liill HARVARD UNIVERSITY ^ Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 1 _ ! BULLETIN 3r/ 3. OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPAEATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD COLLEGE, IN CAMBRIDGE VOL. 129 CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A. 19G3 The Cosmos Press, Inc. Cambridge, Mass., U.S A. CONTENTS PAGE No. 1. — Middle Ordovician Trilobites from Lower Head, Western Newfoundland. By H. B. Whittington. (36 plates.) April. 1903. . " 1 No. 2. — American Spiders of the Genera Audijia, Eurij- opis AND Dipoenn (Arane.\e: Theridi]d.\e). Bv Herbert W. Levi. April, 1963 '. 121 No. 3. — American Spiders of the Genus Achaearanea and the New Genus Echinotheridion (Araneae, Theridiidae) . By Herbert AV. T>evi. (5 ]ilates.) April, 1963. . * 187 No. 4. — A Revision of the Genus Pristocera in the Americas (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) . By How- ard E. Evans. (5 plates.) May. 1963. . .". , . 241 No. 5. — The Herpetolocy of the Port-au-Prince Region AND GoNAVE IsLAND, Haiti. Parts I-K. By Emest E. Williams, Benjamin Shreve, and Philip S. Hum- phrey. (5 plates.) May, 1963 291 No. 6. — The Neck Musculature of a Cryptodire (Deir- ochelys) and a Pleurodire (Chelodina) Com- pared. By R. V. Shah. June, 1963 343 No. 7. — Catalogue of Type Specimens in the Inverte- brate Paleontological Collections of the Mu- seum of Comparative Zoology. Arthropoda (Trilobita, Arachnida and Insecta Excluded). By W.D.Ian Rolfe. (1 plate.) June, 1963. ... 369 No. 8. — A Review of the Recent Freshwater Limpet Snails of North America (Mollusca: Pulmo- nata). Bv Paul F.Basch.Julv, 1963 399 PAGE No. 9. — Studies on South American Angles. Descrip- tion OF Anolis mirus, New Species, from Rio San Juan, Colombia, with Comment on Digital Dilation and Dewlap as Generic and Specific Characters in the Angles. By Ernest E. Wil- liams. August, 1963. . . . '. 463 No. 10. — American Spiders of the Genus Theridion (Ara- NEAE, Theridiidae) . Bv Herbert W. Levi. (13 plates.) August, 1963. \ 481 Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol. 129, No. 1 MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES FROM LOWER HEAD, WESTERN NEWFOUNDLAND By H. B. Whittington With 36 Plates CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM April 4, 1963 Publications Issued by or in Connection WITH THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD COLLEGE Bulletin (octavo) 1863 — The current volume is Vol. 129. Breviora (octavo) 1952 — No. 1S.3 is current. Memoirs (quarto) 1864-1938 — Publication was terminated with Vol. 55. JoHNSONiA (quarto) 1941 — A publication of the Department of ]\Iollusks. Vol. 4, no. 41 is current. Occasional Papers of the Departaient of Mollusks (octavo) 1945 — Vol. 2, no. 28 is current. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club (octavo) 1899-1948 — Published in connection with the Museum. Publication terminated with Vol. 24. The continuing publications are issued at irregular intervals in num- bers which may be purcliased separately. Prices and lists may be obtained from tlie Publications Office of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts. Of the Peters ' ' Check List of Birds of the World, ' ' volumes 1, 4 and 6 are out of print ; volumes 3, 5, 7, 9, and 15 are sold by the Museum, and future volumes will be published under Museum auspices. The Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Natural Mammalian Hibernation edited by C. P. Lyman and A. R. Dawe is available as volume 124 of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Bul- letin. Published in 1960, it consists of 26 papers and a general discus- sion, totalling 550 pages. Price $3.00 papcf back, .$4.50 cloth bound. Publications of the Boston Society of Natural History The remaining stock of the scientific periodicals of the Boston Society of Natural History has been transferred to the Museum of Comparative Zoology for distribution. Prices for individual numbers may be had upon request. Bulletin of the Museiun of Comparative Zoology AT HARVAED COLLEGE Vol. 129, No. 1 MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES FROM LOWER HEAD, WESTERN NEWFOUNDLAND By H. B. Wiiittington With 36 Plates CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM April, 1963 Bull. Mils. Comp. Zool., Harvard Univ., 129(1) : 1-118, Apr. 1963 No. 1 — Middle Ordovician Trilohites from Lower Head, Western Newfoundland By II. B. Whittington CONTENTS Page Introduction 7 Occurrence of the fossils 10 Numbers of specimens 12 Age of the fauna 13 Evolutionary and geographicnl relationships 16 Morphology and classification 23 Sympatric species in the fauna 26 Systonuitic Palaeontology 27 Terminology 27 Family Agnostidae 28 Geragnnsins Howell, 1935 28 G. cliisus n. sp 28 Family Harpidae 32 Selonolmrpes Whittington, 1950 ?>2 S. vitilis n. sp 32 Family Eemopleurididae 36 Memopleurides Portlock, 1843 36 E. ligulus u. sp 36 Family Proetidae 36 Pliaseolops n. gen 36 P. sepositus n. sp. 37 Family Isocolidae 40 Isocolus Angelin, 1854 41 /. dysdercus n. sp. 41 Family Isocolidae ? 44 Idiorhapha Whittington, 1953 44 /. solitaiia (Billings, 1865) 44 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Page Family Dimeropygidae 45 Ischyrotoma EayiDond, 1025 45 7. twenhofeli Eaynioinl, 192' 45 Ischyrophyma n. gen. 48 I. tubercrilata n. sp. 48 ? Ischyrophyma sp. ind. 50 Cephalon gen. ind 50 Family Glaphuridae 51 Glaphurus Eaymond, 1905 51 G. divisus n. sp. 51 Family Nileidae 53 Nilex^s Dalmaii, 18'27 53 iV. affinis Billings, 1865 53 Family Batliyuridae 55 Baihyurellxis Billings, 1865 55 B. nitidus Billings, 18()5 55 TJromy strum Whittington, 1953 57 V. fraternum (Billings, 1865) 58 TJ. formosum (Billings, 1865) 60 Z7. patulum n. sp. 61 Goniotelus Ulrich, 1927 62 G. perspicator (Billings, 1865) 63 G. Mndlei n. sp. 63 G. rostratus n. sp. 64 G. sp. ind 65 Family Leiostegiidae 65 Lloydiu Vogdes, 1890 65 L. saffordi (Billings, 1860) 65 Family Illaenidae 66 Subfamily Illaeninae 66 Illaenus Dalman, 1827 66 /. tumidifrons Billings, 1865 69 I. consobrinns Billings, 1865 71 I. hucculentus n. sp 72 I. sp. ind. 1 73 1. sp. ind. 2 73 I. spiculatus n. sp 74 Subfamily uncertain 76 Harpillaenus n. gen. 76 N. arcuatus (Billings, 1865) 78 WHITTINGTON : ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 5 Page Family Sc-utelluiilae 80 Perischoclonus Kayniond, 19125 80 P. capitcilis Raymond, 1925 80 Family Cheiruridae 84 Subfamily Cheirurinae 84 Lehiui Barton, 1916 84 L. argus n. sp. 84 Subfamily Heliomevinae 86 HtViomeia Raymond, 1905 86 H. alhata n. sp. 86 Ecliome.roides Evitt, 1951 88 II. alacer n. sp 88 Subfamily Sphaerexochinae 89 Kanina Barton, 1916 90 7l. vulcanits (Billings, 1865) 91 K. limbata n. sp 92 K. arnoldi n. sp 93 ? Karcina sp. ind 95 Pygidium gen. ind. 1 95 Pygidium gen. ind. 2 96 Pygidium gen. ind. 3 96 Pygidium gen. ind. 4 97 Ci/donocrphalus n. gen 97 C. griphus n. sp 98 C. torulas n. sp 100 C. scrobiculiis n. sp. . 101 C. prolificus (Billings, 1865) 101 C. mercnrius (Billings, 1865) 102 C. promhiulus n. sp. 103 Family Odontopleuridae 103 Ceratocephala Warder, 1838 103 C. exigua n. sp. 103 Family Licliidae 104 Apatoliclias n. gen 104 A. jul-esi (Billings, 1865) 106 References Ill Explanation of plates 1-36 119 6 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY ILLUSTEATIONS Plates Plate 1. Geragnostus clusus n. sp. and Seletwharpcs fragilis (Rayinond, 1925) 2. Selenoharpes ftagilis (Eayniond, 1925) and S. vitUis n. sp. 3. Selenoharpes vitilis n. sp. •i. Bemopleurides ligulus n. sp. and Phaseolops sepositus n. sp. 5. Phaseolops sepositus n. sp., and Isocolus dysderrns n. sp. 6. Isocolus dysderc-us n. sp., dinieropygid cephalon, gen. iud. and ? Isdhyrophyma sp. ind. 7. Isohyrotoma twenhofeli Eaymond, 1925 8. Ischyropliyma tuberculata n. sp. and GlapJiurus divisu^ n. sp. 9. Glaphurus divisus n. sp. and Nileus affiniis Billings, 1865 10. Nileus affinis Billings, 1865, and Bathyurellus nitidus Billings, 1865 11. Bathyurellus nitidu.s Billings, 1865, and Lloydia saffordi (Billings, 1860) 12. Vromystrmn fratenium (Billings, 1865) and V . fovmosum (Billings, 1865) 13. Uroi)iystru)n fonnosum (Billings, 1865) and U . palaluni a. sp. 1-4. Vrumystrum patulum n. sp., Ganiotelus kindlei n. sp. and G. rostratus n. sp. 15. Goniotelus rostratus n. sp., G. sp. ind. and Illaenus tumidifrons Billings, 1865 16. Illaenus tumidifrons Billings, 1865 17. Illatnas consobrlnus Billings, 1865 18. Illaenus consobrlnus Billings, 1865 and /. bacculentus n. sp. 19. Illaenus sp. ind. 1, Illaenus sp. ind. 2 and /. spicululus n. sp. 20. Illaenus spiculaius n. sp. and Harpillaenus arcuatus (Billings, 1865) 21. Harpillaenus arcuatus (Billings, 1865) 22. Peri-sohoclonus capitalis Eaymond, 1925 23. Lehua argus n. sp. and L. vimcula (Bariande, 1872) 24. Heliomera albata n. sp. and H.eliomeroides alacer n. sp. 25. Heliomeroides alacer n. sp., Kawina vulcanus (Billings, 1865), K. limbata n. sp., and " Cheiriirus" polydorus BillLngs, 1865 26. Kawina vulcanus (Billings, 1865), E. limbata n. sp., and K. arnoldi n. sp. 27. Kawina arnoldi n. sp., Cydanocepliulus griphus n. sp., and C. torulus n. sp. WHITTINGTON : ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 7 28. CydonocfiplMlus griphus n. sp., C. toruliis n. sp., C. scrohioulus n. sp., C. proUficus (Billings, 186.5), and Kau'ina vulcanus (Billings, 1865) 29. Cydonoceplialus turuiits n. sp., C. sorobioulus n. sp., and C. prolifieus (Billings, 1865) 30. Cydonocephalus prolifieus (Billings, 1865), C. 7nerciirius (Billings, 1865) and C. pro mi nidus n. sj). 31. ? Kauuna sp. ind., eheiiurid pygidia gen. ind. 1 to 4, Ceratocephala exigua n. sp. 32. Ceratocephala exigua n. sp. and Apatolichas julccsi (Billings, 1865) 33. Apatolichas jul'esi (Billings, 1865) 34. Apatolichas julcesi (Billings, 1865) 35. Idiorhapha solitaria (Billings, 1865), Goniotelus perspicator (Billings, 1865), and Ferischoclonus capitalis Eaymond, 1925, 36. Cydonocephalus torulus n. s])., PeriscJioclonus capitalis Raymond, 1925, and fragment of limestone from Lower Head. Figures Figure Page 1. Map showing Lower Head and adjacent localities 9 2. Faunal distribution in Lower and Middle Ordovician 19 3. Segments and enrollment of Geragnostus chisus n. sp. 31 4. Section of cephalon, rostral plate, and pygidial doublure of five illaenid species 67 5. Harpillaenus arcuatus (Billings) 77 6. Hypostome of Apatolichas jul:esi (Billings) 109 INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At the tip of Lower Head, western Newfoundland (Text-fig. 1) is a cliff cut in the white limestone of a single enormous boulder in a conglomerate. Prom this cliff have been obtained many hundreds of beautifully-preserved specimens of trilobites, here grouped into forty-five species. Almost all these species are unique to this locality, as are seven of the twenty-six genera recognised. Most of the remaining genera appear for the first time in North America at this stratigraphical horizon, early Middle Ordovician, Whiterock stage. It is thus a most unusual fauna, and my interest in trilobites of western Newfoundland began when Prof. Cecil H. Kindle showed me collections he had made prior to 1952 from this locality. Since 1955 he and I have collaborated in an investigation of the stratigraphy and 8 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY trilobite faunas of this region (Kindle and Whittington, 1958, 1959). The collections we have made, together with earlier ones by Kindle, have afforded the bulk of the material described herein. All the species listed under "Numbers of Specimens" are described herein, with the exception of the Pliomeridae, dealt with earlier (Whittington, 1961b). Illustrations of Seleno- harpes fragilis (PI. 1, figs. 18-20; PI. 2, figs. 1-3) from Stearing Island, of Nileus affinis (PI. 9, figs. 7, 11, 12 ; PI. 10, figs. 1-3, 5, 6) from Quebec, of Lloydia saffordi (PI. 11, figs. 13, 16-18) possibly from a different boulder at Lower Head, of Lehua vincula (PL 23, figs. 10, 12) from Bohemia, and of Cheirurus polydorus (PI. 25, fig. 10) from Portland Creek, are the only ones on the Plates not from Lower Head. In 1861 and 1863 James Richardson explored the west coast of Newfoundland for the Geological Survey of Canada, measur- ing sections and collecting fossils. This material was described by Elkanah Billings (1861-1865), and when I visited Ottawa in 1954, I studied and photographed it. The specimens which Kindle and I have collected from Lower Head are identical with certain that Billings recorded as from "Cow Head" (Text-fig. 1), the horizon as "Division P, Quebec Group." The latter is the designation (Billings, 1865, pp. 207-208, 373-377) for the conglomerates of western Newfoundland. Through the kindness of Dr. D. J. McLaren and L. M. Gumming, Geological Survey of Canada, I obtained photostatic copies of Richardson's field notes of 1861 (Geol. Surv. Canada, no. 1493). These contain, on pages 116-119, an account of a supposed ascending geological section, beginning at Sandy Bay (Text-fig. 1) and proceeding southward to Cow Head harbour. At the top of this section conglomerates are described in which are "large masses . . ."of a "coarse granular limestone without any appearance of bed- ding" ... it is "very uniform both in texture and colour, in some parts it holds in great abundance a large convoluted shell with trilobites generally in a fragmentary state." This is the only mention of trilobites in the section, and large gastropods do occur in boulders adjacent to the white boulder at Lower Head (Kindle and Whittington, 1958, text-fig. 8). Richardson's notes go on immediately to describe the conglomerates on each side of Cow Head harbour (i.e. at White Rock Islets and Cow Head). Thus the passage quoted can hardly refer to anywhere but Lower Head, so that Richardson 's fossils most probably came from the same locality as ours, which is prominent and easily WHITTINGTON : ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 9 Fig. 1. Map shoAving Lower Head and adjacent localities mentiont-d in the text. Inset shows Lower Head and more distant localities on the west coast of Newfoundland. 10 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY reached from the sea. We have found one or two boulders of white limestone, containing some of the Lower Head species, in conglomerate bed 14 on Cow Head (Kindle and Whittington, 1958, p. 326). Only at Lower Head have we found all but one of twelve species described by Billings and based on material from "Cow Head" (Billings* 1865, p. 375, lists 17 species of trilobites from "Cow Head," but five of these are not based on material from this locality). In our collections these species are present in the abundance and manner of preservation of those in Richardson's original collection. Lower Head was visited by C. Schuchert and W. H. Twenhofel in 1910, and by C. 0. Dunbar in 1918. Their collections were described by Raymond (1925), including the type species of two new genera and additional specimens of Billings' species. Through the kindness of Prof. Karl M. Waage 1 have examined this material and photographed the types. This work has been made possible by several grants, for which I am deeply grateful. Funds from the Harvard Foundation for Advanced Study and Research enabled me to visit Ottawa in 1954, and I am indebted to Dr. H. Frebold for permitting me to study and photograph Billings' types. Field work in Newfound- land, by Kindle and me, was carried out in 1955 under Geologi- cal Society of America grant 671-55, in 1958 and 1961 under National Science Foundation grant G-4189. In the field we have had the enthusiastic assistance of Mrs. Whittington, and her efforts have added greatly to our collections. The cost of publication of the plates, and part of the costs of binding, have Ibeen borne by National Science Foundation grant G-19082. To Cecil Kindle I owe the inspiration that took me to Newfoundland, and I am further in his debt for turning over to me his earlier collections, on which he has done considerable work. Mr. Ronald P. Tripp has been most helpful in personal correspondence regarding the afftnities of the lichid. Miss Susan Fenollosa and Miss Eleanor Ardiff have prepared enlargements from my nega- tives and aided in mounting the plates. Mr. N. Strekalovsky prepared Text-figures 2-6. OCCURRENCE OF THE FOSSILS All the fossils described herein have been collected from the enormous (600 feet long by 200 feet wide) white limestone boulder at the tip of Lower Head (Text-fig. 1). The strati- graphy of the containing conglomerate has been described by WHITTINGTON : ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 11 Kindle and Whittington (1958, pp. 334-335, pi. 4, fig. 2; text-fig. The sea has cut an erosional platform, covered at high tide, in the southern half of the boulder. Behind the beach is a cliff, some 20 feet high, cut in the white, fine-grained, irregularly- fracturing limestone of this part of the boulder. The flat cliff -top is grass-covered, and affords little exposure of the remaining northern portion. In the cliff, fossils occur in scattered patches, frequently close to caleite-filled geodes. The entire collection (and most probably earlier ones) has been obtained from these patches in this small cross-section, 200 feet long, of the boulder. A cursory examination of the southern half showed that it was white or light-brownish in colour, some parts granular and obscurely bedded, with apparently few fossils. The fossiliferous patches in the cliff yield abundant trilobites and relatively few brachiopods and gastropods. Occasionally large cephalopods have been observed. The limestone is unbedded, and the collec- tion has been amassed from chips pried out and broken up in the laboratory. Thus selective collecting is hardly possible, and the list below gives an approximate idea of relative abundance. Entire exoskeletous are rare, even of the common species. The abundance of isolated cephala and pygidia suggests that the exoskeletous (either moults or of dead individuals) were sub- jected to sufficient current action to disarticulate them and sort them before they were deposited in patches. Individual accumu- lations (PI. 36, fig. 9) are never solely of one species, but a mixture of the common forms (e.g. Bathyurellus nitidus, lllacnus tumidifrons, Cijdonocephalus pyolificus, Apatolichas juhcsi) with a few of the others. It is clear that the resistance to disarticula- tion varies with the kind of trilobite — Geragnostus clusus n. sp. is exceptionally resistant, the common cheirurids and illaenids, and the lichid, much less so. The pure, fine-grained, unbedded limestone of the boulder is suggestive of a reef-core rock, like that of the Upper Ordovician limestone reefs of Dalarna, Sweden (Thorslund, 1936; 1960, pp. 91-93). It is notable that in the Swedish limestones fossils also occur in scattered patches, individual patches yielding abundant shells of only one species, or species of one genus. Such patches may be interpreted as having accumulated in an original cavity in the reef in which the particular species was living. The fossiliferous patches at Lower Head do not appear to be analogous, but to be drifted and sorted accumulations. 12 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY The excellence of the preservation shows that abrasion did not occur, and individual cephala and pygidia are usually complete, not in fragments. It seems that the exoskeletons must have accumulated near where the animals lived, but that sorting occurred, for the smallest growth stages have not been found, and larger meraspides are rare. jstlimbers of specimens Well over a thousand specimens in the collections made by Kindle and me have been identified and counted in compiling the following list. It gives an approximate idea of relative abundance, since blocks of the limestone were broken in the laboratory and all recognisable specimens kept. Co nplete Cephala or exoskeletons cianidia Pygid Agiiostidae Geragnostiis cliusus n. sp. 10 12 15 llarpidae Selcnoharpefi vitllis n. sp. 58 1 Bemopleurididae RfiitoijlcaiiiUs ll;,>. ''i ■"".'•"''■■--■"--':"- ~''''*^h., !V^ "if / ijififf-^' '" uh mL ahr pb Fig. 3. Geragnostus clusus n. sp. A, first thoracic segment; B, second thoracic segment ; c. x 26. C, enrolled exoskeleton, oblique posterolateral view, c. X 36. Compare Plate 1, figures 2, 6. Abbreviations: a&, anterior band of pleura; ahr, articulating half -ring; U, lateral lobe of thoracic axis; lo, lateral lolje of occipital ring; mho, median band of occipital ring; ml, median lobe of axial ring; ph, posterior band of pleura; plf, pleural furrow. 1, 2, refer to first and second segment. 32 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY The way in which the thoracic segments articulate with each other, and with the cephalon and pygidiiim, is shown in Text- figure 3. The straight posterior edge of the occipital ring fits against the straight anterior edge of the axial portion of the first thoracic segment, the small median notches in these two edges being opposed to each other. There is no sign of an articulating half ring on this first segment. The pleura fits be- neath the raised posterior border of the cephalon immediately inside and beneath the short genal spine. An articulating half- ring is present on the second thoracic segment and on the pygidium, these rings being visible in the enrolled specimens (PI. 1, fig. 6). The forwardly-pointing pleura of the second segment fits, when the exoskeleton is enrolled, between the pleura of the first segment and the facet of the pygidium, the pointed tip being beneath the postero-lateral corner of the cephalon. The similarit}'- in outline of cephalon and pygidium, and the flat doublures, enables a close fit with no openings between the parts of the exoskeleton when it was enrolled. These observations on the exoskeleton are like those of Jaekel (1909, pp. 381-385, text-figs. 1-6) on Trinodus erraticus, and Ross (1958, pi. 83, figs. 1-4, 14-161 has illustrated enrolled specimens of T. ? valmyensis. Jaekel did not mention the articulating half-ring of the second thoracic segment, and though he shows (text-fig. 5) a median posterior notch in the margin of the cephalon, he shows no corresponding notch in the first thoracic segment. Jaekel and Ross regarded the posterolateral lobe of the glabella as occipital, but those here called lateral lobes of the thoracic axis as "pleural." It seems more likely to me that these lobes are part of the axial region. Family HARPIDAE HaAvle and Corda. 1847 Genus SeLENOHARPES Whittington, 1950 Selenoharpes \aTiLis n. sp. Plate 2, figures 4-8 ; Plate 3 Holotype. GSC 16176, almost complete cephalon with much of upper lamella of fringe preserved, upper external and internal rims broken off (PI. 2, figs. 5-8). Description. Cephalon oval in outline, maximum width in line with posterior border and less than length including pro- longations; length (sag.) about equal to that of prolongation (exs.), height about one-third maximum width. Glabella tapers WHITTINGTON : ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 33 gently forward, posterior maroiii of occipital ring with strong backward curvature, occipital furrow deepest distally, narrow and shallower medially; median occipital tubercle adjacent to furrow. Small, gently convex basal glabellar lobe. Convex cheek lobe slopes distally, deep posterior border furrow and convex posterior border. Eye lobe situated far forward and connected to axial furrow by prominent eye ridge. Ala of length (exs.) about one-third that of glabella, depressed below level of re- mainder of cheek. Steeply sloping distal part of cheek is con- tinued by steeply sloping cheek-roll, brim gently and evenly concave, with prominent upper external rim adding to the con- cavity. Prolongation also concave upwards, inner part steeply sloping. Girder deep, projecting inward and downwards (PI. 3, fig. 8), posteriorly curving around across the proximal part of the prolongation to meet the internal rim a short distance behind the posterior border. On upper lamella of fringe a smooth band lies above the girder. Most of the prolongation is part of the brim. Cheek lobe and preglabellar field (which is narrower [sag and exs.] than the cheek-roll anteriorly) bearing genal caeca (PI. 2, fig. 8; PI. 3, fig. 11) which originate from a point beside the axial furrow about midway between the eye ridge and anterior edge of the ala. The genal caeca continue over the cheek- roll, the smooth band above the girder, and across the brim to the external rim. The caeca are preserved as low ridges on the external surfaces of both lamellae, especially on the cheek-roll and inner part of the brim. On the prolongation the ridges are less prominent, anastomosing, and running more or less transversely. The genal ridge extends on to the cheek-roll, and in the holotype (PI. 2, fig. 8) continues in a longitudinal direc- tion on the brim prolongation. Between the genal caeca are minute pits, 10-12 in the width of the cheek-roll anteriorly and anterolaterally, some 30-35 in the brim in the same region. Reticulate pattern of raised ridges on the occipital ring, faint or absent on glabella in front of this ring. A detached thorax of 16 segments and pygidium (PI. 3, figs. 2-4, 6) has the left half of the most anterior segment preserved, and in front of this is a fragment of an axial ring and what may be part of a pleura. If so, the thorax would include at least 17 segments. Moderately convex axis tapers progressively back, axial rings slightly inflated distally, posterior margin of ring with a backwardly convex curvature. Inner part of pleurae broad (tr.), horizontal, outer part narrow, bent down so that the tip is vertical and curved back, the antero-lateral portion 34 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATI\T: ZOOLOGY broadly facetted. Pleural furrow is broad and extends out to inner margin of facet. Counting the very fragmentary segment as the first, the second to fifth are progressively wider and less acutely bevelled anterolaterally. This arrangement enables the pleurae to lie against the inner edge of the prolongation as it curves outward and backward from the posterior margin. From the sixth segment posteriorly the segments become progressive!}' narrower (tr.) and shorter (sag. and exs.), the curve of the outer margin of the thorax corresponding with the inward and backward curvature of the internal rim of the distal part of the prolongation. If the thorax consisted of 16 or 17 seg- ments the pygidium would lie about level with the tips of the prolongations. Pygidium broad and short, axis tapering to bluntly rounded point, pleural region curved gently downward. Pleural furrow of first segment curves outward and backward, dying out close to the margin. The smallest cephalon (PI. 3, figs. 7, 9, 10), of length (sag.) approximately^ 4 mm., has a more convex glabella with steeply sloping sides, and reticulate ridges on the external surface. A fragment of a larger cephalon (PI. 2, fig. 4) shows the glabella to be relatively wider posteriorly. Discussion. The above description relates to 18 well preserved cephala ranging in length (sag.) from 4 to 7.5 mm. Five addi- tional cephala are apparently similar in all respects except for slight differences in the genal prolongation. This prolongation is relatively slightly shorter in these cephala, the distal portion much less strongly incurved, as revealed particular^ by the outline of the internal rim in dorsal view. Further, the girder curves inward laterally to reach the internal rim at a point slightly in front of the mid-length. In the more abundant cephala the girder curves inward much more sharply, so that the length (exs.) of the cheek-roll prolongation is about the same as the width (tr.) of the cheek-roll laterally. Comparison between dorsal and lateral views of the holotype (PI. 2, figs. 7, 5) and a cephalon of similar size (PI. 3, figs. 1, 5) will illustrate these differences, which are found in cephala ranging in length (sag.) from 4 to 7.5 mm. It seems probable that the outline of the margins of the thoracic pleurae, which forms a curve convex outward, is closely similar to the curvature of the internal rim of the prolongation. If this is correct, then the dif- ferences in shape of the two types of prolongations may reflect differences in shape of the thorax, i.e. the thorax of the less com- mon type of cephalon could have had relatively wider (tr.) pos- terior thoracic segments. WHITTINGTON : ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 35 Genal ridge and genal caeca in harpids have been defined and discussed by Whittington (1950a, pp. 16-18, text-figs. 10, 11; 1950c, pi. 1). Caeca have been more commonly observed on Cambrian trilobites, and descriptions and discussion of such impressions have recent^ been given b}' Opik (1961). Selenoharpes vitilis is more like the Lower Ordovician species *S^. excavaUis and the Middle Ordovician species 8. concavus (Whittington, 1950c) from Sweden than the type species 8. youngi from the Middle Ordovician of Scotland (Whittington, 1950a, pp. 10, 30-32, pi. 3, figs. 2-7, text-fig. 6). This is because the brim is concave on the dorsal side, and the fringe displays the radiating genal caeca, between which the pits are small, there being no conspicuously larger pits adjacent to the girder or adjacent to the external rim. The genal caeca are not as strongly developed as in S. excavatus, and the preglabellar field is shorter (sag.) than the cheek-roll. The differences between the four species mentioned are slight, though their occurrence is over a long period of time and in geographically widely separated regions. Raymond (1925, p. 16, pi. 1, figs. 10, 11) described Seleno- harpes fragilis from a boulder in the Cow Head Group from Stearing Island (Text-fig. 1; Kindle and Whittington, 1958, p. 332). Since it was associated with a species of Pseudomera it probably came from the highest conglomerate bed on the south- east side of Stearing Island. The type material (PI. 1, figs. 18-20; PI. 2, figs. 1-3) is poorly preserved, but seems to differ from S. vitilis in that the cheek-roll slopes gently anteriorly and is much narrower laterally, and the brim slopes outward and downward from the girder, becoming flat peripherally and gently concave laterally. In dorsal view the cephala differ in outline, and in profile the other differences noted are most evident. Now that species of Sclenohat'pes are known with the cephalon suboval in outline, the radiating caeca extending across the fringe to the external rim, the pits between the caeca small, and the thorax in one species of at least 17 segments, the pygidium having the ribs curving backward distally, it is difficult to main- tain the differences between species referred to this genus and to those placed in Aristoharpes (Whittington, 1950a, pp. 11-12, 43-48, pi. 6, figs. 4-11; pi. 7, figs. 1-4; text-fig. 7). It seems best to suggest therefore, that Aristoharpes should be regarded as a sjTionym of Selenoharpes. 36 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Family REMOPLEURIDIDAE Hawle and Corda, 1847 Genus ReMOPLEIJRIDES Portlock, 1843 Remopleurides ligulus n. sp. Plate 4, figures 1-10 Ilolofypc. GSC 16145, incomplete cephalon of length (sag.) approximatelj- 5 mm. Description. The cephalon shows the characters diagnostic of the genus (Whittington, 1959, pp. 391-392), and is dis- tinguished by the strong longitudinal convexity of the glabella, length (sag.) of the tongue, and the long genal spine, the base of which is opposite the occipital ring. External surface of the glabella and the cheek inside the border is tuberculate, and on the glabella lateral furrows Ip and 2p are visible (PI. 4, figs. 2, 6) as curved, smooth bands similar to those of other species (Whittington, 1959, pi. 1, figs. 5, 6, etc.). Lateral furrow 3p is not visible. In ventral view (PI. 4, fig. 3) the anterior branches of the suture bounding the tongue are seen to run in a curve strongly convex forward. The median suture bisects a sharp projection which is situated close to the posterior margin of the doublure. The sharp flexure which forms the projection is characteristic of the genus (Whittington, 1959, p. 393), as is the pit in the doublure situated immediately beneath the antero- lateral corner of the tongue. Lateral cephalic border and doub- lure traversed by strong raised lines. External surface of eye lobe bearing many small facets (PI. 4, fig. 10). Discussion. Billings (1865, p. 293, fig. 283) described the species Remopleurides panderi from the Table Head Series. The types of this species were not seen in the Geological Survey of Canada collections, but material collected by Kindle and Whittington shows that it is quite unlike the present species. Family PROETIDAE Salter, 1864 Subfamily PROETIDELLINAE Hupe, 1953 PhASEOLOPS n. gen. Type species. Phnseolops sepositus n. gen., n. sp. Diagnosis. Glabella tapering forward, three pairs of lateral glabellar furrows. Broad, convex preglabellar field, lateral cephalic border flattened, anterior border convex, long librigenal spine. Large eye lobe situated close to axial and posterior border WHITTINGTON : ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 37 furrows, anterior branches of suture widely divergent. Rostral plate triangular. Hypostome unknown. Ten thoracic segments, pleural tips pointed. Pygidium with three axial rings and three bluntly-pointed pleurae, faint anterior band of fourth pleura. Phaseolops sepositus n. sp. Plate 4, figures 11-13; Plate 5, figures 1-6 lloloiype. GSC 16148, incomplete exoskeleton (PI. 5, figs. 1-3). Description. Largest exoskeletons about 6 mm. in length (sag.). Cephalon crescentic in outline, length (sag.) about half that of maximum width which is at base of librigenal spines. Glabella moderately convex, anterior lobe descending steeply to preglabellar furrow ; maximum width across occipital ring and basal glabellar lobes ; in front of here glabella tapers forward slightly to about the level of lateral glabellar furrow 2p; in front of here it tapers less strongly toward the rounded anterior lobe. Occipital ring longest (sag.) mediall}^ posterior margin projecting convexly behind adjacent borders, small median tubercle on this margin. Occipital furrow bow-shaped, curving forward to midline, narrow and deep. In front of occipital fur- row glabella rises steeply so that postero-medially it stands higher than ring. Three pairs of lateral glabellar furrows, Ip straight, broad, deepest medially, directed diagonally inward and backward ; lateral glabellar lobe Ip of gentle independent con- vexity and subtrapezoidal outline. Lateral glabellar furrow 2p directed inward and only very slightly backward, deepest prox- imally, lateral glabellar furrow 3p short, much shallower than 2p, lateral lobe 3p with faint independent convexity. Axial and preglabellar furrows shallow, continuous, no anterior pit. Cheeks and broad (sag. and exs.) preglabellar field forming a continuous structure, distally sloping steeply outward to the broad, shallow lateral and anterior border furrows ; lateral border almost flat, anterior border convex, most strongly so medially. Posterior border of similar width (exs.), convex, proximal portion trans- verse, then it is flexed to extend outward and backward, and before reaching the base of the librigenal spine curves to run outward. Librigenal spine broad-based, long and tapering to a sharp point, proximal portion with raised borders and a central depression, spine extends back to opposite about the eighth thoracic segment. Bean-shaped eye lobe (PI. 4, figs. 12, 13) situated immediatel}' adjacent to axial furrow ; palpebral lobe includes only the inner slope of the eye lobe, no rim or furrow. 38 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Most of lobe occupied by eye surface which is covered by minute facets arranged in diagonal lines and bounded on the outer side by a moderately deep furrow. Anterior branch of suture runs outward at about 45° to sagittal line down the slope of the cheek almost to the inner edge of the border furrow ; here it turns abruptly and runs diagonally inward and forward across the border furrow and across the anterior border, eventually reach- ing the outer edge of this border at a point that is close to the midline and within the projected line of the axial furrow. Behind eye lobe posterior border furrow is widest (exs.), pos- terior branch of suture runs diagonally across this furrow to reach the inner margin of the posterior border immediately out- side where this border is flexed back; in crossing the border furrow the posterior branch of the suture lies on a sutural ridge. Suture continues diagonally outAvard and backward across pos- terior border to reach outer margin a short distance inside base of librigenal spine. Free cheek adjacent to outwardly-directed portion of the anterior branch of the suture markedly depressed below the level of the fixed cheek in front of this suture : thus the outwardly directed portion of the anterior brand) runs along a flexure marking a change in slope in the cheek rather than a sutural ridge. Free cheek adjacent to eye lol)e shows two bean-shaped, slightly inflated areas (PL 4, fig. 13), one situated adjacent to the anterolateral margin of the eye surface, the smaller inflated area adjacent to the posterolateral margin of the eye surface. Lateral and anterior doublure of cephalon of width slightly greater than borders, convex ven- trally, in front of glabella crossed by connective sutures that run inward and backward to meet at the inner margin of the doublure (PI. 4, fig. 11). A small triangular rostral plate is thus isolated. Rostral suture must run along outer margin of anterior border; and width (tr.) of anteror margin of rostral plate is the same as the distance between the points at which the anterior branches of the suture are observed to reach the margin of the anterior border. Hypostome not known. Ex- ternal surface of cephalon (PI. 4, fig. 13), except in furrows, is extremely finely granulate. Scattered tubercles on cheeks and preglabellar field inside border furrows and on posterior border : slightly larger than other tubercles is that situated on the fixed cheek at the corner where the anterior branch of the suture turns forward and inward, and that situated on the posterior border immediately inside where it is crossed by the posterior branch WHITTINGTON : OBDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 39 of the suture. Fiue terrace lines on borders of librigenal spine and broader and deeper lines subparallel to the margin of the doublure. Tliorax of 10 segments, moderately convex axis tapering back- ward. Axial rings shaped like occipital ring, but backward curvature of posterior margin less, articulating half ring reach- ing to articulating furrow of segment in front. In most speci- mens median portions of axial rings are broken, but since there is a median tubercle on the occipital ring and on axial rings of the pygidium, it may be that some of these rings also bore a median tubercle. Inner part of pleura of anterior thoracic segment extends out horizontally to same distance as transverse inner portion of posterior cephalic border ; outer part of pleurae flexed down, facetted anterolaterally and drawn out into a long point, the point terminating a short distance inside the base of the librigenal spine. In successive pleurae of the thorax the horizontal inner portion becomes narrower (tr.), the outer portion relatively wider (tr.) and flexed down less strongly at the fulcrum ; outer parts of pleurae pointed and bearing a short spine, the points directed in successive pleurae more strongly backward so that in the tenth pleura the point is directed pos- teriorly. Broad and moderately deep pleural furrow runs out across fulcrum and dies out on pointed distal part of pleurae. Pygidium subsemicircular in outline, convex axis extending about two-thirds of length, termination rounded and steeply slop- ing. Three axial rings outlined by shallow ring furrows, each with prominent median tubercle, short (sag.) terminal portion. Pleural regions gently sloping outward and downward, sub- divided by three curving pleural furrows and two curving inter- pleural furrows ; distal part of each of these three pleurae bluntly pointed, the point of the third pair short. Between the tliird pleurae, outlined by faint third interpleural furrows, is a backwardly-sloping region behind the axis, at the edge of which is the faint anterior band of the fourth pleura. External surface of thorax and pygidium apparently smooth. Discussion. The smallest cephalon (PI. 5, fig. 6) is 0.7 mm. in length (sag.) and is articulated with 5 thoracic segments. It is not well-preserved, and appears little different from larger specimens. The oldest supposed proetid is Paryfenus lovisae (Hadding, 1913, p. 79, pi. 8, fig. 21), an incomplete cranidium from the Upper Llandeilo of Sweden. This tiny cranidium is in my opinion doubtfully a proetid, and Phaseolops is little like it. 40 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY From younger rocks (Lower Caradoc of Britain) comes Proeti- della fearnsidesi (Bancroft, 1949, pp. 303-305, pi. 10, fig. 23), an almost complete exoskeleton of distinctly proetid appearance, which has been taken as the type genus of the subfamily Proe- tidellinae hy Hupe (1953). Like Phaseolops the eephalon is crescentic in outline, the glabella tapering forward (with, how- ever, apparently only faint lateral furrows Ip), the eye lobe large, close to the axial furrow and posterior border furrow, the anterior branches of the suture diverging strongly forward, the preglabellar field broad (sag.), the thorax of 10 segments, the pygidium semicircular in outline (but relatively larger, showing six axial rings and five pairs of pleurae). The rostral plate of Proetidella is not known, and that of Phaseolops is unusual for proetids in being subtriangular in outline rather than a wide (tr.) short (sag.) rectangle. Among Upper Ordovician proetids Phaseolops bears some resemblance to Warhurgaspis modestus (see Warburg, 1925, pp. 167-170, pi. 5, figs. 15, 16, 18) in the general outline of the exoskeleton including eephalon, posi- tion of the eye lobes, divergent anterior branches of the suture, shape of the thoracic segments and pygidium. These resem- blances lead me to consider Phaseolops as a proetid, and if this is accepted it is the oldest known member of the family. If the genus is referred to the subfamily Proetidellinae, the diagnosis given by Richter, Richter and Struve {in Moore, 1959, p. 0 395) needs modification to include pygidia having three axial rings and three pairs of pleural furrows. Family ISOCOLIDAE Angelin, 1854 Discussion. Weir (1959, pp. 375-377, pi. 62, figs. 11-15) has described new material of Thomondia Harper, 1942, and shown that the type and only known species is an isocolid. Weir suggests that my diagnosis of the family (1956, p. 1194) should be emended to remove the statement that the greatest width of the glabella is at, or in front of, the midlength. If, however, one considers the glabella to include the occipital ring then the maximum width of the glabella in Thomondia is about at the midlength. The diagnosis needs emendation in that eye facets are present in the species described below, the anterior cephalic doublure is preserved and may be crossed by either a levisellid or asaphid suture. Weir's material came from a mudstone, and this is an unusual occurrence of an abundant isocolid in a clastic facies rather than WHITTINGTON : ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 41 in reef limestone (Whittington, 1956, p. 1193). If Pradesia martyi is an isocolid (Whittington, 1956, p. 1198) it is another species coming from a clastic facies. Genus ISOCOLUS Angelin, 1854 ISOCOLUS DYSDERCUS n. sp. Plate 5, figures 7-10; Plate 6, figures 1-9, 16 Holotypc. GSC 16153, entire exoskeletou (PI. 6, figs. 1-4). Description. Exoskeletou of holotype 3.75 mm. in length (sag.), other entire exoskeletons smaller, the smallest 2.3 mm. in length. Cephalon quite strongly convex, length (sag.) about two-thirds of maximum width, which is in line with the occipital ring. Glabella elongate-oval in outline, gently convex except distally where it descends steeply to the bounding furrows. Occipital ring longest (sag.) in the mid-line, posterior margin curving strongly back, anterior margin defined by occipital furrow which curves less strongly forward. Occipital furrow narrow, deep behind the mid-part of the basal lateral glabellar lobe, shallowing adjacent to the axial furrow. Two pairs of short, deep, transversely-directed lateral glabellar furrows, furrow Ip extremely shallow adjacent to axial furrow, deep- ening inward and broadening, furrow 2p commencing a short distance inside the axial furrow, narrower and less deep than Ip. Lateral glabellar lobes with slight independent convexity, lope Ip slightly sliorter (exs.) than lobe 2p ; lateral furrow 2p situated at mid-length of glabella, maximum width of glabella at this point or slightly in advance of it. Cheek curves outward and downward from axial furrow, posterolateral portion verti- cal, anterolateral portion steeply sloping where it merges with the moderately wide (sag. and exs.) preglabellar field; shallow lateral and anterior border furrows, narrow, gently convex, lateral and anterior borders. These borders join a short dis- tance outside the point where the suture crosses the anterior border, and this junction is obliquely angulate and slightly inflated (PI. 6, figs. 2, 4). Posterior border convex, running transversely outward from axial furrow, then curving liackward and broadening as it merges with base of librigenal spine; this spine tapers back and is extended so that the tip is opposite the third or fourth thoracic segment. Posterior border furrow deep, transverse, dying out near the base of the inner margin of the librigenal spine; lateral border furrow and border continue 42 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY along outer margin of librigenal spine. Doublure of cheeks (PI. 5, figs. 7, 9) broad, curled up beneath border, and inside border furrow lying close against dorsal exoskeleton; inner margin of doublure lies beneath preglabellai- furrow, antero- laterally and laterally width of doublure is similar, postero- laterally it broadens where it extends beneath the base of the librigenal spine. In the midline a low ridge (in the ventral surface, groove in the dorsal surface; PI. 5, figs. 7, 8) crosses the doublure. Eye lobe (PI. 5, fig. 10) suboval in outline, situ- ated adjacent to the axial furrow and a short distance in front of lateral glabellar furrow 2p ; convex, outlined by a furrow which is best developed along the anterior, outer and posterior margins. The inner, higher part of the eye lobe, adjacent to the axial furrow, is the most convex, and the palpebral lobe includes the inward slope of this portion. On the steep, outer slope of this portion of the eye lobe are some 20-30 irregularly arranged facets of the eye surface. Outside the facetted area the surface of the eye lobe is less convex, and in many specimens may be seen to be divided by a low ridge which runs downward and backward from the visual surface to the furrow at the margin, this ridge being flanked by a larger anterior, and a smaller pos- terior, flattened, elliptical area. Anterior branch of facial suture runs straight forward down the slope of the cheek, curving inward and running on a sutural ridge across the border furrow and onto the outer margin of the anterior border. Cranidia (PI. 6, figs. 5, 6) suggest that the anterior branches of this suture meet in a smooth curve along the margin of the anterior border. Connective sutures do not seem to be present (PI. 5, figs. 7, 8, 10), though the appearance of some specimens (PI. 6, fig. 16) suggest that the median ridge in the doublure may be traversed by a median suture or by connective sutures which are very close together. The facial suture may therefore be levisellid or asaphid in type. Posterior branch of suture (PI. 6, figs. 5, 6, 8) runs in curve outward and back across the cheek to the distal extremity of the posterior border furrow, from whence it runs backward to reach the margin of the border inside the base of the libri- genal spine. On external surface of the fixed cheek a conspicuous ridge runs in a straight line backward and slightly outward from the eye lobe to about the mid-point of the posterior border furrow, where it dies out. Anastomosing raised lines are strongly developed on the glabella in front of lateral lobes 2p and run in curves subparallel to the axial and preglabellar furrows. WHITTINGTON : ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 43 Similar terrace lines may traverse the fixed cheek in front of the eye lobe and the preglabellar field. Hypostome unknown. Thorax of six segments, convex axis tapering back, axial rings backwardly curving;, similar in shape to occipital rincr, gently inflated at anterolateral corner. Inner part of pleura extends out horizontally, outer part flexed down steeply, facetted and drawn out into a backwardly directed point. Pleural furrow broad and deep, especially adjacent to the fulcrum, running closer to anterior than posterior margin of pleura so that anterior band is narrowest (exs.) and convex. Pygidium semicircular in out- line, tapering axis reaching close to posterior margin and divided by three shallow ring furrows into three rings and a small ter- minal portion. Pleural regions adjacent to axis horizontal, distal portions and area behind axis steeply sloping, narrow, ill-defined gently convex border. Three pairs of pleural furrows curve outward and backward, successively diminishing in depth pos- teriorly; first and second interpleural furrows extremely faint. Doublure extends inward in both thorax and pygidium to ful- crum and tip of axis. External surface minutely granular. Discussion. The smallest exoskeletons of Isocolus dysdercus differ from larger ones mainly in that the straight-sided, pos- terior part of the glabella expands forward to a maximum width which lies between the eye lobes; in larger specimens the preoccipital portion is relatively wider, giving the suboval outline. Isocolus dysdercus differs from the type species /. sjdgrc7ii (Whittington, 1956, pp. 1194-1195, pi. 129, figs. 1-11, text-fig. 1) in that the preglabellar field is longer (sag. and exs.) and the cheek broader (tr.), there being a narrow border anteriorly; the inflated distal part of the axial ring is less prominent, and on the pygidium there is a faintlj^ defined border as well as the first two interpleural furrows. The nature of the cephalic doublure was not well displayed by the material of I. sjogreni, but the present specimens show that the outer part of this doublure was convex ventrally, the inner part curved so that it lay close beneath the dorsal exoskeleton. The cranidia show that the facial sutures were functional and that eye facets are present, but it remains uncertain Avhether or not the facial suture is levisellid in type. Enrolled specimens are present in the Newfoundland material, the margin of the pygidial border fitting closely against the doublure beneath the cephalic borders. Though the two known species of Isocolus are alike in both 44 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY occurrence and morphology, they are widely separated in age, the range of the genus and the family now being from earliest Middle Ordovician to Upper Ordovician. The only older sup- posed isocolid is Pradesia martyi from the Lower Ordovician of southern France. Among late Cambrian trilobites, species of Theoihnisia (Kasetti, 1954, figs. 3 a-e) show some resemblance to Isocolus, and in one species of Theodenisia an asaphid-type suture is known. Erben (1961), in a discussion of blinding and extinction in certain Proetidae, has pointed out (p. 95) that the isocolid eye lobe is of the "cryptophtlialmus" type. This type is based on the eye lobe of CrypJiops cryptophtlialmus (R. and E. Richter, 1926," pp. 10, 160, pi. 9, fig. 56f; R. Richter, E. Richter and Struve in Moore, 1959, p. 0 462, figs. 362, 2b; 365, 1 a-c), an Upper Devonian phacopid. In this species the dome-like lobe is crossed by a suture running in a curve that is concave outward, not convex outward as in most trilobites, the eye surface is elliptical, and the palpebral lobe not raised above the remainder of the eye lobe. Having facets, the eye lobe of /. dysdcrcus is quite like that of C. cryptophthalmus. Whether this resemblance means, as Erben suggests, that eye reduction in isoeolids occurred in the "cryptophthalmus-mode," is problematical. Erben fur- ther suggests that isoeolids were adapted to life in dark sub- marine cavities. In the present deposit, I. dysdcrcus occurs alongside species with well-developed eye facets, so there is no evidence for Erben 's suggestion. Family ISOCOLIDAE ? Genus loiOKHAJ'H A Whittington, 1953 Idigrhapha solitaria (Billings, 1865) Plate 35, figures 1, 3, 4, 6, 8 Whittington, 19531), pp. 675-676, pi. 69, tigs. 11-15. Discussion. A single incomplete cephalon, poorly preserved, appears indistinguishable from the type material, which came from a boulder in Quebec. The glabella, eye-lobe and course of sutures (the posterior branch is visible on the left side) are exactly as in the type. The anterolateral borders are broken, so that this flattened, broader border cannot be seen. The nar- row (sag. and exs.) anterior border is well-preserved, and shows how the exoskeleton curls under to form the narrow, flat doub- lure. The anterior branch of the suture curves inward over WHITTINGTON : ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 45 the border and across the doublure, reaching the inner margin at a point about in line with the projection of the axial furrow (PI. 35, figs. 6, 8). The anterior edge of the border and outer part of the doublure bear raised lines, the inner part of the doublure being smooth, the inner edge raised. No rostral suture is apparent traversing the border or doublure, and this suture may form the inner edge of the preserved part of the doublure. Possible relationships of Idiorhapha were discussed previously, and the only new suggestion I have is that this genus might belong in the Isoeolidae (see above). The large, facetted eye lobe is unlike that of other isocolids, but the glabella, course of the dorsal sutures, broad anterolateral border and long librigenal spine are quite like Isocolus. The narrowness of the doublure anteriorly and absence of a median suture are unlike Isocolus. Family DIMEROPYGIDAE Hupe, 1953 Genus IsCHYBOTOMA Raymond, 1925 Tyi}€ sperie.i. Ischyrotoma iwcnhofeli. Subjective synonym. Dimeropygiella Ross, 1951. Ischyrotoma twenhofeli Raymond, 1925 Plate 7 Raymond, 1925, pp. 54-55, pi. 3, figs. 1, 2. Holotypc. YPM 13055, internal mould of incomplete cephalon (PI. 7, figs.l, 2, 4). Description. Convex cephalon of length (sag.) about equal to maximum height, lateral part of cheek sloping vertically, the border curving forward and upward to the midline, these borders joining medially at an angle of about 90° (PI. 7, fig. 13). Glabella convex, parallel-sided, the rounded frontal lobe pro- jecting over the anterior border; deep, broad occipital furrow is straight, occipital ring projects back behind adjacent part of posterior borders. Lateral glabellar furrows Ip and 2p indicated by faint, smooth depressions that extend up the steep side of the glabella for a short distance and are best seen on the internal mould (PI. 7, fig. 8) ; Ip situated in line with a point a short distance behind the eye lobe, 2p in line with the anterior margin of the eye lobe. Axial and preglabellar furrows broad and deep, no anterior pit. Convex cheek subsemicircular in outline, broad, convex lateral and anterior border which is separated from the rest of the cheek by a broad, deep border furrow; posterior border and border furrow narrower (exs.). 46 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY No preglabellar field separates the border from the preglabellar furrow medially; laterally a gradually widening (exs.) portion of the cheek separates the anterior border and preglabellar fur- row. Eye lobe situated opposite about midlength of glabella, close to axial furrow and on the highest part of cheek ; sub- divided by suture into a narrow (tr.), steeply-sloping palpebral lobe with a narrow rim, and convex eye surface bearing small facets. Anterior branch of suture runs forward and inward, in a curve that is sharper than that of the axial and preglabellar furrows, across the border furrow and the outer face of the border to form, with the opposing suture and the rostral suture, a straight line (PI. 7, fig. 13). Connective sutures commence on outer face of border and are sub-parallel, as they traverse the ventral face of the border they converge, and then, as they continue across the doublure (which extends inward and upward to a point beneath the outer margin of the border furrow), curve upward and outward to the inner margin (PI. 7, figs. 11, 12). Thus the rostral plate is narrowest on the ventral side of the border and widens inward and upward toAvard the inner edge of the doublure ; it is not flat but strongly curved in the longitudinal direction. Posterior branch of suture runs backward and outward in an almost straight line to cross the posterior border furrow and posterior border close to the extremity of the latter; outside the suture the junction between the posterior and lateral borders forms an oblique angle which does not bear a genal spine, only a tubercle (PI. 7, figs. 5, 7). External surface, except in furrows and along lateral and anterior cephalic bor- ders, bearing large, close-spaced tubercles, between which are smaller tubercles. On outer surface of cephalic border are scat- tered smaller tubercles, on the ventral surface terrace lines running subparallel to the margin, doublure of borders smooth. Thorax of eight segments, convex axis tapering only slightly posteriorly, axial rings inflated at anterolateral corner, articulat- ing furrow deep, articulating half-ring long. Inner part of pleura horizontal, width (tr.) less than that of axial ring, outer part of pleurae bent down to slope steeply and broadly facetted. Well-defined pleural furrow runs diagonally across inner part of pleura, over fulcrum, and ends against inner margin of broad facet. Anterior band of inner part of pleurae narrow (exs.) with large tubercle at fulcrum; posterior band broader (exs.), more strongly convex and inflated adjacent to axial furrow, distally it extends onto outer part of pleura and ends against facet. WHITTINGTON : ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 47 Pygidium with triangular axis showing five axial rings decreas- ingly convex posteriorly and marked off by shallower ring fur- rows ; outer part of axial ring of first three rings inflated. Inner part of pleural regions narrow (tr.), horizontal, subdivided by five interpleural furrows, first pleura showing diagonal pleural furrow and both bands, succeeding pleurae showing only the convex posterior band. Outer parts of pleurae steeply sloping, behind axis a faint sixth pair of pleural ribs. In the enrolled specimen (PI. 7, figs. 10, 11) outer pleural regions fit closely beneath doublure of cephalon, and inverted "V "-shaped outline of anterior margin of cephalon corresponds with margins of pygidium. External surface of both axial rings and pleural bands bearing closely spaced tubercles, those on the swollen outer part of the rings and the inner part of the posterior pleural band being the most prominent. Discussion. The cephalon and pygidium of Ischyrotonia are extremely like those of the type species of Dimeropygiella (Ross, 1951, pp. 123-125, pi. 35, figs. 18, 22-28) and of the two older species described by Hintze (1953, pp. 153-156, pi. 19, figs. 1-10). The preglabellar field is absent medially in both Ischyrotoma and D. caudanodosa, but is present in the species described by Hintze, being quite long (sag.) in D. blanda. A short, smooth zone adjacent to the axial furrow, representing lateral glabellar furrow Ip, is clearly visible in Hintze 's illustrations (1953, pi. 19, figs. Ic, 6b). At the genal angle in Dimeropygiella there is a tubercle, as in /. tivenhofeli. The many characters common to these species suggest that they may belong within one genus, for which the oldest available name is Ischyrotoma. As Hintze (1953, p. 154) remarked, Ross' original diagnosis of Dimeropygiella needs some modification (cf. Whittington, in Moore, 1959, pp. 0 412-413) — the preglabellar field may or may not be present medially, the librigenal spine is represented only by a tubercle, and the pygidium consists of 5 or 6 segments. It may now be added that the thorax consists of 8 segments, the same number as in Dimeropyge (Whittington and Bvitt, 1954, pp. 35-46. pis. 2; 3, figs. 1-30; 22; 23; text-figs. 5-10). This latter genus may now be distinguished from Ischyrotoma {^Di- meropygiella) b.y always exhibiting the preglabellar field, the long librigenal spines, and the pygidium consisting of four segments, the pleurae of which exhibit the anterior band. The short spines on the external surface, and particularly the groups at the termination of each thoracic and pygidial pleurae, may 48 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATR'T; ZOOLOGY also characterize Dimeropyge. The rostral plate of Ischyrotoma is evident^ like that of Dimeropyge (Whittington and Evitt, 1954, text-fig. 8). ISCHYEOPHYMA n. gen. Type species. Ischyrophyma tuberculata n. sp. Diagnosis. Deep, convex cephalon. Glabella subparallel-sided, projecting in front of anterior border, deep lateral furrow Ip defining small basal lobe, furrow 2p short, faint. No preglabel- lar field, projection at junction of straight anterior and curving lateral border. Large, prominent eye lobe close to glabella and opposite mid-length. Narrow rostral plate. Hypostome unknown. Thoracic segments with broad posterior pleural band, shallow pleural furrow, outer part bent down. Pygidium unknown. Ischyrophyma tuberculata n. sp. Plate 8, figures 1-10 Holotype. GSC 16166, incomplete cephalon with six thoracic segments, some exoskeleton adhering (PI. 8, figs. 1-3, 5). Description. Cephalon strongl}^ convex, height a little less than maximum width. Glabella subparallel-sided, rounded in front, convex and projecting well in front of the anterior border; occipital ring not well preserved, lenticular in outline, defined by occipital furrow that curves convexly forward and is deepest distally, outer part of occipital ring narrow (exs.) and convex. Lateral glabellar furrow Ip short, deep, diagonally directed, dying out inwards but connected by extremely shallow de- pression to the occipital furrow ; lateral glabellar lobe Ip sub- triangular in outline, convex. Extremely small, smooth area adjacent to axial furrow and opposite mid-point of eye lobe (PI. 8, figs. 3, 7) may represent lateral furrow 2p. Broad, deep axial furrow runs straight forward and forms a continuous curve with preglabellar furrow. Cheek convex, steeply sloping, the median part overhanging the border ; broad, deep lateral border furrow and narrower, sharply convex lateral border, latter meets the straight anterior border at an oblique angle, there being a projection at this angle (PI. 8, fig. 4). Large, prominent eye lobe situated on highest part of cheek opposite about mid-length of glabella; most of eye lobe occupied by eye surface (PI. 8, fig. 10) which is covered by minute convex facets arranged in diagonal lines, palpebral portion of lobe being only the steep WHITTINGTON : ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 49 inner side. Anterior branch of suture curves inward and for- ward across cheek on to angle between anterior and lateral borders; suture then continues along outer edge of anterior border to form a straight line with the rostral suture. The doublure is curled under the lateral and anterior borders so that the inner edge lies close beneath the border and preglabellar furrow. The connective sutures isolate a narrow, ventrally- projecting rostral plate, which is curved in a longitudinal direc- tion through about 180° and widens (tr.) posteriorly (PI. 8, figs. 4-6). Posterior border of cheek runs outward, increasing slightly in width (exs.), to meet the lateral border at an oblique angle ; posterior border furrow of equal width and depth to the lateral border furrow. Small, thorn-like librigenal spine arises from posterior edge at junction of borders (PI. 8, fig. 7). Pos- terior branch of suture runs back and slightly outward to cross posterior border well inside base of librigenal spine. External surface, except in furrows, bearing large, closely and irregularly- spaced tubercles, these tubercles forming a row along the antero- lateral border. Hypostome unknown. Thorax not well preserved, the axial rings being broken off to expose the long (sag.), convex, articulating half -rings, only the narrow (exs.), convex distal part of the axial rings being pre- served. Inner part of pleurae horizontal, outer part bent down steeply and facetted. There appears to be a convex posterior band which extends distal! y onto the outer part of the pleurae, in front of this band a shallow, ill-defined pleural furrow. Flanges narrow (exs.). Discussion. Jaanusson (1956) redescribed Celmus from the Lower Ordovician of Sweden, and discussed its possible relation- ships with Dimeropijge, Hystricurus, and other genera, con- cluding that it should be placed in a new family Celmidae. IschyropJiyma tuhercidata resembles Celmus granulatus in the general form and convexity of the cephalon, presence of the basal glabellar lobe, position of the eye lobe, and course of the cephalic sutures ; it differs in the relatively smaller size of lateral glabellar lobe Ip, the faintness of furrow 2p, and absence of furrow 3p. Clearly the cephalon of IschyropJiyma is also like that of Ischyrotoma, the latter not displaying the basal glabellar lobe and having the snout-like projection of the anterior border. The cephala of these three genera are suggestive of relationship, but the pygidium of Celmus is quite unlike that of Ischyrotoma 50 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY and other dimeropygids. Because of the lack of knowledge of the thorax and pygidium of Ischyrophyma it seems best to regard it tentatively as a dimeropygid. ? Ischyrophyma sp. ind. Plate 6, figures 13-15 Description. This cephalon has a dimeropygid appearance but differs from that of I. tuberculata in the less tumid glabella, and the less convex cheeks which slope vertically lateral^ but do not overhang the border. The latter is broad and convex, the lateral border furrow shallow, the doublure curled under to reach the lateral furrow and sloping vertically. Posterior branch of the suture directed much more strongly outward than in /. tuherculata, curving distally to cross the border at the genal angle. Cephalon gen. ind. Plate 6, figures 10-12 Description. Glabella in front of occipital furrow tapering slightly, rounded anteriorly, strongly convex, the anterior part bulging forward and overhanging the preglabellar furrow. Lat- eral glabellar furrow Ip broad and moderately deep, running directly inward from the axial furrow, then turning to run backward and inward, dying out before reaching the occipital furrow. Lateral glabellar lobe Ip Avith slight independent con- vexity. Lateral glabellar furrow 2p situated opposite anterior end of eye lobe, short and shallow. Cheek convex, anterolateral part overhanging border furrow, eye lobe situated so that mid- point is opposite anterior part of lateral lobe 2p. Anterior branch of suture runs forward and inward from eye lobe, posterior branch runs straight backward and outward. External surface of glabella and cheek, except in furrows, covered with low, close-spaced tubercles. In the shape and lobation of the glabella (except that lateral furrow Ip is wider distally) and fixed cheeks, including position of eye lobe, this cephalon resembles that described from older rocks by Tjernvik (1956, p. 265, pi. 10, figs. 20, 21) as possibly a species of Glapliurina. A somewhat similar cranidium has also been recorded from older rocks in western Newfoundland (Kindle and Whittington, 1958, p. 324). However, a closer resemblance is with Ischyrophyma tuherculata, and this cephalon WHITTINGTON : ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 51 is considered much more likely to be a dimeropygid. The glabella is different from that of ? Ischyrophyma sp. ind. Family GLAPHURIDAB Hupe, 1953 Genus GlaphtirUS Raymond, 1905 Glaphurus divisus n. sp. Plate 8, figures 11-14; Plate 9, figures 1-6, 8 Holotype. GSC 16183, an almost complete cephalon of length (sag.) 2.8 mm. (PL 9, figs. 1, 2, 5). Description. Cephalon subsemicircular in outline, maximum height about half width (tr.), maximum width of glabella less than half that of cephalon. Glabella suboval in outline, maximum width at about mid-length and some two-thirds the length (sag.). Occipital ring longest (sag.) medially, narrowing rapidly dis- tally, posterior margin a curve convex backward; occipital fur- row deep, narrow and transverse, slightly deeper distally. Glabella in front of occipital ring more strongly convex, maxi- mum height at about midlength, sloping steeply back to occipital furrow and vertically to preglabellar furrow. Lateral glabellar lobes Ip and 2p fused to form a long, narrow lateral lobe which is gently convex. On inner side is a short, deep longitudinal furrow (Ip) which commences at about the maximum width of the glabella and extends back a short distance ; lateral glabellar furrow 2p a deep, subcircular pit connected, by a furrow which becomes shallower outward, to the axial furrow. Cheek convex, curved downward through about 90° so that distal part is verti- cal, cheeks united in front of glabella by broad (sag. and exs.), gently convex, steeply sloping preglabellar field. A shallow border furrow defines a narrow, convex anterior and lateral border; in anterior view the border has an upward curvature towards the midline. Posterior border convex, narrowest (exs.) adjacent to the axial furrow, broadening outward to the genal angle, slim librigenal spine curves backward from the broadest part of the border. Large eye lobe (PI. 8, figs. 12, 13) situated on the upper slope of the cheek, opposite the anterior glabellar lobe ; eye lobe divided into a larger, inner portion and a smaller outer portion which projects from the steep outer slope of the lobe. The fixed cheek between the inner, anterior edge of the eye lobe and the axial furrow is crossed transversely by a shallow, smooth depression which may indicate the general position of the 52 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY eye ridge. The suture appears to traverse the eye lobe along the boundary between the two portions ; anterior branch curving downward and forward across the cheek and on to the border, where it curves inward and runs along the outer slope of the border to join the other suture in a smooth curve (PI. 9, fig. 6). Posterior branch of suture curves outward and backward from the eye lobe to cross the border immediately inside the base of the librigenal spine. Doublure of cephalon apparently of similar width to the border and rolled underneath ; the anterior portion of this doublure does not seem to be crossed by any connective or median suture (PI. 8, fig. 14). External surface bearing close- spaced tubercles and short spines which are broken off at the base and appear as larger tubercles. Some of these short spines are symmetrically arranged — three pairs on the glabella in front of the occipital ring, the posterior and median pair ap- proximately opposite the posterior and anterior ends of the longitudinal glabellar furrow, the anterior pair slightly in front of lateral furrow 2p. A conspicuous spine of similar size is that on the fixed cheek outside the anterolateral angle of the glabella, and others are on the fixed cheek behind the eye lobe, and a well-spaced row of these spines along the lateral and anterior cephalic borders, directed outward. On the under side of these same borders long slim spines are directed downwards and outwards (PI. 8, fig. 13). Thoracic segments having axial rings similar to occipital ring, i.e. posterior margin curves strongly back and projects behind the rest of the segment, and anterolateral corner of ring is only faintly subdivided from anterior band of pleura. Pleurae extend out horizontally, the tips bent down and pointed ; pleural furrow runs in a curve convex forwards close to the anterior edge of the flat, inner part and out on to the middle of the tip. Anterior and posterior bands gently convex, the posterior being the wider (exs.), flanges narrow and flat. Discussion. Glaphurus divisus n. sp. differs from the type species G. piistulaUis (Walcott, 1877; Ulrich, 1930, pp. 42-44, pi. 7, figs. 15, 16; pi. 8, figs. 1-11) in that the glabella is more convex longitudinally, the preglabellar field more steeply bent down, and in anterior view the upward curvature toward the midline of the preglabellar furrow and anterior border is less strong. In G. pustnlatus the genal angle is rounded, the librigenal spine directed outward (Whittington, in Moore, 1959, fig. 221, la, b), in G. divisus the border is broad at the genal angle. WHITTINGTON : ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 53 projects back, and the spine is backwardly directed. Three pairs of short spines are present on the glabella in front of the occi- iptal ring of both species. If these spines are related to seg- mentation, the presence of two pairs between the occipital furrow and the level of lateral glabellar furrows 2p (PI. 9, fig. 3) con- firms the suggestion that the lateral glabellar lobe is bicom- posite. The strong subdivision of the eye lobe in G. divisus, the visual surface projecting like a blister from the steep lateral slope of the lobe, seems to be peculiar to this species. Jaanusson (1956, p. 39) pointed out that the suture of Glaphurus was levisellid in type. The present material seems to bear this out. Thoracic segments in the two species are extremely alike. Ulrich (1930, pp. 8-9) placed Glaphurus in the Telephinidae because of similarities in the thorax and pygidia of the two gen- era. Jaanusson (1956, p. 39) considers that the small eye lobe, large fixed cheek and broad (sag. and exs.) pregiabellar field preclude the possibility that Glaphurus is related to telephinids, though some relationship betw^een the two groups has been maintained in the Treatise (Moore, 1959, pp. 0 294-0 298). I am inclined to agree with Jaanusson, but not with his suggestion that Glaphurus may be related to the catillicephalids, since these genera (Rasetti, 1954) have the doublure crossed either by connective sutures or a median suture. I have no new sug- gestions to make as to the affinities of Glaphurus and its pre- sumed relationship to GlapMirina. Family NILEIDAE Angelin, 1854 Genus NiLEUS Dalman, 1827 NiLEUS APFiNis Billings, 1865 Plate 9, figures 7, 9-12 ; Plate 10, figures 1-7, 10, 13 Billings, 1865, p. 275, figs. 261a, b. Lectotype (here selected). GSC 889a, complete enrolled exo- skeleton from Island of Orleans, near Quebec City. Original of Billings, 1865, p. 274, fig. 261 a, b. Other material. Billings recorded the species as coming from the Quebec group, Division "P, Cow Head, Newfoundland; also on the Island of Orleans." The supposed syntypes include two specimens, the second, GSC 889, an extended, incomplete exo- skeleton. Both are labelled as coming from the Island of Orleans and collected by Sir William E. Logan. There is no specimen 54 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY from Cow Head (collected by J. Richardson), but the enrolled specimen seems unquestionably to be the original of Billings' figure. The Levis formation outcrops on the south side of Orleans Island (Osborne, 1956, p. 181, map), and presumably the specimens came from a boulder in limestone conglomerates. The possibility cannot be excluded that either, or even both, came from western Newfoundland, for the material from Lower Head appears to be identical. Description. Cephalon subsemicircular in outline, gently and evenly convex, the axial and preglabellar furrows not impressed so that distally the glabella slopes down without any break into the cheek and the palpebral lobe, and anteriorly the glabella curves down over the margin to form a continuous structure with the ventrally convex doublure. A slight indentation of the pos- terior margin at the axial articulating socket (PI. 10, fig. 1) marks the lateral margin of the glabella. Glabella without furrows, small median tubercle visible on internal mould at a point in line with posterior edge of eye lobe. Cheek triangular in outline, straight posterior margin and rounded genal angle, distally it curves down over the margin to form a continuous structure with the doublure. Eye lobe of length about half of that of cephalon, moderately curved, shallow furrow in cheek outside eye surface. Laterally the doublure is narrow and abruptly flexed up, anterolaterally and anteriorly it is broad, so that in the midline its width is half the length of the cephalon. Shallow median notch in the inner margin, along which hypo- stomal suture runs. Anterior branches of suture nileid in form (PI. 10, figs. 3, 10), the branches uniting in a smooth curve along the anterior edge of the cephalon. Posterior branch of the suture (PI. 10, fig. 1) runs backward and slightly outward for a short distance, then curves to run outward and backward, at about 45° to the sagittal line, to the margin. Doublure without median or connective sutures. Dorsal external surface smooth. Doublure traversed by raised lines running subparallel to the margins. Thorax of seven segments, each segment gently and evenly convex with only a very slight depression, and the slight notch at the articulating processes, indicating the position of the axial furrows. Axis about half the total width. Pleurae without pleu- ral furrow, bluntly terminated, broad facet. Pygidium twice as wide as long, gently and evenly convex, axis not outlined, slight concavity in pleural regions posterolaterally. External surface of posterior half of axial rings of thorax crossed by two WHITTINGTON : ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 55 raised lines, the anterior of which continues on to the pleura behind the facet, on which portion there are one or two additional such lines. On the facet the terrace lines run forward and outward in a curving course, as they do on the doublure, which extends in to the axial furrow. On the pygidium, well-spaced, raised lines run out to the margin or subparallel to the margin on the pleural regions. Discussion. Whatever the exact locality from which the syn- types came, there is no question but that the Newfoundland specimens belong to the same species. N. affinis differs from N. scrutator Billings, 1865 (pp. 274-275, fig. 260, from "Divi- sion P, Portland Creek") in the characters that Billings mentions, except that the smoothness or otherwise of the visual surface of the eye is probably dependent on preservation. Speci- mens of the type species of N ileus, N. armadillo, from the "Lower Red Limestone" (i.e. the Limbata and part of the Vaginatum limestones, of Upper Arenig age, see Thorslund, 1960, p. 82) at Kinnekulle, Sweden, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology collections, show that N. affinis differs principally in that the eye lobe does not reach as close to the posterior margin of the cephalon, the anterior and anterolateral edge of the cephalon is gently rounded, not sharply folded, and the doublure is wider (sag. and exs.). In other respects, particularly^ in the absence of definition of the axial furrows, the two species are extremely alike. Older species of Nileus (Tjernvik, 1956, pp. 208-211, text- fig. 33, pi. 2, figs. 12-23) from Sweden have the axial furrows somewhat better defined on the cephalon and pygidium of certain species. N. armadillo has eight thoracic segments, not seven as in the American species. I do not feel that this and other dif- ferences between American and Swedish species justify the erec- tion of a new genus. Species similar to that from Lower Head occur in the Table Head Series and beds of the Anomalorthis zone of the Whiterock Stage (equals zone N of Hintze, 1953) of Nevada. It is hoped that study of material from these localities may clarify the affinities of these species. Family BATHYURIDAB Walcott, 1886 Genus BaTHYUEELLUS Billings, 1865 Bathyurellus nitidus Billings, 1865 Plate 10, figures 8, 9, 11, 12, 14-17 ; Plate 11, figures 1-12, 14, 15 Billings, 1865, pp. 265-266, fig. 249. Whittingtoii, 1953b, p. 661, pi. 67, figs. 9, 13-15 ; text-fig. 4. 56 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Description. The present abundant material enables some additions to be made to my previous description. The smallest specimens (PI. 11, figs. 8-10) appear to belong to degree 6. The glabella is relatively short and strongly convex, the highest point midway between occipital furrow and anterior margin. The genal spine is broad at the base and long. The transitory pygidium is incomplete, but shows at least the first four segments outlined by ring and interpleural furrows, and bearing shallow pleural furrows. A degree 8 specimen (PI. 11, figs. 11, 14) has the glabella relatively longer, the anterior part showing the bluntly pointed outline, and in longitudinal profile it is less convex. The genal spine is narrower (tr.) and backwardly rather than slightly outwardly directed. Thorax is much as in hol- aspides. The first segment of the transitory pygidium is com- pletely formed, the posterior margin being extremely faintly indicated on the inner pleural regions. Larger cephala, such as one of the same size as the lectotype (PI. 10, fig. 9), have the glabella less convex and reaching further forward, and the genal spine is smaller. All cephala examined of this size (approxi- mately 5 mm. in sagittal length) and all smaller ones have the genal spines. In cephala of larger size there appear to be two types, distinguished only by the difference in the appearance of the genal angle. In one type (PI. 10, figs. 14, 15, 17) the posterior margin of the cheek runs straight outward and slightly backward, distally curving forward to meet the backwardly directed lateral margin. The genal angle is thus rounded, the broad, externally convex doublure extending beneath it, and narrowing inward rapidly beneath the posterior border as the inner margin curves to reach the posterior margin at the point where it is crossed by the posterior branch of the suture. In the other type of cephalon (PI. 11, figs. 4, 6, 7, 12) the posterior margin curves outward and backward to meet the lateral margin in an acute point, so that the genal angle forms a small, blunt, backwardly-projecting prolongation. Beneath this genal angle, and the lateral and posterior borders, the doublure is similar in appearance to that of the other type of cephalon. There are insufficient well-preserved specimens to provide any figures on relative numbers of these two types of cephala. They appear to be present in sizes up to the maximum seen, of a length of approximately 13 mm. The cephalic doublure is illustrated here, but previously no sutures were observed crossing it. One or two specimens in the WHITTINGTON : OBDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 57 present material (PL 11, fig. 15) show that the doublure in front of the glabella is crossed by connective sutures. These sutures commence at the outer margin at a point approximately in line with the axial furroAvs, and run straight inward and back- ward to intersect at about half the width of the doublure. A rostral plate of sub-triangular shape is thus isolated. The two connective sutures continue as a single median suture inward across the remainder of the doublure to the inner margin, which is turned up vertically to lie close beneath the dorsal exoskeleton and a short distance in front of the preglabellar furrow (PI. 11, figs. 6, 7). Included in the present material are eight isolated and incom- plete large pygidia, attaining a maximum width of 35 mm. These pygidia (PI. 11, figs. 2, 3) are like smaller ones, the axis reaching back to approximately half the length, the pleural regions adjacent to the axis horizontal, outside here curving downward and outward to the flattened distal portion. Three pleural furrows are seen on the inner part of the pleural regions, and three interpleural extend on to the outer part. A faint fourth interpleural furrow may be present on the outer part of the pleural regions, behind the axis. The doublure (PI. 11, figs. 1, 5) is broad, flat peripherally, the inner part turned upward so that the inner margin lies immediately be- neath the boundary between inner and outer parts of the pleural regions, and beneath the tip of the axis, where it is excavated by a shallow notch. Genus UROMYSTRini Whittington, 1953 Discussion. Uromystrntn fraternum is similar to the type species V. validum, both being characterized by the high cepha- lon, the long, broad-based genal spine, the glabella without fur- rows and expanding slightly in front of the eye lobes, the latter situated far back, the anterior branches of the suture widely divergent and the outer parts of the pleural regions of thorax and pygidium gently concave. V. forniosum and U. ijafulum n. sp. are placed in this genus, though the parallel-sided glabella and position of the eye lobes approach that seen in Bathyurcllus nitidus. Few of the available specimens of species of Vromystrum show the anterior cephalic doublure. One of TJ. validum (Whit- tington, 1953b, pi. 67, fig. 2) shows no signs of sutures crossing this doublure, and the same is true of one specimen of U. patulum 58 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY n. sp. (PI. 14, fig. 1). Ill one specimen herein referred to TJ. formosum the inner, curled-under part of the anterior cephalic doublure (PI. 13, fig. 6) is crossed by a median suture. Possibly in Uromystrum the doublure was crossed by connective sutures which converged backwards to a single median suture, like the suture displayed by one specimen of Batliyurellus nitidus (PI. 11, fig. 15). Uromystrum fraternum (Billings, 1865) Plate 12, figures 1-7, 10, 12, 13 Billings, 1865, pp. 267-268, fig. 251a, b. Whittington, 1953b, p. 659. Lectotype. GSC 643, incomplete cranidium with some of the exoskeleton adhering (PL 12, figs. 1-3), original of Billings, figure 251a, from "P, Quebec Group, Cow Head, Newfound- land." Collected bj^ J. Richardson. Other material. GSC 643a, incomplete pygidium, doubtfully the original of Billings, figure 251b, from same horizon and locality as lectotype. A cranidium, fragments of four additional cranidia, and four pygidia were obtained by Kindle from light- colored granular limestone at Lower Head. There is also an incomplete cranidium, GSC field number 452, in a darker, brown granular limestone which is labelled as from "Cow Head, New- foundland," and appears to belong to this species. Description. Maximum width of glabella at posterior margin, axial furrow curves inward and forward so that minimum Avidtli of glabella is between midpoint of eye lobes, in front of here it expands slightly and then tapers to the bluntly rounded point. Axial furrows are shallow but distinct, glabella gently convex transversely, without occipital or lateral glabellar furrows. Fixed cheek is curved to slope steeply downward, and continuous with the narrow preglabellar field. Distally cheek is flexed abruptly at its junction with the flat, outward-sloping border, which border is widest (sag.) anteriorly. Posterior margin of cheek curves outward and backward, no posterior border furrow. Pal- pebral lobe situated close to glabella, gently convex and without rim, and forming with innermost part of cheek a gently domed region which slopes gently outward and more steeply back to posterior margin. External surface apparently smooth ; on inter- nal mould of cheek there are scattered shallow pits. WHITTINGTON : ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 59 Pygidium with gently convex axis extending some three- quarters of the length, defined by axial furrows which are shallow anteriorly and die out posteriorly so that tip of axis is vaguely defined. Transverse articulating furrow succeeded by four trans- versely-directed, shallow axial furrows, which become succes- sively shallower posteriorly. Pleural regions adjacent to axis slope gently outward, distally slope increases and then is re- versed adjacent to margin so that outer part of regions is gently concave, the concavity most marked behind the axis. Doublure extends in to tip of axis, and is moderatelj^ convex ventrally ; on moulds the corresponding concavity is greater than that of the outer part of the pleural regions. First pleural furrow broad, shallow, running almost directly outward, curving slightly back- ward on outer part of region. Faint second and third pleural furrows are present only on inner part of pleural region. Ex- ternal surface apparently smooth, shallow, faint pitting on internal mould. Doublure bearing terrace lines that run sub- parallel to the margins. Discussion. Billings (1865, pp. 267-268) and Raymond (1925, p. 74) were aware that U. fraiernum was extremely similar to the type species V. validum (Whittington, 1953b, pp. 659-660, pi. 67, figs. 1-5; text-fig. la), from the Lower Table Head Series at Pointe Riehe. The present material seems to show that [/. fraternum may be distinguished from the type species by the following minor characters : the glabella has the maximum width at the posterior margin, narrows to a minimum width be- tween the eye lobes and expands in front of this, and entirely lacks the occipital furrow ; it is also better defined anteriorly by slightly deeper axial and preglabellar furrows. The anterior border is better defined, the change in slope between cheek and border being more abrupt and at a greater angle. The eye lobe appears to be situated slightly farther forward and the slope behind it apparently less steep. It is not certain that the pygidium associated by Billings with the cranidium of U. frater- 7ium is the correct one, since no complete specimen is known. Assuming that it is, it differs from that of U. validum in that the axis is relatively longer, and the pleural regions are far less concave. The doublure in the two specimens is similar but rela- tively wider in the type species because it extends in to the tip of the axis. 60 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Uro:mtstrum formosum (Billings, 1865) Plate 12, figures 8, 9, 11, 14; Plate 13, figures 1-6 Bathyurellus fonnosus Billings, 1865, pp. 2G6-267, fig. 250. B. formosus, Wliittington, 1953b, p. 661. Lectotype. GSC 664, incomplete cephalon with five thoracic segments articulated (PI. 13, figs. 1, 2, 4), from "P, Quebec Group, Cow Head, Newfoundland," probable original of Bill- ings' figure 250, though this figure has the right side of the cephalon restored and shows no thoracic segments. Other material. GSC 664a, incomplete cranidium, from "P, Quebec Group, Cow Head, Newfoundland, ' ' one of the specimens studied by Billings. Two incomplete cephala and two incomplete cranidia were collected by Kindle and Whittingtou from Lower Head. Description. The deep cephalon, with its broad genal prolonga- tions, and the thoracic segments, the first two of which are bent down only slightly distally (the outer parts of the next three segments are broken off), are like those of Uromystrum validum and U. frate)-nuni. The glabella, however, has a deep occipital furrow and is parallel-sided, with a bluntly pointed anterior lobe, not having the lateral margin running in a curve concave outward, nor is the anterior lobe expanded. The eye lobes are about opposite the midlength of the glabella, farther forward than in typical Uromystrum, and the palpebral lobe and adjacent part of fixed cheek is not convex but flattened. The glabella and eye lobes are thus more like those of Bathyurellus niticlus, but this species is referred to Uromystrum because of the other cephalic characters. In addition, the anterior branches of the suture are widely divergent, much as they are in U. validum. Distinctive of this species is the abrupt flexure of the peripheral parts of the cheeks and preglabellar area, giving a border which is narrow (sag. and exs.) anteriorly and progressively diminishes in width laterally, but extends on to the prolongation for a con- siderable part of its length. One of the new specimens (PL 13, figs. 3, 5, 6) shows the inner, curled-under part of the anterior cephalic doublure, which is crossed by the median suture. Laterally the doublure becomes wider (tr.). Posterior border furrow shallow, running straight out parallel to the posterior margin, dying out before reaching the posterior branch of the suture. External surface of the lectotype shows scattered pits in the glabella in front of the occipital furrow, and anastomosing WHITTINGTON : ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 61 terrace lines in front of this furrow. Similar lines run trans- versely on the inner part of the genal prolongation, and in curves concentric forward on the axial rings as well as diagonally on the pleurae. Uromystrum patulum n. sp. Plate 13, figures 7-11 ; Plate 14, figures 1, 2 Holotype. GSC 16204, cephalou with six segments articulated, immediately beneath which are parts of four segments and an incomplete pygidium of presumably the same species. Other material. GSC 644, an external mould of an incomplete cranidium, from ' ' P, Quebec Group, Cow Head, Newfoundland, ' ' was included by Billings in the syntypes of Bathyiirellus for- mosiis, but appears to belong in the new species. Description. The deep cephalou, with its broad genal prolonga- tions, the thorax and the pygidium, are typical of Uromystrum. The subparallel-sided glabella, which is bluntty rounded an- teriorly and displays a well-marked occipital furrow, the position of the eye lobe at about the midlength of the glabella, and the flat fixed cheek inside the palpebral lobe, are like U. formosum but not the type species U. validum. Distinctive of this species is the broad, concave anterior and lateral border, which narrows at the base of the genal prolongation but is present for much of the length of this prolongation. This border, combined with the inflation at the base of the genal prolongations, gives this cephalou a distinctively broad and flattened appearance when compared to others of Uromystrum. The cephalic doublure extends beneath the border, is flat distally, the inner part curled up so that the inner margin is close to the dorsal exoskeleton. Posterolaterally the inner margin curves around beneath the cheek to reach the posterior margin at a point inside the base of the genal prolongation (PI. 13, fig. 11). On the dorsal exoskeleton a shallow groove follows the line of the inner edge of the doublure (PI. 13, fig. 10), and at the base of the genal angle the prolongation is gently inflated outside this furrow. Anterior branch of suture directed outward from eye lobe at 45°, on border it curves inward to margin. Doublure not crossed by median or connective sutures in the one specimen which shows it (PI. 14, fig. 1). Posterior branch of suture curves outward and backward from the eye lobe and reaches the posterior margin at the base of the prolongation. Thorax of nine segments, the first four of these facetted to 62 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY fit beneath the inner margin of the genal prolongation. The remaining five segments have the outer part of the pleura gently concave and squarel}^ ended. Shallow pleural furrow extends to the fulcrum. Pygidium with axis tapering rapidly to blunt termination at less than half length (sag.). Adjacent to axis inner part of pleural regions flat, outer parts broad and gently concave. Doublure extends under this region, the inner part turned up sharply so that the edge is close beneath the boundary between the inner and outer parts, and is gently notched at the termination of the axis. Three shallow pleural furrows on inner part of pleural regions, outer parts subdivided into gentle ridges and intervening furrows (by what appear to be the interpleural furrows) into four low, broad ridges. External surface of exoskeleton not well preserved in any specimen, but raised anastomosing lines, running subparallel to the margins, traverse the outer parts of the pleural regions of the p3'gidium, and run diagonally across the genal prolongations. Doublure traversed by stronger lines. External surface of axis of pygidium apparently only revealing articulating furrow and faint first ring furrow. Internal moulds show three additional ring furrows, becoming progressively shallower posteriorly. These furrows are transverse and narrow. Some of the eranidia referred to this species are 2 em. in length (sag.), but do not seem to difl^er significantly from the smaller ones here figured. Genus GoXIOTELUS Ulrich, 1927 Discussion. I have redescribed the type species of this genus (see below and PI. 35, figs. 2, 5, 7, 9), and discussed the rela- tionship between this species and the species of Goniotelina Whittingtou and Ross, in "Whittington, 1953b, and Platyantyx Wliittington, 1953b. The two new, and a possible third, species of Goniofelus described below have characters that do not greatly modify the list of similarities and differences between Gonio- telina and GoTiiotelus given previously. The eye lobe of Gonio- telus rostratus n. sp. is like that of the type species of Goniotelina in its strong curvature and the narrow, convex palpebral rim. The glabella of Goniotelus sp. ind. expands forward rather like that of Platyayityx. This latter genus has the eye lobe farther out from the axial furrow, a wide cephalic border and long genal prolongations, and apparently nine thoracic segments, but is evidently related to both Goniotelus and Goniotelina. WHITTINGTON : ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 63 GONIOTELUS PERSPICATOR (BillillgS, 1865) Plate 35, figures 2, 5, 7, 9 Whittington, 1953b, pp. 662-663, pi. 68, figs. 1-10. Discussion. Two cephala found at Lower Head seem to be identical with the type species. One cephalon, showing the anterior part of the rostral plate, is illustrated here. GONIOTELUS KINDLEI U. Sp. Plate 14, figures 3-9 Holotype. GSC 16206, almost complete exoskeleton (Plate 14, figs. 3-6). Description. None of the cephala exceeds a length (sag.) of 2 mm., and comparisons made here are with the smallest known specimens of the type species (Wliittington, 1953b, pi. 68, figs. 3, 9), of length 3.4 mm. Outline and convexity of the glabella differs little from that of the type species, except that of G. kindlei n. sp. is more pointed anteriorly. Lateral glabellar fur- rows are not visible. Distinctive of this species is the relatively longer (sag. and exs.) preglabellar field and the flat upper surface of the outer part of the cephalic border. The cephalic doublure extends inward horizontally below the outer part of this border and then curls up vertically so that the inner margin is close beneath the boundary between border and cheek. An- teriorly the doublure bulges ventrally in a similar manner to that of the type species (compare PI. 14, fig. 7, with PI. 35, figs. 2, 7, 9, and Whittington, 1953b, pl. 68, fig. 10). The anterior branches of the facial suture run downward and slightly inward across the cheek, then curve over the border so that medially they meet and run along the margin of the border. Connective sutures run inward and backward along either side of the A'entrally- bulging portion of the doublure (PI. 14, fig. 8), outlining a rostral plate which must be similar in shape to that of the type species and of Goniotelina williamsi (Whittington, 1953b, pl. 68, figs. 11, 13). It is not known whether the connective sutures diverge as they approach the inner margin of the doublure, as they do in G. ivilliamsi, but it is clear that the rostral plate has much the same curvature in a longitudinal direction. Thorax of 10 segments, moderately convex axis tapering back. Inner part of pleurae horizontal, at fulcrum pleurae bent down, the outer parts tapering to a point and backwardly curved. Pleural furrow broad and shallow, running out to just 64 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY beyond the fulcrum where it ends against the inner edge of the facet. Pygidium triangular in outline, axis extended backward in a long, slim, horizontally-directed spine which has a length greater than that of the remainder of the pygidium. Two or three ring furrows, progressively shallower posteriorly, outline axial rings, the posterior part of the axis being smooth. Inner part of pleural region adjacent to anterior part of axis curves dow-nward, and outer parts are steeply sloping. First two pleural furrows are short and shallow, first two interpleural furrows extend on to outer part of pleural region. External surface of exoskeleton not well preserved, but low scattered tubercles visible on cheek outside eye lobe, and still fainter tuberculation visible on glabella of some specimens (PI. 14, fig. 9). Doublure traversed by raised anastomosing lines. Discussion. This species is like the type species in all essential characters, including the typical form of the junction between genal spine and cheek, and the extension of the cephalic border on to the outer margin of the proximal part of the genal spine, as well as the form of the pygidium. GONIOTELUS ROSTRATUS U. Sp. Plate 14. figures 10-12 ; Plate 15, figures 1-4, 6 Holotypc. GSC 16209, incomplete cephalon with two thoracic segments articulated (Plate 15, figs. 1, 2, 4). Description. Cephala range from 2 to 4.5 mm. in sagittal length. The cephalon is more like that of the type species than that of G. kindlei n. sp., but is distinguished at once by the more pointed outline of the glabella and the resulting relatively wider preglabellar field laterally (compare PI. 15, fig. 4 with PI. 35, fig. 2), the strongly curved eye lobe with the wire-like, narrow, palpebral rim, and convexity of the eye surface, and the more bent-down outer part of the cheek. The narrow (tr.), bluntly-pointed and downwardly-directed convex rostral plate is also characteristic of this species. Smooth areas on the glabella, opposite the midpoint and anterior end of the eye lobe, curving inward and backward (PI. 15, fig. 1), define lateral glabellar furrows Ip and 2p. The cephalic borders and genal spine are similar to those of the type species. Tuberculation of the ex- ternal surface, inside the borders and not in the furrows, is con- spicuous. Comparison of the smallest cephalon (PI. 15, figs. 3, 6) with cephala of G. Hndlei n. sp. (PI. 14, figs. 3, 4) shows that this WHITTINGTON : ORDOVICIAN TBILOBITES 65 species is distinguished by the shape and convexity of the eye lobe, the narrower cephalic border, the prominence of the ventral projection of the rostral plate, and the tuberculation. Thoracic segments of this species are of typical form ; on the external surface tuberculation similar to that of the cephalon is present on the axial rings and convex pleural bands. GoNiOTELUs sp. ind. Plate 15, figures 5, 7, 8 Description. This single cephalon is most like that of G. rostratus n. sp., and larger than known specimens of the latter species. The glabella expands forward in front of the occipital ring, is bluntly rounded anteriorly, and more strongly convex than that of G. rostratus n. sp. Lateral glabellar furrows Ip and 2p are indicated by faint, broad depressions, which are not smooth but tuberculate like the remainder of the glabella. The eye lobe is relatively short, the outline of the palpebral rim acutely curved, and inside this rim is a broad, shallow palpebral furrow. The anterior doublure is not well preserved, but appears to lack the strong doAvnward bulge of the rostral plate of G. rostratus. Though this cephalon is larger than any known of G. rostratus n. sp., the differences do not make it likely that it belongs to this species. The forwardly expanding glabella and the rela- tively short (exs.) eye lobe are characters typical of Platyantyx arcuata (Whittington, 1953b, pi. 68, figs. 22, 25), but in this species the eye lobe is relatively farther away from the axial furrow and the cephalic border is quite different. Family LEIOSTEGIIDAE Bradley, 1925 Genus LloYDIA Vogdes, 1890 Lloydia saffordi (Billings, 1860) Plate 11, figures 13, 16-18 Description. Two incomplete pygidia attributed to this species were obtained bj^ J. Richardson from "Quebec Group, Cow Head" (GSC 639, 639a). The species is based on a cranidium (Billings, 1860, pp. 320-321, fig. 24; 1865, pp. 411-412, fig. 393), which came from the conglomerates at Point Levis, Quebec. It has been recorded by Clark (1924, pp. 99-100) from boulders of Beekmantown age at Point Levis, and is said by Raymond 66 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY (1913, p. 67) to be common in the Beekmantown at Philipsburg, Quebec. Exactly where the present specimens came from is uncertain, but additional specimens have not been obtained from the white limestone at Lower Head. According to Billings (1865, p. 259) the species occurs "in white limestone, associated with great abundance of Maclurea ponderosa," and gastropods of this type occur at Lower Head and in conglomerates to the north (Kindle and AVhittington, 1958, pp. 334-335, text-fig. 8). We have collected a pygidium similar to that described here only from a conglomerate of early Ordovician age (1958, p. 324, fig. 3). The specimens figured here are similar to that figured by Raymond (1913, pi. 7, fig. 16), which presumably came from Quebec. Axis tapers gradually and reaches back to margin of border. Articulating furrow and first ring furrow shallow on external surface ; five additional extremely shallow ring furrows are faint or absent on the external surface but may be observed on the internal mould. Pleural regions curved down to the broad, shallow border furrow, outside which is the flattened, outward- sloping border. Pleural regions crossed only by the broad, shal- low pleural furrow, which does not extend beyond the border furrow. Doublure (PI. 11, fig. 18) extends inward as far as border furrow, outer part is flat, inner part is flexed up vertically and as it approaches the dorsal exoskeleton is curved inward and forward. External surface smooth. Family ILLAENIDAE Hawle and Corda, 1847 Subfamily ILLAENINAE Hawle and Corda, 1847 Genus IlLAENUS Dalman, 1827 Discussion. In recent years the difficult taxonomic problems presented h\ illaenids have been attacked by Jaanusson (1954, 1957; in Moore, 1959, pp. 0 372-0 376) and Snajdr (1957), both of these authors laying emphasis on characters of the rostral plate, hypostome, and pygidial doublure. In the four species described below (omitting consideration of the two indeterminate species) the nature of the rostral plate and pygidial doublure has been determined (Text-fig. 4), but unfortunately "no hypo- stome has been found in place, and only one isolated specimen. Until more is known of illaenid hypostomes, how they are at- tached to the remainder of the exoskeleton and their attitude to it, this part of the exoskeleton can scarcely be used in classi- fication. WHITTINGTON : ORDOVICIAN TRILOBITES 67 B -Jl E G v:^ J L\J M Fig. 4. Sagittal section of cephalon, lacking hypostonie, rostral plate (in ventral view), and pygidial doublure of five illaenid species. A, B, C, Illaenus tumidifrons Billings, compare Plate 15, figures 9-11; Plate 16, figure 16. D, E, F, lUarnu.'i consobrinus Billings, compare Plate 17, figures 7, 9-11, 14, 1.5. G, H, lUaenus buooulentus n. sp., compare Plate 18, figures 12-15. Pygidium of this species is unknown. I, J, K, Illaenus spioulatus n. sp., compare Plate 20, figures 8, 10-12. L, M, N, EarpiJla,enus arcuatus (Billings), compare Plate 20, figure 13; Plate 21, figures 12-15. 68 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COJIPARATIVE ZOOLOGY The presence of tlie rostral flan T.atex east of external mould of cephalon, Yl'M 130o6, original of Kayniond, 1925, pi. 1, lig. 11, dorsal, anterior, left lateral views, X 4V.. ScleiioJiarprs ritiliti ii. sp. 4 Glabella and cheek lobes, dorsal view, X 3. GSC 16177. •■^-S Holotype, GSC 16170, incomplete eeplialon, left lateral, anterior, dorsal views, X -IV. ; oldique view showing gcnal caeca and genal ridge, X 8. Fiarure PLATE 3 Selenoharpes vitilis ? 1, 5 Cephalon having sliortcr and less strongly im-urved prolonga- tions, dorsal, right lateral views, X 4V.. GSC 1G17S. Selenoharpes vitilis n. sp. 2,3,4,0 Tliorax and pygidium, dorsal, left lateral, dorsal views of thorax, x 6; dorsal view of pygidium, X 10. GSC UU79. 7,9,10 Incomplete small cephalon, anterior, right lateral, dorsal views, X G. GSC 1G180. 8 Part of lower lamella of fringe, ventral view, X 3. GSC 1G181. 11 Cephalon, oblique view showing genal caeca extending across cheek lobe and fringe, and genal ridge on cheek lol>e, X 8. GSC 1G182. i^^Jt^^'^^ Figure PLATE i Itemojilcurifles Ugulus n. sp. 1,-1, 5 Small eephalon, dorsal, left lateral, anterior views, X G. GSC 1G146. 2,3,7 Holotype, incomplete eephalon, GSC 16145, dorsal, ventral, right lateral views, X 6. G, S-10 Incomplete eephalon, dorsal, right lateral, oblique ventral views, X G; eye surface, X 30. GSC 1G147. Pliaseolopti sepositiis n. gen., n. sp. 11 x\nterior portion of eephalon, dorsal view, exoskeleton of border removed to show external mould of doublure, crossed by connective sutures that converge and meet at the inner margin, X 30. GSC 1G149. 12, 13 Cephalon, external surface of eye lobe, oblique view, X 30. GSC 1G150. F igTire ]- O ) 4, 5 6 PLATE 5 Phaseolops sepositus n. gen., n. sp. Ilolotype, incomplote exoskeleton, GSC 16148, dorsal, liglit latriid, dorsal views of flexed exoskoletoii, X 10. Cephalon and two thoracic segments, dorsal, left lateral views, X 8. GSC IGlol. 8mall eeplialon and six tlioracic segments, dorsal view, X 30. GSC 10152. Ifiocohis clysdrrcus n. sp. 7^ f) Cephalon, distal portions of exoskeleton stripped off to reveal external mould of doublure; anterior view, X ."10, rluht lateral view, X 1.-3. GSC lGir.4. S, 10 Cephalon, distal parts of exoskeleton stripped off to reveal external mould of douMure; anterior view, X 30; oMique view showing facets of eye surface and doublure, X .TO. GSC 16155. Figure PLATE 6 Isocolus (Jiisdcrciis n. sp. 1-4 Ilolotypo oxoskeletoii, GSC 1G153, dorsal, right lateral, dorsal, anterior views of flexed exoskeleton, X 12. 5,6 Craiiidinm, dorsal and olilique views showinj? raised lines on external surface, X 15. GSC 1015(5. 7,0 Thorax and pygidinni, dorsal, right lateral views, X 10. GSC l(il57. 8 Cephalon, oblique view showing eheek, posterioi' braneh of suture, and genal spine, X 15. GSC 1()158. 16 Cephalon, exoskeleton stripped off in front of glal)ella to reveal external mould of douldure, anterior view, X 30. GSC 16159. Dinieropygid cephalon, gen. ind. 10-12 Inconiidete cephalon, internal mould, dorsal, anterior, left lateral views, X 9. GSC 161G0. ? Ischyrophyma sp. ind. 13-15 Incomplete cephalon, internal mould, left lateral, dorsal, anterior views, X 9. GSC ICICI. Figure PLATE 7 Iscln/roinma ttrenhofdi Raymond, 1925 1, 2, -1 Ilolotype, YP]\I 13055, iiu-omplete cephalon with cxoskeletoii including- borders stripped off, dorsal, right lateral, anterior views, X 4. Original of Raymond, 1925, pi. 3, figs. 1, 2. 3, 5, G Cephalon, much of exoskeletou and right lateral border adlier- ing, anterior, right lateral, dorsal views, X 6. GSC 1G162. 7-11 Enrolled exoskeleton, exoskeleton and cephalic borders largely stripped off, dorsal of cephalon, right lateral, dorsal of thorax, dorsal of pygidium, anterior views, X 4. G8C 161G3. 12 Cephalon, exoskeleton and borders strii^ped off to reveal ex- ternal mould of doublure, anterior view showing connective sutures, X G. GSC 1G1G4. 13 Cephalon with cephalic border complete, anterior view showing anterior branches of sutures and narrow rostral plate, X G. GSC 1G1G5. wr ^M m-%^ JjR^Sti K^^ MMr ,> <■ Im r^n ■H^l 1 i' )LuaiMa«aB^DH 3 'sBBBIfKmm t^^pH 1 w ■ ■ wwm I %. ^ h -jOl Mii ^kSU iii fm ^^^m "^ ^. . V ^-'•s^H Kl 4| )S^M A|^(Mp i^^' 815^1^ i^:* m ^^ iw V % irfl jl j^^^ •-■w^ ^H 10, _i. PLATE 8 Ischyrophyma tuherculata ii. gen., n. sp. Figure 1-3,5 Ilolotype, GSC 10160, ceplmlon and six enrolled thoracic seg- ments; dorsal of ceplialon, dorsal of thorax, right lateral views, X 9 ; anterior view showing external mould of doulilure and connective sutures, X 15. 4 Cephalon, anterior view showing sutures and rostral plate, X 15. GSC 16167. 6, 8, 9 Cephalon having most of exoskeleton stripped off and border ))roken away anteriorly to show external mould of doublure and connective sutures: anterior view, X 15; dorsal, left lateral views, X 9. GSC'lG169. 7 Cephalon, left lateral view showing liorders and small gcnal spine, X 9. GSC 16168. 10 External surface of eye lolje, olilicpie view, showing facets, X 30. GSC 1G170. Glaphunts divisus n. sp. 11 Cephalon, oblique view showing cheek and genal spine, X 6. GSC 16184. 12,13 Holotype, GSC 16183, cephalon; oblique view of right eye lobe, X 30; oblique view sliowing sutures and border spines, X 15. 14 Cephalon, border stripped off anteriorly to reveal external mould of douldure showing absence of connective sutures, anterior view, X 9. GSC 16185. FiKuro PLATE 9 Glaj^hiinis divlsiis n. sp. !,!-',;■) Holotype, cephalon, CiSC 1G183, dorsal, anterior, right ]a, 10 Degree (> ineraspid, anterior, dorsal, right lateral views, X 9. GSC" ICUlT. II. 14 Degree 8 meraspid, dorsal, left lateral views, X li. (iSO IGIHS. 15 Part of eephalon, anterior border removed to show I'xterual mould of doublure. <'onnective sutures run in ' < Y' " form, doublure on right side is missing, doisal \iew, X (>. (ISO 1 G 1 "JD. Lloijilid sdff'ordi (Billings, 18G0) "Quebee group. Cow lle.-id," colleeted by .1. Uiihardson. 13, 16, 17 Incomplete pygidium, ]iosterior, dor.sal, right lateral views, X 2. GSC G39a. 18 Incomplete pygidium, showing douldure on right side, dorsal view, X 1.3. (iSG G3i). m i^^Bft^**' I -^sj. ' ■ •■^"^'■'f,; \ w N^ Figure PLATE 12 I^rnnijistnini frdlrnntm (Tiilliiiss, ISO.")) 1-3 Lectotype, GSC 643, original of Billings, fig. 251a, inconijilcto cranidiiini, dorsal, right lateral, anterior views, X L.T. " Divi sion P, Cow Head." 4-0 Cranidiuni, dorsal, right lateral, anterior views, X 1.2. (iSC 16200, 7, 10 Tni'oniplete pygidium, GSC 043a, ? original of Billings, fig. 2;')lb, dorsal, posterior views, X 2. "Division P, Cow Head." 12,1.". Pyoidiuni, dorsal, left lateral views, X l.S. ORC 16201. r rniiijistnini fon)io.-iiini (Billings, LS6;')) 8,9 Ineoniplete eranidiiini, CSC G44a, dorsal, left lateral views, X 2. "Division P, Cow Head." 11, 14 Incomplete cephalou, sliowiiig part of doiildure on right side, riuht lateral, dorsal views. X 3. GSC 16202. Fi"iiio PLATE 13 Vromnstnnn forniosmii (T'.ill ilia's, ISO.") ],l!,4 Loi'totype (lu-re selected), GSC GG4, incomplete eeplialoii with five thoracic ses'iients, dorsal, left lateral, anterior views, X 4>4. "Division P, Cow Tlend." I'os'^itile oriffinnl of P.illinos' 3; 5, (5 Iiui)ni|ilete ce])lialon, dorsal, left lateral views, X -i^-j; exterior view showing' ciinniH-tive sutures ci-ossini; douliluie, X i*. GSC Fioitn/.sfnnii /niluhnii n. sj). 7,9,1(1 llolotype, OSC ITillO-t, cephalon, thoracic segments and pypid- ium pii'sumahly of one individual, dorsal, anterioi', left lateial views, X 3. S, 11 Tnc()mi)lete cei)lialon, dorsal view, right lateral view with genal ]ir(ilon,t.':itioii ludkcn away to show doublure, X 3. CSC IG^Cf). wr^ ■\^ W -^ -^ ,„jii ^h^h^mP^'jI H -^^r** '*•■"*■ li^^Hr^^'^^ k^ ^ Figure PLATE 14 Uroniiififnim j^'ittthrm n. sp. 1, 2 Incomplete oxoskeleton, dorsal, left lateral views, X o. GSC 1620a. Coniotehis I'lndlci n. sp. 3-6 Holotype, GSC 16206, exoskeleton, anterioi-, dorsal, right lateral, oblique views, X 9. 7, 8 Tneoniplete cephalon, anterior, vential views showing doublure and ventrally-bulging rostral plate, X 15. GSC 16208. 9 Cephalon, light lateral view showing eye surface and tubercles on external surface, X 30. GSC 16207. (loniotfhin rosiratus n. sp. 10-12 Incomplete cephalon, dorsal, left lateral, ventral views, latter two views showing ventrally-projecting median part of doublure, X 9. GSC 1G210. Figure PLATE 15 Goniotclu.'i ro.stratiifi n. sp. 1,2,4 Ilolotype, GSC 16209, incomplete cephalon and two thoracic segments, dorsal, left lateral, anterior views, X 4V1». 3,6 Small cephalon, anterior, dorsal views, X G. GSC 10211. (io7iiotcliis SI), ind. 5, 7, S Incomidete cephalon, left lateral, dorsal, anterior views, X ■iVo. GSC 102 12. Illarnus tiDiiidifrons Billintis, ISO.') 9 Internal mould of cephalon, ventral view, showing rostral ])late, X 4. GSC 16214. 10,11 Cephalon, the peripheral parts of which have been excavated to reveal the doulilure, left lateral, ventral views, the latter showing connective sutnres defining the rostral flange, X 6. GSC 10215. 12, 13 Pygidiuni, posterior, dorsal views, X 6. GSC 16213. 1 ) , ^" w% w R T5I ^•v'*^''' ^"'jff^a&'-^'v**'^ ^ u, ■ ^y^ ^^ ''wiisjjL i^i?«'.>-ii ^ ^^H^ \ 1 ■. "• Wa^ s>_''^'"^t.}«t v^^^^^^B V /jKm^ — "^"Mibf^l^^^^^b ^^1 W p\ ^llv"-~ "^'*^^t^ ■ ^ ^B P^= —^^^K**""*^^'^™ ^^^ V ^^S^Bfa!!!!'*'***^'™ i5Hi^^.i« ^.g^H 16^^^* PLATE 16 Illacnns tvmidifrons Billings, 1865 Figure 1-5 Leetolype (here selected), GSC 662j, small enrolled indi- dividual, probable original of Billings' fig. 264b, dorsal views of ceplialon, thorax, pygidium, left lateral view, anterior view, X 4. " Di\-ision P, Cow Head. ' ' 6, 7, 9 Degree 8 meraspid exoskeleton, right lateral, anterior, dorsal views, X 9. GSC 16216. S, 11, 12, l?> Small enrolled individual, dorsal views of cephalon and thorax, right lateral view, dorsal view of pygidium, X 9. GSC 16217. 10, 14, Exoskeleton, dorsal view, right lateral view, dorsal view, 15, 17 anterior view, X 6. GSC 16218. 16 Pygidium with parts of pleural regions removed to reveal doul)lure, dorsal view, X 4. GSC 1G219. rigure PLATE 17 IlhicHus cansohrinu.s Billings, ISG,! 1,2,4 llolotype, GS€ G7(h', original of Billings fig. 266a, b, dorsal, left lateral, anterior views, X 2. ''Division P, Cow Head." 3,5,6, Internal mould of medium-sized cephalon, dorsal, left lateral, 7 anterior, ventral views, X 3. GSC 16220. 8,9,11, Ceplialon wliieh has been excavated to reveal doublure on 14 right side and anteriorly, dorsal, right lateral, anterior views, X 3; ventral view showing eonneetive sutures and rostral flange, X 6. GSC 16221. 10, 12,ir. Internal mould of small cephalon, right lateral, dorsal, anterior views. X 6. GSC 16222. 15 Ineomjilete thorax and pygidium which has been excavated to reveal doublure, dorsal view, X 3. GSC 1622.1. 16 Oblique view of doublure of free cheek, X 3. GSC 16224. ^- — "^r^"^ ^■^H puC'- 1 '^1 ^^^^^^^^AJjt' ^|P^ ®^^ - -:!* jB Figure PLATE 18 Illaenits consobriniis lUlliiigs, ISG") 1,2,3, Complete oxoskeleton sliolitly (lisnrlk-ulated, dorsal views of 5 cephalon, thorax, pvgicruiiii ; left lateral view, X VA. CSC 16225. Tllaenid hypostome 4,7 Exterior, left lateral views, X 4V.. OSC 16220. lUaenns hucculcntiis n. sp. C, 9, 12, Holotype, OSC 16227, dorsal, anterior, A-entral, right lateral 13 views, X 3. 8,10,11 Small t-ephalon, dorsal, left lateral, anterior views, X 4. GSC 16228. 14,16 Internal mould of medium-sized eei)halon, right lateral, dorsal views, X 3. GSC 10229. 15 Ventral view of eei)halon that has been excavated to reveal anterit)r part of doublure, t-onneetive sutures and rostral flange, X 6. GSC 10230. Figure PLATE 19 Illaenvs sp. iiul. 1 1-3 Cephalon and 7 tlioracic segments, .interior, dorsal, rii^lil lateral views, X 4iA. GSC 16231. 4, 7 Cephalon, anterior, ventral views, sliowing anterior brani-lies of suture and rostral plate, X 4H>. tiSC 10232. lUaenus sp. iiul. 2 f), G, 8, 0 Internal mould of cephalon, right lateral, dorsal views, X 3 ; ventral view showing rostral plate, X 6 ; anterior view, X 3. nSC 16233. llhiftnis spiciildtiis n. sp. 10,11,12, Ilolot.vpe, enrolled exoskeleton, GSC 16234, dorsal views 15, 17 of cephalon, thorax, left latenil view, dorsal view of pygidium, anterior view, X 6. 13 Cephalon, posterolateral view of right eye lobe, X 30. GSC 16235. 14, 16, Cephalon, right lateral, dorsal, anterior views, X 6. GSC 18 16236. PLATE 20 Ilhietiii.'i .spiciilatiis n. sp. Figure 1,2 Desi'oe 4 nicinspid, dorsnl, right Intornl views, X 12. OSC 1G237. 3, 6, 8, Degree 7 enrolled iiieraspid, dorsal view of eephalon, anterior 9 view, riglit lateral view, dorsal view of pygidiuin, X 9. GS(- 16238. 4, 5, 7 Degree 5 merasjiid, dorsal, right lateral, oblique views, X 9. G«C 10239. 10 Ventral view of eephalon, excavated anteriorly to show dou- blure and rostral flange, X 9. GSC 16235. 11 Four thoracic segments and pygidium, latter excavated to sliow doulilure and nunlian tongue, dorsnl view, X 9. GSC 1624(t. 12,14 Incomplete exoskeleton, ventral view of eephalon to show rostral plate, dorsal view to show thorax and part of pygidium, X 6. G8C 16241. Earpilloi lilts airuatns (Billings, 1865) 13 Pygidium, outer part of pleural regions excavated to reveal doul)lure, dorsal view, X 3. GSC 16242. If), 16 Pygidium, right lateral, dorsal views, X 2. GSC 16243. Fiffure PLATE 21 nnypilhirii IIS ureiialiia (Billings, ISO;")) 1-3 Holot.Aiie, iiieoniplete ceplialon, GRC 6Clb, original of Billings, 18G5, fig. 2G5, dorsal, riglit lateral, anterior views, X 2. "Division P, Cow Head." 4, 5, S Incomplete ceplialon, dorsal, anterior, left lateral views, X 2. GSC 16244. 6, 9 Incomplete ceplialon and nine thoracic segments, dorsal view of latex cast, X G; anterior view of internal mould, X 4. GSC 1G245. 7 Two thoracic segments and pygidium, dorsal view, X 3, show- ing forward curve of tips of pleuiae and of anterolateral corner of pygidium. GSC 1C24G. 10,12 Internal mould of ceplialon, anterior view, X C; ventral view, X 9, showing anterior branches of suture and rostral plate. GSC 16247. 11, ]:i Small almost complete cephalou, dorsal view, left lateral view, X 3. GSC 16248. 14 01)li(iue view of ceplialon with i>eripheral jiart removed to show doublure, X 414. GSC 1G249. 15 Cephalon, anterior jiart removed to show doublure crossed by connective sutures, exterior view, X 9. GSC 16250. ^.......mmm^^g^ 1 -^_/^^>-'].y " ' ^ ^^M '" ii^iL^^OI^M iBSJIb^:^-'* -•'.'"' *" "■ '""" \ 1 MMH BBc^^:^.-'^ ' , \iJ Figure o 4,6, 7 8 9, 10.11 12, 13 TLATE 22 Pcriscliocloniif! capltalis Raymond, 1925 1,3,5 Ilolotype, YP]\[ 13049, incomplete ccplialon, oiisinal of Ray- mond, 1925, pi. 10, fit;-. 13, anterior, dorsal, ri<;ht lateral views, X 6. Cephalon with left eye lobe and senal spine, anterior view, dorsal view, left lateral view, X 8; eye lobe, obliciue view, X 30. GSC 10251. Cephalon, ventral view showing duiildure and rostral plate, X 0. GSC 16252. Degree 5 meraspid: anterior view, X 15; dorsal view, X 30; left lateral view, X 15. GSC 16253. Pygiilium probably belonging to this species, posterior, dorsal views, X 6. GSC 16254. PLATE 23 Lehitd arfjiis n. sp. Figure J.-. -^ liolotype eoi>Iialon, CSC IC^')'), antoiior, doisal, left lateral views, X 6. •">. 'n S, Incomplete lephalon, dorsal, anterior views, X C>; ventral 9,11 view showing- rostral plate, X 9; right lateral view, X G; eye lohe, oblique view, X 30. GSC 1()25(). •^,7 Pygidium possibly belonging to this species, posterior view, dorsal view, X 3. GSC IC.2,37. Lehitd rincahi (Barrande, 1S72) Svata Dobrotiva Shales, Tfy-t]* (Uppermost Llanvirn), Sancta Benigna, Bohemia. Scliaiy collect iun. 10 Lectotype (here selected), MCZ 55G8, original of Barrande, 1872, pi. 12, fig. 2, incomplete cephalon flattened in black shale, dorsal view, X 2. 12 Incomi)letc cephalon and 9 thoracic segments, original of Bar- rande, 1872, pi. 12, tig. 4, flattened in black shale, dors;il view, X 2. MCZ 5507. ]'"'iRnirp PLATE 24 Jldiomrrn (ilhatn n. sp. 1,4,5, Glabella of large individual, exterior, dorsal, left lateral, 7 anterior views, X 3. GSC 16258. 2, ?>, C), TIolotyi»e, (JSC 1(5259, ineoniiilcte cephalon, dorsal, oblique, left lateral views, X 4\1>. S, 11,12 Small eephalon lacking genal spines, right lateral, anterior, exterior views, X 15. GSC 1(52(30. 0 Smallest t-ephalon showing left gennl spine, exterior view, X 15. GSC 1C2G1. 1(1, i;i Snuill incomplete cephalon showing right cheek, exterior, right lateral views, X 9. GSC 1G2(52. Ilrliomrrnidc.s ulaccr n. sp. 14,15,1(5 Small incomplete cephalon, right lateral, dorsal, anterior views, X 12. GSC 1G2G4. PLATE 25 Ileliomcroides alocer ii. sp. Fiffiire 1,2,4, Holotype oephnlon, GSC 16263, dorsnl, iinterior, left Interal 5,6 views, X 6; oblique view of left eye lobe, X ?,(); oblique view, sliowino- i-ouise of sutures, X 10. Heliomcrinid pygidium 3 External mould of pygidium with some exoskeleton adheririEc. exterior view, X G. GSC 16205. Kmrina viilcanits (Billing;.-!, 1865) 7,8 T.ectotype (here selected), (iBC GC)':), original of IJillings, 1865, fig. 271n, incomplete cranidium, dorsal, left lateral views, X 2. "Division P, Cow He.nl." Kdicinn llmhntn n. sp. 0, 11, 12 Incomplete cranidium, included by Billings in K. vulcanu.s, left lateral, dorsal, anterior views, X 2. GSC 669c, "Division P, Cow Head." " f'lirininis" poljiiTonis Billings, 1865 ]() Holotype, GSC 685, incomplete cephalon, dorsal view, X 2. Supposed original of Billings, 1865, p. 286, fig. 274, from Divisicm X, P, Portl.ind Cre.k. i 1 m 1^ ^ "^ ' ''^''^flHif^^^B w^ ^^i^Ss^sS 3^ ' '^s^s^N^^^^^^I W / A \^H \HJ wl L=X^ i --^Lm^i^^J aLJjB ^■..^_ - ^ -^.^-^ .f 6 HV^^H^t; P^ Figure PLATE 2G Kairind videntiiis (Billinos, 1865) 1, 2, 3, Cephalon, dorsal, right lateral, anterior views, X 3 ; ventral 13 view X 4V.. df^C 16260. Kav'hw linihatu n. sp. 4, 5, 6, Ilolot.vpe, GSC 16207, incomplete cephalon, dorsal, left lateral, 10 anterior, venti'al views, X 3. Kawina arnoldi n. sp. 7-9, 11, Ilolotype, GSC 16268, ])artially enrolled exoskeleton, dorsal 12, 14 view of cephalon, left lateral view, anterior view of cephalon, dorsal view of thorax, posterior, dorsal views of thorax and ])ygidiuni, X 4%. Figure PLATE 27 Kavina (iriKihll n. si"). 1,4 Tnconiplete cephalon willi liyiiostome, ventnil, i iolit Inleral views, X 41/1'. GSC 16269. 2, n, 6 Large pygidiiim, dorsal, iiosterior, light lateral views, X 2. CISC 16270. 8,0 Small jiygidiuin, dorsal, right lateral views, X 4^4. GSC ir,27l. ('jidniKiccpliahi.s (pipJiKS n. gen., n. sp. 3, 7, 12, Ilolotype, (ISO 16272, cephalon with hypostome, dorsal, left IT), 10 lateral, (ddique, anterior, ventral views, X 8. 10,11 Cephalon, iiu'dimii si/.f, dorsal, left latcMal views, X 6. GSC 1627:5. K',, 14 Ijarge cephiilon with hypostome, internal mould, dorsal, left lateral views, X ?,. (iSC 16274. C)lilo)tO('fi)]i(ihis tonihis n. gen., n. sp. 16-18 Small cephalon and ."> thoraiie segments, dorsal, left lateral, anterior views, X 6. GSC 16275. f ( f/^^^" L,- ^»; ^ ^^^F ^^ j^M ^: 1 ' lii ■- <^ H ' al riK ■^ , ^K ^n '* ^"^ ,^_-_ ^^^^_ °^ S s CO M ■^ y. CO X (V 3 IS in R QJ M ^ 00 CI ya pq H < Ss h-l tc (1^ 5! "a r< R, lU 1;^ o s o r>* ?!5 o M o CO be 1-1 5! 5j Si +-> Ol M ^ (U 00 O to 57 O) --3 o 5 CD O r3 o Is o 00 OJ CO ft M o a> ira OJ CO r* 00 1— 1 ,_r ^ rt a: bl R ai M 5 "w =(=; ■^ s o M o ■i) O Cj o ^ CO ^ 00 G Ol O CO l-O CO OO 8 1—1 CO Fiirnvo PLATE 29 f'llflonncrpliahis toniliis ii. Ren., ii. s]i. ]-."],() Ilolotype, GSC 16277, eephalon with liyi.ostoiiic, dorsal, an- terior, riglit lateral, ventral views, X G. 4, f), 9 Cephalon, dorsal, anterior, rijjlit lateral views, X 3. GS(^ 1G279. 7 External surface of eye lolie of original of I'l. 28, figs. 5-S, oblique view, X 20. (i8C 10278. CjidoiWiu pJtahis stcrobiftdiis n. gen., n. sp. 8,11, It (•ei)lialon, anterior, dorsal, left lateral views, X G. GSC 16281. 10 External surface of eye lobe of liolotype, original of PI. 28, figs. 9-11, obli(pu^ view, X 30. GSC 16280. 12, 13, l,j Small eephalon, ;interior, right lateral, dorsal views, X 6. GSC 1G282. ('!ldo)toccpli(iliis proli finis (Billings, 1865) 16, 17 Probable liolotype, (!SC 687, eephalon, original of Billings, 1805, fig. 273, left lateral, dorsal views, X 4, "Division P, Cow Head." PLATE 30 C>/(lonoce}ilialus iJroUficHs (Billings, 1865) Figure 1-3 ('ei)linl()n, doisnl, right lateral, anterior views, X 4. GSC 1G284. 4-6 Small ceplialon, dorsal, right lateral, anterior views, X 9, GSC 161285. 7-9 Smallest ceplialon, dorsal, left lateral, anterior views, X 9. GSC 10286. 10 External surface of eye lobe of original of I'l. 28, figs. 12-15, oblique view, X 20. GSC 16283. C!ido)ioccpli(iliis mcrciirina (Billings, 1865) 11-13 Ilolotj'pe, GSC 668, incomplete cranidium, original of Billings, 1865, fig. 272, dorsal, anterior, right lateral views, X 4. " Division P, Cow Head." li), 2U Small ceplialon, GSC 668f, iiu-liided in type lot by Billings, 1865, dorsal, left lateral views, X 4. "Division P, Cow Head." Ciiiloiioccpludiis pruini/nilti.s n. gen., n. sp. 14-16 Ilolotype, GSC 16287, incomplete cephalon, anterior, right lateral, dorsal views, X 3. 17, 18, Incomplete cephalon, left lateral, ventral, anterior views, 21 X 3. GSC 16288. PLATE 31 Cheinirid pygidia ? Kduina sp. iiul. Figure 1 Dorsnl view, GSC 669b, original of Billings, 1865, fig. 271 c, from "Division P, Cow Head," X 2. 2, 6 With thoracic segments, dorsal, posterior views, X i^ij. GSC 16289. 3, 7 With thoracic segments, dorsal, right lateral views, X 4Vo. GSC 16290. Pygidiuui gen. ind. 1 4,5 Dorsal, right lateral views, X 41/2. GSC 16291. 8,9 With thoracic segments, dorsal, left lateral views, X 4^/.. GSC 16292. Pygidium gen. ind. 2 10,11 With thoracic segments, dorsal, left lateral views, X 41-. GSC 16293. 12,10 Left lateral, dorsal views, X 4V... GSC 16294. 15 Dorsal view, X 4i{.. GSC 16295. Pygidium gen. ind. 3 13, 14, 17 With thoracic segments, dorsal, left lateral, posterior views, X 6. GSC 16296. Pygidium gen. ind. 4 19,20 With thoracic segments, dorsal, left lateral views, X 4V'. GSC 16297. Ceratocephala exigua n. sp. 18, 21 Holotj'pe, GSC 16298, incomplete cephalon, anterior, exterior views, X 15. Figure PLATE 32 Ceraiocephala cxigua n. sp. 1 Holotype, GSC 1G298, iiu'oniplete cephaloii, right lateral view, X 15. 2, 3 Cranidiuni, oblique, dorsal views, showing posterior band of oecipital rin. GSC 1G301. Figure PLATE 33 Apatolichas jtthesi (Billings, 1865) 1, 2, 5 Incomplete cephalon with liypostome and first thoracic seg- ment, anterior, oblique, right lateral views, X 4V.. GSC 16302. 3, 4 liypostome, exterior, ol^lique views, X 6. GSC 16303. 6 Latex cast of interior of liypostome showing doublure, X 4. GSC 16304. 7, 11 Incomplete cephalon, oblique view showing connective suture, X 41/2 ; oblique view of eye lobe, X 30. GSC 1(1305. 8 Pygidium with pleural regions excavated to reveal part of doublure, which is Hexed up sharply at posterior tip of axis, dorsal view, X 6. GSO 16306. 9 Incomplete small pygidium, dorsal view, X 9. GSC 16307. 10 Small pygidium, dorsal view, X 6. GSC 16308. TLATE 34 Apaiolichas Jiil-fi:i (Billiiio's, 180;") Figure 1,3,4 Small cephalon and incomplete thorax, anterior, dorsal, left lateral views, X 9. GSC 16309. 2, 5 Internal mould of small cephalon, showing depth of furrows, some thin layers of cxoskeleton adhering l)etween furrows, anterior, dorsal views, X 9. GSC 1C310. C Internal mould of ineomplete cephalon, showing depth of furrows in mould, dorsal view, X (). GSC 16311. 7 Incomplete cephalon, oblique view showing posterior border, X 41^. GSC 16312. 8 Cephalon with some of layers of exoskeleton stripped off, to show difference in appearance of furrows depending on whether or not exoskeleton is present, dorsal view, X ihU- GSC 16313. 9, 11 Incomplete cephalon, two oblicpie views showing tuberculation, pits and raised lines on external surface, and shape of libri- genal spine, X iV^- GSC 16314. 10 Internal mould of incomplete medium-sized cephalon, the glabellar furrows exhibiting their maxinmm "depth" and development, dorsal view, X 9. GSC 16315. Fi"iue PLATE 35 Idiorhopha soUtaria (Billings, 1865) 1, 3, 4, G, Incomplete cephalon, lacking cxoskeleton, anterior, dorsal, 8 left lateral views, X G ; obliciue, ventral views, showing an- terior branch of suture and doublure, X 9. GSC 1G317. (loniotclus pcrspicator (I>illings, 1865) 2, 5, 7, 9 Incomplete cephalon lacking exoskeleton, anterior, dorsal, left lateral, ventral views, X 6. GSC 16316. Pcrischocluniis capilulis Raymond, 1925 lU, 11 Incomplete cephalon with four thoracic segments articulated, dorsal, right lateral views, X 12. GSC 16318. Fisure PLATE r.G Ci/dd'noet'plutlns tontlii.'i n. fi''"-. »• SP- 1-4. (■) Cephnlon with tlirce thoracic segments ai'tieulated, right free clieek iiialfornied, left lateral, dursal, riglit lateral, ventral, anterior views, X G. (JSC 1G320. Perischoclonus aipiiaUs Eajinond, 1025 5, 7, S Incomplete pygidium, left lateral, dorsal, posterior views, X G. GSC 1G819. 9 Fragment of white limestone from Lower Head, showing abundance of trilobite exoskeletons, X 12.4. Adjacent to "i" are many parts of Illaetius tuniidifrons, to "b" cephala of BathijureUus nitUhis, to right of "s" parts of Illaenus spiculaUia, and below "t" a cephalon of Cydonocephalus torulus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT IIAEVARD COLLEGE Vol. 129, No. 2 AMERICAN SPIDERS OP THE GENERA AUDIFIA, EUBY0PI8 AND DIPOENA (ARANEAE: TIIERIDIIDAE) By Herbert W. Levi CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM April 11, 1963 Publications Issued by or in Connection WITH THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD COLLEGE Bulletin (octavo) 1863 — The current volume is Vol. 129. Breviora (octavo) 1952 — No. 183 is current. Memoirs (quarto) 1864-1938 — Publication was terminated with Vol. 55. Joiinsonia (quarto) 1941 — A publication of the Department of Mollusks. Vol. 4, no. 41 is current. Occasional Papers op the Dei^artment of Mollusks (octavo) 1945 — Vol. 2, no. 28 is current. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club (octavo) 1899-1948 — Published in connection with the Museum. Publication terminated with Vol. 24. The continuing publications are issued at irregular intervals in num- bers which may be purchased separately. Prices and lists may be obtained from tlie Pul)lieations Office of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Massachu.setts. Of the Peters ' ' Check List of Birds of the World, ' ' volumes 1, 4 and 6 are out of print ; volumes 3, 5, 7, 9, and 15 are sold by the Museum, and future volumes will be published under Museum auspices. The Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Natural Mammalian Hibernation edited by C. P. Lyman and A. R. Dawe is available as volume 124 of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Bul- letin. Published in 1960, it consists of 26 papers and a general discus- sion, totalling 550 pages. Price $3.00 paper back, $4.50 cloth bound. Publications of the Boston Society of Natural History The remaining stock of the scientific periodicals of the Boston Society of Natural History has been transferred to the Museum of Comparative Zoology for distribution. Pi-iees for individual numbers may be had upon request. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT H A R Y A K D COLLEGE Vol. 129, No. 2 AMERICAN SPIDERS OF THE GENERA AUDIFIA, EURYOPIS AND DIPOENA (ARANEAE : THERIDIIDAE) By Herbert AV. Levi CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM April, 1963 Bull. Miis. Comp. Zool., Harvard T'niv., 129 2): I'Jl 18.'), A|)ri\ I'x;:'. No. 2 — American Sindcrs of the Genera Audifia, Euryopis a»f/ Dipoena {Araticac: Tluridiidoe) By Herbert W. Levi Of the two specins placed in Aiidipa by Keyserling in 1884 and Simon in ]894. no sj^cciniens otlier tlian the female types have been found. Our knowledge of Audifia is so limited that we do not even know whether the two species are close to Euryopis and Dip. ohscura and other Dipocna having a similar epigynum (Fig. 149) by the shape and pattern of the abdomen (Fig. 147). Records. Venezuela. Carahobo: San Esteban, 1888, 9 doubt- ful determination (E. Simon, MNHN). Peru. Hudnuco: Tingo Maria, 10 Jan. 1947, 9 paratype (J. C. Pallister, AMNH). [?] ''San Martin," 15, 16 Dec. 1946, 9 (J. C. Pallister, AMNH). DiPOENA CONICA Chickering Figures 143-146 '&" Bipoena conica Chickering, 1943, Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc, 62: 341, figs. 18, 19, 9 . Female liolotype from Barro Colorado Isl., Panama Canal Zone, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, examined. Dipoena cylindrica Scares and Camargo, 1955, Arq. Mus. Nacional, Eio de Janeiro, 42: 580, figs. 9, 12, 13, S. Male holotype from Pirenopolis, Goias, Brazil, in the Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria da Agrieultura do Estado de Sao Paulo. Paratype examined. NEW SYNONYMY. Note. The paratype of D. cylindrica examined has lost its abdomen. The palpus resembles D. conica. The original descrip- tion mentions abdomen coloration but not shape. It may have been damaged. Since no other specimens of D. conica are known from South America and since the shape of the abdomen is a diagnostic feature, there is the possibility that D. cyclindrica LEVI: AUDIFIA, EURYOPIS AND DIPOENA 163 might be D. atlantica Chickerino-. Scares and Camargo's illus- tration (reproduced by Fig. 56) was probably made from a cleared palpus. The conical abdomen (Pig. 143) distinguishes this species from the related D. atlantica and all other Dipocna. Distribution. Panama and south central Brazil. Records. Panama Canal Zone : Barro Colorado Island, 5, $ (A. M. Chickering). DiPOENA ATLANTICA Chickering Figures 150-154 Dipoena atlantica Chickering, 1943, Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc, 62: 330, figs. 1-4, 9 , S ■ Male holotype from Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, examined. The rounded abdomen distinguishes this species from D. conica, the pattern on the abdomen (Fig. 150) from D. insulana, the long transparent anterior lip of the epigynum (Figs. 152, 153) from D. pusilla. Additional Records. Panama Canal Zone: Summit (A. M. Chickering). Venezuela. Carabobo: San Esteban (B. Simon, MNHN). Peru. Huanuco: Divisoria, 1700 m (F. Woytkowski, AMNH). Brazil. Minas Gerais: Caraca (E. Gounelle, MNHN). Rio de Janeiro: Paineiras, 9 doubtful det. (A. M. Nadler, AMNH); Niteroi, S (E. Gounelle, MNHN). Mato Grosso: 9 (MNHN). Paraguay: 9 (MNHN). Dipoena standleyi sp. n. Figures 155-159 '^to" Type. Female holotype from Balboa, Panama Canal Zone, Aug. 1956 (A. M. Chickering), in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The species is named after P. C. Standley, botanist. Description. Carapace, sternum, legs, yellowish without pig- ment except some pigments in anterior median eyes. Abdomen yellowish, some dusky to black marks on dorsum (Figs. 156, 157) and some black spots anterior on venter (Fig. 155) ; back of paratype with a black band on anterior half of dorsum and without ventral black spots. Anterior median eyes slightly larger than others, two-thirds diameter apart, almost touching laterals. Posterior median eyes their radius apart, two-thirds diameter from laterals. Total length 2.4 mm. Carapace 0.94 mm long, 0.91 mm wide. First patella and tibia 0.94 mm; second 164 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 0.88 mm ; third 0.78 mm. Fourth femur 0.98 mm ; patella and tibia 1.04 mm; metatarsus 0.66 mm; tarsus 0.40 mm. Diagnosis. The shape and color of the abdomen distinguishes this species from D. ohscura, D. atlantica, D. conica and D. donaldi. Dipoena stmidleyi also differs from these species, all of which have similar epigyna, in that the ducts connecting the anterior and posterior seminal receptacles are heavily sclerotized and can be seen through the epigynum (Figs. 158, 159). Records. Panama Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Isl., Standley Trail, 21 Aug. 1954, 9 paratype (A. M. Chickering). Dipoena obscura Keyserling Figures 169-170 Dipoena ohscura Keyserliug, 1891, Die Spinnen Amcrikas, Brasiliaiiische Spinnen, 3 : 226, pi. 9, fig. 167, 9 . Female holotype from Seira Vermelha, [Est. Eio de Janeiro], Brazil, in the British Museum, examined. Coloration blackish brown ; only on the posterior part of the carapace are two light areas, and the distal ends of the legs are yellow. The abdomen is oval in outline, rounded behind and in front, and is shiny (Keyserliug, 1891). It differs in coloration from D. sfandleyi. Dipoena anahuas sp. n. Figures 171-173 I'ype. Female holotype from Caiion de las Anahuas, Linares, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, 18 July 1942 (F. Bonet, D. Palaez), in the American Museum of Natural History. The specific name is a noun in apposition after the type locality. Description. Carapace yellow, eye region dusky, margin black, a series of three dusky spots on each side, and a dusky spot in middle. Sternum, legs, yellow. Abdomen dorsum having light spots on gray (Fig. 171), venter light Avith a gray ring around spinnerets. Anterior median eyes slightly larger than others, two-thirds their diameter apart, almost touching laterals. Pos- terior median eyes their radius apart. Total length 1.5 mm. Carapace 0.62 mm long, 0.59 mm wide. First patella and tibia 0.57 mm; second 0.55 mm; third 0.54 mm. Fourth femur 0.62 mm; patella and tibia 0.72 mm; metatarsus 0.41 mm; tarsus 0.36 mm. LEAT : AUDIPIA, EURYOPIS AISTD DIPOENA 165 Diagnosis. The coloration and the central sclerotized plate of the epigynum (Fig. 173) readilj^ separate this species from D. ohscura and D. standleyi. DiPOENA PUSiLLA (Kcyserling) , new combination Figures 160-162 Euryopis pusilJa Keyserliiig, 1886, Die Spinnen Amerikas, Theridiidae, 2(2) : 263, pi. 21, fig. 311, 9. Female holotype from Blumenau, [Santa Catarina], Brazil, in the British Museum, examined. This species is much darker than D. atlantica. The abdomen has only a few light spots on the dorsum and a white spot above the spinnerets (Fig. 160). The anterior lip above the opening of the epigynum is shorter (Fig. 162) than that of D. atlantica. Record. Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Niteroi, 9 (E. Gounelle, MNHN). DiPOENA DONAXiDi Cliickering Figures 163-168 Dipoena donaldi Chickering, 1943, Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc, 62: 347, figs. 24-26, S . Male holotype from Fort Davis, Panama Canal Zone, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, examined. Description. Female carapace yellow-brown. Sternum dusky. Legs yellowish above, dusky to black on venter. Subtriangular abdomen black, one specimen whitish with a gray band across dorsum and a gray patch anterior to it. Total length of female 2.2 mm. Carapace 0.80 mm long, 0.75 mm wide. First femur 1.00 mm; patella and tibia 1.09 mm: metatarsus 0.73 mm; tarsus 0.31 mm. Second patella and tibia 0.95 mm; third 0.83 mm; fourth 1.00 mm. Variation. Venezuelan specimens are much smaller than the type from Panama. The carapace of the male is not quite as tall and there are some small differences in the palpi (Figs. 167, 168). Figure 167 was prepared from the type. Records. Venezuela. Aragiia: Rancho Grande, 24 June-1 July 1945, $ (W. Beebe, AMNH) ; Dec. 1954, 9,5 (A. M. Nadler, AMNH). DiPOENA INSULANA Chickcriug Figures 174-177 Bipoena insulana Chickering, 1943, Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc, 62 : 355, figs. 36-39, 9 , $ . Male holotype from Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal 166 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATRT: ZOOLOGY Zone, ill the Museum of Comparative Zoology, examined. — Levi, 1953, Amer. Mus. Novitatcs, no. 1639: 8. Carapace, sternum gray; legs yellow with black spots on venter; abdomen blackish with light spots on dorsum (Fig. 174), and also a white line above the spinnerets ; venter light. Distribution. Western Mexico to Panama. Additional Record. Nicaragua: Musawas, Waspuc River (B Malkin, AMNH). DrPOENA PUERTORICENSIS Sp. U. Figures 178-180 Tijpe. Female holotype from El Yunque, Puerto Rico, 27, 28 Feb. 1955 (A. M. Nadler), in the American Museum of Natural History. The specific name is an adjective after the island of the type locality. Description. Carapace dusky gray with a black line across middle. Sternum gray. Legs yellow with narrow black rings that are more distinct on venter. Dorsum of abdomen with a gray pattern (Fig. 178) ; venter gray. Eyes subequal in size, appearing very large. Anterior median eyes one-quarter diam- eter apart, almost touching laterals. Posterior eyes one-third diameter apart. Total length 1.7 mm. Carapace 0.66 mm long, 0.58 mm wide. First patella and tibia 0.62 mm; second 0.58 mm; third 0.52 mm. Fourth femur 0.67 mm; patella and tibia 0.67 mm ; metatarsus 0.41 mm ; tarsus 0.36 mm. Diagnosis. The coloration (Fig. 178) and proportions sep- arate this species from D. ruhelhim. The epigynum (Fig. 180) is similar. DiPOENA NITEROI Sp. n. Figures 181, 182 Type. Male holotype from Niteroi, Est. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (no. 9143). The specific name is a noun in apposition after the type locality. Description. Carapace yellowish, black between eyes with a broad black band between eyes and cheliceral margin of clypeus. Chelicerae with some black. Sternum yellow-white. Legs yellow- white with black spots below; cymbium of palpus black. Abdo- men with white pigment on dorsum, some black anterior (Fig. 181) and gray pigment on venter. Carapace of male much higher than long, with grooves as in many other Dipoena species. LEVI : AUDIFIA, EURYOPIS AND DIPOENA 167 Anterior median eyes slightl.y larger than others, their radius apart, ahiiost touching laterals. Posterior median eyes one diam- eter apart, one and one-half diameters from laterals. Abdomen triangular (Fig. 181). Total length 1.5 mm. Carapace 0.65 mm long, 0.62 mm wide, 0.68 mm high. First patella and tibia, 0.52 mm ; second, 0.52 mm ; third, 0.43 mm. Fourth femur, 0.55 mm; patella and tibia, 0.59 mm; metatarsus, 0.32 mm; tarsus, 0.26 mm. Diagnosis. This species can be separated from D. militaris by the shape of the embolus and by the subtriangular abdomen (Fig. 181) ; it differs from D. saniacatariyiae by having embolus and conductor of different shape (Fig. 182). DiPOENA VARIABILIS (Kcyserling) , new combination Figures 185, 186 Euryopis varmhilis Keyserling, 1886, Die Spiniien Amerikas, Theridiidae, 2(2) : 262, pi. 21, fig. 310, 2. Female holotype from Blumenau, [Santa Catarina], Brazil, in the British Museum, examined. This species is not the same as Euryoins variabilis, — Levi, 1954, Amer. Mus. Novitates, no. 1666 : 23, figs. 25, 26, 35, from Florida. Carapace dark brown. Chelicerae, sternum, legs, yellow. Abdo- men dorsum dark, nearly black, with light patches varying in position in different specimens, a light stripe just above spin- nerets. Venter of abdomen yellow. Records. Brazil. Minas Gerais : Caraca (E. Gounelle, MNHN). Rio de Janeiro: Niteroi (E. Gounelle, MNHN). DiPOENA SUPERBA Chickcriug Figures 183-184 Bipoena superba Chiekering, 1948, Trans. Amer. Micros. Soe., 67: 337, figs. 8-10, $ . Male holotype from Ft. Sherman, Panama Canal Zone, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, examined. — Levi, 1953, Amer. Mus. Novitates, no. 1639 : 10. This species is yellowish white with black stripes on dorsum of abdomen, and white pigment spots (Fig. 183). Distribution. Chiapas, Mexico to Panama. DiPOENA RUBELLUM (Keyserling) , new combination Figures 187-190 Theridion rubellum Keyserling, 1884, Die Spinnen Amerikas, Theridiidae, 2(1): 63, pi. 3, fig. 37, 9. Abdomen of female holotype from Amable 168 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Maria, [Juniu], Peru, in the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, examined. Dipoena petrunkevitclii Chickering, 1943, Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc, 62: 368, figs. 54-59, 9 , $ . Male holotype from Barro Colorado Isl., Panama Canal Zone, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, examined. Pre- occupied hy B. petrunhevitchi Eoewer, 1942. IsTEW SYNONYMY. Dipoena roeweri Chickering in Roewer, 1951, Abhandl. naturwiss. Ver. Bremen, 32: 455. New name for D. petrnnhevitcM Chickering pre- occupied. NEW SYNONYMY. The abdomen and prosoma of the type of T. ruleUum belong to different female specimens. The prosoma is that of an unknown Theridion. Figures 188, 189 were prepared from the type. Prosoma, legs, yellowish. Dorsum of abdomen with white spots on background of purplish to red anterior, gray to black pos- terior ; venter light. Distrihution. Panama, Peru, southern Brazil. Records. Brazil. Amazonas: Fonte Boa, 9 (Mathews, MNHN). Saiita Catarina: Nova Teutonia, lat 27°11' S, long 52°23' W (F. Plaumann, SMF). Dipoena bryantae Chickering Figures 191-193 Dipoena bryantae Chickering, 1943, Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc, 62: 339, figs. 14-17, 5 , $ . Male holotype from Barro Colorado Is!., Panama Canal Zone, in the museum of Comparative Zoology, examined. Carapace, sternum, legs, dark gray-brown, proximal portions of femora and distal segments lighter; subtriangular abdomen black. Natural History. This species is probably found on vegetation. Additional Records. Panama Canal Zone: Summit (A. M. Chickering). Lesser Antilles. Trinidad: Piarco (A. M. Nadler, AMNH) ; Simla near Arima (A. M. Nadler, AMNH). Dipoena santacatarinae sp. n. Figures 194-198 Type. Male holotype from Nova Teutonia, lat 27°11' S, long 52°23' W, Santa Catarina, Brazil (F. Plaumann), in the Senck- enberg Museum (no. R II/13472/1). The species is named after Santa Catarina. Description. Carapace white, black below anterior median eyes and a black spot on clypeus. Chelicerae with some black pig-ment anterior. Sternum vellow-white. Legs white with indistinct LEVI: AUDIFIA, EURYOPIS AND DIPOENA 169 brown bands. Abdomen whitish with small white pigment spots on dorsum and anterior border blackish. Carapace of male very high with grooves (Fig. 195). Anterior median eyes of male slightly larger than others, one diameter apart, touching laterals. Posterior median eyes two-thirds diameter apart, one diameter from laterals. Anterior median eyes of female their radius apart, touching laterals. Posterior median eyes their radius apart, one diameter from laterals. Abdomen of female wider than long with some gray around spinnerets. Total length of female 1.7 mm. Carapace 0.36 mm long, 0.33 mm wide. First patella and tibia, 0.34 mm; second, 0.34 mm; third 0.31 mm. Fourth femur, 0.89 mm ; patella and tibia, 0.40 mm ; metatarsus, 0.26 mm ; tarsus, 0.16 mm. Total length of male 1.3 mm. Carapace 0.68 mm long, 0.61 mm wide, 0.79 mm high. First patella and tibia 0.58 mm ; second, 0.58 mm ; third, 0.57 mm. Fourth femur, 0.66 mm ; patella and tibia, 0.68 mm ; metatarsus, 0.39 mm ; tarsus, 0.23 mm. Diagnosis. The coloration (Fig. 194), shape of the embolus (Fig. 198) and the epigynum and female genitalia (Figs. 196, 197) separate this species from D. bryantae. Variatio7i. The palpus of the male collected at Caraca has the median apophysis more swollen, and the radix behind the embolus lies against the median apophysis rather than standing up. Records. Brazil. Minas Gerais: Caraca, 9 , S (E. Gounelle, MNHN). Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia, 9 (F. Plaumann, SMF). DiPOENA BIMINI sp. U. Figures 199-204 Type. Male holotype from South Bimini, Bahama Islands, 9-10 Dec. 1952 (A. M. Nadler), in the American Museum of Natural History. The specific name is a noun in apposition after the type locality. Description. Carapace yellow; female with the cephalic area dusky ; a dusky band continuing posteriorly is constricted in the thoracic area; sides dusky. Male with a dusky line on clypeus. Sternum yellow ; legs yellow with indications of fine dusky bands on venter. Abdomen dorsum black with light marks (Fig. 199) ; venter lighter. Male carapace high, with dorsal grooves (Figs. 200, 201). Anterior median eyes slightly larger than others, two- thirds their diameter apart, almost touching laterals in female. 170 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATWE ZOOLOGY Posterior eyes two-thirds diameter apart. Total length of fe- male 1.2 mm. Carapace 0.54 mm long, 0.54 mm wide. First patella and tibia 0.49 mm ; second 0.44 mm ; third 0.40 mm. Fourth femur 0.55 mm ; patella and tibia 0.65 mm ; metatarsus 0.35 mm; tarsus 0.31 mm. Total length of male 1.3 mm. Cara- pace 0.65 mm long: 0.52 mm wide, 0.65 mm high. First patella and tibia 0.52 mm ; second 0.42 mm ; third 0.42 mm. Fourth femur 0.52 mm ; patella and tibia 0.59 mm ; metatarsus 0.26 mm ; tarsus 0.26 mm. Diagnosis. The female genitalia (Figs. 202, 203) separate this species from B. atlantica. The palpus (Fig. 204) appears very different if only slightly turned. Records. Bahama Islands: South Bimini, 9, 10 Dec. 1952, 2 ? paratypes (A. M. Nadler, AMNH) ; May 1951, 2 $ para- types (W. J. Gertsch, M. A. Cazier, AMNH). Cnha. Oriente : S side of Pico Turquino, 1000-1500 m, June 1936, 9 (P. J. Dar- lington). DiPOENA SPINITHOR^^JC (Keyserliug) Figures 205-208 DcUana sinnitliora.x, Keyserling, 1886, Die Spinneu ADicrikas, Theridiidae, 2(2): 35, pi. 11, fig. 153, $. Female holotype from Tumbez [Tumbes], Peru, in the Polish Academy of Seiences, Warsaw, examined. Description. Carapace dark red-brown. Sternum dark brown. Legs yellow with prolateral sides of first and second legs, and retrolateral sides of third and fourth brown. Coxae yellow- white. Abdomen shiny brownish black, a little lighter on venter. Carapace with an inconspicuous spine on thorax. Diameter of anterior median eyes more than twice that of other eyes. Anterior median eyes two-thirds diameter apart, almost touching laterals. Posterior eyes a little less than their diameter apart. Total lengh 2.3 mm. Carapace 0.90 mm long, 0.78 mm wide. First patella and tibia. 0.91 mm; second, 0.78 mm; third, 0.75 mm. Fourth femur, 0.91 mm ; patella and tibia, 0.91 mm ; metatarsus, 0.55 mm ; tarsus, 0.36 mm. DiPOENA PUMiCATA (Keyserling) , new combination Figures 209-218 Euryopis itumicata Keyserling, 1886, Die Spinnen Amerikas, Theridiidae, 2(2): 264, pi. 21, fig. 312, ?. Female holotype from "Blumenau, Brasilien, " however, type in British Museum, examined, is labelled as coming from Serra Vermelha, [Est. Eio de Janeiro]. LEVI : AUDIFIA, EURYOPIS AND DIPOENA 171 Dipoenu maculata Keyserling, 1891, Die Spinnen Ameiikas, Brasiliaiiische Spiunen, 3 : 225, pi. 9, fig. 166, $ . Male holotype from Espirito Santo on Kio Minas, Brazil, in the British Museum, examined. NEW SYNONYMY. Carapace red -brown, legs red-brown except for yellow proximal portions. Abdomen blackish brown Avitli symmetrical white spots (Fig. 209). Comment. The epigynnm of different specimens differs. The anterior dark areas are variable (Figs. 211, 213, 215). Females from Ceara, Matozinhos, and Tijuca have the opening more an- terior (Fig. 211) ; other specimens, including the type, have the opening near the posterior border (Figs. 213, 215). A female from Caraca is intermediate in this respect. Figures 214, 215 were made from the type of Euryopis pumi- cata, Figure 217 from the type of D. maculata. Records. Brazil. Ceara: "Serra Communaty, " ? (E. Gounelle, MNHN). Bahia: Biological Institute, Salvador, 28 Jan. 1959, S (A. M. Nadler, AMNII). Minas Gerais: Matozinhos, 9 (E. Gounelle, MNHN); Caraca, 9 (E. Counelle, MNHN). Rio de Janeiro: TeresopoMs, 9, S (MNHN); Tijuca, 5, $ (E. Gou- nelle, MNHN). Mato Grosso. S (MNHN). Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia, lat 27°11' S, long 52°23' W, 9 (F. Plaumann, SMF) ; 6 (F. Plaumann, ISNB). DiPOENA CORNUTA Chickcring Figures 219-222 Dipoena cornuta Chickering, 1943, Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc, 62: 344, figs. 20-23, 9,5. Male holotype from Barro Colorado Isl., Panama Canal Zone, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, examined. Carapace, sternum dark brown. Legs yellow-white, with a narrow black line prolateral on first and second, retrolateral on third and fourth ; abdomen black. Additional Records. Nicaragua: Musawas, Waspuc River (B. Malkin, AMNH). Panama Canal Zone: Ft. Sherman; near Coc- coli (A. M. Chickering). Trinidad: Simla near Arima (A. M. Nadler, AMNH). British Guiana: Kartabo, Bartica Distr., 1920, <5 (W. Beebe, AMNH). Dipoena tiro sp. n. Figures 223-227 Type. Female holotype from northern Venezuela, "Caracas, San Esteban," 1887-1888 (E. Simon), in the Museum National 172 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (no. 12631). The specific name is an arbitrary combination of letters. Note. Although the exact type locality is not known, this species is described because it is very distinct. The female has been chosen as type since the most closely related species, D. militaris, also has a female type. The two species have been col- lected together and there is a slight possibility the males have been mixed up. Description. Carapace rich, dark brown. Sternum olive- brown. Legs yellow with a black line along anterior face of all segments. Abdomen shiny brown, spinnerets yellow. Anterior median eyes have diameter more than twice that of others, in female two-thirds their diameter apart, touching laterals. Pos- terior median eyes one diameter apart, a little more than one from laterals. Anterior median eyes of male two-thirds diameter apart, almost touching laterals. Posterior eyes one and one-half diameters apart. Abdomen suboval, slightly pointed behind. Total length of female 2.2 mm. Carapace 0.85 mm long, 0.66 mm wide. First patella and tibia, 0.80 mm ; second, 0.66 mm ; third, 0.52 mm. Fourth femur, 0.78 mm; patella and tibia, 0.84 mm; metatarsus, 0.52 mm; tarsus, 0.28 mm. Total length of male 1.9 mm. Carapace 1.22 mm long, 0.78 mm wide, 0.91 mm high. First patella and tibia, 0.91 mm; second, 0.77 mm; third, 0.60 mm. Fourth femur, 0.80 mm ; patella and tibia, 0.91 mm ; meta- tarsus, 0.52 mm; tarsus, 0.36 mm. Diagnosis. This species differs from D. militaris in that the epigynum has an anterior lip (Fig. 226), and in the male the carapace has a small pointed tip in center (Fig. 223) and the median apophj^sis has an apically directed projection (Fig. 227). Records. 9,2$ paratypes collected with type. DiPOENA TRINIDENSIS Sp. U. Figures 228-231 Type. Male holotype from Simla, near Arima, Trinidad, Lesser Antilles, 29-30 Dec. 1954 (A. M. Nadler), in the American Mu- seum of Natural History. The specific name is an adjective after the island of the type locality. Description. Carapace, sternum brown. Legs dusky gray. Ab- domen with parchment-like integument, black with a white spot above spinnerets. Female abdomen quite high, subtriangular (Fig. 228). Carapace of male cylindrical with dorsal grooves as in D. himini. Diameter of anterior median eyes almost twice LEVI : AUDIFIA, EURYOPIS AND DIPOENA 173 that of others, two-thirds diameter apart, ahnost touching- lat- erals. Posterior median eyes of male two-thirds their diameter apart, two diameters from laterals ; of female one-third diameter apart, their radius from laterals. Total length of female 1.8 mm. Carapace 0.71 mm long, 0.62 mm wide. First patella and tibia, 0.57 mm; second, 0.55 mm; third, 0.46 mm. Fourth femur, 0.65 mm ; patella and tibia, 0.67 mm ; metatarsus, 0.36 mm ; tarsus, 0.26 mm. Total length of male 1.6 mm. Carapace, 0.78 mm long, 0.66 mm wide, 0.78 mm high. First patella and tibia, 0.55 mm; second, 0.55 mm ; third 0.45 mm. Fourth femur, 0.65 mm ; patella and tibia, 0.65 mm ; metatarsus, 0.38 mm ; tarsus, 0.26 mm. Diagnosis. A ventral sclerite of the palpus (probably an acces- sory sclerite) has a large projection (Fig. 231) that distinguishes this species from D. superba and other related species. The white spot above the spinnerets (Fig. 228) separates the female from D. donaldi. Record. Lesser Antilles. Trinidad : Simla near Arima, 26 Feb. 1959, 9, 6 paratypes (A. M. Nadler). DiPOENA BARRO Sp. U. Figures 232-234 Type. Female holotype from Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone, 16 July 1954 (A. M. Chickering), in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The specific name is a noun in apposi- tion after the tj^pe locality. Description. Carapace, sternum, legs yellowish. Legs with some indistinct dusky bands. Abdomen with black and white spots on dorsum (Fig. 232). Anterior median eyes much larger than others, a little less than half their radius apart, almost touching laterals. Posterior median eyes their radius apart, two- thirds diameter from laterals. Total length 1.3 mm. Carapace 0.45 mm long, 0.53 mm wide. First patella and tibia 0.50 mm; second 0.50 mm ; third 0.41 mm. Fourth femur 0.65 mm ; patella and tibia 0.62 mm ; metatarsus 0.31 mm ; tarsus 0.26 mm. Diagnosis. The epigynum and internal genitalia (Figs. 233, 234) and the spotted abdomen, which is almost as wide as long (Fig. 232), separate this species from D. mertoni. DiPOENA IRA sp. n. Figures 235-237 Type. Female holotype from Nova Teutonia, lat 27°11' S, long 52'23' W, Santa Catarina, Brazil (F. Piaumann), in the 174 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Senckenberg Museum (no. RII/8I0I/I). The specific name is an arbitrary combination of letters. Description. Carapace, sternum, yellow. Legs yellow with wide darker j^ellow rings. Dorsum of abdomen black, gray and white (Fig. 235) ; venter gray. Anterior median eyes slightly larger than others, not quite their diameter apart, almost touching laterals. Posterior median eyes their radius apart, two-thirds diameter from laterals. Abdomen wider than long (Fig. 235). Total length 2.0 mm. Carapace 0.72 mm long, 0.72 mm wide. First patella and tibia, 0.64 mm; second, 0.64 mm; third, 0.50 mm. Fourth femur, 0.69 mm ; patella and tibia, 0.76 mm ; meta- tarsus, 0.45 mm; tarsus 0.29 mm. Diagnosis. Shorter connecting ducts (Fig. 236) separate this species from D. hortoni, the shape of the abdomen (Fig. 235) from D. keyserlingi. Records. 2 2 paratypes from type locality, DiPOENA DUODECIMPUNCTATA Chickcriug Figures 238-241 Dipoena W-punctata Chiekering, 1943, Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc, 62: 348, figs. 27-29, $ . Male holotype from Ft. Eandolph, Panama Canal Zone, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, examined. This species is yellow-white except for black spots on the dor- sum (Fig. 238). Venezuelan specimens are darker; the anterior half of the dorsum of the abdomen may be black, or the pattern may be as in D. hequaerti Chiekering (Fig. 266). Additional Records. Panama Canal Zone: Forest Reserve (A. M. Chiekering). Venezuela. Dist. Fed.: Caracas, 9 (E. Simon, MNHN). Arafyiia; Rancho Grande, 9, $ (A. M. Nadler, AMNH) ; Tovar, 9 , $ (E. Simon, MNHN). DiPOENA KEYSERLINGI nomen novum Figures 242-243 Euryopis maculata Keyserling, 1891, Die Spinnen Amerikas, Brasilianische Spinnen, 3: 227, pi. 9, fig. 169, $. Female type from Miracena [Miracema, Rio de Janeiro], Brazil, in the British Museum, examined. Combination Dipoena macuJata preoccupied by Keyserling, 1891, op. cit., p. 225 [—D. pumicata]. The species is named after Count Keyserling, foremost student of South American theridiids. The abdomen of this species has a pattern similar to that of D. atlantica (Fig. 150). The epigynum, however, is very distinct and the connecting ducts are shorter than those of D. hortoni. LEVI : AUDIFIA, EURYOPIS AND DIPOENA 175 Records. Brazil. Minas Gerais: Caraca, 9 (E. Gouuelle, MNHN). DiPOENA COPIOSA Levi Figures 245-247 Dipoena copiosa Levi, 1953, Amer. Mus. Novitates, no. 1639 : 3, figs. 14, 15, 27, 28, ? . Female holotype from San Jose, Costa Eica, in the American Museum of Natural History. The female carapace is high behind eyes (Levi, 1953a, fig. 15). Prosoma light brown. Dorsum of abdomen gray, with a white spot above spinnerets (Fig. 245). Venter black anterior to pedicel and between spinnerets and epigynum. The Panamanian specimens are probably this species although the epigynum (Fig. 247) differs by having a longer anterior median portion of the duct than the type specimen (1953a, figs. 27, 28). Additional Records. Panama Canal Zone: Chilibre, Experi- mental Gardens (both A. M. Chickering). Brazil. Sao Paulo: Forest Reservation, Sao Paulo (A. M. Nadler, AMNH). Dipoena hortoni Chickering Figures 250-253 Dipoena hortoni Chickering, 1943, Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc, 62 : 352, figs. 32-35, $ . Male holotype from Chilibre, Panama Canal Zone, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, examined. Carapace brownish, dusky on sides with a dusky cross ; ster- num gray; legs yellowish with black marks on venter. Abdomen with a black and white pattern (Fig. 250) ; venter gray. Records. Trinidad. Arima Road, Gap in Blanchisseuse (A. M. Nadler, AMNH). Ycnczuela. Arayua: Rancho Grande (A. M. Nadler, AMNH). Brazil. Pemam&wco; Recife (SMF). Dipoena cordiformis Keyserling Figure 244 •■b ' Dipoena cordiformis Keyserling, 1886, Die Spinnen Amerikas, Theridiidae, 2(2): 259, pi. 21, fig. 307, S- Male holotype from Blumenau, [Santa Catarina], Brazil, in the British Museum, examined. Carapace dark brown, legs yellow, abdomen brown-black. Records. Panama Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island (A. M. Chickering) ; Experimental Gardens (A. M. Chickering). 176 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATRTl ZOOLOGY DiPOENA SICKI sp. n. Figures 248-249 Type. Male holotype from Sumare, Cidade Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 200-300 m alt., Jan. 1946 (H. Sick), in the American Museum of Natural History. The species is named after Dr. H. Sick, Brazilian explorer and collector of the specimen. Description. Carapace light orange with a broad black band enclosing eye region in front and going from clypeus to thoracic region. Sternum, legs, light orange. Dorsum of abdomen white wdth a black pattern (Fig. 248), venter white. Carapace low, without grooves. Anterior median eyes slightly larger than others, their radius apart. Posterior median eyes their radius apart, two-thirds diameter from laterals. Total length 1.5 mm. Carapace 0.6.3 mm long, 0.65 mm wide. First femur 0.67 mm; patella and tibia 0.75 mm ; metatarsus 0.47 mm ; tarsus 0.26 mm. Second patella and tibia 0.67 mm; third 0.57 mm; fourth 0.71 mm. Diagnosis. The distinctive embolus of the palpus (Fig. 249) separates this species from other Dipoena. DiPOENA AUGARA sp. n. Figures 254-256 ^o" Type. Female holotype from Tavara, Aragua, Venezuela, 1888 (E. Simon), in the Museum National d'llistoire Naturelle, Paris (no. 14552). The specific name is an anagram of the type locality as a noun in apposition. Description. Carapace dusky brown. Sternum gray. Legs yellow^ with many narrow black rings that are broken dorsally. Abdomen gray with indistinct but symmetrical white spots on dorsum (Fig. 254) and even gray on venter. Anterior median eyes slightly larger than others, one-third their diameter apart, one-quarter diameter from laterals. Posterior median eyes their radius apart, their diameter from laterals. Abdomen wider than long (Fig. 254). Total length 1.8 mm. Carapace 0.69 mm long, 0.65 mm wide. First patella and tibia, 0.60 mm ; second, 0.63 mm ; third, 0.59 mm. Fourth femur, 0.75 mm; patella and tibia, 0.83 mm; metatarsus, 0.44 mm; tarsus, 0.29 mm. Diagnosis. The elaborate coil of the ducts (Fig. 255) separates this species from most Dipoena. The much narrower entrance to the ducts, as visible in the epigynum (Fig. 256), separates D. augara from D. meckeli Simon. LEVI: AUDIFIA, EURYOPIS AND DIPOENA 177 DiPOENA MECKELI SimOll Figures 257-258 Dipoena meclccU Simon, 1897, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudon, p. 863. Female holo- type from St. Vincent Island, Lesser Antilles, in the British Museum, examined. The legs are banded and the abdomen has a pattern. This species is very small and the genitalia of the type specimen were difficult to study. The coiled connecting ducts are diagnostic. Dipoena tropica Chickering Figures 259-262 ^O" Dipoena tropica Chickering, 194.^. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc, 62: 375, figs. 64-66, $ . Male holotype from Chilibre, Panama Canal Zone, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, examined. Description. Female : carapace dusky brown, legs yellowish. Abdomen dusky around dorsum with a pattern (Fig. 259), venter lighter. Anterior median eyes slightly larger than others, their radius apart, almost touching laterals. Posterior median eyes one-third their diameter apart, their radius from laterals. Total length 1.4 mm. Carapace 0.53 mm long, 0.53 mm wide. First patella and tibia 0.53 mm; second 0.52 mm; third 0.52 mm. Fourth femur 0.65 mm; patella and tibia 0.68 mm; metatarsus 0.43 mm; tarsus 0.27 mm. Diagnosis. The epigynum (Fig. 261) has a posterior projecting knob with an opening. Below the knob along the dorsal edge is an elongate transverse plate, which is shown in the cleared epigynum (Fig. 260). Additio7ial Records. Panama: Arraijan (A. M. Chickering). Panama Canal Zone: Summit (A. M. Chickering). Dipoena banksi Chickering Figures 263-265 Dipoena banlcsi Chickering, 1943, Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc, 62: 337, figs. 10-13, 2 , $ . Male holotype from Forest Reserve, Panama Canal Zone, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, examined. Dipoena schmidti Levi, 1953, Amer. Mus. Novitates, no. 1639: 9, figs. 25, 26, $ . Female [not male] holotype from San Jose, Costa Eiea, in the American Museum of Natural History. NEW SYNONYMY. This species is brownish black, with the legs slightly lighter. The abdomen is suboval. Distribution. Costa Rica to Venezuela. 178 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Additional Records. Panama Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island; Chiva Road near Pedro Miguel (All A. M. Chiekering). Panama: El Volcan (A. M. Chickering). Venezuela. Carahoho: San Esteban, 1888, 9 (E. Simon, MNHN). DiPOENA BEQUAERTi Chickeriiig Figures 266-267 Dipoena bequaerti Cliickeriug, 1948, Traus. Amer. Micros. Soc, 67: 331, figs. 1-3, S . Male holotype from Ft. Sherman, Panama Canal Zone, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, examined. Carapace, sternum, yellow-brown ; legs yellow with sides of femora darker. Dorsum of abdomen flecked with Avhite and black (Fig. 266) ; venter gray. Dipoena orvillei Chickering Figures 268-271 Dipoena orvillei Chickering, 1943, Trans. Amer. JSlicros. Soc, 62: 360, figs. 44, 45, $ . Male holotype from El Valle, Panama, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, examined. Description. Female. Carapace dark dusky brown, sternum dusky, legs brown. Abdomen black except a white spot above spinnerets (Fig. 268). Eyes subequal in size. Anterior median eyes two-thirds their diameter apart almost touching laterals. Posterior median eyes one-third diameter apart, one-third diam- eter from laterals. Total length of female 1.7 mm. Carapace 0.71 mm long, 0.71 mm wide. First patella and tibia 0.75 mm; second 0.70 mm ; third 0.65 mm. Diagnosis. The opening of the epigynum is in a sclerotized patch (Fig. 270). Unlike D. hanksi the sclerotized area is some distance from the posterior margin. Records. Panama: E\ VaWe, 9, 6 (A. M. Chickering). Dipoena pacifica Chickering Figures 272-276 Dipoena pacifica Chickering, 1943, Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc, 62: 361, figs. 46-49, 2, S. Male holotype from El Valle, Panama, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, examined. This lightly colored species has the clypeus black, a black- border around the carapace, and the sides of the abdomen black (Fig. 272). Additional Record. British West Indies. Jamaica: St. Ann Parish (P. Park). LI-:VI: AUDIFIA, EURYOPIS AND DIPOENA 179 Depoena liguanea sp. n. Figures 277-280 Type. Male holotype from Liguanea, St. Andrew Parish, Jamaica, British West Indies, Oct. 1D57 (A. M. Chickering), in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The specific name is a noun in apposition after the type locality. Description. Carapace dark grayish brown, sternum gray, legs white with black patches or bands. Abdomen with a median dorsal gray band on mottled white background ; sides of abdomen black, a white line above spinnerets (Fig. 277) ; venter white. Anterior median eyes slightly larger than others, their radius apart, almost touching laterals. Posterior median eyes less than their diameter apart, less than a diameter from laterals in female, slightly more than their diameter in male. Carapace of male very high with grooves (Fig. 277). Total length of female 1.6 mm. Carapace 0.53 mm long, 0.53 mm wide. First patella and tibia 0.50 mm ; second 0.45 mm ; third 0.45 mm. Fourth femur 0.52 mm ; patella and tibia 0.57 mm ; metatarsus 0.28 mm ; tarsus 0.26 mm. Total length of male 1.4 mm. Carapace 0.71 mm long, 0.57 mm wide, 0.57 mm high. First patella and tibia 0.54 mm, second 0.47 mm, third 0.45 mm. Fourth femur 0.52 mm ; patella and tibia 0.60 mm ; metatarsus 0.39 mm ; tarsus 0.26 mm. Diagnosis. Unlike other West Indian species, D. liguanea females have two separate openings in an anterior sclerotized area (Fig. 279) ; and the palpus has the visible portion of the median apophysis swollen (Fig. 280). Records. British West Indies. Jamaica. St. Catherine Parish : W of Spanish Town, Oct., Nov. 1957 (A. M. Chickering). St. Andrew Parish : Liguanea, 2 5 paratypes, Oct. 1957 (A. M. Chickering) ; Blue Mountains, Hardwar Gap (A. M. Chicker- ing; A. M. Nadler, AMNH) ; Dolphin Head (A. M. Nadler, AMNII). DiPOENA iSTHMiA Chickcriug Figures 281-284 Uipoena isthmia Chickering, 1943, Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc, 62 : 357, figs. 40-41, $ . Male holotype from Chilibre, Panama Canal Zone, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, examined. Description. Female. Carapace, legs, dusky yellow. Sternum dusky. Abdomen with dorsum black, gray and white with pattern (Fig. 281) ; venter gray. Carapace large and massive, highest in 180 BULLETIN : ilUSEUM OF COMPARATR^E ZOOLOGY thoracic region, gently sloping down from thorax to eyes. An- terior median eyes much larger than others, their diameter apart, a little less than one-quarter diameter from laterals. Posterior median eyes their radius apart, one and one-half diameters from laterals. Total length 2.5 mm. Carapace 0.98 mm long, 0.91 mm "wide, 0.71 mm high. First femur 1.04 mm; patella and tibia 1.14 mm; metatarsus 0.76 mm; tarsus 0.34 mm. Second patella and tibia 0.82 mm; third 0.73 mm; fourth 1.03 mm. The female is matched to the male because of similar colora- tion ; however, the female is much larger than the male. Record. Panama Ca?mi Zone; Chilibre, 8 July 1950, $ (A.M. Chickering). DiPOENA TINGO Sp. n. Figures 285-287 "■o " Type. Female holotype from Tingo Maria, Huanuco, Peru, 20 Jan. 1947 (J. C. Pallister), in the American Museum of Natural History. The specific name is a noun in apposition after the tj-pe locality. Dcscripiion. Carapace, sternum, legs, orange-yellow. Abdomen orange-yellow with some darker orange spots on back (Fig. 283). Byes subequal in size. Anterior median eyes two-thirds diameter apart, one-quarter diameter from laterals. Posterior median eyes their diameter apart. Total length 1.6 mm. Carapace 0.65 mm long, 0.65 mm wide. First patella and tibia 0.59 mm ; second 0.53 mm ; third 0.40 mm. Fourth femur 0.62 mm ; patella and tibia 0.61 mm; metatarsus 0.31 mm; tarsus 0.27 mm. Diagnosis. The location of the epigynum opening at the pos- terior margin (Fig. 287) separates this species from others tliat have a sclerotized area anterior on the epigynum. DlPOENA PALLISTERI Sp. U. Figures 288-291 Type. Female holotype from Mandor near Quillabamba, Cuzco, Peru, 15 March 1947 f J. C. Pallister), in the American Museum of Natural History. This species is named after the collector. Descripiion. Carapace, sternum black. Legs probably black with proximal portions of femora white. Dorsum of abdomen white and black with a pattern (Fig. 289), sides black, venter with two white spots aiiteiiur of pedicel (Fig. 288). xVnterior median eyes much larger than others, three-quarters diameter LEVI: AT^DIFIA. EITRYOPIS AND DIPOENA 181 apart, almost touching laterals. Posterior median eyes their radius apart, one and one-half diameters from laterals. Total length 2.2 mm. Carapace 0.91 mm long, 0.78 mm wide. First patella and tibia 1.18 mm. Diagnosis. The epigynum (Fig. 291), with its three pockets, separates this species from most other Dipoena. The white spots on the venter (Fig. 288) and shorter connecting duets (Fig. 290) separate D. pallisteri from D. foliata. Dipoena foliata Keyserling Figures 292-296 Dipoena foliata Keyserling, 1886, Die Spinnen Amerikas, Theridiidae, 2(2) : 260, pi. 21, fig. .308, 2. Female holotype from Blumenan, [Santa Catarina], Brazil, in the British Museum, examined. Carapace, sternum, red-brown. Legs yellow with distal ends of segments of fourth leg brown. Abdomen brown below, sides black ; dorsum grayish white with indistinct longitudinal band consisting of black spots (Fig. 292). Records. Brazil. Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia, lat 27°11' S, long 52°23' W, 9 , 5 (F. Plaumann, SMF). Dipoena itu sp. n. Figures 297-298 Type. Male holotype from Itu, Est. Sao Paulo, Brazil, 14 Jan. 1959 (A. M. Nadler), in the American Museum of Natural His- tory. The specitic name is a noun in apposition after the type locality. Description. Carapace, sternum, reddish brown. Legs yellow- brown, coxae and proximal portions of femora light yellowish. Abdomen black. Carapace slightly corniculate, with eyes on a bulging projection, and a deep transverse thoracic groove (Fig. 297). Diameter of anterior median eyes more than twice that of other eyes. Anterior median eyes one diameter apart, almost touching laterals. Posterior median eyes one diameter apart, a little more than one diameter from laterals. Abdomen subtri- angular. Total length 2.1 mm. Carapace 1.04 mm long. 0.73 mm wide. First femur, 0.80 mm ; patella and tibia, 0.88 mm ; meta- tarsus, 0.63 mm; tarsus, 0.31 mm. Second patella and tibia, 0.66 mm ; third, 0.55 mm ; fourth, 0.69 mm. Diagnosis. The structure of the palpus (Fig. 298), the large anterior median e3'es, and the shape of the carapace separate this species from other Dipoena. 182 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY DiPOENA INCA Sp. n. Figures 299-301 Type. Male liolotype from Monzoii Valley, Tingo Maria, Huanuco, Peru, 10 Oct. 1954 (E. I. Schlinger, E. S. Ross), in the California Academy of Sciences. The specific name is a noun in apposition after the Inca civilization. Description. Carapace, sternum, legs, orange-yellow. Abdo- men white. Carapace very high with dorsal grooves (Figs. 299, 300). Anterior eyes slightly larger than others, three-quarters diameter apart, almost touching laterals. Posterior median eyes a little more than their diameter apart, one diameter from lat- erals. Abdomen short, subtriangular, higher than long. Total length 2.9 mm. Carapace 0.80 mm long, 0.68 mm wide, 0.72 mm high. First femur 0.62 mm ; patella and tibia 0.58 mm ; meta- tarsus 0.28 mm ; tarsus 0.21 mm. Second patella and tibia 0.52 mm ; third 0.45 mm ; fourth 0.55 mm. Diagnosis. The distinctive palpus, with its unusual three- pronged sclerite on the tegulum (Fig. 301 ), separates this species from other Dipoena. DiPOENA GRANULATA (Keyserliug) , new combination Figures 302-303 Uvifila granulata Keyserling, 1886, Die Spiimen Amcrikas Theridiidae, 2(2): 257, pi. 20, fig. 305, i. Male liolotype from Blumcnau, [Santa Catarina], Brazil, in the British Museum, examined. Carapace orange, legs yellow with ends of segments darker. Abdomen yellow with a black pattern (Fig. 302). Comment. This species, probably a Dipoena, may be close to Euryopis spinigera. Unlike Euryopis species, it has two colulus setae. Records. Brazil. Minas Gerais: Vicosa, 6 July 1933 (Hamble- ton, AMNH). REFERENCES CITED Chickering, a. M. 1943. Twenty-one new species of Dipoena (Theridiidae) from Panama. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc, 62: 329-378. 1948. Four new species of Dipoerui (Araneae, Theridiidae) from Panama. Ibid., 67: 331-340. GOLDI, E. A. 1892. Orientierung in der Spinnenfauna Brasiliens. Mitteil. Oster- lande, neue Folge, 5 : 200-248. LEVI: AUDIFIA, EURYOPIS AND DIPOENA 183 Keyserling, E. 1884. Die Spinnen Anu'rikas, Theridiidac. Xiirnbcrg, 12(1): 1-222. Levi, H. W. 1953a. New and rave Dipocna from Mexico and Central America. Anier. Mus. Novitates, no. 1639: 1-11. lOTSli. Spiders of the genus Dipoena from America nortli of Mexico. Ibid., no. 16-47: 1-39. 1954. Spiders of the genus Euryopis from North and Central America. Ibid., no. 1666: 1-48. Levi, IL W. and L. E, Levi 1961. Some comments on Walckenaer's names of American spiders. Psyche, 68: 53-57. 1962. The genera of the spider family Theridiidae. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 127(1): 1-71. Simon, E. 1894. Ilistoire Xaturelle des Araignees. Paris, 1(3) : 489-760. Index to Scientific Names Valid names are printed in italics. Page numbers refer to main references. abdita, Bipoena, 147 alta, Dipoena, 159 anahuas, Dipoena, 164 anas, Dipoena, 153 appalacliia, Dipoena, 144 aflantica, Dipoena, 163 Audifia, 125 augara, Dipoena, 176 halhoac, Dipo,ena, 148 hanl'si, Dipoena, 177 harro, Dipoena, 173 hellingeri, Dipoena, 151 beni, Dipoena, 157 bequaerti, Dipoena. 178 bernardino, Dipoena, 147 bimini, Dipoena, 169 boquete, Dipoena, 149 hrevis, Phycus, 132 bryantae, Dipoena, 168 bryantae, Euryopis, 131 buecalis, Dipoena, 145 calcarata, Dipoena, 138 californica Euryopis, 126 camis, Euryopis, 132 chillana, Dipoena, 149 cobreensis, Euryopis, 134 cofci, Euryopis, 126 conica, Dipoena, 162 copiosa, Dipoena, 175 cordiformis, Dipoena, 175 cornuta, Dipoena, 171 erocea, Achaea, 148 crocea, Dipoena, 148 cubana, Dipoena, 138 eyiindrica, Dipoena, 162 daltoni, Dipoena, 146 dentatus, Euryopis, 132 Dipoena, 136 donaldi, Dipoena, 165 dorsata, Dipoena, 144 duodecimpunctata, Dipoena, 174 12-punctata, Dipoena, 174 eatoni, Dipoena, 153 emertoni, Euryopis, 134 f.2 rnhelliim Dipoena, 167 ruliellum, Tlieridion, 167 san faea tari n a e , D ipn end, 1 6 8 saiikca, Euryopis, 130 schmidti, Dipoena, 177 seeliisa, Dipoena, 152 seniifirdno.sa, Audi fid, 125 sicki, Dipoena, 176 spinifera, Acantliomysniena, 133 spinifera, Euryopis, 133 spinithorax. Deliana. 170 .spinifhora.r, Dipoena, 170 sfandleyi, Dipoena, 163 stria tipes, Dipoena, lol .sulfuriea, Dipoena, 145 superha, Dipoena, 167 tdrzanoH-xkii, Euryopis, 132 taeniatipes, Dipoena, 154 tecoja, Dipoena, 148 texana, Mufila, 131 tinyo, Dipoena, 180 tiro, Dipoena, 171 Irihuldtd, Euryopis, 136 Irinidcnsis, Dipnena. 172 tropica, Dipoina, 177 valiiiouti, Dipoena, 138 variabilis, Dipoena, 167 variabilis, Euryopis, 167 varls, Euryopis, 130 venu.sta, Dipoena, 160 waspucensis, Dipoena, Kin weesei, Eunjapis, l.'Sl u'oi/tkou-sl.-ii, Di poind. 162 seteki, Dipoi na, 155 Figs. 1-4. Audifia lacritliorax Keysciling. 1. Female genitalia, dorsal view. 2. Epigynum. 3. Carapace. 4. Female, ventral view. Figs. 5-fi. A. semic/rannso Sin-oii. 5. Female genit;ilia, dorsal view. 6. riiiigyniiiii. Figs. 7-!t. Etiriiopis saiil:< a Levi. 7. Fi'mali' g('nitali;i, dorsal view. 8. Epigynum. 9. Female abdomen, dorsal view. Fig. 111. E. tac~anou'skii Keyserling, female carapace. Figs. 11-H;. E. 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S u c d o tJC _c ■ rt 6 .s a; L. ^ ^ t- ^ c s i? ^w' X +^ 3 o X to 5 •fS» ~ i. e ■s- 3 ■~^ t;. _£ ^ r^ s c C^ ■^ "*" P. :^ = 3 ^ o 5; R, -tJ ""*~ p «<-( •-?* «H ^ -s ^ ■^ ^ =;■ OJ f=i CJ CJ in 1^ ^^ rH w to ^ ^ CJ CJ CI t^ t^ l^ :j ci CJ CJ CJ X -^ 00 ■■a -o CI CJ CO C CJ 3 _ _ _ ? x' tr X ^- U U U tX ■- •- • — CJ CJ ^ oc sr CJ >. tit s "- f^ 3 CJ U 3 'Mm /\ 'f "-'•/■■■..■•'.■si® (^^ r— s p o '^ OJ Ol Oi ^. m 01 c^ B -. o U) ^' r— ■ '& 0/ o £ H t>- ^ o s c t^ c: o ?*, 00 X u C5 ^ _- 'p. . ."^ ^ H 0/ £ t- c; >, CI oo oo Cl ca — w ^■" ^ > ^ a. cc _aj ^ 'r^ c; Cl > be — • i-H cs & ^ > KH w ^ C' U o o K- r-- 00 ^— ^ Cl oc ^ s ^' cc C) o o ( usis is found in Puerto Rico and Panama; and A. rostrata from southern Mexico to Costa Rica (Map 2). Tliere is one endemic species on Cuba, one on Jamaica, five in Mexico, and five in Central Ameriea. Nine species of Achaearama are widespread in South America. The cosmopolitan A. tcpidarijnum is found as far south as Chile and Argentina (Map 1). None of tlie other widespread species have been found in Chile. Achavaranea fiorendida is found from Texas to Venezuela ( j\Iap 1); .1. iacniaia and A. migrans are mainly northern South America; .1. hirta, A. tesselata, A. zo7iensis, A. trapezoidalis and A. nigrovittata occur from Mexico or Panama to eastern or southern Brazil (Map 2). Few collec- tions were available from Argentina, whieh accounts for the lack of records. Acliaearanea trinidensis is known from Trinidad and Peru, A. poitagona from (iuianas and Peru (Map 2). Three spe- cies have been collected along the Brazilian coast {A. altiventer, A. cinnaharina, and A. bcUula) and thirty-six species are endemic or rare and are known from only few records : two from Guianas and northwestern Brazil, two from A'enezuela, one from Vene- zuela and Colombia, two from Colombia and Ecuador, one from LEVI : ACHAEAHANEA AND ECIilNOTIIERIDION 193 93 m e e « B 3 o a) a; ^3 TT C3 o O !^ o 3 194 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY eastern Brazil, eleven from Ecuador and Peru, fifteen from southeastern and southern Brazil to Paraguay, and two from Chile. Misplaced species. Achaea acutiventer Keyserling = Coleosoma acutiventer (Keyserlino) Achaea compressa Keyserling- = Chrysso compressa (Keyser- ling) Achaea crocea 0. P. -Cambridge = Dipoena crocea (0. P.- Cambridge) Achaea pulchra Keyserling = Chrysso pulchra (Keyserling) Achaea signata Keyserling = Chrysso pulchra (Keyserling) Achaea vittata 0. P. -Cambridge = Chrysso vittata (0. P.- Cambridge) Unknown species. Achaea hieroglyphica Mello-Leitao, 1941, Arq. zool. Sao Paulo, 2 : 202. Female holotype from Colatina, Espirito Santo, Brazil, in the Museo Xaeional, Kio de Janeiro, was not available for examination. The species was described without illustration of the genitalia. Unrecognizable species. Therielion coniferuni Blackwall, 1862, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3)10 :429. Type from Kio de Janeiro, lost. Achaea quaelripuuctata Simon, 1895, Ann. Soc. ent. France, 64:145. Male type from Caraea, ]Minas Gerais, Brazil, lost. In the keys, references to "Fig." indicate illustrations in this paper, while "1955. fig." and "1959, fig." indicate that the illus- tration was published in my previous papers on Achaearani a. Key to female Aehaearanea la. Abdomen with two Imnips (1959, fig. 8), Mexico henuonillo Levi lb. Abdomen without humps or with one hump 2 2a. Abdomen longer than wide or high (1955, fig. 9; Fig. 4) 3 2b. Abdomen usually higher than long or subspherieal 5 3a. Spinnerets closer to pedicel than to posterior tip (Fig. 100); south- eastern Brazil isana sp. n. 3b. Spinnerets closer to posterior tip than to pedicel (Fig. 4) 4 4a. Depression of epigynum with a posterior sclerotized rim (1955, fig. 8) ; Central to South America trapezoidalis (Taczanowski) 4b. Depression of epigynum with anterior rim only (Fig. 6) ; Peru tin go sp. n. 5a. Epigynum with two sclerotized disks in one or two lighter areas (1959. figs. 19, 21, 23, 68 ; Fig. 106) 6 LEVI: ACHAEARANEA AND ECHINOTHERIDION 195 5b. Epigynum otherwise 10 6a. Two sclerotized disks in a median light area (1959, fig. 68) ; Mexico. nayaritensis Levi 6b. Each sclerotized disk in its own suboval light area (19.19, figs. 19, 21, 23; Fig. 106) 7 7a. Seminal receptacles separated more than their diameter (Fig. 105) ; Paraguay rapa sp. n. 7b. Seminal receptacles almost touching - 8 8a. Light areas of epigynum large (1959, fig. 23) ; Mexico serax Levi 8b. Light areas smaller (1959, figs. 19, 21) 9 9a. Total length 2.6-4.7 mm; Mexico, Panama, West Indies florens (O. P.-Cambridge) 9b. Total length 1.8-2.6 mm; Texas to Venezuela florendida Levi 10a. Epigynum with two dark spots or patches side by side (Figs. 27, 38) 11 10b. Epigynum otherwise 18 11a. Dark spots their diameter or less apart 12 lib. Dark spots one and one-half or more diameters apart 15 12a. Spots their diameter apart, connected anteriorly (Fig. 27) ; southern Brazil passiva (Keyserling) 12b. Spots otherwise 13 13a. Posterior border of epigynum with a lip; spots not circular (19.19, fig. 43) ; Mexico p>ira (O. P.-Cambridge) 13b. Posterior border without lip; spots circular 14 14a. Southeastern Brazil rioensis sp. n. 14b. Guatemala, Venezuela to Peru taeniata (Keyserling) 15a. Dark spots separated by a short median scape (1959, fig. 28) ; Mexico manzanillo Levi 15b. No median scape present 16 16a. Venter of abdomen with a median white patch (195o, fig. 59) ; Arizona chiricahva Levi 16b. Venter of alidnmen otherwise 17 17a. Eastern United States (1955, figs. 47-49) rupicola (Emerton) 17b. Western United States fresno Levi and canionis (Chamberlin and Gertsch) 18a. Epigynum with ducts visible as two longitudinal dark stripes, almost parallel (Figs. 78, 80, 82, 85) 19 181>. Epigynum otherwise 20 19a. Epigynum little swollen behind, posterior border straight (Figs. 78, 80, 82); widespread South America migrans (Keyserling) 19b. Epigynum swollen, posterior border rounded (Fig. 85) ; Ecuador pilaton sp. n. 20a. Epigynum with a pair of openings, each partially covered medially by a membrane (1959, fig. 55) ; atria thin-walled and cone-shaped (1959, fig. 54) Mexico, West Indies to Paraguay nigrovittafa (Keyserling) 20b. Epigynum, genitalia otherwise 21 21a. Epigynum with two transverse raised areas (1959, fig. 62) ; Central America oblivia (O. P.-Cambridge) 196 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OP^ COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 21b. Epigynum otherwise 22 22a. Epigynum with large oval transverse opening on a swelling (Fig. 15) ; Ecuador milagro sp. n. 22b. Epigynum otherwise 23 23a. Epigynum with posterior swelling or boss, or if relatively flat, opening far anterior 46 23b. Epigynum without posterior swelling or boss and with openings center or posterior 24 24a. Two openings or depressions separated by septum (Figs. 87, 88) ; Brazil hellula (Keyserling) 24b. Epigynum otherwise 25 25a. Epigynum with a central dark spot (Fig. 94) ; southern Brazil, Uruguay pingue (Keyserling) 25b. Epigynum otherwise 26 26a. Epigynum opening a transverse sUt, the posterior rim of an anterior depression (1959, figs. 36, 48; Fig. 69) 27 26b. Epigynum otherwise 29 27a. Ducts visible on each side of depression and separating from each other anteriorly (Fig. 69) ; Chile chilensis sp. n. 27b. Ducts otherwise 28 28a. Ducts looping anterior to seminal receptacles (1959, figs. 46, 47) ; Panama, West Indies maricaoensis (Bryant) 28b. Ducts loop posterior to seminal receptacles (1959, fig. 35) ; Panama to Paraguay hirta (Taczanowski) 29a. Central opening small, diameter less than radius of seminal receptacles 30 29b. Central opening or depression large, diameter more than two-thirds longer than diameter of seminal receptacles 34 30a. Opening more than four diameters from posterior border of epigynum 31 30b. Opening less than two diameters from posterior border 32 31a. Opening with sclerotized rim (Fig. 99) ; southern Brazil j.equirituba sp. n. 31b. Opening without rim (1959, fig. 31) ; Lesser Antilles. . .trinidensis Levi 32a. Ducts swollen (Fig. 30) ; southern Brazil. . . quadripartita (Keyserling) 32b. Ducts of even diameter 33 33a. Duct loops some distance from posterior margin (Fig. 22) ; epigynum lightly sclerotized (Fig. 23) ; southeastern Brazil, vivida (Keyserling) 33b. Duct loops almost touching posterior margin (Fig. 24) ; epigynum heavily sclerotized (Fig. 25) ; eastern Brazil harra sp. n. 34a. Central depression only with anterior border (Fig. 3); duets coiled (Fig. 2) ; French Guiana, Peru pentagona (Caporiacco) 34b. Epigynum otherwise 35 35a. Depression with anterior median dark marks (Fig. 17) ; Ecuador, Peru dromedariforma (Eoewer) 35b. Epigynum otherwise 36 LEVI : ACHAEARANEA AND ECHINOTHERIDION 197 36a. Depression enclosing two dark spots and having narrow sclerotized posterior rim (1959, fig. 33) ; Panama, Peru, eastern Brazil soncnsis Levi 36h. Epigynum otherwise 37 37a. Duct with tight coil on each side of depression (1955, fig. 71) ; eastern United States to Panama, West Indies portcri (Banks) 37b. Ducts without tight coil 38 38a. Narrow duct with loose coil on each side of depression (Figs. 18, 19) ; southern Brazil maxima (Keyserling) 38b. Ducts otherwise 39 39a. Depression bordered only on posterior half (Fig. 12) and portion of duct transverse between seminal receptacles and wall of epigynum (Figs. 10, 11) ; southern Brazil to Paraguay, altiventer (Keyserling) 39b. Depression and ducts otherwise 40 40a. Back of atrium and wide ducts heavily sclerotized (1955, fig. 69) ; cos- mopolitan tejyidariormn (C. L. Koch) 40b. Back of depression not heavily sclerotized 41 41a. Posterior rim of depression coiled on each side (1955, fig. 77) ; abdomen with dorsal hump (1955, fig. 78) ; Florida, Alabama serenoae (Gertsch and Archer) 41b. Rim of depression otherwise 42 42a. A rim posterior of depression (Fig. 8) ; Utah ambera sp. n. 42b. Epigynum otherwise 43 43a. Depression heart-shaped (1959, fig. 25) ; Costa Rica schraderorum Juevi 43b. Epigynum otherwise 44 44a. Ducts entering seminal receptacles on sides (1959, figs. 57, 59, 70) ; ducts often black; Mexico to southeastern Brazil tesselata (Keyserling) 44b. Ducts otherwise 45 45a. Ducts with a loop (Fig. 20) ; Chile lota sp. n. 45b. Ducts straight (Fig. 34) ; Colombia caliensis sp. n. 46a. Epigynum with two openings 47 46b. Epigynum with one opening 54 47a. Opening on each side of swelling (1959, fig. 65) ; Mexico to Costa Rica rostraia (O. P.-Cambridge) 47b. Opening on anterior face of swelling or anterior to swelling 48 48a. Openings anterior to swelling (1955, figs. 15, 37) 49 48b. Openings on anterior face of swelling (1955, figs. 21, 44; Figs. 51, 97) 50 49a. Swelling indistinct (1955, fig. 37) ; abdomen with dark pigment (1955, fig. 38) ; Florida, California to Mexico sclitdlei (Gertsch and Mulaik) 49b. With swelling (1955, fig. 15) ; abdomen mainly whitish (1955, fig. 18) ; southeastern U. S conjiincia (Gertsch and Mulaik) 50a. Openings more than four diameters apart (1955, fig. 21) ; posterior of abdomen wlrite with a black patch (1955, fig. 19) ; eastern U. S. to northeastern Mexico globosa (Hentz) 501i. 0]>enings about two diameters or less apart 51 51a. Median area of swelling light (1959, fig. 15) ; Jamaica anna Levi 198 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 51b. Epigynum otherwise 52 52a. Openings separated by a narrow septum (1955, figs. 43, 44) ; Texas, northern Mexico insulsa (Gertsch and Mulaik) 52b. Epigynum otherwise 53 53a. Swelling extending posterior (Fig. 97) ; southeastern Brazil eramus sp. n. 53b. Swelling slight, not extending posterior (Fig. 92) ; Venezuela, Colombia alacre (Keyserling) 54a. California; genitalia as in 1955, figures 39, 40 . . acoreensis (Berland) 54b. West Indies, Central or South America 55 55a. Seminal receptacles separated by more than one diameter (1959, fig. 1) ; opening with sclerotized anterior rim (1959, figs. 2, 3) ; Cuba turquino Levi 551j. Seminal receptacles two-thirds their radius or less apart, opening otherwise; Central and South America 56 56a. Opening almost square, posterior to it a dark shadow (Fig. 56); Peru leguiai (Chamberlin) 56b. Epigynum otherwise 57 57a. Ducts elbowed (Fig. 65) ; Peru Icoepclcei sp. n. 57b. Ducts without elbows 58 58a. Abdomen very short (P^ig. 59) ; ducts fine, length equal to larger radius of seminal receptacles (Fig. 57) ; Venezuela anastema sp. n. 58b. Abdomen longer ; ducts thicker or shorter 59 59a. Epigynum bulging posterior (Fig. 51), ducts heavily sclerotized, longer than diameter of seminal receptacles (Fig. 50) ; Peru Jcaspi sp. n. 59b. Epigynum otherwise, ducts much shorter 60 60a. Opening very large, its diameter from posterior rim 61 60b. Opening smaller, one and one-half diameters from posterior rim 62 61a. Atrial wall heavily sclerotized (Fig. 60) ; Ecuador , hanosensis sp. n. 61b. Atrial wall otherwise (Figs. 70, 71) ; southeastern Brazil . sicM sp. n. 62a. Swelling projecting, ventrally (Figs. 53, 54) ; Peru gigantea (Keyserling) 62b. Swelling less distinct 63 63a. Abdomen orange with white lines; genitalia as in Figures 62, 63; southeastern Brazil cinnabarina sp. n. 63b. Abdomen colored otherwise 64 64a. Abdomen whitish with well-defined black spots (Fig. 72) ; genitalia as in Figures 73, 74; southern Brazil analista sp. n. 64b. Abdomen with stripes 65 65a. Less than 2 mm total length ; Panama apex Levi 65b. More than 4 mm total length ; Colombia caquesa sp. n. Key to male Achaearanea la. Ectal side of cymbium supporting embolus coil (1955, figs. 11-13); South America trapezoidalis (Taczanowski) LEVI: ACIIAEARANEA AND ECIIINOTIIERIDION 199 lb. Cj'mbium otherwise 2 2a. Embolus or conductor extending distally beyond cymbium 3 2b. Embolus or conductor not extending beyond cymbium 21 3a. Conductor with an ectal spur (1955, fig. 53) ; California fresno Levi 3b. Conductor without spur 4 4a. Embolus width almost half that of tegulum, embolus with a seam (1955, fig. 83) ; cosmopolitan tepidariorum (C. L. Koch) 4b. Embolus otherwise 5 5a. Conductor position transverse to axis of cymbium 6 5b. Conductor position nearly x^arallel to cymbium axis 7 6a. Conductor with a long ectal extension (1959, fig. 51) ; Panama machaera Levi 6b. Conductor otherwise (1959, figs. 49, 50) ; Puerto Eico, Panama maricaoensis (Bryant) 7a. Embolus with a whip-like distal portion ; United States 8 7b. Embolus otherwise; United States to South America 9 8a. Whip portion of embolus equal to cymbium in length (1955, fig. 79) ; Alabama, Florida serenoae (Gertsch and Archer) 8b. Whip portion of embolus longer than cymbium (1955, figs. 80-81) ; eastern United States to Panama, West Indies porteri (Banks) 9a. Embolus and conductor confined to mesal half of tegulum 10 9b. Embolus, conductor otherwise 15 10a. Cymbium with a distal spine (Figs. 39, 40) ; Arizona chirimhua Levi 10b. Cymbium otherwise 11 lla. Embolus bifurcate (Fig. 48) ; southeastern Brazil sicM sp. n. lib. Embolus otherwise 12 12a. Embolus base near base of tegulum (1959, fig. 44) ; Mexico para (O. P.-Cambridge) 12b. Embolus base in distal half of tegulum 13 13a. Base of embolus broad and flat (1955, figs. 60-62) ; Utah, California canionis (Chamberlin and Gertsch) 13b. Base of embolus otherwise 14 14a. Abdomen longer than wide, embolus cone-shaped (Fig. 113); southern Brazil isana sp. n. 14b. Abdomen otherwise; palpus otherwise (Fig. 112) ; Ecuador ora7ia sp. n. 15a. Embolus a broad sclerite (1959, fig. 29) ; Trinidad trinidensis Levi 15b. Embolus otherwise 16 16a. Embolus seemingly U-shaped, or embolus on ectal side of tegulum (1959, figs. 52, 56; Figs. 109, 110) 17 1Gb. Embolus straight or on mesal side of tegulum 19 17a. Embolus on mesal side of tegulum (1959, fig. 52) ; Cuba, Panama . . . terex Levi 17b. Embolus reaching ectal side of tegulum 18 18a. Embolus clearly U-shaped (1959, fig. 56; Fig. 110) Mexico, West Indies to Paraguay nigrovittata (Keyserling) 18b. Embolus otherwise (Fig. 109) ; Costa Rica micmtula (Banks) 200 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 19a. Duct with loop in tegulum (Fig. 33) ; eastern and southern Brazil. . . . qtiadripartita (Keyserling) 19b. Duct otherwise 20 20a. Embolus with a neck and wide distal portion as in Figure 111; French Guiana p((s.vi7a/ia (Boewer) 20b. Embolus otherwise (Fig. 108) ; Ecuador milagro sp. n. 21a. Embolus U-shaped, cyml)iuni rounded above as in Figure 103; Paraguay rapa sp. n. 21b. Embolus otherwise 22 22a. Embolus a broad cone or spine on tegulum, not a separate sclerite. . . .23 22b. Embolus not cone-sliaped and always a separate sclerite 29 23a. Embolus with two tips 24 23b. Embolus with one tip 25 24a. Cymbium with stout tip (1959, fig. 17) ; Texas to Venezuela florendida Levi 24b. Cymbium with slender tip (1959, fig. 16) ; Cuba, Mexico to Panama . . . jlorens (O. P.-Cand:)ridge) 25a. Cymbium with tip hooked; duct in tegulum witli elliow below embolus (1959, fig. 12) ; Panama apex Levi 25b. Cymbium, duct otherwise 26 26a. In ventral view, duct below embolus describing half circle 27 26b. In ventral view, duct below embolus going toward base on ectal side with slight undulation before looping back toward distal and dorsal side of tegulum 28 27a. Abdomen with two humps; distal end of cymbium broad (1959, figs. 6, 7) ; Mexico hermosillo Levi 27b. Abdomen without humps; distal end of cymbium narrow (1955, figs. 16, 17) ; southeastern United States cunjuncta (Gertsch and Midaik) 28a. Distal end of cymbium broad (1959, fig. 13) ; Jamaica anna Levi 28b. Distal end of cymbium narrow (1955, figs. 22-25) ; eastern United States glohosa (Hentz) 29a. Duct with S-shaped loop in tegulum ; Central, Soutli America 30 29b. Ducts not looping in an S or, if S-shaped, found in North America . .31 30a. Embolus reaching almost to base of tegulum (1959, fig. 37); Panama to Paraguay Mrta (Taczanowski) 30b. Embolus shorter (Fig. 41) ; Minas Gerais diamantina sp. n. 31a. In ventral view two duct loops in tegulum as in Figure 45; southern Brazil, Paraguay altiventer (Keyserling) 31b. Duct loops otherwise 32 32a. Duct with a long distally directed loop (Figs. 42, 46) 33 32b. No loop present or only a slight wave in course of duct 34 33a. Distal portion of embolus broad (Fig. 42) ; eastern Brazil parana sp. n. 33b. Distal portion of embolus narrow (Fig. 46); southeastern Brazil. . . . chinaharina sp. n. 34a. Embolus a small transparent squarish sclerite on meso-ventral face of bulb (1955, figs. 33, 35) ; Florida, California, Mexico schullei (Gertsch and Mulaik) LEVI : ACHAEARANEA AND ECHINOTHERIDION 201 34b. Embolus shaped otherwise and extending distally beyond tegulum 35 35a. Embolus with a spur (Fig. 29) ; Venezuela tovarensis sp. n. 35b. Embolus otherwise 36 36a. Embolus with an almost straight (in ventral view) filiform distal por- tion, longer than tegulum diameter (1959, fig. 26) ; Panama schneirlai Levi 36b. Embolus otherwise 37 37a. Distal knob of cymbium wider than immediate portion below 38 37b. Distal tip of cymbium without neck 39 38a. Length of cymbium portion distal to alveolus equal to tegulum diame- ter (Fig. 44) ; Peru uvmna sp. n. 38b. Cymbium extending only slightly beyond tegulum (1959, fig. 34); Panama sonensis Levi 39a. Cymbium tip with a thumb on ectal side (1959, fig. 41) ; Guatemala to Venezuela taeninta (Keyserling) 39b. Cymbium tip otherwise 40 40a. Cymbium tip with three lobes (Fig. 43) ; Guiana inops sp. n. 40b. Cymbium tip otherwise 41 41a. Embolus with filiform transverse distal portion as in Figure 90 ; Brazil hellula (Keyserling) 41b. Embolus otherwise 42 42a. Cymbial tip with two prongs (Fig. 28) ; Brazil. . passiva (Keyserling) 42b. Cymbial tip otherwise 43 43a. Palpus as in Figure 47, Mexico asteca (Chamberlin and Ivie) 43b. Palpus otherwise 44 44a. Tip of cymbium straight (1955, fig. 46) 45 44b. Tip of cymbium bent (1955, fig. 45) 46 45a. Embolus tube-like in ventral view; conductor leaf -shaped (1955, figs. 50-52) ; eastern United States rupicola (Emerton) 45b. Embolus bottle-shaped; conductor hook-shaped (1955, fig. 46); Cali- fornia acoreensis (Berland) 46a. Qy-mbium with a tooth near base of distal hook (Fig. 36) ; southeastern Brazil rioensis sp. n. 46b. Cymbium otherwise 47 47a. Palpus as in 1955, figure 45 ; Texas, Mexico insulsa (Gertsch and Mulaik) 47b. Palpus as in Figure 49; southeastern Brazil pallipera nom. nov. ACHAEARANEA TRAPEZOIDALIS (TaCZanOWSki) Map 2 Argyrodes trapesoidalis Taczanowski, 1873, Horae Soe. Ent. Rossicae, 9: 115, pi. 5, fig. 10. Female and male syntypes from Uassa [Rio Uaga, Amapa, Brazil] and Cayenne, French Guiana, in the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw. 202 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Achaea iyisignis O. P.-Cambridge, 1882, Proe. Zool. Soe. London, p. 428, pi. 30, fig. 5, $ . Male holotype from the Amazon in the Hope Department of Entomology-, Oxford. Thiraitesia diversa O. P.-Cambridge, 1882, ibid., p. -432, pi. 31, fig. 8, 9. Female holotype from the Amazon in the Hope Department of Ento- mology, Oxford. Acluiearanea trapezoidalis, — Levi, 1955, Amer. Mus. Novitates, no. 1718: 9, figs. 7-13, 9,5; 1959, Bull. Mu.s. Comp. Zool. 121 : 76. Distribution. Panama to Paraguay (Map 2). Additional Records. Trinidad: Balandra Bay (Reynolds). Venezuela. Delta Amacuro: Rio Orinoco delta, Jan. -Feb. 1935 (N.Weber). Peru. N'o/; Tl/orff;/; Moyobamba, 20 Dee. 1946 (J. C. Pallister, AMNH). Huamtco: Monzon Valley, Tingo Maria, Nov. 1954 (E. I. Scblinger, E. S. Ross, CAS). Brazil. Para: Belem, Feb. 1959 (A. M. Nadler, AMNH), doubtful determination. Para- guay. Alto Parana: Taquararapa (AMNH). AcHAEARANEA PENTAGONA ( Caporiacco) , uew combination Figures 1-3 Chrysso pentagona Caporiaeco, 1954, Comm. Pontificia Acad. Sci., 16: 75, fig. 12, 9 . Female holotype from Goudronville, French Guiana, in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, examined. This species is very close to A. trapezoidalis. The abdomen of the type, from Avhich Figure 1 was made, is shrunken. Tn other specimens the middle constriction of the abdomen is less pro- nounced or absent. The species differs by lacking the posterior lip of the epigynum depression (Fig. 3) and by the position of the coil (Fig. 2). The abdomen is shorter than that of A. trape- zoidalis and A. tingo. The illustrations were made from the holot.ype. Records. Peru. Huanuco: Monzon Valley, Tingo Maria, Oct., Nov., 1954 (E. T. Schlinger, E. S. Ross, C'A8) ; Santa Teresa, Rio Huallaga, 600 m, Aug. 19"4 (F. Woytkowski) ; Cucharas, Huallaga Valley, Feb., April 1954 (F. Woytkowski). AcHAEARANEA TINlJO sp. 11. Figures 4-6 Type. Female holotype from Tingo Maria, Hntinuco, Peru, 19-25 May 1947 (J. C. Pallister), in the American Museum of Natural History. The specific name is a noun in apposition after the type locality. LEVI : ACIIAEAKANEA AND ECHINOTHERIDION 203 Description. The whole spider is light orange in color except for a black spot in center of sternum. Anterior median eyes slightly larger than others, two-thirds diameter apart, their radius from laterals. Posterior median eyes a little more than their diameter apart, their diameter from laterals. Abdomen longer than high (Fig. 4). Total length 2.3 mm. Carapace 1.14 mm long, 0.91 mm wide. First femur, 2.20 mm ; patella and tibia, 2.16 mm; metatarsus, 1.82 mm; tarsus, 0.78 ram. Second patella and tibia, 1.22 mm; third, 0.80 mm; fourth, 1.49 mm. Diagnosis. Like A. pentagona, A. tingo lacks tlie posterior lip of the depression in the epigynum (Fig. 6) which is present in A. trapezoidalis. The depression is smaller than in the preceding two species and the duct coil relatively larger (Fig. 5). ACHAEARANEA GLOBOSA (Heutz) Map 1 Theridion globosum Hentz, 1850, Jour. Boston See. Nat. Hist., 6: 279, pi. 9, fig. 23, 9 . Types from Alabama lost. Achaearanca glohosa, — Levi, 1955, Amer. Mus. Novitates, no. 1718: 9, figs. 19-25, 9, $. Dktrihution. Eastern United States to Veracruz, Mexico (Map 1). Addiiional records. Minnesota. Winona Co. : Whitewater State Park (H. Levi). Texas. San Patricio Co.: SW of Mathis (R. 0. Albert ) . AcHAEARANEA sciiULLEi (Gcrtsch and Mulaik) Map 1 Theridion schullei Gertsch and Mulaik, 1936, Amer. Mus. Novitates, no. 863 : 15, fig. 22, 9 . Female type from Edinburgh, Texas, in the American Museum of Natural History. Achaearanea schullei, — Levi, 1955, ibid., no. 1718: 17, figs. 32-38, 9 , cj ; 1959, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 121: 61. Distribution. Florida, Texas, Mexico (Map 1). Additional records. Texas. Dallas Co. : Dallas, woods at Cali- fornia Crossing in log, 26 May 1940, 9 (H. Knutsen). Arizona. Pima Co. : Tucson, 730 m, on outside of building, 6 Sept. 1959, 9 (J. Beatty) ; Twin Buttes Mine, 1000 m, in web over crevice in roof of tunnel, 30 July 1960, S (J. Beatty). 204 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY ACHAEARANEA AMBERA Sp. II. Figures 7-8 Type. Female holotype, from Mill Creek Canyon, Salt Lake City, Salt Lake Co., Utah (R. V. Chamberlin), in the American Museum of Natural History. The specific name is an arbitrary combination of letters. Description. Carapace brownish. Sternum brown. Lep:s yel- lowish. Abdomen with a dorsal white stripe from hump to anal tubercle. The stripe is crossed by a wide line, and has light patches on each side. Eyes subequal in size. Anterior median eyes one diameter apart, almost touching laterals. Posterior median eyes one diameter apart, a little more than one diameter from laterals. Abdomen with a hump. Total length 2.0 mm. Carapace 0.78 mm long, 0.78 mm wide. First femur, 1.30 mm; patella and tibia, 1.32 mm; metatarsus, 1.00 mm; tarsus, 0.52 mm. Fourth patella and tibia, 0.60 mm. Diagnosis. Unlike other Achaearanea species, A. amhera has the epig.ynum with a lip parallel to the posterior border (Fig. 8). Achaearanea altiventer (Keyserling), new combination Figures 0-12, 45 ; Map 2 Aclmea altiventer Keyserling, 1884, Die Spinncu Anierikas, Theridiidae, 2(1): 108, pi. 5, fig. 70, 9. Juvenile female holotype from "Slid. Amerika, " in the Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford University, examined. Theridion altiv.enter, — Simon, 1894, Histoire Naturelle des Araignees, 1: 535. Note. The type specimen is a juvenile female just before the final molt. Luckily the internal duets are sufficiently sclerotized to leave no doubt about its placement, as the characteristic trans- verse portions of the ducts can be seen. Description. Carapace yellow Avith a median dusky area. Sternum dusky. Legs yellow Avith dusky bands. Abdomen with a black dorsal, longitudinal, median band that is bordered by white ; several dark and light stripes on side ( Fig. 9 ) ; venter with a black mark anterior to spinnerets and a black line con- necting this mark with genital groove ; on each side of dark line is a white spot. Eyes subequal in size, anterior median eyes a little more than one diameter apart, their radius from laterals. Posterior eyes their diameter apart. Chelicerae without teeth. Abdomen with a hump. Total length of female from Paraguay 5.6 mm. Carapace 1.6 mm long, 1.3 mm wide. First femur, 4.1 LEVI : ACHAEARANEA AND ECHINOTHERIDION 205 mm; patella and tibia, 3.6 mm; metatarsiis, 3.5 mm; tarsus, 1.0 mm. Second patella and tibia, 2.0 mm; third, 1.0 mm; fourth, 2.3 mm. Total length of male 2.8 mm. Carapace 1.4 mm long, 1.2 mm wide. First femur, 2.2 mm; patella and tibia, 2.3 mm: metatarsus, 2.2 mm; tarsus. 0.8 mm. Second patella and tibia, 1.3 mm; third, 0.9 mm; fourth, 1.3 mm. Distribution. Southern and southeastern Brazil (Map 2). Records. Brazil. Pernamhuco: Recife (SMF). GumwMra: Teresopolis, March 1946, 900-1000 m, 9 (H. Sick, AMNH). Sao Paulo: Pinhal, Dec. 1948 (A. Mailer, AMNH) ; Jequirituba, 750 m, Cidade de Sao Paulo, Dec. 1945, 2 , <5 (H. Sick, AMNH). fianta Catarina: Nova Teutonia, lat 27°11'S, long 52°23'W (F. Plaumanu, SMF). Paraguay. 1891, 1893, 3 9 (Dr. Bohls, BMNH); S (Germain, MNHN). AcHAEARANEA MAXIMA (Keyserling) , new combination Figures 18-19 Acihaea m