and L. plumbeiceps, species which are widely distributed in southern Mexico, was surprising. However, most forms of Leptotila are secretive and difficult to collect and I would feel certain of the absence of these species only if more time had been spent in the field. Two adult males and a female weighed 167.2, 176.5, and 152.1 gram, respectively; a female in juvenal plumage 138.0 grams. Ara macao (Linnaeus) Small flocks of Scarlet Macaws flew over quite regularly in the morning and evening. They did not seem to feed in the vicinity of the lake and, as a consequence, alighted rarely, and then only in the tops of tall pines or on conspicuous dead trees in the selva. 254 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY PlONUS SENILIS SENILIS (Spix) 1$, Aug. 14; 1$, Aug. 16. Although parrots passed over each day at dawn and dusk, they were nearly absent from the forest surrounding Laguna Ocotal. Late in our stay a small flock of Pionus senilis began to roost for the night in the pines at the edge of the broad- leaf forest on the eastern side of the lake. It is from this group that the specimens were secured. The birds weighed 220.4 and 221.5 grams. The genus Amazona was represented in the flocks of parrots seen in the air. A. ochrocephala was tentatively identified, but another species seemed to be present also ; there may have been still others. PlAYA CAYANA subsp. On August 12 there was a Squirrel Cuckoo in the top of a pine standing in small clearing. No other was observed. Nyctidromus albicollis yucatanensis Nelson 1 $ , July 29 ; IS, Aug. 10 ; 1 $ , Aug. 17. Common within the burned area in the pines. The males weighed 65.5 and 68.5 grams; the female 74.5 grams. Phaethornis superciliosus longirostris (DeLattre) 1 9 , July 31; 1 8 , Aug. 9. No approach to P. s. veraecrucis is exhibited by the specimens, although birds from Palenque, which is about 100 kilometers to the north, either were referred to that race (Brodkorb, 1943, Tashian, 1952) or said to be intermediate (Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore, 1950). The weight of the male was 6.4 grams; that of the female 5.9 grams. Dressier reported seeing one of these hummingbirds feeding at a dwarf Heliconia {H. tortuosa Griggs), a plant with red bracts and long, curved, yellow flowers, for which the bird's bill is well suited. Abeillia abeillei abeillei (Lesson and DeLattre) 1$, July 27; 15,1 ?, Aug. 8. The female weighed 3.5 grams ; the male, which is immature, 3.0 grams. No adult males were seen. BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 255 Amazilia Candida Candida (Bourcier and Mulsant) 1$, Juy 24; 1 $ , Aug. 11. The male and female weighed 3.8 and 3.6 grams, respectively. This species and the females and immature males of Abeillia abeillei were impossible to differentiate in the field ; their relative abundance is not known. Among the least common humming- birds, they occurred in the high broadleaf forest in localities where the sun reaches the ground and encourages the growth of flowering plants and shrubs. Amazilia beryllina devillei (Bourcier and Mulsant) IS, Aug. 11. The specimen displays none of the characters ascribed to A. b. lichtensteini or to the nominate race and is, therefore, the first record of A. b. devillei from the Atlantic slope of Chiapas. It was taken in the tropical evergreen forest and was the only example seen. It weighed 4.6 grams. Eupherusa eximia eximia (DeLattre) 14, July 24; IS, 19, July 25; 1$, July 26; ] 9, July 27; 1$, July 29; 2$, July 30; 13, 19, Aug. 1; 2$, Aug. 2; 29, Aug. 3: 1 S , Aug. 4, 1 $ , Aug. 6 ; 1 $ , Aug. 7 ; 2 S , Aug. 8 ; 1 9 , Aug. 9 : 2$, Aug. 10; IS, Aug. 13; 19, Aug. 14; 1$, Aug. 16; 19, Aug. 17; IS, Aug. 19. Where there were plants flowering in the tall broadleaf forest this hummingbird was almost always present. It was by far the most common Trochilid. Twenty males ranged from 3.5 to 4.7 grams, with a mean of 4.18±.06; seven females from 3.0 to 4.0 grams, with a mean of 3.65±.14. Lampornis viridi-pallens viridi-pallens (Bourcier and Mulsant) 1$, July 23; 2$, 19, July 27; 19, July 31; IS, Aug. 1; 19, Aug. 5; 19, Aug. 6; 1 $ , Aug. 9; 2$, Aug. 11. These hummingbirds occurred in the same biotope as Eupher- usa eximia and were almost as numerous. I have examined 15 specimens of the species from and near 256 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Mt. Ovando, Chiapas, the type locality of L. v. ovandensis, and conclude that, although recognizahle, it is an extremely weak race. The coloration of the dorsal surface is variable and no consistent difference between the two races is distinguishable. The bill length is also inconstant; there appears to be a com- plete overlap between the forms in this character. The only dif- ferentiating features I can appreciate are the faintly lighter abdomen and slightly greater area of white on the lower throat of L. v. ovandensis. Seven males ranged in weight from 5.3 to 6.5 grams, with a mean of 5.80±0.14 grams. Four females weighed 4.7, 4.7, 4.8, and 5.2 grams. Trogon massena subsp. A single bird was seen on August 15 in a fruiting tree at the edge of the pines. Trogon collaris puella Gould 1 6 , July 21 ; 1 9 , Aug. 5; 16, Aug. 12. Within the heavy forest this species was noted with regularity, but it was uncommon. The males weighed 63.7 and 64.5 grams ; the females 63.4 grams. It is of interest to compare these weights with those obtained on the Yucatan Peninsula (Paynter, 1955). There two males weighed 47.6 and 53.5 grams, and two females 41.1 and 53.9 grams. This suggests that the Peninsular birds are smaller in mass, although no differences in linear measurements are evident. A larger series is needed to confirm the proposal. Trogon violaceus braccatus (Cabanis and Heine) 1 9 , Aug. 6. The specimen, the only one of the species seen, was collected in the transition forest. It weighed 57.1 grams. CHLOROCERYLE AMERICANA SEPTENTRIONALIS (Sharpe) 1 <$ , July 23 ; 19, Aug. 3 ; 1 9 , Aug. 3 ; 13, Aug. 9. Two adult females and a male weighed 40.7, 43.1, and 39.7 grams, respectively; an immature male 37.3 grams. BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 257 Chloroceryle aenea stictoptera (Eidgway) 1 9 . Aug. 10; 1 $ , Aug. 11 ; 1 $ , Aug. 15. Both species of kingfisher were common. The two males weighed 15.5 and 16.8 grams, the female 20.8 grams. Htlomanes momotula momotula Lichtenstein 1 ; 1 .$, Aug. 2. These specimens apparently represent the first record of H. I. castanea from Mexico, although Hellmayr (1934) had predicted that it would be found there on the Atlantic slope. The respective weights of the male and female were 16.6 and 16.1 grams. H. Jeucophnjs and //. leucosticta were found in what seemed to be exactly the same habitat. No behavioral differences were noted. The darker breast of H. leucophrys could not -be recog- nized in the dark undergrowth, making it impossible to dis- tinguish between the two species. They were, therefore, collected at random. Presumably the ratio between the species in the collection also represents the true ratio at Laguna Ocotal. 270 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY MlCROCERCULUS MARGINATUS PHILOMELA (Salvin) 1 ?, July 26.; 1 $ , Aug. 9. There is no doubt that this wren was uncommon but it was by no means rare, as the dearth of specimens would seem to indicate. Its call is distinctive and was heard about once a day while collecting in the broadleaf forest. It was seldom seen because of its preference for the darkest areas of the forest floor, where it blended ideally with the background. The male weighed 18.1 grams ; the unsexed bird 18.4 grams. TURDUS ALBICOLLIS LEUCAUCIIEN Sclater 19, July 28; 1$, Aug. 14. The male retains the juvenal plumage on its throat, upper breast, wing coverts, neck, and pileum. The remainder of the plumage is slaty with a faint wash of olive. The other bird, an adult female, is decidedly olivaceous dorsally ; the throat markings are brownish black. It agrees with specimens of T. a. leucauchen from Guatemala. The weight of the male was 66.7 grams ; that of the female 70.3 grams. Myadestes unicolor pallens Miller and Griscom 1$, July 31; 16, Aug. 1; 19, Aug. 7; 29, Aug. 11; 19, Aug. 12; IS, Aug. 15; 1$, Aug. 18. The type of M. u. veraepacis, 56 specimens of M. u. pallens from Honduras and Nicaragua, one specimen from Veracruz and three from "Mexico" of M. u. unicolor, and the present series from Chiapas have been examined. It is concluded that M. u. pallens is barely distinguishable from the nominate form, on the basis of its paler ventral color, and that 31. u. veraepacis, which was described as an intermediate form, is referable to M. u. pallens. The supposed differences in size between the forms cannot be confirmed with the present material. Because this is a montane species, it is presumed that the population north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec has no contact with that which occurs from Chiapas southward. It is, there- fore, not surprising that the series from Laguna Ocotal is referred to the more southern population, M. u. pallens. It BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 271 is strange, however, that the species does not subspeciate more markedly, since it is a member of a genus whose species are rather plastic. Adult males weighed 34.1 and 38.2 grams; an adult female 36.1 grams; two males and a female which were in almost com- plete adult plumage 39.5, 40.7, and 36.3 grams, respectively. Catharus mexicanus cantator Griscom 16, 19, July 2o; li, July 30; 1$, Aug. 5; 1$, Aug. 12; 19, Aug. 15. Berlioz (1939) recorded the species from Chiapas for the first time, but lacking comparative material was unable to assign his series to a race. The beautiful song of this thrush was often heard in the late afternoon and sometimes in the morning. It must have been fairly abundant, but it was very difficult to approach. Had it not been for the song, it would have been assumed to be a rare species. It was collected in the darkest parts of the broadleaf forest. A young, spotted female weighed 29.0 grams; two females which were not quite adult 31.9 and 32.6 grams ; two adult males and an adult female 33.1, 37\5, and 32.6 grams, respectively. Smaragdolantus pulchellus pulchellus (Sclater and Salvin) 1 9 , Aug. 3 ; 1 $ , Aug. 12 ; 1 $ , Aug. 13. Alvarez del Toro (1952) has recorded this species in Chiapas, apparently for the first time. Blake (1953) also lists the bird from there but has informed me (in lift.), that his citation of the race 8. p. verticalis from Chiapas is a lapsus. Being a species which ranges in the tops of trees it is difficult to judge its abundance. It seemed to be uncommon. The male weighed 25.3 grams; the females 24.3 and 26.2 grams. Hylophilus ochraceiceps ochraceiceps Sclater 15,19, July 25 ; 1$, July 27 ; 1$, Aug. 1 ; 1 9 , Aug. 12. Prior to Alvarez del Toro's book (1952) the species does not seem to have been noted from Chiapas. It was common at Laguna Ocotal in the broadleaf forest. 272 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Males weighed 11.1, 11.4, and 11.5 grams; females 10.5 and 10.8 grams. Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus) 19, Aug. 12; 19, Aug. 15. Black and White Warblers were first seen on August 11. The birds weighed 10.7 and 10.8 grams. PARULA AMERICANA INORNATA Baird 19, Aug. 12. Parula "pitiayumi" appears to be only a morphologically pro- nounced subspecies group of P. americana. Unless sympatry can be shown to exist, the logical course seems to be to treat the groups as conspecific. A pair of the warblers was in a flowering tree in the montc on August 12. No others were seen while at the lake. The specimen weighed 6.9 grams, as did. a female collected at Ocosingo on July 7. Dendroica graciae decora Ridgway 1 9 , July 22 ; 1$ , July 30 ; 1 ?, Aug. ]8 ; 2 <5 , Aug. 19. The species was abundant in the tops of the pines. It was noted in the broadleaf forest a few times. The specimens exhibit no approach toward D. g. ornata, a distinctive form, which has been found in western Cbiapas (e.g.. Edwards and Lea, 1955) but for which there seems to be no published report in eastern Chiapas. In the Museum of Com- parative Zoology there are, however, specimens referable to this race from Santa Rosa (Escuintla) and Nuevo Amatenango, localities near the Guatemalan border. The respective weights of three males and a female were 7.3, 8.5, 8.7 and 7.6 grams. One bird was host to the hippoboscid Ornithoctona fusciventris. Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot) 1 $ , July 25 ; 1 9 , Aug. 2 ; 1 $ , Aug. 13. After the first of August, Louisiana Waterthrushes were seen BIOLOGICAL [INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 273 at the rate of about one per clay. The specimen collected on July 25 is a very early arrival, but at Palenque in 1949 Tashian (1952) observed the species on July 12. The male weighed 18.4 grams; the females 16.7 and 18.9 grams. Granatellus sallaei sallaei (Bonaparte) 19 ?, Aug. 10; 1&, Aug. 13. A rare inhabitant of the low forest at the end of the lake. The male weighed 14.0 grams, suggesting that this race is heavier than G. s. boucardi, six males of which are known to have ranged from 9.2 to 10.6 grams, with a mean of 10.00±.22 (Payn- ter, 1955). The bird whose sex could not be determined with certainty weighed 11.6 grams. I have examined the type of 6?. s. griscomi van Rossem, a male, and find, as the describer claimed (1934), that dorsally it is less slaty and gray than most specimens of the species. The supposed differences in the distribution and shade of the red of the underparts, and of the gray on the throat, cannot be recog- nized by me. The bird was received, as a mount, by the Museum of Com- parative Zoology in 1880. It is presumed to have been collected at least a few years earlier. It was, therefore, well over fifty years old, at a minimum, when named as the type. It is soiled and has the oily texture that is often noticed in specimens which have been mounted and on display for many years. The charac- ters ascribed to the race are without doubt functions of age and dirt. This belief is strengthened when old and fresh specimens of G. s. boucardi, or of G. s. sallaei, are compared. The older specimens are often noticeably darker. Myioborus miniatus intermedius (Hartlaub) 1 & , July 26; 1 $ , July 27 ; 1 6 , July 31 ; 1 $ , Aug. 3 ; 1 $ , Aug. 13 ; IS, Aug. 14; 1$, Aug. 16; IS, 29, Aug. 17; IS, Aug. 18; 2 S , Aug. 19. The redstart was abundant in the selva. Two females weighed 9.0 and 9.1 grams; ten males ranged from 8.2 to 9.6 grams, with a mean of 8.86±0.14. 274 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Basileuterus culicivorus culicivorus (Lichtenstein) 13, 19. July 22; 19, July 23; 1$, 1 ?, July 24; 1$, July 25; 1$, July 26. These were among the most abundant birds at the lake. They occurred in all types of habitat, with the exception of the pines, although they were most often found in the higher broadleaf forest. Females weighed 8.8, 10.0, 10.3, and 10.4 grams ; two males 9.8 grams each. Basileuterus rufifrons salvini (Cherrie) 1 ?, July 14; 19, July 20; IS, July 23; IS, 19, Aug. 12. This species replaced B. culicivorus in the pines, where it was common but usually too high to collect. Two males weighed 11.4 and 11.8 grams; two females 10.3 and 10.8 grams. Todd (1929) and Griscom (1932) to the contrary, it appears that Ridgway (1902) was correct in treating delattrii, salvini, and rufifrons as conspecific. Griscom (1932) chose to regard each as a distinct species, claiming that all three forms are sym- patric in the western cordillera of Guatemala, and that salvini and rufifrons are sympatric in Vera Paz. However, it is sig- nificant to note that one or another of these forms has been collected at approximately twenty localities in Guatemala (vide Griscom, 1932, and Todd, 1929, for lists), but at no given place has more than a single form been taken. Even when two col- lectors' stations are adjacent, there seems always to be a dif- ference in their altitudes. Thus sympatry does not appear to exist. No intergradation between B. r. delattrii and either B. r. rufifrons or B. r. salvini is known but this may be of little significance since even in the comparatively well-studied region of Veracruz integration between B. r. rufifrons and B. r. scdvini was undetected until 1943 (Wetmore). COEREBA FLAVEOLA MEXICANA (Sclater) 1 S , July 28 ; 1 9 , Aug. 11 ; 1 $ , Aug. 16. Bananquits were rare and found only in the monte. A mature male and female weighed 10.0 and 8.7 grams, re- spectively. An immature male 10.7 grams. The adult male had BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 275 fully enlarged testes. It was one of the few species exhibiting sexual activity at this season. Amblycercus holosericeus holosericeus (W. Deppe) 1 $ , Aug. 11. This bird, which weighed 67.0 grams, was found in a dense tangle of vines near the shore of the lake. No more were seen. »— Icterus mesomelas mesomelas (Wagler) Id, July 27; 1 9 , Aug. 12. The male weighed 42.7 grams; the female 35.0 grams. Orni- thoctona fusciventris was found on the latter. The dearth of clearings meant that habitats for most of the Icteridae were lacking. The almost total absence of orioles was one of the impressive ornithological features of the Laguna Ocotal region. An oropendola was seen in the forest by one of the party, but whether it was Zarhynchus wagleri or Gymnostinops montezuma is unknown. Tanagra lauta lauta Bangs and Penard 1 d . Aug. 2 ; 1 9 , Aug. 4 ; 1 $, Aug. 17. One bird was taken in the pines and the others in the low forest. The species was rather uncommon. The male collected August 2 had slightly enlarged gonads; that taken August 17 retained about half of its juvenal plumage but had fully enlarged testes. Breeding in transitional plumage has been reported before (e.g., Skutch, 1954). The first male weighed 14.8 and the second 16.4 grams; the female 17.6 grams. Tanagra gouldi gouldi (Sclater) 1$, July 21; Id, July 23; 19, July 26; 16, 19, July 31; 19, Aug. 4; 16, Aug. 5; 19, Aug. 6; Id, Aug. 14; Id, Aug. 16; 1 d , Aug. 18. These were the most abundant of the tanagers, ranging through the broadleaf forest to the edge of the pines. Six males had a mean weight of 13.73±0.11 grams, with a 276 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY range from 12.7 to 14.5. The mean of five females Mas 14.00: 0.47 grams and their range 12.9 to 15.3. to' T ANGARA NIGROCINCTA LARVATA (Dll BllS ) 1 6 , 1 ?, July 28 ; 19, Aug. 6 ; 1 $ , Aug. 12; 1 $ , Aug. 13 ; 1 $ . Aug. 18. The specimens were taken in either the montc or the Clusia tree at our camp. Males weighed 18.6 and 19.7 grams; females 20.2, 20.3, and 21.9 (rrams. oJ Thraupis abbas (W. Deppe) 1 9 , July 25 ; 1 9 , July 28 ; 9 , Aug. 1 ; 1 9 , Aug. 9 ; 1 $ , Aug. 13. The species was seldom noted in the tropical evergreen forest, liut was very abundant in the pines, frequently moving through the tops of the trees in flocks of about ten individuals. A male weighed 46.2 grams; females 40.3, 46.2, 47.4, and 48.4 grams. PlILOGOTIIRAUPIS SANGUINOLEXTA SANGUINOLENTA (LeSSOn) 1 6 , July 25 ; 1 $ , July 2(5 ; 1 $ , Aug. 12 ; 1 ?, Aug. 13. The weights of the males were 38.8, 40.0, and 44.2 grams. The species was moderately common but more shy than most tanagers. It came to exposed areas at times but generally was present in the heavier selva. PlRANGA LEUCOPTERA LEUCOPTERA (Trildeau) 1 ?, July 22 ; 1 >cccicojc»oin in n oo h. a t» co a o !>) x j^^J eo° co' in •»* •*" •*' -t! oo oo ■*" -fi eo eo co' co* to in ■* co <-* ^/4 '- o o m i-H m in -^ i-i m ci o» w t- oo b» m -»* J'^OOOCl(MrHCieiin-#t^.OO ,-'<>jf) ■* CO H H t] ^OOrHOi-li-lOi-fCJi-HOr-i ss »»M'-io©©©o©o®oooo©o©ooo .^~CJ"5 « rH t^ O C5 to O •* ^ CO Oi O 11 31 O -H 3i t~ 2 2 /C -sC. °. ° ! °. ^ °°. *?, ^ M. *°. N, 'f °. °. ^ 9 o> ^ "s >^"H^lt— Ir- tOOOi-HOOOOOOOOi-HOOO J i.iaoiaiOHffloooHiaiujo. "* CO rfl © ©_ C\| Tfi © o O © © © © rH CI rH © © 11 o ©' o o © ©'©'©©' ©' © o o © ©' ©' © ©' *-h r™^ < 02 =5 «0 Of g ^ H 1 £ h £ e I o* 3 i- «o :i j i s I «, i t P Of ~ «0 «° §> ^ I « J * s fe 2 .... § S a •§ a a * § § § a •? to •K> 5 **■» S *- * 5» P *»J £& ^ H ^* ^» rO ^ r%i ^. Q i S (M.C.Z. 47301, 47302, 47386) Two skins and skulls, and an additional single skull, were taken of this smaller genus of tree climbing rats. The diagnostic characters given by early authors (Merriam, 1901, Thomas, 1909, and Sanborn, 1935) do not hold when applied to the present specimens and the descriptions by Laurie (1953) were not sufficiently definitive to clarify the situation. Furthermore, the published records of the distribution of this group are confused. Although these animals are generally rare in collections, it was possible to borrow seventy specimens, including one series from Esmeralda, Quintana Poo, Mexico, and another from Uax- actun, Peten, Guatemala. Examination of these specimens showed that Ototylomys could be divided into two groups. One BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 295 group consists of a smaller animal with an upper molar tooth row measuring 5.9 to 6.5 mm., from the Yucatan Peninsula south to Peten, and the other group consists of a larger animal with an upper tooth row of 6.9 to 7.5 mm., from Chiapas and Alta Vera Paz. Our specimens belong to the group of larger mammals which also include connectens and guatemalae. Sanborn states that connectens is the only race in which the belly hairs have slaty bases. However, in eight specimens within the stated range of connectens the bases of the hair of the belly vary from slaty gray (Finca Chama and Chimoxan, Guatemala) to almost pure white (Concepcion). Furthermore, two specimens of guatemalae from Palenque, Chiapas, show a slaty cast of the belly fur, particularly in the midline. Our specimens from Laguna Ocotal also have slaty based fur on the belly, otherwise they are closest to Thomas' description of guatemalae. They are too small to be referred to Sanborn's connectens and hence are considered to be the former race. It seems apparent, however, that Ototylomys shows considerable variation within a relatively small geographic area, and it is suspected that some of the characters which have been used to separate races will be found not to hold when more specimens are available for comparison. Peromyscus mexicanus teapensis Osgood 8 $ $ , 3 9 5 (M.C.Z. 47308-47318) According to Osgood (1909) the various races of mexicanus are only slightly differentiated. The Laguna Ocotal specimens are referred to teapensis on the basis of color as well as on geographic grounds. Although the pelage is very much darker, the skulls closely resemble a series of mexicanus from Veracruz, in that they lack the broader nasals, heavier rostrum, and more massive molars ascribed to teapensis. Kims and Tashian (1954), while identifying their specimens from Palenque as teapensis, also noted that the skulls showed no evidence of the thickened rostrum. 296 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Sigmodon hispidus saturatus V. Bailey 29 9 (M.C.Z. 47306, 47307) One adult cotton rat and one subadult were collected. Both animals are very similar to specimens in the M.C.Z. collection from British Honduras, except that the tips of the belly hairs of the adult are generally more whitish than yellowish. Laguna Ocotal lies well within the range of this widespread subspecies. Nasua narica narica (Linnaeus) 19 (M.C.Z. 47277) One very young coati with the third molars still unerupted resembles very closely older specimens of narica in color of pelage. Odocoileus virginianus subsp. Robert Dressier found fragments of two tibiae, two femora, one scapula and one vertebra (M.C.Z. 47476-47481) of white-tailed deer in an Indian rock shelter near the camp at Laguna Ocotal. Paynter found no evidence that this deer occurs naturally in the area, and it appears probable that the remains may have been carried there by travelling Indians. Associated with the bones were shells of varieties of snails found in the nearb}^ lake and more distant streams. Mazama sp. Bones of these small deer were also found in the rock shelter by Dressier, along with those of the larger white-tail. Mazama fragments consisted of a ramus, a scapula, and a vertebra (M.C.Z." 47482-47484). Brocket deer were seen by Paynter several times in the "burn near the camp at Laguna Ocotal. One particular spot was noted where single animals were found bedded down on a num- ber of occasions. Dasypus novemcinctus subsp. The shell of one animal was found near camp, and one live armadillo was seen in the area. BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 297 TAPIRELLA BAIRDII (Gill) One tapir was seen, but not collected, at El Censo. Footprints were seen around the shore of Laguna Ocotal. Natives reported that they were very numerous around the lake during the dry season. LIST OF REFERENCES Allen, J. A. 1901. A preliminary study of the North American opossums of the genua Didelphis. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:149-188. 1902. A preliminary study of the South American opossums of the genus Didelphis. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 16:249-279. Andersen, Knud L908. A monograph of the ehiropteran genera Uroderma, Emchisthenes, and Artibeus. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, pp. 204-319. Bailey, Vernon 1902. Synopsis of the North American species of Sigmodon. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 15:101-116. Goldman, Edward A. 1911. Revision of the spiny pocket mice (genera Heteromys and Liomys). U. S. Dept. Agric, North Amer. Fauna no. 34, 70 pp. 1918. The rice rats of North America (genus Orysomys) . U. S. Dept. Agric, North Amer. Fauna no. 43, 100 pp. Goodwin, George G. 1934. Mammals collected by A. W. Anthony in Guatemala, 1924-1928. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 68(1) : 1-60. Hershkovitz, Philip 1951. Mammals from British Honduras, Mexico, Jamaica and Haiti. Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus., Fieldiana: Zoology, 31 (47) : 547-569. Kellogg, Remington, and E. A. Goldman 1944. Review of the spider monkeys. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 96(3186) : 1-45. Kelson, Keith R. 19o2. The subspecies of the Mexican red-bellied squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5(17) :243- 250. 298 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Kuns, Merle L., and Richard E. Tashian 1954. Notes on mammals from northern Chiapas, Mexico. Jour. Mamm., 35(1): 100-103. Laurie, Eleanor M. O. 1953. Rodents from British Honduras, Mexico, Trinidad, Haiti and Jamaica collected by Mr. I. T. Sanderson. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (12)6:382-394. Lawrence, Barbara 1933. Howler monkeys of the palliata group. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75(8):315-354. Merriam, C. Hart 1901. Seven new mammals from Mexico, including a new genus of rodents. Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 3:559-563. Murie, Adolph 1935. Mammals from Guatemala and British Honduras. Univ. Michi- gan Mus. Zool., Misc. Publ. no. 26, 30 pp. Nelson, E. W. 1899. Revision of the squirrels of Mexico and Central America. Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 1:15-106. Osgood, Wilfred H. 1909. Revision of the mice of the American genus Peromyscus. LT. S. Dept. Agric, North Amer. Fauna no. 28, 285 pp. Sanborn, Colin Campbell 1935. New mammals from Guatemala and Honduras. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 20(11) :81-85. Thomas, Oldfield 1909. A new rat from Guatemala. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1909. pp. 669-670. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol. 116, No. 5 THE GENUS TETRAGNATHA (ARANEAE, ARGIOPIDAE) IN PANAMA By Arthur M. Chickering Albion College, Albion, Michigan CAMBRIDGE, MASS.. U. S. A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM May, 1957 Publications Issued by or in Connection with THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD COLLEGE Bulletin (octavo) 1863 — The current volume is Vol. 116. Breviora (octavo) 1952 — No. 75 is current. Memoirs (quarto) 1864-1938 — Publication was terminated with Vol. 55. Johnsonia (quarto) 1941 — A publication of the Department of Mollusks. Vol. 3, no. 35 is current. Occasional Papers of the Department of Mollusks (octavo) 1945 — Vol. 2, no. 21 is current. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club (octavo) 1899- 1948 — Published in connection with the Museum. Publication terminated with Vol. 24. The continuing publications are issued at irregular intervals in numbers which may be purchased separately. Prices and lists may be obtained on application to the Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts. Of the Peters "Check List of Birds of the World," volumes 1-3 are out of print; volumes 4 and 6 may be obtained from the Harvard University Press; volumes 5 and 7 are sold by the Museum, and future volumes will be published under Museum auspices. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol. 116, No. 5 THE GENUS TETB AGNATE A (ARANEAE, ARGIOPIDAE) IN PANAMA By Arthur M. Chickering Albion College, Albion, Michigan CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM May 1957 No. 5 — The Genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Argiopidae) in Panama By Arthur M. Checkering Albion College, Albion, Michigan As a result of several visits to the Canal Zone and the Republic of Panama for the purpose of collecting and studying spiders I have accumulated a rather large number of specimens belonging to the interesting genus Tetragnatha Latreille, 1804. The present study of the genus is specifically concerned with its occurrence in Panama where it appears to have found exceptionally favor- able conditions. Araneologists who have interested themselves in the genus Tetragnatha have emphasized such characters as the following: size of the body ; shape of the abdomen ; relative position of the eyes ; several features of the chelicerae and cheliceral teeth ; color ; relative lengths of the different segments of the male palp ; specific characteristics of the male palpal tarsus; presence or absence of spines on legs and their length. F. P. Cambridge (1903) paid close attention to the characters and relationships of the con- ductor and embolus in male palps. Petrunkevitch (1930) also did this and, in addition, gave careful attention to the appear- ance of the genital fold in females which are often difficult to place with certainty because of the absence of an epigynum and other marked characteristics. My experience with the genus seems to show that close attention must ahvays be given to the specific shape of the conductor and embolus as well as to their relationships. These features appear to be the least variable among all of those used by taxonomists and, therefore, the most reliable for purposes of accurate determination. In females the characters of the genital fold are often very helpful. Size ; color ; number, relative size, and placement of the cheliceral teeth are all subject to a rather wide range of variation. These facts seem to explain the numerous errors in identification which can be found in almost every collection. In making. this study I have tried to take into consideration all of these items in making my identifications and in drawing conclusions regarding synonymy. Acknowledgments arc again . Genital fold very gently procurved (Fig. 70) T. mexicana, p. 333 5. Genital fold strongly procurved, fully twice as wide as long (Fig. 75) T. pallescens, p. 33(5 ii. Spines completely lacking from all legs T. tenuissima, p. 344 6. Spines present on all legs (antillana, cognata, confraterna, gertschi, giiatemalensis, laboriosa, pallida, tenuis, tropica ) 7 7. Betromargin of fang groove with a much enlarged tooth at base of fang directed forward (Fig. 6) T. antillana, p. 306 7. Retromargin of fang groove without a greatly enlarged tooth at base of fang directed forward (cognata, confraterna, gertschi, guate- malensis, laboriosa, pallida, tenuis, tropica) 8 8. Genital fold fully twice as long as wide (Fig. 26) T. confraterna, p. 312 8. Genital fold much less than twice as long as wide (cognata, gertschi, guatemalensis, laboriosa, pallida, tenuis, tropica) 9 9. Basal segment of chelicera nearly as long as carapace ; basal segment of chelicera with an unusual dorsal blunt tooth near base of fang (Fig. 100) . T. tropica, p. 347 306 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 9. Basal segment of chelicera much shorter than carapace; basal segment of chelicera without any dorsal distal tooth near base of fang (cognata, gertschi, guatemalensis, laboriosa, pallida, tenuis) ....10 10. ALE definitely closer to PLE than AME are to PME {cognata, gert- schi, guatemalensis) 11 10. ALE not closer to PLE than AME are to PME (laboriosa, pallida, tenuis) 13 11. A larger species, 9-11 mm.; fang with a dorsal basal cusp T. guatemalensis, p. 326 11. Smaller species, from 5-8 mm.; fang without a dorsal basal cusp (cognata, gertschi) 12 12. Abdomen deeply notched at base dorsally T. cognata, p. 310 12. Abdomen unnotched at base dorsally T. gertschi, p. 321 13. Abdomen conspicuously silvery on dorsal and dorsolateral sides, with a dark median ventral stripe and a silvery stripe on each side of the dark stripe T. laboriosa, p. 329 13. Abdomen not conspicuously silvery and without the ventral stripes as in laboriosa (pallida, tenuis) 14 14. ALE about as far from PLE as AME are from PME; with long robust leg spines T. pallida, p. 338 15. ALE slightly further from PLE than AME are from PME; with rela- tively weak leg spines T. tenuis, p. 342 Tetragnatha antillana Simon, 1897 (Figures 1-6) T. antillana Banks, 1901 T. antillana F. P. Cambridge, 1903 T. antillana Petrunkevitch, 1911 T. eremita Chamberlin, 1924 T. antillana Seeley, 1928 T. antillana Petrunkevitch, 1930 T. apheles Chamberlin and Ivie, 193G (female only) T. festina Bryant, 1945 (male only) T. haitiensis Bryant, 1945 (females) T. antillana Kraus, 1955 T. antillana Simon is well known throughout Mexico, Central America, most of South America, and the West Indies. The vial in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology labelled the type of T. eremita Chamberlin now contains only a single male palp but this is very definitely from T. antillana Simon. The female about which Dr. Chamberlin had some doubts also CHICKERING : TETRAGNATHA IN PANAMA 307 clearty belongs here. Moreover, the female of T. apheles Cham- berlin and I vie is quite clearly a T. antillana Simon. Male : Lateral eyes somewhat closer to one another than AME are to PME ; legs well supplied with short spines ; palpal patella about two-thirds as long as palpal tibia; the conductor and -SwBgi External Anatomy of Tetragnatlia Figures 1-6, T. antillana Fig. 1. Eye group from in front. Fig. 2. Distal ends of conductor, embolus, and cymbium. Fig. 3. Distal end of paracymbium. Fig. 4. Chelicera and teeth of male. Fig. 5. Genital fold and genital area, female. Fig. 6. Chelicera and teeth of female. 308 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY embolus as shown in Figure 2; the paracymbiuni is distally bifurcate (Fig. 3) ; the fang is moderately sinuous and is without a basal dorsal cusp but there is a suppressed tubercle on the inner margin opposite the third promarginal tooth ; there is no "large tooth" on the promargin but the spur together with the two contiguous teeth forms a conspicuous group of three (Fig. 4). Female : The genital fold is as shown in Figure 5 ; the retro- margin of the fang groove has a large distinctive tooth directed forward with a small tooth near it (Fig. 6) ; the promargin has a similar pair of distal but smaller teeth ; the fang is moderately sinuous and there may be a suppressed dorsolateral cusp near its base ; the abdomen is not extended posterior to the spinnerets in either sex. Collection records : The male and female hypotypes are from Boquete, R. P., August, 1950 and July, 1939, respectively. Numerous examples of both sexes from Boquete, R. P., July, 1939, August, 19,50; El Valle, R. P., July, 1936; El Volcan, R. P., February- April, 1936 (W. J. Gertsch) ; one female from Madden Dam Forest, C. Z., July, 1950. Tetragnatha caudata Emerton, 1884 (Figures 7-11) Eucta lacerta Petruukevitdi, 1911 T. caudata Seeley, 1928 T. caudata Bryant, 1940 T. lacerta Eoewer, 1942 T. caudata Kaston, 194S For some time this species was considered as new and was scheduled to be described as such. After careful comparison with T. caudata from the northern regions the close similarities seemed to warrant regarding it as a southern variant of this species. Further knowledge regarding it may compel araneologists to regard it as a separate species. T. caudata Emerton has been recorded from Maine to Florida along the Atlantic coast, from Canada, through several middle Western states, and in the south as far west as Mississippi. It is interesting to find it now in Panama and not where it would be expected to come in with goods shipped from the north. The most distinctive features of the species are given below. CHICKERING : TETRAGNATHA IN PANAMA 309 Male: ALE considerably further from PLE than AME are from PME (Fig. 7); palpal patella only a little shorter than palpal tibia ; the conductor terminates in a broad distal piece (differing considerably from that in northern forms) (Fig. 8) ; the paraeymbium is bluntly rounded distally; the prolateral spur is indistinctly bifid; the "large tooth" is present and the other eheliceral teeth are as shown in Figure 9; the fang has no cusps; the abdomen is considerably extended beyond the spin- nerets; leg spines are few and weak. vsr * J> a Q J%> ffo 7 11 External Anatomy of Tetragnatha Figures 7-11, T. caudata Fig. 7. Eye group from in front. Fig. 8. Apex of conductor and embolus of male. Fig. 9. Male chelicera and eheliceral teeth. Fig. 10. Female eheliceral teeth from below. Fig. 11. Genital fold of female. Female: Cheliceral teeth as shown in Figure 10; the genital fold as shown in Figure 11 ; abdomen extended posterior to spin- nerets for about one-fifth of the total length of the organ; male hypotype fi.05 mm. long ; female hypotype 9.36 mm. long. 310 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Collection records : The hypotypes are from Boquete, Chiriqui, R. P., August, 1950. Two other females are in the collection and taken at the same place and time, together with a single female from this locality taken in August, 1954. Tetragnatiia cognata 0. P. Cambridge, 1889 (Figures 12-18) T. cognata F. P. Cambridge, 1903 T. cognata Petrunkevitch, 1911 T. cognata Koewer, 1942 Apparently this species has not been studied since the original work done by the Cambridges and, hence, it seems desirable to give a condensed description of hypotypes as follows : Male hypotype. Total length 4.160 mm. exclusive of chelicerae ; including chelicerae 4.875 mm. Abdomen widest about two- fifths from base ; does not extend posterior to spinnerets. Legs comparatively robust ; with both spines and hairs. Ratio of eyes AME : ALE : PME : PLE = 3.5 : 2.5 : 3.5 : 3.5. Lateral eyes separated from one another by the diameter of ALE. AME sep- arated from PME by nearly twice as far. Carapace longer than basal segment of chelicerae in ratio of about 3 : 2. Chelicerae : relative^ short and robust ; the fang has a cusp on its inner margin near the base ; the prolateral spur is a simple and fairlj- robust spine ; the promargin of the fang groove has six teeth of which the second is considerably enlarged and could well be con- sidered the "large tooth" in the usual sense but F. P. Cambridge did not so regard it ; the retromargin has six teeth with the first two close together (Fig. 12). Legs with both spines and hair. Palp : the tibia is only slightly longer than the patella ; the paracymbium is relatively short and broad except terminally where it narrows to a blunt apex (Fig. 13) ; the conductor is broad throughout its length (Fig. 14). The hypotype male is colored essentially like the hypotype female but is lighter throughout. Hypotype female. Total length exclusive of the chelicerae 5.265 mm. ; inclusive of the chelicerae 5.525 mm. Abdomen very »il>bous about the middle (Fig. 15) ; gibbosity lacking in some individuals which may not be mature ; not continued posterior to spinnerets. Chelicerae : short, robust ; fang without inner or CHICKERING : TETRAGNATHA IN PANAMA 311 outer cusps; promargin of fang groove with seven teeth1; retro- margin with six (Fig. 16). Some variation in respect to number and placement of teeth has been noted in both sexes. When the female is fully mature the genital fold appears as shown in Figure 17. The eyes are essentially as thev appear in the male (Fig. 18). 12 1 7:-:V- ►A* >v/ 1 6 o o O o ° o o ° 18 External Anatomy of Tetragnatha Figures 12-18, T. cognata Fig. 12. Left male cheliceral teeth. Fig. 13. Male paraeymbium. Fig. 14. Male conductor, embolus, and distal end of cymbium. Fig. 15. Lateral view of female abdomen. Fig. 16. Left female cheliceral teeth. (See footnote) Fig. 17. Genital fold of female. Fig. 18. Eye group of female from in front. 1 In Figure 16 there should be an additional minute tooth a short distance proximal to the sixth tooth on the promargin (upper side). 312 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Collection records : The hypotypes are from Boquete, Chiriqui, K. P., August, 1954. Numerous examples of both sexes from Boquete, R. P., July, 1939, August, 1950, 1954; El Volcan, Chiriqui, R. P., August, 1950 ; Canal Zone Experiment Gardens, C. Z., August, 1954; Summit, C. Z., August, 1950. Tetragnatha conkraterna Banks, 1909 (Figures 19-26) T. eonfraterna Petrunkevitch, 1911 T. eonfraterna, Eoewer, 1942 This species was described by its author from Costa Rica with great brevity and accompanied by a very simple figure of the male chelicera. The species has received no attention since 1909 and would seem to deserve a detailed description which is given below in accord with my usual formula. Male hypotype. Total length exclusive of the chelicerae 8.775 mm. ; inclusive of the chelicerae about 10.92 mm. Carapace 3.12 mm. long, 1.722 mm. wide opposite posterior border of second coxae where it is widest ; cephalic part only slightly raised ; with other features as usual in the genus. Eyes. Ocular tubercle bearing AME rather prominent ; viewed from above, both rows moderately recurved; viewed from in front, anterior row slightly recurved, posterior row nearly straight, both measured by centers ; central ocular quadrangle wider behind than in front in ratio of 6 : 5, wider behind than long in ratio of 6 : 5. Ratio of eyes AME : ALE : PME : PLE = 6:3: 4.25 : 4. AME separated from one another by slightly more than their diameter, from ALE by slightly more than 1.3 times their diameter. PME separated from one another by slightly less than 2.5 times their diameter, from PLE by twice their diameter. Laterals separated from one another by the diameter of AME. AME separated from PME by slightly more than the distance between the laterals (Fig. 19). Height of clypeus equal to 1.5 times the diameter of AME. Chelicerae. Strongly developed, quite porrect, and moderately divergent; basal segment 2.73 mm. long and, therefore, some- what shorter than carapace ; fang long, slender, only slightly sinuous, without cusps; the prolateral spur is simple, without < IIK'KLJRING : TETRAGNATHA IN PANAMA 313 t) 22 External Anatomy of Tetragnatha Figures 19-26, T. confraterna Fig. 19. Eye group of male from in front. Fig. 20. Left chelicera and cheliceral teeth of male. Fig. 21. Distal end of male conductor and embolus. Fig. 22. Paracymbium of male. Fig. 23. Left chelicera and cheliceral teeth of female. Fig. 21. Fang of female. Fig. 25. Lateral side of female abdomen. Fig. 26. Genital fold of female. 314 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY bifurcation or a tooth; the promargiu of the fang groove bears nine teeth with the first robust and the second small; the retro- margin has twelve teeth ; the teeth are spaced essentially as shown in Figure 20. There is no "large tooth" on the promargin of the fang groove. Maxillae. Longer than lip in ratio of 45 : 19. Otherwise essen- tially as usual in the genus. Lip. Nearly as long as wide at base. Sternal suture gently procurved ; with sternal tubercles as usual at ends of sternal suture. Sternum. Longer than wide in ratio of about 4:3; posterior coxae separated by slightly more than one-third of their width. Otherwise essentially as usual in the genus. Legs. 1243. Width of first patella at "knee" .330 mm., tibial index of first leg 4. "Width of fourth patella at "knee" .308 mm., tibial index of fourth leg 6. Femora Patellae Tibiae Metatarsi Tarsi Totals (All measurements in millimeters) 1. 7.865 1.175 8.060 8.710 1.755 27.565 2. 5.590 .975 4.745 4.875 1.150 17.355 3. 2.600 .552 1.625 2.080 .645 7.502 4. 0.045 .715 4.485 4.810 .950 17.005 Palp 1.826 .660 .704 1.144 4.334 Legs are provided with both spines and hairs. Palp. Tibia only slightly longer than patella; the paracym- bium is notched distally with the chitinous knob somewhat closer to the base than to the apex ; the conductor is rather slender and terminates characteristically at its distal end (Figs. 21-22). Abdomen. Definitely extended a short distance posterior to spinnerets ; only slightly enlarged near base ; without any dorsal basal notch ; only overlaps carapace slightly ; 6.305 mm. long. Color in alcohol. Legs and chelicerae yellowish with some ir- regular grayish markings at joints. Maxillae yellowish along median borders, grayish elsewhere. Lip and sternum grayish. Carapace with a broad dusky gray median stripe and grayish bands radiating from the median pit; also with a broad dusky stripe along the border. Abdomen : the dorsum is light colored with many yellowish silvery spangles and dusky areas; lateral CHICKERING : TETRAGNATHA IN PANAMA 315 sides with narrow, irregular, grayish lines ; venter light yellowish. Female hypotype. Total length exclusive of the chelicerae 13 mm. ; including the chelicerae 15.60 mm. Carapace 3.055 mm. long, 2.21 mm. wide opposite second coxae where it is widest. Eyes. Essentially as in male. Chelicerae. Basal segment 2.925 mm. long and, therefore, slightly shorter than carapace; fang robust, markedly sinuous and with a robust dorsolateral cusp near base and a smaller inner cusp about one-fourth from base ; promargin of fang groove with ten teeth; retromargin with twelve teeth the first of which is the largest (Figs. 23-24) ; all spaced essentially as shown in figures. Maxillae, Lip, and Sternum. All essentially as in male. Legs. 1243. Width of first patella at ''knee" .525 mm., tibial index of first leg 5. Width of fourth patella at "knee" .352 mm., tibial index of fourth leg 6. Femora Patellae Tibiae Metatarsi Tarsi Totals (All measurements in millimeters) 1. 8.645 1.430 8.840 9.750 1.950 30.615 2. 5.785 1.170 5.200 5.700 1.235 19.110 3. 3.055 .660 1.820 2.405 .780 8.720 4. 6.370 .910 5.005 5.070 .810 18.165 All legs with spines and hair as in male. Abdomen. Definitely extends a short distance posterior to spinnerets ; considerably swollen in anterior third and quite con- cave dorsally (concavity varies considerably among available specimens) (Fig. 25); slightly notched at base above; 10.075 mm. long; genital fold essentially as shown in Figure 26 but lateral margins indistinct. Color in alcohol. Essentially as in male but in general is con- siderably lighter with dark abdominal markings practically absent. Type locality. Both hypotypes from Barro Colorado Island, C. Z., June, 1939. Numerous examples of both sexes from Barro Colorado Island, June, 1934; February, 1936 (W. J. Gertsch) ; June, 1936; June and August, 1939; July, 1950. 316 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Tetragnatiia ethodon Charaberlin and Ivie, 1936 (Figures 27-31) T. ethodon Eoewer, 1942 As I have pointed out elsewhere, the females regarded by the authors of this species as the allotype and paratypes actually belong" to T. tenuissima 0. P. Cambridge. The absence of spines on the legs, the cheliceral teeth, and the genital fold as well as other less marked characteristics make this identification certain. External Anatomy of Tetragnatha Figures 27-31, T. ethodon Fig. 27. Eye group of male from in front. Fig. 28. Left male chelicera and cheliceral teeth from below. Fig. 29-30. Two views of distal parts of male conductor, embolus, and cymbium. Fig. 31. Distal end of male paracymbium. The holotype male appears to represent a valid species and is so regarded in this paper. It seems strange, however, that only one specimen has been taken in view of the repeated extensive CHICKERING: TETRAGNATHA IN PANAMA 317 collecting practiced during the past twenty-eight years. The male holotype is rather badly mutilated and, hence, it is impos- sible to describe it as carefully as desired. The following items may be useful additions to the very brief description given by the authors of the species. Eyes. Viewed from above, both rows moderately recurved; viewed from in front, anterior row nearly straight and posterior row gently procurved, both measured by centers. Central ocular quadrangle slightly wider behind than in front, slightly wider behind than long. Ratio of eyes AME : ALE : PME : PLE = 12 : 8 : 10 : 9. AME separated from one another by their diameter, from ALE by about five-fourths of their diameter. PME separated from one another by about 1.7 times their di- ameter, from PLE by slightly less than this. Laterals separated from one another by five-fourth's of the diameter of ALE. Lat- erals, therefore, slightly closer to one another than AME are to PME. Height of clypeus equal to about five-fourths of the diameter of AME. Chelicerae. The "large tooth" is present; the prolateral spur is bifid ; the chelieeral teeth along the fang groove are as shown in Figure 28. Palp. Essentially as shown in figures provided by the authors of the species; some details relating to conductor, embolus, and paracymbium are shown in Figures 29-31. Type locality. The holotype is from Barro Colorado Island, C. Z., July-August, 1928 (Chickering). No other specimens have come to light during several collecting periods since the finding of the holotype. Tetragnatha fragilis sp. now (Figures 32-38) Male holotype. Total length including chelicerae 5.85 mm., exclusive of the chelicerae 5.395 mm. Carapace 1.527 mm. long, .780 mm. wide opposite second coxae where it is widest ; cephalic part nearly parallel sided ; other features as usual in the genus. Eyes. Eight in two rows as usual, all dark ; viewed from above, both rows definitely recurved ; viewed from in front, both rows also moderately recurved, measured by centers. Central ocular quadrangle wider behind than in front in ratio of 13 : 11 ; wider 318 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY behind than long in nearly the same ratio. Ratio of eyes AME : ALE : PME : PLE = 7.5 : 5 : 6.5 : 6. AME separated from one another by about six-fifths of their diameter, from ALE by four-thirds of their diameter. PME separated from one an- other by slightly more than twice their diameter, from PLE by a little more than 1.5 times their diameter. Laterals separated from one another by a little more than twice the diameter of PLE. AME separated from PME by slightly more than 1.5 times the diameter of PME and, therefore, closer together than ALE are to PLE. Height of clypeus equal to about the diameter of AME. Chelicerae. Well developed; strongly divergent; basal seg- ment .910 mm. long; with a well-developed prolateral spur hav- ing a pair of blunt terminal tubercles ; fang only slightly sinuous but conspicuously bowed near the middle ; the promargin of the fang groove has the "large tooth" about one-third from the distal end, a small tooth distal to this and a series of five teeth proximal to it diminishing in size to very minute at the last (this series appears to be very variable among the paratypes) ; the retromargin has a relatively large hook-like tooth near the base of the fang and a series of five additional more proximal (only four of these on the right) (Figs. 32-33) ; paratypes fre- quently show only three proximal to the hook-like tooth on the retromargin. Maxillae. Nearly parallel, somewhat broadened distally ; some- what concave along lateral surface in distal quarter ; longer than lip in ratio of 23 : 10 ; somewhat more than three times as long as wide at narrowest level. Lip. Longer than wide at base in ratio of about 9:8; sternal suture gently procurved ; with the usual sternal tubercles at ends of sternal suture. Sternum. Generally scutif orm ; moderately convex; longer than wide in ratio of about 37 : 25 ; moderately scalloped opposite each coxa and extended between all coxae, the second and third being relatively widely separated ; continued as a narrow sclerite between fourth coxae which are separated by only one-eleventh of their width. Legs. 1243. Width of first patella at "knee" .198 mm., tibial index of first leg 4. Width of fourth patella at "knee" .137 mm., tibial index of fourth leg 5. (IlICKEBING: TETRAGNATHA IN PANAMA 319 Femora 1. 4.745 2, 3.120 o o. 1.625 4. 3.575 Palp .748 Patellae Tibiae Metatarsi Tarsi (All measurements in millimeters) .585 5.085 5.525 1.397 .390 2.730 2.925 .900 .242 .902 1.170 .520 .292 2.275 2.470 .748 .264 .590 Totals 17.337 10.065 4.459 9.360 1.827 True spines are completely lacking from all legs. Palp. The tibia is slightly longer than patella but both are short ; the paracymbium is distinctly notched or bifid at its apex ; the embolus describes nearly a circle on the bulb and then ex- tends nearly straight to terminate at a point slightly beyond 35 32 34 External Anatomy of Tetragnatfta Figures 32-38, T. fragilis Fig. 32. Left ehelieera and eheliceral teeth of male from below. Fig. 33. Prolateral spur of male. Fig. 34. Distal parte of male cymhium, embolus, and conductor. Fig. 35. Paracymbium of male. Fig. 36. Eye group of female from in front. Fig. 37. Cheliceral teeth of female. Fig. 38. Genital fold of female. 320 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY the tip of the conductor which has a very characteristic form (Figs. 34-35) . Both conductor and embolus are closely associated throughout. Abdomen. Not continued posterior to spinnerets; only slightly extended over carapace ; 3.802 mm. long ; without any anterior dorsal notch at base ; very slender and of nearly uniform di- ameter throughout ; a little more than seven times as long as wide near base ; genital fold only a transverse ridge. Color in alcohol. Legs yellowish with extensive fine dusky gray dotting. Palps, chelicerae, and maxillae yellow with a variety of shading. Lip and sternum yellowish with dusky dotting. Cara- pace yellowish with a broad irregular dusky median stripe from posterior border nearly to PLE. Abdomen : dorsum yellowish white with a small median black spot just above the anal tubercle and four pairs of similar small black dorsolateral spots in the posterior three fourths (with some irregularities) ; there is a narrow dark gray lateral stripe on each side; the venter is a dusky gray. Female allotype. Total length including chelicerae 7.67 mm. Carapace 1.82 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide opposite second coxae where it is widest ; otherwise essentially as in male. Eyes. Essentially as in male (Fig. 36). Chelicerae. Moderately robust ; moderately divergent ; scarcely porrect ; basal segment .845 mm. long ; fang without particularly conspicuous features ; promargin of fang groove with a mod- erately large tooth near distal end and, after a long space, a series of four teeth diminishing in size toward the proximal end ; retromargin with six teeth arranged and spaced essentially as shown in Figure 37. As usual there are variations in number and placement of cheliceral teeth among the paratypes; one para- type exhibits the same number and placement on the promargin but has seven teeth on the retromargin spaced somewhat differ- ently also from those of the allotype. Maxillae, Lip, and Sternum. Except for minor details, essen- tially as in male. Legs. 12-43. Width of first patella at "knee" .220 mm., tibial index of first leg 4. Width of fourth patella at "knee" .154 mm., tibial index of fourth leg 5. CHICKERING : TETRAGNATHA IN PANAMA 321 Femora Patellae (All measm Tibiae ements in Metatarsi millimeters) Tarsi Totals 1. 5.200 .660 5.265 5.265 1.300 17.690 2. 3.250 .520 2.795 2.860 .780 10.205 3. 1.820 .292 .910 1.170 .560 4.752 4. 3.510 .455 2.860 2.600 .780 10.205 Legs without true spines as in male. Abdomen. Long and slender as in male ; 5.58 mm. long ; genital fold as shown in Figure 38. Color in alcohol. Essentially as in male except that dusky areas are much less conspicuous ; the single median dorsal spot just above anal tubercle as in male but the paired dorsolateral spots are only faintly indicated ; the dorsal and dorsolateral areas are covered by many yellowish silvery spangles. Type locality. Male holotype and female allotype from Barro Colorado Island, C. Z., August, 1936. Numerous paratypes of both sexes from Barro Colorado Island : June-August, 1936. July, 1950 ; July, 1954 ; Ft. Davis, C. Z., August, 1936 ; Balboa, C. Z., August, 1936; Pedro Miguel, C. Z., July, 1950; Madden Dam Forest, C. Z., August, 1939; C. Z. Forest Reserve, July- August, 1939 and July, 1950; Gamboa, C. Z., July, 1954; Sum- mit, C. Z., July-August, 1950; C. Z. Experiment Gardens, C. Z., July-August, 1954. Arraijan, R. P., August, 1936; Porto Bello, R. P., August, 1936. Tetragnatha gertschi, sp. nov. (Figures 39-45) Male holotype. Total length including chelicerae 5.395 mm. Carapace 2.015 mm. long; 1.365 mm. wide opposite second coxae where it is widest ; with the usual form of the genus ; .390 mm. tall and, therefore, about .29 as tall as wide ; with cephalic region somewhat raised ; with the usual shallow median pit with apex directed forward. Eyes. Eight in two rows, all dark; ocular tubercle bearing LE quite prominent ; viewed from above, both rows moderately recurved ; viewed from in front, anterior row gently recurved and posterior row gently procurved, both measured by centers; central ocular quadrangle wider behind than in front in ratio of 4 : 3, wider behind than long in ratio of 6 : 5. Ratio of eyes 322 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AME : ALE : PME : PLE = 4 : 3.25 : 4.75 : 4. AME separated from one another by seven-fourths of their diameter, from ALE by eleven-fourths of their diameter. PME separated from one another by nearly twice their diameter, from PLE by nearly the same distance. Laterals separated from one another by about two-thirds of the diameter of ALE and, therefore, much closer to one another than AME are to PME. Height of clypeus nearly equal to the diameter of AME. 39 External Anatomy of Tetraynatha Figures 39-40, T. gertschi Fig. 39. Male palpal tibia and tarsus; showing dilated bulb and course of embolus and conductor. Fig. 40. Male palpal patella, tibia, and tarsus; showing features of cym- bium and paracymbium. Chelicerae. Well developed and moderately divergent in distal halves; basal segment 1.20 mm. long; with a well developed pro- lateral bluntly pointed spur on each; fang regularly curved, CHICKERING : TETRAGNATHA IN PANAMA 323 not sinuous ; fang groove well marked ; promargin of fang groove with seven teeth, retromargin with seven and with both sets spaced essentially as shown in Figure 42. There is no so-called "large tooth" on the promargin and the two most distal retro- marginal teeth are close together. Some variation in number and placement of teeth has been noted among the paratypes. Maxillae. Nearly parallel in general but slightly divergent in distal halves; with rounded distal truncatures; slightly concave along lateral surfaces ; longer than lip in ratio of about 32 : 15 ; about three times as long as wide at narrowest level. Lip. Broader at base than long in ratio of about 4:3; sternal suture gently procurved ; with pronounced sternal tubercles at ends of suture. Sternum. Generally scutiform; moderately convex; longer than wide in ratio of about 5:4; moderately scalloped opposite each coxa and produced between all coxae ; continued as a narrow sclerite between fourth coxae which are separated by slightly more than one-third of their width. Legs. 1243. Width of first patella at ''knee" .264 mm., tibial index of first leg 5. Width of fourth patella at "knee" .198 mm., tibial index of fourth leg 7. Femora Patellae Tibiae Metatarsi Tarsi Totals (All measurements in millimeters) 1. 4.615 .910 4.205 4.745 1.170 15.695 o 2.990 .715 2.470 2.665 .748 9.588 3. 1.365 .500 .910 1.040 .520 4.335 4. 2.795 .585 • 2.145 2.340 .585 8.450 Palp .943 .325 .286 1.040 2.594 All legs with spines and hair. Trichobothria have been observed on all femora. Palp. The patella is slightly longer than the tibia which has the usual distal ehitinized rim. The cymbium is long, slender, constricted in the middle third, and much broader at base. The paracymbium is also slender, club-shaped, with a long ehitinized border together with a ehitinized knob essentially as shown in Figures 30-40. Both conductor and embolus are somewhat spira- loid, closely associated throughout their length, and with the tips extended as a terminal hook (Fig. 41). The bulb is more inflated than usual in the genus. 324 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Abdomen. Not continued posterior to spinnerets; extended slightly over the carapace ; 3.445 mm. long ; slightly notched dorsall}" at base; about 1.235 mm. wide at widest place and, therefore, a little less than three times as long as wide ; genital fold essentially as in female. Color in alcohol. Legs and palps with varying shades of yellowish. Chelicerae brownish. Carapace yellowish with ir- regular inter-communicating grayish lines; just in front of 44 A k v d 45 f 42 \ >0 43 External Anatomy of Tetragnatha Figures 41-45, X. gertschi Fig. 41. Distal end of male palpal tarsus. Figs. 42-43. Male and female cheliceral teeth, respectively. Fig. 44. Lateral view of female abdomen. Fig. 45. Genital fold of female. thoracic pit there is a small gray elongated spot. Sternum, lip, and maxillae are brownish with fine gray dots. Abdomen : dorsum yellowish with numerous small subchitinous irregular silvery flecks ; lateral sides irregularly black with larger silvery (MUCKERING: TETRAGNATHA IN PANAMA 325 spots; venter with a central grayish stripe and a yellowish stripe on each side with numerous silvery flecks. Female allotype. Total length including chelicerae 5.525 mm. Carapace 1.625 mm. long; 1.235 mm. wide opposite second coxae where it is widest ; otherwise essentially as in male. Eyes. Essentially as in male. Chelicerae. Moderately robust; moderately divergent; basal segment .845 mm. long. Fang without conspicuous features. Fang groove well marked ; with five promarginal teeth and seven retromarginal teeth, spaced as shown in Figure 43. Maxillae. Essentially parallel; broadened distally and less rounded there than in males. Otherwise essentially as in male. Lip. Broader at base than long in ratio of 19 : 13. Otherwise essentially as in male. Sternum. Longer than wide in ratio of 15 : 11. Otherwise essentially as in male. Legs. 1243. Width of first patella at "knee" .242 mm., tibial index of first leg 6. Width of fourth patella at "knee" .187 mm., tibial index of fourth leg 9. Femora Patellae Tibiae -Metatarsi Tarsi Totals (All measurements in millimeters) 1. 3.770 .780 3.510 3.640 .910 12.610 .> 2.470 .650 1.820 2.080 .660 7.680 3. 1.100 .430 .650 .910 .380 3.470 4. 2.405 .43.5 1.625 1.885 .575 6.945 Spines and hairs on legs as in male. Abdoint it. Conspicuously gibbous just in front of middle (Fig. 44) ; 3.9 mm. long; genital fold as shown in Figure 45. Color in alcohol. Essentially as in male except that the ab- domen is more conspicuously provided with the silvery flecks and lias the dark lateral irregular spots much reduced; there is also a clear middorsal stripe with narrow lateral oblique lines extending ventrally as in so many species of this genus. Type locality. Male holotype and female allotype from El Volcan, Chiriqui, 11. P.. August, 1950. Several paratypes of both sexes from El Volcan, August. 1950 and Boquete, Chiriqui, R. P., July, 1939 and 1954. 326 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Tetragnatha guatemalensis 0. P. Cambridge, 1889 (Figures 46-53) T. guatemalensis F. P. Cambridge, 1903 T. guatemalensis Banks, 1909 T. guatemalensis Petiunkevitch, 1911 I. seneca Seeley, 1928 T. banlcsi Levi and Field, 1954 T. guatemalensis Roewer, 1942 T. guatemalensis Kraus, 1955 Male hypotype. Total length including chelieerae 13 mm.; exclusive of the chelieerae 8.10 mm. Carapace 2.925 mm. long; 1.95 mm. wide opposite second coxae where it is widest. Eyes. Viewed from above, both rows recurved, anterior row rather strongly, posterior row moderately. Viewed from in front, anterior row moderately recurved, posterior row slightly pro- curved (Fig. 53), both measured by centers. Central ocular quadrangle wider behind than in front in ratio of 23 : 18; wider behind than long in ratio of 23 : 39. Ratio of eyes AME : ALE : PME : PLE = 6 : 4.5 : 5 : 5. AME separated from one another by their diameter, from ALE by about 2.33 times their diameter. PME separated from one another by twelve- fifths of their diameter, from PLE by 2.7 times their diameter. Laterals separated from one another by about the diameter of PLE. AME separated from PME by about 1.33 times the di- ameter of AME, hence further from one another than ALE are from PLE. Height of elypeus equal to 1.5 times the diameter of AME. Chelieerae. Very divergent; basal segment slightly shorter than carapace. The following features appear to be particularly worthy of mention : there is a basal dorsal cusp on the fang but it appears to be variable in the degree to which it is developed in different individuals ; the prolateral spur is robust and shows two tubercles below the apex; along the promargin of the fang groove there is a small tooth fairly close to the spur, a hook-like tooth behind that, then the "large tooth", and this is followed by a series of nine teeth with the last four being very minute (this is not in agreement with statement by F. P. Cambridge) ; the retromargin has three teeth near the apex, then a small tooth (not present on the right side), and this is followed by seven CHICKERING : TETRAGNATHA IN PANAMA 327 teeth (Fig. 46). The spur, the three most apical promarginal teeth, and the three most apical retromarginal teeth appear to be fairly consistent in their appearance in different individuals but a considerable range of variation has been noted with respect to the remaining teeth. Palp. Tibia longer than patella in ratio of 3 : 2; conductor geniculate at beginning of apical third, somewhat spoon-shape at apex ; paracymbium terminates in a unique slender curved process (Figs. 49-51). Female hypotype. Total length including chelicerae 10.40 mm. Abdomen considerably swollen in anterior half; genital fold as shown in Figure 52. External Anatomy of Tetragnatha Figures 46-48, T. guatemalensis Figs. 46-47. Male chelicera and cheliceral teeth, and female cheliceral teeth, respectively. Fig. 48. Male paracymbium. Chelicerae. The fang has a dorsal basal cusp; the promargin of the fang groove has a large apical tooth, a somewhat smaller tooth considerably separated from the first, and then after a considerable space there is a series of five teeth diminishing in size toward the proximal end of the segment; the retromargin has a small apical tooth, a large tooth close to it followed by a series of eight teeth with the second and third of this series 328 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY A considerable variation in respect to their placement has been noted among coalescent (Fig. 47). number of teeth and different individuals. Color in alcohol. The color is difficult to describe adequately. The carapace has a pair of broad dusky dorsal stripes reaching from the median pit to the posterior eyes ; the lateral sides of 52 49 m O O 53 50 External Anatomy of Tetragnatha Figures 49-53, T. guatemalensis Figs. 49-51. Three views of distal end of male palpal tarsus; Fig. 49 drawn at a smaller scale. Fig. 52. Genital fold of female. Fig. 53. Eye group of male from in front. the carapace are also dusky. The abdomen is covered b}" many small irregular whitish spots ; laterally there are many narrow black irregular stripes alternating with narrow yellowish stripes ; the venter has the usual dark median stripe with lighter spangled areas on each side. Type locality. The male and female hypotypes are from Barro CHICKERING : TETRAGNATIIA IN PANAMA 329 Colorado Island, C. Z., August, 1954. Numerous specimens of both sexes from : Barro Colorado Island, June, July, 1934 ; July, 1936; June, 1939; June, 1950; August, 1954; Gamboa, C. Z., July, 1954. Tetragnatiia laboriosa Hentz 1850 (Figures 54-59) T. illinoisensis Keyserling, 1879 T. alba, F. P. Cambridge, 1903 T. alba Banks, 1909 T. alba Petrunkevitch, 1911 T. laboriosa Petrunkevitch, 1911 T. laboriosa Seeley, 1928 T. alba Eoewer, 1942 T. laboriosa Eoewer, 1942 T. laboriosa Kraus, 1955 Notes from Dr. W. J. Gertsch suggested the synonymy given above. Comparisons of many specimens of both T. laboriosa and T. alba from different localities have convinced me that this is correct. Since the species has been described many times and is one of the best known in the genus only those features believed to be most distinctive will be emphasized here. Distinctive features: Male. ALE and PLE about as far from one another as AME are from PME ; palpal patella slightly shorter than palpal tibia ; the conductor and embolus as shown in Figures 55-56 ; the paracymbium is not divided distally ; the prolateral spur is robust and bifid distally; the "large tooth" is present on the promargin of the fang groove with other teeth as shown in Figure 57 ; the abdomen is conspicuously silvery with alternating dark and silvery stripes; of medium size, vary- ing from 5 mm. to about 6.5 mm. Female : size varies from about 6 mm. to about 8 mm. in length ; the genital fold as shown in Figure 59 ; the cheliceral teeth as shown in Figure 58 with considerable variation noted among the many individuals examined; F. P. Cambridge noted a small dorsal basal cusp on the fang but I have not found this. Collection records: Numerous specimens of both sexes from El Volcan, Chiriqui, R. P., February 28, 1936 (W. J. Gertsch), and August, 1950; Boquete, Chiriqui, R. P., August, 1954; 330 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Chilibre, C. Z., July, 1950 ; apparently also from Barro Colorado Island, C, Z., June, 1934 and 1936 ; August, 1939 ; July, 1954. r r V "r\ <3 Q? O 4D 54 58 55 57 59 External Anatomy of Tetragnatha Figures 54-59, T. laboriosa Fig. 54. Eye group of male from in front. Fig. 55. Distal end of male tarsus. Fig. 56. Distal end of male conductor, from a different view, to show dis- tinctive apex. Fig. 57. Male cheliceral teeth. Fig. 58. Female cheliceral teeth. Fig. 59. Genital fold of female. Tetragnatha mabelae sp. no v. (Figures 60-64) Male holotype. Total length exclusive of the chelicerae 6.305 min. ; including the chelicerae 7.085 mm. Carapace 1.885 mm. long, 1.105 mm. wide opposite second coxae where it is widest; neither eye row occupies the full width of the carapace at its level. Eyes. Eight in two rows as usual ; viewed from above, anterior CHICKERING : TETRAQNATHA IN PANAMA 331 row strongly and posterior row moderately recurved; viewed from in front, anterior row gently recurved, posterior row slightly recurved, all measured by centers. Central ocular quad- rangle wider behind than in front in ratio of 28 : 25; wider behind than long in ratio of about 14 : 11. Ratio of eyes AME : ALE : PME : PLE = 4.5 : 2.5 : 3.75 : 3. AME separated from one another by ten-ninths of their diameter, from ALE by a little less than twice their diameter. PME separated from one another by a little less than twice their diameter, from PLE by nearly the same distance. Laterals separated from one an- o o O ° ° O O 6°o 63 62 64 External Anatomy of Tetragnatha Figures 60-64, T. mabelae Fig. 60. Eye group of male from in front. Fig. 61. Male chelicera and eheliceral teeth. Fig. 62. Male palpal patella, tibia, and tarsus. Fig. 63. Distal ends of cymbium, conductor, and embolus of male palp. Fig. 64. Male paracymbium. other by twice the diameter of ALE. AME separated from PME by a little more than their diameter (Fig. 60). Height of clypeus equal to five-fourths of the diameter of AME. 332 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Chelicerae. Well developed; very divergent; basal segment 1.235 mm. long and, therefore, about two-thirds as long as cara- pace ; with a moderately well developed prolateral spur terminat- ing in a pair of minute lobules; fang moderately slender, slightly sinuous and with a small cusp on inner margin about one-fourth from base; promargin with the "large tooth" and five others diminishing in size toward the base of the segment; retromargin with six teeth as shown in Figure 61. Maxillae. Essentially parallel; with normal concavities on outer margins toward the tip ; longer than lip in ratio of 5 : 2 ; about four times as long as wide at narrowest place. Lip. Broader at base than long in ratio of 4 : 3 ; sternal suture straight ; sternal tubercles at ends of sternal suture pronounced. Sternum. Moderately convex; generally scutiform; longer than wide in ratio of about 4:3; continued between fourth coxae which are separated by about one-fourth of their width. Legs. 1243. Width of first patella at "knee" .252 mm., tibial index of first leg 4. Width of fourth patella at "knee" .187 mm., tibial index of fourth leg 5. Femora Patellae Tibiae Metatarsi Tarsi Totals (All measurements in milimeters) 1. 5.785 .945 5.687 5.840 1.430 19.687 2. 3.770 .780 3.120 3.250 .975 11.895 3. 2.080 .465 1.170 1.495 .650 5.860 4. 4.160 .650 3.120 3.025 .780 11.735 Palp .975 .340 .375 .845 2.535 All legs with both hairs and spines. Palp. The tibia is only slightly longer than the patella and both are short ; the paracymbium is short, broad, and has a somewhat serrate distal margin ; the embolus forms a normal loop on the bulb and then extends with the rather broad con- ductor to its termination close to the apex of the cymbium (Figs. G2-64). Abdomen. Not continued posterior to spinnerets; extended only slightly over the carapace ; only slightly notched dorsally at base ; nearly uniform in width throughout ; 4.355 mm. long ; .780 mm. wide near base and, therefore, nearly six times as long as wide. Color in alcohol. Legs, mouth parts, and sternum all with CHICKERING : TETBAGNATHA IN PANAMA 333 varying shades of yellowish. Carapace yellowish with a dusky stripe extending from posterior border to the median pit and then continuing forward as a pair of somewhat diverging stripes. Abdomen : dorsally and dorsolateral^ covered by many yellow- ish silvery spangles; ventrally there are fewer of the spangles with the median area free of these and somewhat transparent. Type locality. Male holotype from Barro Colorado Island, C. Z., July, 1954. Two paratype males from Madden Dam For- est, C. Z., July, 1950. Females unknown. Tetbagnatha Mexicans Keyserling, 1865 (Figures 65-70) T. longa O. P. Cambridge, 1889 T. mexicana F. P. Cambridge, 1903 T. apheles Cliamberlin and Ivie, 1936 (male only) T. mexicana Eoewer, 1942. F. P. Cambridge had Keyserling 's holotype female for study and regarded it as an immature specimen. He was certain that T. longa 0. P. Cambridge was the same species and he had both sexes for study. The female reported by Banks (1929) is im- mature and its identification is uncertain. I have had specimens from the British Museum for comparison with mine and with those described by Chaniberlin and Ivie as T. apheles. It is quite dear that the female of T. apheles is a recently moulted T. an- fillana Simon. The male appears to be a T. mexicana Keyserling and is so regarded here. There may be a single female in my collection which belongs to this species but I consider this un- certain. In view of the confusion relating to this species the decision has been made to give a rather complete description of a male hypotype in accord with my usual procedure. Male hypotype. Total length including chelicerae 13.455 mm. ; exclusive of the chelicerae 11.505 mm. long. Carapace 2.925 mm. long; 1.625 mm. wide opposite second coxae where it is widest; generally slender; with lateral ocular tubercles well separated; with cephalic region only slightly raised ; median pit irregularly circular; with a rather marked transverse groove between AME and PME. Eyes. Viewed from above, both rows rather strongly recurved ; viewed from in front, anterior row gently recurved, posterior 334 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY row more strongly recurved, both measured by centers. Central ocular quadrangle wider behind than in front in ratio of 20 : 17 ; wider behind than long in ratio of 10 : 9. Ratio of eyes AME : ALE : PME : PLE = 5.5 : 3.75 : 4.25 : 4. AME separated from one another by about five-fourths of their diameter, from ALE by nearly 1.6 times their diameter. PME separated from one another by about 2.8 times their diameter, from PLE by nearly 2.25 times their diameter. Laterals separated from one O 70 o o O 66 ° o o ° 65 68 ft 69 Fig-. 65. Fig. 66. Fig. 67. Fig. 68. Fig. 69. Fig. 70. External Anatomy of Tetragnatha Figures 65-70, T. mexicana Eye group of male from in front. Male chelieera and chelieeral teeth. Distal end of male palpal tarsus. Male paracymbium. Female chelieeral teeth from a British Museum specimen. Genital fold of female from a British Museum specimen. another by 2.8 times the diameter of ALE. AME separated from PME by nearly 1.5 times the diameter of the former and, hence, closer to the latter than the laterals are to one another. Height of clypeus equal to a little more than twice the diameter CHICKERING : TETRAGNATHA IN PANAMA 335 of AME. The relative distances between the different types of eyes as they are considered here appear to be somewhat different from those observed in specimens from the British Museum (Natural History). These differences, however, are not con- sidered to be particularly significant. Chelicerae. Divergent; moderately slender; basal segment 2.08 mm. long and, therefore, about two-thirds as long as cara- pace ; prolateral spur a simple, slender hook, not bifid terminally ; fang slender, somewhat sinuous; fang groove with seven pro- marginal teeth and five retromarginal teeth spaced essentially as shown in Figure 66. The two chelicerae do not agree in the number of teeth present along the fang groove. In the hypotype the teeth on the left are as shown in the figure while on the right there are only six promarginal teeth but there are seven retro- marginal teeth. This again emphasizes the unreliability of teeth as a certain character for identification. Maxillae. Essentially parallel but quite concave along outer margin at the beginning of the last third ; considerably broadened at distal border. Lip. Chitinized lip wider at base than long in ratio of 6 : 5 ; sternal suture gently procurved; with well-developed sternal tubercles at ends of sternal suture. Sternum. Generally scutiform; longer than wide in ratio of 7:4; scalloped opposite all coxae and continued between all of these including the fourth which are separated by a little more than one-fifth of their width ; moderately convex ; covered by both relatively short and long bristles. Legs. 1423. Width of first patella at "knee" .418 mm., tibial index of first leg 4. Width of fourth patella at "knee" .330 mm., tibial index of fourth leg 5. Femora Patellae Tibiae Metatarsi Tarsi Totals (All measurements in millimeters 0 1. 9.945 1.300 10.595 10.725 2.145 34.710 2. 6.500 1.050 5.850 6.045 1.235 20.680 3. 3.185 .585 1.820 2.600 .845 9.035 4. 7.540 .780 6.400 5.785 1.235 21.740 Palp 1.650 .440 .660 .924 3.674 All legs with both spines and hairs. Palp. The tibia is longer than the patella in ratio Of 3 : 2; 336 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY the tibia has the usual ehitiuous rim at distal end; the para- cymbium is long, rather slender, bluntly rounded at its distal end ; the conductor shows three thin spiraloid plates near its middle and appears to be somewhat spiraloid at its distal end (Figs. 67-68). One specimen shows the distal end of the con- ductor almost exactly as drawn by F. P. Cambridge but the hypotype appears somewhat different. These differences are re- garded as well within the normal variation of the species. Abdomen. Long, slender; slightly the widest near base and gradually tapered to posterior end which is not extended beyond spinnerets ; 8.385 mm. long ; .975 mm. wide near base and, therefore, more than eight times as long as wide. Genital fold (Fig. 70) nearly transverse. Color in alcohol. Legs yellowish with small grayish spots; femora one and two with an obscure prolateral grayish stripe. Chelicerae yellowish white with fang and teeth darker. Maxillae yellowish with grayish streaks. Lip yellowish with grayish mark- ings on the strongly chitinized portions. Sternum with various shades of dusty gray. Abdomen : very light colored in general ; dorsum with many irregular silvery spangles and a double series of small black dorsolateral spots; the venter has the usual median darker stripe. Two females appear to go with the males but they are probably immature. The general characteristics of females have been studied from specimens loaned by the British Museum (Natural History). From these specimens Figures 69 and 70 have been drawn. Type locality. The male hypotype is from Barro Colorado Island, C. Z., August, 1939. Three other males and probably two immature females are in the collection from the same locality, dune and August, 1939. '»■ Tetragnatha pallescens F. P. Cambridge, 1903 (Figures 71-75) T. pallida Banks, 1892 Eugnatha pallida Banks, 1898 T. pallescens F. P. Cambridge, 1903 T. bidens F. P. Cambridge, 1903 T. pallescens Seeley, 1928 CHICKERING : TETRAGXATHA IN PANAMA 337 T. pallescens Petrunkevitch, 1930 T. pallescens Bryant, 1940 T. pallesci tis Bryant, 1945 This species is well known and has been quite adequately de- scribed by several authors in fairly recent years (Seeley, 1928; Petrunkevitch, 1930; Kaston, 1948). For this reason only dis- tinctive characteristics and a few figures will be given in this paper. Petrunkevitch (1930) was the first, so far as I know, to point out that T. bid ens F. P. Cambridge was the same as T. pallesci ns. & ii £ \ A* i £ 71 73 I. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 74 Fig. 75 73. 72 External Anatomy of Tetragnatha Figures 71-75, T. pallescens Eye group of male from in front. Male ehelieera and cheliceral teeth. Distal end of male conductor to show distinctive apex. Female cheliceral teeth. Genital fold of female. Distinctive features. Male: The lateral eyes are considerably farther from one another than AME are from PME (Fig. 71) ; the palpal patella is about three-fourths as long as the palpal tibia; the conductor is curiously sickle-shaped distally (Fig. 73) ; the paracymbium is long, slender, and rounded at the apex; the chelicerae are nearly as long as the carapace ; the prolateral spur on the basal segment of the ehelieera is unequally bifid; the "large tooth" is absent from the promargin of the fang 338 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY groove ; the cheliceral teeth are essentially as shown in Figure 72; in some specimens the abdomen appears to be very slightly prolonged posterior to the spinnerets ; spines of moderate length are on all legs. Female. The slightly extended abdomen is somewhat more evident in this sex than in males ; the abdomen is somewhat gib- bous anteriorly and is notched dorsally at its base ; the cheliceral teeth are essentially as shown in Figure 74; the genital fold is essentially as shown in Figure 75. Collection records. Both sexes have been collected in the fol- lowing localities : Barro Colorado Island, C. Z., June- July, 1934 ; February-March, 1936 (W. J. Gertsch) ; June, 1936; El Volcan, Chiriqui, Pv. P., February, 1936 (W. J. Gertsch). Tetragnatha pallida 0. P. Cambridge, 1889 (Figures 76-80) T. pallida F. P. Cambridge, 1903 T. pallida Banks, 1929 T. pallida Eoewer, 1942 This species was described from Bugaba, Panama, and has only been reported once since that time (Banks, 1929) so far as I know. Male hypotype. Total length exclusive of the chelicerae 6.83 mm. ; including the chelicerae length is 8.455 mm. Carapace 1.755 mm. long. The whole body is long and slender. The legs are long, slender, and bear stout spines and hairs. Ratio of eyes AME : ALE : PME : PLE = 10 : 4 : 5.5 : 5.5. AME separated from one another by their diameter, from ALE by a little more than 1.5 times their diameter. PME separated from one another by slightly more than twice their diameter, from PLE by a little less than three times their diameter. Laterals separated from one another by a little less than twice the diameter of PLE (Fig. 76). AME separated from PME about as far as ALE is separated from PLE. The central ocular quadrangle is nearly square, only slightly longer than wide. Chelicerae : basal seg- ment 1.722 mm. long and, therefore, almost as long as the cara- pace ; the fang has no cusps ; the promargin of the fang groove has six teeth and the retromargin seven, all spaced essentially as shown in Figure 77; there is no true "large tooth" in the CHICKERING : TETRAGNATHA IN PANAMA 339 usual sense ; the prolateral spur is simple without distal bifurca- tion. Palp: the tibia is longer than patella in ratio of about 3:2; the bulb is relatively short and the cymbium, conductor, and embolus are all long and slender (Fig. 78). The color in both sexes is very pale throughout with many yellowish silvery spangles on the abdomen. A few of the females in the collection have bright red spots at the bases of the spines and a bright red narrow dorsolateral stripe on each side of the abdomen. O o o o O O 77 78 Fig. 76. Fig. 77. Fig. 78. Fig. 79. Fig. 80. External Anatomy of Tetragnathn Figures 76-80, T. pallida Eye group of male from in front. Male chelicera and eheliceral teeth. Distal ends of male cymbium, conductor, and embolus. Female chelicera and eheliceral teeth. Genital fold of female. 340 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Female hypotypc. Total length exclusive of the chelicerae 10.01 mm.; including chelicerae 30.985 mm. Abdomen not ex- tended posterior to spinnerets. The genital fold is shown in Figure 80. The chelicerae are relatively short and robust with seven teeth on each margin of the fang groove as shown in Fig- ure 79. Type locality. Male and female hypotypes from Canal Zone Forest Reserve, July, 1934. Other specimens of both sexes from Barro Colorado Island, C. Z., June-July, 1934; June-July, 1936; June-August, 1950; July- August, 1954. Tetragnatha sinuosa sp. now (Figures 81-86) Male kolotype. Total length exclusive of chelicerae 4.095 mm. ; including chelicerae 4.355 mm. Carapace 1.27 mm. long, .877 mm. wide opposite intervals between second and third coxae where it is widest; anterior row of eyes occupy the full width of carapace at their level. Eyes. Eight in two rows as usual ; ocular tubercles only moder- ately prominent ; viewed from above, both rows recurved, an- terior row strongly so and posterior row moderately ; viewed from in front, anterior row gently recurved, posterior row gently procurved, all measured by centers ; central ocular quadrangle wider behind than in front in ratio of 14 : 11, wider behind than long in ratio of 14 : 12. Ratio of eyes AME : ALE : PME : PLE = 4 : '2.75 : 4 : 3. AME separated from one another and from ALE by nearly five-fourths of their diameter. PME sep- arated from one another by a little more than five-fourths of their diameter, from PLE by about the same distance. Laterals separated from one another by the diameter of PLE. AME sep- arated from PME by slightly more than their diameter, hence (Fig. 81) somewhat farther apart than laterals are separated from one another. Cliclicerae. Short, robust, only slightly porrect and divergent; the fang is strongly sinuous and has a low cusp on the inner sur- face and a low tubercle at its base on the dorsal side; the pro- lateral spur has moved into a nearly dorsal position; the pro- margin of the fang groove has five teeth with the first a massive growth not seen in any other species; the retromargin has seven CHICKERING : TETRAGNATHA IN PANAMA 341 teeth (Figs. 85-86). There is no "large tooth" in the usual sense. Maxillae. Nearly parallel with much less concavity along lat- eral borders than usual in the genus; longer than lip in ratio of 9 : 4 ; not quite three times as long as wide in the middle. Lip. Wider at base than long in ratio of about 3:2; sternal suture gently proeurved ; sternal tubercles at ends of sternal suture shorter and blunter than usual in the genus. Sternum. Rather strongly convex; generally scutiform; longer than wide in ratio of 7 : 5; less strongly scalloped opposite each coxa than usual in the genus; continued between fourth coxae which are separated by one-third of their width. rf£y 6 OO © 81 84 85 86 Fig. 81. Fig. 82 Pig. 83. Fig. 81 Fig. 85 Fig. 8(5 External Anatomy of Tetragnatka Figures 81-86, T. sinuona Eye group of male hole-type from in front. Male palp ; tibia and tarsus. Male palpal tarsus; a different view. Paraeymbium of male. Male ehelicera and cheliceral teeth from below. Male ehelicera and cheliceral teeth; prc-lateral view (from a paratype). 342 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Legs. 1423. Width of first patella at "knee" .176 mm., tibial index of first leg 4. Width of fourth patella at "knee" .132 mm., tibial index of fourth leg 7. Femora Patellae (All measm Tibiae •ements in Metatarsi millimeters) Tarsi Totals 1. 3.835 .585 3.770 3.640 1.040 12.870 2. 2.340 .520 1.950 2.080 .780 7.670 3. 1.210 .264 .704 .836 .445 3.459 4. 3.770 .330 1.650 1.950 .650 8.350 Palp .694 .198 .210 .638 1.740 All legs with both spines and hair. Palp. The tibia is slightly longer than the patella and is very broad ; both tibia and patella are short ; both cymbium and paracymbium appear to be somewhat distinctively shaped (Figs. 82-84) ; the embolus and conductor appear to be completely sep- arated much of their lengths, the former with a conspicuous loop at the distal end of the bulb and terminating in a long lash-like apex (Figs. 82-83). Abdomen. Not continued posterior to spinnerets; long, slender and nearly uniform in width ; 3.90 mm. long, .715 mm. wide about one-third from base ; not notched dorsally at base. Color in alcohol. Generally a light yellowish throughout ; the carapace is dusky gray in the cephalic portion, behind the median thoracic pit and along the lateral margins. Abdomen : the usual characteristic silvery spangles are few in number in the mid- dorsal region but are concentrated more or less as a dorsolateral stripe on each side ; there is also a row of five or six darker spots above the dorsolateral silvery stripes on each side and a small median blackish spot just above the anal tubercle ; the venter is almost uniformly yellowish with few yellowish silvery spangles. Type locality. Male holotype from Summit, C. Z., August, 1950. Four male paratypes from the same locality, August, 1950, and a single male from the C. Z. Forest Reserve, July, 1954 complete the known list of specimens. The female is unknown. Tetragnatita tenuis O. P. Cambridge, 1889 (Figures 87-89) T. tenuis F. P. Cambridge, 1903 T. tenuis Roewer, 1942 -J CHICKERING : TETRAGNATHA IN PANAMA 343 This seems to be a rare species in collections. The Cambridges had it from Guatemala and Panama. The British Museum (Natural History) was unable to loan me specimens and this indicated, I suppose, that only the original types are in that institution. There is one female in the M. C. Z. collection from San Domingo (Dominican Republic) doubtfully assigned to this species. As I have already pointed out, females are often difficult to identify with certainty but I seem to have a few specimens which must be assigned to this species. Female hypotype. Total length including chelicerae 10.985 mm. ; exclusive of chelicerae 9.75 mm. Carapace 2.73 mm. long, 1.625 mm. wide opposite second coxae where it is widest. The t .89 (\ 87 '8 8' External Anatomy of Tetragnatha Figures 87-89, T. tenuis Fig. 87. Eye group of female from in front. Fig. 88. Cheliceral teeth of female. Fig. 89. Genital fold of female. whole body is long and slender with the abdomen only slightly swollen at base. Legs long and slender with both hairs and spines. Ratio of eyes AME : ALB : PME : PLE = 5 : 3.25 : 4.25 : 4. AME separated from one another by 1.3 times their diameter, from ALE by twice their diameter. PME separated from one another by about 2.33 times their diameter, from PLE by about 2.1 times their diameter. Laterals separated from one another by slightly less than twice the diameter of ALE. AME separated from PME by 1.2 times their diameter, hence about as far apart us ALE are from PLE (Fig. 87). Height of clypeus equal to 1.6 times the diameter of AME. The central ocular quadrangle is wider behind than in front in ratio of 17 : 14, wider behind (fOOf) 344 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY than long in ratio of 17 : 15. Chelicerae : robust, moderately porreet, slightly divergent; basal segment 1.55 mm. long and, therefore, only a little more than one-half as long as the carapace ; fang without cusps; promargin of fang groove with seven teeth; retromargin with eight on right and seven on left (Fig. 88) ; teeth observed here not quite in agreement with statements made by F. P. Cambridge. Color : legs and mouth parts, except lip, with varying shades of yellowish ; lip reddish brown ; sternum yellowish ; the carapace has a few dusky streaks behind the thoracic pit and in front of it there are two faint diverging dusky stripes passing toward the posterior eyes ; on the abdomen dor- sally and laterally there are many light yellowish silvery spangles surrounded by light semitransparent reticulations ; the spangles diminish toward the venter and disappear medially leaving a rather narrow yellowish stripe throughout. The genital fold is shown in Figure 89. Type locality. The female hypotype is from Barro Colorado Island, C. Z., Sept. 1939. Several other females are in my col- lection from the same locality, June, 1936 ; June and August, 1939. Tetragnatha tenuissima 0. P. Cambridge, 1889 (Figures 90-96) T. tenuissima F. P. Cambridge, 1903 T. tenuissima Petrunkevitch, 1925 T. tenuissima Banks, 1929 T. tenuissima Petrunkevitch, 1930 T. ethodon Chamber lin and Ivie, 1936 (Females only) T. tenuissima Bryant, 1940 T. tenuissima Boewer, 1942 T. tenuissima Bryant, 1945 This species is now known to be widely distributed throughout Mexico, Central America, northern part of South America, and most of the Caribbean islands. Petrunkevitch (1930) described the most important features of the females. The most essential characters of both sexes will be summarized here. The species occurs in my collections most frequently of all species known from Panama. Male hypotype. Total length including chelicerae 8.45 mm.; excluding chelicerae 7.455 mm. Carapace 2.265 mm. long, 1.04 CHICKERIXG : TETRAG.YATIIA IN PANAMA 345 mm. wide opposite second coxae where it is widest. Very slender throughout whole body. Head rather sharply set off from thoracic part and with nearly parallel lateral borders. Viewed from above, both rows of eyes recurved, first row strongly so ; viewed from in front, anterior row moderately recurved, poste- rior row slightly recurved. Ratio of eyes AME : ALE : PME : PLE = 5 : 3 : 4.5 : 4. AME separated from one another by a little less than their diameter, from ALE by 1.3 times their 96 External Anatomy of Tetragnaiha Figures 91-93, 96, T. tenuissima Chelicera and chelieeral teeth of male. Two different views of distal end of male palpal tarsus. Chelicera and chelieeral teeth of female. Fig. 91 Figs. 92-93. Fig. 96 diameter. PME separated from one another by a little less than twice their diameter, from PLE by about the same distance. Lateral eyes separated from one another by the diameter of PLE. AME separated from PME by a little more than the diameter of the former and, hence, farther from one another than ALE are from PLE. The central ocular quadrangle is wider 346 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY behind than in front in ratio of about 8 : 7, slightly wider be- hind than long. Chelieerae : very porrect and divergent ; gen- erally long and slender ; basal segment 2.21 mm. long and, therefore, almost as long as the carapace ; the fang is moderately sinuous, long and slender and has no cusps; the prolateral spur is long, curved, with a very small dorsal apical tubercle and a robust ventral apical tubercle ; the promargin of the fang groove has eleven teeth including the "large tooth" but the last is mi- nute and easily overlooked ; the retromargin has eleven teeth the first of which is also very small and easily overlooked (teeth as seen in the hypotype differ from those shown by F. P. Cam- bridge but these differences are well within the normal range of iA' Mi %r$* JZ&F- '%■■• & 90 95 94 External Anatomy of Tetragnatha Figures 90, 94-95, T. tenulssima Fig. 90. Eye group of male from in front. Fig. 94. Male paracymbium. Fig. 95. Genital fold of female. variation). Palp: the tibia is a little shorter than the patella; the paracymbium is short, bluntly pointed at its apex and has a chitinized knob near the distal end ; the conductor and embolus are finely attenuated at their tips (Figs. 92-94). One of the most distinctive features in this species is the complete absence of spines from the legs. The hair is coarse, however, and there are many bristles. Female hypotype. Total length including chelieerae 10.725 mm. ; exclusive of the chelieerae 8.775 mm. Abdomen not ex- tended posterior to spinnerets. Also long and slender like the male but somewhat gibbous in anterior fifth of the abdomen. The CHICKEBING: TETBAGNATHA IN" PANAMA 347 genital fold appears essentially as shown in Figure 95. Cheli- eerae : There is a very conspicuous basal dorsal cusp on the fang; the fang has a deep indentation on the inner side near the middle and is moderately sinuous; the promargin of the fang groove has seven teeth and the retromargin has eleven spaced essentially as shown in Figure 96 (a considerable variation in the teeth in different individuals has been noted) ; the basal seg- ment is not quite as long as the carapace. Type locality. The male hypotype is from Barro Colorado Island, C. Z., July, 1954 and the female is from the same lo- cality, August, 1954. Many specimens of both sexes are in my collection from : Barro Colorado Island, C. Z., June-July, 1934 ; June-July, 1936 ; June-August, 1939 ; June-August, 1950 ; July- August, 1954; El Valle, R. P., July, 1936; Madden Dam, C. Z., August, 1939 ; C. Z. Experiment Gardens, July, July- August, 1950 and 1954; Boquete, Chiriqui, R. P., August, 1950 and 1954. Tetragnatiia tropica 0. P. Cambridge, 1889 (Figures 97-102) T. tropica F. P. Cambridge, 1903 T. tropica Banks, 1909 T. tropica Petrunkevitch, 1911 T. siduo Chamberlin and Ivie, 1936 T. amplidens Chamberlin and Ivie, 1936 T. tropica Roewer, 1942 Male hypotype. Total length including chelicerae 10.92 mm. ; exclusive of the chelicerae 8.775 mm. Carapace 3.055 mm. long, 1.755 mm. wide opposite second coxae where it is widest. First row of eyes project slightly beyond the sides of the carapace; the second row occupies nearly the full width of the carapace at their level. Viewed from above, both rows of eyes recurved, posterior row slightly, anterior row moderately. Viewed from in front, anterior row moderately recurved, posterior row mod- erately procurved, both measured by centers (Fig. 97). Ratio of eyes AME : ALE : PME : PLE = 13 : 9 : 11 : 10. AME separated from one another by about their diameter, from ALE by about 1.5 times their diameter. PME separated from one another by nearly twice their diameter, from PLE by twice their diameter. Laterals separated from one another by slightly more 348 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY than the diameter of PLB. AME separated from PMB by about 1.3 times their diameter, hence they are farther from one another than the laterals are from each other. The central ocular quad- rangle is wider behind than in front in ratio of about 21 : 19, almost exactly as long as wide behind. Chelicerae : moderately porrect ; strongly divergent ; generally long and moderately slender ; basal segment 2.86 mm. long and, therefore, only slightly o o o O o O O o 97 External Anatomy of Tetragnaiha Figures 97-98, 100, T. tropica Fig. 97. Eye group of male from in front. Fig. 98. Cheliceral teeth of male from below. Fig. 100. Cheliceral teeth of female from below. shorter than the carapace ; the fang is slightly sinuous and has a low tubercle on the inner surface about one third of its length from the base; the prolateral spur is moderately robust and distinctly bifid apically; the promargin of the fang groove has the "large tooth" with two small teeth distal to it and a series of ten small teeth proximal to it ; the retromargin has a series of fifteen teeth shaped and spaced essentially as shown in Figure 98. The last five or six teeth along the fang groove are irregular MUCKERING: TETRAGNATIIA IN PANAMA 349 and, apparently, quite variable among the numerous specimens available for study. Palp. The tibia is almost twice as long as the patella; the paracymbium is bluntly pointed distally ; the distal end of the conductor is subaculeate and slightly hooked (Fig. 99). The legs have both spines and hairs some of which are quite erect. Female hypotype. Total length exclusive of the chelicerae 10.53 mm. ; inclusive of the chelicerae 13.13 mm. Abdomen not extended posterior to the spinnerets; conspicuously gibbous in anterior third and concave along dorsal surface. The genital fold is essentially as shown in Figure 102. Chelicerae : there is a dorsal basal cusp on the fang; there is also an unusual dorsal distal tooth on the basal segment of the chelicera at the base of the fang; the promargin of the fang groove has a small and a much larger tooth at the distal end and, after a considerable space, a series of seven teeth ; the retromargin has a total of thirteen teeth spaced essentially as shown in Figures 100-101. The exact number of cheliceral teeth seems to be quite variable among the numerous specimens available for study. I regard Chamberlin and Ivie's T. amplidens as one of these with a larger number of teeth than heretofore recognized in this species. Basal segment of the chelicerae not quite as long as the carapace. Type locality. Both hypotypes are from Barro Colorado Is- land, C. Z., June, 1939. Numerous specimens of both sexes are in my collection from the following localities : Barro Colorado Island, C. Z., June-July, 1934; June, 1936; June-August, 1939; June-August, 1950; July, 1954; Madden Dam Forest, C. Z., July, 1950. Tetragnatha vermiformis Emerton, 1884 (Figures 103-108) Eucta vermiformis Petrunkevitch, 1911 T. vermiformis Seeley, 1928 T. vermiformis Eoewer, 1942. The specimens now definitely assigned to this species have for some time been considered to represent a new and undescribed species. I have now carefully examined specimens from several parts of the United States and, together with the types in the 350 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Museum of Comparative Zoology, compared them with my speci- mens from Panama. This study has convinced me that I have been dealing with the same species. There are what I consider minor differences in the cheliceral dentition, possibly the eyes and other features but I think these are all well within the normal range of variations of a widely dispersed species. It seems in- teresting to find this species so far south in Central America when it has previously been reported only from east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and not yet from the West Indies. 101 External Anatomy of Tetragnatha Figures 99, 101-102, T. tropica Pig. 99. Distal ends of eymbium, embolus, and conductor of male. Fig. 101. Cheliceral teeth of a second female from below. Fig. 102. Genital fold of female. Male hy polype. Total length including the chelicerae 9.205 mm. ; exclusive of the chelicerae 7.67 mm. Carapace 2.86 mm. long, 1.755 mm. wide ; with anterior row of eyes occupying the full width of the carapace; with posterior row considerably shorter. Logs with both spines and hairs. Ocular tubercle bear- ing ALE quite prominent. Viewed from above, anterior row of eyes gently recurved, posterior rowT strongly recurved; viewed from in front, anterior row definitely procurved, posterior row CHECKERING: TETRAGNATHA IX PANAMA 35] straight or slightly recurved. Ratio of eyes AME : ALE : PME : PLE = 5.5 : 3 : 3.5 : 3.5. AME separated from one another by about their diameter, from ALE by slightly more than twice their diameter. PME separated from one another by nearly three times their diameter, from PLE by a little more than twice their diameter. Laterals separated from one another by nearly five times the diameter of ALE. AME separated from PME by nearly twice the diameter of PME, hence much closer to one another than ALE are to PLE. The central ocular quadrangle is wider behind than in front in ratio of 17 : 15, wider behind than long in nearly the same ratio. Height of clypeus equal to twice the diameter of AME. Chelicerae : basal segment 2.47 mm. long and, therefore, about six-sevenths as long as the cara- pace ; the fang has an inner cusp and a series of fine serrations nearer the base (Figs. 103-104) ; the promargin of the fang groove has ten teeth the third of which would probably be called the "large tooth" by F. P. Cambridge ; the prolateral spur is slender and not apically bifid ; the retromargin of the fang groove has eight teeth. Palp : the tibia, including the chitinous extension, is only slightly longer than the patella; the embolus extends in a very loose spiral through the somewhat twisted conductor to terminate in a characteristic apical form (Fig. 105) ; the paracymbium is broad at the base where it is strongly chitin- ized but it is very slender in the distal half and not notched at its apex. Color : legs, cephalothorax, and mouth parts are all yellowish ; the abdomen is covered by many yellowish silvery spangles and grayish reticulations ; the cardiac area has a trans- parent stripe ; the venter is also covered by the yellowish silvery spangles and is without a median stripe which is so frequently present in the genus. Female Ixxjpotxjpe. Total length including the chelicerae 12.675 mm. ; exclusive of the chelicerae 10.725 mm. Carapace 2.925 mm. long. Eyes essentially as in male (Fig. 106). Chelicerae: basal segment 1.95 mm. long, about two-thirds as long as carapace; the fang has no cusps; the promargin of the fang groove has seven teeth, the first of which is relatively large ; the retromargin also has seven teeth, the first of which is small (Fig. 107) ; the cheliceral teeth are not in close agreement with description given by Seeley (1928). The genital fold is essentially as shown in 352 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Figure 108. Abdomen : somewhat swollen at base but uniformly tapered to a blunt point at posterior end ; about 4.5 times as long as wide near base; slightly extended posterior to spinnerets. Type locality. The male hypotype and one other male are from Barro Colorado Island, C. Z., June, 1936 ; the female hypotype is from the same locality, August, 1939. Four females have been assigned to this species from El Volcan, Chiriqui, R. P., Febru- ary, 1936 (Gertsch). O o * O O 104 106 /) 108 Fig. 103. Fig. 104. Fig. 105. Fig. 106. Fig. 107. Fig. 108. 107' 105 External Anatomy of Tetragnatha Figures 103-108, T. vermiformis Male chelicera and cheliceral teeth. Lateral view of fang from male. Distal ends of cymbium, embolus, and conductor in male. Eye group of female from in front. Female cheliceral teeth. Genital fold in female. CHICKERING : TETRAGNATHA IN PANAMA 353 BIBLIOGRAPHY Banks, Nathan 1909. Arachnida from Costa Rica. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 61: 194-234, pis. 5, 6. 1929. Spiders from Panama. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. at Harvard Col- lege, 69: 53-96, 4 pis. Bryant, Elizabeth B. 1940. Cuban spiders in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Ibid., 86 (7): 249-532, 22 pis. 1945. The Argiopidae of Hispaniola. Ibid., 95 (4) : 359-418, 4 pis. Cambridge, O. P. and F. P. Cambridge 1889- Arachnida-Araneida. "Vols. III. In: Biologia Centrali-Ameri- 1905. cana. Dulau & Co., London. Chamberlin, R. V. and Wilton Ivie 1936. New spiders from Mexico and Panama. Bull. Univ. Utah, 27 (5), Biol. Ser. 3 (5) : 1-103, 17 pis. Chickering, A. M. 1957. The Genus Tetraynatha (Araneae, Argiopidae) in Jamaica, B. W. I. and other neighboring islands. Breviora, Mus. Comp. Zool., 68: 1-15. Emerton, J. H. 1884. New England spiders of the family Epeiridae. Trans. Conn. Acad., 6: 295-341. Kaston, B. J. 1948. Spiders of Connecticut. Bull. Connecticut State Geol. Nat. Hist, Survey. 70: 1-874, 144 pis. Kraus, Otto 1955. Spinnen aus El Salvador (Arachnoidea, Araneae). Abh. Sen- ckenberg. Naturf. Gesell., 493: 1-112, 12 pis. Petrunkevitch, Alexander 1911. A synonymic index-catalogue of spiders of North, Central, and South America, etc., Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 29: 1-809. 354 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGV 1 i> 2 5 . Araehnida from Panama. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sei., 27: 51-248, 157 figs. 1930. The spiders of Porto Eico. Pt. 2. Ibid., 30: 159-355, 240 figs. ROEWKR, C. FR. 1942. Katalog der Araneae. Vol. 1, 1040 pp., Bremen. SKF.LEY, B. M. 1928. Eevision of the spider genus Telragnatha. Bull. New York State Mus., 278: 99-150. Simon, Eugene 1892- Histoire Naturelle des Araignees. Deuxieme Edition. 2 Vols. 1903. Librairie Encyclopedique de Eoret, Paris. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol. 116, No 6 THE TENUIS AND SELENOPHORA GROUPS OF THE ANT GENUS PON ERA (HYMENOPTERA : FORMICIDAE) By Edward 0. Wilson Biologiml Laboratories, Harvard University CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM May, 1957 Publications Issued by or in Connection with THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD COLLEGE Bulletin (octavo) 1863 - - The current volume is Vol. ll(i. Breviora (octavo) 1952 — No. 75 is current. Memoirs (quarto) 1864-1938 — Publication was terminated with Vol. 55 Johnsonia (quarto) 1941 — A publication of the Department of Mollusks. Vol. 3, no. 35 is current. Occasional Papers of the Department of Mollusks (octavo) 1945 — Vol. 2, no. 21 is current. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club (octavo) 1899- 1948 — Published in connection with the Museum. Publication terminated with Vol. 24. The continuing publications are issued at irregular intervals in numbers which may be purchased separately. Prices and lists may be obtained on application to the Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts. Of the Peters "Check List of Birds of the World," volumes 1-3 are out of print; volumes 4 and 6 may be obtained from the Harvard University Press; volumes 5 and 7 are sold by the Museum, and future volumes will be published under Museum auspices. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol. 116, No 6 THE TENUIS AND SELENOPHORA GROUPS OF THE ANT GENUS PON ERA ( IIYMENOPTERA : FORMICTDAE) By Edward ( ). Wilson Biological Laboratories, Harvard University CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM May 1957 No. 6 — The Tenuis and Selenophora Groups of the Ant Genu* Ponera (Rymenoptera: Formicidae) By Edward 0. Wilson When W. M. Wheeler created the new genus Pseudocryptopone (generitype: Cryptopone tenuis Emery) in 1933, it was with the free acknowledgment that this entity could not be clearly sep- arated from Ponera. "Indeed, I confess my inability to draw a sharp line of demarcation between the two genera. One of the species, incerta, new species, which I have assigned to Pseudo- cry ptopone, might, with equal propriety, be placed in Ponera." The purpose of this exceptional procedure was to begin a pre- liminary, orderly reduction of Ponera. ll Ponera is now a large and very difficult genus in great need of careful revision. The monographer who undertakes this task will very probably divide it into several subgenera or even genera and his definition of these will automatically determine their relations to Pseudo- cryptopone and therefore its true status and affinities." In a similar fashion, Wheeler withdrew two Papuan species of Ponera {selenophora and clavicornis) and combined them with a new Philippine species (oreas) to form a second new genus, Seleno- pone. Although Wheeler's aim to partition Ponera and thereby sim- plify its classification was an admirable one, the formal naming of new genera on such feeble evidence as he proposed was not well justified. A more recent examination of Pseudocryptopone and Selenopone, along with many of the related Indo-Australian species of Ponera, has convinced the present writer that Wheeler's genera cannot be maintained on the basis of even the most liberal criteria. To begin, Pseudocryptopone is linked to Ponera by the intermediate species Ponera mocsaryi Emery, which shows a combination of Ponera and Pseudocryptopone characters. These two genera are further linked by several species more closely allied to the Pseudocryptopone generitype, but which tend strongly toward the more typical Ponera type, e.g., Ponera incerta (Wheeler), P. ratardorum Wilson, and P. huonica Wilson. Similarly, Selenopone is linked to Ponera by the inter- mediate Ponera syscena Wilson, and is closely approached within 356 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY the ranks of the "typical" Ponera by the species P. papuana Emery. Finally, Pscudocryplopone and Selenopone are linked to one another by several more or less intermediate species, including Ponera clavicornis Emery, P. tenuis (Emery), and P. huonica Wilson. In short, there does not appear at present to be any basis for a generic split along the lines proposed by Wheeler. The following synonymy is accordingly proposed: Genus PONERA Latreille Ponera Latreille, 1804, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., 24: 178-179. Generitype: Formica eoarctata Latreille {—Formica contracta Latreille), by subse- quent selection. Pseudocryptopone Wheeler, 1933, Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 672: 12-13. Generi- type: Cryptopone tenuis Emery, original designation. NEW SYN- ONYMY. Selenopone Wheeler, 1933, ibid., p. 19. Generitype: Ponera selenophora Emery, original designation. NEW SYNONYMY. Pseudocryptopone and Selenopone are of course available as subgeneric names if any reason is found to make formal sub- generic divisions in future revisions of Ponera. In the present study, however, the entities considered are the two species groups having affinities with P. tenuis and P. selenophora re- spectively. Both groups are herein much enlarged by the addition of a total of ten new species, most of which were collected by the author during a recent research tour in Melanesia. To the selenophora group have been added two older species (scabra, sinensis) which were apparently overlooked by Wheeler in his 1933 revision. Together the tenuis and selenophora groups comprise a large and important section (approximately 50 per cent) of the Papuan species of Ponera, but the present evidence indicates that they diminish rapidly outside this area. In the tenuis group, a single species is known from Java and one each from the Caroline Islands, New Caledonia, and southeastern Australia. In the selenophora group, one species each is known from the Philip- pines, Hongkong, and southern Japan. It is possible that other described species from outside the Papuan region may be placed in these two groups when Ponera is more exhaustively studied. WILSON : TENUIS AND SELENOPHORA GROUPS OF PONERA 357 At the moment the greatest concentration of species for both groups appears to exist at intermediate elevations (500-1600 meters) in the mountains of New Guinea. No less than five species, comprising 25 per cent of the total known, have been collected in a limited area around the headwaters of the Mongi River, Huon Peninsula. Further collecting in similar areas in other parts of New Guinea will probably yield a large proportion of the still undiscovered species. The present contribution has been prepared as a preliminary part of a review of the ants of Melanesia. The remainder of the species of Ponera will be treated in a later part. Most of the type and other material used in this study is deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. Other source collections have been the Emery Collection in Genoa; Dr. E. S. Ross' collection of New Guinea ants, deposited with the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences; Dr. J. L. Gressitt's collection of Melanesian ants, deposited in the B. P. Bishop Museum, Hono- lulu ; and Miss L. E. Cheesman's collection of New Hebridean ants, deposited in the British Museum of Natural History. Measurements In the taxonomy of a genus such as Ponera, where species dif- ferences are for the most part minute and subtle, exact measure- ments are necessary for accurate species diagnoses. In the pres- ent study an ocular micrometer was used, and estimations were made to the nearest two-tenths of a unit of 0.0293 mm, or to 0.006 mm. Thus the calculated maximum error is ± 0.006 mm, but in practice, of course, the actual maximum error varies around this figure according to the specific measurement involved. Head width, as defined below, is probably the "safest" measure- ment ; repetitive measurements have shown that the actual maxi- mum error is no more than ± 0.006 mm. Scape length and petiolar node length are the least reliable measurements, but even here the actual maximum error probably does not exceed four-tenths of a micrometer unit either way, or ± 0.012 mm. Head width (HW). Worker and queen: the maximum width of the head held in perfect full face and excluding the eyes. If the eyes extend beyond the lateral borders of the head in this position, the measurement is taken across whatever parts of the 358 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY lateral borders are left exposed. Male: the maximum width of the head across and including the eyes. Head length (HL). The length of the head, held in perfect full face, measured from the level of the anterionnost point of the anterior clypeal border to the midpoint of the occipital border. Scape length (8L). The maximum length of the scape exclu- sive of the basal "neck." Cephalic index (CI). Head width X 100/head length. Scape index (SI). Scape length X 100/head width. Pronotal width (PW). The maximum width of the pronotum measured from directly above and at a right angle to the long axis of the alitrunk. Petiole height. The height of the entire petiole, measured from the level of the crest of the petiolar node to the level of the lowermost point of the subpetiolar process. Petiolar node length. When the petiole is held in exact side view, the distance from the midpoint of the curve where the anterior face of the node meets the anterior peduncle to the midpoint of the curve where the posterior face of the node meets the posterior peduncle. Dorsal petiole width. The width of the petiolar node measured from directly a,bove the node and at right angles to the long axis of the body. Characterization of the Ponera tenuis group Worker. Small species, worker head width never exceeding 0.43 mm, head subrectangular, elongate, cephalic index not ex- ceeding 86 ; antennal scapes short, the scape index never greater than 90 ; antennal club massive, 4- or 5-jointed. Mandibles with three well formed teeth occupying the apical two-fifths to one- half of the masticatory border, the remainder of the border oc- cupied by two smaller teeth plus a number of minute intercalary denticles (P. huonica Wilson only) or by denticles only (other species). Eyes minute, consisting of a single ommatidium, or altogether absent ; when present, located 0.7 to 0.8 the distance from the occipital border to the midpoint of the anterior clypeal border. Junction of lateral and posterior faces of the propodeum rounded, not marginate. Petiolar node relatively thick, seen WILSON: TENUIS AND SELENOPHORA GROUPS OF PONERA 359 from the side, subrectangular, usually tapering very slightly dorsally ; seen from directly above, its anterior face is more or less semicircular or arcuate, and its posterior face is straight to weakly concave. Subpetiolar process angular or snbangnlar, and projecting posteriorly. Key to the species of the Ponera tenuis group, based on the worker 1 . Eyes absent 2 Eyes present, although represented only by a single ommatidium and often very inconspicuous 3 2. Larger species, head width at least 0.44 mm; cephalic index at least 81 ; erect hairs numerous on scape, dorsum of alitrunk and entire surfaces of first two gastric tergites ; antennal club indistinctly 5-jointed; body color clear yellow zwaluiuenburgi (Wheeler) Smaller species, head width no more than 0.30 mm; cephalic index not more than 78 ; erect hairs absent from scapes, alitrunk dorsum and from all but the posterior strips of the first two gastric tergites ; antennal club distinctly 5-jointed; body color brownish yellow .... sweseyi (Wheeler ) 3. Very small species, head width not exceeding 0.31 mm; (dorsal surface of petiolar node seen from directly above, so that the posterior face is level with the line of vision, forming in its entirety distinctly more than a half -circle, its width 0.15 mm or less; body color light yellow- ish brown) ; (New Guinea) .szabol Wilson, nom. nov. Larger species, head width never less than 0.32 mm and often as much as 0.38 mm or more; (dorsal surface of petiolar node seen from above varying among species, from distinctly more than semicircular to distinctly less, its width never less than 0.18 mm; color variable between species, from light yellowish brown to very dark brown) 4 4. Antennal club distinctly or indistinctly 5-jointed (see Fig. 1); (dorsal surface of petiolar node seen from directly above forming distinctly less than a half -circle) 5 Antennal club distinctly 4-jointed; (dorsal surface of petiolar node seen from above forming in various species from distinctly less than a half-circle to distinctly more) 6 5. Body color a uniform yellowish brown; posterior border of petiolar node seen from directly above distinctly concave; (Java) incerta (Wheeler) Body color a uniform dark brown; posterior border of petiolar node 360 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY seen from directly above almost perfectly straight; (New Britain to New Hebrides and Carolines) ratardorum Wilson, n. sp. 6. Smaller species, head width 0.34 mm or less; (body color clear yellow to yellowish brown) 7 Larger species, head width 0.38 mm or more; (body color varying among species, from light yellowish brown to dark brown) 8 RATARDORUM SZENTIVANYI Fig. 1. Middle funicular segments in antennae of workers of two species of the Ponera tenuis group, showing the principal character used to divide i-ouplet 4 of the key. Dorsal view, semidiagrammatic. 7. Lateral surfaces of alitrunk very feebly shagreened to smooth, and shining ; petiolar node relatively low, its height in the unique type only 0.25 mm, or about the same as the pronotal width petila Wilson, n. sp. Lateral surfaces of alitrunk all moderately shagreened, and opaque; petiolar node proportionately higher, its height in the single specimen measurable 0.29 mm, or slightly more than the pronotal width, which is 0.27 mm szentivanyi Wilson, n. sp. 8. Cephalic index 80 to 86 ; width of petiolar node not greater than 0.22 mm ; medium or dark brown species from New Guinea 9 Cephalic index 71 to 76; width of petiolar node not less than 0.22 mm; light yellowish brown or light reddish brown species from New Caledonia and Australia 10 9. Dorsal surface of petiolar node seen from directly above forming dis- tinctly more than a half -circle (see Fig. 2) ; posterior apex of sub- petiolar process sharply truncated; slightly smaller species, head WILSON : TENUIS AND SELENOPHORA GROUPS OF PONERA 361 width 0.40-0.41 mm ; head dark brown, remainder of body medium brown huonica Wilson, n. sp. Dorsal surface of petiolar node seen from directly above forming almost an exact half -circle or very slightly less; posterior apex of subpetiolar process not truncated, but forming a full right-angle or an acute angle; slightly larger species, head width 0.42-0.44 mm; entire body uniformly dark brown tenuis (Emery) 10. Slightly smaller species, pronotal width 0.29-0.30 mm; scape index 80-86 ; entire petiolar node when viewed from directly above forming almost an exact half-circle (see Fig. 2) ; (New Caledonia) caledonica Wilson, n. sp. (Based on the unique worker type). Slightly larger species, pronotal width 0.32 mm ; scape index 90 ; entire petiolar node when viewed from directly above forming distinctly more than a half -circle ; (Victoria) exedra Wilson, n. sp. PONERA CALEDONICA WilsOll, 11. Sp. Holotype worker. HW 0.40 mm, HL 0.52 mm, SL 0.32 mm, CI 77, SI 80, PW 0.30 mm, petiole height 0.31 mm, petiolar node length 0.18 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.25 mm. Mandibles with three well developed teeth occupying approximately the apical two-fifths of the masticatory border ; the remainder of the border occupied by an indeterminate number of minute denticles. Eyes minute, consisting of a single ommatidium. Antennal club dis- tinctly 4- jointed, considerably longer than the entire remainder of the funiculus. Head seen in full-face view with nearly straight sides, feebly concave occipital border. Petiolar node in side view massive, subrectangular, tapering only very slightly dor- sally ; seen from directly above, its dorsal surface forming an almost exact half-circle, the posterior face concave. Subpetiolar process somewhat reduced, its apex right-angular. Dorsum of head densely punctate and subopaque to opaque ; sides of head also densely punctate, but the punctures relatively shallow and the surface feebly shining. Entire dorsal and lateral surfaces of the alitrunk covered by puncturation or shagreening1 of variable density but everywhere shallow and feeble, so that the i Shagreening as most rigorously defined means "covered with small, close-set tubercles, suggesting shagreen leather," or "with a pebbled surface like shagreen leather" (Webster's International Dictionary, unabridged, second edition). In the present descriptions I have employed a somewhat broader definition of com- mon usage in entomology, using this term to cover in addition to minute tubercu- lation and pebbling any dense, irregular, minute sculpturing which cannot more precisely be described as puncturation, striolation, vermiculation, or reticulation. 362 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY HUONICA TENUIS RATARDORUM PETILA CALEDONICA SZABOI Fig. 2. Lateral and dorsal view of the worker petioles of selected species of the Panera tenuis group. Top: left, P. huonica Wilson, holotype; middle, P. tenuis (Emery), worker from Ebabaang, New Guinea; right, P. ratardorum Wilson, holotype. Bottom : left, P. petila Wilson, holotype ; middle, P. eal.edonica Wilson, holotype; right, P. szaboi Wilson, worker from the lower Busu River, Xew Guinea. Drawn approximately to scale. WILSON : TENUIS AND SELENOPHORA GROUPS OF PONERA 363 surface varies from feebly to strongly shining. The dorsal petiolar surface and gastric tergites are also feebly sculptured and their surfaces overall feebly shining. Body pilosity sparse, being limited almost entirely to a few hairs on the anterior elypeal border, posterodorsal border of the petiolar node, and entire surfaces of the gastric tergites. Ap- pendages mostly bare, except for terminal surfaces of tibiae and tarsal segments. Body and appendage pubescence everywhere dense, very short and predominantly oblique to appressed. Body concolorous yellowish ferruginous; appendages light brownish yellow to clear yellow. Worker paratype variation. HW 0.38-0.40 mm, HL 0.51-0.52 mm, SL 0,32-0.33 mm, CI 73-76, SI 83-86, PW 0.29-0.30 mm. Queen paratype. HW 0.41 mm, HL 0.54 mm, SL 0.36 mm, CI 76, SI 87, maximum eye length 0.09 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.26 mm. Distinguished from the worker by the usual queen- worker caste differences. As in the queens of many other species of Ponera, the petiolar node is much thinner than in the worker caste, forming distinctly less than a half-circle when viewed from directly above. Relationships. P. caledonica forms with P. exedra Wilson of Australia a discrete subgroup of the tenuis group, characterized in the worker caste by relatively large size, elongated head, thick petiolar node, and light coloration. The closest affinities of the caledonica subgroup are evidently with the szentivanyi subgroup {szentivanyi and petila). P. caledonica, can be distinguished from P. exedra by its smaller size, thinner node, and lighter color. Material examined. NEW CALEDONIA : Ciu, near Mt. Can- ala, 300 m. (type locality), January 3, 1955, berlese sample of 12 workers and 1 dealate queen (E. O. Wilson) ; Mt. Mou, 180 m., December 11, 1954, 2 workers (Wilson, ace. no. 128), and berlese samples of Dec. 12 and 27, 1954, 3 workers; Chapeau Gendarme (Yahoue), Dec. 7, 1954, berlese sample of a single worker (Wilson). Ecological note. This is apparently a rather scarce cryptobiotic species in New Caledonia. Despite rather intensive hand collect- ing by the author in the localities cited above, only once (ace. no. 128) was it encountered directly. In this case two workers were found with a small amount of brood in a small cavity in the 364 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY undersurface of a rock set deeply in the soil. These individuals were rather sluggish, and when prodded with the tip of a pair of forceps, rolled up and feigned deatli for a short while, a behavioral response common in other species of Ponera. All of the other collections of calcdonica were made by filtering the ants from masses of leaf litter and soil in a Berlese funnel. The col- lections at Mt. Mou and Chapeau Gendarme were made in rela- tively dry, semi-deciduous, valley-pocket forests, while that at Ciu was in moister tropical evergreen forest. Ponera exedra Wilson, n. sp. Holotype worker. HW 0.38 mm, HL 0.54 mm, SL 0.34 mm, CI 71, SI 90, PW 0.32 mm, petiole height 0.30 mm, petiolar node length 0.20 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.24 mm. This species is very close to P. calcdonica Wilson, and is distinguished by its slightly larger size, more elongate head, and longer scapes, as indicated in the measurements cited above. It also has a distinctly thicker petiolar node ; when viewed from directly above, the entire surface of the node forms slightly but distinctly more than a half-circle. In addition, the subpetiolar process is somewhat more reduced, and its apical angle is obtuse. Queen paratype. (Tentative determination). HW 0.40 mm, IIL 0.54 mm, SL 0.35 mm, CI 74, SI 88, petiolar node length 0.21 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.25 mm. Distinguished from the worker by the usual queen-worker caste differences. Maximum eye length 0.11 mm. Petiolar node thinner and more sharply tapering than in worker; seen from directly above, the dorsal surface of the node alone forms distinctly less than a half-circle, but the entire node forms distinctly more. Head (except mandi- bles) and first three gastric tergites medium brown; alitrunk and petiole somewhat lighter yellowish brown; mandibles and appendages brownish yellow to clear yellow. Relationships. See under P. calcdonica. Material examined. VICTORIA: Arthurs Seat (mountain) at McCrae, 100-300 m. (type locality) ; April 28, 1951; a single worker (W. L. Brown). NEW SOUTH WALES: Pymble; October 23, 1950; a single dealate queen (Brown). Ecological notes. Dr. Brown has supplied me with the follow- ing information relative to the Arthurs Seat worker. This speci- WILSON : TENUIS AND SELENOPHORA GROUPS OF PONERA 365 men was found under a rock in granitic soil in a medium rainfall forest of Eucalyptis viminalis, E. radiata and Banksia sp. Brown notes that the ant fauna of Arthurs Seat is unusual for this part of Victoria, containing a number of distinctly north- ern elements, e. g. Mayriella abstinens Forel and Camponotus intrepiclus (Kirby). Thus the discovery of the Ponera exedra queen at Pymble, N. S. W., hundreds of miles to the north, is not too surprising. This latter specimen was collected from beneath a rock in medium, dry sclerophyll forest on sandstone. The close affinities of P. exedra to P. caledonica are of con- siderable interest, insomuch as they represent another of a grow- ing series of known links at the species-group level between the ant faunas of NewT Caledonia and eastern Australia. Ponera huonica Wilson, n. sp. Holotype worker. HW 0.41 mm, HL 0.49 mm, SL 0.33 mm. CI 84, SI 81, petiole height 0.33 mm, petiolar node length 0.18 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.22 mm. Right mandible with three teeth occupying the apical half of the masticatory border, a smaller tooth situated approximately midway between the basal- most of the apical teeth and the basal angle, and an even smaller, barely distinguishable tooth on the basal angle. There are no intercalary denticles evident at magnifications up to 100X ; higher magnifications were not used. The left mandible is similar, but the median tooth described above is smaller and rudimentary. Eye minute, consisting of a single ommatidium. Antennal club massive, distinctly 4-jointed, slightly longer than the remainder of the funiculus. Head shape about as described in P. szaboi "Wilson. Petiolar node seen from the side relatively thick, subrectangular, tapering very little dorsally; seen from above its dorsal surface forms slightly more than a half -circle. Subpetiolar process well-developed, its apex sharply truncated. Mandibles smooth and shining ; clypeus somewhat less smooth, and feebly shining; remainder of head roughly shagreened and opaque. Pro- and mesonotum shagreened to contiguously punc- tate, and subopaque ; episternum and various propodeal surfaces variably punctate and feebly shining to subopaque. Petiolar node mostly covered with scattered shallow punctures, feebly to .366 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY strongly shining. C4astric tergites contiguously punctate and sub- opaque. Pilosity as in P. calcdonica but in addition with a few short erect hairs on the occipital border, anterior pronotal angle, and anterior gastric tergital surfaces. Pubescence dense, short, predominantly oblique to appressed. Head (except mandibles) medium brown; alitrunk, petiole, and gaster light brown, the gaster a shade darker than the rest; mandibles and appendages light brown. Worker paratype variation. HW 0.40-0.41 mm, HL 0.48-0.50 mm, SL 0.33-0.35 mm, CI 80-83, SI 81-87, PW 0.29-0.32 mm. The unusual mandibular dentition described for the holotype occurs in most of the paratype workers. In several it is modified by the addition of one or two smaller intercalary teeth or denti- cles on the basal half of the masticatory border. In several others the two principal teeth of the basal half are reduced to the size of normal (for the tenuis group) denticles. Queen paratypes. HW 0.43-0.45 mm, HL 0.51 mm, SL 0.35- 0.36 mm, CI 84-86, SI 80-82, dorsal petiole width 0.23-0.24 mm. Differing from the worker caste by the usual queen-worker differences. Compound eyes well developed, a,t least 0.29 mm in maximum length. Petiolar node notably more slender in side view ; seen from above its dorsal surface forms distinctly less than a half -circle. Coloration similar to that of worker. Male paratype. HW 0.43 mm, HL 0.45 mm, maximum eye length 0.21 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.14 mm. Not differing fundamentally in morphology from known Ponera males outside the tenuis group. Antennae 13-jointed. Mandibles much re- duced, only about 0.06 mm in length, edentate, with rounded apices. Petiolar node seen from the side forming roughly an isosceles triangle, with slightly concave anterior and posterior faces and rounded dorsal crest ; seen from above, circular in out- line. Genitalia exserted. Parameres small, 0.14 mm in length (measured from distalmost edge of basiparamere to tip of para- mere), tapering distally to a pointed apex. Penis valves large, prominent, extending nearly 0.1 mm beyond the dorsal margin of the parameres, their dorsal borders strongly convex, almost semicircular. Entire body covered with abundant, relatively short (length WILSON: TENUIS AND SELENOPHORA GROUPS OF PONERA 367 never exceeding 0.06 mm) oblique to erect hairs, which merge into the equally abundant underlying oblique pubescence. Appendages almost entirely lacking pilosity, supplied instead with dense, predominantly oblique pubescence. Body uniformly dark brown ; appendages light to medium brown; wings lightly and uniformly infumated. Relationships. This species is closely allied to P. tenuis (Emery) and P. ratardorum Wilson (q.v.). Material examined. P. huonica has thus far been collected only in a limited area in the mountainous region around the headwaters of the Mongi River, Huon Peninsula, northeast New Guinea. N-E NEW GUINEA: Ebabaang (type locality), 1300-1400 meters, April 16-18, 1955, 3 workers (E. O. Wilson, ace. no. 826) and nest series with 2 workers, 2 alate queens, and a male (ace. no. 827) ; Gemeheng, 1300-1500 m., April 11-13, 1955, worker, alate queen, dealate queen (Wilson, ace. no. 791) ; Joangeng, 1500 m., April 7-8, 1955, stray dealate queen (Wilson, ace. no. 746). Ecological notes. Colonies taken at Ebabaang and Gemeheng were both small, containing probably less than 30 workers. The one at Ebabaang was found under the moss layer covering the upper surface of a large, soft, "rich-red" log. The Gemeheng colony was in a small log in the same stage of decomposition. At all localities the species was found in partly open areas at the edge of native trails running through dense, wet midmoun- tain rainforest. Ponera incerta (Wheeler) Pseudocryptopone bncerta Wheeler, 1933, Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 672: 18-19, fig. 7, worker, queen. Type locality: Depok, Java. The head of the unique worker type is now unfortunately missing, so that exact measurements of cephalic and antennal proportions could not be taken. In the present diagnosis cephalic characters are taken from Wheeler's original description. PW 0.29 mm, petiole height 0.29 mm, petiole node length 0.15 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.22 mm. Mandibles with three apical teeth, behind which the masticatory border is "finely and indistinctly crenulate" (denticulate?). Antennal club 5-jointed. Petiolar node seen from directly above forming dis- 368 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY tinctly less than a half -circle, with a shallowly concave posterior border. Subpetiolar process well developed, its apical angle acute. Body sculpturing approximately as in P. huonica Wilson (q.v.) Body pilosity pattern as in P. caledonica Wilson. Pubescence dense, short, predominantly appressed. Body color uniformly yellowish ferruginous; legs clear yellow. Relationships. This species is probably most closely related to P. ratardorum Wilson, from which it can be distinguished by slight differences in the antennal club composition and in petiolar node shape, and by a strong color difference. It bears a close habitus resemblance to P. szaboi, but can be easily distinguished from that species by its 5-jointed antennal club, thinner petiolar node, and somewhat more strongly shagreened alitruncal dorsum. Material examined. JAVA : Depok, worker holotype. PONERA PETILA Wilson, 11. Sp. Holotype worker. HW 0.32 mm, HL 0.41 mm, SL 0.28 mm, CI 78, SI 88, PW 0.25 mm, petiolar height 0.25 mm, petiolar node length 0.13 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.18 mm. Very similar to P. szentivanyi Wilson, differing slightly in body and appendage proportions as given in the measurements cited above, and in the much feebler body sculpturing, which can be described as fol- lows. Sides of head densely but shallowly punctate, and feebly shining. Entire dorsal and lateral surfaces of the alitrunk with puncturation or shagreening of variable density but everywhere shallow and feeble, so that the surface is feebly to strongly shin- ing. The gastric tergites are also more feebly sculptured than in szentivanyi and their surfaces overall feebly shining. Relationships. Closely resembling P. szentivanyi Wilson, as detailed in the comparative description of that species to follow. Material examined. N-E. NEW GUINEA : lower Busu River, near Lae; May 10, 1955; a single worker (Wilson, ace. no. 999). Ecological note. The single worker was collected as a stray in the superficial layers of soil beneath a rotting log on the ground in primary lowland rainforest. WILSON : TENUIS AND SELENOPHORA GROUPS OP PONERA 369 PONERA RATARDORUM Wilson, II. Sp. Holotype worker. HW 0.37 mm, HL 0.47 mm, SL 0.31 mm, CI 79, SI 84, PW 0.29 mm, petiole height 0.28 mm, petiolar node length 0.15 mm, dorsal petiole width 0,20 mm. Mandibles with three well developed teeth occupying about the apical two- fifths of the masticatory border; the remainder of the border occupied by a series of minute denticles. Eye minute, consisting of a single ommatidium, located approximately 0.8 the distance from the lateral occipital border to the midpoint of the anterior genal border. Antennal club massive, indistinctly 5-jointed. Petiolar node seen from side subrectangular, tapering almost imperceptibly dorsally, the dorsal surface feebly convex; the dorsal surface seen from directly above forms distinctly less than a half-circle, and the posterior nodal border is almost per- fectly straight. Subpetiolar process well developed, its apical angle acute. Sculpturing very similar to that described for P. huonica. Pilosity and pubescence as described for P. caledonica. Body medium brown, the head and gaster a shade darker than the alitrunk and petiole. Appendages clear yellow. Worker paratype variation. New Britain and New Hebrides: HW 0.36-0.38 mm, HL 0.46-0.48 mm, SL 0.30-0.32 mm, CI 78-80, SI 83-86, PW 0.27-0.30 mm. Carolines: HW 0.38 mm, HL 0.49 mm, SL 0.33 mm, CI 88, SI 87, PW 0.29 mm. Relationships. This species most closely resembles P. incerta (Wheeler) of Java, differing in its darker color, distinctly 5-jointed antennal club (versus indistinctly 5-jointed in incerta), and straight posterior face of petiolar node. Superficially P. ratardorum resembles P. huonica Wilson and P. tenuis (Emery) but can be readily distinguished from these two species by its 5-jointed antennal club and much thinner petiolar node. Material examined. NEW BRITAIN: St. Paul's, Baining Mts., Gazelle Peninsula, 350 m. (type locality); Sept. 5, 1955; holotype and three paratype workers (J. L. Gressitt). NEW HEBRIDES: Ratard Plantation, 8 km. southwest of Luganville, Espiritu Santo; Jan. 7-13, 1955; two paratype workers (Wilson, ace. no. 348). CAROLINES : Yap I., one paratype worker (R. J. Goss) . The holotype and two paratypes have been returned to the Bishop Museum, Honolulu; the four remaining paratypes have 870 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY been deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology and IT. S. National Museum. This species is named in honor of Aubert and Suzanne Rataxd, of Noumea and Luganville, the writer 's gracious hosts during his brief stay in the New Hebrides. Ecological notes. Dr. Gressitt's New Britain specimens were taken from a rainforest humus berlesate. The present writer's New Hebrides specimens were found foraging during the day in leaf litter on the floor of primary coastal rainforest. Ponera swezeyi (Wheeler) Pseudocryptopone swezeyi Wheeler, 1933, Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 672: 16-17, fig. 6, worker, queen. Type locality: vicinity of Honolulu, Hawaii. The following measurements and descriptive notes are based on three worker syntypes in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. HW 0.29-0.30 mm, HL 0.38-0.41 mm, SL 0.25-0.26 mm, CI 72-78, SI 84-85, PW 0.21-0.24 mm, petiole height (single meas- urement) 0.24 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.18 mm. Mandible with three distinct apical teeth occupying slightly less than half the masticatory border; the remainder of the border bearing an in- determinate number of minute denticles. Antennal club dis- tinctly 5-jointed. Petiolar node seen from directly above forming slightly more than a half -circle. Subpetiolar process well de- veloped, its apex right-angular. Sculpturing about as in P. caledonica except that on the ali- trunk only the declivitous faces of the propodeum are smooth and shining, the remainder of the alitruneal surfaces being lightly shagreened and only feebly shining. Body concolorous light brownish yellow ; appendages clear yellow. Relationships. This distinctive little species does not appear to be closely related to any of the other known members of the tenuis group. Material examined. HAWAII : vicinity of Honolulu, 3 syntype workers (R. H. Van Zwaluwenburg) ; Herring Valley, Honolulu (F. X. Williams). Note on distribution. This species is known only from material collected in the vicinity of Honolulu. The habitat of the type series, "soil of cultivated and fallow sugar-cane fields," suggests WILSON: TENUIS AND SELENOPHORA GROUPS OP PONERA 3 7 1 that it may have been introduced by man into the Hawaiian Islands. Future collecting may show that its native range lies somewhere in the "source areas" of Melanesia or the East Indies. Ponera szaboi Wilson, noni. now Crypt opone mocsaryi Szabo, 1910, Rovartani Lap., 17: 186, fig. 1, worker. Secondary homonymy by present assignment to Ponera (nee Ponera mocsaryi Emery, 1900). Type locality: Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen (=Madang), N-E. New Guinea. Pseudoeryptopone mocsaryi, Wheeler, 1933, Araer. Mus. Nov., no. 672:14. The description offered below is based on two workers collected by myself in the vicinity of the lower Busu River, N-E. New- Guinea. These correspond well to Szabo 's description and figure, differing only in having somewhat more elongate heads than shown by Szabo. HW 0.30-0.31 mm ; HL 0.40 mm ; SL 0.25 mm ; CI 76-78 ; SI 79-83; P\V 0.23 mm; petiole height (single measurement) 0.24 mm; petiolar node length 0.15 mm; dorsal petiole width (single measurement) 0.15 mm. Mandible linear-subtriangular. The apical half of the masticatory border occupied by three distinct, acute teeth ; the basal half occupied by an indeterminate number of minute denticles. Eyes minute, consisting of a single omma- tidium. Antennal club massive, distinctly 4-jointed, consider- ably longer than the entire remainder of the funiculus. Head in full-face view subrectangular, with very feebly convex sides and feebly concave posterior border. Petiolar node seen from the side relatively thick, tapering slightly dorsally, with a feebly convex dorsal border ; seen from directly above, with the posterior face aligned with the plane of vision, the node forms distinctly more than a half-circle, and the posterior border appears almost perfectly straight. Subpetiolar process well-developed, its apical angle obtuse. Mandibles smooth and shining ; clypeus smooth and feebly shining; remainder of head finely and evenly shagreened and subopaque. All of alitruncal surfaces finely shagreened and subopaque, except the episterna and declivitous faces of the propodeum, which bear only scattered fine punctures and are relatively smooth and more or less shining. Various surfaces of the petiolar node bearing variably dense but fine and separated 372 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY punctures, and otherwise smooth and more or less shining. Gastric tergital surfaces shagreened and subopaque, except for the anterior declivity of the first gastric tergite, which is smoother and feebly shining. Pilosity and pubescence as described for P. caledonica Wilson. Alitrunk and petiole yellowish brown ; head and gaster some- what darker, approaching medium brown ; appendages nearly clear yellow. Relationships. In its distinctive combination of characters in size, petiole form, and body color, szaboi stands well apart from all the other known species of the tenuis group. Material examined. N-E. NEW GUINEA : lower Busu River, near Lae, 2 workers (Wilson, ace. nos. 963, 1024). Ecological note. Both of the Busu River specimens were taken as strays on the floor of primary lowland rainforest. PONERA SZENTIVANYI Wilson, n. sp. Holotype worker. IIW 0.34 mm; HL 0.45 mm, SL 0.32 mm, CI 76, SI 94, PW 0.28 mm (petiole height not measured; see paratype), petiolar node length 0.16 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.24 mm. Three well developed teeth occupying the apical two- fifths of the masticatory border, followed basally by an indeter- minate number of minute denticles. Eye minute, consisting of a single ommatidium, located about 0.8 the distance from the lateral occipital border to the midpoint of the anterior genal border. Antennal club distinctly 4-jointed, considerably longer than the remainder of the funiculus. Head elongate (CI 76) with very feebly convex sides, and feebly but distinctly concave occipital border. Petiolar node seen from side relatively thin, elongate- trapezoidal; seen from directly above, so that the posterior face is exactly parallel with the line of vision, the node as a whole forms slightly more than a half-circle, but the dorsal surface alone forms much less than a half-circle ; seen from the preceding position the posterior face is feebly but distinctly concave. Subpetiolar process somewhat reduced, its apex right-angular. Body sculpturing approximately as described for P. huonica Wilson. Pilosity and pubescence as in P. caledonica Wilson. WILSON : TENUIS AND SELENOPHORA GROUPS OF PONERA 373 Body uniformly light brownish yellow; appendages clear yellow. Paratype worker. A single callow worker taken with the holotype has the integument of the head somewhat crumpled and distorted through drying, so that regular cephalic measure- ments could not be made. PW 0.28 mm, petiole height 0.29 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.21 mm. Body color clear, pale yellow. Relationships. This species most closely resembles P. petila Wilson, as indicated under the comparative description of that species. Together szentivanyi and petila form a subgroup of their own within the tenuis group, characterized in the worker caste by intermediate size, slender body form with elongate head, thin petiolar node, and brownish yellow body color. They are closest to the subgroup formed by P. caledonica Wilson and P. exedra Wilson, from which they can be distinguished by their smaller size and thinner petiolar node. Material examined. PAPUA : Karema, near the Brown River, about 30 miles north of Port Moresby; March 8-11, 1955; holo- type and single paratype worker (Wilson, ace. no. 563). This species is named in honor of Dr. J. H. Szent-Ivany, the expert resident entomologist of the Territory of Papua-New Guinea, whose friendly assistance greatly aided the author's field work in this area. Ecological note. The two type workers were taken close to- gether on the floor of primary lowland rainforest. Ponera tenuis (Emery) Cryptopone tenuis Emery, 1900, Termeszetr. Fiiz., 23: 321-322, pi. 8, figs. 21, 22, worker. Original localities: Lemien, near Berlinhafen (=Aitape), and Tamara I., N-E. New Guinea. Pseiulocryptopone tenuis, Wheeler, 1933, Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 672: 13-14. Lectotype worker.1 HW 0.44 mm, HL 0.52 mm, SL 0.35 mm, CI 85, SI 80, PW 0.32 mm, petiole height 0.32 mm, petiolar node length 0.17 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.22 mm. Right mandible with three2 rather worn, indistinct teeth occupying the apical half of the masticatory border; followed by an indeterminate number of minute, blunt denticles occupying the basal half of i By present selection, a syntype worker in the Emery Collection, kindly loaned to the author by Dott. Delta Guiglia. 2 Not four as stated by Emery in the original description. 374 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY the border. Eyes minute, consisting of a single ommatidium. Antennal club massive, distinctly 4-jointed, considerably longer than the remainder of the funiculus. Petiolar node seen from the side subtrapezoidal, tapering slightly dorsally, with a con- vex dorsal margin, its dorsal surface seen from directly above forming almost exactly a half-circle or very slightly less. An- terior half of subpetiolar process perforated by a small, median hole ; the posterior apex of the process forming an acute angle. Sculpturing as described for P. huo7iica Wilson. Pilosity and pubescence as described for P. huonica, except that erect hairs are lacking from the occiput and pronotum; these missing hairs may well have been rubbed off in this specimen, because they are present in more recently collected material determined as tenuis. Body uniformly yellowish brown, appendages clear yellow (specimen possibly faded; see below). Variation in other worker series. The following measurements are based on three workers from a single nest series collected at Ebabaang: HW 0.42-0.43 mm, HL 0.49-0.52 mm, SL 0.33-0.35 mm, CI 82-86, SI 78-83, PW 0.32 mm. In these specimens the anterior half of the subpetiolar process is not perforated as in the lectotype, and the posterior angle of the process forms a right angle instead of an acute angle. The body color is uniformly blackish brown, and the appendage color is light yellowish brown; there is an excellent possibility that the con- siderably lighter color of the lectotype is due to fading. Queen (tentative determination). IIW 0.50 mm, HL 0.58 mm, SL 0.40 mm, CI 86, SI 80, dorsal petiole width 0.27 mm. Dif- fering from the worker by the usual formicid queen-worker differences. Maximum eye length 0.15 mm. Petiolar node much thinner than in worker, seen from directly above forming much less than a half-circle. Distinguished from the queen of P. huonica by its larger size, darker body color (uniformly blackish brown as opposed to predominantly medium brown in huonica), and somewhat thinner petiolar node. Relationships. P. tenuis most closely resembles P. huonica Wilson, from which it differs principally in its more conventional mandibular dentition, thinner petiolar node, differently shaped subpetiolar process, and darker body color. Together these two species bear a close habitus resemblance to P. clavicornis Emery, WILSON : TENUIS AND SELENOPHORA GROUPS OF PONERA 375 and may in fact provide a link between the tenuis and seleno- phora species groups. Material examined. N-E. NEW GUINEA: (Lemien or Ta- mara I.), lectotype worker; Ebabaang, Mongi River Watershed, 1300-1400 m., 3 workers (Wilson, ace. no. 828) ; Joangeng, near Ebabaang, 1500 m., a stray dealate queen (Wilson, ace. no. 746). Ecological note. The Ebabaang workers were found foraging during the day in leaf litter on the floor of midmountain rain- forest. Ponera zwaluwenburgi (Wheeler) Pseudocryptoponc zwaluwenburgi Wheeler, 1933, Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 672: 14-16, fig. 5, worker. Type locality: Oahu Island, Hawaii (by present selection). The following measurements and descriptive notes are based on four worker syntypes in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. HW 0.44-0.47 mm, HL 0.53-0.59 mm, SL 0.38-0.42 mm, CI 81-84, SI 87-88, PW 0.32-0.35 mm, petiole height (single meas- urement) 0.28 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.20-0.23 mm. Mandibles with three well developed teeth occupying less than half the masticatory border, the remainder being occupied by an inde- terminate number of minute denticles. Antennal club indistinctly 5-jointed. Petiolar node seen from directly above forming dis- tinctly more than a half-circle. Subpetiolar process reduced to a mere convexity. Entire body finely and densely shagreened and subopaque. except the mandibles, posterior face of the propodeum, and posterior face of the petiola,r node, which are relatively smooth and shining. Short erect hairs numerous on anterior scape surface, entire dorsum of alitrunk, petiolar dorsum, and entire surfaces of ex- posed gastric tergites. Pubescence everywhere abundant, almost entirely appressed. Body and appendages concolorous clear yellow. Relationships. This species, marked by its combination of large size, lack of eyes, abundant erect pilosity, and pale color, does not appear to stand close to any of the other species of the tenuis group. Material examined. HAWAII : Oahu, four syntype workers. 376 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY This species is known only from the type material, which was collected at several localities on Oahu and on Maui. As in P. sivezeyi, the collections were all made from the soil of cultivated and fallow sugar-cane fields, a circumstance which suggests that the species may have been introduced into Hawaii by man. Characterization of the Ponera selenophora group Worker. Medium-sized species, worker head width ranging between 0.43 and 0.68 mm. Mandibular dentition variable, in most cases consisting of three distinct teeth occupying the apical two-fifths to one-half of the masticatory border, followed by a series of minute denticles; in one case (selenophora) the basal half of the border bears two distinct teeth in addition to the denticles. Eyes usually small, with 3-5 indistinct facets; in one case (elegantula) there are 11-12 facets. Junction of posterior and lateral faces of propodeum marginate, forming an angle of 80° to slightly less than 90°. Petiolar node massive and ex- ceptionally broad, its dorsal width never less than 0.77 X the pronotal width and usually much more ; arcuate or crescentic, with the junction of the anterior and posterior faces usually marginate. Subpetiolar process very variable in shape, from well developed and angular or subangular to rudimentary and rounded; when well developed, its apex generally projects pos- teriorly. Key to the species of the Ponera selenophora group, based on the worker 1. Small species, head width 0.43-0.47 mm; dorsum of alitrunk completely devoid of standing hairs; (Xew Guinea to New Hebrides) clavieornis Emery Larger species, head width 0.50 mm or greater; dorsum of alitrunk either covered by abundant standing hairs (usually) or else com- pletely devoid of standing hairs (the latter condition only in one species from New Guinea) 2 2. Entire lateral surface of the propodeum completely sculptured and opaque; (a larger species, head width 0.62-0.64 mm, with unusually long scapes, scape index 90-93) ; (Japan) scdbra Wheeler A large part of the lateral faces of the propodeum smooth and shining ; (species variable in size, with shorter scapes, scape index 89 or less) 3 WILSON : TENUIS AND SELENOPHORA GROUPS OF PONERA 377 3. (Based on unique type). Head more elongate (cephalic index 80), with relatively large eyes containing 11 or 12 distinct facets; alitrunk completely devoid of standing hairs; (mountains of northeastern New Guinea) elegantula Wilson, n. sp. Head proportionately shorter (cephalic index 86 or greater), with smaller eyes containing only 3-5 indistinct facets; alitrunk covered with abundant standing hairs 4 4. Smaller species (head width 0.50 mm) with proportionately short head (cephalic index 92-94); antennal club indistinctly 4-jointed; (Philip- pines) oreas (Wheeler) Either slightly larger species (head width 0.52-0.54 mm) with much longer head (cephalic index 85-87), or much larger species (head width 0.59 mm or greater) with head equally long to much longer (cephalic index 86-92) ; antennal club either 5-jointed or completely undifferentiated 5 5. Posterior face of petiolar node feebly but distinctly convex; a relatively small species (head width of unique type 0.52 mm) from the moun- tains of northeastern New Guinea syscena Wilson, n. sp. Posterior face of petiolar node flat or feebly concave 6 6. Smaller species (head width of unique type 0.54 mm) ; anterior surface of scape with abundant erect hairs; antennal club indistinctly 5-jointed ; (Hongkong) sinensis Wheeler Larger species (head width 0.59 mm or greater) ; erect hairs scarce to absent on anterior surface of scape; antennal club undifferenti- ated 7 7. Smaller species (head width 0.59-0.63 mm) ; basal half of masticatory border bearing two distinct teeth which are nearly as large as the three teeth of the apical half; posterior border of petiolar node, seen from directly above, distinctly concave ; (lowland rainforests of Papua and northeastern New Guinea) selenophora Emery Larger species (head width 0.65-0.68 mm) ; basal half of masticatory border bearing only minute denticles which do not approach in size the three apical teeth; posterior border of petiolar node, seen from directly above, straight; (mountains of northeastern New Guinea) xenagos Wilson, n. sp. Ponera clavicornis Emery Ponera clavicornis Emery, 1900, Termeszetr. Fiiz., 23: 317, pi. 8, figs. 7, 8, worker. Type locality: Friedrich-Wilhelrnshafen (=Madang), N-E. New Guinea. Ponera clavicornis, Mann, 1919, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63: 296. Selenopone clavicornis, Wheeler, 1933, Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 672 : 22. 378 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Worker. HW 0.43-0.47 mm, HL 0.52-0.59 mm, SL 0.35-0.42 mm, CI 81-85, SI 80-89, PW 0.32-0.37 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.27-0.32 mm. Mandibles with three well developed teeth occupy- ing about the apical half of the masticatory border; the basal half occupied by an indeterminate number of minute denticles. Eye as described for P. selenophora. Antennal club relatively slender, 5-jointed. Posterolateral margins of propodeum rela- tively poorly defined, seen from directly above forming an angle of only slightly less than 90°. Posterior face of petiolar node seen from directly above almost perfectly straight. Subpetiolar process variable in shape, ranging from a rudimentary convexity to a strong right-angular projection. Mandibles smooth and shining ; clypeus feebly shagreened and shining over most of its surface ; entire remainder of the head densely, finely, and evenly punctate (the punctures mostly under 0.01 mm in diameter) and completely opaque. Entire dorsal and lateral alitruncal surfaces similarly punctate and opaque, except for the ventral margins of the sides of the pronotum, a limited central longitudinal strip on the sides of the propodeum, and the lower half of the posterior propodeal face, which surfaces are more or less smooth and shining. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of petiolar node somewhat less densely punctate than head and alitrunk, subopaque; anterior and posterior faces more or less smooth and shining. First several gastric tergites also somewhat less densely punctate, subopaque to feebly shining. Pilosity completely lacking on head and alitrunk except for a few erect hairs on the mandibles, clypeus, and frontal lobe area. Petiolar node and first two gastric tergites bare to sparsely pilose; terminal gastric tergites and all gastric sternites abund- antly pilose. Body (except mandibles and apical gastric segments) piceous brown, approaching jet black. Mandibles, apical gastric seg- ments, and appendages yellowish brown. Geographic variation. The series from Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides, have somewhat longer scapes than those from New Guinea (SI 86-89 as opposed to 80-84). The series from Bisianumu, Papua, have the first two gastric tergites pilose ; in side view 5-10 standing hairs are visible along the profile of the first tergite. The series from Tumnang, N-E. New Guinea, and from the New Hebrides have the first two WILSON : TENUIS AND SELENOPHORA GROUPS OF PONERA 379 gastric tergites bare of pilosity. The series from Bubia, N-E. New Guinea, a geographically intermediate locality, has the tergites intermediately pilose: 1-3 standing hairs are visible along the profile of the first tergite. Relationships. This is a very distinct species, easily separated in the worker caste from other members of the selenophora group by the combination of smaller size, distinctive sculpturing, and sparse body pilosity. Material examined, PAPUA : Bisianumu, 500 m., March 15-20, 1955 (Wilson, ace. nos. 608, 626, and 648, the last with winged queens). N-E. NEW GUINEA: Madang, syntype worker (Emery Coll.); Bubia, 13 km. northwest of Lae, March 26, 1955 (Wilson ace. no. 680) ; lower Busu River, May 1955 (Wilson ace. no. 1006) ; Tumnang, Mongi River Watershed, 1500 m.. April 14-15, 1955 (Wilson ace. no. 798). SOLOMONS: Santa Isabel (Mann, 1919). NEW HEBRIDES: A. Ratard Planta- tion, 8 km. southwest of Luganville, Espiritu Santo, January 7-13, 1955 (Wilson ace. no. 348) ; Malua Bay, Malekula (L. E. Cheesman). My accessions no. 608 and no. 798 were compared directly with a worker syntype in the Emery Collection. Ecological notes. This is an exceptionally adaptable and widespread species. It has been collected from primary lowland rainforest (Espiritu Santo), second-growth lowland rainforest (Bubia), foothills forest (Bisianumu), and true midmountain forest (Tumnang), under a variety of local ecological conditions. My accession no. 608 (Bisianumu) was a small colony found nesting under the bark of a large ' ' passalid-stage " log on the ground ; larvae at various stages of development and cocoons were present. The other two Bisianumu accessions and the Bubia accession consisted of stray workers, also from large passalid-stage logs. The Tumnang and New Hebrides specimens were taken as strays in leaf litter on the forest floor. PONERA ELEGANTULA WilsOll, n. Sp. Holotype worker. HW 0.56 mm, HL 0.70 mm, SL 0.49 mm, CI 80, SI 87, PW 0.43 mm, petiolar node length 0.38 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.38 mm. Apical half of masticatory border of (left) mandible occupied by three well-developed teeth; posterior half occupied by six irregular denticles. Eyes relatively large, 380 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY maximum length 0.06 mm, with eleven or twelve distinct facets. No distinct antennal club differentiated ; funicular segments from the third outward gradually increasing in length and width. Head subrectangular, its sides feebly convex, its posterior border feebly concave. Posterolateral margins of propodeum dis- tinct but rounded, seen from above forming only slightly less than a 90° angle. Petiolar node in side view considerably thin- ner than in any other selenophora group member, although ex- hibiting the form and exceptional transverse width typical for the group. Seen from directly above, the dorsal surface of the node is thin and arc-shaped. Mandibles smooth and feebly shining; clypeus for the most part smooth and feebly shining. Kemainder of head covered by punctures which are about 0.006 mm in diameter and sep- arated from one another by about the same distance ; its surface feebly shining. Dorsal surface of alitrunk covered by similar punctures somewhat more widely spaced, its surface feebly shin- ing; punctures on sides of pronotum sparser, finer, the surface moderately shining; lower halves of episterna finely and very sparsely punctate, their surfaces strongly shining, upper halves finely shagreened and subopaque ; lower halves of metapleura and of the sides of the propodeum shagreened and subopaque, upper halves finely and sparsely punctate and shining ; posterior face of propodeum smooth and shining. Petiolar surfaces very sparsely punctate to smooth, moderately to strongly shining. Gastric tergites sculptured similarly to alitruncal dorsum. Body pilosity very sparse, limited to anterior region of head, posterior strips of first two gastric tergites, entire surfaces of apical gastric tergites, and entire surfaces of all gastric sternites. Pubescence everywhere abundant and appressed. Body color, excluding mandibles and apical gastric tergites, jet black. Mandibles, apical gastric tergites, and appendages yellowish brown. Paratype queen. HW 0.62 mm, II L 0.76 mm, SL 0.53 mm, CI 82, SI 86. Distinguished from the worker by the usual queen- worker caste differences. Maximum eye length 0.16 mm. Unlike the queens of other members of the tenuis and selenophora groups, the queen of elegant ula does not have a proportionately more slender petiolar node than the worker. Relationships. This species, with its distinctively large eye WILSON : TENUIS AND SELENOPHORA GROUPS OP PONERA 381 size and relatively slender petiolar node, does not appear to be closely related to any of the other members of the selenophora group. Material examined. N-E. NEW GUINEA : Tumnang, Mongi River Watershed, Huon Peninsula, 1500 m. ; April 14-15, 1955 ; one worker and one dealate queen (Wilson, ace. no. 799). Ecological note. The two type specimens were taken together under the bark of a rotting log in midmountain rainforest. Ponera oreas (Wheeler) Selenopone oreas Wheeler, 1933, Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 672: 20-21, fig. 8, worker. Type locality: Cuernos Mrs., 1300 m., near Dumaguete, Negros Oriental, Philippines. }Yorker. HW 0.50 mm, HL 0.54 mm, SL 0.39 mm, CI 93, SI 78, PW 0.36-0.38 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.29-0.31 mm. Closely related to the members of the selenophora "subgroup" (see under selenophora) and distinguished principally by the follow- ing characters : (1) Somewhat smaller size. (2) The antennal club is f our- jointed ; the fifth funicular segment from the apex is slightly larger than the succeeding basal segments, but still not large enough to be considered part of the club, as is the case in P. sinensis. (3) The head is proportionately shorter than in any other member of the selenophora group. Relationships. See comparative description above. Material examined. PHILIPPINES : Cuernos Mts., four syn- type workers. Ponera scabra Wheeler Ponera scabra Wheeler, 1928, Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici, 21: 99-100, worker, queen. Type locality: Mt. Maya, Japan (present selection). Worker. HW 0.62-0.64 mm, HL 0.77-0.80 mm, SL 0.56-0.59 mm, CI 78-82, SI 90-93, PW 0.46-0.50 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.39-0.42 mm. This species falls close to the selenophora "sub- group" (see under selenophora) , and can easily be distinguished from it by the following two characters: (1) The head is proportionately longer (maximum CI is 82 as opposed to a minimum of 85 in the selenophora subgroup). 382 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY (2) The entire alitrunk, except the posterior surface of the propodeum, is coarsely and irregularly shagreened and sub- opaque to opaque. Relationships. See comparative description above. Material examined. JAPAN: Mt. Maya, Honshu, six syntype workers. Ponera selenophora Emery I'uncra selenophora Emery, 1900, Termeszetr. Fiiz., 23: 317, pi. 8, figs. 4, 6, worker. Type locality: Lemien, near Berliuhafen (Aitape), N-E. New (iuinea. Selenopone selenophora, Wheeler, 1933, Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 672: 21. Worker. HW 0.59-0.63 mm, HL 0.66-0.69 mm, SL 0.52 mm, CI 88-92, SI 82-89, PW 0.46-0.49 mm, dorsal petiolar width 0.40-0.42 mm. Mandibles with three relatively large, well-de- veloped teeth occupying the apical half of the masticatory border; the basal half occupied by two smaller teeth, one located midway between the basalmost of the apical teeth and the basal angle, and the other on the basal angle. In addition, there are several irregular denticles in the interdentary spaces of the basal half of the border. Eyes minute, consisting of two or three small, ill-defined ommatidia, located approximately 0.8 the dis- tance from the lateral occipital border to the midpoint of the anterior genal border. The antenna lacks a well-defined club, the funicular segments merely increasing gradually in length and width from the fourth outward. Posterolateral margins of propodeum (line of juncture of posterior and lateral faces) well marked, seen from directly above forming an angle of about 80°. Posterior border of petiole when viewed from directly above distinctly concave. Subpetiolar process well developed, approxi- mately right-angular. Mandibles and most of clypeus smooth and shining. Entire rest of head covered by contiguous punctures about 0.01 mm or slightly less in diameter, completely opaque. Entire dorsum of alitrunk covered by punctures about 0.006 mm in diameter, separated by spaces of about the same width as the diameter of the punctures, the surface feebly shining. Lateral thoracic- surface covered by punctures of variable size, most with diameter under 0.01 mm, the majority contiguous; the surface subopaque. WILSON: TENUIS AND SELENOPHOKA GROUPS OF PONERA 383 The lateral and posterior propodeal faces bear only a few peri- pherally distributed punctures and are mostly smooth and shining. Petiolar node with sparse scattered punctures, its sur- face entirely smooth and shining. Short, erect hairs present on mandibles, clypeus, frontal lobe area, entire dorsal alitruncal surface, posterolateral propodeal margins, dorsal petiolar surface, and entire surfaces of first two gastric segments. Apical gastric segments covered by more abundant, much longer hairs. Pubescence almost everywhere abundant, predominantly oblique to appressed. Fig. 3. Lateral and dorsal views of the worker petiole of Ponera selenophora Emery. Based on a worker from Karema, Papua, which had been compared with a syntype in the Emery Collection. Entire body jet black, except mandibles and apical gastric segments, which are brownish yellow. Appendages variably brownish yellow. Relationships. Inside the selenophora group, P. selenophora falls within the closely knit subgroup which also includes P. xenagos Wilson, P. syscena Wilson and P. sinensis Wheeler. Dis- tinguishing characters are supplied in the respective comparative descriptions of these latter species. Material examined. N-E. NEW GUINEA: Lemien, near Berlinhafen (=Aitape), syntype worker; lower Busu River, near 384 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Lae, April 28, 1955 (E. 0. Wilson, aec. no. 564). PAPUA: Karema, near Brown River, March 8-11, 1955 (Wilson, ace. no. 564). NETH. NEW GUINEA: Maffin Bay, June, 1944, a single dealate queen (E. S. Ross). The Karema specimens have been compared directly with a worker type in the Emery Collection. Ecological note. Both of the author's collections were made on the floor of primary lowland rainforest. Ponera sinensis Wheeler Ponera sinensis Wheeler, 1928, Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici, 22: 6-7, worker. Type locality : Hongkong. Holotype worker. HW 0.54 mm, HL 0.62 mm, SL 0.45 mm, CI 87, SI 83, PW 0.41 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.35 mm. Very close to P. selenophora and P. syscena, differing primarily by the following combination of characters : (1) Intermediate size. (2) Apical five segments of antenna differentiated as a club. (3) Posterior face of petiolar node feebly but distinctly con- cave, approximately intermediate between selenophora and xena- gos. (4) Pilosity and pubescence approximately as described for syscena. (5) Propodeal margination as described for xenagos. (6) Basal half of masticatory border of mandible bearing only denticles. Relationships. See comparative description above. Material examined. Hongkong, holotype worker. Ponera syscena Wilson, n. sp. Holotype worker. HW 0.52 mm, HL 0.61 mm, SL 0.45 mm, CI 85, SI 87, PW 0.40 mm, petiolar height 0.39 mm, petiolar node length 0.26 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.31 mm. Closely related to P. selenophora Emery and P. sinensis Wheeler, differing pri- marily by the following combination of characters : (1) Small size, distinctly smaller than the probably sympatric P. selenophora but scarcely smaller than P. sinensis. (2) Dorsal petiole width only 0.78X the pronotal width, as opposed to at least 0.82X in selenophora and sinensis. Posterior WILSON : TENUIS AND SELENOPHORA GROUPS OF PONERA 385 face of petiolar node feebly convex (feebly concave in seleno- phora and sinensis). (3) Propodeal margination as described for P. xenagos. (4) Body and appendages with considerably more abundant pilosity and pubescence than in selenophora. Thirteen to seven- teen outstanding erect, hairs can be counted along the outer sur- faces of the scapes in the syscena type, whereas there are no more than five or six in selenophora. P. sinensis is close to P. syscena in this character. (5) Dentition of basal half of masticatory border of mandible bearing only denticles. Relationships. See comparative description above. Although this species closely resembles P. selenophora in most characters, it has a petiolar node form (q. v.) which is intermediate between the distinctive selenophora type and the more generalized type characterizing most of the species of Ponera. Material examined. N-E. NEW GUINEA: native trail be- tween Yunzain and Joangeng, Mongi Watershed, Huon Penin- sula,, 1300 m.j April 7, 1955; a single worker (Wilson). Ecological note. The unique type was taken as a stray on the floor of midmountain rainforest. Ponera xenagos Wilson, n. sp. Holotype worker. HW 0.67 mm, HL 0.77 mm, SL 0.59 mm, CI 87, SI 88, PW 0.52 mm, petiole height 0.53 mm, petiolar node length 0.27 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.42 mm. Very similar to P. selenophora Emery, differing by the following characters : (1) Larger size. (2) The three apical mandibular teeth occupy less than half the masticatory border, and distinct teeth are not developed on the basal half of the border as described for selenophora. (3) The posterolateral margins of the propodeum are less pronounced; viewed from directly above they form an angle of only a little less than 90°. (4) When viewed from directly above, the posterior margin of the petiolar node is almost perfectly straight, as opposed to the distinctly concave margin of selenophora. (5) Pubescence is generally sparser. The anterior face of the petiolar node has pubescence only over its upper quarter, 386 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY and there it is relatively sparse, whereas in selenophora it is abundant over the entire upper half. Paratype variation. IIW 0.65-0.68 mm, HL 0.75-0.80 mm, SL 0.57-0.60 mm, CI 86-90, SI 83-89, PW 0.52-0.54 mm, dorsal petiole width 0.40-0.44 mm. Relationships. P. xenagos is the largest of the known species of the selenophora group. Within the group, it is most closely allied to selenophora itself, as indicated in the above comparative description. Material examined. N-E. NEW GUINEA: Tumnang, 1500 m. (type locality), April 14-15, 1955, holotype and eight paratype workers (Wilson, ace. no. 801) ; Ebabaang, 1300-1400 m., April 16-18, 1955, three paratype workers (Wilson, ace. no. 819). Both of the above localities are in the Mongi River Watershed of the Huon Peninsula. Ecological notes. The Tumnang colony was found nesting under the loose bark of a rotting stump. The Ebabaang colony was under the loose bark of the upper surface of a large rotting log, in the immediate vicinity of a colony of Amblyopone australis Erichson. Both nest sites were in partial clearings at the side of native trails running through dense midmountain rainforest. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol. 116, No. 7 THE CHINESE CAENERESSA SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA, CTENUCHIDAE) By Nicholas S. Obraztsov With Four Plates CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM June, 1957 Publications Issued by or in Connection with THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD COLLEGE Bulletin (octavo) 1863 — The current volume is Vol. 116. Breviora (octavo) 1952 — No. 78 is current. Memoirs (quarto) 1864-1938 — Publication was terminated with Vol. 55. Johnsonia (quarto) 1941 — A publication of the Department of Mollusks. Vol. 3, no. 35 is current. Occasional Papers of the Department of Mollusks (octavo) 1945 — Vol. 2, no. 21 is current. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club (octavo) 1899- 1948 — Published in connection with the Museum. Publication terminated with Vol. 24. The continuing publications are issued at irregular intervals in numbers which may be purchased separately. Prices and lists may be obtained on application to the Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts. Of the Peters "Check List of Birds of the World," volumes 1-3 are out of print; volumes 4 and 6 may be obtained from the Harvard University Press; volumes 5 and 7 are sold by the Museum, and future volumes will be published under Museum auspices. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol. 116, No. 7 THE CHINESE CAENERESSA SPECIES (LEP1D0PTERA, CTENUCHTDAE) By Nicholas S. Obraztsov With Foin Plates CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM June, 1957 No. 7 — The Chinese Caeneressa Species (Lepidoptem , Ctenuchidae) By Nicholas S. Obraztsov TABLE OP CONTENTS Page LNTKODUCTION 389 ABBREVIATIONS 39i SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS Caeneressa n. gen 392 Pattern of the Body and Wings 393 Male Genitalia 39,5 Female Genitalia 396 Systematic Position 390 Range 39S Key to the Species, Based on External Characters 398 Key to Male Genitalia 400 1. Caeneressa proxima n. sp 400 2. Caeneressa klapperichi n. sp 403 3. Caeneressa pratti (Leech) 405 4. Caeneressa obsoleta (Leech) 406 •">. Caeneressa swinhoei (Leech) 409 6. Caeneressa hoenei n. sp 411 7. Caeneressa dispar n. sp 413 8. Caeneressa zernyi n. sp 41,5 9. Caeneressa ningyuena n. sp 410 10. Caeneressa oenone (Butl.) 417 11. Caeneressa diaphana (Koll.) 418 12. Caeneressa graduata (Hmps.) 42S 13. Caeneressa tienmushana n. sp 430 14. Caeneressa rubrozonata (Pouj.) 432 INDEX 437 INTRODUCTION ISome years ago, while the author was doing research on Ctenu- chidae and other Lepidoptera families at the Zoological Collection of the Bavarian State in Munich, he had an opportunity to study 390 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY not only the materials of that museum but also a very extensive collection from China gathered in the course of many years by the indefatigable investigator of the Lepidoptera of this country, Dr. H. Hone. This collection, now one of the most important components of the Institute of Zoological Research and Museum Alexander Koenig in Bonn, gave the author a basis for revision of several Chinese Ctenuchidae species in which he was especially interested. Further materials for this revision were found in collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, the American Museum of Natural History in New York, and the U. S. National Museum in Washington. The species of the related Oriental fauna were studied from the collections of the three last-mentioned museums and the State Museum of Natural His- tory in Leiden. The necessary knowledge about the type speci- mens of Ctenuchidae from China, previously described by earlier authors, was received by the author from the British Museum (Natural History). The new genus treated in this paper represents a small group of species ranging through China and the Oriental Region. These species have up to the present time been considered as belonging to the genus Amata F. from which they differ both in the struc- ture of hind tibiae and in the male genitalia. The female geni- talia could not be closely studied because the preparation of these parts involved the complete destruction of the markings of the abdomen which are very important for taxonomy of the Caeneressa species. The present paper may be considered as a complete revision of the Chinese Caeneressa species, so far as they are known. Concerning some species ranging also beyond China, it was pos- sible to add information about their distribution and geographi- cal variation in other countries. The author wishes to express his gratitude for the friendly cooperation of the Direction of the Zoological Collection of the Bavarian State in Munich (Germany) in the person of Prof. H. Krieg and the Curator of its Department of Entomology, Dr. W. Forster, and thus for the author's opportunity to devote most of his working-hours to research work. Hearty thanks also go to Dr. H. Hone of the Institute for Zoological Research and Museum Alexander Koenig in Bonn (Germany) for putting his rich collection at the author's disposal; Dr. P. J. Darlington, Jr., OBRAZTSOV: CHINESE CAENEBESSA 391 of the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, Mass., and Dr. F. H. Rindge of the American Museum of Natural History in New York for the opportunity to study materials in these museums; Mr. J. F. Gates Clarke and Mr. W. D. Field of the U. S. National Museum in Washington, D. C, for a similar op- portunity with respect to the materials of that museum ; Dr. A. N. Diakonoff of the State Museum of Natural History in Leiden (The Netherlands) for sending moths for study; Mr. W. H. T. Tams of the British Museum (Natural History) in London for sending photographs of the type specimens of Caeneressa species in this museum and their genitalia, and for a great deal of work connected with this important aid; Mr. S. G. Kiriakoff of the Zoological Laboratories of the University of Ghent (Belgium) for some information about the above types ; Mr. F. Daniel of the Zoological Collection of the Bavarian State for his continual assistance in the interpretation of labels in Dr. Hone 's collection ; Mrs. F. Tandler in Arlington, Va., for her kind assistance in the preparation of the English text of the present paper. The author acknowledges with thanks the support of his work on this paper by a research grant (1952) of the Research Program on the U.S.S.B. (East European Fund, Inc.) in New York; this grant gave him the opportunity to study the materials and the litera- ture in the museums of the United States. ABBREVIATION'S The following abbreviations of the names of collections are used in the paper : A.M.N.H., American Museum of Natural History, New York. B.M., British Museum (Natural History), London. M.C.Z., Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. M.K., Institute for Zoological Research and Museum Alexander Koenig ("Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Reichsinstitut"), Bonn, Germany. M.L., State Museum of Natural History (" Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie"), Leiden, The Netherlands. U.S.N.M., U.S. National Museum, Washington. Z.C.M., Zoological Collection of the Bavarian State ("Zoologische Samm- lung des Bayerischen Staates"), Munich, Germany. 392 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS CAENEEESSA, new genus Syntomis (part.) Kollar, 1848, Hiigel's Kaschmir, 4 (2), p. 460; Walker, 1854, List Spec. Lep. Ins. B. M., 1. p. 117; Herrich-Schaffer, 1858, Samml. neuer oder wenig bekannt. aussereurop. Schmett,, p. 72 ; Felder, 1862, Wien. Ent, Mschr., 6. p. 37; Moore, 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 244; Butler, 1876, J. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., 12. p. 344; 1877, Illustr. Het. B. M., 1. p. 17; Moore, 1878, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 845; 1878, Anderson's Ees. W. Yunnan, p. 296; Poujade, 1886, BulL Soc. Ent. France (6), 6. p. CXVII; Swinhoe (and Cotes), 1887, Cat. Moths Ind., p. 45; Leech, 1889, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 123; Hampson, 1892, Fauna Brit. India, Moths, 1. p. 212 ; Swinhoe, 1895, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 30; Hampson, 1897, J. Bombay N. H. Soc, 11. p. 284; Leech, 1898, The Entom., 31. p. 152; 1898, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 319; Hampson, 1898, Cat. Lep. Phal., 1. p. 59; 1900, J. Bombay N. H. Soc, 13, p. 46; Piepers en Snellen, 1904, Tijdschr. v. Ent., 47, p. 51; Seitz, 1909, Gross-Schm. Erde, 2. p. 38; Matsumura, 1911, Thousand Ins. Jap., Suppl., 3. p. 69; Zerny, 1912, Wagner's Lep. Cat., 7. p. 12; Seitz, 1912, Gross-Schm. Erde, 10, p. 67; Van Eecke, 1925, Zool. Meded. Rijksmus. Leiden, 8, p. 208; Draeseke, 1926, Iris, 40, p. 46; Wileman, 1929, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 76. p. 420; Matsumura, 1931, 6000 Illustr. Ins. Jap., p. 995; Kawada, 1934, Cat. Ins. Jap., 5. Lep. Syntomidae, p. 1; Wu, 1938, Cat. Ins. Sin., 4. p. 629; Sonan, 1941, Trans. N. II. Soc Formosa, 31. p. 95. Hydrusa (part.) Swinhoe, 1891, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 473; 1892, Cat. East, and Austral. Lep. Het., 1. p. 50; Kirby, 1892, Synon. Cat. Lep. Het., 1. p. 902; Hampson, 1892, Fauna Brit. India, Moths, 1. p. 220; 1898, Cat, Lep. Phal., 1. p. 66; Kiriakoff, 1954, Ann. Mus. Congo Tervuren, in 4°, Zool., 1. p. 431. Zygaena (part.) Kirby, 1892, Synon. Cat. Lep. Het., 1, p. 89. Eressa (part.) Hampson, 1892, Fauna Brit. India, Moths, 1. p. 221; Swin- hoe, 1895, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 32. Amata (part.) Rothschild, 1910, Novit. Zool., 17. p. 433; 1912, ibid., 19, p. 375; Hampson, 1915, Cat. Lep. Phal., Suppl., 1, (1914), p. 13; Fletcher, 1925, Cat. Ind. Ins., 8. p. 6; Matsumura, 1927, J. Coll. Agr. Hokkaido Univ., 19. p. 74; Candeze, 1927, Enc Ent. (B), Lepidoptera, 2. p. 74; Joannis, 1928, Ann. Soc Ent. France, 97, p. 245. Head rather roughly scaled, the frons usually a little more smooth. Antennae bipectinate or serrate in the male, serrate or simple in the female, sometimes simple in both sexes, always ciliate. Palpi labiales porrect, rather short, roughly scaled, OBRAZTSOV: CHINESE CAENERESSA 393 with a subacute terminal joint. Proboscis moderately long, weak. Legs smooth, only the coxae somewhat rougher scaled from the exterior side ; hind tibiae without middle spurs, with a pair of terminal ones only. Abdomen smoothly scaled. Forewing moderately broad, dilated outward; dorsum nearly two thirds as long as the costa ; termen straight or slightly convex ; 12 veins; Rx to R5 stalked; Mi from upper angle of the middle cell; M2 and M3 shortly stalked, connate or slightly separate, from the lower angle of the middle cell; Cuj from well before the angle of the middle cell ; Cu2 from more or less behind the middle point of the middle cell ; A2 more or less arched, extends to the tornus. Hindwing subovate, shorter than the forewing dorsum ; 5 veins ; Sc coincident with R and Mi, to the costa; M2 and Cii! connate or shortly stalked, from the lower angle of the middle cell ; Cu2 from cell near three fourths, remote from Cuj ; A2 to the tornus. Pattern of the Body and Wings. In their pattern the Caener- essa species are similar to most other Ctenuchidae genera of the Eastern Hemisphere. The predominant scaling of the head and body is black or dark brown, often with a blue, greenish or violet, silk or metallic reflection. The markings are formed by white, yellow, orange, or red scaling on the dark ground ; some- times the dark scaling is completely replaced by these colored scales or pushed into the background. On the head the colorous markings may be represented as a patch on the frons, also as streaks on the cheeks; exceptionally the dark ground of the head is completely taken over by the colorous scaling. On the patagia the dark ground is often similarly replaced, or they are patched with color. The tegulae are usually more or less widely patched with color, sometimes without any black. On the thorax colorous markings (streaks and patches) are often present; the pectus usually with lateral patches. The interior side of the coxae and some other parts of the legs are often colored, es- pecially in the males. The pattern of the abdomen is formed of variously developed transverse segmental bands and girdles, com- plete or interrupted on the dorsal or ventral surface; longi- tudinal lines are also sometimes present. The scaling of the body and its parts is never more than trichromatic, usually it is bichromatic. 394 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY The wing pattern of Caeneressa is similar to that of Amata F. and formed by hyaline spots on a dark ground. In this way, the wing pattern scheme of this latter genus (cf. Obraztsov, 1935, Ent. Anz., 15, p. 262; 1941, Univ. Kijev., Acta Mus. Zool., 1, (1939), p. 114) can be used also in Caeneressa. In the forewing a triangular spot (m2) is in the middle cell. A more or less long spot (nil + m3 °f the Amata wing pattern scheme) is below the middle cell, in the interspace between it and the vein A2 ; an ovate or more or less elongate spot (m4) is in the basal part of the interspace between the veins R5 and Mx ; two spots (m5 and m6) are in the basal parts of the interspaces between the veins M2 and Chi].. These last two spots are separated from one another by the vein M3. Some smaller extra spots are often present ; they occur near the basal parts of the interspaces over the vein R5 and below the vein M1; also at the outer angle formed by the vein Cu2 and the middle cell. The subcostal area is sometimes hyaline, the supradorsal area pale scaled. In the hindwing a basal spot is present. It occupies the inter- space between the middle cell, vein Cu2 and A2. This spot- usually crosses over the vein A2 and reaches almost to the wing dorsum. Not infrequently it also crosses over the lower vein of the middle cell which latter is in this case at least partly hyaline. The second hindwing spot is a distal one. It occupies the basal part of the interspace between the veins Cvlx and Cu2 and the middle cell. This spot usually crosses over the vein Cuj and reaches to the vein M2. In case both spots of the hindwing are enlarged and confluent, they occupy most of the surface of the wing, and the hindwing becomes hyaline with dark borders. Frequently all wing spots are very enlarged, and the wings become predominantly hyaline. In this instance, the dark ground of the forewing is reduced to a discal patch and borders along the wing margins. These borders are usually dilated at the wing apex, often also between the veins Cux and Cu2. A dark ray along the vein M2 usually connects the forewing borders with the discal patch. In the hindwing these borders are mostly dentate at the veins Cu! and Cu2. The veins of both wings are always more or less dark. OBRAZTSOV : CHINESE CAENERESSA 395 The wing pattern is bifacial and the under surface matches the upper one. Exceptionally the dark interspaces of the under wing surface are lightened by yellow, whitish or other scales. Male Genitalia (Pig. 1). Uncus long, more or less curved; tegumen simple or with lateral appendages; saccus variously 111% v mm-,* ■(' 'i^:, 1 m Fig. 1. Male genitalia of Caeneressa diaphana (Koll.) ; preparation no. 2 (M.C.Z.). a, lateral view ; b, ventral view. 896 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY long, at least moderate. Valvae elongate, variously shaped, some- times slightly asymmetrical, in this instance the left valva is shorter; the upper edge of the valva (costa) mostly indifferenti- ate ; sacculus more or less thickened, distally rounded, without a free apical point ; interior side of the valvae connected with the vallum penis by more or less long processus basales. Vallum penis membranous, only the fultura inferior sclerotized, vari- ously shaped. Aedoeagus moderate or long, more or less straight or slightly curved ; coecum penis moderate or underdeveloped ; vesica with a cuneus of numerous, little, chitinous spines, or with well developed elongate cornuti, sometimes with both. Female Genitalia (Fig. 2). The seventh abdominal segment with a broad, strongly sclerotized tergite and a narrow, less sclerotized sternite ; it forms caudad a wide, roundish opening into which the papillae anales are retracted in the position of rest. The postsegmental edge of the seventh sternite with a wide indentation displaced to the left which borders with the ostium bursae. The bottom of the sinus vaginalis membranous, with a narrow, arched sclerite cephalad from the ostium bursae, between it and the postsegmental edge of the seventh sternite. The eighth segment in form of a narrow ring, with a tergite more sclerotized ; I he eighth sternite semimembranous and forms a kind of medial ventral plate slightly widened at the middle. The narrow, lateral commissurae of both eighth tergite and sternite joined into rather short apophyses anteriores. The papillae anales soft, hairy, broad coniform, the apophyses posterioi'es nearly three limes as long as the apophyses anteriores. Two short, narrow papillae genitales between the papillae anales. Corpus bursae round, membranous, with a large, dented, sclero- tized signum dilated cephalad and constricted and pointed eaudad. Cervix bursae wide, with a broad lateral appendix joined to the ductus seminalis. Ductus bursae rather narrower than the cervix, constricted and being stronger near the wide ostium bursae. The above description of the female genitalia was made from Caeneressa diaphana (Koll.) only, and it is not safe to say that it may relate to all species of the genus. Systematic Position. The new genus Caeneressa is closely related to Eressa Wkr., Trichaeta Swinh. and Amata F., and in OBRAZTSOV: CHINESE CAENERESSA 397 the system has to be ranked among this generic group of the Ctenuchidae. From Ercssa it differs chiefly in the veins Mo and Ciij connate or stalked on the hind-wing; the male genitalia Kiy. J. Female genitalia of Caeneressa diaphana (Koll.) ; preparation no. Ot. 0 (M.L.). 398 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY of Caeneressa are similar to those of the multigutta group of Eressa. The new genus resembles especially Trichaeta, but dif- fers from it in the absence of the lateral hair-tufts on the abdo- men, and in genitalia. The features distinguishing Caeneressa from Amata consist of the absence of the middle spurs of the hind tibiae and of the male genitalia. The latter in Caeneressa do not have any developed upper angle of the valva, and the cornuti are never numerous and ranged in a longitudinal row, both of which features are so typical for Amata. Range. Information about the geographical distribution of the genus Caeneressa is currently very insufficient, in so far as the systematic position of many non-Palearctic species ranked under Amata P. is not proved. About the non-Palearctic species of the new genus it is only known at present that albifrons Moore, actea Swinh., oenone Btlr., era Swinh. and serrata Hmps. belong to Caeneressa. In the Palearctic region the genus is represented by thirteen species, seven of them new. The range of the genus Caeneressa is restricted to China (with the north extremity of distribution reaching the southern part of the province of Shensi), North India, Burma, Indo-China, Chusan, Formosa, and the Great Sunda Islands. The most widely distributed species of the genus is diaphana Koll. found in almost all parts of this range, while the distribution of other species is very restricted. Except for diaphana, all species known to be from China are endemics of this fauna. They have been found in the provinces of Shensi, Szechwan, Kweichow, Yunnan, Anh- wei, Hunan, Kiangsu, Chekiang, Kiangsi, Fukien, and Kwang- tung. It is very probable that they may be present also in other provinces which have been studied only to a very limited extent. There is evidence that rubrozonata Pouj. and diaphana Koll. are the most widely distributed Caeneressa species in China, although it would be premature to deny wide distribution with respect to the rest of the species of this genus. Key to the Species, Based on External Characters 1. Antennae bipeetinate in the male, serrate in the female 2 Antennae serrate in the male, simple in the female, sometimes simple in both sexes 12 OBRAZTSOV: CHINESE CAENERESSA 399 2. Abdomen with only transverse, yellow or red bands seldom joined together at the middle line 3 Abdomen with transverse bands and in addition with longitudinal lateral lines 13 3. No red sealing on any part of the head and body 4 Head, patagia, tegulae, thorax, and abdomen with red sealing on a blaek ground ningyuena, n. sp. •4. Frons white or greyish 5 Frons yellow or black 6 5. Patagia blaek; the elongate spot below the middle cell of the forewing extends farther outward than the spot in the middle cell proximo,, n. sp. Patagia yellow; the elongate spot below the middle cell of the forewing extends no farther outward than the spot in the middle cell pratti Leech 6. Patagia black 7 Patagia yellow, at least laterally 10 7. Hyaline areas between the forewing veins M2 and Cut extend to the middle cell 8 Hyaline areas between the above-mentioned veins formed as separate spots which do not reach to the middle cell 9 8. Thorax with a posterior yellow patch; first abdominal tergite with lateral yellow patches hoenei, n. sp. Thorax without a posterior yellow patch; first abdominal tergite broadly yellow zernyi, n. sp. 9. Frons black ; tegulae yellow with blaek end-hair ; hindwing with a broad hyaline area obsoleta Leech Frons diffusely yellow scaled ; tegulae yellow only on shoulders ; hind- wing with two separate hyaline spots Jdapperichi, n. sp. 10. Some of the yellow abdominal bands narrower at the middle oenone Btlr. The yellow abdominal bands not narrower at the middle 11 11. Head yellow; subcostal area of the forewing hyaline . . . .dispar, n. sp. Head black; subcostal area of the forewing black sivinlioei Leech 12. Abdomen with transverse bands and also with yellow or red longitudinal lines 13 Abdomen with yellow transverse bands only diapluina Koll. 13. Tegulae yellow or red, at least on shoulders 14 Tegulae blaek graduates, Hmps. 14. Abdomen besides two dorso-lateral yellow lines with a medio-dorsal, longitudinal, yellow line; tegulae entirely yellow . .tienmushana, n. sp. Abdomen with two dorso-lateral, longitudinal, yellow or red lines only; tegulae with some black, at least in the end-hairs . . .rubrozonata Pouj. 400 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Key to Male Genitalia 1. Processus basales of the valvae reach no farther than to the vallum penis 2 Processus basales of the valvae extend far over the vallum penis zernyi, n. sp. 2. Uncus dilated distally, shaped like a turkish broadsword . . 3 Uncus not dilated distally 7 .'i. Aedoeagus with a cuneus of numerous, little spines . .4 Aedoeagus with one or two cornuti 5 4. Uncus with a short, pointed tip diaphana Koll. Uncus with a long, pointed tip oenone Btlr. 5. One cornutus 6 Two cornuti rubrozonata Pouj. 6. The left valva shorter; saccus rather long tienmushana, n. sp. Both valvae almost equally long; saccus short. graduata Hmps. 7. Saccus broad, rather short 8 Saccus rather narrow, more or less long 10 8. Cornuti large, strong 9 Instead of cornuti, two pairs of longitudinal rows of numerous short cones proximo,, n. sp. 9. Tips of both valvae curved inward; the distal cornutus very broad at the base pratti Leech Tips of valvae straight ; the distal cornutus an almost regular cone . . . Mappericlti, n. sp. 1 0. Distal part of the valva with two angles 11 Distal part of the valva with an acute point 12 11. The left valva distinctly shorter than the right one; its lower angle acute hoenei, n. sp. Both valvae almost equally long; the lower distal angle of the left valva broad, stout swvnhoei Leech 12. Tegumen simple; the upper edge of the valva with an acute point; one cornutus obsoleta Leech Tegumen with lateral appendages ; the upper edge of the valva equally arched ; three cornuti dispar, n. sp. 1. Caeneressa proxima, new species PI. 1, figs. 1-3 Male. Antennae bipectinate, black, the apical part of the shaft white. Head black ; f rons white. Patagia black ; tegulae orange- yellow (at least on the shoulders), black bordered. Thorax black 1 No material available for ningyuena, new species, described from a female. OBRAZTSOV: CHINESE CAENERESSA 401 with a narrow, orange-yellow, posterior edge; pectus with two yellow patches on each side. Legs concolorous with the body or slightly paler; the interior side of the fore coxae white; fore tibiae sometimes with Avliite, longitudinal streaks ; tarsi more or less long whitish at the base. Abdomen black-brown, shot with greenish or violet ; first tergite orange-yellow ; second to sixth tergites (inch) usually with incomplete, orange, postsegmental bands, the fifth segment mostly with such a complete girdle; the corresponding sternites with complete, orange-yellow bands. Wings brownish black, with a dull, violet gloss ; spots white-hya- line. Length of the forewing : 25-29 mm. In the forewing a rather long, wredge-shaped spot (m2) in the middle cell; a long spot (m14., ) below it which extends much farther outward than the distal edge of the spot in the middle cell; a long spot (m4) between the veins R5 and Mt, with two longish extra streaks over these veins ; twro much broader, egg-shaped spots (m5 and m6) between the veins M2 and Ciij separated from each other by the black vein M3 ; the up- per of these spots slightly shorter than the lower one ; a more or less developed, oval extra spot at the base of the vein Cu2, out- ward from the long basal spot (m1+;;). The hindwdng with a large basal spot which extends from the middle cell to the vein A2 and is accompanied by a streak behind this vein; a distal spot, almost equal in size to the basal one, more or less separated from it, divided by the black vein Cuj into two unequal parts. Female. Similar to the male. Antennae serrate. Fore coxae entirely black. The orange-yellow band on the sixth abdominal segment mostly absent. The subcostal area of the forewing whit- ish hyaline, the supradorsal area sometimes whitish. Male Genitalia (Fig. 3) . Tegumen elongate, moderately arched ; uncus long, slightly curved downward ; saccus broad and large. Valvae almost symmetrical, with a strong, thickened sacculus; distal edge of the valva dentate; the whole valva equally nar- rowed toward the rounded tip ; processus basales curved, extend- ing to the upper part of the vallum penis. Fultura inferior bottle- shaped. Aedoeagus rather thick, moderately curved downward, funnel-shaped at the tip; coecum penis rudimentary, broad; cuneus of numerous short cones forming two pairs of longitudinal rows. 402 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Types. Holotype, male, Lienping, Province Kwangtung, May, 1922, H. Hone (genitalia preparation no. S.050 ; M.K.) ; allotype, female, Hoengshan, Province Hunan, May 29, 1933, H. Hone (M.K.) ; paratypes, two males, Lienping, Province Kwangtung, May, 1922, II. Hone (M.K. and Z.C.M.). Additional material examined. Two females, Yenping, Prov- ince Fukien, June 13, 1917 (A.M.N.H.) ; one female, Nanking, Province Kiangsu, June 15, 1933, H. Hone (Z.C.M.). Range. Chinese provinces Kwangtung, Fukien, Hunan, and Kiangsu. Fig. 3. Male genitalia of Caeneressa proxima, new species ; preparation no. S.050 (M.K.). a, lateral view; b, ventral view; c, aedoeagus. Remarks. Superficially very similar to pratti Leech and klap- perichi, n. sp., except for a much longer forewing spot (m1+3) below the middle cell. Moreover, proxima can be distinguished from pratti by the black color of the patagia and dissimilar color of the fore coxae. The markings of the abdomen of proxima are unlike those of klapperichi; also the frons scaling is white, not yellowish as in this species. OBRAZTSOV: CHINESE CAENERESSA 403 2. Caeneressa klapperichi, new species PL 1, figs. 7, 8 Male. Antennae bipectinate, black, the apical three-fourths of their shafts white. Head black; frons diffusely pale-yellow scaled. Patagia and tegulae black, the latter with yellow shoulders. Thorax violet-brown, with a narrow, yellow, posterior edge ; pec- tus with two yellow patches on each side. Legs concolorous with the body ; the interior side of the fore coxae whitish yellow ; tarsi whitish scaled. Abdomen violet-brown; first tergite orange-yel- low; second to seventh segments (incl.) with complete, orange- yellow, postsegmental girdles. Wings brownish black with a coppery gloss; spots white-hyaline. Length of the forewing: 21 mm. In the forewing a rather short, wedge-shaped spot (m2) in the middle cell ; an elongate spot (n^ +3) below it extends farther outward than to the middle of the above spot ; an almost equally broad, elongate spot (m4) between the veins R3 and M1? with two much smaller, elongate extra spots over these veins ; two rather short, egg-shaped spots (m5 and m6) between the veins M2 and Cux separated from each other by the black vein M3 ; the upper of these spots slightly shorter than the lower one. The hindwing with a rather large, roundish basal spot which extends from the middle cell almost to the dorsum ; a separate distal spot divided by the black vein Cui into two unequal parts ; the middle cell whitish scaled. Female. Similar to the male. Antennae serrate. Yellow of the tegulae only slightly developed. Abdomen with the first tergite orange-yellow ; similarly colored, incomplete, postseg- mental bands on the fourth and fifth segments. Forewing broader than in the male, all spots larger ; the extra spot located between the spots m4 and m5 contiguous with both; a little extra spot above the base of the vein Cu2 ; the subcostal area hyaline. The middle cell of the hindwing partly hyaline. Length of the fore- wing : 26 mm. Male Genitalia (Fig. 4). Tegumen strongly arched; uncus long, dilated at the middle, strongly curved downward ; saccus short. Valvae almost symmetrical, with a narrow, slightly thick- ened sacculus ; distal edge of the valva dentate ; the whole valva 404 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY equally narrowed toward the truncate tip ; processus basales angularly curved, hardly reaching with their tips to the vallum penis. Fultura inferior subquadrate. Aedoeagus rather short and thick, with a coecum penis directed downward ; a large, thick, claw-shaped cornutus on the tip of the vesica, and a much shorter one at its middle ; some fine, sclerotized dotting at the bases of these cornuti and above the second of them. Types. Holotype, male, Kuatun, Province Fukien, 2300 m.alt., June 16, 1938, J. Klapperich (genitalia preparation no. S.046 ; M.K.) ; allotype, female, the same locality, June 20, 1938, J. Klapperich (M.K.). Fig. -i. Male genitalia of Caeneressa Jclapperichi, new species ; preparation no. S.046 (M.K.). a, lateral view; b, ventral view; c, aedoeagus. Range. The species is known from the above locality only. Remarks. The appearance of this new species is very like that of pratti Leech and proxima, n. sp. ; klapperichi is especially closely related to the first of these species. It is likely that klapperichi may be a geographical subspecies of pratti, but in view of our scanty knowledge of both at present, it is better to consider them provisionally as two independent species. Super- ficially both are distinctive in the coloring of the frons and patagia, also in a dissimilar pattern of the abdomen. The dis- tinguishing features in the male genitalia are given in the pratti OBRAZTSOV : CHINESE CAENERESSA 405 description. As to the distinction between klapperichi and proximo,, refer to the remarks on this latter species. 3. Caeneressa pratti (Leech, 1889), new combination PI. 1, figs. 4, 5 Syntomis pratti Leech, 1889, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 123, pi. 9, fig. 3; 1898, ibid., p. 325; Hampson, 1898, Cat. Lep. Phal., 1. p. 64; Seitz, 1909, Gross-Sehm. Erde, 2. p. 40; Zerny, 1912, Wagner's Lep. Cat., 7. p. 25; Wu, 1938, Cat. Ins. Sin., 4. p. 632. — ORIGINAL DESCRIP TION: "Allied to Syntomis muirheadii, Feld., to which species it bears a strong superficial resemblance, but is separated therefrom by having only two hyaline spots towards base of primaries, and blackish margins to abdominal fold of secondaries. There is no yellow patch on the posterior edge of thorax, but one is situated band-like on first segment of abdomen, and this is followed by five yellow belts in the male and four in female. These last are interrupted on the back of the female by a stripe of the blackish ground colour. Antennae strongly pectinated in the male, a character which at once distinguishes it from male S. muirheadii. Expanse, $ 47 mm., $ 56 mm." (Leech, 1889). Zygaena pratti Kirby, 1892, Synon. Cat. Lep. Het., L p. 95. Male. Antennae bipectinate, black, the apical half of the shaft white. Head black ; f rons white. Patagia and tegulae yellow, the latter bordered with black. Thorax black ; pectus with two yellow patches on each side. Legs concolorous with the body or slightly paler ; the interior side of the fore coxae yellowish white, the base of the tarsi whitish. Abdomen brownish black; the entire first tergite orange-yellow ; second segment with orange-yellow, lateral patches on the tergite and a similarly colored, complete, postseg- mental band on the sternite; third to sixth segments (incl.) with complete, orange-yellow, postsegmental girdles, paler on the ventral surface. Wings brownish black, spots white-hyaline. Length of the fore wing : 23 mm. In the forewing a rather short, wedge-shaped spot (m2) at the end of the middle cell; an elongate spot (m1+3) below it reaches about to a point on a level with the middle of the middle cell spot; a rather narrow, elongate spot (m4) between the veins R5 and Mx accompanied by two short, hyaline streaks above and beneath; two shorter but broader, egg-shaped spots (m5 and m6) between the veins M2 and Cui separated from 406 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY each other by the black vein M3 ; the upper of these spots is slightly longer than the lower one. The hindwing with a large basal spot which begins in the middle cell and extends almost to the dorsum; a smaller distal spot separated from the basal spot by a transverse black bar and divided by the black vein Cut into two unequal parts. Female. Similar to the male. Antennae serrate. Frons greyish white. Patagia black, yellowish at sides. First tergite of the abdomen orange-yellow, second to fifth tergites (incl.) with similarly colored, broad lateral patches; the corresponding ster- nites with paler yellow postsegmental bands. The subcostal area of the forewing whitish hyaline. Length of the forewing: 26-28 mm. Male Genitalia (PI. 1, fig. 6). Like those of klapperichi, n. sp., but the valvae tips strongly curved inward. Fultura inferior more elongate. The distal cornutus narrower but more dilated at the base ; the proximal cornutus slightly longer than in klapperichi. Types. Holotype, male, and allotype, female, Kiukiang, Prov- ince Kiangsi, June, 1887 A. E. Pratt (genitalia preparation of the holotype no. 221; B.M.). Additional material examined. One female. Province Kiangsi, June 15 (A.M.N.H.). Range. Chinese province of Kiangsi. Remarks. Very similar to both preceding species whose dis- tinguishing features are discussed above. The resemblance of pratti to diaphana Koll. ssp. muirheadii Fldr. with which this species has been compared by Leech (1889) is very remote and neither can be mistaken for the other. The hyaline wing spots in muirheadii occupy a larger surface, the supplementary ele- ments of the markings are more developed, the abdominal girdles more numerous. In addition to these differences and those in the male genitalia, the antennae of muirheadii are serrate in the male and simple in the female. 4. Caeneressa obsoleta (Leech, 1898), new status and combination PI. 2, figs. 7-9 Syntomis swinhoei ab. obsoleta Leech, 1898, The Entoni., 31. p. 152. — ORIG- INAL DESCRIPTION: "In this form the upper hyaline spot of the OBRAZTSOV: CHINESE CAENERESSA 407 subapical trio is absent, and also the spot between the interno-niedian bar and the two submarginal spots; the border of secondaries is broader. Expanse, 34 millim." (Leech, 1898). Syntomis aotca ab. obsolcta Zerny, 1912, Wagner's Lep. Cat., 7, p. 19; Seitz, 1913, Gross-Schm. Erde, 10. p. 74. Male. Antennae bipectinate, black, one-fourth white-tipped. Head and patagia entirely black ; tegulae yellow with black end- hairs. Thorax black with a large, yellow, posterior patch ; pectus with a faint-yellow patch on each side. Legs black, the interior surface of the coxae yellow. Abdomen violet-black; first tergite yellow, at the middle broadly interrupted by black ; yellow, post- segmental bands on second to seventh segments (incl.), enlarged medio-dorsally and ventro-laterally, sometimes absent on fifth and sixth sternites. Wings black, spots white-hyaline. Length of the forewing: 17-19 mm. In the forewing a long, wedge-shaped spot (m2) in the middle cell; below it a long, more or less broad, slightly arched spot (nijls) which extends from near the wing base to about three- fourths of the dorsum; an elongate-ovate spot (m4) above the base of the vein M1; accompanied by a small, slightly elongate extra spot below this vein, and sometimes also by a little dot above the base of the vein R5 ; two spots (m5 and m6) in the interspaces of the veins M2 and Culs egg-shaped, dilated toward outside, the lower of them slightly broader and longer, separated from each other by the black vein M3 ; sometimes a little, ovate, extra spot above the base of the vein Cu2 . The hindwing spots form a common hyaline area bordered by black ; these borders are broad at the costa, dilated at the apex, with an obtuse tooth at the vein A2. Female. Similar to the male but with antennae serrate. The eyes circumciliated with yellow. The interior surface of the coxae black. First abdominal tergite with two yellow, lateral patches and a similarly colored streak at the middle ; second to sixth segments (incl.) with yellow bands dilated medio-dorsally and ventro-laterally, the two posterior ones sometimes reduced or absent. Male Genitalia (Fig. 5). Tegumen moderately arched; uncus long, undulate, with a short tip curved downward; saccus long, narrow. Valvae symmetrical; sacculus large, thickened, with a round tip ; upper edge of the valva almost straight ; an acute 408 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY projection between it and the irregularly concave distal edge; valva tip truncate, with a prolonged, acute, distal angle ; proces- sus basales extend to the vallum penis, their tips dilated. Fultura inferior elongate. Aedoeagus slender and long, slightly curved downward at coecum penis and upward at the tip; a single, grain-shaped cornutus. Fig. 5. Male genitalia of Caeneressa obsoleta (Leech) ; preparation no. S.049 (Z.C.M.). a, lateral view; l>, dorsal view; c, ventral view; d, aedoeagus. Type. Holotype, female, Ningpo, Province Chekiang, July, 1886 (B.M.). OBRAZTSOV: CHINESE CAENERESSA 409 Additional material examined. Two males and four females, Kuatun, Province Fukien, 2300 m.alt., May 19 till June 11, 1938, J. Klapperich (M.K.) ; one male and one female, the same data (preparation of the male genitalia no. S.049 ; Z.C.M.). Range. Chinese provinces of Chekiang and Fukien ; Chusan Islands. Variation. The nominate form of the species was described as having a single extra-spot below the f orewing spot m4 . Most of the specimens examined from Kuatun are like the type, others have extra spots above and beneath the spot m4. Sometimes another extra spot, on the outer side of the f orewing spot mu3 is present. A male specimen from Kuatun (May 20, 1938) lacks extra spots completely. Remarks. This species was established by Leech as an aberra- tion of sivinhoei Leech and considered by later authors as belong- ing to actea Swinh. but it has nothing to do with either of these species. It bears rather some likeness to proxima, n. sp., but is much smaller and with no spot on the frons, has dissimilar markings of the abdomen and very distinct genitalia. 5. Caeneressa swinhoei (Leech, 1898), renewed status and new combination PI. 2, figs. 4, 5 Syntomis sivinhoei Leech, 1898, The Entom., 31, p. 152; 1898, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 322. — ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION: "Allied to S. actea, Swinh., but the frons and head are black; the fronts of the tegulae and the metathorax are marked with yellow. The abdomen of male has seven yellow bands, and that of the female six. On the primaries the black along fifth vein between the diseal bar and marginal border is narrower, as also is the marginal border of secondaries. Expanse, $ 35 millim., $ 36 millim." (Leech, 1898). Syntomis actea ssp. 1 Hampson, 1898, Cat. Lep. Phal., 1» p. 64. Syntomis actea ssp. sivinhoei Hampson, 1898, op. cit., p. 537; Seitz, 1909, Gross-Schm. Erde, 2. p. 40; 1913, op. cit., 10. p. 74; Zerny, 1912, Wag- ner's Lep. Cat., 7. p. 19; Wu, 1938, Cat. Ins. Sin., 4, p. 629. Amata actea swinhoei Fletcher, 1925, Cat. Ind. Ins., 8, p. 7. Male. Antennae bipectinate, black, presumably white tipped (in the holotype the antennae tips are broken). Head entirely black. Patagia black, yellow laterally ; tegulae yellow with black end-hairs. Thorax black with a large, yellow, posterior patch; 410 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY pectus with yellow, lateral patches. Abdomen black ; first tergite with yellow lateral patches; second to seventh segments (incl.) with yellow postsegmental bands. Wings hyaline with veins and borders black, the latter enlarged at the apex. Forewing, more- over, with a black, subquadrate discal spot and a black ray along the vein M2 from the discal spot to the black wing borders ; these latter with a truncate tooth between the veins Cuj and Cu2 ; subcostal and supradorsal areas black. Hindwing with the subcostal area and the middle cell black. Length of the fore- wing : 16 mm. Female. Similar to the male but antennae serrate, black, white tipped. Abdomen with the first tergite patched not only laterally but also with presegmental and postsegmental 3rellow patches at the middle; all yellow abdominal bands dilated at the middle; seventh segment without any band. Length of the forewing: 17 mm. Male Genitalia (PI. 2, fig. 6). Like those of hocnei (cf. below), but differing from them as follows : Tegumen broader ; uncus with a more curved tip. Both valvae almost equally long ; the lower distal angle of the left valva stout, the upper angle directed more upward ; in the right valva the upper distal angle more acute. Types. Holotype, male, Mupin, Province Szechwan, June, Kricheldorff (preparation of genitalia no. 223; B.M.) ; allotype, female, Chiatingfu, Province Szechwan, July, A. E. Pratt (B.M.). Range. Chinese province Szechwan. Remarks. The acquaintance of the author with this species is based on photographs of the type specimens in the British Museum and the male genitalia of the holotype ; certain charac- ters of the markings of those specimens were verified by Mr. S. G. Kiriakoff at the author's request. This species was considered by Hampson (1898) as a sub- species of actea Swinh., while in point of fact swinhoei differs from Caeneressa actea (Swinh.) (PI. 2, figs. 1-3) both super- ficially and in the male genitalia. The frons of actea is yellow in the female ; the eighth abdominal segment of the male (seventh of the female) is yellow; in swinhoei it is black. The male geni- talia of actea are very typical : uncus deeply undulate, gibbous before a rather narrow and long tip; saccus rather short; the right valva with the lower distal angle pointed and the upper OBRAZTSOV: CHINESE CAENERESSA 411 angle broadly rounded, underdeveloped; the left valva much narrowed distally, with an almost straight, sharply pointed lower distal angle. Aedoeagus of actea is shorter and thicker than in swinhoei. For a discussion of distinguishing features of very similar hoenei, dispar and zernyi, refer below to the descriptions of these species. 6. Caeneressa hoenei, new species PI. 1, figs. 9, 10 Male. Antennae bipeetinate, black, the apical part of the shaft white. Head black ; f rons yellow. Patagia black ; tegulae yellow with black end-hairs. Thorax black with a posterior yellow patch ; pectus with two yellow patches on each side. Legs concolorous with the body; the interior side of the coxae entirely yellow. Abdomen black ; first tergite with lateral yellow patches ; yellow postsegmental bands (dilated on the ventral side) on the follow- ing six segments ; the tip of the abdomen black with bluish-violet gloss. Wings hyaline with black veins and narrow (at the apex dilated) black borders. In the forewing a black, subrectangular discal patch ; the vein M2 connecting this patch with the wing border black scaled ; a broad, truncate tooth on the interior side of the black wing border between the veins Cu! and Cu2 ; sub- costal and supradorsal areas of the forewing black. Hindwing with very narrow black borders slightly dilated at the apex. Reverse of both wings with a strong yellowish scaling along the costa and the dorsum, on interior edges of the black wing borders, partly also along the veins. Length of the forewing : 15-19 mm. Female. Similar to the male. Antennae serrate. Head en- tirely black. Coxae of all legs yellow streaked. Yellow bands, narrower on the ventral side, on second to sixth abdominal seg- ments (incl.). Male Genitalia ( Fig. 6 ) . Tegumen elongate, moderately arched ; uncus long, equally curved; saccus long and rather narrow. Valvae asymmetrical, the right one longer; upper and distal edges not differentiated from one another; the distal part of the valva subrectangular, with a truncate-concave edge and 412 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY upper and lower angles both acute and longer on the right valva ; sacculus long and wide ; processus basales narrow, dilated at tips. Vallum penis with two lateral dentate plates joined to the tips of processus basales. Fultura inferior rounded, inversely heart-shaped. Aedoeagus slender and very long, slightly curved downward at the coecum penis and upward at the tip ; a single, thorn-shaped cornutus. Types. Holotype, male, Tapaishan in Tsinling, Province Shensi, 1700 m.alt., July 7, 1936 ; allotype, female, of the same locality and date; three male paratypes taken July 7 to 10, 1936, H. Fig. 6. Male genitalia of Caeneressa hoenei, new species; preparation no. S.047 (Z.C.M.). a, lateral view; b, ventral view; c, aedoeagus. Hone (M.K.). A further male paratype from the same locality (preparation of genitalia no. S.047; Z.C.M.). Range. The species is known from the above locality only. Remarks. From swinhoei Leech to which the new species is closely related, it differs in having black patagia and a yellow irons in the male. C. hoenei also resembles actea Swinh., dispar n. sp. and zernyi n. sp. but in actea the frons is black in the male, yellow in the female, and the patagia and the anal abdom- inal segments are yellow. Both sexes of dispar have entirely yel- low head and patagia, and the yellow abdominal bands are almost OBRAZTSOV : CHINESE CAENERESSA 413 joined together; zernyi, in which the female is unknown, has an entirely black head. The genitalia of all these species are unlike those of hoenei. 7. Caeneressa dispar, new species PI. 4, figs. 1, 2 Male. Antennae bipectinate, dark brown, the two apical thirds of their shafts yellowish. Head, patagia, and tegulae yellow. Thorax brownish black with a posterior yellow patch ; pectus with two yellow patches on each side. Legs brownish, diffusely yellow scaled. Abdomen black ; first tergite with a yellow rectangle, black patched in the middle ; second to seventh segments ( incl. ) with postsegmental yellow bands joined at the middle line, each of the tergites consequently with two dorsolateral black patches ; eighth tergite black postsegmentally with yellow hairs; sternites whose scaling is very damaged may presumably be entirely yel- low. Wings hyaline, veins and narrow borders (dilated at the apex) brownish black. Forewing, moreover, with a brownish-black discal patch; vein M2 rather more blackish scaled, supradorsal area black ; subcostal area with longitudinal hyaline streak. Costa of the hindwing broad black ; upper part of the middle cell hyaline. Length of the forewing : 16 mm. Female. Similar to the male from which it differs as follows : Antennae serrate, with short, yellowish-white tips. Head black; frons, cheeks and vertex diffusely yellow scaled. Legs black. Abdomen with bands as in the male but on first to sixth tergites (incl.) only; the joining of bands not so clear; anal segments and all sternites black. The black pigmentation of the body more intensive and the yellow markings more orange. Black markings more dilated in both wings, and the black forewing borders with a distinct, broad tooth at the vein Cu2. Length of the forewing : 18-19 mm. Male Genitalia (Fig. 7). Tegumen with two lateral appendages curved upward; uncus rather long, moderately curved; saccus rather long. Valvae short, almost symmetrical ; sacculus narrow ; the terminal part of the valva much narrower than the basal part; the upper distal angle slightly acute; processus basales 414 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY straight, extending to the vallum penis. Fultura inferior elongate- ovate, with a concave upper edge. Aedoeagus comparatively large, slightly curved ; three thorn-like cornuti. Types. Holotype, male, Kuatun (27°40' N. and 117 °40' E.), Province Fukien, 2300 m. alt., May 19, 1938, J. Klapperich (geni- talia preparation no. S.048; M.K.) ; allotype, female, the same locality, May 6, 1938, J. Klapperich (M.K.) ; paratype, female, April 25, 1938, the same locality and collector (Z.C.M.). Fig. 7. Male genitalia of Caeneressa dispar, new species ; preparation no. S.048 (M.K.). a, lateral view; b, ventral view; c, aedoeagns. Additional material examined. Female, Shanghai, Province Chekiang, H. Hone (M.K.). Range. Chinese provinces Fukien and Chekiang. Remarks. The similarity of both sexes in certain characters and the fact that the moths were found in the same locality within a comparatively short time period, argues in favor of considering them conspecific. If this is not the case, the female may be con- sidered as a new species because it is unlike any other known species. The female specimen from Shanghai has an abdominal pattern like that in the male holotype; in the rest of its characters it OBRAZTSOV: CHINESE CAENERESSA 415 does not differ from the Kuatun females except that the black wing markings are rather more developed and some of the hyaline areas are more spot-like. Some similarity exists between dispar and actea Swinh., swin- hoei Leech, and zernyi n. sp., but all these species have their abdominal bands free, not joined. The male genitalia and some other characters in the above species are unlike those of dispar. The male of dispar recalls slightly the Formosan Amata kara- pinensis (Strd.) but the latter is not a Caeneressa species. 8. Caeneressa zernyi, new species PL 4, fig. 3 Male. Antennae bipectinate, black, the apical third of their shafts white. Head, patagia, and thorax black; tegulae yellow with black end-hairs. Legs brown. Abdomen black with the first tergite orange patched (the scaling of the remaining abdominal segments is damaged, and only some orange scales indicate thai bands were originally present ) . Wings hyaline with veins and borders black. Forewing with a subquadrate, black discal patch ; a black ray along the vein M2 joins the discal patch with the dilated apical border; a truncate interior tooth of the black wing border between the veins Cuj and Clio ; subcostal and supradorsal areas black. Hind- wing with black borders dilated at the apex; costa and the middle cell black. Length of the forewing: 16 mm. Male Genitalia (Fig. 8). Tegumen scarcely developed; uncus very long, curved, dilated at the base and before the narrow, rounded tip; (the saecus is missing). Valvae symmetrical; sac- culus well developed, broad, rather Hat ; the upper edge of the valva almost straight to the distal angle ; the apical part of the valva narrow and elongate ; processus basales much longer than the vallum penis, curved, arranged caudad. Fultura inferior irregularly shaped, narrow in the upper part and dilated in the lower. Aedoeagus slender, moderately long, slightly curved, with a moderate coecum penis; a single, thorn-shaped cornutus. Type. Monotype, male, Shinchow near Canton, Province Ivwangtung (genitalia preparation no. S.008; Z.C.M.). Remarks. This species was identified by Dr. H. Zerny (Vienna) 416 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY as new but was not described. It is superficially similar to actea Swinh., swinhoei Leech and dispar n. sp. but' differs from them in the black patagia. From hoenei n. sp. it differs in having an entirely black head. The peculiar processus basales and the uncus of zernyi are unlike those of the remaining known Caener- essa species. Fig. 8. Male genitalia of Caeneressa zernyi, new species ; preparation no. S.008 (Z.C.M.). a, dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, lateral view; d, aedoeagus. 9. Caeneressa ningyuena, new species PI. 4, fig. 4 Female. Antennae deeply serrate, black, one-fourth white tipped. Head red ; a narrow streak between the eyes and the mouth parts, black. Patagia entirely red ; tegulae red with OBRAZTSOV : CHINESE CAENERESSA 417 brownish-black end-hairs. Thorax black with a posterior red patch ; pectus with two red patches on each side. Legs entirely black. Abdomen black with six broad, red, postsegmental bands on first to sixth tergites (incl.). Wings hyaline with black veins and borders. Forewing with the borders broadly dilated at apex and forming a broad, in- terior tooth at the vein Cu2 ; a broad, black discal spot sending a ray along the vein M2 to the border; subcostal and supradorsal areas rather diffusely black scaled. Hindwing borders narrow, dilated only at the apex ; costa and the greatest part of the middle cell black. Length of the forewing 15 mm. Type. Monotype, female, mountains near Ningyuenfu, Prov- ince Szechwan (Z.C.M.). Remarks. Because of its red pigmentation, ningyuena may be compared with rubrozonata Pouj. to which it has no other similarity. The female of rubrozonata has simple antennae ; only its frons, not the whole head, is red ; the red pigmentation on the tegulae and the pectus is less developed, the thorax is en- tirely black. Also the postsegmental edge of the seventh abdom- inal sternite is distinct in both species (Pig. 12). From graduata Hmps., also red-pigmented, ningyuena can be distinguished by its broader forewing shape, less developed black wing markings, and absence of the longitudinal red lines on the abdomen. The antennae of graduata are simple in the female. 10. Caexeressa oenone (Butl.), new combination and renewed status Syntomis diaphana var. ? Walker, 1854, List. Spec. Lep. Ins. B. M., 1. p 126. — ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION: ' « Nigro-viridis, flavo varia; an- tennae nigrae serrate, apice albae; alae hyaline subluridae, purpureo- fusco marginatae, anticae purpureo-fusco faseiatae. Blackish green. Head pale yellow; vertex black. Proboscis tawny. Antennae black, serrated along the whole length, white above towards the tips. Thorax with an interrupted yellow band in front, and with a large subtriangular yellow mark on each side; scutellum and pectus mostly yellow. Wings hyaline, with a slight lurid tinge; borders, band on the tip of the discal areolet, and an opposite mark on the hind border purplish brown. Abdominal segments with more or less interrupted yellow bands. Legs blackish brown. Length of the body 6 lines: of wings 14 lines." (Walker, 1854). 418 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Syntomis oenone Butler, 1876, J. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., 12, p. 344 ; Swinhoe (and Cotes), 1887, Cat. Moths Ind., p. 49. — OKIGINAL DE- SCRIPTION: "S. diaphana, var. ?, Walker (nee Kollar) is a distinct species, and may be named S. oenone." (Butler, 1876). Zygaena vitreata (part.) Kirby, 1892, Synon. Cat. Lep. Het., 1. p. 95. Syntomis diaphana (part.) Hampson, 1892, Fauna Brit. India, Moths, I. p. 216; 1898, Cat. Lep. Phal., 1. p. 67; Seitz, 1909, Gross-Schm. Erde, 2, p. 40; Zerny, 1912, Wagner's Lep. Cat,, 7. p. 20. Antennae shortly bipeetinate in the male, serrate in the female. In other respects, this species cannot be distinguished from C. diaphana (Koll.). Male Genitalia. Uncus rather longer than in diaphana, with a more prolonged and acute tip ; saccus larger ; valvae somewhat broader. Fultura inferior almost regular ovate. Type. Holotype, male, North India (B.M.). Additional material examined. Five males and five females, Kooloo, Himalaya, Carleton (preparation of male genitalia no. 1, Obr.; M.C.Z.). Range. Western Himalaya. Remarks. Although this species has been not found within the limits of China, its presence in the Western Himalaya and a great similarity to diaphana Koll. are reasons for including it in the present revision. Walker (1854) described the antennae of oenone as "serrated along the whole length." This is an evidence that he correctly distinguished between oenone and diaphana. The later authors neglected this feature and ranked in none to diaphana. As matter of fact, the antennae of oenone are shortly bipeetinate in the male, but without a good magnifier seem serrate ; those of diaphana seem, under the same conditions, simple, and Hampson (1898) therefore placed this moth among the species with antennae simple in both sexes. The series of the oenone moths examined at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, represent specimens with markings like those of the nominotypical subspecies of diaphana. It is very significant that one diaphana female specimen was also caught in Kooloo. 11. Caeneressa diaphana (Koll.), new combination The synonymy is given under subspecies. Male. Antennae serrate, black, apical part of the shaft white OBRAZTSOV: CHINESE CAENERESSA 419 above. Head black; frons and narrow streaks behind the eyes white, cream-white, yellow or orange. The ground of the whole body black, often with a greenish, violet, or bronze reflection. Patagia from cream-whitish to orange, in the middle usually divided by black; tegulae concolorous with the patagia, wTith black end-hairs. Thorax with a broad transversal, whitish, yellow or orange, posterior patch ; this patch is often divided into two patches ; the middle part of the thorax sometimes with two longi- tudinal, concolorous lateral streaks ; pectus with twTo similar patches on each side. Legs black or dark brown, often with a bronze or greenish reflection; sometimes the femora and tibiae with whitish or yellow longitudinal streaks, and the inner surface of the coxae is of the same color; first joint of the tarsi sometimes whitish. Abdomen with whitish, yellow or orange bands on seven segments; at least some of these bands dorsally narrowed or interrupted at the middle; some of the anterior bands often paler than the remaining bands ; on the ventral side the bands are usually somewhat paler; the anal segment black or yellow. Wings predominantly hyaline with black veins and borders. In the forewing these borders are always dilated at the apex, usually more or less dilated at the vein M2 and between the veins Cuj and Cu2 ; discocellulars with a more or less broad, black spot ; along the vein M2 usually a black ray joining the discal spot with the wing borders. All these black markings are variously developed, and the hyaline area is sometimes reduced to separate spots: a long spot (m1+3) below the middle cell extends nearly from the wing base to the tornus; a wedge-shaped spot (m2) in the middle cell ; a more or less large extra spot above the base of the vein Cu2 ; three larger, elongate spots (m4 to m6), between the veins R5 and Mt and M3 and Cux form (together with two smaller and narrower extra spots above and beneath the spot m4) an exterior row of forewing spots. The basal parts of the forewing veins often yellow. In the hindwing the black borders dilated at the apex and slightly indented at the vein Cu2 ; the middle cell locked by a black discal spot. A stronger development of the black markings may make two spots of the whole hyaline area of the hindwing ; they are almost separated from each other by the vein Cu2. Middle cell and dorsum of the hindwing often whitish or yellowish scaled. Length of the forewing : 15-25 mm. 420 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Female. Similar to the male. Antennae simple. Abdomen with six whitish or orange bands. Length of the f orewing : 17-30 mm. Male Genitalia (Pig. 1). Tegumen elongate, arched; uncus long, curved, dilated toward the tip and then pointed; in the dorsal view the uncus is equally narrowed from the base to the tip; saccus broad, short. Valvae almost symmetrical, or the left valva is somewhat shorter, both leaf-shaped; sacculus mod- erately thickened ; distal edge of the valva more or less dentate ; processus basales extend to the vallum penis. Fultura inferior rounded. Aedoeagus moderately thickened, slightly curved at the middle; coecum penis moderate, broadly rounded; cuneus com- posed of numerous, diffusely arranged, small, sclerotized cones and a plate on the vesica. Female Genitalia (Fig. 2). Discussed in the description of the genus. Range. From Kashmir and North India through most of China and Indo-China to the Great Sunda Islands ; Formosa. Remarks. In the limits of its range, this species is found in three subspecies. They have no difference in the genitalia and are linked together by intermediate forms. 11a. Caeneressa diaphana diaphana (Koll.) , new status PL 3, figs. 1-4 Syntomis diaphana Kollar, 1848, Hiigel's Kaschmir, 4. part 2, p. 460, pi. 19, fig. 7; Walker, 1854, List. Spec. Lep. Ins. B. M., 1. p. 126; Herrich- Schaffer, 1838, Sarnml. neuer oder wenig bek. aussereurop. Schmett., p. 72; Swinhoe (and Cotes), 1887, Cat, Moths Ind., p. 47; Hampson, 1892, Fauna Brit. India, Moths, 1. p. 216; Swinhoe, 1895, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 31; Hampson, 1898, Cat. Lep. Phal., 1. p. 67; Snellen en Piepers, 1904, Tijdschr. v. Ent., 47, p. 51, 53; Seitz, 1909, Gross- Schm. Erde, 2, p. 40; Zerny, 1912, Wagner's Lep. Cat., 7. p. 20; Seitz, 1913, op. tit., 10. p. 74, pi. 9g [fig. 4]. — ORIGINAL DESCRIP- TION : ' ' Alis diaphanis, marginibus, macula in anticis costali nervisque nigris; fronte, maculis humeralibus, metathoracis cingulisque abdomi- nis, medio interruptis, flavis. Expans, alar. 1", 8"' (mas.) — 2", Vfa'" (femin.)." "Die grosste mir bekannte, sehr ausgezeichnete Art. Die Pliigel alle glashell, durchsichtig, nur ihre Rander und die Adern schwarz. Auf den Vorderfliigeln erstreckt sich an der Spitze die sehwarze Farbung am weitesten naeh innen, dann verbindet beilaufig in der Mitte ein schwarzer Fleck die beiden Hauptaste der Fliigeladern, OBRAZTSOV: CHINESE CAENERESSA 421 und entsendet einen sehmalen Streifen nach der Spitze hin; auch vom Aussenrande, nahe am hinteren Winkel wird der schwarze Saum breiter. Die Adern sind verhaltnismassig dick. Die schwarze Em- saumung der Hinterfliigel ist ziemlich gleichformig und das durchsich- tige Feld nur von drei feinen Adern durchzogen. Die Stirne, beiderseits ein Schulterfleck, ein in der Mitte unterbrochener Querstreifen am Hinterriicken gelb, auch der Hinterleib erscheint mit sieben in der Mitte unterbrochenen, beim Manne ockergelben, beim Weibchen mehr lichtgelben Eingen. Die Fiihler sind schwarz, gegen die Spitze weiss bestaubt." (Kollar, 1848). Syntomis vitreata Herrieh-Schaffer, 1855, Samml. neuer oder wenig bekannt. aussereurop. Schmett., pi. 50, fig. 267. There exists no description of vitreata, only a figure has been published. In the text accompanying the plates, Herrieh-Schaffer considered this name as synonymous ■with diaphana Koll. to which the figure of vitreata has an undoubted similarity. Hydrusa oaiaea Swinhoe, 1891, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 473, pi. 19, fig. 10; Kirby, 1892, Synon. Cat. Lep. Het., 1, p. 902; Hampson. 1892, Fauna Brit. India, Moths, 1. p. 222; Swinhoe, 1895, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 32. — ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION: "S2. Palpi and antennae black, antennae white above towards the tips ; f rons, head, and body bright ochreous; space between the antennae, a thin band behind, three longitudinal stripes on thorax, which meet in a band before and behind, segmental bands on abdomen, and extreme tip, deep black. Wings mostly hyaline, with black veins and borders. Fore wings with the costal line black, the band on disco -cellular broadly black, the black colour on the lower discoidal veinlet and on the first and second median veinlets thickening towards the irregular marginal band, some ochreous colour on the veins towards the base and on the space below the submedian vein. Hind wings with the costa broadly black, and with a marginal band somewhat as on fore wings. Under side as above; legs black, streaked with ochreous grey; tarsi for the greater part whitish. Expanse of wings, l%o in." (Swinhoe, 1891). NEW SYNONYM. Hydrusa diaphana Swinhoe, 1892, Cat. East, and Austral. Lep. Het., 1. p. 51. Zygaena diaphana Kirby, 1892, Synon. Cat. Lep. Het., 1, p. 95. Zygaena vitreata Kirby, 1892, op. cit., p. 95. Syntomis oaiaea Hampson, 1897, J. Bombay N. H. Soc, 11, p. 284; 1898, Cat, Lep. Phal., 1. p. 67; 1900, J. Bombay N. H. Soc, 13. p. 47; Seitz, 1913, Gross-Schm. Erde, 10. p. 74, pi. 9f [fig. 9]. Syntomis muirhcadi (non Fldr.) Hampson, 1898, Cat. Lep. Phal., 1. pi. 3, fig. 13; Sonan, 1941, Trans. N. H. Soc Formosa, 31. p. 96. Syntomis horishana Matsumura, 1911, Thousand Ins. Jap., Suppl., 3, p. 69, 422 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY pi. 35, fig. 19; Wileman, 1929, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 76. p. 429; Matsumura, 1931, 6000 Illustr. Ins. Jap., p. 995, fig. — OEIGINAL DESCRIPTION: "9. Fore wing yellowish, hyaline in certain lights reflecting blue; costa, outer and hind margin, a spot upon the cross vein, a longitudinal stripe each upon the veins III and V, as well as the total veins dark brown; at the hind margin with a yellow stripe. Hind wing just like the fore wing, veins except II yellowish, costa and outer margin as well as the vein II dark brown. Body dark brown, irons, collar, tegulae, mesonotum in the middle, a broad band to each segment of the abdomen and pygidium yellow. Legs dark brown, tarsi somewhat paler. Length: 16 mm.; exp. 48 mm." (Matsumura, 1911). NEW SYNONYM. Syntomis hoppo Matsumura, 1911, Thousand Ins. Jap., Suppl., 3, p. 70, pi. 35, fig. 20; Wileman, 1929 Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 76. p. 431; Mat- sumura, 1931, 6000 Illustr. Ins. Jap., p. 995, fig. — ORIGINAL DE- SCRIPTION: "It differs from S. horishana m. as follows: $. 1. Hyaline spot of the cell lb somewhat narrower. 2. Veins of the hind wing dark brown. 3. Frons, collar, tegulae orange yellow. 4. Abdomen orange yellow, to each segment with a spindle shaped black band, 2 last segments black, shot with blue. Length: 16 mm.; exp. 48 mm." (Matsumura, 1911). NEW SYNONYM. Syntomis uajaca Zerny, 1912, Wagner's Lep. Cat., 7, p. 19. Amata oaiaea Fletcher, 1925, Cat. Ind. Ins., 8. p. 8. Amata diaphana Fletcher, 1925, op. cit., p. 11; Candeze, 1927, Enc. Ent., ser. B, Lepidoptera, 2, p. 74; Joannis, 1928, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 97, p. 245. Syntomis muirheadi ab. horidhana Kawada, 1934, Cat. Ins. Jap., 5, Lep. Syntomidae, p. 2. Syntomis muirfieadi ab. hoppo Kawada, 1934, loc. cit. Wings mostly hyaline with the black only on their borders, discocellulars, and other veins. The hyaline areas separated by veins and merely by a black ray along the forewing vein Mo. The interior tooth of the forewing terminal border between the veins C\i1 and C112 never meets the middle-sized discocellular patch and just along these veins reaches sometimes to the middle cell. Patagia yellow ; thorax with or without longitudinal yellow streaks; yellow abdominal bauds interrupted at the middle, at least on two basal tergites. Types. Syntomis diaphana: Holotype, male, and allotype, fe- male, Masuri, N. W. Himalaya (location of types unknown) ; Ilydrusa baiaea: holotype, male, Khasia Hills, Assam (B.M.) ; S. horishana: monotype, female, Horisha, Formosa (Hokkaido OBRAZTSOV: CHINESE CAENERESSA 423 Imperial University, Sapporo); 8. hoppo: monotype, female, Hoppo, Formosa (the same collection). Additional material examined. One female, Kooloo, Himalaya, Carleton (M.C.Z.) ; one female, Morendro Doonai, Shillong, Assam, 1936 (M.L.) ; two males (genitalia preparation no. S.002 ; Z.C.M.) and one female (Zoological Museum of the Kiev State University), Ningyuenfu, Province Szechwan; one female, Kiu- huashan, Province Anhwei, September, 1932, G. Liu (M.C.Z.) ; two females, Chiengmai, Siam, October 26-28, 1920 (A.M.N.H.) ; three males (A.M.N.H.) and one female (genitalia preparation no. Ct. 9; M.L.), Java; one male and one female, Tjibodas, Java. 1400-1800 m. alt., November 1-20, December, 1927, H. Burgeff (Z.C.M.) ; two males and two females, the same locality, April 1-10, 1907 (male genitalia preparation no. 2, Obr. ; M.C.Z.) ; two males, Mt. Gede, Tjibodas, Java, April, 1909, Bryan and Palmer (genitalia preparation no. 4519 W.D.F. ; U.S.N.M.) ; one male and one female, Gedeh, W. Java, 1350 m. alt., 1893 ; 1600 m. alt., 1887 (M.L.) ; one male, Sindinglaya, W. Java, 1885 (M.L.) ; one female, Preanger, W. Java, 5000 ft. alt., Sythoff (M.L.) ; one male, "Java Sea" (M.L.) ; two males (genitalia preparation no. Ct. 3 ; M.L.) and one female (M.C.Z.), without data. Range. Kashmir; N. W. Himalaya; Chinese province Szech- wan ; S. China ; from N. India to Burma ; Indochinese Peninsula ; Great Sunda Islands; Formosa. Variation. The chief characters of the subspecies are more or less stable except for the width of the black wing borders and the yellow body pigmentation which may vary from specimen to specimen. All intermediate forms between the more yellow pig- mented baiaea and the less yellow pigmented diaphana were found, and there is no necessity to separate these forms under special names. The same should be said of horishana and hoppo which are only synonyms for diaphana. The extreme individual forms are the following two. ab. melas Wkr., new status (Plate 3, fig. 4) Syirtomis melas Walker, 1854, List. Spec. Lep. Ins. B. M., 1, p. 133; Butler, 1877, Illustr. Het. B. M., 1. p. 17, pi. 6, fig. 10; Swinhoe (and Cotes), 1887, Cat. Moths Ind., p. 49; Seitz, 1913, Gross-Schm. Erde, 10, p. 73, pi. 9g [fig. 5] ; Wileman, 1929, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 76. 424 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY p. 430, pi. 20, fig. 12. — ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION: "Purpureo- f usca, albido varia ; proboscide fulva ; palpis antennisque nigris, his apiee albis ; abdomen albido subinterrupte fasciatum ; alae hyaline, longae, subluridae, marginalibus venisque infuscatis. Purplish brown. Head whitish in front, on each side and beneath. Proboscis tawny. Palpi and antennae black, the latter white above towards the tips. An interrupted band on the prothorax, four broad stripes on the mesothorax and scutellum whitish. Wings hyaline, long, with a very slight lurid tinge, bordered with brown round the margin and along the veins, especially at the tips and across the tip of the discal areolet and along the opposite space of the hind border; a whitish streak along the hind border of the fore wings, and another along the fore border of the hind wings. Abdomen nearly linear; segments from the first to the sixth with whitish bands which are partly interrupted above. Length of the body 10 lines; of the wings 28 lines." (Walker, 1854). Zygaena melas Kirby, 1892, Synon. Cat. Lep. Het., 1. p. 94. Syntomis melaena (nom. emend.) Hampson, 1892, Fauna Brit. India. Moths, 1. p. 216; Swinhoe, 1895, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 31; Hampson, 1898, Cat. Lep. Phal., 1. p. 96; 1900, J. Bombay N. H. Soc, 13. p. 48; Zerny, 1912, Wagner's Lep. Cat., 7, p. 23; Wu, 1938, Cat. Ins. Sinens., 4, p. 630. • Amata melas Fletcher, 1925, Cat. Ind. Ins., 8, p. 17; Joannis, 1928, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 97, p. 245. Amata melaena Candeze, 1927, Enc. Ent., series B, Lepidoptera, 2, p. 75. Syntomis owstoni subsp. melas (ex err.) Wu, 1938, Cat. Ins. Sinens., 4, p. 631. Female specimens with the body pigmentation partly whitish instead of yellow, especially on the frons, patagia, tegulae, on the interior side of the fore coxae, and on the abdomen. Some of the abdominal bands are sometimes nevertheless yellow. Type. Holotype, female, Nepal (B.M.). ab. andersoni Moore, new status (Plate 3, fig. 3) Syntomis andersoni Moore, 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 244, pi. 18, fig. 1; 1878, ibid., p. 845, 857; 1878, Anderson's Res. W. Yunnan, p. 296, pi. 81, fig. 4; Swinhoe (and Cotes), 1887, Cat. Moths Ind., p. 45. — ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION: "Male and female. Wings hyaline, veins bluish black ; body black, with orange-yellow bands : fore wing with the costa and exterior and posterior margins black; space be- tween the submedian vein and posterior margin pale yellow; a broad transverse discicellular black quadrate spot, which is recurved out- OBRAZTSOV: CHINESE CAENERESSA 425 wards: hind wing with the anterior border pale yellow, and having a small discoidal black spot; apex and exterior margin black; posterior margin tinged with yellow. Spot on front of head, coxae, legs above, and band on each segment of abdomen beneath white. Collar round thorax, tegulae, spots on thorax, and band on each segment of abdomen above orange-yellow; tip of abdomen in male purplish black, in female yellowish grey. Proboscis, palpi, antennae, and legs beneath black, the antennae tipped with white. Expanse, $ l4Ao, 9 1% inch." (Moore, 1871). Zygaena andersoni Kirby, 1892, Synon. Cat. Lep. Het., 1. p. 96. Syntomis melaena Hampson, 1900, J. Bombay N. H. Soc, 13. p. 50. Amata flavolavata Rothschild, 1910, Novit. Zool., 17. p. 434; 1912, ibid., 19. p. 375, pi. 3, fig. 24; Hampson, 1915, Cat. Lep. Phal., Suppl., 1. (1914), p. 33; Fletcher, 1925, Cat. Ind. Ins., 8. p. 14. — ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION: "9. Nearest A. melaena Wlk., but distinguishable at once by the last abdominal segment being orange, and not blue-black as in melaena and melaena andersoni. Frons orange; tegulae and patagia orange; thorax black, orange at hind edge; antennae entirely black; abdomen bright orange with five black rings. Forewing hyaline orange-yellow, costal area between costal and subcostal nervures with basal three-fifths orange-yellow, area between vein 1 and inner margin orange, a black patch on discocellulars, apex and outer margin nar- rowly black, nervures black, veins 4 and 5 stalked. Hindwing hyaline orange-yellow, outer margin and nervures black. Length of forewing: •J 7 mm." (Rothschild, 1910). NEW SYNONYM. Syntomis flavolavata Zerny, 1912, Wagner's Lep. Cat., 7. p. 21; Seitz, 1913, Gross-Schm. Erde, 10, p. 73. Black wing markings reduced. The costal hindwing margin yellowish. Abdominal bands wide and not interrupted at the middle. Types. S. andersoni: Holotype, female, Yunnan (B.M.) ; A. flavolavata: monotype, female, Khasia Hills, Assam (B.M.) Remarks. There is no doubt that diaphana and baiaea are conspecific. The author had at his disposal both these forms and could not find any constant features which would distinguish one form from the other. The specimens like horishana and hoppo were found among the populations of ssp. diaphana from the continental part of China, and Kawada (1934, loc. cit.) was right in considering both Formosan "species" as forms of diaphana, which he erroneously called muirheadi. The ab. melas was found in almost all parts of the ssp. diaphana range; similar female specimens with the yellow abdominal markings replaced by 426 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY white, the author studied from Ningyuenfu, Morendro Doouai and Chiengmai, also from Java. In the literature melas was mentioned also from Himalaya, Nepal (type), Sikkhim, Burma, and Indochina. This form like ab. andersoni has no geographical adaptation. A separation of flavolavata from this latter form was unreasonable: Rothschild (1910) was wrong in describing the last abdominal segment of andersoni female as blue black. The remaining characters of flavolavata and andersoni, the yellow tinge of the hyaline wing membrane included, are com- mon and may be observed in any population of ssp. diqphana. lib. Caeneressa diaphana muirheadii (Fldr.), new status PI. 3, figs. 5-9 Syntomis muirheadii Felder, 1862, Wien. Ent. Mschr., 6, p. 37; Leech, 1889, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 123. — ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION: "Alis anticis nigricantibus, maculis tribus vittaeformibus aliisque quatuor pone diseum hyalinis, posticis, margine costali et externo exceptis, hyalinis, fronte scapulisque luteis, cingulis abdominalibus ochraceis. <$$." "Regiones montanas circa Ning-po incolit ista, S. diaphanae Kollar affinis. Mas maculas hyalinas exteriores alarum anticarum aliter habet ordinatas quam feniina. In eo macula prima inter venam subcostalem et discoidalem seperiorem jaceat, in femina inter ramos ultimos subcostales. Macula supra rami mediani primi basin minuta est, in femina autem vittaef ormis. " (Felder, 1862). Zygaena muirheadii Kirby, 1892, Synon. Cat. Lep. Het., 1. p. 95. Syntomis muitheadi Hampson, 1898, Cat. Lep. Phal., 1. p. 95; Leech, 1898. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 322; Seitz, 1909, Gross-Schm. Erde, 2. p. 40, pi. 9g [fig. 3]; Zerny, 1912, Wagner's Lep. Cat., 7. p. 24; Seitz., 1913, op. cit., 10. p. 70; Draeseke, 1926, Iris, 40. p. 46; Wileman, 1929, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 76. p. 421, 429-431, pi. 20, fig. 11; Wu. 1938, Cat. Ins. Sinens., 4. p. 630. Syntomis muirheadi (ssp. or ab.) aucta (non Leech) Hampson, 1898, Cat. Lep. Phal., 1. p. 95; Seitz, 1909, Gross-Schm. Erde, 2. p. 40; 1913, op. cit., 10. p. 70; Wu, 1938, Cat. Ins. Sinens., 4. p. 630. Amata muirheadi Fletcher, 1925, Cat. Ind. Ins., 8. p. 17. Wings with black markings more distributed and hyaline areas forming spots on the black ground. The spot edges, the forewing subcostal area, and the middle cell of the hindwing, often with a taint of yellow scales. Orange-yellow abdominal bands mostly interrupted or considerably narrowed dorsally. Thorax usually with orange-yellow longitudinal streaks well developed. OBRAZTSOV: CHINESE CAENERESSA 427 Types. Allotype, female, Ningpo, Province Chekiang (Tring Museum; ef. Wileman, 1929); holotype, male, is apparently missing. Additional material examined. Three males and three females, Suifu, Province Szechwan, April 8, 1922, November, D. C. Graham (U.S.N.M.) ; four males, Shinkaisi, Omeishan, Province Szechwan, 4400 ft. alt., August, D. C. Graham (U.S.N.M.) ; one female, Chengfu, Province Szechwan, June, D. C. Graham (U.S.N.M.) ; one female, Chungking, Province Szechwan, Sep- tember, 1941 (M.K.) ; one female, Tungjen, Province Kweiehow, September 8, 1928, C. B. Wahl (A.M.N.H.) ; one male, Nang- king, Province Kiangsu, June 15, 1933, H. Hone (M.K.) ; one male, Lungtan near Nangking, Province Kiangsu, June 3, 1933, II. Hone (M.K.) ; one male, East Tienmushan, Province Cheki- ang, 1500 m. alt., June 13, 1931, H. Hone (M.K.) ; one male and one female, the same locality, May 25, 1931, H. Hone (Z.C.M.) ; three males and one female, West Tienmushan, Province Cheki- ang, 1600 m. alt., May 29, September 2-3, 1932, H. Hone (M.K.) ; one male, Mokanshan, Province Chekiang, May 31, 1931, H. Hone (M.K.) ; four females, Yenping, Province Fukien, June 28, Au- gust 8, and September 9, 1917 (A.M.N.H.) ; one female, Foochow, Province Fukien (U.S.N.M.) ; one male and two females, Shaowu, Province Fukien, 500 m. alt., May 9 till 24, August, 1937, J. Klap- perich (M.K.) ; one male, the same locality (genitalia prepara- tion no. S.036 ; Z.C.M.) ; one male and three females, Kwangtseh, Province Fukien, August 28 till September 7, 1937, J. Klapper- ich (M.K.) ; one male, the same locality (Z.C.M.). Range. Chinese provinces Szechwan, Kweiehow, Kiangsu, Chekiang, and Fukien. Variation. This subspecies varies chiefly in size. The wing pattern is more or less constant; only the varied shape and size of the forewing extra spot above the vein Cu2 affects the width of the black wing border. The yellow abdominal girdles are mostly well developed; only in one female from Chungking is there no girdle on the second tergite. Remarks. Hampson (1898) and some other authors ranked Syntomis ancta Leech (The Entom., 31, 1898, p. 153) to muir- headii, but by mistake. The present author had an opportunity to study the male genitalia of the type of aucta on the basis of a photograph received from the British Museum. This examina- 428 BULLETIN :. MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY tion showed that aucta was an independent species belonging to the genus Amata F. lie. Caeneressa diaphana hunanensis, new subspecies PI. 3, figs. 10, 11 From the preceding subspecies this differs by a slight develop- ment of the yellow pigmentation of the patagia and thorax. Patagia black with some yellowish scales at the anterior edge ; longitudinal yellow streaks of the thorax obsolescent. Types. Holotype, male (May 30), allotype, female (June 6), and two paratypes (M.K.) ; two further paratypes, one male and one female (Z.C.M.). The series originates from Hoeng- shan, Province Hunan, 900 m. alt., May 28 till June 6, September 4, 1933, H. Hone. Range. Known from the above locality only. Remarks. Although the distinction between the new sub- species and ssp. muirheadii seems minimal, it is constant in all the specimens examined from Hoengshan. On the other hand, not any specimen of muirheadii, of the large series examined, has the yellow of the patagia so much reduced as in hunanensis. This fact gives the ground for considering the Hunan specimens a separate geographical form. 12. Caeneressa graduata (Hmps.), new combination PI. 4, figs. 16, 17 Syntomis graduata Hampson, 1898, Cat. Lep. Phal., 1. p. 67, pi. 2, fig. 28 ; Seitz, 1909, Gross-Schm. Erde, 2. p. 40, pi. 9f [fig. 4]; Zerny, 1912, Wagner's Lep. Cat., 7. p. 22; Wu, 1938, Cat. Ins. Sinens., 4, p. 629. -OBIGINAL DESCEIPTION: "$. Head, thorax, and abdomen black; tegulae and a patch on metathorax crimson; abdomen with subdorsal and lateral crimson streaks, the subdorsal streaks conjoined by segmental lines. Fore wing with hyaline streak above vein 1 from near base to near termen, and a series of spots between veins 2 and 5 and 6 and 8, diminishing in size towards costa. Hind wing with hyaline patches below the cell and above vein 2, and spot between veins 3 and 5, which are stalked." " $ with broad dorsal crimson fascia on abdomen." (Hampson, 1898). Male. Antennae biserrate, black, short white tipped. Head OBRAZTSOV: CHINESE CAENEKKSSA 429 black. Patagia red ; tegulae black. Thorax black with a posterior red patch ; pectus with two red patches on each side. Legs brownish, slightly paler than the body. Abdomen blackish brown ; postsegmental, crimson bands on first to seventh tergites (inch) ; a crimson mediodorsal and two lateral, longitudinal lines; sternites entirely black. Length of the forewing: 14-15 mm. Wings black brownish, rather diffusely scaled, with hyaline spots. Forewing with a three-fourths long, slightly arcuate spot (m1+3) below the middle cell; a short, wedge-shaped, some- times diffusely blackish scaled spot (m2) in the middle cell; an exterior series of spots consisting of more or less short rec- tangular spot (m4) between the veins Mx and R5 accompanied by an extra spot above and a little, inconstant extra spot below; two inward pointed spots (m5 and m6) between the veins M2 and Cu1} and an extra spot between the veins Cux and Cu2 bordering on the lower edge of the middle cell ; these exterior spots are separated from each other by veins only. Hindwing black bordered, with an elongate hyaline area below the middle cell. Fig. 9. Male genitalia of Caeneressa graduata (Hmps.) ; preparation no. S.064 (M.K.). a, lateral view ; b, ventral view ; c, aedoeagus. Female. Similar to the male. Antennae simple. Abdomen with a broad, dorsal, longitudinal, crimson fascia. Male Genitalia ( Fig. 9 ) . Tegumen rather narrow ; uncus mod- erately long, dilated and pointed distally; saccus broad, rather short, with a narrow tip. Yarvae symmetrical; sacculus short; 430 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY costa slightly arched between the upper and distal edges; tip of the valva acute, directed slightly upward ; processus basales extending only to the vallum penis. Fultura inferior ovate. Aedoeagus moderately sized, curved upward ; one single, long cornutus, thickened at the base, very narrowed distally. Type. Ilolotype, male, Kiangnan (B.M.). Additional material examined. One male, Lungtan near Nang- king, Province Kiangsu, May 8, 1933, H. Hone (genitalia prepa- ration no. S.064; M.K.). Range. Chinese province Kiangsu. Remarks. In the abdominal pattern, this species is similar to C. tienmushana, n. sp., but it has crimson bands instead of the yellow ones in the latter species, and otherwise shaped geni- talia. From all other Caeneressa species, gr adnata differs in its peculiar venation having the hindwing veins M2 and CUi stalked. 13. Caeneressa tienmushana, new species PI. 4, fig. 5 Male. Antennae slightly serrate, black, short yellowish tipped. Head black; frons and palpi yellow. Patagia yellow, at the middle blackish ; tegulae entirely yellow. Thorax blackish brown ; pectus with two yellow patches on each side. Legs brownish, diffusely yellowish scaled, especially on the tarsi ; interior side of the coxae yellow. Abdomen brownish black ; first to seventh tergites (inch) with narrow, postsegmental, yellow bands; a yellow mediodorsal and two longitudinal, lateral lines; the corresponding sternites in their greatest part yellow ; tip brown- ish black with sparse, postsegmental, yellow hairs. Length of the forewing: 14 mm. Wings hyaline with brownish black veins and borders dilated at the apex. Forewing moreover with a broad, brownish black, discal spot and a black ray along the vein M2 connecting this spot with the wing borders ; a border tooth along the vein Cu2 ; all the hyaline areas more or less spot-shaped ; subcostal area yellow. Hindwing narrower, brownish black bordered; dorsum yellow scaled ; middle cell and costa brownish black, the latter slightly tinged with yellow. The reverse of both wings with a diffuse, yellow sealing along the costa and dorsum. OBRAZTSOV : CHINESE CAENERESSA 431 Male Genitalia (Fig. 10). Teguinen narrow, moderately curved, dilated distally and with an acute tip ; saccus moder- ately long, almost straight. Valvae leaf-shaped, the left valva considerably shorter ; tip pointed ; sacculus rather narrow, slightly thickened, with an obtuse tip; processus basales short, slightly curved at the tips, extending only to the vallum penis. Fultura inferior elongate-ovate. Aedoeagus rather long, slender. Fig. 10. Male genitalia of Caeneressa tienmushana, new species; prepara- tion no. S.051 (M.K.). a, lateral view; b, dorsal view; c, ventral view; d, aedoeagus. slightly curved upward; a single, thorn-like cornutus, and a fine, distal cuneus of numerous, little, chitinous cones. Type. Monotype, male, West Tienmushan, Province Chekiang, June 9, 1935, II. Hone (genitalia preparation no. S.051; M.K.). Range. Known from the above locality only. 432 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Remarks. Allied to rubrozonata Pouj., especially to its ab. leucoma Leech, from which the new species differs in its anten- nae, head color, tegulae, legs, and abdomen, in more enlarged hyaline wing areas, and in genitalia. The wing pattern is some- what similar to that of ob sol eta Leech but the forewing spots are less far apart. 14. Caeneressa rubrozonata (Pouj.), new combination The synonymy is given under subspecies. Male. Antennae slightly serrate or simple, black, short white tipped. Head black ; f rons white. Patagia black, sometimes shot with reddish or yellowish, especially at sides, seldom entirely red or yellow ; tegulae red or yellow with black hair-tufts on the Fig. 11. Male genitalia of Caeneressa rubrozonata (Pouj.) ; preparation no. S.052 (Z.C.M.). a, lateral view; b, ventral view; c, aedoeagus. tips, or black with colored shoulders. Thorax black ; pectus uni- colorous, or with a pale reddish or yellowish patch on each side. Legs black; the interior side of the coxae white, sometimes also the femora and tibiae white or whitish streaked. Abdomen black ; first tergite and the further six segments with postsegmental, red or yellow girdles; they are more or less broad, complete or interrupted ventrally, jointed between themselves laterally; those on the second and third tergites often narrower or absent, that on the seventh tergite also absent sometimes. Wings black OBRAZTSOV: CHINESE CAENEBESSA 433 with white, hyaline spots. Length of the forewing: 11-16 mm. Forewing with five ground spots : an elongate-cuneiform spot (m2) in the middle cell, usually as broad as this latter; a long spot (m1+3) below it, reaching from the wing base almost to the tornus, or the basal part of this spot (mj) absent; a spot (m4) in the area between the veins R5 and Mx mostly shorter than that (m6) between the veins M3 and Cuj ; a spot (m5) between the veins Mo and M3 often the smallest in the exterior spots series ; sometimes more or less developed extra spots above the vein Cu2 and at both sides of the spot m4. Hindwing with a more or less large spot placed right at the dorsum and separated from it by a narrow black border ; occasionally this spot reaches across the vein Cui. Female. Similar to the male. Antennae simple. Frons red- dish, yellowish, grey or black. Legs entirely black. Girdle on the seventh tergite always absent. Fig. 12. Postsegmental edge of the seventh abdominal sternite of two Caeneressa species; a, C. ningyuena, new species; b, c, C. rubrozonata (Pouj.). Male Genitalia (Fig. 11). Like those in graduata Hmps., with symmetrical valvae. Aedoeagus equally broad, slightly curved upward, with a small coecum penis; two elongate, sharp cornuti. Female Genitalia (Fig. 12). The postsegmental edge of the seventh abdominal sternite more or less concave. 434 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Range. Chinese provinces Szeehwan, Chekiang, and Fukien. Variation. Individual variation of the wing and abdomen markings, and of the body color and head scaling. Two geo- graphical subspecies. Remarks. Hampson (1898) wrote on this species : "both wings with veins 4 and 5 shortly stalked." As a matter of fact, this character is inconstant, and the two veins mentioned are often only coincident. 14a. Caeneressa rubrozonata rubrozonata (Pouj.), new status PI. 4, figs. 6-9 Syntomis rubrosonata Poujade, 1886, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 6, 6. p. CXVII; Leech, 1898, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 324; Hampson, 1898, Cat. Lep. Phal., 1. p. 85; Seitz, 1909, Gross-Schm. Erde, 2. p. 40; Zerny, 1912, Wagner's Lep. Cat., 7, p. 25; Draeseke, 1926, Iris.. 40. p. 46. — ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION: "Envergure: $, 30 mill.; 9, 32 mill. Ailes hyalines, avec les taches, les nervures et les bords noirs. Les superieures sont tres allongees et assez pointues; la bordure externe s'elargit a l'apex environ du quart de l'aile, oil elle est reliee par une bande etroite a une tache presque carree qui limite la cellule et touche au bord costal; cette bordure s'elargit encore en une tache presque carree, plus large que la prec£dente, entre les deux derniers rameaux de la nervure mediane. Ailes inferieures tres petites, lanceo- lees, n'egalant pas en longueur la moitie des superieures, ayant l'apex jusqu'au tiers de l'aile environ et le bord costal noirs. TSte, thorax et abdomen noirs, se dernier ayant les arceaux superieures bordes de rouge vermilion ; antennes noires, blanches a 1 'extremite. Le male seul a le front blanc ainsi que la poitrine, le devant des hanches et des lignes sur les euisses. " (Poujade, 1886). Zygaena rubrizonata Kirby, 1892, Synon. Cat. Lep. Het., 1, p. 93. The black of the wings considerably reduced ; the hyaline spots of the forewing exterior spots series placed near the middle cell. In the male the abdomen not girdled ventrally. Types. Mupin, Province Szeehwan (probably in the Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris). Additional material examined. Four males and one female, West of Yachow, June, 2000 to 7000 ft. alt., D. C. Graham (U.S.N.M.) ; one male, Shinkaishi, Omeishan, Province Szeeh- wan, 4400 ft, alt, July, D. C. Graham (U.S.N.M.). Range. Chinese province Szeehwan. OBRAZTSOV: CHINESE CAENERESSA 485 Variation. The nominotypical form has red body markings. Tliat with yellow markings was described as an aberration. ab. leucoma Leech (Plate 4, figs. 6, 8, 9) Syntomis consequa Leech, 1898, The Entom., 31. p. 153; 1898, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 324; Hampson, 1898, Cat. Lep. Phal., I. p. 96, pi. 5, fig. 2 ; Seitz, 1909, Gross-Schm. Erde, 2. p. 40, pi. 9e [fig. 1] ; Zerny, 1912, Wagner's Lep. Cat., 7, p. 20. — ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION: ' ' Female. Wings almost exactly identical with those of S. rubrozonata, but the frous is greyish, the collar is yellow, and there are six yellow bands on abdomen, the first of which is broad. Expanse, 28 millim." (Leech, 1898). NEW SYNONYM. Syntomis leucoma Leech, 1898, The Entom., 31, p. 154; 1898, Trans. Ent. Soc, Loudon, p. 324. — ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION: "Frons, tegulae, and fore tibiae white; thorax and abdomen black, the latter with seven yellow bands, the last two of which are almost confluent. Prim- aries hyaline, venation black; there is a black spot at outer extremity of cell, and this is united by a bar with the broad apical portion of the black outer marginal border; the latter is toothed at veins 2 and 3; there is a curved black streak along inner margin. Secondaries hya- line, with black outer border which is broadest at apex. Expanse, 28 millim." (Leech, 1898). Syntomis rubrosonata (part.) Hampson, 1898, Cat. Lep. Phal., 1, pi. 3, fig. 7 ; Seitz, 1909, Gross-Schm. Erde, 2, pi. 9f [fig. 5]. Syntomis rubrozonata ab. leucoma Hampson, 1898, Cat. Lep. Phal., 1, p. 85; Seitz, 1909, Gross-Schm. Erde, 2, p. 40; Zerny, 1912, Wagner's Lep. Cat., 7, p. 25. With yellow body markings instead of red ones. Types. Syntomis leucoma: Monotype, male, Omeishan, Prov- ince Szechwan, 3620 ft. alt., May and June, 1890 (B.M.) ; 8. con- sequa: monotype, female. Mupin, Province Szechwan, June, Kricheldorff (B.M.). Remarks. There is no doubt that leucoma and consequa are different sexes of the same form although consequa has been erroneously considered by most authors as an independent species. I retain for this aberration of rubrozonata the first of the two simultaneously-established names because it has already been used in this sense. This aberration is known to me in one male specimen from the above-mentioned series from Yachow. 436 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 14b. Caeneressa rubrozonata eurymelaena, new subspecies PI. 4, figs. 10-15 The black of the wings distributed; the exterior series of the hyaline forewing spots remote from the middle cell. The abdo- men of the male usually girdled also ventrally. Types. Holotype, male, allotype, female, eight males and seven females, paratypes, Kuatun, Province Fukien, 2300 m. alt.. May 11 till June 6, July 23 till August 8, 1938, J. Klapperich (M.K.) ; further paratypes, two males and one female, the same locality (Z.C.M.). Additional material examined. One male and two females, Mokanshan near Hangchow, Province Chekiang, June 9 till 16, August 7 till 19, 1930, H. Hone (M.K.) ; one male and two females, the same locality (male genitalia preparation no. S.053 ; Z.C.M.) ; one male, West Tienmushan, Province Chekiang, 1600 m. alt., June 28, 1932, II. Hone (genitalia preparation no. S.052; Z.C.M.) ; one male and one female, East Tienmushan, Province Chekiang, 1500 m. alt., June 7 till 20, 1931, H. Hone (M.K.). Range. Chinese provinces Chekiang and Fukien. Variation. As in the preceding subspecies, ab. leucoma is known here also (one male from West Tienmushan and one male and one female from East Tienmushan). In six female specimens (one from Mokanshan and five from Kuatun) the patagia are entirely red. Sometimes there are no girdles on the ventral surface (two females from Mokanshan, three males and nine females from Kuatun). Most of the specimens have extra spots in the forewings; they are absent in only four specimens (one male and three females from Mokanshan). INDEX actea auct., 409 actea Swinh., 398, 410. 412, 415, 416 albifrons Moore, 398 Amata (part.) auct., 392 Amata P., 394, 396, 398 andersoni Moore, 424, 426 aucta (non Leech) Hmps., 426 aucta Leech (Amata), 427 baiaea Swinh., 421, 425 bajara Zerny, 422 Caeneressa, new genus, 392 consequa Leech, 435 diaphana (part.) auct., 417, 418 diaphana Koll. (species), 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 418 diaphana Koll. (subspecies), 420 dispar, new species, 399, 400, 411, 412, 413. 416 era Swinh., 398 Eressa (part.) auct., 392 Eressa Wkr., 396 eurymelaena, new subspecies, 436 flavolavata Eothsch., 425, 426 graduata Hmps., 399, 400, 417, 428 433 hoenei, new species, 399, 400, 411. 416 hoppo Mats., 422, 423, 425 horishana Mats., 421, 423, 425 hunanensis, new subspecies, 428 Hydrusa (part.) auct., 392 karapinensis Strd. (Amata), 415 klapperichi, new species, 399, 400, 402, 403. 406 leucoma Leech, 432, 435. 436 melaena Hmps., 424, 425 melas Wkr., 423. 425 muirheadi auct., 421, 425, 426 muirheadii Fldr., 406, 426. 428 multigutta Blanch. (Eressa), 398 ningyuena, new species, 399, 400, 416. 433 obsoleta Leech, 399, 400, 406 oenone Btlr., 398, 399, 400, 417 owstoni (non Eothsch.) Wu, 424 pratti Leech, 399, 400, 402, 404, 405 proxima,new species, 399, 400. 404, 409 rubrizonata Kirby, 434 rubrozonata (non Pouj.) Hmps., 435 rubrozonata Pouj. (species), 398, 399. 400, 417, 432 rubrozonata Pouj. (subspecies), 434 serrata Hmps., 398 swinhoei Leech, 399, 400, 409. 412, 415, 416 Syntomis (part.) auct., 392 tienmushana, new species, 399, 400, 430 Trichaeta Swinh., 396, 398 vitreata HS., 421 vitreata (part.) Kirby, 418 zernyi, new species, 399, 400, 411, 412, 415 Zygaena (part.) Kirby, 392 i Synonyms are italicized, basic discussion is given. Figures in bold-face refer to pages on which the Plate 1 Fig. 1. Caeneressa proximo, new species, holotype, male, Lienping, Province Kwangtung, May, 1922, H. Hone (M.K.). Fig. 2. Idem, paratype, male, the same data. Fig. 3. Idem, allotype, female, Hoengshan, Province Hunan, 900 m. alt.. May 29, 1933, II. Hone (M.K.). Fig. -1. C. pratti (Leech), holotype, male, Kiukiang, Province Kiangsi, June, 1887, A. E. Pratt (B.M.). Fig. 5. Idem, allotype, female, the same data (B.M.). Fig. 6. Idem, male genitalia of the holotype (B.M.). Fig. 7. C. Mapperichi, new species, holotype, male, Kuatun, Province Fukien, 2300 m. alt., June 16, 1938, J. Klapperich (M.K.). Fig. 8. Idem, allotype, female, the same locality, June 20, 1938, J. Klapperich (M.K.). Fig. 9. C. hoenei, new species, holotype, male, Tapaishan in Tsinling, Province Shensi, 1700 m. alt., July 7, 1936, H. Hone (M.K.). Fig. 10. Idem, allotype, female, the same data (M.K.). Published with the permission of the corresponding museums. Plate 2 P^ig. 1. Caeneressa actea (Swinh.)i iiolotype, male, Khasia Hills, Assam, Hamilton (B.M.). Fig. 2. Idem, allotype, female, the same data (B.M.). Fig. 3. Idem, male genitalia of the Iiolotype (B.M.). Pig. 4. C. swinhoei (Leech), Iiolotype, male, Mupin. Province Szechwan, June, Kricheldorff (B.M.). Fig. 5. Idem, allotype, female, Chiatingfu, Province Szechwan, July, A. E. Pratt (B.M.). Fig. li. Idem, male genitalia of the Iiolotype (B.M.). Fig. 7. ('. obsolcta (Leech), Iiolotype, female, Xingpo, Province Chekiang, July, 188(i (B.M.). Fig. 8. Llcm, female, Kuatun, Province Fukien. May 26, 1938, J. Klap- perich (M.K.). Fig. 9. hli id, female, the same locality, June 11, 1938, J. Klapperich (M.K.). Published with the permission of the corresponding museums. PLATE 2 Plate 3 Fig. 1. Caeneressa diaplvana diaphana (Koll.), male, Ningyuenfu, Prov- ince Szechwan (Z.C.M.). Fig. 2. Idem, female, Tjibodas, Java, 1400-1800 m. alt., November 1-20, 1927, H. Burgeff (Z.C.M.). Fig. 3. Idem, all. andersoni Moore, holotype, female, Province Yunnan (B.M.). Fig. 4. Idem, ah. melas YVkr., holotype, female, Nepal, India (B.M.). Fig. 5. C. diaphana muirheadii (FldrJ, male, East Tienmushan, Province Ohekiang, May 25, 1931, H. Hone (M.K.). Fig. (i. Tdem, male, Nangking, Province Kiangsu, June 15, 1933, H. Hone (M.K.). Fig. 7. Idem, male, West Tienmushan, Province Chekiang, September 2, 1932, II. Hone (M.K.). Fig. 8. Idem, male, the same data (M.K.). Fig. 9. Idem, female. East Tienmushan, Province Chekiang, May 25, 1931, 11. Hone (Z.C.M.). Fig. 10. C. diaphana hunan.ensis, new subspecies, holotype, male, Hoeng- shan, Province Hunan, 900 m. alt., May 30, 1933, H. Hone (M.K.). Fig. 11. I/I/ in, allotype, female, the same locality, June 1, 1933 (M.K.). Published with the permission of the corresponding museums. Plate 4 Fig. 1. Caeneressa dispar, new species, holotype, male, Kuatun, Province Fukien, 2300 m. alt., May 19, 1938, J. Klapperich (M.K.). Fig. i'. Idem, allotype, female, the same locality. May 6, 1938, J. Klapperich (M. K.). Fig. 3. C. zernyi, new species, monotype, male, Shinchow near Canton. Province Kwangtung (Z.C.M.). Fig. 4. ni/ngyuena, new species, monotype, female, mountains near Ningyuenfu, Province Szechwan (Z.C.M.). Fig. 5. C. tit nmushana, new species, monotype, male, West Tienmushan, Province Chekiang, June 9. 1935, H. Hone (M.K.). Fig. 6. C. rubrozonata rubrozonata (Pouj.) ah. leucoma, Leech, male, west of V.-ichow, June, 2(K)(l to 7000 ft. alt., D. C. Graham (U.S.N.M.). Fig. 7. C. rubrozonata rubrozonata (Pouj.), female, the same data (F.S.N.M.). Fig. 8. ('. rubrozonata rubrozonta (Pouj.) ab. leucoma Leech, monotype of Syntomis leucoma Leech, male, Omeishan, Province Szechwan. 3620 ft. alt., .May and June, 1890 (B.M.). Fig. 9. Idem, monotype of Syntomis conseqva Leech, female, Mupin, Province Szechwan, June, Kricheldorff (B.M.). Fig. 10. C. rubrozonata eurymelaena, new subspecies, ah. leucoma Leech, male, West Tienmushan, Province Chekiang, 1600 m. alt., June 28, 1932. II. I Line (M.K.). Fig. 11. ('. rubrozonata eurymelaena, new subspecies, holotype, male, Kuatun, Province Fukien, 2300 m. alt., May 19, 1938, J. Klapperich (M.K.). Fig. 12. Idem, allotype, female, the same locality. May 23, 1938, J. Klapperich (M.K.). Fig. 13. till in. paratype, female, the same locality, June 3, 1938, J. Klapperich ( M.K. ). Fig. 14. Ill: in, female. Mokanshan, Province Chekiang, August 19, 1930, 11. Hone (M.K.). Fig. 15. Idem, ah. leucoma Leech, female, Last Tienmushan, 1500 in. alt., June 20, 1931, 11. II fine (M.K. . Fig. 10. C. graduata (Hmps.)j holotype, male, Kiangnan, Province Kiangsu ( B.M. ). Fig. 17. Idem, male, Lungtan, Province Kiangsu, May 8, 1933, H. Hone ( M.K. ). Published with the permission of 1 he corresponding museums. 6 8 9 14 10 r ,. 15 a 16 r 13 | 17 PLATE 4 Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol. 116, No. 8 A COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE PROVENTRICULUS OF ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) By Thomas Eisner Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. With Twenty-five Plates CAMBEIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM July, 1957 Publications Issued by or in Connection with THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD COLLEGE Bulletin (octavo) 1863 — The current volume is Vol. 116. Breviora (octavo) 1952 — No. 78 is current. Memoirs (quarto) 1864-1938 — Publication was terminated with Vol. 55. Johnsonia (quarto) 1941 — A publication of the Department of Mollusks. Vol. 3, no. 35 is current. Occasional Papers of the Department of Mollusks (octavo) 1945 — Vol. 2, no. 21 is current. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club (octavo) 1899- 1948 — Published in connection with the Museum. Publication terminated with Vol. 24. The continuing publications are issued at irregular intervals in numbers which may be purchased separately. Prices and lists may be obtained on application to the Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts. Of the Peters "Check List of Birds of the World," volumes 1-3 are out of print; volumes 4 and 6 may be obtained from the Harvard University Press; volumes 5 and 7 are sold by the Museum, and future volumes will be published under Museum auspices. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol. 116, No. 8 A COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE PROVENTRICULUS OF ANTS (IIYMBNOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) By Thomas Eisner Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. With Twenty-five Plates CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM July, 1057 Xo. 8 — A Comparative Morphological Study of the Proventriculus of Ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae ) By Thomas Eisner ' CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 441 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 445 PART I : MATERIALS AND METHODS 445 Cuticular framework preparations (p. 446) ; histological serial sections (p. 447); method of illustration (p. 448). I 'ART II: TYPES OF FORMICID PROVENTRICULI 449 MYRMECIOID COMPLEX 449 Subfamily Myrmeciinae 449 Myrmeeia (p. 449, fig. 4) Subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae 4,52 Pseudomyrmex (p. 452, fig. 5) Subfamily Aneuretinae 453 Aneuretus (p. 453, fig. 6) Subfamily Doliehoderinae 453 HypocUnea (p. 453, fig. 7); Leptomyrmex (p. 454, fig. 9); Liometopum (p. 455, fig. 8) ; Tapinoma (p. 456, fig. 26) ; Az- teca (p. 458, fig. 30); Iridomyrmex (p. 459, fig. 32); Frog- gattella (p. 460); Tumeria (p. 461); Dorymyrmex (p. 461, fig. 42) ; Forelius (p. 462, fig. 40) ; Conomyrma (p. 463, fig. 33); Technomyrmex (p. 464, fig. 48). Subfamily Formicinae 40,3 Asepalous formicine proventriculus 465 Xotoncus (p. 465, fig. 50); Melopharus (p. 469, fig. 52) Arropyga (p. 469, fig. 51); Anoplolepis (p. 469, fig. 64) Acantholepis (p. 469, fig. 65) ; Diodontolepis (p. 469) Myrmoteras (p. 469, fig. 66). Sepalous formicine proventriculus 470 Camponotus (p. 470, fig. 68) ; Formica (p. 473, fig. 69) Xotostigma (fig. 76) ; Lasius (fig. 78) ; Prenolepis (fig. 77) Myrmecocystus (p. 474, fig. 79); Gesomyrmex (fig. 80) Paratrechina (fig. 81); Cataglyphis (fig. 82); Brachymyrmex i This study was supported largely by the Lalor Foundation, and in part by a grant from the U. 8. Public Health Service. It was published by a grant from the Wetmore Colics Fund, and a grant-in-aid from the Sigma-Xi-RESA Research Fund. 440 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY (fig. 84); Oecophylla (fig. 83); Gigantiop.s (p. 474); Dcn- dromyrmex (p. 474) ; Opisthopsis (p. 474) ; Polycrgus (p. 474); Polyraehis (p. 474); Pseudolasius (p. 474). Proventriculi with incipient sepals 474 Cladomyrrna (p. 474, fig. 85) ; Myrmecorhynchus (p. 474, lig. 86). PONEROID COMPLEX 475 Subfamily Ponoiinae 475 Odontomaohus (p. 475, fig. 90) ; Amblyopone (p. 476, fig. 91). Subfamily Cerapachyinae 476 Phyracaees (p. 476, fig. 92). Subfamily Myrmicinae 477 Pogonomyrmex (p. 477, fig. 95) ; Hylomyrma (p. 478). Subfamily Dorylinae 478 Eeiton (p. 478, fig. 93). THE STOMODAEAL VALVE 478 IDENTITY OF THE SEKRETSCHICHT OF EMERY (1888) . . 479 PART III : DISCUSSION 481 LITERATURE CITED 487 KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS 489 EISNER: ANT PROVENTRICULUS 441 INTRODUCTION Adult Hymenoptera are distinctly discontinuous in their feeding habits, and subsist very largely on fluids (Bischoff '27). The relatively large amount of liquid nutrient gathered during one of the intensive feeding periods is not passed directly into the midgut (text fig. 1, m. g.), but is first temporarily retained within a sac-like dilation of the stomodaeum called the crop (text fig. 1, cr.). At intervals, controlled amounts of liquid are released from the crop to the midgut. Since in this way food is passed gradually into the midgut, thereby avoiding a sudden dilution of midgut enzymes at feeding, the digestive and ab- sorptive processes within the midgut proceed at optimal effic- iency. The organ that regulates the delivery of fluid from crop to midgut is the proventriculus (text fig. 1, pv.). In adult Hymenoptera the proventriculus, as usually developed, is no mere strait between crop and midgut. It consists of a relatively voluminous, strongly-muscled, bulb (text figs. 2, 3), opening anteriorly to the crop through a cruciform portal, and poster- iorly into the midgut through a slender, tubular, stomodaeal valve. From the structure of the organ it is clear that this type of proventriculus represents a distinct adaptation to the fluid nature of the diet. It is, in fact, nothing but a pump, with intake and exhaust valves provided respectively by the portal and the stomodaeal valve. Proventricular activity consists of rhythmic contractions and expansions of the bulb by means of which a regulated pumping is accomplished (Bailey '52, Schrei- ner '52). Small particulate matter, such as pollen grains, present no obstacle to proventricular pumping. We know, for instance, that in Prosopis, Vespa, and Bombus, even relatively dense sus- pensions of pollen grains are effectively transferred to the mid- gut without proventricular obstruction (Bailey '54). In Apis, the proventriculus may even, under special circumstances, con- vey pollen grains to the midgut independently from their liquid medium (Bailey '52, Schreiner '52) ; but this filtering ability 442 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY is probably secondary to the primary fluid-pumping function of the organ (Bailey '54). Among the hymenopterous insects thus far investigated, the proventriculus is monotonously uniform in structure from fam- ily to family. This circumstance throws into striking relief the exceptional group : the ants. Within this single medium-sized family, the proventriculus shows a greater diversity of structural types than can be found in any other insect family — greater even than in most entire orders. According to the theory of Wheeler ('23), a fundamental bond of social life among the ants is the exchange of nutrient through regurgitative feeding. In adaptation to regurgitative feeding the crop assumes a new and overwhelmingly important function in the social community. It serves not only as a recep- tacle for the nutrient reserves of the individual, but also as a communal reservoir, or, as Forel aptly termed it, a "social stomach," from which the non-foraging members of the com- munity may derive their nourishment. Some of the higher ants, in which regurgitative feeding achieves its highest degree of specialization, have even developed special storage castes ("re- pletes") with enormously distended crops and expansible gasters (e.g. Leptomyrmex, Melophorus, Prenolepis, Myrmecocystus, Proformica, etc.). In ants, as in all Hymenoptera, the proventriculus serves pri- marily as a pump. However, the development of a crop capable of storing nutrient, not only in amounts far beyond those re- (luired by the individual forager, but also for prolonged periods of time, has been accompanied by modifications in the proventric- ulus allowing that organ to assume the additional function of effectively damming the posterior outlet of the crop. The ant proventriculus is thus seen to serve a dual purpose, being re- sponsible not only to the individual, for whom it regulates the nutrient supply to the midgut, but also to the community, which it serves by acting as a passive dam to the "social stomach." During1 evolutionary refinement of its emergent social function as EISNER: ANT PROVENTRICL'LUS 44:{ sal. gl Mssjea* Fig. 1. Digestive tract of the ant Myrmica rubra (simplified, with some cephalic structures omitted; after Janet). Abbreviations: ant. int., anterior intestine; b. c, buccal cavity; cr., crop; inf. chb., infrabuccal chamber; m. . Pseudomyrmex pallidus (F. Smith). Cross section through middle of bulb. Fig. Hi. Same, ('mss section through base of bulb. Pig. 17. Hypoclinea p-untulata (Mayr). Longitudinal section through bulb and cupola ( diagrammatic i. Fig. 18. Same. Cross section through cupolar quadrants. Pig. 19. Same. Cross section through middle of bulb. Pig. 20. Same. Cross section through base of bulb. Pig. 21. .tin tin l us simoni Emery. Longitudinal section through bulb .■mil cupola. PLATE 4 PLATE 5 Fig. 22. Liometopum sp. (near apiculatum Mayr). Longitudina] section through cupola, oeelusory tract, and bulb (diagrammatic). Fig. 23. Leptomyrmex pollens Emery. Longitudinal section through cupola, oeelusory tract, and lmlti. Fig. 2-4. Same. Cross section through middle of oeelusory tract, Fig. 25. Same. Cross section slightly below middle of bulb. occ.tr. y ' ima l.m. 3 occ. tr. «t.wlv.AVXf PLATE 5 PLATE 6 Fig. li * » . Tapinoma sessilt (Say). Cuticular framework. (Worker; 0.12 mm.) Fig. 27. Same. Longitudinal section through cupola and bulb. Fig. 28. Same. Cross section through cupola near extremes of porta] 1i]>s. Fig. 29. Same. Cross section through middle of bulb. Fig. 30. Asteca sp. Cuticular framework. (Worker; 0.18 mm.) Fig. 31. Same. Longitudinal section through cupola, occlnsory tract, and bills ( diagrammatic I . ■j^«= — stvlv PI.ATK6 'LATE 7 bvig. 32. Iridomyrmex detectus (F.Smith). Cuticular framework, (queen; 0.37 mni. > Fig. '■>■':. Conomyrma thoracica Santschi. Cuticular framework. (Worker; 0.12 mm. > PLATE 7 PLATE 8 Fig. 34. Iridomyrmex detectus (F. Smith). Longitudinal section through cupola and bulb. Fig. 35. Same. Cross section through widest portion of r-upola. Fig. 30. Forelius foetidtts (Buckley). Longitudinal section through cupola and bulb. Fig. 37. Conomyrma thoracica Santschi. Longitudinal section through cupola and bulb (diagrammatic). Fig. 38. Same. Slightly oblique cross section through cupola. Fia\ 39. Same. Cross section through middle of hull'. fS2^ stvlv PLATE 8 PLATE !» Fig. 40. Fun h us fa' I nl us (Buckley). Outline of lateral view. (Worker; 0.10 linn. I Fig. 41- Same. Frontal view. Fig. 4:2. Dorymyrmex ensifer Forel. Outline of lateral view. (Worker; 0.12 nun. Fig. 43. Same. Frontal view. Fig. 44. Iridomyrmex viridiaeneus Viehmeyer. Outline of lateral view. Worker; 0.15 mm. Fig. 4". Same. Frontal view. PLATE 10 Fig. 46. Conomyrma thoracica Santschi. Outline of lateral view. ( Worker : 0.12 mm.) Fig. 47. Same. Frontal view. Fig. 48. Tedhnomyrmex detorquens (Walker). Outline of lateral view. ( Worker ; <>.l 1 mm. I Fig. 49. Same. Frontal view. PLATE 11 Fig. 50. Notorious ectatommoides fForel). Cuticular framework, (queen; (i.22 mm.) Fig. 51. Acropyga myops Fore! (or species near)- Cuticular framework. (Worker; 0.23 mm. J Fig. 52. Melophorus bagoti Lubbock. Cuticular framework, (queen; 0.55 mm. 'tiC PLATE I I PLATE 12 Fig. 53. Notoncus ectatommoides (Forel). Longitudinal section through cupola, occlusory tract, and bulb. Fig. 54. Same. Proventrieulus in relation to crop and midgut. (Note the precupolar constriction of the crop.) Fig. 55. Same. Cross section through cupola. Fig. 56. Same. Cross section through occlusory tract. Fig. 57. Same. Cross section through anterior third of bulb. Pig. 58. Same. Cross section through base of bulb. loiSL Z_occ Ir precp cons! »3g2_lm 3(?) l.m.3(?) precp- const. PLATE 12 PLATE 13 Fig. 59. Melophorus sp. (probably ludius Forel). Cros3 section through cupola. Fig. 60. Same. Cross section through middle of occlusory tract. Fig. 61. Same. Cross section through middle of bulb. Fig. 62. Acropyga myops Forel (or species near). Cross section through middle of cupola. Fig. 63. Same. Cross section slightly above middle of bulb. pi en. I. ml l.m.3(?) PLATE 13 PLATE 14 Fig. 64. Anoplolepis custodiens (F. Smith). Cuticular framework. (Worker; 0.35 mm.) Fig. 65. Acantholcpis frauenfeldi (Mayr). Cuticular framework. (Worker; 0.25 mm.) Fi<>'. (> PLATE 20 Fig. 82. CataglypMs sp. (near bicolor Falnicius). Cuticular framework. ( Worker; 0.64 mm.) Fig. 83. Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius). Cuticular framework. (Worker; 0.43 mm.) Fig. 84. Brachymyrmex obscurior Forel. Cuticular framework. (Worker; 0.30 mm.) PLATE. 20 PLATE 21 Fig. 85. Cladomyrma heioitti Wheeler. Cuticular framework. ( Queen : (1.37 mm. ) Fig. 86. Myrmecorhynchus emeryi Andre. Cuticular framework. (Worker; 0.15 mm. ) Fig. 87. Same. Cross section through middle of bulb. Fig. 88. Same. Cross section through occlusory tract. Fig. 89. Same. Cross section through middle of bulb. PLATE 21 PLATE 22 Fig. 90. Odontomachus haematoda (Linnaeus) or near. Cuticular frame work (diagrammatic). (Worker; 0.25 nvni.) Fig. 91. A in hi I/O pone dlistralis Erichson. Cuticular framework (diagram- matic I. i Worker ; 0.20 mm.) Fig. 92. Phyracaces dumbletoni Wilson. Cuticular framework (diagram matic). ('Worker; 0.15 mm. PLATE 22 PLATE 24 Pig. !»7. Dendrogram showing evolution of the formicid proventriculus. CN < PLATE 25 Fig. 98. Iridomyrrrkex detectus (F. Smith). Longitudinal section through proventriculus. Note (arrow) the more or less compact layer of filtrate overlaying the eupola. Fig. 99. Leptomyrmex pattens Emery. Longitudinal section through pro- ventriculus. Note (arrow i the loose aggregate of filtrate among the cupolar hairs. Fig. 100. Formica sp. (fusca group). Cross section through anterior third of calyx. Fig. 101. Same. Cross section through base of calyx. Fig. L02. Same. Cross section through occlusory tract. Pig. 103. Sunie. Cross section through middle of bulb. PLATE 25 Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol. 116, No. 9 THE IXODES RASVS GROUP OF AFRICAN TICKS WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES (IXODOIDEA, IXODIDAE) By Don. R. Arthur Department of Zoology, King's College, London, and Consultant, Department of Medical Zoology, U. S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt In Collaboration with Colin Burrow Harold Row Student, King 's College, London CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A. printed for the museum July, 1957 Publications Issued by or in Connection with THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD COLLEGE Bulletin (octavo) 1863 — The current volume is Vol. 116. Breviora (octavo) 1952 — ■ No. 78 is current. Memoirs (quarto) 1864-1938 — Publication was terminated with Vol. 55. Johnsonia (quarto) 1941 — A publication of the Department of Mollusks. Vol. 3, no. 35 is current. Occasional Papers of the Department of Mollusks (octavo) 1945 — Vol. 2, no. 21 is current. Proceedings of the New England ZoSlogical Club (octavo) 1899- 1948 — Published in connection with the Museum. Publication terminated with Vol. 24. The continuing publications are issued at irregular intervals in numbers which may be purchased separately. Prices and lists may be obtained on application to the Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts. Of the Peters "Check List of Birds of the World," volumes 1-3 are out of print; volumes 4 and 6 may be obtained from the Harvard University Press; volumes 5 and 7 are sold by the Museum, and future volumes will be published under Museum auspices. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol. 116, No. 9 THE IXODES RASVS GROUP OF AFRICAN TICKS WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES (IXODOIDEA, IXODIDAE) By Don. R. Arthur Department of Zoology, King's College, London, and Consultant, Department of Medical Zoology, U. S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt In Collaboration with Colin Burrow Harold Row Student, King 's College, London CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM July, 1957 No. 9 — The Ixodes rasus Group of African Ticks with Descriptions of Four New Species (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) By Don R. Arthur x and Colin Burrow INTRODUCTION Hitherto the African ticks of the genus Ixodes which possess closed circular anal grooves have been incompletely investigated and all such ticks have been referred to the species Ixodes rasus Neumann 1899. This approach to the diagnoses of these ticks was established by Nuttall, Warburton, Cooper and Robinson (1911) and used indiscriminately until Schulze (1943) sub- divided rasus into three subspecies (see later). Consequently, at the present time the status of rasus and other forms as yet undescribed presents an interesting problem to the systematist. This uncertainty of structure, coupled with our ignorance of the biology of the rasus group, opens up a particularly interesting and virgin field for research, and not a few unknown allied species undoubtedly await discovery. Nuttall (1911) classified I. rasus in the biological group within the genus Ixodes in which males and females coexist together on a host that either wanders or does not travel far and in the subgroup where the sexes are found in copula on the host. Even so, the published reports show that the host range of the adults of the I. rasus group varies from small insectivores (mice, ele- phant shrews) to leopards, large antelopes, domestic dogs and man. The picture for immature stage-host relationships is more uncertain. Specimens on which this report is based were obtained from Dr. H. Hoogstraal, NAMRU-3, Cairo, Egypt; Dr. Gertrud Theiler, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Department; The Museum of Comparative Zoology (through the courtesy of Dr. J. Be- quaert) ; Musee Royal du Congo Beige (through the courtesy of Dr. E. Dartevelle) ; Dr. Pierre Morel, Laboratoire Federal de l'Elevage George Curasson, Dakar, Senegal; Rocky Mountain i The opinions and statements contained herein are the private ones of the Writers and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Navy Department or the Naval Service at large. 494 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Laboratory, Montana (through the courtesy of Mr. Glen M. Kohls) ; Dr. J. Mouchet, Direction des Services de Sante Pub- lique, Yaounde, Cameroun Frangais; British Museum (Natural History) through the courtesy of Dr. G. Owen Evans and Mr. E. Browning; Mr. W. Grey, Mazabuka, Northern Rhodesia; Dr. Brazzard, Laboratoire d'Histoire Naturelle, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire, Toulouse, France. This work was initiated when the writer (D.R.A.) was in re- ceipt of a Leverhulme Research Award and completed on a visit to East Africa under a Colonial Welfare and Development Grant made available by the Colonial Office. This author wishes to record his thanks to these organizations as well as to members of the East African Veterinary Research Organization (particu- larly to Miss Jane Walker) for their hospitality, and to U. S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt for their great assistance and many kindnesses. The following abbreviations are used to denote the sources of the material examined: BM, British Museum (Natural History) ; CNHM, Chicago Natural History Museum ; EAVRO, East Afri- can Veterinary Research Organization; GHFN, Nuttall Collec- tion, British Museum (Natural History) ; HH, Harry Hoogstraal, Cairo ; JM, J. Mouchet, Cameroons ; MC, Musee Royal du Congo Beige, Tervuren (Belgique) ; MCZ, Museum of Comparative Zoology; OP, Onderstepoort Research Station; RML, Rocky Mountain Laboratory Collection. SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS Ixodes rasus Neumann 1899 (Figures 1-13) Ixodes rasus Neumann (1899), pp. 137-39, Figs. 12-14, described from 3 females and 1 male (cf. Remarks below) from Belgian Congo (cf. Bequaert, 1931, who refers type locality to French Equatorial Africa). Nuttall, Warburton, Cooper and Robinson (1911) repeat Neumann's description of the male, and describe another species of female (see under Ixodes pseudorasus) . Schulze (1943) subdivided rasus into three subspecies, viz: /. rasus rasus, I rasus cumulatimpunctatus and /. rasus eidmanni. (Cf. Remarks below.) ARTHUR: IXODES RASUS GROUP 495 Type material. Originally described by Neumann (1899, pp. 137-39) from three females and a copulating male, from Hyrax species collected in "the Congo" in A. Mocquerys coll. 1899. The present labelling of these specimens reads "740. Ixodes rasus, 1 male, 2 females (-1 female) Hyrax species, A. Mocquerys coll. 1899. G. Neumann det." An anomalous situation occurs here as Neumann stated that there were three females, whilst the present information states "2-1 females," and accordingly 1 propose that the remaining female specimen becomes the electo- type. Electotype female, and allotype male deposited in the Neumann collection, No. 740, at the Ecole Nationale Veterinaire, Toulouse, France. Paratype: 1 female, Viverra civetta, Congo Beige. Deposited at the Ecole Nationale Veterinaire, Toulouse, France, No. 761. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Total 43 females; 6 males. 1 fe- male (no host data) Dakar, Senegal: 1 female, wild pig, Came- roons, Fr. Berlin Zoo Museum, Dr. Schafer (GHFN— 3005) : 1 female, Felis pardus L., primary forest, Mainyu Bridge, Mamfe, Cameroons 500 ft. alt., 12.5.33. P. Sladen Trust Expedition (BM) : 2 females, Manis tricuspis (=Phataginus tricuspis (Ra- fmesque) ) secondary forest, Bashamii, Mamfe, Cameroons 23.3.33. I. T. Sanderson leg. (BM) : 3 females (originally, 6 females ac- cording to legend in vial) , Cephalophus leucogasier Gray, Efeileu, Bulu Country, Cameroons. 28.6.33. I. Sanderson leg. (BM) : 6 females. 1 nymph, 8(5)1 N, White mongoose (783 M) Old sec- ondary forest, Bashan, Mamfe Division Cameroons 28.6.1933, P. Sladen Trust Expedition, I. T. Sanderson leg. (BM) : 3 females, Nandiniabinotata, [probably binotata binotata (Reinwardt)] high deciduous forest, Mamfe, Cameroons, 30.4.1933. I. T. Sanderson leg. (BM) : 2 females, "Schuppentier" (probably Phataginus) , Lolodorf, Africa, 29.3.1907 (GHFN coll: no number) : 1 female, 2 males, Genetta tigrina (subspecies not stated), Mongbivalu, 8/1939, Mme. Lepersonne leg. (MC 4502/4506) : 4 females (no host data), Simba,- (MC 8259 and 8262) : 1 male (no host data) Flandrina, 6.3.1928. R. P. Hubsbaert leg. (MC no other infor- mation) : 1 female, Cercocebus albigena, Okongena (Lububu), 22.9.1929, A. Collart leg. (MC 42096), nymphs ?, antelope, Masua, Lububu, 9.9.1929, A. Collart leg. (MC 43372/43386): 1 female, Aulacodus (=Thryonomys Fitzinger) swinderianus Temminck 1827, Aruwimi, Panga, -8.1925, J. Schouteden leg. 496 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY (MC 8220 and 8222) : 1 female, Sus ? Leverville, 1927 (no other data) (MC 46569): 1 female, Colobus badius badius (Kerr), N'Dzida, Ivory Coast, 20.9.53. A. Villiers leg. (MCZ: 1 female, Neotragus pygmaeus, Yapo, Ivory Coast, A. Villiers leg. (MCZ) : 1 male from Mongoose, Mt. Du Chaillu, Mt, Bijou, French Equa- torial Africa, 8.8.1951. H. A. Beatty leg. (CNHM 73796) 2 fe- males (no other data), OP coll. 2906 : 2 females and 1 male "man and dog," Kumasi, Ashanti (GHFN 928) — this collection is a bulk sample of 9 females and 1 male, i.e. we have no knowledge of which specimens came from man or dog but the two rasus forms are readily distinguishable from the 7 female pseudorasus forms which are discussed later, with no intermediates : 3 females, "Pangolin or Scaly manis, Mubango, Mabina Forest, Kyagle, Uganda, 4000 ft, Capt, C. R. S. Pitman leg. (BM 6.19. 1-20) : 1 female, Lophuromys aquilus aquilus (True), Nyika Plateau, Nyasaland, 9.10.1948. A. Loveridge leg. (MCZ) : 1 female, Manis tricuspis {=Phataginus tricuspis (Rafinesque) ), Fernando Po. (BM). Distribution. From the records we have examined, Ixodes rasus is to be found in many parts of West and Central Africa and is common locally in East Africa. WEST AFRICA. Sene- gal, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast; CENTRAL AFRICA. Fernando Po, Cameroons, French Equatorial Africa (Bequaert 1931 re- fers the type locality to French Equatorial Africa, not to the Belgian Congo), Belgian Congo; EAST AFRICA. Uganda, Nyasaland, Northern Rhodesia, Sudan. Previous records of I. rasus from Southern Rhodesia (Nuttall 1916) refer to I. pseudo- rasus and those of Cooley in the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Montana to Ixodes pilosus. The material of the records of Bed- ford 1929 and 1932 are not available for re-examination. Hosts. The wide range of hosts for the adults previously given for /. rasus has now become considerably reduced (cf. Hoog- straal, 1956). The immature stage-host relationships must re- main in abeyance until such time as the larvae and nymphs are bred and their diagnostic characters ascertained. The present known hosts of the adults are: "wild pig," Felis pardus, Phata- ginus tricuspis, Ccphalophus leucogaster, white mongoose, Nan- dinia binotata, Genetta tigrina, Cercoeebus albigena, antelope, Aulacodus (= Thryonomys) swinderianus, Colobus badius ARTHUR : IXODES RASUS GROUP 497 badius, Neotragiis pygmaeus, dog, man, Lophuromys aquilus aquilus, Hyrax (type specimen), Viverra civetta. Biology. Unstudied. Remarks. The Neumann collection at the ficole Veterinaire, Toulouse, contains in addition to the electotype and the para- type two lots of specimens identified hy Neumann as 7. rasus and bearing the following data: (1) "Ousambara (Afr: or Allem:) det. by G. Neumann 1900, 1 female," and (2) "7. rasus Nn. Bismarckburg (Togo). Conradt leg. G. Neumann det. 1899. Berlin Mus." 1 female. The first specimen is I. pseudorasus, the second 7. oldi Nuttall 1913. Schulze (1943) indicated that cir- cular anal grooves are characteristic of this species and in some instances they may be drawn out or narrowed posteriorly. This is in fact true for the electotype (see description). To what ex- tent Schulze (1943) was justified in dividing rasus into three subspecies is problematical. Schulze 's 7. rasus rasus undoubtedly refers to Neumann's rasus and he adds little to Neumann's de- scription of the male beyond directing attention to the lobes on the ventral side of the basis capituli and the correction of the position of the genital orifice. Similarly he gives the same characters for 7. rasus eidmanni stating that they are "more strongly chitinized (!) and darker," the denticles of the hy- postome with a small apical hook (true also for 7. rasus), prox- imity of sensory organs in the integument and absence of a definite ' ' peripheral zone ' ' of the integument. These distinctions would appear to me to be of doubtful value in establishing a subspecies, particularly as the numbers examined were inade- quate. This subspecies has been collected at Rio Muni and Span- ish Guinea. I have no specimens of 7. rasus from either source and the only specimens from Rio Muni constitute a distinct new species (Ixodes muniensis) which is described later. I have failed to see the original material of 7. cumulat imp unci atus and have seen nothing in the extensive African tick fauna investi- gated that is comparable with it. The occurrence of the "sichel- haar" in the capsule of Haller's organ in 7. rasus (see Schulze 1943) is applicable to a large number of Ixodes ticks, and the break in the chitin within the depression (trough), to which Schulze alludes, is due to a failure to appreciate that the cuticle 498 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY A , 0. 5 MM. ARTHUR: IXODES RASUS GROUP 499 in this region is saddle shaped in the majority (if not all) Ixodes ticks (Arthur, 1956). Rcdescription of the electotype FEMALE. Body well en- gorged, dried specimen, dark red color, sclerotized parts dark red brown. Capitulum (Figures 1, 2). Length of basis capituli to hy- postomal base, 0.43 mm., breadth of basis across dorsal ridge, 0.62 mm., sub-triangular, straight lateral margins slightly di- vergent to palpal base, postero-lateral margin produced into cornua which are broader basally than long, rounded apically; well-defined posterior margin, straight and salient, black pig- mentation peripherally (Figure 2). Surface gently convex with reticulate sculpturing, lateral surface slightly curved. Porose areas strongly depressed, sub-triangular in outline separated by a distance equivalent to their greatest breadth. Basis capituli broad ventrally ; auriculae as large strong blunt retrograde proc- esses, anterior angle sharp, posteroventrally directed and stand well out from the periphery of the basis. Distal part of ca- pitulum in electotype broken off. Hypostome (Figure 7) 0.56 mm. in length, tapering apically, profile curved ; dentition from base to apex, 1 row of 1/1 ; 4 rows of 2/2, 5 rows of 3/3, 4 rows of 3/3, slight corona present, denticles long, hook-like. (Hypo- stomal structure determined from females collected in Simba, MC 8259 and 8262.) Scutum. Broadly ovate (Figure 3) but widest in front of mid-length, tapering more strongly to rounded posterior margin ; colour, dark red-brown, surface reticulate. Cervical grooves as wide depressions most pronounced about mid-way along; cervi- cal field flat, surface is strongly elevated lateral to these grooves but without indication of lateral ridge; punctations large, deep and close together marginally, smaller and more widely sep- arated elsewhere. Figs. 1-7. Ixodes rasus, female: 1. Capitulum, ventral; 2. Capitulum, dorsal; 3. Scutum; 4. Coxae and trochanters I-IV; 5. Anal plate; 5B, diagram of anal plates in side view as drawn in Figure 5. Male: 6A. Tarsus 1; 6B. Tarsus IV; 7. Hypostome of female. (Scale A refers to Figs. 1, 12, 4-7; scale B refers to Fig. 3.) 500 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Legs. Moderately long and stout, distal segments missing from first three legs on right side, similarly on second leg on left side. Coxae slightly convex, reticulately patterned, coxae I, II and III syncoxae, coxa I with distinct short bi*oad internal spur, coxa IV with external spur, short, broad ; blunt tapering tro- chanter spurs on legs I to IV (Figure 4) . Tarsi missing in electo- type and paratype specimens. In specimens from Simba (MC 8259 and 8262), long, tapering with slight hump in front of Haller 's organ on tarsus I ; similar humps on succeeding tarsi ; length of tarsus I, 0.85 mm., metatarsus I, 0.45 mm. ; tarsus IV, 0.71 mm., metatarsus IV, 0.54 mm. (Figures 13A, B). Genital opening, level with the third coxal interspace, genital apron bilobed. Anal opening located far back on the body, convex anal valves with two pairs of fine long hairs, anal grooves circular, closed, and drawn out into a point in the electotype specimen (circular in paratypes and other specimens examined) ; in Fig* ure 5 the region bounded by groove is deeply sunk in front so that the anal valves are almost vertical ; this sinking is less pro- nounced posteriorly. Spiracular plate transversely oval, macula central, goblets small, numerous. Body hairs fine, short, sparse. Redescription. MALE. Elongate oval body, narrowing slightly anteriorly, posterior extremity broadly rounded, length exclud- ing basis, 2.56 mm., breadth 1.6 mm. Legs, scutum, dark red- dish brown. Capitulum (Figures 8, 9). Greatest breadth of basis capitidi posterior to palpal insertion, 0.43 mm., much broader than long, and converge by rectilinear and curved postero-lateral margins to a slightly convex, salient posterior border; surface flattened, brown in colour, bordered by darker band of pigmentation (stip- pled in Figure 8) which does not extend to the periphery, small scattered distinct pores. Palpi short, broad, length of article 2, 0.22 mm., article 3, 0.23 mm., greatest width of 0.19 mm. at junctions of articles 2 and 3 ; lateral margins almost straight, mesial profile of article 2 convex, that of article 3 straight, taper- ing to broadly rounded apex; pronounced flanging effect ("roll collar") along meso-dorsal edge of article 2, continued for some distance along article 3 ; mesial surface of palp very slightly concave ; hairs short to moderate in length, numerous, par- ARTHUR: IXODES RASUS GROUP 501 ticularly on outer side, article 1 bears mesial spur. In ventral view basis capituli b»oad, traversed by undulating ridge; mesial lobe of which is more strongly convex than those on either side, Figs. 8-12. Ixodes rasus, male: 8. Capitulum, dorsal; 9. Capitulum, ventral; 10. Dorsum; 11. Venter; 12. Coxae and trochanters I-IV. 502 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY steep slope from ridge to hypostomal base, behind ridge surface declivitous, broken by irregular ridges and particularly by two sharp triangular elevations (Figure 9). (The hypostome and chelicerae are missing, but Neumann (1899) gives the length of the former as 0.55 mm.) Scutum (Figure 10). Length 2.33 mm., breadth 1.33 mm. Elongate, sides straight between the sharply angled antero- lateral border and the broad rounded extremity ; surface convex, dark reddish-brown colour, marginal fold white, of uniform width, 0.175 mm. wide [Neumann (1899), repeated by Nuttall et al. (1911) states that body fold is narrow (0.1 mm.)]. Cervi- cal grooves faint anteriorly, leading into short, moderately deep, wide depressions. P initiations of moderate size and depth, uni- formly distributed, pronounced. Ventral plates (Figure 11) : pregenital plate longer than broad, posterior and lateral borders straight, anterior margin rounded; median plate large, diverg- ing quite strongly to junction with adanal plates: sides and posterior margin sinuous; adanal plates not joined behind anal plate, latter circular but drawn out into a small but distinct point behind, as in female; numerous punctations of similar form to those on scutum. Abundantly supplied with short hairs, which are shorter than those on the epimeral plates. Anus eccentric, nearer anterior rim of anal groove. Legs. Long, last two segments of fourth pair of legs extend beyond posterior limits of body. Coxae (Figure 12). Large, shiny, dark reddish brown, slightly convex and somewhat rugose, such hairs as are present, long ; coxae 1 to III syncoxae ; coxa I short, tapering spur on posterointernal angle, external spur short and broad on coxae IV, coxae II and III unarmed ; distinct taper- ing trochanter spurs on legs I to IV ; tarsi (Figures 6 A, B) much as in female ; length of tarsus I, 0.79 mm. ; tarsus IV, 0.65 mm. Ixodes pseudorasus new species (Figures 14-31 j) Ixodes rasus pro parte Nuttall, Warburton, Cooper and Robinson 1911, Pt. II, pp. 229-30, Figures 225-226. Described females from cattle in ARTHUR : IXODES RASUS GROUP 503 Uganda (GHFN 877d), from leopard, Obuasi, S. Ashanti (GHFN 503) and from man and dog (GHFN 928) — this last record is dis- cussed under host list of /. rasas. It would appear that these writers did not see the types of Neumann and state that their description differs from that of Neumann (1899) in respect of the female. Fig. 13. Ixodes rasus, female: A, Tarsus and metatarsus I; B, Tarsus and metatarsus IV. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Two females, goat, Beeba-Sharo, Belgian Congo, 23.V.1913, F. Harker leg. (GHFN 2353) : 2 fe- males, (no host cited) Ibembo, 6.7.50 (MC 70016) : 4 females, dog, Port Franqui, -2.1934, Dr. Bouvier leg. (MC 38651) ; 1 fe- male, Okapia, Epulu, 1933, R. Fr. Hutsebaut leg. (MC 46515/ 46518) : 6 females, Okapia, Epulu, 1938, R. Fr. Hutsebaut leg. (MC 46674/46662) ; 3 females, Okapia johnstoni, Epulu River, Ituri District, Belgian Congo, P. Putnam leg. (BM) : 2 females, Potamochoerus porcus, Ibembo, 6.7.1950, R. Fr. Hutsebaut leg. (MC) : 1 female, Procavia ? Burunga, Kiru, -12.1925, Dr. Schouteden leg. (MC 8178 & 8182) : 1 female, 3 nymphs, Tragel- 504 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Figs. 14-29. Ixodes pseudorasus and variant form; 14-15 female of /. pseudorasus: 14. Capitulum, dorsal; 15. Capitulum ventral; 15A, B. Palpal article 1, dorsal and ventral; 16, 17. Hypostome, I .pseudorasus and variant form respectively; IS. Scutum (I. pseudorasus) ; 19, 20. Coxae and tro- chanters, I.pseudorasus and variant form respectively; 21. Tarsus I (I. pseudorasus) ; 22. Tarsus I (variant form) ; 23. Tarsus IV (I.pseudorasus) ; 24. Tarsus IV (variant form) ; 25. Genital apron (variant form) ; 26. Genital apron (I.pseudorasus) ; 27, 28. Spiracular plate, I.pseudorasus and variant form respectively; 29. Scutum (variant form). The letters A,D,P,V refer to anterior, dorsal, posterior and ventral directions, respectively. ARTHUR: IXODES RASUS GROUP 505 aphus scriptus, Kibombo, Belgian Congo, (MCZ) : 2 females, Buffel, Ibembo, 2.8.1950, R. Fr. Hutsebaut leg. (MC 67307) : 1 female, cow, Costermansville, Vercommen 1950 (MC 61269) : 2 females, Potamochoerus porcus, Ibembo, 6.7.1950, R. Fr. Hutse- bant leg. (MC 70016) : 2 males, 2 females, Cricctomys gambianus, Mt. Selinda, Southern Rhodesia -12.55 (OP 2433 ii) : 3 females, man, Mt. Selinda, Sth. Rhodesia, 23.9.55 (OP 2433 v) : 1 female, 5 nymphs, Chevrotain, north central Rio Muni, 23.4.1954, K. C. Brown leg. B.22832, gift of R. Traub, (HH) : 1 nymph ? forest antelope, north central Rio Muni, 18.5.1941, gift of R. Traub, (HH) : 4 females, leopard, Obuasi, Ashanti, -12.1908 (GHFN 503), 7 females, man or dog? -10.1907, Dr. Graham leg. (GHFN 928) : 1 female, Gold Coast, no other data (Entomol. Research Com. Cat. No. 762a. 14.4.1922. 8. BM) : 2 females, Cricetomys gambianus, Bibianaha, Gold Coast, 3.12.1911. N. C. Rothschild leg. (BM) : 6 females. Sierra Leone (no other data. BM) : 1 fe- male, Cephaloplius, Tanga, German East Africa (BM) ; 2 fe- males, Umboyasi River, Mgongo, British East Africa, no other data (BM) : 1 female, cattle, which came from Bukedi to Mpumu, Uganda; 10.9.1909, D. Bruce leg. (GHFN 877d) : 1 female, 10 nymphs, Bushbuck, Kyagwe, Uganda, N. W. Mettam leg. ( GHFN 3829a) : 1 female, giant rat, Mubango, Mambina Forest, Kyagle, Uganda 4000 ft. alt., 1932, Capt, C. R. S. Pitman leg. (BM 6.19. 21) : 3 females, Centropus (?) superciliosus Loande, Kampala, Uganda, -9.39. (BM) : 1 female, several nymphs, Pygmy Antelope, Neotragus moschatus akeleyi, Mt. Kenya, 7000', Kenya : 9 females, cattle, Kitale, A. Wiley leg. 5.4.49 (EAVRO) : 19 females, Boocercus eurycerus, Kabolet Forest, near Kapenguria, 23.2.56, S. F. Barnett leg. (EAVRO) : 3 females, Cricetomys, Mlange, Nyasaland -.10.1914 (BM 13.12.30. 29-30) : 3 females, Mungos melanurus, Zomboe, Nyasaland 1915 (BM 1915. 12. 30, 3/-33) : 1 female, 1 male "tick bird" stomach ? Tanganyika, (Vet. Lab., Kabete) : 1 female, Dakar, Senegal (No other data). Distribution. The general pattern of the distribution of this species follows closely that of I. rasus, except that as far as pres- ent valid records are concerned there are far more records from East Africa. WEST AFRICA. Senegal, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast. CENTRAL AFRICA. Rio Muni, Belgian Congo. EAST AFRICA. Uganda, Kenya (British East Africa), Tanganyika (German East Africa), Nyasaland, Southern Rhodesia. 506 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Description. FEMALE. Body of unfed female short oval, broadest at about the posterior third. Capitulum (Figures 14, 15). Basis capituli sub-triangular, posterior margin straight or slightly undulate, sides curved, surface convex, broad, rounded, very short broad cornua ; porose areas pear-shaped, less frequently oval, separated by a distance less than their maximum diameter, when oval usually set obliquely to long axis of body. Palpi long, lateral profile slightly concave except for slight baso-lateral swelling, mesial profile of article 2 broadly curved, that of article 3 straight, apex rounded with inner angle acute, outer angle rounded, meso-dorsal margin of article 2 and proximal part of article 3 flanged, palpal hairs moderately long basally on article 2, shorter on article 3. Ven- trally (Figure 15) basis capituli has straight lateral margins, with postero-lateral and posterior margins broadly rounded, two pairs of hairs in position indicated in Figure 15; surface either flat or gently convex; auriculae form broad flat lobes with rounded apices. Palpal article 1 (Figures 15 A, B) drawn out into a mesodorsal flange and a ventro-lateral lobe supplied with a long hair; article 2 with few hairs of moderate length basally, hairs shorter and more abundant on article 3; inner face of article 2 flat, that of 3 slightly concave. Length of capit- ulum, 1.1 mm. ; breadth of capitulum across dorsal ridge, 0.48 mm. ; breadth of capitulum across auriculae, 0.57 mm. ; length of palpal article 2, 0.47 mm. ; greatest breadth of palpal article 3, 0.16 mm.; length of palpal article 3, 0.37 mm. Hypostome (Fig- ure 16) long, gently curved profile lines, rounded at the tip, small "corona"; dentition, 2 rows of 4/4, 4 rows of 3/3, and 7 rows of 2/2 teeth. Scutum (Figure 18). Length 1.42 mm., breadth 1.15 mm., widest in front of middle, curving strongly to scapular base, less strongly posteriorly, sides almost rectilinear and terminate in a rather narrowly curved posterior margin, scapulae short, pointed, emargination slight; lateral carinae slightly indicated, short, ceasing just beyond the greatest width; cervical grooves super- ficial, shallow, not reaching to postero-lateral border. Punctations consisting of closely set groups of small pores, uniformly dis- tributed, short hairs. Legs. Moderate length; coxae I, II and III syncoxae: coxa I sub-triangular with well developed areae coxales supplied with ARTHUR: IXODES RASUS GROUP 507 stout hairs, other hairs fine, variable in length, internal spur lacking, the postero-internal extremity rounded, coxae II and III longer than broad, supplied with hairs of uniform length, coxa IV subtriangular, spurs absent; trochanters I— III with short, broad, blunt spurs. Tarsi long, tarsus I, 0.74 mm., tarsus IV, 0.67 mm. (Figures 21, 23) tapering fairly gradually to slight hump beyond Haller's organ, pad almost as long as claws. Genital opening. Between coxae IV, covered with translucent unilobed genital apron (Figure 26) genital grooves horseshoe- shaped. Anal grooves. Situated far back, rounded and drawn out posteriorly into a small point. Spiracular plate (Figure 27). Round, macula almost antero- ventral in position. Variants. The only consistent variant forms, which I have en- countered are 9 females collected from "Vache, Costermansville, Vercommen 1950, MC coll. 69733." Description. FEMALE. These specimens are dark brown and the alloscutum bears scattered short white hairs. Capitulum (Figures 30, 31). Length 0.98 mm., breadth across basis capituli just behind insertion of palpal article 1, 0.54 mm. ; surface flattened, porose areas subtriangular in out- line, superficial, interporose interval about equal to maximum breadth ; marginally basis capituli heavily pigmented, almost black, lateral margins diverge anteriorly, posterior margin straight, cornua short, broad basally and rounded apically; palpi relatively short and broad, article 1 short, broader than long, internal mesial spur present (Figure 30) ; article 2 swollen basally thence lateral profile concave to suture line with article 3, that of article 3 nearly straight and terminating in a broad rounded apex, mesially article 2 gently convex, article 3 straight and tapering to tip ; hairs long on lateral and mesial pro- file of article 2, shorter on article 3; mesially, palp drawn out into a broad flange and long hairs arise on its mesial face, i.e. above and below the flange, length of article 2, 0.4 mm., article 3, 0.31 mm. Ventrally basis capituli broad, auriculae much re- duced and form flattened projections (cf. with 7. pseudorasus) , 508 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY surface generally flat as far back as slight posterior depression, beyond which it rises strongly (stippled in Figure 31). Two pairs of hairs in positions indicated in Figure 31 ; posterior margin broadly rounded. Hypostome (Figure 17) long, rounded apically, largest teeth about mid-length, strongly pointed, denti- tion from base to apex, 7 rows 2/2, 4 rows 3/3, 2 rows 4/4, 2 rows 5/5 teeth, small "corona," median triangular unarmed area. Scutum. Mean scutal dimensions are 1.3 mm. x 1.17 mm. (cf. with I. pseudorasus, 1.4x1.1), and the scutum is broadly rounded posteriorly (Figure 29), surface elevated between the short cervi- cal grooves; lateral carinae ill-defined, antero-lateral margins slope steeply, scapulae short, rounded, emargination slight; punctations small, shallow, most abundant posteriorly but even so well separated, less numerous in the cervical field and between the cervical grooves and the lateral carinae. Legs. Long and strong, coxa I with short, salient trenchant internal spur, coxa IV with short rounded external spur (Fig- ure 20), trochanter spurs short, broad, pointed; tarsus I (Figure 22) long, narrow, slightly tapering, strongly humped beyond Haller's organ, tarsi II-IV with progressively weaker humps, hairs progressively shorter and stouter from leg I-IV ; length of tarsus I, 0.76 mm., tarsus IV (Figure 24), 0.67 mm. Spiracular plate. Almost rounded, macula anteriorly placed, large number of moderately large goblets (Figure 28). Genital aperture. Between coxae IV : genital apron slightly concave (Figure 25) (cf. with I. pseudorasus and I.rasus). Anal grooves. Circular. Description. MALE. From bovines, Sura, Arusha, Tangan- yika, 13 Dec, 1955. F. W. White leg. Body. Elongate oval, greatest width slightly in front of the middle, surface more steeply rounded posteriorly. Colour (of alcohol preserved specimens) alloscutum uniformly dark red- dish brown, with many fairly long brownish white hairs es- pecially on the periphery, hairs generally closely adherent to surface, scutum and basis capituli deep red brown with paler posterior and postero-lateral margins, legs and palpi less heavily pigmented. ARTHUR : IXODES RASUS GROUP 509 Capitulum (Figures 31 A, B). Basis capituli about 1-3 times as broad as long, length 0.26 mm., breadth 0.34 mm., dorsal ridge broadly convex, more sharply rounded postero-laterally and thence to almost straight divergent margins, greatest width of basis capituli immediately behind palpal insertions. Surface of basis capituli reticulately patterned, elevated in mid-line behind anterior cheliceral foramen, broad depression on each side run- ning antero-laterally from posterior margin to palpal insertions, Figs. 30, 31. Ixodes pseudorasus, variant form, female: dorsal; 31. Capitulum, ventral. 30. Capitulum, 510 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY sloping away ventrally around base of latter, posterior margin weakly elevated. Palpi broad, short, length to breadth as about 2.6:1.0, taper from base to broadly rounded apex, articles 2 and 3 of about equal length, about 0.21 mm., lateral profile of article 3 indented baso-laterally thence slightly sinuous to the suture line between articles 2 and 3, that of article 3 almost straight; mesial margin of article 2 as a broad arc of a circle, that of article 3 straight and convergent to the rounded apex; greatest breadth of 0.16 mm. just below suture line of articles 2 and 3, hairs of moderate length and quite numerous apically. Ventrally posterior border concave, postero-lateral angles steep, lateral margins gently concave, diverging to palpal insertion; trans- verse ridge strongly defined, with auriculae as faintly curved and flange-like edges, connected by a median, broad, tongue-like ridge ; basis capituli slightly longer than broad, less heavily pig- mented than dorsal surface except for median tongue and auricular elevations of the ridge and periphery; surface slopes to hypostomal base from the transverse ridge, but short and de- clivitous behind the latter; two triangular elevations on either side of a depression behind, pair of erect hairs situated lateral and posterior to hypostomal base, mesial surface of both palpal articles 2 and 3 concave, that of 2 irregularly so. Hypostome (Figure 31P) : broad, with indented apex, rounded on either side of the indentation, 12 lateral teeth increasing in size from apex to p re-basal teeth, basal tooth angular, teeth arranged as 2-3 rows of 3/3 files, 2 rows of 4/4 files, 4 rows of 5/5 files, pre- basal and basal tooth subtended by two crenulations each ; length 0.23 mm. Scutum (Figure 31G). Colour uniformly deep red brown, with smaller less heavily pigmented patches antero-lateral to scapulae. Elongate oval, tapering a little anteriorly, steeply rounded posteriorly, greatest breadth approximately at mid- length, length 1.93 mm., breadth 1.30 mm., distance between the scapulae, 0.38 mm., antero-lateral margins behind scapulae un- dulate, lateral and postero-lateral margins curved, lateral carinae lacking, cervical grooves faint and very shallow, most apparent in front of the pseudoscutal outline, weak behind the scapulae. ARTHUR: IXODES RASUS GROUP 511 Figs. 31A-H. Ixodes pseudorasus male: A. Capitulum, dorsal; B. Capit- ulum, ventral; C. Opisthosoma, ventral; D. Coxae I-IV; E. Tarsi I and IV; F. Hypostome; G. Scutum; H. Spiracular plate. 512 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Punctations numerous, subequal, shallow, small, more or less evenly distributed over the surface. Scapulae broad based, short, subtriangular with blunt apices, emargination moderate. Hairs white, small, fairly numerous, uniformly distributed over the surface. Ventral plates (Figure 31C). Pregenital plate slightly con- cave behind, convergent sides, rounded anteriorly, extends from anterior margins of coxae III to posterior margin of coxae I ; median plate about one and a third times as long as broad, great- est breadth very near to posterior margin, sides curved and con- vergent to genital opening ; adanal plates subrhomboidal with sharp anterior angles, posterior junction between adanal plates on either side ill-defined or absent ; anal plate transversely oval and drawn out into a small point posteriorly. Legs (Figure 31D). Broad, long, coxae I-III with extensive syncoxal areas; all coxae large and broad, coxae I with strong, conical internal spur, II and III unarmed, IV with smaller rounded, broad external spur, several long hairs on each coxa, with posterior margins of coxae I-III strongly trenchant, tro- chanters I and II with large, broad-based spurs, III with a similar but more flange-like spur, IV with smaller, more slender pointed spur: tarsi (Figure 31E) long with slight hump, length of tarsus I, 0.67 mm., metatarsus I, 0.32 mm., tarsus IV, 0.57mm., meta- tarsus IV, 0.38 mm. Spiracular plate (Figure 31H). Large, elongate oval, broadly rounded in front, narrower behind, long axis parallel to that of body, length 0.36 mm., breadth 0.22 mm., macula antero- ventral. Genital orifice. On a level with the anterior edges of coxae III, genital apron slightly indented. Hosts of Ixodes pseudorasus. Leopard, goat, cattle, bushbuck, Neotragus mosckatus akeleyi, man, dog, Cricetomys gambianus, Cephalophus, Mungos melanurus, giant rat, Okapia (which ap- pears to be a frequent host in Belgian Congo), Centropus super- ciliosus, Neotragus pygmaeus, Potamochoerus porcus, Tragela- phus script us, "tick-bird," Chevrotain, forest antelope, bovines. Biology. On larger mammals the adults occur on the ears and thighs of hosts. Immature stages probably occur on small mam- mals but until breeding experiments of these stages are completed it is inadvisable to name possible hosts. ARTHUR: IXODES RASUS GROUP 513 Related species. Confusion regarding the Ixodes rasus group has arisen because of the acceptance of the closed anal groove as the sole diagnostic character, which is based on the key prepared by Nuttall, Warburton, Cooper and Robinson (1911). At pres- ent we recognize the following five species having closed circular grooves: I. rasas Neumann, I. pseudorasus, sp. nov., I. muniensis sp. nov. 7. procaviae sp. nov. and I. thomasae sp. nov. The affini- ties between rasus and pseudorasus are to be found only in the form of the anal groove and the long palps. A comparison of the descriptions and figures reveal that the differences in the form of the auriculae, the spurs on coxae I and IV and in the shape of the genital apron constitute distinctive characters. Both species have a similar geographical range and if I. rasus and I. pseudorasus are to be considered as variations within the species, as suggested by Nuttall et al. (loc. cit.) then all grades of inter- mediates would be expected. This is not so and out of 140 fe- males examined 43 belong to I. rasus and 97 to I. pseudorasus with no trace of intermediate forms. Whether the variants of I. pseudorasus from Costermansville, all of which agree among themselves, should have subspecific rank is problematical as only nine females were available for examination, and far more col- lecting for this tick is desirable. Remarks. Nuttall, Warburton, Cooper and Robinson (1911) base their description on females from Uganda (GHFN 877a), Oubasi (GHFN 503) and from man and dog, Kumasi, Ashanti. It would appear that these authors did not see the type and con- cluded that their description of the female differed from that of Neumann (1899). Ixodes muniensis sp. nov. (Figures 32—51) Holotype. Female, from Cephalophus sp. "Mongele," Epulu River, Ituri district, Belgian Congo, P. Putnam leg. Deposited in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Paratopes. Total 3 females, 9 nymphs and 8 larvae, all from the same host as the holotype and deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Total 13 females, 15 nymphs, 8 514 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY larvae. 1 female, 3 nymphs ex Duiker, north central Kio Muni 24 May, 1954, K. C. Brown leg., gift of Col. R. Traub to HH No. B. 22842 ; 1 female, 1 nymph, tabby cat, north central Rio Muni, 23 April, 1954, K. C. Brown leg., gift of Col. R. Traub to HH No. B. 22836 ; 3 females, 2 nymphs, forest antelope, north central Rio Muni, 10 June. 1954, K. C. Brown leg. gift of Col. R. Traub to HH No. B22845; 1 female, Neotragus pygmaeus, Yapo, Ivory Coast, A. Villiers leg. (MCZ) ; 1 female, Felis pardus, primary forest, 12.5.1933, 500 ft. Mainyu Bridge, Mamfe, Cameroons, I. T. Sanderson leg. P. Sladen Trust Expedition (BM 1954 6.14.52) ; 2 females, tube No. 20 (no host data) ; Yoka- douma, Cameroons, 30.5.55 (JM). Description. FEMALE. Body, oval-oblong. Alloscutum cream, few short curved white hairs in alcohol preserved speci- mens, sclerotised parts medium brown, except for more heavily pigmented basis capituli, maximum width slightly in front of spiracle ; anal aperture near posterior border ; genital orifice level with posterior edge of coxae IV, genital apron unilobed; scutum reaches back beyond half the opisthosomatic length in unfed or partly fed specimens. Capitulum (Figures 32, 33). Basis capituli deep reddish- brown, approaching black peripherally; posterior margin be- tween cornua slightly convex, cornua large, sub-triangular, rounded apices; lateral margins slightly divergent to greatest width at palpal base; surface of basis reticulately patterned, elevated in mid-line, slightly convex to antero-lateral margins being more emphasized near the hypostomal base. Porose areas indistinct, sub-triangular, shallow, inter-porose length about equal to breadth of porose areas. Palpi long, rounded apically, tapering most strongly distal to suture line between articles 2 and 3, lateral profile of article 2 swollen latero-basally, thence gently concave to suture line ; mesial profile of article 2 convex proximally, greatest breadth occurs about half-way along article 2, article I with prominent dorsally-directed flange-like pro- jection (Figure 32), hairs long, fine, especially laterally, fewer in number mesially. Ventrally basis capituli slightly longer than broail, greatest breadth across auriculae, posterior border broadly curved, lateral borders slightly constricted (Figure 33), auriculae large, flat, broad-based, lobes, directed ventrally, pair of small ARTHUR: IXODES RASUS GROUP 515 Figs. 32-38B. Ixodes municnsis, female: 32. Capitulum, dorsal; 33. Oapitulum, ventral; 33A. Variation in the auricular form of the female; 34. Hypostome; 35. Scutum; 36. Coxae and trochanters I-IV; 37, Anal plate; 38A. Tarsus and metatarsus I; 3SB. Tarsus and metatarsus IV. 516 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY hairs mesial to auriculae, similar pair posterior and lateral to hypostomal base. Palpal article 1 produced into a prominent pointed spur ventro-laterally and supplied with two hairs ; mesial surface of article 2 flat, that of article 3 slightly concave. Hy- postome (Figure 34), long, tapering, slender, apex rounded; dentition from base to apex consists of six rows of 2/2, 6 rows of 3/3, 2 rows of 4/4, small "corona. > > Measurements (in mm.) of 10 females of I. muniensis Length of capitulum from Holotype specimen Average Smallest Large dorsal ridge 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.32 Breadth along dorsal ridge 0.35 0.36 0.34 0.39 Breadth across auriculae 0.46 0.45 0.41 0.48 Length of palpal article 2 0.32 0.32 0.29 0.34 Length of palpal article 3 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.27 Scutum (Figure 35). Medium brown colour in alcohol pre- served specimens; long, greatest width anterior of mid-length, antero-lateral margins gently convex, postero-lateral margins weakly concave before terminating in rounded posterior margin ; lateral carinae as short ridged elevations not extending to the margins, lateral field slopes gently from the ridge ; cervical grooves shallow, becoming broadest about mid-length, not attain- ing postero-lateral border, convergent at first then divergent postero-laterally. Punctations equal, moderate-sized, distinct, shallow, more numerous posteriorly than anteriorly, absent be- yond carinae. Scapulae very short, broad, blunt, emargination almost negligible, hairs few, scattered, longer and more numerous anteriorly between cervical grooves. Measurements of scutum of 10 females (in mm.) Holotype female Average Smallest Largest Length of scutum 1.08 1.09 1.02 1.16 Breadth of scutum 0.76 0.80 0.72 0.83 ARTHUR: IXODES RASUS GROUP 517 Legs. Long, slender, coxae 1, IT, and III (Figure 36) with ex- tensive syncoxal areas, internal angle of coxa I slightly trenchant, internal spurs lacking; coxae IV, subtriangular, small postero- external spur; hairs slender, white, prominent broad flange-like saliences on trochanters II and III reduced salience on tro- chanter I. Tarsi (Figures 38 A, 38B) relatively long and thin with numerous hairs of moderate length. Measurements of tarsi and metatarsi of 10 females (in mm.) Holotype female Average Smallest Large; 0.62 0.59 0.55 0.62 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.32 0.53 0.53 0.51 0.55 Length of tarsus I Length of metatarsus I Length of tarsus IV Length of metatarsus IV 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.37 Spiracular plate. Oval, long axis transverse to that of body, macula slightly ventrally placed, dimensions, holotype female, 0.23 mm. x 0.18 mm., average size based on 10 females, 0.23 mm. x 0.19 mm., smallest, 0.20 m. x 0.17 mm., largest, 0.24 mm x 0.21 mm. Anal grooves (Figure 37). Circular, closed, ending in a slight point behind. Genital orifice. Level with posterior margin of coxae IV, small, crescentic, unilobed genital apron. Description. NYMPH. Body broadly rounded posteriorly, narrowing anteriorly, greatest width just behind level of coxae IV; in alcohol preserved nymphs alloscutum pale cream, with curved white hairs of moderate length, legs, pale brown : anterior half of scutum and palps more heavily pigmented but less so than basis capituli, scutum reaches back to about one-third of opistho- somatic length in unfed or partially gorged specimens. Capitulum (Figures 39, 40A, 40B). Basis capituli twice as broad as long, yellow-brown centrally, reddish-brown periph- erally, dorsal ridge gently convex and extended to lateral points, cornua lacking, antero-lateral margins sharply convergent to palpal base ; surface of basis reticulately patterned and elevated near dorsal ridge, gently sloping ventro-laterally, but becoming steeper along the antero-lateral margins. Palpi relativly short, article 2 (0.12-0.13-0.15 mm.) slightly longer than article 3 (0.095-0.11-0.12 mm.) ; tapering distinctly along length of article 518 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 3, lateral profile strongly constricted basally, thence almost straight to the suture between articles 2 and 3, greatest breadth about mid-length of article 2, article 3 rounded apically ; mesially article 1 has a small dorsally directed flange-like projection, hairs long on lateral profile and basally on article 2, fewer in number mesially, tuft of smaller hairs apically. Ventrally basis capituli has straight posterior border, postero-lateral angles rounded con- verging to well defined "waist," auriculae consist of bilobed flat- jWgggggggjj O.I MM. 0.5MM. Figs. 39-45. Ixodes muniensis, nymph: 39. Capitulum, dorsal; 40a. Capit ulum ventral; 40B. Auricula; 41. Scutum; 42. Hypostome; 43. Coxae and trochanters I-IV; 44A. Tarsus and metatarsus I; 44B. Tarsus and metatarsus IV; 45. Anal plate. ARTHUR: IXODES RASUS GROUP 519 tened projections with rounded apices, directed postero-laterally, with the more posterior lobe ventrally inclined ; a prominent postero-laterally directed hair between the lobes, auriculae con- nected by strong curved transverse ridge, becoming less elevated in mid-line ; surface reticulately patterned, yellowish-brown cen- trally, deeper reddish-brown peripherally. Surface convex behind the ridge but flat in front, pair of moderate length hairs pos- terior and lateral to hypostomal base. Mesial surfaces of both palpal articles 2 and 3 flat. Hypostome. Length of hypostome figured (Figure 42), 0.26 mm.; mean length, 0.24 mm., shortest, 0.22 mm., longest, 0.26 mm., greatest width about mid-length, tapering to rounded apex, denticles broad, blunt, arranged in 8 rows of 2/2, 2 rows of 3/3. Measurements of 15 nymphs (in mm.) Average Smallest Largest Length of eapitulum from dorsal ridge 0.13 0.12 0.15 Breadth along dorsal ridge 0.2