4 Uu [ l effin OF THE a | Museum of | Comparative Loology The Orb Weaver Genus Mangora in t South America (Araneae, Araneidae i | HERBERT W. LEVI | . ~ HARVARD UNIVERSITY VOLUME 159, NUMBER 1 bee CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A. 5 December 2007 (US ISSN 0027-4100) PUBLICATIONS ISSUED OR DISTRIBUTED BY THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY HARVARD UNIVERSITY Breviora 1952-— BULLETIN 1863— Memoirs 1865-1938 JounsoniA, Department of Mollusks, 1941-1974 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOL.Lusks, 1945-— SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS. 1. Whittington, H. B., and W. D. I. Rolfe (eds.), 1963 Phylogeny and Evolution of Crustacea. 192 pp. 2. Turner, R. D., 1966. A Survey and illustrated Catalogue of the Tere-— dinidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia). 265 pp. 3 a Sprinkle, J., 1973. Morphology and Evolution of Blastozoan Echino- derms. 284 pp. 4, Eaton, R. J., 1974. A Flora of Concord from Thoreau’s Time to the Present Day. 236 pp. 5. Rhodin, A. G. J., and K. Miyata feds.), 1983. Advances in Herpetology and Evolutionary Biology: Essays in Honor of Ernest E. Williams. 7295 pp. 6. Angelo, R., 1990. Concord Area Trees and Shrubs. 118 pp. Other Publications. Bigelow, H. B., and W. C. Schroeder, 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Reprinted 1964. ? Brues, C.T., A. L. Melander, and F. M. Carpenter, 1954. Classification of Insects. (Bulletin of the M. C. Z., Vol. 108.) Reprinted 1971. Creighton, W. S., 1950. The Ants of North America. Reprinted 1966. Lyman, C. P., and A. R. Dawe (eds.), 1960. Proceedings of the First In- ternational Symposium on Natural Mammalian Hibernation. Bulletin of the M. C. Z., Vol..124,) 3 Orinthological Gazetteers of the Neotropics (1975-). Peter’s Check-list of Birds of the World, vols. 1-16. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club 1899-1947. (Complete sets only.) Price list and catalog of MCZ publications may be obtained from Publica- tions Office, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, U.S.A. | This publication has been printed on acid-free permanent paper stock. © The President and Fellows of Harvard College 2007. THE ORB WEAVER GENUS MANGORA IN SOUTH AMERICA (ARANEAE, ARANEIDAE) HERBERT W. LEVI" ABSTRACT. Of the 18 previously known Mangora species from South America, three names are syno- nyms and 12 species have their genitalia illustrated here for the first time. All of the 127 new species found are described, illustrated, and named. Most of these many species are found in the Amazon drain- age. All the species outside the Amazon have only limited distributions except M. melanocephala, the most common Mangora, found between the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, and northern Argentina. Only four species found in Central America extend their ranges to South America. A new method of im- mobilizing and examining palpi is described. INTRODUCTION South American Mangora have previ- ously been impossible to determine. Of the few species described, most had un- recognizable descriptions or lacked ade- quate illustrations. Eighteen species are listed in Platnick’s catalog (2006). Mangora mathani Simon was erroneously listed as a nomen nudum. Mangora decolorata (Key- serling) does not occur in South America, a citation error of Platnick (2006) and old- er catalogs. Three names are synonyms of older names, leaving 15 species. Of these, 12 never had their genitalia illustrated, or the illustrations were unrecognizable. Of 142 species considered in this study, 127 are new. Because in the past most species could not readily be determined, little is known about Mangora. Ecological and be- havioral research have been limited to a few well-described species. Because there is little overlap with South American species, the 32 species of Mexico and Central America were revised ‘Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Uni- versity, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138-2902. separately in a previous publication (Levi, 2005). An earlier paper treated the seven species north of Mexico (Levi, 1975). Mangora species make a very fine, dense orb web. The common North Amer- ican M. gibberosa (Hentz) makes its fine- meshed web in the tall grass of meadows. The European M. acalypha (Walckenaer) is found in sparse vegetation on sandy ground. Webs are vertical or slightly in- clined, occasionally almost horizontal. The web of M. acalypha can have 50 to 60 radii and only 10 to 12 circles of temporary spi- ral, with 500 to 600 attachments. The vis- cid threads of M. acalypha are only 1 mm apart, and there can be 50 to 60 in one sector. The spiders work rapidly, the tem- porary spiral being completed in 7 min- utes. The small spiders rest in the hub. There is no retreat. When disturbed, the spider drops on a thread (Wiehle, 1931). When mating, the male stays attached to the female with an insertion of about 7 seconds; a minute later, there is a second insertion. After three to six or up to 13 insertions, alternating the palpi, the male leaves on a thread but may soon return to start a new series of insertions (Wiehle, 1931). The outer lobe of the epigynum of many South American Mangora is broken off, not observed previously. Presumably this happens when mating and makes further mating with other males more difficult. Although Mangora are mainly diurnal, Lubin (1978) found webs of M. pia at night in Panama. There is recent literature by Eberhard (1982) describing radii con- struction, by Carico (1986) on web remov- Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 159(1): 1-144, December, 2007 1 2 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 159, No. 1 al patterns, and by Craig (1987a,b, 1988, 1989) on behavior and the structure of silk in the Panamanian and northern South American M. pia. However, nothing has been published about the function of the unique feathered trichobothria on the third tibia, or the high carapace: Does it contain a large venom gland, or perhaps stomach or brain tissue? Of the 142 species here described, only 62 are known from both sexes, 59 from females only, and 21 from males only. It is possible that some of the new males be- long to described females. METHODS The methods used were the same as in Levi (2005), except for the use of a new embedding medium to immobilize small genitalia for examination and illustrating. The immobilizing medium is K-Y Jelly (or similar personal lubricant available from pharmacies). K-Y Jelly is miscible in both water and alcohol. One or two drops of the jelly are placed in a dish and the genitalia to be illustrated are directly trans- ferred from alcohol into the bottom of the jelly. The submerged specimen can be placed in the required position and stays as oriented. A thin layer of 80% alcohol may be added over the jelly to reduce re- flections. After use, the genitalia are placed in a small dish with hot water to remove the jelly from the specimen. After 10 minutes in hot water, some alcohol is added, and after a short time, the speci- men is returned to its vial. (Nadine Du- pérré made me aware of the procedure, but it originated with J. Cokendolpher. J. Cokendolpher and N. Dupérré permitted me to publish the method.) As mentioned in the previous Mangora publication (Levi, 2005), eye placement and measurements are rough estimates made by viewing from above and slightly anterior. Sizes and distances of eyes are given in numbers, not to indicate accuracy, but to avoid verbiage. Measurements are made relative to the diameter of eyes. The position of the posterior eye row is measured in relation to a hypothetical line behind the eyes, as viewed from above. The ocular quadrangle is measured by drawing an imaginary line around the eyes. Total length was measured without stretching the animal because the abdo- men is often at an angle to the prosoma. The illustrations here of previously de- scribed species were made in 1970, when I borrowed the types of all American spe- cies of Mangora for revising the North American species (Levi, 1975). In the illustrations, the ventral view of the epigynum is often tilted at an angle, with the anterior end slightly higher. For the posterior view, the epigynum was pulled out with a fine, mounted needle. The posterior view is sometimes from slightly ventral with the anterior end of the spider slightly pulled up. A drop of Hoyer’s Medium on the epigynum was used to temporarily clear it. (Some colleagues have used sodium hydroxide for clearing, but this is not clearing oil; it digests the tissues, indirectly making the structure more transparent. However NaOH could warp structures of the epigynum or palpus.) A spine is here considered an immovy- able pointed structure, whereas the strong, movable setae on legs are referred to as macrosetae. The directions for locating structures in the illustrations refer to the numbers on the face of a clock (h). The illustrations of the posterior view of the epigyna have their venter up and dorsum down. Specimens used came from the follow- ing collections and individuals. AMNH American Museum of Natural History, sNews York: W.caie Gertsch, J. A. L. Cooke, N. Plat- nick, L. Sorkin. ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; D. Azuma. BMNH_ The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; P. Hillyard, J. Beccaloni. CAS California Academy of Science, CUC FSCA HGF IBSP ICNB INPA MACN MCN MCP MCZ MECN MLP MNHN MNRJ MUSM San Francisco; C. Griswold, D. Ubick. Cornell University Collection kept in the AMNH. Florida State Collection of Ar- thropods, Gainesville, Florida; G. B. Edwards. H. G. Fowler; Universidade de Sio Paulo, Rio Claro, Est. Sao Paulo, Brazil. Instituto Butantan, Laborat6ério de Artrépodos Pegonhentos, Sao Paulo, Brazil; A. D. Brescovit. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Co- lombia, Bogota, Colombia; E. Florez. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazdnia, Manaus, Est. Amazonas, Brazil; C. Magalhaes. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argen- tina; ©. LL. Scioscia. Museu de Ciéncias Naturais, Fundagao Zoobotanica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; E. H. Buckup. Museu de Ciéncias, Pontificia Universidade Cat6élica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; A. A. Lise. Museum of Comparative Zool- ogy, Cambridge, Massachusetts; G. Giribet, L. Leibensperger. Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, Quito, Ecuador; Ger- mania Estévez Jacome, Leticia Avilés. Museo de Universidad Nacional, La Plata, Argentina; C. Ituarte, L. A. Pereira. Museum National d Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; C. Rol- lard. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; A. Timotheo da Costa, A. B. Kury. Museo de Historia Natural, SOUTH AMERICAN MANGORA ° Levi 3 Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; G. La- mas, D. Silva D. Museu de Zoologia da Univer- sidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP Brazile Vanzolinizgs|a Ie: Leme, R. Pinto da Rocha. Naturhistorisches Museum, Ba- sel, Switzerland; E. Sutter, A. Hanggi. Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland; J. Proszynski, A. Slojewska, M. Adamczewska, W. Tomaszewska. Senckenberg Museum, Frank- furt am Main, Germany; M. Grasshoff, P. Jager. Colegao Cientifica de Aranhas do Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Bo- tucatu, Brazil; I. M. P. Rinaldi. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.; J. Coddington, F. S. Larcher, D. G. Furth. Zoologisk Museum, Copenha- gen, Denmark; H. Enghoff, N. Scharff. MZSP NHMB PAN SMF (OesA0 (0) USNM ZMUC After the revision was complete, I re- ceived two large important collections from areas that had been undersampled: Peru and Colombia. Among these collec- tions were some new species and males of several species known previously from fe- males only. The Colombian collection con- tained the first specimens of M. fornicata (Keyserling), known only from the original specimens. These additions explained the broken nature of the epigyna of some spe- cies. This new information had to be in- corporated into the paper and 45 new il- lustrations added to the finished plates, rather awkwardly in some cases. My revisions of araneids were started at a time when museums would freely loan specimens (unlike olden times when types were locked up in museums, available only to rare visitors), and they could easily be returned. Also, collecting in various coun- 4 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 159, No. 1 tries was permitted without bureaucratic permits. At present, some countries do not permit export of specimens, others only with permits. Times have changed in such a way that future revisions will be cum- bersome and extremely costly. DISCUSSION Judging by previous revisions of araneid genera in which one-third of the species had been described, I expected 40 to 50 new species. Actually, the numbers found were 127 new with only 15 previously de- scribed. Many South American areas have been poorly collected, suggesting that there may be two or three times as many species. A probable reason for the few de- scriptions is that many species are very small, less than 2.5 mm total length. Some Mangora species around the pe- riphery of the Amazon, the area of greatest abundance, have only small distributions. Platnick (2006) lists only one species from Europe, the Palearctic M. acalypha, one species from Sri Lanka, two from southeast Asia, 10 from eastern Asia (Yin, 1997), and none from Africa. However, re- lated genera Psyllo and Umbonata are found in Africa and Prasonicella in Mad- agascar, and Prasonica has several species in Africa and a few in the Orient and New Guinea (Grasshoff, 1971). Lack of a good series of specimens for many species makes it difficult to decide whether differences between epigyna are due to normal variation or indicate spe- cies-level divergence. This is especially dif- ficult to decide in females from widely separated collecting localities. Male palpi have more characters than female epigyna and are easier to separate. But the short- lived males are less common in collections than females. It is surprising that so many new males were found that could not be matched to females. Although in many genera the epigyna can be used to match male palpi, this is not true in Mangora. Also many Mangora species have similar coloration, also mak- ing matches difficult. (This also makes it difficult to place illustrations of similar species adjacent.) Exceptions are few: spe- cies with nine black spots on the abdomen dorsum (Figs. 418—457) can have a similar median apophysis (Figs. 420, 427, 435, 448, 456). Keyserling’s female syntypes of M. for- nicata (Figs. 524, 525) differ from his own illustration. One possible explanation is that the edge of the epigynum broke off when handling. The explanation was sug- gested by Colombian specimens: several species came in a series, with some spec- imens whole and others with the edge bro- ken off. But had holotypes of new species illustrated here their epigynum broken? (e.g., M. acre, Figs. 4, 6; M. mapia, Fig. 9; and perhaps others). Was this breakage noticed only because many Colombian species came in a series, whereas other collections had only a few specimens? Or is the breakage limited to species occur- ring in northwestern South America? No answer was found. Apparently, males in some species tear off the edge of the epi- gynum after mating (Figs. 436-443, 527— 530), thereby preventing later mating with other males. TAXONOMIC SECTION Mangora O. P.-Cambridge Mangora O. P.-Cambridge, 1889: 13. Type species Mangora picta O. P.-Cambridge from Guatemala, designated by Simon, 1895; Levi, 1975: 116. Diagnosis. Mangora is one of the most distinct genera of orb-weavers. It differs from most other genera by having the ce- phalic region of the carapace always about half the maximum width of the thoracic region (Fig. 25). The thorax is very high, evenly sloping toward the eyes (Figs. 1, 3), and has a longitudinal median line. The abdomen is always longer than wide (Figs. 19, 20). All Mangora species differ from all other araneid genera found in America by having a set of long, feathered tricho- bothria on the anterior face of the third tibia of both males and females (Figs. 2, es Metazygia species have been confused with Mangora. Manogea porracea (C. L. Koch) is also surprisingly, but only super- ficially, similar (Levi, 1997, figs. 79-93). Both differ from Mangora by having a low- er thorax and lacking feathered setae on the third tibia. Note. Grasshoff (1971) split some spe- cies of Mangora into several genera on the basis of the number of rows of feathered setae on the third legs. None of these are American. Description. Virtually all South Ameri- can Mangora preserved in alcohol are yel- lowish and have few, thin setae. The ce- phalic region is black (Fig. 140), or eyes have black rings (Fig. 188). Some species have a gray or black band on the side of the carapace (Figs. 114, 140). The sternum often has a darker rim; sometimes the ster- num is black (Fig. 228). The legs are rarely ringed. The distal articles are often darker than proximal ones. The abdomen has var- ious markings depending on size. Many have no markings on the venter. Most small species, those whose females are less than 2.5 mm total length, lack white pig- ment spots on the abdomen; have a broad gray or black band posteriorly, fading an- teriorly (Fig. 11); have a venter with a square gray patch, gray book lung covers, gray spinnerets, and a gray patch on the sides posteriorly (Figs. 12, 20, 26). The largest species, females with total length of 5.0 mm and larger, usually have only a pair of square, gray or black patches on the dorsum posteriorly (Figs. 518, 522). The one exception here is the large M. lactea (Fig. 640), which lacks gray markings but has white pigment spots on the abdomen. The live coloration of only one species, M. pia, is known to be green (C. Craig, per- sonal communication). Presumably others with the two black patches are also green. The intermediate-sized species have a di- versity of markings (Figs. 160, 173, 240, 243). Because of the uniformity of mark- ings of the smallest, and also the largest species, not all the abdomens in these two groups are illustrated. SOUTH AMERICAN MANGORA * Levi 5 The eyes are often relatively large (Fig. 188), and the posterior ones can have black rings. The posterior row may be pro- curved (Fig. 46), straight (Fig. 78), or re- curved (Fig. 351). The posterior or ante- rior median eyes could be the largest, the laterals smallest, the anterior lateral eye slightly larger than the posterior. The dis- tances of the eyes from each other are re- corded for the types, but the distances can vary within a species. The clypeus height usually equals about the diameter of the anterior median eyes (Figs. 1, 3), rarely to 2.0 diameters and sometimes as little as 0.3 diameter. Its height is variable within species and sometimes is difficult to see because of transparency and softness of the clypeus margin. The first or fourth leg may be longest; the third is always shortest (Fig. 3). The legs have long upright ma- crosetae (Figs. 2, 3). The abdomen shape, although always longer than wide, varies in different species, being widest anteriorly, in the middle, or posteriorly. The epigynum of females is simple but variable in widespread species. The epi- gyna of some species have the edge lobed, others have a tongue, and some have a scape with a pocket at its tip. All males probably have a tooth or den- ticle on the endite, but it may be very small, barely perceptible. The first coxa of almost all males has a hook; in small spe- cies it can be a barely visible tooth, pos- teriorly on the rim, but in large species, the hook is well developed. Only M. sem- iatra and M. paquisha seem to lack a hook. In many species, the fourth femur of the male has a strong, often short, macroseta on the venter of its proximal end (Fig. 21). The differences of the complex palpi are better distinguishing characters for species than the female genitalia. The variation of the palpi arises from the shape of various sclerites, but the position of the sclerites stays about the same, making it easier to assign the males to species. The mesal face of all, and the ventral of many, of the palpi were illustrated. But, the mesal view was found to be the most 6 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 159, No. 1 useful in separating species (Fig. 189). One can usually find the embolus in the mesal or ventral view even if it is hidden behind a sclerite. Males with a filamentous or sword- shaped embolus (Fig. 222) or with a pro- jecting terminal apophysis (Fig. 217) are more easily determined than those without distinct or prominent sclerites (Fig. 244), in which case any small twist away from the view illustrated will make the palpus look different. The labeled sclerites of palpi of two larger males are illustrated in Figures 627, 628, 642. Some palpal sclerites of small species are difficult to homologize unless the palpus is dissected. Grasshoff (1973) published on the morphology of M. aca- lypha (Walckenaer). Distribution. Mangora species have not been found in Chile or on the Galapagos Islands, although a new, related genus with several species is found on Galapagos. The most abundant species and populations are in the Amazon (Map 6F), and some of these are widespread. But the species out- side the Amazon and its tributaries are of- ten localized and apparently less abundant. Only a few species are widespread: M. me- lanocephala (Map 2F), M. dianasilvae (Map 3F), and M. novempupillata (Map 4C). Large collections are available only from northern Argentina and southern Brazil. One can expect new species in the many uncollected areas. SYNONYMS Mangora bituberculata Mello-Leitato = Mecynogea erythromela (Holmberg). Synonymy by Levi (1997). KEYS The easiest characters are based on col- oration of the specimen. Unfortunately, greens and reds wash out in alcohol and even black can fade over time. Also, it is not known how much the coloration pat- tern varies. Few specimens were available for each species and no color images. Oth- er characters depend on the position of the epigynum and palpus being examined. The keys thus are limited. In the keys and descriptions to females, the term “tongue” is used for a lobe ex- tending from the epigynum that is too short and wide to be called a scape. SPEED KEY FOR FEMALES il Abdomen, dorsal view: one to three discrete, round black spots on each side, usually also a black spot on median anterior (Figs. 426, 432, 454). Go to 1 in Key for Females, or if not, to 5 below. Abdomen, dorsal view: with discrete, poste- rior median black band (Fig. 484); ventral: with pair of lateral bands (Figs. 485, 486); western Brazil. Go to 5 in Key, or if not, to 6 below. Thorax with light gray to black lateral bands (Figs. 130, 140, 196, 206). Go to 6 in Key, or if not, to 14 below. Abdomen without marks other than white pigment spots (Fig. 640) and larger than 4.8 mm; epigynum as in Figure 638; south- eastern Bolivia, southern Brazil, northern Argentina. Go to 14 in Key, or if not, to 15 below. Abdomen, dorsal view: posterior with a pair of more or less discrete gray to black rect- angles (Figs. 412, 531); most larger than 4 mm. Go to 15 in Key, or if not, to 56 below. Abdomen, dorsal view: with wide, longitudi- nal, posterior gray or black band, fading anteriorly (Figs. 11, 107, 112); venter with gray square or one or two rectangles (Figs. 12, 108, 113, 125); book lung covers usu- ally gray (Figs. 20, 108); sides usually with gray patch (Figs. 26, 113), most less than 3 mm total length. Go to 56 in Key, or if not, to 87 below. Abdomen, dorsal view: with paired dorsal white patches on black (Figs. 247, 248); southern Guyana. Go to 87 in Key, or if not, to 88 below. Abdomen, dorsal view: all black with one to three white patches on sides (Figs. 385, 391). Go to 88 in Key, or if not, to 95 below. Abdomen with various patterns. Go to 95 in Key. o(1) 15(14) 56(15) 87(56) 88(87) 95(88) KEY FOR FEMALES 1 Abdomen, dorsal view: one to three discrete, round black spots on each side, usually also a black spot on me- dian anterior (Figs. 426, 432, 454) PAIL) 9(8) Abdomen without discrete, paired Rolle ais ots eee ie Bea PONE a 5 Abdomen, dorsal view: without ante- rior median spot (Fig. 432); epigyn- um, posterior view: median plate heart-shaped, longer than wide (Fig. 431); upper Amazon: Peru (Map SID) tee wiah ue Miele Rep f ga05 chanchamayo Abdomen always with anterior median black spot (Fig. 426); epigynum oth- er than heart-shaped posterior me- Ghinin JON. ts ae Ae 3 Epigynum, ventral view: rim with me- dian notch (Figs. 450, 452); upper Amazon, Amazon region (Map 4C) Be Det | ETN Be Oy aaa eee novempupillata Ventral: rim without notch (Figs. 424, AS 8) emi ty etek R ks KT ited oe ee 4 Epigynum, ventral view: with median short tongue (Figs. 436, 438, 440); posterior: with dorsolateral pockets (Figs. 437, 439, 441, 444, 542): up- per Amazon, Amazon region (Map ANE wisi n Ys reer POR “a Heat a mathani Ventral: rim with a wide, curved lobe (Fig. 424); posterior: with pair of ventral semicircular slits (Fig. 425); upper Amazon: Peru (Map 4G) ------ Abdomen, dorsal view: with discrete, posterior median black band and a pair of lateral spots (Fig. 484); ven- tral: with pair of lateral bands (Figs. 485, 486); upper Amazon: Brazil (MaRO@) jp vate Fas See Ae rondonia Dorsal: no such discrete black bands PGES CM teh ae PAE ea ue EF 6 Thorax with light gray to black lateral bands (Figs. 13040 1S6R206) ye 7 Carapace without lateral bands (Figs. Dye AG) pe denen tet acre Mi Se Ta IP tee Ne 14 Epigynum, ventral view: with sperma- thecae (as seen through integument) more than one and one-half times their diameter from rim (Figs. 137, INGYGE IO)S) S(O) Es NOMI i Sel Re ee eee 8 Ventral view: spermathecae one diam- eter or less from rim or not visible (Figs. CO SOOM G24) hme a) LF oth oe at Epigynum, ventral view: with a pro- jecting, triangular tongue (Fig. 137); posterior: plates fused, with a dorsal pair of circular depressions (Fig. 138); Guianas, lower Amazon (Map PAUAN 0 eds 1 ee a brokopondo Ventral: without triangular tongue (Figs. 186, 199, 331); posterior: without dorsal pair of depressions (Bigs@lS7M2007332)s 0s 9 Epigynum, ventral view: rim with SOUTH AMERICAN MANGORA °* Levi 7 10(9) PAGED) 13(12) 14(6) 15(14) notch at each side of a short lobe (Fig. 331); posterior: median plate with almost parallel sides, slightly wider than lateral plates (Fig. 332): southern Brazil (Map 4B) _. paranaiba Ventral: rim without notches (Figs. 186, 199); posterior: median plate otherwise (Bigs, 187, 200) 10 Epigynum posterior view: narrow, long median plate, with subparallel sides, subtriangular lateral plates with transverse folds (Figs. 200, 202, 204); ventral view: [plates along rim variable, often broken in midline, Figs. 199, 201, 203]; common, Mex- ico to northern Argentina (Map 2F) RA ot Dat tenletenacs melanocephala Posterior: median plate hourglass- shaped (Fig. 187); ventral: with wide transverse unsclerotized band (Fig. 186); southwestern Colombia (Map IL Dales ne 2 ie wie eee ee eee 2 dagua Epigynum, ventral view: with dark, transverse mark near rim (Fig. 309); posterior: plates fused and pair of curved slits close to rim (Fig. 310); Sicimanie: (Mapai) eae browns Ventral: without transverse marks (Figs. 287, 302, 324); posterior: with plates distinct (Figs. 288, 303, 325) Epigynum, ventral view: a thin lip on rim expanding at lateral ends (Figs. 302, 304); posterior: wide median plate with ventral curved slits close to rim (Figs. 303, 305); Trinidad, Amazon, to Peru, Mato Grosso, Bra- Ze NapyS Eo see (in part) dianasilvae Ventral and posterior: otherwise (Figs. VOT OOO OL De ee EE 13 Epigynum, posterior view: median plate narrows dorsally, without de- pressions (Fig. 325); Amazon region, upper Amazon to southern Mato Grosso, Brazil (Map 3G) __ chacobo Posterior: diamond-shaped median plate with ventral pair of circular de- pressions (Fig. 288); Amazon region Gia 3 © re we ee isabel Abdomen without marks except white pigment spots (Fig. 640) and larger than 4.8 mm total length; epigynum as in Figures 638, 639; southeastern Bolivia, southern Brazil, northern Aneentunas Map On) as 2 lactea Abdomen usually with marks, smaller size or different epigynum ______- 15) Abdomen, dorsal view: posterior with pair of more or less discrete gray to 8 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 159, No. 1 16(15) 17(16) 20(19) 23 (22) black rectangles (Figs. 412, 531); mostly larger than 4 mm ___- 16 Abdomen marked otherwise (and usu- Ally sumealllere Giz) ie 56 Epigynum venter: rim with median notch (Figs. 611, 616, 622, 629) iL Ventral: rim entire, straight, curved or with tongue or scape (Figs. 156, 164, HOO) etek Swart les Jd whee ok eee All Epigynum, posterior view: median plate diamond-shaped (Fig. 623); southern Brazil, northeastern Argen- avo). (GNM ey0) (OID) strenua Posterior: median plate shaped other- wise (Figs. GIET6S 0) eer ee 18 Epigynum, ventral view: notch flanked by sclerotized fold (Fig. 611); Pana- ma to northern Brazil (Map 5H) _ pia Ventral: without sclerotized folds (Figs. 605 CGH: 629) sae ewe areas Se 19 Epigynum, posterior view: with one median ventral seam (Fig. 630); southeastern Brazil (Map 2D) — nonoai Posterior: with median plate and with pair of ventral seams (Figs. 606, 617) Mb doth aes AT Th. Bei ii Ore ly oe 20 Epigynum, ventral view: a subrectan- gular base (Figs. 605, 607); posteri- or: median plate flanked by de- pressed lateral plates (Figs. 606, 608); upper Amazon: Colombia, Ec- uador and western Brazil (Map 6C) ition SeckevialS 30 vet Us retenme. Mat A) 2 9 tefe Ventral: a subtriangular base with me- dian depression having a constriction (Fig. 616); posterior: median plate narrower than laterals with large ventral, bordered, triangular depres- sion (Fig. 617); southwestern Co- woramoray (UNileyo) (G18) ae bambusa Epigynum, ventral view: a tongue or Scape (EigsHoS4N OS) eee eee 29 Ventral view: rim straight (Fig. 500), or full width of rim curved (Figs. 164, LC ee eee een PN eer” Mente ee” by le neve Ds Epigynum, ventral view: rim almost straight with pair of dark patches near rim (Fig. 500); posterior: me- dian plate longer than wide (Fig. 501); northeastern Argentina (Map Bl chy ogee ene wen eee eee rat Sea vianai Ventral: full width of rim curved (Figs. 1563 5088-56) lhe tee eee EY Yes} Epigynum, ventral view: full width of rim lobed into a tongue as long as wide anteriorly (Fig. 487); posterior: median, plate narrows dorsally (Fig. 488): southern Brazil, northeastern Ancona (Vlas) eee bemberg Ventral: epigynum wider than long; 26(24) 27(26) 28(27) 29(21) 31(30) posterior: median plate not narrow- ing dorsally (Figs. 159, 165, 517) _. 24 Epigynum, ventral view: with a pair of adjacent dark discs (center of Figs. L565 IGAd eed ot Oe dS yee Ree 25 Ventral: without such adjacent central disesi(Migs, a0S35410)) = eer 26 Epigynum, ventral view: a tubercle on anterior of tongue (Fig. 164); south- er Brazil (Map 2D) __. (in part) velha Ventral: a shallow, longitudinal groove anterior of tongue (Fig. 158); eastern Brazil to northeastern Argentina (Miaip 2G) eet \ ees (in part) missa Epigynum, ventral view: a wide trans- verse groove with posterior thick lip (Fig. 516); posterior: median plate oval (Fig. 517); northern Peru (Map 5@) hi: Sashes Stans Loe (in part) kuntur Ventral: rim without transverse groove (mea OT ee) 27 Epigynum, posterior view: median plate subrectangular (Figs. 525, 528, 530); ventral tip of lobe often broken off (Figs. 524, 529); central Colom- lovey (Weyer S150), a a fornicata Posterior: median plate otherwise (ies Ses S09) oe 28 Epigynum, ventral view: rim forming tongue with slight depression of edge on each side; posterior: median plate with a ventral stalk flanked by swollen lateral plates (Fig. 509); southeastern Ecuador (Map 5C) --- Ventral: rim evenly rounded (Fig. 497); posterior: median plate with depres- sions flanking ventral short stalk (Fig. 498); northern Colombia (Map DIB Vink: 8S ihe PE ee ar aeee kochalkai Epigynum, ventral view: with two arching loops and cup-shaped lobes on sides of scape (Fig. 478): upper Amazon: northern Peru (Map 5E) at OF I Aaa eae ae explorama Ventral: lacking arching loops and cup- shaped lobes (Fig. 458) 30 Epigynum, ventral view: ducts visible in lobes on anterior sides of scape (Figs. 458, 460); upper Amazon: Co- lombia to Mato Grosso, Brazil (Map ANH, ) eth 3 os 2 PRE Aa eet Sas ise insperata Ventral: no ducts visible (Figs. 586, QD) ipeaP “UO de Se eel pace NAS Te ol Epigynum, ventral view: scape flanked by two, often sclerotized, lobes (swollen posterior lateral and medi- an plates, Figs. 563, 577, 586) ___.. 32 Ventral: scape flanked by only one lobe or without lobes on sides (Figs. 534, SAT ceo) 2 Mea ei aie llierabes 8 FN 4] SOUTH AMERICAN MANGORA * Levi ES Sy Sa , 0S COLOMBIA , Oe © acoriba @ chiguaza A sturmi © taraira enna ; ) ia ; fk \! 7 ee cnranio oO ~cochund} ramirezi: _’ yungas, A> ee ate a COLOMBIA ECUADOR Tey puertoO" GUYANA dagua@ SURINAME ys : .manicoreG us COLONmatamata Y ll wa. 1 Sy uruA\ ‘| BRAZIL | Map 1. Distribution of Mangora species. 9 10 SAIL) 33(32) 34(32) 35(34) 38(37) 39(38) 40(39) Epigynum, ventral view: with scape longer than wide anteriorly (Figs. DOG, OOO) eter aie ae cae ee ee 33 Ventral: scape shorter than wide ante- riorly, or length equals width (Figs. OSs DOO) i, ee sail etal Nd ae 34 Epigynum, ventral view: with small lobes flanked and in part covered by larger, lateral lobes (Fig. 590); Am- azon region, Ecuador, Brazil, and Bolivia (MEI GAY alinahui Ventral: with lateral lobes tucked un- der median ones (Figs. 584, 586); southern Brazil, northeastern Argen- tina (Map Ai))) ae eee caxias Epigynum, ventral view: tongue with- out distal pocket or lip, both lobes wider than long (Fig. 534); upper Amazon: Brazil (Map. 5H) ----------- ak DE ete Pa ON Wk leah Re taboquinha Ventral: tongue with distal pocket or a lip (Fig. 568, 595) 35 Epigynum, posterior view: narrow me- dian plate, constricted in middle (Fig. 596); upper Amazon: southern Ecuador, northwestern Peru (Map GAD MA cree Ret ce ae ee lechugal Posterior: median plate wider than lone (UMS. O02, S78) ee 36 Epigynum, posterior view: with pair of facing thumbs along rim (Fig. 569); upper Amazon: central Peru (Map EE) ok er, Re ae Pee laga Epigynum, posterior view: median plate bordered ventrally by a pair of triangular funnels (Figs. 564, 566); Guyana, Amazon region (Map 5E) ee teerer DORs SIM De Nhe Meare reyes Sue hirtipes Epigynum, ventral view: short scape flanked by a sclerotized longitudinal lobes and less sclerotized lateral lobes (Figs. 577, 580); upper Ama- zon: southeastern Peru, western Brazil, northern Bolivia (Map 6A) - ee eee apobama Ventral: without longitudinal lobes (Rigs Tt. aes Deka eae 39 Epigynum, ventral view: epigynum base with lateral, longitudinal swell- ings (Fig. 571); upper Amazon: east- Gian leermu (Weis) SN) moyobamba Ventral: basal plate without lateral Sweellimesh(EMeSi oD siol (a) seamen 40 Epigynum, posterior view: median plate widest ventrally and swollen at ventral margin (Figs. 573, 574); up- per Amazon: central Peru (Map 6A) Ba Mia actaime dues Cen e LO ARE ih Wet nuco Posterior: median plate oval, widest in 43(41) 44(43) 45(44) 46(45) Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 159, No. 1 center (Fig. 558); Ecuador (Map 6B) seal dh aed hd Bg ee palenque Epigynum, ventral view: tongue or scape with anterior constriction (Figs. BAA PAO i Sates i Ae ee ee 42, Ventral: tongue not constricted anteri- Oily ea ye EP a ee Se 43 Epigynum, ventral view: scape twice as long as wide (Fig. 491); southwest- ern Colombia (Map 5B) ___- eberhardi Ventral: with scape as long as wide (Fig. 344); Venezuela to Panama (Mapr SEL) eee ei eee falconae Epigynum, ventral view: sclerotized thick wide lip (Fig. 560); posterior: an hourglass-shaped median plate (Fig. 561); southwestern Ecuador, northwestern Peru (Map 6B) ------- Ventral and posterior: otherwise ______. 44 Epigynum, posterior view: median plate diamond-shaped, lateral plates almost touching each other dorsally (Fig. 551); northeastern Peru (Map Dil)" 2h Se oes ls ead eae porcullo Posterior: median plate shaped other- WASE 4 (HISSit 559) el ee cee eens 45 Epigynum, ventral view: scape longer than wide with parallel sides (Fig. 383); posterior: with pair of deep, narrow dorsoventral grooves (Fig. 384): Guianas and Amazon region GMiaroyaA0) eames (in part) wraricoera Ventral: scape or tongue about as long QS WIC w OleeSOntei eee 46 Epigynum, ventral view: tongue with a median, triangular, bordered swell- ing and posterior pocket (Fig. 600); upper Amazon: Colombia (Map 6C) EW Or ON MeL ORNL a ee oS No latica Ventral: tongue or scape without me- dian structure (Figs. 538, 547) 47 Epigynum, posterior view: median plate with ventral stalk (Figs. 548); northern Colombia (Map 5l) _. socorpa Posterior: median plate without stalk CEtigigt eal) steer. Rem Sn a ee 48 Epigynum, ventral view: frame of tongue extending to sides as a swol- len lip (Fig. 538); posterior: oval me- dian plate swollen on sides (Fig. 539); coastal Ecuador (Map 5H) ----- ch Vs OMe, £2 See Rie eee Rea eS manglar Ventral: tongue and rim of epigynum otherwise dence eee TA 49 Epigynum, posterior view: median plate wider than long (Fig. 544) __. 50 Posterior: median plate longer than WHGIS «at Sa oR RP Saas oy ee Sik Epigynum, posterior view: median plate oval, with a transverse swelling, SOUTH AMERICAN MANGORA ® Lewi ILI SSL] PANAMA oo : ikuruwa®@_ SordazO7 ae CR if /theridioidesA: oa “~~~ ./ enseadaO ~~ villeta O 2 \ levergerA “g < melloleitaoia 2 ENG ca ( | prazit | , peichiuta® 1 rt ma ) oA = LB in chavantinaG@ nonoadi A velha © yacupoi @, D aS) poo ON oo BP Woe \e BRAZIL ? ‘ rat Ae fet | = ? Th me GUYANA ‘ ss SURINAME Fae e° - é R. GUIANA Z 0 X \ ’ ae be URUGUAY fundo aay) eae i La : tw, Sposa! ie » Px \ te Nia a ; melanocephala Map 2. Distribution of Mangora species. 51(49) 52(51) 59(54) 56(15) sides convex (Fig. 544); Amazon re- gion, east-central Brazil (Map 4D) Re eres ic eee eet ae are ey OY minacu Posterior: median plate sides having a curved slit close to rim (Figs. 303, 305): Trinidad, Amazon, to Peru, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Map 3F) Bi Ee ah Sn ete (in part) dianasilvae Epigynum, posterior view: lateral plates fused dorsally, enclosing long median plate (Fig. 634); southeast- erm brazil (Map 4) meee itatiaia Posterior: lateral plates separated by median plate (Figs. 513, 521) _...... 52 Epigynum, posterior view: median plate in a groove (Fig. 513); upper Amazon: central Peru (Map 5G) —-- Been te Me PE oe en eee oe oxapampa Posterior: median plate otherwise (Fiasco) eee ene een 53 Epigynum, posterior view: wide grooves flanking median plate (Fig. 521); central Colombia (Map 5G) --- a No ee boyaca Posterior: otherwise (Figs. 411, 555) _ 54 Epigynum, ventral view: scape wider than rim on sides (Fig. 410); poste- rior: lateral plates swollen (Fig. 411); Guyana and Amazon region, Brazil (Miao EES): 23 OE eae ok bovis Ventral: scape as wide or narrower than sides of rim (Figs. 505, 554) _. 55 Epigynum, posterior view: median plate narrows dorsally (Fig. 506); central Perun(Map.o@) 28 = tarma Posterior: median plate not narrowing dorsally, lateral plates appear divided (Fig. 555); southern Colombia (Map GIB) passes oot es eit se pepino Abdomen, dorsal view: with an anteri- orly fading, wide, longitudinal, pos- terior gray or black band (Figs. 11, 107, 112); ventral: usually with black square or one or two rectangles (Figs. 12, 108, 113, 125); book lung covers usually gray (Figs. 20, 108); sides usually with gray patch (Figs. 26, 113); all less than 3 mm total length, 2.2 ies aoe A ee yi Abdomen with various patterns ___ 87 Epigynum, ventral view: rim with shal- low notch (Figs. 6, 42, 81) [some may be the result of a broken tip] _ 58 Ventral: rim without shallow notch (Pigsy15;:48 elses ne Oe ered 62 Epigynum, posterior view: with a me- dian, circular depression (Fig. 43); Serra do Divisor, western Brazil QI aoEB))_ ats oe R 5 acoripa 59(58) 63(62) 64(63) 67(66) Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 159, No. 1 Posterior: without circular depression (EGS 17) SO) Na. cet ee 59 Epigynum, posterior view: sclerotized area square with dorsal lateral swell- ings (F ig. 82): upper Amazon: south- em Colombia (Map 1B) _.__... sturmi Posterior: sclerotized area wider than longi@vigs? ov lOkSO)ia! to ee mee 60 Epigynum, posterior view: with trans- verse curved folds (Fig. 39); upper Amazon: Colombia (Map 1A) ____.. asis Posterior: without transverse folds (Fizeeb, 10). 2 2 eee 61 Epigynum, posterior view: with dorsal, light median trapezoid (Figs. 5, 7); upper Amazon: Colombia, Peru, western Brazil (Map 1A) __..__. Posterior: with dorsal, dark median area (Fig. 10); central Amazon re- sion Map, LA) 2S ae eee mapia Epigynum, posterior view: with pair of deep depressions with lips (Fig. 415), the distance of their diameter from the rim; southeastern, southern Brazil (Map 4F) __. (in part) blumenau Posterior: without pair of deep depres- sions, (Figs: SO" AO)ee ss as eee eee 63 Posterior view with two adjacent black discs, ventral to a dorsal dark area containing depressions (Fig. 33); ventral: epigynum projecting from abdomen, no spermathecae visible (Fig. 32); Colombia (Map 1C) __. pira Postenor:Othenwise eee 64 Epigynum, ventral view: full width of rim lobed, length less than one-third its width anteriorly, or rim straight (Bigs iS. 4S)et sce. eee 65 Ventral: with tongue or scape longer than one-half its width (Figs. 57, 96) acre kT hare. SR Gelch e ate ate oe ee 73 Epigynum, ventral view: with circular bulge (Fig. 405); southeastern Brazil (Mapllt )) tee ae ee castelo Ventral: without circular bulge (Figs. DS SAG VaR. y a cee bie te i 66 Epigynum, ventral view: with trans- verse groove anterior to rim (Fig. 15); posterior: also with transverse, oval groove (Fig. 16); southern Mato Grosso, Brazil to eastern Paraguay (Mapp 2B) ins Se Se rete ee ee leverger Ventral: without transverse groove (Figs. FU Rea hg [2h agrees ee) A 67 Epigynum, ventral view: with black rim and median black spot (Fig. 48); posterior: dorsal, light semicircle (Fig. 49); Serra do Divisor, western BrazilGMlap UG) ee divisor Ventral: otherwise; posterior: without 68(67) 69(68) 70(69) 71(70) CAM) 73(64) 74(73) 75(74) 76(75) dorsal light semicircle (Figs. 18, 45) Epigynum, posterior view: a large, semicircular, bordered depression (Fig. 45); Ecuador to central Ama- Zon re cion (Mapai) yee tarapuy Posterior: without bordered, semicir- cular depression (Figs. 18, 232) ___. 69 Epigynum, ventral view: rim with thick lip and anterior median circular de- pression (Figs. 231, 233); southern Brazil, northern Argentina (Map 3B) Ee PIS) (ON ge CO Oe caballero Ventral: without such depression and Iho) (mio, It; 205 OS) 70 Epigynum, posterior view: with pair of dark, shallow, dorsoventral grooves (Fig. 18); northern Venezuela (Map AND igp ts ak Mach athaa lS Tete oe grande Posterior: with oval or round depres- SIONS (Mas, WSs, SiS) ae wall Epigynum, posterior view: with two light spermathecae touching rim and showing through transparent integ- ument (Fig. 28); upper Amazon: Co- lombia, southern Peru and western leycealll ChYi eyo) IU Cs) eee ee unam Posterior: no spermathecae visible or spermathecae dark (Figs. 33, 86, 99) IR Ui i tak) Os LD La ae Lh 7 eran ie, Epigynum, ventral view: with a trans- verse swelling (Fig. 98); posterior with dark circles and two round de- pressions some distance from rim (igs 99): upper Amazon: southeast- ern Colombia (Map 1E) _____ caparu Ventral: flat (Fig. 85); posterior: with two dark dorsal depressions (Fig. 86); upper Amazon: Colombia (Map JL] Bs RR SEES FAO A ae A) co taraira Epigynum posterior: with dorsal open- ing having a dorsal lip, its width equals one-third of diameter of tongue (Fig. 117); Guyana, southern Venezuela, Peru (Map 2A) ___ ikuruwa Posterior: otherwise (Figs. 92, 106, Mel EU crate, Se ce 2h 4 Ae 9) Cg ee & SO 74 Epigynum, posterior view: transverse opening with width equals almost half width of tongue (Fig. 92); south- eastern Ecuador (Map 1E) __ logrono Posterior: opening smaller (Figs. 106, TI) Epigynum, posterior view: with dorsal light circle (Figs, 23, 111) or rect- angular light area (Figs. 64, 106) _ 76 Posterior: without dorsal light area (Figs. GOMMOS D1 GOA) Pies be by. 79 Epigynum, posterior view: rectangular, light, dorsal depression (Figs. 64, 106) SOUTH AMERICAN MANGORA * Levi 13 TUS) 78(76) 81(79) 84(82) Posterior: with round depression (Figs. ONG ce ae eae 2 Se 78 Epigynum, ventral view: without black line across anterior of tongue (F ig. 105); posterior: five adjacent dorso- ventral swellings (Fig. 106); Amazon region (Map LEIS redone nee Bese manicore Ventral: a black line across anterior of tongue (Fig. 63); posterior: with four bulges (Fig. 64); Serra do Divisor, western Brazil (Map ICs) eS Somers piroca Epigynum, posterior view: light semi- circular opening between swollen ridges (Fig. 111); southeastern Ec- waclor (Mey JUS) 2 jumboe Posterior: dorsal, median light semicir- cular opening surrounded by a black area (Fig. 23); upper Amazon: Ec- uador to southern Peru (Map IB) -- A MOET IMS, 95 i uh ted oe Be chiguaza Epigynum, ventral view: notches flank- ing scape (Figs. 356, 363) __... 80 Ventral: without notches on sides of Sonne, (UGS, 15), 10, SIU) 81 Epigynum, ventral view: scape as wide as long (Fig. 356); posterior: median plate, heart-shaped (Fig. 357); southern Brazil to southern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina (Map 2) BI Fe af ser Sa ea (in part) v-signata Ventral: scape longer than wide (Fig. 363); posterior: median plate with parallel sides, same width as lateral plates (Fig. 364); southern Bolivia, northwestern Argentina (Map 4D) Wi sedg heen easy 97s AY) (in part) chuquisaca Epigynum, ventral view: pair of ducts, looping anteriorly (Fig. 57); upper Amazon: northeastern Peru (Map 11 Go) gis oak Ra A ee Ce rd umbrata Ventral: without looping ducts (Figs. SHE AOO)) Pemeid ND tl RIE 82 Epigynum, ventral view: full width of ana Noloxercl (Isies, O05; OO) 222 84 Ventral: tongue set off from rim (Figs. DIME OD) Meer t Pera mee pie 83 Epigynum, posterior view: a wide lip along rim (Fig. 66); ventral sperma- thecae separate, with pair of poste- rior transverse swellings (Fig. 65); Mato Grosso, Brazil (Map 1D) —----- a a ee antonio Posterior: without wide lip, with dor- sal, slit-shaped, lateral facing open- ings, within a dark circles (Fig. 52); upper Amazon: southern Peru (Map INES) Srnec Bane y. UK mk en: FO 2 BONG Epigynum, ventral view: ventral visible spermathecae separated by their di- ammneirere (Bias, QO, 1) 85 14 85(84) 86(84) 87(56) 88(87) 92(90) Ventral: spermathecae touching or not wstloe (GS, 0, WL) ete 86 Epigynum, posterior view: with pair of adjacent dorsoventral oval depres- sions (Fig. 101); upper Amazon: southeastern Colombia (Map II) -- ssosegeousmnaoesteceesen ccatantaasanareaseressenrcnne matamata Posterior: with pair of adjacent dark depressions (Fig. 97); upper Ama- zon: southeastern Colombia (Map AMY 2a ahah Year eee (in part) ayo Epigynum, posterior view: with two pairs of light rings showing through integument (Fig. 88); upper Ama- zon: southeastern Colombia (Map IC) eee outs ee ee es eet vaupes Posterior: no rings showing; with pair of dark, circular depressions each with a dark ventral extension (Fig. 123); Amazon region (Map IF) ------ Dae RR aE eae ce PIS Lee ate sumauma Abdomen, dorsal view: with paired dorsal white patches on black (Figs. 247, 248); southern Guyana (Map SC) ints 0 SAE TOR aioe shudikar Dorsal: all black with white lateral patches or other diverse, dorsal pat- rane (Iies. All, OID) 88 Abdomen, dorsal view: all black with one to three white patches on sides (Higss- 335.73 9jl))) lees: Sao E san nen 89 Dorsal: with various patterns (Figs. RWiopre Ot) hate weer Men OME eg 95 Epigynum, ventral view: with trans- verse groove (Fig. 516); northern Pern (Mla) BS) (in part) kuntur Ventral: without transverse groove (Figs. BSOOREOOO) pees. areca a Bone Lae 90 Epigynum, ventral view: with scape longer than wide (Figs. 383, 389) _. 91 Ventral: tongue, wider than long (Figs. DUS SOO Bad SiS a wees ae gl ieee setulae 92 Epigynum, ventral view: scape with parallel sides (Fig. 383); posterior: with two deep, bordered grooves (Fig. 384); Guianas, Amazon region, upper Amazon (Map 5A) --------------- He Dee sell cet Lusk mle weal (in part) wraricoera Ventral: scape with sides sloping, tip pointed (Fig. 389); posterior: two long, pointed triangular, lateral plates (Fig. 390); Mato Grosso, Bra- Za Miao A) 52 ee ee aripuana Epigynum, ventral view: with sides of rim sclerotized, spermathecae show- ing through the integument, next to V-shaped, longitudinal; triangular lobes (Fig. 218); upper Amazon: southern Peru (Map 1F) _.... puerto 93(92) 94(93) 95(88) 96(95) 97(96) 98(97) 99(98) 100(98) Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 159, No. 1 Ventral: without sclerotized lobes on Sidesi (Hiss 2.3592 6 9) aaauaannennnnann 93 Epigynum, ventral view: with a pair of sclerotized circular holes on sides of rim (Fig. 313); posterior: median plate twice as wide as long (Fig. 314); coast of Venezuela, Colombia to upper Amazon region, Peru (Map SE a ea et Lad SS ee semiatra Ventral: lacking circular holes on each side; posterior: median plate one and at most three-quarters as wide as lone (Ries, 224, Wr) 94 Epigynum, ventral view: rim with lat- eral angles and small, round tongue (Fig. 223); Paraguay, northeastern Jugxernianmel (Wil@ys) Gye) uxiga Ventral view: rim lacking sclerotized lateral angles, tongue pointed (Fig. 269); upper Amazon region: Peru to Bolivia (Map 3D) __. (in part) huallaga Epigynum, ventral view: with visible, transverse ducts (Fig. 465); posteri- or: heart-shaped median plate (Fig. 466); southern Brazil (Map 41) —-—- 1 SSUES ae Ns A a ee sobradinho Ventral: without transverse, visible GUCIS HIE. RANI edb heat inom! 96 Epigynum, ventral view: rim of scler- otized base with median groove or raroreelay (lesters, AIL, AO) ee 97 Ventral: rim without median notch, rim straight, with tongue or scape (Bigs ali2720) semen amend soenllds Epigynum, lateral view: a semicircular projection (Fig. 403); ventral: with small median lobe (as seen from slightly anterior, Fig. 401); Amazon region (Map 4A) argenteostriata Ventral: epigynum otherwise (Figs. LPO QA Wye wikia walle taut Wr aie eer Sere 98 Epigynum, ventral view: rim with me- dian notch covered by soft tissue (Figs LOG 1/7) ate reeini e 2 a 99 Ventral: median septum of venter showing through a gap (Figs. 191, EQS SOA) Seen ee Ses a aa ah ake ah 8 ree Epigynum, ventral view: tubercle an- terior to notch (Fig. 170); southern Brazilt (Map 2i))itet ase fundo Ventral: with shallow longitudinal groove anterior to notch, notch with anterior longitudinal slit (Fig. 177); Mato Grosso to southern Brazil (Map 2G ea SN iO NE eco bocaina Epigynum, posterior view: lateral plates with parallel margins above the median plate (Fig. 242); north- ern Argentina (Map 3A) .. melanoleuca Posterior: lateral plates with concave 100 SOUTH AMERICAN MANGORA « Levi botelho @ ty. 7 eercado A ._ lee Pes oS ae . dripeba® as Sa eae : is: caballeroO SERGENTD = \ itabapuanaG ¢G S 3: 2 : ~ — a "i a, z ee iy, 47 a ae te FR.GUIANA | UC f aR 1. COLOMBIA \ ae Lt | Bs Sy ete UY < ‘ (Nome 2 SS poh , Arad é : - ‘ i 7 ‘ Y . ‘s d ie Achanchamayo, C @ chispa Ly _ _~‘| @huallaga amacayacu é Opagoreni ‘=, ~ Obalbina’ |_ Sai ? La Gisabel’ * 4 | = CHILE > ° Ashudikar) \ i ; J ane ~~ Nore = D - my A PANAMA Ventral: with pair of circular structures flanking tongue whose lips continue with the circles (Figs. 274, 280) _.. 129 129(128) Epigynum, posterior view: median plate ventrally without borders, fused to lateral plates (Fig. 281); southern Guyana (Map 3E) _ rupununi = Posterior: median plate with borders to rim (Figs. 275, 284); Tocantins, southeastern Brazil (Map 3B) itabapuana SPEED KEY FOR MALES (Left palpi are used; for their nomenclature, see Figs. 627, 628, 642.) I Palpal cymbium with macrosetae in a row above paracymbium (Fig. 249). Go to 1 in Key for Males, or if not, to 2. below. Abdomen, dorsal view: with three or more discrete, round black spots (Figs. 418, 422). Go to 2 in Key, or if not, to 9 below. Thorax with black or gray sides (Figs. 206, 307). Go to 9 in Key, or if not, to 19 below. Palpus: cymbium with proximal, dorsal, pro- jecting tubercle (Figs. 146, 147, 152, 153). Go to 19 in Key, or if not, to 21 below. Palpus, mesal view: median apophysis with a proximal lobe or spine (left on median apophysis in figures of left palpi, 6 h in Fig. 126), or two lobes or spines, one on each end (7 h in Fig. 13); with a macroseta on venter proximal on femur of leg IV (Fig. 21). Go to 21 in Key, or if not, to 29 below. 2(1) 18 29(21) Same as 21, but without macroseta on venter proximal on femur of leg IV. Go to 29 in Key, or if not, to 44 below. 44(29) Palpus, mesal view: median apophysis with only distal lobe or spine (right on median apophysis in figures of left palpus (6 h in Fig. 168) or no spine or distinct lobe. Fourth femur with proximal ventral ma- croseta (Fig. 21). Go to 44 in Key or if not, to 57 below. 57(44) Same as 44, but without proximal ventral ma- croseta on femur of leg IV. Go to 57 in Key. KEY FOR MALES iL Palpus: cymbium with macrosetae in a row above paracymbium (Fig. 249); Cuzco, Peru (Map 3D) pagoreni _ Cymbium without such macrosetae Abdomen, dorsal view: with three or more discrete, round black spots (Figs. 418, 422) = Abdomen coloration otherwise ___--_ 9 Palpus, mesal view: median apophysis with proximal lobe (7 h in Fig. 420, 6 h in Figs. 447, 456) = Median apophysis without proximal lobe (Hiesu403, 209) sat oe ee 6 Palpus, mesal view: conductor with tri- angular apophysis and rugose bulge (center of Fig. 456); Amazon region, upper Amazon (Map 4C) REST AO Me Sk alee | Reames novempupillata = Conductor shaped differently (Figs. 420, 447) Palpus, mesal view: conductor with scler- otized, flat, truncate lateral shield (cen- ter of Figs. 447, 448); Amazon region, upper Amazon (Map 4H) mathani = Conductor (below embolus) subtriangu- lar; embolus slightly curved (1 h in Fig. 420); upper Amazon: western Brazil (Map 4G) anilensis Palpus, mesal view: visible conductor (below embolus) semicircular; a pro- jecting lobe above embolus (2-3 h in Fig. 429); upper Amazon: Colombia (Map 4G) leticia = Conductor and embolus shaped differ- ently (Figs. 423, 427) Palpus, mesal view: large, distal round lobe above embolus (2 h in Fig. 423); upper Amazon: Colombia, northern Perui(MapiAG) i aay eee apaporis = Embolus without distal round lobe (Figs. AD eA) Palpus, mesal view: conductor triangular (below embolus in Fig. 435); upper Amazon: central Peru (Map 5D) huancabamba 6(3) 9(2) 10(9) 11(10) 12(11) SGU) 14(13) 19(9) Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 159, No. 1 Conductor, subrectangular (below em- bolus in Fig. 427); northern Peru (Map 4G) comaina Thorax with black or gray sides (Figs. DOC OO) ae ee ee ee ae ee 10 Thorax without gray or black sides ____ 19 Fourth femur with ventral, proximal ma- Groseta, (Eig. 25). sate eee Sees 11 Fourth femur without macroseta 1155 Palpus: terminal apophysis projecting dis- tally (1 h in Figs. 197, 208, 209, 211) ap ON an Bice er le = IR de tn sel ao th 12 Terminal apophysis confined 13 Palpus, mesal view: long, wide embolus appearing broken (Figs. 208-210); common, Mexico to northern Argenti- mat (NIpy 2) Sean ee Sere melanocephala Embolus entire (Figs. 197, 198); western Wenlezticlas (Nap i) =n ordaz Palpus, mesal view: lobe above embolus transparent (2 h in Fig. 330); Amazon region, upper Amazon to southern Mato Grosso, Brazil (Map 3G) . chacobo Lobe above embolus otherwise (Fig. 131) Palpus, mesal view: a large, round lobe above embolus (1 h in Fig. 131); upper Amazon: Peru (Map 1H) __._......- tambo Small distal lobe above embolus (1 h in Fig. 115); Amazon region (Map 1H) -- tastes Ne.) ea) 5 eben SEEN aa ian dies eee ane keduc Palpus, mesal view: embolus long, curved; median apophysis with distal cylindrical lobe (Figs. 189, 308) 16 Embolus short or hidden; median apoph- ysis otherwise (Figs. 291, 335) __- ‘ay. Palpus, mesal view: embolus short, base wide; median apophysis cylindrical lobe projecting ventrally from palpus (Fig. 308); Trinidad, Amazon region: Peru to southern Mato Grosso, Brazil (Map 3F) dianasilvae Embolus longer, evenly curved, median apophysis cylindrical projecting lobe (5 h in Fig. 189); southwestern Colombia (QM Acengp al FD) 8 aa oe i See dagua Palpus, mesal view: terminal apophysis with distal thorn (2 h in Fig. 335, Fig. 336); central Colombia (Map 5B) .. zepol Terminal apophysis without distal thorn (Figs. DO dey SAD) Ske Sk hn 2 te eS 18 Palpus, mesal view: conductor with a short distal lobe (3 h in Fig. 342); up- per Amazon: Colombia (Map 3H) .... mitu Conductor subcircular without distal lobe (2 h in Fig. 291); Amazon region (Map Xe) isabel Palpus: cymbium with proximal, dorsal, projecting tubercle (Figs. 146, 147, L526. 53) SOUTH AMERICAN MANGORA ° Levi : Ta : ( "3 ae . ra r TRINIDAD SIE BOLIVIA ewe ( , ls + ae oe Si RN (Z) Sa yee oh Pgh De Napd In Saez” VENEZU®@A GUYANA Z Ko ey ao. S19 < 70) A \ . Las, PA ej y OK SURINAME aN 5 ater \ js -*COLOMBIA Ir oN laa n @ amchickeringi -wy { ) jy. Nx i, Gargenteostriatay ¢-° " eS tS ie kor at. are © brokopondo-:--~~, i =f ee LARGENTINA 270 > Agrande,” Ne ‘-, on 5D ysl TB © go ag @ | \ Fe ot eZ = 1 f uy sN 7,2 4 ind o Vy ~ ! K Be oN Ws J Gear’ | _paranaiba-@ UL, Sy) -! "; sciosciae® URUGUAY A: ‘A Nf / v-signata O ee: ae ’ \ , i FR.GUIANA # "~~ (0) ee /< G@LOMBIA i OS SES ; Sh -~y , @ ay — = 3 < IW \ q (ef \ r x ty ; ~Y a —{ Ny 4 —Ochao / 2 a fea chuquisaca eo. SD _ Gminacu . Y, | 5d paula BRAZIL\ ; / la : 4 Bae a 2 ; f = ) ia pea BRAZIL\ S| ze ne r @ ey, Cy BOLIVIA Y. _ vi ; \ F, 3 os z 2Q SN : ‘PERU | fay J , m ee Ina ree (e C piso NOE A ae a; Wh elem S \ i eal en ee — a: — = “| HEN vy, (eae i Ys a a Diane = vanes GUYANA LS aces a ; aN SS a nahn is Sean SURINAME RG, i Seb. ee (COLOMBIA oo? FR. GUIANA | We : mens 4 f aripuanag bovis blumenau@ casteloA caxias @ maximiano G LS a YI \ 7 Jf itatiaia g sobradinho® URUGUAY Map 4. Distribution of Mangora species. 19 20 = Cymbium with tubercle absent or very Sra ek ee oo ee, waa Ne eee eed All 20(19) Palpus, mesal view: embolus pointing dis- tally (Fig. 146); central Colombia (Map DAN Me SNe gees EA ee es Wa ate ae villeta = Embolus pointing toward ventral side (Fig. 152); northern Paraguay (Map 2B)C. 2. 3 Sees ene = peichiuta 21(19) Palpus, mesal view: median apophysis with a proximal lobe or spine (left on median apophysis in Figures of left palpi, 6 h in Fig. 126), or two lobes or spines, one on each end (7 h in Fig. Bi) a hot De a ee 0 are te a DP) = Median apophysis with only one distal lobe or spine (right on median apoph- ysis in Figures of left palpus, (6 h in Fig. 168) or no spine or distinct lobe ____.. 44 22(21) Fourth femur with ventral proximal ma- crosetar (Bic 21) Pee ete Sen eee Des) = Fourth femur without macroseta ________ 29 23(22) Palpus, mesal view: terminal apophysis with a distally indented projecting sclerite (2 h in Figs. 603, 610) 24 = Terminal apophysis otherwise ___..._.. 25 24(23) Palpus, mesal view: terminal apophysis projecting beyond bulb with length equal to width (2 h in Fig. 610); upper Amazon: Colombia, Ecuador, western Brazil (Map 6C) = Terminal apophysis projecting less than its width (2 h in Fig. 603); upper Am- azon: Central Peru (Map 6C) tefe woytkowskii 25(23) Palpus, mesal view: embolus filamentous, pointing to 3 h (center Fig. 511); southern Brazil (Map 5F) florestal Embolus short (Figs. 347, 583) 26 26(25) Palpus, mesal view: proximal projection of median apophysis bent apically (7 h in Fig. 36); embolus pointing to 1 h; upper Amazon: Colombia (Map 1C) = Median apophysis proximal projection otherwise (Figs. 347, 375) 27(26) Palpus, mesal view: median apophysis with pair of short sharp spines; embo- lus hidden (Fig. 375); southern Brazil (Miap:4 ROR Mie 2 we aes paula = Median apophysis with blunt spines (Figs. 347, 583); embolus exposed 28(27) Palpus, mesal view: embolus. slightly curved (center of Fig. 583); upper Am- azon: southeastern Peru, Brazil, Bolivia (Map 6A) apobama = Embolus triangular, straight (center of Fig. 347); Panama, Venezuela (Map 3H) falconae pira 29(22) Palpus, mesal view: median apophysis Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 30(29) 31(30) 32(30) 33(32) 34(29) 35(34) 36(35) 39(34) 159, No. 1 with only one proximal lobe or spine (Figs: 19 oss) aa) Ee eee 30 Median apophysis with spines or lobes, one on each end (Figs. 217, 532) ____ 34 Palpus, mesal view: proximal spine of median apophysis pointed, curled, pointing toward tibia (Figs. 121, 126) eee eee 5 SI tO Ta ee Olli Proximal view spine not curled facing down or a blunt lobe present (Fig. 273) 5 csing, Th Te NA Rae Se I nae Wee OU eke oye) Palpus, mesal view: conductor subrect- angular (3 h in Fig. 121); Guyana, southern Venezuela, Peru (Map 2A) -- ikuruwa Conductor semicircular (Fig. 126); Am- azon region (Map IF) sumauma Palpus, mesal view: proximal spine of median apophysis pointing apical (Fig. 388); Guianas, Amazon region (Map FAL) a aetna Poe NO OP ens AO ae uraricoera Proximal lobe or spine horizontal or pointing toward tibia (Figs. 50, 273) _ 33 Palpus, mesal view: median apophysis with proximal lobe pointing toward tib- ia (Fig. 273); upper Amazon: Peru to Bolivia (Map 3D) huallaga Median apophysis spine straight (Fig. 50); western Brazil (Map 1C) ___ divisor Palpus, mesal view: proximal end of me- dian apophysis with a blunt lobe (Figs. Sy 8, 11835) Proximal end with pointed spine (Figs. 104, 476) or pointed triangle (Fig. Palpus, mesal view: proximal end with lobe hanging down toward tibia (Fig. 13); Amazon region (Map 1A) mapia Proximal lobe straight, pointing to cym- bium or pointing apically (Figs. 135, AU S56) Mer Nt dor ikem Rotten es ae |) ARS Dae on) 36 Palpus, mesal view: proximal and distal ends of median apophysis pointing api- cally (Fig. 163); southeastern Brazil to northeastern Argentina (Map 2C) _ missa Proximal lobe more or less straight, pointing to cymbium (Figs. 8, 217) 3m Palpus, mesal view: embolus long, semi- circular (Fig. 217); Mato Grosso to Rio de Janeiro States, Brazil (Map 2D) --- chavantina 38 Embolus short (Figs. 8, 135) Palpus, mesal view: a pointed shield with two-pointed projection covering most of bulb (Fig. 135); southern Brazil, northeastern Argentina (Map 2B) NS Ue ae a ee a ee era enseada No shield; embolus triangular (Fig. 8); upper Amazon: Colombia, Peru, west- er Brazil (Map 1A) Palpus, mesal view: proximal projection a acre SOUTH AMERICAN MANGORA °* Levi GUYANA SURINAME FR. GUIANA [ call , ; re: ‘ oh @eberhardi _—_ @uw Akochalkai 4, i ° ag Sy a] } O zepol -uraricoera ! 2 Wahl BRAZIL\ >< COLOMBIA ele ( Pah a pa Sea: | “COLOMBIA ee > i ; oS. ; —— ECUADOR Reh Se ° LT | Sg Cleusucu | rsicoeraas mamirauda S A rondonia punctip eo GO tarma flactonowstii GUYANA SURINAME FR. GUIANA a bemberg. @bonaldoi Oflorestal” =e ae Nv > ao | i ; AB, de. \ yy I °! Wi ne Ug aN “explorama Ee ’ hirtipes®@, a ; aa 7 ut WY aa of a= se ‘i f i} ~, He & moyobamba Bee ee ed iy @ porcullo & socorpa EK < COLOMBIA Map 5. Distribution of Mangora species. 21 2) Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 159, No. 1 pointed triangle above median apoph- ysis attachment (Fig. 532); central Co- lrovanlorey (wileyo) Ss) ee fornicate = Proximal projection a pointed spine (Figs 104, 476) 40 40(39) Palpus, mesal view: proximal spine of median apophysis pointing apically (Fig. 476); Amazon region (Map 5C) Fe OWE ORR io. <0 hor Ce ME 4 mamiraua - Proximal spine pointing toward cymbium (Figs. MOAR SID) oe ME ctuce 4 Mey Oe 4] 41(40) Palpus, mesal view: visible embolus a curved saber (Fig. 104); upper Ama- zon: southeastern Colombia (Map 11) See Me oe Ste Ree ee an eS He matamata — Embolus straight or hidden in mesal view (Figs. PAA SID OS Th pink NON rae sles 42, 42(41) Palpus, mesal view: embolus straight (one-third from top of Fig. 322); Am- azon region to eastern Paraguay (Map ANT) fl Oh RES OS ea aN IR oe Od chao = Embolus mostly hidden (Figs. 244, 381) 43(42) Palpus, mesal view: embolus hidden by a large sclerotized, distally rounded lobe (2 h in Fig. 381); Panama, Trinidad, Venezuela, northern Colombia (Map AON niente A ai hah tee ht ie amchickeringi = Embolus mostly hidden by a pointed lobe (Fig. 244); northwestern Argenti- hak Map, o5))2 2) eee ey! melanoleuca 44(21) Fourth femur with proximal ventral ma- (HE OS RM LONG) es Eee 45 = Fourth femur lacking a proximal ventral TMACTOSEUAY :. (leh bce aka ann a ae ae le ae 45(44) Palpus: the terminal apophysis projecting apically beyond bulb (Figs. 489, 490); southern Brazil to northeastern Argen- tinay(Miap ob ae ee were bemberg = No such straight, projecting terminal EPO PLiySis es vole sel sk le beens ae POS 46 46(45) Palpus, mesal view: median apophysis with a distal, truncate lobe having a tri- angular projection (Fig. 614); Panama to northern Brazil (Map 5H) pia _ Median apophysis with distal lobe lacking triangular projection or spine (Figs. AGS. DG) wee eee a ee 47 47(46) Palpus, mesal view: median apophysis with distal lobe truncate or rounded (Figs. 468: 576) an 48 = Median apophysis with a pointed spine i Oe nan AA OWE Ls SE Pee NS oe 0b Gale 52 48(47) Palpus, mesal view: median apophysis lobe appearing truncate (Fig. 576); up- per Amazon: central Peru (Map 6A).-.-- US ame ee ec ee ea, ay eee nuco _ Median apophysis lobe appearing round- ed (Figs. A463; 598. 620) ee 49 49(48) Palpus, mesal view: embolus sword- shaped (Fig. 463); Colombia to Mato Grosso, Brazil (Map 4E) _____. insperata = Embolus short, flat-triangular 50 50(49) Palpus, mesal view: terminal apophysis with upright sclerite having two or three wide, ventral spines (12-2 h in Figss508, 620). alates) oe 51 “= Terminal apophysis lacking upright scler- ite with two or three spines (Fig. 589); southern Brazil, northeastern Argenti- na (Map tk). aoe caxias 51(50) Palpus, mesal view: upright sclerite with upper notch wider than long (Fig. 620); southwestern Colombia (Map GB ial ee 1 a bambusa = Upright sclerite with upper notch as long as wide (Fig. 598); southern Ecuador, northwestern Peru (Map 6A) ___ lechugal 52(47) Palpus, ventral view: spine almost length of median apophysis (Figs. 80, 570) _. 53 - Spine of median apophysis short (Fig. ALO) Sorts: a OO tees eae eens 04 53(52) Palpus, mesal view: terminal apophysis with projecting curved apical hook (1 h Fig. 79); upper Amazon: central Peru CNB ao AUD) 9 5 ys 8 nee ete Uru = Terminal apophysis lacking projecting hook (Fig. 570); upper Amazon: cen- tral Pern Mapa), Un oo.) eee a laga 54(52) Palpus, mesal view: terminal apophysis with broad sclerotized shield covering distal half of bulb (Fig. 504); north- eastern Argentina (Map 5F) ------------ x Jatt EEOESY Ek ele i Eee bonaldoi = Terminal apophysis lacking shield; with distal apical encircling prong (2 h in Figs. 62, 69; 10 h in Fig. 74) _.__ 55 55(54) Palpus, mesal view: distal prong lightly sclerotized (Figs. 470, 471); more than 3.0 mm total length; southern Brazil CNBr An) Ee ed ee sobradinho _ Distal prong heavily sclerotized (Figs. 62, 74); less than 2.5 mm total length ____ 56 56(55) Palpus, mesal view: conductor hourglass- shaped (3 h in Fig. 62); Bolivian moun- tains near La Paz (Map 1G) __.. cajuta = Conductor hidden in mesal view (Fig. 73); mountains of Cuzco, Peru to northwestern Argentina (Map 1D) ----- IE Wer aes Nae Pl oe te 9.3 Se a cochuna 57(44) Palpus, mesal view: embolus long, curved (Wiss! 299, Aly ig) ee 58 — Embolus short (Fig. 625) 61 58(57) Palpus, mesal view: bulb wider than long (Fig. 417); southern Brazil (Map 4F) ose AM gh weaned: amit a abe oe ales blumenau _ Bulb slightly longer than wide (Figs. 222, eho peewee eee oe ae ee 59 59(58) Palpus, mesal view: embolus thin, almost filamentous, its base not visible (Fig. 519); northern Peru (Map 5G) _... kuntur = Embolus heavier with base (Fig. 222, SIRO) ae the nonin ke wo meee ee Rel ee Se 60 60(59) Palpus, mesal view: base of embolus cov- ered by cymbium (Fig. 222); southern leaeawalll (Oey oy GAN) a botelho = Base of embolus exposed (Fig. 230); Par- aguay, northeastern Argentina (Map AVR R eek Me ae MSIL OR ens eee uziga 61(57) Palpus, mesal view: distal band of ter- minal apophysis hanging apically above bulb (Figs. 625, 626); southern Brazil, northeastern Argentina (Map 6D) ------ = Terminal apophysis otherwise ___ 62 62(61) Palpus: terminal apophysis with distal apical, encircling prong (Figs. 69, 496) = Terminal apophysis lacking distal encir- Chintgystnuchuners ss eal 64 63(62) Palpus: encircling structure pointed (Figs. 68, 69); northwestern Argentina (UST ay 115 9) eV Ae Ra OE Ca yungas — Encircling structure appearing truncate in ventral view (Fig. 496); southwest- ern Colombia (Map 5B) __. eberhardi 64(62) Palpus, mesal view: terminal apophysis with a projecting shield, extending be- yond bulb (2 h in Figs. 109, 176, 185, i heim Figs. SAGAS eH D>) fa allan ae VN she aa 65 = Terminal apophysis without a projecting Shelly eked Pee Lee NL eye! eT fe 70 65(64) Palpus, mesal view: shield projecting dis- tally from palpus (1 h in Figs. 278, 301) = Shield projecting ventrally (2—3 h in Figs. ODUM Gaal Say eee See ee NOR A aaat 67 66(65) Palpus, mesal view: embolus an unusually wide hook (1 h in Fig. 278); central Ve- mez ute las (Mia) Sik) a sem meee Le corocito = Embolus a distally narrow hook (Fig. 301); southern Brazil, northeastern Ar- gentina (Map 1D) ramirezi 67(65) Palpus, mesal view: embolus with a more distal almost parallel hook (2 h in Fig. 109); Amazon region (Map 11) _ manicore = Embolus without distal hook 68 68(67) Palpus, mesal view: median apophysis distal projection within frame of bulb (Fig. 185); Mato Grosso, southern Bra- zil (Map 2G) bocaina = Median apophysis distal projection ex- tends beyond bulb (Figs. 168, 176) _ 69 69(68) Palpus, mesal view: median apophysis hook with rounded tip and projecting ventrally (5 h in Fig. 176); southern raza Via E Dye eo Pore te fundo = Median apophysis hook pointed and pro- jecting toward observer (6 h in Fig. 168); southern Brazil (Map 2D) __. velha SOUTH AMERICAN MANGORA ° Levi Dye} 70(64) Palpus, mesal view: embolus a large curved hook (Fig. 267); Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro States, southeastern jeweewall (Yayo) B18)) ee aripeba = Embolus not hook-shaped (Fig. 504) or ausimallghook (Mig a4?) ss eee el 71(70) Palpus, mesal view: several soft lobes above embolus (Fig. 142); southern Brazil (Map 2B) melloleitaoi = Never more than one lobe above embo- Duis s DORN Saal neo cs lee urn eiee yb A wo) 72(71) Abdomen, dorsal view: light color with a pair of black spots posteriorly (Figs. DOS oLO Net Lae Sa epee Py 73 = Coloration othemmse yp) 2) = ee 78 73(72) Palpus, mesal view: terminal apophysis covering distal half of bulb with a trun- cate shield (12 h in Fig. 545); Amazon region: Brazil (Map 4D) minacu = Noysucheshicldtoxescnt y= enn an 74 74(73) Palpus, mesal view: bulb with two longi- tudinal, distally bent columns (Fig. 594); Amazon region, Ecuador, Bolivia Qa DRO AY aie Oh Sle ee ee alinahui = Bulb with a pointed or blunt, ventrally directed structure (Figs. 523, 636) __. fs) 75(74) Palpus, mesal view: central truncate structure (Fig. 636); southeastern Bra- ZA UN Merron oath as oe ON itatiaia oe Central structure pointed (Figs. 523, GSO) a Te i es ee PE NE Vine SWE Ee 76 76(75) Palpus, mesal view: with terminal apoph- ysis formed into a large spine (2 h in Fig. 523); median apophysis with large pointed overlapping spine (Fig. 523); central Colombia (Map 5G) boyaca = Terminal apophysis otherwise (Figs. 413, Silat Ra oa g Pee A ed MS aN A SO MT 77(76) Palpus, mesal view: a flat curved lobe above embolus (2 h in Fig. 413); Guy- ana and Amazon region, Brazil (Map REY REO a roast, Maw eee eed se bovis = Embolus a thick, curved, structure, with- out lobe above (Fig. 632); southeastern fara al Nia eT) \ijila 2 SoS i nonoai 78(72) Palpus, mesal view: distal embolus nee- dle-shaped at right angle to its base (Fig. 316); coast of Venezuela, Colom- bia to upper Amazon, Peru (Map 3E) SEAT PW Ee BU PREM ae ee ae Seale 1a eis ee semiatra = Eanabolusothenwise. 8 79 79(78) Palpus, mesal view: center of bulb with thick straight spine; two projections on ventral side of bulb (Fig. 409); south- eastern Brazil (Map 4F) _ castelo = Center of bulb and margin of bulb oth- “EY BSI © gece tcs tae Ci cele id eM ses ate A eRe S80 80(79) Palpus, mesal view: a bulge below em- bolus (center of Fig. 55); upper Ama- zon: southern Peru (Map 1E) ___. zona = Embolus without bulge (Fig. 362) 81 24 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 159, No. 1 81(80) Palpus, mesal view: embolus straight with angular lobe above (Fig. 362); southern Brazil to southern Bolivia and north- _ western Argentina (Map 4B) __. v-signata - Embolus curved up; median apophysis Owrernmes Cena, BM BT) a ne eine 82(81) Palpus, mesal view: conductor with scler- otized thimble-shaped lobe (4 h in Fig. 31); upper Amazon: Brazil, Colombia, Sobiumesan Jeteiaut (iviayo) IMG) unam = Conductor otherwise (Figs. 237, 641) _.. 83 83(82) Palpus, mesal view: terminal apophysis, with small spine, projects above bulb (12 h in Fig. 641); embolus spine- shaped and pointing to 2 h (Fig. 641); abdomen with white pigment spots (as in Fig. 640); southeastern Bolivia, southern Brazil to northern Argentina (Map GE) reacet Oe eee net es lactea = Terminal apophysis otherwise; embolus straight with slight distal curve pointing to 3 h (Fig. 237); southern Brazil, northeastern Argentina (Map 3B) Mangora acre new species Figures 4—8; Map 1A Holotype. Female holotype from Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Acre, Brazil, 10 Mar. 1997 (L. Resende, R. Vieira) in IBSP 12444. The specific name is a noun in apposition after the type locality. Description. Female holotype. Prosoma yellowish, eye region gray; sternum, legs grayish on yellow. Abdomen: dorsum with- out marks; venter with ring around spin- nerets and slightly gray book lung covers (as in M. mapia, Figs. 11, 12). Posterior eye row strongly procurved. Ocular quad- rangle as long as anterior width; anterior widest. Posterior median eyes 0.8 diameter of anterior medians; lateral eyes 0.3 di- ameter. Anterior median eyes 0.7 diameter apart, 0.2 from laterals. Posterior median eyes 0.3 diameter apart, 1.0 from laterals. Height of clypeus equals 1.0 diameter of anterior median eyes. Total length 2.2 mm. Carapace 0.8 mm long, 0.7 wide in tho- racic region, 0.3 wide behind lateral eyes, 0.4 high. First femur 1.0 mm, patella and tibia 1.1, metatarsus 0.8, tarsus 0.5. Sec- ond patella and tibia 0.9 mm, third 0.6, fourth 1.0. Male from Rio Branco. Prosoma: eye re- gion black. Sternum, coxae gray. Abdo- men: dorsum with a gray posterior band; venter with gray quadrangle, black book lung covers and gray ring around spinner- ets; sides with a gray patch posteriorly. An- terior median eyes projecting slightly from carapace. Posterior eye row slightly pro- curved. Ocular quadrangle as long as an- terior width; anterior widest. Posterior me- dian eyes 0.8 diameter of anterior medi- ans; lateral eyes 0.5 diameter. Anterior me- dian eyes 0.6 diameter apart, 0.6 from laterals. Posterior median eyes 0.8 diame- ter apart, 1.0 from laterals. Height of clyp- eus equals 2.0 diameters of anterior me- dian eyes. Second, third, and fourth coxae with a median macroseta. Total length 2.1 mm. Carapace 1.1 mm long, 0.8 wide in thoracic region, 0.3 wide behind lateral eyes, 0.6 high. First femur 1.0 mm, patella and tibia 1.0, metatarsus 0.7, tarsus 0.3. Second patella and tibia 0.8 mm, third 0.6, fourth 0.8. Males and females have been collected together. Variation. Total length of females 2.2 to 2.4 mm, males 1.7 to 2.1. The illustrations were made from the female holotype and male from Rio Branco. Diagnosis. The rim of the epigynum of the available specimens may have broken off. Mangora acre is separated from M. mapia by having, in posterior view of the epigynum, a light dorsal median trapezoid (6 h in Figs. 5, 7), whereas that area in M. mapia is dark (Fig. 10). The male is separated by the median apophysis of the palpus (6 h in Fig. 8), which has two distal spines and a proximal lobe in M. acre, whereas that of M. mapia has only one visible spine and a proximal lobe (7 h in Figs. 13, 14). Both are sepa- rated from other species by the shape of the elongated sclerotized area of the ter- minal apophysis (2 h in Figs. 8, 13). Distribution. Upper Amazon region: Colombia, Peru, western Brazil (Map 1A). Paratypes. BRAZIL Acre: Parque Nacional da Ser- ra do Divisor, 15, 24 Mar. 1997, 42 (L. Resende, S. Vieira, IBSP 12267, 12362). Specimens Examined. PERU Ucayali: Pucallpa, Map 6. SOUTH AMERICAN MANGORA * Levi — us wae en SS. SS “s y A 7 & a Oalinahui @ apobama A lechugal G nuco | as Ss Adi 28 O@oLomaia’ Mraticao mak So ~y \ tefe'@ 4 X\ over owsits, a lactea URUGUAY \ —<4 Bey) ; ARGENTINA =H} BELIZE JAMAICA uw cHON. 2S Ee GUATEMALA~