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HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

LIBRARY

OF THE
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

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DEC 2 7 1934

BULLETIN

OF THE

MUSEUM OF (^OMPARATIYE ZOOLOGY

AT

HARVARD COLLEGE, IN CAMBRIDGE

VOL. LXXVII

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.
1934

IV

The Cosmos Press, Inc.
Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A.

CONTENTS

I'AGE

No. 1. — Studies of the Cranial Anatomy of Ascaphus Truei Stej-

NEGER, THE AMERICAN "LlOPELMID." By C. G. S. dc

Villiers. March, 1934 1

No. 2. — Studies of Myctophinae in the Museum of Comparative

Zoology. By A. E. Parr. May, 1934 . . . . 39

No. 3. — A Second Revision of the Ants of the Genus Lepto-

myrmex Mayr. By William Morton Wheeler. June, 1934 . 07

No. 4. — -The Anoles. II. The Mainland Species from Mexico

Southward. By Thomas Barbour. June, 1934. . . 119

No. 5. — Neotropical Ants Collected by Dr. Elisabeth Skwarra
and Others. By William Morton Wheeler. November,
1934 157

No. 6. — Australian Reptiles in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. By Arthur Love-
ridge. (1 plate). December, 1934 241

No. 7. — Critical Notes on Middle American Birds. By A. J. van

Rossem. December, 1934 ...... 385

No. 8. — Notes on the North American Harvesting Ants of the
Genus Pogonomyrmex Mayr. By O. Wilfred Olsen. (15
plates). December, 1934 491 - i' ' V

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. LXXVII, No. 1

STUDIES OF THE CRANIAL ANATOMY OF

ASC.\PHUS TRUEI STEJNEGER, THE

AMERICAN "LIOPELMID"

By C. G, S. de Villiers

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.
PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM
March, 1934

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MAH 3 6 1934

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. LXXVII, No. 1

STUDIES OF THE CRANIAL ANATOMY OF

ASCAPHUS TRUEI STEJNEGER, THE

AMERICAN "LIOPELMID"

By C. G. S. de Villiers

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.
PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM
March, 1934

No. 1. — Stuclies on the Cranial Anatomy of Ascaphus truei
SteJ7ieger, the American " Liopelmid"

By C. G. S. DE ViLLIERS
[Professor of Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.]

The main difficulty in utilising the results obtained from a compara-
tive study of the skulls of living Amphibia in arriving at a conception
of the structure of the skull in the first land vertebrates, lies in the
unfortunate coincidence, that the affinities of Urodela are obscured by
neoteny, and those of the other two living groups by specialisation in
the adult condition, coupled in the Anura with a markedly caenoge-
netic type of development. The Gymnophiona must probably still be
considered as having secondarily acquired the stegokrotraphy, which
renders their skull superficially similar to that of the Stegocephalia.
The recent discovery by Prof. IVIarcus of the continuity of origin of
the auditory skeleton and the hyoid is of course chiefly considered
important by those who believe that these two entities stand in
morphogenetic relationship, a theory which can by no means be con-
sidered as proven, so that the continuity referred to above may pos-
sibly be a caenogenetic phenomenon.

If therefore one is forced to discard the Urodela and the Gymno-
phiona as objects of study leading to an elucidation of the problem of
the Amphibian skull, one is equally forced to concentrate attention
upon the Anura as a non-neotenic group and one less specialised than
the Gymnophiona. I'nfortunately very little work has been done on
the skull of the more primitive Anura. Gaupp's work is concerned
with the genus Rana, and the author has mainly confined his attention
to so-called " Brevicipitidae," although a recent paper (1932) directs
attention to the aglossal forms, which are generally considered to be
primitive. But the minute anatomj-, based on microtomised series, is
unknown for the Discoglossidae and the Liopelmidae. This latter
family was instituted by Nol)le for the reception of the American
genus Ascaphus and the New Zealand frog Liopelma. I have never
yet been successful in procuring a specimen of the latter genus, the
only New Zealand Amphibian, and am therefore particularly grateful
to Mr. Lo\eridge of the Har^•ard Museum of Comparative Zoology
for sending me a male and a female of Ascaphus.

The genus was originally instituted by Stejneger (1899), who placed
it under the Discoglossidae, as a constituent family of the " Costata,"
possessing ribs and transverse processes on the urostyle. Under the
definition of the genus (p. .S99) the following interesting features are

4 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

mentioned: the invisibility and probable absence of the tympanum
and Eustachian tubes, and the presence of vomerine teeth in two small
rows between the choanae. An additional feature enumerated under
the species characters is the presence of teeth in the upper jaw (p. 900).
Under the general remarks, the uncertainty regarding the extent of
the degeneration of the auditory tract and the uniqueness of the inter-
choanal position of the vomerine teeth for a Disco glossid are con-
sidered worthy of mention.

In Noble's work of 1922 Ascaphus is still classified as a Discoglossid
(cf. pp. 12, 13 and 26), and is being constantly compared with Bom-
bina, the Unke, and with the Aglossa. The so-called "tail" and the
m. caudalifemoralis and m. puboischiotibialis are discussed on pp.
33-35. On p. 33 Noble states: "We have seen some reason above to
consider this genus (possibly with Bombina) the most primitive of
existing Salientia." In the discussion of the x\ustralian-Papuan
fauna. Noble (p. 74) remarks upon the similarity of Ascaphus and
Liopelma, the genera he was afterwards (1924) to separate off as
"Liopelmidae"; in this paper, however, no cranial features are dis-
cussed. In his work published May-June, 1925 Noble still (p. 266)
classifies Liopelma and Ascaphus under the Discoglossidae, but
probably this work was actually written before the one published in
1924. The paper published /\pril 16, 1925 again refers to the Liopel-
midae as a separate family (p. 16) and the author considers them an-
cestral to the Discoglossidae and the Pelobatidae. The continuation
of the above "Novitas," published in the same month of 1925 con-
tains on p. 7 the following remarkable statement: "If we compare
the adult liopelmids with the branchiosaurs we must admit that they
approach nearer to the latter in skull structure and pectoral girdle
than do the Urodeles." The hatching process of Liopelma as described
by Archey (1922), Nol)le considers "more urodele than frog-Hke"
(1926, p. 6). Considerable attention is devoted to the ontogeny of the
Liopelmidae in Noble's larger work published in 1927. It is however
not surprising, that he finds it hard to prove that similarity of de-
velopmental type can be demonstrated for Liopelma and Ascaphus,
since both these two genera have strongly caenogenetic types of
ontogeny.

Apparently Noble published no fresh researches relating to As-
caphus or the Liopelmidae in general in the four years intervening
between the appearance of his work of 1927 and the publication of
"The Biology of the Amphibia" (1931), which contains very valuable
references to both Liopelmid genera. Those referring to the cranial

DE VILLIERS: ASCAPHUS TRUEI STEJXEGER O

anatom.y are the following: p. 87, reduction of auditory apparatus as
adaptation to a life in cold mountain streams; p. 218, absence of the
quadratomaxillary, still called the quadratojugal by Noble; p. 220,
the presence of separate mentomeckelian ossifications; p. 221, the
absence of the stapes, by which the plectrum is meant. Judging from
the very useful figure of the ventral view of the skull given on p. 218,
the following additional cranial features may be mentioned: (a) there
is no palatine investing the ventral surface of the processus antorbi-
talis; (b) the anterior tip of the parasphenoid is surrounded by a bone,
which also extends along its sides, but is not designated in the figure.
It is probably what Noble on p. 215 calls the sphenethmoid, by which
is obviously not meant an ethmoid extending backwards into the
sphenoid region; compare "in some species, especially in burrowing
types, the ethmoid may also ossify and fuse with the sphenethmoid"
(p. 215). A third interesting point inferred from Fig. 81A is the
presence of a quadrate bone. It should be added that Noble prefers
squamosal and quadratojugal to paraquadrate and quadratomaxillary
(Gaupp, 1894) and accepts Broom's nomenclature of pre vomer for
vomer, although the teeth borne on these bones are sometimes called
p^e^'omerine, sometimes vomerine teeth. Apparently, however.
Noble rejects Broom's suggestion of homologising the parasphenoid
with the mammalian vomer, as he consistently uses the term para-
sphenoid. In general the family Liopelmidae, p. 485, is upheld, and
its relations to other primitive Anura are graphically represented on
p. 486.

Boulenger (1910) classifies Ascaphus with Discoglossidae (p. 150),
as does also Gadow (1920, p. 153). Fejervary (1923, p. 178) creates a
special family, the x\scaphidae for the reception of the genus, but
Stejneger, the discoverer, refers it to the Discoglossidae in his " check
list" compiled with Barbour (1923, p. 22). Nieden (1923, p. 35)
obviously obtains his information from published American sources
and considers Ascaphus a Discoglossid, as does also Perrier in his
Traite (1925, p. 2877). The latest reference to Ascaphus is in Miss
Cochran's article (1932, p. 629) in the National Geographic Magazine ;
there is no doubt that the authoress, who is assistant to Dr. Stejneger,
considers Ascaphus as a Discoglossid, so that it may be inferred, that
Stejneger himself does not accept the family Liopelmidae instituted
by Noble in 1924. Through the courtesy of the California Academy of
Sciences and the intermediation of Miss Cochran I was enabled to
consult Van Denburgh's paper which was not procurable in South
Africa. The skull is briefly discussed on p. 262 and the hyoid on p. 264.

6 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The more interesting features noted are (a) the presence of the fon-
tanel le between the frontoparietals, (b) the contiguity of prefrontals
( = nasals of modern nomenclature) and the fronto-parietals, (c) the
meeting of pterygoid and palatine (the latter bone is in reality absent),
and (d) the presence of chalky material in the membrane covering the
fenestra ovalis. On the whole the information offered is surprisingly
inaccurate. For purposes of the elucidation of the cranial anatomy
the only work containing really useful information is that of Noble
(1931). Fejervary's paper (1923), important as it undoubtedly is for
the taxonomy, and for the morphology of the pelvic girdle, mentions
no cranial features. Parker (1881) gives figures of the skulls of the
Discoglossidae : Alytes on plate 24, Bomhina igneus on plate 25 and
Discoglossus on plate 20. In my copy, which is a presentation one
given to the late Oldfield Thomas by Parker, the name Discoglossvs
jnctiis on plate 20 (legend) is crossed out and Rana esctdenta sub-
stituted in pencil in Parker's o^\ti handwriting. We may therefore
assume that the only Discoglossids whose skulls were investigated by
Parker were the midwife toad and the "Unke." The former is dis-
cussed on p. 131, the latter on p. 136 of the text. The text to Disco-
glossus has again the pencil correction in Parker's handwriting: "a
mistake Rana esculenta". In |his monograph on the European Anura
(1897) Boulenger figures the skull of Discoglossus on pages 34 and
133, that of Bombina on p. 147 and of Alytes on p. 167. But such in-
formation is of questionable comparative value if Ascaphus is not a
Discoglossid. The same applies to the meagre anatomical information
it was possible to offer regarding the single specimen of the Philippine
Discoglossid genus Barbourula (Taylor and Noble, 1924).

Alicrotecfmique

The eviscerated animal was skinned and the lenses were removed.
The anterior portion of the body comprising the skull and breast-
shoulder apparatus was imbedded separately from the hinder portion
containing the "epipubis," pelvic girdle and Nobelian cartilages. The
skin was left intact round the anterior nares and in the region in which
vestiges of the middle ear might possibly be expected to be found.
Decalcification of a fortnight's duration in Ebner's mixture. Bulk
staining consecutively in haemalum and an aqueous solution of Bis-
marck Brown. Double staining with Eosin dissolved in 100% alcohol.
The fixation left nothing to be desired and fine, unbroken series were
obtained.

DE VILLIERS: ASCAPHUS TRUEI STEJNEGER

Cranial Anatomy

Nasal region. There is nothing very unusual in the organs en-
countered in this region, and particularly nothing that can be con-
sidered as strikingly primitive. Very prominent in sections of the tip
of the snout are the glandulae intermaxillares, to which Noble (1931,
p. 201) ascribes the function of secreting a sticky secretion for making

Sth/m/x

Fig. 1 . Transverse section through the tip of the snout of Ascaphus to show
the glandula intermaxillaris in situ. (The central lumen of the gland mass has
not yet appeared in section.) cpi = cartilago praenasalis inferior; cpsp =
cartilago praenasalis superior; drgl = dermal glands; ltgim = region of larger
tubules of glandula intermaxillaris; pmx = premaxilla; pnrpmx = prenasal
ramus of premaxilla; spn = septum nasi; stgim = region of smaller tubules of
the glandula intermaxillaris; stpmx = symphysial tissue between the two pre-
maxillae; ten = tectum nasi; ves = vestibule.

the tongue adhesive. The physiology of these glands was first investi-
gated by Wiedersheim 1876, later information on the subject is con-
tained in Gaupp (1904, p. 24), Krause (1923 pp. 49S and 547) and
Miiller (1932). If the usually accepted theory of the function of these
glands is correct, Ascaphus must be an active insect hunter. In Fig. 1

8

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

the gland mass is seen occupying the centre of the tip of the snout and
is bounded dorsally by the very broad, anteriorly projecting septal
cartilage and ventrally by the two premaxillae, joined by dense
fibrous, symphysial tissue. Latero-dorsally the vestibulum begins to
make its appearance and is surrounded by a cartilaginous capsule, the
roof of which is the tectum nasi, while its floor and ventro-lateral por-

FiG. 2. Transverse section through the head of Ascaphus in the region of
the external naris. be = buccal cavity; cral = cartilage alaris; exn = external
naris; gnm = glandula nasalis medialis; oglim = opening of the glandula inter-
maxillaris into the corner of the prechoanal sac; pchs = prechoanal sac; plob =
plica obliqua; t= teeth. Other abbreviations as for Figure 1.

tion represent the alary cartilage, with which the downwardly directed
superior prenasal is in synchondrotic continuity. This latter cartilage
and the alary are therefore firmly incorporated into the nasal skeleton
and do not show the independence sometimes encountered in higher
Anura. The inferior prenasal cartilage has also made its appearance
and assists the superior prenasal in supporting the premaxilla. Fig. 2

DE VILLIERS: ASCAPHUS TRUEI STEJNEGER 9

is cut through the region of the anterior nares, of which the right one
appears in the ilhistration. Posterior to Fig. 1 the intermaxilhiry
ghind mass develops a central ca\ ity, dorsal to which the tubules are
wide, while those ventral to it are smaller and more or less circular in
section. These latter soon disappear and the dorsal, larger ones may
be observed occasionally to open into the central cavity. A fa^^ourite
place for the location of these openings is the lateral corner of the
cavity, as in Fig. 2. The floor of the cavity referred to above is strength-
ened by the palatal squame of the premaxilla. It will be clear that the
"cavity" is homologous in every respect with the upper prechoanal
sac in du Toit's description of the skull of Heleophryne (1930), since
the anatomical relations are identical. The ventral prechoanal sac
described by du Toit (see loc. cit.. Fig. 5, p. 430) is merely a short
preoral diverticulum of the buccal cavity and is not developed in
Ascaphus, so that the floor of the " dorsal" sac in this genus is actually
the roof of the mouth. But the conditions in these two Arciferans are
essentially the same. The prechoanal sac is filled with slime and dis-
integrated cells and is in wide communication with the buccal cavity
behind the tips of the palatal squames of the premaxilla. The floor of
the prechoanal sac does not end as a ridge,- but possesses a short
tongue-like posterior prolongation. The emptying of the prechoanal
sac can of course be effected passively, by mere overfilling, but it is
more probable that it is initiated by pressure of the tongue against
the floor of the sac. The premaxillae would then undergo rotation
upon the prenasal cartilages — especially the inferior one — as ful-
crum. Probably a good deal of movement of these cartilages them-
selves is possible as they are slender, elastic and style-like and may
thus be instrumental in effecting the recovery of the normal shape of
the prechoanal sac after ejaculation of the slime.

The vestibule (Fig. 2) is more glandular than is usually the case;
the glands are not those of Bowman, but the glandula nasalis medialis
occupies a more rostral position than. is usually the case. The plica
obliqua is suspended from the tectum nasi. The two Gauppian
"Wiilste" are weakly represented: the larger one is entirely absent
and the smaller is merely indicated in the posterior corner of the
anterior naris. Gaupp (1904) admits that the function of the smaller
"Wiilst" is not known. It is very urgent that some revision of the
nasal anatomy of Rana csculcnta and R. fusca on which Gaupp's re-
searches are based should be undertaken, since all the information
given on pp. 621-640 (op. cit.) cannot be correct. There is every
possibility e.g. of the anatomical relations of the recessus sacciformis

10 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

as explained on p. 625 (op. cit.) being faulty, for Gaupp gives us to
understand, that " der Recessus sacciformis hinten in die Vestibular-
nische iiber-geht, medial- und ventralwarts mit dem Infundibulum
und dem Cavum medium zusammenhitngt." Further down the same
page he states, as if to make assurance doubly sure, that " die Luft
kann dann auch von dem hinteren Theil des Vestibulums aus durch
den Recessus sacciformis in das Infundibuhnn einstromen." There is
therefore no doubt that Gaupp believed that there was a sort of
tubular communication between the vestibule and the joint region of
the infundibulum and the cavum medium. Not having investigated
European Ranids, I would not like to say positively that this informa-
tion is wrong /or these Anurans; but it certainly does not hold for any
South African Anura investigated by me (including the Ranids Cacos-
ternum, x\nhyflrophryne, Arthroleptella and Hermisus!) nor is it true
for Ascaphus. There is moreover no such sharp topographical distinc-
tion between the vestibule and the cavum principale as Gaupp would
have us believe, but the former passes imperceptibly into the latter,
and for no genus is this more true than for Ascaphus. It will be noted
that Gaupp's ./?.c/w/-t'5 on p. 626 (op. cit.) refer to a Rana esciileu.in 5
cm. in length, so that" the difference cannot be due to his material
being not quite adult.

A case in point, regarding the difficulties encountered in an attempt
at making Gaupp's descriptions fit \\\t\\ results obtained for Ascaphus,
is the section drawn in Fig. 3A, which passes through the septoma.xil-
lary (sometimes also called the intranasal in Gaupp's work). It will
be noticed that the section is quite Ranid, but that the cavum medium
is small, so that the two laminae of the crista intermedia are less
prominent than usual. The infundil)ulum leads from the cavum
medium and possesses a lateral diverticulum encased by the septomaxil-
lary. This cannot possibly be the recessus sacciformis: on p. 648 the
relations of the septomaxillary to the recess in the frog are described in
such a way as to leave no doubt. about the matter. The septomaxillary
should lie external to the lamina superior and " an der medialen Wand
des Recessus sacciformis" (op. cit., p. 648). We may therefore con-
clude, that neither that portion of the recess appertaining to the
vestibule (op. cit.. Fig. 141), nor that appertaining to the cavum
medium (op. cit.. Fig. 140), is represented in Ascaphus. The divertic-
ulum seen in Fig. 3A together with the lateral portion of the cavum
medium is constricted oft" as in Fig. 3B, this triangular chamber then
becomes rounded and is in fact the nasal end of the ductus nasolac-
rimalis, lying external and closely applied to the cartilago obliqua

DE VILLIERS: ASCAPHUS TRUEI STEJNEGER

11

and the lamina inferior of the crista intermedia. The ductus nasolac-
rimaHs therefore opens equally into the diverticulum of the infundib-
ulum and into the lateral portion of the cavum medium. The situa-
tion of the main duct is more or less as described and figured by Gaupp
(op. cit., 1904) on pp. SSO and 881, but the openings on the optic side

nsuimt

<Xnn.

FiQ. 3, A and B. Transverse sections through the nasal cava of Ascaphus^
cim = crista intermedia; cvi = cavum inferius (mainly recessus medialis);
cvm = cavum medium; cvp = cavum prineipale; dnl = ductus nasolacrimalis;
glim = glandula intermaxillaris; if = infundibulum; Is = lamina superior cristae
intermediae; nednl = nasal end of ductus nasolacrimaUs; pit = planum termi-
nale; spm = septomaxillary. Other abbreviations as for previous figures.

are different. Caudally the duct splits into two ductlets (Fig. 4A), a
dorsal and a ventral, as in Rana ; these ductlets lie in the ventral eyelid
and dorsal to the transitional cartilage between the processus maxil-
laris posterior and the arcus subocularis. The dorsal, slightly smaller
ductlet is the first to efl'ect an opening, which is situated in a groo^■e
on top of the lower eyelid (Fig. 4B), instead of "an der tiefsten Stelle
desselben," as in Rana. The end of the lower ductlet is bent slightly

12

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

forwards, so that its opening, likewise preceded by, and situated in a
groove on top of the lower eyelid, is actually encountered in the same
sections as the ductlet itself. I have examined a few of the large col-
lection of microtomised skulls of South African Anura with a view to
ascertaining the anatomical relations of the optic end of the nasolac-
rimal duct. But since all these genera are highly specialised forms,

lAJl ^^^

Fig. 4, A and B. Transverse sections through the optic division of the
ductus nasolacrimalis. aso = arcus subocularis; guc = groove into which upper
canaUcule opens; Ic = lower canalicule; mn = membrana nictitans; ptg =
pterygoid; uc = upper canalicule. Other abbreviations as for previous figures.

it need surprise no one that the condition in them is more Ranid. The
position of the optic openings in Ascaphus appears to me to be unique,
and may possibly be primitive. The evolution of the nasolacrimal
duct is still very insufficiently understood, and the embryological data
are difficult to interpret in terms of phylogeny. But if the duct first
arose (Allis 1932) in land vertebrates, its development in Ascaphus
must repay intensive study.

The remarkable dorso-ventral flattening of the nasal region already
referred to above is also very marked in the more posteriorly situated
portions of the capsule and seems to indicate that Ascaphus must have
the habit of frequenting cracks and crevices in rocks. A similar feature

DE VILLIERS: ASCAPHUS TRUEI STEJNEGER 13

is observed in the South African Gecko Oedura, the scorpion Hadogenes
and the South African Ranid Cacosternum namaquense, whose habits
are however unknown. In Ascaphus the septum nasi is broad and flat
instead of narrow and high, as in most Anura. The glandula nasaUs
mediahs is particularly large and consists of intensely coiled tubules
on the septal side of the cavum principale and recessus medialis cavi
inferioris, into which latter the gland opens. The cavum inferius is
large when compared with the diminutive cavum medium. In con-
formance with the large medial nasal gland, the recessus medialis, or
so-called Organ of Jacobson is larger than in most Anura. The glands
open into the pocket-like posterior diverticulum of the recess, and
their tubules undergo a considerable amount of anastomosis, so that
large irregular chambers filled with mucus are formed. In Hyperolius,
where the g.n. medialis is likewise very large, such chambers ap-
parently coalesce to form a yolk reservoir underneath the recessus
lateralis (see G. du Toit and de ViUiers, 1932). The glandula nasalis
lateralis is smaller than the medial glands in iVnurans in\'estigated by
me, and also differs histologically from the latter. In Ascaphus the
lateral gland is absent, but the glands of Bowman are extremely
plentifully developed.

In the dorsal part of the thick plica isthmi (Fig. 5A) a peculiar sys-
tem of simple tubules is encountered; the wall of the individual tubule
may be slightly folded, but the tubule itself is apparently not
branched. Each tubule is surrounded, on the dorsal side more
particularly, by a mass of dense connective tissue cells, which per-
sist after the tubule has opened into the cavum principale but
disappears before the more posteriorly situated set of tubules appears.
The histology of the tubule is as follows : the nuclei are aggregated
chiefly toward the basement membrane side and that part of the
tubule lining its lumen is devoid of nuclei, appears to be fibrous,
and greedily takes up the eosin stain. The structure is strongly
reminiscent of that of the tubule system of the nasal plug of Hemisus
(author 1931, pp. 312 and 313). The organ does not seem to be homol-
ogous with the one on the floor of the recessus lateralis described for
Hyperolius by du Toit and the author (op. cit.), l)ut neither is it
homologous with the lateral nasal gland, which has a different histolog-
ical structure and has different topographical relations, as it is situated
dorsal to the nasolacrimal duct and much farther forwards: in the
vestibular region or immediately behind it.

The arrangement is in two sets, of which the anterior one has few,
the posterior numerous, but still very short tubules lacking, however,

14

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

iVU .,

■iwuJl

^-^oUJa.

Fig. 5. The position and structure of the "Rachendriise" (palatal gland)
in Ascaphus. Figs. 5, A and B: transverse sections through the region of the
plica isthmi, showing the choanal portion of the gland. Fig. 5C: transverse
section through the vomer and surrounding structures, including the buccal
portion of the "Rachendriise." bep = buccal epithelium; Bg = Bowman's
glands; blv = blood vessel; bprdr = buccal portion of Rachendriise; chrdr =
choanal portion of "Rachendriise"; ds = dental socket; f dt = fibrillised division
of epithelium of the choanal "Rachendriise"; grdr = groove into which tubules
of the choanal portion of the "Rachendriise" open; lrdt = lumen of the gland
tubule; mrch = median rim of the choanal opening; obrdr = openings of buccal
"Rachendriise" ; plis = plica isthmi ; rmpl = ramus palatinus VII ; scr = spheneth-
moid region; v = vomer; znc = zone of densely packed connective tissue cells;
znf = zone of fibrous connective tissue. Other abbreviations as for previous
figures.

DE VILLIERS: ASCAPHUS TRUEI STEJNEGER 15

the accompanying tissue of the more anteriorly situated set. More-
over, these tubules open into a groove in the plica isthmi, which there-
fore presents a very remarkable appearance (Fig. 5B). Of very great
interest is the presence of tubules of a similar histological structure on
the side of, and betAveen the vomers (Fig. 5C), and therefore fringing
the choanae. Judging by the topography of these tubules they form
part of the "Rachendriise" (palatal gland) described by Gaupp (1904)
on pp. 27 and 28 and Krause (1923) on p. 547. Miiller, in his recent
work on the glands of the oral cavity of the Anura (1932) also reviews
the "Rachendriise" (particularly p. 154). The two most interesting
points made by the author are (1) the occasional presence of grooves
into which the tubules open (Leptodactylus and Microhyla), and (2)
the fusion of the oral and choanal diA'isions of the gland. It will be
seen that the grooxe is also present in Ascaphus, in which, moreover,
the two regions of the gland can easily be demonstrated. Gaupp was
always of opinion the " Rachendriise " was of double origin, and based
his conclusions on the original researches of Born and on his own upon
the innervation of the glands. Oeder (1906) who studied the onto-
genesis of the intermaxillary and palatal glands in Bufo and Rana, fully
corroborated Gaupp's views. He distinguishes two kinds of "Rachen-
driise": (a) those opening into the buccal cavity and (b) those opening
into the cavum principale; on p. 522 (op. cit.) he states that this latter
opening is into the choana and differs from that of the buccal gland in
not being ciliated. Of the two genera investigated by Oeder, Bufo is
the more primitive, and it is therefore of considerable interest that the
dual nature of the Rachendriise is very clearly indicated, whereas in
Rana "zeigt die Driise eine einheitliche Anlage" (op. cit., p. 522). In
Midler's genera the separation of the two groups was no longer to be
seen. I cannot agree with Oeder, when he states that the tubules of the
glandula nasalis medialis and those of the " Rachendriise are difficult
to distinguish in postmetamorphic Ranae. Modern selective staining
brings out the difference between the two kinds of tubules very clearly
(Fig. 5C) : the epithelium of g.n. medialis is much lower and there is no
fibrilisation of the cells towards the side of the lumen as in the case of
the "Rachendriise" tubules. In Ascaphus some of the latter have
separate openings on the lateral aspect of the vomer (Fig. 5C), and
there are even a few tubules between the Aomers, in the roof of the
buccal cavity. It is very probable that the "Rachendriise" was
originally scattered over a large area of the buccal chamber roof and
that it is in process of reduction: the Arciferans Bufo and Ascaphus
have a l)etter developed gland than the Firmisternid : Rana. I wish to

16 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

disassociate myself from Krause (op. cit.), when on p. 547 he says of
the "Rachendriise," "in ihrem histologischen Aufbau gleicht sie der
Intermaxillardriise"; the tubules of the latter are however somewhat
smaller and the fibres stain less intensely.

Membrane bones associated with the nasal region. The septomaxillar}-^
has more or less the same anatomical relations as in Rana and encap-
sules the infundibular diverticulum and the nasal end of the ductus
nasolacrimalis (Fig. 3 A and B). The vomers, like the bones of the
secondary upper jaw, are toothed (Fig. 5C), but their rostral portion
is edentulous, as Noble (1931, p. 218) correctly figures. As in Rana
(Gaupp, 1899, p. 144), the ramus palatinus VII penetrates the vomer,
within which it splits into the two rostrally diverging branches. Only
in the more anteriorly situated parts does the vomer actually surround
the nerve: more posteriorly the latter lies in a dorsal groove of the
vomer. That portion of the bone bearing the teeth is in the form of a
stout ventral boss to the part in\esting the base of the nasal capsule,
and is posteriorly produced into a shelf, so that in Fig. 5C the vomer
appears as two separate pieces. It should be finally noted that the
" Rachendriise " is not developed between the vomer and the base of
the nasal capsule, as is supposed to be the case in Rana. The nasals
first appear in section as thin bones on the tectum nasi and as the
septum is very broad, they are widely separated, and nowhere do they
invest the septum, which therefore remains exposed dorsally as a wide
tract of cartilage between the bones. Neither do the nasals extend
lateroventrally so far as in the frog, although they also develop the
handle-like posterior part as in Rana (Gaupp 1904, p. 645); there is,
however, no contiguity of nasal and maxilla as in Rana (Gaupp 1904,
p. 645). The anterior tips of the fronto-parietals leave between them
a fontanelle, covered over with tough, fibrous connective tissue and
bounded anteriorly l)y the unossified septal cartilage. There is no
ethmoidal ossification whatsoever, and the processus antorbitalis ven-
trally lacks any vestige of a palatine. The parasphenoid is produced
into the nasal region and is not bifid; it is accompanied for some con-
siderable distance by a posterior splint-like prolongation of the vomer,
traceable on the left side right into the optic region. The olfactory
eminence is hardly indicated : ample proof to my mind that Ascaphus
does not show terrestrial specialisation.

The orbital division of the skull. Up to the niveau of the anterior tip
of the pterygoid, the sides of the skull show weak " orbitosphenoidal "
ossification in the form of a very thin bony lamella on the outer face
of the wall of the skull, but not reaching down to the parasphenoid.

DE VILLIERS: ASCAPHUS TRUEI STEJNEGER

1'

An additional internal perichondrial lamella is then almost immedi-
ately followed by intense enchondral ossification, but still the orbito-
sphenoid remains separated from the parasphenoid by a cartilaginous
tract, continuous with the permanently cartilaginous base of the skull
which is invested by the parasphenoid. The condition is sketched in
Fig. 6, which shows that the mutual relations of the bones as figured by

05

TnC

UCuT

Fig. 6. Transverse section the orbital region of the Ascaphus skull, br =
brain; fnt = fontanellar tissue; frp = frontoparietal; mc = marrow cavity; os^
orbitosphenoid; prsph = parasphenoid; ucb = unossified cranial base; ucw^
unossified cranial wall. Other abbreviations as for previous figures.

Noble (1931, p. 218) are considerably different from those of the skull
microtomised. Noble draws the skull, as if (a) parasphenoid and
orbitosphenoid were contiguous laterally and anteriorly, (b) the para-
sphenoid were surrounded by the orbitosphenoid anteriorly and (c)
the posterior portion of the vomer invested the orbitosphenoid. Of
these, (a) only is conditionally true, for in the region of the optic
foramen, the orbitosphenoid and parasphenoid actually abut on each
other, so that the whole brain case appears osseous externally, except
for the tract of fibrous connective tissue separating the two fronto-
parietals dorsally. In sections showing the optic nerve actually lying
in the optic foramen, the side of the skull is cartilaginous dorsal, and
very weakly perichondrially ossified ventral to it. But also this ven-

18 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

tral division of the orbitosphenoid disappears before closure of the
foramen. The foramen for the fourth cranial nerve lies in the cartilage
dorsal to the optic foramen, from which it is separated by a thin car-
tilage arcade; the foramen for No. 3 lies in the cartilage immediately
adjoining the lateral margin of the parasphenoid.

The 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th cranial nerves and associated bloodvessels.
For the anatomical relations of the suspensorial region, a knowledge
of the detailed anatomy of the internal jugular vein and the seventh
cranial nerve, as described by Strong (1895), Gaupp (1899 particu-
larly pp. 143 et seq. and 388 et seq.) and the author (1932) is necessary.
In the Anuran genera thus far investigated, there is surprisingly little
variation in this region, but Ascaphus is strikingly different. It will
perhaps be best to describe the anatomical relations in detail, as they
appear in sections.

As usual there is a large ganglion situated in the foramen prooticimi
( = foramen ossis prootici, Gaupp 1899, p. 137), through which should
pass the n. trigeminus, n. abducens and the n. facialis. But in As-
caphus (Fig. 7A) the foramen prooticum is divided by a bony bridge
into two portions (a) a dorsal foramen letting through the trigeminal
and (b) a ventral one through which normally passes the facial nerve.
In the case of Ascaphus, however, the facial foramen is encountered
more posteriorly, so that the genus agrees with the Urodela and
Gj-mnophiona in having a separate facial foramen. (One is inclined to
consider this condition primitive, but it is equally possible that it may
be case of partial neoteny, as the separation of the facial from the
trigeminal foramen is recapitulated in .Anuran ontogeny.) The internal
jugular vein (v. capitis lateralis) lea^•es the skull by the ventral portion
of the trigeminal foramen, receives a large branch from the buccal
region and two small branches arising in the tissue between the audi-
tory capsule and the processus basalis. The main stem of the vein has
the same situation as in the other Anura, but is very large in Ascaphus
(cp. Aglossa, author op. cit.), and is accompanied by a plexus of
lymph vessels. It should however be noted, that although a small
nerve leaves the skull through the "ventral" foramen (Fig. 7A), it is
not the ramus hyomandibularis VII, and does not run in a dorsal
direction to accompan}^ the v. capitis lateralis, but its course is almost
vertical. In Fig. 7B the ganglion prooticum is represented by an in-
tracranial posterior prolongation, the f. trigemini and f. faciale have
disappeared, and the processus basalis palatoquadrati, which was at

DE VILLIERS: ASCAPHUS TRUEI STEJNEGER 19

first broadly applied to the ventral surface of the auditory capsule is
about to take on a more laterodorsal position and is supported ven-
trally by a ventral cartilage ledge of the auditory capsule. At about
the junction of this latter ledge with the capsule, a ventral groove now
makes its appearance (Fig. 7C), and soon effects communication with
the labyrinth chamber. The foramen thus situated is occupied by a
ganglion from which a ner^'e proceeds in an anteroventral direction.
It is seen in Fig. 7A, B & C, and is unquestionably the ramus palatinus
Vn, which is joined by the vertical nerve referred to above. The
ganglion can therefore only be the facial, or geniculate portion of the
ganglion prooticum, which latter therefore does not merit that desig-
nation in Ascaphus, but is in reality a ganglion trigemini. The identity
of the ganglion in Fig. 7C is proved by the fact that, in addition to the
r. palatinus, the r. hyomandibularis also takes its origin in it.

We have now reached the niveau of the foramen acusticum an-
terius, as in Fig. 7D, in Avhich, what is apparently the nervus acusticus
(VIII) occupies the said foramen. It will be noticed, however, that
the nerve has two branches : a dorsal innervating the perceptive cells
of the inner ear and a ventral joining on to the ganglion geniculatuvi!
The ganglion acusticum anterius begins to appear in section in the
posterior division of the foramen acusticum anterius. It will be seen
therefore, that this latter ganglion is bridged to the g. geniculatum by a
commissural cord lying on the floor of the labyrinth cavity, so that the
root of the facial, instead of hing external to the auditory capsule,
lies within it. One can understand how this condition may have arisen
ontogenetically, but only embryological research can clear the matter
up, and may throw important light on the evolution of the Amphibian
skull.

These conditions certainly differ very widely from those of other
Anura; but also the ramifications of the r. hyomandibularis VII are
extremely remarkable. In Fig. 7D the foramen through which the
commissural cord referred to above passes to the g. geniculatum has
closed, and the facial lies ventral to the v. capitis lateralis, as it does in
other Anura. But this nerve then gives off on the right two dorsal
branchlets (on the left only one), which become associated with the v,
capitis lateralis. The thick main stem lies upon the hyale and even-
tually splits into four rami, as follows: (1) lying behind the pars
quadrata, apparently the r. mandil)ularis internus, (2) lying in front

A/Jjil ctt^^"^^

Fig. 7, A, B, C, and D. Transverse sections through the anterior region of
the auditory capsule and associated structures of Ascaphus. amda = ampulla
of the ductus anterior; amdh = ampulla of the ductus horizontalis; auc =
auditory capsule; bbvji = buccal branch of vena jugularis interna; brra =
branchlet of ramus anterior Nv. VIII; en = commissural nerve between gang-
lion trigemini and ramus palatinus VII; crp = crista parotica; dant = ductus
anterior; dmar = dermarticulare (goniale); faa = foramen acusticum anterius;
fg = facial ganglion; gltr = ganglion trigemini; Ibc = labyrinth cavity; lyv =
lymph vessel; mac = macula acustica of recessus utriculi; Mcr = Meckel's
cartilage; nacf = nervus acustico-facialis; nf = facial nerve; prbs = processus
basalis; prot = processus oticus; prq = paraquadrate; prt = prootic; rut = re-

f^ yuvcf

dJyytaA.

cessus utriculi; trfrpr = dorsal trigeminal portion of foramen prootieum; vcpl =
vena capitis lateralis; vji = vena jugularis interna. Other abbreviations as for
previous figures.

22

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of the pars quadrata and apparently representing the r. hyoideus, (3)
and (4) two dorsally directed branchlets passing to the muscles of that
region. The two small branches referred to above as becoming as-
sociated with the V. capitis lateralis, maintain a ventral position with
respect to the latter, but eventually fuse, in the region of the anterior
margin of the operculum, dorsal to which they lie and. are then joined
by one coming from the angle of the buccal cavity. I have traced this
latter nerve forwards very carefully, and find that, at about the region
of the optic foramen it splits into two branches lying in the lateral
portion of the tongue and separated from the main lingual stem of
No. IX by a short space occupied by two arteries. Somewhat farther
forward, first the inner branchlet, then the outer fuses with the main
stem of No. IX, and the composite nerve then innervates the tongue.
The ramifications of No. VII and No. IX are given very schemati-
cally in Fig. 8, in w^hich the two rami of No. VII associated wuth the
vena capitis lateralis are designated as p 1 and p 2, and the product of
their fusion p. The nerve which is very closely associated with p, and

Fig. 8. Schematic representation of the ramifications of the seventh and
ninth cranial nerves in Ascaphus. glph = nervus glossopharyngeus; lgbg =
lingual branch of glossopharyngeus; nac = nervus acusticus; ntr = nervus
trigeminus; p, p 1, p 2 and q are explained in the text. Other abbreviations as
for previous figures.

fuses with No. IX in the tongue, is labelled q. The p and q elements
are practically fused in Fig. 9C although their boundaries can still be
made out; in Fig. 9A and B they are merely opposed. Fig. 9B marks
the shifting of No. IX to lie dorsal to p + q, and already No. X is
beginning to appear. In Fig. 9C the roots of nerves IX and X to-
gether with p + q may be seen on the inside of the opercular muscle,

DE VILLIERS: ASCAPHUS TRUEI STEJNEGER

23

and the main stem of X then occupies a position ventral to the v.
capitis lateralis. The boundary between p and q can still be faintly
made out, and upon approaching the jugular ganglion, the p and q

R.

B.

Fig. 9. Transverse sections through the opercular region of Ascaphus.
ejfs = external opening of jugular fissure; exoc = exoccipital; msop = musculus
opercularis; occ = occipital condyle; opm = operculum; vg = nervus vagus.
Other abbreviations as for previous figures.

elements again separate, so that in Fig. 9D four nerve trunks may be
traced as arising from the jugular ganglion.

Since the ramifications of VII and IX are extremely important for
the general theory of the transformation of the suspensorial region, it
is necessary to discuss the p and q nerves described abo\'e. They can

2-i bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

both be traced to the jugiiUir ganglion, so they are doubtlessly to be
considered as branches of IX. The p element, double on the right,
single on the left side, is the nerve lying in close ventral association
with the V. capitis lateralis and must be considered as a ramus com-
municans nervi glossopharyngei effecting connection with VII im-
mediately after this latter leaves the skull and not, as usual, in the
region of the operculum. Furthermore, those rami of VII going to the
region of the lower jaw and hyoid must be considered as exclusively
facial and lacking any glossopharyngeal fibres. The nerve p is there-
fore a ramus communicans IX, and q is an extra lingual branch of IX
not traceable in other frogs. Practically all our knowledge of the
ramifications of the seventh and ninth cranial ner^•es is confined to
the genus Rana; it would therefore be rash to attempt any general
statement regarding the primitiveness or not of the condition in
Ascaphus, until more is known of the comparative anatomy of these
nerves in the Discoglossidae and the Aglossa.

SkeJefal anatomy of the suspensorial rcc/ion. Several of the more im-
portant features have already been discussed aboA'e, such as the
separation of the trigeminal and facial foramina (Fig. 7A & C), the
presence of a basal ledge to the auditory capsule (Fig. 7B and C),
the foramen for r. palatinus VII (Fig. 7C) and for the r. hyomandibu-
laris VII (Fig. 7D). The crista parotica is raised above the level of the
auditory capsule (Fig. 7C) and invested by the paraquadrate. The
crista parotica preserves its identity as palatoquadrate derivative
much more clearly than in any other Anuran known to me and is,
moreover, histologically easily distinguishable from the capsule, so
that it appears to be lightly pressed against the latter, instead of
being in striking synchondrosis with it (Fig. 7D). The ventral cap-
sular ledge has a posterior hook, just about disappearing in Fig. 71),
its place being immediately occupied by the cranial tip of the hyale,
overlain by the r. hyomandibularis VII as described above. The space
between the crista and the hyale is taken up by the relatively enor-
mous thymus. The pars quadrata palatoquadrate shows that rare
condition of autochthonous ossification; at one spot the connective
tissue between the paraquadrate and the cartilage disappears, but
never in the case of the pterygoid. In other words, a true os quadratum
is represented in Ascaphus. In spite of the bone developing an enor-
mous marrow cavity, there is much persisting cartilage. The ptery-
goid and paraquadrate do not fuse, as they sometimes do in other cases
of absence of the quadratomaxillary.

The auditory apparatus. The absence of a middle ear, annulus

DE VILLIERS: ASCAPHUS TRUEI STEJNEGER 25

tympuniciis, plectrum and Eustachian tubes lias been frequently re-
marked upon. The operculum appears in section behind the thymus
gland and is embedded in the tissue filling the fenestra ovalis. There
is a high, shallow accompanying fossa fenestrae ovalis. The operculum
is very intensely calcified, — more so even than the neighbouring parts
of the capsule — but nowhere does it show any excavations; it is
overlain by enormously thick layers of muscle, as in Hemisus. Where
the main stem of nerve No. IX begins to take on a dorsal position with
respect to the other two branches (Fig. 9B), the operculum acquires
synchondrotic continuity with the dorsal margin of the fenestra ovalis.
It is interesting to note, that the opercuhmi and the ductus fenestrae
vestibuli persist in section for a good distance after the fenestra ovalis
has closed. As indicated in Fig. 9C, there is a strong opercularised
portion of the m. levator scapulae superior, as in Hemisus (author
1931. p. 323), and although the operculum is not covered by the scapu-
lar portion of the pectoral girdle to such an extent as in Hemisus, the
anterior portion of the suprascapula is already present in the section
drawn in Fig. 9C and in those lying posterior to it. When the oper-
culum disappears from the sections, — approximately where the jugular
ganglion begins to appear — its place is taken by a tough band of
tendinous tissue to which the m. levator scapulae, as posterior con-
tinuation of the "m. opercularis," is attached.

I have on several previous occasions discussed what I termed the
Kingsbury -Reed-Versluys hypothesis regarding the evolution of the
auditory skeleton, as apparently accepted by Noble (1931 pp. 334 and
335), who says of Ascaphus (op. cit. p. 335): "the rudimentary ear
ossicles and the al)sence of Eustachian tubes in Ascaphus would seem
to be correlated with a mountain brook life, where acoustic conditions
are obviously bad." But is this true? One cannot imagine an Anuran
more perfectly adapted to mountain brook life than Heleophryne,
which has a complete auditory apparatus, similar to that of Rana.
Shouldn't the large operculum, strongly opercularised m. le\'ator
scapulae superior and absence of plectral apparatus rather be ex-
plained as indicating terrestrial adaptation in Ascaphus?

It is l)y no means certain what the auditory skeleton of ancestral
Anura was like, nor is the comparative anatomy thereof in the most
primitive living Anura an infallible guide. Among the Discoglossidae,
Bombina ( =Bombinator Merrem) possesses the operculum only,
whereas Alytes, Discoglossus and apparently Barbourula (Taylor and
Noble, 1924) have a complete apparatus. Among the Liopelmidae
Ascaphus possesses the operculum onh', and apparently the same

26 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

holds true for Liopelma according to Nieden (1923, p. 519), who
classes Liopelma as a Cystignathid. For the Aglossa the reader is
referred to the author's work cited above, from which it will be seen
that Noble (op. cit. 1931, p. 335) is wrong, when he states that the
operculum and columella are fused in Pipa. Among the Aglossa only
Xenopus has a small operculum, in Pipa and Hymenochirus it is
absent. Versluys (1924 p. 377) thinks that the Stegocephalian ances-
tor of Urodeles and Anura must have acquired an operculum, a struc-
ture which was useful in terrestrial, and not in the way in aquatic
life. The Urodela have an operculum and plectrum of which the
former develops after the latter, whereas in Anura, which may also
possess both, the operculum is the first to develop. One can hardly
evade the conclusion that the ancestors of Urodela and Anura pos-
sessed an operculum as well as a plectrum and associated middle ear.
This last is absent in Urodela, but its loss can easily be explained by the
well-known fact that the whole order is tainted with neoteny, so that
modern Urodeles are no guide as to the appearance of their ancestors.
All we may safely maintain is, that modern Urodeles arose from a
group of Amphibia whose ontogeny was arrested at that stage in which
plectrum and operculum had developed but the middle ear had not
yet been established. This conclusion is rendered the more probable
by the well-known fact, that in Anura the middle ear develops some
time after completion of the metamorphosis. My own work on
Arthroleptella, and that of my student G. du Toit on Hyperolius bear
out this contention. The recent work of Gazagnaire (1932) further
stresses the lateness of the development of the middle ear. (Unfor-
tunately Gazagnaire's work is apparently a resume; it is a great pity
that an illustration is not pro\ided as proof of the derivation of the
plectrum from the hyoid.) I cannot agree with Goodrich (1930, p. 481 ),
when he considers the auditory apparatus of Urodeles degenerate; its
condition must be considered as a case of partial neoteny, bearing a
sort of superficial resemblance to degenerateness, although it is phylo-
genetically something very different. The loss of a middle ear in
Anura should not be compared with its absence in Urodela: even in
frogs which are unquestionably neotenic in a phylogenetic sense, like
the South African Arthroleptella, Microbatrachella and Cacosternum,
the middle ear does develop, although, as I can testify for Arthrolep-
tella (1929), it does so after the metamorphosis. The earlier develop-
ment of Hemisus has never been studied, but a postmetamorphic
stage I sectioned (1931) lacked middle ear, plectrum and annulus. It
would therefore appear that Urodeles lack a middle ear, because their

DE VILLIERS: ASCAPHUS TRUEI STEJNEGER 27

development is arrested, whereas in forms like Ascaphus, Liopelma,
Bombina and Hemisus the structure has been secondarily lost.

The main difficulty is of course in connection with the Aglossa. It
is generall}^ assumed that they were once as terrestrial as other frogs
and became secondarily readapted to an aquatic existence. But the
recent work of Escher (1925) casts very grave doubt on this hj^pothesis.
The following quotation on p. 326 (op. cit.) is particularly interesting:
" Da sich Hymenochirus und Pipa in der Anordnung der Sinneslinien
den Urodelen nahern, so sind sie, was dieses Merkmal anbetrifft, die
urspriinglichsten Anuren. Sie liefern das bisher fehlende Bindeglied
zwischen dem Sinneslinientypus der Urodelen und dem der Larven der
phaneroglossen Anuren." On pp. 378 and 379 (op. cit.) Escher tries
to explain the presence of lateral line organs in Aglossa, much in the
same way as Broman (1926) explains atavisms, but his explanation on
the lines of postulating potential but not actually developed lateral
line organs in the frog-like ancestors of the Aglossa impresses one as
being decidedly baroque. We cannot evade the conclusion that the
Aglossa must be either neotenic, or the lateral line sense organs must
have been independently developed in them (disproved by compara-
tive anatomy and histology), or the Aglossa must be truly primitive
Anura. In spite of many undoubted signs of specialisation in the
Aglossa, I believe them to be essentially neotenic: the evidence of the
lateral line sense organs and the virtual absence of the operculum
cannot be interpreted in any other wa\-. If this is the case, Ascaphus
as ^epresentati^-e of Noble's family " Liopelmidae " might still be con-
sidered "ancestral" to the Aglossa in a purely comparative anatomical
sense of the term, as Noble expresses the relationship in the family
tree on p. 486 of his handbook. However this may be, Ascaphus and
Liopelma cannot be considered primiti^^e with regard to the auditory
apparatus: if they are to retain the taxonomic position assigned to
them by Noble, they do so in spite of the anatomy of the auditory
region.

The auditory capsule and associated structures. The presence of a fora-
men acusticum medium in the partition between the brain cavity and
the labyrinth cavity is particularly interesting. The foramen was dis-
cussed for Japanese frogs by Miyiwaki in 1927, and the older literature
is there reviewed. As explained abo\ e, the foramen acusticum anterius
(Fig. 7D) lets through a nerve consisting of fused n. acusticus and n.
facialis. The latter lies on the floor of the lal)yrinth cavity, pierces the
floor of the capsule in its passage to the ganglion faciale, and also the
base of the capsule, dorsal to the ledge referred to abo\e. The acustic

28

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

element of the nerve leaving by the foramen acustieum anterius is the
ramus acusticiis anterior, and it innervates the small crista of the an-
terior ampulla (not drawn), and in Fig. 7D may be seen to innervate
the large macula acustica on the floor of the recessus utriculi; it also
gives off a lateral branch to supply the ampulla of the ductus horizon-
talis. The ganglion acustieum anterius is not yet seen in Fig. 7D, but

Fig. 10. Transverse section through the labyrinthine legion of Ascaphus in
the region of the foramen acustieum medium. dely = ductus endolymphaticus;
facm = foramen acustieum medium; fauc = floor of auditory capsule; glaca =
ganglion acustieum anterius; macsc = macula sacculi; pifsc = pars inferior
sacculi; racm = ramus acusticus medius; sipu = sinus posterior utriculi; spt =
cartilaginous septum between cranial and labyrinthine cavities; stl = statolith.
Other abbreviations as for previous figures.

begins to appear in the hinder portion of the foramen acustieum
anterius and on the cerebral side of the partition, after the foramen has
disappeared. I have not drawn any sections showing the foramen
endolymphaticum, which as usual is situated in cartilage. (Cp. also
Miyiwaki, 1927.) The foramen acustieum medium is sectioned in
Fig. 10, the nerve issuing through it, nervus acusticus medius, arises in

DE VILLIERS: ASCAPHUS TRUEI STEJNEGER

29

the ganglion acusticum anterius and proceeds to the large macula
sacculi of the pars inferior sacculi. (It may be stated here en passant,
that the pars superior is absent in Ascaphus !) In Rana the nerve for
the macula sacculi is a branch of the anterior ramus of VIII, so that
the conditions in Ascaphus are quite in accord with comparative

ThX/CJvZ

^^i^ 1-

0 , 3ik^ — c^j

"'^1 ^ flo^

Fig. 11. Transverse section through the head of Ascaphus to show the de-
tails of the posterior portion of the inner ear. (This figure represents a section
situated not far posterior to Fig. 7D.) dhz = ductus horizontalis; dprl =
ductus perilymphaticus; dps = ductus posterior; lag = lagena; racp 1 and racp
2 = branches of the ramus acusticus posterior; utr = utriculus. Other abbrevia-
tions as for previous figures.

anatomy. The ganglion acusticum posterius is situated on the laby-
rinth side of the foramen acusticum posterius and appears in section
at the niveau of the sinus superior utriculi. In the frog the ganglion
gives origin to a nerve supplying the lagena and another supplying
the pars basilaris and the posterior ampulla. In Ascaphus the ramus
acusticus posterior also has two branches (Fig. 11), one of which sup-

30 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

plies the lagena ; the other branch runs in the roof of the pars neglecta
or the floor "of the ductus perilymphaticus, and upon the latter ceasing
to occupy the place between the utricular and saccular portions, the
nerve runs below the sinus posterior utriculi and eventually supplies
the crista of the posterior ampulla.

It is extremely interesting to note that the pars basilaris and its
nerve are absent. This, one would feel inclined to interpret as proof
of the inability of Ascaphus to hear. It is, however, safest to assert
merely that the frog cannot hear well, as inferences regarding the
ability of fish to hear air-borne sounds are looked upon askance nowa-
days. Noble maintains that Ascaphus has no voice (1931, p. 408) ; this
feature is easily explained by the absence of the pars basilaris and
probable total deafness. Noble ascribes the loss of voice to the exigen-
cies of mountain brook habit, but although the internal ear of Heleo-
phryne has never been investigated, it will probably turn out to be of
the Ranid type, as the middle ear and associated structures are nor-
mally developed. Heleophr^ne is much more of a true mountain brook
frog than is usually assumed. I have on several occasions captured
specimens, which were calmly resting on the bottom of clear mountain
pools. It may be that Ascaphus is actually more aquatic than Heleo-
phryne, which is sometimes caught in rock cre^■ices in the neighbour-
hood of mountain streams and not actually in the water. Its suckered
toes prove that it is a climber and not entirely aquatic. The absence in
Ascaphus of the pars superior sacculi, of which the pars basilaris is a
posterior prolongation, is probably associated with the absence of the
pars basilaris. There is no reason, however, for assuming that other
genera lacking a middle ear plectrum and annulus must have an inner
ear modified as in Ascaphus. Very little comparative data are avail-
able, and genera like Liopelma, Pelobates, Bombina and Hemisus will
have to be investigated, before it can be stated, that degeneration of
the middle ear always calls forth the same degeneration of the inner
ear as in Ascaphus. Theoretically, moreover, it is most unlikely, be-
cause Ascaphus seems to be aquatic, whereas forms like Hemisus and
Pelobates, particularly the former, are essentially terrestrial.

Of the sound-conducting skeleton, the operculum is the only element
represented. It is large and saucer-shaped instead of boAvl -shaped and
is calcified for its greater extent. Anteriorly the operculum does not
quite fill out the fenestra ovalis but posteriorly it does, and may
therefore be seen in section after the fenestra has closed, as in Fig. 9C.
The ductus fenestrae vestibuli is at first high and narrow, then becomes
wider and more tubular in sections corresponding approximately to

DE VILLIERS: ASCAPHUS TRUEI STEJNEGER 31

Fig. 9A and B. The fossa fenestrae ovalis is quite small. It will be
noticed that in Fig. 9B the operculum is in cartilaginous continuity
with the dorsal margin of the fenestra ovalis. The ductus fenestrae
vestibuli persists in section after the fenestra ovalis has closed and
occupies the space between the auditory capsule and the hind end of
the operculum shown in Fig. 9C, from which, however, the ductus has
already disappearefl. Attached to the dorsal ridge of the postfenestral
portion of the operculum is a strong opercular muscle (opercularised
part of the m. levator scapulae superior) seen in Fig. 9C. Operculum,
opercular muscle and fenestra o\alis are covered with three thick
layers of muscles, and as in Hemisus (author, op cit.), the scapular
portion of the shoulder girdle also covers the austico-auditory region
of the skull. Posteriorly the opercular muscle insensibly passes into
the m. levator scapulae superior, which attaches to the inner surface
of the suprascapula ; this cartilage is not, however, ossified as in
Hemisus.

The cranial roof. The basioccipital and supraoccipital are absent,
and the exoccipitals are separated by a fairly wide strip of persistent
cartilaginous tectum. The cranial roof is weakly developed, as in
most South African frogs, the transverse and median taeniae being
absent; the tectum synoticum therefore bounds the large dorsal
fronto-parietal fenestra posteriorly. The fronto-parietals do not fuse
or touch in the middle line, but are separated by connective tissue
filling up the fontanella.

The lower jaiv. The symphysial tissue consists of procartilage fairly
sharply demarcated from Meckel's cartilages. The mentoraandibulars
are represented not only by perichondrial ossification, but by en-
chondral as well, and are svnostosed to the dentaries. The dermartic-
ular or gonial is a strong bone possessing large marrow cavities. In
the suspensorial region Meckel's cartilage is intensely chondrified, and
for some distance the connective tissue separating it from the invest-
ing dermarticular disappears, and the thin perichondrial bony lamella
of Meckel's cartilage then effects fusion with the dermarticular. This
is quite a common histogenetic phenomenon in Anuran skulls, existing
notabl}' in connection with the quadratomaxillary and pars quadrata
palatoquadrati. But the occurrence of ossification in the suspensorial
region, be it ever so incipient, is remarkal)le enough to merit special
mention. ^Morphologically the incipient ossification represents an
articular; but I suppose Prof. H. Fuchs would say, the ossification
originated from the dermarticular and is not strictly of autochthonous
]\Ieckelian origin. The lowxr jaw is edentulous. The hijoid apparatus

32 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

resembles that of Rana in its anterior portion : the processus anterior
is very broad and relatively large, in comparison with the slender
manubrium. The antero-laterals or alaries are entirely absent and the
corpus is comparatively small and has a ventral investing bone, called
by Fuchs an os parahyoideum (Fuchs 1929). This bone is approxi-
mately transversely hourglass-shaped and is separated from the in-
vested corpus by a very thin lamina of connective tissue. According
to Fuchs (op. cit.) there is no doubt about the parahyoid being a true
membrane bone. It is absent in all South African Anura investigated
by me. The posterolaterals in Ascaphus are long slender cartilages,
terminating posteriorly dorsal to the carotis gland. The thyroid gland
is located in the angle between the corpus and the posterolaterals and
is not particularly associated with the thjTCoid process of the corpus
as in other frogs. These latter processes are ossified anteriorly, but
posteriorly they are cartilaginous and embrace the larynx as in Rana.
But there are peculiar features to be noted in connection with them
in Ascaphus: at about the level of the first vertebra the cartilaginous
thyreoid gives off an anteriorly directed process, which ends at the
corner of the pharynx, and is thus brought into close vicinity with the
operculum (Fig. 12). This feature may have no morphological sig-
nificance, but it is just possible that the embryology may reveal that
it has. The thyreoid does not effect fusion with the laryngeal skeleton.
The relation of the hyale to the auditory capsule has been discussed in
connection with the general cranial anatomy. Van Denburgh (1912)
apparently bases his description of the hyoid, which he also figures, on
a dissection. According to the drawing, the apparatus lacks the an-
terior and anterolateral processes, but in my sections the anterior
processes are broad and short, but definitely present.

The Ascaphus skull compared with that of the Discoglossidae. There
can be no point in discussing the relations of Ascaphus and Liopelma
in this paper, since the latter genus was not available for compari-
son, and such meagre details of the cranial anatomy of Liopelma as
are available, can hardlv be utilised for a discussion of the autonomv
of the "Liopelmidae."

But the primitiveness of Ascaphus can also be discussed upon its
own merits and as revealed by the anatomy of the skull and associated
nerves. The information contained in Parker (ISSl) and Boulenger
(1897) regarding the skulls of the Discoglossidae may be used for
comparative purposes.

For Aly tes the following features may be mentioned : (Parker's work
consulted, but modern nomenclature used): (1) the os en ceinture is

DE VILLIERS: ASCAPHUS TRUEI STEJNEGER

33

trough-like in form, and does not extend into the region of the nasal
capsule or the antorbital processes; (2) the two fronto-parietals are
widely separated by fibrous tissue; (3) a transverse taenia separating
frontal and parietal fontanelles is present; (4) there is a superorbital

■trpcyv

Fig. 12. Transverse section through the head of Ascaphus in the opercular
region, dvth = diverticulum of thyreoid process of the hyoid; Isk = laryngeal
skeleton; pnch = persistent notoehord; ppb = persistent planum basale; prth =
processes thyreoideus; rst = respiratory tube; spsc = suprascapula. Other ab-
breviations as for previous figures.

cartilage; (5) the tectum nasi is small, the solum and inferior prenasals
large; (6) the operculum is large and has a boss for the opercular
muscle; (7) there is a pars ascendens plectri; (8) there is an articular;
(9) there is an os parahyoideum and (10) there is no septomaxillary
(probably an error!). These features are not those selected by Parker
himseff.

34 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The most interesting features of the skull of Bombina are the follow-
ing (Parker's figures and description used): (1) the os en ceinture is a
true girdle, but does not extend into the nasal and antorbital regions ;
(2) the fronto-parietals are separated by a wide stretch of connective
tissue, but apparently a confluence of the fontanelles is caused by the
absence of the transverse taenia; (3) the tectum nasi is narrow, the
solum broad; (4) the tectum swells into a "cartilaginous bag" an-
teriorly (Parker's description is not very clear); (5) the palatine is
absent; (6) the annulus and plectrum are absent; (7) the operculum
has the opercular muscle attached to it; (8) Meckel's cartilage is
ossified in the articular region; (9) there is a small os parahyoideum;
(10) the septomaxillary is absent (error?). Parker stresses the neotenic
appearance of the Bombina skull and its affinities with that of Xenopus.

Figures of the skull of Discoglossus are given by Boulenger (1897)
on p. 34. (1) The fronto-parietals appear to be larger than in Bombina
and Alytes, and (2) there is a fontanella between their diverging an-
terior points; (3) the paraquadrate joins the maxilla, thus forming a
spurious upper temporal arcade; (4) the vomers are large; (5) there
is an autochthonous articular ossification of Meckel's cartilage and
(6) there are two slender ossa parahyoidea. Boulenger (1927) main-
tains that Discoglossids in general are characterised by the weak de-
velopment of mentomandibular bones, by the broad thyreoid processes
and the absence of the anterior processes of the hyoid. Parker (op.
cit.), however, figures small anterior processes for Alytes.

Summarising the features common to Alytes, Bomliina and Dis-
coglossus the following resume is arrived at: (1) the fronto-parietals
seem to be reduced and separated by connective tissue filling up the
single or double dorsal fontanelle; (2) the os en ceinture does not extend
into the nasal capsule or antorbital processes; (3) the tectum nasi is
small; (4) the septomaxillary is stated by Parker to be absent in
Alytes and Bombinator and is not figured for Discoglossus by Bou-
lenger. The probability is however that they are actually present;
(5) the opercular muscle is present (also in Discoglossus?); (6) the os
parahyoidevmi is present; (7) there is a separate articular ossification
of Meckel's cartilage.

How does the skull of Ascaphus conform to the Discoglossid type
characterised by the above seven features? The fronto-parietals are
separated by connective tissue filling up an undivided fontanelle as
in Bombina. The os en ceinture does not extend into the nasal cap-
sule and antorbital process, but neither is it a ring or a trough, but
consists of two portions. The tectum nasi is not particularly narrow,

DE VILLIERS: ASCAPHUS TRUEI STEJNEGER 35

but in any case the point is totally unimportant. The septomaxillary
is normally developed, but this probably holds for all Anura, in spite
of what Parker maintains. The strong opercular muscle, os parahyoi-
deum and articular ossification are shared with Discoglossids. The
reduction of the auditory apparatus is also met with in Bombina, but
is of no universal phylogenetic significance, as it is also encountered in
the totally unrelated Hemisus. The weak development of the an-
terior processes of the hyoid Ascaphus shares with the Discoglossidae,
to which the feature is not, however, confined.

General resume

On the whole Ascaphus might reasonably be considered a Disco-
glossid, if the cranial and visceral skeleton alone are to be relied upon.
Some features in its cephalic anatomy, however, merit attention for
their own sake. Not many of these can be considered primitive until
more comparative data are available, but the relative independence of
the crista parotica, the separation of the foramina for the fifth and
seventh cranial nerves, the presence of an os parahyoideum and the
separation of the " Rachendriise" into two portions are possibly primi-
tive, although they may be neotenic: a possibility strongly supported
by the relatively enormous size of the thymus.

Indications of specialisation in Ascaphus are not wanting. The
absence of middle ear. Eustachian tubes, plectrum and annulus can
hardly be interpreted in any other way. But it should be borne in
mind, that neoteny itself is a caenogenetic phenomenon, so that these
features may be neotenic. The peculiar anatomical relations of cranial
nerves V to IX are extremely interesting, but cannot yet be inter-
preted. The clearest proof of specialisation is the absence of the pars
basilaris with its nerve and the pars superior sacculi in the internal ear;
but even in this case neoteny may be partially responsible.

On the whole there seems to be a good deal of similarity between the
cranial anatomy of Ascaphus and of the Discoglossidae: a similarity
that may become more marked when the cephalic anatomy of the
Discoglossidae is investigated microscopically. As for the autonomy
of Noble's "Liopelmidae," only detailed anatomical and embryological
comparison of Ascaphus and Liopelma will show, whether these two
genera merit the distinction of being two of the most aristocratic
land vertebrates in existence.

36 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allis, E. p., Jr.

1932. Concerning the nasal apertures, the lachrymal canal and the buc-
copharyngeal upper lip. Jour, of Anat., 66, p. 650.
Archey, G.

1922. The habitat and life history of Liopelma hochstetteri. Rec.
Canterb. Mus., 2, p. 59.

BOULENGER, G. A.

1897. The tailless Batrachians of Europe, Part 1. London, Ray Society.
1910. Les batraciens et principalement ceux d'Europe. Doin et fils,
Paris.
Broman, I.

1926. Der Atavismusbegriff und das Dollo'sche Gesetz. Anat. Anz., 61,
p. 248.
Cochran, D. M.

1932. Our friend the frog. Nat. Geogr. Mag., 61, p. 629.
deVilliers, C. G. S.

1929. The development of a species of Arthroleptella from Jonkershoek,
Stellenbosch. S. Afr. Journ. Sci., 26, p. 481.

1931. Some features of the cranial anatomy of Hemisus marmoratus.
Anat. Anz., 71, p. 305.

1932. Ueber das Gehorskelett der aglossen Anuren. Anat. Anz., 74,
p. 33.

DU ToiT, C. A.

1930. Die skedelmorphologie van Heleophryne regis. S. Afr. Jour. Sci.,
27, p. 426.

Dtr ToiT, G. P. and de Villiers, C. G. S.

1932. Die skedelmorphologie van Hyperolius horstockii as voorbeeld
van die Polypedatidae. S. Afr. Jour. Sci., 29, p. 449.
ESCHER, K.

1925. Das Verhalten der Seitenorgane der Wirbeltiere und ihrer Nerven
beim tjbergang zum Landleben. Acta Zool., 6, p. 307.
Fejervary, G. J. DE.

1923. Ascaphidae, a new family of tailless batrachians. An. Hist.-natur.
Mus. Nat. Hung. 20 kotet, p. 178.

FucHs, H.

1929. Ueber das Os parahyoideum der Anuren Amphibien und der
Crossopterygier nebst Bemerkungen fiber phylogenetische Wan-
derungen der Haut — und Deckknochen. Morph. Jhrb., 63, p. 409.
Gadow, H.

1920. Amphibia and Reptiles, Cambridge Natural History, 8. Macmil-
lan, London.

DE VILLIERS: ASCAPHUS TRUEI STEJNEGER 37

Gaupp, E.

1894. Beitrage zur Morphologie des Schadels. III. Zur vergleichenden
Anatomie der Schlafengegend am knochernen Wirbeltierschadel.
Morph. Arb., 4, p. 77.
1899. Ecker und Wiedersheims "Anatomie des Frosches," zweite Abtei-

lung. Vieweg, Braunschweig.
1904. Ecker und Wiedersheims "Anatomie des Frosches," dritte Abtei-
lung. Vieweg, Braunschweig.
Gazagnaire, C.

1932. Origine de I'oreille moyenne chez Rana temporaria. Comp. Rend.
Soc. Biol. Paris, 110, p. 1076.
Goodrich, E. S.

1930. Studies on the structure and development of Vertebrates. Mac-
millan, London.

Krause, R.

1923. Mikroskopische Anatomie der Wirbeltiere in Einzeldarstellungen,
III, Amphibien. De Gruyter, Berlin.

MiYIWAKI, S.

1927. Das Vorhandensein des Foramen acusticum medium an der
Ohrkapsel der Anuren. Fol. Anat. Jap., 5, p. 313.

MtJLLER, E.

1932. Untersuchungen iiber die Mundhohlendriisen der anuren Amphi-
bien. Morph. Jhrb., 70, p. 131.
NiEDEN, F.

1923. Amphibia, Anura I, Subordo Aglossa und Phaneroglossa Sectio I
Arcifera. Das Tierreich, Lfg. 46. De Gruyter, Berhn.

Noble, G. K.

1922. The phylogeny of the Salientia. I. The osteology and the thigh
musculature; their bearing on classification and phylogeny.
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 46, p. 1.

1924. A new spadefoot toad from the Oligocene of Mongolia with a
summary of the evolution of the Felobatidae. Amer. Mus. Novi-
tates, No. 132, p. 2.

1925. (May-June). The evolution and dispersal of the frogs. Amer.
Naturalist, 59, p. 265.

1925. (April 16). An outline of the relation of ontogeny within the
Amphibia. I. Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 165.

1925. (April 22). An outline of the relation of ontogeny to phylogeny
within the Amphibia. II. Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 166.

1926. The hatching process in Alytes, Eleutherodactylus and other
Amphibians. Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 229.

1927. The value of life history data in the study of the evolution of the
Amphibia. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 30, p. 31.

1931. The biology of the Amphibia. McGraw-Hill, New York.

38 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Oeder, R.

1906. Die Entstehung der Munddrusen und der Zahnleiste der Anuren.
Jen. Zeits. fiir Naturs., 41, p. 505.
Parker, W. K.

1881. On the structure and development of the skull in the Batrachia,
Part III. Phil. Tran. Roy. Soc, Part I, p. 1.
Perkier, E.

1925. Les batraciens. Fascicule VII, Traite de Zoologie. Masson et cie.,
Paris.
Stejneger, L.

1899. Description of a new genus and species of Discoglossid toad from
North America. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 21, p. 899.
Stejneger, L. and Barbour, T.

1923. A check list of North American Amphibians and Reptiles,
Second Ed. Harvard Univ. Press.

Strong, O. S.

1895. The cranial nerves of Amphibia. A contribution to the morphology
of the Vertebrate nervous system. Journ. of Morph., 10, p. 101.
Taylor, E. H., and Noble, G. K.

1924. A new genus of Discoglossid frogs from the Philippine Islands.
Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 121.

Van Denburgh, J.

1912. Notes on Ascaphus, the Discoglossid Toad of North America.
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 3, p. 259.
Versluys, J. en anderen.

1924. Leerboek der vergelykende ontleedkunde van de Vertebraten.
Oosthoek, Utrecht.
Wiedersheim, R.

1876. Die Kopfdrusen der geschwanzten Amphibien und die Glandula
intermaxillaris der Anuren. Zeitsch. f. Wiss. Zool., 27.

MAY 2 6 1934

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. LXXVII, No. 2

STUDIES OF MYCTOPHINAE IN THE
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

I. Revision of type specimens

II. Myctophinae collected by C. O'D. Iselin
in the North Atlantic in 1928

By a. E. Parr
Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory
Yale University

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

May, 1934

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
AT HARVARD COLLEGE

There have been published of the Bulletin Vols. I to LXV, LXVII-
LXXV, of the Memoirs Vols. I to LI, LIV.

The Bulletin and Memoirs are devoted to the publication of
original work by the Officers of the Museum, of investigations carried
on by students and others in the different Laboratories of Natural
History, and of work by specialists based upon the Museum Collec
tions and Exploration.

These publications are issued in numbers at irregular intervals.
Each number of the Bulletin and of the Memoirs is sold separately.
A price list of the publications of the Museum will be sent on
application to the Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. LXXVII, No. 2

STUDIES OF MYCTOPHINAE IN THE
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

I. Revision of type specimens

II. Myctophinae collected by C. O'D. Iselin
in the North Atlantic in 1928

By A. E. Parr
Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory
Yale University

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

May, 1934

No. 2 — Studies of Mydophinae in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology

By a. E. Parr

I. A revision of the type specimens of Myctophinae in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology

These notes should be considered in a series with the writer's pre-
vious revision of the type-specimens of Myctophinae in the U. S. Na-
tional Museum ^ and practically completes the task of attempting to
bring the descriptions of the older species based upon material in
American collections up to modern requirements in regard to taxo-
nomic detail and technical terminology. The other major collections
of this group apart from the material in the Bingham Oceanographic
Collection ^ have all been so relatively recently described and illus-
trated that any revision at this time would be entirely uncalled for.

In regard to the terminology applied to the various luminous organs
reference may be made to the previous notes on the types in the United
States National Museum above referred to or to the earlier revision of
the entire subfamily Myctophinae given in the report on the Iniomi
obtained during the third Oceanographic Expedition of the Pawnee. ^

Since the illustrations previously published of various of the types
to be reported upon in the following were all prepared before the
taxonomic significance of the minor details in the geometric arrange-
ment of the photophores had yet been fully realized, it has been con-
sidered desirable to redraw these species in the diagrammatic manner
currently used for the figuring of myctophine fishes, in order to show
plainly the patterns formed by the luminous organs and to facilitate
comparisons with other illustrations in the modern manner. It might
be mentioned that the two "maculae operculares" or, more accurately,
preopercular organs, inconsistently shown in current illustrations of
this group, have been entirely omitted from all figures in this report as
being inessential for the identification of the species and normally not
as conspicuous in the lateral view as are the rest of the photophores.

1 A. E. Parr. Notes on the species of Myctophine Fishes represented by type specimens in
the United States National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 76, Art. 10, Washington, 1929.

2 Chiefly the collections of the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburg and also the material obtained
by Dr. Beebe for the New York Zoological Society.

3 A. E. Parr: Deepsea fishes of the order Iniomi from the waters around the Bahama and
Bermuda Islands. Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., Ill, Art. 3, New Haven, Conn., 1928.

42

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Myctophum laternatum Garman

Myctophum laternatum Garman, Rep. Expl. Albatross 1891. XXVI. The

Fishes. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 24, 1899, p. 267, pi. 56, fig. 1.
Type No. 28492 M. C. Z. (7 specimens).

PLO closer to pectoral fin than to the lateral line. 2 PVO, the upper
at the lower corner of the pectoral fin base. Lower PVO above the
interspace between second and third PO, below and far in advance of
the upper PVO, the line through the two PVO passing well above even
the first PO. 5 PO in an equally spaced, straight series. VLO about
midway between ventral fins and lateral line or slightly closer to the

Fig. 1. Myctophum laternatum Garman

former. 4 VO, the second VO slightly elevated. 3 SAO, with the centre
of the lower SAO very slightly below and behind the line through the
centres of the upper two organs so that the three SAO form a slight
but distinctly indicated angle with the convexity upward and forward.
Lower Sx\0 almost vertically above fourth VO. Second SAO slightly
closer to the lower than to the upper SAO. Upper SAO in the lateral
line vertically above or anterior to the first AO. AO 6-7 + 2-3 in the
following combinations: 6 + 2, 1 count; 6 + 3, 6 counts; 7 + 2, 1
count; 7 + 3, 2 counts. Asymmetry was found in two of the seven
specimens. AO equally spaced and all on the same level in both
sections of the series. AO posteriores entirely behind the base of anal
fin. 1 POL at the ventral edge of the lateral line. 2 PRC arranged
horizontally at the lower margin of the caudal fin base, well separated
from the AO posteriores.

24

25

31

32

9.5

10.8

21

20

50

48

46

44

62

62

25

24

parr: myctophinae 43

Two of the specimens gave the following measurements:

Total length without caudal fin in mm.
Length of head in per cent of length without caudal fin
Diameter of eye in per cent of length without caudal fin
Lower jaw in per cent of length without caudal fin
Snout to D in per cent of length without caudal fin
Snout to V in per cent of length without caudal fin
Snout to A in per cent of length without caudal fin
Depth of body in per cent of length without caudal fin

One specimen shows an accessory photophore on one side immediately
above the lateral line directly in advance of the normal POL. The
phenomenon is accompanied by a slight, pathological looking swelling
at this point.

Myctophum aurolaternatum Garman

Myctophum aurolaternatum Garman, Rep. Expl. Albatross 1891. XXVL
The Fishes. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 24, 1899, p. 264, pi. 55, fig. 3.
Type No. 28494 M. C. Z. (4 large specimens). i

PLO somewhat closer to the base of pectoral fin than to the lateral
line, the distance from the former being only around 2/3-3/4 of
the distance from the latter. 2 PVO in a series with the first PO.
Upper PVO immediately below and anterior to the pectoral fin base.
Lower PVO in an almost straight line between upper PVO and first
PO, about equidistant from second PO and upper PVO but farther
removed from first PO. 5 PO in a straight, about equally spaced
series. Second PO immediately behind the lower PVO. VLO ap-
proximately midway between lateral line and ventral fins. 4 VO in
a straight, equally spaced series. 3 SAO in a straight, about equally
spaced, slightly oblique series. Lower SAO above, very slightly behind
the fourth VO and closer to the latter organ than to the second SAO.
Fourth VO slightly below and behind the continuation of the line
through the three SAO. Upper SAO only about one quarter of a
diameter below the lateral line. AO in two equally spaced straight
series in which the numbers shown in the accompanying table were
counted on the four specimens in the type sample and 21 smaller
specimens in sample No. 28495 M. C. Z. 11 of these specimens gave

J There is also another sample (No. 28495 M. C. Z.), marked as a type of this species, which
contains 21 quite small specimens.

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asymmetric counts and
the frequency of the totals
for both sections of the
series of anal organs dis-
tribute themselves in the
following manner. Total

AO 14 in 1 count; 15 in 20 ^^_

counts; 16 in 18 counts; 17 in 7 counts; 18 in 2 counts. 1 POL situated
above the interspace between the ultimate and penultimate AO an-
terior, about one-quarter of a diameter below the lateral line. First

AO

posteriores
5 6

7

9j
O

9

1 2

5

10

18

7

3

c;

11

11

4

1

12

1 1

Fig. 2. Mydophum aurolaternatum Garman

AO posterior at the base of the last anal fin ray. 2 PRC at the lower
margin of the caudal fin base, widely separated from the AO pos-
teriores. The second PRC only slightly higher than the first.

7 supracaudal luminous scales occupy the entire distance between
the caudal and the adipose dorsal fin in two of the specimens (males?).
3 minute infracaudal luminous scales between AO posteriores and PRC
in a third (female?).

The following proportions were found in three of the specimens in
the type sample:

Total lengths without caudal fin in mm.
Length of head In per cent of length

witho
Diameter of eye
Length of lower jaw
Depth of body
Depth of caudal ped.
Snout to D
Snout to V
Snout to A

80

88

90

caudal f

in 26

27

27

7.5

9.0

8.0

16

17

17

»• ^

19

18

19

7.5

7.0

6.5

48

49

48

43

43

43

60

62

62

parr: myctophinae 45

The general appearance of the species has been well described by
Garman in his original account and is also indicated in the accompany-
ing sketch. M. aurolaternatum is one of the more elongate and least
compressed species of Myctophum, with an almost fusiform body in the
adults (greater compression in the smaller specimens).

Myctophum coccoi Cocco

Myctophum tenuiculum Garman, Rep. Expl. Albatross 1891. XXVI. The

Fishes. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 24, 1899, p. 262, pi. 7, fig. 2.
Type of Myctophum tenuiculum No. 58499 M. C. Z. (4 specimens).

An examination of the type of M. tenuiculum can only serve to con-
firm its identity with M. coccoi, with which it has already previously
been synonym'ized. AO 6 + 10/6 + 10; 6 + 10/6 + 10; 6 + 10/

6 + 11 ; 6 + 10/7 + 9. In the case of the specimen with AO 6 + 10/

7 + 9 there are unmistakably 3 PRC in a horizontal series symmetri-
cally developed on both sides of the tail and well differentiated from
the AO posteriores both in regard to size and arrangement. The
specimen is otherwise entirely in agreement with the rest of the
material.

Myctophum affine Liitken

Myctophum nitidulum Garman, Rep. Expl. Albatross 1891. XXVI. The

Fishes. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 24, 1899, p. 266, pi. 56, fig. 3.
Type of Myctophum nitidulum No. 28493 M. C. Z,

An examination of the type of M. nitidulum confirms its identity
with M. affine, with which it is currently synonymized.

Myctophum macrochir Giinther

Myctophum atratum Garman, Rep. Expl. Albatross 1891. XXVI. The Fishes.

Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 24, 1899, p. 268.
Type of Myctophum atratum No. 28491 M. C. Z.

Myctophum atratum Garman is currently synonymized with M.
reinharciti, as first tentatively suggested b}' Brauer and previously
accepted by the writer and by other investigators. An examination of
the type specimen, however, reveals the fact that its identity is not

46 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

with M. reinhardti but with the closely related iV. macrocMr Giinther,
and Garman's species should therefore be transferred from the syn-
onymy of the former to that of the latter name.

The type of M. atratum shows the first SAO closer to the third than
to the second VO. VLO well above the line through first and second
SAO. AO 6 + 6.

Lampanyctus oculeus (Garman)

Mydophum oculeum Garman, Rep. Expl. Albatross 1891. XXVI. The Fishes.

Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 24, 1899, p. 260, pi. 56, fig. 2.
Type specimen No. 28500 M. C. Z. (8 specimens).

Identical with L. mexicanus (Gilbert) with which it should be
synonymized. ^

Lampanyctus leucopsarus (Eigenmann and Eigenmann)

Mydophum leucopsarum Eigenmann and Eigenmann, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.,

2d ser., 3, 1890, p. 5.
Type No. 27389 M. C. Z. (2 specimens).

PLO much nearer to the lateral line than to the upper P^'0. 2 PVO,
the lower slightly in advance of the upper in one of the specimens,
slightly behind in the other. 5 PO, the second PO well behind the
vertical from the upper PVO. Fourth PO elevated to the level of the
interspace between the two PVO. VLO entirely lacking in the types,
possibly normally absent in the species. 5 VO, the second VO elevated
and advanced so as to become situated about two photophore-diam-
eters vertically above the first VO. 3 SAO in a practically straight
line falling immediately behind the last VO. Second SAO closer to
the lower than to the upper organ in the same series. Upper SAO
about one diameter below the lateral line immediately in advance of
the vertical from the first AO. AO 6 + 7. 1 POL above the interspace
between the AO anteriores and posteriores and about one-half of a
diameter below the lateral line. AO posteriores entirely behind the
base of anal fm and well separated from the PRC which are four in

>See Parr: Bull. Bingham Oceanographic Coll., 11, Art. 4, p. 30.

parr: myctophinae

47

number and arranged in an equally curved series ending with the upper
PRC alwut 1-2 diameters below the end of the lateral line. The inter-
space between the third PRC and the fourth is somewhat enlarged.

Fig. 3. Lampanyctus leucopsarus (Eigenmann and Eigenmann)

Table of measurements of type sample

Total length without caudal fin in mm.
Length of head In percent of length
without caudal fin
Diameter of eye
Length of lower jaw
Depth of body ^
Snout to D
Snout to V
Snout to A

77

72

30

28

6.5

6.3

20

21

18

17

47

47

43

43

60

58

The question of the presence or absence of the VLO in this and the
closely related species L. nannochir has already been discussed by the
writer in a previous publication^ in which the suggestion is made that
the so-called VLO in the latter species may actually be homologous
with the second VO in L. leucopsarus, the photophore in question
having become still further advanced and elevated than in the last
named form. Under this interpretation, both species could be said to
have five VO and to have lost their VLO. But for practical purposes
it is perhaps advisable to apply the nomenclatural symbols in the
conventional manner according to the relative positions of the organs
alone, in which case a VLO but only 4 VO could be said to be present

1 This measurement is hardly very reliable in the type specimens, as they appear to have been
artificially compressed in preservation.

2 A. E. Parr. Notes on the species of Myctophine Fishes. . . . Proc. U. S. National Mus.,
76, Art. 10, p. 18 footnote 18.

48 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

in L. nannochir, while there can hardly be any question about the
nature of the elevated second VO in L. leticopsanis so that this species
would still be said to have 5 VO but apparently no VLO, at least not
in the type specimens.

Lampanyctus crocodilus Risso 1810

Lampanyctus peculiaris Borodin. Some new deep sea fishes. Proc. New Engl.

Zool. Club, 10, 1929, p. 3.
Type of L. peculiaris No. 31628 M. C. Z.

A closer examination of the tyj>e of L. peculiaris has revealed the
presence of three photophores on each cheek, ^ in exactly the arrange-
ment characteristic of L. crocodilus, and leaves no doubt about its
identity with the latter species, of which it appears to be a quite
typical representative.

There are a couple of luminous scales in the anterior edge of the
adipose dorsal fin, 2 supracaudal scales immediately in front of the
caudal fin base above, and a luminous scale immediately behind the
base of anal fin would seem to indicate that the entire ventral edge of
the free caudal peduncle must have been occupied by a series of such
scales. Of these, however, only the anterior scale, just mentioned, and
the last 3 scales in front of the caudal fin are still to be found in the
specimen on hand, the others having obviously been lost by violence,
and it is therefore impossible to arrive at the total count for the in-
fracaudal luminous scales in this case. Apparently one of the best
preserved specimens of this species is that which served as the type of
Goode and Bean's L. gemmifer (No. 35604 U. S. N. M.), of which an
illustration has already previously been rendered by the writer. ^ In
this specimen 9 infracaudal and 4 supracaudal luminous scales were
observed, the infracaudal scales occupying the entire space from anal
to caudal fin.

DiAPHUS DUMERiLi Blcekcr

Mydophum nodurnum Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. de Cuba, 2, 1860, p. 426.
Diaphus nodurnus Gilbert, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, No. 14, 1906, p.

255, pi. 1.
Type of Diaphus nodurnus (Poey) Gilbert No. 6871 M. C. Z.

A reexamination of the type specimen of D. noctumus (Poey) can
merely serve to confirm the current conception of the characters and
identity of this form.

1 The upper photophore on the left side has been lost, which, however, undoubtedly represents
an accidental feature of molestation in the preserved specimen.

2 Proc. U. S. National Mus., 76, Art. 10, 1929, fig. 13, p. 27.

parr: myctophinae

49

DiAPHUS iNTERMEDius Borodin
Diaphus intermedius Borodin. Some More New Deepsea Fishes. Proc. New

Engl. Zool. Club, 11, 1930, p. 89.
Type specimen No. 32289 M. C. Z.

Upper antorbital of moderate size, circular, situated entirely above
the nostril. Antorbitals of the two sides well apart from each other.
No lower antorbital. A single large suborbital, on each side extending
from somewhat in advance of the vertical from the anterior margin
of the eye to somewhat behind the vertical from its centre, the length
of the suborbital organ equalling about two-thirds of the diameter of
the eye. Suborbital organ exposed to the side only, without upward
extension along the anterior margin of the eye.

Fig. 4. Diaphus intermedius Borodm

Height from pectoral fin base to PLO only about two-thirds of the
height from PLO to lateral line. 2 PVO in a straight oblique series
with the first PO. 5 PO. Second PO entirely behind vertical form pos-
terior PVO. Fourth PO elevated approximately to the level of the
upper PVO. VLO about midway between the lateral line and the base
of ventral fin. 5 VO. First to third VO in a straight, obliquely as-
cending series. Fourth and fifth VO lower, on a horizontal line.
3 SAO in an approximately straight or very faintly angular series,
the continuation of which would fall behind the fifth VO. Lower SAO
about equidistant from fifth VO and second SAO. Interspace between
second and upper SAO much greater than the lower interspace in the
same series. Upper SAO about 1^ to 2 diameters below lateral line.
AO 7+3. First AO anterior elevated approximately to the level of
second SAO. Second AO anterior also distinctly elevated. Third
AO anterior lowest of the series, from which organ (AO3) a straight,
obliquely ascending series is formed posteriorly by the rest of the AO

50 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

anteriores. 1 POL about 2 diameters below the lateral line. AO pos-
teriores in a horizontal series a short distance removed from the base
of anal fin. A fourth AO posteriore may possibly have been lost on
both sides in the type. 4 PRC equally spaced, in a gradually curving
series along the lower part of the base of caudal fin, widely separated
from AO posteriores, and extending with the upper PRC only about
halfway up from the ventral margin of the tail towards the lateral
line. Last interspace in PRC-series slightly enlarged.

A large luminous scale at PLO occupying practically the entire
space between this photophore and the pectoral fin.

The following measurements were obtained from the type specimen :
Total length without caudal fin 5S mm. Proportions in percent of the
length without caudal fin: Length of head 33 percent. Length of
maxillary 23 percent. Diameter of eye 12 percent. Greatest depth of
body 27 percent. Distance from snout to ventral fins 46 percent.
Distance from snout to dorsal fin 51 percent. Distance from snout to
anal fin 66 percent. Depth of caudal peduncle 12 percent.

D 13j/2. A. 13>^. LI. 34.

The above counts and measurements have been verified by a re-
examination of the specimen after the completion of the manuscript
for these notes. It is probable that Borodin has included the badly
damaged caudal fin in the proportions of the depth of the body and
length of head to the length of body, thus obtaining his deviating
values, although the expression "standard length of body" is used in
his text. ^

The species seems most closely related to D. fulgcns Brauer ^ and
D. taaningi Norman ^ and would fall under point "IV, A, 2" together
with these two species in the key to the genus Diaphus previously
published by the writer. ■* D. intcrmcdius, however, differs from the
other two forms by its number of anal photophores (AO 5 + 4-5 in
D.fulgens and D. taaningi), by the low position of the praecaudal series
(last PRC only a little below the lateral line in the other two species),
by the elevated second AO anterior, by the position of the VLO, by
various proportions and other features of less importance.

1 Borodin: Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, 11, 1930, p. 89.

• See Parr: Deepsea fishes of the order Iniomi from the waters around the Bahama and Ber-
muda Islands. Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., 3, Art. 3, New Haven, Conn., 1928, pp. 116-
117. Only D. fulgens Brauer mentioned under point IV, A, Z, D. taaningi being a later
addition.

3 J. R. Norman: Oceanic fishes and flatfishes collected in 1925-1927. Discovery Reports,
2, Cambridge, 1930, p. 332.

4 See Parr: Ibid.

parr: myctophinae 51

DiAPHUS RAFINESQUEI CoCCO
Diaphus theta Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1891.

In addition to the specimen of fheta labelled "Type" in the United
States National Museum (No. 41914), previously reported upon by
the writer, i there is also a specimen (No. 27392) in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology designated as type of this species. The Cam-
bridge specimen is in a very poor condition, so that it is difficult to
make out its characters in any great detail, but it does not appear to
differ from the Washington specimen.

Diaphus garmani Gilbert
Diaphus garmani Gilbert, Bull. Mas. Comp. Zool., 46, 1906, p. 258, pi. 2.
Type No. 29070 M. C. Z.

An examination of the type can only serve to confirm the excellent
description and illustration already rendered in Gilbert's original
account of the species and to verify the subsequent identifications by
other authors.

Lampadena luminosa Garman

Myctophum luminosum Garman, Rep. Expl. Albatross 1891. XXVI. The

Fishes. Mem. Mas. Comp. Zool., 24, 1899, p. 263, and pi. 55, fig. 2.
Type No. 28498 M. C. Z.

Although the type is now in a relatively poor condition, the following
details concerning the numl)ers and arrangement of the photophores
can still be ascertained. PLO quite close to the lateral line, being only
about one photophore-diameter removed from the latter. 2 PVO, the
lower well below the pectoral fin base, well in advance of second PO
and vertically below or slightly in advance of the upper PVO, which
is situated in front of the lower part of the base of the pectoral fin.
5 PO, the fourth elevated approximately to the level of the lower PVO
and only a short distance behind the third PO. Distance from lateral
line to VLO about one-half to two-thirds of the distance from VLO
to ventral fins. 5 VO in a straight and equally spaced series. 3 SAO
forming a wide, concave angle. Lower SAO above and slightly be-
hind fifth VO so that the line through these two organs runs approxi-
mately parallel with the line through second and third SAO. Second
SAO somewhat higher than first SAO but only about half as far from

iProc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 76, 1929, Art. 10, p. 32 and fig. 16.

52

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

the latter organ as from the upper SAO which is situated at a distance
of only about one-half of its own diameter below the lateral line well
in advance of the vertical from the first AO. AO 6 + ? AO anteriores
all on the same level. AO posteriores completely lost in type. 1 POL,
somewhat behind the last AO anterior and about one diameter below
the lateral line. There are 2 PRC'S at the lower margin of the caudal
fin base and a last PRC in the lateral line well behind these. It is
possible but very uncertain whether certain slight markings in this
region may be taken to indicate that a third PRC may have been
present well above the lower two organs of the series, so that the series
as a whole would form a blunt angle.

Fig. 5. Lampadena luminosa (Garman)

The infracaudal luminous plate occupies about 1/3-2/5 of the ven-
tral free edge of the caudal peduncle, the supracaudal plate about
2/7-1/3 of the distance between caudal and adipose dorsal fins.

Total length without caudal fin about 100 mm. Proportions in per-
cent of this measurement: Length of head 29. Greatest depth of
body 19. Diameter of eye 5.5. Length of snout 6.5. Length of lower
jaw 21. Snout to dorsal fin 40. Snout to ventrals 43. Snout to anal
fin 61.

It is very unfortunate that the condition of the type still leaves in
doubt the number of PRC's which would actually be present in an
unmolested specimen since the claim of a specific distinction between
the Pacific L. luminosa and an Atlantic L. nitida ^ has been made upon
the assumption that 4 (3 -f 1) PRC should be present in the form
described by Garman. The basis for this assumption is found in the
description of a Pacific specimen from the coast of Sumatra rendered

•A. v. Taaning: Synopsis of the Scopelids in the North Atlantic. Vidensk. Medd. Dansk
Naturhist. Foren., 86, 1928, p. 63. Vide: J. R. Norman: Oceanic Fishes and Flatfishes
collected in 1925-1927. Discovery Reports, 2, Cambridge, 1930, p. 336, fig. 33.

parr: myctophinae 53

by Weber and Beaufort ' in which three anterior lower PRC's were
found in equidistant horizontal series along the lower edge of the cau-
dal fin base. This arrangement would not entirely agree with the
arrangement faintly indicated in the markings on the tail of the type
of L. luminosa, if these markings are properly read by the present
writer, but it would be futile to carry further a comparison with the
hypothetical position of a possible third PRC (third of four organs)
the actual existence of which remains extremely uncertain.

1 M. Weber and L. F. deBeaufort: The fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, 2, p. 172,
fig. 66, Leyden, 1913.

54

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II. Myctophinae collected by C. O'D. Iselin in the North

Atlantic in 1928

The following is an account of the Myctophinae collected by Colum-
bus O'D. Iselin on the Schooner Atlantis in the North Atlantic during
the summer of 1928, and subsequently received for identification from
Dr. N. A. Borodin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. ^ For the
sake of completeness, the four specimens of different species from the
same collections alread;^' previously identified and recorded by Dr.
Borodin (loc. cit.), including the type of Lampanyctus peculiaris,
have been reexamined by the writer and are also dealt with in the
present report so as to give a full account of the material of this par-
ticular group.

• NEWFOUNlOi-

^0'

50^

m-a.

• IM-4-

\^[

IRELANI

c^

Fig. 6. ATLANTIS stations, summer 1928.

The stations from which the collections were obtained were arranged
in two separate sections, each running in an East-westerly direction
in mid-Atlantic about 6-10 degrees latitude apart and almost in direct
succession to each other in regard to longitude, as shown in the accom-
panying chart. In the northern section, stations No. 141-144 run
from 50° 40' N. and 27° 1(3' W. to 47° 40' N. and 37° 20' ^^^ ; and in the
southern section, stations No. 114-119 from 40° 05' N. and 35° 10' W.
to 41° 18' N. and 49° 22' W. It is of interest in connection with
these differences in geographic location to make a comparison between

1 N. A. Borodin: Atlantic Deep sea Fishes. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 1931, No. 3, p. 55,
footnotes 1 and 2.

parr: myctophinae 55

the catches obtained in each of the two sections, which gives us the
following results :

Present in both sections (7 species) :

Mydophum glaciale Lampanydus iselini

Lampanydus photothorax Lampanydus crocodilus

Lampanydus ynaderensis Diaphus dofleini

Lampanydus pusillus

Present in the northern section only (3 species) :

Diaphus metopoclampus Diaphus gemellari

Diaphus rafinesquei

Present in the southern section only (7 species) :

Mydophum laternatum Lampanydus alatus

Mydophum coccoi Lampanydus cuprarius

Mydophum benoiti Lampanydus resplendens

Lampanydus warniingi

Although the material is, of course, too small to give any great
weight to this comparison, it does, at least, clearly show a much richer
variety of forms in the southern section than in the northern. The
fact that three species of Diaphus were obtained in the northern
section only, is undoubtedly purely accidental, as adequately proved
by the other known records of these forms, but the total absence in
this section of the seven species encountered only at the southern
stations may have a real relationship to a greater scarcity of at least
some of these forms in the more northern waters.

If we finally compare the abundance of Mydophum glaciale in the
two sections, we discover a relationship which undoubtedly has a
real bearing upon the distribution of this species. In the southern
section, M. glaciale was encountered at only 3 out of the 6 stations at
which Myctophinae were obtained, giving an average for these six
stations of only 0.8 specimens per haul. In the northern section,
M. glaciale was present at all three stations and was obtained in num-
bers from 10 to 30, with an average of 17.7 specimens per station.
Between the northern and the southern section, there has thus clearly
been a great decrease in the abundance of this species.

ATLANTIS COLLECTION OF 1928, BY STATIONS

Station No. 114. Lat. 41° 49' N.; Long. 49° 22' W., July 4, depth 800
fathoms (= 1,463 m.).
1. Diaphus dofleini 5 specimens

Station No. 115. Lat. 41° 29' N.; Long. 47° 48' W., July 5, depth 700-800
fathoms ( = 1,280-1,463 m.).
1. Mydophum glaciale 1 specimen

56 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Station No. 116. Lat. 41° 30' N.; Long. 45° 57' W., July 6, depth 700-800
fathoms ( = 1,280-1,463 m.).

1 . Myctophum glaciale 3 specimens

2. Lampanydus iselini 2 specimens

3. Lampanydus alatus ■ 1 specimen

4. Lampanydus pusillus 3 specimens

5. Lampanydus cuprarius 2 specimens

6. Diaphus dofleini 1 specimen

Station No. 117. Lat. 41° 28' N.; Long. 43° 29' W., July 7, depth 700-800
fathoms ( = 1,280-1,463 m.).

1. Mydophum glaciale 1 specimen

2. Mydophum laternatum 4 specimens

3. Mydophum coccoi 1 specimen

4. Mydophum affine 1 specimen

5. Mydophum benoiti 1 specimen

6. Lampanydus photothorax 1 specimen

7. Lampanydus cuprarius 1 specimen

8. Lampanydus warmingi 7 specimens

9. Lampanydus resplendens 1 specimen

10. Lampanydus pusillus 2 specimens

11. Lampanydus crocodilus 1 specimen

12. Diaphus dofleini 2 specimens

Station No. 118. Lat. 40° 56' N.; Long. 39° 54' W., July 8, depth 700-800
fathoms ( = 1,280-1,463 m.).

1. Lampanydus pusillus 2 specimens

2. Lampanydus warmingi 2 specimens

3. Lampanydus cuprarius 1 specimen i

Station No. 119. Lat. 40° 05' N.; Long. 35° 10' W., July 9, depth 700-800
fathoms ( = 1 ,280- 1 ,463 m . ) .

1. Lampanydus photothorax 1 specimen

2. Lampanydus pusillus 3 specimens

Station No. 141. Lat. 50° 40' N.; Long. 27° 16' W., August 28, depth 800-
1,000 fathoms ( = 1,463-1,829 m.).

1. Mydophum glaciale 10 specimens

2. Lampanyctus iselini 1 specimen

Station No. 143. Lat. 50° 00' N.; Long. 35° 20' W., September 2, depth
500 fathoms (-914 m.).

1. Myctophum glaciale 30 specimens

2. Lampanyctus iselini 1 specimen

3. Lampanydus photothorax 1 specimen

4. Lampanydus maderensis 1 specimen

5. Lampanyctus pusillus 2 specimens

Station No. 144. Lat. 47° 40' N.; Long. 37° 20' W., September 4, depth
600 fathoms ( = 1,097 m.).

1. Myctophum glaciale 13 specimens

2. Lampanyctus crocodilus ^ 1 specimen

3. Lampanyctus iselini{l) 1 specimen ^

4. Diaphus rafinesquei 1 specimen

5. Diaphus gemellari 2 specimens

6. Diaphus metopoclampus 1 specimen *

1 Nannobrachium nigrum Borodin (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, No. 3, 1931, pp. 58 and 76).

* Lampanyctus peculiaris Borodin (Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, 10, 1929, p. Ill; Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, No. 3, 1931, pp. 58 and 77) .type specimen. See p. 48.

' Nannobrachium nigrum Borodin, loc. cit. (see footnote 1).

* Diaphus "metaclampus" Borodin (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, No. 3, 1931, p. 76). Myc-
tophum "metaciampum" Borodin (ibidem p. 58).

parr: myctophinae

57

AO

posteriores
6 7 8

i 5

c

1 7

6

2

20

46

1

8

3

ANNOTATED SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

Myctophum glaciale Reinhardt

Station No. 115, 1 specimen. Station No. 116, 1 (+ 2 ? ) specimens. Sta-
tion No. 117, 1 specimen. Station No. 141, 10 specimens. Station No.
143, 29 ( + 1 ? ) specimens. Station No. 144, 13 specimens.

The interesting difference between the northern and the southern
series of stations in regard to the frequency of this species has already
been pointed out in the introductory discussion of the entire collection
on p. 55.

The anal organs (AO) were present in the following combinations,
each side being counted and entered separately in the table.

Only 5 out of 40 speci-
mens legible on both sides
show any asymmetry in
regard to the numbers of
AO. In one specimen with
AO 7 + 6 on both sides
the two sections of this
series (AO anteriores and
posteriores) were practically confluent. In another specimen with
AO 6 + 7 on both sides the AO posteriores were found to be confluent
with the PRC. SAOi is generally slightly displaced ventrally from
the line through the centres of VLO and SAO2 although the three
organs may in all cases be said to approach very closely to the forma-
tion of a straight series. In one specimen the 3 SAO were found to
form an absolutely straight series, among themselves. In another
specimen the VLO was found to be slightly but distinctly closer to the
lateral line than to the ventral fins.

Myctophum laternatum atlanticum Taaning
Station No. 117, 3 specimens.

AO 6+3/7+ 3; 6-1-3/6+3; 6+4 (3?) / 6 + 3. Upper SAO
slightly posterior to first AO.

Myctophum coccoi Cocco
Station No. 117, 1 specimen.

8 gillrakers below and 6 above in first gill arch. D. 11. A. 22.
AO 6 + 13 / 6 + 12. First SAO vertically above second VO.

58

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Myctophum affine Liitken
Station No. 117, 1 specimen.

AO 8 + 5 / 8 + 5. Length without caudal fin 15. .5 mm.

Myctophum benoiti Cocco
Station No. 117, 1 specimen.

AO 6 + 6 / 6 + 6. Specimen very small.

Lampanyctus warmingi Liitken
Station No. 117, 7 specimens. Station No. 118, 2 specimens. Station No.
143, 1 specimen.
The specimens above listed are all less than 20 mm. long, exclusive
of the caudal fin, and mostly not in a very good condition. It is there-
fore in many of them rather difficult to make out the presence of the
various luminous scales so characteristic of this species. This may
partly be due to molestation or bad preservation, partly to a relatively
undeveloped stage of these luminous scales in such small specimens.
In the better ones, however, most of the luminous scales, or traces or
indications thereof, can be found by close examination. This holds in
the three scales on each side of the throat and the luminous scales
flanking the anus, as well as those of the anal fin and the caudal
peduncle, but not of the median single series between anus and vent.
These may not have developed their special character as yet or may
have become lost. The
anal organs were found in
the following combina-
tions :

Only one asymmetric
specimen, of the nature
AO 6 + 6/5 + 7, was
found.

Lampanyctus resplendens Richardson
Station No. 117, 1 specimen.

\0 7 + 5/7+5. 37 vertebrae inclusive of the ultimate caudal
centrum. 39 scales in the lateral line (as counted by the scars left of
the scale pockets). 3 POL in a straight series which is approximately
horizontal but when more closely observed may be seen to descend

AO

posteriores
5 6 7

02

t 5

i 6

3

2

15

parr: myctophinae 59

from the lateral line posteriorly at an angle of about 2°. The specimen
is small (22 mm. exclusive of caudal fin) and in several respects rather
poorly preserved (skin much abrased) so that it has not been deemed
advisable to make it the basis for a more detailed account of the
species, although such an account is very badly needed at the present
time. The fact that L. castaneus Goode and Bean, in which 3 POL
are also present, must be considered distinct from L. rcsplcndens on
the basis of its scale and vertebrae counts, has already previously been
pointed out by the writer. *

Lampanyctus photothorax Parr

Station No. 117, 1 specimen. Station No. 119, 1 specimen. Station No.
143, 1 specimen.

AO 5 + 4 / 5 + 4; 4 + 5 / 4 + 5; 6 + 4 / 6 + 4. In the specimen
from Station No. 119 (AO 4 + 5) a duplication of the first PO on one
side is observed, two fully developed organs of quite normal size being
found about one diameter apart on the same level, the anterior one in
the normal position of the first PO, opposite the single organ on the
other side. While the other luminous scales and glands described for
this species are all to be found also in the specimens here reported
upon, the luminous scale on the thorax cannot be made out on a single
one of them, and the conclusion that the development, or at least the
presence or recognizability of this organ in preservation, may, on
occasion, prove a less reliable feature is also borne out by some of the
samples in the much larger material in the Bingham Oceanographic
Collection.

Lampantctus cuprarius Taaning

Station No. 116, 2 specimens. Station No. 117, 1 specimen. Station No.
118, 1 specimen.'-

The above specimens agree with the descriptions of this species
rendered by Taaning * and by Parr ■* in regard to all proportions and
to the arrangement of the luminous organs, but show somewhat higher
fin counts than the previously recorded averages for this form, namely:
D. 17. A. 19, in 3 specimens; D. 17. A. 20 in one.

' Copeia (Journ. Amer. Assoc. Ichthyol. Herpetol.) 1930, p. 89.

' Nannobrachium nigrum Borodin (nee Gunther) : Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72,, 1931, No,
3, pp. 57 and 76 (partim.).

3 Taaning: Svnopsis-of the Scopelids in the North Atlantic. Vidensk. Medd. Dansk Naturhist.
Foren., 86, p. 68, Copenhagen, 1928.

4 Parr: Bull. Bingham Oeeanogr. Coll., 3. Art. 3, p. 106, fig. 18, New Haven, Conn., 1928.

60 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Lampanyctus pusillus Johnson

Station No. 116, 3 specimens. Station No. 117, 2 specimens. Station No.
118, 2 specimens. Station No. 119, 3 specimens. Station No. 143, 2
specimens.

AO 3 + 6 in 1 count (assymmetric with AO 4 + 6) ; AO 4 + 6
in 17 counts; AO 5 + 5 in 6 counts.

Although the species is present in both sections, it is evident from
the above Hst of the samples that it was more abundant at the southern
series of stations (Nos. 116-119).

Lampanyctus alatus Goode and Bean ^
Station No. 116, 1 specimen.

Lampanyctus iselini spec. nov.

Type No. 33223 M.C.Z. Atlantis 1928, Station No. 116. Lat. 41° 30'N.;
Long. 45° 57' W.; July 6. Depth 700-800 fathoms ( = 1,280-1,463 m.).

In addition to the type the collection also contains another specimen
(cotype) from station No. 116; one specimen from Station No. 141;
one (?) from Station No. 143; and one (?) ^ from Station No. 144.

2 photophores on each cheek. One in, or a little in advance of the
middle of the cheek, and another, slightly smaller, immediately in
advance of the preopercular free edge. The two organs are situated
approximately in a straight line from the centre of the eye parallel
with the maxillary. The anterior photophore on the cheek is well
preserved in all specimens. The posterior organ is apparently easily
subject to loss by abrasion and is found in its normal position only on
one side each in the type and cotype, being entirely lost from the other
side in both specimens. In the largest specimen (from Station No.
141) the posterior organ on the cheek is only to be found on one side
in a tassel of frayed skin barely attached near the corner of the mouth,
so that the normal position of the photophore in question cannot be
determined in this case.

PLO very high, its distance from the lateral line only about one-
third of its distance from pectoral fin. 2 PVO, the upper at the upper
part of the pectoral fin base, the lower immediately below the level of
the lowest pectoral rays, and slightly behind the upper PVO, in or
slightly in advance of the line between upper P\"0 and second VO.

I See Parr: Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 76, Art, la p. 25, fig. 12, Washington, 1929.
- Nannohrachium 7iigrum Borodin (nee Giinther) : Bull. Mu.s. Comp. Zool., 72, ^No. 3,
1931, pp. 58 and 76 (partim.).

parr: myctophinae

61

In the type the series formed by the two PVO and PO2 is practically
straight, in the other specimens the deviation from a straight line is
somewhat more conspicuous. 5 PO. Fourth PO elevated to, or slightly
above the level of the upper PVO. VLO somewhat closer to the lateral
line than to the ventral fin, its distance from the former about two-
thirds of its distance from the latter. 4 VO, in an equidistant series on
the same level. 3 SAO, bluntly angulate. First SAO above interspace
between second and third VO on the same level as the second SAO
which is closer to the upper than to the first SAO, and closer to the
fourth VO than to the upper SAO. Fourth VO, second and third SAO

Fig. 7. Lampanydus iselini spec. nov.

forming a very nearly straight oblique series, with the fourth VO only
slightly advanced from the line through the centres of the other two
organs. Upper SAO at the lateral line in advance of the vertical from
the first AO. AO 6 + 8 — 9 (9 AO posteriores on one side in the co-
type, but no variations in the other specimens). AO anteriores in a
gently convex series with the second and third organs highest. 2 POL
in an oblique line forming a nearly or entirely straight series with the
last AO anterior. Lower POL closer to AO than to upper POL, which
is at the lateral line'. AO posteriores entirely behind the base of anal
fin, more or less confluent, with the PRC, which can nevertheless be
easily distinguished by their smaller size and closer arrangement (see
figure). 1 4 PRC, 3 small organs in a close-set, gently curved series at
the lower margin of the caudal fin base ; and an upper, larger organ in
the end of the lateral line, far above and slightly behind the penulti-
mate PRC.

About 9 infracaudal luminous scales occupy the entire ventral edge
of the caudal peduncle between the bases of anal and caudal fin. 3

' PRC's partly lost on both sides in the type. Their arrangement described from cotype and
other specimens.

62 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

supracaudal luminous scales occupy about one-third of the distance
between caudal fin and adipose dorsal. A luminous scale covers the
anterior edge of the adipose dorsal fin.

Table of Measurements

Total length without caudal fin in mm.

281

44

Length of head In per cent of length

without caudal fin

29

30

Diameter of eye "

6

5

Length of snout "

5.5

6

Length of maxillary "

23

22

Depth of body "

20

17

Depth of caudal peduncle "

9

9

Snout to D "

49

49

Snout to V "

43

43

Snout to A "

56

58

Snout pointed, eyes moderate, about equal to snout. Jaws long.
Preopercular margin strongly oblique. Body slender and compressed.

Pectorals very small, not reaching to the bases of the ventrals.
Their rays feeble. Ventrals short, inserted well in advance of dorsal
fin, barely reaching to the anus but not to the origin of anal fin. Dorsal
origin near the middle of the body. Anal origin under the posterior
rays of dorsal fin (overlap somewhat less than suggested in the figure).
Adipose dorsal immediately behind termination of anal fin.

D. 13 (Type)-14. A. 17-18 (Type). V. 8. P. 12-13. There are
37 scale-pocket scars, corres]X)nding to the number of myotomes
between the shoulder and the base of caudal fin, 38 if the last scar left
by a scale which must have extended beyond the caudal fin base is
included.

It is clear from a few preserved scalepocekts on the cotype and on
the larger specimen from Station No. 141 that the mediolateral (or
lateral-line) scales of the caudal peduncle must have been enlarged to
cover about two-thirds or more of the height of the peduncle.

L. iselini is easily distinguished from the only other species of
Lampanyctus, L. taaningi Parr ^ which is normally known to possess
two photophores on each cheek, and two only, by the fact that the
pectorals of L. tamiingi are very long and well developed, whereas
those of L. iselini are of the reduced or rudimentary N annobrachium-

' Type specimen.

2 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 76, Art. 10, p. 27. Washington, 1929.

parr: myctophinae 63

type. L. isdini also differs by the presence of the himinous scale in
adipose fin, by the low position of the third PRC, and by other addi-
tional features.

Keeping in mind the apparently quite great chance of loss of the
posterior photophore on the cheeks in particular, L. isdini has also
been compared with the species described as having only one photo-
phore on each cheek and has been found to differ from each of these
various species separately in the following ways: from L. pundatissimus
Gilbert (AO 6 1 + 6; VLO, SAO3, POL2 and PRC4 equally elevated,
near the lateral line) by the lower position of VLO and by the number
of AO; from L. jordoni Gilbert by not haA'ing the second and third AO
anteriores separately elevated above the rest of the series, by the lower
position of VLO and the higher position of the cheek organ; from L.
sfilbius Gilbert (Eye less than 3 in head, AO 6+4) by the much
smaller eyes and different number of AO; from L. pimllus Johnson by
the higher position of VLO, the different number of AO, the reduction
of the pectorals, and the presence of luminous scale in adipose fin;
from L. ritieri Gilbert by the higher position of VLO and the entirely
different position of the main organ on the cheek and by the presence
of a luminous scale in adipose dorsal; from L. regalis Gilbert (5 VO)
by the position of the main organ on the cheek, by having only 4 VO
and by the presence of a luminous scale in the adipose dorsal fin;
from L. alatus Goode and Bean by the reduction of pectoral fins, the
number of AO, the positions of VLO and of ultimate PRC (in relation
to PRC3) ; from L. intricarius Taaning by the reduction of pectoral fins
and the number of AO.

On the basis of these comparisons, the new species is herewith intro-
duced, although confirmation of its characters from better preserved
specimens still seems desirable.

Some doubts about their actual identity still attach to two of the
specimens tentatively listed above as L. isdini, particularly to the
specimen from Station No. 144. This specimen is the largest of the
lot (47 ml. exclusive of caudal fin) but is unfortunately in a rather
poor condition, and it is impossible to discover any trace of a posterior
photophore on the cheeks. The PRC and the ultimate AO posteriores
are also lost, but it seems probable that there may have been 7 + 9 AO
in the undamaged specimen. All the AO anteriores are, on the other
hand, well preserved on both sides. The specimen differs from the

•Gilbert (Mem. Carnegie Mus., 6, No. 2, p. 103. Pittsburg, 1913), in giving the num-
bers of antero-anals, counts only one POL, designating the lower POL in the usage of Brauer
et al, as an elevated AO anterior.

64 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

other species previously described in having only one organ on each
cheek in exactly the same position as one of the pair in L. iselini and
has therefore been tentatively identified with the latter.

Lampanyctus crocodilus Risso
LaTOpan2/c<MS pecwKam Borodin, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, 10,1929, p. HI;

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, No. 3, 1931, pp. 58 and 77.
Station No. 117, 1 specimen. Station No. 144, 1 specimen (type of L.

peculiaris Borodin) .i

AO 6+8 symmetrically in both specimens.

DiAPHUs metopoclampus Cocco

Diaphus "metaclampus" (sic), Borodin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, No. 3,

1931, p. 76.
"Myctophum metaclampum" (sic), Borodin, loc. cit., p. 58.
Station No. 144, 1 specimen.

AO 6 + 6 on both sides. Last AO anterior slightly elevated. Length
without caudal fin 58 mm. Although well recognizable, the charac-
teristic shape of the antorbital organs is less sharply defined in this
specimen than in the other samples of the species previously seen by
the writer. So far as the marginal projection of the upper antorbital is
concerned, this is evidently largely due to damage. But in the rather
gradual, instead of very abrupt, posterior expansion of the lower an-
torbital, we apparently see a natural feature of the specimen at hand.
The 4 PRC are arranged in a straight, very oblique series (about 45°)
extending upwards to a short distance below the lateral line, with the
ultimate interspace increased to equal the entire distance from the first
to the third PRC. Second interspace (PRC) also somewhat greater
than the first.

Diaphus gemellari Cocco

Station No. 144, 2 specimens.

These two specimens together with the material of D. dofleini
recorded below do not entirely remove the author's doubts as to
whether the two species are actually distinct from each other or merely
represent groups of individual variants, although it must be admitted
that they are rather easily differentiated in this small collection. The
two specimens listed above (67 and 37 mm. lengths exclusive of caudal
fin) show approximately the same arrangement as that shown in Bull.

» See p. 48.

parr: myctophinae 65

Bingham Oceanogr. Col!., Vol. Ill, Art. 3, fig. 22, No. 5, with OA4,
OA5 and POL forming only a very slight angle and with first AO pos-
terior elevated. They also show a slightly but distinctly increased
interspace between PRC3 and PRC4 although it does not nearly reach
the width of the same interspace in D. doflcini. AO 5 -(- 5 (?) on both
sides in both specimens.

DiAPHUS DOFLEiNi Zugmayer

Station No. 114, 5 specimens. Station No. 116, 1 specimen. Station No.
117, 2 specimens. Station No. 144, 4 specimens.

As here identified D. doflcini is characterized by the greatly increased
interspace between PRC3 and PRC4 and by the fact that the last AO
anterior is in or below the line between penultimate AO anterior and
POL, while in D. gemcllari the ultimate AO anterior is always situated
more or less above this line. Individual variations, however, seem to
bridge the gap between the two forms or groups of specimens thus
defined and it does not seem quite certain as yet whether they actually
represent distinct species (see under D. gemcllari, above). AO 5+5
in 18 counts; AO 5 + 6 in 3 counts.

Diaphus rafinesquei Cocco
Station No. 144, 1 specimen.

AO 6 + 4 on both sides. A typical representative of D. rafinesquei,
sensu stricto, also in regard to the characters by which Taaning has
attempted to differentiate this form as a separate species from D. holti
Taaning.

JUN 1 4 1934

Ji^t

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. LXXVII, No. 3

A SECOND REVISION OF THE .\NTS OF
THE GENUS LEPTOMYRMEX MAYR

By William Morton Wheeler

CAMBRIDGE, MASS. U. S. A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

June, 1934.

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OF THE

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AT HARVARD COLLEGE

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The Bulletin and Memoirs are devoted to the publication of
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These publications are issued in numbers at irregular intervals.
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A price list of the publications of the Museum will be sent on
application to the Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Bulletin of the Museum of ComparatiTe Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE
Vol. LXXVII, No. 3

A SECOND REVISION OF THE ANTS OF
THE GENUS LEPTOMYRMEX MAYR

By William Morton Wheeler

CAMBRIDGE, MASS. U. S. A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

June, 1934

.nU'^-tuM,

No. 3. — A Second Revision of the Ants of the Genvs
Leptomyrmex Mayr

By William Morton Wheeler

Since the publication in 1915 of my paper on Leptomyrmex' so
many additional specimens have come to light that it seems advisable
to make a second revision of the genus. Most of this new material was
obtained by Dr. P. J. Darlington and myself while on the Harvard
Expedition to Australia in 1931-32, and by Mr. F. H. Taylor, Mr.
H. Hacker, Dr. R. J. Tillyard and Mr. A. M. Lea, who have generously
sent me collections of ants from time to time. Mr. H. Stevens, who
was a member of the Australian Expedition, and Messrs. W. J. Eyer-
dam and L. Wagner also secured a few very interesting forms in New
Guinea. It has not seemed necessary to repeat all of the bibliographic
and synonymic citations prior to 1915 or the detailed account of what
was known of the morphology and ethology of Leptomyrmex at that
time. I have, however, combined all the older with the newer habitat
records in the following paper for the purpose of giving a more ade-
quate picture of the known geographical range of the various species
and subspecies.

To the myrmecologist the genus Leptomyrmex is of unusual interest.
It is so unlike the other genera of the subfamily Dolichoderinte that
it constitutes an independent tribe (Leptomyrmicini Emery). Its
phylogenetic age is attested by the fact that its only near relative
among the Formicidae is an extinct genus, Leptomyrmula, which was
described by Emery (1891) from a male specimen in the Sicilian Amber
(Middle Miocene). Among the more striking specializations of Lep-
tomyrmex are the great attenuation of the body and appendages, the
distinct separation of the antennal and clypeal fovese, the singular
shape of the proventriculus (gizzard), the peculiarly simplified vena-
tion of the fore wing of the male — very unlike that of any other ants,
the unusual form and pilosity of the larva, the assumption by certain
workers of a replete, or honey-storing role — unknown among other
Dolichoderinae, the habit of foraging singly, instead of in files — un-
usual in the subfamily, of carrying the gaster folded forward over the
thoracic dorsum, of occupying preformed cavities in the soil or in
logs, instead of excavating nests like other ants, etc.- Very interesting
also is the geographical distribution of the genus, which is confined
to forested, hilly or mountainous country in a rather narrow zone ex-
tending from the equator to 37° south latitude and embracing New

' The Australian Honey Ants of the Genus Leptomyrmex Mayr. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts
Sci., 61, 1915, pp. 255-286, 12 figs.

2 Owing to the unusual position in which the gaster is carried the Australian naturalists call
these ants "motorcar ants." The thorax represents the tonneau of the motor car, the upturned
or overhanging, black gaster the hood, and the bright red or yellow head of certain common
forms (L. erythrocephalus, varians ruficeps, etc.), the headlight.

70

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

South Wales and Queensland in Eastern Australia, New Caledonia,
the Loyalty Islands, New Guinea, the Aru Islands, and Ceram. At
the present time 14 species are known. Several of them exhibit well-
marked color forms, which Emery, Forel and I regarded as "varieties."
Their constancy ajid local distribution, however, have convinced me
that we are really dealing with distinct races or "Formenkreise."
I have therefore raised all these varieties to subspecific rank. The
following table gives a list of the known forms with their general
distribution : —

Species and Subspecies

of

Leptomyrmex

New
South
Wales

Queens-
land

New
Cale-
donia

Loyalty
Islands

New-
Guinea

Aru
Islands

Ceram

L. erythrocephalus (Fabr.)

unctus subsp. nov.

mandibularis Whir.

venustus subsp. nov.

brunneiceps subsp. nov.

basirufus subsp. nov.

rufithorax Forel

decipiens Whir.

cnemidatus Whir.
L. nigriventris (Guerin)

tibialis Emery

hackeri subsp. nov.
L. wiburdi Whir.

pictus Whir.
L. froggatti Forel
L. varians Emery

rothneyi Forel

ruficeps Emery

rufipes Emery

quadricolor subsp. nov.
L. darli-ngtoni sp. nov.

jucundus subsp. nov.

fascigaster subsp. nov.
L. unicolor Emery
L. mjobergi Forel
L. pallens Emery

geniculatus Emery

nigriceps Emery
L. lugubris sp. nov.
L. puberulus sp. nov.
L. niger Emery
L. fragilis (F. Smith)

femoratus Santschi

melanoticus subsp. nov.
L. gracilhmus sp. nov.

X
X
X
X
X

*
*

*

X
X

X

*

X
X

X

*

*

X

X

*

*
*
*

* ■

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

X

*

*
*

X
X
X

X

*

X
X

*
*
*

X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X

*

*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
+
*

X
X
X

*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

X

*

*
*
*

*
*
*
*

*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*

X

*

*

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*

*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

X

*

*

*

*
*

*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*

*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*

X

*
*

*

Total number of subspecies

13

17

3

1

8

1

1

Number of species repre-
sented

5

6

1

1

6

1

1

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr 71

It will be noticed that New South Wales, Queensland and New
Guinea have each very nearly the same number of species — five,
six and six respectively, though the total number of subspecies in
New South Wales (13) and especially in Queensland (17) is consider-
ably greater than in New Guinea (8). But the numbers for New
Guinea may not be very significant, because so much of that great
island is still a myrmecological terra incognita. I am unable to throw
much additional light on the interesting problems suggested by this
distribution and therefore quote my former statement. "Did the
species of Leptomyrmex like so many of the animals and plants of
Eastern Queensland and New South Wales, originate in New Guinea
and migrate into Australia, or is it an indigenous Australian genus,
which, like some of the Eucalypti, Epacrideae and phyllodineous
Acacias among plants, has spread to New Guinea and New Caledonia?
The larger size of the species and their greater number in Australia
certainly indicate that this is the center of distribution, but whichever
view we take, we are bound to assume that the genus could only have
reached its present distribution at a time when land connections existed
between New Guinea, Australia and New Caledonia, if I am right in
maintaining that winged females do not occur in the genus." As I
shall show in the sequel, the apterous female of Leptomyrmex has
now been discovered, so that the existence of the genus in both Eastern
Australia and Papua must have antedated the breaking of their former
land-connection. An analogous case is furnished by the Doryline
genus Aenictus, which also has apterous females and occurs in both
Queensland and New Guinea. In this case, however, as there are
only a few species of Aenictus in Queensland and these confined to the
tropical scrub of its northern portion, whereas the great majority of
the species occur in Papua, Indonesia, India and Africa, we are justified
in assuming that the genus must have entered Australia from New
Guinea. The same interpretation applies to the Ponerine genus
Diacamma, which has apterous, ergatomorphic females and is repre-
sented by only a single species in northern Queensland but by several
in Papua and especially in Indonesia. On the other hand, in another
Ponerine genus, Rhytidoponera, which has ergatomorphic females
and is represented by numerous species, particularly in arid districts
throughout Australia, and by only a few species in the Papuan Region
and none elsewhere, we assume an Australian origin and ancient emi-
gration from Queensland to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.
Though there is much less numerical disparity between the Australian
and Papuan species of LeptomjTmex, and though the genus is repre-

72 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

sented only in Eastern Australia, I am inclined to regard the moun-
tains of New South Wales and Queensland as its center of origin and
distribution. In my former paper I pointed to the development of
repletes, or honey -storing workers in the Australian Leptom.>Tmex as
an adaptation to arid conditions, and in that connection called atten-
tion to the absence of repletes in L. imicolor Emery, which lives in
the moist, tropical scrub of northern Queensland. Similarly, none of
the Papuan species, which I have since examined, shows any traces
of having developed repletes. But these considerations are of no
assistance in determining the original home of the genus, since if we
assume an Australian origin, the habit might be said to have been
lost by the forms that immigrated into the humid forests of Northern
Queensland and Papua, and if we assume a Papuan origin, it might
be said to have been acquired in adaptation to the more xerothermal
conditions of Southern Queensland and New South Wales.

Although the foregoing discussion adds little to our previous knowl-
edge of the general geographical distribution of the genus Leptomyr-
mex, I am able to supply information on three important matters,
which, owing to lack of material, were insufficiently discussed in my
previous revision. These are the phylogenetic sequence of the color
patterns in the subspecies and the interesting peculiarities of the female
and male.

The workers of Leptomyrmex, like those of other Dolichoderine
genera, are poor in plastic taxonomic characters and these are mostly
differences in size and rather subtle peculiarities in the shape of the
head, petiole and tibiae. The head, and especially the genitalia, of
the males furnish more pronounced characters. The color patterns
of the workers are very useful for recognition of the subspecies, which
are known to exist in fully half of the species. These patterns, how-
ever, keep recurring in different species, so that considerable care must
be exercised in the identification of specimens. An inspection of all
the known forms shows that the color-patterns of the body may be
reduced to eight, which may be arranged in a nearly continuous
series, beginning with almost total melanism and ending in a complete
absence of black pigment except in the eyes or portions of the femora
and tibiae. The pale colors are brownish red, rufotestaceous, testace-
ous or yellow and as a rule replace the black in an anteroposterior
direction, with an "all or none" tendency, at least so far as the head,
thorax and petiole are concerned. This is shown in the diagram of the
eight patterns (fig. 1), which may. be designated by Roman numerals
and briefly described as follows:

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr

73

I. Entirely black or dark brown forms, like unicolor, niger, lugubris,
etc., which I regard as representing the primitive type of coloration
and the initial stage of the series.

II. This stage resembles I, except in having the thorax rufotestace-
ous, with more or less black remaining on the pro- and mesonotum.

III. This stage, which is derived from II and has the thorax entirely
rufotestaceous, with the head, petiole and gaster black, is rare, occur-
ring only in one subspecies, pallens nigriceps.

<t^t\ i^i e*** «' •

II

III

IV

VII

VIII

Fig. 1. Eight stages in the demelanization of the body of various forms of
Leptomyrmex. For explanation see text.

IV. Forms of this pattern, derived directly from I, by a change of
the head alone to rufotestaceous or testaceous, are much more frequent
and constitute the beginning of the remainder of the series (V to VIII).

V. Resembles II but the head is rufotestaceous as well as the thorax,
with more or less infuscation of the pro- and mesonotum.

VI. In this pattern only the gaster remains black.

VII. The pale coloration invades the gaster, most frequently at the
base of the first segment or at the anal end, but the whole gaster may
lose the black pigment, except at the sides {fragilis femoratus) or on
the first and at the bases of the second and following segments {darling-
ioni fascigaster) .

VIII. In this final stage, as above stated, the black pigment dis-
appears entirely except from the eyes and the body is testaceous or
reddish yellow throughout.

74

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The following table shows the occurrence and recurrence of the vari-
ous color-patterns in the fourteen species of Leptomyrmex and their
subspecies. In no species is the whole series represented though
erythrocephalus and varians each show five of the stages of demelani-
zation. No doubt others will be added in the course of future explora-
tions. The femora and tibiae also undergo progressive demelani-
zation, beginning at their bases, but a regular sequence of stages is
not so readily detected as in the color-pattern of the body. The tarsi
are pale in all the species and subspecies and may even be white in
the most melanic forms. It is possible to recognize similar but less
striking color-pattern series in other ant-genera, notably in Iridomyr-
mex, Formica and Camponotus.

Leptomyrmex

Color Patterns of Workers

Species

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

VIII

erythrocephalus

nigriventris

wiburdi

froggatti

varians

darlingtoni

unicolor

mjobergi

pallens

lugubris

puberulus

niger

fragilis

gracillimus

*

*
*

X

*

*

X
X

*

X
X
X
X

*

X

*

*
*

X

*

*
*

*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*

X

*
*
*
*

X

*

X

*

X

X

*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*

X
X

X

*

X

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

X
X

*
*

X

X

*

*

X

*

*
*
*
*

X

*

*
*

X

X

*

*

X

*

*
*

X

*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*

X
X

Of course, the series might be read in the opposite direction as a
progressive acquisition instead of a progressive loss of black pigment,
but I believe that in Leptomyrmex at least we must regard the com-
pletely melanic forms, which all occur in the tropical rain-forests of
Northern Queensland and New Guinea, as the most primitive, the
red and black forms as more recently adapted to the xerophyllous
forest regions of Southern Queensland, New South Wales, and New
Caledonia, and the very pale forms (fragilis and gracillimus) as proba-
bly crepuscular or nocturnal species of the more open tropical bush.
Only the second of these groups seems to have developed honey-
storing repletes.

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr

75

Many specimens of Leptomyrmex have been collected since Mayr
established the genus in 1862, but the female remained quite unknown
till very recently. Although I examined several living colonies and
many preserved specimens in 1914, I failed to detect any form suffi-
ciently different from the typical worker to be regarded as a fertile
female, or queen. I therefore inferred that this caste must be apterous
and so highly ergatomorphic as to be indistinguishable from the
worker, as in certain genera of Ponerine ants (Leptogenys sens, sir.,

Fig. 2. a, Fore and hind wings of Leptomyrmex nigriventris tibialis Emery;
b, radial cell of L. varians ruHceps Emery; c, of L. erythrocephalus cnemidatus
Wheeler; d, of L. darlingtoni sp. nov; e, of L. fragilis melanoticus subsp. nov.

Rhytidoponera, Dinoponera, etc.). I am now obliged to admit that I
was partially mistaken: Leptomyrmex does have an apterous and
highly ergatomorphic female, but it is nonetheless distinguishable
from the worker, at least in certain species, by its stouter build, larger
gaster, broader legs, higher petiolar node and developed ocelli. As
if to celebrate the seventieth anniversary of the establishment of the
genus, Mr. Frank H. Taylor of the School of Tropical Medicine at
Sydney, on February 2, 1932 captured a female of L. erythrocephalus
vemistus subsp. nov. on Mt. Tomah, New South Wales, and a few
weeks later in the same month Dr. P. J. Darlington secured one of
L. nigriventris tibialis Emery at an altitude of 3000 ft. in the Dorrigo,

76 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

in the same state. These very interesting insects, which are clearly
analogous to the females of the Ponerine subgenus Lobopelta, are
described and figured below (pp. 88 and 96, figs. 5 and 9).

My revision of 1915 contained another serious lacuna, owing to my
insufficient acquaintance with the very interesting males. At that
time the males of only four species were known to me from brief
descriptions, those of L. erythrocephalus (?) and fragilis, described
by Emery and those of froggatti and varians ruficeps, described by
Forel. I possessed only a single male specimen, which could not be
referred to any of the described workers. There are now before me
males of several species, accompanied by workers from the same
colonies, so that it is possible to give a much more accurate account
of the generic characters of this caste.

Unquestionably, the most singular and intriguing feature of the
male is its wing venation. Emery, in the Dolichoderine fascicle of the
"Genera Insectorum" (1912, p. 16) suggests the following interpreta-
tion which the reader may follow with the aid of my Fig. 2a of the
wings of L. nigriventris tibialis and Fig. 3, which is a reproduction of
Emery's figure of the male Lcptomyrniula maravigna: from the Sicilian
Amber. "The venation of the fore wing presents a condition found in
no other ant. What strikes one at first sight is the vestigial pterostig-
ma, then the extraordinarily long and narrow radial cell and the
cubital cell reduced to a branch which arises from the radial vein and
passes in a curve towards the tip of the wing. But what is the meaning
of the transverse vein that arises from the pterostigma and joins the
medius? This vein is divided into two parts, one of which, between the
pterostigma and the radius is properly the base of the radius, the other
of which, following and eventually attaining the medius, corresponds
to a tranverse cubital vein and the recurrent vein combined. Hence,
in my opinion, Leptomyrmex lacks the discoidalis, that is, the very
important transverse vein (fundamental in the anterior wing of
Hymenoptera) which unites the costa with the medius and gives
rise at its middle to the cubital vein." And he adds in a foot-note:
"This interpretation is supported by a species which I described from
the Sicilian amber {L. maraingno' Emery, Mem. Accad. Sc. Bologna,
5, Vol. I, p. 578, pi. 2, fig. 22, 1891), in which a rudiment of the dis-
coidalis is present, arising from the medius. Formerly I referred this
ant to the genus Leptomyrmex, but the radial cell is much larger and
there is a developed pterostigma. On account of these differences I
establish for this fossil species a new genus, Leptomyrmula, closely
related to Leptomyrmex."

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr

77

Essentially the same
paper of 1913.i "In the
terior wing undergoes a
very narrow, almost nil;
the middle of the radius
which joins the medius.
cubitus which has been

interpretation is advanced by Emery in his
genus Leptomyrmex, the venation of the an-
singular metamorphosis: the pterostigma is
the radial cell is long and very narrow; from
arises a curved, sometimes interrupted vein,
I interpret this latter vein as a vestige of the
fused with the recurrent vein; consequently,

Fig. 3. Male of Leptomyrmula maravignoe Emery, from the Sicilian Amber
(After Emery).

the cell enclosed by this vein, the subcosta and the medius, which
reaches to the base of the wing, comprises in itself the first cubital,
the discoidal and the median cell. There is therefore no discoidal (or
basal) vein. As a proof of my contention, there is in the wing of the
male Leptomyrmula, a fossil ant from the Sicilian amber, which I
figured in my memoir of 1891, a rudiment of the discoidal vein,
arising from the subcosta; moreover, in this ant, the venation is almost
identical with that of Leptomyrmex. The reduction of the discoidal

' La Nervulation des Ailes Anterieures des Formicides.
577-587, 4 figs.

Rev. Suisse ZooL, 21, 1913, pp.

78 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology -

vein is found in no other ant-genus except Leptomyrmex and its fossil
ally Leptomyrmula."

Emery's interpretation of the venation of the fore wing of Leptomyr-
mex seems to me to be very artificial. Professor C. T. Brues, whose
wide knowledge of many families of Hymenoptera lends weight to his
opinion, has aided me in working out a simpler and much more natural
interpretation. The vein which Emery calls the "discoidal," that is,
the basal of most Hymenopterists,' is, in our opinion, not absent but
present as the cross-vein connecting the apical pterostigmal end of the
subcosta with the medius and giving rise to the radius, which in turn
gives rise to the cubitus. The large cell between the subcosta and the
medius is not, therefore, as Emery supposed, equivalent to the medial,
pliLS the first cubital plus the discoidal cell but the medial cell alone,
which is of much the same size and shape in most other Formicidse.
This interpretation is supported both by the configuration of the dis-
coidal and subdiscoidal veins of most authors, which form a continua-
tion of the medius, and have the same appearance in Leptomyrmex
as in other ants, and also by the presence of a basal vein ("basella"
of Rohwer and Gahan) in the hind wing. Owing to the great reduction
of the pterostigma in the fore wing, the base of the radius arises from
the basal vein near its junction with the subcosta. Thus the fore
wing of Leptomyrmex has four closed cells, the subcostal, radial,
median and submedian. The cubital cells are represented by the space
between the radius and the feeble cubitus, which is usually interrupted
at the base. The discoidal cell, if present, would lie distally to the basal
and discoidal veins, while the first and second brachial cells are con-
fluent as in other ants and are represented by the area bounded proxi-
mally by the closed submedian cell, the medius and brachius (anal),
and distally by the discoideus and subdiscoideus anteriorly and the
anal border of the wing posteriorly. We believe that the same inter-
pretation applies to the wing of Leptomyrmula, since we do not regard
the small stump at the middle of the median vein (not the subcosta,
as stated by Emery in the last quotation) as a vestige of the basal
vein. ~

There are certain other peculiarities in both the fore and hind wings
that were overlooked by both Emery and myself. The anterior border

1 For the venation of the ant wing see my "Ants, their Structure", etc., 1910, pp. 24-26 and
for the wings of Hymenoptera in general, S. A. Rohwer and A. B. Gahan, "Horismology of the
Hymenopterous Wing", Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 18, 1916, pp. 20-76, 3 pis.

2 After this article had gone to the printer I received from Dr. Santschi a paper entitled
"Sur I'origine de la nervure cubitale chez les Formicides", Mitteil. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell. 15,
1933, pp. 557-566, which contains an interpretation of the wing venation of Leptomyrmex,
essentially the same as the one here adopted. I do not, however, accept Dr. Santschi's phylo-
genetic derivation of the Hymenopterous venation from such a highly specialized condition
as that of the termite wing.

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr 79

of the base of the fore wing, comprising the whole narrow subcostal
cell as far as the pterostigmal region is bent ventrally at a right angle
to the plane of the remainder of the wing and the costa forming its
border is extremely tenuous and weak, whereas the subcostal vein is
stout and often more deeply pigmented than any of the other veins.
At its tip the subcostal vein swells slightly but perceptibly to form the
vestigial pterostigma. Attached to the distal end of this swelling on the
ventral side of the wing is a peculiar structure which is indicated in
Emery's diagram in the Genera Insectorum (PI. I, Fig. 13) and more
clearly in Fig. 3 of my paper of 1915. ^ This structure, which I call
the 'pterostigmal appendage' and which exists in no other genus of
ants, nor indeed, to my knowledge, in any other insects, is a hollow
sac with constricted base and of variable length in different species,
depending from the costa on the ventral side in contact but not united
with the membrane of the radial cell. When it is highly developed this
appendage may be swollen and somewhat sausage-shaped (fig. 2c)
or collapsed and shaped like a ribbon, which may be more or less
twisted or folded (fig. 2a, b). When vestigial it may be reduced to a
mere rounded tubercle (fig. 2d, e), but I have found it in all the males
I have examined. I am unable to suggest any homologue of this
structure, unless it be a peculiarly modified remnant of what was a
large pterostigma in the ancestors of the genus. There is no trace of
such an appendage in Leptomyrmula, which has a distinctly developed
pterostigma. The radial cell, as Emery observed, is very long and
narrow. At its tip the gradually converging costa and radius fuse to
form an appendicular vein of variable length which strengthens the
anterior border of the wing apex. The cubitus is rarely complete, its
basal fourth to half being usually absent. Although the frenal fold
of the hind border of the fore wing is present, the hamuli along the
anterior border of the hind wing are either completely absent or very
small and weak. The frenal apparatus, therefore, is vestigial and, I
believe, quite functionless. The great simplification of the wing vena-
tion and the degeneration of the frenal apparatus in the male Lepto-
myrmex is probably correlated with the absence of a true marriage
flight and the fecundation of the females either in the nest or on the
ground in its vicinity.

The males of Leptomyrmex exhibit a number of other interesting
characters. The mandibles appear at first sight to be well-developed
but they cannot be very efficient organs because their denticles are

' The specimen from which this wing was drawn was erroneously identified as L. erythrocepha-
lus. I now find that it is really a male of L. varians ruficeps Emery.

80 bulletin: museum of compakative zoology

either extremely minute or entirely absent and their tips are usually
blunt. The antennae are very long, with distinctly developed scapes,
the first funicular joint cylindrical and usually somewhat longer than
broad, the third to sixth joints much elongated and more or less bent,
especially near one end. The thorax is conspicuously long and narrow,
with the mesonotum convex anteriorly and overhanging the short
pronotum, the epinotum with very long base and short declivity, the
mesepisterna large and protuberant, especially below. The legs are
long, the middle tibife uniformly bowed, the hind tibise and sometimes
also the hind basitarsi more or less flexuous, or sigmoidally bent. The
genitalia, which are either retracted or exserted in dried specimens,
have the stipes hairy, subtriangular or more rarely bilobed (L. dar-
lingioni), the lacinia small, simple, styliform and concealed, the vol-
sella large and highly variable, usually bifurcate (boot-shaped, T-
shaped or Y-shaped, with two acute prongs) but in one species {dar-
lingtoni) trifurcate, and in one (fragilis) simple and uncinate, the
sagitta compressed, with straight dorsal and convex, serrate ventral
border.

Key to the Workers of Leptomyrviex

1 . Eyes hairless ; pubescence on body very short and appressed 2

Eyes hairy; pubescence longer and oblique; color black 34

2. Tibiae broad, distinctly compressed and flattened; postocular

portion of head rather short and broad 3

Tibic-e slender, either not or less distinctly flattened; postocular
portion of head longer and narrower 17

3. Postocular portion of head subtrapezoidal, the sides behind the

eyes rather straight, converging posteriorly; ventral surface of

petiole feebly convex; larger species (8-12 mm.) 4

Postocular portion of head shorter and more rounded; ventral
surface of petiole strongly convex; smaller species (6.5-9 mm.). 15

4. Head without the mandibles twice as long as broad 5

Stouter; head without the mandibles less than twice as long as

broad 13

5. Thorax entirely black 6

Thorax entirely or largely rufo testaceous 8

6. Mandibles and clypeus rufotestaceous like the head. Length

9-10 mm. New South Wales erythrocephalus (Fabr.) typical

Mandibles darker than the head 7

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr 81

7. Mandibles brown ; surface of the body shining, with an oily luster.

Length 11-12 mm. New South Wales, subsp. unctus subsp. nov.

Mandibles and clypeus black; surface of body less shining, as in

the typical erythroccphalus. Length 11 mm. New South

Wales subsp. mandibularis Wheeler

8. Pro- and mesonotum partly black 9

Thorax entirely rufotestaceous, rarely with pronotum slightly

infuscated 10

9. Head entirely rufotestaceous. Length 8-9 mm. New South

Wales subsp. venustus subsp. nov.

Posterior portion of head brown. Length 8-9 mm. New South
Wales subsp. brunneiceps subsp. nov.

10. First gastric segment rufotestaceous. Length 10-10.5 mm.

Queensland subsp. hasirufus subsp. nov.

Gaster entirely black 11

11. Petiole black. Length 9-10.7 mm. Queensland

subsp. rufithorax Forel

Petiole rufotestaceous 12

12. Femora black throughout. Length 9 mm. Queensland

subsp. decipiens Wheeler

Femora black only at tips. Length 8-9.5 mm. Queensland, New
South Wales subsp. cnemidatus Wheeler

13. Legs entirely rufotestaceous. Length 9-12 mm. New South

Wales nigriventris (Guerin), typical

Tibipe and tips of femora black or dark brown 14

14. Thorax entirely rufotestaceous. Length 9-11 mm. Queensland,

Northern New South Wales subsp. tibialis Emery

Pronotum with a large black spot. Length 10-11 mm. Queens-
land subsp. hackeri subsp. nov.

15. Head black. Length 8-9 mm. New South Wales . . . .froggatti Forel
Head rufotestaceous 16

16. Head with brownish vertex; thorax brown black, except inferior

border of epinotum. Length 6.5-8 mm. New South Wales

wiburdi Wheeler

Thorax rufotestaceous ; dorsal portions of pro- meso- and epinotum
black. Length 7-8 mm. New South Wales, subsp. pictu^ Wheeler

17. Head distinctly constricted at the occiput 18

Head not constricted at the occiput, the sides of its postocular

portion nearly straight or feebly convex and very gradually
converging to a narrow occipital border 25

82 bulletik: museum of comparative zoology

18. Occipital constriction short and not very pronounced; larger

species (8.5-11 mm.) 19

Occipital constriction longer and more pronounced; smaller
species (6.5-7.5 mm.) 23

19. Thorax entirely or very largely rufotestaceous 20

Thorax entirely or very largely black or dark brown 22

20. Pronotum and sometimes a spot on the mesonotum black. Length

8.5-10 mm. Queensland rarians Emery, typical

Thorax and anal segments entirely rufotestaceous 21

21. First gastric segment with a yellow spot at its base. Length 9-10

mm. Queensland subsp. rufipes^mevy

Femora largely dark brown; tibiae pale yellow; first gastric seg-
ment without a yellow spot. Length 9-10 mm. Queensland
subsp. quadricolor subsp. nov.

22. Head, excepting the mandibles, brown black; thorax partly

rufotestaceous. Length 11 mm. Queensland

subsp. rothneyi Forel

Head rufotestaceous, thorax entirely black. Length 9-11 mm.
Queensland subsp. ruficeps Emery

23. Body entirely pale testaceous, often with an elongate brown spot

on each side of the gaster. Length 6.5-7 mm. New Guinea, Aru

Islands, Ceram fragilis (F. Smith) typical

Body and legs with more or less dark brown or black pigment. .24

24. Spots on sides of gaster and the middle and hind femora fuscous.

New Guinea suhsp. femoratus Santschi

Body almost entirely dark brown. Length 6.5-7.5 mm. New
Guinea subsp. inelanoticus subsp. nov.

25. Black species 26

At least the head or thorax rufotestaceous or pale testaceous . . 28

26. Very small species (5.3-6 mm.); petiole nearly twice as high as

long, strongly inclined forward. Queensland mjohergi Forel

Larger (6-7 mm.); petiole longer than high, not inclined for-
ward 27

27. Head without the mandibles two-fifths as high as long at the

front; eyes rather small, elliptical; frontal carinae low, not

closely approximated. Length 8 mm. New Guinea

niger Emery

Head longer and narrower, with narrower occipital border, with-
out the mandibles only half as high as long; eyes larger and more

wheeler: ants of the genus LEPTOMYRMEX MA.YR 83

nearly circular; frontal carinse high and closely approximated.
Length 6-7 mm. New Guinea luguhris sp. nov.

28. Entirely pale testaceous; very slender, with very long legs; head

more than twice as long as broad, without the mandibles.

Length 9-9.5 mm. New Guinea gracillimussp. nov.

Gaster at least in part black; smaller and stouter with shorter head
and legs 29

29. Petiole broader than long 30

Petiole distinctly longer than broad 32

30. Head, thorax and petiole pale rufotestaceous ; gaster black.

Length 6-7.5 mm. New Caledonia, New Guinea, Loyalty

Islands pallens Emery, typical

Other parts besides the gaster black 31

3L Head, excepting the mandibles, black. Length 7.5 mm. New

Caledonia subsp. nigriceps Emery

Rufotestaceous, with the two first gastric segments and the distal
halves of the femora black. Length 8 mm. New Caledonia
subsp. geniculatus Emery

32. Black, with the head rufotestaceous. Length 7.5-9 mm. Queens-

land darlingtoni sp. nov., typical

All or most of the thorax as well as the head rufotestaceous 33

33. Pronotum clouded with brown on sides, mesonotum fuscous;

gaster black, with extreme base of first segment yellow. Length

7 mm. Queensland subsp. jucundus subsp. nov.

Pronotum not clouded with brown, first gastric segment and
posterior borders of three following segments rufotestaceous.
Length 7.5 mm. Queensland suhs'p. fasciga^ter subsp. nov.

34. Head without the mandibles only about one and one-half times

as long as broad, with broad occipital border. Length 7-8.5 mm.

Queensland unicolor Emery

Head without the mandibles fully twice as long as broad, with
narrow occipital border. Length 7-7.5 mm. New Guinea ....
puberulus sp. nov.

Key to the Known Males of Leptomyrmex

L Second funicular joint scarcely longer than the first 2

Second funicular joint much longer than the first 4

2. Stipes of genitalia subtriangular; volsella stout, simple and
hook-shaped 3

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Stipes of genitalia bilobed; volsella biramous, pickaxe-shaped with

an accessory tooth at the base of the posterior prong

darl'ingtoni sp. no v.

3. Body yellowish testaceous fragilis F. Smith

Body dark brown subsp. mclanoiicus subsp. nov.

4. Second funicular joint nearly as long as the scape; cheeks anter-

iorly converging; tips of mandibles sharply truncated

varians ntficeps Emery

Second funicular joint much shorter than the scape; cheeks sub-
parallel ; tips of mandibles not sharply truncated 5

5. Eyes and ocelli rather small, the former not much longer than the

cheeks; volsellse T-shaped, very slender; wings strongly in-

fuscated 6

Eyes and ocelli very large, the former much longer than the
cheeks; volsellse stouter, Y-shaped or boot-shaped; wings
paler 7

6. Stipes subtriangular with acuminate tip; volsella with its anterior

prong longer than the posterior nigriventris (Guerin)

Tip of the stipes acute but not acuminate ; anterior prong of volsella
shorter and thinner than the posterior . . subsp. tibialis Emery

7. Second fimicular joint only twice as long as the first; stipes with

broadly rounded tip. Wing membranes dull 8

Second funicular joint more than twice as long as the first; stipes
more pointed; wing membranes smooth and shining 9

8. "Wings brown; stipes triangular froggatti Forel

Wings yellowish; stipes oval tdburdi Wheeler

9. Rufotestaceous throughout; wings slightly smoky . .pollens Emery
At least the gaster black or dark brown; wings yellowish, with

yellow veins 10

10. Tips of mandibles and stipes broad and bluntly rounded; volsellse

T-shaped, with the anterior prong longer than the poster-
ior erythrocephalus (Fabr)

Tips of mandibles and stipes narrower and more pointed 11

11. Volsellse T-shaped with nearly equal prongs; tips of mandibles

acute subsp. decipiens Wheeler

Volsellse boot-shaped, with posterior prong reduced to an acute

point; tips of mandibles very narrow but blunt

subsp. cnemidatus Wheeler

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr 85

Leptomyrmex erythrocephalus (Fabricius)

Fig. 4

Wheeler, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 51, 1915, p. 265, fig. 5 S .

New South Wales: Blue Mts. (Beccari and E. D'Albertis); Sydney (Lowne,

L. M. D'Albertis, W. W. Froggatt); Katoomba and Wentworth Falls

(W. M. Wheeler); Wentworth Falls (W. M. Mann; P. J. Darlington);

Jenolan Caves (J. C. Wiburd); Mittagong (A. M. Lea; W. W. Froggatt);

Mt. Wilson (P. J. Darlington); National Park, near Sydney (W. M.

Wheeler); Lawson (A. M. Lea).
Queensland: Rockhampton (W. W. Froggatt); Peak Downs (Museum Godef-

froy); Mackay (G. Turner).

As I have seen specimens of the typical form of this species only
from New South Wales, I still believe that the foregoing Queensland
records refer to some of the following subspecies or even more probably
to L. varians ruficeps Emery which has a very similar coloration.

Male. — Length nearly 10 mm.

Head without the mandibles fully twice as long as broad, the large
prominent eyes at the middle of its sides; postocular portion sub-
trapezoidal, its sides feebly convex, slightly longer than the straight
occipital border, cheeks straight, parallel, about two-thirds as long
as the eyes. Mandibles narrow, with very blunt, rounded tips, their
masticatory border microscopically denticulate, longer than the inter-
nal border which forms with it a distinct obtuse angle. Clypeus large,
nearly as long as broad, rather flat, with broadly rounded anterior
border and rounded, projecting anterior corners. Ocelli moderately
large. Antennal scapes about four times as long as broad, with slender
base, only slightly thicker than the funiculus, the first joint of which is
slightly longer than broad, the second three times as long as broad;
remaining joints missing in the specimen. Thorax very long and nar-
row; mesonotum nearly one and one-half times as long as broad,
strongly convex anteriorly where it overarches the pronotum ; base of
epinotum long and sloping, transversely concave just in front of the
declivity, which continues the slope of the base and is not clearly
marked off from it. Petiole resembling that of the worker, but the
node is lower and subangular in profile, with straight instead of
convex anterior slope, the ventral surface feebly convex. Gaster
narrow; genitalia small and retracted; stipes subtriangular, slightly
longer than broad, with bluntly rounded tip, convex anterior and
concave posterior border; volsellse with straight, narrow shaft, bi-
furcated at summit and T-shaped, the anterior prong straight, very

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slender and acute, the posterior prong shorter and broader, curved
and acute. Legs long and slender, hind femora, tibiae and basitarsi
distinctly flexuous. Wings long and narrow, measuring nearly 9 mm;
cubital and median veins complete in one of the forewings of the
specimen; middle portion of cubitus lacking in the other; pterostigmal
app)endage long, pendunculate at the base, knob-shaped at the tip.
Hamuli present on anterior border of hind wing, but small and often
merely setiform and not distinctly hooked at the tip.

Fig. 4. Leptomyrmex erythrocephalus Fabr. a, head of male, dorsal aspect;
6, genitalia of same, posterior aspect; c, stipes, lateral aspect; d, tip of volsella,
lateral aspect.

Surface subopaque, finely shagreened or punctulate. Wing mem-
branes smooth and shining.

Pilosity consisting of a few stiff black hairs at the tips of the man-
dibles and on the ventral surface of the petiole and gaster. Stipes
covered and fringed with delicate, glistening white hairs. Pubescence
white, fine and appressed, distinct on the thorax, gaster and legs,
longest on the gaster, almost lacking on the head.

Dull brownish yellow, genitalia more reddish; gaster, epinotum,
median portions of coxae, femora and tibiae, except their tips and bases,
brown-black; sides of thorax clouded with brown. Wing membranes
and veins yellow.

Described from a single defective specimen labelled New South
Wales (Staudinger). Since it is not accompanied by the worker I am
not sure that it is the male of the typical erythrocephalus. Emery also

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr 87

described and figured in his paper on the ants of the Sicilian amber
what he supposed to be a male of this species from Queensland. The
specimen, which lacked the two last gastric segments, the ends of the
antennse and portions of the legs, was described as "tutto testaceo."
I have already expressed my doubt of the occurrence of the true
erythroccphalus in Queensland. Judging by its coloration, Emery's
male would seem to belong to some one of the following subspecies,
probably rufithorax Forel {vide infra p. 92).

Subsp. UNCTUS subsp. nov.

Worker. — Length 11-12 mm.

Differing from the typical form of the species in its distinctly larger
size, in having the head and often also the funiculi and tarsi of a
deeper rufotestaceous tint, the antennal scapes and first funicular joint
dark brown or black; the mandibles brown, darker than the head, the
surface of the whole body distinctly more shining, with an oily luster,
and the fine pubescence less developed on all parts of the body than
in the typical crythrocephalus.

Described from numerous specimens, including a number of re-
pletes, taken by Dr. R. J. Tillyard from a large colony nesting under a
stone at Condor Creek, alt. 2800 ft., near Canberra in the Federal
Commonwealth Territory.

Subsp. MANDiBULARis Wheeler

L. erythrocephalus var. mandibularis Wheeler, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci.,

51, 1915, p. 268 g .
New South Wales: Sydney ( H. Ashton.)

The worker of this subspecies is very similar to the preceding and
of the same size, but the mandibles, clypeus and frontal carinae are
black and the funiculi and tarsi brown. The surface of the body is
more subopaque as in the typical erythrocephalus.

Subsp. VENUSTUS subsp. nov.
Fig. 5

Worker. — Length 8-9 mm.

Head and antennal scapes bright rufotestaceous, almost orange
yellow; thorax, petiole, funiculi, coxae, trochanters, basal third of
femora, knees, tarsi and tibial spurs paler yellow; apical two-thirds of

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femora, tibiae, palpi and a large subtriangular spot on the middle of
the pronotum black. Base of epinotum in profile with a distinct median
impression. Hairs black, pubescence grayish, very fine, not concealing
the shagreened surface of the body which is somewhat shining.

Female. — Length 10 mm.

Differing from the worker in its decidedly more robust stature,
broader head, stouter thorax, larger gaster, broader scapes, femora
and tibiae, the scapes distinctly enlarged near the base and at the tips.
Occipital border slightly impressed in the middle. Clypeus with
nearly straight, transverse, anterior border. Eyes slightly larger than
in the worker. There are three crowded, rather deeply impressed
ocelli on the vertex, the anterior one large, those of the posterior pair
small and abortive. Pro- and mesonotum much higher and more
convex than in the worker, so that they appear shorter, the mesonotum
set off more sharply from the epinotum, which is higher and broader,
with the median transverse impression of its base much feebler.
Petiolar node decidedly broader and higher than in the worker,
broader than long, its summit with a distinct median longitudinal
impression posteriorly.

Surface of body duller and more opaque throughout than in the
worker, very indistinctly shagreened.

Hairs as in the worker but longer and more abundant on the man-
dibles, where they are fine and pale, as contrasted with the stiff' black
hairs on the clypeus and venter; on the flexor surface of the tibiae very
short, forming a sparse series as in the worker. Pubescence yellowish,
longer than in the worker, especially on the gaster, so that the surface
of the body appears somewhat dusty or pollinose.

Color like that of the worker but only the basal fourth of the femora
yellow, the black spot on the pronotum larger, the clypeus with a
pair of fuscous spots, the mesonotum with two pairs, the mandibles
fuscous, with yellow masticatory borders.

Described from six workers and a single female taken Feb. 2, 1932,
by Mr. Frank H. Taylor on Mt. Tomah, New South Wales.

Subsp. BRUNNEiCEPS subsp. nov.

Worker. — Length 8-9 mm.

Very similar to the subsp. venu^tus but the head posteriorly and the
mandibles brown, the yellow of the thorax and legs distinctly brownish
and the basal pale portions of the femora less extensive. There is an
elongate black or dark brown spot on the middle of the mesonotum

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr

89

Fig. 5. Leptomyrmex erythrocephalus venustus subsp. nov. a, worker in
profile; 6, head of same, dorsal aspect; c, female in profile; d, head of same,
dorsal aspect.

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and the pronotum is black, with the exception of its border. The sur-
face of the body is decidedly more shining and less pubescent than in
venustus.

Described from nine workers taken by Dr. P. J. Darlington in the
Blue Mts. of New South Wales, seven on Mt. Wilson (type-locality)
and two at Wentworth Falls.

Subsp. BASiRUFUS subsp. nov.

Worker.— Length 10-10.5.

Head, antennse, thorax, petiole and first gastric segment brownish
rufotestaceous, the head slightly darker; remainder of gaster black;
lower surfaces of prosterna, the coxse, trochanters, femora, tibiae, palpi
and sometimes the mandibles, castaneous brown; tarsi and tibial
spurs yellow. Surface of body slightly shining, very finely, grayish
pubescent.

Two specimens taken by Mr. H. Hacker in the Buderim Mts.,
Queensland (type-locality) and a single worker taken by Mr. A. M.
Lea at Bundaberg, in the same state. The latter specimen has the
antennjie dark brown, like the legs, and the inferolateral portions of the
first gastric segment black.

Subsp. decipiens Wheeler
Fig. 6

L. erythrocephalus var. decipiens Wheeler, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 51,

1915, p. 268 g .
Queensland: Gin Gin (W. W. Froggatt); Dawson River (A. M. Lea); McPher-

son Range, National Park (P. J. Darlington).

The worker of this subspecies is evidently very similar to that of
rufithorax Forel and was described in the same year. In my specimens,
however, the head, thorax and petiole are sordid rufotestaceous and
the femora and tibiae are dark brown. Forel described the petiole as
black in his rufithorax.

Male (undescribed). — Length 7.5-8 mm.

Resembling the male of the typical crythrocephalus but smaller.
Tips of mandibles acute. Antennae nearly as long as the body, with
joints 3-5 of the funiculus distinctly bent. Thorax shorter, with more
distinct and less sloping declivity. Genitalia exserted; stipes with
more acute and more acuminate tip; volsellte with nearly equal prongs,

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr

91

the anterior being shorter than in cryihrocephalus. Middle tibiae
bowed; hind femora, tibiae and basitarsi flexuous. Wings as in
erythrocephalus but the basal third of the cubitus is absent; pterostig-
mal appendage rather long and ribbon-shaped.

Sculpture, pilosity and color much as in the typical form but the
head and mandibles are covered with white pubescence like the re-
mainder of the body. Tibiae paler and the dark markings on the thorax
and coxae variable; in one specimen the whole epinotum, mesepisterna
and coxae are black, in two others the dark markings are much reduced

Fig. 6. Leptomyrmex erythrocephalus decipiens Wheeler; o, head of male,
dorsal aspect; h, genitalia of same, posterior aspect; c, stipes, lateral aspect; d,
volsella, lateral aspect.

in extent and intensity; in two the summit of the petiolar node is
infuscated. Wings with smooth and shining membranes, tinged with
grayish yellow; veins yellowish brown.

Described from four specimens taken by Dr. Darlington in the
McPherson Range, National Park, Queensland, during March 1932.
They are not accompanied by workers but certainly belong to some
form of erythrocephalus, decipiens being indicated by elimination of the
other subspecies.

Subsp. RUFiTHORAX Forcl

L. erythrocephalus var. rufithorax Forel, Ark. f. Zool., 9, 1915, p. 83, ^ .
Queensland: Mt. Tambourine (E. Mjoberg, A. M. Lea).

Forel described the worker of this subspecies very briefly as measur-
ing 9-10.7 mm. and as being "entirely like the type of the species but

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with the whole thorax and not only the head red. Legs, petiole and
gaster black."

A single male taken by Mr. A. M. Lea on Mt. Tambourine, Queens-
land seems to belong to this species. It has lost its gaster but must
have measured about 10 mm. Head, thorax and petiole uniformly
pale rufotestaceous (the missing gaster may have been black), the
tibife and apical two-thirds of femora dark brown. Structurally very
similar to the male of decipiens, but the second funicular joint is only
two and one-half times as long as broad, the very long joints 4-7
distinctly bent, the seventh quite strongly. Petiole small, its node
low and rounded in profile. Mandibles pointed and very finely den-
ticulate. Middle tibiae strongly bowed; hind tibia? and basitarsi
flexuous. Wings 8.5 mm. long, smooth and shining, their membranes
and veins yellow; pterostigmal appendage knob-shaped, with a slender
peduncle. Very delicately shagreened and more shining than the
male of decipiens. Pubescence white, appressed, abundant on the
thorax, tibiae, antennae and mandibles, almost absent on the head.

Subsp. CNEMIDATUS Wheeler

Fig. 7

L. erythrocephalus var. cnemidatus Wheeler, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 61,
1915, p. 268 S .

I described this form from a single worker specimen received from
Staudinger and Bang-Haas, presumably from New South Wales, but
without precise locality label. Numerous fresh specimens, including
several males, recently received from the following localities, now
enable me to give a more adequate description :

New South Wales: Dorrigo (W. Heron); same locality, 3,000 ft. (P. J. Darl-
ington).
Queensland: Mt. Tambourine and National Park (H. Hacker).

Worker. — Length 8-9.5 mm.

Head and antennae rather clear rufotestaceous; thorax, coxae,
trochanters, femora, knees, tibial spurs and anal segments yellow;
tarsi whitish yellow; gaster black, with bluish reflections; tibiae and a
spot at the tip of each femur dark brown or black. Some specimens
have also an ill-defined median fuscous spot on the pronotum. Surface
moderately shining, somewhat pruinose, with very fine, grayish pubes-
cence. Erect hairs on venter and clypeus black; flexor borders of tibiae
with a sparse series of minute bristles.

Male (undescribed).— Length 7-8 mm.

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr

93

Head decidedly longer than its transverse diameter through the
eyes, which are very large and prominent, subreniform, with sinuate

Fig. 7. Leptomyrmex erythrocephalus cnemidatus Wheeler, male; a, in
profile; b, head, dorsal aspect; c, genitalia, posterior aspect; d, stipes and e, tip
of volsella, lateral aspect.

mesial and external orbits. Ocelli large. Posterior portion of head
sub trapezoidal, with rather straight lateral and posterior borders.
Cheeks very short, concave, not more than one-third as long as the

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eyes. Mandibles with blunt tips, the angle between the internal and
longer masticatory border broadly rounded, the latter without any
traces of denticles. Clypeus flattened, its anterior border straight in
the middle, sinuate on each side. Antennse somewhat shorter than the
body; scapes subcylindrical, fully three times as long as broad, slightly
stouter than the filiform funiculus; first funicular joint a little longer
than broad, second joint about three times as long as broad; joints 3-5
much longer, each of them constricted and bent, the fourth near the
base, the two others near the apex; remaining joints gradually de-
creasing in length to the tip. Pronotum produced and narrowed an-
teriorly; mesonotum subelliptical, somewhat longer than broad,
strongly convex dorsally and overarching the pronotum anteriorly;
scutellum nearly twice as broad as long, convex in the middle, de-
pressed and narrowed on each side; mesosterna very long and convex;
epinotum very long, from above one and three-fourths times as long
as broad, as broad behind as in front, the sides slightly concave in the
middle. Base of epinotum in profile very long and sloping, with two
sinuate, transverse impressions, the declivity very short, rounded and
not distinctly marked off from the base. Petiole evenly convex dor-
sally and ventrally. Gaster narrowed at the base, enlarged toward the
tip. Genitalia extruded; squamulje large, convex, smooth and shining;
stipites rather large, with broadly excised posterior border; volsellse
boot-shaped; Legs very long, middle tibije strongly bowed. Wings
long (8 mm.); pterostigmal appendage well-developed, pedunculate
and sausage-shaped; basal third of cubitus absent.

Shagreened, the thorax more coarsely than the head and gaster,
subopaque, except the epinotum and gaster which are distinctly
shining.

Hairs absent, except on the ventral surface of the gaster where
they are black, coarse and stifi", and on the mandibles and stipites,
where they are fine, short, abundant and white. Pubescence very
fine, short, white and appressed, visible on the pleurse, epinotum,
gaster and appendages and sufficiently abundant to produce a pruinose
effect.

Brownish testaceous or brown; epinotum, gaster, mesopleurae and
femora dark brown; tibije, tarsi and genital valves yellow; veins and
membranes of wings yellowish; palpi brownish.

Dorrigo, New South Wales, may be regarded as the type-locality
of this subspecies. Some of the workers collected by Darlington are
repletes. The males, of which there are four taken by Heron and three
taken by Darlington, show some variation in the infuscation of the

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr

95

thorax and those taken by Heron are decidedly more yellow and less
brownish. The same is true of the accompanying workers. The
large size of the eyes and ocelli and the very different shape of the vol-
sellse, as compared with the corresponding organs of the typical
erythroce phallic and the subspecies decipiens, suggest that cnemidatus
may be a distinct species. But since the males of more than half of
the subspecies of erythrocephalus are still unknown, the value of these
characters cannot be determined.

Fig. 8. Leptomyrmex nigriventris (Guerin), male, a, head, dorsal aspect;
h, genitalia, posterior aspect; c, stipes enlarged, lateral aspect; d, tip of vol-
sella, enlarged, lateral aspect.

leptomyrmex nigriventris (Guerin)

Fig. 8

Wheeler, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 51, 1915 p. 270, fig. 6. ^ .

New South Wales: Blue Mts. (Beccari and E. D'AIbertis) ; Mt. Victoria (L. M.

D'Albertis); Leura, Katoomba and Wentworth Falls (W. M. Wheeler);

Wentworth Falls and Mt. Wilson (P. J. Darlington).

The typical form of this species seems to be known only from the
Blue Mts. of New South Wales. Stitz's citation of its occurrence in
New Guinea must be due either to misidentification or an erroneous
locality label. In 1932 Darlington took a male specimen with workers
on Mt. Wilson.

Male (undescribed). — Length 9.5 mm.

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Head twice as long as broad through the eyes and shaped much
like that of erythrocephalvs cnemidatus but the mandibles with the
blunt tips and masticatory borders very minutely denticulate. Eyes
small compared with those of cnemidatus, scarcely longer than the
cheeks. Ocelli small, with impressed internal orbits. Antennse long;
scapes fully four times as long as broad; first funicular joint longer
than broad, second twice as long as broad ; joints 3-6 much longer and
each distinctly bent near its distal end. Thorax shaped as in cnemida-
tvs. Petiole like that of the worker, with the node subrectangular in
profile. Gaster short, elongate-elliptical. Genitalia smaller and more
retracted; the stipites small, triangular and pointed; volsellse very
slender, pickaxe-shaped, the anterior prong long and acutely pointed,
the posterior curved and much shorter; sagittfe uncinate. Legs
very long; median tibiae bowed; hind femora somewhat angularly
bent in the middle; hind tibise slightly flexuous at their tips. Wings
rather small and narrow, only 7 mm. long. Pterostigmal appendage
small, pedunculate, sausage-shaped; cubital vein completely absent
in both fore wings.

Finely shagreened and subopaque; gaster somewhat more shining.

Hairs and pubescence whitish, the former absent, except on the
mandibles and external genital valves; pubescence very fine and ap-
pressed, rather uniform over the surfaces of the body and appendages.

Yellowish brown; mesonotum with an anteromedian and a pair of
lateral darker brown spots; gaster black, base of its first segment
yellow; distal two-thirds of middle and hind femora blackish. Wings
distinctly and uniformly infuscated; their veins pale yellow, with
brown outlines.

Subsp. TIBIALIS Emery
Figs. 9 and 10

L. nigriventris var. tibialis Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 39, 1895, p. 39 S ;
Wheeler, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 51, 1915 p. 272 ^ .

Queensland: Northern part of the commonwealth (Podenzana), type-local-
ity; Mt. Tambourine (A. M. Lea); National Park (H. Hacker),

New South Wales: The Dorrigo (W. Heron, P. J. Darlington).

Female (undescribed). — Length nearly 9 mm.

Resembling the female of cryihrocephalus vcnustu^s and exhibiting
similar differences from the worker. Body and appendages stouter.
Head as broad in front as behind, with the sides concave just anterior

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr

97

to the eyes and the occipital border slightly emarginate in the middle.
Clypeus with straight, transverse anterior border. Eyes slightly
larger than in the worker. All three ocelli present, each lying in an
impression, the posterior pair smaller than the anterior ocellus. An-

Fig. 9. Leptomyrmex nigriventris tibialis Emery, a, worker, in profile; b,
head of same, dorsal aspect; c, female, in profile; d, head of same, dorsal aspect.

tennal scapes shorter than in the worker, distinctly enlarged near the
base and at the tip, as in the female ve7imtv3. Pronotum nearly as
broad as long, strongly convex; promesonotal suture deeply impressed;
mesonotum convex anteriorly, with indistinct lateral sutures. A
scutellar sclerite, bounded by a crescentic groove posteriorly, is

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clearly indicated by a rounded projection just behind the convexity
of the mesonotum. Metanotum short and concave rising behind in the
form of a point to the distinct meta-epinotal suture. Epinotum only
about one-fourth longer than broad, subcuboidal, as broad behind as
in front, its base in profile horizontal, distinctly concave, twice as long
as the sloping declivity, with which it forms on each side a distinct
angle. Petiolar node broader and higher than long, rounded anteriorly,
with a longitudinally grooved summit and flat, perpendicular posterior
surface. Gaster much larger than that of the worker, nearly as high
as long, laterally somewhat compressed. Legs decidedly shorter and
perceptibly stouter than in the worker.

Subopaque and very indistinctly shagreened.

Fig. 10. Leptomyrmex nigriventris tibialis Emery, male; a, head, dorsal
aspect; b, genitalia, posterior aspect; c, stipes, lateral aspect; d, tip of volsella
enlarged, lateral aspect.

Pilosity and pubescence as in the worker, but the pubescence some-
what longer and denser on the gaster and less conspicuous on the
thorax.

Head and thorax of a deeper rufotestaceous coloration than in the
worker of the typical nigriventris, with the tibiae and distal ends of the
femora, except the knees, black and therefore darker than in the
worker tibialis.

Male (undescribed). — Length 8-10.3 mm.

Differing from the male of the typical nigriventris in having the head
shorter, especially behind the eyes, in lacking the dark spots on the
mesonotum, in having the tibiae and tips of the femora dark brown
and the wings of a distinctly more yellow tinge. There is also a differ-

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr 99

ence in the shape of the volsellae of the genitaha, which have the
prongs of their pickaxe-shaped tips stouter and much more nearly of
the same length.

The female is described from a single specimen taken by Dr. Darling-
ton in the Dorrigo, New South Wales, at an altitude of 3000 ft., be-
tween Feb. 15 and March 1, 1932, a male which was taken with it and
several workers, a male taken in the same locality by Mr. W. Heron
and three males taken by Mr. H. Hacker in the National Park,
Queensland.

Subsp. HACKERI subsp. UOV.

Worker. — Length 10-11 mm.

Differing from tibialis in its distinctly narrower head, which is
therefore more like that of the typical nigrimntris, and in having a
large black spot on the middle of the pronotum. The tibiae and apical
halves of the femora are black and therefore decidedly darker than
in the worker tibialis, and the rufotestaceous color of the head and
thorax is perhaps a shade deeper.

Two workers from Stradbroke Island, Queensland (H. Hacker).

Leptomyrmex wiburdi Wheeler
Fig. 11

Wheeler, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 51, 1915, p. 272, fig. 7, ^ .
New South Wales: Jenolan Caves (J. C. Wiburd); Bulli Pass and Wentworth
Falls (W. M. Wheeler); Mt. Wilson, 3500 ft. (P. J. Darlington).

Male (undescribed). — Length 7 mm.

Head, including the mandibles, twice as long as broad, the postocular
portion subtrapezoidal, with straight posterior and lateral borders and
rounded posterior corners. Eyes very convex, subreniform, with
sinuate internal orbits, only about twice as long as the concave, sub-
parallel cheeks and therefore intermediate in size between the eyes of
L. erythrocephalus cnemidatus and L. nigriventris. Ocelli also inter-
mediate. Mandibles short and thick, with obtuse tips, their mastica-
tory border short and not distinctly denticulate, scarcely longer than
the basal border with which it forms a rounded obtuse angle. Antennal
scapes nearly four times as long as broad ; first funicular joint slightly
longer than broad, second joint twice as long; joints 3-6 much longer,
bent near their base. Thorax shaped as in the species previously de-
scribed, but the base of the epinotum in profile straight and only

100

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twice as long as the straight sloping declivity and forming a distinct
obtuse angle with it. Petiole very slightly longer than broad, its node
much lower and less differentiated than in the worker; in profile some-
what higher and feebly angular in the middle; ventral surface only
slightly convex anteriorly. Gaster clavate, narrow at the base, en-
larged at the tip. Genitalia large, extruded; stipites oval, or rounded-
triangular, longer than broad, punctate, densely and finely pilose;
volsellte rather broad, boot-shaped. Legs short; tibiae terete, median
pair bowed, hind pair feebly flexuous. Wings rather small (7 mm.)
pterostigmal appendage pedunculate, sausage-shaped; basal two-fifths
of cubitus absent.

Fig. 11. Leptomyrmex tinburch Wheeler, male, a, head, dorsal aspect; b,
genitalia, posterior aspect; c, stipes and d tip of volsella, lateral aspect.

Subopaque; gaster more shining, rather finely and sharply sha-

greened.

Hairs almost absent, except on the stipites and cerci; very few on the
mandibles. Pubescence yellowish, very fine, appressed, most distinct
on the gaster, head, epinotum and mesopleurns.

Pale brownish yellow; gaster dark brown, except the base of its
first segment, which is yellow, and the genital squamulae, which are
rich castaneous brown, very smooth and shining. Pleurae, epinotum
and dorsal surface of petiole clouded with fuscous. Wings yellow, with
pale yellow veins.

Described from a single specimen taken by Dr. Darlington with
several workers on Mt. Wilson, New South Wales, in January, 1932.
These workers have the head, funiculi and tarsi of a deeper, slightly
more brownish red than the types taken by Wiburd at Jenolan Caves

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr 101

and specimens taken by myself at Wentworth Falls in December, 1931.
I possess a second male captured by Wiburd at Jenolan Caves, but
it is immature and was therefore not described in my former paper.

Subsp. PICTUS Wheeler

L. voiburdi var. piclus Wheeler, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 51, 1915, p. 274 y .
New South Wales: Bulli Pass (W. M. Wheeler).

This subspecies may be easily confused with L. erythrocephalus
venustus which has a very similar color pattern, but the latter has the
head longer and less rounded behind the eyes and decidedly longer
legs, with more compressed tibise.

Leptomyrmex froggatti Forel

Wheeler, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 61, 1915, p. 269 S cT.
New South Wales: Noundoc (W. W. Froggatt).

I have not been able to recognize this species among my material.
Forel's description of the worker suggests that it may be a black-
headed form of what I have called iiihurdi, but he says that the exter-
nal genital valves (stipites) of the male have "the form of an obtuse
equilateral triangle" and that "one of the rami (volsella) of the median
valves is prolonged into a narrow style forked like a Y, the inferior
branch of which is sharp and pointed like a needle." This description,
as will be seen from Fig. 1 1 does not apply very closely to the wihurdi
male. There is still a possibility, however, that this species and its
subspecies -pictus may have to be regarded eventually as subspecies
oi froggatti, which was described in 1910.

Leptomyrmex varians Emery

Wheeler, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 51, 1915, p. 278 S .
Queensland: Rockhampton (Museum Godeffroy).

The typical form of this species has not been taken, to my knowledge,
since it was described by Emery in 1895. He described the head,
thorax, petiole and antennae as rufotestaceous and the legs, with the
exception of the tarsi, the gaster, the pronotum and in some specimens
a spot on the mesonotum as black. This is a color pattern surprisingly
like that of L. erythrocephalus vemistm, but the typical varians has a
differently shaped head and its tibiae are slender and terete and not

102 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

strongly compressed as in all the varieties of erythrocephalus. I have
seen numerous specimens of the four following subspecies of varians,
all of which have yellow tibiae.

Subsp. ROTHNEYi Forcl

L. varians var. rothneyi Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool., 10, 1902 p. 473, ^ ; Wheeler,

Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 51, 1915, p. 281, S .
Qtieensland: Brisbane (Rothney, H. Hacker, F. H. Taylor); Enoggera (W. M.

Wheeler); Blackal Range (E. Mjoberg); Caloundra.

My specimens of this subspecies show some variation in coloration.
In topotypes from Brisbane taken by Hacker and Taylor, the head,
pronotum, dorsum of mesonotum, summit of petiolar node, gaster,
fore coxse and all the femora are dark brown; the mandibles, sides of
clypeus, antennpe, pleurre, epinotal declivity, ventral portions of pe-
tiole and anus are red, the tibia? and tarsi yellow. In the specimen
from Enoggera the red portions are paler and more yellowish and in
those from Coloundra the head is almost entirely deep red, so that
they may be said to represent a transition to the typical tarians.

Subsp. ruficeps Emery
Fig. 12

L. varians var. ruficeps Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 39, 1895, p. 352 ^ ;

Wheeler, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 51, 1915, p. 28, fig. 11, ^ ; Forel,

Ark. f. Zool., 9, 1915, p. 84 S d".
Qv£ensland: Mt. Bellenden Ker, type-locality (Podenzana); Cairns (W. W.

Froggatt, A. M. Lea); Kuranda (W. M. Wheeler); Glen Lamington,

Logan Village, Atherton, Malanda, Cedar Creek, Herberton (E. Mjoberg);

Cooktown (Staudinger).
New South Wales: Katoomba, Blue Mts. (F. Silvestri).

Male. — Length 9 mm.

Head elongate-elliptical, including the mandibles twice as long as
its transverse diameter through the eyes, the latter very large and
protuberant, somewhat nearer the anterior clypeal than the occipital
border, which is straight; the sides behind the eyes evenly rounded
and gradually converging posteriorly; cheeks nearly straight, half
as long as the eyes, converging anteriorly. Ocelli large and prominent.
Mandibles small, with sharply truncated tips, their masticatory border
short, without denticles, scarcely longer than the basal border. Cly-

WHEELER: ANTS OF THE GENUS LEPTOMYRMEX MAYR

103

peus nearly as long as broad, rather flat, indistinctly subcarinate,
with broadly rounded anterior border. Antennal scapes short, not
more than three times as long as broad; first funicular joint as broad
as long, second joint slightly shorter, third longer than the scape.
Thorax resembling that of the other species but more slender, with
less overhanging and narrower mesonotum and much less protuberant
mesepisterna; epinotum very low, its base concave in profile, passing
into the short and very sloping declivity without a distinct angle.
Petiole nearly as broad as long, its node low and indistinct, in profile
with longer anterior slope meeting the posterior slope at an obtuse

Fig. 12. Leptovvjrmex varians ruficeps Emery; male; a, head, dorsal aspect;
b, genitalia, posterior aspect; c, stipes, lateral aspect.

angle. Gaster narrow, elongate-elliptical. Genitalia small but ex-
truded; stipites triangular, longer than broad, with rather acute tips;
volsellfe rather stout, boot-shaped, the anterior prong very long,
slender and aciculate, the posterior prong reduced to a point. Legs
long and slender; middle tibite and hind femora bowed. Wings short,
measuring only 6 mm.; pterostigmal appendage long and ribbon-
shaped; cubitus complete.

Moderately smooth and shining throughout, very delicately sha-
greened; mandibles opaque; squamulse of genitalia very smooth and
shining.

Hairs almost absent, present on the venter where they are very
short, and on the stipites where they are very fine, long and dense.
Pubescence delicate and dilute, most distinct on the gaster.

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Yellow throughout, except the squamulas which are reddish brown,
even the wings tinged with yellow and with yellow veins.

I have redescribed this sex from two specimens, one taken by Mr.
A. M. Lea at Cairns, Queensland, with workers and a defective speci-
men from Cooktown obtained from Staudinger.

Subsp. rufipes Emery

Emery, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 39, 1895, p. 352 y ; Wheeler, Proc. Amer. Acad.

Arts Sci., 51, 1915, p. 279 y .
Queensland: Laidley, Brisbane (Podenzana), type-locality; Mackay (G.

Turner); Brisbane (F. H. Taylor); Brisbane Botanical Garden, Darra,

Toowong (W. M. Wheeler); Blackal Range (E. Mjoberg); Mt. Tambour-

rine (A. M. Lea).
New South Wales: Gosford (F. Silvestri).

I doubt the occurrence of this and the preceding subspecies in New
South Wales as far south as Gosford and Katoomba.

Subsp. QUADRicoLOR subsp. nov.

Worker. — Length 9-10 mm.

Averaging larger than rufipes. Head, antennae, thorax, petiole,
middle and hind coxse brownish red, decidedly darker than the cor-
responding parts of rufipes; gaster black, prosterna, fore coxae and all
the femora, except their extreme bases, dark brown or blackish; anal
segments yellowish brown; tibiae and tarsi pale or whitish yellow.
Antennae and legs much longer than in rufipes; anterior surface of
petiolar node with a distinct transverse impression, the posterior sur-
face flat and with a rather sharp lateral and superior border.

Described from numerous specimens taken by Dr. P. J. Darlington
at Lankelly Creek in the Mcllthwaite Range, Cape York Peninsula,
Queensland.

LEPTOMYRMEX DARUNGTONI sp. nOV.

Fig. 13

Worker. — Length 7.5-9 mm.

Head, without the mandibles, one and two-thirds times as long as
the ocular diameter, the sides straight and parallel anteriorly, behind
the eyes feebly convex and gradually narrowed to the straight posterior
border. Mandibles with nearly straight external borders. Clypeus

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mate

105

feebly convex in the middle, its anterior border nearly straight. Eyes
moderately large and convex, at the median transverse diameter of
the head. Antennae very long and slender; scapes extending fully
three-fifths their length beyond the posterior border of the head.

Fig. 13. Leptomyrmex darlingtoni sp. nov. a, worker in profile; b, head of
same, dorsal view; c, head of male; d, genitalia of same, posterior view; e,
same, lateral view; /, sagitta in profile.

Thorax slender, of the usual conformation, epinotum short, not much
longer than broad, its base straight and horizontal in profile, twice as
long as the sloping declivity with which it forms a very rounded angle.
Anterior and posterior surfaces of petiolar node in profile meeting at
a sharp rectangle, the former somewhat shorter than the latter which
is very flat or even slightly concave, with marginate border, ventral
surface only feebly convex posteriorly. Gaster elongate-elliptical.

106 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Legs very long and slender, the tibiae distinctly though not strongly
compressed. -

Very finely shagreened and somewhat shining throughout.

Hairs and pubescence white, the former sparse, largely confined to
the venter, coxpe and legs, very short on the tibise, forming a sparse
series on their flexor surface; pubescence moderately dense, rather
uniform over the whole surface.

Head and antennae rufo testaceous ; remainder of body, femora and
tibise brown-black, with the sutures of the thorax and the trochanters
brownish yellow; knees, tibial spurs and tarsi very pale yellow, nearly
white.

Male. — Length 6.5-7 mm.

Head narrow, without the mandibles nearly twice as long as the
ocular diameter. Eyes very large and prominent, placed at the middle
of the sides; postocular region subtrapezoidal, its posterior border
straight, as broad as the length of the adjacent sides; cheeks plus the
outer corners of the clypeus nearly as long as the eyes, feebly concave
and somewhat converging anteriorly. Ocelli large and prominent.
Mandibles slender with acute tips, their masticatory border without
denticles, much longer than the internal border and forming with it a
distinct but rounded angle. Clypeus nearly as long as broad, with
straight anterior border. Antennae as long as the body; scapes some-
what less than three times as long as broad; first funicular joint slightly
longer than broad, the second only a little longer; joints 3-5 much
longer, the third bent near its apex, the fourth and fifth more uni-
formly bowed. Thorax rather short compared with that of other
species, mesepisterna very prominent ; mesonotum longer than broad,
narrowed anteriorly, epinotum less than twice as long as broad, its
base in profile rather straight, sloping, twice as long as the more slop-
ing declivity and passing into it without a perceptible angle. Petiole
somewhat longer than broad, its node much lower than in the worker,
in profile straight and horizontal in the middle, convex in front and
sloping behind. Gaster clavate, its first segment narrowed anteriorly,
the genitalia large and extruded, of a very different structure from
those of the other species; squamulae separated at the base; stipites
narrowed at the base, with broad, bilobed tips; volsellae large, flattened,
bearing at their tips a curved three-pronged crosspiece, the longest
slender and acute prong directed posteriorly; sagittae forming a large
keel-shaped structure, with its ventral border regularly serrate. Legs
very long and slender, hind femora constricted and flexed in the
middle; all the tibiae bisinuately bent. Wings short and narrow,

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr 107

measuring only 6 mm.; pterostigmal appendage vestigial, reduced to
a mere nodule; basal half of cubitus absent.

Sculpture, pilosity and pubescence as in the worker, but the coxae
and legs without hairs; squamulse very smooth and shining; hairs on
the borders of the stipites long and delicate but not dense.

Described from numerous workers and two males taken by Dr. P. J.
Darlington from a single colony at Lankelly Creek, in the Mcllth-
waite Range, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. There are several
fine repletes among the workers.

The male of this species is easily distinguished by the very imusual
structure of the genitalia, the very short second funicular joint, pointed
mandibles, etc. The worker differs from varians and its varieties in
its smaller size, differently shaped head and distinctly compressed
tibiffi. It is more closely related to pollens Emery, which has the head
of the same conformation, but its tibiae are more slender and terete
and the petiole is longer. Except in its smaller size and the coloration
of the tibiae, darlingtoni bears a close superficial resemblance to
erythrocephalus and varians ruficeps.

Subsp. JUCUNDUS subsp. nov.

J]'orkcr. — Length 7 mm.

Like the typical darlingtoni, except in color. Thorax, coxa?, petiole
and extreme anterior end of the gaster, as well as the head and antennae,
brownish yellow, with a poorly defined spot on each side of the pro-
notum and the dorsum of the mesonotum fuscous; legs colored as in
the typical darUngfoni but their black portions more brownish and the
femora yellow at the base.

Two specimens taken by Dr. P. J. Darlington at Coen, Cape York
Peninsula, Queensland.

Subsp. fascigaster subsp. nov.

Worker. — Length 7.5 mm.

Resembling the preceding subspecies in the yellow coloration of the
head, thorax, petiole and coxae, but the femora, bases of the tibiae,
entire first gastric segment and a band at the posterior border of the
second and third segments are also of the same color. The pro- and
mesonotum are immaculate.

Two specimens taken by P. J. Darlington at Coen, Cape York
Peninsula, Queensland.

108 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

LEPTOMYRMEX UNicoLOR Emery

Wheeler, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 51, 1915, p. 282, S ,
Queensland: Cairns (Podenzana), type-locality; Kuranda (W. M. Wheeler,
F. P. Dodd).

The worker of this black species is quite unlike those described in
the preceding pages in the shape of the head of both the adult and
larva, in possessing hairy eyes and in probably not developing repletes.
On reexamining the long series of specimens which I collected at
Kuranda, Queensland in 1914, I find that all possess a small anterior
ocellar pit and that two others have a small ocellus and also a con-
siderably larger gaster. If these two specimens represent the fertile
female, as seems probable, this caste is decidedly more ergatomorphic
than in eryfhrocephalus and nigriventris.

LEPTOMYRMEX MJOBERGI Forcl

Forel, Ark. f. Zool., 9, 1915, p. 84, y ; Wheeler, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci.,

51, 1915, p. 285 S .
Queensland: Colosseum, Tolga, Herberton (E. Mjoberg).

This black species, which I know only from Forel's description, is
not only the smallest of the genus, measuring only 5.3-6 mm., but also
unique in the structure of the petiole which "is rather strongly inclined
forward, nearly twice as high as long and has about the form of an
anteriorly inclined parallelopipedon, which is, however, somewhat
convex above and with flat, but anteriorly inclined anterior and pos-
terior surface." The description seems to imply that the petiolar
node is thinner and more nearly squamiform than in the other species
of the genus.

y LEPTOMYRMEX FALLENS Emery

Wheeler, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 51, 1915, p. 276, ^ cf .
New Caledonia: Oubatche, Yambe, Hienghiene, Cone, Canale, Valley of the
Negropo, Coinde, La Foa, Valley of Ngoi, Noumea (Sarasin and Roux).
Loyalty Islands: Ouvea, Fayaoue (Sarasin and Roux).
German New Guinea: (Lauterbach).
Dutch New Guinea: Tana (Moszkowski).

The worker of this species is very similar to that of darlingtoni in
size and in the shape of the head, thorax and petiole, but the tibiae are
thinner and terete, instead of compressed. Unfortunately, Emery's
description of the male is very brief and contains no mention of the
genitalia.

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr 109

Subsp. GENicuLATUs Emery

L. pollens var. geniculatus Emery in Sarasin and Roux, Nova Caledonia, Zool.,
1, 1914, p. 418, S ; Wheeler, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 51, 1915, p.
278 y .

New Caledonia: Tchalabel, Coula-Boreare (Sarasin and Roux).

Subsp. NiGRiCEPS Emery

L. pollens var. nigriceps Emery, in Sarasin and Roux, Nova Caledonia, Zool.,
1, 1914, p. 418 ^ ; Wheeler, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 51, 1915, p.
278, S .

New Caledonia: La Madelaine (Sarasin and Roux).

The color pattern of this variety is unlike that of any of the other
forms of Leptomyrmex, the head, except the mandibles, and the whole
of the gaster being black, the remainder of the body and the append-
ages rufo testaceous.

Leptomyrmex nicer Emery
Fig. 14, a, b

Wheeler, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 51, 1915, p. 274 ^ ; Emery, Nova

Guinea, Zool. 9, 1911, p. 249 ^ ; Santschi, Formicidae in Result. Sci. Voy.

Ind. Orient. Neerland., 4, 1932, p. 16, g .
New Guinea: (L. Bir6) ; Huongolf (Neuhaus) ; Siwi and forest between Lomira

and Lake Kamakahwalla (Prince Leopold of Belgium); Merauki; Mt.

Misim, 5850 ft. in rain forest (H. Stevens).

There are in New Guinea at least four black forms of Leptomyrmex
of so nearly the same size, color and structure as to pass on superficial
examination for L. niger Emery. Only one of these belongs to Emery's
species, another proves to be a melanotic subspecies of L. fragilis
F. Smith and two are independent, unpublished species. I here re-
describe niger from a cotype received from Emery and two speci-
mens recently collected by Mr. Stevens on Mt. Nizim, New Guinea
at an elevation of 5850 ft., with emphasis on certain details not men-
tioned by Emery, but of importance in comparison with the two
species described below.

Worker. — Length 8 mm.

Head, including the mandibles, twice as long as broad, and exclud-
ing these fully two-fifths as high as long at the front, the anteocular
portion with slightly sinuate, subparallel cheeks, the postocular por-
tion with rounded sides gradually converging to the slightly concave
occipital border. Eyes distinctly behind the middle of the head,

110 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

small and elliptical, but convex. Mandibles broad and flat, their
masticatory borders coarsely denticulate. Clypeus large, feebly con-
vex in the middle, flattened at the sides, the anterior border straight,
thick and bevelled. Frontal carinae low, parallel, not closely approxi-
mated; frontal area distinct. Antennal scapes extending fully three-
fifths their length beyond the occipital border, distinctly compressed.
Thorax of the usual shape; pronotum fully one and two-thirds as long
as broad, sharply truncated anteriorly, with straight, posteriorly
diverging sides ; mesonotum more than twice as long as broad, flattened,
its dorsal surface straight in profile; epinotum rounded-rectangular,
nearly as broad as long, with a pronounced transverse depression near
its anterior end. Petiole nearly twice as long as broad, broader in
front than behind, its node thick, with short perpendicular anterior
surface, its summit rounded, with a shallow, longitudinal, median
groove, its posterior surface long, flat and sloping, the ventral surface
nearly straight, not projecting. Legs long and slender, both the femora
and tibipe rather distinctly compressed. Gaster broadly elliptical.

Distinctly shagreened and moderately shining throughout; man-
dibles more subopaque.

Hairs black, bristle-like, sparse, long on the venter, clypeus and
coxje, short on the tips of the femora, shorter, more delicate and
oblique on the surfaces of the femora and til)ipe. Pubescence brownish,
long, generally distributed but most abundant on the gaster and an-
terior portion of the head, on both these regions longer and less ap-
pressed, especially on the sides of the gaster, cheeks, clypeus and
mandibles. Eyes hairless.

Brown black; palpi black; funiculi, knees and inner borders of the
mandibles, except the teeth, yellowish brown; fore tarsi yellow,
middle and hind tarsi white.

L. nigcr closely resembles unicolor but is at once distinguished by
its longer, narrower head, less elongate gaster, different pilosity,
pubescence, etc. Emery's figure of the head of tiigcr, reproduced in
my former paper, is too long and more like the head of the two follow-
ing species.

Leptomyrmex lugubris sp. nov.
Fig. 14, c, d

Worker. — Length 6-7 mm.

Dift'ering from 7iiger in the following particulars: smaller and de-
cidedly more slender, the integument, especially of the thorax thinner,

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr

111

collapsible. Head narrower and longer, with larger, more nearly
circular and more convex eyes. Cheeks straight and parallel, occipital
border much narrower; dorso ventral diameter of head at front much
shorter, only half its length without the mandibles. Frontal carinse

Fig. 14. a and b, dorsal and lateral aspects of head of Leptomyrmex niger
Emery, worker; c and d of L. lugubris sp. nov., worker; e and / of L. puberulus
sp. nov., worker.

more elevated and more approximated. Clypeus even flatter. Antennal
scapes and legs more slender though compressed. Dorsal surface of
pronotum very flat. Petiole much like that of mger but shorter, the
longitudinal groove on the summit of the node more distinct, the
posterior surface shorter and less sloping. Gaster more elongate ellip-
tical.

112 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Surface of body and appendages smoother and more shining.
Pubescence grayish, not dense even on the gaster; hairs as in 7iiger,
except that they are fewer on the clypeus and absent on the tibiae
except in a very sparse and irregular row along the flexor borders.
Eyes hairless.

Deep brownish black; palpi black; mandibles yellowish piceous,
with blackish external borders; antennae and legs dark brown, slightly
paler than the body; tarsi and tibial spurs white.

Described from six workers taken by Mr. H. Stevens at the junction
of Bulolo and Watut Creeks, Biolowat, 2000-3000 ft., New Guinea.

/

Leptomyrmex puberulus sp. nov.
Fig. 14, e, f

Worker. — Length 7-7.5 mm.

Somewhat larger than lugubris and intermediate in the width and
thickness of the head between that species and niger, but more like
the former in the slenderness of the thorax. Eyes even larger, more
nearly circular and more convex than in lugubris. Frontal carinae
and area as in Jiigcr. Petiole like that of lugubris but with the groove
in the summit of the node even deeper and broader. Scapes and
tibiae very slender, only slightly compressed. Gaster rather narrow,
as in lugubris.

Very finely and superficially shagreened and with the exception of
the gular surface distinctly less shining than niger and especially than
lugubris.

Erect hairs as in the latter. Pubescence gray, long and abundant
on all parts of the body and appendages, but especially on the head and
gaster, oblique or suberect, even longer and more abundant on the
scapes. Eyes hairy.

Brown black; sides and anterior portion of head somewhat paler,
more castaneous brown; palpi, anterior border of clypeus, mandibles,
except their teeth, and antennae brownish yellow; bases of scapes
dark brown ; femora blackish brown ; tibiae somewhat paler, with their
bases and spurs, and the tarsi white.

Described from fifteen specimens taken by Mr. H. Stevens, eleven
in the Morobe District (type locality) and four at Biolowat, 2000-
3000 ft., New Guinea. In possessing hairy eyes and in the abundant,
oblique or suberect pubescence of the body and appendages this
species is most like L. unicolor but is in other respects very different.

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr 113

Leptomyrmex fragilis (F. Smith)

Wheeler, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 51, 1915, p. 275, fig. 9, ^ cf ; Emery,
Nova Guinea, Zool., 5, 1910, p. 532; ibid. 9, 1911, p. 249 ^ .

Aru Islands: (A. R. Wallace).

Ceram: (Tavern).

British New Guinea: Moroka, Bujakori, Haveri, Paumomu River (L. Loria).

Dutch New Guinea: Mt. Cyclope, Manikion, Moaif, Senbani, Merauki, Baie
Etna, Bivak-Leuvel.

This species seems to be closely related to the Australian varians
but the postocular portion of the head of the worker is more elongated,
with a longer constriction near the occipital border, which is shorter,
and the genital appendages of the male are very different. Both
worker and male of the typical fragilis have the body yellowish
testaceous throughout. The gaster of the worker often has a yellowish
brown spot on each side.

/
Subsp. femoratus Santschi

L. fragilis var. femorata Santschi, Formicidse in Result. Sci. Voy. Ind. Orient.

Neerland., 4, 1932, p. 17 (?) y fig.
Dutch New Guinea: Siwi (Prince Leopold of Belgium).

In the worker of this subspecies the general color of the body is
more reddish than in the typical form, the lateral spots on the gaster
are nearly black and the middle and hind femora are brown.

*^ Subsp. melanoticus subsp. nov.
Fig. 15

Worker. — Length 6.5-7.5 mm.

Differing from the two preceding forms in its much darker color.
Head, palpi, thorax, petiole, gaster and coxse brown-black; sides of
head, coxae and femora more castaneous brown; scapes and tibiae pale
brown; mandibles, except the teeth, anterior border and corners of
clypeus and funiculi brownish yellow; tarsi and extreme bases of
tibiae white or yellowish white.

Male. — Length 6.5 mm.

Head without the mandibles nearly twice as long as its width
through the eyes, which are unusually large and convex, with feebly
sinuate internal orbits and situated distinctly in front of the middle
of the head. Cheeks more than half as long as the eyes, concave, con-

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verging anteriorly. Postocular borders of head long, very feebly con-
cave, rapidly converging to the short, straight occipital border.
Ocelli large but not prominent. Mandibles small and narrow, with
pointed tips, their masticatory border without denticles, somewhat
longer than the basal border and curving into it without a perceptible
angle. Clypeus as long as broad. Antennse very long and slender,
fully as long as the body; scapes two and one-half times as long as
broad; first funicular joint half as long as the scapes, joint 2 of the
same length as the first, succeeding joints much longer, feebly flexuous.
Thorax long, mesonotum one and one-half times as long as broad.

Fig. 15. Leptomyrmex fragilis melanoticus subsp. nov. a, head of worker,
dorsal aspect; h, head of male, dorsal aspect; c, genitalia, posterior aspect; d,
fstipes and e, sagitta, lateral aspect.

narrowed anteriorly where it is very convex and strongly overarching
the pronotum; mesepisterna very protuberant as in the other species;
epinotum low, its base straight in profile, nearly three times as long
as the straight, sloping declivity, with which it forms a distinct angle,
marked on each side by the projecting epinotal stigma. Petiole from
above twice as long as broad, broader behind than in front, with
straight sides; in profile without a distinct node, its dorsal and ventral
surfaces nearly parallel, the dorsal slightly convex, the ventral straight.
Genitalia retracted basally, their appendages exserted and spread;
stipites small, subtriangular, longer than broad, with bluntly rounded
tip, their ventral border with numerous long cilia; volsella long, flat-
tened, hook-shaped, membraneous at the base where it bears a slender,
styliform lacinia; sagittse flattened, subtriangular, with straight dorsal
border, rounded tip and convex, serrate ventral border. Legs ex-

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr 115

tremely long and slender, middle tibia? bowed, fore and hind tibije
flexuous, the latter very strongly so. Wings short, measuring only 5
mm.; apterostigmal appendage minute, nodiform; basal half of cubital
vein absent.

Lustrous or somewhat shining, very finely shagreened or punctulate.

Hairs and pubescence pale, the former short, absent, except on the
stipites, lower surface of petiole and anterior border of clypeus;
pubescence rather long, appressed, not very dense, generally dis-
tributed.

Head, thorax, gaster, dorsal surface of petiole and coxfie dark brown;
mandibles, clypeus, scapes, front, sutures of thorax, wing-insertions,
ventral portion of petiole and genital appendages yellowish brown or
brownish yellow; femora paler brown than the coxre, their tips, the
tibite, tarsi and funiculi white. Wings distinctly infuscated, with
brown veins.

Described from six workers and two males taken by Mr. W'. J.
Eyerdam at China Straight, New Guinea (Papua).

That this is really only a dark form of fragilis and not a distinct
species is shown by the close agreement of the genitalia with Emery's
description of these appendages in the typical fracjilis. The male of this
species, as will be seen from my description and figures is quite as un-
like any of the other Leptomyrmex males as that of darlingtoni.

''^Leptomyrmex gracillimus sp. nov.
Fig. 16

Worker. — Length 9-9.5 mm.

Very slender; head without the mandibles somewhat more than
twice as long as broad, with the moderately large and convex eyes
distinctly in front of the middle; preocular portion subrectangular,
broader than long, with straight, parallel cheeks, the postocular with
feebly convex sides very gradually converging to the short, straight,
delicately marginate occipital border. Mandibles large and flat, their
external borders nearly straight, their masticatory borders with only
the larger apical denticles set at right angles to the blade, the others
serrate and directed backward. Clypeus large, feebly convex but not
subcarinate in the middle, depressed on the sides, the anterior border
thin, straight in the middle, broadly rounded at the corners. Frontal
carinae parallel; frontal area distinct. Antennse very long and slender,
scapes feebly and uniformly curved, distinctly compressed, extending
more than three-fifths their length beyond the occipital border.

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Thorax very long and slender; pronotum nearly twice as long as
broad, its sides and anterior border straight, its dorsal surface straight
in front and very feebly convex behind; mesonotum fully twice as
long as its width at its dorsal junction with the epinotum, its dorsal
outline in profile somewhat concave anteriorly; epinotum one and
two-thirds times as long as its posterior width, subrectangular behind,
semicircularly rounded in front, its base in profile straight, twice as
long as the very sloping declivity and arcuately rounding into it.
Petiole twice as long as broad, with nearly parallel sides, the node in

Fig. 16. Leptomyrmex gracillimus sp. nov., Worker, a, profile aspect; b,
head, dorsal aspect.

profile with the anterior and posterior surfaces straight and subequal,
meeting at a rounded right angle, the anterior surface feebly, longi-
tudinally grooved; ventral surface not strongly convex. Gaster
elongate-elliptical, fully three times as long as broad, the first segment
longer than broad, narrowed anteriorly. Legs very slender and greatly
elongated, especially the fore and hind pairs; tibiae distinctly com-
pressed.

Very finely and indistinctly shagreened, almost subopaque, the
gula and sides of head more shining; mandibles granular, with a row
of coarse punctures along the masticatory border.

Hairs reddish brown, few, sparse, long and erect, confined to the
venter, fore coxse and clypeus; tibiae with an uneven row of short,
pale, oblique hairs or bristles along their flexor border. Pubescence
whitish, appressed, distinct and moderately long and dense on the

wheeler: ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr 117

head and gaster, shorter and much more dilute on the thorax, petiole
and appendages.

Pale testaceous or brownish yellow, sides of gaster indistinctly
clouded with brown; middle and hind tarsi white, mandibular teeth
red.

Described from five specimens taken by Mr. L. Wagner at Finsch-
hafen, New Guinea.

This species is rather closely related to L. fragilis, but is decidedly
larger and more slender and the sides of the long, attenuated postoc-
ular portion of its head are very feebly and evenly convex throughout
their length, without any indications of a constriction.

xVDDENDA

Among some ants received from Mr. John Clark, Curator of En-
tomology in the Melbourne Museum, I find two workers labelled "L.
frof/gaiti". They prove to belong to a new form of crythrocephahis,
which is here briefly described as

•^Subsp. clarlii subsp. nov.

Worker. — Length 8-8.5 mm.

Differing from all the previously described forms of the species in
coloration, being brown black, with the funiculi bej^ond the first
joint, the thoracic sutures, metanotal region, posterior half of the
epinotum, petiole, trochanters, middle and hind coxae and tips of
fore coxae, tarsi and extreme bases of tibiae rufotestaceous. Spurs of
the middle and hind tibiae black. Pilosity black, very short and
sparse, confined to the mandibles, clypeus, venter and flexor surfaces
of the tibiae. Pubescence very short, dilute and indistinct.

Two specimens from Fletcher, Queensland (E. Sutton). This is the
only form of eryihrocc phalus with an entirely black head.

I find that I have overlooked an important account of Leptomyrmex
niger and fragilis by Karawaiew (Ameisen aus dem Indo-i\.ustralischen
Gebiet. Treubia, 8, 1926, pp. 430-433). He took many workers and
males of the former species on Kobror Island, in the Aru x-Vrchipelago,
and describes the male in detail with two figures (Figs. 5 and 6), one
of which shows the genitalia. The volsellffi terminate in a simple hook
as in fragilis vielanoticus. The single very flourishing colony of niger,
which Karawaiew found, was inhabiting a nest one and one-half to

118 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

two meters long and consisting of loose earth on each side of a de-
cayed log, into which the ants' galleries partially extended.

He took workers of L.fragilis on both Kobror and Wammar Islands,
in the Aru Archipelago, and describes one of the nests as consisting of
earth between two roots at the base of a tree trunk, above and below
a termitarium, which was also inhabited by the ants. The whole
structure, including the termitarium was 35 cm. high and half as
broad. The descriptions indicate that the two Papuan species of
Leptomyrmex, unlike the Australian species which I have observed,
are able to construct nests, but the occupation of the deserted termite
galleries by fragilis and of possibly preformed cavities in the log by
niger, suggests that the earthen portions of the nests may also have
been constructed by previous occupants.

JUN 2 7 \^V

Bulletin of the Museum of Compara^tlve Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGT

Vol. LXXVII. No. 4

^IY1

THE ANGLES

11. THE MAINL.\ND SPECIES FROM MEXICO

SOUTHWARD

By Thomas Barbour

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A.:
PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

June, 1934

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Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE
Vol. LXXVII. No. 4

THE ANGLES

11. THE MAINLAND SPECIES FROM MEXICO

SOUTHWARD

By Thomas Barbour

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A.:
PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

June, 1934

No. 4. — The Anoles. II. The Mainland Species from

Mexico Southward

By Thomas Barbour

Introduction

This list is in no sense final. The author is under no delusions as to
its unsatisfactory nature. The final arrangement of Anolis, especially
the indicating of phyla, of "Formen kreisen," the probable division
of this unwieldy genus into several genera and a complete list of the
species will not be written for many, many years. Nevertheless our
knowledge of Anolis has advanced enormously since the appearance
of the second volume of the Catalogue of Lizards in the British Mu-
seum from the pen of Dr. G. A. Boulenger in 1885,

This list then is simply an attempt to set forth our present state of
knowledge.

I list those forms of which the validity and status is well established
and all others concerning which there is no information to counter-
indicate their validity. The synonymy is not complete nor intended
so to be. It contains the important references since the work of
Boulenger which I have just mentioned. For convenience, however,
the original description is given and the type locality is likewise re-
corded as well as the place where the types are preserved. The last
information, however, is not complete for some cotypes have no doubt
been distributed of which I know not, while in other cases they appear
to be lost.

Where species have been originally proposed under some generic
name other than Anolis this name appears within parentheses.
Boulenger's Catalogue of 1885 gives full details concerning this
synonymy of years ago and this stands except where his conclu-
sions are counter-indicated herein.

This little paper is the complement to one which I published in the
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 70, 1930, p.
103-144, in which I listed all of the Insular Anoles known to that year.

I have added occasional notes as to seasonal appearance or abun-
dance where I have information worth recording.

It is a pleasure to record the assistance which I have had from my
old friend and student Professor E. R. Dunn, who has read the whole
manuscript and added many valuable notes and suggestions, as well
as from my other friends, Mrs. Frederick M. Gaige, Miss Doris
Cochran, and needless to say I have never written a paper which

122 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

amounted to much of anything without having benefited from the
advice and sage criticism of Dr. Stejneger. No one of these scholars
is, however, to be held accountable for errors of omission or commission.

Anolis aequatorialis Werner, Zool. Ans., 17, 1894, p. 157 (type lo-
cality, Ecuador; type in Vienna Institute of Zool. and Comp.
Anat.; collected by Schmarda).

Said to be allied to A. yachypus of Central America. The type
should be re-examined.

Anolis albi Barbour, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club., 12, 8 Feb. 1932,
p. 101 (type locality, Andagoya on the San Juan River above
Buenaventura, Colombia; types in Mus. Comp. Zool.; Dr. W. H.
White leg.).

A species of the excessively rainy forest of the Choco, which
seems to be without close allies among the many forms described
from that region.

Anolis altae Dunn, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 12, 7 Aug. 1930, p. 17
(type locality, Acosta Farm, 7000 ft. alt., Volcan Barba, Costa
Rica; type, Mus. Comp. Zool. 29,385; collected by E. R. Dunn and
Manuel Valerio).

Most closelv allied to Anolis concolor.

Anolis andianus Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 2, 1885, p. 60 (type
locality, Milligalli, Ecuador, 6200 ft. alt.; type in Brit. Mus., 1 9 ;
collected by E. Whymper).

A species somewhat similar to Anolis chloris but larger, with the
dorsal scales tubercular rather than keeled.

Anolis antonii Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 2, 1908, p. 517,
fig. 2 (type locality, San Antonio, southwestern Colombia; type in
Brit. Mus., 1 9 ; collected by Merwin G. Palmer).

BARBOUR: THE ANGLES 123

Anolis tolimcnsis Werner, Zool. Anz. 47, 1916, p. 303 (type locality,
Canon [not "Conon"] de Tolima, 1700 m. alt., Colombia; types 8
specimens in Landesmuseum, Briinn, Austria; collected by Fassl.)-
The allocation of .4. tolimcnsis Werner to the synonymy of A.
antonii is probably correct but better topotypical material, together
with an actual comparison of the types is obviously desirable.

Anolis apollinaris Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1919, p. 79,
fig. 4, a-b (type locality, near Bogota, Colombia; type in Brit.
Mus., 1 9 ; collected by Hermano Apolinar Maria). Burt, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., Wash., 78, Dec. 1930, p. 8 (Macas, Oriente, Ecua-
dor; collected by Madira). Burt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61,
June 11, 1931, p. 255 (many Iocs, in Colombia).

Burt maintains that this species is allied to A. chrysolepis and
mentions its similarity to A. gcmmosus with which it may be iden-
tical or subspecifically connected.

Anolis aureolus Cope, Proc. x\m. Philos. Soc, 22, 1885, p. 390 (type
locality, Yucatan; types now Mus. Comp. Zool., 10,929 [formerly
U. S. Nat. Mus. 25,858] from Yucatan and 24,850-1 and 25,854-7
in U. S. Nat. Mus.; collected Yucatan, by A. Schott; Guatemala, by
Henry Hague). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 49 (no
specimens). Giinther, Biol. Cent. Amer. Rept., 1885, p. 45 (nominal
mention). Barbour and Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, 1906, p.
148 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan; in Mus. Comp. Zool.; collected by
L. J. Cole).

Anolis acidirostris Ives, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, p. 459
(type locality, Citilpech, Yucatan; type, a single cf No. 7889, Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. collection). Barbour and Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool. 50, 1906, p. 149 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan; Mus. Comp. Zool.
Coll.; L. J. Cole, Leg.).

Apparently a very common species in the dry scrub of central
Yucatan.

Anolis baccatus Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 2, 1873, p. 59,
pi. 14, fig. 14 (type locality, Mexico; type in Paris Mus., 1 9 ; col-
lected by Salle). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 54 (no
specimens). Giinther, Biol. Cent. Amer., Rept., 1885, p. 46 (nominal

124 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

mention). Cope, Proe. Am. Philos. Soc, 22, April 17, 1885, p. 391
(diagnosis).

We have in this Museum a single specimen apparently represent-
ing this species from Sepaquite, Guatemala. I have photographs
of the type in the Paris Museum.

Anolis beckeri Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1881, p. 921 (type
locality, Yucatan; types in Royal Belgian Mus., 2 ex.; collected by
M. A. Boucard). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 46 (no
specimens). Giinther, Biol. Cent. Amer., Rept., 1885, p. 45 (nomi-
nal mention). Barbour and Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, 1906,
p. 149 (Chichen Itza, 1 in Mus. Comp. Zool.; collected by L. J.
Cole).

We have this species only from the vicinity of Chichen Itza,
where it seems to be rare.

Anolis binotatus Peters, Monatsb. Berl. Acad., 1863, p. 140 (type
locality, Guayaquil; type no. 4685 in Berlin Mus.; collected by
Consul Reisf.). Bocourt (part). Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 2,
1873, p. 92, livr. 3, 1874, pi. 16, fig. 22-23 (fig. 22 is of type).

I thought I took this species in Darien, but I was mistaken and
I have not seen it.

Anolis (Dactyloa) biporcatus (Wiegmann), Herp. Mex., 1834, p. 47
(type locality, not specifically mentioned, IMexico; type in Berlin

Mus.).

Anolis biporcatus Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 2, 1873, p. 98,
pi. 15, fig. 8 (had a cotj^pe and others from several localities in
Guatemala and "Cuba" [in errore]). O'Shaughnessy, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., (4), 15, 1875, p. 274 (a short note referring Cope's A.
vittigervs to the synon^Tny). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 2,
1885, p. 88 (many localities in Cent. Amer., Venez., Ecuador and
Trinidad, these, in part at least, referable to A. mttigerus). Giinther,
Biol. Cent. Amer. Rept., 1885, p. 52 (synonymy, list of localities,
part).

Anolis carolinensis (part) Dumeril & Bibron, Erp. Gen., 4, 1837, p. 127
(erroneous allocation to synonymy).

BARBOUR: THE ANGLES 125

AnoUs principalis (part) Gray, Cat. Liz. Brit. ]Mus., 184.5, p. 202
(erroneous allocation to svnonvmv).

Anolis bourgaci Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 2, 1873, p. 76,
pi. 15, fig. 9 (type locality, Huatusco and Orizaba, Vera Cruz,
Mexico; types first ex. in Berlin Mus., second in Paris Mus.; col-
lector anonymous and Bourget). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus.,
2, 1885, p. 74 (no specimens).

I wish the type of the species might be found and settle the
identity of this doubtful form. I had confused it with Anolis copei
but Dr. Dunn has corrected me in this. It is not at all improbably
an earlier name for what we are calling Anolis petersii.

Anolis bitectus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 171 (type
locality, Western Ecuador; types 2 ex. in Brit. Mus.; collected by
Fraser). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 71, pi. 5, fig. 2
(types only). Burt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61, June 11,
1931, p. 256 (Ventura, Ecuador).

I have seen no specimens of this apparently valid species.

Anolis bocourtii Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila., (2), 8, 26 Nov.
1875, p. 167 (type locality, Nauta, Peru; cotypes in Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., Mus. Zool. tiniv. Mich, and Mus. Comp. Zool.; collected by
Orton). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 50 (no speci-
mens).

Orton collected a fine series of this form. I have seen no recent
material.

Anolis boettgeri Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 7, 1911, p. 19
(type locality, Huancabamba [in errore] really Oxapampa, Eastern
Peru, types 4 9 in Brit. Mus.; collected by Enrique Boettger.

A fine distinct species of which there is a topotype in the JNIus.
Comp. Zool.

Anolis bombiceps Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 8, 26 Nov.
1875, p. 168 (type locality, Nauta, Peru; type not in Acad. Nat. Sci.

126 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Phila., lost; collected by Orton). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus.,
2, 1885, p. 94 (no specimens).

More intensive collecting at the type locality is necessary to es-
tablish the status of this apparently valid form.

Anohs boulengeri O'Shaughnessy, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1881,
p. 242, pi. 24 (type locality, Canelos, Ecuador; type a 9 in Brit.
Mus.; collected by Buckley). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2,
1885, p. 58 (a note only that the species may be a synonym of A.
punctatus) .

More material is needed to determine the status of this form also.
It is most unfortunate to describe Anoles from single female speci-
mens as also Boulenger did on all too many occasions.

Anolis breviceps Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1913, p. 1031,
pi. 107, fig. 1 (type locality, Pena Lisa, Condoto, Choco, Colombia,
300 ft. alt.; types 3 ex. in Brit. Mus.; collected by Dr. H. G. F.
Spurrell).

Of this species we have a specimen from Andagoya, not far from
the type locality. It is a good, distinct species.

Anolis buckleyi O'Shaughnessy, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1880, p.
492, pi. 49 (type locality, Canelos, Ecuador, types 2 d^ in Brit.
Mus., collected by Buckley). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2,
1885, p. 58 (no new specimens). Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 22,
Oct. 2, 1885, p. 101 (Pebas, Peru; collected by Hauxwell).

Mr. O. C. Felton has recently sent us a topotype of this species
right from Canelos.

Anolis capito Peters, Monatsb. Berl. Acad. 1863, p. 142 (type locality,
Costa Rica; types 2, No. 4086, in Berlin Mus.; collected by Dr. C.
Hoffman). Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 2, 1873, p. 101,
livr. 4, 1874, pi. 16, fig. 27 (specimens from Vera Paz and Tabasco;
figures head of the type). Cope, Jour, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2),
8, 1875, p. 124 (Old Harbor near Pt. Limon, Costa Rica). Boulenger,
Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 94 (description, range Tabasco to
Costa Rica. Specimen from Vera Paz in Brit. Mus.). Giinther,
Biol. Cent. Amer. Rept., 1885, p. 52 (synonymy, list of localities).

BARBOUR: THE ANGLES 127

Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, November 20, 1885, p. 276 (Nicaragua;
collected by Bransford). Dunn, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 12,
August 7, 1930, p. 18 (diagnosis, distribution).

AjwUs carncus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 171 (type
locality. Lower Vera Paz forests, Guatemala; type an adult 9 and
juvenile cf in Brit. Mus.; collected by Osbert Salvin).

Anolis longipcs Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 31, Dec. 23, 1895, p. 343
(type locality. Palmar and Boruca, Costa Rica; type from Palmar
in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 16,350; Boruca; Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist. 16,351-2; collected by Cherrie). Dunn, Proc. N. Engl. Zool.
Club, 12, August 7, 1931, p. 21 (synonymy, diagnosis, distribution).
Occurs from Mexico to Darien.

Anolis chloris Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898, p. 110, pi. 10,
fig. 3 (type locality, Paramba, Ecuador; type 1 cf in Brit. Mus.;
collected by W. F. H. Rosenberg).

The Museum has a paratype from Paramba.

Anolis chrysolepis Dumeril & Bibron, Erp. Gen., 4, 1837, p. 94 (type
locality, Guyana [French Guiana & Surinam]; types 2 specimens in
Paris Museum). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 89
(synonymy, redescription, new localities — some obviously wrong).
Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 70, April, 1930, p. 118 (synonymy).
Burt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61, June 11, 1931, p. 257 (many
localities in British Guiana; crit.).

The common, large, woodland xVnole of Trinidad, occurring also
in the Guianas and probably in the forest region of the Orinoco
delta.

Anolis concolor Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 180 (type
locality, Nicaragua; types 4 in U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 6055; collected
by Charles Wright). "^Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p.
74 (no specimens). Giinther, Biol. Cent. Amer., Rept., 1885, p. 48
(nominal mention only). Dunn, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 12,
August 7, 1930, p. 17 (discussion).

Anolis refulgens (non Schlegel) Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila.,
1860, p. 480 (Nicaragua).

128 bulletin: museum of compaeative zoology

The Museum has a cotype Mus. Comp. Zool. Xo. 22,341 from
Nicaragua and a good series from Old Providence Island which I
got last year.

Anolis copei Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 2, 1S73, p. 77, pi.
15, fig. 10 (type locality, Santa Rosa de Pansos, Guatemala; types
in Paris Museum; collected by Miss. Sci. Mex.). Cope, Jour. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 8, 1875, p. 121 (3 in Phila. Acad, from Old
Harbor, near Pt. Limon, Costa Rica). Cope, Proc. Am. Philos.
Soc, 22, November 11, 1885, p. 276 (Nicaragua, collected by Brans-
ford). Dunn, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 12, August 7, 1930, p. 19
(discussion, synonymy).

Anolis copii Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 65 (synonymy,
description. "W. Ecuador" in errore?), Giinther, Biol. Cent. Amer.
Rept., 1885, p. 47 (Costa Rica; collected by Salvin). Boulenger,
Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1898, p. Ill (Paramba, Ecuador, col-
lected by Rosenberg).

Anolis fraseri (part) Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1859, p. 407

(type locality, Andes of Western Ecuador; types in Brit. Mus.;

collected by Eraser; 1 9 —A. copei included in series of cotypes).

Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 2, 1873, pi. 15, fig. 10 (figures

9 cotype of A. fraseri which was really an A. copei.)

Anolis hrevipcs Boettger, Cat. Rept. Senck. MUs., 1, 1893, p. 57
(type locality, Cairo Plantation, La Junta, near Pto. Limon, Costa
Rica; type 1 9 Senckenberg Mus., No. 5047, 1 a; collected by
Carl Fleishmann).

Anolis ohtusirostris Peters, Mon. Berl. Acad., Jan. or Feb., 1874,
p. 741 (type locality, Chiriqui Province, Panama; type 1 ex. Berlin
Mus., No. 7,829). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 95
(redescription, no specimens).

Anolis petersii Schmidt, Smith. Misc. Coll., 89, 1, ISIarch 16, 1933,
p. 9 (Gatun, Panama Canal Zone).

I agree with Dunn that this is the southern representative of
Anolis petersii which occurs in Mexico and part of Guatemala.
This species, or perhaps really better subspecies, ranges southward
to Panama. It is the rather sluggish, heavy bodied, green Anole
which is not uncommon in wooded areas of the Canal Zone especially

BARBOUR: THE ANGLES 129

during the rainy season. I do not mean by this that it is strictly a
forest species for it is not.

Dr. Stejneger writes me that the Library of Congress copy of
the Berhn Monatsberichte has the original covers and internal
evidence shows that Peters' important paper appeared between
3 Jan. and 10 Feb. 1874. Copci of Bocourt definitely appeared in
1873, for the Smithsonian copy of his work is in the original covers
also.

Anolis crassulus Cope, Proc. x\cad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 173
(type locality, Coban, Guatemala, 2 spec, and "Central America,"
1 spec; types in Brit. Mus. and Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 8,023-27,
Central Guatemala, Vaux coll., a probable cotype in U. S. Nat.
Mus., No. 13,977 from Nicaragua). Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex.,
Kept., livr. 2, 1873, p. 82, li\T. 4, 1874, pi. 17, fig. 17 (Plateau of
Guatemala). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 81 (syn-
onym and description). Giinther, Biol. Cent. x\mer., Rept., 1885,
p. 50, pi. 27, fig. F. (Vera Cruz, fide Sumichrast m lift. only). Cope,
Proc Am. Philos. Soc, 22, November 20, 1885, p. 276 (Nicaragua;
collected by Bransford).

Dunn says this species is distinct from Anolis fropidonotus of
Mexico. There are none in this Museum.

Anolis cumingii Peters, Mon. Berl. Acad., 1863, p. 140 (type locality,
Mexico; type 1 9 in Berlin Mus.; collected by Herr. Cuming).
Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., li\T. 2, 1873, p. 89, livr. 3, 1874,
pi. 16, fig. 20 (fig. of type and description of 9 type and d^ in
Milan Mus.). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 80 (no
specimens, difference from .4. sallari noted). Giinther, Biol. Cent,
Amer. Rept., 1885, p. 50 (nominal mention only).

Another species of very unsatisfactory status. I have seen no
specimens.

Anolis cupreus Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 481
(type locality, Nicaragua; types in U. S. Nat. Mus. and Mus.
Comp. Zool.). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 80
(synonymy, description, records for Guatemala and Costa Rica).

130 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Giinther, Biol. Cent. Amer., Rept., 1SS5, p. 50 (synonymy, copy of
Big. I.e., list of locality records). Boettger, Cat. Rept. Senckenb.
Mils., 1, 1893, p. 59 (San Jose, C. R.). Dunn, Proc. N. Engl. Zool.
Club, 12, August 7, 1930, p. 17 (Discussion of status, distribution).
Schmidt, Field Mus. Publ. Zool., 12, 16, Nov. 21, 1928, p. 195
(Salvador).

Anolis hoffmanni Peters, Monatsb. Berl. Acad., 1863, p. 142 (Costa
Rica, collected by Hoffmann). Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept.,
livr. 2, 1873, p. 86, pi. 15, fig. 15-16 (fig. of type and a cf from
Costa Rica, suspects close similarity with cupreus).

Anolis dollfusian.us Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 2, 1873,
p. 84, livr. 3, 1874, pi. 16, fig. 19 (3 cotypes from forest near San
Agustin, and 1 from Volcan Atitlan, alt. 1,200 m., Guatemala,
collected by Dollfuss of Miss. Sci. Mex.).

Dunn remarks that this species is common in Upper Costa Rica
and Nicaragua. It, with Anolis intermedium, is very common about
San Jose. There are large series in the Museum as well as cotypes.

Anolis cymbops Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 173
(type locality. Vera Cruz, Mexico; type 1 9 in Brit. Mus.). Bou-
lenger. Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 73 (redescription). Giinther,
Biol. Cent. Amer. Rept., 1885, p. 48 (nominal mention only).
I have never seen this species at all.

Anolis damulus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 169 (type
locality, unknown; type in Brit. Mus., cf ). Boulenger, Cat, Liz.
Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 47, pi. 2, fig. 2 & 2 a (redescription; type
poorly figured).

Dr. A. G. Ruthven, who has examined the type of this species
tells me he believes it to be valid. No further information as to the
range of the species has been forthcoming.

Anolis eulaemus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 2, 1908, p.
516, fig. 1 (type locality. Las Pavas, southwestern Colombia; type
in Brit. Mus., 1 cT; collected by Merwin G. Palmer).

BARBOUR: THE ANGLES 131

Boulenger says that this species is related to Anolis fasciatus of
which I suspect it may be but a subspecies.

AnoHs fasciatus Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 59, pi. 3,
fig. 1 (type locality, Guayaquil, Ecuador; type 1 cf in Brit. Mus.;
collected by Mr. Fraser). Peracca, Bol. Mus. Torino, 19, 465, 1904,
p. 3 (3 examples Rio Peripa, Ecuador shows that elcgans goes into
synonymy and cites Boulenger as agreeing). Burt, Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist., 61, June 11, 1931, p. 258 (near Bucay; Sumaco Mts.,and
Normandia, Ecuador).

Anolis clegans Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898, p. 109, pi. 10,
fig. 2 (type locality, Chimbo, Ecuador; type 1 cf in Brit. Mus.; col-
lected by \V. F. H. Rosenberg).

Anolis irregularis Werner, Verh. Ges. Wien., 51, 1901, p. 594 (type
locality, unknown; type a d^ in Berlin Mus., fide Dr. O. Wettstein
in lift.).

Another species of which, I am sorry to say, we have no examples.

Anolis festae Peracca, Bol. Mus. Torino, 19, 465, 1904, p. 4 (type
locality, Balzar, humid coastal plain of Ecuador; types 2cf and 1 9
in the Royal Museum, Turin, Italy; collected by Dr. E. Festa).
An apparently valid species known from the types only.

Anolis fraseri (part) Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, p. 407,
(type locality, Andes of Western Ecuador; types in Brit. Mus.,
originally included 1 9 A. copci; collected by Fraser). Boulenger,
Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 65, pi. 4 (specimens from Quito and
Nanegal beside type; no mention as to which one is figured). Burt,
Bull. Amer. Mus"! Nat. Hist., 61, June 1 1, 1931, p. 258 (Rio Pescado
and Bucay, Ecuador),

Anolis deJ'illei Boulenger, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 42 (type
locality, Quito, Ecuador; type 1 in Paris Museum).

Another Ecuadorian species of which I have not seen specimens.

132 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Anolis fusco-auratus D'Orbigny, Vo3\ Amer. Mer., Rept., pi. 3, fig. 2,
(type locality, "Chile"; type in Paris Museum, collected by D'Or-
bigny). Dumeril & Bibron, Erp. Gen., 4, 1S37, p. 110 (redescription) ;
Guichenot in Gay, Hist. Chile Rept., 1848, p. 21. Bocourt, Nouv.
Archiv. Paris Mus., 6, 1870, Bull. p. 15 (type locality corrected
Prov. Moxas, Boliv-ia). Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept. hvr. 2, 1873, pi. 14,
fig. 16 (Bolivia, Quito & Brazil). Boulenger, Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
5, 1880, p. 42 (Quito); Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 48 (descrip-
tion, synonymy, additional locality records); Zool. Rec. 1887, rept.
p. 10 (^1 hrimeti — A. fmco-auratus). Peracca, Bull. Mus. Torino, 19,
465, 1904, p. 2 (Gualaquiza, Ecuador). Burt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Wash., 78, 6, December, 1930, p. 8 (Hyutaihan, Lower Amazon,
Brazil). Burt. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61, June 11, 1931, p. 259
(many localities in British Guiana, Colombia and Ecuador).

Daciyloa fusco-aurata Fitzinger, Syst. Rept., 1843, p. 67. Tschudi
Faun. Peru, 1845, p. 24 (Vitoc, Peru).

Anolis viridaeneus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac, 1863, p. 147 (Quito; type,
compared with type of fmco-auratus in Paris by Bocourt, declared
identical).

Anolis hrumcti (sic) Thominot, Bull. Soc. Philom., (7), 11, 1887, p.
184 (type 1 ex. Brazil, in Paris Mus., collected by Brunet).

We have this species from the Rio Ucayali, Peru where it is
common, as well as from Buenavista, Dept. of Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
From the latter locality Mr. Jose Steinbach has sent a fine suite to
the University of Michigan Museum.

Anolis gadovii Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1905, 2, p. 245
(type locality, Tierra Colorada, So. Guerrero, Mexico; type in Brit.
Mus.; collected by Gadow).
Known from the type only.

Anolis gemmosus O'Shaughnessy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 15,
1875, p. 280 (type locality, unknown; type in Brit. Mus.; collected
by J. BrenchleV). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 60,
pi. 3, fig. 2 (description and locality, Intac, Ecuador). Fowler,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1913, p. 169 (Bucay, Ecuador). Burt,
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61, June 11, 1931, p. 256.

BARBOUR: THE ANGLES 133

Burt suspects that Anolis apollinaris may be a synonym or at
most a Colombian subspecies of this form. I suspect that the latter
surmise is the correct one.

Anolis godmani Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 85 (type
locality, Guatemala; (This cotype in Brit. Mus. is A. limifrons).
Mt. Irazu, Costa Rica; cotypes 5 in Brit. Mus., 2 in Mus. Comp.
Zool.; collected by Salvin & Godman). Dunn, Proc. N. Engl.
Zool. Club, 12, August 7, 1930 (status).

According to Dunn this species differs from Anolis limifrons
only in having keeled ventrals not smooth ones.

The Museum has two specimens from Navarro, Costa Rica,
taken by Dr. E. R. Dunn. He informs me that it is really an an-
nectant between A. limifrons and .4. tropidog aster. We agree that
as it has a rather well defined range the name had best be maintained.

Anolis gracilipes Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898, p. 112, pi.
11, fig. 3 (type locality, Paramba, Ecuador; types 4 ex. in Brit. Mus.;
collected by W. F. H. Rosenberg).

I know of no specimens other than the types having been taken.

Anolis granuliceps Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898, p. Ill,
pi. 11, fig. 2 (type locality, Paramba, Ecuador; types several speci-
mens in Brit. Mus.; collected by W. F. H. Rosenberg).
Another form known from the type series only.

Anolis guentheri Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 2, 1873, p. 61,
pi. 14, fig. 15 (type locality, Mexico; type 1 ex. Paris Mus., ex.
Mus. Milan). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 54
(redescription, no specimens). Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 22,
April 17, 1885, p. 391 (diagnosis).

I know of no specimen of this species with a definite locality nor
have I ever seen a single individual.

134 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Anolis heliactin Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 172
(type locality, Mexico; type, in poor condition, head only well
preserved; 1 ex. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., No. 7,914 ex. Paris Mus.).
Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex. Kept. livr. 2, 1873, p. 106, pi. 8, fig. 4,
4a, 4b, 4c, pi. 16, fig. 32 (Oaxaca, Mex., 1 ex. Paris; collected by
Salle). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 72, (redescrip-
tion, 1 example, no locality, Brit. Mus.).

A southern Mexican species which I have never seen but which,
from Bocourt's figure, must be a singularly lovely little form.

Anolis humihs Peters, Mon. Berl. Akad., 1863, p. 138 (type locality,
Veragua; type no. 500 Berl. Mus.; collected by von Warszewicz;
cotype in Paris Mus.). Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 3,
1873, p. 105, pi. 8, fig. 7 pi. 16, fig. 31 (notes and figures of a cotype).
Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 82 (description, record
for "Vera Paz," [loc.?]). Dunn, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Soc, 12, 1930,
p. 16, 23. Schmidt, Smith. Misc. Coll., 89, 1, March 16, 1933, p. 8
(Cerro Brujo, Prov. Colon, Panama).

Anolis quaggulm Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 22, April 17, 1885,
p. 391 (type locality; San Juan R., Nicaragua; type 1 ex., No.
24,979, U. S. Nat. Mus.; collected by R. Kennicott). Boulenger,
Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 83 (description but had seen no
specimen). Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 22, November 20, 1885,
p. 276 (Nicaragua, coloration).

It occurs from Darien to Nicaragua.

We have an enormous series from many places in Costa Rica
and Honduras as well as western Panama.

Anolis impetigosus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 174
(type locality, unknown; type 1 ex. Brit. Mus.). Boulenger, Cat.
Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 55, pi. 2, fig. 3 (description, no new
specimens).

Known from an unique with no locality. Imagine making such
a specimen the type of a new species; but this was not considered
a sin in 1864!

Anolis incompertus incompertus Barbour, Proc N. Engl. Zool. Club,
12, 8 Feb. 1932, p. 99 (type locality, Villavicencio, Terr, of San

BARBOUR: THE ANGLES 135

Martin, Colombia; type series in Mus. Comp. Zool.; Brother
Niceforo Maria leg.).

Probably near A. Icmniscatvs and from a region hitherto un-
explored herpetologically. Villavicencio is near the edge of the great
Amazonian forest in the lowlands of southeastern Colombia.

Anolis incompertus nicefori Barbour. Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 12,
8 Feb. 1932, p. 100 (type locality, Humbo, Dept. of Boyacc4, Colom-
bia; types in Mus. Comp. Zool., Brother Niceforo Maria leg.).
I take this to be the representative of A. i. incompertus in the

highlands of Boyaca.

Anolis insignis Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, p. 213 (type
locality, "San Jose" — probably the forests of La Palma — Costa
Rica; type formerly in U. S. Nat. Mus., now lost; collected by
Van Patten). Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 8, 1875, p. 120,
pi. 24, fig. 1 (description). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2,
1885, p. 63 (description, no new localities). Dunn. Proc. N. Engl.
Zool. Club, 12, August 7, 1930, p. 21 (diagnosis).

A fine, big, forest species rare in upper Costa Rica. We have it
from La Palma on the old road from Guapiles to San Jose.

Anolis intermedins Peters, ]\Ion. Berl. Akad., 1863, p. 143 (type
locality, Veragua; type 1 cf in Berlin Mus.). Bocourt, ^Vliss. Sci.
Mex., Rept., livr. 3, 1873, p. 69, pi. 15, fig. 4 (description and notes).
Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 78 (description, synony-
my, new locality records). Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 31, 1897,
p.'^344 (San Jose, C. R.). Dunn, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 12,
August 7, 1930, p. 18 (diagnosis, distribution).

Anolis nannodes Cope, iVcad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 173 (type
localities, Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala; 2 ex. in Brit. Mus.; 1,
"Arriba" [i.e. highlands], Costa Rica, U. S. Nat. Mus. 12,206
[3 ex.] and 1, Jalapa, Mexico, formerly in U. S. Nat. Mus., now
lost). Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 3, 1873, p. 71, pi. 15,
fig. 5.

Anolis tessellatus O'Shaughnessy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 15,
1875, p. 279 (type locality, Costa Rica; type in Brit. Mus.).

136 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Said to be not uncommon around San Jose. We have it from
Jalapa, Mexico, as well as from Mt. Irazu and the Cerro Carpintero,
Costa Rica.

Anolis jacare Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 11, 1903, p. 482
(type locality, Merida, Venezuela, alt. 1,600 m.; types in Brit.
Mus.; collected by Briceiio). Burt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Wash.,
78, Dec. 1830, p. 8 (Tapata, Dept. Norte de Santander, Colombia).
Burt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61, June 11, 1931, p. 259 (Rio
Chama, Rio Alborregas and Rio Milla, Venezuela).
A fine, well defined species which we have from Merida.

Anolis kugleri Roux, Verh. Naturf. Ges. Basel, 40, 2, 1929, p. 29 (type
locality, El Mene, Acosta distr., Prov. Falcon, Venezuela; type 1 9
in Basel Mus. No. 9,927).

Roux allies this form on the one hand with Anolis fusco-auratus
of the Amazonian Forest and on the other with Anolis antonii of
Colombia.

Anohs kidderi RuthAcn, Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. ]\Iich., 257,
1933, p.l (type locality: ]Merida, Yucatan; type 1 specimen in Mus.
Zool., Univ. Mich., no. 72851).

Known only from type locality. Probably related to A. iisfus,
ncbidoshs and sallaci, according to describer.

Anolis laeviventris Wiegmann, Herp. Mex., 1834, p. 47 (type locality,
Mexico; type 1 example cf in Berlin Mus.?). Peters, Mon. Berl.
Acad., 1863, p. 141 (redescription). Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept.,
livr. 3, 1873, p. 87, pi. 16, fig. 18-18 a. Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit.
Mus., 2, 1885, p. 76 (copy of description).
We have not this species in the collection.

Anolis latifrons Berthold, Abh. Ges. Gottingen, 3, 1847, p. 6, pi. 1,
fig. 2 (type locality, Popayan, Colombia, type in Mus. Gottingen?).
Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 62 (redescription only).
Barbour, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. L^niv. Mich., no. 129, 1923, p. 5

BARBOUR: THE ANGLES 137

(Sapo Mts., E. Panama and synonymy). Dunn, Proc. N. Engl.
Zool. Club, 12, August 7, 1930, p. 21 (diagnosis). Burt, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., Wash., 78, December 1930, p. 8 (Turbo, Colombia).
Burt. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61, July 11, 1931, p. 259
(Quesada R., W. Colombia; criticism).

Anolis princeps Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), 9, 1902, p. 54
(type localities, St. Javier, Salidero, Rio Lita, and Paramba, N. \V.
Ecuador; types in Brit. Mus.). Peracca, Bob Mus. Torino, 19,
465, 1904, p. 4 (forests of Rio Peripa, Ecuador; collected by Festa).
A splendid, giant species of the deep, rainforest where Brooks
and I found it in Eastern Panama and which we have also from the
Choco of Colombia.

Anolis lemniscatus Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898, p. 113,
pi. 10, fig. 4 (type locality, Chimbo, Ecuador; types in Brit. ]Mus.).
Peracca, Bol. Bus. Torino, 19, 465, 1904, p. 3 (Rio Peripa, Ecuador).
Burt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61, July 11, 1931, p. 260
(Bucay, Ecuador).

The Museum is fortunate in ha\ing a cotype of this species from
Chimbo.

Anolis lemurinus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 213
(type locality, Veragua, probably Cucuyos as in A. limifrons):
types 3 cf and 1 9 in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., now lost; collected
by R. W. Mitchell. Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 86
(copy of original description). Schmidt, Smith. Misc. Coll., 89, 1,
March 16, 1933, p. 8 (diagnosis; Mt. Pirri, Darien).

Anolis (Dracoutura) vittif/crus (Cope), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1862, p. 192 (Truando R., Colombia; cotypes in Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. and U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 4,332; collected by Schott on the
Michler Expedition). Dunn, Proc. N. England. Zool. Club, 12,
August 1930, p. 18 (diagnosis, synonymy).

Anolis palpebrosus Peters, Mon. Berl. Akad., Jan. or Feb. 1874, p.
740 (type locality, Chiriqui Prov., Panama; type Berlin Mus.
No. 7,868). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus.,^ 2, 1885, p. 77
(redescription, no specimens). Dunn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
84, March 22, 1932, p. 27 (records, specimens from Tela, Lancetilla,
Potrerillos, Lake Yojoa, Patuca and La Ceiba, Honduras).

138 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Anolis frontatvs Thominot, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, (7), 11, 1887,
p. 185 (type locality, Darien; type Paris Mus. No. 1,669, x\.lpha;
collected by Viguier).

Anolis biporcatus Peracca, Bol. Mus. Torino, 19, 465, 1904, p. 4
(Punta de Sabana, Darien; collected by Festa). Boulenger, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1898, p. 113 (Paramba, Ecuador; collected by
Rosenberg).

Anolis binotaius Barbour, Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 129,
1923, p. 6 (Darien, colors in life).

Schmidt has made a good case for the determination of the Mt.
Pirri specimen in Washington, and Dunn feels sure that this arrange-
ment of synonyms is probably now correct. I owe him a deep debt
of gratitude for setting me straight on this species. It really seems
to be well set off from Peters' A. binoiaius which is still known
only from the type from Guayaquil.

Anolis lentiginosus O'Shaughnessy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 15,
1875, p. 279 (type locality, Surinam; type 1 ex. in Brit. Mus.).
Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 93, pi. 6, fig. 1 (descrip-
tion, synonymy). Van Lidth de Jeude, Notes Ley den Mus. 25, 1904,
p. 88 (Hanie, Gonini R., Surinam).

This species is apparently confined to Dutch Guiana. I have not
seen specimens.

Anolis leptoscelis Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 92,
pi. 5, fig. 3 (= ^. niten^s O'Shaughnessy, non Wagler; var. Iocs, in
Peru, i.e. Pebas and Yurimaguas).

Anolis macropus Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 25, Nov.7, 1885, p. 101
(type locality, Pebas, Peru; type formerly in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
now lost).

Anolis leptoscelis Boulenger, Zool. Rec, 1886, Rept. p. 13 (= A.
macropus Cope).

Another little known species of the Amazonian Forest. I know
of no recent specimens.

BARBOUR: THE ANGLES 139

Anolis limifrons Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 178
(type locality, Cucuyas, [sic], Cucuyos, Veragua Prov., Panama
[an abandoned mine on the Rio Santiago]; type, Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 7,900-7,901). Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Kept., livr. 3, 1873,
p. 65, pi. 14, fig. 20 (redescribed). Barbour, Occ. Papers, Mus,
Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 129, 1923, p. 6 (Mt. Sapo, E. Panama).
Dunn, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 12, August 7, 1930, p. 19 (synon-
ymy, diagnosis, distribution). Schmidt, Smith, Misc. Coll., 89, 1,
March 16, 1933, p. 9 (many localities. Canal Zone and Panama).

Anolis pulchripes Peters, Monatsb. Ac. Berl. Jan. or Feb. 1874,
p. 739 (type locality, Chiriqui Prov., Panama; type 1 ex. in Berlin
Mus.). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 53 (redescrip-
tion, no specimens). Type examined by Dr. E. R. Dunn.

Anolis schicdii Garman, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 18, 1876, p. 407,

Panama.
Anolis rivieri Thominot, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, (7), 6, 1882, p. 251

(type locality, Panama; type 1 ex. in Paris Mus.; collected by M.

Riviere).

Anolis sallaei Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, 1906, p. 225
(Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama). Barbour, Occ. Papers, Mus.
Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 129, 1923, p. 6.

Andis rodriquezii Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., hvr. 2, 1873, p. 62,
pi. 13, fig. 1 (type locality, Pansos, Rio Polochic, Guatemala; type
in Paris Mus.; collected by Juan Rodriquez). Boulenger, Cat. Liz.
Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 49 (suspects not different from A. fusco-
auratus, but had no material). Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 22,
November 20, 1885, p. 276 (Nicaragua; collected by Bransford).
Cope, id. loc. p. 391 (diagnosis).

AnoUs trochilus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, p. 215 (type
locality, San Jose, Costa Rica; type, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7,804,
d^, somewhat dried but in fine condition; collected by Van Patten).
Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) 8, 1876, p. 121 (Costa Rica and
Nicaragua) id. p. 157 (Buhio, [sic], BohioSoldado, Panama), Proc.
Am. Philos. Soc, 31, 1897, p. 334 (Palmar and Sierpe, Costa Rica).
Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 50 (redescription).
Giinther, Biol. Cent. Amer., Rept., 1885, p. 45 (nominal mention
only).

Anolis hransfordii Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, p. 67
(type locality, Nicaragua; type in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7,890.

14D bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

cf not quite adult, soft and bleached but in good condition for
study; collected by Dr. John T. Bransford, U. S. N.). Boulenger,
Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 50 (no specimens). Giinther, Biol.
Cent. Amer., Rept., 1885, p. 45 (nominal mention only). Cope,
Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 22, March 27, 1885, p. 183 (Nicaragua;
U. S. Nat. Mus. 13,739; collected by Moser). Cope, id. loc. p. 391
(diagnosis).

This abundant little lizard found in the dry scrub as well as in
the rainforest is a most confusing species. As I have it, it is possibly
composite. Dunn has seen the types of limifrons, rivicri, pulchripcs
and rodriquezi and declares them all the same species. However,
a Mus. Comp. Zool. specimen from Peralta, Costa Rica and Acad.
Nat. Sci. 7,890 from Machuco, Nicaragua, type of bransfordii, are
not in agreement with each other nor with the general run oftrochilus,
limifrons specimens. These two are the only two specimens of the
general type of limifrons that seem to differ considerably. They
may be merely variant individuals. Of course the northern and
southern specimens may also turn out to be separable races.

Anolis lindeni Ruthven, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 25, 1912, p. 163
(type locality, Santarem, Brazil; type an adult cf, No. 8,306,
Mus. Comp. Zool.; collected by Charles Linden).

Known from the unique type, a well preserved adult male.

Anolis liogaster Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1905, 2, p. 245
(type locality, Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico; types cf & 9 in Brit.
Mus.; collected by Gadow).

Anolis lionotus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 210 (type
locality, Cucuyas, (sic) Cucuyos, Veragua [Cf. sub. A. limifrons];
type 1 ex. in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., No. 7,909; collected by R. W.
Mitchell). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 70 (copy of
original description). Burt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61,
June 11, 1931, p. 260 (Boca de la Raspadura, Colombia).

Anolis oxylophus Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 8, Nov. 26,
1875, p. 123, pi. 24, fig. 4, pi. 28, fig. 5 (type locality, omitted. It

BARBOUR: THE ANGLES 141

was Costa Rica; types 2, U. S. Nat. Mus. Nos. 30,556-7; collected
by W. M. Gahl)). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 85
(redescription, no specimens). Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. See, 11,
November 20, 1885, p. 276 (Nicaragua, collected by Bransford).

Anolis rixii Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1894, p. 727, pi. 48,
fig. 1 (type locality, Chontales mines, Nicaragua; type 1 cf in Brit.
Mus., No. 94-10-1-12; collected by R. A. Rix).

We have this species from Chontales, Nicaragua, as well as from
several localities in Costa Rica and from western Panama to the
Canal Zone. It occurs from Nicaragua to Colombia.

Anolis longicrus Roux, Zool. Anz., 31, 1907, p. 762 (type locality,
Surinam; cf cotype Neuchatel, 9 Basle).

I have, thanks to Dr. Roux, seen a photograph of the type of this
species and believe it allied to, if not identical with, Anolis chryso-
lepis.

Anolis macrolepis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 7, 1911,
p. 21 (type locality, Novita, Rio Tamana and Condoto, Choco,
southwestern Colombia; 150 ft. alt.; types 1 9 and 2 d^ in Brit.
Mus.; collected by Merwin G. Palmer).

Another little known species of the Chocoan forest which I have
never seen.

Anolis macrophallus Werner, Mit. Zool. Mus. Hamburg, 34, 1917,
p. 32 (type locality, San Jose de Guatemala; type in Hamburg
Mus., fide Dr. O. Wettstein in Hit.).

A small form apparently allied to .4. cupreus or A. godmani or
both and known from the type only.

Anolis maculiventris Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898,
p. Ill, pi. 11, fig. 1 (type locality, Paramba, N. W. Ecuador, 2 ex.
in Brit. Mus.).

A good, valid species which we have from Dr. Spurell's Chocoan
collection; Ex. Brit. Mus. in exchange.

142 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Anolis mariarum Barbour, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 12, 8 Feb. 1932,
p. 100 (type locality, Sampedro, 45 km. north of Medellin, Antio-
quia, Colombia; type series in Mus. Comp. Zool., Brother Niceforo
Maria leg.).

One of the series allied to A. chloris.

Anolis meridionalis Boettger, Zeit. Naturw., 58, 1885, p. 215, p. 437
(type locality, Paraguay; type originally in a dealer's possession,
subsequently lost. Fide Mertens in litt.).

Anolis holotropis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 15, 1895,
p. 522 (type locality, Matto Grosso, Brazil; type 1 9 in Brit. Mus.;
collected by C. Ternetz).

There is a fine series of this pretty little species in the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. It was collected at Chapada,
Matto Grosso, Brazil by H. H. Smith and from it we have received
several specimens in exchange.

Anolis microtus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, p. 214
(type locality, San Jose, Costa Rica; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.,
No. 31,282; collected by Van Patten). Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
(2), 8, Nov. 28, 1875, p. 119, pi. 24, fig. 2 (type only). Boulenger,
Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 62 (Irazu, Costa Rica). Dunn,
Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 12, August 7, 1930, p. 21 (diagnosis,
distribution).

Another of the big rainforest forms which we have from La
Palma, Costa Rica, collected with Anolis insignis.

Anolis nebuloides Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 2, 1873, p. 74,
pi. 13, fig. 10 (type locality, Putla, Oaxaca, Mexico; types 4 ex.
in Paris Mus.). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. ]Mus., 2, 1885, p. 77
(Huamuchla, ^Mexico).

\Y. W. Brown has recently sent this Museum this species from
Chivela, Oaxaca, ^Mexico. ^^ e have also a specimen from Acapulco,
collected by Nelson and Goldman. (In ex. U. S. Nat. Mus.).

BARBOUR: THE ANGLES 143

Anolis (Dactyloa) nebulosus (Wiegmann), Herp. Mex., 1834, p. 47
(type locality not specifically mentioned = Mexico; type in Berlin
Museum).

Anolis nebulosus Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 2, 1873, p. 68,
pi. 15, fig. 3 (type a 9 figured, others in Paris Museum from Colima,
Azucar, Oaxaca, Cuernavaca). Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 18,
11 August 1879, p. 261 (Batopilas, Chihuahua). Boulenger, Cat.
Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 76, (description).

Anolis boulcngcrianus Thominot, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), 11, 1887,
(types, 3 ex., Paris Mus. from Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico;
collected by Sumichrast).

We have this from a number of localities in Mexico as well as
from the Tres. Marias Islands (Slevin leg. in exch. Calif. Acad.
Sci.). Specimens taken by W. W. Brown at Cuernavaca in Morelos
and Chilpancingo in Guerrero seem to be more or less intermediate
with A. nchuloides. When the ranges of the species are completely
known these forms may appear as subspecies one of the other.

Anolis (Draconura) nitens (Wagler), Syst. Ampl., 1830, p. 149 (type
locality, "America;" type in Berlin Museum?). Gray, Cat. Liz.
Brit. Mus., 1845, p. 207 (synonymy, diagnosis).

Anolis refulgent Dumeril and Bibron, Erp. Gen., 4, 1837, p. 91 (type
from Surinam in Leyden Mus.).

Anolis (Draconura) nitens Peters, Mon. Berl. Acad., 1863, p. 142
(Costa Rica; 2 in Berlin Mus.; collected by Hoffmann). Bocourt,
Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 3, 1874, pi. 16, fig. 25 (figured type of
A. rcfulgens).

Anolis nitens Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 91 (descrip-
tion). Burt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61, June 11, 1931, p.
260 (Mt. Roraima and Esmeralda near Mt. Duida, Venezuela).

Anolis nitens hondi Fow^ler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1913, p. 171,
pi. 10 (type locality, Cariquito, Venezuela; type No. 18,277 in
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.).

I have not seen this species.

144 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Anolis notopholis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 17, 1896,
p. 17 (type locality, Buenaventura, Colombia; types in Brit. Mus.;
collected by W. F. H. Rosenberg).

A very distinct and peculiar species, as shown by a topotype in
the Mus. Comp. Zool.

Anolis ortonii Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1S6S, p. 97 (type
locality, Napo or Upper Maraiion [probably the latter]; types
formerly in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., now lost). Boulenger, Cat. Liz.
Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 51 (description; Pebas, Pozuzo, Peru; Canelos,
Pallatanga, Guayaquil, Ecuador). Peracca, Bol. ^lus. Torino, 19,
465, 1904, p. 3 (Gualaquiza and Rio Santiago, Oriente, Ecuador;
collected by Festa). Burt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61, June
11, 1931, p. 261 (Rio Chimate near La Paz, Rurrenabaque, Bolivia
and Perene, Peru).

Anolis cyanocephalus Bocourt, Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Paris, 6, 1870,
Bull. p. 13; Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 2, 1873, pi. 14, fig. 7 (type
locality, Cayenne [ ? ]; type cf in Paris Mus. fig.).

Anolis houvicri Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 2, 1873, p. 58,
pi. 14, fig. 8 (type locality, Escuintla, Guatemala; type cf in Paris
Mus. fig.).

Anolis bouvicri O'Shaughnessy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 15, 1875,
p. 274 (Pebas, Peru; Guayaquil, Ecuador).

Anolis houneri O'Shaughnessy, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1881, p. 243
(Canelos & Pallatanga, Ecuador). Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc.
22, Oct. 2, 1885, p. 101 (Pebas, Peru).

A{nolis) houvierii Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 22, April 17, 1885,
p. 391 (diagnosis).

We have a single specimen from the Rio LTcayali, Peru.

Anolis pachypus Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 8, 1876,
p. 123, pi. 24, fig. 3 (type locality, Pico Blanco, Costa Rica; type
No. 30,683 in U. S. Nat. Mus.; collected by Gabb). Boulenger, Cat.
Liz. Brit. jVIus., 2, 1885, p. 63 (redescribed, no specimens). Dunn,
Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 12, August 7, 1930, p. 16 (important
discussion of status).

BARBOUR: THE ANGLES 145

Anolis fropidolrpis Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 53
(type locality, Irazu Mt., Costa Rica; types several cf cf & 9 9
Brit. Mus. ; collected by F. D. Godman).

Anolis curtus Boulenger, Proc. Zool. See. London, 1898, p. 919, pi.
55, fig. 2 (Cerro de la Estrella, Cartago, Costa Rica; type 1 cf in
Brit. Mus.; collected by C. F. L^nderwood). (Exact topotype
compared with the type of paehypiis by Miss Cochran 5/10/28).
A Costa Rican highland form.

Anolis palmeri Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 1, 1908; p. 112
(type locality, Los Mangos, S. W. Colombia ; types 1 cf and 1 9 in
Brit. Mus.; collected by M. G. Palmer).

Another species known from the type alone.

Anolis pentaprion Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 178
(type locality, Truando River, Colombia; type formerly (?) in LT. S.
Nat. Mus., now lost; collected by A. Schott of the Lt. Michler
Expedition). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 64 (de-
scription, ex., Guayaquil). Schmidt, Smith. Misc. Coll., 89, 1,
March 16, 1933, p. 10 (Bohio, Panama, loc. now under Gatun Lake).

Anolis siilcifrons Cope, Scient. Bull. Phila. Mus., 1, 1899, p. 6, pi. 2,
fig. 1 (type locality, Colombia; type in Colombian Government
exhibit at Chicago, 1893. The collection was apparently made near
Barranquilla. Type now in the Cope Collection, Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., No. 38, 750). Burt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61, June

11, 1931, p. 262 (notes on type).

Anolis panamensis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1890, p. 81
pi. 13, fig. 2 (type locality, Panama; types 2 specimens Brit. Mus.
No. 89-17-2-31).

Found from Nicaragua to Colombia. I have had this synonymy
long since arranged as here presented, and Dunn confirms the equality
of the last with the first name. (Dunn, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club,

12, August 7, 1930, p. 20).

A sluggish, pale, lichen-like species not uncommon in the Canal
Zone during the rainy season, excessi^■ely rare during the dry months.

146 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Anolis peraccae Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898, p. 108,
pi. 10, fig. 1 (type locality, Chimbo, Ecuador; types 6 ex. in Brit.
Mus.; collected by W. F. H. Rosenberg). Peracca, Bol. Mus.
Torino, 19, 465, 1904, p. 3 (forests on Rio Peripa, Ecuador). Burt,
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61, June 11, 1931, p. 261 (Ven-
tura, Ecuador).

We have this species from the Rio Sapayo, northwestern Ecuador,
taken by Mr. W. F. H. Rosenberg.

Anolis petersii Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 2, 1873, p. 79,
pi. 13, fig. 2 & pi. 15, fig. 11 (type locality, Alta Vera Paz,
Guatemala; type 2 ex. in Paris Mus., No. 1,641 beta). Boulenger,
Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 2, 1885, p. 66 (Mexico). Dunn Proc. N. Engl.
Zool. Club, 12, August 7, 1930, p. 19 (diagnosis).

Anolis biporcahis Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, p. 215
(confused comparison with A. itisignis).

Anolis petersii biviitata Werner, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 46, 1898,
p. 351 (type locality, Guatemala; types 2 cf in Munich Mus.).

Note what I have said concerning this species under the heading
of Anolis copei.

Anolis poecilopus Cope, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 179
(type locality, Carthagena (sic), and the R. Truando, Colombia;
types formerly in U. S. Nat. Mus., now lost; collected by A. Schott),
Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 84 (redescription, no
specimens). Schmidt, Smith. Misc. Coll. 89, 1, March 16, 1933,
p. 9 (Cana, Panama. Notes on validity).

Anolis gaigei Barbour, Occ. Paper. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 129, Jan.
25, 1923, p. 6 (Records specimens from Sapo Mts., Darien).

Dr. Dunn has shown that this species, set up by Schmidt (1. c.)
is the species which our Darien specimens really represent. These
are the only ones in this Museum.

Anolis polylepis Peters, Monatsb. Ac. Berl., Jan. or Feb. 1874, p.
738 (type locality, Chirlqui Prov., Panama; types 12 ex. in Berlin
Mus., 2 now in Mus. Comp. Zool.; collected by H. Ribbe).

BARBOUR: THE ANGLES 147

Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1S85, p. 52 (redescription, no
specimens). Dunn, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 12, August 7, 1930,
p. 20 (diagnosis, distribution).

A common form on the Volcan de Chiriqui. We have it from
several stations indicating an altitudinal range of 5,000-6,000 feet.

Anolis punctatus Daudin, Hist. Nat. Rept., 4, 1802, p. 84, pi. 48,
fig. 2 (type locality, South America; type a single specimen in Paris
Mus. if still in existence. "Found on Antilles, especially San Do-
mingo.")- Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 57 (complete
synonymy to date; description, various localities). Van Lidth de
Jeude, Notes Ley den Mus., 20, 1904, p. 88 (Upper-Nickeri R.
Coppename R., Surinam). Burt. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61,
June 11, 1931, p. 261 (Kartabo, Brit. Guiana).

Anolis steinhachi Griffin, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 11, April 1917, p. 308
(type locality, Provincia del Sara, Bolivia, type No. 988 9 , Carne-
gie Museum, Pittsburg).

Anolis catenifer Ahl, Zool. Anz., 62, 1925, p. 85 (type locality, Brazil,
type in Berlin Mus., a 9 from the Hiinschke coll.).

It would be impossible to find a more typical A. inmdatus than
the type of A. steinhachi; for the figures of this specimen may be
absolutely matched by any of our series from Buenavista, in the
Province of Santa Cruz, Bolivia (ex. Univ. Mus. Mich.). The
species evidently has a very wide range in the lowland forests.

Anolis purpurescens Cope, Bull. Phila. Mus., 1, 1899, p. 7 (type local-
ity, Truando R., Colombia; type 1 ex. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 4,321,
poor condition; collected by Arthur Schott).

This species is common in the deep forest on Barro Colorado
Island and has been distributed under the name of Anolis squaniula-
tus. Fresh material from Colomljia will be necessary before this
allocation of Anolis purpurescens can be considered settled. I have
been using the name AnoUs longipcs for this species, but Dr. Dunn
has very kindly informed me that the cotypes of this species now
in the American Museum of Natural History are both specimens of
Anolis capito.

148 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Anolis rhombifer Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1894, p. 728,
pi. 48, fig. 2 (type locality, Chontales Mines, Nicaragua; types,
Brit. Mus., Nos. 94-10-1-9, 10; collected by R. A. Rix).

Known from Nicaragua only.

There are no specimens in this Museum. Doctor K. P. Schmidt
has examined the cotypes of A. rhombifer and finds that the species
differs from A. concohr in manner as follows: in rhombifer the head
is shorter, the frontal ridges distinctly less evident, the supraoculars
only faintly keeled and the dorsal scales are uniform, whereas in
concolor the two median dorsal scale rows are abruptly enlarged.

Anolis rosenbergii Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 17, 1896,
pi. 16 (type locality, Buenaventura, Colombia; types in Brit. Mus.;
collected by W. F. H. Rosenberg).

I suspect that of this species also only the types are known.

Anolis rubigenosus Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.), (5), 17, 1873,
art. 2 (type locality, Mexico; type in Paris Mus.). Bocourt, Miss.
Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 3, 1874, pi. 17, bis, fig. 2 (figure of head of
type).

Boulenger apparently missed this species when preparing his
Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum. It appears from
Bocourt to be valid.

Anolis salvini Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 75 (type
locality, Guatemala, type 1 ex. in Brit. Mus., collected by F. D.
Godman).

I know of no specimen but the unique type.

Anolis scapularis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 1, 1908, p.
113, (type locality, Prov. Sara, E. Bolivia, 1800 ft.; type 1 d^ , Brit.
Mus.; collected by J. Steinbach). Burt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., 61, June 11, 1931, p. 262 (Mapiri and Tumupasa, Bolivia;
Perene, Peru).

I have not seen this little lizard. It must be a most attractive
species.

BARBOUR: THE ANGLES 149

Anolis (Dactyloa) schedii (\Yiegmann). Herp. Mex., 1934, p. 48 (type
locality, Mexico, by inference; type in Berlin Mus., Bocourt speaks
of the type as having no locality).

Anolis gihhiccps Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18(34, p. 174
(Caracas, Venez.; type in Brit. Mus.).

Anolis scheidii Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 2, 1873, p. 64,
pi. 14, fig. 19 (type examined in Paris; identical with specimens from
Coban, Guatemala). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p.
52 (redescription based on type of A. gihhiccps, only specimen
in Brit. Mus.).

Boulenger has placed .4. gihhiccps in this synonymy. He is almost
certainly wrong in so doing, but the type must be examined before
the species can be reallocated or reestablished. "We do not have the
species.

Anolis scypheus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 172,
(type locality, Caracas, Venezuela [not given by Cope]; type 1 9
in Brit. Mus.). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 90
(Caracas, Venezuela, Pallatanga & Canelos, Ecuador, E. Peru).
Burt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61, June 11, 1931, p. 262
(Riobamba, San Jose de Sumaco and Tuvula, Ecuador).

Anolis chrysolcpis Guichenot in Castlenau, Amer. Sud. Rept., p. 15,
pi. 4, fig. 1 (Sarayacu, Peru), Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept.,
livr. 2, 1873, p. 101 (refers to difference in specimens from Para and
Guianas). O'Shaughnessy, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1880, p. 491
(criticism).

Anolis (Draco7itura) chrysolcpis O'Shaughnessy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don, 1881, p. 241 (confused criticism).

Anolis chrysolcpis O'Shaughnessy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 15,
1875, p. 278.

We have the species from Canelos and Riobamba, Ecuador.

Anolis sericeus Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8, 1856,
p. 227 (type locality: "El Euceros le Jalapa" [sic]. El Encero de
Jalapa. Vera Cruz, Mexico. Type a single specimen formerly in
the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, but now lost.)

150 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Anolis sallaei Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, p. 421 (type
locality, Mexico; type 1 9 in Brit. Mus., Salle coll.). Bocourt
Miss. Sci. Mex., Kept., livr. 2, 1S75, p. 90, pi. 13, fig. 3, pi. 16, fig. 21,
21a, 21b (Duenas and St. Augustin, Guatemala). Werner, Verb.
Zool. hot. Ges. Wien, 46, 1896, p. 345 (Honduras); p. 382 (Guate-
mala). Ruthven, Mich. Acad. Sci., 14, 1912, p. 231 (Achotal,
Vera Cruz, Mex.); Zool. Jahrb. 32, 4, 1912, p. 313 (Cuatotolapam,
Vera Cruz, Mex.). Dunn, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 12, August
7, 1931, p. 18 (diagnosis, synonym}^ distribution). Schmidt, Field.
Mus. Publ. Zool., 12, 16, Nov. "^21, 1928, p. 195 (Devisadero,
Salvador).

Anolis longicnuda Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 481
(type locality, Nicaragua; type in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., dried and
now unrecognizable).

Anolis jacobi Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 2, 1873, p. 74, pi.
13, fig. 8 (Vera Cruz, Mex.; type Paris Mus.).

Anolis hinotatus (part) Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 3, 1873,
fig. 23 (La Union, Salvador).

A common, very handsome and widespread woodland species.
In 1930 (Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 12, p. 8) Dunn confused this
species with Anolis jmlpcbrosus. In 1932 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 84, p. 27) having seen the types in Berlin and London he
shows how the species differ one from the other.

Anolis sminthus Dunn & Emlen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84,
March 22, 1932, p. 26 (type locality, San Juancito, near Tegucigalpa.
Honduras, alt. 6,800 ft.; type Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., No. 19,878).

A form allied to A. concolor of Nicaragua and A. altae of Costa
Rica, according to its describers.

Anolis solifer Ruthven, Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. IVIich., 32,

December 6, 1913, p. 4, pi. 2 (type locality. La Concepcion, Santa

Marta Mts., Colombia; type Mus. Comp. Zool., 6,549; collected by

W. W. Brown). Misc. Piibl. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 8, 1922, p. 51.

Known from the type only. A very distinct species.

BARBOUR: THE ANGLES 151

Anolis solitarius Ruthven, Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 32,
December 6, 1916, p. 2, pi. 1 (type locality, San Lorenzo, alt.
5,000 ft., Santa Marta Mts., Colombia; type Mus. Zool. Univ.
Mich., 48,303; collected by F. M. Gaige). Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool.
Univ. Mich., 8, 1922, p. 58 (distribution).

We have two specimens from the forests of the Sierra Nevada de
Santa Marta, Colombia.

Anolis squamulatus Peters, Monats. Ac. Berl., 1863, p. 145 (type

/ locality, Puerto Cabelhf, Venezuela; types 2 ex. in Berlin Mus.).

^ Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Kept., livr. 2, 1873, pi. 14, fig. 21 (figure

of head of [ ? ] type). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 61

(redescription, no specimen).

Anolis jrenatus Cope, Scient. Bull. Phila. Mus., 1, 1899, p. 6, pi. 2,
fig. 2 (type locality, "Colombia," collection of the Government of
Colombia Exhibit at Chicago in 1893. Collection apparently made
near Barranquilla. Type now lost.)

What I have often called by this name Dr. Dunn insists is really
A. longipes. If this is so, I have never seen this species.

Anolis trachyderma Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 8, Nov.
26, 1875, p. 168 (type locality, Nauta, Peru; type 1 ex. x^cad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 11,363; collected by Orton). Boulenger, Cat. Liz.
Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 87 (redescription, no specimens).
I do not know this species. It must be a most peculiar one.

Anolis transversalis A. Aug. Dumeril, Cat. Method. Rept., 1851, p. 57
(type locality, Brazil; type 1 ex. in Paris Museum; collected by
Castlenau and Deville). Archiv. Mus., 8, 1856, p. 515, pi. 19,
fig. 3-32 (redescription). Guichenot, in Castlenau, Voy. Amer.
Sud., 1855, Rept. p. 19 (Sarayacu, Peru). Bocourt, Miss. Sci.
Mex., Rept., livr. 2, 1873, pi. 14, fig. 3 (type figured). Boulenger,
Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 58 (redescription, no specimens).
Burt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61, June 11, 1931, p. 263
(Chanchamayo and Perene, Peru).

152 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

AnoHs tigrinus Peters, Mon. Berl. Acad., 1863, p. 143, (type locality,
Chine [?]; type d^ in Berlin Mus.). Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex.,
Rept. livr. 2, pi. 14, fig. 2. Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885,
p. 55 (description copied, no specimens).

Scytomyderus laevu Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 8, Nov.
26, 1875, p. 165 (type locality, Between Moyabamba and Balsa
Puerto, Huallaga R., Eastern Peru; type 1 ex. in poor condition,
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11,368; collected by Orton).

Anolis lacvis Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 56 (copy of
original description).

Another form which we do not have.

Anolis tropidogaster Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856,
p. 224 (type locality, Colombia; type no. 7618 in Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Phila., now simply a macerated skeleton).

Anolis radulinus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1862, p. 180 (type
locality, Rio Truando, Colombia; types lost; collected by Lieut.
Michler). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 86.

Anolis stigmosus Bocourt, Nouv. Archiv. Paris Mus., 5, 1869, Bull,
p. 43 (type locality, Rio Magdalena, Colombia; types 2 9 in Paris
Mus., collected by Boucard). Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept. livr. 2, pi.
15, fig. 13 (type figured). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885,
p. 87 (Tanti, Ecuador, 2,000 ft.). Schmidt, Smith. Coll., 89, 1,
March 16, 1933, p. 9 (Many localities in Canal Zone).

Anolis gaigei Ruthven, Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 32,
December 6, 1916, p. 6, pi. 3 (type locality, San Lorenzo, Santa
Marta Mts., Colombia, alt. 2,700 ft.; type Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich.
No. 48^304; collected by F. M. Gaige). Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool.
Univ. Mich. 8, 1922, p. 58 (distribution). Barbour, Occ. Papers
Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 129, January 25, 1923, p. 6 (Sapo Mts.,
E. Panama).

I thought I had gotten to the bottom of the confusion as to the
name for this common form so widespread in Panama and Colombia,
but Dr. Dunn tells me that possibly some of the published records
of Anolis limifrons may belong here.

BARBOUR: THE ANGLES 153

Anolis tropidonotus Peters, Mon. Berl. Acad., 1863, p. 135 (type
locality, Huanuco [sic], probably Huatusco, State of Vera Cruz,
Mexico; types 6 ex. in Berlin Mus.; collected by Hille). Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., (4), 4, 1869, p. 273 (argument vs. O'Shaughnessy who
considers this sp. Norops auratus). Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept.,
livr. 2, 1873, p. 103, pi. 13, fig. 6, pi. 16, fig. 30 (specimen from
Orizaba; 9 cotype figured). Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2,
1885, p. 83 (synonymy, description, localities, Oaxaca). Giinther,
Biol. Cent. Amer. Rept., October 1885, p. 51 (no new information).

Norops auratiis O'Shaughnessy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 3, 1869,
p. 188 (confused A^. auratus with A. tropidonotus). 1 c, (4) 4, 1869,
p. 274 (continues to argue for his error).

Norops tropidonotus O'Shaughnessy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 15,
1875, p. 277 (recognizes the "well marked species" but refers it to
Norops).

One of the commonest Mexican species. We have great series
from Vera Cruz, various localities in Honduras and we have a few
from Nicaragua.

Anohs uniformis Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 22, 1885, p. 392 (type
locality, Guatemala [many specimens], cotype, U. S. Nat. Mus.
24,859 Yucatan; also cotypes, Guatemala, U. S. Nat. Mus. 24,734-
48, 50 and 6,774 (6 ex.);" one cotype Mus. Comp. Zool. 10,933 [ex.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 24,749]; collected by Henry Hague & A. Schott).

Anolis metallicus Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.) (5), 17, 1872, art. 2;
Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 2, 1873, pi. 17, bis, fig. 1.

A very common species in the highlands of Guatemala from
about 5,000 to 10,000 feet. There is a cotype in the Museum as well
as a large series of specimens collected by IVIr. A. W. Anthony.

Anolis ustus ustus (Cope) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 172
(type locality, Belize, Brit. Hond.; types 2 cf in Brit. Mus.). Bou-
lenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 73 (Belize & Yucatan).
Barbour & Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, 1906, p. 148 (Chichen
Itza, Yucatan). Barbour, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 12,8 Feb. 1932,
p. 98 (present form of name).

154 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

We have the species only from Chichen Itza, Yucatan and have
received no specimens in recent collections.

Anolis ustus verae-pacis Barbour, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 12, 8
Feb., 1932, p. 98 (type locality. Hacienda Chimoxan, Dept. of
Alta Vera Paz, 60 miles N. E. of Coban, Guatemala; type series in
Mus. Comp. Zool.; A. W. Anthony leg.).

A race of A. ii. ustiis from the Vera Paz rain forest.

Anolis utowanae Barbour, Copeia, No. 1, 12, Apr. 1932, p. 11 (type
locality, 10 miles north of Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico; type in Mus.
Comp. Zool., T. Barbour leg.).

A species apparently related to A. haccatus from the dry desert
areas of coastal Sinaloa.

Anolis ventrimaculatus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 7, 1911,
p. 20 (type locality, Rio San Juan, Choco, southwestern Colombia;
types: 9 et pull, in Brit. Mus.; collected by Merwin G. Palmer).
Burt., Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61, June 11, 1931, p. 263
(Boca de la Raspadura and Rio Quesado near Rio Atrato, Colombia).
I have not seen specimens of this species which seems to be allied
to Anolis gemmosus and A. maculiventris.

Anolis williamsi Bocourt, Nouv. Archiv. Mus., 6, 1870, bull., p. 16;
Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., livr. 2, pi. 13, fig. 9 (type locality, Bahia,
Brazil; type in Paris Mus.).

Anolis sallaci (part) Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, 1885, p. 79
{A. williamsi wrongly placed in synonymy of sallaei).
I have not seen this species.

barbour: the angles * 155

Addenda

Since this paper was written I have learned of four additional
species which are important as coming from areas from which no
Anoles have previously been known. They are:

Anolis nasofrontalis Amaral, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 7, 1932, p. 58
(type locality: State of Espiritu Santo, Brazil; types nos. 440 and
440 A in Reptile Collection of the Museu Paulista).
Near A. transversalis.

Anolis pseudotigrinus Amaral, loc. cit., p. 60 (type locality, Rio Doce
valley, State of Espiritu Santo, Brazil; type no. 721 B in Reptile
Collection of the Museu Paulista).
Apparently near A. transversalis.

Anolis transfasciatus Amaral loc. cit. p. 60 (type locality. State of
Espiritu Santo, Brazil; type no. 432 in Reptile Collection of the
Museu Paulista).

Apparently allied to A. fusco-auratus.

Anolis garbei Amaral loc. cit., p. 62 (type locality, Monte Cristo,
Rio Tapajos, Para, Brazil; type no. 706 in Reptile Collection of the
Museu Paulista).

Closely related to A. leptoscelis from the Upper Amazon.

NOV 3 0 1934

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparatire Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. LXXVII, No. 5

^/?^

NEOTROPICAL ANTS COLLECTED BY
DR. ELISABETH SKW.ARRA AND OTHERS

By William Morton Wheeler

CAMBRIDGE, MASS. U. S. A.
PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM
November, 1934

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Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. LXXVII, No. 5

NEOTROPICAL ANTS COLLECTED BY
DR. ELISABETH SKWARRA AND OTHERS

By William Morton Wheeler

CAMBRIDGE, MASS. U. S. A;
PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM
November, 1934

No. 5, — Neotropical Ants Collected by Dr. Elisabeth Skwarra and Others
By William Morton Wheeler

In a period of a few weeks during 1929 Dr. Elisabeth Skwarra
amassed a large number of Formicidse in the states of Vera Cruz
and Morelos, Mexico, for the most part in myrmecophytes, and
generously permitted me to study the whole collection. Many of the
specimens belonged, of course, to well-known species and were easily
identified and as promptly as possible returned to her, but several
were obviously new to science or of dubious status and had to be
retained for further examination. The present paper contains de-
scriptions of this material. Pressure of other work unfortunately de-
layed its preparation. I apologize to Dr. Skwarra for the long delay
which has unduly postponed the publication of her own much more
interesting results on the ecological relations of the ants to the many
m^Tmecophytes which she observed and collected in Mexico. To the
species of Formicidse which she obtained I have added a number
collected by myself and others during earlier visits to the Neotropical
Region.

Family FORMICID^

Subfamily DORYLIN.E

EciTON (AcAMATus) suMiCHRASTi Norton

Two workers (No. 113) taken by Dr. Skwarra at Mirador, Vera
Cruz, apparently prej-ing on a colony of Azteca alfari Emery, which
was nesting in a Cecropia niexicana.

Owing to the fact that MajT (1877) mentioned this species as
occurring in Texas, I have for many years confused it with an unusually
roughly sculptured form of E. schmitti Emery, which occurs also in
Mexico. After examining Dr. Skwarra's specimens of the true sumi-
chrasti I seriously doubt its occurrence north of the border of Mexico
or indeed in the northern states of that republic. I here redescribe
the insect, because the previous descriptions by Norton, Mayr and
Emery are rather meager.

Worker. Length nearly 4 mm.

Differing from E. schmitti Emery, mainly in the shape of the head
and postpetiole and in sculpture. Head, excluding the mandibles,
nearly one and one-half times as long as broad, slightly broader in
front than behind, with anteriorly rounded sides, the posterior corners

160 bulletin: museum of compakative zoology

decidedly larger and longer and more produced backward than in
schniitti, and terminating in sharp points which are turned slightly
outward. The posterior border of the head is therefore deeply excised.
Mandibles rather large, their external borders straight, their long
terminal borders with numerous subequal denticles. Frontal carinse
lobular anteriorly, closely approximated. Antennae slightly more
slender than in sckmitti; scapes somewhat longer but dilated in the
same manner at their tips; funicular joints 1-6 distinctly longer than
broad, 7-10 as broad as long. Thorax and pedicel much as in schmitti,
but the postpetiole is nearly as high as long and from above more
strongly trapezoidal, that is, narrower in front, where it is even
narrower than the petiole, and broader behind, its dorsal surface
strongly convex.

Much more coarsely sculptured than sckmitti. Head, thorax and
pedicel subopaque, densely, sharply and finely punctate, or reticulate
and in addition coarsely and regularly, reticulately rugose, or foveolate;
mesosterna merely densely punctate; mandibles and gaster shining,
the mandibles coarsely shagreened at the base, very finely striate,
with coarse, sparse punctures apically; the gaster finely and super-
ficially shagreened, with regular, sparse, piligerous punctures. Legs,
including coxse, sharply and densely punctate, appearing finely
squamulose in certain lights. Under a high magnification all the punc-
tures on the body appear as minute shining points.

Pilosity much as in schmitti, pale yellow, coarse, bristly, of uneven
length, erect and moderately abundant on the body. As in schniitti
there are two very long erect hairs near the anterior border of the
pronotum and a few others on the occiput and anterior surfaces of the
fore coxje. Hairs on the antennse and legs also rather long but some-
what more oblique.

Head, thorax and pedicel dark brownish red, almost black; mandi-
bles, antennse, legs and gaster paler and more reddish.

Subfamily PONERIN^
Neoponera lineaticeps Mayr

This striking and beautiful species is represented by a number of
specimens taken by Dr. Skwarra from four colonies (Nos. 299, 300,
496, 593) at Mirador, Vera Cruz, in Tillandsia streptophylla. N.
lineaiice'ps is rare in collections and seems to be rather local. It was
originally described from Mexico and has been recorded by Emery
from Costa Rica.

WHEELER : NEOTROPICAL ANTS 161

Neoponera crenata Roger

Numerous workers and two females taken by Dr. Skwarra at
Mirador from nine colonies. Eight of these (Nos. 187, 193, 199, 218,
477, 556, 661, 747) were nesting in Tillandsia streptophylla and one
(60) in T. dasyliriifolia. This ant frequently nests also in hollow
twigs. A considerable number of specimens from various parts of its
range, which extends from Mexico to Northern Argentina, show much
variation in size, sculpture and coloration and indicate need of re-
vision of the species. N. stipitum. Forel, of which I possess three
cotype specimens, seems to be only a subspecies of crenata. The var.
moesta Mayr deserves subspecific rank. Dr. Skwarra's specimens are
mostly very dark, with brown or dark brown, instead of yellow legs,
as in the typical form of the species, which was originally described
by F. Smith as pallipes.

Subfamily CERAPACHYIN.E
Acanthostichus skwarr.e sp. nov.

Worker. Length about 4.2 mm.

Small and slender, resembling A. brevicornis Emery. Head similar,
but somewhat shorter, though distinctly longer than broad, very
slightly broader in front than behind, posterior border broadly ex-
cised, posterior angles narrow as in brevicornis, but the frontal carinse
thicker and longer, extending as far back as the middle of the head.
Antennae very much like those of brevicornis, scapes not reaching the
median transverse diameter of the head, three and one-half times as
broad as long, abruptly narrower at the base. Mandibles broad, with
blunt tips, differing from those of all the other described species of the
genus in having the external borders distinctly concave, instead of con-
vex. Thorax very narrow, broader in front than behind, distinctly con-
stricted laterally in the mesoepinotal region, less flattened dorsally
than in brevicornis, kirbyi, scrratuiiis and quadratus. Base of epinotum
longer than broad and longer than the steeply sloping declivity, with
somewhat rounded sides. Humeral angles and margination on the
sides of the thorax rather blunt, less distinct even than in brevicornis.
Petiolar node from above nearly one and one -half times as long as
broad, narrowed anteriorly, its straight sides, and the anterior border
especially, bluntly marginate. Postpetiole also trapezoidal, longer than
broad, much narrower in front than behind, its sides straight, its
ventral portion very convex and protruding, as in the other species.

162 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Gastric segments narrow. Legs stout, their femora and tibise dis-
tinctly incrassated.

Smooth and shining; dorsal surface of head, especially laterally,
anterior and lateral borders of thoracic segments, anterior border of
petiole and dorsal surface of postpetiole and gaster with a few large,
very sparse, elongate, piligerous punctures or foveolte. Neck, epinotal
declivity and anterior surface of petiolar node subopaque, punctate-
rugulose, the rugules on the declivity and petiolar node longitudinal
and radiating upward. Legs, especially the tibise, with numerous small
piligerous punctures.

Hairs pale yello"wdsh, erect, very sparse and not very long on the
body, shorter and more oblique on the legs; dense and numerous on
the extensor surfaces of the middle and hind tibise.

Head and thorax reddish castaneous; abdomen paler; legs yellow;
clypeus dark brown; antenna slightly paler than the head; tips of
funiculi pale yellowish.

A single specimen (No. 34) from Tamarindo, State of Vera Cruz,
found running on the ground.

This is the first Acanthostichus to be described from North America.
Six species have been recorded from South America, one of them,
fuscipeunis (from Para, Brazil) from male specimens only. Emery de-
scribes and figures this insect as differing from the male of serratulus in
having only one instead of two complete cubital cells in the fore wing. I
find that of tliree specimens of the undescribed male of quadratiis Emery
from Brazil, in my collection, two have two complete cubital cells,
while one is precisely like the male oi fvscipcnnis in lacking the vein
between the two cells. The latter character, therefore, seems to be of
little specific importance and I am inclined to believe that Emery's
fuscipennis may be the male of hrevicornis. The six species of Acan-
thosticJms now known from worker specimens may be separated iby
means of the following key:

1. External borders of mandibles concave; Length 4.2 mm. Mex-

ico skwarroe sp. nov.

External borders of mandibles convex 2

2. Scapes unusually broad, being only one and one-half times as long

as broad. Length 4.5-7 mm. Paraguay laticornis Forel

Scapes narrower, about three and one-half times as long as broad .3

3. Head with straight, parallel sides and sharp posterior corners.

Length 3.5 — 5.5 mm. Cayenne hrevicornis Emery

Head with more rounded sides and posterior corners; sides of
thorax more sharply marginate 4

wheeler: neotropical ants 163

4. Petiole from above square, as broad as long. Length 5.5-8 mm.

Brazil quadratus Emery

Petiole longer than broad, trapezoidal 5

5. Smaller species (maxima 5.5 mm.). Head only slightly longer than

broad. Brazil serratulus F. Smith

Larger species (5-6.5 mm.). Head distinctly longer. Frontal
carinse more approximated. Brazil and Paraguay . . kirbyi Emery

Subfamily MYRMICIK^
Pheidole vasliti Pergande var. hirtula Forel

Two soldiers from Cuernavaca, Morelos (No. 796), nesting "under
a stone."

Pheidole skwarr^ sp. nov.

Soldier. Length 4 mm.

Belonging to the biconstricia group and related to Ph. opaca Mayr.
Head large, one and one-fourth times as long as broad, broader in
front than at the narrow posterior corners, with evenly rounded sides
and very deeply and angularly excised posterior border. Occipital
furrow deep, extending forward to the middle of the head. Eyes
rather large, convex, situated about twice their length from the an-
terior corners of the head. Mandibles robust, convex, with two strong
apical teeth. Antennte long and slender; scapes terete, but slightly
enlarged near their tips, reaching to the posterior corners of the head;
funiculi long, all their joints much longer than broad, the but slightly
thickened club distinctly shorter than the remainder of the funiculus,
its two basal joints together much longer than the terminal joint.
Clypeus rather short, strongly carinate in the middle, its anterior
border with median and lateral sinuations, its posterior border con-
cave at the antennal fovese, which are deep. Frontal carinse short,
subparallel; frontal area large, impressed, semicircular, with five
equidistant carinulae. Thorax small, slender, less than half as broad
as the head through the pronotum, which is as long as broad, including
the neck; its dorsal surface and humeri evenly rounded; mesonotum
with a prominent median torus, which is bluntly angular in profile;
mesoepinotal constriction pronounced; epinotum long, its base straight
and horizontal in profile, with a pair of longitudinal ridges which are
continued back onto the bases of the spines. These are acute, longer
than broad at their bases, but shorter than their distance apart and
directed upward and backward. Epinotal declivity shorter than the

164 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

base, sloping. Petiole small and narrow, fully twice as long as broad,
strongly pedunculate, the node short and high, with rounded, entire
superior border. Postpetiole somewhat broader than long, less than
twice as broad as the petiolar node, narrower in front than behind,
with distinctly conulate sides. Gaster sub-triangular, broader behind
than in front, the large first segment with rather straight sides con-
verging to the postpetiolar insertion. Legs long and slender.

Opaque; mandibles and clypeus shining, the former evenly, sparsely
and coarsely punctate, the latter punctate-rugulose in the middle
and longitudinally rugose on the sides. Body, including gaster and
appendages finely and densely punctate throughout, head also longi-
tudinally rugulose, the rugules connected by reticulations on the
front, the occipital lobes with coarse, shallow, piligerous punctures or
foveolse; middle of pronotum and torus of mesonotum reticulate-
rugulose; upper surface of gaster and postpetiole sparsely and indis-
tinctly foveolate.

Hairs yellowish white, moderately abundant on the head, gaster
and pronotum, sparser on the petiole and postpetiole, obtuse or even
dilated and flattened at their tips, almost squamate-clavate, especially
on the head and pronotum ; longer and pointed on the gaster, shorter
and pointed on the legs, oblique and more numerous on the tibiae,
scapes and funiculi.

Dark brown; scapes and legs paler brown; mandibles and antennal
fovese yellowish brown; clypeus and apical borders of mandibles
blackish.

Worker. Length 2.5 mm.

Head nearly one and one-third times as long as broad, subelliptical,
distinctly but not very strongly constricted at the occipital border,
which has a raised collar. Eyes very convex, almost hemispherical,
at the middle of the sides. Mandibles with straight external borders,
the terminal borders with a pair of apical teeth and an even row of
several basal denticles. Clypeus projecting, carinate, its anterior
border with distinct median and lateral sinuations. Scapes extending
nearly half their length beyond the occipital border. Thorax, pedicel,
gaster and legs resembling the corresponding parts of the soldier.

Opaque and very finely punctate like the soldier but lacking the
rugosity; even the mandibles and clypeus are opaque, but somewhat
smoother, owing to the fineness of the punctures.

Pilosity and color very much as in the soldier, but the former
sparser on the head, thorax and pedicel (partly rubbed oft'?). Man-
dibles paler, yellowish; clypeus and mandibular teeth brown.

WHEELER : NEOTROPICAL ANTS 165

Female. Length nearly 6 mm.

Head subrectangular, excluding the mandibles somewhat broader
than long and nearly as broad in front as behind, with straight, trans-
verse posterior border, the cheeks somewhat concave owing to the
turning outward of the sharp anterior corners of the head. Eyes large
and convex, as long as their distance from these corners. Mandibles,
clypeus, frontal area and frontal carinse as in the soldier. Antennal
scapes stouter, but extending more than a third their length beyond
the posterior border of the head. Thorax as broad as the head
through the eyes, more than twice as long as broad; mesonotum
flattened above, slightly longer than broad; epinotum sloping, with
stout, blunt spines. Petiole above with long, straight, flattened an-
terior slope, the node inclined backward and concave posteriorly,
its superior border thick and rounded, very feebly emarginate in the
middle. Postpetiole three times as broad as long, its sides acutely
conulate. Gaster subquadrate, the very large first segment with
straight, transverse anterior border.

Sculpture like that of the soldier, but coarser. Mandibles coarsely
punctate-striate; rugules of clypeus and head coarser, posteriorly more
reticulate and less longitudinal; pronotum transversely, middle of
mesonotum longitudinally rugulose.

Pilosity as in the soldier, but less abundant on the head; the gaster
in addition to the long erect hairs with short, regularly arranged,
appressed hairs.

Black, with dark brown femora and paler and more reddish brown
funiculi, tibise and tarsi. Wings distinctly infuscated; veins and
pterostigma dark brown.

Described from one soldier, one female and two workers taken from
a single colony (No. 803) nesting under a stone at Cuernavaca,
Morelos.

This is a striking species easily distinguished from any of the de-
scribed forms of the hiconstricta group of Pheidole.

Pheidole punctatissima nap.^a subsp. nov.

Soldier. Length 2.3 mm.

Decidedly smaller than the soldier of the typical punctatissima
]Ma\T; head smaller, more nearly quadrate, with less rounded lateral
borders; mesial borders of scrobe-like depressions more sharply in-
dicated. Humeral tubercles of pronotum less prominent and more
rounded. Cheeks and sides of front more strongly longitudinally

166 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

rugose and less reticulate. Clypeus opaque, finely and densely punc-
tate behind, like the head. Mandibles, scapes, first gastric segment and
femora dark brown; gula, clypeus, anterior portion of head, thorax
and pedicel black; remainder of dorsal portion of head somewhat
darker and more browoiish yellow than in the typical form of the
species. Obtuse pilosity of the body somewhat shorter.

Worker. Length 1.5 mm.

Smaller than the worker of the typical punctatissima, with some-
what smaller and more slender epinotal spines. Rugules on the cheeks
much less distinct. Color darker brown, with darker femora and
distinct!}' infuscated scapes and funiculi.

One soldier and three workers (51a) taken by Dr. Skwarra at
Mirador, Vera Cruz, running on the bark of a guava.

Pheidole floridana tillandsiarum subsp. nov.

Soldier. Length 2-2.3 mm.

Distinctly smaller than the soldier of the typical floridana Emery,
with shorter and more rectangular head, which is not longer than
broad, "without the mandibles. Torus of mesonotum smaller and more
acute in profile; epinotal spines shorter and more slender. Rugse of
the clypeus and head decidedly' coarser and on the latter extending
much further back so that only a small portion of the occipital lobes
is smooth and shining. Thorax and petiole also more sharply rugulose-
punctate or reticulate and less shining. Gaster smooth and shining
throughout as in the typical floridana. Color darker, being deep
ferruginous, the appendages and gaster more brownish yellow, the
dental margin of the mandibles and anterior border of clypeus blackish.

Worker. Length 1.3-1.5 mm.

Not larger than the worker of floridana but "wath somewhat shorter
head and darker coloration as in the soldier. The dense punctulation
of the head and thorax is somewhat coarser and deeper.

Described from a number of soldiers and workers (Nos. 201 and 218),
taken by Dr. Skwarra at Mirador, Vera Cruz, nesting in Tillandsia
streptophylla.

Pheidole floridana ^chme^ subsp. nov.

Soldier. Length about 2.3 mm.

Resembling the subspecies tillandsiarum but more robust, with
distinctly larger head and broader thorax, the occipital excision quite
as deep but more sinuately rounded in the middle, the frontal area

wheeler: neotropical ants 167

larger and less clearly defined. Clypeus flat, distinctly carinate in the
middle. Epinotum broader than long, its base in profile shorter than
the declivity. Nearly the whole of the posterior third of the head
shining and without rug?e, but conspicuously, sparsely and obliquely
foveolate. Slightly deeper ferruginous than tillandsiarum, with the
occipital lobes darker, the apical half of the gaster dark brown, the
base and anal region yellow. Pilosity similar but distinctly more
abundant, especially on the head.

Worlxcr. Length about 1.5 mm.

Very similar to the worker of tillandsiarum but the antennal scapes
longer, extending fully twice their greatest diameter beyond the
posterior border of the head. Color of head, thorax and pedicel some-
what darker and more brownish.

A single soldier and three workers from Camaron, near Mirador,
Vera Cruz (No. 472), found by Dr. Skwarra in yEchmea bradeata.

This and the preceding subspecies are quite distinct from any of
the described forms of floridana {floridana sens, str., deplanata Per-
gande, ares Forel, antonicnsis Forel, stomachosa Wheeler), of all of
which I possess cotype specimens.

Pheidole tragica sp. nov.

Soldier. Length nearly 3 mm.

Belonging to the flavcns group. Head large, subquadrate, slightly
broader in front than behind, with straight sides, feebly concave
cheeks, pronounced anterior corners and deeply, angularly excised
posterior border; vertex somewhat depressed in the region of the
occipital groove, which is deep and extends forward to the middle of
the head. There are no traces of scrobe-like depressions. Eyes mod-
erately large and convex, situated less than twice their length from the
anterior corners of the head. Mandibles very convex, with two coarse
apical teeth. Clypeus smooth and ecarinate in the middle, its anterior
border with a median but no lateral sinuations. Frontal area large,
sub triangular, smooth, not deeply impressed; frontal carinse straight,
posteriorly diverging, only half as long as the antennal scapes, which
are somewhat flattened at the base and reach half the distance between
their insertions and the borders of the occipital lobes. Funicular
joints 2-8 subequal, longer than broad; club shorter and stouter than
the remainder of the funiculus, its enlarged terminal joint nearly as
long as the two preceding, subequal joints together. Thorax stout;
pronotum with rather acute but not prominent humeri, forming with

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the mesonotum a subhemispherical mass, the mesonotum with a small
transverse ridge, or torus, descending to the deep mesoepinotal con-
striction; epinotum as broad as long, with subequal base and de-
clivity, the former in profile horizontal, the latter sloping, the spines
longer than their basal width, shorter than their distance apart, acute,
directed upward, backward and slightly outward. Petiole about one
and one-half times as long as broad, nearly parallel-sided, the node
narrow, anteroposteriorly compressed, with long, concave anterior
and short, abrupt posterior declivity, the superior border blunt,
rounded and entire. Postpetiole subtrapezoidal, broader than long
and than the petiole and broadest at the anterior border, where it is
produced on each side as a prominent angle. Gaster much smaller than
the head, broadly elliptical and dorsoventrally compressed. Femora
distinctly incrassated.

Shining; mandibles smooth, with sparse, coarse, piligerous punc-
tures; anterior border of clypeus with a few transverse rugse, sides
longitudinally rugose; anterior half of head sharply longitudinally
rugose, the rugae on the cheeks connected by indistinct reticulations;
posterior half of head smooth and shining, with large, scattered
piligerous punctures or foveolse, the occipital excision finelj^ reticulate
and transversely rugulose. Thorax and ventral portions of petiole
densely punctate, the pro- and mesonotum smooth in the middle,
with a few longitudinal rugules; base of epinotum with a few short
longitudinal rugte anteriorly; node of petiole, postpetiole, gaster, legs
and scapes smooth and shining, with sparse piligerous punctures.

Hairs yellowish, rather abundant, long, erect or suberect, pointed
and of unequal length on the body, shorter and more oblique on the
appendages; anterior surfaces of scapes with a few long erect hairs.

Piceous black; mandibles, except their terminal borders, the cheeks
and the tarsi brownish yellow; gula, legs and bases of funiculi dark
brown.

Worker. Length 1.6 mm.

Head subrectangular, as long as broad, with rounded sides and feebly
emarginate posterior border. Mandibles with straight external borders,
two larger apical and four smaller basal teeth. Clj'^peus distinctly
carinate, its anterior border medially sinuate. Antennae slender;
scapes extending about one-fifth their length beyond the posterior
border of the head. Eyes a little in front of the middle of its sides.
Thorax and petiole resembling those of the soldier, the small post-
petiole rounded, broader behind than in front, without anterolateral
angles. Legs more slender.

wheeler: neotropical ants 169

Sculpture like that of the soldier, except that the head is smooth and
shining in the middle, finely and superficially reticulate behind and
delicateh', sparsely and longitudinally rugulose on the sides. Thorax
and petiole uniformly and densely punctate, the pronotum dorsally
somewhat rugulose.

Pilosity sparser than in the soldier, the hairs on the thorax and
pedicel obtuse, those on the head reclinate.

Dark piceous brown or black, with brown legs and antennae; mandi-
bles and tarsi yellowish.

A single soldier and three workers (No. A39) taken by Dr. Skwarra
at Pedregal, near Mexico City.

Pheidole sagana sp. nov.

Soldier. Length 2.5-2.8 mm.

Belonging to the flavens group and related to Ph. dimidiata Emery.
Head moderately large, slightly longer than broad, broader behind
than in front, with nearly straight, anteriorly converging sides, the
posterior corners rather narrowly rounded, the posterior border
broadly, deeply and sinuately excised. Eyes small, rather flat, situated
t^vice their length from the anterior corners of the head. Mandibles
large, convex, with two large apical and two smaller basal teeth.
Teeth on the mentum well-developed, acute. Clypeus short, flat and
sharply carinate, its anterior border sinuate in the middle and less
deeply on each side. Antennal scapes curved but not flattened at the
base, their tips reaching about half the distance between their inser-
tions and the posterior corners of the head; funicular joints 2-8 as
broad as long; clubs swollen, as long as the remainder of the funiculus,
terminal joint large, pointed, as long as the two preceding joints to-
gether. Frontal area subtriangular, impressed, with median cannula;
frontal carinse strongly diverging behind; as long as the scapes and
forming the mesial borders of flattened, somewhat scrobe-like areas.
Pronotum short and broad, with prominent, subangular humeri;
mesonotum anteriorly flattened and subtriangular, separated by a
transverse swelling, or torus from the posterior portion, which slopes
more steeply to the deep and rather long mesoepinotal constriction.
Epinotum as broad as long, its base in profile straight and horizontal,
as long as the sloping declivity; spines slender, acute, longer than
broad at the base and shorter than their distance apart, directed
backward and somewhat upward. Petiole slender, twice as long as
broad, its peduncle parallel-sided, its node small, transversely conical.

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Postpetiole broader than the petiohir node, sHghtly broader than long,
subtrapezoidal, broadest at the anterior corners which are rounded
and not produced. Gaster smaller than the head, broadly elliptical,
dorso ventral ly compressed. Femora distinctly incrassated; tibije
clavate.

Shining; mandibles small, with scattered piligerous punctures;
clypeus smooth in the middle, longitudinally rugose on the sides;
anterior two-thirds of head sharply longitudinally rugose, except the
anterior half of the narrow scrobe-like areas, which are reticulate
rugulose; posterior third of head smooth and shining, with scattered
piligerous punctures like those on the mandibles. Sides of thorax,
whole epinotum and petiole, except the summit of the node, more
opaque, finely and densely punctate; pro-and mesonotum more shining
above, irregularly and loosely rugulose, the former anteriorly with
several transverse rugse. Postpetiole superficially reticulate above,
with several short longitudinal sulci. Gaster and legs smooth, with
fine, sparse, piligerous punctures; antennal scapes reticulate.

Hairs yellowish, bristly, pointed, long and erect, rather sparse on
the posterior border of the head, the thorax and abdomen; shorter
and oblique on the appendages ; scapes with a few long erect hairs on
their flexor borders.

Deep castaneous brown; appendages and base of first gastric seg-
ment very slightly paler; mandibles, except their terminal borders,
front, cheeks, neck, tips of scapes and basal funicular joints reddish
yellow.

Worker. Length 1.3-1.5 mm.

Head subrectangular, scarcely longer than broad, with feebly
rounded sides and medially emarginate posterior border. Eyes
moderately convex, near the middle of the sides. Mandibles with
straight external borders, the terminal borders with two large apical
teeth and four or five rather indistinct basal denticles. Clypeus
moderately con\'ex, carinate, its anterior border with feeble median
and deeper lateral sinuations. Frontal area distinct, not impressed;
frontal carinae fully half as long as the scapes, continued back beyond
the middle of the head and bounding distinct scrobe-like areas. An-
tennal scapes extending slightly beyond the posterior border of the
head. Thorax resembling that of the soldier; pronotum distinctly
flattened above, with acute humeral angles; mesonotum rounded,
sloping, without distinct torus. Epinotum about as broad as long,
somewhat widened behind the base, in profile straight, distinctly
longer than the declivity; spines resembling those of the soldier but

wheeler: neotropical ants 171

smaller. Petiole very slender, nearly three times as long as broad, with
small, subconical node. Postpetiole only slightly broader than the
petiole, rounded subquadrate, nearly as long as broad. Gaster sub-
rectangular, a little broader behind than in front, the anterior border
straight and transverse forming distinct angles with the sides.

Shining; mandibles and median portion of the clypeus smooth, the
former with coarse, scattered punctures. Frontal area reticulate;
front smooth and shining, its sides and the sides of the head with
sparse, interrupted, longitudinal rugpe, the scrobal areas between
finely reticulate-rugulose. A similar but more pronounced sculpture
covers the thorax and pedicel; upi^er surfaces of the petiolar and
postpetiolar nodes smooth and shining, as are also the gaster and legs.

Pilositv like that of the soldier but shorter. Color dark brown; the
thorax, pedicel, legs and base of first gastric segment paler; mandibles,
tarsi, tips of scapes and basal joints of funiculi pale yellow.

Described from eight soldiers and eight workers from three colonies
(Nos. 149, 150, 518) taken by Dr. Skwarra at Mirador, Vera Cruz,
in Tillandsia streptophylla.

Crematogaster (Orthocrema) sculpturata Pergande

Worker. Length 2.2-2.4 mm.

Head subcircular, as broad as long, with convex sides, rounded
posterior corners and short, convex posterior border, the eyes round and
convex, placed just behind the middle of the sides. Mandibles narrow,
with four small, subequal teeth. Clypeus convex, with four longi-
tudinal carinfB, the median pair longer and converging anteriorly to
the straight, entire anterior border. Frontal area large, triangular
not very distinctly bounded posteriorly. Frontal carinse subparallel,
much farther apart than their distance from the lateral borders of the
head. Antennae rather long; scapes curved at the base, their tips
extending somewhat beyond the posterior border of the head; funiculi
with 2-jointed club; joints 2-8 small, subequal, the second joint
distinctly longer than broad, 3-8 very nearly as broad as long; basal
joint of club nearly twice as long as broad, about half as long as the
more swollen terminal joint. Thorax shaped as in C. curvispinosa
Mayr, rather stout, broad through the pronotum, strongly con-
stricted in the mesoepinotal region, with broad epinotum; proraesono-
tum as broad as long, the pronotum with prominent rounded humeri,
the promesonotal suture absent; mesonotum with a pair of prominent
longitudinal carinas which are subdentate anteriorly and extend

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posteriorly to the bases of epinotal spines; general surface of the me-
sonotum sloping posteriorly to the sharp constriction ; epinotum with-
out the spines twice as broad as long, its short base and much longer
sloping declivity meeting at a distinct transverse ridge, the spines
like those of C. curvispinosa, stout and flattened at the base, acute
apical ly, nearly as long as their distance apart at the base, spreading
laterally, curved inward and directed upward and backward. Petiole
shaped as in curvispinosa, somewhat flattened above, as broad as
long, with straight, parallel sides and semicircularly rounded anterior
border, the posterior corners produced as distinct, blunt teeth, which
are as long as broad at their bases. Postpetiole ovoidal, somewhat
broader than long, convex above, without median furrow. Gaster
large, acutely pointed behind and with the postpetiolar insertion rather
far back, the inferior, anterior border straight and transverse. Legs
slender.

Shining; mandibles smooth, sparsely punctate; clypeus smooth,
except for the carinte, its lateral wings transversely, cheeks longitu-
dinally and more coarsely striated. Antennal scapes striate. Front,
vertex and occiput very smooth and shining, with very sparse punc-
tures; sides of front with fine rugules, space between these and the
eyes densely punctate, or finely reticulate-rugulose. Promesonotum
sharply, coarsely and somewhat longitudinally reticulate-rugose, the
meshes of unequal size and distinctly asymmetrical on the two sides.
Base of epinotum with about 6 short, parallel, longitudinal rugules,
becoming reticulate posteriorly, bases of spines rugulose; posterior
portions of sides of pronotum and declivity of epinotum very smooth
and shining, neck and remainder of sides of thorax densely and evenly
punctate, as are also the ventral portions of the petiole and post-
petiole, though more finely; dorsal surface of these segments shining,
that of the petiole finely longitudinally sulcate. Gaster smooth and
shining, with sparse, regular, piligerous punctures.

Hairs white, stiff, erect and pointed, very regularly arranged, sparse
on head and thorax, longer on the head and gaster than on the thorax
and pedicel, where they are microscopically serrate. Anterior borders
of scapes with four or five long erect hairs; otherwise the appendages
have numerous short, appressed hairs; they are more oblique on the
funiculi. Pubescence pale, long and very sparse, visible on the head
and gaster.

Castaneous brown; head behind and posterior portion of gaster
darker; mandibles, bases of scapes, trochanters, and tarsi brownish
yellow.

wheeler: neotropical ants 173

Tepic, Mexico (Eisen and Vaslit)

I have redescribed this species from a cotype specimen in my col-
lection, because Pergande's description is rather meager and because
I am introducing below two subspecies and an allied species. It is
very closely related to C. curvispinosn of Brazil. I have not seen
specimens of this species, but Mayr's description and figure of the type
from Rio Janeiro agree well with sculpturata, except in color.

Crematogaster (Orthocrema) sculpturata phytceca

subsp. nov.

Worker. Differing from the typical species as follows: epinotal
spines decidedly more slender, less flattened and more tapering, in
profile more erect and recurved; teeth at the posterior corners of the
postpetiole stouter and more acute; gaster more voluminous. Shining
frontal and vertical area of head more extensive; spaces between the
coarse rugae on the pronotum more or less reticulate-rugulose espe-
cially at the sides; base of epinotum more irregularly rugulose, the
declivity and the postpetiole subopaque and very finely and super-
ficially punctate. Color jet black or deep piceous black, with brown
mandibles and antennte, which often have the distal portion of the
scape and the club black or dark brown ; trochanters and tarsi whitish
yellow, the last joint of the latter brown. Pilosity like that of the
typical sculpturata, but the appressed hairs on the legs seem to be less
numerous.

Female. Length 3.5-4 mm.

Head much more subrectangular than in the worker, distinctly
broader than long and slightly broader behind than in front; with
nearly straight or feebly sinuate posterior border. Eyes elliptical,
nearly one third as long as the sides of the head; antennal scapes
scarcely reaching beyond its posterior border. Thorax of the usual
shape, more than twice as long as broad; the anteriorly convex me-
sonotum fully one and one half times as long as broad; epinotum
similar to that of the worker, but the spines are much shorter and
though distinctly longer than broad at their bases, variable in thick-
ness. Petiole and gaster like those of the worker, the former some-
what longer than broad, with well-developed peduncle, the latter larger
and especially longer in proportion to its width; postpetiole also
decidedly larger and broader, with very bluntly subconulate sides.

Clypeus and head, except the occipital surface, sharply, but rather
finely longitudinally rugose, the rugse fewer and more delicate on the

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front and vertex. Mesonotum and scutellum coarsely and sparsely
punctate and also longitudinally rugulose, the rugules on the former
denser at the sides and behind; base of epinotum regularly, longitu-
dinally rugose, declivity and pro- and mesopleurpe nearly smooth.

Pilosity and color as in the worker, but the stiff obtuse hairs on the
thorax are more numerous and irregularly arranged. Wing-mem-
branes distinctly brownish ; veins and pterostigma darker brown.

Male. Length 2-2.5 mm.

Head through the ver^' large, convex, anteriorly placed eyes nearly
as long as broad, semicircular behind, with prominent ocelli; cheeks
short and straight. Mandibles small and slender, their tips obscurely
tridentate. Clypeus short and broad, moderately convex, its anterior
border nearly straight, entire. Scapes slightly more than twice as
long as broad; first funicular joint broader, globular; terminal joint
long, slender, with tapering point; remaining joints much shorter and
stouter, though distinctly longer than broad. Mesonotum broader
than long, subtriangular, narrowed and very convex anteriorly where
it overarches the small pronotum. Epinotum short and small, unarmed,
in profile with subequal, indistinctly separated, rounded base and
declivity. Petiole small, anteriorly narrowed, its posterodorsal surface
convex. Postpetiole somewhat broader than the petiole, broader than
long, rounded and subnodiform above. Gaster shaped somewhat as
in the worker; genitalia large and protruding. Legs slender.

Shining, with small sparse, piligerous punctures; mesonotum and
scutellum longitudinally striate, the latter more coarsely.

Pilosity white, rather delicate, sparse and moderately long on the
body; shorter, more abundant and oblique on the appendages, more
nearly erect on the antenna? than on the legs.

Piceous brown; mandibles, mouthparts, antennae, legs and genitalia
pale brownish yellow; wings paler than in the female, whitish; veins
and pterostigma pale brown.

Described from numerous specimens representing colonies taken
by Dr. Skwarra in the following localities and plants :

Mirador (type-locality), in Tillcmdsia streptophylla (Nos. 213, 519,
550, 606); in T. dasyliriifolia (362); in T. Balbisiana (620, 651); in
Conostegia xalapemis (209a, 209b); in internodes of Cecropia Schie-
deana (253) ; in hollow stems (564).

Tamarindo ; in thorns of Acacia spharocephala.

Camaron; in T. Balhesiana (675, 688); in T. pruinosa (628a); in
pseudobulbs of Schomburgkia tibicinis (479).

There is among the material from Mirador (209a) a single ergato-

wheeler: neotropical ants 175

morphic female measuring nearly 3 mm. Its head is like that of the
normal female in size and shape, but the eyes and ocelli are much
smaller. The thorax is like that of the worker but larger and more
robust with small, sharply delimited mesonotum of the female type,
and broad, short, flat, acute, epinotal spines. Petiole, postpetiole
and gaster also as in the worker but much larger. The mesonotum
and base of the epinotum are longitudinally rugulose, the former very
finely, the latter coarsely and regularly. Pilosity as in the normal
worker. Tibije and antenutne brownish yellow like the tarsi, the an-
tennal club deeply infuscated. In other respects the color is like that
of normal females and workers.

Crematogaster (Orthocrema) sculpturata accola subsp. nov.

Worker. Differing from the two preceding forms in having the
head more subrectangular, and in larger specimens distinctly broader
than long, and in the mesonotal carinte, which are much more promin-
ent, with larger blunt anterior teeth, which are connected by a distinct
transverse ridge or crest, so that the mesonotum rises anteriorly above
the posterior border of the pronotum. The epinotal spines are like
those of the typical sculpturata, but even broader and flatter in some
specimens, with short and more rapidly tapering, acute tips. The teeth
of the petiole are prominent, subacute and longer than broad at their
bases. The sculpture is also peculiar, the head and thorax being
sharply, regularly and finely reticulate. On the head this reticulation
is overlaid by longitudinal rugules, even on the front and vertex, so
that the whole surface is subopaque and without a smooth, polished
median area like that of sculpturata and phytaca. The very strong
network of rugte is present on the pronotum as in these forms. Post-
petiole and sides and ventral portions of the petiole sharply and
densely punctate. Pilosity and coloration as in phytwca.

Described from eleven workers taken by Dr. Skwarra from four
colonies at Mirador, two of them (595 and 662) nesting in Tillandsia
streptophylla and two (13 and 104) in Conostegia xalapemis.

Crematogaster (Orthocrema) agnita sp. nov.

Worker. Length 2-2.8 mm.

Closely related to sculpturata but clearly distinct. Head subrec-
tangular, in the largest indi\'iduals broader than long, structurally in
other respects as in sculpturata, except that the clypeus has four
longitudinal carinse or rugse on each side. Thorax, petiole and post-

176 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

petiole very similar, but the epinotal spines are shorter, straight, not
spreading laterally but subparallel and directed only backward and
upward. Carinse of the mesonotum sharp but not dentate anteriorly.
Posterior teeth of the petiole distinct, acute, shorter than their width
at the base.

Sculpture similar to that of the subspecies accola, but the front and
vertex more shining, without rugules but superficially reticulate.
Rugae on the pronotum sharp but less coarse than in sculpturata and
its subspecies; mesonotum merely finely reticulate and the same is
true of the upper surface of the petiole. Postpetiole with a similar
sculpture and with traces of longitudinal impressed lines or sulci.
Gaster superficially reticulate and not very shining; antennal scapes
striate as in sculpturata and its subspecies.

Pilosity much as in these forms, but the hairs are yellowish on the
body, coarser, more obtuse and somewhat shorter, distinctly more
abundant on the gaster. The long, erect hairs on the anterior borders
of the scapes of sculpturaia and its subspecies are lacking.

Dull yellowish brown or brownish yellow, with paler and more yellow
legs and antennse; head sometimes darker behind; gaster, except at
its base, castaneous, with the posterior borders of the segments
yellowish.

Female (dealated). Length nearly 5 mm.

Head resembling that of the worker, but the larger eyes are at the
middle of the sides and fully one third as long. The epinotal spines
are stout and acute, longer than broad at their bases, the petiole not
longer than broad and the denticles at the corners of its straight and
transverse posterior border minute. Postpetiole longer in proportion
to its length than in the female of phytncca, rounded and not subconulate
laterally.

Finely and densely shagreened, with the exception of the front,
vertex, scutellum, legs and sides of the pro- and mesothorax, which
are smooth and more shining. Dorsal surface of body sparsely and
coarsely punctate. Mandibles and scapes longitudinally striate;
cheeks and sides of front longitudinally rugose; sides of epinotum
somewhat concentrically rugose.

Pilosity like that of the worker but more abundant and less regu-
larly arranged on the head and thorax; appendages with short, more
or less oblique hairs or pubescence.

Brownish yellow; head often slightly darker; gaster reddish brown,
with yellowash posterior borders to the segments.

Described from numerous workers and a single female which I took

wheeler: neotropical ants 177

from hollow twigs Dec. 12, 1911 at Zacapa, an uncommonly arid
locality in Guatemala.

Procryptocerus striatus scabriusculus Emery

Workers from seven colonies all taken in hollow stems at Mirador
(270a, 276, 420, 398, 709, 335a, 435).

Strumigenys (Cephaloxys) skwarr^ sp. nov.

Worker. Length: 1.5-1.7 mm.

Closel}^ related to S. dypeata Roger of the United States but quite
distinct. Form and proportions of the head and clypeus as in that
species. Antennal scapes broader and more dilated beyond their
slender bases; second funicular joint distinctly longer than broad,
third as long as broad. Mandibles longer, and more gradually tapering
than in dypeata, on their internal ventral borders with a broad lamella,
which is bluntly subdentate at the middle, beyond the anterior border
of the clypeus; the teeth at the tip about 10 in number, spiniform,
crowded and of unequal length. Thorax of the usual shape, in profile
evenly and feebly arcuate; humeri rounded; pronotum without
median carina, with promesonotal suture obsolete and replaced by a
distinct semicircular impression; mesoepinotal suture distinct; epinotal
spines slender and acute, directed backward, each with a broad spongi-
form lamella extending along its whole posterior border and down the
side of the epinotal declivity. Petiolar and postpetiolar nodes trans-
versely elliptical, the latter one and one-half times as broad as the for-
mer, with well-developed spongiform masses on their ventral and
lateral surfaces.

Mandibles somewhat shining, very finely punctate; head, thorax
and petiole opaque, densely and evenly reticulate-rugulose, the clypeus
more finely; gaster and exposed dorsal surface of postpetiolar node
smooth and shining, the former with the basal third of the first seg-
ment loosely striate. Legs and scapes opaque, very finely reticulate-
rugulose.

Hairs white; curved and clavate-squamate on the clypeus, scapes,
dorsal surface of head, thorax, pedicel and gaster, most abundant on
the head, decidedly longer and sparser on the pedicel and gaster.
Those forming a row on the anterior borders of the clypeus and a
series of about 10 on the anterior borders of the scapes are curved
forward. Hairs on the ventral surface of the gaster sparse and of
ordinary structure.

178 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Yellowish ferruginous, middle portion of gaster and borders of
petiolar and postpetiolar nodes dark brown.

Described from 15 specimens representing four colonies, all taken
by Dr. Skwarra in Tillanrhia streptophylla in two localities: Tlaco-
cintla (type locality; 487 and 494) and Mirador (153 and 290).

Sericomyrmex aztecus Forel

Two workers, one from Mirador (477), found dead in nest of
Pheidole punckdissima in pseudobulb of Schomburgkia tibicinis, and
one from Tlacocintla (529) running on ground.

Subfamily DOLICHODERINiE

Iridomyrmex pruinosus Roger

Three workers (No. 84) taken by Dr. Skwarra under a stone at
Remutadero, Mexico, are smaller than Cuban specimens of the typical
form and have the gaster pale yellow, except at the tip. They probably
represent a variety transitional to the widely distributed var. analis
Ern. Andre.

Tapinoma ramulorum Emery

I have taken this species frequently at San Jose, Costa Rica, nesting
in dry twigs of various trees. Emery's specimens were found in the
same locality in dry twigs of the "tuete" {Vernonia hrachiata Bentham).
In addition to a new variety of T. inrectum Forel, which I regard as a
subspecies of ramulorum, Dr. Skwarra has discovered two other forms
and I am able to add a subspecies from Costa Rica.

The examination of this material shows that ramulorum and at
least two of its subspecies have distinctly dimorphic females. One of
them is of the usual type, with well-developed wings, the other a
microgyne distinguished by the peculiar shape of its head, its less
robust thorax and minute wings, with greatly reduced venation. Most
of my specimens are dealated, but one microgyne of inrectum var.
suhnigrum var. nov. retains a fore wing and one of ramulorum (sens,
str.) a hind wing. The two types of female of the typical ramulorum
may be distinguished as follows:

M aero pier ous female. Length 3.6-3.8 mm.

Head without the mandibles scarcely longer than broad, broader
behind than in front, with straight posterior border and rather con-

wheeler: neotropical ants 179

vex sides. Antennse stout, scapes, extending about one and one-half
times their greatest diameter beyond the posterior border of the head.
Eyes rather large and convex, more than one fourth as long as the sides
of the head. Thorax twice as long as broad and nearly as broad as the
head through the eyes; mesonotum and scutellum flattened, the former
fully as broad as long, the latter about one and one-half times as broad
as long; base of epinotum in profile short, about one-third as long as
the sloping declivity. Thorax with sparse, pale, erect hairs on its dorsal
surface. Gastric segments with grayish yellow borders not sharply
marked off from the dark brown basal portions. Scapes of antennse
dark brown. (Twelve dealated specimens).

Micropteron.s female. Length 3.-3.3. mm.

Head smaller, distinctly longer than broad, sub-oblong, with
straight, subparallel sides and straight posterior border, which is not
surpassed by the antennal scapes. Eyes and ocelli distinctly smaller
than in the macropterous female, the former only one-fourth as long
as the sides of the head. Thorax smaller and narrower, more than
twice as long as broad; mesonotum and scutellum also distinctly
smaller and narrower; epinotum evenly rounded, without distinct
base and declivity. Gaster proportionally smaller and narrower than
in the macropterous female. Hind wing elliptical, not longer than the
head, with a single median vein. Erect hairs absent on thorax. Color
paler brown than in the macropterous female; gaster yellow, with a
broad brown band across each segment. Scapes pale yellow, like the
tibire. (Six specimens, all completely dealated except the one bearing
a hind wing).

Tapinoma ramulorum var. satullum var. nov.

Worker. Differing from the typical form of the species in its
decidedly darker color, the head, thorax, gaster, median portions of
femora and in some specimens also the distal portions of the antennal
scapes being much darker brown, almost black. Outer border and
base of mandibles black as in the typical ramulorum.

Specimens from five colonies collected at Mirador (type-locality):
two from Tillandsia streptophylla (Nos. 147, 325), one from internodes
of Cecropia mexicana (176), one from a hollow twig of coffee (294 a),
one from under the leaf -base of Musa (270) ; and a single colony (479)
taken at Camaron in a pseudobulb of Schomburgkia tibicinis. Two males
from Mirador (325) agree with Emery's description of the male of the
typical ramulorum., except that their wings have complete discoidal
cells.

180 bulletin: museum of compaeative zoology

Tapinoma ramulorum toltecum subsp. nov.

Worker. Very similar in size and coloration to the var. satullum
but the scapes show no traces of infuscation and the surface of the head
and thorax is more opaque and more distinctly punctulate. The scapes
and funiculi are decidedly shorter, the former extending not more than
their greatest diameter beyond the posterior border of the head and
the latter with all the joints shorter, the second being nearly twice
as broad as long, the remaining joints except the last, only slightly
longer than broad. In the typical ramulorum the second funicular
joint is as long as broad, the succeeding joints fully one and one-third
times as long as broad. The legs of toltecum are also shorter and the
body somewhat stouter.

Described from nine specimens taken by Dr. Skwarra at Mirador
(No. 41) in Tillandsia Balhisiana.

Tapinoma ramulorum inrectum Forel

This subspecies seems to be widely distributed in Middle America.
I have taken the workers in the cauline swellings of Cordia alliodora
on Barro Colorado Island, Panama (Aug. 2, 1924) and in dead twigs
at Escuintla, Guatemala (Dec. 30, 1911), and Dr. A. Petrunkevitch
has sent me specimens which he found "nesting on the leaf of a tree",
presumably in a carton nest, at La Buena Ventura, Chiapas, Mexico,
Aug. 13, 1909. All these specimens agree closely with Forel's descrip-
tion of the types from the Forest of Pirris, Costa Rica. The antennal
scapes extend nearly one-third their length beyond the posterior border
of the head and the second funicular joint is longer than broad. The
thorax is somewhat more slender than in the preceding forms of
ramulorum and the legs somewhat longer. The thorax is brown, the
head darker brown, the gaster paler and more yellowish, nonfasciate,
the mandibles and antennas pale yellow throughout, the legs pale yel-
low, with the femora brown in the middle.

Tapinoma ramulorum annellatum subsp. nov.

Worker. Length 2-2.3 mm.

Differing from the workers of the preceding forms as follows: Body
and especially the head and thorax densely punctate and opaque,
the gaster paler than in the typical ramulorum, dull brownish yellow,
with a pale brown transverse band on the middle of each segment;

wheeler: neotropical ants 181

femora pale brown in the middle and the dark portion of the mandibles
reduced to a triangular brown spot at the external corner of the base.
The antennal scapes are as long as in the typical ramuloruvi but the
funiculi are stouter, with shorter joints, the second being distinctly
broader than long.

Macropterous female. Length 3.2-3.5 mm. ; wings nearly 4 mm.

Smaller and much paler than the macropterous female of the typical
ramulornm. Head small, without the mandibles fully as broad as long
and shaped as in ramulorum. Thorax larger, much broader than the
head, decidedly less than twice as long as broad; pronotum as broad
as long, scutellum twice as broad as long. Thorax and gaster pale
brown, the head blackish only posterodorsally, the mandibles, clypeus,
cheeks, gula, scapes and legs pale yellow, the funiculi beyond the
first joint and the median portions of the femora brownish. Posterior
borders of gastric segments yellowish. Wings subopaque, grayish,
iridescent; veins and pterostigma brownish yellow. Head as well as
the thorax with pale, erect hairs above.

Microptcrovs female (dealated). Length 3 mm.

Head suboblong, longer than broad, with straight subparallel sides
and posterior border. Antennal scapes not quite reaching the latter;
funicular joints, except the first and last, broader than long. Eyes
and ocelli distinctly smaller than in the macropterous female. Thorax
much smaller and narrower, narrower than the head, and fully twice
as long as broad; mesonotum one and one-third times as long as broad,
narrowed behind; scutellum small, nearly as long as broad; epinotum
longer than in the macropterous female. Color as in that form but the
body is darker brown and the fasciae on the gaster are more pronounced ;
mandibles blackish externally at the base. Head and thorax without
erect hairs.

Described from a dozen workers, one micropterous and three
macropterous females which I found in dead twigs at Cartago, Costa
Rica, Dec. 6, 191L

Tapinoma ramulorum inrectum Forel var. subnigrum var. nov.

Worker. Length 1.7-2 mm.

Differing from the typical inrectum in color, the body being deep
piceous brown, the head and gaster often black; scapes and distal
portions of funiculi sometimes brownish; median portions of femora
dark brown; remainder of appendages and the petiole pale, yellowish
white; mandibles somewhat brownish.

Macropterous female (dealated). Length 2 mm.

182 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Smaller than the macropterous females of the typical ramulorum
and the subsp. annellatum, but the head is of the same shape. Antenna!
scapes reaching to its posterior border; joints 2-10 of the funiculi
as broad as long. Thorax slightly narrower than the head, twice as
long as broad; mesonotum as broad as long, scutellum broader than
long; epinotum sloping and rounded as in the Avorker. Dorsal surface
of thorax with short, erect hairs. Color much like that of the worker.

Micropterous female. Length 1.8 mm.

Head smaller, somewhat narrower and more rectangular than in the
macropterous female but distinctly broader behind than in front;
eyes and ocelli smaller, funicular joints shorter. Thorax smaller and
narrower, very distinctly narrower than the head; mesonotum much
smaller but broader than long; scutellum proportionally longer.
Anterior wing only as long as the head plus the mandibles, elliptical,
with three stout longitudinal veins and a stout costa. Thorax not
distinctly hairy above. Sculpture and color as in the macropterous
female.

This variety is represented in Dr. Skwarra's material by numerous
workers, a macropterous and a micropterous female from seven
colonies: one from Camaron (No. 402), taken from a hole left by a
broken branch, and six from Mirador (type locality), taken in the
following situations: No. 504 in reed; 452 in a stick, 339 in Tillandsia
fasciculata; 293 in T. I alemuelana; 611b in T. streptoijhylla ^1x6.295 in
Conostegia xalapensis.

The genus Tapinoma appears to be well represented in tropical
America. I append descriptions of three undescribed species and a
subspecies which have been standing for some years in my collection.

Tapinoma panamense sp. nov.

Worker. Length 1-1.2 mm.

Head subrectangular, longer than broad, as broad in front as be-
hind, with very feebly convex sides, straight posterior border and
rounded posterior corners. Eyes small, flat, placed about one and one-
half times their length from the anterior corners of the head. Mandibles
narrow, with oblique apical borders armed with six teeth, the first,
second and fourth of which from the tip are large, the others minute.
Frontal carinre short, parallel, farther apart than their distance from
the sides of the head. Clypeus convex and rounded in the middle, its
anterior border straight and entire. Frontal area and groove absent.
Antennal scapes not reaching to the posterior corners of the head by

wheeler: neotropical ants 183

a distance equal to their greatest diameter; first funicular joint nearly
one and one-half times as long as broad, second small and short,
broader than long, remaining joints, except the last, all broader than
long but gradually increasing distally in length and thickness. Thorax
small, feebly but distinctly impressed at the mesoepinotal suture,
otherwise slightly convex in dorsal outline ; base of epinotum straight,
forming a distinct obtuse angle with the declivity which is decidedly
longer. Seen from above the pronotum is nearly twice as broad as
long, the mesonotum is subcircular and about as long as broad, the
epinotum longer than broad and laterally compressed. Petiole very
small and flat, elliptical, its node represented by a low semicircular
swelling at the anterior end, and completely concealed under the large
first segment of the elliptical gaster. Legs of the usual shape.

Shining, very finely and indistinctly punctulate.

Hairs and pubescence pale yellow, the former very sparse, distinct
only on the mandibles, clypeus and gaster; the pubescence fine and
rather dense, slightly obscuring the shining surface, rather long and
oblique on the scapes.

Pale brownish yellow; legs scarcely paler; mandibular teeth reddish.

Female (dealated). Length L8 mm.

Head much as in the worker, but the posterior corners less rounded
and the posterior border feebly sinuate in the middle, the eyes larger
and more convex, only about half their length from the anterior corners
of the clypeus. Scapes shorter, extending to about two-thirds the
distance between the eyes and the posterior corners of the head.
Thorax slightly narrower than the head, elongate subelliptical, de-
pressed above; pronotum very short and transverse; mesonotum as
long as broad, rounded anteriorly; epinotum short, with very short
base passing gradually into the long sloping declivity. Petiole as in
the worker. Gaster more than three times as long as broad, parallel-
sided, first segment covering the petiole and provided with a very
distinct impression for its accommodation.

Subopaque and more densely punctulate than the worker; pilosity
and pubescence very similar; head and thorax pale yellowish brown,
gaster dark brown; mandibles, antennae, legs and broad margins of
the gastric segments brownish yellow.

Male. Length about .8 mm.

Head subrectangular, longer than broad, somewhat narrowed
behind. Eyes flattened, as long as about half the length of its sides.
Mandibles rather well-developed, overlapping, with very minutely
denticulate apical borders. Clypeus with straight, entire anterior

184 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

border. Antennal scapes reaching to the posterior corners of the head ;
basal funicular joints slightly, terminal joints considerably longer than
broad. Thorax as broad as the head. Petiole very much as in the
worker. Gaster short.

Sculpture and pilosity as in the worker. Color pale sordid yellow.
Wings grayish, pubescent, rather opaque, with pale brownish veins.

Specimens from a single colony which I found nesting in a cauline
swelling of Cordia alliodora on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. This
very small species is evidently quite distinct from ramuloruvi, atriceps
Emery, heyeri Forel and littorale Wheeler.

Tapinoma fulvum sp. nov.

Worker. Length 3-3.3 mm.

Head nearly as broad as long, broader behind than in front, with
distinctly and broadly concave posterior border; sides convex behind;
cheeks straight or slightly concave. Eyes moderately large, convex,
shorter than their distance from the corners of the clypeus, which is
large and broad, somewhat flattened in the middle, its anterior border
with a feebly sinuate but not projecting median area, separated on
each side by a minute notch from the straight antero-lateral border.
Frontal carinse well-developed, farther apart than their distance from
the lateral borders, arcuate and posteriorly diverging outward towards
the middle of the eyes. Frontal area obsolete. Antennse long and
rather slender; scapes reaching nearly one-fourth their length beyond
the posterior border of the head; funiculi thickened as usual towards
the tip; first joint fully three times as long as broad; joints 2-10 sub-
equal, nearly one and one-half times as long as broad, terminal joint
rather acutely pointed, as long as the two preceding joints together.
Mandibles stout and convex, decussating when closed, their terminal
borders broad, with 5 or 6 larger apical teeth and 6 or 7 basal denticles.
Thorax stout but much narrower than the head; pronotum broader
than long, convex dorsally and laterally; mesonotum nearly one and
one-half times as long as broad, rounded and convex in front where it
rises distinctly above the pronotum, concave behind and descending to
the unusually deep mesoepinotal impression with its prominent
spiracles; epinotum longer than broad, also with prominent spiracles;
its base convex and rising obliquely and abruptly upward and back-
ward from the impression and curving into the straight, sloping decliv-
ity, which is fully twice as long as the base. Petiole regularly elliptical,
flat above, with thickened anterior border representing the vestigial

wheeler: neotropical ants 185

node, ventral surface convex. Gaster large, with pointed tip, its an-
terior segment overlying and concealing the petiole and with a concave
area for its reception. Legs moderately long.

Opaque throughout, very finely, densely and indistinctly punctu-
late and irregularly shagreened; mandibles also with sparse, coarser
punctures.

Hairs on mandibles rather long, white and subappressed, on pro-
notum and gaster somewhat brownish, long, sparse and erect, arising
from minute dark brown dot-like insertions, shorter on the epinotum.
Pubescence glistening white, short, subappressed, most distinct on the
cheeks, vertex, epinotum, gaster and appendages but not concealing
the surface.

Rich fulvous yellow; petiole, gaster and legs paler yellow, the
gaster with an anteriorly ill-defined pale brown band near the posterior
border of each segment; mandibular teeth deep reddish brown.

Described from numerous specimens taken from under a flat carton
shed on the trunk of a sapling in company with coccids, on Barro
Colorado Island, Panama, June 21, 1924.

Tapinoma fulvum sublucidum subsp. nov.

Worker. Differing from the preceding form in having the head
slightly narrower, with less convex sides and the anterior portion of
the mesonotum somewhat less projecting above the posterior portion
of the pronotum. The sculpture, too, is difi^erent, the surface of the
mandibles, body and appendages, being distinctly smoother and some-
what shining or lustrous, owing to the more superficial punctulation.
Color as in the typical fulvum but the thorax is somewhat paler than
the head, which is often brownish posteriorly and the tips of the scapes
on their inner surfaces and the femora towards their tips are faintly
tinged with brown. The pale brown bands on the gaster are also
somewhat more distinct.

Numerous specimens from two colonies on Barro Colorado Island
(July 1924). These were also in flat carton sheds with coccids on the
bark of living trees.

Tapinoma amazon.e sp. nov.

JVorker. Length 2.5-3 mm.

Head slightly longer than broad, somewhat broader behind than in
front, with moderately, evenly convex sides and straight, transverse

186 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

border. Eyes rather large and convex, as long as their distance from
the anterior corners of the head. Clypeus convex in the middle, its
anterior border rounded and entire in the middle and slightly sinuate
on each side; its posterior suture rather indistinct. Frontal area and
groove absent; frontal carinas short, subparallel, slightly farther apart
than their distance from the lateral borders of the head. Mandibles
stout, convex, their oblique terminal borders with about 10 or 11 teeth,
the first, second and fourth from the tip large, the others minute,
subequal denticles. Antennse rather stout, scapes extending nearly
one fourth their length beyond the posterior border of the head;
funicular joints 2^ one and one-half times as long as broad, joints
5-10 shorter but distinctly longer than broad, last joint as long as the
two preceding joints together. Thorax rather short, its dorsal outline
in profile straight and horizontal in the middle; promesonotal suture
impressed; mesoepinotal impression deeper and acute; seen from
above the pronotum is short, one and one-half times as broad as long,
with convex humeri, mesonotum somewhat longer than broad, not
rising above the pronotum; base of the latter convex, very short, not
more than a fourth as long as the straight, flat, sloping declivity,
which from behind is semicircularly rounded above with straight
ventrally diverging sides. Petiole elliptical, narrow, twice as long as
broad, flattened above, with only a vestige of a node at its anterior
end. Gaster large, not pointed posteriorly, first segment overlying and
concealing the petiole. Legs moderately long.

Shining and very finely and evenly punctulate or reticulate; man-
dibles smoother, sparsely and coarsely punctate.

Hairs and pubescence yellowish; the former present only on the
mandibles and clypeus, the latter short but dilute on the body, most
distinct on the gaster, thorax and sides of head but not concealing the
surface, shorter on the appendages, dense on the tibiae.

Brown, head darker and more blackish, especially behind; mandi-
bles, mouthparts, sides of clypeus, antennae and legs, including the
coxae., brownish yellow.

Described from a number of workers taken many years ago by
Prof. C. F. Baker at Para, Brazil.

This species is quite distinct from T. atriceps Mayr in size, shape of
head, coloration, etc., and is much more like our common North
American T. sessile Say, but the head is shorter and the shape of the
thorax and the coloration are quite different.

wheeler: neotropical ants 187

Subfamily FORMICIN.E
Myrmel.\chista Roger

Emery, in the Genera Inseetorum (1921), has associated this genus,
founded by Roger seventy years ago, with the Australian Stigmacros
in his tribe Myrmelachistini among the Alloformicinfe, the most
primitive section of the great subfamily Formicinte. Ethologically,
at least, this association appears to be rather artificial, because the
species of Myrmelachista are all exquisitely arboreal, nesting in
tenuous galleries in dead twigs or in the cavities of myrmecophytes
or epiphytes, whereas the species of Stigmacros live in rather dry
soil under stones or very rarely under bark, and therefore behave more
like the species of Acantholepis, which Forel regarded as their closest
allies. In 1886 P^orel di^•ided Myrmelachista into two subgenera,
namely Myrmelachista scm. str. (worker and female with 9-jointed,
male with 10-jointed antenna) and Decamera Roger (worker and
female with 10-jointed, male with 11-jointed antennae). Until 1927,
when Menozzi described a species (plebccula) of Myrmelachista
sens. str. from Costa Rica, this subdivision of the genus seemed also
to have a geographical basis, since Myrmelachista sem. str., which
includes the genotype (kraat£ Roger), was supposed to be confined
to the West Indies, the subgenus Decamera to the continental portion
of the Neotropical Region. Dr. Skwarra has now discovered several
forms of M^Tmelachista sens. sir. in Mexico, and I am adding others
which have long been standing in my collection, from Porto Rico,
Costa Rica, British Guiana and northern Brazil. It still remains true,
however, that the species of this subgenus inhabit countries around the
Caribbean sea and the Gulf of Mexico, while the Decamera species
are for the most part confined to South America and especially to
Brazil, Chili and Argentina.

The species of Myrmelachista sens. str. are poorer in plastic charac-
ters than those of Decamera. Moreover, the workers seem to be dis-
tinctly though feebly pol^Tnorphic, since the larger individuals have
the head proportionally larger and broader and the border of the
petiolar scale more deeply sinuate or excised. The male genitalia
appear to furnish more valuable characters, but unfortunately the
males of only three of the species of Myrmelachista sens. str. are known
(see Figs. 1-3). I insert a key which may aid in the identification of
the workers of this subgenus.

188 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

1 . Antennal scapes with erect or suberect hairs 2

Antennal scapes without such hairs 11

2. Hairs on scapes conspicuously long and confined to their anterior

surfaces 3

Hairs on scapes shorter, more generally distributed 5

3. Petiolar border distinctly excised; head red, clouded with brown

only on the occiput. Length 2.3 mm. St. Vincent . . ambigua Forel

Petiolar border entire or feebly sinuate; head largely black or

dark brown 4

4. Length 1.75-2.3 mm. Second funicular joint broader than long.

Virgin Islands, Porto Rico, Santo Domingo, .ramulor am Wheeler
Length 2.3-2.6 mm. Larger and stouter; second funicular joint

longer than broad. Mona Island and Porto Rico

var. fortior var. nov.

5. Antennal clubs not infuscated 6

Antennal clubs more or less infuscated 8

6. Thorax and gaster black 7

Thorax and gaster castaneous. Length 1.5-2.5 mm. Cuba

rogcri Ern. Andre

7. Head largely red; petiolar border deeply excised. Length 1.75-

2.5 mm. Cuba var. rubriceps Mann

Only the anterior border of head red; petiolar border feebly ex-
cised. Cuba var. vianni var. nov.

8. Sides of head rather convex; base of epinotum longer than the

declivity. Length 2.3-2.5 mm. Costa Rica

costaricensis var. nov.

Sides of head straight; base and declivity of epinotum subequal . .9

9. Larger forms (2-2.5 mm.) ; head, thorax and antennal clubs black.

Mexico skwarroE sp. nov.

Smaller forms (1.5-1.75 mm.) head and thorax not black; antennal
clubs fuscous 10

10. Head small; head, thorax and petiole piceous brown. Mexico

var. picea var. nov.

Head larger; head, thorax and petiole yellowish red. Mexico

var. laeta var. nov.

1 1 . Fore tarsi enlarged ; petiolar scale oval ; color reddish yellow, with

dark brown gaster and pale yellow antennae and tibiae. Length

2 mm. Cuba kraatzi Roger

Fore tarsi not enlarged; petiolar scale not oval 12

12. Head red 13

Head castaneous or black 14

wheeler: neotropical ants 189

13. Petiolar scale broader than high, with convex sides, broadest in

the middle; erect hairs absent on thorax; gaster brown. Length

2 mm. Costa Rica plebecula Menozzi

Much smaller (1.2 ram.) ; petiolar scale narrow, with nearly straight
sides, broadest above; erect hairs present on thorax; gaster
black. Brazil brevicornis sp. nov.

14. Pronotum yellow or reddish yellow, contrasting with remainder of

thorax. Length 1.5-1.75 mm. Mexico amicta sp. nov.

Pronotum piceous, black, castaneous or brownish red, concolorous
with remainder of thorax. Length 1,3-2 mm. British Guiana . .
guyanensis sp. nov.

Myrmelachista ramulorum Wheeler

This form, of which I described (1908) all three castes from Gulebra
Island and Porto Rico, and which has since been recorded by Mann
from St. Thomas and by Menozzi from Santo Domingo, I now regard
as an independent species and not as a subspecies of avibigua Forel.
Judging from Forel's description which was drawn from a single
specimen of this species from the Island of St. Vincent, the worker of
ramulorum. is more slender, with longer and deeper mesoepinotal
constriction and more deeply emarginate petiolar scale. The antennal
scapes reach nearly halfway between the eyes and the posterior
corners of the head. The clypeal border bears a minute denticle in the
middle. In the male the second funicular joint is distinctly longer than
broad and joints 3-5 are very nearly as long as broad. The mandibles
are bidentate, with the basal tooth distinctly angular. The genitalia
(Fig. 1) resemble those of skwarroe sp. nov. described below.

Myrmelachista ramulorum fortior subsp. nov.

Worker. Length 2.3-2.6 mm .

Differing from the typical form in being decidedly larger and more
robust; head larger and broader; joints 2-5 of the funiculi decidedly
longer, the second distinctly longer than broad, the third and fourth
as long as broad. Petiolar scale as in the typical form, with entire or
very feebly and broadly sinuate superior border. In profile this
border is decidedly thicker and blunter; the posterior pedunculate
extension of the petiole well-developed as in the typical form.

Erect hairs on the body, scapes and tibiae even more numerous and
longer. Coloration more vivid, the mandibles and head being deep red,

190

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the latter blackish behind, the thorax and appendages of a more
reddish j^ellow tint than in the typical ramulorum.

Fig. 1. Genitalia of male Myrmelachista ramulorum Wheeler; a, ventral,
h, lateral aspect.

Described from -nine specimens taken by Dr. F. E. Lutz, seven
from Mona Island (type-locality) and two from Porto Rico, without
more precise locality.

Myrmelachista rogeri Ernest Andre

Dr. Mann describes the worker of the typical form of this species
from Saetia (Oriente), Cuba as "black with the anterior margin of the
head and mandibles reddish and the antennte and tarsi brown,"
whereas Andre gives the coloration as "deep castaneous, almost black;
mandibles and anterior portion of the head more reddish; antennae,
articulations of the legs and tarsi sordid yellow." Dr. W.S. Creighton
has recently sent a number of specimens from the vicinity of Cienfuegos,
Cuba, which seem to approach the typical form as described by Andre
more closely than Mann's specimens. I therefore regard the latter as
representing a distinct variety, which may be called manni var. no v.
The following is a description of the worker and female from Creigh-
ton's specimens :

Worker. lycngth 1.5-2.5 mm.

Head subrectangular, only slightly longer than broad, slightly
narrower in front than behind, with nearly straight, subparallel sides
and straight or feebly concave posterior border. Mandibles stout and
convex. Eyes small, flat, at the middle of the sides of the head. Cly-

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peus convex, almost subcarinate in the middle, its anterior border
with a distinct median denticle. Frontal area and groove indistinct.
Antennpe short; scapes distinctly flattened, their tips reaching to the
posterior third of the sides of the head; club stout, as long as the
remainder of the funiculus; joints 2-5 small, broader than long, the
two basal joints of the club nearly as long as broad, together somewhat
shorter than the swollen terminal joint. Promesonotum convex,
hemispherical; mesoepinotal impression pronounced; epinotum rather
low, Avith straight and subequal base and declivity, meeting at a dis-
tinct obtuse angle. Petiolar scale small, subquadrate from behind,
with more or less distinctly excised superior border; in profile short,
cuneate, strongly compressed and acute above.

Very smooth and shining, with sparse piligerous punctures; mandi-
bles longitudinally punctate-striate.

Hairs yellowish, sparse, suberect, partially subappressed on the
head; rather numerous and suberect on the scapes, both on the
anterior and posterior surfaces. Pubescence absent.

Castaneous brown; mandibles and more or less of the anterior
portion of the head paler and more reddish; posterior borders of
gastric segments, antennse, tarsi, knees and in some specimens also
the tibiae brownish yellow.

Female (undescribed; dealated). Length 3.2-4.3 mm.

Head longer and more sharply rectangular than in the worker,
fully one and one-fourth times as long as broad, with straight parallel
sides and straight posterior border. Mandibles 5-toothed, the median
and basal tooth minute. Thorax elongate, distinctly depressed;
mesonotum longer than broad; epinotum low, without an angle be-
tween the long, straight, horizontal base and the short, rounded
declivity. Petiole thicker than in the worker, with blunt, straight and
transverse superior border.

Mandibles and clypeus coarsely punctate, the latter finely striate
on the sides: sculpture of the other parts and the pilosity as in the
worker.

Color decidedly paler, reddish; the mesonotum, scutellum, legs and
antennte brownish yellow.

Described from sixteen workers and five females taken by Dr.
W. S. Creighton at San Bias, near Cienfuegos, Cuba. Mann's var.
rubriceps from Pinares, Cuba differs from the above in its more deeply
excised petiolar scale and in color, being black, with brownish red
head, mandibles and antennse and brown tarsi.

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Myrmelachista skwarr^ sp. nov.

Worker. Length 2-2.5 mm.

Head large, rectangular, as broad as long, slightly narrower in
front than behind, with straight sides and posterior border, flattened
dorsally and ventrally. Eyes small, flat, near the middle of the sides
of the head. Mandibles convex, 5-toothed, the median tooth small.
Clypeus convex, its anterior border with a minute, acute, median
denticle. Frontal carina short, subparallel, somewhat farther apart
than their distance from the lateral borders of the head. Antennae
rather stout; scapes extending a distance equal to their greatest
diameter beyond the posterior orbits; first funicular joint large, fully
twice as long as broad; joints 2-5 small, the second nearly as long as
broad, 3-5 much shorter; club stout, its two basal joints as long as
broad, together shorter than the swollen terminal joint. Thorax
short and stout though considerably narrower than the head; prome-
sonotum convex, subhemispherical ; mesonotum transversely rounded-
rectangular, one and one-half times as broad as long; mesoepinotal
constriction short and shallow dorsally, pronounced laterally; epino-
tum lower and shorter than the promesonotum, somewhat longer than
wide, narrowed anteriorly, with rounded sides; base and declivity
subequal in profile, the former feebly convex, the latter sloping and
somewhat concave posteriorly. Petiole rather short, as high as long;
scale scarcely inclined forward, narrow, with rather thin, acute,
very feebly sinuate superior border. Gaster large, oval; first segment
rounded anteriorly, the tip pointed. Legs rather stout, fore femora
distinctly enlarged.

Smooth and shining, with sparse piligerous punctures. Mandibles
obscurely punctate-striate; clypeus, anterior borders of cheeks and
neck reticulate.

Hairs glistening white, bristly, moderately long on the head, thorax
and gaster, partly erect and partly shorter and appressed. Scapes and
funiculi with numerous erect or suberect hairs, legs with short, sparse
suberect hairs.

Black; neck, tips of coxse, trochanters, bases and tips of femora,
tibiae, scapes and basal joints of funiculi brownish yellow or yellowish
brown ; mandibles, mouthparts and anterior borders of cheeks reddish
brown.

Female. Length 3-4 mm.

Slender; head rectangular, one and one-third times as long as broad,
flattened above and below, with rounded posterior corners, straight

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193

subparallel sides and feebly sinuate posterior border. Mandibles
large and convex, with strong teeth. Clypeus convex, its anterior
border with a small median tooth. Eyes rather small, flat, a little in
front of the middle of the sides of the head; ocelli small, widely sepa-
rated. Antennae as in the worker, but scapes reaching only to the pos-
terior orbits. Thorax elongate oval, about two and one-third times as
long as broad, broader than the head; mesonotum very flat above,
decidedly longer than broad; epinotum small and short, feebly rounded
in profile, without distinct base and declivity. Petiole broader than
in the worker, scale more inclined forward, with the superior border
transverse, straight and entire or feebly sinuate in the middle. Gaster
large, elongate-elliptical, fully as long as the remainder of the body.
Legs rather stout, with somewhat enlarged femora. Wings long,
measuring 4 mm., with well-developed venation; marginal cell closed;
discoidal cell absent.

Sculpture, pilosity and color as in the worker, but mandibles and
cheeks more distinctly punctate-rugulose. Wing-membranes faintly
brownish; veins and pterostigma pale brown.

Fig. 2. Genitalia of male Myrmelachista skwarrce sp. nov.; a, ventral,
b, lateral aspect.

Male. Length 2.5-2.7 mm.

Head through the eyes broader than long, convex and semicircularly
rounded behind, with short, slightly convex, anteriorly converging
cheeks. Eyes large and prominent; ocelli moderately large. Mandibles
narrow, geniculate at the base, bidentate apically, the terminal tooth
small and acute, the basal tooth in the form of a rounded lobe. Clypeus
very convex, its anterior border rounded, without distinct median

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denticle. Antenna 10-jointed; scapes fully six times as long as broad;
first funicular joint large, twice as long as broad; joints 2-5 small,
the second as long as broad; 3-5 broader than long, the three basal
joints of the club not longer than broad, subequal, together longer
than the somewhat broader terminal joint. Thorax robust, much
broader than the head, oval, less than twice as long as broad; mesono-
tum as broad as long, dorsally flattened, anteriorly convex and pro-
jecting above the very short pronotum; epinotum small, shaped like
that of the female. Petiolar scale like that of the worker but inclined
more forward, its superior border thicker, when seen from behind
straight, transverse and entire. Gaster elliptical; genitalia very large
and exserted (Fig. 2). Legs slender. Wings broad.

Sculpture, pilosity and color as in the worker and female, but the
pilosity less conspicuous and the body more piceous black; antennal
clubs less infuscated; mandibles subopaque, densely punctate. Wings
slightly paler than in the female, but their veins and pterostigma of the
same color.

Described from numerous workers, seven females and six males
(762) taken by Dr. Skwarra at Cuautla, Morelos (type-locality) in
TiUandsia circinaia, a number of workers belonging to several colonies
(770, 771, 772, 777, 7S3a and 786) taken at Cuernavaca, Morelos in
the same plant, and several workers (Z 208a) at Mirador, Vera Cruz
in T. Valenzuelana.

Myrmelachista skwarr.e picea subsp. nov.

Worher. Length 1.5-L75 mm.

Differing from the typical form in its distinctly' smaller size, its
relatively smaller head and in having the head, thorax and petiole
piceous brown, with darker brown gaster and the borders of its seg-
ments vellowish.

Mandibles, cheeks and clypeus reddish; antennte and legs paler,
brownish yellow, with the clubs of the former either slightly or not
at all infuscated and the infuscation of the legs confined to the femora.
Petiolar scale more compressed above, with more acute and somewhat
more deeply sinuate superior border. Hairs on the body shorter and
sparser, more appressed on the legs, but distinct and suberect on the
antennal scapes and funiculi.

Several workers taken by Dr. Skwarra at Cuernavaca, Morelos
(772, 773, 774 and 787) nesting in TiUandsia circinata.

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Myrmelachista skwarr.e l.eta subsp. nov.

Worker. Length 1.5-1.75 mm.

Not larger than the preceding species but with the head broader
and shaped as in the typical skwarrae, though somewhat less sharply
rectangular, the sides being slightly more convex and the postierior
border distinctly sinuate. Petiolar scale from behind more rectangular,
with compressed, acute, straight or feebly sinuate superior border.
Sculpture and pilosity as in the typical skwarrce. Head, thorax and
petiole rather bright yellowish red; gaster dark brown, with the
posterior borders of the segments yellowish; head darker red posteri-
orly; appendages yellow; clubs of antennte darker red, not infuscated;
femora sometimes faintly infuscated in the middle.

Described from five workers (40) taken by Dr. Skwarra at Mirador
Vera Cruz (type locality) in Tillandsia Balbisiana, and one worker
(762) taken at Cuautla, Morelos in T. circinata.

Myrmelachista amicta sp. nov.

Worker. Length 1.5-1.75 mm.

Head moderately large, subrectangular, as broad as long, with
straight posterior border and nearly straight sides. Eyes flat, near the
middle of the sides. Mandibles broad, very convex, 5-toothed, the
median tooth very small. Clypeus convex, its anterior border with a
minute median denticle. Antennae 9-jointed; rather short; scapes
extending slightly beyond the posterior orbits ; first joint rather narrow,
fully twice as long as broad; joints 2-5 small; second joint nearly as
long as broad; 3-5 much shorter; two basal joints of the large club
distinctly longer than broad, together shorter than the swollen terminal
joint. Thorax short but narrower than in skivarrw, with more pro-
nounced mesoepinotal constriction; promesonotum convex, sub-
hemispherical, considerably larger than the epinotum; mesonotum
subelliptical, less than one and one-half times as broad as long;
epinotum lower than the promesonotum, not longer than broad,
subcuboidal, with subequal base and declivity, meeting at a distinct
angle, the declivity less sloping than in skwarra:. Petiole short, its
scale only slightly inclined forward, decidedly thinner than in shcarrcE,
subrectangular from behind, with sharp, distinctly emarginate superior
border. Gaster ovoidal, its first segment rounded anteriorly, its tip
rather long and pointed. Legs rather slender, fore femora somewhat
enlarged.

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Smooth and shining, with fine, very sparse, piUgerous punctures on
the body; mandibles and clypeus superficially reticulate-punctate.

Hairs glistening white, much sparser and shorter than in skwarroe,
numerous but appressed on the scapes and legs, more suberect on the
funiculi.

Deep castaneous; mandibles, anterior portion of head and upper
surface of pronotum red or yellowish red; femora dark brown except
at their bases and tips, which, like the tibiae, tarsi and antennae are
yellow; last joint of antennal clubs feebly infuscated.

Described from 16 workers (618) taken by Dr. Skwarra at Mirador,
Vera Cruz in Tillandsia Balbisiana and three (296) from the hollow
stem of a composite.

Myrmelachista costaricensis sp. nov.

Worker. Length 2.3-2.5 mm.

Head moderately large, subrectangular, very slightly longer than
broad and slightly narrower in front than behind, with feebly concave
posterior border. Eyes rather small, flat, near the middle of the sides.
Mandibles convex, 5-toothed, the second, third and fifth tooth very
small. Clypeus convex, its anterior border somewhat angularly pro-
duced, with a small acute median denticle. Antenna) short; scapes
slender, reaching a distance equal to their greatest diameter beyond the
posterior orbits; second funicular joint nearly as long as broad; joints
3-5 subequal, decidedly broader than long; club moderately large,
much longer than the remainder of the funiculus, the two basal joints
as broad as long, together distinctly shorter than the more swollen
terminal joint. Thorax rather slender, with deep lateral and shallower
dorsal mesoepinotal constriction. Pro- and mesonotum subspherical,
broader, but very slightly longer than the epinotum, which is longer
than broad and distinctly narrowed anteriorly; mesonotum trans-
versely rounded-rectangular, less than twice as broad as long. In
profile the promesonotum is higher and more convex than the epino-
tum, which has a feebly convex base and a decidedly shorter sloping,
concave declivity. Petiole short, without posterior peduncle, its
scale cuneiform in profile, slightly inclined forward, broadest above,
with nearly straight, ventrally converging sides, its summit acute, in
large specimens distinctly, in small ones feebly excised. Gaster large,
oval; anterior border of first segment rounded, the tip pointed. Legs
short, fore and hind femora somewhat thickened.

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197

Smooth and shining, with very fine, sparse, piligerous punctures;
mandibles indistinctly punctate-striate.

Hairs pale yellowish, rather coarse and bristly, erect, sparse and
rather long on the head, thorax and abdomen ; head also with shorter,
sparse appressed hairs on the dorsal surface; scapes, funiculi and legs
with numerous short, erect or suberect hairs.

Head red, thorax yellow above, with brown or blackish pleurte;
gaster dark brown, with the posterior borders of the segments yellow-
ish; palpi, antenna;! and legs paler yellow; antennal clubs and femora
distinctly infuscated.

Fig. 3. Genitalia of male Myrmelachista costaricensis sp. nov.; a, ven-
trolateral, h, lateral aspect.

Male. Length 1.8-2.3 mm.

Head through the eyes somewhat broader than long, semicircularly
rounded behind, with short, straight, anteriorly converging cheeks.
Eyes and ocelli large and prominent. Clypeus like that of the worker,
but with only an indistinct trace of the median denticle. Mandibles
narrow, somewhat broadened apically, bidentate, the apical tooth
acute, the basal short and blunt. Antennae 10-jointed; scapes fully
5 times as long as broad; first funicular joint nearly twice as long as
broad; joints 2-5 small, nearly as long as broad; club very distinctly
4-jointed, the 3 basal joints subequal, longer than broad, together
much longer than the somewhat more swollen terminal joint. Thorax
large, broader than the head; mesonotum large, subcircular, as broad
as long, very convex in front, flattened behind. Epinotum small,
lower than the mesonotum, shaped somewhat as in the worker.
Petiolar scale lower and thicker, its summit much less acute, from
behind straight, transverse and entire. Gaster shaped as in the
worker; genitalia large and exserted (Fig. 3). Legs long and slender.

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Wings longer than the body, with well-developed pterostigma and
closed marginal cell; discoidal cell lacking.

Smooth and shining; mandibles subopaque, finely and densely
punctate.

Pilosity pale/shorter and less abundant than in the worker.

Head deep castaneous, clypeus, mandibles, and scapes somewhat
paler; funiculi, thorax, petiole, venter, legs and genitalia brownish
yellow; femora and tibiae somewhat darker; dorsum of gaster brown,
paler than the head; wings colorless, with very pale yellow veins and
pterostigma.

Described from 16 workers and 12 males which I found living in a
species of Tillandsia at Alajuela, Costa Rica, Nov. 28, 1911.

This species is closely related to Menozzi's "plehecula from Costa
Rica, but the latter is described as having shorter antennal scapes,
the second funicular joint is longer than broad, the petiolar scale of a
diflferent shape, being broader than high, with rounded sides. Ap-
parently, also, ])lchecula is less pilose and the pleurse are not black or
dark brown.

Myrmelachista guyanensis sp. nov.

Worker. Length 1.3-2 mm.

Head subrectangular, rather flat, slightly longer than broad and
slightly narrower in front than behind, with feebly concave posterior
and feebly convex lateral borders. Eyes small, flat, slightly in front
of the middle of the sides. Mandibles stout, convex, 5-toothed, the
median tooth minute. Clypeus convex in the middle, its anterior
border sinuate on each side, rounded, projecting and crenulate in
the middle and sometimes bearing two closely approximated denticles
in the position of the single denticle of other species. Frontal area
rather distinct, flat and triangular. Antennae short; scapes curved and
somewhat flattened at the base, extending about twice their greatest
diameter beyond the posterior orbits; joints 2-5 of the funiculus sub-
equal, strongly transverse, two basal joints of club subequal, together
somewhat shorter than the terminal joint. Thorax of the usual shape
but rather depressed above ; mesoepinotal constriction short and rather
feeble in profile, deep on the sides; metaepinotal suture distinct but
the metanotal spiracles not projecting; base of epinotum flattened,
straight in profile, longer than the very sloping declivity. Petiole
with distinct posterior peduncle; scale slightly inclined forward, narrow
below, widening above, with slightly convex sides and feebly but

wheeler: neotropical ants 199

distinctly excised, though blunt superior border, so that in profile it
is nearly as thick above as below.

Very smooth and shining, minutely and sparsely punctate; mandi-
bles finely punctate-reticulate at the tips; metanotum more opaque,
reticulate-rugulose.

Erect hairs and pubescence pale, whitish; the former very scarce,
confined to the clypeus and posterior borders of the gastric segments;
the latter sparse, appressed, moderately long on the head, thorax and
gaster, very short and dilute on the legs and antennae.

Castaneous brown ; thorax alone or both head and thorax sometimes
paler and more reddish brown; cheeks and clypeus yellowish brown;
mandibles, antennae, tibiae, articulations of legs, sutures of thorax and
posterior borders of gastric segments brownish yellow; mandilnilar
teeth black; antennal clubs slightly darker than the bases of the
funiculi but not infuscated.

Female. Length 3-3.3 mm.

Head like that of the worker in being distinctly narrower anteriorly,
but suboblong, one and one-fourth times as long as broad, with
straight sides and posterior border. Eyes larger, flat, placed more
anteriorly; ocelli small, widely separated. Anterior clypeal border
broader, less projecting and more nearly straight, crenulate or with
two minute, closely approximated median denticles. Thorax broader
than the head, twice as long as broad, much flattened, especially in
the region of the mesonotum, which is large, subhexagonal, as broad
as long; epinotum low, its dorsal surface very feebly convex, sloping,
without distinct base and declivity. Petiolar scale thicker, stouter,
with entire, much more obtuse superior border than in the worker.
Gaster elongate-elliptical, as long as the remainder of the body.
Wings long, with one long cubital cell and no discoidal cell.

Sculpture, pilosity and color as in the worker, but the mesonotum
and scutellum pale brown or brownish yellow. Wings colorless, with
pale yellow veins and pterostigma.

Described from numerous workers and five females which I took at
Kartabo, British Guiana, inhabiting tenuous, anastomosing galleries
in dead twigs and branches.

Myrmelachista brevicornis sp. nov.

Worker. Length L2 mm.

Resembling guianensis in the shape of the head, but the mandibles
are smaller, much less convex, with smaller and more nearly subequal

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teeth and distinctly shorter antennae. The scapes scarcely extend
beyond the posterior orbits of the small, flat eyes; joints 2-5 of the
funiculi even shorter than in guyanensis and the two basal joints of
the clubs broader than long and together much shorter than the large,
swollen terminal joint. Thorax like that of guyanensis but the mesono-
tum less depressed, more distinctly elevated above the epinotum; the
petiolar scale narrower, with straight subparallel sides and only feebly
sinuate superior border; posterior peduncle scarcely developed.

Sculpture and pilosity as in guyanensis but there are a few short,
erect hairs on the thorax and the pubescence on the tibiie and scapes
is longer and somewhat oblique.

Head, thorax and petiole rather bright yellowish-red; gaster black;
antennae and legs reddish-yellow; mandibular teeth reddish.

Two specimens from Santarem, Brazil, received many years ago
from Staudinger and Bang-Haas. These specimens had passed
through Emery's hands but he had refrained from describing them.

Myrmelachista (Decamera) mexicana sp. nov.

Worker. Length 1.5-2 mm.

Head small, convex above and behind, rounded subrectangular,
distinctly longer than broad, scarcely broader behind than in front,
with rather convex sides and straight posterior borders. Eyes flat, at
the middle of the sides. Clypeus moderately convex, almost sub-
carinate, its rounded anterior border with a small, acute median
tooth. Frontal carinse short, straight, parallel, nearly as far apart as
their distance from the lateral borders of the head. Mandibles convex,
5-toothed. Scapes of the 10-jointed antennae reaching half way be-
tween the posterior orbits and the rounded posterior corners of the
head; first funicular joint fully twice as long as broad; joints 2-6 small,
the second as long as broad, 3-6 slightly broader than long; club large,
its two basal joints subequal, longer than broad, together nearly as
long as the decidedly more swollen terminal joint. Thorax slender,
narrower than the head, hour-glass shaped, with the mesoepinotal
constriction deep both dorsally and laterally; promesonotum oval,
broader and somewhat larger than the epinotum; mesonotum as long
as broad, broader in front than behind ; metaepinotal suture distinct,
metanotal spiracles large and prominent, epinotum in profile evenly
rounded, without difi^erentiated base and declivity, somewhat lower
than the promesonotum, the posterior portion of the declivity slightly
concave. Petiole small, narrow, much longer than high, with long

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posterior peduncle; scale thick, strongly inclined forward, the very
blunt summit of the scale strongly rounded and entire when seen from
behind. Gaster small, elliptical, with pointed tip. Legs slender, only
the fore femora slightly enlarged.

Smooth and shining, with small, sparse, piligerous punctures;
mandibles punctate-striate; clypeus obscurely striate; upper surface
of epinotum reticulate.

Pilosity glistening white, sparse, bristly, erect or suberect on the
body; shorter and more abundant on the appendages, erect on the
scapes, conspicuous on the funiculi, more oblique on the legs.

Deep castaneous; mandibles and clypeus reddish; pronotum, tro-
chanters and tarsi paler, more yellowish brown.

Female (dealated). Length nearly 4 mm.

Long and slender. Head strongly rectangular, one and one-third
times as long as broad, convex above, slightly broader behind than in
front, with straight sides and posterior border. Eyes rather large,
nearly flat, in front of the middle of the sides; ocelli small, widely
separated. IMandibles very convex, with stout teeth. Clypeus convex,
with a stout, blunt upturned tooth at the middle of its anterior border.
Thorax from above elliptical, nearly two and one-half times as long
as broad, somewhat broader than the head; mesonotum flat, sub-
circular, as long as broad; epinotum small, sloping, scarcely convex
in profile, without distinct base and declivity. Petiole as in the worker,
but the node with more broadly rounded superior border. Gaster
large, elongate elliptical.

Sculpture, pilosity and color as in the worker, except that the
mandibles are red and the thorax is deep castaneous throughout.

Male. Length L5-2 mm.

Head through the eyes distinctly broader than long, convex and
subcircular behind, cheeks short, straight and converging anteriorly.
Mandibles narrow, edentate, pointed at their tips and strongly geni-
culate at their bases. Eyes large; ocelli very small and widely sepa-
rated. Clypeus short, its anterior border with a very minute median
denticle. Antennae 11-jointed, slender; scapes about eight times as
long as broad; first funicular joint somewhat swollen, pyriform, nearly
twice as long as broad; second joint as long as broad; joints 3-6
slightly broader than long; 8-9 as broad as long, together as long as the
last joint of the rather indistinct 4-jointed club. Thorax long, broader
than the head; pronotum small; mesonotum elliptical, longer than
broad, flattened posteriorly, very convex anteriorly; epinotum small
and sloping as in the female; mesosterna long but flattened. Petiole

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short, v/ithout posterior peduncle; scale low, thick, nodiform, with
rounded summit. Gaster elliptical; genitalia small but exserted (Fig.
4). Legs slender. Fore wings broad, with well developed pterostigma
and closed marginal cell; cubital and discoidal veins imperfect, dis-
coidal cell absent.

Fig. 4. Genitalia of male Myrmelachista (Decamera) mexicana sp. nov.;
a, dorsal, h, lateral aspect.

Sculpture and pilosity much as in the worker; head, thorax and
petiole somewhat paler, more piceous or reddish brown; gaster darker;
mandibles, antennae, legs and genitalia brownish or sordid yellow.
Wings colorless, with pale yellow veins and pterostigma.

Described from four workers, one female and seven males (No. 296),
taken by Dr. Skwarra at Mirador, Vera Cruz in hollow twigs.

Myrmelachista (Decamera) schumanni Emery var. cordincola

var. nov.

Worker. Length L5-3 mm.

Averaging somewhat larger than the typical schumanni and differing
in color. Brownish yellow, with the head and gaster brown, the latter
usually darker than the former, the bases of the gastric segments paler
than their posterior borders which are edged with black. Mandibles
and anterior portion of head paler and more yellowish than the posteri-
or portion. Antennae and legs yellow, the clubs of the former and
in some specimens also the median part of the femora somewhat
infuscated. Superior border of petiolar scale entire, its anterior sur-
face distinctly convex, its posterior surface nearly flat.

Described from numerous specimens taken by Dr. W. M. Mann
at Osunto, Bolivia in cauline swellings of Cordia hispidissima.

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Myrmelachista (Decamera) zeledoni Emery

Male (undescribed). Length 2.4 mm.

Head without the mandibles decidedly broader than long, broad and
semicircularly rounded behind, with large eyes and prominent ocelli,
much narrowed in front, with straight, anteriorly converging cheeks.
Mandibles well developed, with two large teeth. Clypeus very convex

Fig. 5. Genitalia of male Myrmelachista (Decamera) zeledoni Emery;
a, ventral, b, lateral aspect.

but not carinate in the middle, its anterior border broadly rounded
and projecting. Antennae 11 -jointed, long; scapes reaching to the
posterior ocelli; first funicular joint small, as broad as long; remaining
joints decidedly longer than broad. Thorax robust, broader than the
head; mesonotum broader than long, convex and hemispherically
rounded anteriorly; epinotum small, scarcely convex, sloping, without
differentiated base and declivity. Petiole small, nodiform, conical
in profile, with blunt, entire, convex and rounded superior border.
Gaster rather large, with large, exserted genitalia. (Fig. 5). Legs
long and slender. Wings long, with a single elongate cubital and no
discoidal cell.

Smooth and shining; pilosity consisting of a few short, erect hairs
on the clypeus, thorax and gaster; pubescence undeveloped. Brown;
head, mesopleurse and outer genital valves darker, castaneous ; mandi-
bles, clypeus, antennae and legs brownish yellow; sagittae whitish;
wings grayish, with pale brown veins and pterostigma.

In 1911 I found this species to be rather common in dead twigs at
San Jose, Alajuela and Cartago, Costa Rica. Emery's type material
came from the same region. He records a smoother variety, thiemei,
of this species from Venezuela and Peru.

204 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Myrmelachista (Decamera) ulei Forel

Six workers collected by Dr. J. C. Bradley at Perene, Peru (July 1,
1920) agree perfectly with a cotype received many years ago from
Professor Forel. Ule discovered the species in the swelling of the flower-
stalk of a Melastomaceous plant {Pterocladon sprucei Hooker) at
Cerro de Escaler, 1200 m., Peru. Bradley's specimens were probably
taken in a similar situation.

Myrmelachista (Decamera) donisthorpei sp. nov.

Worker. Length about 1.3 mm.

Head subrectangular, convex dorsally, as broad as long and nearly
as broad in front as behind, with feebly convex sides and posterior
border. Eyes rather flat, at the middle of the sides. Mandibles
moderately convex, 5-toothed, the third and fifth tooth small. Clypeus
broad, convex in the middle, anterior border transverse, nearly
straight, without median denticle. Frontal area large, flat, subtri-
angular, with indistinct posterior boundary. Antennje rather long;
scapes reaching nearly to the posterior border of the head; funicular
joints 2-6 small, slightly broader than long, except the second, which
is as long as broad ; two basal joints of club longer than broad, together
shorter than the terminal joint. Thorax rather robust, of the usual
hour-glass shape, the mesoepinotal constriction short but deep, both
dorsally and laterally; promesonotum large, convex and hemispherical,
considerably elevated above the epinotum; metanotum short, with
prominent spiracles, without posterior suture; epinotum in profile
with feebly convex, horizontal base, distinctly shorter than the
straight and sloping declivity. Petiole stout, posteriorly pedunculate;
scale strongly inclined forward, very thick, nodiform, as thick at the
summit, which is rounded and entire, as at the base. Gaster of the
usual shape. Legs long and slender, fore femora distinctly enlarged.

Smooth and shining, minutely and sparsely punctate; mandibles
delicately reticulate-punctate.

Hairs rather abundant, yellow, of uneven length, bristly, long on the
body, shorter on the appendages, appressed on the femora, suberect
and conspicuous on the tibiae, especially on the tarsi, funiculi and
anterior surfaces of the scapes.

Pale yellow; mandibles reddish; vertex and middle of occiput with
a large pale brown spot; gaster piceous or blackish.

A single specimen, taken by the Oxford University Expedition
(1929) on Morabelli Creek, Essequibo River, British Guiana and

wheeler: neotropical ants 205

sent me for identification by Mr. Horace Donisthorpe. It is deposited
in the British Museum together with a dealated female from the same
locahty and apparently belonging to the same species. This specimen
unfortunately lacks the anterior half of the head. It is deep castaneous,
with black gaster and yellow legs. Both body and legs are rather
densely clothed with erect or suberect, coarse, yellow hairs, of uneven
length. Petiolar scale or node broad and very thick, with transverse,
somewhat sinuate superior border.

Myrmelachista (Decamera) flavida sp. nov.

Worker. Length 1.3-1.5 mm.

Head flattened, subrectangular, about one sixth longer than broad,
slightly narrower in front than behind, with nearly straight sides and
slightly sinuate posterior border. Eyes flat, slightly in front of the
middle of the sides. Mandibles moderately convex, somewhat genicu-
late at the base, 5-toothed, the third and fifth tooth minute. Clypeus
convex in the middle, its anterior border sinuate on each side, broadly
rounded in the middle, somewhat projecting and armed with a distinct
denticle. Frontal area distinct, flat, triangular. Antennal scapes
curved at the base, extending to about half the distance between their
insertions and the posterior corners of the head; funicular joints 2-6
small, subequal, much broader than long; two basal joints of club
slightly broader than long, together much shorter than the swollen
terminal joint. Thorax slender, hour-glass shaped; pro- and mesono-
tum together forming an ovoidal mass, convex dorsally and laterally;
mesoepinotal constriction deep and rather long; metanotal spiracles
prominent, posterior metanotal suture obsolete. Epinotum seen
from above ovoidal but smaller than the promesonotum ; base in
profile nearly straight, horizontal, decidedly longer than the somewhat
concave, sloping declivity. Petiole as long as high, slightly peduncu-
late posteriorly, the scale small, thick, nodiform, inclined forward,
its upper border rounded, seen from behind straight and entire.
Gaster of the usual shape. Legs moderately long, fore femora slightly
thickened.

Smooth and shining; mandibles delicately reticulate-punctate at
their tips; thoracic constriction and metanotum subopaque, reticu-
lately and on the sides longitudinally rugulose.

Pilosity delicate, yellowish, short and very meager; only a few
scattered erect hairs on the clypeus, upper surface of the head, thorax
and gaster. Pubescence very dilute, appressed, scarcely visible,
except on the antennae, tibiae and posterior surface of the head.

206 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Yellow; gaster and legs slightly paler than the head and thorax;
borders and teeth of mandibles, anterior margin of clypeus and the
frontal carinse reddish.

Described from six specimens which I collected at Kartabo, British
Guiana, nesting in dead stems of a low Rubiaceous weed, Borreria
verticillata L.

M. flavida is closely related to nodigera Mayr, bambiisarwn Forel
and bruchi Santschi, but is, I believe, quite distinct.

Brachymyrmex g agates sp. nov.

Worker. Length 2-2.5 mm.

Head rounded subrectangular and dorsally convex as in the other
species of the genus; posterior border straight, wdth a slight median
sinuation. Eyes rather large, flattened, a little behind the middle of
the sides and less than twice their length from the anterior corners.
Ocelli distinct. Mandibles small, with oblique 5-toothed terminal
borders, the median tooth minute. Clypeus large, convex but ecarin-
ate in the middle, its anterior border broadly rounded and projecting,
concealing the closed mandibles. Frontal area subtriangular, not very
sharply defined; frontal groove represented anteriorly as an indis-
tinct longitudinal ridge but concave just in front of the anterior
ocellus. Antennal scapes extending fully one-fourth their length be-
yond the posterior corners of the head; second funicular joint one and
one-half times as long as broad, a little more than half as long as the
first joint; joints 3-7 more than one and one-half times as long as
broad, terminal joint as long as the two preceding subequal joints
together. Thorax with strong and distinctly impressed promesonotal
suture, interrupting the dorsal outline, and deep mesoepinotal im-
pression; metaepinotal suture distinct, the prominent metanotal
spiracles small, separated by more than five times their diameter.
Pronotum broad and rounded, mesonotum less than twice as broad
as long, very convex, projecting above the pronotum; metaepinotum
slightly longer than broad, trapezoidal, distinctly' broader behind than
in front; base and declivity of epinotum in profile straight and sub-
equal, the former horizontal, the latter sloping, forming together a
rounded but distinct obtuse angle. Petiolar scale small, thin and very
narrow, its anterior surface concave above, its posterior surface
feebly convex. Gaster voluminous, pointed posteriorly, its large first
segment overlying the petiole and provided with a deep groove for

wheeler: neotropical ants 207

its accommodation. Legs stout, fore femora distinctly enlarged arid
somewhat compressed.

\'ery shining and very finely and superficially reticulate; basal half
of mandibles obscurely striatopunctate; sides of thorax less shining
than the dorsal surface; metapleurre subopaque, finely and densely
punctate.

Hairs reddish or brownish, pubescence whitish; the former sparse,
erect and pointed, in several rows on the gastric segments, absent on
the appendages. Pubescence short, distinct, appressed and dilute on
the posterior portion of the head ; absent on the thorax and abdomen ;
abundant and subappressed on the appendages, somewhat longer on
the antennpe than on the legs.

Jet black; clypeus, tips of mandibles and insertions of antennae red;
sides of head, antennte and legs dark brown; funiculi sometimes more
reddish; tarsal joints beyond the metatarsi pale yellow; trochanters
and neck yellowish brown.

Described from a dozen specimens (No. 607) taken by Dr. Skwarra
at ^lirador, Vera Cruz, in TiUandsia sircpiophylla. This species seems
to be quite distinct from any of those included in Santschi's monograph
of Brachym\Tmex (1923). It runs to incisus Forel in his table, but
typical specimens of this form from Panama in my collection show that
it differs from gogatcs in having a narrower head, much less prominent
mesonotum, indistinct and unimpressed promesonotal suture, shorter
funicular joints, much paler coloration, etc.

Camponotus (Myrmaph.enus) cressoni Ern. Andre

Three major and three minor workers (No. 279) taken by Dr.
Skwarra at Mirador, Vera Cruz in dead stems of Heliocarpus, lying
on the ground.

Camponotus (Myrmobrachys) phytophilus sp. nov,

JJ'orkcr major. Length 4.5-5.3 mm.

Head rounded subrectangular, as broad as long, slightly broader
behind than in front, with moderately convex sides and cheeksi
rounded posterior corners and straight posterior border. Eyes rather
large and flat, nearly three times their length from the anterior corners
of the head. Mandibles convex, stout, with five strong teeth. Clypeus
subrectangular, somewhat longer than broad, convex but not carinate
in the middle, its anterior border with a rather deep median sinuation

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flanked on each side by a broad, blunt tooth-like projection. Cheeks
large, projecting slightly beyond the anterior border of the clypeus.
Frontal carinse rather closely approximated in front, strongly diverging
and subparallel behind; frontal groove distinct. Antennse slender;
scapes curved at the base, enlarging towards their tips, which extend
about twice their greatest diameter bej^ond the posterior border of the
head. Thorax short, with strong, impressed promesonotal suture; in
profile evenly arcuate throughout, since the epinotum is low, sloping
and rounded, usually with only a faint suggestion of an angle between
the base and declivity. Pronotum, without the neck, nearly twice
as broad as long, flattened above, with bluntly submarginate sides
and rounded humeri; mesonotum nearly as broad as long, rounded on
the sides and anteriorly, where it is slightly elevated above the prono-
tum at the suture; epinotum narrow, longer than broad, subrectangular
from above and rounded from side to side. Petiolar scale thick, nodi-
form in profile, nearly as thick above as below, convex in front and
flattened behind; seen from behind rather narrow, broader at the
superior border, which is straight and transverse, than below. Gaster
broadly elliptical ; legs stout.

Subopaque; head and thorax densely punctate; mandibles and
posterior corners of head smoother and more shining; gaster and legs
slightly more shining than the thorax; anterior half of head more
coarsely punctate than the posterior half; clypeus, cheeks and front
also with sparse, shallow, piligerous foveolfe; petiole and gaster finely,
sharply and transversely shagreened ; mandibles, legs and scapes super-
ficially shagreened, the mandibles also coarsely and sparsely punctate.

Hairs snow-white, coarse, erect and rather abundant; short, stubby
and obtuse on the clypeus, front and cheeks, longer and more pointed
on the occiput, thoracic dorsum and gaster, conspicuously long and
numerous on the epinotum; short and oblique on the femora and
scapes ; abundant and almost squamif orm on the tibiae.

Black; femora dark brown; scapes, first funicular joint, tibise and
tarsi more reddish.

Wo rker. Length 3 -3 . 5 mm .

Head trapezoidal, longer than broad, with straight somewhat
flattened, anteriorly converging sides and feebly convex posterior
border, without a distinct ridge from the posterior corners to the eyes,
which are large and very near the latter. Mandibles small, less convex
than in the major worker. Clypeus subcarinate. Antennal scapes
nearly straight, extending half their length beyond the posterior border
of the head. Thorax like that of the major but less convexly arcuate.

wheeler: neotropical ants 209

Sculpture and pilosity as in the major. Black; legs deep piceous
brown or l)lack; tips of mandibles, basal two thirds of antennal scapes
and tarsi paler, more yellowish brown.

Female (dealated). Length 5.5-G mm.

Head resembling that of the minor worker in shape, but larger,
with larger, more convex eyes. Clypeus feebly and evenly convex,
ecarinate. Thorax narrower than the head, elongate oval, three times
as long as broad ; mesonotum longer than broad , epinotum short, the
base convex and rounded, passing with an even curve into the longer,
straight and nearly perpendicular declivity. Petiole like that of the
worker forms but even thicker and more nodiform.

Surface of body, especially the occiput, thorax and gaster smoother
and more shining; pilosity like that of the major but more abundant,
longer on the head. Black; mandibles entirely or only at their tips
deep red, as are also the scapes, first funicular joint and tarsi.

Male. Length 3.2 mm..

Head through the large, convex eyes as broad as long, broad and
semicircularly rounded behind; ocelli prominent; cheeks slightly con-
cave, subparallel. Mandibles slender, gradually widened at their tips
which bear an acute terminal denticle. Clypeus subcarinate. First
funicular joint enlarged, p;>Tiform; terminal joints short. Thorax
broader than the head, about two and one-half times as long as broad.
Mesonotum large, somewhat longer than broad; epinotum in profile
evenly rounded, without distinct base and declivity. Petiole much
as in the worker minor but somewhat lower, as thick above as below,
the superior surface straight and transverse. Gaster small and narrow;
legs slender.

Sculpture and pilosity as in the female, but the hairs on the head are
long, pointed, and of more uneven length. Black, including the man-
dibles; legs dark brown; tarsi and funiculi somewhat paler. Wings
white, with pale yellow veins and pterostigma.

Described from many workers, two females and a male taken from
numerous colonies by Dr. Skwarra at Cuernavaca, Morelos (type-
locality) in Tillandsia circinaia (Nos. 765a, 775, 776, 781, 834, 839a,
842, 848, 849, 855, 856, 866, 870, 871, 876) and Mirador, Vera Cruz in
Tillandsia streptojihylla (187a) and in stems of Ricinvs communis (718).

Minor workers of this species which I collected at Cuernavaca in
1900, attending Membracids on a tall Umbelliferous plant, were
identified and recorded by Forel (Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige 1901) as
"Camjjonotus mina Forel", but I find that they represent quite a
distinct species, now that Dr. Skwarra has discovered the major

210 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

worker. C. viina is much larger, with differently shaped head, epino-
tum and petiole and different coloration of legs and antennae, pale
borders to the gastric segments, etc.

Camponotus (Myrmobrachys) striatus F. Smith

Three minor workers taken by Dr. Skwarra at Camaron, Vera Cruz,

in spines of Acacia spharocephala.

Camponotus (Manniella) linn^i Forel

In 1870 Mayr described from Colombia a minor worker of Cam-
ponotus as angulatus, but as this name was preoccupied, it was
changed by Forel in 1886 to linnoci. He later described in the Biologia
Centrali-Americana (1899) a subspecies vniiicus, also from a minor
worker. Emery (Genera Insectorum 1925) placed the species in the
subgenus ]\Iyrmeurynota. I have repeatedly taken linna'i in various
neotropical localities, always nesting in dead twigs, and have noticed
that a colony consists of only one or two dozen minor workers and a
few soldiers. The worker caste is therefore strongly dimorphic as in
the species of Colohopsis. From the fact that I have never found a
female in any of the colonies I infer that this caste is, perhaps, func-
tionally replaced by the soldier. This remarkable, hitherto undescribed
phase shows very clearly that linnoei belongs to the subgenus Manniella,
and is closely related to C. championi Forel, a species which should,
therefore, be removed from the subgenus Myrmobrachys, where it
was placed by Emery, and also assigned to Manniella. Among the
specimens of linncei before me three different forms may be distin-
guished: the typical form, one closely related to if not the same as
Forel's muticus, and an undescribed form from British Guiana.

Camponotus (Manniella) linn.ei (typical)

Soldier (undescribed). Length about 6 mm.

Head large, very slightly longer than broad, high and rounded
posteriorly, with straight, subparallel sides, large swollen cheeks,
broadly and distinctly convex posterior corners; in profile obliquely
truncated and flattened anteriorly as far back as the antenna! inser-
tions, much as in some species of Colohopsis, but with the lateral
borders of the truncation rounded, or submarginate. Mandibles
short, stout, with five subequal teeth. Eyes large, broadly elliptical,
not very convex, near the posterior corners of the head. Clypeus
trapezoidal, one and two-thirds times as long as broad, nearly twice

wheeler: neotropical ants 211

as broad in front as behind, with straight sides, flat or sHghtly concave
surface and sharp, narrow median carina, the anterior border rounded,
very finely crenulate, not projecting as far forward as the anterior
borders of the cheeks. Their truncated portions at the sides of the
clypeus distinctly concave and confluently foveolate much as in C.
(Manniella) ulcerosus Wheeler. Frontal area minute, transversely
trapezoidal ; frontal carinte strongly diverging and straight posteriorly,
bordering deep scrobe-like grooves, or backward prolongations of the
antennal foveas, which are nearly half as long as the scapes; frontal
groove distinct, continued back to the level of the middle of the eyes.
AntenniB slender; scapes strongly curved and somewhat flattened at
the base, somewhat thickened apically, extending fully twice their
greatest diameter beyond the posterior border of the head. Thorax
short, its dorsal outline regularly and moderately arcuate, interrupted
only at the impressed promesonotal and mesoepinotal sutures. Pro-
notum, without the neck, more than twice as broad as long, flattened
above, sharply marginate on the sides, with blunt humeral angles
and feebly bisinuate anterior border. Mesonotum from abo\e narrower
than the pronotum, rounded-subhexagonal ; epinotum higher than
long, its base from above subtriangular, nearly as broad as long, de-
cidedly shorter than the straight or slightly concave and rather steep
declivity with which it forms a very distinct obtuse angle. Petiolar
scale rather broad, its superior border acute, semicircularly rounded,
its sides straight, ventrally converging, its anterior surface convex in
profile, its posterior surface flat, with a median perpendicular im-
pression. Gaster elliptical, its first segment anteriorly truncated and
distinctly submarginate on the sides. Legs rather stout; fore femora
enlarged; hind tibine slightly compressed, without spinules on their
flexor surfaces.

Nearly opaque, except the legs, scapes, posterior corners of the head,
neck, sutures of thorax, petiole and median portion of epinotal de-
clivity, which are distinctly shining. Head and thorax densely punc-
tulate; mandibles more finely, with larger, sparser punctures; petiole
and middle of epinotal declivity transversely shagreened; gaster densely
and microscopically, scapes and legs indistinctly punctulate.

Hairs whitish; absent on the truncated surface of the head; very
short, erect, stout and clavate on the mandibles and cheeks; numerous,
somewhat larger and mostly obtuse on the front and vertex; much
longer, pointed and sparse on the thorax, petiole and gaster. Occiput
and dorsal surface of thorax and gaster also with coarse, sparse, ap-
pressed, subsquamiform hairs, or long pubescence, which is easily

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rubbed off. Legs and antennae with very short, fine appressed pubes-
cence; the scapes also with a few long, erect hairs on their anterior
surfaces and tips.

Black; mandibles and head pale ivory yellow; posterior half of
sides reddish; mandibular teeth, posterior portion of gula, frontal
area, deepest portions of antennal scrobes, a short line at the anterior
end of each lateral clypeal suture, and a large transverse area of the
occiput bounded anteriorly by an irregular line connecting the pos-
terior orbits and these with the posterior corners of the head, black.
Sutures surrounding the clypeus reddish. Gastric segments with
broad, sharply defined and somewhat satiny, milk white posterior
and lateral borders, both on the dorsal and ventral sides. Antennal
scapes yellow, the funiculi more ferruginous red; femora dark brown
or even black; tibije and tarsi dark red.

Worker minor. Length 4-4.5 mm.

Head small, trapezoidal, somewhat longer than broad, with straight,
compressed, anteriorly converging sides, feebly convex posterior
border and large, convex, posteriorly placed eyes connected with the
posterior corners by distinct ridges; anterior surface not truncated,
of the usual shape. Clypeus carinate, anteriorly broader than long.
Mandibles less convex than in the soldier, frontal carinte less approxi-
mated anteriorly; scrobe-like grooves absent. Thorax and petiole
shaped much as in the soldier, but the pronotum is longer in propor-
tion to its width, even more sharply marginate laterally and with
more pronounced, slightly upturned anterior corners.

Sculpture like that of the soldier, but posterior corners of the
head opaque and finely punctulate like the remainder of the surface,
Pilosity similar, but the long erect hairs are less numerous, the ap-
pressed pubescence more conspicuous, the hairs on the clypeus and
cheeks obtuse but longer than in the soldier. Color the same, but the
whole head is black, except the mandibles and anterior borders of the
cheeks, which are brownish yellow. Legs darker than in the soldier;
femora more frequently black, the tibife and tarsi deep red; gastric
segments conspicuously bordered with white as in the soldier.

Male (undescribed). Length nearly 5 mm.

Head of the usual form; mandibles with oblique, edentate terminal
borders; clypeus small, subcarinate. Thorax robust, broader than the
head; mesonotum as broad as long; epinotum with short, convex
base rounding into the longer straight and sloping declivity. Petiole
low, nodiform, nearly twice as broad as long, thick below, with rather
sharp, broadly rounded, entire superior border.

wheeler: neotropical ants 213

Smooth and lustrous; head more opaque posteriorly. Pilosity very
sparse, erect, distinct on the head, scutellum and gaster, very short
and inconspicuous on the mesonotum; pubescence undeveloped;
scapes and legs naked. Deep castaneous brown, appendages and
thoracic sutures somewhat paler; posterior portion of head black;
mandibles, anterior borders of cheeks and genitalia yellow; posterior
borders of gastric segments narrowly brownish yellow; wings some-
what yellowish, with resin-yellow veins and brown pterostigma.

This form was originally described from Colombia. The preceding
description was drawn from a number of specimens which I collected
during 1911, 1912 and 1924 in dead twigs at Gatuncillo, Monte Lirio
and Barro Colorado Island in the Canal Zone, Panama.

Camponotus (Manniella) linn^i maccus subsp. nov.

Soldier. Differing from the soldier of the typical linnaei in the
following characters: punctulation of the head and thorax somewhat
coarser and the surface somewhat less opaque and more lustrous;
front and sides of head sparsely but distinctly foveolate; posterior
half of sides of head more deeply red; the black occipital area more
extensive, reaching forward to the posterior ends of the frontal carinse
and becoming confluent with the black in the scrobal grooves. Legs
uniformly red; scapes yellow; funiculi ferruginous, paler than the legs.

Worker. Very similar to the worker of the typical linnwi but the
antennal scapes are slightly longer, more slender and more yellowish
and the legs are decidedly paler, being brownish red throughout, the
white borders of the gastric segments slightly broader and more
conspicuous.

Described from four soldiers and numerous workers taken by myself
in hollow twigs at Kartabo and on Kaow Island, in the Mazaruni
River, British Guiana.

Camponotus (Manniella) linn^i com(edus subsp. nov.

Soldier. Differing from the soldier of the typical linnoei in having
the epinotum thicker above, with the base more rounded and not
forming so distinct an angle with the declivity in profile. The petiolar
scale is also thicker, more convex behind and with less acute superior
border. The front is covered with shallow, reddish foveolse, and the
paler portions of the head are distinctly duller and more brownish
ivory yellow, the funiculi are yellow only at the base and the legs are
paler, yellowish ferruginous or red, in some specimens with slightly

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brownish femora. The long, appressed squamiform puljescence seems
to be coarser and more abundant.

Worker. Differing from the worker of the typical linnoei in the
somewhat less developed anterior angles of the pronotum, the thicker
and blunter epinotal angle and petiolar scale and the more abundant
pubescence. The legs, though darker than those of the soldier are
paler than those of the typical limicei worker.

Described from three soldiers and three workers (No. 473) taken by
Dr. Skwarra at Camaron, Vera Cruz (type-locality) in a pseudobulb
of ScJiomburgkia tibicims, a soldier and numerous workers taken by
myself in hollow twigs at Escuintla and Patulul, Guatemala, and a
single worker taken at Izalco, Salvador by Frederick Knab.

As pre\'iously stated, this subspecies may be synonymous with the
subsp. muticus, but since Forel's description is based only on workers
from Costa Rica (Tonduz) and Santa Marta, Colombia (Forel), the
introduction of a new name seems preferable to the risk of a dubious
identification.

C. championi Forel from the states of Vera Cruz and Tabasco,
Mexico, and the Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama, is certainly closely
related to linnoei, but differs in coloration and in the shape of the
pronotum and epinotum. Forel's Fig. 21a must be erroneous, because
it shows the head of the soldier as greatly and quite as.ymmetrically (!)
narrowed anteriorly, whereas the description, apart from unimportant
details, agrees closely with the head of linnoei.

Camponotus (Colobopsis) cerberulus Emery

This species was described by Emery in 1920 from a wanged female
taken in the state of Michoacan, Mexico. The description agrees so
closely wath a lot of females and males which I took at night in Texas
Pass, Dragon Mts., Arizona on July 20, 1917, that I regard them as
conspecific. I have received specimens of the same sexes also from
Sabino Basin, Santa Catalina ]\Its. and Black Dike Prospect, Sierritas
in the same state. Moreover, I believe that three specimens (No.
V13b) taken by Dr. Skwarra from spines of Acacia sphoerocephala on
the sand dunes near Vera Cruz, represent the hitherto unknown soldier
of cerberulus. I therefore append descriptions of this caste and of the
male.

Soldier (undescribed). Length 5 mm.

Head proportionally larger and broader than in the female, but very
distinctly longer than broad, parallel -sided anteriorly (in one specimen

wheeler: NEOTROPICAL ANTS 215

expanded at the sharp edge of the anterior truncation). Eyes flattened,
fully twice their length from the border of the truncation. Antenna 1
scapes extending a distance equal to their greatest diameter beyond
the posterior corners of the head. Mandibles thick and flat, with five
stout, subequal teeth. Clypeus one and two-thirds times as long as
broad, narrowed in front, the portion behind and bordering the trunca-
tion nearly four times as broad as long; frontal area minute, transverse,
impressed; frontal carinae straight, strongly diverging behind; frontal
groove very delicate anteriorly but terminating on the vertex as a
strong, elongate impression. Thorax stout, narrower than the head; in
profile impressed at the promesonotal and more deeply and widely at
the mesoepinotal suture; the mesonotum convex, distinctly higher
than the pro- and epinotum; pronotum from above very broad, convex
and semicircularly rounded anteriorly, somewhat less than twice as
broad as long; promesonotal suture semicircularly arcuate; mesonotum
broadly, trans verseh^ elliptical; epinotum as long as broad, rounded-
subcuboidal, its base in profile short, feebly convex, somewhat more
than half as long as the rather steep, inferiorly concave declivity.
Petiolar scale low, thick and nodiform, slightly more than twice as
broad as long, nearly as thick above as below, with flattened anterior
and posterior surfaces, the thick, transverse superior border strongly
impressed in the middle behind. Gaster elongate elHptical. Fore
femora incrassated.

Shining and extremely finely shagreened, except the mandibles and
anterior two-fifths of the head which are opaque, the former finely
punctate-rugulose, the latter foveolate-reticulate.

Hairs white, short, erect, extremely sparse on the posterior portion
of the head, absent on the thorax, petiole and appendages. Mandibles
and lateral borders of cephalic truncation with very short, stiff, blunt
hairs. Pubescence dilute, very short and fine, visible only on the legs
and antennae.

Deep piceous brown or black; mandibles, truncated surface and
about two-fifths of the head surrounding it, tips of scapes, funiculi,
tarsi and sutures of the thorax, petiole and legs, red.

Male (undescribed). Length 3 mm.
Head through the eyes broader than long, its posterior border straight
in the middle, convex on the sides. Eyes large and convex, ocelli
prominent and widely separated. Cheeks rather short, converging
anteriorly. Mandibles small, narrow, with acute apical tooth. Clypeus
convex and subcarinate in the middle. Antenna? slender, with enlarged,
pyriform first funicular joint and short terminal joints. Thorax

216 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

nearly as broad as the head through the eyes; mesonotum large, high
and convex anteriorly, nearly as broad as long; epinotum small,
rounded, without distinct base or declivity. Petiolar node lower,
narrower than in the soldier, thick and rounded above in profile,
without median impression behind. Gaster and legs slender.

Smooth and shining throughout. Pilosity very meager, confined to
vertex, posterior portion and tip of gaster; pubescence very fine and
sparse on the appendages.

Brown; head black behind; tarsi, mandibles and thoracic sutures
yellowish. Wings clear, iridescent, with very pale yellowish veins
and pterostigma.

Camponotus (Colobopsis) etiolatus Wheeler

In 1904 I described (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 20, p. 150) all
four castes of this ant from specimens which I collected in live-oak
galls in Texas as a mere variety of ahditus, a species described by Forel
(Biol. Centr. Amer. 1899, p. 158) from a single female taken by
Champion in Guatemala. Dr. Skwarra has now taken the four castes
of this species in Mexico. From their examination I conclude that the
Texan form deserves to rank as a distinct though closely allied species.
I therefore confine the following account mainly to a comparison of the
soldier, worker, female and male with the corresponding castes of
etiolatus.

Camponotus (Colobopsis) abditus Forel

Soldier (undescribed). Length 5-6 mm.

Head distinctly larger and proportionally' longer than in etiolatus,
the truncated surface less circular and more transversely elliptical,
the portion of the clypeus behind the truncation fully twice as long in
proportion to its width. Meso- and epinotum more compressed later-
ally, the base of the latter less convex, the declivity usually less con-
cave. Petiolar scale thicker, impressed in the middle behind. Sculp-
ture of the truncation and adjacent portion of the head decidedly'
finer, the foveolse on the cheeks more distinct and less confluent, and
these regions lacking the numerous, blunt, erect hairs of etiolatus.
Color of posterior portion of head, of the thorax, petiole and append-
ages more sordid brownish yellow and less reddish yellow than in
etiolatus, and the vertex, thoracic dorsum and summit of petiole more
or less clouded with brown. Gastric segments with darker, broader
and less clearly defined fasciae and usually lacking the yellow margins

wheeler: neotropical ants 217

of eiiolahis. In most cases the whole gaster is castaneous brown except
the bases of the first and second segments.

Worker (midescribed). Length 3.5-4 mm.

Head distinctly larger, broader and more convex behind than in
eiiolatus; antennal scapes shorter; epinotum more compressed later-
ally. Petiolar scale more subelliptical from behind, with shorter, more
deeply sinuate superior border. Sordid brownish yellow, with posterior
portion of head, petiole and thoracic dorsum extensively clouded with
brown; gaster castaneous or dark brown throughout, or more rarely
with the bases of the first and second segments yellow.

Female (dealated). Length 7-7.5 mm.

Larger than the female of etiolaius. Head like that of the soldier,
larger and broader than in the female of that species; scapes shorter,
extending only a distance equal to their greatest diameter beyond the
posterior corners of the head (in eiiolatus two or three times as far) ;
posterior border of truncation more pronounced, its sculptm'c finer and
the cheeks, as in the soldier, with erect hairs. Petiole less thickened
than in eiiolatus. Coloration as in the soldier.

Male (undescribed). Length 4-4.5 mm.

Very similar in form to the male of etiolahi.s but distinctly different
in coloration. Head, thorax and appendages pale sordid yellow;
ocellar region and gaster dark brown. In etiolatu^s the head, thorax,
gaster, and femora are brown and only the tibiae, tarsi, antennae and
thoracic sutures are yellow. In abditus the wings are whitish, the veins
and pterostigma very pale yellow; in etiolattis these structures are
resin yellow, the pterostigma sometimes brown.

Specimens from 11 colonies taken by Dr. Skwarra at Fortin (No.
373) in stems of Acacia pennatula and Mirador (Nos. 14, 224, 274, 428,
431, 433, 435, 452, 458, 565a) in hollow stems and twigs of Heliocarpvs
appendiculatus Turcz, Conostegia xalapensis and several undetermined
plants.

Camponotus (Colobopsis) TRITON sp. nov.

Female. Length 6.3 mm.

Head about one fourth longer than broad, with straight, parallel
sides and broadly rounded anterior and posterior corners; posterior
border broadly convex; the anterior truncation, which has a very blunt
border both laterally and posteriorly, extending back to the posterior
fourth of the clypeus. Eyes large, moderately convex, distant less than
half their length from the posterior, and fully twice their length from

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the anterior corners of the head. Mandibles 6-toothed, stout, flattened,
with moderately convex external borders. Clypeus flattened anteriorly,
convex posteriorly, ecarinate, suboblong, nearly one fourth longer than
broad, slightly broader behind than in front, its anterior and lateral
borders crenulate, its posterior border notched in the middle. Frontal
area absent; frontal groove distinct, extending back to the anterior
ocellus ; frontal carinee straight, widely separated and diverging, reach-
ing beyond the median level of the eyes. Antennal scapes rather stout,
curved at the base, their tips reaching nearly one third their length
beyond the posterior corners. Thorax broader than the head, elongate-
elliptical, nearly two and one-half times as long as broad; mesonotum
somewhat longer than broad; epinotum short and convex, without
dift'erentiated base and declivity. Petiolar scale low, nodiform, nearly
twice as broad as long, rounded anteriorly, posteriorly, laterally and
dorsally. Gaster elongate-elliptical. Legs rather slender.

Shining and very finely shagreened; mandibles and anterior half of
head more opaque, sharply and regularly reticulate-rugose; the mandi-
bles also finely punctate between the meshes.

Pilosity yellow, short, erect, absent on the thorax and petiole,
sparse on the gaster; mandibles and anterior half of head with numer-
ous short, erect, blunt and clavate hairs. Pubescence pale, short,
appressed, \'isible only on the legs and antenniie.

Yellow; gaster paler, more whitish yellow than the thorax, petiole
and legs, fifth segment entirely and fourth except at the base, deep
castaneous. Head, mandibles and antennae reddish yellow, with the
occipital region paler and of the same color as the thorax. Insertions
of wings with a small black spot. Wings whitish, with very pale,
whitish yellow veins and pterostigma.

A single specimen taken at Fresh Creek, Andros Island, Bahamas
by Dr. W. M. Mann. I have described this species from a female,
because its coloration is so striking that it can be very readily recog-
nized.

Camponotus (Colobopsis) cordincola sp. nov.

Soldier. Length 5-5.5 mm.

Head very regularly oblong, with rectangular anterior and posterior
corners, fully one third longer than broad without the mandibles; in
profile higher in front than behind, obliquely truncated as far back
as the beginning of the frontal carinje, the truncation concave and
bluntly rounded (not marginate) on the sides. Mandibles 6-toothed,
as broad as long, flattened above, with very convex external borders.

wheeler: neotropical ants 219

Cheeks somewhat swollen dorsally, with straight, transverse, anterior
borders projecting beyond the clypeus, which is flat and ecarinate,
suboblong, about one fourth longer than broad, shghtl}- narrower in
front than behind, with a short median groove at the posterior end
and feebly trilobulate anterior border. Frontal area large, trapezoidal;
frontal groove distinct, extending back to a shallow pit on the vertex;
frontal carinje pronounced, diverging, parallel behind and continued
back as far as the median level of the eyes. Eyes small, flat, distant
only slightly more than their greatest diameter from the posterior,
and three times this diameter from the anterior corners of the head.
Antennae slender; scapes inserted at the middle of the frontal carinas,
curved, somewhat enlarged at their tips which reach the posterior
corners of the head. Thorax stout, not much longer than the head
and mandibles, with evenly but not strongly arcuate dorsal outline,
interrupted only by the pronounced promesonotal and mesoepinotal
sutures; metanotum clearly indicated but bounded behind by a trans-
verse groove instead of a suture; epinotum strongly compressed
laterally, in profile with feebly and evenly convex base, rounding into
the shorter, rather steep, concave declivity. Petiolar scale rather small,
somewhat more than twice as broad as long, its anterior surface convex,
its posterior surface flat, its superior border thick, blunt, broadly
rounded and feebly impressed or sinuate in the middle. Gaster
elongate-elliptical. Legs rather stout; fore femora incrassated.

Shining and finely shagreened; mandibles and head, except its
posterior fourth, more opaque and more coarsely shagreened; mandibles
also finely punctate; cheeks with somewhat larger, shallow and not
very conspicuous punctures.

Hairs yellow, short, erect and sparse, only on the dorsal surface of
the head, thorax, petiolar border and borders of the gastric segments.
Pubescence very fine, short, appressed, visible only on the antennae,
tibiae and tarsi.

Head reddish 3-ellow, mandibles red with black teeth; frontal carinae,
anterior margins of cheeks, anterior and lateral margins of clypeus and
the frontal carinae deep red. Thorax, gaster and appendages yellow,
the thorax somewhat darker; each gastric segment above, except at
its base and posterior border, brown.

Described from three specimens which I took from a cauline swelling
of Cordia alliodora on Barro Colorado Island, Panama.

I have placed this species in the subgenus Colobopsis though it
resembles in the shape of its head certain species which Emery has
assigned to his subgenus Pseudocolobopsis.

220 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Camponotus (Myrmocladcecus) rectangularis Emery

The typical form of this species was described by Emery as long
ago as 1890 from workers collected in Costa Rica. There are several
subspecies and varieties, all of which can be recognized among the
material in my collection. None of the forms is common, probably
because they all live in rather small colonies in dead twigs or epiphytic
Tillandsias and forage singly on the foliage of trees and shrubs. The
paler species are, perhaps, nocturnal.

The typical rectangularis is rich yellowish or testaceous, with the
mandibles, anterior part of head and posterior borders of the gastric
segments yellow; the tibiae and tarsi red, the antennal funiculi beyond
the first joint infuscated. I have seen workers of this form from the
following localities: British Honduras: Manatee (J. D. Johnson) and
Belize; Nicaragua: Chinandega (C. F. Baker); Guatemala: Patulul
(Wheeler). It has been recorded also from Bugaba, Panama (Cham-
pion) and, as previously stated, from Costa Rica (Liberia and Bagaces
(Alfaro); Surubrea^ near San Mateo (Biolley)). The various subspecies
and varieties may be readily distinguished by means of the following
key:

1. Posterior border of base of epinotum distinctly less sharply mar-

ginate than its sides; mesonotum and base of epinotum indis-
tinctly or very finely reticulate 2

Posterior border of base of epinotum as sharply marginate as its
sides; mesonotum and l)ase of epinotum more sharply reticu-
late 6

2. Thorax and gaster concolorous 3

Gaster much darker than thorax 5

3. Thorax and gaster not black 4

Thorax and gaster black. Mexico

subsp. rubroniger Forel var. willowsi Wheeler

4. Head, thorax, petiole and gaster yellowish ferruginous. Central

America rectangularis Emery, typical

Head, thorax, petiole and gaster sordid brown. Peru

var. sordidatus var. no v.

5. Thorax darker red posteriorly, gaster black throughout. Mexico . .

subsp. rubraniger Forel, typical

Thorax not darker posteriorly, base of gaster red. Guatemala ....

var. aulicus Wheeler

6. Legs with conspicuous, suberect hairs. Trinidad and British

Guiana subsp. setipes Forel

Legs without such hairs. British Guiana . . var. ligatus var. no v.

wheeler: neotropical ants 221

C.AMPoxoTus (Myrmocladcecus) RECTANGiLARis Emeiy var.

SORDIDATTTS var. nov.

]]'ork(r. Differing from the typical form of the species in color,
the body and femora being of a rather pale, sordid brown, the tibial,
tarsi and scapes darker brown, the mandibles and anterior portion of
the head dull brownish white. The pubescence on the tibiaj is slightly
coarser and less appressed; the base of the epinotum distinctly broader
than long.

Described from fifteen Avorkers taken by Dr. J. C. Bradley at Perene,,
Peru.

Caimponotus (]\Iyrimoclad(ecus) rectangflaris rubroniger

P^orel

J]'orker. Differing from the preceding forms in sculpture, pilosity
and color. INIesonotum and base of epinotum somewhat more dis-
tinctly reticulate; erect hairs absent on the thoracic dorsum and few
or absent on the top of the head. Pubescence short, pale, appressed
and rather sparse, longest on the gaster, coarser and sparser on the
tibiffi. Head, thorax and petiole deep red, the meso- and metanotum
darker than the pronotimi; mandibles and anterior portion of head
yellow; scapes deeper red than the posterior portion of the head; legs
dark red, the middle and hind pairs more blackish than the anterior
pair.

Female (undescrilietl). Length nearly 9 mm.

Robust; head, without the mandibles, broader than long, propor-
tionally much broader behind than in the M^orker major; scapes ex-
tending fully one fourth their length beyond the posterior corners of
the head. Thorax of the usual structure in Camponotus females, not
broader than the head; scutellum and posterior portion of mesonotum
very flat, the latter scarcely broader than long. Epinotum with
moderately convex base, rounding into the longer, rather concave
declivity. Petiolar border broad and acute, emarginate in the middle.
Gaster broadly elliptical. Fore wings measuring a little over 8 mm.

Subopaque, rather smooth, very finely shagreened; thorax without
reticulate sculpture. Legs sparsely punctate. Pilosity as in the worker,
but mesonotum with a few erect hairs. Color like that of the worker;
parapsidal furrows, their borders and the middle or whole of the epino-

222 bt'lletin: museum of comparative zoology

turn, black. Wings distinctly yellowish, with resin yellow veins and
brown pterostigma.

Male (inidescribed). Length 5 mm.

Head through the large, convex eyes as broad as long, broadly
rounded behind, narrowed in front, the cheeks slightly concave,
anteriorly converging, nearly as long as the eyes. Mandibles spatulate,
with pointed tips, but otherwise edentate. Thorax much broader than
head; mesonotum large, as broad as long, very convex anteriorly;
scutellum convex, epinotum small, rounded, sloping, Avithout distinct
base and decliA'ity. Petiole low, transverse, thick ventrally, its anterior
surface bevelled above, its posterior face flat, its superior liorder entire
and rather sharp. Gaster broad. Legs long and slender.

Sculpture like that of the female. Hairs Avhite, few in number on
head, absent on thorax and petiole, rather long and abundant on
terminal gastric segments. Black; mandibles, wing-insertions and
portions of genitalia l)rownish yellow. ^Yings paler than in the female,
yellowish only along the anterior border; veins also paler; pterostigma
brown.

This form was originally described from La L^nion, Salvador
(Champion). Li 1900 I took it at Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico in
Tillandsias growing on acacias and guavas, in parabiosis with colonies
of Cryptocerus anrl Crematogaster. More recently Dr. Skwarra
secured many colonies in the same locality (Xos. 764, 784a, 814, 829,
830, 862, 863) nesting in Tillandsia circinata and T. sireptophylla.

Camponotus (Myrmocladcecus) rectangtlaris rubroniger

var. AULicus Wheeler

Worhcr. Resembling the typical ruhron.igcr, but the head, thorax
and petiole more vivid red, the base of the first gastric segment of the
same color and each gastric segment reddish posteriorly, with the
extreme border golden yellow. Appendages, especially the tibiae
and tarsi, somewhat darker red than the head and thorax; cheeks,
clypeus and mandibles more yellowish, the funiculi beyond the first
joint blackish as in the other forms of the species. Dorsal surface of
gaster with the same short pubescence and pile as in the typical
rcctangularis and the subsp. rubroniger.

Described from sixteen specimens which I extracted from a hollow
twig at Zacapa, Guatemala, Dec. 13, 1911.

wheeler: neotropical ants 223

Camponotus (Myrmocladcecus) rectangularis rubroniger
var. WILLOWS! var. no v.

IJ'orker. Differing from the typical form of the species and its var.
rubroniger in coloration, being deep black, with the exception of the
posterior borders of the gastric segments and terminal tarsal joints,
which are reddish, and the head, antennal scapes and first funicular
joint, which are bright yellowish red. Cheeks, clypeus and mandibles
yellow, mandibular teeth reddish. Dorsal surface of gaster less
opaque and more glossy than in rectangularis and rubroniger, with
distinctly longer and denser pubescence and even shorter hairs.

Two specimens from Acapulco, Mexico, one taken by Mr. M.
Willows, Jr. and one by Frederick Knab.

Camponotus (Myrmocladcecus) rectangularis setipes Forel

Worker. Of the same color as the typical rectangularis but differing
in having the straight posterior border of the base of the epinotum
more sharply marginate, the base itself, which is distinctly broader
than long, and the mesonotum distinctly more coarsely reticulate-
rugulose, the hairs on the dorsal surface of the body much more
numerous and the legs and especially the tibiae with long, sparse,
bristly suberect hairs.

Two workers from St. Augustine and Cumuto, Trinidad (P. J.
Darlington) and several from the Wenamu River, British Guiana
(W. J. Lavarre).

This form was described as a variety but deserves to rank as a sub-
species.

Camponotus (Myrmocladcecus) rectangularis setipes
var. LiGATus var. nov.

JVorker. Precisely like the typical seiipes, but the long pilosity on
the legs is replaced by very short, subappressed hairs or coarse pu-
bescence, which, however, is distinctly longer than in the typical
rectangularis.

Seven specimens from British Guiana, five from Kartabo, type-
locality (Wheeler), one from Bartica (W. Beebe), and one from
Tumatumari (F. E. Lutz).

224 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Camponotus (Myrmoclad(ecus) latangulus Roger

Although this species was described from Surinam as long ago as
1863 it is infrequently mentioned in the literature, probably because
it has been taken only occasionally in sweepings. Two colonies which
I found in British Guiana were nesting in dead branches. One of them
contained a number of specimens of the hitherto unknown female.

Female (undescribed). Length 8-9 mm.

Head trapezoidal, as broad as long, narrowed anteriorly, with
straight sides and posterior border and nearly rectangular posterior
corners. Antennal scapes extending somewhat more than their
greatest diameter beyond the posterior corners of the head. Thorax
slightly broader than the head, with pro- and mesonotum of the usual
shape in female Camponoti; epinotum with sharply differentiated
base and declivity, the former nearly twice as broad as long, broader
anteriorly than posteriorly, strongly convex, with a shallow median
groove, its posterior border distinctly emarginate in the middle and
rather sharp, forming an acute angle with the concave and rather steep
declivity, much as in the worker. Petiole not truncated above as in the
worker, but cuneate as in most Camponoti, with only anterior and
posterior surfaces, the former convex and perpendicular, the latter
flat and sloping, the superior border broadly rounded, acute and
entire, or occasionally emarginate in the middle. Gaster elongate
elliptical. Wings rather short, measuring slightly more than 7 mm.

Sculpture, pilosity and color as in the worker, but the vertex with a
large, brown, butterfly-shaped spot and each gastric segment posteri-
orly with a broad brown fascia sharply marked off from the yellow
border of the segment but anteriorly shading into the yellowish fer-
ruginous basal portion. Knees, tibise and tarsi of middle and hind
legs darker brown than in the worker. Wings yellow, with deep resin
yellow veins and pterostigma.

A number of workers and females from Kalocoon, Kartabo and
Bartica, British Guiana (Wheeler). I have recorded the species also
from Port of Spain, Trinidad (R. Thaxter) and have received speci-
mens from San Antonio del Rio Cotuhe and La Chorrera, Putumayo
Distr., Peru (J. C. Bradley). Goeldi took it at Pard, in Northern
Brazil, Jelski in Cayenne, and Emery records it from Bolivia. It
seems, therefore, to have a rather circumscribed range and to be
confined to South America.

wheeler: neotropical ants 225

Camponotus (Myrmocladcecus) tripartitus Mayr

Six workers from Petropolis, Brazil (Thomas Borgmeier) agree
closely with Mayr's description of the types from Santa Catharina, in
the same country.

Camponotus (Myrmocladcecus) bidens Mayr

I have taken numerous colonies of this species from dead twigs in
the following localities in Panama: Frijoles, Corozal, Red Tank,
Gatuncillo, Mandingo, Mt. Hope and Barro Colorado Island.

The dealated female (undescribed) measures nearly 7 mm. and is
long and slender. Head slightly longer than broad, subtrapezoidal,
nearly as wide in front as behind, with straight sides and distinctly
convex posterior border. Eyes large, moderately convex, distant
nearly one and one-half times their length from the anterior corners
of the head. Mandibles convex, 6-toothed. Clypeus very convex
and rounded in the middle, depressed on the sides, its anterior border
sinuate medially and on each side. Antennal scapes extending nearly
twice their greatest diameter beyond the posterior border of the head.
Thorax elongate-elliptical, more than twice as long as broad, narrower
than the head; mesonotum longer than broad; epinotum with very
convex, backwardly sloping base, forming a distinct angle in profile
with the longer, perpendicular, slightly concave declivity. Petiolar
scale thick, transverse, broader than the posterior part of the epi-
notum, with very blunt, rounded superior border and convex anterior
and posterior surfaces. Gaster elongate-elliptical, parallel-sided in
the middle, as long as the remainder of the body.

Subopaque, finely and indistinctly shagreened; scutellum, epinotum,
petiole and bases of gastric segments more shining; mandibles, cheeks
and clypeus punctate; mesonotum with a few coarse punctures along
the parapsidal furrows. Hairs whitish, short, erect and rather sparse,
confined to the head, thorax, abdomen, tips of scapes and femora.
Pubescence short, dilute and appressed, distinct on the gaster and legs.
Black, like the worker; mandibles, antennse, wing-insertions, tro-
chanters, bases of tibiae and terminal tarsal joints, red.

Forel has based a subspecies, repressus, of this ant on minor workers
from Para and Bahia, Brazil. They differ from the typical bidens in
having the pro- and mesonotum narrower, the epinotal teeth shorter,
the petiole narrower and less thick, the gaster subopaque and very
finely striated instead of finely punctulate-reticulate, with larger,,
sparse, elongate punctures.

226 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Camponotus (Myrmocladcecus) mucronatus Emery

Emery described this ant from Alajuela, Costa Rica. I have taken
it in the same locaHty. The major workers of my topotypes and one
given me by Forel and taken by Touduz from some other Costa Rican
locaHty, agree in lacking erect hairs on the cheeks and clypeus. Since,
moreover, Emery says nothing about such hairs in his specimens, I
infer that they are absent in the typical form of mucronatus.

Camponotus (Myrmocladcecus) mucronatus hirsutinasus

subsp. nov.

Worker major. Length 6.3-6.7 mm.

Averaging distinctly larger than the major of the typical mucronatus,
with longer petiolar spine, more extensively red cheeks, longer, denser
erect hairs on the thoracic dorsum, much longer, appressed pubescence
on the posterior half of the head and conspicuous, short, stout, erect,
obtuse, white hairs on the cheeks and clypeus.

Worker minor. Length 5-5.5 mm.

Also averaging somewhat larger than the minor of the typical form,
with the pubescence and pilosity on the head similar to those of the
major, though the pubescence is even more abundant and the blunt,
erect hairs are less numerous on the clypeus than on the cheeks.
Spines of the thorax and petiole fully as well developed as in the
typical mucronatus.

Described from many specimens taken from a number of colonies
which I collected during December 1911 in Zacapa (type-locality),
Quirigua, Escuintla, Patulul and Panajachel, Guatemala. Dr. Skwarra
has sent me three workers of the same subspecies from San Francisco,
on the Rio de Carlos, Mexico. Most of the Guatemalan colonies were
nesting in dead twigs but at Escuintla a few of them were found
inhabiting the large, expanded thorns of an Acacia allied to A. bursaria.

Camponotus (Myrmocladcecus) mucronatus santschii Forel

Forel described this subspecies from the Santa Marta region of
Colombia. It differs from the typical mucronatus in having the base
of the epinotum distinctly convex anteriorly, so that the mesoepinotal
impression appears more pronounced. The median spine of the petiole
is longer, especially in the worker major, the occiput and gaster are
in part shining and more feebly sculptured, the pubescence is some-

wheeler: neotropical ants 227

what more developed and the head entirely black. I assign to this
subspecies a single minor worker which I took at Bella Vista, Panama.
The following is a third, ver}' handsome subspecies of mucronatus:

Camponotus (Myrmocladcecus) mucronatus formaster

subsp. nov.

Worker major. Length 5 mm.

Smaller than the subsp. hirsuiinasus; very similar in structure and
sculpture, but the epinotal and petiolar spines distinctly shorter and
less acute, the mesoepinotal impression deeper, the pilosity on the
vertex and thorax less abundant and finer and shorter on the gaster;
there are no erect hairs on the clypeus and cheeks, which are quite
naked ; the appressed pubescence on the vertex and occiput very short
and delicate. Color very different from that of the preceding forms,
being yellowish red, with the mandibular teeth, the sides and more or
less of the posterior portion of the pronotal dorsum, the meso- and
epinotum, except the spines of the latter, and the petiole, except its
spine and ventral portion, black. Hairs and pubescence somewhat
paler and less golden than in the other subspecies.

Worker minor. Length 3.5 mm.

Very similar to the major, but the epinotal and petiolar spines are
longer and less of the anterior portion of the pronotum is red.

Described from two major and four minor workers which I found
nesting in a dead twig at Patulul, Guatemala, Jan. 7, 1912.

Camponotus (Myrmocladcecus) sanct.e-fidei Dalla Torre

This interesting ant is imperfectly known and has a confused taxo-
nomic history. In 1870, Maj r erroneously referred the type specimens,
which were minima workers from Santa Fe de Bogota, Colombia, to'
latangulus Roger, a very different species. Later (1887) he discovered
his error but fell into another by describing the specimens under the
name quadrilatcrvs, which happened to be preoccupied by quadri-
laterus Roger (1863), itself a synonym of an Indian ant, C. {Tanoemyr-
mex) comprcssus Latreille (1787). Dalla Torre (1892) therefore
proposed a new name, sancta'-fidei for Mayr's Colombian species.
It seems to be widely distributed in Central and South America.
From the literature and the specimens before me at least six variants
of it may be recognized. Three of these have been described, namely
the subsp. Iconliurdi Forel (1901) from Bolivia, the var. hondurianus

228 bulletin: museum of compakative zoology

Mann (1922) from Honduras and the var. coronaius Santschi (1922)
from the Aleatraz Islands, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Leanhardi and coronatus
are based on minima workers, and though Mann had maximae of
honduria7ius he described only the coloration of their legs. Emery
(1894) had previously given a brief description of the female and the
maxima of what he took to be the typical quadrilaterus (sandw-fidei)
from Matto Grosso, Brazil, but his maxima specimen Avas immature.
Since none of the castes has been described in much detail, it is
difficult to determine the typical form of the species. I believe,
however, that I can recognize it among my material from Central
America and British Guiana. My specimens from these and other
localities show that the worker is not strongly dimorphic, as Emery
seems to have supposed, but trimorphic. There are large and small
"soldiers" in the same colony. The smaller ones may be called "medise,"
but unlike the members of this subcaste in many other species of
Camponotus, they differ much less from the true maximse than from
the minim.ie. The three kinds of workers and the winged female of
what I regard as the typical form of sanctoe-fidei are here described.

Worker maxima. Length 4.5-5 mm.

Head suboblong, convex above, one and one-fourth times as long
as broad, with somewhat convex posterior border, rectangular anterior
and posterior corners and straight, parallel sides, slightly sinuate at
the cheeks. Eyes moderately large, flat, distant about their greatest
diameter from the posterior corners of the head. Mandibles some-
what flattened above, with very convex external borders, 6-toothed,
the three basal teeth short. Clypeus subrectangular, somewhat
longer than broad, concave anteriorly, with broadly excised and
bluntly bidentate median border; on the posterior half with two
large, anteriorly diverging protuberances, which in profile give the
clypeus a truncated appearance since each protuberance forms a
projecting angle, with its upper or posterior border horizontal and
feebly convex, its anterior border concave and perpendicular. Frontal
area distinct, trapezoidal; frontal carinse anteriorly approximated,
sinuous, diverging behind; frontal groove very distinct. Antennae
rather slender; scapes curved, their tips extending only a distance
equal to their greatest diameter beyond the posterior border of the
head. Thorax stout, much narrower than the head, but nearly of the
same length, including the mandibles, somewhat flattened above and
laterally, with sharp promesonotal and mesoepinotal sutures, and a
distinct but not very deep impression at the latter. Pronotum less
than twice as broad as long, semicircularly rounded in front, laterally

WHEELER : NEOTROPICAL ANTS 229

marginate, but without humeral angles; mesonotum transversely
elliptical, nearly half again as broad as long; metathoraeic spiracles
large and prominent; epinotum with feebl}^ convex base, slightly
longer than broad, rounded anteriorly, with marginate, parallel sides
and the posterior border transverse and distinctly excised in the
middle, the posterior corners projecting as short, blunt teeth, the
declivity perpendicular, concave, as long as the base. Petiolar scale
broader than the epinotum, thick, with rounded superior border and
ventrally converging sides, the posterior surface flat, the anterior
really consisting of two surfaces meeting at an obtuse angle, the more
ventral surface perpendicular, the dorsal sloping upward and backward
to the superior border. Gaster elongate-elliptical, parallel-sided in
the middle, the first segment anteriorly truncated, with an impression
for the accommodation of the petiolar scale. Legs stout, fore femora
somewhat incrassated, tibiae clavate, not compressed.

Head, thorax and appendages subopaque, petiole and gaster shining;
mandibles rather smooth, sparsely- punctate; head and petiole very
finely and indistinctly punctulate; thorax, especially on the sides,
more coarsely reticulate, or evenly and densely punctate; clypeus and
cheeks with shallow punctures; front, especially along the carinse,
vertex and thoracic dorsum with large, scattered piligerous punctures,
or foveolae. Gaster very finely shagreened, almost transversely
striolate, with sparse, oblique, piligerous punctures.

Hairs sordid white or brownish on the thorax, white on the head
and gaster, only moderately long, erect, sparse and rather blunt;
short and subappressed on the appendages; pubescence whitish, ap-
pressed, short and dilute; almost lacking on the head and thorax,
distinct on the gaster.

Black; gaster often very dark brown, with narrow, yellowish margins
to the segments; clypeus and cheeks dull red; coxse, femora and often
also the apices of the tibiae, brown; mandibles, except the teeth,
antennae, neck, tips of coxae, trochanters, tarsi and bases of tibiae
brownish yellow; terminal funicular joints infuscated.

]]^orkcr media. Length 4-4.5 mm.

Differing from the maxima in its distinctly smaller stature and
smaller and somewhat shorter head, which has slightly more rounded
anterior and posterior corners, slightly less developed protuberances
on the posterior half of the clypeus, somewhat more convex eyes,
slightly longer antennal scapes, more pronounced and more flattened,
lobe-like and longer teeth on the base of the epinotum. The angle
between the anterior and dorsal surfaces of the petiole is sharper, so

230 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

that the scale has the three surfaces even more distinct than the
maxima. Seen from above the petiole is trapezoidal, with straight,
anteriorly converging sides and the oblique or dorsal surface trans-
versely convex.

Sculpture, pilosity and color as in the maxima.

Worker minima. Length 3-3.5 mm.

Head trapezoidal, as broad or very nearly as broad as long, with
distinctly convex posterior border and straight, anteriorly converging
sides and carina; extending from the posterior orbits of the convex,
posteriorly situated eyes to the occipital border. Mandibles thinner
and with much less convex external borders than in the maxima and
media, teeth 6 to 7, small, rather crowded. Clypeus of the usual
structure, without protuberances, broader than long, convex and
carinate in the middle, the anterior border broadly rounded and
somewhat projecting. Antennal scapes extending nearly half their
length beyond the posterior border of the head. Thorax more flattened
above than in the maxima and media; pronotum twice as broad as
long with distinct indications of humeral angles; posterior corners of
the base of the epinotum developed as flattened, slightly upturned
lobe-like teeth, separated by an arcuate, marginate excision; declivity
strongly concave. Petiole in profile with the short anterior surface
concave and forming a sharp angle with the dorsal surface which is
straight or even slightly concave; its sides from above distinctly con-
cave; superior border broad, rather acute, crenulate, produced on
each side below as a distinct tooth. Gaster oval, proportionally shorter
than in the maxima and media.

Head, and especially the thorax, more sharply and coarsely punc-
tate, the petiole transversely striolate. Pilosity longer and more
abundant, pubescence very distinct on the anterior portion of the head
and dorsal surface of the thorax and gaster. Black; gaster often paler
brown than in the media and maxima; mandibles, anterior border of
clypeus and cheeks, antennje and legs, brownish yellow; tips of funi-
culi and femora darker brown; flexor surfaces of tibiae sometimes
brownish.

Female. Length 6 mm.

Head shaped as in the worker maxima but with less pronounced
anterior and posterior corners and larger and more convex eyes. The
mandibles and clypeus are also very similar, but the paired protuber-
ances on the latter are less developed and more like those of the media.
Antennal scapes extending twice their greatest diameter beyond the
posterior border of the head. Thorax short, about twice as long as

wheeler: neotropical ants 231

wide; inesonotum slightly flattened, as broad as long; epinotum short,
its base convex, sloping backward and forming a distinct angle with
the longer, perpendicular and only slightly concave declivity. Petiole
shaped as in the maxima but somewhat thicker. Gaster large, elong-
ate-elliptical, as long as the remainder of the body. Wings measuring
6 mm.

Shining; head subopaque, very finely and indistinctly punctulate
as in the maxima, with somewhat more shining, punctate mandibles;
clypeus and cheeks with small, front with large punctures as in that
phase.

Pilosity as in the maxima; pubescence very short, dilute, visible
only on the gaster.

Black; mandibles, clypeus and cheeks deep red; palpi and antennae
yellow, the funiculi infuscated distally. Femora dark brown; tibiae
and tarsi paler, more reddish brown. Wings clear, iridescent, with
pale brown veins and pterostigma.

Described from two females and numerous workers from Barro
Colorado Island and Corozal, Panama. To the same form belong
series of maximte, mediae and minimae which I collected from dead
twigs at San Jose, Costa Rica and Kartabo, British Guiana, a minima
worker from Bartica, British Guiana (W. Beebe) and one from Port
of Spain, Trinidad (R. Thaxter).

The peculiar conformation and coloration of the clypeus and
anterior portion of the head in the maxima, media and female of this
species indicate, I believe, a distinct and independent development of
phragmotic habits analogous to those of the soldiers and females in
the subgenera Colobopsis, Pseudocolobopsis, Manniella, Myrmobra-
chys, etc.

Camponotus (Myrmocladcecus) sanct^-fidei var.
HONDURiANUS Mann

Comparison of two cotype maximae and a minima from Carmelina,
Honduras, received from Dr. Mann, and two maximae and eight
minimae which I collected at Escuintla, Guatemala, with the typical
sanctoE-fidei reveal few differences. The head of the maxima of ho7i-
durianus is somewhat larger and distinctly broader in proportion to
its length, with distinctly less straight and parallel sides, and the
yellow portions of the appendages are clearer yellow and less brownish.
This difference in coloration is the only one I can detect between the
minimae of the two forms.

232 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Camponotus (Myrmocladcecus) sanct.e-fidei var.
coRONATus Santschi

This form, described as a subspecies, is cited by Emery in the
"Genera Insectorum" as a variety, and I am incHned to accept his
interpretation. A single minima worker taken by Dr. J. C. Bradley
at Esperanza, Amazonas, Brazil, agrees closely with Santschi's de-
scription. It is \'ery much like the typical sancioc-fidci, but the gaster
and femora are jet black, the distal portions of the tibi?e dark brown,
the thorax rather narrow, the pronotum being only one and three-
fourths times as broad as long, the epinotum, without its flattened
teeth, distinctly longer than broad. The crenulation of the posterior
superior border of the petiole is rather coarse, the pilosity on the thorax
and gaster rather long and the pubescence on the anterior portion of
the head distinct. Santschi devotes most of his description to a
comparison of his specimen with C. (M.) hidcns; which seems to
indicate that he had no other specimens of sandae-fidci with which
to compare it. Most of the characters he mentions, including the
crenulation of the petiolar border, to which the varietal name seems
to allude, are found also in the minimae of other forms of the species.

Camponotus (Myrmocladcecus) sanct.e-fidei leonhardi Forel

I have not seen this subspecies, which was described from a worker
minima from Tipuani, Bolivia (A. von Leonhard). It has the pronotum
only a third broader than long and but slightly broader than the meso-
notum. The head is less trapezoidal and less narrowed anteriorly
than in the typical sandoe-fidci. The appressed pubescence is finer
and sparser, the abdomen and legs rather pale brown.

Camponotus (Myrmocladcecus) sanct.e-fidei darlingtoni

subsp. nov.

Worker minima. Length about 3.5 mm.

Head trapezoidal, as long as broad, larger and broader anteriorly
than in the typical form of the species, eyes not so near the posterior
corners, antennal scapes extending only about one-third their length
beyond the posterior border. Thorax broader, the teeth of the
epinotum much broader and more lobular, as in C. latangidus. Petiole
decidedly stouter, its dorsal surface distinctly concave above and

wheeler: neotropical ants 233

laterally, its superior border creniilate, broadly triangular, with a
distinct median denticle, as large as that of C. bidctis, the lateral
teeth well-developed, acute.

Dense punctuation of the head, thorax and petiole coarser than in
the typical sandoc-fidei, gaster more sharply reticulate. Pilosity on
the thorax, and especially on the gaster, more abundant and decidedly
longer; appressed pubescence long and sparse, developed on the sides
of the head and gaster. Jet black; tibiffi and tarsi red; apical halves
of middle and hind tibise dark brown; mandibles and antennae paler,
reddish yellow; apical half of funiculi dark brown.

A single specimen taken by Dr. P. J. Darlington in sweepings on
Mt. Tucuche, Trinidad, at an altitude of 3070 feet.

Camponotus (Myrmocladcecus) sanct.e-fidei convexinodis

subsp. nov.

Worker minima. Length 2.7-3.5 mm.

Head without the mandibles, distinctly broader than long, broad
anteriorly, as in darlingtoni, but the eyes further back, as in the typical
form of the species. Teeth on the epinotum not flattened, longer,
stouter and more elevated at their tips, with a much broader excision
between their bases. Petiole unlike that of any of the preceding forms
of the species and like that of C. hidens, the anterior and dorsal sur-
faces not separated by a ridge but forming in profile a single convex
surface, the superior border with a short, acuminate, median tooth
like that of hidens.

Head, thorax and petiole more opaque than in the typical form
and darlingtoni, but the sculpture as in the former. Pilosity and
pubescence white, the hairs longer and more abundant on the head,
thorax and gaster than in any of the preceding forms ; pubescence long
and sparse, conspicuous over the whole dorsal surface of the head,
not appressed but merging into the pilosity. Black; scapes and tro-
chanters yellow; mandibles, borders of cheeks, funiculi, neck and legs
reddish yellow; coxae dark brown; last funicular joint and a streak
along the flexor surface of the middle and hind femora brownish.

Described from six specimens taken by Dr. J. C. Bradley at Porto
America, Brazil.

This form might, perhaps, be regarded as a distinct species. In
the structure of the petiole it closely rexembles C. hidens, but in most
other respects it agrees with sandae-fidei, and the following variety
seems clearly to represent a transition between the two forms.

234 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Camponotus (Myrmoclad(ecus) sanct^-fidei convexinodis

var. transilis var. nov.

Worker minima. Length 3.5-4.2 mm.

Sculpture and color as in convexinodis, but slightly larger, with the
sides of the head more convex; superior border of petiole more rounded
and less distinctly dentate in the middle; pilosity shorter and like that
of the typical sanctac-fidei, but distinctly more abundant; the pub-
escence on the head short and appressed.

Two workers taken by Dr. P. J. Darlington at St. Augustine,
Trinidad.

Camponotus (Myrmocladcecus) callistus bradleyi

subsp. nov.

Worker minor. Length about 3.5 mm.

Head subtrapezoidal, without the mandibles broader than long,
with broad, nearly straight posterior border, rather sharp posterior
corners and anteriorly converging sides, which are sinuate at the level
of the eyes and distinctly convex in front. In profile the head is most
convex in the middle of the front, with the vertex distinctly, trans-
versely flattened and bordered on each side with a sharp carina from
the eye to the occipital border. Eyes rather large, convex, placed
distinctly behind the middle of the head. Mandibles with convex
external borders, 6-toothed, the three basal teeth short. Clypeus
large, convex in the middle, narrow and depressed laterally, its median
anterior border broadly rounded and entire. Frontal area large,
trapezoidal, twice as broad as long; frontal carint^e not closely approxi-
mated, straight and subparallel anteriorly, arcuate and diverging
behind; frontal groove short and tenuous. Antenna long and stout;
scapes reaching about two-fifths of their length beyond the posterior
border of the head. Thorax narrower than the head, very broad
through the pronotum; promesonotal suture impressed; mesoepinotal
impression very deep, wide at the sides, where the large, projecting
metanotal spiracles are situated. Pronotum somewhat less than twice
as broad as long, flattened above, semicircularly rounded in front,
sides straight and subparallel in the middle, converging behind, the
anterior and lateral borders marginate; mesonotum sloping, about one
and one-half times as broad as long, broader in front, semicircularly
rounded behind, the sides marginate, as are also those of the epinotum,
the base of which is somewhat longer than broad, anteriorly sub-

wheelek: neotropical ants 235

triangular, sloping upward and backward, posteriorly more parallel-
sided, except for a short, blunt projection on each side; posterior
border arcuately excised and bearing at each corner a horn-like spine,
which is stout and flattened at the base and turned somewhat out-
ward and upward, produced apically as a somewhat shorter, more
slender, blunt and terete extension, which is turned inward and
upward. Declivity of epinotum concave, perpendicular, scarcely more
than half as long as the base; sides of pronotum concave, meso- and
metapleurffi flattened. Petiole large and thick, shaped like that of C.
sanctcF-fidei, in profile with the anterior and posterior surfaces straight
and perpendicular, the dorsal surface very feebly concave, sloping
upward to the superior border, which, seen from behind is acute,
arcuately rounded, indistinctly crenulate, bilobulate in the middle
above and on each side below produced as a straight, blunt, spine,
which is nearly twdce as long as broad at its base. From above the
petiole is broader than the epinotum, subtrapezoidal, with straight
anterior and posterior borders and concave, anteriorly con^^erging
sides. Gaster small, rounded-subquadrate, nearly as broad as long.
Legs very long and stout.

Mandibles, head, sides of pronotum, apical portion of epinotal
spines, ventral portion of epinotal declivity, gaster and legs very
smooth and shining, with fine, sparse, piligerous punctures. Dorsal
surface of thorax, meso- and metapleuriB and petiole opaque, coarsely,
evenly and closeh' punctate, the punctures becoming finer at the
anterior end of the pronotum.

Hairs moderately abundant, pale yellow, erect, very fine and long,
even on the tips of the epinotal spines, shorter on the scapes and legs;
pubescence undeveloped, except on the funiculi.

Mandibular teeth, thorax and petiole black; head, sides and anterior
border of pronotum, apical portion of epinotal spines, superior border
of petiole, gaster, antennae and legs, including the coxse, bright yel-
lowish red; knees somewhat brownish.

A single specimen taken by Dr. J. C. Bradley at El Campamiento,
Perene, Peru.

This beautiful specimen agrees very closely with Emery's descrip-
tion of the typical callistus, of which he had major, minor and female
specimens from Mapiri, Bolivia, but the Peruvian specimen is de-
cidedly smaller (the minor of callistus measures 4.5 mm.) and seems
to have a differently shaped petiole. This segment Emery described
as "tres epaisse, avec une face dorsale bombee, declive en avant,
plus etroite devant que derriere et dont le bord anterieur (qui constitue

236 bulletin: museum of compakative zoology

proprement la tranche de I'ecaille) est arque et se prolonge de chaque
cote par une epine courte, presque horizontale." Certainly the words
"bombee" and "declive en avant" do not apply to the dorsal and
anterior petiolar surfaces of the Peruvian specimen, and the border
which Emery describes as "anterieur" (apparently my "superior
border," homologous with the simple superior petiolar border in most
species of Camponotus) is actually posterior. Perhaps, however,
"anterieur" is a lapsus calami for "posterieur."

Camponotus (Myrmocladcecus) corniculatus sp. nov.

Worker maxima. Length 3.3 mm. (Fig- 6 a-c.)

Head subrectangular, distinctly longer than broad, somewhat
narrower in front than behind, with very feebly convex posterior
border, straight sides and slightly rounded cheeks; posterior and
anterior corners not sharp; in profile the anterior surface of the head
is subtruncate, the dorsal surface convex. There are no ridges from
the eyes to the posterior corners. Eyes large, moderately convex,
as long as their distance from the posterior border of the head. Man-
dibles stout, somewhat geniculate at the base, with very convex
external borders and five acute teeth, the basal four well-developed.
Clypeus large, subquadrate, flat, nearly as long as broad, surrounded
by a deep suture; behind and parallel with its raised lateral borders
there is on each side a blunt longitudinal, ridge-like projection, cor-
responding to the more pronounced protuberance in C. sancto'-fidei.
Anterior border of clypeus straight in the middle, forming a short
transverse lobe, because it is rather deeply excised on each side.
Frontal area distinct, trapezoidal, fully twice as broad as long; an-
terior halves of frontal carinte straight and strongly diverging, posterior
halves straight and slightly converging behind; frontal groove dis-
tinct. Antennte rather stout; scapes extending twice their greatest
diameter beyond the posterior border of the head. Thorax stout;
pronotum large, excluding the neck twice as broad as long, flattened
in the middle, semicircularly rounded anteriorly, the sides only bluntly
marginate; mesonotum very regularly elliptical, nearly one and one-
half times as broad as long, raised above the posterior end of the
pronotum anteriorly and especially at the sides which are bluntly
marginate, its surface flattened, sloping backward and downward to
the long and deep mesoepinotal impression, bearing the large, promi-
nent metathoracic spiracles, which are separated by a distance equal
to twice the length of the impression. Base of epinotum rising very

avheeler: neotropical ants

237

abruptly above the impression to the height of the promesonotum
and forming a trapezoidal plate, broader behind than in front, with
straight, submarginate anterior and lateral borders and broadly
excised posterior border, the corner of which are produced backwards
as short, flattened, distinctly in-turned lobes ; declivity steeply sloping

Fig. 6. Camponotus (Myrmocladoscus) corniculatus sp. nov. of British
Guiana, a, worker maxima in profile; h, head of same, dorsal aspect; c, thorax
and petiole of same, dorsal aspect; d, worker minima in profile; e, head of
same, dorsal aspect; /, thorax and petiole of same, dorsal aspect.

and deepl}^ concave, as long as the base. Petiole shaped much as in
sandcE-fidei; from above trapezoidal, twice as broad as long, with
straight anterior, posterior and anteriorly converging lateral borders,
the posterior corners acute; in profile the anterior surface is slightly
concave, forming a distinct angle with the dorsal surface which is
transversely convex and slopes upward and backward to the rather
blunt, narrow and transversely rounded superior border, which ter-
minates on each side in a sharp, tooth-like angle, the sides of the border
concave, converging inferiorly. The petiole has a short but distinct

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posterior extension or peduncle. Gaster rather large, oval, broader in
front than behind, the anterior surface of the first segment rounded,
with a very distinct articular condyle but without a median impression
for the accommodation of the petiolar scale. Legs rather long, fore
femora somewhat enlarged.

Shining; finely coriaceous; mesonotum, mesopleurse, metapleurse
and petiole more coarsely, almost reticulate rugulose, the base of the
epinotum somewhat longitudinally, the dorsal surface of the petiole
transversely, striate. Mandibles indistinctly shagreened, with fine
piligerous punctures; clypeus, cheeks and front with coarse, shallow,
sparse punctures; gaster very finely and transversely coriaceous, and
like the posterior portion of the head, the promesonotum, legs and
scapes with sparse piligerous punctures.

Hairs yellowish, abundant, rather coarse, of uneven length, long
and erect on the head, thorax and gaster, shorter and more oblique
on the scapes and legs, where they are most numerous on the extensor
surfaces; on the cheeks and clypeus short and blunt; pubescence
undeveloped.

Brownish yellow; mandibular teeth, posterior two-thirds of head,
the mesonotum, mesopleurse, base of epinotum and anterior half of
metapleurse and the petiole, except its ventral surface, deep piceous
brown; gaster, extensor surfaces of femora and some irregular spots
on the pronotum, paler brown.

Worker media. Length 3 mm.

Very similar to the maxima, but the head is smaller and very nearly
as broad as long. Clypeus similar but subcarinate at the base and with
the posterolateral ridges slightly less developed. Antennal scapes
longer, extending about one-fourth their length beyond the posterior
border of the head. Pronotum smaller and narrower, the base of the
epinotum distinctly concave above, with its lateral borders more
elevated, the posterior excision deeper and the lobes more acute and
dentiform, with more pronounced inward curvature. Petiole very
similar to that of the maxima but the sides are more concave and
the teeth at the lateral corners of the superior border are more dis-
tinct.

Sculpture, pilosity and color much as in the maxima, but less dis-
tinctly coriaceous, the erect hairs on the thorax longer and more
abundant, those on the cheeks and clypeus shorter and more ap-
pressed; yellow portions of head confined to the mandibles, clypeus
and anterior borders of cheeks.

Worker minima. Length 2.2-2.5 mm. (Fig. 6 d-f .)

wheeler: neotropical ants 239

Resembling the media, but tlie liead is much smaller and, without
the mandibles, not longer than broad, with the sides more converging
anteriorly and smaller, more convex and more posteriorly situated
eyes. Clypeus trapezoidal, broader in front than behind, very convex
and distinctly carinate in the middle, without posterolateral ridges,
its anterior border broad, entire, feebly sinuate on eacli side. Scapes
extending about two-fifths their length l)eyond the posterior border
of the head. Thorax, with laterally sharply marginate pro-, meso-
and epinotum; pronotum not more than one and one-half times as
broad as long, flattened above; mesonotum also very flat, sloping
backward and downward and forming an obtuse angle with the pro-
notum in profile; epinotum horizontal, more concave above than in
the media with more elevated, convex and anteriorly converging sides,
so that it appears crescentic and with more acute inwardly cur\ed
posterior teeth; in profile the base rises above the highest level of the
promesonotum so that the declivity is longer, steeper and more con-
cave. Petiole much as in the media but the sides even more conca\e,
the dentate corners of the superior border more pronounced and the
posterior peduncle-like extension somewhat longer. Legs and an-
tennae longer; gaster shorter.

Sculpture finer; surface of body smooth and shining with fine,
sparse, piligerous punctures; only the gaster distinctly coriaceous.
Pilosity proportionally longer, especially on the thorax; cheeks with
ordinar}', sparse, pointed hairs, some of which are appressed as in the
media. Color much as in the maxima and media but the pronotum
darker brown above and the yellow portions of th<e head and thorax
more brownish.

Female. Length 5.5-6 mm.

Head ^"ery similar to that of the maxima, but the eyes are larger
and more convex, the clypeus broader and more hexagonal, with the
posterolateral ridges well-developed. Antennal scapes extending
three times their greatest diameter beyond the posterior corners of the
head. Thorax of the usual shape in Camponotus females, subelliptical
from above, more than twice as long as broad; mesonotum as broad
as long, epinotum short, convex, slightly sloping, the declivity of
about the same length, abrupt, very concave, the incurved teeth of the
worker forms represented by a pair of blunt, feeble protuberances.
Petiole resembling that of the maxima but higher and broader, the
boundary between its anterior and dorsal surfaces more rounded, the
latter transversely convex, the superior border bluntly angular and
produced upward in the middle, without lateral teeth; the sides

240 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

straight. Gaster large, elongate-elliptical, parallel-sided in the middle.
Wings very short, measuring only 4 mm.

Smooth and shining; finely but distinctly coriaceous like the maxima,
with scattered piligerous punctures; meso- and metapleurje and petiole
more opaque and more coarsely coriaceous, the petiole regularly
transversely striate. Coarse punctures on the cheeks, clypeus and
front and the pilosity as in the maxima. Dark piceous brown; mandi-
bles, clypeus, anterior borders of cheeks, antennjie, middle and hind
coxpe and trochanters and ventral portion of petiole brownish yellow;
pronotiun and legs pale brown; the middle and hind femora and
tibia? darker; wing-insertions and posterior borders of gastric seg-
ments sordid yellow. Wings rather opaque, whitish, with brownish
yellow veins and pterostigma.

Described from 23 specimens (a maxima, a media, 10 minimse and
five females) taken by Mr. H. O. Lang at Kurupung, British Guiana,
No^^ 1922, from a single colony nesting in a hollow twig.

This ant is, perhaps, only a subspecies of C. hippocrcpis, described
by Emery (1920) from a single defective minima taken by Balzan
at Salinas sul Beni, Bolivia. Emery's figure and brief description agree
Avith my specimens, except in indicating that hippocrcpis has a much
shorter and shallower mesoepinotal impression and difl^erently shaped
petiolar scale. The latter is described as depressed, with the dorsal
surface broad and flat. Furthermore, the frontal carinse of corniculatus
are neither widely separated nor parallel, as in Emery's species. Both
species are closely related to C. raphacUs Forel of Costa Rica, which
I know only from the original description. Like sanctoe-fidei, the maxi-
ma of corniculatus shows in the shape of its head a significant approxi-
mation to certain species of the subgenus Colobopsis.

DEC 14 1934

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. LXXVII, No. 6

AUSTRALIAN REPTILES IN THE MUSEUM OF

COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

By Arthur Loveridge

With One Plate

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

December, 1934

PUBLICATIONS
OF THE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
AT HARVARD COLLEGE

There have been published of the Bulletin Vols. I to LXV,
LXVII-LXXV, of the Memoirs Vols. 1 to LII, LIV.

The Bulletin and Memoirs are devoted to the publication of
original work by the Officers of the Museum, of investigations
carried on by students and others in the different Laboratories of
Natural History, and of work by specialists based upon the
Museum Collections and Exploration.

These publications are issued in numbers at irregular intervals.
Each number of the Bulletin and of the Memoirs is sold separately.
A price list of the publications of the Museum will be sent on
application to the Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. LXXVII, No. 6

AUSTRALIAN REPTILES IN THE MUSEUM OF

COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

By Arthur Loveridge

With One Plate

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

December, 1934

No. 6. — AnMralian Reptiles in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

By Arthur Loveridge

CONTENTS

Introduction page

The Harvard Australian Expedition of 1931-1932 244

Earlier Harvard Australian Expeditions 245

Other sources of material 246

Acknowledgements 247

Summary of taxonomic alterations 247

List of Australian reptiles in the Museum of Comparative Zoology .... 252

Systematic Discussion

Crocodiles 259

Chelonians 260

Snakes 264

Lizards 296

Bibliography 380

INTRODUCTION

The collection of Australian reptiles in the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology consists of 2,091 specimens, representing 267 species or
races, comprising 1 of crocodihans, 8 of chelonians, 73 of snakes and
185 of lizards.

In the following report on this collection, I give the results of an ex-
amination of every individual, except where definitely stated to the
contrary. The statistical results of this study are stated under each
species so that they may be available to Australian herpetologists,
who will have some check upon the identifications and be able to
utilize the data in defining geographical races.

The name by which each species is now known is followed by the
original citation and type locality. With the latter I have taken the
liberty of substituting Australia for New Holland, Tasmania for Van
Diemen's Land, and Northern Territory for the old political area of
Central Australia. (Native names are given for a few of the central
forms; it should be understood, however, that these names are generally
quite local, and may not be used among neighboring tribes.)

244 bulletin: museum of comparative zoOlogy

In listing the material, the registration number in the departmental
catalogues is given, followed by the locality. Certain abbreviations
for political areas have been deemed advisable; these are:

N.S.W. for New South Wales

N.T. for Northern Territory

Q. for Queensland

S.A. for South Australia

T. for Tasmania

T.S. for Torres Straits

V. for Victoria

W.A. for Western Australia

If little known, the locality is generally amplified below, but it might
be as well to state here that the Margaret River so frequently men-
tioned is the one situated in the South-West Division of Western
Australia, and that Lake Violet is at the north end of Lake Way and
only three miles from Wiluna, Western i\ustralia.

Where known, the collector's name is given; if unknown, then the
source from which the specimen reached the Museum of Comparative
Zoology. The same procedure has been followed with respect to dates.
Either the date of collecting is given or, if this is not known, the date
of receipt at the Museum is substituted.

THE HARVARD AUSTRALIAN EXPEDITION OF 1931-1932

More than half of our Australian reptiles, i.e., 1,196, representing
157 species of which no fewer than 61 were new to the collection, were
actually taken in the field by members of the recent Harvard Expedi-
tion. The last figure might be augmented by a dozen more species
presented to the party by Australian friends.

The members of the Expedition from August to December, 1931,
were Professors W. M. Wheeler and G. M. Allen and Messrs. R. Ellis,
I. M. Dixson, P. J. Darlington and W. E. Schevill. During these early
months the bulk of the material (388 specimens) was simply credited
to the Harvard Expedition. Later, when the seniors returned home.
Dr. P. J. Darlington and W. E. Schevill remained in the field and took
independent itineraries, so that the material gathered by each (331
and 453 reptiles respectively) is credited to the actual collector in the
following pages.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 245

It is entirely unnecessary for me to invite attention to the energetic
and thorough way in which these two naturahsts prosecuted their
work — such will be obvious if one turns the pages of this report — but
I cannot refrain from voicing my appreciation after handHng so many
hundreds of their perfectly preserved and labeled specimens. The re-
markably complete collection of Hermannsburg reptiles, embracing
as it does 29 species of lizards and topotypes of almost every race de-
scribed by Sternfeld, made by Mr. Schevall merits special mention.
Nor should it be forgotten that the gathering of herpetological mate-
rial by these gentlemen was but incidental to the prosecution
of researches in their own particular fields of geology and en-
tomology.

The receipt last year of the final consignment resulting from the
Harvard Expedition, together with the necessity for identifying its
component species, resulted in the production of this report.

EARLIER HARVARD AUSTRALIAN EXPEDITION

Alexander Agassiz's Great Barrier Reef Expedition of 1896 pro-
vided the first direct contact between the Museum of Comparative
Zoology and Australia. Some 47 reptiles were collected at Cooktown
and in its vicinity by Messrs E. A. Olive, A. G. Mayer, and W. M.
Woodworth. Of the 18 Australian species represented, two {Typhlops
affinis and Ablepharus burnetii) still remain the only examples of their
kind in the Museum. The collection was reported upon by Garman
(1901) and references to this paper are cited throughout the present
one.

In 1913, Dr. H. L. Clark, aided by a Fellowship of the Carnegie
Foundation, visited Australia to study echinoderms. He secured some
reptiles which were reported upon by Barbour (1914). On two sub-
sequent visits (1929-1930 and 1932) Dr. Clark obtained further her-
petological material making a total of 116 specimens representing 35
species of which 18 were new to the collection, at least so far as Aus-
tralia was concerned.

Finally, through the generosity of Dr. Barbour, in 1927 Mr. W. S.
Brooks was able to visit south Western Australia. He collected 344
reptiles of 34 species, 11 of which were new to the Museum, and four,
including such a rarity as Furina bimaculata, still remain the only
representatives of their kind in the collection.

246 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

OTHER SOURCES OF MATERIAL

The first Australian specimens to reach the Museum consisted of
some 15 reptiles without history or precise locality data. In 1861,
however, these were augmented by a dozen things from Hobart,
Tasmania, presented by J. W. Robertson, Esq. During the years
1864 to 1873, C. L. Salmin contributed 16 more and between 1877 and
1879 Professor Alexander Agassiz obtained 13 from Edward Gerrard.
The latter were especially valuable additions as they came from the
Torres Straits from which region the Museum had nothing. In 1881
and succeeding years some 16 examples of almost as many species
were received from H. A. Ward of Rochester: with but few exceptions
they represented species new to the collections. In 1883 a moloch
lizard from Sir H. St. George Ord, one time Governor of Western
Australia, is of no small historical interest as were also 5 reptiles from
the Horn Expedition which were obtained from the American Museum
of Natural History by Dr. Thomas Barbour.

Among his own herpetological collection wdiich Dr. Barbour pre-
sented in 1903, were 25 Australian specimens representing 18 species,
5 of these still remain the only examples of their kind in the Museum.
These were followed by 8 reptiles purchased from W. F. H. Rosenberg
to fill other gaps, then, from the same donor, a portion of the histori-
cally valuable Malcolm A. Smith collection of sea snakes of which 31
specimens of more than a dozen species came from x\ustralian seas.
Other individuals contributed 135 reptiles in small numbers. To
enumerate them all would be tedious though these gifts are none the
less appreciated, especially those that represented species new to the
Museum.

Exchanges with other museums have always been a fruitful method
of rounding off the collections. The first of these involving Australian
reptiles, took place with the Gottingen Museum in 1865 and is of
interest because of W. Keferstein's papers dealing with this material.
About the same time half-a-dozen Australian lizards were received
from the Paris Museum through A. A. Dumeril. Several of these
have been generally considered cotypes but in view of the fact that
the exchange took place about a quarter of a century after the publica-
tion of the famous Erpetologie General such a view should be accepted
with reserve.

In the years 1870, 1876 and 1890, exchanges were carried out with
Gerald Krefft of the Australian Museum. They culminated in the
magnificent exchange arranged by Dr. Barbour in 1914. The latter

loveridge: Australian reptiles 247

brought up the total number of reptiles received from Sydney to 170
representing 80 distinct species. The inestimable value of such ex-
changes for purposes of comparative study need not be emphasized.
We feel grateful to the Australian Museum authorities for their coop-
eration in the undertaking. In the same year 19 reptiles were received
from the Queensland Museum and were followed by exchanges of
lesser importance with the Western Australian Museum (1 specimen),
United States National Museum (1), Peabody Academy of Salem (3),
British Museum (5), Amsterdam (1), Basel (1) and Vienna (1). Of
greater importance was the recent receipt of 14 specimens from the
Senckenberg Museum ; many of these were cotypes of species described
by Sternfeld from the collections made at Hermannsburg by M. von
Leonhardi.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I take this opportunity of expressing my indebtedness to Messrs.
Darlington and Schevill for permission to incorporate their interesting
field notes in the present report, as well as for their kindness in fre-
quently supplying me with information regarding localities. To Mr. W.
E. Schevill in particular I am deeply grateful for reading over this
manuscript and for his promise to see it through the press during my
absence in Africa. I am also greatly indebted to him for much help
received, particularly during the last week when my departure
necessitated speeding up the revision of Leiolopisma, the last genus
to be attempted.

This final rush has made it impossible for me to consult the litera-
ture on the Scincidae to the same extent as was done with other
families; this is the explanation of possible omissions in according
due prominence to the findings of other workers in this group.

To Messrs. J. R. Kinghorn, L. Glauert, and H. A. Longman, I
desire to express my thanks for so kindly answering questions, supply-
ing me with data pertaining to specimens in their care, and for offering
criticisms of portions of this manuscript.

SUMMARY OF TAXONOMIC ALTERATIONS

Since the publication of Boulenger's catalogues of the Reptiles in
the British Museum (1885-1896), with the notable exception of King-
horn's fine contributions to our knowledge of the snakes, /Vustralian
herpetology scarcely seems to have received that attention which so
interesting a fauna demands.

248 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Of outstanding importance are Sternf eld's papers (1919 and 1925)
on von Leonhardi's collections from the Hermannsburg Mission in
that portion of central Australia now included in the Northern Terri-
tory for administrative purposes. I believe that every, certainly al-
most every, species or race described with such acumen by Sternfeld,
will be found worthy of recognition. In a few instances, however, his
names must give way to those proposed by Rosen for reptiles collected
by Dr. N. Hoist in "West Australia." It would be of no small interest
to know exactly where Hoist collected. One thing is abundantly clear
and that is that many of the races inhabiting central Australia range
in a northwesterly direction to Broome on the west coast.

The check list of Australian lizards compiled by Zietz in 1920 has
been very helpful though it was obviously largely a non-critical com-
pilation. In synonymizing a great many of the species recognized by
Zietz, I have endeavoured to perform for this group what Kinghorn
has already done for the snakes. Much apparent synonymizing results
from my treatment of the scincids formerly included in the genus
Lygosoma. I take the view that taxonomy is largely a matter of con-
venience and Lygosoma, already of unwieldy proportions and, b}^ the
discovery and description of new forms, increasing more rapidly than
almost any other group, had better be split up into a number of genera.
Boulenger (1887), followed by Zietz (1920), called these genera 'sec-
tions' of Lygosoma. Other herpetologists have treated them as sub-
genera though this course results in unwieldy quadrinomials. While
perfectly willing to concede that the relationships between certain of
these groups such as Hemiergis and Siaphos are much more slender
than those separating the average genus, I prefer to regard them as
full genera. In doing so I have to restore to use a number of names
preoccupied in Lygosoma when used in the larger sense adopted by
Boulenger.

No stability of nomenclature in Australian herpetology can be
hoped for until some authority examines the types (where still extant)
and definitely settles the status of the many names so lavishly pro-
posed by those earlier Australian workers Macleay and De Vis.
Longman has done much work in this direction, but I would plead
for one comprehensive study of every species described. I have at-
tempted to synonymize some sixteen of them in this present paper
and have revived several of their species which had been relegated to
the synonymy by other workers. Doubtless much remains to be done
in both directions. The descriptions, more particularly the earlier
ones, of both these authors — Macleay and De Vis — were so scanty

loveridge: Australian reptiles 249

and meagre that it is often difficult to decide with any confidence what
action to take regarding their disposition.

As a result of this study, the following species or races have been
described for the first time' :

Nephrurus wheeleri
Amphibolurus dnrlingtoni
Amphibolurus barbatus minimus
Physignathus gilberti centralis
Sphenom-orphus leae brooksi
Sph e no m orphus schevilli
Rhodona nichollsi
Lygosoma darlingtoni

while the undermentioned are revived:

Ttjphlops nigrescens (Gray) from synonymy of polygrammicus (Schlegel)

Diplodactylus dliaris Boulenger " spinigerus Gray

Egernia nitida (Gray) " kingii (Gray)

Egernia napoleonis (Gray) " kingii (Gray)

Omolepida 7nelanops (Siirlmg&Zietz) " branc/iiaZe (Giinther)

Lygosoma lentiginosus (De Vis) " verreauxii (A. Dumeril)

Lygosoma frontalis {De Yis) " ophioscincus Boulenger

Ablepharus anomalus (Gray) " lineoocellatus (Gray)

and the following regarded as subspecies :

Lycodon reticulatus Gray as a race of Demansia psammophis (Schlegel)
Lycodon olivaceus Gray " Demansia psammophis (Schlegel)

Pseudonaja nuchalis Gunther " Demansia textilis (Dum. & Bib.)
Pseudonaja affinis Gunther " Demansia textilis (Dum. & Bib.)
Gehyra australis Gray " Peropus variegatus (Dum. & Bib.)

Grammatophora inermis De Vis " Amphibolurus reticulatus (Gray)
Lygosoma tympanum Lonnberg & Andersson as a race of Sphenomorpkus quoyii

(Dum. & Bib.)
Lygosoma hrachysoma Lonnberg & Andersson as a race of Sphenomorpkus

temiis (Gray)
Lygosoma {H omolepida) peter si Sternfeld as a race of Omolepida casuarinae

(Dum. & Bib.)

The following, then, are believed to be synonyms:

Emydura signata Ahl = Emydura latisternum (Gray) .

Typhlops waitii Boulenger = Typhlops australis (Gray)

Liasis childreni perthensis Stull =Liasis childreni Gray

Pseudelaps muelleri insulae Barbour = Pseiidelaps muelleri (Schlegel)
Pseudoferania macleayi Ogilby =Enhydris polylepis (Fischer)

'See bibliography.

250

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Diemenia maculiceps Boettger
Dienienia atra Macleay
D emenia ingrami Boulenger
Detnsonia signata var. vagrans Garman ■
Denisonia maculata var. devisi Waite

& Longman
Hoplocephalus nigrescens Giinther
Heteroitota fasciata Macleay
Heteronota marmorata Macleay
Gymnodactylus heteronotus Boulenger =
Gynmodactylus cheverti Boulenger
Heteronota eborncensis Macleay
Phyllodactylus macrodactylus Boulen-
ger
Phyllodactylus ajfinis Boulenger
Phyllodactylus guentheri Boulenger
Oedurella taeniata Lonnberg & Anders-
son
Gymnodactylus laevis Sternfeld

Diplodactylus platyurus Parker
1 Diplodactylus bilineatus Lucas & Frost ■■

Diplodactylus pulcher var. dorsalis

Werner
1 Diplodactylus lucasi Fry

Oedura tryoni De Vis

Oedura fracticolor De Vis

Oedura ocellata Boulenger =

Oedura cincta De Vis =

Oedura monilis De Vis

Oedura mayeri Garman =

Phyllodactylus (Oedura) castelnaui
Thominot

Amphiholurus websteri Boulenger

Amphibolurus holsti Rosen

Amphibolurus modestus Ahl
A. reticulatus major Sternfeld
Amphibolurus pallidus Boulenger
Amphibolurus I'itticeps Ahl
Physignathus nigricollis Lonnberg &

Andersson
Diporophora nuchalis De Vis
Diporophora ornata De Vis

-Demansia p. psammophis (Schlegel)
= Demansia p. otivacea (Gray)
-Demansia t. nuchalis (Giinther)
= Denisonia signata (Jan)

= Denisonia maculata (Steindachner)
= Denisonia pallidiceps (Giinther)
--Gymrtodnctylus pelagicus (Girard)
--Gymnodactylus pelagicus (Girard)
--Gymnodactylus pelagicus (Girard)
-Gymnodactylus pelagicus (Girard)
--Heteronota binoei Macleay

= P. marmoratus (Gray)
-P. marmoratus (Gray)
= P. inarmoratus (Gray)

-Diplodactylus michaelseni Werner
-Diplodactylus conspicillatus Lucas

& Frost
= Diplodactylus hilli Longman
= Z). pulcher (Steindachner)

= D. pulcher (Steindachner)
= D. pulcher (Steindachner)
--Oedura marmorata Gray
--Oedura marmorata Gray
--Oedura marmorata Gray
= Oedura marmorata Gray
= Oedura marmorata Gray
--Oedura marmorata Gray

--Oedura marmorata Gray
--Amphibolurus scutulatus Stirling &

Zietz
--Amphibolurus scutulatus Stirling &

Zietz
-Amphibolurus pictus Peters
-A. reticulatus inermis De Vis
-A. adelaidensis (Gray)
-A.b. barbatus (Cuvier)

-Diporiphora bilineata Gray

= Diporiphera australis (Steindachner)

-Diporiphera australis (Steindachner)

loveridge: Australian reptiles

251

Physignaihus incognitus Ahl

A niphibolurus branchialis De Vis

Vararius ingrami Boulenger

Egernia striata Sternfeld

Egernia pulchra Werner

Tiliqua o. auriculare Kinghorn =

^Macrogongylus brauni Werner =

Lygosoma ocelliferum Boulenger =

Lygosoma (Hinulia) hreviunguis King-
horn

Lygosoma lesueurii Dumeril & Bibron =

Lygosoma dorsale Boulenger =

Lygosoma {Hinulia) quoyi kosduskoi--
Ivinghorn

Lygosoma (Hinulia) tenuis intermedia
Kinghorn

Lygosoma tamburinense (Lonnberg & =
Andersson)

Mocoa nigricaudis Macleay

Lygosoma {Hinulia) elegantulum Peters
& Doria

Hinulia ambigua De Vis =

Hinulia domina De Vis

Mocoa spectabilis De Vis =

Mocoa lichenigera O'Shaughnessy =

IMocoa delicata De Vis

Lygosoma devisii Boulenger

Heieropus mundus De Vis =

Lygosoma laeve Oudemans

Lygosoma aeratum Garman =

Lygosoma gastrostigma Boulenger

IHemiergis initiate Werner
Siophos scharffi, (Boulenger)

Lygosoma praepeditum Boulenger

Siiaphus) simplex Cope

Lygosoma verreauxii var. biunguiculata

Oudemans
Lygosoma bancrofti Longman
Ablepharus lineo-ocellatus var. ruficau-

dus Lucas & Frost
Ablepharus heieropus Garman
Allepharus rhodonoides Lucas & Frost =

= P. gilherti gilherti (Gray)

= Physignathus lesueurii (Gray)

= V. spenceri Lucas & Frost

= Egernia inornata Rosen

= Egernia napoleonis (Gray)

= T. o. multifasciata Sternfeld

= Celestus occiduus (Shaw)

= Sphenomorphus ocellatus (Boulenger)

= <S. ocellatus (Boulenger)
= S. a. australis (Gray)
= S. spaldingi (Macleay)
= S. quoyii tympanum (Lonnberg &
Andersson)

-S. t. tenuis (Gray)

-S. tenuis brachysoma (Lonnberg &

Andersson)
= Sphenomorphus pardalis (Macleay)

-S. pardalis (Macleay)

-S. f. fasciolatus (Giinther)

= Sphenomorphus tigrina (De Vis)

- Leiolopisma challengeri (Boulenger)

- Leiolopisma cuprea (Gray)

= L. guichenoti (Dumeril & Bibron)
= L. peronii (Dumeril & Bibron)
-Leiolopisma pectoralis (De Vis)
-Leiolopisma novaeguinea (Meyer)
= Leiolopisma novaeguinea (Meyer)
-Omolepida melanops (Stirling &

Zietz)
-Siaphos maccoyi Lucas & Frost
-Lygosoma graciloides Lonnberg &

Andersson
--Rhodona lineata (Gray)
-Lygosoma verreauxii (A. Dumeril)

= Lygosoma lentiginosus (De Vis)
= Lygosoma lentiginosus (De Vis)

-Ablepharus taeniopleurus Peters
= Ablepharus burnetii Oudemans
-Ablepharus timidus De Vis

'Extraliiuital, being West Indian.

252 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

AiLstralian Reptiles in the Museum of Comparative Zoology

Note: Species discussed though unrepresented in the collection are placed
in parentheses.

CROCODYLIDAE

Crocodylus johistoni Krefft 259

CHELONIIDAE

Erctmochclys imbricata (Linnaeus) 260

Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus) 261

Chelonia depressa Garman Type 261

CHELYDIDAE

Chelodina longicollis (Shaw) 261

Chclodina steindachneri Siebenrock 262

Chelodina ohlonga Gray 262

Emydura krefftii (Gra}') 262

Emydura latisternum (Gray) 263

TYPHLOPIIDAE

Typhlops grypus Waite 264

Typhlops proximus Waite 264

Typhlops 7iigrescens (Gray) 264

Typhlops kenti Boulenger 265

Typhlops nigroterminatus Parker 265

Typhlops affinis Boulenger 265

Typhlops bifuberculatus (Peters) 266

Typhlops iciedii Peters 266

Typhlops pinguis Waite 266

Typhlops australis (Gray) 267

Typhlops endoterus Waite (inc. leonhardii Sternfeld Cotype) . . 267

BOIDAE

Liasis childrcni Gray (inc. perthensis Stull Holotype) 267

Liasis amethisfinus amethistinu^ (Schneider) (inc. clarkii Bar-
bour Holotype) 268

Liasis ameihistinus kinghorni Stull Type 269

Morelia argu^s (Linnaeus) 269

Aspidites melanocephalns ramsayi Macleay 270

LOVERIDGE: AUSTRALIAN REPTILES 253

COLUBRIDAE (CGLUBRINAE)

Natrix mairii (Gray) : 272

Demhophis caUigaster Giinther 272

Dcndropliis punctulatus (Gray) 273

COLUBRIDAE (HOMALOPSINAE)

Enhydris pohjlepis (Fischer) 273

COLUBRIDAE (BOIGINAE)

Boiga fusca (Gray) 274

COLUBRIDAE (ELAPINAE)

Glyphodon tristis Giinther 274

Pseudelaps squamidosus Dumeril & Bibron 275

Pseudelaps harriettae (Kreft't) 275

Pseudelaps dladcma (Schlegel) 275

Pseudelaps christicanus Fry 276

Demansia psammophis psammophis (Schlegel) 27()

Demansia psammophis reticulata (Gray) 277

Demansia psammophis olivacea (Gray) 277

Demansia modest a (Giinther) 278

Demansia textilis textiUs (Dumeril & Bibron) 278

Demansia textilis riichalis (Giinther) 280

Demansia textilis affin^s (Giinther) 280

Pseudechis australis (Gray) 281

Pseudechis porphyriacus (Shaw) 283

Denisonia superha (Giinther) 284

Denisonia coronata (Schlegel) 284

Denisonia coronoides (Giinther) 285

Denisonia signata (Jan) (inc. vagrans Garman Holotype) ...... 285

Denisonia suta (Peters) 286

Denisonia flagellum (McCoy) 286

Denisonia maculata (Steindachner) 287

Denisonia fasciata Rosen 287

Denisonia gouldii (Gray) 288

Denisonia pallidiceps (Gunther) 288

Denisonia carpenteriae (Macleay) 289

Hoplocephalus bitorquatus (Jan) 289

Iloplocephalus hungaroides (Boie) 290

Notechis scutatus (Peters) 290

Rhinhoplocephalus bicolor Miiller 290

254 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Acanthophis antarcticu^ (Shaw) 291

Acanthophis pyrrhus Boulenger 291

Rhynchoelaps bertholdi (Jan) 291

Rhi/nchoelaps australis (Krefft) 291

Furina bimaculata Dumeril & Bibron 292

Furina annulata (Gray) 292

HYDROPHIIDAE

Laticauda laticaudata (Linnaeus) 293

Laiicauda colubrina (Schneider) 293

Laticauda schistorhynchus (Giinther) 293

Aipysurus eydouxii (Gray) 294

Aipysurus fuscus (Tschudi) 294

Aipysurus laevis Lacepede 294

Aipysurus duboisii Bavay 294

Aipysurus foliosquama Malcolm Smith Paratypes 294

Aipysurus apracfrontalis Malcolm Smith Paratypes 294

Emydocephalus annulatus Krefft 295

Enhydrina schistosa (Daudin) 295

Hydrophis kingi Boulenger 295

Hydrophis clcgans (Gray) 295

Hydrophis major (Shaw) 295

Hydrophis ornatn^s ocellatus Gray 295

Hydrophis fasciatus atriceps Giinther 295

Acalyptophis peronii (Dumeril) 295

Lapemis hardwickii Gray 296

GEKKONIDAE

Nephrurus laevis De Vis 296

Nephrurus wheeleri Loveridge Type 297

Nephrurus asper Giinther 297

Rhynchocdura ornata Giinther 297

Lucasius damaeus (Lucas & Frost) 297

Carphodactylus laevis Giinther 298

Phyllurus platurus (Shaw) 298

Phyllurus cornutus (Ogilby) 299

Gymnodactylus louisiadcnsis De Vis (inc. olivii Garman Holo-

type) 299

Gymnodactylu.s milii (Bory de St. Vincent) 299

Gymnodactylus pelagicus (Girard) 300

Heteronota binoei Gray 300

loveridge: Australian reptiles 255

Phyllodactylm marmoratus (Gray) 301

Phylhdactylus occllatus (Gray) 302

Diplodactylus spinigerus spinigerus Gray 303

Diplodactylus spinigerus ciliaris Boulenger 303

Diplodadylus elderi Stirling & Zietz 304

Biplodadylus hyrnei Lucas & Frost 305

Diplodadylus tacnicauda De Vis 305

(Diplodadylus )i ichadscni Werner) 305

Diplodadylus ritiatus Gray 306

Diplodadylus conspicillatus Lucas & Frost 306

Diplodadylus hilli Longman 307

Diplodadylus alhoguttatus Werner 308

Diplodadylus piilchcr (Steindachner) 308

Diplodadylus stenodadylus Boulenger 309

Oedura marmorata Gray (inc. mayeri Garman Cotypes) 309

Oedura robusta Boulenger 310

Oedura lesueurii (Dumeril & Bibron) 311

Oedura rhovibifera Gray 311

Thecadadylus auMralis Giinther 311

Hemidadylus frenatus Dumeril & Bibron 311

Peropus variegatus variegatus (Dumeril & Bibron) 311

Per opus variegatus pundatus Fry 313

Peropus variegatus australis (Gray) 313

PYGOPODIDAE

Pygopus lepidopodus (Lacepede) 314

Pygopus nigriecps (Fischer) 314

Pygopus baileyi (Giinther) 314

Delma fraseri fraseri Gray 315

Delma fraseri tinda De Vis 316

Delma inipar (Fischer) 316

Aprasia pulchella Gray 316

Aprasia repens (Fry) 317

Lialis burtonis Gray 317

AGAMIDAE

Gonyocephalus spinipes (A. Dumeril) 317

Gonyocephalus boydii (Macleay) 318

Amphibolurus maculatu^ maculatus (Gray) 318

Amphibolurus maculatus gularis Sternfeld 318

Amphibolurus ornatus (Gray) 319

256 bulletin: museum of compakative zoology

Amphibolurus scutulatus Stirling & Zietz 319

Amphiholurus caudicinctus (Giinther) 319

Amphibolurus decresii (Dumeril & Bibron) 320

Amphiholurus pictus Peters 320

Amphibolurus redicidatus reticulatus (Gray) 321

Amphibolurus reticulatus inermis (De Vis) 321

Amphiholurus darlingtoni Loveridge Type 322

Amphiholurus adelaidensis (Gray) 322

Amphibolurus diemensis (Gray) 322

Amphibolurus muricatus (Shaw) 323

Amphiholurus barbatus harhatus (Cuvier) 324

Amphibolurus harhatus minor Sternfeld Cotijpe 325

Amphiholurus harhatus minimum Loveridge Type 325

Tympanocryptis lineata lincata Peters 325

Tympanocryptis lineata centralis Sternfeld Cotype 326

Tympanocryptis cephalus Giinther 326

Diporiphora hiliueata Gray) 327

Diporiphora australis (Steindachner) 328

Diporiphora winneckei Lucas & Frost 328

Physignathus gilherti gilherti (Gray) 328

Physignathus gilherti centralis Loveridge Type 329

Physignathus longirostris Boulenger 329

Physignathu3 lesueurii (Gray) 330

Chlamydosaurus kingii Gray 330

Moloch horridus Gray 331

VARANIDAE

Varanus salvator (Laurenti) 331

Varanus indicus (Daudin) 331

Varanus varius varius (Shaw) 332

Varanus varius hellii Dumeril & Bibron 332

Varanus gotddii (Gray) • • 332

(V aranus spenceri Lucas & Frost) 333

Varanus prasinus (Schlegel) 333

Varanus punctatus punctatus (Gray) 333

Varanus punctatus orientalis Fry Paratype 334

Varanus gilleni Lucas & Frost 334

Varanus caudolineatus Boulenger 334

Varanus eremius Lucas & Frost 335

Varanus acanthurus brachyurus Sternfeld 335

loveridge: Australian reptiles 257

SCINCIDAE

Egermia luctuosa (Peters) 336

Egcrnia whitii wliitii (Lacepede) (inc. L. moniligera Dumeril &

Bibron Cotype) 336

Egernia inornata Rosen (inc. striata Sternfeld Cotypes) 337

Egernia major (Gray) 338

Egernia striolata (Peters) 338

Egernia formosa Fry 338

Egernia kingii (Gray) 339

Egernia nitida (Gray) 339

Egernia napoleonis (Gray) (inc. T. dumerilii Dumeril & Bibron

Cotype) ' 340

Egcrnia cmininghami (Gray) 341

Egernia stokcsii (A. Dumeril) 341

Egcrnia dcpressa (Giinther) 341

Trachysaurus rugosus Gray 342

Tiliqua scincoidcs (Shaw) 342

Tiliqua nigrolutea Gray 343

Tiliqua occipitalis occipitalis (Peters) 343

Tiliqua occipitcdis multifasciata Sternfeld 343

Hemisphaeriodon gerrardii (Gray) 344

{Macrogongylus brauni Werner) 344

Sphenomorphus ocellatus (Boulenger . . ? 344

Sphcnomorphus australis australis (Gray) 345

Sphenomorphus austrcdis inornatus (Gray) 345

Sphenomorphus leonhardii (Sternfeld) Cotype 346

Sphenomorphus spaldingi (Macleay) 346

Sphenomorphus leae brooksi Loveridge Holotype 347

Sphenomorphus quattuordecimlineatus (Sternfeld) 347

Sphenomorphus ta^niolatus taeniolatus (Shaw) 347

Sphenomorphus colletti (Boulenger) 347

{Sphenomorphus schevilli Loveridge Holotype) 348

Sphenomorphus labillardieri (Gray) 348

Sphenomorphus tryoni (Longman) 349

Sphenomorphus quoyii quoyii (Dumeril & Bibron) 349

Sphenomorphus quoyii tympanum (Lonnberg & Andersson) . . 350

Sphenomorphus tenuis tenuis (Gray) 350

Sphenomorphus tenuis brachysoma (Lonnberg & Andersson) . . 351

Sphenomorphus isolepis isolepis (Boulenger) 352

Sphenomorphus pardalis (Macleay) 352

258 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Sphenomorphus atromaculatus (Garman) Cotypes 353

Spheiwmorphus fasciolatus fasciolatus (Giinther) 354

Sphenomorphus fasciolatus intermedins (Sternfeld) Cotype .... 354

Sphenomorphus tigrina (De Vis) 355

Em.oia cyanogastcr (Lesson) 355

Leiolopisma m.ustclina (O'Shaughnessy) 356

Leiolopisma challengeri (Boulenger) 356

Leiolopisma paraeneum (Ahl) 357

Leiolopisma cuprea (Gray) 357

f Leiolopisma aeneum (Girard) 358

Leiolopisma entrecasteauxii Dumeril & Bibron 358

Leiolopisma trilineata (Gray) 359

Leiolopisma metallica (O'Shaughnessy) 359

Leiolopisma guichenoti (Dumeril & Bibron) 359

Leiolopisma pretiosa (O'Shaughnessy) 360

Leiolopisma occllata (Gray) 361

Leiolopisma fusca (Dumeril & Bibron) 361

Leiolopisma vertebralis (De Vis) 361

Leiolopisma hicarinata (Macleay) 362

Leiolopisma rhomhoidalis (Peters) 362

Leiolopisma peronii (Dumeril & Bibron) 362

Leiolopisma pectoralis (De Vis) 363

Leiolopisma maccoeyi (Ramsay & Ogilby) Cotype 364

Leiolopisma novaeguinea (Meyer) (inc. L. aeratum Garman

Holotype) 364

Riopa rufescens (Shaw) 364

Omolepida branchiale (Giinther) 365

{Omolcjdda mclanops (Stirling & Zietz)) 365

Omolepida casuarinae casuarinae (Dumeril & Bibron) 365

Omolepida casuarinae petersi (Sternfeld) 366

Oviolepida australe (Gray) 366

Omolepida pmictidatum (Peters) 3()7

Oviolepida crassicaudum (A. Dumeril) 367

Hemiergis peronii (Fitzinger) 367

Hemiergis tridactylum. (Boulenger) 368

Hemiergis decresiense (Fitzinger) 3(i8

Hemiergis qtiadrilineatum (Dumeril & Bibron) 369

Siaphos maccoyi Lucas & Frost 369

{Siaphos graciloidrs (Lonnberg & iVndersson)) 369

Siaphos equalis (Gray) 370

Rhodona microtis (Gray) 370

LOVERIDGE : AUSTRALIAN REPTILES 259

Rhodona hougainvilln (Gray) 371

Rhodona plan.irnifralis descrtorum (Sternfeld) 371

Rhodona gcrrardii Gray 371

Rhodona pttnctatovittata Giinther 372

Rhodona nichollsi Loveridge Holotype 372

Rhodona iniopus (Giinther) 372

Rhodona bipcs Fischer 372

Rhodona lincata (Gray) 373

Lygosoma darlingtoni Loveridge Holotype 373

Lygosoma reticulatum (Giinther) 373

Lygosoma verreauxii (A. Dumeril) 373

Lygosoma lentiginosns (De Vis) 374

Lygosoma frontalis (De Vis) 374

Ablepharus houtonii virgatus Garman Holotype 375

Ablcpharus houtonii metallicus Boulenger 375

Ablepharus boutonii plagiocephalns (Cocteau) 376

Ablepharus lineoocellatus lincooccllatus Dumeril & Bibron .... 376

Ablepharus lineoocellatus anomalus (Gray) 377

Ablepharus taeniopleurus Peters 378

Ablepharus greyii (Gray) 378

Ablepharus burnetti Oudemans 378

Ablepharus timidus De Vis 379

Ablepharus rlegans (Gray) 379

Ablepharus distinguendus Werner 379

Tropidophorus queenslandiae De Vis 379

CROCODYLIDAE

Crocodylus johnstoni Krefft

Crocodilus johnsoni Krefft, 1873, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 335: Cardwell,
Rockingham Bay, Queensland. Garman, 1901, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
39, p. 13.

Crocodilus (Philas) johnstoni Gray, 1874, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 177,
pi. xxvii.

1 (M. C. Z. 6464) Cooktown, Q. (E. A. Olive) 1896.

2 (M. C. Z. 35001-2) FUnders River, Q. (G. W. de Teliga) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35003) Norman River, Q. (G. W. de TeUga) 1932.

4 (M. C. Z. 35004-7) Saxby River, Q. (G. W. de Teliga) 1932.

The pair from FUnders River were shot by Major G. W. de Teliga
on July 29, below the Manfred Arms Hotel, south of Mount Brown.

260 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Those from Saxby River in the Four-mile Hole, "Myola", on August
1, 2, and 3, 1932.

The narrow-snouted crocodile of Australia had for so long been
represented in our collections by a single alcohol-preserved embryo
that Mr. W. E. Schevill's success in obtaining a representative series
of adults, half-grown, and young proved one of the outstanding
achievements of the Harvard Expedition. The smallest specimen
(No. 35003) is 658 mm. long.

Mr. Schevill's field measurements follow:

No. 35001. c? Girth at axillae 640 mm.

Girth at groin 591 mm.

Maximum girth of belly 712 mm.

Girth behind genal bulge 545 mm.

Total length 2454 mm.

No. 35002. 9 Total length 2046 mm.

No. 35004. 9 Total length 1510 mm.

No. 35005. d' Total length 1613 mm.

No. 35006. cf Total length 1119 mm.

No. 35007. & Total length 1674 mm.

Field Mas. 9 Total length 1463 mm.

Mr. Heber Longman (1925, p. 95) has given an important and well-
illustrated account of the osteology, external characters and relations
of this interesting reptile. Gray (loc. cit.), on the authority of Krefft,
changed the spelling of the specific name from johnsoni to johnstoni,
as the name of the collector of the first specimen was Johnstone. It
would seem that the emended spelling may be allowed to stand in
this case on the grounds of a lapsus calami in the original rendering.

CHELONIIDAE

Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus)

Testudo imbricata Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 350: American Seas.
Eretmochelys sqtiamata Agassiz, 1857, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., 1, Indian and
Pacific Oceans.

1 (M. C. Z. 4176) Torres Straits (E. Gerrard) 1877.

I have not reinvestigated the status of the alleged Pacific race of
the Hawksbill Turtle but follow Malcolm Smith (1931, p. 67) in re-
ferring squamata to the synonymy of the Atlantic imbricata. Our
Torres Straits specimen measures only 46 mm. in total length of cara-
pace.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 261

Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus)

Testudo mydas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 197: Ascension Island.
Tesiudo japonica Thunberg, 1787, Sven. Akad.-Handl. Stockholm, 8, p. 178,

pi. vii: Japan.
Chelonia japonica Barbour, 1914, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, p. 205.
1 (M. C. Z. 9471) Mer Island, Torres Straits (H. L. Clark) 1914.

Here again the much discussed question as to whether japonica is
really distinct from the Atlantic m.iidas has been disregarded and the
latest investigator (Malcolm Smith, 1931, p. 70) followed. The Mer
Island turtle has been discussed at length by Barbour {he. cit. p. 205),
it agrees with mydas and not with depressa as outlined by Fry in his
key (1913, p. 168). The total length of carapace is only 50 mm.

Chelonia depressa Garman

Chelonia depressa Garman (part), 1880, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 6, p. 124:

North Australia.
Natator tessellatus McCulloch, 1908, Rec. Austral. Mus. Sydney, 7, p. 126,

pis. xxvi-xxvii: Port Darwin, Northern Territory.

Type (M. C. Z. 4473) North Australia (H. A. Ward) N. D.

The young cotype from Penang, East Indies (M.C.Z. 1413) is
definitely known to be a young Chelonia mydas.

Fry (1913, pp. 159-185) went very thoroughly into the status of
depressa, which he considered a valid species of which Natator tesselatus
is a synonym. The juvenile material at my disposal does not wholly
support Fry's views. I think it more probable that the type of de-
pressa is an aberrant individual which should be referred to the
synonymy of mydas as was done by Boulenger (1889, p. 182), Sie-
benrock (1909, p. 546) and Malcolm Smith (1931, p. 70).

CHELYDIDAE

Chelodina longicollis (Shaw)

Testudo longicollis Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool., 3, p. 62, pi. xvi: Australasia or

New Holland.
10 (M. C. Z. 2871, 8368-9, 8371-2, 8374-7, 8383) AustraHa (D. Franklin) 1913.
1 (M. C. Z. 5053) Gippsland Lakes, V. (H. A. Ward) 1881.

This series conforms well to Fry's (1915, p. 90) key to the genus
except that No. 8369 has the intergular noticeably less (by 4 mm.)
than twice as long as the suture between the pectorals. This results

262 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

in its running down to C . siebenrocki Werner, a species originally
described as from New Guinea but whose type locality was later
stated to be incorrect. Our specimen (No. 8369) is so obviously con-
specific with the remainder of the series which show such astonishing
variations in the size and shape of the intergular shield that I regard
this specimen as an aberrant individual. Number 8368 has the right
gular subdivided to form two shields. Number 8383 has only 10
marginals on the left side though all other specimens have the normal
11 on both sides. Number 8383 has a supernumary vertebral shield
resulting from the transverse division of the third vertebral. The
length of carapace of the largest terrapin (No. 5053) is 64 mm.

Chelodina steindachneri Siebenrock

Chelodina steindachneri Siebenrock, 1914, Anz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 27, p. 386:

Marloo Station, De Grey River, Western Australia.
Chelodina viillymilhjensis Glauert, 1923, Journ. Roy. Soc. West. Austral., 9,

p. 53, pi. iv: Milly Milly, Murchison River, Western Australia.
1 (M. C. Z. 33501) Marloo Station, W. A. (Senckenberg Mus.) 1931.

This topotype answers correctly to Fry's (1915, p. 90) key excepting
that the suture between the humerals and that between the pectorals
are almost equal. The length of its carapace is 44 mm.

Chelodina oblonga Gray

Chelodina oblonga Gray, 1S41, in Grej^'s Journ. Exped. West. Austral., 2,

p. 446, pi. vii: Western Australia.
Chelodina rugosa Ogilby, 1890, Rec. Austral. Mus. Sydney, 1, p. 56, pi. vii:

Cape York, Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 28758) Port Essington, N. T. (Lieut. Ince) 1929.

This stuffed specimen, received as identified from the British
Museum in 1929, agrees with Fry's (1915, p. 90) key excepting that
the third vertebral shield is 10 mm. broader than long, not "longer
than broad." It reasonably resembles the figures of the aberrant
carapace and plastron which served as the type of Ogilby 's rugosa.
The latter was referred to the synonymy of oblonga by Siebenrock
(1909, p. 573).

Emydura krefftii (Gray)

Chelymys krefftii Gray, 1871, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), 8, p. 366: Burnett
River, Queensland.

LOVERIDGE : AUSTRALIAN REPTILES 263

1 (M. C. Z. 4067) Rockhampton, Q. (C. L. Salmin) 1S73.

1 (M. C. Z. 5197) Australia (Exhil)ition Gallery) N. D.

2 (M. C. Z. 10293-4) Burnett River, Q. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 10295) Burdekin River, Q. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

3 (M. C. Z. 35008-10) Boyne River, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Number 10293 is from Eidsvold and was received as krefftii from
the Australian Museum while nos. 10294-5 were received as macquarii
from the same institution, though they lack the barbels of that species.
The Boyne River terrapin were taken near Mundubbera in March.

The material listed above agrees in possessing a nuchal shield;
length of the plastron 3 to 334 times the width of the bridge; small
rounded tubercles on upper surface of the neck; no barbels. A yellow
streak (sometimes only a blob) from the eye to the ear; a yellow band
from the end of the snout to the ear.

One Boyne River terrapin differs from its companions in having its
plastron obtusely acuminate anteriorly as in albertisii Boulenger of
New Guinea, not broadly rounded. Perhaps albertisii will prove to
be at most a race of krefftii. The length of carapace of the largest
terrapin (No. 5197) measures 255 mm.

Emydura latisternum (Gray)

Elseya latisternum Gray, 1867, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), 20, p. 44: Australia.
Emydura signata Ahl, 1932, Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, p. 127, figs:
(Brisbane), Queensland.
3 (M. C. Z. 35011-3) Lake Barrine, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
5 (M. C. Z. 35014-8) Lankelly Creek, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.
Lankelly Creek is N.E. of Coen, Cape York.

These specimens are characterized by the absence and presence of
a nuchal shield; by the width of the intergular at its broadest being
contained 1^^ to 23^ times in its length; length of the plastron 3 to 4
times in the width of the bridge; anterior surface of limbs with a series
of very broad, transverse lamellae, the forelimbs particularly strongly
fringed on the outer side.

The variation displayed by this material is of considerable interest,
the nuchal is absent from the Lake Barrine terrapin (97 to 150 mm. in
length) as also in the two younger examples (48 and 84 mm. in length)
from Lankelly Creek, is minute in a medium-sized specimen (140 mm.)
and best developed in the biggest (200 and 205 mm.) from the same
locality, which is in the Mcllwraith Range.

The coloration of the plastron varies greatly with age in series from
a given locality.

264 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

TYPHLOPIIDAE

Typhlops grypus Waite

Typhlops grypus Waite, 1918, Rec. S. Austral. Mus., 1, p. 17, figs: Marble Bar,
north Western Australia, and Gregory Downs, Queensland.
1 (M. C. Z. 35019) Hughenden, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 18; nasal cleft in contact with first labial.
Diameter 5.5 mm. Total length 355 (348+7) mm.

Kinghorn (1929, p. 53) states that only four examples of this species
were then known, two being without locality. It is interesting to note
that T. kenti also occurs at Hughenden.

Typhlops proximus Waite

Typhlops proxinms Waite, 1893, Rec. Austral. Mus., 2, p. 60, pi. xv, figs. 1-4:
Cairns, Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 2875) Australia (No further history) N. D.

1 (M. C. Z. 10277) Temora, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 10278) Murrumbal, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 10279) Parkes, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

Midbody scale-rows 20; nasal cleft in contact with first labial.
Diameters 5-14 mm., included in total lengths 32-34 times. Largest
snake (No. 10279) measures 515 (507+8) mm.

Typhlops nigrescens (Gray)

Anilios rngrescens Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., p. 135: Paramatta, New
South Wales.

Typhlops reginae Boulenger, 1889, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 4, p. 362: Queens-
land.

2 (M. C. Z. 10221, 34321) Australia (Australian Mus. & H. A. W.) 1914.
2 (M. C. Z. 10222, 10271) New South Wales (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 10270) Randwick, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 10272) Armidale, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 35029) Hartley Vale, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 22; nasal cleft in contact with first labial.
Diameters 6-10 mm., included in total lengths 37-49 times. Largest
snake (No. 10271) measures 495 (484+11) mm.

Numbers 10221-2 were received as reginae Boulenger, numbers
10270-2 as nigrescens Jan.

Waite (1918, p. 18), followed by Kinghorn (1929, p. 56) considered
nigrescens Gray (1845), ruppcUi Jan (1864) and reginae Boulenger

loveridge: Australian reptiles 265

(1889) synonymous with polygrammicus Schlegel (1884) from Timor.
However Malcolm Smith (1927, p. 219) has shown that Australian
snakes may be separated on account of the nasal cleft being in contact
with the first labial while in polygrammicus it proceeds from the suture
between the first and second labials or frequently from the second
labial only. The above specimens have been compared with a topo-
typic series of polygrammicus.

Mr. Kinghorn, to whom these notes have been shown, writes me
that he has examined over a hundred of these snakes and finds that
in all "the cleft proceeds from the first labial, so apparently all our
specimens are T. nigresccns."

Typhlops kenti Boulenger

Ty phlops kenti Boulenger, 1914, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 11, p. 482: Northern
Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 35020) Hughenden, Q. (W. Charles) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 18; nasal cleft in contact with second labial.
Diameter 3 mm., included in total length 72 times. Total length 218.5
(216+2.5) mm.

Parker (1931, p. 605) has recerftly figured the type of kmti to show
that the Western Australian species figured by Waite (1918, p. 22)
was really an undescribed form which he then names nigroterminatus.
Though kenti was described from Queensland, Kinghorn (1929, p. 59)
omits all mention of Queensland in the distribution of the species.

Typhlops nigroterminatus Parker

Typhlops nigroterminatus Parker, 1931, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (10), 8, p. 604:
Roebuck Bay, north Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 32809) Mullewa, W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 18; nasal cleft in contact with second labial.
Diameter 3 mm., included in total length 92 times. Total length 276
(265+11) mm.

Typhlops affinis Boulenger

Typhlops affinis Boulenger, 1889, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 4, p. 363: Queens-
land.

Typhlops wiedii Garman (not of Peters), 1901, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39,
p. 11.

1 (M. C. Z. 6487) Cooktown, Q. (E. A. Olive) 1896.

266 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Midbody scale-rows 18; nasal cleft apparently joining second labial.
Diameter 2.5 mm., included in total length 57 times. Total length
144 (141+3) mm.

This is the specimen referred to wiedii by Garman. Its state of
preservation leaves much to be desired but I am reasonably confident
that the reidentification is correct.

Typhlops bituberculatus (Peters)

Onychocephalns bituberculatus Peters, 1864, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,
1863 (1864), p. 233: near Adelaide, South Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 10284) Bourke, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 10285) Gandenbah, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 10286) Hillston, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
3 (M. C. Z. 24425, 24494-5) Mundaring, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.
1 (M. C. Z. 32810) Lake Violet, W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 20; nasal cleft joining second labial; head tri-
iobed. Diameters 2.5-9 mm., included in total length 49-61 times.
Largest snake (No. 10284) measures 442 (436+6) ram.

The specimen from Lake Violet, near Wiluna, was "dug out of the
nest of a small species of ant [Melophorus sp., fide Dr. W. M. Wheeler].
There were very few ants in the nesf." (W. E. S.)

Typhlops wiedii Peters

Typhlops iviedii Peters, 1867, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 24: Brisbane,
Queensland.
1 (M. C. Z. 10223) Warren, Macquarie R., N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 10224) Eidsvold, Burnett R., Q. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

Midbody scale-rows 20; nasal cleft joining second labial; head
rounded. Diameter 3 mm., included in total lengths 57-65 times.
Larger snake (No. 10223) measures 202 (195+7) mm.

Typhlops pinguis Waite

Typhlops pinguis Waite, 1897, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral., 21, p. 25, pi. iii:

South Australia.
Typhlops opisthopachys Werner, 1917, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Hamburg, 34, p. 35:

Tanga, Tanganyika Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 32813) Lake Preston, W. A. (J. McCallum Smith) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 20; nasal cleft joining second labial; snout
pointed in lateral view. Diameter 21 mm., included in total length 16
times. Total length 345 (333+12) mm.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 267

Lake Preston is near Cookernup. Elsewhere I (1933, p. 222) have
given my reasons for doubting the accuracy of the type locality of
opisthopachys which I feel convinced is a synonym of pinguis Waite.

Typhlops australis (Gray)

Anilios australis Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., p. 135: Western Australia.
Typhlops icaitii Boulenger, 1894, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., (2), 9, p. 718:
north Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 10265) s. of Perth, W. A. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 10266) Strelley River, W. A. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

3 (M. C. Z. 24424, 24492-3) Mundaring, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

2 (M. C. Z. 32811-2) Rottnest Island, W. A. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 22; nasal cleft joining second labial. Diameters
3.5-13 mm., included in total length 29-42 times, 31-42 times in
Rottnest Island snakes alone. Largest snake (No. 10266) measures
378 (370+8) mm.

Waite (1918, p. 29) hesitated to synonymize Boulenger's species
with australis but I think that there is little reason for considering it
distinct.

Typhlops endoterus Waite

Typhlops endoterus Waite, 1918, Rec. S. Austral. Mus., 1, p. 32, figs.: Her-

mannsburg. Northern Territory.
Typhlops leonhardii Sternfeld, 1919, Mitt. Senckenb. Naturf. Gesell, 1, p. 77:

Hermannsburg Mission, Upper Finke River, Northern Territory.

Cotype (M. C. Z. 22082) Hermannsburg, N. T. (M. v. Leonhardi) 1910.

This cotype of leonhardii was received from the Senckenberg
Museum. The species has recently been referred to the synonymy of
endoterus by Kinghorn (1932, p. 355) a conclusion already reached by
Dr. Robert Mertens, who wrote that name upon the label when send-
ing us the specimen in 1926.

Midbody scale-rows 22; nasal cleft joining preocular. Diameter 4
mm., included in total length 48 times. Total length 192 (186+6) mm.

BOIDAE

LiASis childreni Gray

Liasis childreni Gray, 1842, Zool. Miscell., p. 44: northwest Australia.
Liasis childreni perthensis Stull, 1932, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 8,
p. 26: Perth, Western Australia.

2 (M. C. Z. 4215) Island in Torres Straits (A. Agassiz) 1877.

1 (M. C. Z. 24426) Perth, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

268 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The Perth snake is the holotj'pe of the race perthensi^ which Dr.
Stull differentiated from the typical form of northern and eastern
AustraUa by its "smaller number of scale rows (35 instead of 39-45),
in the smaller number of ventrals (250 instead of 257-287, average
270.8), and the three pairs of prefrontals, as opposed to two in L. c.
childreni."

Regarding the status of this form, Mr. L. Glauert of the Western
Australian Museum wrote to me under date of September 28, 1932.
"On examining our series I have come to the conclusion that this sub-
species cannot stand. The scalation of the body varies with the age
and size of the individual, while the head shields are not by any means
constant as was pointed out in the British Museum Catalogue." i.e.
Boulenger (1893, p. 77).

Subsequently, in reply for a request for more definite information,
Mr. Glauert wrote that "the smallest snake in our collection is No.
102" and furnished me with the undermentioned scale-counts. Un-
fortunately precise localities are not furnished but from the context
I gather that most, or all, came from the vicinity of Perth.

um Number

Scale-rows

Ventrals

Museum Number

Scale-rows

Ventrals

192

31

212

R. 2651

42

273

R.1417

41

293

R. 4062

42

270

345

42

264

R. 1837

43

268

Ventrals

Subcaudals

264

43

291

50

247

46

253

44

When passing through London recently, I took the opportunity of
examining such specimens of childreni as had been received by the
British Museum since the publication of the "Catalogue of Snakes."
These supply the following data :

Locality Scale-rows

Cooktown, Queenslond 42

Groote Eyelandt, N. Terr. 48

Baudin Id., north W. A. (yng) 43

(ad) 43

It will be observed that the Baudin Island snakes conform to typi-
cal childreni in possessing 43 midbody scale-rows, but to perthensis in
the low number of ventrals. With more abundant material it may
yet be demonstrated that perthensis is valid on a basis of average
lower counts.

LiASis AMETHiSTiNUS AMETHiSTiNUS (Schneider)

Boa amethistina Schneider, 1801, Hist. Amph., 2, p. 254.

Python amethystinus Boulenger (part), 1893, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., 1, p. 83.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 269

Liasis darki Barbour, 1914, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27, p. 202: Mer
Island, Murray Islands, Torres Straits.

1 (M. C. Z. 9600) Mer Id., Torres Straits (H. L. Clark) 1914.

This specimen is the holotype of clarki which Barbour correctly
referred to Liasis, his action being confirmed by Stull in mss. who finds
that it conforms to typical New Guinea amcthistinus. I might add
that our two New Guinea and this Mer Island snake differ from the
continental material in lacking an interparietal.

Liasis amethistinus kinghorni Stull

Liasis amethistinus kinghorni Stull, 1933, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michi"
gan. No. 2^7, June 28, p. 3: Lake Barrine, Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 35021) Cucania, near Babinda, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
3 (M. C. Z. 35022-4) Lake Barrine, Q. (W. E. S. & P. J. D.) 1932.

The above are the original type series, one of which has since been
presented to the Queensland Museum, Brisbane.

Midbody scale-rows 45-52; ventrals 332-344; subcaudals 108-116;
supralabials 13-14, 4 pitted; infralabials 22-24, 7-9 pitted; preoculars
2-3; postoculars 3-5; loreals 4-5; inier parietal present. Largest snake
(No. 35023) measures 3650 (3180+470) mm. These are field measure-
ments made before skinning by Mr. W. E. Schevill, who further writes
regarding this snake: "Shortly after midnight, April 4, 1932, this
python raided the fowl-yard, but on detection abandoned the hen,
which was already dead, and took refuge in a papaya tree about 15
feet high. A dog that was chained nearby, and which ordinarily gave
the alarm when dasyures or cats were raiding, made no sound, but
lay low." (W. E. S.)

Of the others Mr. Schevill writes: "One, taken at night, was l}^ng
fullv extended on a trail near Lake Barrine. It made no move; had
recently shed. Measured 2437 mm. immediately after death. Stomach
empty. Aboriginal name Goondai.'" "At Dinner Creek, Cucania,
Queensland, a male measuring 2315 mm. was caught killing a hen.
April 6, 1932." (W. E. S.)

Morelia ARGUS (Linnaeus)

{Coluber) Arges Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 227: "Africa."
{Coluber) Argus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 389: "Africa."
Coluber spilotus Lacepede, 1804, Ann. Mus. Paris, 4, pp. 194, 209: Australia.
Morelia variegata Gray, 1842, Zool. Miscell., p. 43: Port Essington, Northern
Territory.

/i

270 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Python spilotes macrospila Werner, 1909, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., 28, p. 274: no
locality.
3 (M. C. Z. 2200, 2513, 18379) Australia (Paris & Australian Mus.) V. D.
2 (M. C. Z. 2214, 6305) Sydney, N. S. W. (Gottingen & Austral. Mus.) V. D.

2 (M. C. Z. 10555 Exhibit) Queensland (Queensland Mus. & N. Y. Zoo) 1914.
5 (M. C. Z. 32801-5) West Wallaby Id., W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.

1 (M. C. Z. 32806) Margaret River, W. A. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.

3 (M. C. Z. 35025-7) Lake Barrine, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35028) Hermannsburg Mission, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 43-51; ventrals 259-290; anal single; suprala-
bials 12-14; infralabials 16-20; preoculars 2-4; postoculars 3-6;
loreals 5-8. The largest snake (No. 32804) measures 1691 (1430+261)
mm.

Boulenger (1893, p. 82, footnote) rejected argus {urges errore in
10th ed.) as it was based on a figure in Seba (Thes., 2, pi. ciii, fig. 1)
which appeared to be a composite. The body pattern is undoubtedly
that of the snake more recently called spilotes but large cephalic plates
have been drawn in. Dr. O. G. Stull (in mss.) considers that argus
must be recognized, and has revived the genus Morelia for its reception.

M. mriegata Gray, though so strikingly different in color and
pattern from typical argus, appears to me to be nothing but a dimorphic
form, its distribution uncorrelated with any definite geographical
region or topographical environment. Of the above series Nos. 2214,
6305 and 18379 might be referred to typical argus and the rest to
variegata but numerous intermediates occur so that one form grades
into the other. Of the distribution of argus (as spilotes) Kinghorn
(1929, p. 80) states: "The coastal districts of Australia generally. It
is also found inland in some eastern parts" while of variegata he (1929,
p. 78) says: "Essentially an inland variety though it may be met with
in some of the coastal areas." The West Wallaby Island series are
quite definitely of the variegata type, however.

Of these West Wallaby snakes Mr. Schevill writes: "Very sluggish,
at least at the time of our visit (October 10-23, 1931). Generally
found coiled up into a truncated cone, asleep — sometimes under a bush
or in the mouth of a shearwater burrow, but more often in a secluded
niche among the rocks. Even when found crawling about were quite
sluggish and easily captured. One was taken just after swallowing a
small Egernia stokesii."

Aspidites melanocephalus kamsayi Macleay

Aspidiotes ramsayi Macleay, 1882, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 6, p. 813: Fort
Bourke, New South Wales.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 271

Aspidites collaris Longman, 1913, Mem. Queensl. Mus., 2, p. 140: Avondale
Station, via Cunnamulla, Queensland.
1 (M. C. Z. 32806) Near Burracoppin, W. A. (W. Australian Mus.) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 32807) ? Merredin, W. A. (E. A. LeSouef) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 53; ventrals 283-296; anal entire; subcaudals
44-48; labials 11-13, 6th or 7th or 6th and 7th entering the orbit; the
eye is not separated from the labials ; prefrontals form a median suture.
Both are within a millimetre of the same measurements, the larger
1717 (1585+132) mm.

When Boulenger (1893, p. 91) dealt with this genus he had only
Krefft's type of mclanoccphalus. A. ramsayiwas only known to him
from Macleay's description.

Waite (1917, pp. 436-440) has given a good summary of our knowl-
edge of this genus and states that Longman suggests the possibility of
collaris being based on a semi-albino juvenile.

Glauert (1928, p. 28) gives the range of melanocephalus in Western
Australia as "Kimberly Tableland, North Wheat Belt and Burra-
coppin." (the last record doubtless based on the specimen listed above) ;
for ramsayi he gives "Geraldton to Meckering."

Kinghorn (1929, p. 82) is probably more correct in restricting the
range of melanocephalm to northern Australia. The type locality is
Port Denison, Queensland and the only other records known to Waite
were all northern Queensland. He follows Waite in referring collaris
to the synonymy of ramsayi.

On comparing the material listed above with the descriptions of
melanocephalus and ramsayi, they are found to be in agreement with
the latter both in coloration and in the number of ventrals ; the number
of midbody scale-rows and subcaudal shields are so close in both forms
as to be of doubtful diagnostic value ; the same might be said regarding
the number of supralabials — 10 to 12 in melanocephalus, 11 to 14 in
ramsayi. They are in agreement with melanocephalus in having the
eye in contact with the labials. Waite has shown that this is constant
in melanocephalus but inconstant in ramsayi. It seems to me therefore
that we are dealing with geographical forms of one species which may
be separated as follows:

Ventrals more than 310 (known range 320-
350); head usually black in adults. East-
ern and northern Queensland A. m.. melanocephalus

Ventrals less than 310 (known range 283-
308) ; head usually brown in adults. West-
ern and central Australia; New South
Wales; southern Queensland A. m. ramsayi

272 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

COLUBRTDAE (COLUBRINAE)
Natrix mairii (Gray)

Tropidonotus mairii Gray, 1841, in Grey's Journ. Exped. West. Austral., 2,
p. 442: Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 2524) Queensland (Australian Mus.) 1870.

1 (M. C. Z. 10269) Clarence R., N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

3 (M. C. Z. 35070-2) Nr. Mundubbera, Q. (J. Parker etal.) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 15; ventrals 149-153; anals 2; subcaudals
67-70; supralabials 8-9, 3rd, 4th and 5th or 4th, 5th and 6th entering
the orbit; preoculars 1 (being abnormal in No. 2524) or 2. Largest
snake (No. 10269) measures 640 (530+110+) mm.; tip of tail missing.

Number 2524 was received from Dr. Krefft as picturatus (Schlegel),
a species with which mairii was for some time confused. According to
Rooij (1917, p. 77) jncturatus does occur in Northern Australia but is
omitted by Kinghorn (1929). In view of such records as the Clarence
River snake it is surprising that the latter author (1929, p. 87) gives
the distribution of mairii as "From the Moluccas, through New
Guinea to the northern parts of Australia." though Lucas and Le
Souef (1909, p. 170) under the name jnchiratus had given it as "East
Australia, north of the Clarence River."

Dendrophis calligaster Giinther^

Dendrophis calligaster Giinther, 1867, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), 20, p. 53:

Cape York, northeastern Australia.
Dendrelaphis schlenkeri Ogilby, 1898, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 23, p. 361,

fig: Fife Bay, British New Guinea.
Dendrophis calligaster Garman, 1901, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 12;

Barbour, 1914, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27, p. 203.
1 (M. C. Z. 6488) Cooktown, Q. (A. E. Olive) 1896.

1 (M. C. Z. 9472) Mer Id., T. S. (H. L. Clark) 1914.

2 (M. C. Z. 35062-3) Lankelly Creek, Q. (P. J. Darhngton) 1932.

3 (M. C. Z. 35064-6) Rocky Scrub, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

Both the last mentioned localities are in the Mcllwraith Range,
near Coen.

Midbody scale-rows 13; ventrals 179-183; anals 2; subcaudals 119-
144; labials 8-9, 4th and 5th or 5th and 6th entering the orbit, the
latter condition occurring in three snakes and then on one side of the

' For use of Dendrophis and not AhaetuUa, see Stejneger, Copeia, 1933, p. 199.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 273

head only; temporals 2+3 except for tvN'^o snakes where it is 1 + 1 or
aberrant; a dark streak on the side of the head. Largest snake (No.
35064) measures 1162 (772+390) mm.

Dendrophis punctulatus (Gray)

Leptophis punctulatus Gray, 1827, in Bang's Voy. Austral., 2, p. 432: Careening

Bay, Northern Territory.
Dendrophis (Ahetula) olivacea Gray, 1842, Zool. Miscell., p. 54: Port Essington,

Northern Territory.
Dendrophis {Ahetula) fusca Gray, 1842, Zool. Miscell., p. 54: Port Essington,

Northern Territory.
Dendrophis prasinus Girard, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., p. 181:

Australia.
Dendrophis gracilis Macleay, 1877, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 2, p. 220: Towns-
ville, Cleveland Bay, Queensland.

Head (M. C. Z. 2521) New South Wales (G. Krefft) 1870.
1 (M. C. Z. 3099) AustraUa (C. L. Salmin) N. D.
1 (M. C. Z. 7797) Mossman, Q. (J. C. Kershaw) 1910.

Midbody scale-rows 13; ventrals 204-208; anals 2; sub-caudals
126-128; labials 8, 4th and 5th entering the orbit; temporals 1+2; no
dark streak on side of head. Larger snake (No. 3099) measures 1508
(1082+426+) mm., tip of tail missing.

These snakes are strongly reminiscent of the neotropical Leptophis,
species of which are now known to be very variable. Longman regards
gracilis as worthy of recognition as a color form but being doubtful
of its status I follow Boulenger (1896, p. 82) in referring it to the
synonymy.

COLUBRIDAE (HOMALOPSINAE)

Enhydris polylepis (Fischer)

Hypsirhina pobjlepis Fischer, 1886, Abh. Nat. Geb. Hamburg, 9, p. 14: Fly

River, New Guinea.
Pseudof crania 7nacleayi Ogilby, 1890, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., (2), 5, p. 51:

Herbert River at Ripple Creek, Queensland.

9 (M. C. Z. 35067) Coen, Q. (P. J. Darhngton) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 21; ventrals 152; anals 2; subcaudals 41;
labials 8, 5th and 6th entering the orbit as in polylepis; 3 infralabials
in contact with anterior chin shields; preocular 1; postoculars 2,
temporals 1+2. Total length 673 (575+98) mm. Gravid with a
dozen eggs measuring about 15x10 mm.; considerable deposits of
fat; stomach empty.

274 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

De Rooij (1917, p. 183) gives the range for New Guinea poly le pis
as: Midbody scale-rows 21 or 23 (25); ventrals 137-156; subcaudals
37-48. Kinghorn (1929, p. 90) just repeats Boulenger's (1896, p. 9)
old figures for macleayi (viz. Midbody scale-rows 21-23; ventrals
147-152; subcaudals 38-47), though Lonnberg and Andersson (1913,
p. 8) had recorded a specimen from Cairns, under the name oi poUjlepis,
as having 155 ventrals and 38 subcaudals. As the other supposedly
differential characters are now known to be variable I propose to unite
macleayi with polylepis for they do not appear to be even geographical
races.

COLUBRIDAE (BOIGINAE)

BoiGA FUSCA (Gray)

Dendrophis fusca Gray, 1842, Zool. Miscell., p. 54: Port Essington, Northern

Territory.
Dipsas boydii Macleay, 1884, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 9, p. 548: Ripple

Creek, Ingham, northern Queensland.
Dipsas ornata Macleay, 1888, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2), 3, p. 416: King
George's Sound, north Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 7800) Queensland (H. A. Ward) 1910.

1 (M. C. Z. 35068) Lake Barrine, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 19-21; ventrals 238-255; anal 1; subcaudals
97-100; labials 8-9, 3rd, 4th and 5th or 4th, 5th and 6th entering the
orbit. Larger snake (No. 7800) measures 1485 (1190+295) mm.

Kinghorn (1929, p. 84) has synonymised orjiata with /w^ca and states
that the type has 19 midbody scale-rows, not 15 as appeared in the
original description.

COLUBRIDAE (ELAPINAE)
Glyphodon tristis Giinther

Glyphodon tristis Giinther, 1858, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 211: northeast

Australia.
Denisonia fenestrata De Vis, 1905, Ann. Queensl. Mus., No. 6, p. 50: Queens-
land.
Glyphodon tristis Barbour, 1914, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27, p. 203.
3 (M. C. Z. 9499-9501) Mer Id., T. S. (H. L. Clark) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 10155) Murray Is., T. S. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

Midbody scale-rows 17; ventrals 168-173; anals 2; subcaudals 46-
47, paired except anterior three of No. 10155. Largest snake (No.
10155) measures 921 (790 + 131) mm.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 275

Longman (1912, p. 23) has shown that fetiestrata should be referred
to the synonymy of this species.

Pseudelaps squamulosus Dumeril & Bibron

Pseudelaps squamtdosiis Dumeril & Bibron, 1854, Erpet. Gen., 7, p. 1235:

Type locality uncertain.
Pseudelaps fordei Krefft, 1869, Proc. Zool. Spc. London, p. 318, fig: Ipswich,
Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 10280) Clarence R., N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 35073) Cascade, Dorrigo, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 15; ventrals 172-177; anals 2; subcaudals
36-43, paired; temporals 1+2; nasal divided. Larger snake (No.
10280) measures 575 (500+75) mm.

Pseudelaps harriettae (Krefft)

Cacophis harriettae Krefft, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 319, fig: Warro>
Port Curtis, Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 5227) Australia (H. A. Ward) 1884.

1 (M. C. Z. 10243) Blackall Range, Q. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 10541) Brisbane, Q. (Queensland Mus.) 1914.

Midbody scale-rows 15; ventrals 171-183; anals 2; subcaudals 26-
34, paired. Despite its low ventral count, the Brisbane snake is un-
doubtedly harriettae. Largest snake (No. 10541) measures 398 (350 +
48) mm.

Longman (1918, p. 40) has published some interesting notes on the
habits and variation of this species.

Pseudelaps diadema (Schlegel)

Calamaria diadema Schlegel, 1837, Phys, Serp., 2, p. 32: Australia.
Pseudelaps diadema Garman, 1901, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 12.

1 (M. C. Z. 6309) Sydney, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1890.

1 (M. C. Z. 6489) Cooktown, Q. (E. A. Olive) 1S96.

1 (M. C. Z. 35074) Coen, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35075) Nr. Mundubbera, Q. (J. Parker) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 15; ventrals 170-176; anals 2; subcaudals 43-
58, paired. Largest snake (No. 35074) measures 452 (360+92) mm.

Fry (1915, p. 92) has suggested that the records of this species from
northern and western Australia may include examples of christieanus
which closely resembles diadema.

276 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

PSEUDELAPS CHRISTIEANUS Fry

Pseudelaps christieanus Fry, 1915, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl., 27, p. 91, fig. 6:
Port Darwin, Northern Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 29790) Near Darwin, N. T. (H. L. Clark) 1929.

Midbody scale-rows 17; ventrals 170; anals 2; subcaudals 56. Total
length 326 (260+66) mm.

Kinghorn (1926, p. 65) has drawn attention to Tate Regan having
entered this species in the Zoological Record for 1915 as P. {i.e.
Pseudechis) christieanus, unfortunately, however, both then and later
(1929, p. 127) Kinghorn omits the second "i" in the specific name; the
author's original spelling is given above.

Though in a footnote Fry suggested that the tail of the type might
be incomplete with 38 subcaudals, the suggestion is omitted by
Kinghorn. In this connection I might remark that I have examined
the type of Pseudelaps muclleri insulae Barbour from Djamna islet
which was said to differ from the typical New Guinea snake in its
shorter tail, fewer subcaudals and different coloring. The tail of the
type has been truncated in life and healed over; the snake is a rather
melanistic example but some of the underlying markings can be de-
tected. As similar dark specimens are known to occur on the mainland
I consider insulae to be a synonym of muelleri (Schlegel).

Kinghorn (1929, p. 127) states that only two examples of christieanus
are known, our topot3'pe is therefore the third and it should be ob-
served that it has 56 subcaudals, paired.

Demansia psammophis psammophis (Schlegel)

Elaps -psammophis Schlegel, 1837, Phys. Serp., 2, p. 455: Australia.

Diemenia viaculiceps Boettger, 1898, Katal. Rept. Mus. Senckenb., 2, p. 116:
Burnett River, Queensland.

2 (M. C. Z. 2516-7) New South Wales (Australian Mus. )1870.

2 (M. C. Z. 3100, 20172) Australia (C. L. Salmin) 1864

1 (M. C. Z. 10260) Clarence River, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

Midbody scale-rows 15; ventrals 174-183; anals 2; subcaudals 75-
79, paired; No. 2516 is aberrant with 7 supralabials, 3rd and 4th en-
tering the orbit. Largest snake (No. 2516) measures 762 (582 + 180)
mm.

Of our material all those with vague data are pale olive above and
undoubtedly represent the typical form. The Clarence River snake
agrees with them in possessing the circumorbital markings charac-
terizing psammophis and reticulata according to Kinghorn's figures

lovekidge: Australian reptiles 277

(1929, pp. 136-7) but it is black above. Boettger's maculiceps appears
to me to be an intermediate between typical psavimophis and olivacea.

To judge by Boulenger's (1896, p. 322) data, there would appear
to be at least three good geographical color races: In the southeast
(psammopMs), in the west and northwest (reticulata), in the north
and northeast and New Guinea {papuensis). To these I propose to
add a fourth by reducing olivacea to subspecific rank. In African snakes
of the genera Psammophis and Trimerorhinus I have found that the
relative width and breadth of the rostral is not always of specific
importance. In practice, also, the fine distinctions used in Boulenger's
key to Demansia (1896, p. 321) where he utilises the length of the pre-
frontals in relation to that of the internasals, break down and do not
separate psammophis, olivacea and torquata. In our material listed
above, the rostral is broader than deep {olivacea) and the internasals
more than half the length of the prefrontals {psammophis or torquata).
Kinghorn's (1932, p. 356) recent records of torquata from southwestern
Queensland makes one wonder if torquata is anything more than a
color mutant of psammophis.

Kinghorn (1929, pp. 136-7) gives the ranges of psammophis and of
reticulata as "Known from almost all over Australia, and parts of
New Guinea" and "Probably all over Australia" but these are gen-
eralizations in a popular handbook. A reexamination of all the ma-
terial in Australian museums would help to clear up the status of the
proposed races.

Demansia psmimophis reticulata (Gray)

Lycodon reticulatus Gray, 1842, Zool. Miscell., p. 54: Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 24438) Gerald ton, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

Midbody scale-rows 15; ventrals 188, the last one being divided;
anals 2; subcaudals 71, paired; rostral broader than deep; internasals
rather more than half the length of the prefrontals. Total length 749
(582 + 167) mm.

"Taken beneath a stone on February 17, 1927." (W. S. B.) A
western and northwestern race extending eastwards to Alice Springs
in central Australia.

Demansia psammophis olivacea (Gray)

Lycodon olivaceus Gray, 1842, Zool. Miscell., p. 54: northeast Australia.
Diemenia atra Macleay, 1884, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 9, p. 549: Ripple
Creek, Ingham, northern Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 35076) Lankelly Creek, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

278 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Midbody scale-rows 15; ventrals 172; anals 2; subcaudals 78;
rostral as broad as deep; internasals more than half as long as the
prefrontals. Total length 748 (565 + 183) mm.

This snake from the Mcllwraith Range, Cape York, differs from
typical psamviophis and the race reticulata in lacking the circumorbital
and transrostral markings and by possessing, though but faintly dis-
cernible, the temporal spotting as figured for olivacea by Kinghorn
(1929, p. 131). Otherwise it is melanistic, except for the slightly paler
head, light throat and posterior subcaudal region. It undoubtedly
represents atra of Macleay (not Krefft as in Kinghorn) of which
Kinghorn states that only the type is known.

Demansia modesta (Giinther)

Cacophis modesta Giinther, 1872, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 9, p. 35, pi. iii,

fig. C: Perth and northwest Australia.
Furina ramsayi Macleay, 1885, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 10, p. 61: Milparinka,

western New South Wales.

1 (M. C. Z. 22379) Geraldton, W. A. (British Mus.) 1926.

Midbody scale-rows 17; ventrals 155; anals 2; subcaudals 51, paired.
Total length 437 (360+77+) mm., tip of tail missing.

Fry (1914, p. 192) has reexamined the types of ramsayi and points
out numerous discrepancies in Macleay's description. He confirms
Boulenger's action in synonymising ramsayi with modesta.

Demansia textilis textilis (Dumeril & Bibron)

Furina textilis Dumeril & Bibron, 1854, Erpet. Gen., 7, p. 1242: Australia.
Pseudechis cupreus Boulenger (part), 1896, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., 3, p. 329:
Murray River, Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 6306) Sydney, N. S. W. (AustraUan Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 6307) Richmond, N. S. W; (AustraUan Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 6308) Germanton, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 35089) The Coorong, S. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 17; ventrals 198-212; anals 2; subcaudals
63-66, paired, except in the Coorong snake which has the anterior six
single; middle portion of frontal narrower than a supraocular; portion
of rostral visible from above less than two-thirds its distance from the
frontal. The three New South Wales specimens are very young, the
first two listed exhibit transverse barring. The largest (No. 35089)
which is uniformly dark brown above, below each scale edged with
brown and usually mottled with grey, measures 1547 (1326+221) mm.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 279

Considerable confusion has resulted from the earlier determinations
of this snake and its immediate allies. The relationships of the con-
fused forms are outlined in the following key, which should be tested
by larger series than are at my disposal. In view of Thomson's (1930,
p. 128) findings as to the wide range of variation in frontal width in
Pscuclcckis australis, including PscudccJus cuprcus Boulenger (part), it
seems probable that this character will prove of little value in Demansia
also. It is doubtful if D. t. itiframacula Waite is worthy of recognition;
as might be expected, our Coorong snake is intermediate between
textilis and inframacula in belly coloring. Undoubtedly the key will
require amending when tested by more material ; care should be taken,
however, to avoid inclusion of related species such as carinata (Long-
man) and guttata Parker, both of Queensland.

I regard D. t. affinis as the parent form which has given off nuchalis
in the northwest and Northern Territory, inframacula on Coffin's
Bay Peninsula, and textilis in the southeast.

Scales in 19 rows (^Yestern Australia from Perth

southwards D.t. affinis

Scales in 17 rows 1.

1. Frontal narrower than a supraocular (New
South Wales and South Australia; adjacent

regions) D-t. textilis

Frontal broader than a supraocular 2.

2. Frontal almost straight-sided; belly grey,
each ventral scute with a pair of black blotches

(Coffin's Bay Peninsula, South Australia) ... D. t. inframacula
Frontal distinctly bell-shaped; belly yellowy im-
maculate, or with reddish-brown spots fading
out in the adult. (North Western Australia

and Northern Territory) B.t. nuchalis

The foregoing conclusions were reached before reading Fry's (1914,
pp. 190-6) views on this group. Though he treats the forms as full
species we have arrived at much the same conclusions as to distribu-
tion. Regarding nuchalis, however, he has been led astray by accepting
records such as that of Werner (1909, p. 257) for Rottnest Island,
whereas I hazard a guess that Werner used nuchalis in the earlier sense
and what he had was really affinis. Fry treats Pseudclaps hancrofti
De Vis as a synonym of nuchalis which, if corrrect, would extend the
range as defined above. I think, however, that the status of hancrofti
and a number of other names should all be reconsidered carefully in
the light of modern views of geographical races.

280 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Demansia textilis nuchalis (Giinther)

Pseudonaja nuchalis Gunther, 1858, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 227: Port

Essington, Northern Territory.
Diemenia ingrami Boulenger, 1908, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 1, p. 334:
Alexandra, Northern Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 29789) Broome, W. A. (H. L. Clark) 1929.

1 (M. C. Z. 35077) Port Darwin, N. T. (H. L. Clark) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35078) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 17; ventrals 189-213; anals 2; subcaudals 55-
60; the labials on the right side of No. 35077 are aberrant, being 7,
the 3rd, 4th and 5th entering the orbit. Largest snake (No. 35078)
measures 1198 (1017 + 181) mm.

As indicated above, Boulenger (1896, p. 326) confounded nuchalis
and affinis. Later (1908, he. cit.) he described ingrami, stating that the
diameter of the eye was equal to one-third the length of the snout.
This is an age character, being a third in our large Hermannsburg
snake, half in the half-grown Port Darwin reptile, and once and a
half in the juvenile specimen from Broome. The portion of the rostral
visible from above is equal, or slightly longer (No. 35077) than, its
distance from the frontal (not "about one half"). Frontals are broader
than the supraoculars (not "equal to") and their sides almost straight,
being but slightly bell-shaped; nasal barely, or broadly, in contact
with the preocular (not "separated from"); fifth supralabial broadly
(in young) or narrowly (in largest) separated from the parietal.
Despite these differences I feel reasonably sure that our three snakes
represent the same race as Boulenger's holotype of ingrami which
was a very old snake measuring 1510 (1270+240) mm.

Kinghorn (1929, p. 129) in writing of the distribution of nuchalis,
states that he has "a somewhat doubtful record from Port Essington
(Q.)" Apart from Port Essington not being in Queensland, this is
strange, for Port Essington is the type locality of nuchalis.

Demansia textilis affinis (Gunther)

Pseudonaja affinis Gunther, 1872, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 9, p. 35, pi. iv,
fig. C: Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 10281) Perth, A. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

2 (M. C. Z. 24444-5) Perth, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

1 (M. C. Z. 32814) Rottnest Id., W. A. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 19; ventrals 214-215; anals 2; subcaudals 56-
62; portion of rostral visible from above is equal to (Nos. 10281,

loveridge: Australian reptiles 281

24445) or only two-thirds (Nos. 24444, 32814) its distance from the
frontal. Largest snake (No. 32814) measures 1160 (1000 + 160) mm.
Boulenger (1896, p. 326) confused affinis with nuchalis. Fry (1914,
p. 193) followed by Kinghorn (1929, p. 133) revived affinis as a full
species, a course which is probably the correct one for it differs from
textilis and the other races in its more numerous midbody scale-rows
and more numerous ventrals. It has, however, been confused with
nuchalis so often that for the present I prefer to treat it as a race.
Both Fry and Kinghorn give its number of midbody scale-rows as
from 17 to 21, obtaining the former number from Boulenger and the
latter from Lucas and Frost's (1896, p. 148) record of a snake from
Reedy Creek, George Gill Range, Northern Territory. I suggest that
a reexamination of this snake will reveal it to be another species,
possibly guttata Parker which has 21 midbody scale-rows.

Pseudechis australis (Gray)

Naja australis Gray, 1842, Zool. MiscelL, p. 55: northeast Australia.
Pseudechis cupreus Boulenger (part), 1896, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., 3, p. 329:

Murray River, Australia. (Krefft's specimen).
Pseudechis australis Loveridge, 1927, Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer., 1, p. 58.
1 (M. C. Z. 7099) Australia (T. Barbour don.) 1903.
1 (M. C. Z. 35086) Jones Valley, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35087) Templeton River, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35088) Coen, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.
Jones Valley is N.W. of Hughenden; Templeton R. between Mt. Isa and
Camooweal.

Midbody scale-rows 17; ventrals 198-208; anals 2; subcaudals 57-
67, partly single, partly paired. In this connection I might remark
that I have very carefully reexamined the snake from Merauke, New
Guinea (MC.Z. 22811) which has all except the last subcaudal single
(loc. cit. supra) and am satisfied with its identification. All five snakes
are uniformly yellowish beneath. Largest snake (No. 35086) measures
1716 (1470+246) mm. Waite (1915, p. 737) mentions an example of
1640 mm., which he thinks may be the largest recorded; it is surpassed
by one from Stewart River, Queensland, recorded by Thomson (1930,
p. 128), which measured 2039 mm.

I am deeply indebted to Mr. J. R. Kinghorn for drawing my atten-
tion to Thomson's important paper in which that author synonymises
P. darwiniensis with australis. Thomson (1930, p. 153) also shows that
cupreus was based on McCoy's colored plate of a Demansia, plus
Krefft's description of two snakes from the Murray River and Port

282 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Denison which were undoubtedly P. australis. Thus cuprcus Boulenger
is a composite and may be dropped from the AustraUan Hst. The snake
from the Coorong, now referred to Deman^sia t. textilis, agreed so well
with McCoy's figure and description that I confess to having referred
it to cupreus before reading Thomson's paper and examining its teeth.

In the above series the rostral is slightly (No. 35086) or considerably
broader than long; the internasals measured along the median suture,
are less than half, or exactly half (Nos. 35086, 35088) the length of the
prefrontals; the frontal is from once and a half (Nos. 35086, 35088) to
twice (Nos. 7099, 35087) as broad as long, and either barely broader
than (No. 35087), broader than (Nos. 7099, 22811') or much broader
than (Nos. 35086, 35088) the supraocular. It will be seen that the
Jones Valley and Coen snakes vary in the direction of darwiniensis,
but Thomson has showed wide variation in frontal width not only in
his series from Coen but in three specimens supposedly from the type
locality — Port Darwin. The temporals may be 1+1 or 1+2 on dif-
ferent sides of the head in the same snake.

Eradu, type locality of Pscudechis denisonioides Werner, is near
Geraldton, so that it is hardly correct to say "Restricted to South-
western Australia" (Kinghorn, 1929, p. 161). Glauert (1928, p. 74)
has recorded it from Dorre Island, about 300 miles north of Eradu.
Whether this second specimen had an entire anal like the type is not
stated, nor am I certain whether an entire anal in such a genus as
Pseudechis is of diagnostic value as a specific character. A critical
study of all Western Australian "australis" might show that the name
denisonioides could be applied in a wider sense. Unfortunately Fry
(1914, p. 197) did not give the locality of the western snake with a
divided anal whose scale counts agreed with those of denisonioides.

Mr. Glauert, to whom the preceding paragraph was submitted,
writes me (May 19, 1933) as follows: "When I checked recently a
specimen from Dorre Island which was regarded as denisonioides in
m}' list of Western Australian reptiles on a determination made when
the Reptilia were not under my control, I found that the snake had a
divided anal and that in other respects it was within the variation of
the series of australis in the collection. I agree with Donald F. Thom-
son who, (1930, p. 133) maintains that P. darwiniensis and P. cupreus
are synonyms of P. australis. To these I would add P. denisonioides
which I think was described from an abnormal specimen of P. australis.

"Concerning Pseudechis australis, of which we possess fifteen speci-
mens ranging from the Kimberley district in the north to the country

'From Merauke, New Guinea.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 283

around Perth, I find that the individuals collected in that part of the
state known as the South-west Division resemble one another fairly
closely. The tail is rather long and their ventrals less numerous,
ranging between 189 and 198; the anals are all divided; the subcaudals,
which range from 51 to 58, have from 32 to 41 undivided scales fol-
lowed by from 15 to 25 divided ones, the tail ending as usual in a
small undivided scale. In spite of all that may have been written con-
cerning the rarity of this snake it is one of the commonest in the
vicinity of Perth. On the sandhill country towards the coast according
to my experience it outnumbers the so-called Brown Snake {Demansia
nuchalis) of which we consider Z). affinis to be a variety."

Of the Templeton River snake, taken in August, fifteen miles west
of Mount Isa, Mr. W. E. Schevill has made the following note: "This
snake came out of a hole among the roots of a large gum on the bank
where de Teliga was skinning birds. It was evidently lying by his
foot when he moved it and the snake struck. The fangs penetrated
his trousers, but did not reach the skin, although venom was spilled
upon it."

PSEUDECHIS PORPHYRIACUS (Shaw)

Cobiber porphyriacus Shaw, 1794, Zool. New Holland, p. 27, pi. x: Australia.
1 (M. C. Z. 2215) Sydney, N. S. W. (W. Keferstein) 18G5.
1 (M. C. Z. 3106) Melbourne, V. (C. L. Salmin) 1864.
1 (M. C. Z. 10715) New South Wales (T. Barbour don.) 1903.
1 (M. C. Z. 35079) Blackheath, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35080) Dorrigo, N. S. W. (W. Heron) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35081) Bunya Mountains, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35082) Lake Barrine, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35083) Millaa Millaa, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

2 (M. C. Z. 35084-5) Mt. Spurgeon, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 17; ventrals 176-193; anals 2; subcaudals 51-
56, partly single, partly paired; length of the frontal is equal to (Nos.
35080-1), longer than, or much longer than (Nos. 35082, 35085) its
distance from the rostral. Though the last to be collected, the most
northerly Red-bellied Black Snakes (Nos. 35082-5) comprising both
very young and adults, are without, or with but a faint tinge of, the
red which is so characteristic of the southern examples. Largest
snake (No. 35084) measures 1589 (1395 + 194) mm.

"The largest black snake that I got at Millaa Millaa showed a
remarkable defensive habit. I caught it in the evening twilight under
a log, recently felled, in 'scrub' country. I dragged it out and put my
foot upon its neck. The next moment it was striking viciously at my

284 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

foot with what certainly looked like its head, each stroke landing with
a thump. I nearly let the reptile go to avoid being bitten, but on look-
ing more closely I saw that it was striking with its tail which it had
looped tightly near the end to simulate a head. There was a single
loop, not a knot. A minute later, after I had got my light on it, the
snake struck repeatedly in the same way so that I am sure that the
action was deliberate." (P. J. D.)

Denisonia superba (Giinther)

Hoplocephalus superbus Giinther (part), 1858, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 217:
Australia and Tasmania.

1 (M. C. Z. 919) Hobart, T. (J. W. Robertson) 1861.

1 (M. C. Z. 5238) Victoria (H. A. Ward) 1884.

1 (M. C. Z. 10283) Moss Vale, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 13291) Boggabri, N. S. W. (W. F. H. Rosenberg) 1918.

1 (M. C. Z. 32823) Mill Grove, V. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

2 (M. C. Z. 32824-5) Mt. Kosciusko, N. S. W. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 15; ventrals 148-158; anal 1; subcaudals 40-

48, single; frontal once and three-quarters to twice and an eighth as
broad as long. Largest snake (No. 32824) measures 793 (670-f 123) mm.

Number 919 has long been in the collection as coronoides while No.
13291 was received from Rosenberg as gouldii.

Denisonia coronata (Schlegel)

Elaps coronatus Schlegel, 1837, Phys. Serp., 2, p. 454: Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 22385) Western Australia (British Mus.) 1926.

4 (M. C. Z. 24428-31) Nr. Denmark, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

1 (M. C. Z. 24432) Mt. Melville, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

3 (M. C. Z. 24433-5) Augusta, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

2 (M. C. Z. 24436-7) Pemberton, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.
1 (M. C. Z. 32820) Pemberton, W. A. (P. J. DarUngton) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 15; ventrals 133-146; anal 1; subcaudals 40-

49, single ; frontal once and two-thirds to two and a quarter times as
broad as long so this character cannot be utilized to differentiate this
species from superba as employed by Boulenger (1896, p. 333). Largest
snake (No. 22385) measures 507 (426+81) mm.

Numbers 24428-9 are gravid females with embryos present in the
ova. They were "taken together beneath a log near Denmark River,
south of Denmark on 21.i.l927." (W. S. B.)

loveridge: Australian reptiles 285

Denisonia coronoides (Giinther)

Hoplocephalus coronoides Gunther, 1858, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 215:

Tasmania, and Swan River, Western Australia.
Pseudelaps minutus Fry, 1915, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl., 27, p. 93, fig. 7:

Wilde's Meadow, near Moss Vale; Colo Vale; Tamworth or Guntawang;

all in New South Wales.

I (M. C. Z. 5239) Victoria (H. A. Ward) 1884.

4 (M. C. Z. 32815-8) Below Dead Horse Pass, N. S. W. (P. J. Darling-
ton) 1931.
Dead Horse Pass is near the summit of Mt. Kosciusko.

Midbody scale-rows 15; ventrals 132-142; anal 1; subcaudals 48-
55, single; No. 32815 is abnormal in that the lower temporal borders
the lip on the right side making 7 supralabials on the right, the left
side remaining normal; frontal two and a third to two and a quarter
times as broad as long. Longest snake (No. 5239) measures 416
(335+81) mm.

Denisonia signata (Jan)

Alecto signata Jan, 1859, Rev. & Mag. Zool., p. 128: Australia.
Denisonia signata var. vagrans Garman, 1901, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p.
13: Dunk Island, Queensland.

II (M. C. Z. 2242) Melbourne, V. (C. L. Salmin) 1869.
1 (M. C. Z. 2528) New South Wales (G. Krefft) 1870.

Type (M. C. Z. 6490) Dunk Island, Q. (W. M. Woodworth) 1896.

1 (M. C. Z. 10258) Warrell Creek, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

Midbody scale-rows 17; ventrals 151-167; anals 2; subcaudals 47-
55, single; frontal from one and tw^o-thirds to two and an eighth times
as broad as long. Largest snake (No. 10258) measures 469 (385+84)
mm.

Number 6490 is the holotype of vagrans which Garman proposed to
separate from signata because its frontal is one and a half times the
width of a supraocular, the fifth supralabial being longer than the sixth,
and because "D. signata has a darker color in the middle of the ventral
surface which is not seen in the present type." With regard to this
alleged color difference, Garman's snake was apparently about to
slough, hence the opaque olivaceous coloring of the ventrals; if a few
scutes be removed, the underlying ones in no way differ from many of
those in the Melbourne series. It is true that Boulenger states (1896,
p. 338) of the frontal "but slightly broader than the supraocular"
while Garman's type has a frontal one and a half times as broad.

286 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

However, in the Melbourne series alone are snakes representing both
these extremes. There remains then the character of the fifth supra-
labial which in signata is usually slightly shorter than the sixth but
varies from much shorter than, to others in which it equals, the sixth;
the fact of its being slightly longer in ragrans does not seem to me to
be sufficient grounds on which to recognize a local race.

Denisonia suta (Peters)

Hoplocephalus sutus Peters, 1863, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 234: Ade-
laide, South Australia.
Hoplocephalus frenattis Peters, 1870, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 646:

Lake Elphinstone, Queensland.
Hoplocephalus frontalis Ogilby, 1889, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., (2), 4, p. 1027:

Narrabri, New South Wales.
Hoplocephalus stirUngi Lucas & Frost, 1896, Report Horn Sci. Expetb, 2,

p. 149, pi. xii, fig. 5: Oodnadatta, S. A.; Charlotte Waters, Alice Springs,

Hermannsburg, Northern Territory.
Denisonia frontalis var. proprinqua De Vis, 1905, Ann. Queensl. Mus., No. 6,

p. 51: Queensland.
Denisonia forresti 'QonXengev, 1906, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), 18, p. 440:

Alexandria, Northern Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 10268) Gidley, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

Midbody scale-rows 19; ventrals 154; anal 1; subcaudals 33, single;
frontal one and a quarter times as long as broad. Total length 410
(365+55) mm.

Longman (1912, p. 23) has recorded forresti from Careena Station,
Queensland. Kinghorn (1920, p. 110 and 1929, p. 84) in two most
interesting papers adds forresti, as well as the four other names enu-
merated above, to the synonymy of suta. It seems just possible that
forresti might be retained as a northern race characterized by a higher
number of ventrals; stirlingi consisted of intermediates. Southern
with 154-164, northern 168-178. Seeing that gouldii has a greater
range it seems likely that this apparent difference is attributable to
the inadequacy of material in the case of suta.

Denisonia flagellum (McCoy)

Hoplocephalus flagellum McCoy, 1878 (Decern. 2), Prodr. Zool. Vict., p. 7,
pi. xi, fig. 1 : Victoria.

1 (M. C. Z. 32822) Mt. Lofty, S. A. (W. M. Wheeler) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 17; ventrals 132; anal 1; subcaudals 35, single.
So recently as 1929, Kinghorn (1929, p. 188) gives the subcaudal

loveridge: Australian reptiles 287

count as 25-27 as quoted by Boulenger (1896, p. 340) who had no
specimen. Further, Kinghorn states that this species is apparently •
restricted to southern Mctoria, so that the example taken at 1,000
feet by Dr. \Yheeler provides an interesting extension of range.
Total length 333 (280+53) mm.

Denisonia maculata (Steindachner)

Hoplocephalus maculotus Steindachner, 1867, Reise Oesterr. Freg. Novara.

Reptiles, p. SI: New South Wales.
Denisonia ornata Krefft, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 321, fig.: Rock-

hampton, Queensland.
Hoplocephalus ornatus De Vis, 1884, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl., 1, p. 100, pi. xv:

Near Surat, Queensland.
Denisonia maculata var. densi Waite & Longman, 1920, Rec. S. Austral. Mus.,

1, p. 177, fig. (New name for ornatus De Vis).

1 (M. C. Z. 10255) Tamworth, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

Midbody scale-rows 17; ventrals 136; anal 1; subcaudals 25, single.
Total length 297 (263+34) mm.

In coloration this snake agrees with the color variant devisi rather
than with maculata as figured by Kinghorn (1929, p. 171). When
renaming it Waite and Longman (1920, p. 178) believed it to be con-
fined to Western Queensland. Kinghorn (1921, p. 147) upholds the
race because his only specimen of maculata had four teeth following
the fang while his big series of devisi had five. His extension of the
range of maculata and devisi (1929, pp. 171-2) does not lend support
to the view that devisi can be recognized as a geographical race.

Denisonia fasciata Rosen

Denisonia fasciata Rosen, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), 15, p. 179: West
Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 32S19) Perth, W. A. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 17; ventrals 159; anal 1; subcaudals 30, single.
Total length 782 (695+87) mm.

Kinghorn (1929, p. 173) apparently without material, has treated
this big snake as a variety of maculata. Though falling next to that
species in Boulenger's (1896, p. 333) key, as indicated by its author,
it is a perfectly distinct species, flift'ering in many ways of which I
need only mention:

Ventrals 121-140; subcaudals 20-37 D. maculata

Ventrals 153-165; subcaudals 28-31 D. fasciata

288 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Though the type locaHt}^ is given as "West AustraUa," Kinghorn
says: "Found only in south-western AustraUa."

Denisonia gouldii (Gray)

Ela-ps gouldii Gray, 1841, in Grey's Journ. Exped. West. Australia, 2, p. 444,

pi. V, fig. 1: Western Australia.
Hoplocephalus nigriceps Giinther, 1863, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), 12, p. 362:

No locality.
Hoplocephalus spedabilis Krefft, 1869, Snakes Australia, p. 68, pi. xii, fig. 7;
Port Lincoln, South Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 3666) Melbourne, V. (F. Miiller) 1865.

1 (M. C. Z. 10233) Manila, Namoi R., N. S. W. (AustraUan Mus.) 1914.

3 (M. C. Z. 24439-41) Perth, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

1 (M. C. Z. 24442) Mundaring, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

1 (M. C. Z. 24443) Yalgoo, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

1 (M. C. Z. 32821) Mullewa, W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.

1 (M. C. Z. 35090) Dalby, Q. (Mrs. H. McKee) 1932.

This last record from Dalby, southeastern Queensland, being the
first record of the occurrence of gouldii in that state, should be received
with caution. The snake was given by Mrs. H. McKee of Dalby to a
member of the Harvard Expedition and was believed to have been
taken locally by the donor.

Midbody scale-rows 15; ventrals 143-177; anal 1; subcaudals 22-
35, single; frontal one and a quarter to one and a half times as long as
broad. Largest snake (No. 24443) measures 472 (413+59) mm.

Denisonia pallidiceps (Giinther)

Hoplocephalus pallidiceps Giinther, 1858, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 214:
Port Essington, Northern Territory and Northeast Australia.

Hoplocephalus nigrescens Giinther, 1862, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), 9, p. 131,
pi. ix, fig. 12: Sydney, New South Wales.

Alecto permixta Jan, 1873, Icon. G^n., 44, pi. i, fig. 2: Australia.

Hoplocephalus assimilis Macleay, 1885, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., p. 68:
Herbert River, Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 6310) Sydney, N. S. W. (AustraUan Mus.) 1896.

2 (M. C. Z. 35091-2) Cascade, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35093) Lake Barrine, Q. (P. J. DarUngton) 1932.

3 (M. C. Z. 35094-6) Millaa MiUaa, Q. (P. J. DarUngton) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 15; ventrals 169-193; anal 1; subcaudals 32-
46, single; frontal one and an eighth to one and a quarter times as
long as broad; No. 35096 is abnormal in that the lower temporal borders
the lip on the right side, making 7 supralabials on the right, the left

loveridge: Australian reptiles 289

side remaining normal. Largest snake (No. 35094) measures 755
(652 + 103) mm.

As a result of a careful study of the above series, I am of the opinion
that nigrescens is a synonym of pallidiceps. No. 35091 has the eye
noticeably shorter than its distance from the mouth and though an
old male about to slough, has the olive coloring of pallidiceps, a species
long known only from the types. Number 35092 is a juvenile and
though taken at the same time as the other snake it is typically
nigrescens; the scale counts of these two specimens are almost identical.
The variability of this species is further demonstrated by No. 35096
which differs from all the rest in having the nasal separated from the
preocular. The young Millaa Millaa snake is white below except for
the black throat and a dusky spot in the middle of each ventral and
subcaudal shield; in the half-grown reptile from the same locality the
central spots are enlarged and by coalescing tend to form a median
stripe; in the adult, also from Millaa Millaa, the whole lower surface
is uniformly black.

Denisonia carpentariae (Macleay)

Hoplocephalus carpentariae Macleay, 1888 (1887), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.)
(2), 2, p. 403: Normanton, Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 35097) Mundubbera, Q. (J. Kahler) 1932.

This locality may be accepted with reserve as the snake was given
to Mr. J. Kahler and though he believes that it was taken locally,
there remains an element of uncertainty. The species has been re-
corded from Peak Downs, and our example agrees in every detail with
Boulenger's (1896, p. 344) redescription embracing specimens from
both localities.

Midbody scale-rows 15; ventrals 168; anal 1; subcaudals 33, single;
second labial in contact with the prefrontal, it is well to remember
that such a condition occurs in pallidiceps as an aberration. Total
length 417 (360+57) mm.

Hoplocephalus bitorquatus (Jan)

Aledo bitorquata Jan, 1859, Rev. et Mag. Zool., p. 128: Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 2518) New South Wales (Australian Mus.) 1870.
1 (M. C. Z. 6311) Tamworth, N. S. W. (AustraUan Mus.) 1890.

1 (M. C. Z. 10230) Manila, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

2 (M. C. Z. 35098-9) Mundubbera, Q. (J. Kahler) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 21; ventrals 202-216; anal 1; subcaudals 46-

290 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

52; single, occasionally a few divided. Largest snake (No. 2518)
measures 593 (520+73) mm.

Numbers 2518 and 6311 were received from Dr. G. Krefft as Deni-
sonia pallidiceps (Giinther), then included in the genus Hoplocephalus.

HOPLOCEPHALUS BUNGAROIDES (Boic)

Naja hungaroides Boie, 1828, Oken's Isis, p. 1034: no locality.

1 (M. C. Z. 2525) New South Wales (Australian Mus.) 1876.

1 (M. C. Z. 3642) Australia (W. Keferstein) 1865.

1 (M. C. Z. 10282) Mt. Wilson, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

Midbody scale-rows 21; ventrals 213-217; anal single; subcaudals
45-53, last two divided in No. 2525. Largest snake (No. 3642) meas-
ures 667 (580+87) mm.

Notechis scutatus (Peters)

Naja (Hamadryas) sciitata Peters, 1861, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 690-
"Java."

1 (M. C. Z. 920) Hobart Town, T. (J. W. Robertson) 1862.

1 (M. C. Z. 7S67) Australia (New York Zool. Soc.) 1911.

1 (M. C. Z. 10275) Randwick, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

Midbody scale-rows 17-19; ventrals 170-172; anal 1 ; subcaudals 49-
56, single. Largest snake (No. 10275) measures 993 (830 + 163) mm.

Though Kinghorn's (1921, p. 145) subspecies niger from Kangaroo
Island, South Australia, may stand as an insular melanistic race, it
is extremely doubtful whether the relative length of the anterior and
posterior chin shields can be used for diagnostic purposes, for in one
of our specimens the anterior chin shield is shorter than the posterior
on the left side, while the right anterior is longer than the right pos-
terior on the same reptile. In most groups of snakes the length of
the chin shields is a variable character.

Rhinhoplocephalus bicolor Miiller

Rhinhoplocephalus bicolor Miiller, 1885, Verb. Nat. Ges. Basel, 7, p. 690, pi. ix,
figs, f-i: Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 24449) Augusta, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

Midbody scale-rows 15; ventrals 159; anal 1; subcaudals 28, single,
this is a new low number. Total length 404 (355+49) mm. Kinghorn
(1931, p. 87) has recently figured this rare snake and contributes
interesting information on range of variation and diet.

LOVERIDGE : AUSTRALIAN REPTILES 291

ACANTHOPHIS ANTARCTICUS (Shaw)

Boa antarctica Shaw, 1794, Nat. Miscell., pi. mxxxv: no locality.
1 (M. C. Z. 10549) s. Queensland (Queensland Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 35100) Coen, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35101) Dalby, Q. (Mrs. H. McKee) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 21-22; ventrals 122-127; anal 1; subcaudals
39-47; anterior single, posterior paired. Largest snake (No. 10549)
measures 588 (500+88) mm.

AcANTHOPHis PYRRHUS Boulenger

Acanthophis pyrrhus Boulenger, 1898, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), 2, p. 75:
Station Point, Northern Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 35102) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 19; ventrals 145; anal 1; subcaudals 49, an-
terior single, posterior paired; labials 6, separated from orbit by sub-
oculars. Total length 199 (167+32) mm.

Waite (1915, pp. 737-9) has given a most interesting account of this
pink adder.

Rhynchoelaps bertholdi (Jan)

Elaps bertholdi Jan, 1859, Rev. et Mag. Zool.; p. 123: Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 10220) Strelley River, W. A. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

2 (M. C. Z. 24450-1) Perth, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

1 (M. C. Z. 24452) Yalgoo, W. A. (R. C. Richardson) 1927.

1 (M. C. Z. 32826) West Wallaby Id., W. A. (G. M. Allen) 1931.

1 (M. C. Z. 32827) 50 mi. N. W. Menzies, W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.

Micjbody scale-rows 15; ventrals 116-124; anals 2; subcaudals 16-
24, paired; labials usually 6, though sometimes 5 (No. 24452) or 7
(No. 32826) on one side of the head, always 3rd and 4th entering the
orbit. Largest snake (No. 32827) measures 232 (205+27) mm.

Of No. 32826, Mr. W. E. Schevill writes: "Found coiled beneath a
stone by Dr. G. M. Allen. Though quite active it made no attempt to
bite, either at time of capture or later when I handled it preparatory
to preservation." (W. E. S.)

Rhynchoelaps australis (Krefft)

Simotes australis Krefft, 1864, Proc. Zool. See. London, p. 180: Port Curtis,
Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 10226) Clarence River, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 10241) Copmanhurst, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

Midbody scale-rows 17; ventrals 149-151; anals 2; subcaudals 16-

292 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

20, paired except for last two of No. 10241; labials 5, 3rd and 4tli
entering orbit. Larger snake (No. 10241) measures 272 (250+22) mm.
The striking resemblance of these little burrowing snakes to their
aglyphous allies of the genus Prosymna of Africa, makes me suspect
that with longer series it will be found that head shield characters are
unstable in the genus Rhynchoelaps. This view is borne out by our
two specimens, the frontal shield of the smaller agreeing in part with
australis and in part with semifasciatus of Boulenger's (1896, p. 362)
key. That of the larger being less than twice the width of the supra-
ocular. It will be noted that both agree with camphelli Kinghorn
(1929, p. 191) of Almaden, Queensland, in the number of labials.
Kinghorn compares campbelli with the western fasciolatus, to me it
appears much more closely related to australis. I might mention that
R. anomaliis Sternfeld (1919, p. 77) from Hermannsburg, Northern
Territory is omitted from Kinghorn's (1929, p. 192) key.

FuRiNA BiMACULATA Dumeril & Bibron

Furina hi-viaculata Dumeril & Bibron, 1854, Erpet. Gen., 7, p. 1240: "Tas-
mania" {err ore).

2 (M. C. Z. 24446-7) Perth, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.
1 (M. C. Z. 24448) Yalgoo, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

Midbody scale-rows 15; ventrals 184-198; anals 2; subcaudals 25-
26, paired; labials 5, 3rd and 4th entering the orbit; preocular in con-
tact with the nasal. Largest snake (No. 24446) measures 366 (346-|-20)
mm.

Though the type was supposed to have come from Tasmania, sub-
sequent material is only known from Western Australia. Fry (1914,
p. 197) refers to it as a very rare species, mentions that there are two
examples in the Western Australian Museum, and figures the head
of one.

FuRiNA ANNULATA (Gray)

Calamaria annulata Gray, 1841, in Grey's Journ. Exped. West. Australia, 2,

p. 443: Australia.
Elaps occipitalis Dumeril & Bibron, 1S54, Erp^t. Gen., 7, p. 1220: Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 6.312) Sydney, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1890.

1 (M. C. Z. 6313) Paramatta, N. S. W. (AustraUan Mus.) 1890.

1 (M. C. Z. 8065) Bundara, N. S. W. (W. F. H. Rosenberg) 1911.

1 (M. C. Z. 10547) Brisbane, Q. (Queensland Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 35103) Brisbane, Q. (Queensland Mus.) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35104) Mundubbera, Q. (J. Parker) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35105) Ayr, Q. (W. Charles) 1932.

LOVERIDGE : AUSTRALIAN REPTILES 293

Midbody scale-rows 15; ventrals 201-238; anals 2; subcaudals 17-
25, paired; labials 6, 3rd and 4th entering the orbit; black annuli on
body and tail 27-58. Largest snake (No. 8065) measures 462 (439+23)
mm.

Longman (1918, p. 42) has pointed out the priority of Gray's name
which had escaped Boulenger's (1896, p. 407) notice. Kinghorn (1929,
p. 196) is in error in attributing annulata to Dumeril & Bibron.

HYDROPHIIDAE

The Museum of Comparative Zoology possesses examples of all
the sea snakes of the world excepting seven species. Five of these occur
in Australian Seas and are earnestly desired; they are:

Aipysurus tenuis Lonnberg & Andersson, 1913, Broom, W. A.

Ephalophis greyi Malcolm Smith, 1931, Cape Boileau, W. A.

Hydrelaps darwiniensis Boulenger, 1896, Port Darwin, N. T.

Hydrophis mertoni (Roux), 1910, Sungei Waskai, Aru Islands.

Hydrophis belcheri (Gray), 1849, New Guinea.
Three other species from Oceania are unrepresented by Australian
examples, though the Museum possesses series of them from other
regions.

As Dr. Malcolm A. Smith utilized our material in connection with
his recent (1926) Monograph of the Sea-Snakes, no useful purpose
would be served in reprinting the data concerning them. A simple list
of the material in this group from the Australian region is therefore
given. The major portion of the collection of sea snakes was presented
to the Museum by Dr. Thomas Barbour.

Laticauda laticaudata (Linnaeus)

Coluber laticaudatus Linnaeus (part), 1778, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 222: Indies.
1 (M. C. Z. 921) Melbourne Harbour, V. (F. Miiller) 1862.
1 (M. C. Z. 23793) Geelvink Bay, N. G. (M. A. Smith) 1927.

Laticauda colubrina (Schneider)
Hijdrus cohibrinus Schneider, 1799, Hist. Amphib., 1, p. 238: Type locality
unknown.

1 (M. C. Z. 10546) British New Guinea (Queensland Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 23788) Queensland (M. A. Smith) 1927.

Laticauda schistorhynchus (Giinther)
Platuriis scJmtorhyuchus Giinther, 1874, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 297, pi.
xlv: Savage Island, South Pacific.

1 (M. C. Z. 25137) Savage Island (H. C. Kellers) 1927.

294 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

AiPYSURUS EYDOUXii (Gray)

Tomogaster eydo2ixn Gray, 1849, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 59: Indian Ocean.
1 (M. C. Z. 29786) Roebuck Bay, W. A. (H. L. Clark) 1930.

AiPYSURUS Fuscus (Tschudi)

Siephanohydra fusca Tschudi, 1837, Arch, fiir Naturg. Berlin, p. 335, pi. viii:
Ashmore Reefs, Timor Sea.

9 (M. C. Z. 23481-9) Ashmore Reefs, Timor Sea (M. A. Smith) 1927.

AiPYSURUS laevis Lacepede

Aipysunts laevis Lacepede, 1804, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 4, pp. 197, 210,
pi. Ivi, fig. 3: AustraUa.

1 (M. C. Z. 23498) Queensland (M. A. Smith) 1927.

1 (M. C. Z. 35069) Broome, W. A. (H. L. Clark) 1932.

The Broome specimen has: Midbody scale-rows 23; ventrals 148;
anals 2; subcaudals 30; labials 9, the 4th only on the right, the 4th,
5th and 6th on the left entering the orbit. Total length 1205 (1047 +
158) mm. The creature is encrusted with small barnacles.

AiPYSURUS DUBOisii Bavay

Aipysurus duboisii Bavay, 1869, Mem. Soc. Linn. Normandie, No. 5, p. 33:
New Caledonia.

2 (M. C. Z. 23475-6) Ashmore Reefs, Timor Sea (M. A. Smith) 1927.

AiPYSURUS foliosquama Malcolm Smith

Aipysurus foliosquama Malcolm Smith, 1926, Monog. Sea-Snakes, p. 22,
figs. 11 and 12: Ashmore Reefs, Timor Sea.

6 (M. C. Z. 23492-7) Ashmore Reefs, Timor Sea (M. A. Smith) 1927.

The above form part of the paratype series.

AiPYSURUS APRAEFRONTALis Malcolm Smith

Aipysurus apraefrontalis Malcolm Smith, 1926, Monog. Sea-Snakes, fig. 13,
p. 24: Ashmore Reefs, Timor Sea.

2 (M. C. Z. 23477, 24900) Ashmore Reefs, Timor Sea (M. A. Smith) 1927.

The above form part of the paratype series.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 295

Emydocephalus annulatus Krefft

Emydocephalus annulatus Krefft, 18G9, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 322:
? Australian Seas.

4 (M. C. Z. 23536-9) Ashmore Reefs, Timor Sea (M. A. Smith) 1927.

Enhydrina schistosa (Daudin)

Hydrophis schistosus Daudin, 1803, Hist. Nat. Rept., 7, p. 386: Tranquebar,
India.

1 (M. C. Z. 10276) Australian Seas (Australian Mus.) 1914.

Hydrophis kingi Boulenger

Hydrophis kingi Boulenger, 1896, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., 3, p. 276: North
Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 23649) Broome, W. A. (M. A. Smith) 1927.

Hydrophis elegans (Gray)

Aturia elegans Gray, 1842, Zool. Misc., p. 61: Port Essington, Northern
Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 23625) Moreton Bay, Q. (M. A. Smith) 1927.

Hydrophis major (Shaw)

Hydrus major Shaw (part), 1802, Gen. Zool., 3, p. 558, pi. 124: Indian Ocean.
1 (M. C. Z. 23664) Holothuria Bank, W. A. (M. A. Smith) 1927.

Hydrophis ornatus ocellatus Gray

Hydrophis ocellata Gray, 1849, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 53: AustraHa.
Distira mjobergi Lonnberg & Andersson, 1913, Svenska. Vetensk.-Akad
Handl., Stockholm, 52, No. 3, p. 13: Broome, Western AustraUa.
1 (M. C. Z. 23672) Locality uncertain (M. A. Smith) 1927.

Hydrophis fasciatus atriceps Giinther

Hydrophis atriceps Giinther, 1864, Rept. Brit. India, p. 371, fig: Siam.
1 (M. C. Z. 29787) Broome, W. A. (H. L. Clark) 1930.

Acalyptophis peronii (Dumeril)

Acalyptus peronii Dumeril, 1853, Mem. Acad. Sci. Paris, 23, p. 522: ?New

Holland.
Pseudodisiira horrida Kinghorn, 1926, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 71, pi. 1,

text-fig. 1 : McCulloch Reef, Great Barrier Reef.

1 (M. C. Z. 23474) Broome, W. A. (M. A. Smith) 1927.

296 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Lapemis hardwickii Gray

Lapemis hardwickii Gray, 1834, Illus. Ind. Zool., 2, pi. Ixxxvii, col. fig: India.
1 (M. C. Z. 29788) Broome, W. A. (H. L. Clark) 1930.

GEKKONIDAE

Nephrurus laevis De Vis

Nephrurus levis De Vis, 1886, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., (2), 1, p. 168: Queens-
land.
Nephnmis platyunis Boulenger, 1886, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), 18, p. 91:
Adelaide, South Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 28654) South Australia (British Mus.) 1929.

1 (M. C. Z. 35106) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Supralabials 20; 5-6 tubercles at narrowest point between interor-
bital semicircles; transverse grooves on dorsal surface of tail 18; tail
longer than fore limb and longer than head. Larger gecko (No. 28654)
measures 111 (73+38) mm.

I follow Lucas and Frost (1896, p. 116) in treating platyurus as a
synonym for our specimens, agree with laevis in the number of their
supralabials and possibly in the number of tubercles, but with platyurus
in respect to caudal grooves and relative tail length.

The folloAving key may be found of use in defining the three species
of the genus.

Enlarged, smoothly conical, dorsal tubercles are sur-
rounded by a ring of granules no larger than the ad-
jacent granules (South and central Australia; New

South Wales, Queensland) N. laevis

Enlarged dorsal tubercles surrounded by a ring of en-
larged tubercles larger than the adjacent granules ... 1.
1. Enlarged dorsal tubercles smoothly conical; post
mental granules much larger than the fine granules
covering the greater part of the throat (Western

Australia) N. wheeleri

Enlarged dorsal tubercles sharply spinose; postmental
granules merging imperceptibly with the fine gran-
ules covering the greater part of the throat (Queens-
land) N. asper

It is possible that these ranges can be extended. Zietz (1920, p.
182) gives Western and central Australia in addition for asper and

LOVERIDGE : AUSTRALIAN REPTILES 297

Western in addition for laevis. As however, wheeleri was confused with
asper and laevis at that time, I have omitted copying the ranges as
defined by Zietz.

Nephrurus wheeleri Loveridge

Nephrunis wheeleri Loveridge, 1932, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13, p. 31:
Yandil, thirty miles northwest of Wiluna, Western AustraHa.
5 (M. C. Z. 32950-4) Yandil, W. A. (A. G. Paterson) 1931.

The above are part of the original type series ; others have been dis-
patched to the Western Austrahan and British Museums. Largest
gecko measures 119 (87+32) mm.

Lucas and Le Souef (1909, p. 206) have figured wheeleri under the
name of laevis. If this figure be compared with Lucas and Frost's
colored plate in the Horn Report (1S96, pi. ix, fig. 1) the difference in
the color pattern wdll be apparent immediately. Werner (1910, p. 452)
figures platyurus which is now regarded as a synonym of laevis.

Nephrurus asper Giinther

Nephrurus asper Giinther, 1876, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 5, 12, p. 46: Peak
Downs, Queensland.

3 (M. C. Z. 13351, 13961-2) Queensland (Queensland Mus.) 1919-20.

The largest gecko (No. 13961) measures 104 (92+22) mm. The
specimen from Kimberley, northwestern Australia, referred to asper
by Lonnberg & Andersson (1913, p. 1) should be reexamined in view
of the subsequent description of wheeleri. Longman (1918, p. 37)
has photographed this curious reptile (pi. xi) and gives an interesting
account of its strange movements.

Rhynchoedura ornata Giinther

Rhynchoedura ornata Giinther, 1867, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), 20, p. 50:
Nicol Bay, Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 35107) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. ScheviU) 1932.

Total length 77 (46+31) mm. Distinguished by its beak-like rostral,
so well figured by Boulenger (1885, p. 12, pi. ii, fig. 1).

LucASius damaeus (Lucas & Frost)

Ceramodactylus damaeus Lucas & Frost, 1896, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict., (2), 8, p. 1:
Charlotte Waters, Northern Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 29009) Northern Territory (G. Buchanan) 1926.
1 (M. C. Z; 35108) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

298 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Supralabials 10-11. Number 29009 measures 95 (52+43) mm., and
was received as from Central Australia.

Kinghorn (1929, p. 77) proposed the generic name Lucasius for
damacus, which is not closely related to the Perso-Arabian genus
Ceramodactylus. Kinghorn furnishes considerable data on the varia-
tion and distribution, giving its range as from New South Wales to
South and Western Australia in the vicinity of Perth. Zietz (1920, p.
182) has Queensland.

Carphodactylus laevis Giinther

Carphodadylus laeins Giinther, 1897, Novit. Zool., 4, p. 403, pi. xi: Bartle
Frere Mountains, Queensland.

U (M. C. Z. 35109-18) Lake Barrine, Q. (P. J. D. & W. E. S.) 1932.

This bizarre-looking gecko has been excellently figured and the
description leaves little to add. Reproduced tails, however, lack the
five, prominent, white bands of the original tail, and evidence of its
fragility is shown by the fact that only four of our series carry their
original tails. Thus the larger gecko measures 115 mm. from snout to
vent, the largest tail is 102 mm., exceeding the type by 17 mm.

"At night these geckoes habitually stand rigidly with tail extended
in line with the body. This rigid stance may be in any direction, even
head downwards on a sapling." (W.E.S.) "I have seen the carrot-
tailed species only at Lake Barrine, usually on the ground in 'scrub'
(rain forest). Barred-tailed individuals occurred with the others."
(P.J.D.)

Phyllurus platurus (Shaw)

Lacerta platura Shaw, 1790, in White's Journ. Voyage N. S. W., App., p. 246,
pi. iii, fig. 2: New South Wales.

1 (M. C. Z. 6297) Wentworth Falls, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1890.
1 (M. C. Z. 10185) Greenwich, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 10259) Mt. Tambourine, Q. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

2 (M. C. Z. 18808-9) Hornsby, N. S. W. (W. F. H. Rosenberg) 1924.
2 (M. C. Z. 35119-20) Dorrigo, N. S. W. (W. Heron) 1932.

The largest gecko (No. 10259) measures 158 (95+63) mm., original
tail.

This Tambourine specimen was received as cornutus (Ogilby) and is
an intermediate, agreeing with platurus in the development of spinous
tubercles upon its back, nearer to cornutus in tail characters though
these are not nearly so pronounced as in more northerly examples.
Lonnberg and Andersson (1915, p. 3) refer a specimen from the Tam-
bourine Mountains to 'platurus.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 299

Phyllurus cornutus (Ogilby)

Gymnodactylus cornutus Ogilby, 1892, Rec. Austral. Mus. Sydney, 2, p. 8:

Bellenden Ker Ranges, Queensland.
Phyllurus lichenosus Giinther, 1897, Novit. Zool., 4, p. 404, pi. xii: Bartle

Frere Mountains, Queensland.
Phyllurus cornutus Garman, 1901, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 2.

1 (M. C. Z. G46S) Cooktown, Q. (E. A. Olive) 1896.

2 (M. C. Z. 35121-2) Mt. Spurgeon, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.
2 (M. C. Z. 3.5123-4) Lake Barrine, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

19 (M. C. Z. 35125-34) Millaa Millaa, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

The largest gecko (No. 35125) measures 206 (141 +65) mm., but the
tail is reproduced and relatively small.

"The remarkable flat -tailed lizard from Millaa Millaa, of which I
got a few also at Lake Barrine and which I saw at Vine Creek, Ravens-
hoe, all in "scrub", is found chiefly on tree-trunks, rarely on the
ground. I only found them by shining their eyes at night; even after
shining the eyes I often could not see the body against the trunk,
even at close range and with a strong light. They are very sluggish
and I have shot them down from thirty feet or so up the tree." (P.J.D.)

Gymnodactylus louisiadensis De Vis

Gymnodactylus louisiadensis De Vis, 1892, Ann. Queensl. Mus., No. 2, p. 11:

Sudest Island, New Guinea. •

Gymnodactylus olivii Garman, 1901, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 1, pi. i,
figs. 1-ld: near Cooktown, Queensland.

Type (M. C. Z. 6470) Near Cooktown, Q. (E. A. Olive) 1896.
1 (M. C. Z. 7329) Rockhampton, Q. (T. Barbour don.) 1909.

No preanal pores on either specimen. The holotype of olivii meas-
ures 200 (101+99) mm., and so is slightly larger than the Rockhamp-
ton gecko which is 195 (115+SO) mm.

Gymnodactylus milii (Bory)

Phyllurus milii Bory de St. Vincent, 1825, Diet. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 183, pi. — ,
fig. 1 : Shores of the Bale des Chiens-marins, Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 2226) Sydney, N. S. W. (W. Keferstein) 1865.

2 (M. C. Z. 3223) Australia. (No History) N. D.

1 (M. C. Z. 10167) Peak Hill, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 10168) Colah, Sydney, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 24487) Swan View, Perth, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.
1 (M. C. Z. 32857) Mr. Brown, W. A. (St. Joseph's School) 1931.
10 (M. C. Z. 32858-67) West Wallaby Id., W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931,

300 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The largest gecko (No. 10168) measures 154 (88+66) mm. "Not
rare on West Wallaby Island. Quite sluggish when first exposed under
rocks." (W. E. S.)

Gymnodactylus pelagicus (Girard)

Heteronota pelagica Girard, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1857, p. 197:

Fiji and Navigator Islands.
Heteronota fasciata Macleay, 1877, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 2, p. 100: Hall

Sound, New Guinea.
Heteronota marmorata Macleay, 1877, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 2, p. 100:

Fitzroy Island and Endeavour River, Queensland.
Gymnodactylus heteronoius Boulenger, 1885, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 1, p. 41: n.n.

ioT fasciata Macleay.
Gymnodactyhis cheverti Boulenger, 1885, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 1, p. 41: n.n. for

marmorata Macleay.
Gymnodactylus pelagicus Garman, 1901, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 1.

3 (M. C. Z. 6473) Cooktown & Barrier Reef (Olive & Mayer) 1896.
1 (M. C. Z. 35135) Coen, Q. (P. J. DarUngton) 1932.

The characters on which Macleay based his two species appear to
have but little significance. The Cooktown series show the internasals
in contact {marmorata) but in the Coen gecko they are separated by
two granules {fasciata). The Cooktown gecko has subtriangular chin-
shields (fasciata) while the Coen specimen possesses rounded chin-
shields {marmorata) and so forth. Boulenger (1885, p. 41), who had no
specimens, renamed both when transferring them to the genus Gym-
nodactylus where they would be preoccupied. Garman has already
discussed variation in the Cooktown series. There are about 14 rows
of conical, striated tubercles, the lateral rows ill-defined. Largest
perfect gecko measures 87 (41 +46) mm.

Kopstein has named a race from the Kei Islands which, if valid,
would necessitate the use of trinomials for the present form. The
species is so widely distributed among the islands and so variable in
any locality that it is doubtful if the Kei Island form is recognizable.
These geckos, except for their keeled ventral scales etc., so closely
resemble Heteronota that I have rearranged the order adopted by
Boulenger by transferring Phyllurus in front of Gymnodactylus in its
present restricted sense so that pelagicus comes next to Heteronota.

Heteronota binoei Gray

Heteronota binoei Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., p. 174: Houtman's Abrolhos,
Western Australia.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 301

Eublepharis derhiana Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., p. 274: Port Essington,

Northern Territory.
Heteronota eboracensis Macleay, 1877, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 2, p. 101:

Cape York, Queensland.
Gynmodactijlus pelagicus Barbour (not of Girard), 1914, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 27, p. 203.

2 (M. C. Z. 9494-5) Prince of Wales Id., T. S. (H. L. Clark) 1913.

1 (M. C. Z. 10202) Eidsvold, Q. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 10203) Narrabri N. S. W. (AustraHan Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 31876) Broome, W. A. (H. A. Clark) 1929.

2 (M. C. Z. 31896-7) Near Darwin, N. T. (H. L. Clark) 1929.

3 (M. C. Z. 32868-70) Mullewa, W. A. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.

8 (M. C. Z. 32871-7) Meekatharra, W. A. (P. J. D. & W. E. S.) 1931.
2 (M. C. Z. 32878-9) Yandil, W. A. (P. J. DarUngton) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 32914) Dalgaranger, W. A. (G. E. Nicholls) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 32946) West Wallaby Id., W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 35136) Rutherford, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35137) Dunraven, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
11 (M. C. Z. 35138-46) Coen, Q. (P. J. DarUngton) 1932.

4 (M. C. Z. 35147-50) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
Yandil is near Wiluna; Rutherford near Mount Coolon; Dunraven near Hugh-

enden.

Dorsal tubercles in 12-16 rows, usually 14; preanal pores of thirteen
males 4-6, average 5. Largest gecko (No. 32874) measures 113 (47+
66) mm., original tail intact.

Lucas and Frost (1896, p. 120) have presented cogent reasons for
considering derhiana a synonym of hinoci. Independently Procter
(1923, p. 1074) arrived at the same conclusion. x\ study of our ma-
terial confirms these views and it will be noted that we possess a top-
otype of hinoei, while the Darwin specimens are not far from the type
locality of derhiana. The specimen with the most irregularly arranged
rows of tubercles is from Eidsvold in southern Queensland and, to-
gether with the Narrabri gecko, was received from the x\ustralian
Museum as derhiana. Werner (1910, p. 453) furnishes good data on
variation of a large series of hinoei from Western x\ustralia.

Our Coen series, which may be considered as topotypes of eboracensis,
agree with the description of that species, except for "scales mostly
tricarinate," which is somewhat ambiguous.

Phyllodactylus marmoratus (Gray)

Diplodactylus marmoratus Gray, 1844, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept., pi. xv,
fig. 6: Australia.

302 bulletin: museltm of comparative zoology

Phyllodactylus macrodactylus Boulenger, ISSo, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 1, p. 89,
pi. vii, fig. 2: Australia.

Phyllodactylus affi^nis Boulenger, 1885, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 1, p. 89, pi. vii,
fig. 4 : Aneitum, New Hebrides.

Phyllodactylus guentheri Boulenger, 1885, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 1, p. 90, pi. vii,
fig. 3: Lord Howe Island; Norfolk Island; Champion Bay, Western Aus-
tralia.

2 (M. C. Z. 10195-6) Lord Howe Island (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 10204) Victoria (Australian Mus.) 1914.

13 (M. C. Z. 24472-84) Augusta, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

2 (M. C. Z. 24485-6) Pemberton, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

3 (M. C. Z. 32915-7) Rottnest Id., W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

2 (M. C. Z. 32918-9) Darling Range, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

5 (M. C. Z. 32920-4) West Wallaby Id., W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

4 (M. C. Z. 32925-8) WallcUffe, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

6 (M. C. Z. 32929-34) Margaret River, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

1 (M. C. Z. 32935) Bridgetown, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

2 (M. C. Z. 32936-7) Perth, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

2 (M. C. Z. 32947-8) Pemberton, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 32949) Forrest, W. A. (C. Barrett) 1931.
WallclifTe is near Margaret River.

The variations such as nostril in contact with, or separated from,
the rostral; 8 or 10 transversely enlarged lamellae under the fourth
toe, which led Boulenger to describe affinis and other species, may be
found in the Augusta series alone. See also Werner's (1910, pp. 454-5)
comments. Lonnberg and Andersson (1913, p. 1) record macrodactylus
from Adelaide. Glauert (1929, p. 43, footnote) states that marmoratus
had only recently been found on Rottnest Island, his record finds
confirmation in our series. Largest gecko (No. 32935) measures 114
(56+58) mm.

"Beneath bark of red gums and under logs." (W. S. B.) Of the
Pemberton specimens Mr. Schevill writes: "Collected by Ira M.
Dixson on November 12, 1931 from under loose bark of a karri gum
tree (Eucalyptus di versicolor) felled in his presence, the geckoes being
taken at a point about a hundred feet above the ground." (W. E. S.)

Phyllodactylus ocellatus (Gray)

Diplodactylus ocellatus Gray, 1844, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept., pi. xv,

fig. 4: Australia.
Diplodactylus bilineatus Gray, 1844, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept., pi. xv,

fig. 3: Houtman's Abrolhos, Western Austraha.

8 (M. C. Z. 32938-45) West Wallaby Id., W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 303

West Wallaby Island being one of the Abrolhos group, these little
geckoes are topotypes. From their larger relatives they are dis-
tinguished by their keeled dorsal scales. Largest gecko (No. 32941)
measures 54 (30+24) mm.

DiPLODACTYLUS SPINIGERUS SPINIGERUS Gray

Diplodactylus spinigerus Gray, 1842, Zool. Miscell., p. 53: Houtman's Abrolhos,
Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 5725) Southwest Australia (Peabody Museum) 1886.
1 (M. C. Z. 32840) Wiluna, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
10 (M. C. Z. 32841-50) West Wallaby Id., W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

Number 5725, which has for long been in the collection as the type
of Peropus pusillus Cope, cannot be that type for it has little in com-
mon with the original description.

Number 32850 is of considerable interest as it lacks the spinose scales
on back and tail of typical spinigerus, though one of a topotype series;
they are, however, indicated. In this respect it approaches sfrophurus
(Dumeril & Bibron) but disagrees in length of head which is no different
from that of its fellows. Kinghorn (1929, p. 81) has resurrected siro-
phuru.s from the sj'nonymy of spinigerm to which it was referred by
Zietz (1920, p. 185).

"Color in life; Light gray with black or sepia dots; lining of mouth
dark blackish blue, as is also the tough subcutaneous membrane on
the belly. Eye: a ring of bright, slightly greenish yellow surrounding
an area of rich dark metallic brown which bears a number of nacreous
white irregular spots; the slit for the pupil is on this brown area, and
along either edge the white markings are regular and opposite: at
top and bottom a vertical white streak, between these are three
(occasionally four) equally spaced spots — these streaks and spots join
when the pupil is closed." (W. E. S.)

"A very sluggish species. After exposure beneath a long piece of
timber, three lay still while I picked them up one by one. Another was
captured by Dr. G. M. Allen as it was walking slowly past his bed one
morning." (W. E. S.)

Diplodactylus spinigerus ciliaris Boulenger

Diplodactylus ciliaris Boiolenger, 1885, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., 1, p. 98, pi.
viii, fig. 2: Port Darwin, Northern Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 35151) Dunraven, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35152) Prairie, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35153) Army Downs, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Dunraven is near Hughenden and Army Downs near Richmond.

304 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Zietz (1920, p. 185) has referred ciliaris to the synonymy of spinig-
erus. Kinghorn (1929, p. 80) agrees with this though he suggests "the
possibility of a geographical variety or race."

Its relationship is probably best expressed by trinomials, though
with the material at my disposal I was at first inclined to treat it as a
full species. These Queensland specimens differ from our southwestern
spinigerus in possessing very long supraciliary spines; when such
spines occur in southwestern geckoes they are relatively very small.
The heads of Queensland specimens are proportionately bigger than
those of the southwestern series. Largest 9 gecko measures 113 (69 +
44) mm.

D. s. ciliaris ranges across tropical Australia. Glauert (1923, p. 58)
has recorded it from Wallal in northwestern Australia, and Zietz
(1914, p. 441; 1915, p. 767) from the MacDonnell Ranges and other
localities. Longman (1912, p. 24) remarks on some variations in a
specimen from Carpentaria. Zietz comments on a foul-smelling sticky
substance "exuded from the spines on the upper surface of the tail"
in both ciliaris and spinigerus. In a recent letter Mr. Glauert tells
me that this liquid is rather viscid and almost transparent; in some
clippings from a local newspaper which he enclosed he states that he
has seen it squirted from the soft spines and believes it to be blood.
It has a peculiar smell.

Mr. Schevill detected differences between ciliaris and the typical
race while in the field, for his notes read: "Diplodactylus taken at
Prairie, 26 miles east of Hughenden, May 19, 1932. Iris differently
marked from those of West Wallaby specimens ; no yellow ring, brown
field covered closely with mosaic of pale (yellow) phylliform spots.
Further, no black dots (some adherent black soil !) but entirely silvery
grey except for tubercles and spines, which are light brown. Some
dark shows through between scales, especially on the legs. Arrange-
ment of the spines seems different from my memory of those on the
West Wallaby specimens." (W. E. S.)

Respecting their habits he WTites: "Dunraven specimen taken at
night late in May while hunting like the Carphodactylus from Lake
Barrine." and "Army DoA\ais Diplodactylus hibernating (in July) —
at least it was dug out, with a Peropus and a skink, from under the
concretions containing plesiosaur R-6." (W. E. S.)

Diplodactylus elderi Stirling & Zietz ^

Diplodactylus elderi Stirling & Zietz, 1893, Trans. Roj^ Soc. S. Austral., 16,
p. 161, pi. vi, fig. 1: Barrow Range, Northern Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 35154) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

LOVERIDGE : AUSTRALIAN REPTILES 305

Total length only 62 (43 + 19) mm., tailin process of reproduction.
Zietz (1914, p. 441) has already recorded this rare gecko from Her-
mannsburg in the MacDonnell Ranges, and gives a description of the
tail for the first time; the tail of the type having been regenerated.

DiPLODACTYLUS BYRNEI LucaS & FrOSt

Diplodactylus byrnei Lucas & Frost, 1896, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 8, p. 2:
Charlotte Waters, Northern Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 35157) Savages Creek," Q. (G. W. de Teliga) 1932.

Savages Creek is on "Charlotte Plains", northwest of Hughenden,
Queensland. This record involves a considerable extension of range
so that it is well to point out that our gecko is not wholly typical.

The rostral is about twice, not four times, as long as high; on the
right side of the head the nostril is between the rostral, first labial, an
internasal and four other scales. It differs principally in its very short,
thick, rather carrot-shaped tail; dorsally the latter displays more than
"five white spots", — actually these are enlarged white tubercles
similar to those scattered over the back. There is an additional trans-
verse band between the fore and hind limbs to those possessed by the
type as shown in the Horn Report (1896, pi. xii, fig. 2). While the
type was said to have "undersurfaces whitish", our specimen has this
white surface blotched or spotted with dusky pigment, chiefly along
the margin of the jaws and along the flanks while a dusky streak oc-
cupies the median line of the belly. Total length of the type was 77
(44+33) mm., and of our gecko 39 (27 + 12) mm.

Diplodactylus taenicauda De Vis

Diplodactylus taenicauda De Vis, 1886, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2), 1, p. 169:
Chinchilla, Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 10225) Eidsvold, Q. (AustraUan Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 10539) Queensland (Australian Mus.) 1914.

The rostral enters the nostril, thus agreeing with taenicauda and not
stenurus Werner, also of Queensland, which seems very closely re-
lated. Kinghorn (1929, p. 79) has recently discussed the series in the
Australian Museum. Larger gecko (No. 10225) measures 122 (72+50)
mm.

Diplodactylus michaelseni Werner

Diplodactylus michaelseni Werner, 1910, in Michaelsen & Hartmayer's Fauna
Slid west-Austral., 2, p. 460, fig. 3: Denham, Western Australia.

306 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Oedurella taeniata Lonnberg & Andersson, 1913, Svenska Vetensk.-Akad.
Handl. Stockholm, 52, No. 3, p. 5, fig. 1: Broome, Western Australia.

I believe that Oedurella taeniata is a synonym of michaelseni.
Whether the genus Diplodaetylus should be divided to eliminate those
species answering to the definition of Oedurella is doubtful as many
intermediate conditions of digital dilation occur among the numerous
species at present referred to Diplodaetylus. The subject is worthy of
further consideration.

Diplodactylus vittatus Gray

Diplodaetylus vittatus Gray, 1832, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 40: Australia.
Diplodactylus ornatus Gray, 1844, Zool. Erebus & Terror, Rept., pi. xvi, fig. 2:

Hout man's Abrolhos, Western Australia.
Diplodactylus polyophthalmus Giinther, 1867, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), 20,
p. 49: Champion Bay and Nicol Bay, Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 2870) Australia (No history) N. D.

1 (M. C. Z. 8060) Parramatta, N. S. W. (T. Barbour don.) 1912.

1 (M. C. Z. 9357) Sydney, N. S. W. (T. Steel) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 10227) Western Australia (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 21925) South Austraha (F. R. Zietz) 1925.

6 (M. C. Z. 32851-6) Swan View, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

1 (M. C. Z. 33045) Mullewa, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

Supranasals in contact except in Nos. 2870 and 21925; snout as
long as the distance between the eye and the ear opening in all the
smaller specimens, slightly longer in all the larger. Boulenger (1885,
p. 98) uses this character to distinguish between vittatus and polyoph-
thalmus but apparently it does not do so, both types of snout length
may be found in the Swan View, Perth series. It is significant that
Boulenger records both vittatus and pohjophthalmus from Champion
Bay and Werner (1910, pp. 458-459) from Gooseberry Hill. This
opinion was reached before I noted that Kinghorn (1929, p. 78) had
already referred poly o phi halm us to the synonymy of vittatus, an action
which I confirm. Largest gecko (No. 10227) measures 91 (55+36) mm.

Diplodactylus conspicillatus Lucas & Frost

Diplodactylus conspicillatus Lucas & Frost, 1897, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 9,

p. 55: Charlotte Waters, Northern Territory.
Gymnodactylus laevis Sternfeld, 1925, Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Gesell., 38, p.

229: Hermannsburg Mission, Upper Finke River, Northern Territory.
9 (M. C. Z. 35155) Hermansburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 307

This gecko possesses an intact, paddle-shaped tail like that of a
beaver. She is gravid and displays a group of five flat tubercles on
either side of the tail, postero-laterally to the anus. Lonnberg and
Andersson (1913, p. 5) have recorded this species from Broome. Total
length 85 (62+23) mm. See also the discussion below.

DiPLODACTYLUS HiLLi Longman

Diplodadylus hilli Longman, 1915, Mem. Queensl. Mus., 3, p. 32: Port Darwin,

Northern Territory.
Diplodadylus plutyurus Parker, 1926, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 17, p. 665:

Torrens Creek, northern Queensland.

cf (M. C. Z. 35156) Coen, Q. (P. J. DarUngton) 1932.

This specimen differs from conspicillafus in coloring which has been
admirably described by Lucas and Frost. This individual also differs
from our example of conspicillatu^ in not having the tip of its spatulate
tail prolonged and tapering ; apparently an individual or age character,
however, for Waite has figured conspicillatus with a tail no dift'erent
from that of hilli.

This specimen differs from the description of hilli in that the mental
does not project beyond the rostral, nor has the mental a small median
process posteriorly; there is a tendency towards enlargement of some
of the median dorsal scales.

It differs from plaiyurm in that its snout is twice the length of the
orbit instead of once and a half. It agrees so closely in other respects
including the cluster of spinous scales postero-laterally to the anus,
and particularly in every little detail of coloration so ably noted by
Parker that there is not the slightest doubt but that it represents
platyurus.

Recently Kinghorn (1929, p. 81) has discussed the relationships of
these three species and makes a key in which platyunis is shown to
differ by possessing two internasal shields. He evidently overlooked
Parker's statement that one of the paratypes had but a single shield
between the nasals; this is the condition in our specimen.

D. platyurus does not dift'er from conspicillatus in either the breadth
of the rostral or in the character of the upper caudal scales as was
thought to be the case by Parker. I do not consider that platyurus can
be held as distinct from hilli and I imagine that the relation of the
latter to ronspicillatus will prove to be subspecific when more material
is available. Total length 85 (62+23) mm.

308 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

DiPLODACTYLUS ALBOGUTTATUS Werner

Diplodadylus alboguttatus, 1910, in Michaelsen & Hartmeyer's Fauna Stidwest-
Austral., 2, p. 462, fig. 4: Denham, Western Australia.
1 (M. C. Z. 24538) Geraldton, W. A. (J. Clark) 1927.

This gecko is extremely young but in all its characters it agrees with
albogidtatus Werner as set forth in Fry's (1914, p. 177) key when dif-
ferentiating woodwardi Fry. Whether much importance can be at-
tached to these differential characters is doubtful for in other species
of the genus it may be noted that several of them are subject to varia-
tion within a species. Total length 41 (24 + 17) mm.

DiPLODACTYLUS PULCHER (Stcindachncr)

Stenodactylopsis pulcher Steindachner, 1870, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wein, 62, p.

343, pi. ii, figs. 3-5: Swan River, Western Australia.
? Diplodadylus Ulineatus Lucas & Frost, 1903, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 15,

p. 146: Carnarvon, Western Australia.
Diplodadylus pulcher var. dorsalis Werner, 1910, in Michaelsen & Hartmeyer's

Fauna Siidwest-Austral., 2, p. 462: Eradu, Western Australia.
"f Diplodadylus lucasi Fry, 1914, Rec. West. Austral. Mus., 1, p. 177: n.n. for
hilineatus Lucas & Frost (not of Gray).

2 (M. C. Z. 32828-9) Pindawa, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

22 (M. C. Z. 32830-9) Mullewa, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

Pindawa is 35 miles southeasterly from Mullewa.

Back covered with small, uniform, granular scales; digits with
small, round tubercles inferiorly. Largest gecko (No. 32835) measures
89 (55+34) mm.

I am b}' no means confident that I am correct in synonymising
hilineatus, hence lucasi, with imlcher. The former is said to have the
nostril "pierced between the rostral, first labial, and five or six nasals";
in indchcr and our series the nostril is excluded from the rostral and
first labial by a narrow rim. The type should be reexamined and if
correctly described and the rim has not fused with the rostral and
first labial, I am probably in error. Except for this I fail to detect any
difference between pulcher and hilineatus.

Taken alone our Mullewa series present very beautifully the transi-
tional stages between the pulcher type with black-edged, light dorsal
patches of irregular shape, and the hilineatus (inc. dorsalis) type in
which through coalescing of the dorsal blotches a regular, black-edged,
light dorsal streak is formed from occiput to base of tail.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 309

DiPLODACTYLUS STENODACTYLUS Boulcilger

Diplodactylus stenodactylus Boulenger, 1896, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), 18,
p. 232: Roebuck Bay, north Western Australia.

8 (M. C. Z. 3303'7-44) Mullewa, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

Snout longer than the distance between eye and ear-opening; ear-
opening both round and oval; nostril in contact with the first labial,
internasal, and three or four granules, in a few geckoes the nostril is
also in contact with the rostral; internasals in contact, or separated by
granules (No. 33037) ; supralabials 9-12. Largest gecko (No. 33039)
measures 96 (51 +45) mm.

The series presents a wide variation in color pattern due to the
Ught dorsal line (frequently absent) breaking up into irregular-shaped
blotches yet distinct enough from pulcher.

Oedura marmorata Gray

Oedura marmorata Gray, 1842, Zool. Miscell., p. 52 : Port Essington, Northern

Territory.
Oedura tryoni De Vis, 1884, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl., 1, p. 54: Stanthorpe,

Queensland.
Oedura fracticolor De Vis, 1884, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl., 1, p. 160: Kimberley,

Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland.
Oedura ocellata Boulenger, 1885, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., 1, p. 105, pi. ix, fig. 1:

Australia.
Oedura cincta De Vis, 1888 (1887), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2), 2, p. 811:

Charleville, southwestern Queensland.
Oedura monilis De Vis, 1888 (1887), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2), 2, p. 812:

Queensland.
Phyllodactylus (Oedura) castelnaui Thominot, 1889, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris,

(8), 1, p. 22: Australia.
Oedura mayeri Garman, 1901, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 3, pi. ii, figs. 2-2c:
(Cooktown) Queensland.
6 (M. C. Z. 6469, 6471) Cooktown, Q. (Mayer & OUve) 1896.
1 (M. C. Z. 6728) Australia (T. Barbour don.) 1903.
1 (M. C. Z. 10161) North Australia (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 10540) Southern Queensland (Queensland Mus.) 1914.

2 (M. C. Z. 35158-9) Coen, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35160) Mt. Carbine, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

Dorsal scales large, flat; preanal -femoral pores 18-22, average for
seven males 20. Largest gecko (No. 10161) measures 151 (93+58)
mm., tail regenerated.

310 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Longman (1915, p. 33) has commented on a specimen of viarmorata
from Port Darwin in which the infralabials are separated by an
azygous scale behind the mentah This character was beHeved to be
distinctive of tryoni but is inconstant in a series from one locahty so I
refer tryoni to the synonymy of nmrmorata. Our North Austrahan
gecko, received as marmorata from the Austrahan Museum, agrees
with tryoni in this character.

0. fracticolor appears to have been described chiefly on the grounds
of its unusual color pattern; indications as to how its lateral stripes
may have formed from coalescing of the more usual markings are
present in some of our specimens.

Boulenger (1887, p. 483) referred his distinctively marked occllata
to the synonymy of tryoni.

0. cincta was differentiated on the basis of having a completely
cleft rostral. Our series shows much variation in this respect from
those which possess but a slight incUcation of a cleft to No. 10161 in
which the cleft (or groove) extends to the buccal border.

0. monilis has been redescribed and figured by Fry (1915, p. 87) who,
because it was found occurring with tryoni at Tamworth, New South
Wales, thought it should be treated as a full species. Notwithstanding
this \'iew I believe that they are synonymous, that the ocelli are pro-
duced by fusion of the bordering lines, and that a good series from
Tamworth should produce the intermediate stages.

Though Garman differentiated viayeri from marmorata on the
grounds that the infralabials were separated behind the mental, two
of his type series have the infralabials in contact. He further cited the
greater number of femoral pores (20) but one of his series has 18. His
third point, the longer and more slender tail, was presumably on ac-
count of three specimens retaining their original tails. 0. mayeri has
long been considered a synonym of tryoni.

Oedura robusta Boulenger

Oedura robusta Boulenger, 1885, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., 1, p. 106, pi. x, fig. 1:
Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 10198) Moree, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 10544) Sladevale, Q. (Queensland Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 35161) Mundubbera, Q. (J. Kahler) 19.32.

Dorsal scales small, granular; divided lamellae beneath the median
toes 4; preanal pores 2 (No. 10198) to 13 (No. 10544). Largest gecko
(No. 10544) measures 141 (804-61) mm. In recent times this species

LOVERIDGE: AUSTRALIAN REPTILES 311

has been reeorded from Cairns and Chillagoe, northern Queensland,
by Lonnberg and Andersson (1915, p. 1).

Oedura lesueurii (Dumeril & Ribron)

Phyllodactylus lesueurii Dumeril & Bibron, 1S36, Erpet. Gen., 3, p. 392:
Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 5252) Australia (H. A. Ward) 1884.

2 (M. C. Z. 10156-7) Kingstown, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1915.

3 (M. C. Z. 18810-1, 22016) Hornsby, N. S. W. (W. F. H. Rosenberg)

1924-5.
Dorsal scales small, granular; divided lamellae beneath the median
toes 3; preanal pores absent. Largest gecko (No. 18810) measures 106
(68+38) m., tail regenerated.

Oedura rhombifer Gray

Oedura rhomhifer Gray, 1844, Zool. Erebus & Terror, Rept., pi. xvi, fig. 6:
Australia.
1 (M. C. Z. 6742) Western Australia (T. Barbour don.) 1903.

Poor condition, very shrivelled. Total length 73 (37+36) mm.

Thecadactylus australis Giinther

Thecadactylus australis Giinther, 1877, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), 19, p. 414:
Islands of Torres Straits.

1 (M. C. Z. 35162) Lankelly Creek, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

The finding of this rare gecko in the Mcllwraith Ranges of the
mainland is an interesting addition to the mainland fauna. Excepting
that its rostral is completely divided and the absence of the prominent
crossbands of the figured type, it agrees closely with the description.
Total length 186 (112 +74)' mm.

Hemidactylus frenatus Dumeril & Bibron

Heniidactylus frettatus 'Dumeril & Bibron, 1836, Erpet. Gen., 3, p. 366:
"!' Afrique australe" etc. also, Barbour, 1914, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing-
ton, 27, p. 203.

2 (M. C. Z. 9473-4) Mer Island, T. S. (H. L. Clark) 1913.

These geckoes from the Murray Islands have been reported upon
by Barbour already. The larger measures 95 (50+45) mm.

Peropus variegatus variegatus (Dumeril & Bibron)

Hemidactylus variegatus Dumeril & Bibron, 1836, Erpet. Gen., 3 p. 353: Tas-
mania and Bay of the Chiens Marins, Australia.

312 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

1 (M. C. Z. 24540) Swan View, W. A. (J. Clark) 1927.

1 (M. C. Z. 32880) Yalgoo, W. A. (Hills) 1931.

13 (M. C. Z. 32881-90) MuUewa, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

2 (M. C. Z. 32891-2) Pindawa, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

4 (M. C. Z. 32893-6) Meekatharra, W. A. (P. J. DarUngton) 1931.
7 (M. C. Z. 32897-903) Wiluna, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

1 (M. C. Z. 32904) Yandil, W. A. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.

2 (M. C. Z. 32905-6) Geraldton, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
16 (M. C. Z. 35163-9) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35170) Alroy Downs, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35171) Mona Vale, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

2 (M. C. Z. 35172-3) Pelican Bore, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35174) Soda Creek, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

3 (M. C. Z. 35175-7) Artesian Downs, Q. (W. E. ScheviU) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35178) Mt. Fort Bowen, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
Mona Vale, Pelican Bore and Soda Creek are near Hughenden; Artesian

Downs near Richmond; Pindawa is 35 miles southeasterly from
Mullewa; Yandil is near Wiluna.

Digital lamellae divided -by a median groove; preanal pores 9-15;
average 12. Largest cf (No. 35163) measures 116 (61+55) mm.,
largest 9 (No. 35164) measures 105 (56+49) mm.

Zietz (1920, p. 190) refers punctatus Fry and australis Gray to the
synonymy of variegatus. Our material, however, does give grounds for
considering that these names may be retained in a subspecific sense
with a distribution having geographical significance. Thus, while the
typical form is distributed right across the continent approximately
south of a line connecting Geraldton, Alice Springs and Mackay, in
the northwest is a slightly larger race {punctatus) and in the extreme
north and northeast a still larger one (australis) whose distribution
may possibly be found to correspond fairly well with that of the
Savannah Woodland zone. The arrangement of the digital lamellae of
australis show that it occupies an intermediate position between
typical variegatus and oceanicus both taxonomically as well as geo-
graphically.

It will be noted, however, that one of Gray's types of australis came
from the Swan River. If this means the Swan River near Perth, I
suggest that it is an aberrant individual; alternately there may be
some error in its provenance, the term "Swan River" being used some-
what vaguely by the early explorers. In recent times Lonnberg and
Andersson (1913, p. 7) have recorded australis from the interior of the
Kimberley district.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 313

"At Mullewa found most frequently under stones, more rarely under
bark. At this early season (11-22. ix. 31) the nights are probably too
cold for foraging." (W.E.S.)

Peropus variegatus punctatus Fry

Peropus variegatus var. punctatus Fry. 1914, Rec. West. Austral. Mus., 1,
p. 178: Strelley River, Pilbara, Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 24541) Yalgoo, W. A. (R. C. Richardson) 1927.
1 (M. C. Z. 31875) Broome, W. A. (H. L. Clark) 1929.
8 (M. C. Z. 32907-13) Dalgaranger St., W. A. (G. E. Nicholls) 1931.
Dalgaranger is 50 miles N.E. of Yalgoo.

Digital lamellae divided by a median groove; preanal pores of two
males 11-13; Largest d" (No. 32909) measures 128 (60+68) mm.,
largest 9 (No. 32907) measures 119 (58+61) mm.

This race appears to occur alongside the typical form at Yalgoo but
it will be noted that our material was donated and may not actually
have come from the same township. The range extends northwards
from Yalgoo to the Strelley River and Broome. The race is character-
ized by its striking coloration in conjunction with its larger size and
arrangement of the digital lamellae. It should be noted, however, that
specimens of australis from Coen are almost identical in markings with
our series of punctatus.

Peropus variegatus australis (Gray)

Gehyra australis Gray, 1845, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., p. 163: Port Essington

and Swan River, Australia.
Gehyra variegata Garman (not of Dum^ril & Bibron), 1901, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 39, p. 4.

6 (M. C. Z. 6472, 6474) Cooktown, Q. (E. A. Olive) 1896.
1 (M. C. Z. 35179) Green Id., off Cairns, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35180) Army Downs, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35181) Mt. Carbine, Q. (P. J. Darhngton) 1932.
8 (M. C. Z. 35182-9) Coen, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.
Army Downs is near Richmond.

Digital lamellae distally with more or less of a median groove
which, however, does not separate them as in the typical form, their
condition being intermediate between typical variegatus and oceanicus;
with the exception of the individual with 6 azygous pores, referred to
by Garman, the preanal pores of five males are 13-19, average nearly
15. Largest cf (No. 35182) measures 66 mm. plus a regenerated tail,
largest 9 (No. 35183) measures 124 (61+63) mm.

314 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

PYGOPODIDAE

Pygopus lepidopodus (Lacepede)

Bipes lepidopodus Lacepede, 1804, Ann. Mus. Paris, pp. 193 and 209, pi. Iv,
fig. 1: Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 2522) New South Wales (G. Krefft) 1870.

1 (M. C. Z. 10197) Wentworthville, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 10287) Lindfield, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 10288) Parramatta, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 24470) Perth, W. A. (J. Clark) 1927.

Preanal pores 10-16, average 11. Largest scalefoot (No. 2522)
measures 464 (227+237) mm., tail regenerated. The Perth specimen
differs from all our eastern examples in possessing the longitudinal
rows of rectangular, white-edged, sepia blotches mentioned by King-
horn.

Zietz (1920, p. 191) drew attention to the correct spelling of this
name which I have verified as lepidopodus, not Icpidopus.

In view of Kinghorn's (1926, pp. 40-64) revision of this family,
which has been of great help to me, I have tested all our pygopods by
his keys and descriptions and avoided discussing the numerous minor
variations to which these unstable creatures are liable.

Pygopus nigriceps (Fischer)

Cryptodelma nigriceps Fischer, 1882, Arch, fiir Natur., 48, part 1, p. 289, pi.

xvi, figs. 5-9: Nicol Bay, Western Austraha.
Pygopus schraderi Boulenger, 1913, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), 12, p. 564:

Milparinka, New South Wales.

1 (M. C. Z. 3.3063) Hillston, N. S. W. (T. A. White) 1914.

Preanal pores 16. Total length 237 (114 + 123) mm.

The reference given by Zietz (1920, p. 191) for schraderi is wrong
both for volume, page, year, and habitat. Kinghorn (1926, p. 45)
has referred it to the synonymy of nigriceps.

Pygopus baileyi (Gunther)

Delma (Cryptodelma) baileyi Gunther, 1897, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), 19, p'
170, figs. 1-3: Cue, Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 21884) Australia (Senckenberg Mus.) 1925.
1 (M. C. Z. 24469) Dudu, W. A. (R. C. Richardson) 1927.

Preanal pores 12. Larger scalefoot (No. 24469) measures 479
(154+325) mm., tip of tail missing.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 315

It should be noted that the original spelling of the specific name was
baileyi, not haylcyi. Number 21884 was received as Cryptodelma
nigriceps Fischer; while baileyi closely resembles 7iigriceps in head
markings it differs by possessing perfectly smooth scales.

Delma fraseri FRASERi (Gray)

Delma fraseri Gray, 1831, Zool. Miscell., p. 14: Western Australia.
5 (M. C. Z. 24461-4) Perth, W. A. (J. Clark) 1926.

Two pairs of frontonasals; 3 anal scales, this character distinguish-
ing typical fraseri from plebeia De Vis as well as from iinpar both of
which have but 2. Largest scalefoot (No. 24461) measures 314 (76 +
238) mm.

In his key, Kinghorn (1926, p. 51) states that the snout is longer than
the distance between the eye and the ear, but in the text (pp. 51, 52)
that it is as long both for D. fraseri and what he calls B.f. var. plebeia.
In our Perth series the length of the snout might be said to be equal
to, or a trifle longer, while in tincta and impar it is a trifle shorter than
the distance between the eye and the ear. The difference is so slight,
however, as to be of doubtful value as a specific character.

Delma fraseri aberration
1 (M. C. Z. 8974) Broome Hill, W. A. (W. F. H. Rosenberg) 1913.

This individual only differs from typical fraseri in having a single
pair of frontonasals and a minute interparietal. It is not tincta,
however, for it has the 4th labial below the eye, nor impar as it possesses
3 anal shields. Total length 271 (71 +200) mm.

In view of the fact that Werner (1909, p. 265) records a normal
fraseri from Broome Hill and had others from Eradu and Northampton,
Western Australia, which had a single pair of frontonasals but combined
with having the 3rd labial below the eye, and also Longman's (1916,
p. 50) remarks on the variation shown by twenty Queensland speci-
mens, as well as Kinghorn's (1926, p. 51) reference to tincta of examples
labelled "Mt. Barker" and "Western Australia," it seems to me that
we are dealing with one very variable species which has a preponderat-
ing proportion of fraseri characters in Western Australia and the
Northern Territory and a preponderance of tincta characters in Queens-
land and New South Wales. If this view is found to be acceptable,
then plebeia De Vis, of which only two examples are known, would

316 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

probably be regarded as an aberration of tincta De Vis, which has page
precedence. Alternatively it can be retained as a third race of re-
stricted range.

Delma fraseri tincta De Vis

Delma tincta De Vis, 1888 (1887), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2), 2, p. 824:

Normanton, Gulf of Carpentaria; Springsure, central Queensland.
Delma reticulata Garman, 1901, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 5, pi. ii, figs.
1-lf: Cooktown, Queensland.
Type (M. C. Z. 6486) Cooktown, Q. (R. A. Olive) 1896.

1 (M. C. Z. 35190) Mt. Carbine, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

One pair of frontonasals; nasal and first labial distinct; 3rd labial
below the eye; midbody scale-rows in all 14; anal shields 3, the point
of the median one not always reaching so far forward as the others.
Larger scalefoot (No. 35190) measures 213 (75 + 138) mm.

An unfortunate slip has occurred in Kinghorn's key (1926, p. 51)
where "nasal and rostral not fused, 4th labial under eye" should read
"nasal and 1st labial not fused, 3rd labial under eye" as is obvious
from the text and from his figure 1 1 .

Delma impar (Fischer)

Pseudodelma impar Fischer, 1882, Arch, fiir Natur., 48, part 1, p. 287, pi. xvi,

figs. 1-4: Melbourne, Victoria.
Delma lineata Rosen, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), 16, p. 131, figs. 2a,

2c, pi. viii, fig. 1 : Victoria.

1 (M. C. Z. 22159) Victoria (Hausschild) 1900.

One pair of frontonasals; nasal and 1st labial fused; 4th labial below
the eye; anal shields 2. Total length 176 (97+79) mm., tail intact.

Unfortunately in defining this species in his key, Kinghorn (1926,
p. 51) states "nasal and rostral fused," the 1st labial is intended, not
the rostral, cf. his figure 12.

Apr AST A PULCHELLA Gray

Aprasia pulchella Gray, 1839, Ann. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 332: Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 24460) Mundaring Weir, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.
3 (M. C. Z. 24467-8) Geraldton, W. A. (J. Clark) 1927.

Postocular scale present; snout shorter. Longest scalefoot (No.
24467) measures 149 (87+62) mm., tail intact. "Taken under stone."
(W. S. B.).

loveridge: Australian reptiles 317

Aprasia repens (Fry)

Ophioseps repens Fry, 1914, Rec. W. Austral. Mus., 1, p. 178, figs. 2 and 3:
Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 24427) Balcatta Beach, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

2 (M. C. Z. 24458-9) Geraldton, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.
1 (M. C. Z. 33027) Swan View, W. A. (W. M. Wheeler) 1931.

8 (M. C. Z. 33028-35) Rottnest Id., W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

Postocular scale absent; snout longer. Longest scalefoot (No.
33033) measures 174 (117+57) mm.

LiALis BURTONis Gray

Lialis hurtonis Gray, 1834, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 134: New South Wales.
Lialis bicatenata Gray, 1842, Zool. Miscell., p. 52: Port Essington, Northern

Territory.
Lialis punctulata Gray, 1842, Zool. Miscell., p. 52: Port Essington, Northern

Territory.
Lialis hurtonii Barbour, 1914, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27, p. 203.

3 (M. C. Z. 5225, 5242, 5251) Australia (H. A. Ward) 1884.
1 (M. C. Z. 6298) Dubbo, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1890.
1 (M. C. Z. 7098) Australia (T. Barbour don.) 1903.

1 (M. C. Z. 9492) Prince of Wales Id., T. S. (H. L. Clark) 1913.

2 (M. C. Z. 10548) South Queensland (Queensland Mus.) 1914.

2 (M. C. Z. 24465) Perth, W. A. (W. S. Brooks & J. Clark) 1927.
1 (M. C. Z. 24466) Mundaring Weir, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.
1 (M. C. Z. 31902) Near Darwin, N. T. (H. L. Clark) 1929.

3 (M. C. Z. 33024-5) West Wallaby Id., W. A. (R. Ellis) 1931.

1 (M. C. Z. 33026) Rottnest Id., W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

2 (M. C. Z. 35191-2) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
2 (M. C. Z. 35193-4) Port Stewart, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

Preanal pores 4 or not distinguishable, j Longest scalefoot (No. 33024)
measures 324 (173 + 151) mm., tail intact.

"On West Wallaby Island found coiled under stones by day."
(W. E. S.)

AGAMIDAE

Gonyocephalus spinipes (a. Dumeril)

Lophyrus spinipes A. Dumeril, 1851, Cat. Method. Coll. Rept. Paris, p. 90:
Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 24322) Australia (H. A. Ward) 1932.

Nuchal and dorsal crests subcontinuous; no pronounced gular pouch.
Total length 349 (115+234) mm. See also Fry (1915, p. 88).

318 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

GoNYOCEPHALUS BOYDii (Macleay)

Tiaris boydii Macleay, 18S4, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 8, p. 432: HerbertRiver,
Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 10533) Herbert Gorge, Q. (Queensland Mus.) 1914.

Nuchal and dorsal crests distinctly separated; a pronounced gular
pouch with strongly toothed scales on its anterior edge. Total length
400 + (140 +260 + ) mm., tip of tail missing.

Amphibolurus maculatus maculatus (Gray)

Uromastyx maculatus Gray, 1831, in Griffith's Cuvier, Animal King., 9, Syn.,
p. 62: no locality.

2 (M. C. Z. 32956-7) Lake Violet, W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.
2 (M. C. Z. 32983-4) Mullewa, W. A. (I. M. Dixson) 1931.

Femoral and preanal pores total 40-53, none in female. Largest cf
(No. 32983) measures 194 (57 + 137) mm., and 9 (No. 32984) 195
(56 + 139) mm.

Amphibolurus maculatus gularis Sternfeld

Amphibolurus maculatus gularis Sternfeld, 1925, Abh. Senckenb. Naturf.
Gesell., 38, p. 231: Hermannsburg Mission, Upper Finke River, Northern
Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 10194) Derby, W. A. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 31878) Broome, W. A. (H. L. Clark) 1929.
1 (M. C. Z. 35229) Mt. Peake, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
6 (M. C. Z. 35230-5) Birchip Downs, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
41 (M. C. Z. 35236-50) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Mt. Peake is 50 miles in a northwesterly direction from Teatree
Well. Birchip Downs is 40 miles west of Barrow Creek Telegraph
Station.

Distinguished from the typical form by the tympanum being nearly
as large as the eye, larger size, different coloring. Femoral and preanal
pores 48-61 (No. 35236), average for 22 males is 50; females without
pores. The largest perfect cf (No. 35230) measures 227 (72 + 155) mm.,
and 9 (No. 10194) 222 (72 + 150) mm.

It is interesting to note that the second largest female (No. 35236),
measuring 213 mm., though pregnant, her eggs being 11 mm. in cir-
cumference, is the only female with a tendency to adopt the secondary
sexual coloring of the cf • She has black sides and white lateral lines ;
below, dusky on the throat and breast, i.e. just those areas which are
jet black in the males.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 319

Amphibolurus ornatus (Gray)

Grammatophom ornatn Gray, 1844, Zool. Erebus & Terror, Rept., pi. xviii,
fig. 4: Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 10175) Darling Range, W. A. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

2 (M. C. Z. 24542-3) Parkerville, W. A. (J. Clark) 1927.

2 (M. C. Z. 24544-5) Swan View, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

2 (M. C. Z. 32985-6) Darling Range, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

Femoral and preanal pores of two males 54-57. In his key, Boulen-
ger (1885, p. 380) states: "No nuchal crest" but at the time had only
the type. An extremely low nuchal crest is present in our adults. The
largest cT (No. 24544) measures 270 (88 + 182) mm., and 9 (No.
10175) 208 (70 + 138) mm.

Amphibolurus scutulatus Stirling & Zietz

Amphibolurus scutulatus Stirling & Zietz, 1893, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral.,
16, p. 165, pi. vii, figs. 1-2: between Queen Victoria Springs and Eraser
Range, Western Australia.
Amphibolurus websteri Boulenger, 1904, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), 14,

p. 414, pi. xi: Coolgardie district, Western Australia.
Amphibolurus holsti Rosen, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), 16, p. 134, p. 141,
pi. ix: West. Australia.

8 (M. C. Z. 32998-33005) Lake Violet, W. A. <W. E. Schevill) 1931.
6 (M. C. Z. 33006-9) Wiluna, W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.
Lake Violet is only three miles from Wiluna.

Femoral and preanal pores of three males 44-47. The largest cf
(No. 33006) measures 338 (108+230) mm., and 9 (No. 32999) 325
(100+225) mm.

Amphibolurus caudicinctus (Giinther)

Grammatophora caudicincta Giinther, 1844, Zool. Erebus & Terror, Rept., p. 19:
Nicol Bay, Western Australia.

3 (M. C. Z. 32980-2) Wiluna, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

3 (M. C. Z. 32995-7) Meekatharra, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 35251) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

It seems possible that imhricatus Peters and rufesccns Stirling and
Zietz may be regarded as races of caudicinctus. Our Hermannsburg
specimen is undoubtedly the same species as those from Hermanns-
burg referred to caudicinctus by Sternfeld (1925, p. 232).

If the key devised by Boulenger (1885, p. 380) be applied, our speci-
mens run down to imhricatus of South Australia. They differ from

320 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Peters' original description, however, in their shorter limbs, the
shortest finger of the fore limb only reaching the eye in the large Her-
mannsburg dragon, barely reaching the nostril in the six smaller
specimens ; the adpressed hind limbs do not reach beyond the end of the
snout but to the nostril (Wiluna) or anterior corner of the eye (Meek-
atharra). While in general the coloration agrees with that of imbrica-
tus, it differs in details, such as the absence of transverse white lines
on the back.

From rufescens they differ in possessing a total of 29-39 (average of
five males 33, instead of 58) femoral and preanal pores. The color
description agrees perfectly.

From caudicinctus they differ in that their ventrals are very slightly
and obtusely keeled, less noticeable in the females ; in this respect they
agree with imbricatus and rufescens; the keels are so faint as to be
easily overlooked. Judging by the appearance of the type as figured by
Boulenger (1885, pi. xxix, fig. 2) it seems ob\dous that the tail of the
holotype was incomplete, Boulenger states that it is one and a half
times the length of the head and body but as he gives 78 mm. as the
head and body length and 25 mm. for the tail there would appear to be
a misprint.

The largest & (Xo. 35251) measures 265 (80 + 185) mm., and 9
(No. 32996) 67 from snout to anus, the tail being injured.

Amphibolurus decresii (Dumeril & Bibron)

Gramtnatophora decresii Dumeril & Bibron, 1837, Erp6t. Gen., 4, p. 472, pi.
xli, fig. 1: L'lle de Decrds (i.e., Kangaroo Island, South Australia).
9 (M. C. Z. lOlSfj) Boulder, W. A. (AustraUan Mus.) 1914.
c? (M. C. Z. 10187) Port Lincoln, S. A. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

¥

These specimens were received as pictus. At least the male appears
to represent decresii though not agreeing well with the color of the
figured type; moreover the type had 50 femoral and preanal pores
while our male has only 35. This cf measures 166 (60 + 106) mm., the
9 137 (57+80) mm.

Amphibolurus pictus Peters

Amphibolurus pictus Peters, 1867 (1866), Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 88:

South Australia.
Amphibolurxis viodestus Ahl, 1926, Zool. Anz. Leipzig, 67, p. 187: Australia.

, 1 (M. C. Z. 35288) Between Boopeechee & Finniss River, nr. L. Eyre,
S. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 321

This beautiful male dragon is undoubtedly specifically identical
with the subject of the colored plate of pictus given by Lucas and
Frost in the Horn Report (1S96, pi. x, fig. 1) and is substantially in
agreement with Peters' very detailed original description. Femoral
and prcanal pores 45 in an uninterrupted series. This d^ measures
177 (62 + 115) mm.

Amphibolurus reticulatus reticulatus (Gray)

Grammatophora reticulata Gray, 1S45, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., p. 252:
Western Australia. ^

1 (M. C. Z. 7747) Western Australia (Vienna Mus.) 1911.
3 (M. C. Z. 32962-4) Geraldton, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

Femoral and preanal pores 37-49 in a continuous series. Larger cf
(No. 32962) measures 198 (82 + 116) mm., and 9 (No. 32963) 147
(62+85) mm.

Werner (1909, pp. 271-5) has contributed an important study of this
variable species from which we gather that the range of femoral and
preanal pores in his series was 32-50. Ahl (1926, p. 188) has described
tibialis with "about 60 pores" based on a specimen whose exact
locality is unknown. Its color pattern agrees closely with our No. 7747
and it may prove to be a synonym of reticulatus.

Amphibolurus reticulatus inermis (De Vis)

Grammatophora inermis De Vis, 1888 (1887), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2),

2, p. 812: Central Queensland.
Amphibolurus reticulatus major Sternfeld, 1919, Mitt. Senckenb. Naturf.
Gesell., 1, p. 78: Hermannsburg Mission, Upper Finke River, Northern
Territory.

17 (M. C. Z. 21879-88) Broome, W. A. (H. L. Clark) 1929.
4 (M. C. Z. 32987-90) Meekatharra, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
2 (M. C. Z. 32991-2) Lake Violet, W. A. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 32993) Wiluna, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 32994) Yalgoo, W. A. (Hills) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 35252) Birchip Downs, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
17 (M. C. Z. 35253-62) Teatreen Well, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
21 (M. C. Z. 3526.3-72) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

I regret having to refer the excellently defined race major to the
synonymy of inermis but they appear to be in perfect agreement.

Femoral and preanal pores 16-26, average of forty males 22, average
of a dozen Broome males also 22, a dozen Hermannsburg topotypes of
major average 21; females possess pores but these are usually less dis-

322 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

tinct than in the males. The scattered nature of these pores and their
reduced number immediately separate this big race from the typical
form inhabiting the middle west coast.

The largest cf (No. 35263) measures 277 (116 + 161) mm., and 9
(No. 35264) 201 (90 + 111) mm.

"Native name Naia near Teatree Well, Kapdlia at Hermannsburg.
Most of the series dug from shallow burrows, not more than six inches
deep and one to two feet long." (W.E.S.)

Amphibolurus darlingtoni Loveridge

Amphibolurus darlingtoni Loveridge, 1932, Proc. New England Zool. Club,
13, p. 33: Mullewa, Western Australia.

cf 9 (M. C. Z. 32958-9) Mullewa, W. A. (P. J. DarUngton) 1931.

The two paratype females have been donated to the Western Aus-
tralian Museum and exchanged to the British Museum respectively.

"When disturbed on a sandy plain near town one of these lizards
rushed off and buried itself in the sand, shortly afterwards it pushed
its head out again. November 18, 1933." (P. J. D.).

Amphibolurus adelaidensis (Gray)

Grammatophora muricata var. adelaidensis Gray, 1841, in Grey's Journ. Exped.

West. Austral., 2, p. 439: Swan River, Western Australia.
Amphibolurus pulcherrimus Boulenger, 1885, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., 1,

p. 388, pi. XXX, fig. 2: Western Australia.
Amphibolurus pallidus Boulenger, 1885, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., 1, p. 388,

pi. XXX, fig. 3: Perth, Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 24539) Geraldton, W. A. (J. Clark) 1927.

A. adelaidensis might possibly be treated as the western representa-
tive of nmricatus and one suspects that the solitary record of muricaius
from Western Australia collected by Mr. Gilbert should be referred to
adelaidensis if its locality data is correct. Our material consists of a
single juvenile measuring 60 (27+33) mm. It has both gulars and
ventrals keeled, is very pale though showing the angular dorsal mark-
ings of adelaidensis. Zietz (1920, p. 196) has already united imlcher-
rimus with adelaidensis and pallidus scarcely seems worthy of dis-
tinction.

Amphibolurus diemensis (Gray)

Grammatophora muricata var. diemensis Gray, 1841, in Grey's Journ. Exped.

West. Austral., 2, p. 439: Tasmania.
Gramrnatophora angidifera Gray, 1844, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept., pi.

xviii, fig. 3: Tasmania.

LOVERIDGE : AUSTRALIAN REPTILES 323

Amphibolurus inuricatus Barbour (not of Shaw), 1914, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, 27, p. 203.

1 (M. C. Z. 1109) Australia (No further history) N. D.

1 (M. C. Z. 2225) Sydney, N. S. W. (W. Keferstein) 1865.

1 (M. C. Z. 5510) Hobart, T. (Peabody Mus.) 1886.

1 (M. C. Z. 9488) Wentworth Falls, N. S. W. (H. L. Clark) 1913.

3 (M. C. Z. 32965-7) Mt. Kosciusko, N. S. W. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

1 (M. C. Z. 32968) Kurrajong Heights, N. S. W. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.

1 (M. C. Z. 35273) Faulconbridge, N. S. W. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

2 (M. C. Z. 35274-5) Mt. Wilson, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.
2 (M. C. Z. 35276-7) Blackheath, N. S. W. (P. J. Darhngton) 1932.

This species has often been confused with its near, but larger,
relative, muricatus. Partly, perhaps, because the key characters given
by Boulenger (1885, p. 381) are somewhat inconstant and for angulifer
(i.e. dicmctisis) call for the absence of a dorsal crest or serrated ridge.
While actually this is the case, there is a series of enlarged, strongly
keeled scales along the vertebral line, but while these are well-separated
in diemensis their homologues in muricatus are contiguous so as to
form a crest. In muricatus they lie between two similar ridges forming
almost perfect parallel lines until converging upon the tail; in diemen-
sis these ridges are strongly undulating or zigzag.

The adpressed hind limb reaches to the tympanum or to the pos-
terior corner of the eye; femoral and preanal pores in the males 8-19.
Young specimens are much speckled with brown below, adults less
conspicuously so. Number 32965, taken December 10-14, 1931,
only 130 mm. in total length, holds eggs measuring 14 x 9 mm. The
largest cf (No. 2225) measures 178 (63 + 115) mm., and 9 (No. 9488)
207 (70 + 137) mm.

Amphibolurus muricatus (Shaw)

Lacerta muricata Shaw, 1790, in White's Journ. Voyage N. S. W., App., p. 244>
pi. xxxi, fig. 1 : New South Wales.

1 (M. C. Z. 1076) Melbourne, V. (F. Muller) 1863.

6 (M. C. Z. 2868) Australia (No further history) N. D.

1 (M. C. Z. 5812) Australia (C. H. Foster) 1874.

1 (M. C. Z. 6299) Mt. Kosciusko, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1890.

1 (M. C. Z. 6756) Queensland (T. Barbour don.) 1903.

1 (M. C. Z. 19629) Sydney, N. W. S. (Basel) Mus.) 1924.

1 (M. C. Z. 33010) Mt. Kosciusko, N. S. W. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

1 (M. C. Z. 3527i) Blackheath, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

2 (M. C. Z. 35279-80) Hartley Vale, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35281) Herveys Range, N. S. W. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

324 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The adpressed hind Umb reaches to the tympanum or posterior
corner of the eye; femoral and preanal pores in nine males 12-18,
average 16. The largest cJ^ (No. 2868) measures 321 (106+215) mm.,
and 9 (No. 35280) 278 (92 + 186) mm.

Amphibolurus barbatus barbatus (Cuvier)

Agama barbatus Cuvier, 1829, Regne Animal. (2nd ed.), 2, p. .3.5: Australia.
Amphibolurus vitticeps Ahl, 1926, Zool. Anz. Leipzig, 47, p. 189: Australia,
skull (M. C. Z. 2219) Sydney, N. S. W. (W. Keferstein) 1865.
5 (M. C. Z. 2867, 2869) Australia (No history) N. D.
skeleton (M. C. Z. 3102) Melbourne, V. (F. Miiller) 1864.
skeleton (M. C. Z. 4283) Australia (E. Gerrard) 1877.

1 (M. C. Z. 6300) Brisbane, Q. (Australian Mus.) 1890.

2 (M. C. Z. 7494-5) Rockhampton, Q. (T. Barbour don.) 1903.
skull (M. C. Z. 32236) Australia (No history) N. D.

1 (M. C. Z. 35282) The Coorong, S. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35283) Soda Creek, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35284) Wallerawang, N. S. W. (W. E. ScheviU) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35285) 20 mi. N. of Alice Springs, N. T. (W. E. S.)

1932.

Soda Creek is N.W. of Hughenden.

Notwithstanding its author's belief that vitticeps is most closely
related to inermis De Vis and that its ventral scales are "glatt," I
believe vitticeps to be based on a young (176 mm.) example of the
common Bearded I/izard.

Femoral and preanal pores in six males 15-20, rather fewer in
females. The largest d" (No. 35284) measures 501 (225+276) mm.,
and 9 (No. 35285) 521 (221 +300) mm. The latter, shot on September
1932, is bloated with 22 eggs measuring approximately 30 x 16 ram.

"When the large female (No. 35285) was first seen running on light-
colored sand it appeared to be practically all yellow except for the
posterior half of the tail, which was ringed with black, and the anterior
lateral and genal spines, which were red. She then hid under dead
mulga branches and, except for belly and a few faint grey markings on
the back, was completely black when picked up. On being preserved
was all black above, except for knees, elbows, toes, fingers, pre-pelvic
neural scutes, anterior marginal spines, genal spines, and most of
head above mouth (except for supraorbital areas and a patch in the
occipital region). These non-black areas showed pale vellow." (W. E.

s.)

loveridge: Australian reptiles 325

Amphibolurus barbatus minor Sternfeld

Amphiholurus barbatus minor Sternfeld, 1919, Mitt. Senckenb. Naturf. Gesell.,
1, p. 7S: Hermannsburg Mission, Upper Finke River, Northern Ter-
ritory.

Cotype (M. C. Z. 22418) Hermannsburg, N. T. (M. v. Leonhardi) 1910.

1 (M. C. Z. 31877) Broome, W. A. (H. L. Clark) 1929.

2 (M. C. Z. 35286-7) Teatree Well, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

The Broome specimen, an old male, is slightly intermediate between
this excellent race and the typical form, it shows something of a
"beard" in the centre of the throat. This cf measures 370 (135+235)
mm., while the Teatree cT measures 355 (122+233) mm., and 9 320
(117+203) mm.

Amphibolurus barbatus minimus Loveridge

Amphibolurus barbatus minimus Loveridge, 1933, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club,
13, p. 69 : West Wallaby Island, Houtman's Albrolhos, Western Australia.
3 (M. C. Z. 32969-71) Geraldton, W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.
10 (M. C. Z. 32972-79) West Wallaby Id., W. A. (G. M. Allen) 1931.

The above are the type series of this small western race which
differs from the typical form in its much smaller size, the gravid female
type measuring 335 mm., as against a gravid female harhaius of 521
mm.

At the time I described this race, I had overlooked the following
interesting note by Mr. Sche\ill, written during his stay on West
Wallaby Island, October 10-23, 1931.

"Amphibolurus sp., called barbatus (Cuvier) by Alexander, Glauert,
and others, but unUke Waite's figures, the most frequently seen of all
local reptiles. It occurs all over the island in both sandy and rocky
areas. Lighter phase in sand and open rocky country, darker in bush.
Frequently found in or on top of bushes, as well as on the ground.
(The same species was seen on the ground and in low bushes in the
Geraldton dunes.) Showed great variation in intensity of markings,
apparently to a slight degree, at least, voluntary. When alarmed or
angry it extends ribs, exaggerating the width and depressed form of
the body, at the same time opening the mouth wide, displacing the
yellow interior." (W^ E. S.)

Tympanocryptis line at a lineata Peters

Tymyanocryptis lineata Peters, 1S64 (1863), Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,
p. 230: near Adelaide, South Australia.

d^ (M. C. Z. 33017) Forrest, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

326 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Forrest is a station on the transcontinental railway; it is almost on
the border of South Australia. Ventral scales almost smooth. Total
length 143 (53+90) mm.

Tympanocryptis lineata centralis Sternfeld

Tympanocryptis lineata centralis Sternfeld, 1925, Abb. Senckenb. Naturf.
Gesell., 38, p. 234: Hermannsburg Mission, Upper Finke River, Northern
Territory.

Cotype (M. C. Z. 21885) Hermannsburg, N. T. (M. v. Leonhardi) 1910.
9 (M. C. Z. 3522S) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

The grounds on which Sternfeld based this race are somewhat
slender. He believed that centralis had a longer tail than lineata.
Thus the length from snout to anus in lineata is included in the length
of tail 1.1 (Boulenger's S. Australian specimen) to 1.7 (M. C. Z. 33017)
times. In the eight cotypes of centralis 1.2 to 1.5 times in the females,
1.5 to 1.6 times in the males. In addition centralis lacks the prominent,
outer lateral, white lines of the typical form. Another character, ob-
servable in our scanty material, might be added. Our male 2\ I.
lineata has almost smooth ventral scales, while those of the two
female T. I. centralis are strongly keeled. The larger 9 (No. 35228)
measures 113 (50+63) mm. This lizard, taken in September, is dis-
tended with large eggs in which there are no signs of embryos. Lucas
and Frost (1896, p. 132) state that from 9-12 eggs are laid in February
or March.

Tympanocryptis cephalus Giinther

Tympanocryptis cephalus Giinther, 1867, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), 20,

p. 52: Nicol Bay, Western Australia.
Tympanocryptis tetraporophora Lucas & Frost, 1895, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria

7, p. 265: Adminga and Dalhousie, South Australia.

9 (M. C. Z. 7496) Central Australia (W. A. Horn) 1910.

This specimen was received in exchange from the American Museum
of Natural History in 1910.

Lucas and Frost differentiated their tetraporophora on the grounds
of it possessing four pores, i.e. a preanal and femoral on either side.
Later, they (1896, p. 131) published a note on additional material
from the type localities, which are just across the border from the
Northern Territory (formerly Central Australia). Zietz (1920, p. 198)
considered both cephalus and tetraporophora synonyms of lineata but
in that I think he was mistaken ; one imagines from the literature that
these related species may have been confused. Kinghorn (1932, p. 360)

LOVERIDGE : AUSTRALIAN REPTILES 327

resurrects ccphalas as a race of lincata. I doubt if such a course is per-
missible on geographical grounds. His very interesting note contains
important observations and extends the range to Ardmore in north-
western Queensland.

Nostril much nearer the eye than to the tip of the snout ; upper head
scales larger and with fewer keels than in lincata; being a female it has
no pores. Total length 125+ (57+68+) mm., tip of tail missing.

DiPORiPHORA BiLiNEATA Gray

Diporiphora bilineata Gray, 1842, Zool. Miscell., p. 54: Port Essington,
Northern Territory.

Granimatophora calotella Giinther, 1867, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), 20, p. 52:
Cape York, Queensland.

Diporophora hrevicauda De Vis, 1884, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl., 1, p. 99:
Cape York, Queensland.

Diporophora pentalineata De Vis, 1884, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl., 1, p. 99:
Cape York, Queensland.

Diporophora bilineata Garman, 1901, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 6. Bar-
bour, 1914, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27, p. 203.

Physignathus nigricollis Lonnberg & Andersson, 1915, Svenska. Vetensk-
Akad. Handl. Stockholm, 52, No. 7, p. 4: Cooktown, Cape York, Queens-
land.

1 (M. C. Z. 6467) Queensland (Barrier Reef Exped.) 1896.

2 (M. C. Z. 9497-8) Prince of Wales Id., T. S. (H. L. Clark) 1913.
2 (M. C. Z. 10205-6) Mapoon, Q. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

11 (M. C. Z. 35215-21) Coen, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

On looking up Gray's original description of both genus and species,
I note that he spells the genus Diporiphora; it will be regrettably neces-
sary to revert to this spelling instead of Diporophora.

It is probable that No. 6467 is a topotype of Physignathus 7iigricollis
Lonnberg and Andersson, for most of the Barrier Reef Expedition's
mainland material came from Cooktown. After synonymising nigri-
collis with bilineata I came across a note by Longman (1916, p. 51) in
which he makes a similar suggestion.

All our specimens are characterized by an absence of a gular fold.
The smallest lizard (No. 35215) is uniformly plumbeous above so that
it would appear that the dorsal blotches and light dorsolateral lines
are a later development. The largest lizard (No. 9497) measures 213
(65 + 148) mm.

328 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

DiPORiPHORA AUSTRALis (Steindacliner)

Calotella australis Steindachner, 1867, Reise Oesterr. Freg. Novara., Rept.,
p. 29, pi. i, fig. 9: Australia.

Gramtuatophora macrolepis Giinther, 18G7, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), 20, p.
51: Australia.

Diporophora nuchalis De Vis, 1884, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl., 1, p. 98: no
locality mentioned except "central and south coast district" (? of Queens-
land).

Diporophora ornata De Vis, 1884, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl., 1, p. 99: locality
as last.

1 (M. C. Z. 10162) Gayndah, Q. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 10538) Queensland. (Queensland Mus.) 1914.

A gular fold; tail twice as long as the body. Larger lizard (No.
10162) measures 200+ (73 + 127+) mm., tip of tail missing.

DiPORiPHORA wiNNECKEi Lucas & Frost

Diporiphora winneckei Lucas & Frost, 1895, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 8, p. 3:
Charlotte Waters, Northern Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 22371) Hermannsburg, N. T. (M. v. Leonhardi) 1927.
3 (M. C. Z. 35222-4) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

A gular fold; throat and abdomen prominently streaked with grey.
Largest lizard (No. 35222) measures 212 (60 + 152) mm.

Physignathus gilberti gilberti (Gray)

Lophognathus gilberti Gray, 1842, Zool. Miscell., p. 53: Port Essington, Northern

Territory.
Redlenbacheria fasciata Steindachner, 1867, Reise Oesterr. Freg. Novara. Rept.,

p. 31: Australia.
Physignathus incognitus Ahl, 1926, Zool. Anz. Leipzig, 67, p. 190: Australia.
1 (M. C. Z. 28661) Groote Eylandt, N. T. (British Mus. )1929.
3 (M. C. Z. 31889-91) Broome, W. A. (H. L. Clark) 1929.

The young Groote Eylandt lizard was received from the British
Museum as gilberti; it agrees with the Broome series in having the
nostril situated a trifle nearer the end of the snout than to the eye.
Boulenger (1885, p. 396) states of gilberti, however, "nostril a little
nearer the orbit than to the tip of the snout". Ahl based his incognitus
on a female in which the nostril Avas equidistant between the orbit and
the end of the snout. To judge by our large series of lon.girostris this is
an inconstant character within the genus Physignathus, it differs as
between adult and young of P. gilberti centralis from the same locality.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 329

Keels of the upper dorsal series forming parallel lines with the dorsal
crest. Largest lizard (No. 31890) measures 320+ (100+220 + ) mm.,
tip of tail missing.

Physignathus gilberti centralis Loveridge

Physignathus gilberti centralis Loveridge, 1933, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 13,
p. 71: Anningie, Northern Territory.

Type (M. C. Z. 35207) Anningie, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Anningie is about thirty miles in a westerly direction from Teatree
Well.

The paratype No. 35208 has been sent to the Australian Museum,
Sydney.

Characterized by the shorter hind limbs which only reach the eye;
smaller ventral scales; dorsal crest extending on to the tail. Total
length of d^ type 273+ (103 + 170+) mm., tip of tail missing.

Physignathus longirostris (Boulenger)

Lophognathus longirostris Boulenger, 1883, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), 12,
p. 225: Champion Bay and Nicol Bay, Western Australia.

2 (M. C. Z. 33015-6) Lake Violet, W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.
2 (M. C. Z. 35195-6) Birchip Downs, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
17 (M. C. Z. 35197-206) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
Birchip Downs is 40 miles W. of Barrow Creek Tel. Stn.

I am undecided whether to employ the name P. I. quattuorfasciatus
Sternfeld for these lizards of which the Hermannsburg series are topo-
types; the Birchip Downs specimens are certainly of the same form,
while those from Lake ^^iolet appear indistinguishable. Reasoning
from analogy one would expect quattuorfasciatus to be a valid race
like the majority of Sternf eld's forms. In the absence of topotypical
material of longirostris Boulenger I must leave the status of quattuor-
fasciatus an open question.

All our specimens, including those from Lake Violet, have the four
stripes of Sternfeld's race and though Boulenger, in describing longi-
rostris makes no mention of the faint lower ones, it is possible that he
considered them of no significance. It is important to note that
Boulenger had only one adult female and two young lizards as types,
for there is a tendency to reduction of the number of femoral pores in
females. The following data is now available:
5-8 femoral pores in Boulenger's cotypes of longirostris.
8-10 femoral pores in Sternfeld's cotypes from Hermannsburg.

330 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

6-11 femoral pores in the M.C.Z. series from Hermannsburg, average

8.7.
9-12 femoral pores in the M.C.Z. specimens from Birchip Downs.
7-8 femoral pores in M.C.Z. specimens from Lake Violet.

The shorter snout of quattuorfasciatus is inconstant, the nostril
probably averages being equidistant between the end of the snout and
the anterior corner of the orbit, in some it is a little nearer the orbit.
That our material represents longirosfris rather than temporalis of
Port Essington seems certain for the clear, longitudinal, lateral stripes
are not impinged upon by any dark, transverse bars. As the diameters
of their tympana are equal to (in young) or larger than the eye-open-
ings, they cannot represent craducnsis Werner.

These lizards were "often found in trees along the shores of Lake
Violet. If surprised upon the ground they frequently took refuge in
trees, where they climbed to a height of at least six feet, probably
more." (W.E.S.j

Physignathus lesueurii (Gray)

Lnphura lesueurii, Gray, 1831, in Griffith's Cuvier, Animal King., 9, Syn.,

p. 60: "Paramatta" (New South Wales.)
Amphibolurus heterunis Peters, 1867, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1866

(1867), p. 86: Clarence River, New South Wales.
Amphibolurus hrauchialis De Vis, 1884, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl., 1, p. 55:

Brisbane, Queensland.
Gonyocephalus spinipes Barbour (not of Dumeril), 1914, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 27, p. 203.

1 (M. C. Z. 4499) Queensland (H. A. Ward) N. D.

1 (M. C. Z. 9487) Kuranda, Q. (H. L. Clark) 1913.

1 (M. C. Z. 10176) Ourimbah, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 27218) Brooklana, N. S. W. (G. C. Crampton) 1928.

1 (M. C. Z. 35209) Blackheath, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35210) Hartley Vale, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

4 (M. C. Z. 35211-4) Lake Barrine, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

femoral pores 14-23 on each side; curiously enough the lowest
number was found on the largest old male (No. 35211) which measures
700+ (260+440+) mm., tip of tail missing, regenerating and forked.

Chlamydosaurus kingii Gray

Chlamijdosaurus kingii Gray, 1827, in King's Voy. Austral., 2, p. 425, pi. A:

Port Nelson, Kimberley.
Chlamydosaurus Kingi Garman, 1901, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, no. 1, p. 6.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 331

1 (M. C. Z. 5204) Australia (No further history) N. D.

1 (M. C. Z. 5226) Australia (H. A. Ward) 1884.

4 (M. C. Z. 6465-6) Queensland (E. A. Olive) 1S96.

1 (M. C. Z. 7493) Rockhampton, Q. (T. Barbour don.) 1903.

1 (M. C. Z. 35225) Coen, Q. (P. J. DarUngton) 1932.

The largest Frilled Lizard (No. 35225) measures 638 (218+420) mm.

Moloch horridus Gray

Moloch Jwrridus Gray, 1841, in Grey's Journ. Exped. West. Austral., 2, p.
441, pi. ii: Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 5131) York district, W. A. (H. St. George Ord) 1883.

1 (M. C. Z. 6980) South Australia (T. Barbour don.) 1903.

1 (M. C. Z. 1231S) Interior of W. A. (Dr. A. Garrett) 1917.

1 (M. C. Z. 33011) Ooldea, S. A. (Australian Mus.) 1931.

3 (M. C. Z. 33012-4) Nr. Mullewa, W. A. (I. M. Dixson) 1931.

1 (M. C. Z. 35226) Birchip Downs, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35227) Teatree Well, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

The largest Thorny Devil is a female (No. 35227) bloated with eggs
which measure approximately 25 x 15 mm., September, 1932. This 9
measures 192 (112+80) mm.

VARANIDAE

Varanus salvator (Laurenti)

Stellio salvator Laurenti, 1768, Syn. Rept., p. 56: "Zeylania ad Uttora maris."
2 (M. C. Z. 6723) Australia (T. Barbour don.) 1903.

The larger measures only 388 (150+238) mm., but the species is
represented in the collection by a score of monitors from the Philip-
pine Islands, Sarawak, Borneo, and Java.

Var.\nus indicus (Daudin)

Tupinambis indicus Daudin, 1802, Hist. Rept., 3, p. 46, pi. xxx: ? "Indiae
orientalis."

2 (M. C. Z. 4433) Murray Is., T. S. (E. Gerrard) 1879.

1 (M. C. Z. 35030) Lankelly Creek, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35031) Rocky Scrub, Mcllwraith Range, Q. (P. J. D.) 1932.

Both the last mentioned localities in the Mcllwraith Ranges,
northern Queensland. The largest monitor (No. 35031) measures
1005 + (425 +580 + ) mm., tip of the tail missing.

332 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Varanus varius varius (Shaw)

Lacerta varia Shaw, 1790, in White's Journ. Voyage N. S. W., App. p. 253,
pi.: New South Wales.

1 (M. C. Z. 5217) Victoria (H. A. Ward) 1874.

2 (M. C. Z. 19973-4) Australia (Zool. Soc. London) 1925.

The largest of these fine monitors (No. 19973) measures 1660 (640 +
1020) mm.

Varanus varius bellii Dumeril & Bibron

Varanus bellii Dumeril & Bibron, 1836, Erpet. Gen., p. 493, pi. xxxv: Australia.
1 (M. C. Z. 35032) Near Baldry, N. S. W. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

This monitor from Baldry (Balderodgery on old maps) is darker
on the sides of the face than is represented in Dumeril's figure of the
type. Its immaculate belly as well as its dorsal coloration is so totally
different from that of the typical form that one suspects it may be a
full species. Zietz (1920, p. 201) includes it with the typical form and
gives their range as Western AustraUa! See also Procter (1923, p.
1072). Total length 1410 (510+900) mm.

"Shot out of a dead Eucalyptus about three miles west of Baldry."
(W. E. S.)

Varanus gouldii (Gray)

Hi/drosaurvs Gouldii Gray, 1838, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 394: Australia.

3 (M. C. Z. 2866) Australia (No further history) N. D.

1 (M. C. Z. 31898) Nr. Night CHff, N. T. (H. L. Clark) 1929.
1 (M. C. Z. 33020) Mullewa, W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.

1 (M. C. Z. 33021) PindawaStn., W. A. (J. McCallum Smith) 1931.

2 (M. C. Z. 33022-3) Lake Violet, W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 35033) FUnders River, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35034) Coalbrook, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35035) Grampian Valley, Q. (L. A. Stevens) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35036) E. of Julia Creek, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35037) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

4 (M. C. Z. 35038-41) Birchip Downs, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

2 (M. C. Z. 35042-3) Alice Springs, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35044) Nr. Trewilga, N. S. W. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Night Cliff is near Darwin; Pindawa is 35 miles southeasterly from
Mullewa; Lake Violet is three miles from Wiluna; Coalbiook
and Grampian Valley are near Richmond; Trewilga is five
miles south of Peak Hill.

Not one of these monitors has an immaculate belly as would appear
to be the case with V. gigaiiteus (Gray). On the other hand several

loveridge: Australian reptiles 333

have transverse rows of large dorsal spots as in giganteus, and the
distance from the anterior corner of the eye to the end of the snout is
greater than from the anterior corner of the eye to the anterior border
of the ear in the larger examples, in which respect they agree with
giganteus; an age, rather than a specific character perhaps. On the
other hand in none is the nostril more than twice as far from the orbit
as from the end of the snout. The largest monitor (No. 35035) measures
1292 (640+652) mm.

"Native name {I)luaitchirra at Birchip Downs, where dug out of
burrows, in September. The Trewilga specimen ran up a tree from
which it was shot." (W. E, S.)

Varanus spenceri Lucas & Frost

Varanus spenceri Lucas & Frost, 1903, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 7, p. 145-
Tablelands 50 miles n.e. of Tennant's Creek, Central Australia.

Varanus ingrami Boulenger, 1906, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 18, p. 440:
Alexandria, Northern Territory.

Though this species is unrepresented in the collections of the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, a perusal of the description leaves
little doubt that Boulenger, in describing ingrami from a skin, over-
looked Lucas and Frost's description of spenceri, of which I consider
ingrami a synonym.

Varanus prasinus (Schlegel)

Monitor prasinus Schlegel, 1844, Abbild. Amphibien, p. 78: west coast of New
Guinea.

1 (M. C. Z. 4435) Cornwallis Id., T. S. (E. Gerrard) 1877.

A very young example measuring 211 (85 + 126) mm. The Museum
would welcome an example of the related boulengeri described from
Coquet Island, Howdch Group, by Kinghorn.

Varanus punctatus punctatus (Gray)

Odatria punctata Gray, 1838, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 394: Sharks Bay, Western

Australia.
Monitor tristis Schlegel, 1884, Abbild. Amphibien, p. 73: Swan River, Western
Australia.

2 (M. C. Z. 35049-50) Teatree Well, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

2 (M. C. Z. 35051-52) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

The Teatree monitors are adult with dark heads and necks; their
tails are uniformly black except at the base. The Hermannsburg
specimens are young, one very young; the latter has the head punctate

334 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

with yellow spots, while its companion is already assuming the darker
head and neck of the adults. These young reptiles also resemble our
paratype of orientalis in the shape of their scales rather than those of
the adults which are tectiform. The adult cf (No. 35049) measures
602 + (252 +350+) mm., tip of tail missing.

"Native name Albongara at Teatree Well. Found in hollow trees."
(W. E. S.)

Varanus punctatus orientalis Fry

Varanus punctatus var. orientalis Fry, 1913, Rec. Austral. Mus. Sydney, 10,
p. 18, figs. 7-10: Eidsvold, Upper Burnett River, Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 4136) Australia (E. Gerrard) 1877.

2 (M. C. Z. 4434) Murray Id., T. S. (E. Gerrard) 1874.

1 (M. C. Z. 7492) Rockhampton, Q. (T. Barbour don.) 1903.
Paratype (M. C. Z. 10267) Eidsvold, Q. (T. L. Bancroft) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 35048) Anakie, Q. (J. Kahler) 1932.

The Murray Island monitors were received as timorensis but on
comparing them with examples of that species from Timor, collected
and determined by Dr. Malcolm Smith, they were found to agree
rather with the punctatus group. The adult cf possesses tufts of
spinous scales near the anus and has 90 rows of abdominal scales
between the anus and the gular fold. Boulenger, who doubtless identi-
fied these two lizards, recorded (1885, p. 323) timorensis from Murray
Island. If these Murray Island specimens are correctly identified with
orienialis of which No. 10267 is a paratype, Fry's characters do hold;
the larger monitor (No. 4434) measures 494 (207+287) mm.

Varanus gilleni Lucas & Frost

Varanus gilleni Lucas & Frost, 1895, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 7, p. 266:
Between Glen Edith and Deering Creek, also Charlotte Waters, Northern
Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 33521) Finke River, N. T. (M. v. Leonhardi) 1932.

2 (M. C. Z. 35053-4) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Breast and belly, as well as the throat, spotted with brown. The
largest monitor (No. 35053), a cf if one may judge by the group of
small spines on either side of the anus, measures 294 + (137 + 157+)
mm., tip of tail missing.

Varanus caudolineatus Boulenger

Varanus caudolineatus Boulenger, 1885, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., 2, p. 324, pi.
xviii: Champion Bay, Western Australia.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 335

1 (M. C. Z. 24546) Yalgoo, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.
1 (M. C. Z. 33018) Pindawa, W. A. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 33019) Mullewa, W. A. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.
Pindawa is 35 miles from Mullewa.

The expedition failed to secure examples of the closely related
hrevicaudm Boulenger. The largest of the three monitors listed above
(No. 24546) measures 236 (108 + 128) mm.

Varanus eremius Lucas & Frost

Varanus eremius Lucas & Frost, 1895, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 7, p. 267:
Idracowra, Northern Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 33522) Finke River, N. T. (M. v. Leonhardi) 1932.

7 (M. C. Z. 35055-61) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

The Hermannsburg Mission is on the Upper Finke River in the
former political area of Central AustraHa. M. von Leonhardi, in
charge of the mission, collected for the Senckenberg Museum, from
which our first examples of both gilleni and eremius were received.
The largest monitor (No. 35055) measures 398 (145+253) mm.

Of number 35056, Mr. Schevill writes: "Shortly after being dropped
into water, it vomited a mouse." (W. E. S.)

Varanus acanthurus brachyurus Sternfield

Varanus acanthurus brachyurus Sternfeld, 1919, Mitt. Senckenb. Naturf.
Gesell., 1, p. 78: Hermannsburg Mission, Upper Finke River, Northern
Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 29791) Broome, W. A. (H. L. Clark) 1929.

1 (M. C. Z. 35045) Alice Springs, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

2 (M. C. Z. 35046-7) Birchip Downs, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

The type locality of typical acanthurus is northwest Australia. That
being the case one would expect the Broome lizard to be more or less
typical, however, I am assured by Mr. W. E. Schevill and others that
the term "northwest" is used in a very vague sense by residents in
the populous regions around Perth and is often applied loosely to
Western Australia north of the chief settled area. It is probable,
therefore, that the type of acanthurus came from somewhere south of
Broome.

The Broome specimen conforms to Sternfeld's definition of brachy-
urus and this is in line with other records which show that many
central Australian forms extend westward to Broome. The head and
body length of the Broome monitor are contained 1.31 times in the

336 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

length of the tail, the others 1.2 and 1.6 times. Sternfeld's type series
ranged from 1.31 to 1.76 times as against 2.0 times in the typical form.

Sternfeld cites a second character, that of relative limb length, but
is in error in stating that the hind limb of Boulenger's type is exactly
half as long as the trunk without head and neck, for Boulenger's
figures for the trunk are 135 mm., and 90 mm. for the hind limb. If
the length of the hind limb is divided into the length from snout to
anus it is 2.2 times in the type of acanthurus; 2.6 to 3.0 times in the
four cotypes of brachyurus; 2.9 times for the Broome lizard.

Our largest monitor (No. 35046) measures 622 (350+272) mm.

"Native name Kirrikirra near Birchip Downs, cf and 9 dug from
shallow burrows one foot deep and two or three feet long." (W. E. S.)

SCINCIDAE

Egernia luctuosa (Peters)

Cydodus (Omolepida) luctuosus Peters, 1866, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,
p. 90: King George Sound, Western Australia.

4 (M. C. Z. 33101-4) Pemberton, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 24-25; dorsals almost smooth. Largest skink
(No. 33102) measures 325 (125+200) mm.

Kinghorn (1932, p. 359) discusses the interesting variations dis-
played by a topotype.

"Most of these skinks were taken in rat traps set at the edge of a
swamp." (P. J. D.)

Egernia whitii whitii (Lacepede)

Sdncus whitii Lacepede 1804, Ann. Mus. Paris, 4, p. 192: Australia.
Lygosoma moniligera Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erpet. Gen., 5, p. 736: Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 1078) Hobart, T. (J. W. Robertson) 1860.

1 (M. C. Z. 2133) AustraUa (A. A. Dumeril) 1865.

1 (M. C. Z. 2221) Sydney, N. S. W. (W. Keferstein) 1865.

1 (M. C. Z. 6301) Mt. Kosciusko, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

3 (M. C. Z. 33121-3) Thredbo River, N. S. W. (Harvard Ex.) 1931.
The Thredbo River is near Mount Kosciusko.

Number 2133 is believed to be a cotype of L. moniligera Dumeril &
Bibron; in this connection see remarks under E. napoleonis (Gray).

Midbody scale-rows 32-38; dorsals smooth. The frontonasal, in
contact with the frontal in the Hobart, Australia, and Sj'dney lizards,
is widely separated in the four from Mt. Kosciusko. If, therefore,

loveridge: Australian reptiles 337

these all represent one race, then this character, which is used by
Kinghorn (1931, p. 88) for distinguishing E. w. carnarae from Canara,
North West Cape, Western Australia, fails though carnarae is un-
doubtedly racially or specifically distinct from whitii. Largest skink
(No. 33121) measures 219 (81+138) mm.

It would appear as if E. dahlii Boulenger (1896, p. 233) from Roe-
buck Bay, Western Australia, might be a synonym of E. kintorei
Stirling and Zietz (1893, p. 171) from the northern part of the Vic-
toria desert, south of the Barrow Range. As the latter authors only
gave a skeleton description, however, promising a more detailed one
later, it is impossible to decide. Zietz (1920, p. 203) referred kintorei
to the synonymy of whitii; it is obviously a good race, more probably a
full species.

Egernia inornata Rosen

Egernia inornata Ros^n, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), 16, p. 139, fig. 3:

West Australia.
Egernia striata Sternfeld, 1919, Mitt. Senckenb. Naturf. Gesell., 1, p. 79:
Hermannsburg Mission, Upper Finke River, Northern Territory.

2 (M. C. Z. 7497) Central Australia (Horn Expedition) 1896.
Cotypes (M. C. Z. 35525-6) Hermannsburg, N. T. (M. v. Leonhardi)
1908.
10 (M. C. Z. 35289-98) Teatree Well, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
10 (M. C. Z. 35300-7) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

At first I attempted to keep the Teatree Well series distinct as
representing inornata with 40-46 midbody scale-rows, (the type had
42) but failed. Sternfeld's long series of cotypes ranged from 38-42
but these extremes were only represented by one example of each
while the remaining nine had 40 midbody scale-rows. Two distinct
color phases, a pale (deserticolor) and a dark (olive) occur at Her-
mannsburg, but do not appear separable on scale characters.

Midbody scale-rows 38-46, average 41, all smooth; prefrontals
broadly or narrowly in contact, or narrowly separated. Largest
skinks measure 228 mm., viz. (No. 7497) 93 + 135 mm., and (No. 35289)
105 + 123 mm.

The two specimens from Central Australia, received as whitii,
agree in their color pattern with those described from Alice Springs
in the Report on the Horn Expedition. They are brighter than the
cotypes, but rather paler than the topotypes, of striata. Sternfeld
claims that the tail of striata is much shorter than that of whitii.
After eliminating those with damaged or regenerated tails, it was

338 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

found that the length from snout to anus is included in that of the tail
from:

1.1 to 1.3 times in Sternf eld's 6 cotypes of striata

1.2 to 1.3 " " the 5 M. C. Z. topotypes of striata

1.3 to 1.4 " " the 2 Central Australian skinks
1.1 to 1.3 " " the 5 Teatree examples

1.3 to 1.4 " " the 2 M. C. Z. examples of whitii
so that at best the difference can be but an average one.

Egernia major (Gray)

Tropidolepisma major Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., p. 107: Australia.
1 (M. C. Z. 35299) Ravenshoe, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 32, dorsals striated; supraciliaries 10. Total
length 452 (176+276) mm.

Longman (1918, p. 37) considers that hungana De Vis (1888, p. 814)
may be distinguished from major by dift'erent coloration and habits.
De Vis separated his 665 mm. holotype from viajor (470 mm.) on the
grounds of larger size, color, and a few trifling characters. I was
inclined to think that the change in habits might be correlated with
larger size of old specimens, but defer to Longman's personal acquaint-
ance with both species.

Egernia striolata (Peters)

Tropidolepisma striolatum Peters, 1870, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 642:
Lake Elphinstone, Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 6852) Queensland (T. Barbour don.) 1903.

1 (M. C. Z. 10545) Darling Downs, Q. (Queensland Mus.) 1914.

Midbody scale-rows 30-32, dorsals tri- or quinquecarinate; su-
praciliaries 7; prefrontals narrowly or broadly in contact. Larger skink
(No. 6852) measures 230 (105 + 125) mm.

Egernia Formosa Fry

Egernia formosa Fry, 1914, Rec. W. Austral. Mus., 1, p. 184, pi. xxvii: Perth,
paratypes from Boulder, Western Australia.

14 (M. C. Z. 33067-77) West Wallaby Id., W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
2 (M. C. Z. 33078-9) Cottesloe Beach, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 33080) Pindawa, nr. Canna, W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.

Cottesloe Beach is near Perth and these specimens are therefore
practically topotypes.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 339

Midbody scale-rows 28-32, dorsals smooth, average 30. Largest
skink (No. 33070) measures 285 (90 + 195) mm.

Scanty or no reference has been made to this very distinct species
in the literature since described by Fry from eight examples. Our
series differ from the description in lacking a curved groove behind the
nostril. One wonders if Fry was not mistaken on this point, perhaps
from lack of comparative material of luctuosa. The same variability
in head squamation, as figured by Fry, is to be noted in our series.
Frj^ gives only 28 midbody scale-rows. The throats in our specimens
lack brown reticulations.

"Most abundant in rocky areas though occasionally found in sandy
saltbush country on West Wallaby Island." (W. E. S.)

Egernia kingii (Gray)

Tiliqua kingii Gray, 1839, Ann. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 290: Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 6754) Australia (T. Barbour don.) 1903.

8 (M. C. Z. 33081-8) West Wallaby Id., W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

Under this name, Boulenger confused three perfectly distinct species
or forms. See further discussion below.

Midbody scale-rows 34-36 (on island) to 38 (No. 6754); dorsals
tricarinate. Largest skink (No. 6754) measures 468 (228+240) mm.,
but tail regenerated.

"Seems more abundant in sandy country on W^est Wallaby Island.
It is much more wary than E. stokcsii, rarely stopping to look until in
thick cover; relatively difficult to take alive. Has been taken in dog-
tooth rock at edge of tidal flat, though generally found near bushy
cover. Unlike E. stokcsii, this species may cast its tail, though not
nearly so readily as do E. formosa or the geckoes. It is quite strong
and when taken up, writhes actively, using its claws (and teeth if
possible) to good advantage. Though apparently much less abundant,
in general the species seems to be more intelligent than "E. stokcsii;
in captivity it soon learns to take food directly from the hand, while
E. stokcsii was never observed to take any food, even when left within
reach for some hours." (W. E. S.)

Egernia nitida (Gray)

Tropidolepisma nitida Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mas., p. 106: Australia.

2 (M. C. Z. 24549-50) Augusta, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.
8 (M. C. Z. 24551-8) Manjimup, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

2 (M. C. Z. 24559-60) Pemberton, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.
1 (M. C. Z. 24561) Perth, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

S40 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

5 (M. C. Z. 33089-93) Margaret River, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 33094) Wallcliffe, W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.

6 (M. C. Z. 33095-100) Pemberton, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

Wallcliffe is near Margaret River.

Distinguished from E. kingii by its much smaller size, as judged by
gravid females, and distinctive coloration; from E. napoleonis (Gray)
by sharper keeling of the dorsals and by coloration.

Midbody scale-rows 32-38 (32 Perth only, 38 Margaret River only) ;
dorsals very strongly tricarinate. Largest skink (No. 33091) measures
228 (103 + 125) ram.

The Manjiraup skinks were taken "under logs by clearing on Febru-
ary 4, 1927" (W. S. B.) at which time some of the females were gravid.

Egernia napoleonis (Gray)

Tiliqua napoleonis Gray, 1839, Ann. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 290: Australia.
Egernia pulchra Werner, 1910, in Michaelsen & Hartmeyer's, Fauna Siidwest-
Austral. 2, p. 470, fig. 8: Torbay, Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 2133, part) Australia (A. A. Dumeril) 1865.

8 (M. C. Z. 24488-91, 24562-5) Denmark, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

Number 2133 may be a cotype of Tropidolopisma dmnerilii Dumeril
& Bibron. It was catalogued a decade after it was received together
with a juvenile example of Lygosoma m.oniligcra Dumeril & Bibron.
The latter species is a synonym of E. w. whitii and may be distinguished
from napoleonis by its smooth dorsals; otherwise the striking color
pattern of ivhitii is common also to napoleonis which would appear to
be localised in the Denmark-Albany area where so many peculiar
forms occur.

E. napoleonis was described by Gray in the paragraph following the
description of E. kingii. Dumeril & Bibron made a composite of the
two (and nitida"!) and redescribed it under the name of Tropidolepisma
dumerilii varieties A, B, C, and D. Boulenger followed their action in
lumping the forms, but under the name of kingii. Evidently he con-
sidered napoleonis to be the young of kingii but that this is not the
case is obvious from the gravid, embryo -bearing females in the Den-
mark series which are but little more than half the size of average
kingii.

Midbody scale-rows 34-38; dorsals bi- or tricarinate. Largest
skink (No. 24489) measures 293 (107 + 186) mm.

Gravid females taken "under logs in burnt land on hill." January
23, 1927. (W. S. B.)

LOVERIDGE : AUSTRALIAN REPTILES 341

Egernia cunninghami (Gray)

Tiliqua cunninghami Gray, 1832, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 40: West Aus-
tralia, lat. 29".

1 (M. C. Z. 2514) New South Wales (G. Krefft) 1870.

1 (M. C. Z. 33055) Threadbo River, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.

Threadbo River is at Mount Kosciusko. I should like to have been
able to compare these skinks with topotypical Western Australian
specimens. I am not sure of the status of the closely allied E. loh-
mantii Werner which was described from a single specimen without
locality. The description of the caudal scales read like those of a
regenerated tail.

Midbody scale-rows 38 (No. 2514) to 48; dorsals unicarinate. Larger
specimen (No. 33055) measures 368 (210 + 158) mm.

Egernia stokesii (A. Dumeril)

Silubosaurus stokesii A. Dumeril, 1851, Cat. Method. Coll. Rept. Paris, p.
180: Houtman's Abrolhos and Western Australia.

18 (M. C. Z. 33105-19) West Wallaby Id., W. A. (Harvard Ex.) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 33120) Morawa, W. A. (J. MacCallum Smith) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 32-36, average 33; dorsals spinose; frontonasal
in contact with the rostral; upper caudal scales unicuspid, rarely bi-
or tricuspid (forcer. No. 33113). Largest skink (No. 33120) measures
233 (166+67) mm.

Longman, having examined the type of Silubosaurus zellingi De Vis,
states that it is undoubtedly synonymous with the present species.

"Egernia stokesii occurs alike in all kinds of country all over West
Wallaby Island. Shows none of the bluff or aggression of Ampfiibolurus;
in sandy country it scuttles for cover in a bush or mutton-bird burrow.
When uncovered in rocky country, where several of different sizes are
frequently found under one stone, scuttles either beneath the same or
another stone or a bush — occasionally attempting to climb inside
trouser leg! The distribution of all color phases appears to be quite
haphazard, all being found in various associations. The stones be-
tween which they pass the day sometimes show quite a polish."
(W. E. S.)

Egernia depressa (Giinther)

Silubosaurus depressus Giinther, 1875, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Rept., p. 15-
Swan River, Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 10165) Western Australia (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 10166) Boulder, W. A. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

342 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

1 (M. C. Z. 33056) Yalgoo, W. A. (Hills) 1931.

6 M. C. Z. 33057-62) Wiluna, W. A. (D. Crofts) 1931.

4 (M. C. Z. 33063-6) Mullewa, W. A. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 32-36, average 34; dorsals trispinose; frontona-
sal separated from the rostral except in No. 33060; upper caudal
scales tricuspid except in the very young (No. 33060), the develop-
ment of the lateral cusps is well shown in this series. Largest skink
(No. 10165) measures 143 (102+41) mm. to tip of terminal spine.

Trachysaurus rugosus (Gray)

Trachysauriis rugosus Gray, 1827, in King's Voy. Austral., 2, p. 430: King
George Sound, Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 9325) Australia (Amsterdam Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 18428) Australia (T. Barbour don.) 1924.

4 (M. C. Z. 24453-6) Denmark, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

1 (M. C. Z. 24457) Augusta, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

1 (M. C. Z. 26651) Bunbury, W. A. (T. S. Ledyard) 1927.

1 (M. C. Z. 29792) Largs Bay, S. A. (C. Walton) 1930.

1 (M. C. Z. 33046) Near Mingenew, W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.

1 (M. C. Z. 33047) Swan View, W. A. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.

1 (M. C. Z. 33048) Mullewa, W. A. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.

1 (M. C. Z. 33049) Wallcliffe, W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.

1 (M. C. Z. 33050) Pemberton, W. A. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.

1 (M. C. Z. 33051) Mullewa, W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.

Largest skink, a male (No. 26651), measures 344 (265+79) mm.
"Copros of Mullewa specimen contained fragments of large weevils
November 9, 1931." (P. J. D.)

TiLiQUA sciNCOiDES (Shaw)

Laceria scincoides Shaw, 1790, in White's Journ. Voyage N. S. W., app., p. 242,
pi.: Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 10552) S. Queensland (Queensland Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 31894) Near Broome, W. A. (H. L. Clark) 1929.

1 (M. C. Z. 31895) Darwin, N. T. (H. L. Clark) 1929.

1 (M. C. Z. 33054) Kurrajong Heights, N. S. W. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35308) Coen, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 34; supraoculars 3-6; supraciliaries 3-6;
temporals greatly elongate; fore limb shorter than the head. Largest
skink (No. 31895) measures 502 (322 + 180) mm.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 343

TiLiQUA NiGROLUTEA Gray

Tiliqua nigroluteus Gray, 1831, in Griffith's Cuvier Animal King., 9, Syn.,
p. 68: Australia.

Skull & 4 (M. C. Z. 1077) Hobart, T. (J. W. Robertson) 1862.

1 (M. C. Z. 25930) Western Australia (F. Werner) 1928.

Midbody scale-rows 28-30; supraoculars 4; supraciliaries 5; tem-
porals not greatly enlarged. Largest skink (No. 1077) measures 397
(270 + 127) mm.

Tiliqua occipitalis occipitalis (Peters)

Cyclodus occipitalis Peters, 1863, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 231: Ade-
laide, South AustraHa.

2 (M. C. Z. 33052-3) Mullewa, W. A. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 40; supraoculars 2-3; supraciliaries 5-6;
auricular lobules 3-4; frontonasal separated from the frontal. Bands
on body 4, on tail 3-4. Larger skink (No. 33052) measures 413 (295 -|-
118) mm.

Tiliqua occipitalis multifasciata Sternfeld

Tiliqua occipitalis multifasciata Sternfeld, 1919, Mitt. Senckenb. Naturf.
Gesell., 1, p. 79: Hermannsburg Mission, Upper Finke River, Northern
Territory.
Tiliqua occipitalis auriculare Kinghorn, 1931, Rec. Austral. Mus. Sydney, 18,
p. 88: Broome, Western Australia.

2 (M. C. Z. 31892-3) Broome, W. A. (H. L. Clark) 1929.

2 (M. C. Z. 35309-10) Birchip Downs, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35311) Mt. Peake, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35312) Anningie, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

2 (M. C. Z. 35313-4) Teatree Well, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

2 (M. C. Z. 35315-6) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Birchip Downs is 40 miles west of Barrow Creek Telegraph Station ;
Mt. Peake 50 miles in a northwesterly direction from Teatree Well;
Anningie is 30 miles west of Teatree Well. All lie about 150 miles
northerly of Hermannsburg Mission in what was formerly known as
Central Australia.

It will be observed that our Hermannsburg specimens are topo-
types of multifasciata while our Broome material is topotypic of
auriculare. The two alleged races appear indistinguishable, a further
instance of the homogeneity of the Broome and central Australian
fauna. The type of auriculare had 45 midbody scale-rows.

344 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Midbody scale-rows 39-41; auricular lobules usually 5, sometimes
3 or indistinguishable; the frontonasal is separated from the frontal
in every specimen which agree closely with Sternfeld's description.
Bands on body 12-15, on tail 10-12. Largest skink (No. 35310)
measures 365 (250 + 115) mm.

"Native name Lulga near Anningie. Dug from shallow burrow at
Birchip Downs. Most of those from west of Teatree Well were found
strolling about in the daytime. One vomited a mixture of seeds,
small white split ones predominating, into the sand." (W. E. S.)

Hemisphaeriodon gerrardii (Gray)

Hinulia gerrardii Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., p. 75: Australia.
Tiliqua longicauda De Vis, 1888 (1887), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) 2, p. 816:
Rockhampton and Johnstone River, Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 9015) Rockhampton, Q. (Kny-Scheerer) 1908.

1 (M. C. Z. 10177) Gudgeon, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

Gudgeon is on the Tweed River. The Rockhampton skink is
topotypic of longicauda (De Vis) but was received as T. scincoides\
I have checked the description of longicauda with our specimen and
confirm the action of other workers in referring it to the synonymy
of gerrardii.

Midbody scale-rows 30-33; an enormous crushing tooth on either
side of the lower jaw. Larger skink (No. 9015) measures 295 (145 +
150) mm.

■ (Macrogongylus brauni Werner)

Macrogongylus brauni Werner, 1901, Zool. Anz., pp. 298-299; figs. 1 and 2:
"New Holland."
This genus and species, based on an old specimen in the Konigsberg
Museum believed to have come from New Holland, must be con-
sidered a synonym of Celestus occiduus (Shaw) of Jamaica, West
Indies. I am indebted to Dr. Thomas Barbour for advising me to
try the genus Gelestus after I had suggested that Macrogongylus was
not a scincid and extralimital to the scope of this paper.

Sphenomorphus ocellatus (Boulenger)

Lygosotna ocellatum Boulenger, 1896, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), 18, p. 233:

Roebuck Bay, north Western Australia.
Lygosoma ocelliferum Boulenger, 1896, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), 18, p. 342:
n.n. for ocellatum preoccupied in Lygosoma but not in Sphenomorphus.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 345

Lygosoma (Hinulia) breviunguis Kinghorn, 1932, Rec. Austral. Mus., 18, p. 300,
fig. 1 : Carnarvon district, North West Cape.

3 (M. C. Z. 35351-3) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 24-28; supraoculars 4. Largest skink (No.
35351) measures 190 (89 + 101) mm.

These only differ from Boulenger's description of his holotype,
which species has been reported from Hermannsburg by Sternfeld
(1925, p. 246) in possessing 3 instead of 2 pairs of nuchals; 3-5 ear
lobules instead of 4-5; 34-38 midbody scale-rows instead of 36;
22-25 lamellae beneath the fourth toe instead of 22; the digits of the
adpressed limbs sometimes fail to meet.

They agree well with Kinghorn's figure of breviunguis which had
36 midbody scale-rows and is an undoubted synonym of occllatum.

It seems probable that one of the color varieties listed by Lucas
and Frost (1896, p. 138) under Egernia whitii, may be referable to this
species which was at that time undescribed.

Sphenomorphus australis AiisTRALis (Gray)

Tiliqua australis Gray, 1839, Ann. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 291: Australia.
Lygosoma lesueurii Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erpet. Gen., 5, p. 733: Australia.
1 (M. C. Z. 3222) Australia (No history) N. D.

4 (M. C. Z. 10180-3) Ipswich, Q. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 35354) Mt. Carbine, Q. (P. J. Darhngton) 1932.
10 (M. C. Z. 35364-73) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 28-34, average 30; supraoculars 4, 5 on left
side of No. 35354 only; prefrontals forming a median suture except
in No. 10181. Largest skink (No. 10180), a male, measures 279
(90 + 189) mm.

Boulenger rejected the name australis as being preoccupied in the
genus Lygosoma. It is not, however, in Sphenomorphus. It is un-
fortunate that this change must be made.

As might be expected, in the matter of coloration the Hermannsburg
series occupy an intermediate position between the Queensland
australis and the Western Australian inornatus.

Sphenomorphus australis inornatus (Gray)

Hinulia inornata Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., p. 78: Swan River, Western
Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 24566) Yalgoo, W. A. (R. C. Richardson) 1926.

Midbody scale-rows 30; supraoculars 4. Length from snout to anus
75 mm., tail regenerating.

346 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Differs from the Queensland form in color and pattern. Whether it
can be retained as a western race seems extremely doubtful in view of
Boulenger (1S87, p. 226) listing a specimen from Cape York.

Sphenomorphus leonhardii (Sternfeld)

Lygosoma (Hinulia) taeniolatum White, var. maculata Rosen, 1905, Ann. Mag.

Nat. Hist. (7), 16, p. 140: West Australia.
Lygosoma {Hinulia) leonhardii Sternfeld, 1919, Mitt. Senckenb. Naturf.
Gesell., 1, p. 79: Hermannsburg Mission, Upper Finke River, Northern
Territory.

Cotype (M. C. Z. 33529) Hermannsburg, N. T. (M. v. Leonhardi) 1908.
49 (M. C. Z. 35364-73) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 26-30 (but only a dozen counted); supraoculars
4 (in whole series) ; prefrontals in contact in 41 skinks, separated in 9,
so that Sternfeld was misled by his material into saying that the pre-
frontals were usually separated by the frontonasal and frontal forming
a suture; rostral and frontonasal separated in 27, in contact in 21,
while in 2 skinks a small azygous scale occupies this area. Largest
skink (No. 35364) measures 213 (72 + 141) mm.

Rosen's holotype of maculata, collected by Dr. N. Hoist in 1896,
was also an example with the prefrontals separated. The specific
name maculata is preoccupied both in Sphenomorphus and Lygosoma
(in its broader usage) by maculata Blyth of India. It seems possible
that the series of skinks from Broome and the St. George Range,
referred to Icsueurii by Lonnberg and Andersson (1913, p. 8), are
actually referable to leonhardri. It is important to ascertain the
relationship of T. cssingtoni Gray which may be more nearly related
to this form than to taeniolatus (Shaw).

Sphenomorphus spaldingi (Macleay)

Hinulia spaldingi Macleay, 1877, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 2, p. 63: Endeavour

River.
Lygosoma dorsale Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 226, pi. xii, fig. 1:

Fly River, New Guinea.

6 (M. C. Z. 35374-9) Coen, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 26-28; supraoculars 3; prefrontals broadly, or
narrowly, in contact, or well separated. Largest skink (No. 35374)
measures 312 (99+213) mm.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 347

Sphenomorphus leae brooksi Loveridge

Spheno7norphus leae brooksi Loveridge, 1933, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
8, p. 95: Perth, Western Australia.

Holotype (M. C. Z. 25055) Perth, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

Midbody scale-rows 26; prefrontals forming a long median suture;
lamellae beneath the fourth toe sharply keeled, 26. Total length 103
(47+56) mm.

Sphenomorphus quattuordecimlineatus (Sternfeld)

Lygosoma {Hinulia) quattuordecimlineatum Sternfeld, 1919, Mitt. Senckenb.
Naturf. Gesell., 1, p. SO: Hermannsburg Mission, Upper Finke River,
Northern Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 35380) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 30 (28 in type) ; supraoculars 4 ; prefrontals in
contact. Total length 150 (51+99) mm.

This topotype is the first entire example recorded.

Sphenomorphus taeniolatus taeniolatus (Shaw)

Lacerta taeniolata Shaw, 1790, in White's Journ. Voy. N. S. W., p. 245, pi.
xxxii, fig. 1 : New South Wales.

8 (M. C. Z. 2520, 6730, 16276-7) New South Wales (Various) 1870,

1903, 1922.
4 (M. C. Z. 2220, 6302, 19611) Sydney, N. S. W. (Various) 1865, 1890,

1924.
1 (M. C. Z. 10542) Southern Queensland (Queensland Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 35381) Mt. Wilson, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 25-28; prefrontals separated; 4 labials anterior
to the subocular. Largest skink (No. 6302) measures 208 (65 + 143)
mm.

The action of Zietz (1920, p. 206) in synonymizing half-a-dozen
species with this name, is quite unjustifiable. Nor can they be re-
garded as races if that was his intention.

Sphenomorphus colletti (Boulenger)

Lygosoma colletti Boulenger, 1896, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), 18, p. 234:
Roebuck Bay, Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 33273) Caron, W. A. (Harvard Expedition) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 33274) Meekatharra, W. A. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 33275) Wiluna, W. A. (P. J. Darhngton) 1931.

348 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Midbody scale-rows 24-26 (24 in type); lamellae beneath fourth
toe 23-27 (23 in type). Largest skink (No. 33275) measures 113
(47+66) mm.

Though falling under taeniolatus in Boulenger's key (1887, p. 212),
to judge by its color pattern this skink appears to be the Western
Australian representative of the Queensland strauchii. It is sufficiently
well-differentiated from both, however, to be regarded as a full species.
The frontonasal is in contact with the frontal in all three, with the
rostral in two skinks, barely separated in No. 33275; two moderate ear
lobules are more usual than "one large opercle-like scale on its anterior
border". Boulenger makes no mention of the prominent vertical
barring on the flanks which is characteristic of our examples, possibly
our series are subspecifically distinct from collctti. There are indica-
tions of the seven dark longitudinal streaks in No. 33274 but in the
others four streaks are obsolete, leaving only three dark and six white
lines running the full length of the body.

Sphenomorphus schevilli Loveridge

Sphenomorphus schenlli Loveridge, 1933, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 8,
p. 96: Army Downs, 35 miles northerly of Richmond, Queensland.

Holotype (Queensland Museum) Army Downs, nr. Richmond, Q. (W.
E. Schevill) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 40; prefrontals separated by a small interspace;
lamellae beneath the fourth toe unicarinate, 24. Total length 207
(80 + 127) mm.

Sphenomorphus labillardieri (Gray)

Tiliqua Labillardii Gray, 1839, Ann. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 289: Australia.
1 (M. C. Z. 2222) Australia (W. Keferstein) 1865.

1 (M. C. Z. 7742) Western Australia (F. Werner) 1911.

2 (M. C. Z. 24686-7) Mt. Melville, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

2 (M. C. Z. 24688-9) Denmark River, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.
13 (M. C. Z. 24690-702) Augusta, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.
21 (M. C. Z. 24703-10) Manjimup, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.
25 (M. C. Z. 24711-35) Pemberton, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

1 (M. C. Z. 33276) Pemberton, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
29 (M. C. Z. 33277-300) Margaret River, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 24-30 (24 in 3 specimens, 30 in No. 24703 only)
Pemberton and Margaret River skinks not counted; frontonasal
forming sutures with both rostral and frontal; frontal in contact with

LOVERIDGE : AUSTRALIAN REPTILES 349

two supraoculars only (every specimen examined for these characters).
Largest skink (No. 24700) measures 194 (72 + 122) mm.

Gray's original spelling of the specific name was undoubtedly a
lapsus for the generally accepted corrected form, the man's name being
Labilliardiere.

Sphenomorphus tryoni (Longman)

Lijgosoma (Hinulia) tryoni Longman, 1918, Mem. Queensl. Mus., 6, p. 38,
pi. xiii: Macpherson Ranges, 3,000 feet, South Queensland.

9 (M. C. Z. 35382-9) Macpherson Ranges, Q. (P. J. DarHngton) 1932.

Taken at an altitude of between 3,000 and 4,000 feet.

Midl)ody scale-rows 34-40; frontonasal forming sutures with both
rostral and frontal; lamellae under fourth toe 17-19; adpressed limbs
overlap; tail longer than the head and body. Largest skink (No.
35382) measures 220 (105 + 115) mm.

This series of topotypes upholds in -every respect Mr. Longman's
diagnosis of this very distinct species. The coloration is perhaps more
variable than indicated in his description which was based on two
skinks; tran verse barring is common.

Sphenomorphus quoyii quoyii (Dumeril & Bibron)

Lygosoma quoijii Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erpet. Gen., 5, p. 728: AustraHa.
Sphenomorphus quoyi Barbour, 1914, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27, p. 204.

1 (M. C. Z. 9486) Kuranda, Q. (H. L. Clark) 1913.

1 (M. C. Z. 10169) Camden, N. S. W. (AustraUan Mus.) 1914.

3 (M. C. Z. 10170-1, 10174) Wentworth Falls, N. S. W. (Aus. Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 10172) Cootamundra, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 10173) Kerr's Creek, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

3 (M. C. Z. 35390-2) Mt. Wilson, N. S. W. (P. J. DarHngton) 1932.

3 (M. C. Z. 35393-5) Blackheath, N. S. W. (P. J. DarHngton) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35396) Cascade, N. S. W. (P. J. DarHngton) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35397) Barrington Tops, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 36-40, average 38; frontonasal forming a
suture with the rostral, also with the frontal excepting in Kuranda,
Camden, Cootamundra, Kerr's Creek, Cascade, Barrington Tops,
and one of the Mt. Wilson skinks; all these are typical in having the
prefrontals in contact; adpressed limbs overlap; lamellae under fourth
toe 23-30, average 25. Largest skink (No. 10169) measures 295
(104 + 191) mm.

Oa

350 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Sphenomorphus quoyii tympanum (Lonnberg & Andersson)

Lygosoma tympanum Lonnberg & Andersson, 1913, Svenska Vetensk.-Akad.

Handl. Stockholm, 52, No. 3, p. 9: "said to have been collected near

Melbourne."
Lygosoma {Himilia) quoyi kosciuskoi Kinghorn, 1932, Rec. Austral. Mus., 18,

p. 359: Mt. Kosciusko, 3,000 to 7,000 feet. New South Wales.

10 (M. C. Z. 33301-10) Mt. Kosciusko, N. S. W. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 36-42, average 39; frontonasal forming a
suture with the rostral and also with the frontal, except in Nos. 33301,
33303 and 33307, where the prefrontals are in contact; adpressed limbs
overlap or the toes may reach to the elbow of the forelimb; lamellae
under fourth toe 18-23. Largest skink (No. 33309) measures 200
(87 + 113) mm.

If I am correct in synonymizing koscuisH with tympanum, it is the
greatest pity in view of the uncertainty attaching to the type locality
of the latter. It might be possible that tympanum can be regarded as
an intermediate between typical quoyii and kosciuskoi for Lonnberg
and Andersson state of tympanum "underparts yellowish white, chin
and throat spotted with grey." The Kosciusko specimens on the
other hand are most readily distinguished from quoyi by their under-
surfaces being so heavily streaked with gre}^ In our material of
typical quoyi the belly is almost immaculate. Perhaps too much re-
liance cannot be placed upon this character in view of Boulenger's
(1887, p. 230) statement that "the throat and sometimes also the
belly, with longitudinal series of black dots." The smaller number of
lamellae beneath the fourth toe would appear to be the most reliable
distinguishing character.

"Taken in Diggers Creek at about 5,000 feet. Near the water, some-
times on rocks jutting into the stream. Occasionally takes to the
water when pursued." (W.E.S.)

Sphenomorphus tenuis tenuis (Gray)

Tiliqua tenuis Gray, 1831, in Griffith's Cuvier, Animal King., 9, Syn., p. 71:
No locality (Subsequently given as Australia).

Lygosoma murrayi Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., 3, p. 232, pi.
xiii, fig. 1 : Queensland.

Lygosoma tamburinense Lonnberg & Andersson, 1915, Svenska Vetensk.-
Akad. Handl. Stockholm, 52, No. 7, p. 5: Mt. Tambourine, Queensland.

Lygosoma (Hinulia) tenuis intermedia Kinghorn, 1932, Rec. Austral. Mus., 18,
p. 358: numerous localities on the north coast of New South Wales.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 351

1 (M. C. Z. 2529) New South Wales (G. Krefft) 1870.

1 (M^ C. Z. 27219) Brooklana, N. S. W. (G. C. Crampton) 192S.

4 (M. C. Z. 35398-401) Cascade, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

Mitlhody scale-rows 30-32, average 31; frontonasal forming sutures
with the rostral and frontal; 3 pairs of scales bordering the parietals
except in No. 2529 where there are 4; adpressed limbs overlap. Largest
skink (No. 35398) measures 220 (98 + 122) mm.

Boulenger (1887, p. 231) gives 20-25 lamellae under the fourth toe
for tenuis, more recent material in the British Museum extends the
range to 17-25; Kinghorn's intrr media had 17-20; Lonnberg's tam-
hurincnsc is said to have 15 but a topotype of the latter in the British
Museum has 18-19. Our New South Wales material listed above
ranges from 16-20. The type of the northern race brachysoma had 20,
our northern Queensland material listed below is from 16-21.

Lonnberg and Andersson give Mt. Tambourine as being in north
Queensland, the Wilkins specimen is labelled Mt. Tambourine, south-
east Queensland. The only name of the sort that I have been able to
locate on the Times Atlas is "Tamborine" in southeast Queensland.
It seems probable therefore, that Lonnberg and Andersson were mis-
taken in locating it in north Queensland.

I have examined the types of tenuis and murrayi. The latter has
been synonymized with the former by Procter (1923, p. 1072). It
was separated from tenuis by Boulenger on the grounds that the "ear-
opening is a little larger than the eye-opening; 34 scales round the
body." On examining it I find that the ear-opening is a little smaller
than the eye-opening, and that there are only 32 scales at midbody,
though 34 or even 38 can be counted anteriorly as is the case with
typically colored tenuis. L. murrayi was founded on a large individual
comparable both in size and coloring to the skink from Mt. Tambourine
which also has 32 midbody scale-rows.

Both Brooklana and Cascade are close to Dorrigo, which is one of
the type localities for intermedia. In regard to the post-parietal scales
which Boulenger rejects as nuchals but which Kinghorn calls nuchals —
either position seems tenable — considerable variation in their develop-
ment occurs in New South Wales material which does not differ in
this respect from the Queensland series referred to brachysoma.

Sphenomorphus tenuis brachysoma (Lonnberg & Andersson)

Lygosoma tenue Garman (not of Gray), 1901, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 7.
Lygosoma brachysoma Lonnberg & Andersson, 1915, Svenska Vetensk.-
Akad. Handl. Stockholm, 52, No. 7, p. 5: Atherton, north Queensland.

352 bulletin: museum of compakative zoology

4 (M. C. Z. 6477, 6479) Cooktown, Q. (E. A. Olive) 1896.
1 (M. C. Z. 6747) Queensland (T. Barbour don.) 1903.
1 (M. C. Z. 35402) Lankelly Creek, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.
Lankelly Creek is in the Mcllwraith Ranges.

Midbody scale-rows 28-30, average 29 ; frontonasal forming a suture
with the rostral, and also with the frontal excepting in two of the
Cooktown series where the prefrontals are in contact; 3 pairs of scales
bordering the parietals; adpressed hind limbs overlap. Largest skink
(No. 6477) measures 156 (70+86) mm.

Distinguished from the typical form by the smaller ear opening of
the northern specimens. The dark individual from Lankelly Creek
has the coloring of brachysoma, the rest agree with that of tamburincnse.

The Lankelly Creek skink differs from the description of brachy-
soma in possessing 28 (instead of 30) midbody scale-rows, 3 (instead
of 4) pairs of much enlarged scales called nuchals by Lonnberg and
Andersson; and in the adpressed hind limb reaching to the elbow
(instead of to the axilla) ; 19 (instead of 21) lamellae beneath the fourth
toe. For further discussion on relationships see under S. t. tenuis.

Sphenomorphus isolepis isolepis (Boulenger)

Lygosoma isolepis Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 234, pi. xv,
fig. 1 : Nicol Bay and Swan River, Western Australia.

c? (M. C. Z. 6749) North Western AustraHa (T. Barbour don.) 1903.

Midbodv scale-rows 30; lamellae beneath fourth toe 22. Total
length 140 (64+76) mm., but tail regenerated.

This specimen agrees in every detail with Boulenger's description
excepting that the tail, being regenerated, is not once and two thirds
as long as the body; also the left nuchal is divided so that 3 scales
border the left parietal, the normal 2 on the right. This arrangement
caused the specimen to be identified by the dealer who supplied it to
the donor as L. jmllidum (Giinther), a species which was also described
from Nicol Bay.

Kinghorn (1932, p. 358) has recently described a race from Forest
River, East Kimberley under the name of S. i. forresti. It differs
principally in its shorter limbs which, when adpressed, fail to meet by
the length of a forearm.

Sphenomorphus pardalis (Macleay)

Hinulia pardalis Macleay, 1877, Proc. Linn. Sec. N. S. W., 2, p. 63: Barrow

Island, northeast Australia.
Mocoa nigricaudis Macleay, 1877, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 2, p. 63: Darnley

Island, Torres Straits.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 353

Lygosoma {Hinulia) elegantulum Peters & Doria, 187S, Ann. Mus. Geneva, 13,

p. 344: Somerset, Australia.
Homolepida crassicauda Barbour (not of Dumeril), 1914, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 27, p. 204.

1 (M. C. Z. 94S5) Darnley Island, T. S. (H. L. Clark) 1913.

1 (M. C. Z. 10199) Bloomfield River, Q. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 35403) Lake Barrine, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

3 (M. C. Z. 35404-6) Rocky Scrub, Mcllwraith Ranges, Q. (P. J. D.)
1932.

2 (M. C. Z. 35407-8) Lankelly Creek, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35409) Mt. Spurgeon, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35410) Mt. Carbine, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35411) Coen, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

The Bloomfield Ri\'er specimen was received as Omolepida crassi-
caudum, that species, however, has 22 midbody scale-rows.

Midbody scale-rows 24-30 (24 in one Rocky Scrub skink only, 30
in the Mt. Spurgeon skink only), average 27; frorvtonasal forming
sutures with the rostral and frontal; usually 3 (2-4) but often an azy-
gous arrangement of scales bordering the parietals posteriorly, such
as 2 on one side, 3 on the other, or 2 and 4 in No. 35410; adpressed
limbs do not nearly meet; lamellae beneath the fourth toe 16-20,
average 18. Largest skink (No. 35407) measures 186 (68 + 118) mm.

I follow Zietz (1920, p. 208) in referring clcgantuhvm to the synony-
my; judged by a comparison of the descriptions the course seems justi-
fiable. I venture to add nigricaudis on the strength of our No. 9485
which is a topotype and does not dift'er in any structural character but
only in details of coloring. It lacks the concentration of dots on the
base of the tail which caused Macleay to name it 7i{gricaudis but it is
certainly conspecific with the rest of our series.

Sphenomorphus atromaculatus (Garman)

Lygosoma atromaculatum Garman, 1901, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 8:
Barrier Reef and Queensland.

2 Cotypes (M. C. Z. 6475) Barrier Reef, Q. (A. G. Mayer) 1896.

3 Cotypes (M. C. Z. 6478) Cooktown, Q. (E. A. Olive) 1896.
23 (M. C. Z. 35412-34) Coen, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 24 (every individual counted); frontonasal
forming sutures with the rostral and frontal; scales bordering the
parietals posteriorly on right and left sides respectively 2+2 (in 13
skinks), 2+3 (in 10), 3+2 (in 2), 3+3 (in 3); adpressed limbs do not
nearly meet. Largest skink (No. 35412) measures 142 (63+79) mm.

354 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

This skink is very similar to S. pardalis and must be extremely
difficult to distinguish without comparative material. It is well
named, for the aggregation of black markings along the flanks are,
perhaps, its most distinguishing feature. The unusual constancy in a
skink of a fixed number of midbody scale-rows is interesting; in this
connection it may be noted that a single pardalis was also taken at
Coen but was eliminated by its larger size and absence of characteristic
atromaculatus markings quite apart from its 26 midbody scale-rows.
It will also be noted that there is a single skink with 24 midbody scale-
rows referred to pardalis. Here again I have no doubts as to its correct
relegation to that species. Possibly atromacidatus has but recently
been subject to speciation.

Sphenomorphus fasciolatus fasciolatus (Giinther)

Hinulia fasciolata Giinther, 1867, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), 20, p. 47: Rock-

hampton and Port Curtis, Queensland.
Hinulia ambigua De Vis, 1888 (1887), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 2, p. 817:

Charleville, southwest Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 6734) Queensland (T. Barbour don.) 1903.

Midbody scale-rows 36, smooth; frontonasal forming sutures with
the rostral and frontal; adpressed limbs just meet; lamellae beneath
the fourth toe 21. Total length 199 (98 + 101) mm.

I have no misgivings in referring ambigua De Vis to the synonymy
oi fasciolatus .

Sphenomorphus fasciol.\tus intermedius (Sternfeld)

Lygosoma (Hinulia) fasciolatum intermedium Sternfeld, 1919, Mitt. Senckenb.
Naturf. Gesell., 1, p. 81: Hermannsburg Mission, Upper Finke River,
Northern Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 32800) Mullewa, W. A. (I. M. Dixson) 1931.
Cotype (M. C. Z. 33530) Hermannsburg, N. T. (M. v. Leonhardi) 1908.
3 (M. C. Z. 35435-7) Hermannsburg, N. T. (H. Heinrich) 1932.
6 (M. C. Z. 35438-43) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill)

1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35444) Birchip Downs, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 32-34, obtusely keeled; frontonasal forming
sutures with the rostral and frontal; adpressed hind limbs just meet
or fail to do so. Largest skink (No. 35438) measures 185 (80 -(-105)
mm.

This skink, which Sternfeld made a race of fasciolatus, is so nicely
intermediate between fasciolatus (with which it agrees in the range of

loveridge: Australian reptiles 355

midbody scale-rows) and monotropis (with which it agrees in its ob-
tusely keeled scales and color pattern) that rational treatment demands
that monotropis (Boulenger) be also regarded as a race of fasclolatus.
It is the extreme western representative and characterized by possess-
ing only 28-30 midbody scale-rows.

Sphenomorphus tigrina (De Vis)

Hinulia tigrina De Vis, 1888 (1887) Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2), 2, p. 817:

Geraldton, Queensland.
Hinulia domina De Vis, 1888 (1887), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2), 2, p. 818:

Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 35445) Millaa Millaa, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 28; prefrontals forming a very broad suture;
interparietal as large as a frontoparietal ; 3 scales border each parietal
posteriorly; fourth toe of the adpressed hind limb reaches the elbow
of the fore limb; lamellae beneath the fourth toe 2L Total length 159
(82+77) mm.

This species appears to be at most but a race of maindromi (Sauvage)
of New Guinea, the type of which agrees with that of domina in possess-
ing 30 midbody scale-rows; upper border of rostral pointed (finely
truncated in our skink); posterior border of frontonasal straight (ob-
tusely angular in our skink). De Rooij (1915, p. 178) states that there
are 5 pairs of nuchals (four in our skink and of these the first pair is
divided) in maindromi. De Vis does not think these scales sufficiently
differentiated to call them nuchals in either tigrina or domina.

The type of tigriyia had 29 midbody scale-rows and 23 lamellae be-
neath the fourth toe; otherwise our skink agrees substantially with
De Vis description.

The type of domina had 30 midbody scale-rows and 22 lamellae
beneath the fourth toe. In other respects it agrees with the descrip-
tion of tigrina.

I would respectfully suggest that the skink from Mt. Tambourine,
with 30 midbody scale-rows and 23 lamellae beneath the fourth toe,
referred by Lonnberg and Andersson (1915, p. 5) to Lygosoma rufum
Boulenger of the Aru Islands, should more properly be identified with
Sphenomorphus tigrina (De Vis).

Emoia cyanogaster (Lesson)

Scincus cyanogaster Lesson, 1830, Zool. in Duperrey's Voy. autour du Monde
... La Coquille, 2, part 1, p. 47: Ualan, or Kusaie, Island of the Caroline
Archipelago.

356 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Leiolepisma cijanogasler Barbour, 1914, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27, p. 204.
1 (M. C. Z. 9470) Mer, Murray Is., T. S. (H. L. Clark) 1913.

Midbody scale-rows 26; lamellae beneath the fourth toe 71. Total
length 261 (83 + 178) mm.

Leiolopisma mustelina (O'Shaughnessy)

Mocoa mustelina O'Shaughnessy, 1874, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), 15, p. 299:
Sydney, New South Wales.

1 (M. C. Z.10239) Bundanoon, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 10240) Tarana, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 35449) Hartley Vale, N. S. W. (P. J. DarUngton) 1932.
3 (M. C. Z. 35450-2) Mt. WUson, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35453) Cascade, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 37162) Blackheath, N. S. W. (P. J. DarUngton) 1932.

Tarana, Hartley Vale and Blackheath are in the Blue Mountains.
Specimens from Mt. Wilson were taken between 3,000 and 3,800 feet.

Midbody scale-rows 22-24; suture between rostral and frontonasal
as broad as the frontal; frontoparietals 2; fourth upper labial below
the orbit; limbs pentadactyle; lamellae beneath the fourth toe 14-20.
Largest skink, a male, (No. 35450) measures 132 (52+80) mm.

Leiolopisma challengeri (Boulenger)

Lygosoma challengeri Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 268: Queens-
land.

Mocoa spectahilis De Vis, 1888 (1887), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., (2), 2, p. 819:
Gympie, Queensland.

2 (M. C. Z. 35455-6) Barrington Tops, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington)

1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35457) Millaa Millaa, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35458) Mt. Spurgeon, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

The Barrington Tops skinks were taken at an altitude of 3,000 feet.

Midbody scale-rows 22-26; suture between rostral and frontonasal
as broad as the frontal; frontoparietals 2; fourth upper labial below
the orbit; limbs pentadactyle; lamellae beneath the fourth toe 14-20.
Largest skink (No. 3.5455) measures 144 (58+86) mm.

De Vis states that his type possessed 22 midbody scale-rows as is
the case with our Mt. Spurgeon specimen. Boulenger's type on the
other hand had 26, our skinks from Barrington Tops have 24-26.
There is not the slightest doubt that spectahilis is a straight synonym
of challengeri; Longman, however, recognized the former (1918, p. 38).

LOVERIDGE : AUSTRALIAN REPTILES 357

Leiolopisma paraeneum (Ahl)

Lygosonia {Leiolepisma) pseudotropis Werner, 1903, Zool. Anz., 26, p. 247:

New South Wales.
Lygosonia paraeneum Ahl, 1925, Zool. Anz., 65, p. 20: (tt.n. for pseudotropis

Werner, preoccupied in Leiolopisma.)

9 (M. C. Z. 35454) Dorrigo, N. S. W. (W. Heron) 1932.

Midbodj^ scale-rows 26; suture between rostral and frontonasal
as broad as the frontal; frontoparietals 2; fourth upper labial below
the orbit; limbs pentadactyle; lamellae beneath the fourth toe 20.
Length from snout to anus 54 mm., tail in process of regeneration.

Werner's type had 24 midbody scale-rows, otherwise our specimen
so closely conforms to his description both in structural characters as
well as minute details of coloration that it might well have been the
skink he had before him.

This species only differs from challcngcri in the ear-opening being a
trifle smaller than the transparent palpebral disk and in having the
parietals bordered posteriorly by two pairs of scales; in all our challcn-
gcri they are bordered by three pairs of scales. I am inclined to think
than paraeneum should be regarded as a southern race, or perhaps a
lowlands form, of challcngcri.

Leiolopisma cuprea (Gray)

Ablepharus cupreus Gray, 1839, Ann. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 335: no locality.
Mocoa lichenigera O'Shaughnessy, 1874, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 15, p. 298:
Lord Howe Island.

18 (M. C. Z. 35459-69) Lord Howe Island, N. S. W. (R. Baxter) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 36-46; average 42 (only No. 35460 has 36,
three skinks only with 46); suture between rostral and frontonasal
narrower than the frontal; frontoparietals 2; supraoculars 4; fifth
(sixth in No. 35461 only) upper labial below the centre of the orbit
(right sides only examined) limbs pentadactyle; lamellae beneath the
fourth toe 15-19, average 16.8. Largest skink (No. 35459) measures
163 (83+80) mm.

Boulenger retained cuprea as distinct on account of its combination
of 3 supraoculars and 36 midbody scale-rows. In other respects it
agreed with lichenigera of which Boulenger (1887, p. 269) had only
two examples, these possessed 42 midbody scale-rows. Presuming
that the 3 supraoculars of the type of cuprea were abnormal, I suggest
uniting lichenigera with that species.

358 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

This fine series were captured by placing fish oil in a drum sunk
level with the surface of the ground. Presumably the skinks were
attracted by the insects which, I imagine, would assemble; in at-
tempting to capture them the skinks fell into the drum.

? Leiolopisma aeneum (Girard)

Cydodina aenea Girard, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., p. 196: New Zea-
land (Bay of Islands).

2 (M. C. Z. 33212-3) Sherbrook Forest, V. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
2 (M. C. Z. 33214-5) Donna Buang, V. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 26; frontoparietals 2; adpressed limbs fail to
meet, pentadactyle; lamellae under the fourth toe 17-19. Largest skink
(No. 35212) measures 113 (52+61) mm.

While closely related to entrecastcauxii, and probably referred to
that species by previous authors dealing with Victorian lizards, our
four specimens differ from entrecasteauxii in having but one pair of
nuchals as well as fewer midbody scale-rows. On the other hand they
agree well with the description of aemeum as given by Boulenger who,
however, only had New Zealand examples. As I have no topotypic
material with which to compare these skinks it is with some misgivings
that I refer them to aeneum which, I believe, has never before been
recorded from the Australian mainland. They differ from paraeneum
in that the length from snout to forearm is contained twice in the
distance between fore and hind limbs, as well as in other ways. I
should welcome an investigation of this record by some Australian
herpetologist in possession of more material than is at my disposal.

Leiolopisma entrecasteauxii Dumeril & Bibron

Lygosoma entrecasteauxii Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erpet, Gen., 5, p. 717:
Australia.

3 (M. C. Z. 10211-3) Mt. Kosciusko at 3-5000 ft., N.S.W. (Austral. Mus.) 1914.

2 (M. C. Z. 33216-7) Mt. Kosciusko at (3,500 ft., N.S.W. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.

1 (M. C. Z. 33233) Mt. Kosciusko at 3,000 ft., N.S.W. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
14 (M. C. Z. 33218-32) Mt. Kosciusko at 5,400-6,000 ft., N.S.W. ( " ) 1931.

1 M. C. Z. 35470) Barrington Tops at 3,000 ft., N.S.W. (P. J. DarUngton) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 28-32, average 29; suture between rostral
and frontonasal narrower than the frontal; prefrontals separated;
transparent disk in lower eyelid almost as large as the eye; adpressed
limbs usually fail to meet, or just meet, pentadactyle; lamellae be-
neath the fourth toe 17-19. Largest skink (No. 33216) measures 129
(60+69) mm.

LOVERIDGE : AUSTRALIAN REPTILES 359

Leiolopisma trilineata (Gray)

Tiliqua trilineata Gray, 1839, Ann. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 291: Australia.

5 (M. C. Z. 33238-42) Margaret River, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

1 (M. C. Z. 33243) Pemberton, W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.

2 (M. C. Z. 33244-5) Mt. Kosciusko, N. S. W. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

IVIidbody scale-rows 24-28; frontoparietal single (in No. 33244 the
interparietal is semifused with the frontoparietal also); supraciliaries
5-6 (only No. 33243 with 6); adpressed limbs do not nearly meet,
pentadactyle; lamellae beneath the fourth toe 17-20. Largest skink,
a female, (No. 33245) measures 158 (71+87) mm.

Leiolopisma metallica (O'Shaughnessy)

Mocoa metallica O'Shaughnessy, 1874, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 15, p. 299:
Tasmania.

1 (M. C. Z. 10244) Mt. WelUngton, T. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

5 (M. C. Z. 24571-5) Augusta, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

1 (M. C. Z. 24576) Causeway, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

1 (M. C. Z. 33236) Darling Range, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

1 (M. C. Z. 35476) Millaa Millaa, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

3 (M. C. Z. 35477-9) Mt. Spurgeon, Q. (P. J. DarUngton) 1932.

Causeway and the Darling Range are both near Perth.

Midbody scale-rows 26-28; frontoparietals fused; supraciliaries
5-7 (5 in Western Australia, 6 in Tasmania, 7 in Queensland speci-
mens); adpressed Hmbs barely meet or just overlap, pentadactyle;
lamellae beneath the fourth toe 16-24 (16 in Tasmania, 18-23 in West-
ern Australia, 19-24 in Queensland specimens). Largest skink (No.
10247) measures 59 mm. from snout to anus, tail broken.

L. metallica can be readily distinguished from trilineata by the ad-
pressed limbs almost meeting or overlapping in the former, they are
widely separated in trilineata. From the smaller guichenoti on the other
hand, by the suture between rostral and frontonasal being narrower
than the frontal in metallica, as broad, or almost as broad, as the frontal
in guichenoti.

Leiolopisma guichenoti (Dumeril & Bibron)

Lygosoma guichenoti Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erpet. Gen., 5, p. 713: Australia.
IMocoa delicaia De Vis, 1888 (1887), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., (2), 2, p. 820:
Warro, central Queensland.

360 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

1 (M. C. Z. 2153) Australia (A. A. Dumcril) 1865.

2 (M. C. Z. 2224) Sydney, N. S. W. (W. Keferstein) 1865.

1 (M. C. Z. 10251) Fish River, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 10252) Goulburn, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 10253) Penrith, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 10254) Woodford, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

2 (M. C. Z. 33234-5) Kurrajong Heights, N. S. W. (W. E. Schevill)

1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35475) Hartley Vale, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

3 (M. C. Z. 35476-8) Blackheath, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35479) Cascade, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

1 (M. C. Z. 35480) Dorrigo, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

The skinks from Kurrajong Heights, Blue Mountains, were taken
at an altitude of 1800 feet. The Fish River at Tarana, Woodford,
Hartley Vale, and Blackheath are also all in the Blue Mountains.

Midbody scale-rows 26-30; frontoparietal single; supraciliaries 5-7
(5 in only one Sydney skink) ; adpressed limbs just meet, pentadactyle;
lamellae beneath the fourth toe 17-26. Largest skink (No. 2224)
measures 108 (40+68) mm., though there are others with slightly
longer snout to anus measurements.

As guichcnoti has moderately enlarged preanals there would not
seem to be any reason for keeping dclicata De Vis distinct. Though
De Vis speaks of direct comparison with guichcnoti possibly it was
one of the very closely related species that he had.

Leiolopisma pretiosa (O'Shaughnessy)

Mocoa pretiosa O'Shaughnessy, 1874, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 15, p. 298:
Tasmania.

4 (M. C. Z. 10158-60, 10232) Tasmania (Australian Mus.) 1914.

Midbody scale-rows 40-44 (Boulenger's two specimens had 34-38) ;
frontoparietal single; adpressed limbs just overlap, pentadactyle;
lamellae under the fourth toe 18-21. Largest skink (No. 10232)
measures 130 (63+67) mm.

Kinghorn's distinct, though closely related L. weeksae froni Mt.
Kosciusko and the Blue Mountains, also has 40-44 midbody scale-
rows but a pair of frontoparietals and 2 pairs of nuchals. Our pretiosa
have a single frontoparietal, three of our skinks have 1 pair of nuchals,
one has none. In other respects they agree with the tabulated (not
compared with the whole description) characters of weeksae with
which Kinghorn contrasts entrecastcauxii.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 361

Leiolopisma ocellata (Gray)

Mocoa ocellata Gray, 1844, Zool. Erebus & Terror, Rept., p. 8, pi. vii, fig. 3:
no locality.

1 (M. C. Z. 1085) Hobart, T. (J. W. Robertson) 1862.
1 (M. C. Z. 10231) Tasmania. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

The second specimen was received as viicrolepidota (O'Shaughnessy),
a synonym of prctiosa; they differ in the number of midbody scale-rows,
the type of microlcpidota having 38.

Midbody scale-rows 52-55; frontoparietal single; adpressed limbs
overlap, pentadactyle; lamellae under the fourth toe 21-22. Larger
skink (No. 1085) measures 128 (65-f63) mm.

Leiolopisma fusca (Dumeril & Bibron)

Heteropus fuscus Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erpet. Gen., 5, p. 759: Waigou

Island and Rawack.
Lygosomafuscum Garman, 1901, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 7.
Leiolepisma fuscum Barbour, 1914, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27, p. 204.
5 (M. C. Z. 6480) Cooktown, Q. (E. A. Olive) 1896.

1 (M. C. Z. 6481) Cairns, Q. (A. G. Mayer) 1896.

2 (M. C. Z. 6482) Queensland (A. G. Mayer) 1896.

2 (M. C. Z. 9129-30) Mossman, Q. (J. C. Kershaw) 1913.

9 (M. C. Z. 9457-60, 9464-9) Mer, Murray Is., T. S. (H. L. C.) 1913.

1 (M. C. Z. 9484) Darnley Id., T. S. (H. L. Clark) 1913.

1 (M. C. Z. 9491) Badu or Mulgrave Id., T. S. (H. L. Clark) 1913.
8 (M. C. Z. 37163-9) Coen, Q. (P. J. Darhngton) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 34-36 (but only first ten specimens listed,
counted); dorsals strongly or weakly tricarinate; transparent disk in
lower eyelid not larger than the ear-opening; frontoparietal single;
interparietal 1; digits 4; toes 5.

Leiolopisma vertebralis (De Vis)

Heteropus vertebralis De Vis, 1888 (1887), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., (2), 2,
p. 821: Chinchilla, Darling Downs, Queensland.

2 (M. C. Z. 37170-1) Coen, Q. (P. J. Darhngton) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 36-38; dorsals weakly tricarinate, each keel
being broken up into a series of points; frontoparietal single; inter-
parietal 1 ; adpressed limbs overlap, the toes of the hind limb reaching
to the axilla; fingers 4; toes 5; lamellae beneath the fourth toe 29-31.
Larger skink (No. 37170) measures 114 (46+68) mm.

362 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Leiolopisma bicarinata (Macleay)

Heteropus hicarinatus Macleay, 1877, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 2, p. 68: Hall

Sound, New Guinea.
Heteropus albertisii Peters & Doria, 1878, Ann. Mus. Geneva, 13, p. 362:

Yule Island and Mt. Epa, New Guinea.
Leiolepisma albertisii Barbour, 1914, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasliington, 27, p. 204.
Leiolepisma peronii Barbour (not of Dumeril & Bibron), 1914, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 27, p. 204.

21 (M. C. Z. 9436-56) Mer, Murray Is., T. S. (H. L. Clark) 1913.
1 (M. C. Z. 9489) Kuranda, Q. (H. L. Clark) 1913.
1 (M. C. Z. 9492) Darnley Id., T. S. (H. L. Clark) 1913.

Midbody scale-rows 28-32 ; dorsals strongly bicarinate ; transparent
disk in lower eyelid as large as, but not "much larger" than the ear-
opening; frontoparietal single; interparietal 1 ; digits 4; toes 5. Largest
skink (No. 9443) measures 130 (44+86) mm.

I follow Zietz (1920) in referring albertisii to the synonymy of
bicarinata though the meagre color description of the latter does not
tally well with that shown by the above material.

Leiolopisma rhomboidalis (Peters)

Heteropus rhomboidalis Peters, 1869, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 446:
Port Mackay, Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 9132) Mossman, Q. (J. C. Kershaw) 1913.

1 (M. C. Z. 35481) Cucania, Q. (W. Kerns) 1932.

2 (M. C. Z. 35482-3) Lake Barrine, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 32-34; dorsals obtusely tricarinate; transparent
disk in lower eyelid not larger than the ear-opening; frontoparietal
single; no interparietal; adpressed limbs strongly overlapping; digits 4;
toes 5; lamellae beneath the fourth toe 22-27. Largest skink (No.
35402) measures 109 (42+67) mm.

Leiolopisma peronii (Dumeril & Bibron)

Heteropus peronii Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erpet. Gen., 5, p. 760: He de France.
Myophila vivax De Vis, 1884, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl., 1, p. 77: Brisbane,

Queensland.
Heteropus lateralis De Vis, 1885 (1884), Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl., 1, p. 168:

Moreton Bay, Queensland.
Heteropus blackmanni De Vis, 1885 (1884), Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl., 1, p. 168:

Port Curtis, Queensland.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 363

Lygosoma dcvisii Boulenger, 1S90, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 79: {n.n. for
lateralis De Vis as preoccupied in the genus Lygosoma.)
7 (M. C. Z. 35484-90) Coen, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 28-30; dorsals strongly bicarinate; transparent
disk in lower eyelid much larger than the ear-opening; frontoparietal
single; interparietal 1; digits 4; toes 5; lamellae beneath the fourth toe
24-28. Largest skink (No. 35484) measures 123 (46+77) mm.

Leiolopisma pectoralis (De Vis)

Carlia melanopogon Gray, 1844, Zool. Erebus & Terror, Rept., pi. vii, fig. 1:

Port Essington, Northern Territory.
Heteropus pectoralis De Vis, 1885, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl., 1, p. 169: Warro,

Port Curtis, Queensland.
Heteropus mundus De Vis, 1885, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl., 1, p. 172: Port
Curtis, Queensland.

2 (M. C. Z. 31900-1) Port Darwin, N. T. (H. L. Clark) 1929.
23 (M. C. Z. 35491-9) Coen, Q. (P. J. Darhngton) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35500) Rutherford, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Rutherford is on the Sellheim River, about eighty-five miles south-
west of Bowen.

Midbody scale-rows 26-32; dorsals strongly or very faintly tricari-
nate; transparent disk in the lower eyelid much larger than the ear-
opening; frontoparietal single; interparietal 1; digits 4; toes 5; lamel-
lae beneath the fourth toe 21-27. Largest skink (No. 35491) measures
91 (41 +50) mm.

Carlia melanopogon Gray is preoccupied in the genus Leiolopisma by
Heteropus (Carlia) melanopogon Peters & Doria (1878).

After very careful reflection I have decided that in peetoralis and
mundus we are dealing with a species somewhat similar to the related
fusca in that it shows wide variation in the degree of keeling of the
dorsal scales. It will be noted that the types of both peetoralis and
viunda came from Port Curtis. At first I thought that the Coen series
represented two species for they were readily split into two groups, 13
of them being strongly keeled {peetoralis type) and 10 almost smooth
(mimda type). In coloration, range of scale counts and other charac-
ters, the two groups proved indistinguishable so that again we have
the two types occurring in the same locality. Again there is melanopo-
gon, which is of the smooth type, coming from Port Essington while
our two skinks from relatively nearby Port Darwin, are of the strongly
keeled type. Seeing that the two occur together over such a wide
area it seems to me justifiable to consider that they are not specifically
distinct.

364 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Leiolopisma maccooeyi (Ramsay & Ogilby)

Lygosovia maccooeyi Ramsay & Ogilby, 1890, Rec. Austral. Mus., 1, p. 8:
Brawlin, near Cootamundra, New South Wales.

Cotype (M. C. Z. 6304) Cootamundra, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1890.
1 (M. C. Z. 10215) Dubbo, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 10216) Brawlin, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

Midbody scale-rows 32; dorsals smooth; transparent disk in lower
eyelid much larger than the ear-opening; frontoparietal single; inter-
parietal 1; digits 4; toes 5; lamellae beneath the fourth toe 21-23.
Largest skink (No. 10215) measures 129 (50+79) mm.

Leiolopisma novaeguineae (Meyer)

Lygosoma (Carlia) Novae Guineae Meyer, 1875 (1874), Monatsb. Akad. Wiss.

Berlin, p. 132: New Guinea.
Lygosoma laeve Oudemans, 1894, in Semen's Zool. Forsch. in Austral., Jena,

8, p. 144: Cooktown, Queensland.
Lygosoma aeratuin Garman, 1901, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 39, p. 7: Cooktown,

Queensland.

Holotype (M. C. Z. 6476) Cooktown, Q. (E. A. Olive) 1896.

1 (M. C. Z. 9131) Mossman, Q. (J. C. Kershaw) 1913.

2 (M. C. Z. 37160-1) Coen, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 22-26; dorsals smooth; transparent disk as
large as, or larger than the exposed ear-opening; frontoparietal single;
interparietal 1; adpressed limbs just meet; digits 4; toes 5; lamellae
beneath the fourth toe 18 in Garman's type. Largest skink (No.
37160) measures 76 (31+45) mm.

Oudemans' type had 24 midbody scale-rows, Garman's 22. Oude-
mans states that the palpebral disk is a little smaller than the ear-
opening; in Garman's skink the ear is almost obscured by the circle of
overlapping lobules. I have compared our three Queensland specimens
with a good series from Obi Island in the Moluccas and fail to see any
good reason for keeping them distinct though Garman's type differs
from the rest in possessing a dark grey vertebral band. Held in certain
lights there appears to be an indication of such a band in some of the
other specimens.

RioPA RUFESCENS (Shaw)

Lacerta rufescens Shaw (part), 1802, Gen. Zool., 3, 1, p. 285: "Arabia, Egypt,
and the European Islands."

2 (M. C. Z. 4432) Murray Islands, T. S. (E. Gerrard) 1879. '

Midbody scale-rows 28. Larger skink measures 284 (137 + 147) mm.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 365

Omolepida branchiale (Giinther)

Hinulia branchialis Giinther, 1867, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), 20, p. 47:
Champion Bay, Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 33247) Nannekine, W. A. (Max Micke) 1931.

2 (M. C. Z. 33248-9) Mullewa, W. A. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.

Nannekine is fifteen miles southwest of Canna.

Midbody scale-rows 24-26; supraoculars 3; digits 5; toes 5; they
agree well with Boulenger's plate (1887, pi. xxvi, fig. 2). Largest
skink (No. 33247) measures 151 (81+70) mm.

Omolepida melanops (Stirling & Zietz)

Lygosoma melanops Stirling & Zietz, 1893, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral., 16,
p. 173, pi. vi, fig. 3: between Everard and Barrow Ranges, Central
Australia.

Lygosoma gastrostigma Boulenger, 1898, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 922, pi.
Ivii, fig. 2: Nicol Bay at Sherlock River, Western Australia.

0. melanops is not a synonym of branchiale as listed by Zietz (1920,
p. 214) though possibly intended in a subspecific sense following
Werner's (1910, p. 479) reference to it as "a variety." Boulenger's
type had 26 midbody scale-rows.

The St. Francis Island, South Australia, records listed under
branchiale by Zietz are doubtless referable to looodjonesi Procter
(1923, p. 80) differing in the possession of 28 midbody scale-rows.

Omolepida casuarinae casuarinae (Dumeril & Bibron)

Cydodus casuarinae Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erpet. Gen., 5, p. 749: Australia.
Hemisphaeridion tasmanicum Lucas & Frost, 1894, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.,
(2), 8, p. 227: about Lake St. Clair, Tasmania.

1 (M. C. Z. 10193) Long Bay, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 33250) Daner's Gap, N. S. W. (R. J. Tillyard) 1931.

Daner's Gap is at an altitude of about 5,400 feet on Mt. Kosciusko.
The skink from this locality was taken in a nest of Myrmecia pilosula.

Midbody scale-rows 22-26, latter number on No. 33250; supra-
oculars 3; digits 5; toes 5; distance between end of snout and fore
limb is contained twice (No. 10193) to two and a half times (No.33250)
in the distance between fore and hind limb. Larger skink (No. 10193)
measures 167 (95+72) mm.

366 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Omolepida casuarinae petersi (Sternfeld)

Lygosoma (Homolepida) petersi Sternfeld, 1919, Mitt. Senckenb. Naturf.
Gesell., 1, p. 81: Hermannsburg Mission, Upper Finke River, Northern
Territory.

3 (M. C. Z. 35338-40) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 24-26; supraoculars 3 (Sternfeld counts them
as 4 but in reality they do not differ from New South Wales material
in this respect; Boulenger treats the last in the row as an upper post-
ocular) ; digits 5; toes 5; distance between end of snout and forelimb is
contained two and a third to two and a half times in the distance
between fore and hind limb. Largest skink (No. 35338) measures 173
(90+83) mm.

Though Sternfeld proposed petersi as a new name for Lygosoma
mulleri Peters (preoccupied in Lygosoma, though not in Omolepida,
by Scincus mulleri Schlegel), I incline to the idea that he was mis-
taken in supposing that mulleri Peters, which came from South
Australia and possessed 24-26 midbody scale-rows, is identical with
his Hermannsburg material from the centre of the continent.

0. c. petersi may be recognized by the presence of one or more ear
lobules and its uniformly brown dorsal coloring. All the other charac-
ters cited by Sternfeld break down, or are at most only average
characters; even the elongated body appears to be matched by that
of our Mt. Kosciusko skink.

Omolepida australe (Gray)

Lygosoma australis Gray, 1839, Ann. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 332: Australia.

2 (M. C. Z. 10209-10) Western Australia (Australian Mus.) 1914.

3 (M. C. Z. 24567-8) Manjimup, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.
2 (M. C. Z. 24569-70) Augusta, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

1 (M. C. Z. 33246) Margaret River, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 35341) Nr. Denmark, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

Midbody scale-rows 20-22, only No. 10209 with 22 but undoubtedly
conspecific; digits 5; toes 5; lamellae beneath the fourth toe 18-21.
Largest skink (No. 10210) measures 195 (70 + 125) mm.

The Manjimup specimens, taken on February 4, 1927, are gravid
females holding large embryos. Both they and the Augusta skinks
were "found beneath logs." (W. S. B.).

loveridge: Australian reptiles 367

Omolepida punctulatum (Peters)

Lygosoma punctulatum Peters, 1871, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 646, pi.

— , fig. 5: Port Bowen, Queensland.
Lygosoma heterodactylum Giinther, 1876, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 12, p. 45:

Peak Downs, Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 5250) "? Australia" (H. A. Ward) 1884.

Midbody scale-rows 20; digits 5; toes 5; lamellae beneath the fourth
toe 14. Total length 103 (60+43) mm.

Omolepida crassicaudum (A. Dumeril)

L(ygosoma) crassicaudum A. Dumeril, 1851, Cat. Method. Coll. Rept. Paris,
p. 172: Australia and Oceania.

1 (M. C. Z. 36944) Australia (H. A. Ward) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 22. Total length 118 (47+71) mm.

0. mjobergi was differentiated on the basis of the broad sutures
formed by the frontonasal with the rostral and the frontal (moderately
broad in the figure of Dumeril's type, "narrow" in Boulenger's re-
description in the Catalogue of Lizards (1887, 3, p. 325)), and by the
fewer lamellae beneath the fourth toe, 12-15 instead of 15-18. I have
seen the specimen of mjobergi from Ravenshoe, northern Queensland
with 13 subdigital lamellae referred to by Procter (1923, p. 1073).
While these distinctions sound somewhat trivial, actually the two
skinks are very distinct, mjobergi being very much the larger.

Our specimen shows a moderately broad suture between the rostral
and frontonasal but only the narrowest possible point of contact
between the frontonasal and the frontal. It has otily 12 lamellae
beneath the fourth toe. Otherwise it agrees with the description of
mjobergi.

It disagrees with Boulenger's description of crassicaudum in that
the distance between the end of the snout and the forelimb is contained
only 1%, instead of 2-23^^ times, in the length between axilla and
groin; lamellae beneath fourth toe 12, instead of 15-18.

In this connection attention might be directed to the extraordinary
superficial similarity of the longer limbed Sphenomorphus pardalis
(Macleay) inhabiting the same regions and often mistaken for Omole-
pida crassicaudum.

Hemiergis peronii (Fitzinger)

Seps peronii Fitzinger, 1826, Neue Classif. Rept., p. 53: Kangaroo Id., S. A.
Lygosoma {Hemiergis) quadridigitaium Werner, 1910, in Michaelsen and Hart-
meyer's Fauna Siidwest Austral., 2, p. 480.

368 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

4 (M. C. Z. 10234-7) Port Lincoln, S. A. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 10238) Perth, W. A. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

2 (M. C. Z. 24578-9) Mt. Melville, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

42 (M. C. Z. 24611-35) Denmark River, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.
23 (M. C. Z. 24636-60) Manjimup, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.
25 (M. C. Z. 24661-85) Pemberton, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

1 (M. C. Z. 33169) ?Margaret River, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
28 (M. C. Z. 33170-97) Pemberton, W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 18-21 (only a few from the larger series were
counted but all in the smaller); limbs tetradactyle (in this and all
other species of the genus every individual's hands and feet were
examined in search of woodfordi Lucas and Frost, a species which has
four fingers and three toes). Largest skink (No. 33169) measures 226
(61+165) mm.

Werner (1910, p. 480) proposed quadridigitatuvi as a new name for
peronii under the belief that the latter was preoccupied in the genus
Lygosoma by peronii Dumeril & Bibron (1839). However, it was the
latter which required renaming in Lygosoma and this was done by
Zietz (1920, p. 212) by giving precedence to De Vis' name hlackmanni
(1885). The name peronii is not preoccupied in Hemiergis.

Hemiergis tridactylum (Boulenger)

Lygosoma -peronii, var. tridactylum Boulenger, 1915, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
(8), 16, p. 65: Yallingup, south Western Australia.
60 (M. C. Z. 24586-610) Augusta, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.
8 (M. C. Z. 33159-66) Margaret River, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

2 (M. C. Z. 33167-8) Wallcliffe, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 35342) Manjimup, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

Midbody scale-rows 18-20 (of the Augusta series only a few count-
ed) ; limbs tridactyle, third toe much longer than the second. Largest
skink (No. 24595) measures 149 (60+89) mm.

Parker (1926, p. 205) has given good reasons for treating this skink
as a full species, rather than as a race of peronii.

Hemiergis decresiense (Fitzinger)

Zygnis decresiensis Fitzinger, 1826, Neue Classif. Rept., p. 53: Kangaroo Id.,
S. A.

4 (M. C. Z. 33155-8) Mt. Lofty, S. A. (W. M. Wheeler) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 24-26 ; limbs tridactyle, second toe only slightly
longer than the third. Largest skink (No. 33156) measures 103 (49 +
54) mm.

LOVERIDGE: AUSTRALIAN REPTILES SC)^

Hemiergis quadrilineatum (Dumeril & Bihron)

Chelomeles quadrilineatus Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erpet. Gen., 5, p. 774:
Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 10214) 80 mi. s. of Perth, W. A. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

2 (M. C. Z. 24580-1) north of Perth, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

4 (M. C. Z. 24582-5) Balcatta Beach, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

5 (M. C. Z. 33201-5) Rottnest Island, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931-

6 (M. C. Z. 33206-11) King's Park, Perth, W. A. (Harvard Exped.)

1931.
Midbody scale-rows 18-20 (only No. 24582 with 20) ; limbs didac-
tyle. Largest skink (No. 33208) measures 125 (50+75) mm.

SiAPHOS maccoyi Lucas and Frost

Siaphos maccoyi Lucas & Frost, 1894, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria (new series),
6, p. 85, pi. ii, figs. 2 and 2a: Brandy Creek and fourteen other localities
in Victoria.

?He7niergis initiale Werner, 1910, in Miohaelsen & Hartmeyer's Fauna Siid-
west-Austral., 2, p. 480: Lion Mill antl Jarrahdale, south Western Aus-
tralia.

1 (M. C. Z. 10242) Walhalla, V. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

3 (M. C. Z. 33198 200) Mill Grove, V. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

2 (M. C. Z. 33270-1) Snowy River, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 33272) Mt. Dandenong, V. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.

Mill Grove is on Dee Creek near Melbourne. Snowy River, about
3,000 feet, on Mt. Kosciusko. If I am correct in referring Werner's
initiale to the synonymy of maccoyi, it involves a considerable ex-
tension of the range westward.

Midbody scale-rows 18-20 (Werner's types were 20-22); limbs
pentadactyle ; tympanum minute, scarcely discernible in Mill Grove
specimens. Largest skink (No. 10242) measures 102 (45+57) mm.

Lonnberg and Andersson (1913, p. 10) have some notes on varia-
tion in this species.

Siaphos gr.\ciloide:s (Lfmnberg & Andersson)

Lygosoma graciloides Lonnberg & Andersson, 1913, Svenska. Vetensk.-Akad.
Handl. Stockholm, 52, No. 3, p. 10: Yandina, at foot of Blackall Range,
southern Queensland.

Lygosoma scharffi Boulenger, 1915, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 16, p. 64: One-
Tree Hill, Brisbane, Queensland.
This skink with 20 midbody scale-rows, 4 digits and 5 toes, has

been twice described. Boulenger had a single example, Lonnberg, 3.

370 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

SiAPHos EQUALis (Gray)

Seps equalis Gray, 1825, Ann. Philos., (2), 10, p. 202: no locality stated.
1 (M. C. Z. 5248) No locality (No history) N. D.
1 (M. C. Z. 6303) Clarence River, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 10188) Uralla, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 10189) Hartley Vale, N. S. W. (Australian Mus,) 1914.

2 (M. C. Z. 10190-1) Salisbury, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 27328) Dorrigo, N. S. W. (G. C. Crampton) 1928.

2 (M. C. Z. 33268-9) National Park, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35343) Salisbury, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

4 (M. C. Z. 35344-7) Cascade, N. S. W. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 18-22; limbs tridactyle, second toe slightly
longer than the third; lamellae beneath the median toe 3-6. Largest
skink (No. 5248) measures 139 + (69 + 70 + ) mm. No. 35343 has an
entire tail, and measures 130 (48+82) mm.

Numbers 10189-10191 were received as Hemiergis decrcsiensc, a
species which they closely resemble. Apart from the scaly lower eyelid,
a character which is often somewhat obscured, the two may be dis-
tinguished as follows: —

Midbody scale -rows 18-22, average 20; lamellae be-
neath median toe 3-6. Total length 137 mm equalis

Midbody scale-rows 24-26, average 24; lamellae be-
neath median toe 7-9. Total length 103 mm dccresietise

In both color and markings these two skinks are alike. Undoubtedly
Hemiergis and Siaphos are very closely related and to eliminate errors
of redescription it might be advisable to unite them.

Rhodona microtis (Gray)

Mocoa microtis Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., p. 83: Swan River, Western
Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 24577) Manjimup, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.
1 (M. C. Z. 33267) Pemberton, W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 20 ; frontal as long as frontoparietals and inter-
parietal together; digits 5; toes 5. Larger skink (No. 24577) measures
101 (51 +50) mm.

The Manjimup skink, taken beneath a log on February 3, 1927, is
gravid.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 371

Rhodona bougainvillii (Gray)

Riopa Bougainvillii Gray, 1839, Ann. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 332: Australia.
1 (M. C. Z. 10212) Port Lincoln, S. A. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

Midbody scale-rows 20; frontal longer than frontoparietals and
interparietal together; digits 5; toes 5; Total length 79 (46+33) mm.

Rhodona planiventralis desertorum (Sternfeld)

Lygosoma (Rhodona) planiventrale desertormn Sternfeld, 1919, Mitt. Senckenb.
Naturf. Gesell., 1, p. 82: Hermannsburg Mission, Upper Finke River,
Northern Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 35348) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 22; digits 2; toes 3. Total length 134 (77+57)
mm.

Sternfeld's type had 20 midbody scale-rows, a character which he
claimed differentiated it from the typical form but disproved by our
specimen having 22. The race, however, holds good on the basis of
its shorter limbs as borne out by this skink. It might be advisable to
remeasure the limbs of the type of planiventralis in the National Mu-
seum, Melbourne. Werner's macro pistho pus has even shorter limbs
than desertorum.

Many other species of this genus have been described in recent
years. Those not represented in this collection, are:

R. tetradadyla Lucas & Frost, 1875, Tempe Downs, N. T.

R. terdigitata (Parker), 1926, Flinders Id., S. A.

R. planiventralis Lucas & Frost, 1902, W. Australia.

R. macropisthopus (Werner), 1903, Queensland.

R. walkeri (Boulenger), 1891, Roebuck Bay, W. A.

R. pidurata (Fry), 1914, Boulder, W. A.

R. wilkinsi (Parker), 1926, Torrens Creek, Q.

Rhodona gerrardii Gray

Rhodona punctata var. gerrardii Gray, 1864, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 296:
Swan River, Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 24471) Yalgoo, W. A. fR. C. Richardson) 1926.

2 (M. C. Z. 33253-4) Dalgaranger Stn., W. A. (G. E. Nicholls) 1931.
4 (M. C. Z. 33255-8) Mullewa, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

Dalgaranger is 50 miles N.E. of Yalgoo.

')igits

Toes

Scales

4

4

20

3

3

20

2

3

22

2

3

20

2

2

20

Bud

2

18-20

0

2

18-20

372 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Midbody scale-rows 20; digits 1; toes 2. Largest skink (No. 33255)
measures 161 (82+79) mm.

Mullewa skinks were taken beneath stones in September.

Rhodona punctatovittata Giinther

Rhodona punctatovittata Giinther, 1867, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), 20, p. 47:
Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 10207) Curlewis, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 10208) Narramine, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

Midbody scale-rows 18; digits 1; toes 2. Larger skink (No. 10208)
measures 155 (88+67) mm.

Rhodona nichollsi Loveridge

Rhodona nichollsi Loveridge, 1933, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 8, p. 97:
Dalgaranger Station, 50 miles N.E. of Yalgoo, Western Australia.

Holotype (M. C. Z. 33252) Dalgaranger Stn., W. A. (G. E. NichoUs) 1931.
Midbody scale-rows 22; forelimb a bud, half as long as an adjacent
scale; hind limb didactyle. Total length 127 (63+64) mm.

Rhodona miopus (Giinther)

Soridia miopus Giinther, 1867, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), 20, p. 49: Champion
Bay, Western Australia.
3 (M. C. Z. 33259-61) Geraldton, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

These specimens are topotypic. It will be noted that lineata also
occurs at Geraldton.

Midbody scale-rows 20; forelimb a bud; toes 1 but Number 33259
undoubtedly shows a rudimentary stump of a second toe. Largest
skink (No. 33259) measures 149 (88+61) mm.

Rhodona bipes Fischer

Rhodona bipes FLscher, 1882, Arch, fiir Naturg, 48, p. 292, pi. xvi, figs. 10-15:
Nicol Bay, Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 32251) Wiluna, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 35349) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. ScheviU) 1932.
1 (M. C. Z. 35350) Anningie, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
Anningie is about 30 mUes W. of Teatree Well.

Midbody scale-rows 18 (Wiluna) to 20; forelimb absent; toes 2;
frontoparietals and interparietal fused into a single shield. Largest
skink (No. 35349) measures 99 (61+38) mm., but tail regenerated.

Lonnberg & Andersson (1913, p. 11) record 12 examples from
Broome and the St. George Range in the interior of Kimberly district.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 373

Rhodona lineata (Gray)

Soridia lineata Gray, 1839, Ann. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 336: Australasia.
Lygosoma praepeditum Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 337: n.n. for
lineata preoccupied in genus Lygosoma.

1 (M. C. Z. 33262) Geraldton, W. A. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.

4 (M. C. Z. 33263-6) West Wallaby Id., W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 16; forelimb absent; toes 1; frontoparietals
and interparietal fused into a single shield. Largest skink (No. 33265)
measures 56 mm. from snout to anus, the tail is in process of regenera-
tion.

It would appear that even if this skink is referred to the genus
Lygosoma, the name capcnsis A. Smith should be employed rather
than praepeditum proposed by Boulenger.

Lygosoma darlingtoni Loveridge

Lygosoma darlingtoni Loveridge, 1933, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 8,
p. 98: Millaa Millaa, Queensland.

Holotype (Queensland Museum) Millaa Millaa, Q., (P. J. Darlington)
1932.

Midbody scale-rows 22; limbs short, pentadactyle; lamellae beneath
the fourth toe, 14. Total length 190 (75 + 115) mm.

Lygosoma reticulatum (Giinther)

Chelomeles reticulatus Giinther, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), p. 146:
Clarence River, New South Wales.

1 (M. C. Z. 10256) Palmers Island, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

Midbody scale-rows 24; limbs tridactjde. Length from snout to
anus 147 mm., tail in process of regeneration.

Lygosoma verreauxii (A. Dumeril)

Anomalopus verreauxii A. Dumeril, 1851, Cat. Method. Coll. Rept. Paris,

p. 185: Tasmania.
S(iaphus) simplex Cope, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., p. 229: Australia.

2 (M. C. Z. 10263-4) Gayndah, Q. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 10543) S. Queensland (Queensland Mus.) 1914.

Midbody scale-rows 20; forelimb tridactyle, except on the right
side of No. 10263 where it is obvious that the digits have been worn
down; hind limb undivided. Largest skink (No. 10263) measures 211
(77+134) mm.

374 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Lygosoma lentiginosus (De Vis)

Anomalopus lentiginosus De Vis, 1888 (1887), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., (2),

2, p. 823: Brisbane, Queensland.
Lygosoma verreauxii var. biunguiculata Oudemans, 1894, in Semon's Zool.

Forsch. in Austral., Jena, 8, p. 144: Burnett River, Queensland.
Lygosoma bancrofti Longman, 1916, Mem. Queensl. Mus., 5, p. 49: Upper
Dawson River, Queensland.

1 (M. C. Z. 10228) Tamworth, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 10229) Moree, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

Midbody scale-rows 20-23 (Tamworth); forelimb didactyle; hind
limb undivided. Larger skink (No. 10228) measures 228 (110 + 118)
mm.

Received from the Australian Museum as L. truncatum (Peters),
these skinks differ from Boulenger's (1887, p. 343) description (which
was based on Peters' original as Boulenger had no specimens) in the
following points :

Frontal forming a suture with the first two supraoculars {not first
supraciliary and first supraocular); clearly 4 (not 3) supraoculars; a
pair of temporals and 5 or 6 scarcely differentiated scales border the
parietals posteriorly (not a pair of temporals and a pair of nuchals);
forelimb didactyle (not undivided). On this last character alone one
might have postulated that Peters' type from Moreton Bay, Queens-
land had one claw worn off but for the fact that Longman (1916, p. 49)
has recorded a second specimen from Moreton Island.

In this same paper, Longman describes L. bancrofii from a single
skink but rejecting its synonymy with lentiginosus because Boulenger
had synon;yTnized the latter with verreauxii and because lentiginosus
agreed with xerreauxii in the possession of a white nuchal collar. It
should be noted, however, that what De Vis states, is "a trace of a pale
band across the occiput conspicuous in the young." As lentiginosus
appears to be a further stage of degeneration from verreauxii, it is quite
probable that the young would exhibit traces of the occipital band of
the ancestral form though they might lose them when adult.

Lygosoma frontalis (De Vis)

Ophiosdncus frontalis De Vis, 1888 (1887), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2), 2,
p. 823: Geraldton (since renamed Innisfail), Queensland.
1 (M. C. Z. 35448) Yungaburra, Q. (W. J. Davis) 1932.

Yungaburra is near Atherton. We are deeply indebted to Mr. W. J.
Davis for this welcome gift to the Harvard Expedition.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 375

Midbody scale-rows 31 (30 in the type); no limbs. Length from
snout to anus 77 mm., tail truncated.

L. frontalis was synonymized with L. ophioscincus Boulenger; itself
a synonym of australis (Peters) when Lygosoma is used in the present
restricted sense. L. ophioscincus was proposed by Boulenger as a new
name for av^stralis in Lygosoma, preoccupied by Sphcnomorphus aus-
tralis (Gray), 1838, which Boulenger calls Lygosoma lesueurii Dumeril
& Bibron, 1839.

Peters does not state how many midbody scale-rows his australis
had, but Boulenger possessed a topotype from the same source as
Peters' type and gives it as 22. The coloration is also different from
that of frontalis. Our specimen agrees with the latter both in number
of scale-rows and in coloration.

Ablepharus boutonii virgatus Garman

Ablepharus virgatus Garmans, 1901, Bull. Mus. Comp.Zool., 39, p. 10: Cook-
town, Queensland.
Cryptoblepharus boutonii peronii Barbour, 1914, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
27, p. 204.

1 (M. C. Z. 4114) Island in Torres Straits (E. Gerrard) 1877.
Holotype (M. C. Z. 6485) Cooktown, Q. (E. A. Olive) 1896.

8 (M. C. Z. 9475-83) Mer, Murray Is., T. S. (H. L. Clark) 1913.
1 (M. C. Z. 9490) Darnley Island, T. S. (H. L. Clark) 1913.
1 (M. C. Z. 9496) Prince of Wales Id., T. S. (H. L. Clark) 1913.

Midbody scale-rows 20-26, average 22.5. Largest skink (No. 9480)
measures 92 (38-f54) mm., the holotype (No. 6485) measures 77
(40+37) mm.

This series agrees closely with the diagnosis given in Mertens'
(1931, p. 113) most excellent revision of the races of A. boutonii;
the only exception is the Darnley Island skink with 26 scale-rows, the
average remains 22, as stated by Mertens.

Ablepharus boutonii metallicus Boulenger

Ablepharus boutonii var. metallicus Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 3,

p. 347: North Australia.
Ablepharus eximius Garman (part; not of Girard), 1901, Bull. Mus. Comp:

Zool., 39, p. 10.

376 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Ablepharus boutoni australis Sternfeld, 1918, Abhand. Senckenb. Naturf.
Gesell., 36, p. 424: Hermannsburg Mission, Upper Finke River, Northern
Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 6483) Nr. Cooktown, Q. (A. G. Mayer) 1896.
1 (M. C. Z. 31899) Nr. Emery Point, N. T. (H. L. Clark) 1929.
1 (M. C. Z. 33125) Geraldton, W. A. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 35317) Forest Creek, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Emery Point is near Darwin; Forest Creek is near Iffley which is
115 miles south of Normanton, Queensland.

Midbody scale-rows 22-28. Largest skink (No. 35317) measures
99 (46+53) mm.

Number 6483 is the specimen referred by Garman to eximms to-
gether with true Fijian c.riviiiis brought back by the Barrier Reef
Expedition. If it truly came from "near Cooktown" then it is a topo-
type of Garman's race virgatus. However, that is a very well defined
race with which No. 6483 does not agree and it does conform to
vietallicvs. It might be remembered that it was not catalogued until
four years after its receipt and then as "A. peronii Cocteau." I prefer
to suggest the possibility of an error as to its locality data.

One might have expected the Geraldton skink to have conformed to
the Western Australian plagiocc phalus but it appears indistinguishable
from the other metallicus. Of this race Mertens had only the two co-
types of australis Sternfeld from Hermannsburg. These had a mid-
body scale-row count of 22-24, the Geraldton specimen has 28.

Ablepharus boutonii plagiocephalus (Cocteau)

Scincus plagiocephalus Cocteau, 1836, Etudes Seine. Cryptoblep. de Peron,

(p. 7), pi. : Tasmania and Baie des Chiens Marins, Australia.
Tiliqua Buchananii Gray, 1839, Ann. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 291 : Australia.
Ablepharus boutoni pundatus Sternfeld, 1918, Abhand. Senckenb. Naturf.
Gesell., 36, p. 424: Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 33124) Gorge, Hornsby, N. S. W. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 35318) Herveys Range, N. S. W. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

Midbody scale-rows 22-24. Larger skink (No. 33124) measures
81 (35+46) mm.

I follow Mertens (1931, p. 116) in using this name and in the syn-
onymy given above. While the Herveys Range specimen conforms to
the color description given by Mertens, the other is almost uniformly
black above, except for the pair of very sharply defined, white, dorso-
lateral lines originating in the supraocular region.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 377

Ablepharus lineoocellatus lineoocellatus Dumeril & Bibron

Ablepharus lineo-ocellatus Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erpet, Gen., 5, p. 817;
Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 24548) Augusta, W. A. (W. S. Brooks) 1927.

2 (M. C. Z. 33131-2, 33237) Perth, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

3 (M. C. Z. 33133-5) Rottnest Id., W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

6 (M. C. Z. 33137-42) West Wallaby Id., W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
8 (M. C. Z. 33143-50) Wallcliffe, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 33151) Bridgetown, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 35337) Hermannsburg, N. T. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.
Wallcliffe is near Margaret River.

Midbody scale-rows 24-30 (only No. 33137 with 30), average 26;
supranasals absent in all except Nos. 33131 and 33134; No. 24548 has
an incomplete groove on the right side above the nostril. Largest
skink (No. 33139) measures 125 (46+79) mm.

The typical form may be distinguished from the eastern race by
its ii^suaUy lacking supranasals and a lower average number of midbody
scale-rows.

Ablepharus lineoocellatus anomalus (Gray)

Morethia anomalus Gray, 1844, Zool. Erebus & Terror, Rept., p. 4, pi. v, fig. 1:
Western Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 5253) No locality (H. A. Ward) 1884.

2 (M. C. Z. 5784) "S. W. Australia?" (Peabody Mus.) N. D.

1 (M. C. Z. 10245) Boggabri, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 10246) Dubbo, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

2 (M. C. Z. 10247-8) Moloch, N. S. W. (Australian Mu^.) 1914.

2 (M. C. Z. 10249-50) Bathurst, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
1 (M. C. Z. 35319) Mt. Coolon, Q. (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

The locality Moloch, clearly entered in our register, may possibly
be Molong?

Midbody scale-rows 28-30, average 28.6; supranasals present in
all. Largest skink (No. 5784) measures 55 mm. from snout to anus,
tail missing.

It is unfortunate that the type of anomalus happened to be one of
the rare Western individuals with supranasals present; I am restrict-
ing its use here to the eastern skinks which are characterized by the
almost invariable presence of supranasals and a higher average num-
ber of midbody scale-rows.

Number 5784 (2 examples) were registered as "Morethia anomalus
Gray" with "? S. W. Australia" for locality. Later "Types of Panaspis

378 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

aeneU'S Cope" was added. Panaspis aeueus, however, had 24 midbody
scale-rows, frontoparietals and interparietal distinct, and was identified
by Boulenger as a southwest African species. At the time of its de-
scription Cope was uncertain whether the type came from southwest
Australia or southwest Africa. Our two specimens have little in
common with the description of aeneus.

Ablepharus taeniopleurus Peters

Ablepharus (Morethia) taeniopleurus Peters, 1874, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Ber-
lin, p. 375: Port Bowen, Queensland.

Ablepharus lineo-ocellatus var. ruficaudus Lucas & Frost, 1895, Proc. Roy. Soc.
Victoria, 7, p. 269: Reedy Hole, Northern Territory.

1 (M. C. Z. 35320) Pelican Bore, Queensland (W. E. Schevill) 1932.

2 (M. C. Z. 35321-2) Coen, Cape York, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

Pelican Bore is on Charlotte Plains near Hughenden.

Midbody scale-rows 26-28. Largest skink (No. 35321) measures
112 (40+72) mm.

A. ruficaudus appears to have been dili'erentiated from lineoocellatus
by just those characters which separate the latter from taeniopleurus.
Our fresh material possess red tails and agree well with the excellent
colored plate of the type of ruficaudus given by Lucas & Frost (1896,
pi. X, fig. 3) in the report on the Horn Expedition.

Ablepharus greyii (Gray)

Menetia greyii Gray, 1844, Zool. Erebus & Terror, Rept., pi. v, fig. 4: Western
Australia.

2 (M. C. Z. 10296, 11802) Warren, N. S. W. (Austrahan Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 33127) Caron, W. A. (Harvard Exped. )1931.

2 (M. C. Z. 33128-9) Meekatharra, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 33130) Geraldton, W. A. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 22-24; frontoparietal single; interparietal dis-
tinct; digits 4; toes 5. Largest skink (No. 33128) measures 79 (31 +48).

Ablepharus burnetti Oudemans

Ablepharus burnetti Oudemans, 1894, in Semon's Zool. Forsch. in Austral.,

Jena, 8, p. 145: Burnett River, Queensland.
Ablepharus heteropus Carman, 1901, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 9: Great
Barrier Reef, Queensland.

Holotype (M. C. Z. 6486) Great Barrier Reef, Q. (Barrier Reef Exped.)
1896.

Midbody scale-rows 24; frontoparietal single; interparietal distinct
digits 4; toes 5. Total length 57 (26+31) mm.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 379

Ablepharus timidus De Vis

Ablepharus timidus De Vis, 1888 (1887), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2), 2,

p. 824: Charleville, Queensland.
Ablepharus rhodonoides Lucas & Frost, 1896, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 21,

p. 281 : Mildura, Victoria.

2 (M. C. Z. 10217-8) Moloch, N. S. W. (Australian Mus.) 1914.

1 (M. C. Z. 33152) Lake Violet, W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.

2 (M. C. Z. 33153-4) Mullewa, W. A. (Harvard Exped.) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 20; digits 3; toes 3. Largest skink (No. 10217)
measures 86 (46+40) mm.

Ablepharus elegans (Gray)

Miculia elegans Gray, 1844, Zool. Erebus & Terror, Rept., pi. v, fig. 3: Western
Australia.

1 (M. C. Z. 33126) West Wallaby Id., W. A. (W. E. Schevill) 1931.
1 (M. C. Z. 33136) Rottnest Island, W. A. (P. J. Darlington) 1931.

Midbody scale-rows 16; rostral well separated from the frontonasal;
digits 4; toes 4. Larger Skink (No. 33126) measures 84 (38+46) mm.

Ablepharus distinguendus Werner

Ablepharus distinguendus Werner, 1910, in Michaelsen & Hartmeyer's Fauna
Siidwest-Austral., 2, p. 490: Obelisk Hill, Fremantle, Western Australia.
1 (M. C. Z. 24547) Geraldton, W. A. (J. Clark) 1927.

Midbody scale-rows 20; rostral in contact with the frontonasal;
digits 4; toes 4. Total length 84 (37+47) mm.

Werner has separated distinguendus from elegans on the basis of its
possessing 18 midbody scale-rows and the posteriorly angular rostral
being in contact with the frontonasal; also color. On geographical
grounds one would have expected the West Wallaby and Rottnest
Island forms to have conformed rather to the Fremantle species than
to elegans.

Tropidophorus queenslandiae De Vis

Tropidophorus queenslandiae De Vis, 1890, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., (2), 4,
p. 1034: Herberton and Bellenden Ker, Queensland.

2 (M. C. Z. 10289-90) Mt. Bartle Frere, Q. (Australian Mus.) 1914.
2 (M. C. Z. 35323-4) Mt. Spurgeon, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.
2 (M. C. Z. 35325-6) Lake Barrine, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.
12 (M. C. Z. 35327-36) Millaa Millaa, Q. (P. J. Darlington) 1932.

380 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Midbody scale-rows 34-38, average 35.5; frontoparietals 2; a pair
of enormously enlarged preanals; upper head shields strongly rugose;
dorsals and ventrals strongly keeled. Largest skink (No. 35323)
measures 176 (86+90) mm.

In recent years this interesting rain-forest form has been recorded
from Atherton by Lonnberg & Andersson (1915, p. 4) and from Ravens-
hoe by Procter (1923, p. 1073). The smaller nuchal scalation marks
it off as very distinct from its Papuan allies.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Barbour, T.

1914. "On Some Australasian Reptiles." Proc. Biol. See. Washington,
27, pp. 201-206. 1

BOULENGER, G. A.

1885-1887. "Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum." Londori.
Vols. 1-3.

1889. "Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Croco-
diles in the British Museum." London.

1893-1896. "Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum." London.
Vols. 1-3.

Fry, D. B.

1913. "On the status of Chelonia depressa Garman." Rec. Austral. Mus.,
10, pp. 159-185, pis. xix-xxii, and text-figs.

1914. "On a Collection of Reptiles and Batrachians from Western
Australia." Rec. W. Austral. Mus., Perth, 1, pp. 174-210, pis. xxvii-
xxviii.

1915. "Herpetological Notes." Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl., Brisbane,
27, pp. 60-95, pis. i-iv.

Garman, S.

1901. "Reptiles and Batrachians from Australia." Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 39, pp. 1-14.

Glauert, L.

1923. "Contributions to the Fauna of Western Australia." Journ.
Roy. Soc. West. Austral., Perth, 9, pp. 57-60.

1928. "The Vertebrate Fauna of Western Australia." Journ. Roy. Soc.
West. Austral., Perth, 14, pp. 61-77.

1929. "Contributions to the Fauna of Rottnest Island." Journ. Roy. Soc.
West Austral., Perth, 15, pp. 43-45.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 381

KiNGHORN, J. R.

1920. "Studies in Australian Reptiles No. 1." Rec. Austral. Mus.,
Sydney, 13, pp. 110-117, figs, i-vii, pi. xx.

1921. "Studies in Australian Reptiles. No. 2". Rec. Austral. Mus.,
Sydney, 13, pp. 143-154, figs. i-ix.

1926. "A brief review of the family Pygopodidae." Rec. Austral. Mus.,

Sydney, 15, pp. 40-64, figs, i-xix.
1926. "Note on Pseudelaps minutus Fry." Rec. Austral. Mus., Sydney,

15, p. 65.
1929. "The Snakes of Australia." Sydney, pp. 1-200, 137 colored figs.
1929. "Herpetological Notes. No. 1." Rec. Austral. Mus., Sydney, 17,

pp. 76-84.

1931. "Herpetological Notes. No. 2". Rec. Austral. Mus., Sydney,
18, pp. 85-91.

1932. "Herpetological Notes. No. 4." Rec. Austral. Mus., Sydney,
18, pp. 355-363.

Longman, H. A.

1912. "Herpetological Notes." Mem. Queensl. Mus., Brisbane, 1,
pp. 23-25.

1915. "Reptiles from Queensland and the Northern Territory." Mem.
Queensl. Mus., Brisbane, 3, pp. 30-34, pis. xiv-xv.

1916. "Snakes and lizards from Queensland and the Northern Terri-
tory." Mem. Queensl. Mus., Brisbane, 5, pp. 46-51, pi. vi.

1918. "Notes on some Queensland and Papuan Reptiles." Mem.

Queensl. Mus., Brisbane, 6, pp. 37-44, pis. xi-xv.
1925. "Crocodilus johnsoni Krefft." Mem. Queensl. Mus., Brisbane, 8,

pp. 95-102, pis. xxiii-xxiv.

LoNNBERG, E., AND AnDERSSON, L. G.

1913. "Reptiles." (Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish scientific
expedition to Australia 1910-1913) Svenska. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl.,
Stockholm, 52, No. 3, pp. 1-17.

1915. "Reptiles collected in Northern Queensland." (Results of Dr.
E. Mjoberg's Swedish scientific expedition to Australia 1910-1913)
Svenska. Ventensk.-Akad. Handl., Stockholm, 52, No. 7, pp. 1-9.

Loveridge, A.

1932. "New Lizards of the genera Nephrurus and Amphibolurus from
Western Australia." Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13, pp. 31-34.

1933. "New agamid Lizards of the genera Amphibolurus and Physig-
nathus from Australia." Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13 pp. 69-72.

1933. "New scincid Lizards of the genera Sphenomorphus, Rhodona and
Lygosoma from Australia." Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 8, pp.
95-100.

382 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

1933. "Reports on the Scientific Results of an Expedition to the South-
western Highlands of Tanganyika Territory, VII, Herpetology." Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool. 74, 7, pp. 195-416, 3 plates.

Lucas, A. H. S., and Frost, C.

1896. "On the Reptiles of the Horn Expedition." Rep. Horn Exped.,
2, pp. 112-151, pis. viii-xii.

Lucas, A. H. S., and Le Souef, W. H. D.

1909. "The Animals of AustraUa." Sydney. Many pis. and text figs.

Mertens, Robert

1931. "Ablepharus boutonii (Desjardin) und seine geographische
Variation." Zool. Jahrb., 61, pp. 63-210, pis. ii-iv, and text-figs.

Parker, H. W.

1926. "New Reptiles and a New Frog from Queensland." Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. (9), 17, pp. 665-670, figs, i-iii.

Procter, J. B.

1923. "On New and Rare Reptiles and Batrachians from the Australian
Region." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 1069-1077, figs. 3-4.

RooiJ, N. de

1915. "The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, 1, Lacertilia,

Chelonia, Emydosauria." Leiden, pp. 384, text-figs.
1917. "The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, 2, Ophidia."

Leiden, pp. 334, text-figs.

Seba, Albertus

1735. "Rer. Nat. Thesaurus," 2, Amsterdam, pp. 154, pis. i-cxiv.

Siebenrock, F.

1909. "Synopsis der rezenten Schildkroten." Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. 10,
pp. 427-618.

Smith, Malcolm

1926. "Monograph of the Sea Snakes." London, pp. 130, pis. i-ii.

1927. "Contributions to the herpetology of the Indo-Australian region."
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 199-225, pis. i-ii, and text-figs.

Sternfeld, R.

1919. "Neue Schlangen und Eidechsen aus Zentralaustralien." Mitt.

Senckenb. Ges., Frankfurt a Main, 1, pp. 76-82.
1925. "Beitrage zur Herpetologie Inner-Australiens." Abhan. Senckenb.

Frankfurt a Main, 38, pp. 221-251.

Stull, O. G.

1932. "Five new subspecies of the family Boidae." Occ. Pap. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist." 8, pp. 25-30, pis. 1-2.

loveridge: Australian reptiles 383

Thomson, D. F.

1930. "Observations on the venom of . . . Pseudechis australis (Gray):
1, Synonymy." Austral. Journ. Exper. Biol. & Med. Sci., 7, pp. 125-133,
text-figs.

Waite, E. R.

1915. "Scientific Notes on an Expedition into the Northwestern Regions

of South Australia. Ophidia." Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral., Adelaide,

39, pp. 737-739.
1917. "Results of the South Australian Museum Exped. to Strzelecki

and Cooper Creeks, Sept. and Oct., 1916. Mammalia and Ophidia."

Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral., Adelaide, 41, pp. 430-440.

Waite, E. R., and Longman, H. A.

1920. "Descriptions of Little-known Australian Snakes." Rec. S.
Austral. Mus., 1, pp. 173-180, pi. xxvii, text-figs.

Werner, F.

1909. "Reptilia exkl. Geckonidae und Scincidae" in Michaelsen, W.
und Hartmeyer, R. (1914), Die Fauna Siidwest-Australiens. Jena
(G. Fischer), 4, pp. 251-278, 2 plates.

1910. "Reptilia (Geckonidae und Scincidae)" in Michaelsen, W. und
Hartmeyer, R. (1914), Die Fauna Siidwest-Australiens, Jena (G.
Fischer), 4, pp. 451-493.

Zietz. F. R.

1914. "Scientific Notes on an Expedition into the Interior of Australia.
Lacertilia." Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral., Adelaide, 38, pp. 440-444.

1915. "Scientific Notes on an Expedition into the Northwestern Regions
of South Australia. Lacertilia." Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austral., Adelaide,
39, pp. 766-769.

1920. "Catalogue of Australian Lizards." Rec. S. Austral. Mus., 1,
pp. 181-228.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

Fig. 1. Major Guildford W. de Teliga with Crocodylus johnstoni from Flinders
River, Queensland. This was the largest of the series collected by
the Harvard Australian Expedition of 1931-1932. The characteris-
tic shadeless coolibah and gutta-percha vegetation is well shown.
Saxby River, east of Mt. Fort Bowen.

(Photo by W. E. Schevill, July 30, 1932)

Fig. 2. A monitor lizard {Varanus gouldii) at bay assuming characteristic
defensive attitude. Although this photograph shows the lizard with
the mouth closed, it is generally kept open in a threatening manner
under such circumstances. Wiluna, Western Australia.

(Photo by G. M. Allen, Oct. 3, 1931)

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.

LovERiDGE. Australian Reptiles

1

'■»-^

DEC 2 9 1934

5/<']

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative 2oi>logy
AT HARVARD COLLEGE
Vol. LXXVII, No. 7

No. 7. — CRITICAL NOTES ON MIDDLE
AMERICAN BIRDS

By a. J. VAN ROSSEM

California Institute of Technology

CAMBRIDGE, MASS. U. S. A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

December, 1934

PUBLICATIONS
OF THE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
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DEC 2 9 1934

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
AT HARVARD COLLEGE
Vol. LXXVII, No. 7

No. 7. — CRITICAL NOTES ON MIDDLE
AMERICAN BIRDS

By a. J. VAN ROSSEM

California Institute of Technology

CAMBRIDGE, MASS. U. S. A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

December, 1934

No. 7. — Critical Xofcs on Middle A mrrican Birds

By a. J. VAN ROSSEM

California Institute of Technology

A. NOTES ON SOME SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF
GUATEMALA BIRDS

With the recent appearance of Mr. Ludlow Griscom's "Distribution
of Bird-Life in Guatemala", we have for the first time a comprehen-
sive report on the birds of that country. Accurate, well written, and
generally admirable, it has served not only as a summation of past
work but, more important still, it provides a much needed stimulus to
the prosecution of further work, not only in Guatemala but in the
whole of the Central American field.

When the present writer visited various museums in Europe in the
summer of 1933, one of the chief objects was to examine as many
tj^pes of Central American birds as possible, looking not only to the
stabilization of nomenclature but also to a better understanding of the
geographic beha^'ior of some of the species of birds concerning which
we have very little accurate knowledge. This paper is a commentary
on certain of the bird types examined, together with some notes on
distribution and some necessary changes in Mr. Griscom's list. I wish
to emphasize that no derogatory criticism is implied in any single
case. Material which was not seen by Mr. Griscom has, naturally
enough, made some changes necessary, but I may say that given the
same data accessible to Mr. Griscom I should, in almost every in-
stance, have reached the same conclusions.

OcEANODROMA socoRROENSis Townsend

On the night of June 25-26, 1933, when the S.S. Winnepeg, on which
I was a passenger, was 145 miles northwest of San Jose de Guatemala
and about 5 miles off shore, a Socorro Petrel fiew on board. It was a
male with testes completely dormant and with the plumage in heavy
moult. This seems to be not only the first record of any species of
petrel for Guatemala but extends the (casual ?) range of this species
several hundreds of miles south of the southernmost previously known
station.

SULA DACTYLATRA CALIFORNICA Rothschild

Two blue-faced boobies which were seen just off San Jose de Guate-
mala on June 26, 1933, were most probably of this race.

388 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

BURHINUS BISTRIATUS

Ridgway (Birds No. & Mid. Amer., Pt. 8, p. 22, footnote) has al-
ready noted the characters of Central American representatives of
this species, but he had only three specimens and preferred to defer
the formal bestowal of a name until further material verified the
differences he observed.

Although the thick-knee is a fairly abundant bird in most localities
where it occurs it does not seem to be common in collections. I have
examined only 14 from various localities in Mexico, (from Tonala,
Chiapas, north to Vera Cruz and Guerrero), and 17 from Central
America. On the basis of these 31 specimens there are definite racial
differences apparent and the Central American birds are therefore
named as

BURHINUS BISTRIATUS VIGILANS subsp. nOV.

Type. 9 adult, no. 22739, Dickey collection at the California In-
stitute of Technology; Hacienda El Pelon, altitude 500 feet, Guana-
caste, Costa Rica, July 21, 1928; collected by Austin Smith.

Subspccific characters. Similar to Burhinus bisfriatus histriatus
(Wagler) of southern Mexico, but upperparts, neck and chest darker
and more fulvescent, and with the mesial streaking of all feathers
blacker and wider; general size very similar to that of histriatus, but
tarsus and toes averaging decidedly longer.

Rancjc. Open grassland or plains from northwestern Costa Rica
north, chiefly on the Pacific side, to extreme northwestern Guatemala.

Remarks. A specimen from Huamuchal in northwestern Guate-
mala (British Museum) is best referable to vigilans. Though a single
bird from Tonala, Chiapas, is apparently histriatus, a series from there
might prove to be intermediate. However, two Chi vela, Oaxaca (Mus.
Comp. Zool.) birds are definitely histriatus.

Wagler's type of Charadrius histriatus is in the Zoological Museum
at Berlin and is a typical Mexican bird in color and size. It was col-
lected by Ferdinand Deppe at San Mateo, a rather ambiguous lo-
cality since there are at least five towns of that name in the territory
covered by Deppe on his first trip to Mexico.

Measurements

12 histriatus tarsus, 112.0 — 120.0; middle toe minus claw, 34.0 — 38.0
U vigilans " 118.0—131.0; " " " " 36.0—41.0

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 389

COCCYZUS MINOR

For many years the name of minor has been appHetl, subspecifically,
by American ornithologists to the mangrove cuckoo of eastern and
interior Central America and eastern Mexico in a purely tentative
fashion, because no specimens of minor were available for comparison.
I know of no specimens in the collections in America and was able to
examine abroad only one at the Musee d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris,
one at the Zoological Museum in Berlin (Cabanis' type of Coccyzus
liclvivcntris), and five in that greatest of all tropical American collec-
tions, the British ^Museum. These seven skins are from the following
localities: "Guyane", 2; British Guiana, 2; Trinidad, 1; "Brazil", 1;
and "Bogota", 1. The last named individual is a Bogota trade skin
which may have come from the northern coast of Colombia, though
the species has never been reported, authentically, from that country.
At any rate it is of the same race as the other four British Museum
specimens, two of which are virtual topotypes of minor from British
Guiana.

Typical minor, as represented b}^ these seven specimens, is the palest
of all the many races of the mangrove cuckoo. Its nearest comparison
is with maynardi of the Bahamas, Cuba, and the southern coast of
Florida, but it is even paler below and has the chest and throat pale
gray, with only a tinge of bufP. The size, too, is similar in both races,
though the tail of minor seems to be slightly shorter and the bill
slightly longer. The seven specimens of minor, only one of which, a
male, is sexed, measure: wing 128-140; tail, 142-158; exposed culmen,
28.0-32.0; tarsus, 27.0-30.5; outer anterior toe, minus claw, 19.2-21.0
mm. The auricular streak in minor is narrow, relatively inconspicuous,
and is dark slate-color, not blackish.

The mangrove cuckoo of Central America and Mexico, the dark
colored, buff throated race which is described in detail by Ridgway
(Birds of No. and Mid. Amer., Pt. 7, p. 21) under the name of "Coccy-
zus minor minor Gmelin ?" is without a name and I propose for it

Coccyzus minor continentalis subsp. nov.

Type. 9 adult, nearly ready to lay, no. 19180, Dickey collection
at the California Institute of Technology; Volcan de Santa Ana, alti-
tude 4500 feet, Dept. Sonsonate, El Salvador, May 16, 1927; collected
by A. J. van Rossem, original no. 12060.

Subspecific characters. Similar to Coccyzus minor palloris Ridgway
of the Pacific lowlands of Central America and Mexico in lacking any

390 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

grayish tinge on the throat and chest, but coloration everywhere
darker; pileum concolor with the back or nearly so; underparts ochrace-
ous bull', slightly deeper posteriorly; upperparts grayish brown.

Range. Panama, north through Central America, to northeastern
Mexico, including Buctotz, Ruatan, the Corn and probably other
Atlantic coast islands.

Remarks. The race palloris is apparently confined, in Central
America at least, to the mangrove association of the Pacific Coast,
and is replaced a few miles inland by the very different continentalis.
Whether this same manner of distribution persists further north I
do not know.

In spite of Ridgway's remarks (I.e. p. 22, footnote) concerning a
specimen from Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, I am unable to distinguish a
specimen from Tampico (British Museum) from other east-Mexican
and Central American mangrove cuckoos. In fact the 45 specimens
examined from the range of continentalis are remarkably uniform in
coloration in spite of the more than 1500 miles of latitude and the wide
varietv of climatic conditions encountered.

COCCYZUS MINOR COZUMELAE Subsp. nOV.

Type. Adult, sex unknown, no. 97.4.1.49, British Museum; Coz-
umel Island off the coast of Quintana Roo, Mexico, January, 1886;
collected by G. F. Gaumer.

Subspccific characters. Coloration similar to that of Coccyzus minor
doininicae Shelley, the darkest previously known race of this species,
but upperparts slightly darker and browner: size very much smaller,
in this respect similar to Coccyzus minor continentalis of the neighbor-
ing mainland.

Range. Cozumel Island.

Remarks. The two Gaumer-taken specimens in the British Museum
are apparently the only specimens of this race which exist in collec-
tions. However the characters are so outstanding that they should
receive a name.

Specimens from the neighboring Yucatan Peninsula (Izamal;
Temax; Chichen Itza) and those from Buctotz, Ruatan and the Corn
Islands appear to be identical with continentalis from other parts of
the range of that race. I can only conclude that cozumclae is of Antil-
lean, rather than of mainland origin, a conclusion which is supported
by the major part of the avifauna of Cozumel.

VAN ROSSEM : MIDDLE AMERICAN BIRDS 391

Measurements of the two unsexed specimens of cozumclae are as
follows: wing, 130-134; tail, 152-156; exposed culmen, 27.5-29.3 mm.

DrOMOCOCCYX PHASIANELLUa

Spix's type of Macropus phasiancllus from Rio Tocantins, Brazil, is
in the Zoologische Staatssammlung at Munich. An examination of this
type showed it to be so much paler than any Central American example
of this species which I had ever seen that I took occasion to check up
on the characters of this very rare bird when visiting such museums as
possessed any specimens. In all, I have seen 11 Brazilian skins of the
pheasant cuckoo, 1 in Munich, 2 in Berlin and 8 in the British Museum.
These show beyond a doubt that Brazilian specimens are paler dorsally
and have very much paler and redder crests than those from Colombia
north to southern Mexico. Of this latter race I have seen 22 from
Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Yucatan, and Vera Cruz.

The earliest name applied to the northern race is Dromococcyx
mcxicamis of Bonaparte (Comptes Rendus, 42, May, 1856, 957), a
nomcn nudum which, though frequently employed by Sclater and
others, has never, apparently, been validated by a single word of de-
scription. Cuculm macrouru.s of Verreaux and Des Murs (Rev. et Mag.
de Zool., 1849, p. 277), was based primarily on Brazilian skins and is a
synonym of phasianellus. Therefore, Dromococcyx rufigularis Lawrence
(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 233), based on a young bird
from Guatemala, is the earliest valid name. The pheasant cuckoo of
Colombia north to southern Mexico should, therefore, be known as
Dromococcyx phasianellus rufigularis Lawrence.

A single specimen (British Museum) from Sapucay, Paraguay, is
darker dorsally than the darkest rufigularis examined and is more cin-
namomeus on the breast than any specimen of either race. Paraguay
birds probably constitute a third race, in which case the name Geophilus
jasijateri of Bertoni (Aves Nuev. Paraguay, 1901, p. 43) is available.

[Caprimulgus salvini badius (Bangs and Peck)]

The two specimens recorded by Griscom (I.e. p. 192) as hadius are
simply age-reddened but otherwise normal examples of Caprimulgus
vociferus chiapensis. While there is every probability that badius does
occur in the lowlands of eastern Guatemala, no authentic specimens
are known from anywhere in the country and the species should be
removed from the list of Guatemala birds.

392 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Trogon caligatus

The Trogon sallaei of Bonaparte (Comptes Rendus, 42, 1856, p. 955)
described from Vera Cruz, Mexico, has been appHed to various species
of trogons, but always more or less tentatively. That author de-
scribes two birds, a male and a female, but the first and main descrip-
tion is that of the male. ^Yhile at the Musee d'Histoire Naturelle
in Paris I examined all the small trogons which were then in the collec-
tion but the male type seems to have disappeared. The female cotype,
however, is still there, a mounted bird in a fair state of preservation
except for soot stain. The yellow parts of the plumage are, of course,
faded to creamy white through age and exposure. This bird, number
1856-1022, belongs to the northern race of gartered trogon which at
present bears the name of Trogon caUgatus braccatus (Cabanis and
Heine).

Bonaparte's description of the male is perfectly intelligible when
applied to the young male gartered trogon with first year rectrices,
but is practically indeterminable if one tries to fit it to an adult male
of any of the orange- or yellow-bellied species.

Since Bonaparte's name has several year's priority over braccatus,
the gartered trogon of northern Central America and southern Mexico
should be known as Trogon caligatus sallaei Bonaparte.

Empidonax affinis affinis (Swainson)

Over fifty years ago Salvin (Cat. Birds Strickland Coll., 1882, p. 314)
pronounced the type of Swainson's Tyrannula affinis to be the same
species which subsequently was named Empidonax fulvipectus by
Lawrence, but this identification was rejected, for one reason or an-
other, by Ridgway and other American authors. However, a re-ex-
amination of Swainson's type in the collection of Cambridge Univer-
sity verifies Sahan's contention. The authorities at Cambridge very
kindly allowed me to take this specimen to the British Museum where
there was ample material for accurate subspecific determination, and
I can state positively that affinis and fuhipcctus are one and the same
subspecies. The type is a typical Bullock skin, and though in a fair
state of preservation is flattened and considerably distorted. It is
not marked as to sex but the wing and tail measurements appear to
place it, definitely, as a female. The measurements are: wing, 65.0;
tail, 57.0; exposed culmen, 11.8; width at nostrils, 4.0; tarsus, 15.5;
middle toe minus claw, 9.1 mm. The locality given by Swainson,

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 393

"^Maritime parts of ISIexico", is, of course, most improbal^le and I
suggest that the much more likely Temascaltepec be substituted.

I thoroughly agree with Griscom that frcpidus and pulverius are
races of "fulvi pectus" and the three forms should stand as

Empidonax affinis affinis (Swainson)
Empidonax affinis trepidus Nelson
Empidonax affinis pulverius Brewster

Empidonax griscus is certainly very closely related to this assemblage
but until more is known about its breeding range it would be unsafe to
assume specific identity. In this regard it would seem that Swainson's
TyranuJa ohscura must, sooner or later, supplant griseus as a name
for the Gray Flycatcher. Now that the proper application of affinis
is known the comparative diagnosis of obscura can scarcely apply to
any other flycatcher. I could not find the type of obscura at Cam-
bridge.

Empidonax difficilis salvini Ridgway

Through what unfortunate combination of circumstances the name
of Empidonax bairdi Sclater ever became attached to the dark green
race of western flycatcher which breeds in Mexico it is not possible at
this date to determine. However, I fear that the fault, in some measure
at least, lies on this side of the water, for Mr. W. L. Sclater tells me
that practically all of the identifications of small American flycatchers
in the British Museum collection are the result of exchange of speci-
mens and notes between Salvin, Godman, and his father with the
Smithsonian Institution. It is hardly fair, though, to lay the blame on
anyone for it is only recently that many of the differentiating charac-
ters in this group have been understood and their significance ap-
preciated, and, in spite of the exchange of ideas between English and
American ornithologists of the past century, it is obvious that they
were very far apart when it came to the genus Empidonaxl

In the present instance Sclater's diagnosis (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1858, p. 301) of bairdi clearly applies to affinis, including specific
mention of the long narrow bill, and is utterly inappropriate for any
flycatcher of the difficilis group. Therefore, it was no surprise to find
that the type is a typical example of Empidonax affinis affinis. The
type is number 58.9.27.15 in the British Museum collection and at-
tached to it is the original Salle tag which reads, "cf Parada 42/
10 bre. 57 [i.e. October, 1857]. On the reverse is "Empidonax bairdi,
Sclat./ Type." This specimen was part of the collection reported on

394 bulletin: museum of compaeative zoology

by Sclater as being received by Salle from Boucard who, at that time,
was working in the high mountains of Oaxaca, at La Parada (10,000
ft.) and at San Miguel de Las Peras. It is worth recording that the
type of bairdi was the only small flycatcher in the collection except
for a single Empidonax fulvifrons, and two "Empidonax . . .", which
were later made the types of Mitrephan.cs phaeoccrcus.

Mr. Griscom's tentative application of the name Evipido7iax diffi-
cilis salvini Ridgway is entirely justified by the series in the British
Museum. The only character I can find to separate Guatemala winter
specimens of salvini from summer birds of "bairdi" from Mexico is
the lighter and brighter shade of green. This is a purely seasonal
character which is common to all races of difficilis, and there is no
reason to doubt that salvini is simply "bairdi" on its wintering ground.
At any rate Empidonax bairdi Sclater is a pure synonym of Empidonax
affinis affinis (Swainson).

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis fulvipennis (Sclater)

The status of Cotyle fulvipennis Sclater has always been a matter of
uncertainty, for the name was based on a young bird. Most authors
have assumed it to be a specimen of serripennis taken in migration,
an assumption evidently followed b}' Griscom in his recent revision
(Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 11, 1929) since he makes no reference to
the name. Still more recently Oberholser has used it for the Mexican
and Central American race, usually called salvini, on the grounds that
Bangs had at one time shown it to be applicable. Bangs, however, in
a subsequent publication (Bull. M. C. Z., 67, No. 15, 1927, p. 479) did
not consider his use of the name justified and reversed his previous
position.

As it turns out Bangs was correct in his first supposition, for the type
of Cotyle fuhipennis is a young bird with wing quills still extensively
sheathed, so much so in fact that it was probably collected directly
from the nest. At any rate the name can now be definitely allocated
to the race which breeds from Vera Cruz southward through western
Central America and which should be called Stelgidopteryx ruficollis
fulvipennis (Sclater), and Stelgidopteryx salvini Ridgway becomes a
synonym.

The type is number 84.5.15.90 in the British Museum and is labelled,
on a Sclater tag, as follows: "Stelgidopteryx fulvipennis/84.5. 15.90/
Jalapa. de Oca". On the reverse is: "Type of Cotvle fulvipennis/
Scl. P. Z. S. 1859/250a of A. C. p. 364."

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS

395

Xanthoura luxuosa

As long ago as 1857, Schlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 32, p. 53) showed
that Bonaparte's type of Xanthoura guatimalensis belonged to the

A =CO'Juincla.C

■ = >n.aya.
▼ - v'ivid.(X.

Fig. 1 — Ranges of four subspecies of Xanthoura luxuosa in Central America.

species ynca3 of South America. In 1879, Sclater (Ibis, p. 88, in text)
reached the same conclusion, partly because of Bonaparte's descrip-
tion but chiefly because he possessed a Venezuelan specimen identified

396 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

by Bonaparte himself as guatimalensis. So far as I am aware no one
since Schlegel's day has critically examined the type of this bird at
the Natural History Museum at Leiden, until I had the opportunity
to do so in September, 1933.

It is a mounted bird in fair condition and bears the following label :
"type X Guatimalensis/ Cyanocorax yncas/ ad: Cat.4/Mr. v Lans-
berg. ? de Guatimala." All of its characters are those of the central
Venezuela race of Xanthoura yncas, and there is no reasonable doubt
that it was collected at or near Caracas, from which locality there are
many Lansberg skins in the Leiden Museum. Fortunately there is a
still earlier name available for the Venezuelan race so that the utterly
incongruous name of guatimalensis need not be used for this South
American bird. It is Pica chloronota of Wagler (Isis von Oken, Heft 7,
1829, col. 749), a composite of two species; but the first and main part
of the description clearly diagnoses the Venezuela race of ytwas.

A review of all the Central American green jays in the British
Museum, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, The American ^lu-
seum of Natural History, and the U. S. National Museum, shows that
there are four well-defined forms of the species luxuosa south of the
Isthmus of Tehuantepec. There is by no means sufficient material
more than to roughly outline the ranges, but localities from which
specimens have been examined personally are indicated on the ac-
companying map.

Xanthoura luxuosa vivida Ridgway

Xanthoura luxuosa vivida Ridgway, Auk, 17, Jan., 1900, 28 (Pluma,
Oaxaca).

Subspccific characters. Size large as compared to the other Central
American races ; median underparts greenish yellow ; sides green ; under
tailcoverts pure yellow or nearly so.

Range. Southern Oaxaca and Chiapas, south to central western
Guatemala.

Remarks. Both Ridgway (Birds No. and Mid. Amer., Pt. 3, 1904,
p. 310) and Griscom (I.e. p. 403) have commented on the variability
of Guatemalan specimens of this race and also that they average more
yellow below and lighter green above. These tendencies are simply
indicative of intergradation with the race of eastern Guatemala,
Honduras, and British Honduras. Specimens of vivida have been
examined from Oaxaca (Pluma; Santo Domingo; Cacoprieto; Santa
Efigenia), Chiapas (Guichicovi), and Guatemala (Hacienda Cali-
fornia; Nenton; Retalhuleu; Savana Grande; Zapote; Patio Bolas).

VAN ROSSEM : MIDDLE AMERICAN BIRDS 397

Xanthoura luxuosa MAYA subsp. IIOV.

Type. 9 adult, no. 15266, Mus. Comp. Zool. (Bangs Collection);
Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, June 1, 1893; collected by W. W. Brown, Jr.

Suhspccific characters. Size small, — decidedly smaller than Xan-
thoura liLvuma I'ivida and Xanthoura luxuosa centralis (see postea);
underparts bright yellow, sometimes tinged with green laterally.

Range. Yucatan and Campeche, and probably at least the north-
ern part of Quintana Roo.

Remarks. 19 specimens have been examined from Campeche
(Campeche; Aposote); and Yucatan ("Northern Yucatan"; Merida;
Tabi; Izamal; Peto; Rio Lagartos; San Felipe; Chichen Itza).

Xanthoura luxuosa cozumelae subsp. nov.

Type. Unsexed adult, no. 86.9.9.862, British Museum; Cozumel
Island, off the coast of Quintana Roo, Mexico, skin undated but taken
in January, 1886; collected by G. F. Gaumer.

Suhspecific characters. Size small, and in this respect resembling
Xanthoura lu.ruosa may a of the neighboring mainland; underparts
bright yellow; upi^er parts, including blue on head, paler than in any
other Central American race of this species ; blue on head reaching only
to nape and not extending over hindneck as in other races.

Range. Cozumel Island.

Remarks. The two specimens in the British Museum are apparently
the only examples of the Cozumel Island race in any collection.
Griscom did not find the species present in 1926 and it is possible that
it has become extinct since 1886, the year of Gaumer 's last visit.

Xanthoura luxuosa centralis subsp. nov.

Type, cf adult, Dickey collection at the California Institute of
Technology; Secanquim, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, January 15,
1926; collected by A. W. Anthony, original no. 3009.

Suhspecific characters. Similar in coloration to Xanthoura luxuosa
maya of Yucatan and Campeche, but size decidedly larger.

Range. Northwestern Honduras, north through eastern and parts
of central Guatemala to British Honduras.

Remarks. Specimens from the most easterly portion of the range
are almost in^'ariably pure yellow below, while those from central
Guatemala frequently have more or less green on the sides, and this
tendency increases as one approaches the range of vivida.

398

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Fifty-one specimens of this race have been examined from Honduras
(San Pedro; Omoa; Chamehcon), Guatemala (Secanquim; Gualan;
Coban; Cajabon; Chama; Isabal; Choctum; Chisec), and British
Honduras (Manatee District; Cayo District; BeUze; Makal).

It is to be remarked that comparison of the upper parts has been
given in only one instance, — that of cozumelae in comparison with
may a, centralis and vivida. The dorsal plumage of this species changes
with wear from green or yellowish green to bluish green or even greenish
blue. The race vivida is apparently darker and duller dorsally than
any of the other races, season for season, and may a appears to be, on
an average, bluest of the four when in worn plumage.

In the following table of measurements I have been obliged to ignore
sex or else throw out the greater part of the specimens in the British
Museum, very few of which have the sex indicated on the tags. How-
ever there is very little sex difference so far as size goes, and some
specimens sexed as males are smaller than others sexed as females. I
must refer here, also, to the measurements recorded by Ridgway (I.e.)
for Yucatan specimens of "guatimalensis." Those of Yucatan females
accord very closely with my own, taken from (presumably) the same
specimens in the U. S. National Museum, and equally close results
were obtained in the case of the three Honduras birds. But I get no
such size for the five Yucatan males as is given by him and it would
appear that an error has crept in somewhere.

Measurement

averages

Culmen

Depth of
bill at

Middle toe

Wing

TaU

from base

nostril

minus claw

Tarsus

12 cozumelae 104

120

27.0

9.2

19.1

34.2

19 may a

108

124

27.3

9.3

19.6

34.1

42 centralis

115

132

31.2

10.5

21.7

36.1

11 vivida

121

138

32.3

11.1

22.0

39.2

Pheugopedius pleurostictus

Griscom's prediction that an examination of Sclater's type of
Thryothorus pleurostictus would prove it to belong to a race distinct
from the one which occurs on the Pacific coast of northern Central
America is verified. The type is a small bird (wing, 56.5; tail, 45.0)
with very light-colored, sparsely barred underparts, collected by
Skinner at an unknown locality in the arid interior of Guatemala.

VAN ROSSEM : MIDDLE .UIERICAN BIRDS 399

This specimen is correctly figured in Sclater's Catalogue of American
Birds, save that the upperparts are more rufescent than in the illus-
tration. Attached to the type is the Sclater Museum tag which reads
as follows: "Thryophilus pleurostictus / Guatemala. Skinner." On the
reverse appears: "Type of P.L.S./ Ibis, 1860, p. 30." Apparently no
British Museimi number has ever been given to this specimen, nor is
there a British Museum label attached at this time.

Through the kindness of Dr. Witmer Stone I have been able to iiT-
spect a series of five examples of the banded wren taken at Gualan in
1915 by Rhoads and Poole. These agree in size and coloration with the
type, and therefore Griscom's designation of Gualan as a restricted
type locality for pleurostictus is entirely proper.

The larger, heavily barred, duller colored race of banded wren which
ranges from central Oaxaca, south along the Pacific coast to western
El Salvador is at present unnamed and therefore I propose for it

Pheugopedius pleurostictus oblitus subs. nov.

Type, cf adult, no. 18843, Dickey collection at the California In-
stitute of Technology; Barra de Santiago, Dept. of Ahuachapan, El
Salvador, April 13, 1927; collected by A. J. van Rossem, original no.
11711.

Subspecific characters. Resembles Pheugopedius pleurostictus pleu-
rostictus (Sclater) of arid interior Guatemala, but size decidedly larger,
flanks and tertials more heavily barred, and dorsal coloration duller
and less rufescent. Comparison with other races is noted beyond.
Measurements of the type are: wing, 66.5; tail, 56.5; exposed culmen,
16.9; tarsus, 22.8; middle toe minus claw, 15.0 mm.

Range. Pacific coast of southern Mexico and northern Central
America, from Oaxaca south to extreme southwestern El Salvador.

Remarks. This race is the "pleurostictus" of Ridgway, 1904, and of
authors generally, but not of Sclater. It is remarkably uniform
throughout its range (see also Griscom, p. 291), and I can detect no
differences whatever between specimens from points so far separated
as southern Oaxaca and southwestern El Salvador.

With the definition of the newly named western race there are now
four known subspecies of this wren in Central America. These may be
characterized as follows:

Size larger (wing of males averaging about 65 mm ; of females, about
60 mm.)

400 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Dorsal coloration duller and less rufeseent; flanks and tertials
more heavily barred; tail longer (males averaging 55 mm;
females 50 mm).

Pheugopedius pleurostidus oblitus van Rossem
Pacific coast from Oaxaca to El Salvador.
Dorsal coloration brighter and more rufeseent; flanks and
tertials less heavily barred; tail shorter (males averaging
49 mm; females 45 mm).
Pheugopedius pleurostidus ravus (Ridgway)
Pacific coast of Nicaragua and northern Costa Rica.
Size smaller (wing of males averaging about 61 mm; of females,
56 mm).

Dorsal coloration slightly paler; flanks sparsely barred.
Pheugopedius pleurosiictu^ pleurostictus (Sclater).
Motagua Valley in interior Guatemala.
Dorsal coloration slightly darker; flanks heavily barred.

Pheugopedius pleurostidus lateralis (Dicke\' and van
Rossem).

Eastern and northern El Sah-ador, southern Honduras,

and possibly northwestern Nicaragua.

None of these four races can be considered as intermediate, for

pleurostidus occupies an isolated position, and lateralis, whose range

lies, in part, between oblitus and ravus is smaller than either and is

even more heai-ily barred on the flanks.

As I have several times affirmed in the past, Thryophilus and
Pheugopedius are so gradually connected that there is no point in
attempting to maintain the former as a distinct genus.

MiMUS GILVUS

Griscom's suspicion (p. 301) that Cabanis' type of Minius gracilis
from Honduras would prove, on examination, to be the Central
American rather than the Yucatan race is well founded. The type is
in the Zoological Museum in Berlin, where I examined it in August,
1933. It is a mounted bird in good condition, with the plumage
slightly worn as though it had been taken in early spring before the
breeding season. All the characters are those of the Central American,
not the Yucatan race. There is a definitely brownish tinge to the
whole bird, some of which, but not all, may be due to "foxing"; the
white on the outermost rectrices measures only 40 mm. along the

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 401

vanes; the wing coverts are etlged with white 2 mm. wide, and the
secondaries and scapulars have wide grayish white edgings. Thus the
Central American mockingbird must be known as

MiMUS GiLVUS GRACILIS Cabanis

M[i)iius] gracilis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, Jan., 1851, p. 83, footnote
(Honduras).

The race of the Yucatan Peninsula is left without a name and I
propose

MiMUS GILVUS CLARUS subsp. nov.

Type, d^ adult, 60596, Museum of Comparative Zoology; Camp
Mengel, Quintana Roo, Mexico, March 19, 1912; collected by J. L.
Peters.

Hubs prci fie characters. Similar to Mi mus gilru^ gracilis Cabanis of
Central America, but color everywhere clearer gray, with little or no
brownish tone ; outer webs of lateral rectrices more extensively white ;
edgings on wings barely indicated or obsolete.

Range. The Yucatan Peninsula and British Honduras.

Remarks. This is the "gracilis" of Ridgway and other recent
authors but not of Cabanis.

After careful examination of nine mockingbirds from Cozumel
Island, including the type, I believe that Ridgway was wrong in re-
jecting his own race Mimus gihiis leucophaeus (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
10, Aug. 6, 1888, 506). These nine Cozumel Island specimens are even
more purely gray than clarus and are decidedly paler everywhere.
They average a little smaller, as shown by Ridgway's measurements,
but the chief character is that of pallid coloration.

POLIOPTILA CAERULEA

Bonaparte's Culicivora viexicaiia (Consp. Avium, 1, 1850, 316) was
based on a specimen from Mexico in the Berlin Museum. The only
individual of this species which was in the museum in Bonaparte's
time which agrees with the diagnosis is a mounted bird (no. 4046)
collected by Deppe at Oaxaca. Dr. Hellmayr (Novit. Zool., 7, 1900,
535, in text) has previously noted this same specimen, and also an-
other in the Berlin Museum from Cocoyac. However, this latter bird
does not agree with the specific statement "fronte concolor", and can-
not even be considered a cotype.

402 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Deppe's bird, taken at Oaxaca, which is the sole basis of the name
mexicana is marked as "mas." However it is actually a female in
winter plumage of Polioptila caerulca caerulea, collected, of course,
as a winter visitant to the locality. Although the manner in which this
individual is mounted makes it appear smaller than mounted United
States specimens of caerulca in the same museum, the measurements
are normal for the race. Those of the wing and tail are 48.5 and 49.5,
respectively. The small race which occurs in the lowlands of south-
eastern Mexico and which reaches Guatemala in winter must receive
a name, since mexicana is a synonym of caerulca. I suggest

Polioptila caerulea deppei subsp. nov.

Type, cf adult, in full nuptial plumage, no. 13712, Museum of
Comparative Zoology; Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, Mexico, April 13,
1893; collected by W. W. Brown, Jr.

Subspecific characters. Similar to Polioptila caerulea caerulea (Lin-
naeus) of the southeastern United States, but coloration paler and
more grayish (less bluish) both above and below; forehead of adult
males in breeding plumage more narrowly black; black superciliary
streaks in vivid contrast to the white or grayish white (not gray) lores;
size slightly smaller, and tail shorter than the wing instead of the re-
verse. Measurements of the type are: wing, 48.0; tail, 45.0 mm.

Dendroica auduboni goldmani Nelson

In the British Museum is a series of five specimens of this beautiful
warbler, three males and two females. These birds were all collected
at 10,000 feet altitude at Hacienda Chancol, Guatemala, by W. B.
Richardson between the dates of June 13 and 17, 1897. The dates
and the plumage wear indicate bej^ond any reasonable doubt that
they were breeding birds. Though I was not able to compare them
with the type of goldmani directly, I have never the less examined the
type (143169 Biol. Surv.), which was taken in the identical locality in
January, 1896, and unhesitatingly pronounce the breeding birds and
the type to be one and the same subspecies. Griscom's supposition
that the type of goldmani was perhaps only the winter plumage of
7ii.grifro7is is, of course, completely negatived by the British Museum
series.

The wing and tail measurements of the four males (including the
type) are 82 to 84 and 63 to 65 mm., respectively. The two females

VAN KOSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 403

measure 79-80 and (50-62. It is of interest to note that the winter and
summer phnnages of the males of goldvuud are essentially the same.
At both seasons they are virtually black, with golden yellow throat,
rump, side patches, and crown spot, and a very limited area of grayish
white on the central abdominal region.

Granatellus sallaei

As Griscom has remarked (p. 338), this warbler is exceedingly rare
in Guatemala and has been recorded definitely only from Cajabon and
Tactic. In American collections there exist, so far as I am aware,
only two females in the National Museum at Washington, and a single
male in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. These are all "Guate-
mala" trade skins without definite locality, but probably from the
general vicinity of Coban. In the Berlin Museum is a single male from
"Coban" ; in the Paris Museum a male and two females in the Boucard
collection from "Guatemala", and in the British Museum two males
and three females from Cajabon, "Vera Paz", and "Guatemala."
These twelve specimens, five males and seven females, are all the
Guatemala skins which I have been able to locate, though doubtless
others exist. Typical salloci from southeastern Mexico, and boucardi
from Yucatan are slightly more common, for I have been able to ex-
amine twenty-four of the former and sixteen of the latter in the above
enumerated collections.

The unlikelihood that Guatemala birds could be referred to sallaei
was first indicated at the Paris Museum when I compared two sallaei
from Vera Cruz, two boucardi from Yucatan and the three Guatemala
skins in the Boucard collection. Direct comparison between speci-
mens from all three areas was also possible at three other institutions
and the characters shown by the Boucard birds has been confirmed
in each instance. I take pleasure in naming the Guatemala race

Granatellus sallaei griscomi subsp. nov.

Tyj)e. cf , presumably adult, no. 28916, Museum of Comparative
Zoology; "Guatemala" [= Coban by designation]; collector and date
unknown.

Subsprcifir characicrs. Males l)righter l)lue (less slaty) dorsally than
either Granatellus sallaei sallaei (Bonaparte) or Granatellus sallaei
boucardi Ridgway; underparts intermediate between the other two
races in regard to shade and distribution of red and amount of gray

404 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

intermixture on throat. Females intermediate between the other two
races in relative darkness of color, but upper parts and wing edgings
more purely slaty (less brownish) than either.

Range. Known chiefly through Coban trade skins, though Cajabon
(800 ft.) and Tactic (4600 ft.) are specific locality records. Two speci-
mens from "Western District, British Honduras" (British Museum)
are so exactly intermediate between boucardi and griscomi that I do
not attempt to place them.

Remarks. Bonaparte's type of Sctophaga sallaei in the mounted
collection at the Musee d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris is an adult
male, collected by Salle at Cordova, Vera Cruz, in April, 1856. It is
typical of the Mexican race, with extensively dark red under parts,
uniform slate colored throat, and slaty blue upperparts. In the same
collection is another bird of this species, a female, which is also marked
as a type, but investigation shows that this specimen was purchased
from Salle in 1862, and that it was not even collected until April,
1859, three years after the species was described!

Material cxaviincd. G. s. sallaei; 24 from Vera Cruz, Mexico
(Cordova; Buena Vista; Orizaba; Potrero) andOaxaca (Playa Vicente;
Tuxtepec), and including the types of Setophaga sallaei Bonaparte and
Granatellus sallaei Sclater. G. s. boucardi; 16 from "Yucatan" and
"Northern Yucatan", including the type. Chichen Itza is apparently
the only specific locality record. G. s. griscomi; 12 from Guatemala.
G. s. subsp. indet.; "Western District, British Honduras", 2.

Zarhynchus wagleri

The subspecific status of Cacicus wagleri Gray has heretofore hinged
on a colored plate (LXXXVI[ = LXXXV]) in volume 2 of the Genera
of Birds, a plate which is apparently that of a bird of mixed racial
characters. Though the bill and slightly larger size are those of the
northern race, Ridgway (Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3, Apr. 15, 1901,151)
assigned the name to the southern bird because of the dark colored
underparts, and named the northern one Zarhynchus wagleri mexi-
canus. In the absence of a type or the slightest hint of a type locality
such procedure was entirely proper, but recent findings put an entirely
different light on the matter. While at the British Museum in Septem-
ber, 1933, I went over the series of Wagler's oropendulas with the
object of determining, if possible, which specimen was the individual
from which the plate was drawn. This proved less difficult than was
anticipated, for at the time the fascicle was issued (October, 1844)

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 405

there were just two specimens of this species in the collection at the
British IMuseum. These are a male and a female from "Coban",
which means only that they are Coban trade skins from somewhere in
the lowlands of eastern Guatemala. The male shows exactly the
characters depicted in the plate, in fact the wing and bill measure-
ments and bill shape correspond so accurately that there can be no
reasonable doubt (leaving out all other evidence) that this male is the
original from which the plate was drawn. The darker underparts of
Guatemala, as compared with Mexican, specimens is a character which
has already (p. 386) been noted by Griscom.

To summarize briefly: Gray's plate accurately depicts a Guatemala
male, and since there is in the British Museum a Coban male which
accurately matches the plate, and which was the only male of the
species in the collection at the time the plate was drawn, it is reason-
able to accept it as the type. This specimen is no. 43.6.13.16 [that is,
it was entered in the catalogue on June 13, 1843]. It is a skin in good
condition, which evidently at one time was mounted, and gives the
following measurements: wing, 214; tail, 130; exposed culmen, 62.6;
depth of bill at base, 26.2; width of frontal shield, 19.1; tarsus, 39.0;
middle toe minus claw, 28.1 mm.

The southern race, which has heretofore borne the name of wagleri
and which ranges from Nicaragua southward is here named

ZaRHYNCHUS WAGLERI RIDGWAYI subsp. UOV.

Type, d^ adult, no. 14966, Dickey collection at the California In-
stitute of Technology; Limon, Limon, Costa Rica, January 2, 1925;
collected by Austin Smith.

Subspecific characters. Similar to Zarhynchus wagleri leagleri
(Gray) of Mexico and Guatemala, but underparts more extensively
black; head and rump paler brown; culmen more highly arched, and
frontal shield wider.

Range. Eastern side of Central America and South America, from
Nicaragua south to Colombia and Venezuela. [Also western Ecuador
and Peru?].

Remarks. The race mexicanus of Ridgway is, of course, a synonym
of wagleri.

Ixuadorean and Peruvian birds should be critically examined, since
they probably represent another subspecies.

406 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

B. NOTES ON SOME TYPES OF MEXICAN AND
CENTRAL AMERICAN BIRDS

The notes incorporated in this section cover some miscellaneous types
from widely scattered localities in the neotropical region north of
Panama.

EupsiCHORTYX sc'lateri Bonaparte

This name seems to have been completely overlooked by monog-
raphers, but nevertheless is a ^^alid one for the black -throated bob-
white of western Nicaragua and southern Honduras, and has three
years' priority over the current name of leylandi Moore.

In the collection of mounted birds in the 'Gallerie des Oiseaux' at
the Paris Museum, I came across a mounted adult male specimen of this
bob-white with the following inscription on the bottom of the stand:
"de Californie, acquis a M. Delattre en 1853 (Cat. No. 419). Eupsy-
chortyx sclateri Bp. 12575." In the catalogue for 1853 this specimen
is listed (simply as "Ortyx") as one of a lot of 70 birds acquired from
Delattre in that year, and which contained most of Bonaparte's
Delattre-taken types. Bonaparte's account of Delattre's Nicaragua-
California collection contains no mention of the species as such, but
in the section which deals with quail he states (Notes Orn. Coll.
Delattre, 93) that no new species were found, though there were
present in the collection such well known forms as "* * * * Eupsichor-
ty.v parvicrisfatus Gould * * *." Two years later Bonaparte realized
that his bird was not parvicnsfatus, for in the list of species in the
genus Eupsichortyx on page 883 of Comptes Rendus, 42, No. 19,
May 12, 1856, he gives "266 sclateri, Bp. {Eups. gula nigra)." In the
minutes of the meeting for the succeeding week (May 19) he again
deals with this bird as follows: "Eupsichortyx sclateri, Bp., [transla-
tion] needs no description: it is the only species of the genus which
has the throat black, and because of this and by its general appearance
it resembles both Lophortyx calif ornica and a true Ortyx." x\t no
place is any type locality given.

The black-throated bob-white of the Pacific slope of Nicaragua and
Honduras should be known, therefore, as

CoLiNUS leucopogon SCLATERI (Bonaparte)

Eupsichortyx sclateri Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus, 42, No. 19,
May 12, 1856, 883 (No type locality given, but type from "Californie,"
= western Nicaragua.).

VAN ROSSEM : MIDDLE AMERICAN BIRDS 407

In connection with the name leijlandi, I am hesitant about consider-
ing it a synonym of sclateri. Moore's type was collected by Leyland
at Flores, on the road between Comayagua and Omoa, in north-
western Honduras. This locality is far away from the normal range of
sclateri and on the Atlantic slope. Therefore it is entirely possible
that a distinct race of this species occurs on the Atlantic slope of
Honduras, and if so it will bear the name Icylandi.

Caprimulgus macromystax Wagler

In the Munich Museum (the Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen
Staats), are many of Wagler's types, among them that of Caprimulgus
macromysta.i\ This is an unsexed bird, formerly mounted but now
made into a skin and in a poor state of preservation. The entire tail
and most of the bill is missing. It was collected by Karwinski and
has no more definite locality than "Mexico."

Wagler's original description (Isis von Oken, 1831, Heft. 5, 533)
was based on a single bird from Mexico which was "unfortunately
without [a] tail" and which had the rictal bristles "nearly as long as
the head without bill." He describes the bird in considerable detail
and since the Munich specimen corresponds in every particular there
can be no doubt that it is, just as it is labelled, the actual type. In
addition to the tailless bird the collection contains a male, also taken
by Karwinski, to which someone has tied a type tag as though it were
to be considered as a cotype. Whether this bird was or was not known
to Wagler at the time his description was written has nothing to do
with the case, since the name was based exclusively on a single tailless
specimen of unknown sex.

The name macromystax has long been used for the race of Caprimul-
gus vociferus resident in eastern Mexico. It is too bad to have to dis-
card it at this late date, but there is no alternative since the type is
nothing more nor less than a specimen of the common whip-poor-will
of eastern North America, taken in winter or on migration. The long-
est rictal bristles are less than 30 millimeters in length, though because
of their disarrangement they are more prominent than is usual in
vociferus. However, many vociferus have longer and thicker bristles
than has the type of macromystax. Though Wagler makes the state-
ment that the bristles are unusually stiff and longer than in any other
American goatsuckers, it is very unlikely that he had a specimen of
vociferus available, for his only comparison is with the common goat-
sucker of Europe! I am well aware that Hartert has examined the

408 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

type of macromystax, and that his conclusions differ from my own, but,
on the other hand, he was interested chiefly in showing that macromy-
stax was not the bird so called by Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, and
his comments (Ibis, 1892, 286) make no comparison with vocifcrus.
Had he actually compared the type with authentic vocifcrus he would,
of course, immediately have seen the true situation.

Since Caprinmlgus macromystax Wagler is a synonym of Caprimul-
gvs vocifcrus vocifcrus Wilson, the whip-poor-will of eastern Mexico,
is left without a name. I propose

Caprimulgus vociferus setosus subsp. nov.

Type. Female adult, number 31832, Dickey collection at the
California Institute of Technology; Galindo, Tamaulipas, Mexico,
October 5, 1908; collected by F. B. Armstrong.

Subspccific characters. Similar to Caprimulgus vocifcrus arizonae
(Brewster) in size and in length of rictal bristles but coloration darker
and less brownish; similar to Caprinmlgus vociferus vociferus Wilson in
coloration, but size slightly larger, and rictal bristles longer and also
thicker at base. These bristles average about 30 millimeters long in
vocifcrus and about 45 millimeters in arizonae and setosus. Measure-
ments of the type are: wing, 165; tail, 124; longest rictal bristles, 47
mm.

Range. Eastern Mexico from central Tamaulipas south to south-
ern Vera Cruz and northern Oaxaca.

Remarks. This is, of course, the "macromystax" of authors in
general, but not of Wagler.

Malacoptila costaricensis Cabanis

Cabanis' type of this species is in the Zoological Museum in Berlin.
It is a mounted bird in a fair state of preservation, with the plumage
slightly, though not excessively, abraded. The label on the stand
reads: "Malacoptila panamensis Lafr. 1847/ Malacoptila costaricensis
Cab.* 1863/ Costa Rica 16288 v. Frantzius S." Under the old system
an asterisk following a name signified a type. Furthermore we know
from Cabanis' statement that he had only a single specimen, collected
by von Frantzius.

This name has lately been appHed by Peters (Bull. M. C. Z., 71,
1931, 318) to the race of eastern and northwestern Costa Rica, be-

VAN ROSSEM : MIDDLE AMERICAN BIRDS 409

cause the probabilities were that von Frantzius collected the type in
eastern Costa Rica. That such was not the case was obvious from an
examination of the type, which is a rather typical example of Mala-
copiila panamctms panamoisis. Von Frantzius himself (J. fiir Orn.,
1S()9, 312) gives four localities for the species in Costa Rica. These
are, San Mateo, Guaitil, Pacuare, and Angostura. The first of these
is from Cooper; the third and fourth from Carmiol, so that Guaitil, a
place in which von Frantzius is known to have worked, is undoubtedly
the type locality. This is in central western Costa Rica, about mid-
way between San Jose and the Pacific Ocean. The characters of the
type are in accordance with what would be expected from such a place
and there is nothing to do but to place costariccnsis as a strict syno-
nym of panamcnsis. It is to be remarked that Cabanis used a speci-
men from Esmeraldas, Ecuador, as representative of panaviensis
when he drew up his diagnosis of costariccnsis. Esmeraldas specimens
are, of course, not panamcnsis at all, but are poliopis Sclater.

The next available name for the race of Malacoptila panamcnsis
which inhabits eastern and northwestern Costa Rica, and southeastern
Nicaragua, is Malacoptila fuliginnsa Richmond, based on an aberrant
individual from the Rio Escondido, Nicaragua.

Centurus sulfuriventer Reichenbach

A few years ago (Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, 1931) I used
this name for the Gila Woodpecker of the Alamos Faunal Area of
southern Sonora, on the presumption that it probably was applicable.
This turns out to be incorrect. Reichenbach's types, collected in
"Mexico" by Spangenburg, are in the Dresden Museum, where I ex-
amined them in September, 1933. They are a male and a female in
fully adult, slightly abraded plumage. Though once mounted they
have been remade recently into skins and are not in the best of condi-
tion. The male is numbered 8338 of the old catalogue and has been
renumbered as 18182; the female is 7583 of the old catalogue and,
probably through error, is likewise numbered 18182 of the new. It
was evident at first glance that these birds were never collected any-
where near the Alamos Faimal Area, but were taken somewhere further
south. They are typical of the race which occurs in southern Sinaloa
and south to Tepic and the name, of course, belongs in that territory.

Typical uropygialis, as I have remarked elsewhere, attains its ex-
treme characters of pale coloration, wide white barring, and very
white, sparsely barred upper tailcoverts, in the lower Colorado River

410 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Valley. Eastward across Arizona there is a gradual increase in size
accompanied by a slight deepening in general coloration and a narrow-
ing of the white bars on the upper parts. At one time I considered
naming the Gila Woodpecker of eastern Arizona as a distinct race,
but do not now believe such a course to be advisable. It is true that
extremes from eastern Arizona and from the lower Colorado River
Valley are very different looking birds, and were these two areas the
only elements in the situation, it would be not only permissible but
necessary to recognize two races. However, the behavior of the species
in eastern Sonora puts a different aspect on the matter. The Alamos
subspecies extends north in scarcely altered form to within a relatively
short distance of the Arizona border and the dark color of eastern
Arizona birds is, therefore, most likely due to propinquity to that
race. The size difference in itself is scarcely enough to warrant a name.

Southward, in western and central Sonora, uropi/f/ialis maintains its
typical characters in essentially stable form to about the latitude of
Tiburon Island coastwise and Hermosillo in the interior.

The Alamos race is characterized by very dark coloration and,
on the upper parts, narrow white barring. It is decidedly the darkest
of the several races. Its range is the Alamos Faunal Area in southern
Sonora, southwestern Chihuahua, northern Sinaloa, and north in the
Moctezuma and Bavispe River valleys to about latitude 30°. This
race, to which I once wrongly applied the name sulfurivcnter, is here
named Centurus uropiicjiaUs fuscesccns subsp. nov., with the type an
adult male, number 30611, Dickey collection; Chinobampo, Sonora,
March 9, 1930; collected by J. T. Wright, original number 5255.

South of the Alamos district the Gila Woodpeckers show a con-
dition which, curiously, closely parallels uropygialis, a race from
which they are completely separated by the very different fusccscens.
After examination of ample series from southern Sinaloa, Nayarit,
and Jalisco, the only distinguishing characters I can find, in comparison
with uropygialis, are the more heavily barred rump and upper tail-
coverts and a slightly darker tone to the underparts. In addition,
there are frequently traces of the golden yellow nuchal patch and
vellow nasal tufts of Centurus aurifrons.

As further indication that, after all, the uropygialis group of races
is very closely related to aurifrons and may be only subspecifically dis-
tinct, I may mention two specimens in the British Museum. A female
(98.3.14.515) from Calvilla, Aguas Calientes, is an exact intermediate
between sulfurinmtcr and aurifrons, and a male (88.10.10.521) from
Santana, near Guadalajara, Jalisco, shows much the same condition.

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 411

Whether such birds are hybrids or intergrades is a question which
can be answered only by more material from critical localities.

A sj'nopsis of the ranges of the three mainland subspecies of the
Gila Woodpecker is as follows:

Centurus uropygialis uropygialis Baird

Centurus uropygialis Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, June, 1854, 120
(Bill Williams Fork of the Colorado River, New Mexico, Arizona).

Range. Lower Sonoran Zone from extreme northeastern Lower
California, the Imperial Valley of California, and extreme southern
Nevada, east across Arizona to extreme southwestern New Mexico
and south through western and central Sonora to Tiburon Island and
Hermosillo.

Centurus uropygialis fuscescens van Rossem

Range. Arid I^ower Tropical Zone of Sonora, from about Guaymas
on the coast and latitude 30° in the Moctezuma River Valley, south to
northern Sinaloa and east to southwestern Chihuahua.

Centurus uropygialis sulfuriventer Reichenbach

Centurus sulfuriventer Reichenbach, Handb. Scansores, Picinae, Oct., 1854
410, pi. 664, figs. 4411, 4412 [error. =4401, 4402] (Mexiko = central western
Mexico.)

Range. Arid Lower Tropical Zone from northern Sinaloa and
western Durango, south to central and western Jalisco, western
Zacatecas, and Aguas Calientes.

Zebrapicus kaupii "Bonap." Malherbe

This name, though it dates from Malherbe's monograph of the
Picidae, 1862, was really founded on a manuscript name of Bona-
parte's for two specimens in the Darmstadt Museum, and though the
type locality is usually given as "Bolivia", it is clear from the text that
such a designation is incorrect. Malherbe's "Bolivian" specimen is
no longer in the museum at Metz, at least I could not find it there
in July, 1933.

The two specimens which were the basis of Bonaparte's manuscript
name are still in the Darmstadt Museum, where I examined them on

412 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

August 22, 1933. They still bear the old labels, on which is written:
"Centurus hypopolius/ Wagl. / Mexico." However, they are the only
Gila Woodpeckers which are now, or, according to the catalogue, ever
have been in the collection and hence are almost certainly the birds
seen by Bonaparte. In characters they are typical of the southern
race, Centurus uropygialis sulfuriventer Reichenbach, and the name
Zebra picvs kaupii is, therefore, a synonym oi sulfuriventer. While there
is no indication of locality the probabilities are that these specimens
are of Wollweber origin and came from Zacatecas.

Picus scalaris Wagler

The type in the Berlin Museum is an adult male collected by Deppe
at Jalapa, Vera Cruz, and is typical of the race to which the name has
so long been applied. It is a skin which recently has been taken doAvn
from a mount and is in good condition. The plumage is slightly
abraded as though the bird had been taken in early spring. The
attached tag reads: "Picus scalaris Wagl * / Typ. cf / Xalapa 10472
v. Sack. Deppe." The measurements are as follows: wing, 96.5; tail,
50.0; exposed culmen, 19.1; tarsus, 17.5; outer anterior toe minus
claw, 13.1.

Picus castaneus Wagler

W^agler described three individuals, a male adult, a female adult,
and a male juvenile as being the types of "Picus castaneus Lichten-
stein." However, I could find but two of these birds in the Zoological
Museum in Berlin in August, 1933. These are the male and female
adult, which are numbered 10627 and 10628, respectively. Both have
recentlv been taken down from mounts and made into skins. Thev
were both taken by Deppe at Valle Real, Mexico. No locality was
mentioned in the original description (Isis von Oken, 1S29, Heft. 5,
515), but because Wagler cited "Pic rouge raye de Cayenne", it has
been supposed that the types were from South America.

Mexican individuals of this species seem always to have darker
crests than the average from Central America. However, the dark
extremes from Central America are so similar to Mexican birds in this
respect that I do not venture to separate them. Sufficient material in
seasonably comparable plumage might prove southern birds to be
raciallv distinct.

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 413

Synallaxis erythrothorax Sclater

The British Museum contains a specimen of this species to wliich a
type tag has been attached. It is not the specimen which was the
basis of the written description, but of the colored phite which was
inserted ahead of the description. This plate is validated by a name
and has priority over the formal diagnosis which follows. While this
would make no difference of moment had the description and plate
been taken from the same specimen, it does, in this case, shift the type
locality from Guatemala to Honduras, and thereby brings about the
possibility that Guatemalan birds will have to be renamed.

Sclater listed three birds in the text of the description of Synallaxis
erythrothorax (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 75, pi. LXXXVI), one
from Coban, Guatemala, in the collection of the Derby Museum, one
from Honduras in the British Museum, and one in his own collection,
also presumably from Honduras. The individual from which the
written description was drawn was the bird in the Derby Museum.
For this we have the explicit statement of Salvin and Godman in the
'Biologia', and the inferential statement by Sclater himself in the
introductory paragraph and in the text. . Sclater mentions that his
own bird has white speckling on the throat, a feature missing from
the Derby Museum specimen. The bird pictured in the plate has the
white throat speckling, which Sclater believed to be peculiar to his
specimen, and therefore Sclater's bird must be considered the type of
the species. Because of the page priority of the plate the type locality
of the species is Honduras. I do not believe a restriction of the type
locality is in order until we have a better knowledge of the geographical
behavior of the species in that country.

The type of the plate (and of the species) is a skin in poor condi-
tion and with part of the tail missing. Attached to it is a Sclater
Museum label which reads: 'Synallaxis erythrothorax/ 1853/ Hon-
duras. Parzudaki." On the reverse is the Sclater catalogue num})er,
931a, and the British Museum registry number, 89.5.20.211. This
bird is the darkest-colored individual in the entire British Museum
series, and is not exceeded in this respect even by the darkest furtiva
from Vera Cruz. Should further material verify these characters and
show the existence of such a race from Honduras the name erythro-
thorax, of course, would belouig there and the paler colored birds of
eastern Guatemala and British Honduras would require a new name.

It may be appropriate to remark here that the extremely pallid race
of western Guatemala, pacifica Griscom, is shown b\' the British

414 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Museum series to extend north to San Benito and Tuxtla, Chiapas.
Four of the Tuxtla specimens show intergradation with furtiva. One
specimen from San Cayetano, Chiapas, is apparently good furtiva.

Myiarchus nigricapillus Cabanis

Since there has been some question as to which race of Myiarchus
fuberculifer should bear the name of nigricapillus, it is worth recording
that the three cotypes, collected by von Frantzius, are in the Zoologi-
cal Museum in Berlin. These are mounted birds in good condition
and in fairly fresh plumage. None is marked as to sex. They are
easily referable to the race to which the name is currently applied and
give the following wing and tail measurements: wing, 75.5, 77.0, 78.0;
tail, 71.5, 74.5, 78.5.

Bonilla, eastern Costa Rica, has been designated as a restricted
type locality. However, von Frantzius (J. fiir Orn., 1869, 308) has
mentioned the "highlands of San Jose", and, since it is the only place
he gives for the species, it should stand as the actual type locality.

Empidonax rubicundus Cabanis and Heine

The three specimens upon which Lichtenstein's manuscript name
of Mnscicapa ruhicunda was based are in the Zoological Museum in
Berlin, where they are numbered 2465, 2466, and 2467, respectively.
Ferdinand Deppe was the collector of all three, the localities being
Jalapa [Vera Cruz], Real Arriba [Puebla], and [the City of] Mexico.
Fortunately, Cabanis and Heine give measurements in connection
with their description, and since these accord most closely with num-
ber 2466 it is fair to assume that this was the individual from which
the diagnosis was drawn.

Twenty-four hundred and sixty-six is a mounted bird. It was just
completing the fall moult when collected and, though faded, shows the
racial characters in a more satisfactory manner than do the other two.
The label on the stand reads: "M. rubicundus N [obis] / Mas / Real
Arriba 2466 Deppe." The measurements of this specimen, here desig-
nated as a restricted type, are: wing, 57.0; tail, 50.0; exposed culmen,
10.3; tarsus, 12.6; middle toe minus claw, 7.0.

Pica morio "Lichtenst" Wagler

The three birds which were the basis of the above name and of
Corvu.s morio Lichtenstein are in the mounted collection at the Zoolog-
ical Museum in Berlin.

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 415

It is already well known that the mono of both Wagler and Lichten-
stein was a composite of two species. The name has by current usage
been applied to the species with unicolored tail, a restriction which is
proper since the first and main part of the description applies to it.
It is now necessary to restrict the name still further, for two subspecies
are represented by the two specimens which have been currently pre-
sumed to be morio.

The first, and main, part of Wagler's description is that of a bird
with yellow bill and feet and "light sooty" imderparts. This is speci-
men number 1527 and must be considered as the restricted type of
Pica morio. The second part, the "Foemina (an avis potius junior?)",
is another species, {Psilorhinus mexicanus Riippel). The third part,
the "Mas. juv.", describes a juvenile of the same species as the first,
but of a different race.

The type of Pica morio, restricting that name now to the first
specimen described by Wagler, is a fully adult bird (not sexed), with
the wide, full-length rectrices of maturity, and with yellow bill and
feet. It is not a young bird as supposed (on what grounds I do not
know) by Ridgway. Though the term "light sooty" is a little am-
biguous, an examination of the specimen itself definitely fixes its
status as a normal example of the dark -colored race of southern and
extreme eastern Mexico which, until now, has been known Sisfuliginosa
Lesson. It was collected by Deppe, ostensibly at Jalapa, though much
more probably at an altitude considerably below the town. Other
specimens definitely from Jalapa, which have been examined in the
present study, belong to the northern and interior race.

The "Mas. juv." of Wagler belongs to the species morio, but repre-
sents the pale-colored race of northern and interior Mexico. It, also,
is a Deppe-taken specimen (no. 1525), collected at Valle Real, a
locality which does not seem to be on any modern maps. However,
other species from the same place indicate a highland locality some-
where between "\''era Cruz and Mexico City. The bird is, just as de-
scribed by Wagler, a juvenile with particolored bill.

Some nomenclatural adjustments necessarily follow. The name of
the southern race of brown jay which extends northward in the
Tierra Caliente of eastern Mexico to San Luis Potosi must be known
as Psilorhinus morio morio (Wagler), of which Pica fulifiinosa Lesson
is a synonym. The race with pale gray or grayish white underparts
which occurs in northeastern and interior Mexico is without a name
and I propose for it: Psilorhinus morio palliatvs subsp. nov., with the
type an adult male, number 31837, Dickey collection at the California

416 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Institute of Technology; Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico; col-
lected by F. B. Armstrong. The race palliotus is, of course, the Psilor-
kinus mono viorio of Ridgway, 1904, but not of Wagler.

The ranges of the two subspecies of the brown jay are not possible
to outline satisfactorily at this time, chiefly because of the lack of
properly labelled specimens. All the evidence now available shows
that the southern race, vwrio, extends northward along the narrow
strip of tropical lowlands to extreme southeastern San Luis Potosi.
Small series even from Tampico and Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, show
variability, but average closer to palliatus.

Troglodytes latisfasciatus Lichtenstein

One of the cotypes has disappeared but the female listed by Lichten-
stein (Preis-Verz., 1830, 2) is still in the collection at the Zoological
Museum in Berlin. It is number 4690 and was collected by Deppe at
I the City of] Mexico. This name must supplant Salpincfes ohsolrtus
iiotius Ridgway for the rock wren of central and southern Mexico,
providing that race is considered recognizable. I agree with Griscom
(Bird Life in Guatemala, 1932, 297), that the characters of "nofins"
are completely lost in the range of individual and seasonal variation of
Salpinctes ohsoleius ohsoldus.

TuRDus deflexus Lichtenstein

This name was based on two mounted specimens in the Zoological
Museum at Berlin, taken at Chico [Hidalgo] (no. 3655) and Temascal-
tepec [Mexico] (no. 3656). Though some one at the Berlin Museum
has tied a type tag to the Temascaltepec bird, the two should be con-
sidered as cotypes, unless it becomes necessary to restrict the name to
a definite locality. The Temascaltepec specimen is definitely buffy on
the posterior underparts and is the more heavily spotted of the two.
Lichtenstein's description of "white-gray" underparts certainly ac-
cords better with the Chico specimen, and should it become necessary
to restrict the name then that specimen should become the restricted
type. Turdus deflexus is at present considered to be a synonym of
Toxostoma curvirostre curvirostre (Swainson).

ViREo fallens Salvin

Salvin had at least three cotypes of paUen.s, for in addition to the
two in the British Museum there is one at the National Museum in
Washington. Number 85.3.10.108 in the British Museum, collected

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 417

by Salvin at Realejo, Nicaragua, is the more oHa'c (less greenish) above
and paler (less yellowish) below, and is unquestionably the individual
which Salvin used when writing the description. Specimen number
85.3.10.107 is the individual figured in the 'Biologia'.

The Realejo bird, the type in a restricted sense, is a male, presum-
ably adult, which measures as follows: wing, 58.0; spurious primary,
21.7; tail, 47.0; exposed culmen, 12.3; tarsus, 20.7; middle toe minus
claw, 11.3. The plumage is slightly abraded.

ViREO OCHRACEUS Salvin

The type of I'irco ochraceus, a presumably adult female in fresh
winter plumage, is numbered 85.3.10.109 of the British Museum col-
lection, taken at San Jose de Guatemala by Salvin in January, 1863.
It bears the original tag with the type designation in Salvin's hand-
writing. The measurements are: wing, 56.0; spurious primary, 20.0;
tail, 44.0; exposed culmen, 11.6; tarsus, 19.1; middle toe minus claw,
11.7.

ViREO SEMiFLAVUS Salvin

The type is number 85.3.10.111 of the British Museum collection,
a presumably adult female in slightly abraded spring plumage, col-
lected by Salvin in April, 1862, at Sakluk, Peten, "Yucatan" [= Guate-
mala]. It shows well the racial characters of shorter wing, shorter
spurious primary, grayer upperparts, and brighter yellow underparts.
The measurements are: wing, 53.0; spurious primary, 16.5; tail, 44.0;
exposed culmen, 11.7; tarsus, 19.7; middle toe minus claw, 11.5. It
may be remarked that in this, as in various other species of J^irco there
is no difference of moment in the comparative size of the sexes.

In the great series of 56 specimens of semiflavu^ in the British
Museum, the two color extremes mentioned by Griscom (Bird Life in
Guatemala, 319) are readily apparent, but I am skeptical about age
or sex being responsible. J'irco huttoni, for instance, shows similar
color extremes which are not so correlated, and for this reason, and
others, I do not think the grayer individuals of pallens and its races
are necessarily young of the year.

Besides the great series of scmiflavus in the British Museum there
are eight birds from Holbox Island and two from Progreso, which
show that an undescribed race extends along a narrow strip of coastal
islands in northern Yucatan, and which is probably confined to the
mangrove association. The nearest comparison is with Vireo pallens
pallens of the Pacific coast of southern Central America. They average

418 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

a little more yellowish below, but are distinguished from pallens chiefly
by the shorter wing and decidedly shorter spurious primary. In this
latter respect they are similar to the other Atlantic coast race, semi-
flavus, but they differ from scimflavu.s in color much as does pallens.
As the type of this new race, here named as Vireo pallens salvini
subsp. nov., I designate number 86.9.9.539 of the British Museum col-
lection, collected on Holbox Island, Yucatan, in December, 1885, by
G. F. Gaumer. It is not marked as to sex. The measurements of the
type correspond very closely to the racial average. They are: wing,
53.0; spurious primary, 16.5; tail, 40.0; exposed culmen, 12.0; tarsus,
19.5; middle toe minus claw, 10.0.

The four races of Vireo pallens may be characterized briefly as
follows :

Larger. Wing averaging about 57 mm.; spurious primary about
21 mm.

Coloration paler; more olive-gray above; creamy below.

Vireo pallens pallens. Eastern El Salvador to western
Costa Rica.

Coloration darker; more greenish above; yellow below.

Vireo pallens ochraceus. Western El Salvador to south-
ern Sinaloa, Mexico.

Smaller. Wing averaging 53 mm.; spurious primary 17 mm.

Coloration grayish green above; yellow below.

Vireo pollens semiflavus. Yucatan Peninsula, south to

eastern Nicaragua.
Coloration more olive gray above; creamy below.

Vireo pallens salvini. -Islands of the northern coast of

Yucatan, from Progreso to Holbox Island.

Twelve specimens from Mujeres Island off the coast of Quintana
Roo are certainly semiflavus, as are 24 from Ruatan Island, Honduras.
The remainder of the series of semiflavus examined are from mainland
points from Yucatan south to Campeche and to Greytown, Nicaragua.

A specimen in the British Museum from San Bias, Nayarit, is
doubtfully referable to ochraceus, for it is grayer dorsally than any
Central American individual of this race examined. There is another
west-Mexico (Mazatlan) specimen in the U. S. National Museum, but
this latter is too worn to be of any value for purposes of comparison.
It is probable that a series in fresh plumage would demonstrate a
recognizable race on the coast of northwestern Mexico.

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 419

CoMPSOTHLYPis MEXiCANA Cabanis

The two mounted specimens which are the types of Lichtenstein's
nomen nudum, Sylvia mrxicana, and hence the basis oi Com psothly pis
mcxicana Calianis, are in the Zoological Museum in Berlin. They are
marked male and female and are numbered 4443 and 4444, respec-
tively. These cotypes were both collected at Real Arriba, Puebla and
are typical examples of the pale colored Mexican race. The species
was described with "Mexico" as a type locality and it is now possible
to name, definitely, the place where they were collected.

Sturnus holosericeus Lichtenstein

In the collection of the Zoological Museum at Berlin are the two
specimens (7575 and 7576) which are the types of this species. They
are mounted birds in a fair state of preservation but in badly abraded
plumage, as though they had been taken in midsummer. Both are
marked as male, though one (7575) is so small that it must be a female.
Both were collected by Deppe at Alvarado [Vera Cruz]. The species
was described simply as from "Mexico", but the type locality is now
restricted as above.

Tanagra abbas Lichtenstein

The cotypes (male and female) of this common tanager are num-
bered 5710 and 5711, respectively, in the Zoological Museum in
Berlin. Both were collected by Deppe at Oaxaca, and the type locality
of "Mexico" may now be definitely restricted.

In measurements these are typical Mexican representatives of the
species, and therefore slightly larger than Central American birds.
The male measures: wing, 99.0; tail 68.0; exposed culmen, 12.9; depth
of bill at base, 9.0; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe minus claw, 15.3 mm. This
bird (7510) has been ticketed as the type, but I see no good reason for
not regarding both as cotypes.

Carpodacus rhodocolpus Cabanis

The identity of this type has been the cause of a good deal of specu-
lation, though the name is currently used for the race of house finch

420 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

in central western Mexico which is characterized by moderately large
size and the great extent of red.

The type of Carpodacus rhodocolpus is number 6893 of the Zoological
Museum in Berlin. It is a male, mounted and in good condition both
as to preservation and state of plumage, and was collected by Deppe
at Cuernavaca, Morelos. Attached to one leg is a supplementary tag
which reads, on one side: "Carpodacus frontalis mas.", and on the
other: "a renvoyer au Musee d' Berlin." This, of course is the speci-
men handled by Bonaparte which, specifically, was named by Cabanis
as the type of rhodocolpus.

So far as I can see, this type is nothing but a normal mexicanus, a
fact which I had all along suspected because of the type locality. The
color notes made at the time I examined this specimen are as follows:
"This bird is just finishing the fall moult and therefore is dull pinkish
or purplish red instead of scarlet. It is like mc.ricanus in area of red.
The superciliaries extend backward over the auriculars, and the red
on the forehead reaches to a line through the center of the eyes. On
the under parts the red extends only to the chest as a solid color,
though the lower chest is suffused slightly with the same color. The
lines of demarcation between the red and the streaked parts of the
plumage are obscured by gray tipping. Measurements are: wing,
76.0; tail, 62.5; exposed culmen, 9.7; depth of bill at base, 9.0; tarsus,
17.5; middle toe minus claw, 13.0 mm."

The illustration of this specimen in Bonaparte and Schlegel's
'Monographic des Loxiens' is much too highly colored on the under-
parts, and it is this circumstance, combined with Cabanis' over-
emphasis of the same feature, which has led to the wrong application
of the name.

The placing of rhodocolpus in the synonymy of the typical race,
mexicanus, leaves the bird of central western Mexico without a name
but I do not believe that a new name for it should be coined at this
time. For one thing we do not know what Sharpe's Carpodacus rosci-
pcctus may be. The fact that house finches from as far southeast as
Chilpancingo are apparently typical mexicanus leads one to suspect
that roseipectus will eventually join the procession of synonyms of
mexicanus, but this and other questions of a like nature will have to
be answered by a competent reviser. Without having gone into the
subject in anywhere near the detail required it is my distinct impres-
sion that the name sonoriensis could easily be stretched to cover the
house finches of central western Mexico, and also that too many
divisions of the typical race, mexicanus, have been proposed.

VAN ROSSEM : MIDDLE AMERICAN BIRDS 421

Fringilla haemorrhoa Lichtenstein

The series upon which this name was based was, for the most part,
collected at [the City of] Mexico by Deppe. There were at least four
males, one of which, from Cuernavaca, was later selected by Cabanis
as the type of rhodocolpus. Since the name haemorrhoa was thus a
composite it is entirely proper to restrict the name. Dr. Stresemann
has selected adult male number 6890 from Mexico [City] as a re-
stricted type and with this selection I agree. This specimen is a typical
mexicanus in size and color. The moderately abraded plumage places
it as an early summer or late spring bird. Measurements are; wing,
77.5; tail, 62.0; exposed culinen, 9.1; depth of bill at base, 8.9; tarsus,
18.5; middle toe minus claw, 14.8 mm.

Spermophila morelleti "Pucheran" Bonaparte

The type of Spermophila morelleti is still in the Paris Museum,
where it is number 1849 — 85 of the old catalogue. It is a mounted
adult male in good condition, and on the bottom of the stand is the
following data: "Spermophila Moreletti [sic] Bp. In Peten (Amer.
centrale) par M. Morelet. 1849 Cat. no. 85. Spermophila moreleti
[sic] Puch. (type). Type de la description du Pee. Ch. Bonaparte."
In the original description a female was named also, but this seems to
have disappeared.

Recent designations of "Alta Vera Paz" as a restricted type locality
for the original "Guatimala" (Consp. Av., 1, 497) are not in order, for
Salvin and Godman showed the proper place as long ago as 1885, in
the 'Biologia', to be Peten.

Spermophila torqueola Bonaparte

The only two males of the cinnamon-rumped seedeater which were
in the Berlin Museum at the time Bonaparte described the species
(Consp. Gen. Av., 1, 1850, 495) were two specimens from "Mexico",
one of which (6481) was collected by Aschenborn probably at, or near,
the City of Mexico, and the other (6483), taken by Deppe, was
definitely from that place. These should be considered as cotypes,
though the Berlin Museum has type-tagged 6481 as the type. In any
case the City of Mexico is the restricted type locality for this species.

Eleven years after Bonaparte's description appeared, Cabanis used
the same two males, with the addition of a female (6483) from "Mex-
ico" and another female from Cuernavaca, collected by Deppe, (6484)

422 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

to set up Lichtenstein's old nomen nudum of Sporophila ochropyga.
The formal part of the description (J. fiir Orn., 9, 1861, 5) deals en-
tirely with the males, and therefore ochropyga is a synonym of tor-
queola in the strictest sense of the word.

With his usual acute foresight, Cabanis, in the text of his discussion
on the relationships of various forms of Sporopfiila, was inclined to
consider ochropyga [ = torqueola] as the northern representative of
morelleti. While no one to date has actually proposed that they should
be considered conspecific, Mr. Ludlow Griscom (Amer. Mus. Novit.,
438, 1930, 6) has recently hinted at such a course. The present writer
has observed tendencies in the direction of torqueola in several EI
Salvador specimens of Sporophila morelleti mutanda and believes, with
Griscom, that material from critical localities in extreme southwestern
Mexico will definitely establish intergradation between mutanda and
torqueola.

Spermophila albitorcuis Sharpe

Number 85.2.10.121 of the British Museum collection is ticketed
as the type of this supposed species. It bears two tags, one a Sclater
Museum label which reads: "Mexico Warwick", and on the reverse:
"625 b of Cat./ 85.2.10.121." The type tag bears the same data, with
the additional information that the specimen was purchased by Sclater
from Warwick and from Sclater by the museum in 1885. Though not
marked as to sex, the bird is an adult male in fresh plumage.

Sharpe's original description (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 12, 1888, 120)
lists two birds, specimen "a" as above, and specimen "b" from Chapu-
lapam, [Oaxaca]. Neither was designated as the type. I could not
find specimen "b" in the British Museum collection in September,
1933. My own measurements of the single male cited above accord
closely with Sharpe's measurements in inches and hundredths. I
measure: wing, 57.0; tail, 48.0; exposed culmen, 9.1; tarsus, 14.8.

The only way in which this individual differs from Sporophila
torqueola is that the collar around the hind neck is brokenly complete
instead of being interrupted on the hind neck by an area of black. In
this one respect it shows a variation in the direction of mutanda, many
individuals of which have a similar nearly-complete collar. Whether
alhitorquis is an intergrade which is much closer to torqiieola than to
rmdanda, whether it is a race of torqueola, or whether it is simply a
slightly aberrant specimen of torqueola is a matter for further material
to decide. The first named h;v'pothesis is probably the correct one,
but in any case alhitorquis has no standing as a distinct species and, for
the present, may most easily be disposed of as a synonym of torqueola.

VAN ROSSEM : MIDDLE AMERICAN BIRDS 42^

Tanagra rutilus Lichtenstein

The actual type locality of this towhee, which was described simply
as from "Mexico", has apparently ne\'er been published. The type
is a mounted bird in abraded plumage but otherwise in good condition,
marked as a male, and collected by Deppe at Oaxaca. It is number
6231 of the Zoological Museum in Berlin.

Pyrgisoma kieneri Bonaparte

The mounted type of this species is in the "Gallerie des Oiseaux" at
the Paris Museum, where I examined it on July 27 and again on
August 4, 1933. As various people have suspected, it is simply a
specimen of the ground sparrow which at present is known as Melozone
rubricatum xantusi (Lawrence). In characters the type is larger than
the average, but by no means represents the maximum of the race.
There arc white orbital rings, though the plumage of the head is so
rumpled and stained that they are not discernable save on close ex-
amination. The only abnormal feature is that the ear-coverts are
redder than in the average case. However, I have seen individuals
which match the type very closely in this respect. Measurements of
the type are: wing, 82.5; tail, 73.0; exposed culmen, 15.7; depth of
bill at base, 10.0; tarsus, 25.3; middle toe minus claw, 18.7.

The actual type locality may be presumed, for the present, to be
San Bias, Nayarit. On the bottom of the stand is the meagre data:
"Exped. de la Danaide, par M. Jaures, Mexique. Pyrgisoma Kienerii
Bp. type 1843." There is no other number.

The Danaide expedition, its personnel, and its itinerary, would
be an extremely interesting problem for someone, with the time and
facilities, to investigate. There are more than a few specimens in
the Paris Museum which were collected on this expedition, all ap-
parently by Jaures. Aside from the type of Pyrgisoma kieneri there
are other specimens of extreme interest, — the type of the Gilded
Flicker for instance, — and it is evident that collecting was done at
various points in western Mexico, Lower California and California.
My own inquiries have failed to uncover any record of this expedi-
tion, which seems to have been on the west coast in 1842.

Since kieneri is the earliest specific name, the three races should
stand as :

Melozo7ie kieneri kieneri (Bonaparte)
Melozone kieneri rubricatum (Cabanis)
Melozone kieneri grisior van Rossem

424 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

C. A SYSTEMATIC REPORT ON THE BREWSTER
COLLECTION OF MEXICAN BIRDS

In t^ie late '80s of the last century William Brewster became
interested in Mexican ornithology, an interest which was probably
stimulated, originally, by the earlier work of Xantus and Belding in
Lower California, and also by various new species which were taken by
McLeod in the mountains of Chihuahua, which came into Brewster's
hands through gift or purchase at about this period. With full realiza-
tion of the potential richness of the Mexican field he engaged J. C.
Cahoon and M. Abbott Frazar, two professional collectors, to make
intensive collections in northwestern Mexico. In this program Cahoon,
in 1887, worked south from the Arizona border to central eastern So-
nora, while Frazar went to the Cape Region of Lower California.
Frazar returned from Lower California very early in 1888, and spent
practically the whole of that year in working from southern Sonora
through and across the Sierra Madre to Chihuahua City. His general
itinerary and practically all of his very sketchy notes have been re-
corded by Mr. Imdlow Griscom in "The Auk" for January, 1933.

The Lower California collections of Frazar have been reported upon
by Brewster himself and they formed the chief basis for his "Birds of
the Cape Region of Lower California" which was published in 1902.
The mainland collections of Frazar, Cahoon, and McLeod have never
been studied as a whole, though Brewster, Ridgway, Nelson, Griscom,
and others have used them from time to time in connection with
descriptions of new species and subspecies. Some of the locality records
have been given by Ridgway in his "Birds of North and Middle
America," but the greater part of these collections has never been stud-
ied in a systematic sense.

The entire mainland collection assembled by Frazar, Cahoon, and
McLeod now totals about 4500 skins. 4731 are catalogued, but of
these some 200 have been exchanged to other institutions. In addi-
tion, an uncertain number were disposed of before the catalogue was
made, for I have found a few in the British Museum which had never
received a Brewster collection number, and of which there is no record
in the Brewster catalogue. It is probable that in round numbers the
combined take of the three collectors was a little less than 5000
specimens.

When I first became concerned with the birds of northwestern jNIex-
ico some years ago, Mr. Outram Bangs, then Curator of Birds at the

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 425

Museum of Comparative Zoology, suggested that I come to Cambridge
and work up this material, but the opportunity to do so did not ma-
terialize until the fall of 1933. In the interval Bangs had died. How-
ever, every facility and courtesy was extended by the present stafY
and I wish to express my appreciation for assistance in many ways to
Dr. Thomas Harbour, IMr. J. L. Peters, and Mr. Ludlow Griscom.

The report on this collection is entirely systematic in nature, for
none of the collectors is known to have kept field notes. Several new
races are here described, but the value of the collection is chiefly that
it provides a far better understanding of the distribution of many
species and subspecies than previously was possible.

Itinerary of M. Abbott Frazar

Frazar first visited Sonora in January, 1887, on his way to Lower
California, but Guaymas seems to have been the only point at which
he did any collecting at that time. The period from January 13 to
January 21 was spent there and small series of the commoner birds of
the locality were prepared. He was obviously simply filling in time
while awaiting passage to Lower California (where he arrived on
January 24), and had no thought of doing intensive collecting in
Sonora at the moment.

His real work on the mainland of Mexico began on January 17,
1888, on which date he arrived from Lower California. He was thus
in Lower California almost exactly a year, though Brewster states
that Frazar was in the Cape Region "about nine months." At any
rate he was at Guaymas until January 27, on w^iich date he left, by
steamer, probably by way of Agiabampo, to go to Alamos where he
arrived on or about the first of February. He remained at Alamos (at
the Rancho Mercedes) for two months and left there on April 4.
Collecting dates at Alamos are from February 2 to March 30, inclusive.

His next station was at Mina Abundancia, a place which does not
appear even on modern mining maps of the region. According to
Frazar it was "21 miles this side [northeast] of Alamos" and "less than
200 yards" inside Chihuahua territory. Since Hacienda de San Rafael,
which in Frazar's day was also in Chihuahua, is now four or five
miles from the corrected boundary, and in Sonora, it follows that
Mina Abundancia is also in Sonora. It is, according to Frazar, about
2000 feet higher than Hacienda de San Rafael and presumably in the
same canyon. At Mina Abundancia, Frazar collected three weeks.

426 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

from April 7 to 30 inclusive, and then went down to Hacienda de San
Rafael for a similar period, — from May 1 to 22.

Following the three weeks at San Rafael, he went prospecting for a
new collecting ground in the higher mountains and finally located at
Pinos Altos in Chihuahua on June 2. Here he stayed until July 15,
thence to liravo, Chihuahua, for the four weeks of July IS to August
11, inclusive, and then spent a week in traversing the mountainous
country on foot to Jesus Maria, or, as he insisted on calling it in his
correspondence with Brewster, "Jesus Mary." This was his last sta-
tion in the high country, and he spent almost a month there, from
August 20 to September 13. From Jesus Maria he went to Chihuahua
City, where he arrived on September 26 and began work on the 28th.
Frazar left Chihuahua City for home on December 20, 1888.

Itinerary of John C. Cahoon

Brewster sent Cahoon to Arizona at about the same time that Frazar
went to Lower California. He worked in the vicinity of Fort Huachuca
for some weeks and then went south into eastern Sonora. At this time
the region was the center of the Apache country, and whether Cahoon
worked alone or whether he accompanied military parties which
crossed the line in pursuit of hostile Indians, is not known. At any
rate he succeeded, in the face of what would now be considered in-
superable difficulties, in collecting fair series of most of the species
which occur in this broken, mountainous country and his work
provides us with practically all that is known about the ornithology of
east central Sonora today. His route has been worked out on the basis
of label data and is probably, in the main, correct. Cahoon made two
trips into Sonora, the first of but a few days' duration. He was evidently
travelling at top speed, for he was at the Miller Ranch, 64 miles south
of Fort Huachuca, on January 31, 1887; at the Ranken Ranch, 90
miles south of Fort Huachuca, on February 1; at Cumpas from
February 3 to 5, and at Bacuachi (the Bacoachi or Bacoachic of some
maps) on February 8 on his way north. He re-crossed the border,
again on his way south, early in March and this time went in more
leisurely fashion, for he was 25 miles south [east] of San Pedro on March
11; 35 miles south [east] of San Pedro on March 12; at Fronteriza
[Fronteras] March 13 and 14; at Nacozari March 18 to 31, and at
Oposura [Moctezuma] on April 4. By far the greater part of his
collecting was done at Oposura, for he remained in the locality until
June 18, with only one side trip. May 5, 6, and 7, to Granados. Un-

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 427

fortunately, the Oposura labels cannot be taken too literally, for
species so widely diverse, zonally, as the Lucy Warbler and the
Mexican Creeper are all included under the single locality. Oposura
was simply Gaboon's headquarters, out of which he worked for dis-
tances which probably seldom exceeded half a day's walk. Whether
he worked the ridges east or west of the valley in which Oposura is
situated, will probably never be known.

Itinerary of R. R,. McLeod

In contrast with Frazar and Gaboon, McLeod was not a professional
collector of birds. His activities were concerned primarily with mining,
and the (roughly) two hundred specimens which Brewster secured
from him represent what was probably his total take for the three
years, 1883, 1884, and 1885, which are represented in the small col-
lection made by him. McLeod was apparently always on the lookout
for rarities rather than the acquisition of a general collection, and for
this reason his small number of birds is an extraordinarily rich one.
The center of his collecting was in the mining district in the mountains
of central western Ghihuahua, but it is not feasible to attempt a precise
account of his movements. The mines or mining towns of Moris,
Pinos x\ltos, Jesus Maria, Garmen, (or El Garmen), La Trompa and
Durazno all appear on the scraps of paper which served him for labels,
but the dates show that he was constantly moving about from one
place to another.

ARDEIDAE

Leucophoyx thula brewsteri (Thayer and Bangs)
Frazar. 1, Guaymas, January 18, 1887.

BuTORiDES virescens anthonyi (Mearns)

Frazar. 1, Alamos, February 7, 1888.

3, Chihuahua, September 29 to October 5, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Oposura, April 15, 1887.

I agree with Peters (Birds of the World, 1931, 103) that Butorides
viresceyis eremonomiis Oberholser, described from San Diego, Ghihua-
hua, is best synonymized with anthonyi. It is simply an intermediate
between anthonyi and virescens, though nearer the former. The three
Ghihuahua specimens recorded above are a little darker and smaller
than typical anthonyi and would be called cremonomus by anyone who
wishes to recognize that intermediate race.

428 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Heterocnus cabanisi (Heine)
Frazar. 1, Alamos, March 28, 1888.

THRESKIORNITHIDAE

Plegadis guarauna (Linnaeus)
McLeod. 1, Jesus Maria, no date.

ANATIDAE

Nettion crecca carolinense (Gmelin)
Gaboon. 1, Fronteriza, March 13, 1887.

CATHARTIDAE

CoRAGYPS ATRATUS ATRATus (Meyer)
Cahoon. 1, Oposura, April 12, 1887.

ACCIPITRIDAE

ACCIPITER STRIATUS VELOX (Wilson)

Frazar. 2, Alamos, February 6 and 29, 1888.
2, Bravo, July 28 and 30, 1888.

The two specimens from Bravo are juveniles with the wing quills
still partly sheathed. They were undoubtedly raised in the locality,
and hence establish an extreme southern breeding station.

AcciPiTER cooPERii MEXiCANUS Swainson

Frazar. 3, Alamos, February 2 to March 5, 1888.

2, Bravo, August 1, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Oposura, April 30, 1887.

The Bravo birds are juveniles which probably were raised in that
locality.

BuTEO BOREALis CALURUS Cassin

Frazar. 3, Alamos, March 1 to 12, 1888.
1, Pinos Altos, June 29, 1888.
1, Jesus Maria, September 5, 1888.
1, Chihuahua, October 29, 1888.

VAN ROSSEM : MIDDLE AMERICAN BIRDS 429

BUTEO ALBONOTATUS Kuup

Frazar. 1, Alamos, March 23, 1888.

1, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 3, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Oposura, June 16, 1887.

BuTEo PLAGiATus MAXIMUS (vaii Rossem)

Frazar. 12, Alamos, March 3 to 29, 1888.

2, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 4 and 7, 1888.
Cahoon. 2, Nacozari, March 29 and 30, 1887.

Wing measurements of 24 specimens of plagiatus from Tamaulipas,
Nuevo Leon, Vera Cruz, Guerrero, Yucatan, and extreme southern
Sinaloa compare with 26 marimus from Arizona and Sonora as
follows :

plagiatus 13 males 235 — 255 (247).

11 females 255 — 275 (268).

viaximus 17 males 255 — 274(264).

9 females 283 — 295 (288).

This size difference, while not great, is apparently uniform. The
largest male plagiatus (255 mm.) is from southern Sinaloa, a region of
intergradation. In addition maximus is paler when seen in series, and
the proximal tail bar is almost invariably incomplete.

Peters (Checklist, 1931, 228) has discarded Ruporms as a genus
because the species included in it are intimately related to some of
the smaller members of the genus Butco. With this I am in complete
accord, because if Rupornis is to be recognized it certainly would have
to be recast to include Butco plati/pterus and possibly Buteo lineatus.
At the same time it is impossible to combine Buteo and Ruporms
and yet leave Asturina out of the picture. Asturina is very close to
Buteo lineatus and is decidedly more like the typical Buteos on the
basis of external characters than are magnirostris and platyptcrus. .
Osteologically, there is so little difference between plagiatus and
magnirostris that, were this evidence alone considered, they could
(fide Dr. Loye Miller) scarcely be distinguished as species. Therefore,
it is evident that (1), we must recognize Rupornis and include in that
genus the Broad-winged Hawk; (2), recognize Asturina as a connect-
ing link between Rupornis and Buteo or (3), put Rupornis, Asturina,
and Buteo together. In the absence of tangible characters by which
to separate them the last course seems preferable.

Hypomorphnus urubitinga ridgwayi (Gurney)
Frazar. 2, Alamos, March 8, 1888.

430 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

BUTEOGALLUS ANTHRACINUS ANTHRACINUS (Lichtenstcin)
Frazar. 2, Alamos, February 23; March 23, 1888.

Circus hudsonius (Linnaeus)
Frazar. 1, Chihuahua, November 5, 1888.

Geranospiza nigra LIVENS Bangs and Penard
Frazar. 2, Alamos, February 9, 1888.

The female (no. 224,793) of this breeding pair is the type of this
well-marked race, which is known at present only from the two speci-
mens recorded above.

FALCONIDAE

POLYBORUS CHERIWAY AUDUBONI Cassin
Cahoon. 1, Oposura, April 8, 1887.

Falco sparverius sparverius Linnaeus

Frazar. 1, Guaymas, January 21, 1887.

2, Alamos, February 18 and 29, 1888.

1, Chihuahua, November 26, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, 35 miles south of San Pedro, March 12, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, January 6, 1884.

1, Durazno, December 2, 1884.

Falco sparverius phalaena (Lesson)

Frazar. 1, Alamos, March 13, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Cumpas, February 3, 1887.

As in most collections from this part of Mexico, the larger, darker,
migratory sparverius is the more commonly represented.

The name jjhalaena is of rather unsatisfactory status, since there is
no means of knowing whether Lesson had specimens of the resident
race or only migratory sparverius. I fear that the question will never
be settled. The type of phalaena is not now, nor, so far as I could
determine, ever has been in the Paris Museum. It is not at Lyon,
and Dr. Delacour told me that the bird collection at Bordeaux is no
longer in existence.

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 431

CRACIDAE

Ortalis wagleri griseiceps subsp. nov.

Frazar. 6, Alamos, March 16 to 30, 1888.

1, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 7, 1888.

Type. Male adult, no. 224937, Museum of Comparative Zoology;
Alamos, Sonora, Mexico, March 16, 1888; collected by M. Abbott
Frazar.

Subspccific characters. Similar to Ortalis wagleri wagleri (Gray) of
southern Sinaloa and Jalisco, but head and neck paler and grayer;
feathers of the crown uniform pale slaty gray instead of dark slate on
the inner webs and slate gray on the outer; mantle slightly grayer in
fresh plumage and decidedly grayer when in worn plumage.

Range. Extreme southern Sonora, south for an undetermined dis-
tance into northern Sinaloa.

Remarks. Specimens from extreme southern Sinaloa (Escuinapa)
are variously intermediate, though closer to tcagleri. San Bias and
Tepic, Nayarit specimens are typical of ivagleri, and I suggest that
the "Western Mexico" of the original description be restricted to
San Bias.

PERDICIDAE

CoLiNUS virginianus ridgwayi Brewster

Cahoon. 6, Cumpas, February 5, 1887.
4, Bacuachi, February 8, 1887.

LOPHORTYX GAMBELII GAMBELII Gambel

Cahoon. 3, Bacuachi, February 8, 1887.

1, 35 miles south [east] of San Pedro, March 12, 1887.
11, Oposura, April 5 to 22, 1887.
1, Granados, May 6, 1887.

LoPHORTYX DOUGLASii BENSONi Ridgway

Frazar. 16, Alamos, February 8 to March 26, 1888.
Cahoon. 9, Oposura, April 6 to 30, 1887.

6, Cumpas, February 5, 1887.
McLeod. 2, La Trompa, January 5 and April 10, 1885.

I now believe it to be impractical to recognize more than one race
of the Douglas Quail in Sonora. It is true that series from the Alamos

432 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Faunal Area show differences which could be recognized, subspeci-
fically, were it not for the behavior of the species further south. Briefly,
there is a race in Jahsco and Nayarit which is excellently distinguished
from central Sonora birds by dark coloration and small spots on the
under parts. The whole state of Sinaloa and the Alamos Faunal Area
of Sonora is occupied by birds of such variable characters that they
might well be called douglami by one person and bensoni by another,
depending on what series was examined. Even the great series of
donglasii in the American Museum, collected by Batty in extreme
southern Sinaloa, contains a small proportion of individuals which I
cannot distinguish from typical hensoni. The majority, though, are
douglasii without question. The reverse of the situation occurs in the
southern part of Sonora. Some specimens from there are very close
to douglasii, in fact were recorded as that race by mjself. The majority
are closer to bensoni, however, and all Sonora and Chihuahua birds
of this species should be called bensoni.

Regarding Vigors' type of Ortyx douglasii, which is in the British
Museum; it is doubtful if it ever came from Mazatlan. It is typical,
one might say super-typical, of the southern race. The locality as
given in the original description was, of course, "Monterey," but was
later changed by Gambel to Mazatlan. Of course it may have come
from Mazatlan, but all things considered I believe San Bias, Nayarit,
to be a better selection. The type is a female, a skin in poor condition
and with the tail missing. It was purchased at the sale of the Zo-
ological Society's collection in 1855, and is now numbered 55.12.19.378
of the British Museum.

Cyrtonyx montezumae mearnsi Nelson

Frazar. 1, Mina Abundancia, April 25, 1888.

2, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 7, 1888.
5, Bravo, July 23 to August 6, 1888.
7, Chihuahua, October 15 to November 23, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Cumpas, February 3, 1887.
1, Nacozari, March 26, 1887.
1, Oposura, May 18, 1887.

The Frazar specimens are all more or less intermediate toward
montezumae. In fact, some of them could easily be assigned to that
race. On two such extremes I have previously recorded montezumae
from Sonora, but now believe this to be in error. Though some
southern indi^'iduals are intermediate, all Sonora specimens of this
quail should be called mearnsi.

VAN ROSSEM : MIDDLE AMERICAN BIRDS 433

RALLIDAE

Rallus limicola zetarius Peters
Frazar. 1, Chihuahua, November 26, 1888.

CHARADRIIDAE

Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus (Cassin)
Frazar. 2, Guaymas, January 19, 1887.

Charadrius hiaticula semipalmatus Bonaparte
Frazar. 2, Guaymas, January 13 and 14, 1887.

Charadrius wilsonia beldingi Ridgway
Frazar. 2, Guaymas, January 14, 1887.

Charadrius vociferus vociferus (Linnaeus)

Frazar. 2, Alamos, February 22, 1888.

12, Chihuahua, October 9 to November 5, 1888.
Cahoon. 2, Oposura, April 4 and 23, 1887.

SCOLOPACIDAE

Capella delicata (Ord)

Frazar. 5, Chihuahua, October 9 to November 17, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Granados, May 6, 1887.

AcTiTis macularia (Linnaeus)

Frazar. 1, Alamos, February 14, 1888.

9, Chihuahua, September 29 to November 21, 1888.
Cahoon. 2, Oposura, April 4 and 23, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, Spring of 1885.

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus (Brewster)
Frazar. 1, Guaymas, January 19, 1887.

Tringa melanoleuca (Gmelin)
Frazar. 1, Chihuahua, November 30, 1888.

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Erolia bairdii (Coues)
Frazar. 1, Chihuahua, October 3, 1888.

Erolia minutilla (Vieillot)
Frazar. 4, Chihuahua, October 3 to November 5, 1888.

RECURVIROSTRIDAE

HiMANTOPUS himantopus mexicanus (Miiller)
Cahoon. 2, Oposura, April 15, 1887.

LARIDAE

Larus delawarensis Ord
Frazar. 2, Guaymas, January 18, 1887.

COLUMBIDAE

Columba fasciata fasciata Say

Frazar. 3, Pinos Altos, June 29 and July 7, 1888.
Cahoon. 2, Oposura, May 23 and June 8, 1887.

Columba flavirostris restricta van Rossem
Frazar. 2, Alamos, February 2 and March 27, 1888.

Zenaidura macroura marginella (Woodhouse)

Frazar. 1, Alamos, February 27, 1888.
Cahoon. 2, Oposura, April 4 and 5, 1887.

Melopelia asiatica mearnsi Ridgway

Frazar. 4, Guaymas, January 14 to 19, 1887.

1, Alamos, February 29, 1888.
Cahoon. 3, Oposura, April 4 and 7; May 13, 1887.
McLeod. 1, La Trompa, January 23, 1884.

Columbigallina passerina pallescens (Baird)

Frazar. 4, Guaymas, January 17, 1887.

13, Alamos, February 11 to March 27, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Bacuachi, February 8, 1887.
1, Oposura, April 16, 1887,

VAN ROSSEM : MIDDLE AMERICAN BIRDS 435

SCARDAFELLA INCA (LcsSOn)

Frazar. 11, Guaymas, January 17, 1887.

35, Alamos, February 7 to March 27, 1888.

27, Chihuahua, October 1 to December 6, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Nacozari, March 22, 1887.

1, Oposura, April 9, 1887.
McLeod. 2, Durazno, October 11 and 12, 1884.

Leptotila verreauxi ANGELICA Bangs and Penard

Frazar. 17, Alamos, February 4 to March 30, 1888.

4, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 2 to 17, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Durazno, December 21, 1884.
1, Carmen, undated.

PSITTACIDAE

Ara militaris mexicana Ridgway

Frazar. 1, Alamos, March 15, 1888.

1, Finos Altos, June 27, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Jesus Maria, undated.

Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha (Swainson)

Frazar. 7, Finos Altos, June 29 to July 7, 1888.

2, Bravo, July 28, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Jesus Maria, undated.

Aratinga holochlora brewsteri Nelson

Frazar. 8, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 5 to 7, 1888.

The type of this subspecies is an adult male (no. 224,770) from this
series, collected on May 5, 1888.

FoRPUS CYANOPYGiA PALLIDA (Brcwster)

Frazar. 12, Alamos, March 8, 1888.

The cotypes of this subspecies are from the above series. They are
male number 214,389 and female number 214,390.

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AaiAZONA FiNSCHi (Sclater)

Frazar. 14, Alamos, March 16 to 21, 1888.

1, Mina Abundancia, April 18, 1888.
McLeod. 1, La Trompa, April 10, 1885.

Amazona albifrons saltuensis Nelson
Frazar. 20, Alamos, February 2 to March 26, 1888.

CUCULIDAE

Piaya cayana mexicana (Swainson)
McLeod. 2, La Trompa, January 20, 1885 and May 18, 1885.

These two specimens are mexicana, not extima of the Arid Tropical
Zone of southern Sonora and northern Sinaloa. Six specimens of the
latter race have recently been examined, in the collection of Robert
T. Moore, from Guirocoba, San Rafael, and Questa del Tigre, the last
named locality being on the Sonora — Sinaloa boiindary.

Geococcyx californianus (Lesson)

Frazar. 1, Alamos, March 16, 1888.

1, Chihuahua, October 16, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, September 1, 1884.

1, Jesus Maria, February 9, 1884.

TYTONIDAE

Tyto alba pratincola (Bonaparte)
Frazar. 1, Alamos, February 23, 1888.

STRIGIDAE

Otus asio vinaceus (Brewster)
McLeod. 1, Durazno, December 2, 1884.

The above specimen (no. 214,124) is the type of Otus vinaceus. This
"species" is simply a race of asio. It is closely similar to gilniani, but
is even paler and more ashy, and more narrowly vermiculated.

The specimen referred to by myself as vinaceus (Trans. San Diego
Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, 1931, 250) without, at that time, having examined
the type, is not vinaceus at all. It is Otus hastatus hastatus (Ridgway).

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 437

Otus trichopsis trichopsis (Wagler)
McLeod. 2, Carmen, May 6 and August 22, 1884.

These two birds, an adult female number 214,125, and a juvenal
female number 214,126, are the cotypes of Megascops aspersus Brew-
ster. This name, as I have shown elsewhere (Trans. San Diego Soc.
Nat. Hist., 7, 1932, 184), is synonymous with trichopsis in a sub-
specific sense.

Bubo virginianus pallescens Stone

Frazar. 1, Guaymas, January 13, 1887.
1, Alamos, February 14, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, 35 miles south of San Pedro, March 12, 1887.

The two Frazar birds are dark, and are at about the maximum of
the race in this respect. Gaboon's bird is typical jmllescens as repre-
sented by southeastern Arizona specimens. The horned owls of
western Mexico need systematic revision, but there is not, to date,
sufficient material to attempt this.

Glaucidium minutissimum gnoma Wagler

Frazar. 2, Bravo, July 25 and 30, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, November 27, 1884.

The Carmen specimen is typical gnoma, while the two from Bravo
are gnoma in color but intermediate toward californicum in size.
The male of the Bravo pair is in the gray, — the female in the brown
phase. In using the name calif ornicuvi, I follow Bishop (Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 44, 1931, 97-98.) who in my belief is correct in listing
pinicola as a synonym of californicum.

Glaucidium brasilianum ridgwayi Sharpe
Frazar. 3, Alamos, February 2 and March 30, 1888.

Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea (Bonaparte)

Frazar. 2, Chihuahua, October 10, 1888.
Cahoon. 2, Bacuachi, February 8, 1887.

Ciccaba virgata amplonota Kelso

Frazar. 1, Alamos, March 16, 1888.

3, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 4, 8, and 18, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Durazno, December 2, 1884.

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These birds are all extreme examples of this well-marked race which
has recently been described from Mazatlan. It is the white extreme
of the species.

Strix occidentalis lucida (Nelson)

Frazar. 1, Pinos Altos, June 20, 1888.
Gaboon. 1, Oposura, June 11, 1887.

CAPRIMULGIDAE

Caprimulgus vociferus arizonae (Brewster)

Frazar. 1, Alamos, February 27, 1888.

2, Mina Abundancia, April 25, 1888.
2, Pinos Altos, June 8 and 19, 1888.
4, Bravo, July 30 and 31, 1888.
1, Jesus Maria, August 28, 1888.

Phalaenoptilus nuttallii nuttallii (Audubon)
Gaboon. 5, Oposura, May 11 to June 18, 1887.

Otophanes mcleodii Brewster
McLeod. 1, no locality, December 6, 1884.

This specimen, the type of the species and genus, is an adult female
and is numbered 214,123. It is most likely that Durazno is the type
locality.

Chordeiles minor henryi Cassin
Gaboon. 1, Oposura, June 10, 1888.

Chordeiles acutipennis texensis Lawrence

Frazar. 1, Alamos, March 2, 1888.
Gaboon. 4, Granados, May 6 and 7, 1887.
2, Oposura, June 17 and 18, 1887.

MICROPODIDAE

Streptoprocne semicollaris (De Saussure)
McLeod. 1, Jesus Maria, June 5, 188?.

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 439

TROCHILIDAE

Archilochus alexandri (Bourcier and Mulsant)

Frazar. 1, Alamos, March 26, 1888.

Cahoon. 4, Nacozari, March 28 and 30, 1887.

Calypte costae (Bourcier)

Cahoon. 10, Nacozari, March 20 to 30, 1887.

5, Oposura, April 4 to May 10, 1887.

Selasphorus platycercus platycercus (Swainson)

Frazar. 1, Jesus Maria, September 6, 1888.
Cahoon. 3, Oposura, May 27; June 8 and 10, 1887.

Selasphorus rufus (Gmelin)

Frazar. 2, Alamos, March 8 and 17, 1888.
1, Jesus Maria, July 18 (!), 1888.
Cahoon. 3, Nacozari, March 25 to 29, 1887.
7, Oposura, April 8 to 13, 1887.

Stellula calliope calliope (Gould)
Cahoon. 1, Oposura, April 8, 1887.

Eugenes fulgens (Swainson)

Frazar. 2, Mina Abundancia, April 13 and 25, 1888.

9, Finos Altos, June 8 to July 2, 1888.

1, Bravo, August 1, 1888.

1, Jesus Maria, September 5, 1888.
Cahoon. 14, Oposura, May 21 to June 13, 1887.

Lampornis clemenciae bessophilus (Oberholser)

Frazar. 14, Finos Altos, June 12 to 20, 1888.
13, Bravo, July 18 to August 8, 1888.
3, Jesus Maria, August 23 and September 11, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Oposura, June 10, 1887.

Anthoscenus constantii surdus subsp. nov.

Type. Male adult, no. 224,110, Museum of Comparative Zoology;
Alamos, Sonora, Mexico, February, 1888; collected by M. Abbott
Frazar.

440 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Suhspecific characters. Similar to Atdhoscenus constantii leocadiae of
southwestern Mexico, but upper parts duller and more bluish green
instead of greenish bronze; throat patch in both sexes with the mini-
mum of metallic purple to be found in the species.

Range. Southern Sonora and northern Sinaloa.

Remarks. Bourcier and Mulsant described Trochilus leocadiae from
a locality no more definite than "Mexico." Since Acapulco, Guerrero,
is close to the center of the range of that race, and is a place from which
the type could easily have come, I suggest that it be taken as a
restricted type locality. Gould's type of Ileliomasier pinicola was taken
by Floresi, and therefore was probably from the vicinity of Bolanos,
Jalisco. At any rate Gould's figure is that of the southern bird.

In addition to the single Frazar specimen from x^lamos, I have seen
three from Guirocoba in the collection of Dr. Louis B. Bishop, one
from the Sierra de Alamos in the British Museum, and nine from
Guirocoba and northern Sinaloa in the collection of Robert T. Moore.
Specimens from extreme southern Sinaloa and Nayarit are interme-
diate between leocadiae and surdus.

Saucerottia beryllina viola (Miller)

Frazar. 3, Alamos, February 20; March 14 and 30, 1888.
1, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 9, 1888.
10, Bravo, July 20 to August 8, 1888.
1, Jesus Maria, September 11, 1888.

[Cyanomyia salvini Brewster]
Gaboon. 1, Nacozari, March 31, 1887.

I agree with Griscom that salvini is a hybrid between Cynanihus
latirostris and Amazilia violiceps conjuncta.

Amazilia violiceps conjuncta Griscom

Frazar. 13, Alamos, February 2 to March 17, 1888.
1, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 10, 1888.

This is the bird formerlv recorded from Sonora as Amazilia verticalis.

VAN ROSSEM : MIDDLE AMERICAN BIRDS 441

Hylocharis leucotis borealis Griscom

Frazar. 10, Mina Abundancia, April 9 to 25, 1888.
20, Finos Altos, June 2 to July 10, 1888.

5, Bravo, July 19 to 30, 1888.

3, Jesus Maria, August 21 and September 11, 1888.
Gaboon. 4, Oposura, June 10 and 13, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, November 16, 1884.

2, Jesus Maria, July 6 and December — , 1885.

The race borealis is easily recognizable by its large size and more
extensively white under parts when compared with typical leucotis.

Cynanthus latirostris Swainson

Frazar. 1, Guaymas, January 17, 1887.

29, Alamos, February 3 to March 26, 1888.

2, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 3 and 10, 1888.
Gaboon. 6, Nacozari, March 21 to 30, 1887.

3, Oposura, April 28; May 13; June 11, 1887.

TROGONIDAE

Leptuas neoxenus (Gould)

Frazar. 2, Finos Altos, June 8, 1888.

2, Jesus Maria, September 5 and 11, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Durazno, April, 1885.

2, Jesus Maria, June 3 and 6, 1883.

TROGON MEXICANUS CLARUS GrisCOm

Frazar. 6, Pinos Altos, June 4 to July 7, 1888.

11, Jesus Maria, August 20 to September 13, 1888.
McLeod. 2, Durazno, April, 1885.

An adult female, number 224,624, from Pinos Altos, June 4, is the
type of this subspecies.

Trogon elegans canescens subsp. nov.

Frazar. 24, Alamos, February 13 to March 30, 1888.

3, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 2 to 15, 1888.
9, Bravo, July 21 to August 10, 1888.

Gaboon. 1, Oposura, June 9, 1887.
McLeod. 2, Durazno, November 29, 1884.

442 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Type. Adult female, No. 28145, Dickey collection; San Javier,
Sonora, Mexico, April 9, 1929; collected by J. T. Wright, original
number 2994.

Subspecific characters. Resembles Trogon elegans amhiguus of south-
ern and eastern Mexico, but wing and tail slightly longer; adult males
with red of under parts lighter and more scarlet (less spectrum red or
geranium red); females paler and grayer (less brownish), and with the
red of posterior under parts paler and less extensive, particularly on
flanks and longer under tailcoverts.

Range. Southern Arizona, south through Sonora and western Chi-
huahua to northern Sinaloa.

Remarks. Though Gould's type of Trogon amhiguus was supposed
to have come from "northern Mexico", the possibility that it came
from anywhere within the range of the race here described is so remote
as to be unthinkable. Possibly the bird came from northeastern Mex-
ico, but the probabilities are that it was a Floresi taken specimen from
Bolanos, Jalisco. At any rate the plates in both editions of Gould's
monograph picture the race of southern and eastern Mexico.

Specimens from Nayarit and southern Sinaloa are so variously inter-
mediate that I do not care to be definite as to their subspecific status
at this time.

Measurements Wing Tail

21 adult male amhiguus, mostly from

southwestern Mexico 124—132 (128.4) 157—168 (165.2)

17 adult male canescens from Arizona,

Sonora, etc. 130—137 (133.4) 165—177 (173.0)

The tails of one-year-old birds average about 10 millimeters longer
than those of adults.

ALCEDLXIDAE

Megaceryle alcyon alcyon (Linnaeus)
Frazar. 7, Chihuahua, October 3 to 12, 1888.

Megaceryle alcyon c.yurina (Grinnell)

Frazar. 1, Alamos, March 18, 1888.

1, Guaymas, January 18, 1887.
Cahoon. 1, Bacuachi, February 8, 1887.

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 443

ChLOROCERYLE AMERICANA SEPTENTRIONALIS (Sharpc)

Frazar. 19, Alamos, February 4 to March 23, 1888.

42, Chihuahua, September 29 to October 26, 1888.
Cahoon. 3, Oposura, April 4 to 15, 1887.

PICIDAE

COLAPTES CAPER COLLARIS VigOFS

Frazar. 9, Pinos Altos, June 5 to July 14, 1888.

3, Bravo, July 19 to August 9, 1888.

10, Chihuahua, October 16 to November 3, 1888.
Cahoon. 2, Oposura, May 26 and June 2, 1887.

The Pinos Altos and Bravo specimens are a little smaller than typical
collaris and are slightly darker throughout, and have the backs a
little more prominently barred. These differences are in the direction
of mexicamis.

CoLAPTES CHRYSOIDES TENEBROSUS van Rossem

Frazar. 2, Alamos, February 3 and 25, 1888.

1, Guaymas, January 18, 1887.

The Guaymas specimen is an intermediate, as are most of the gilded
flickers from that locality.

Ceophloeus scapularis obsoletus van Rossem
Frazar. 2, Alamos, March 16 and 21, 1888.

The male of this pair (224,294) is the type of this subspecies.

Centurus uropygialis uropygialis Baird

Cahoon. 1, Ranken's Ranch, 90 miles south of Fort Huachuca, February 1,
1887.
1, 25 miles south of San Pedro, March 11, 1887.

4, Nacozari, March 18 and 25, 1887.

The Nacozari specimens are intermediate towsird fu^cescens.

Centurus uropygialis fuscescens van Rossem

Frazar. 8, Guaymas, January 13 to 19, 1887.

2, Alamos, March 12, 1888.

McLeod. 2, Durazno, November 30, 1884 and May 30, 1885.

444 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Balanosphyra formicivora formicivora (Swainson)

Frazar. 10, Mina Abundancia, April 13 to 27, 1888.

5, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 7 to 16, 1888.

4, Pinos Altos, June 9 to July 14, 1888.

9, Bravo, August 1 to 9, 1888.
Gaboon. 11, Oposura, May 21 to June 11, 1887.
McLeod. 2, Carmen, November 15 and 17, 1884.

The identification of the above series involved examination of large
series of typical formicivora from the table land of Mexico and of
mearnsi from the mountains of southern Arizona. My conclusion is
that mearnsi is not a valid race, for only about 20 percent of the Ari-
zona birds can be distinguished from formicivora on any basis whatever.
The characters given for mearnsi by Ridgway, the latest monographer
of the genus (Birds of No. and Mid. Amer., 6, 1914, 100-112) are:
"Similar to B. f. formicivorus, but averaging smaller, especially the
bill, and with the chest much more extensively uniform black."
The average measurements given by him for the two races in question

are:

Wing
41 male formicivora 141.1

32 male aculeata 140.5
44 female formicivora 136 . 3

33 female aculeata 138.9

This tabulation speaks for itself. The other supposed character,
the more solidly black chest, breaks down completely when enough
specimens are examined. On this latter basis it is possible to recognize
about 20 percent of the Arizona specimens as distinct, but even then
I am inclined to believe it to be the result, in many cases, of the
"make" of the skins.

AsYNDESMus LEWIS (Gray)
McLeod. 1, Moris, December 26, 1884.

Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis Baird

Frazar. 1, Alamos, March 23, 1888.

9, Chihuahua, October 3 to November 16, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Miller Ranch, January 31, 1887.

1, 25 miles south [east] of San Pedro, March 11, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, November 18, 1884.
1, Jesus Maria, winter of 1884.

TaU

Culmen

76.6

26.9

76.8

26.1

75.6

25.1

76.0

24.4

VAN ROSSEM : MIDDLE AMERICAN BIRDS 445

Dryobates villosus icastus Oberholser

Frazar. 23, Pinos Altos, June 5 to July 7, 1888.
Gaboon. 2, Oposura, May 31 and June 10, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, spring of 1885.

Dryobates scalaris cactophilus Oberholser

Frazar. 6, Chihuahua, October 16 to November 13, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Nacozari, March 28, 1887.

4, Oposura, April 12 to May 11, 1887.

The Nacozari and Oposura specimens are intermediates which com-
bine the small size of agnus with the color of cactophilus.

Dryobates scalaris agnus Oberholser

Frazar. 6, Guaymas, January 14 to 19, 1887.

10, Alamos, February 9 to March 29, 1888.
2, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 3 and 9, 1888.
McLeod. 3, Durazno, December 1 to 20, 1884.
1, Carmen, spring of 1885.

Oberholser based agnus on only four specimens. There is ample
material now available from Sonora and this should be compared with
series of sinaloensis Ridgway.

Dryobates arizonae arizonae (Hargitt)

Frazar. 16, Mina Abundancia, April 9 to 27, 1888.

5, Pinos Altos, June 5 to July 14, 1888.

6, Bravo, July 27 to August 9, 1888.
Cahoon. 6, Oposura, May 24 to June 8, 1887.
McLeod. 2, Carmen, January 2 and November 15, 1884.

Phloeocaestes guatemalensis nelsoni (Ridgway)

Frazar. 3, Alamos, March 16 and 21, 1888.

These are close to nelsoni, but are not typical. Larger series are
necessary.

Campephilus imperialis (Gould)

Frazar. 2, Pinos Altos, July 7, 1888.
McLeod. 1, no locality, May, 1884.

446 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

DENDROCOL.\PTIDAE

XiPHORHYNCHUS FLAViGASTER TARDUS Bangs and Peters
Frazar, 2, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 4 and 7, 1888.

One of these specimens (male, number 224,029, May 7) is the type
of this gray, northern extreme of the species.

PicoLAPTES LEUCOGASTER (Swainson)

Frazar. 14, Mina Abundancia, April 9 to 25, 1888.

4, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 4 to 14, 1888.
McLeod. 3, Carmen, December 17, 1884; January 2, 1885.

COTINGIDAE

Platypsaris aglaiae richmondi van Rossem

Frazar. 3, Alamos, March 12 to 30, 1888.

7, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 8 to 19, 1888.

The single United States record of this becard, — the immatm*e male
taken by Price in the Huachuca Mountains, June 20, 1888, — is now in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and is numbered 241,717. It is
a typical richmondi.

TYRANNIDAE

Tyrannus crassirostris pompalis Bangs and Penard

Frazar. 3, Alamos, February 14 and March 2, 1888.

5, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 7 to 19, 1888.

One of the San Rafael specimens (male, 223,593) is the type of this
race.

Tyrannus verticalis Say

Frazar. 1, Bravo, July 23, 1888.
Gaboon. 1, Oposura, AprU 7, 1887.

Tyrannus vociferans vociferans Swainson

Frazar. 2, Alamos, February 25 and March 5, 1888.
1, Pinos Altos, June 11, 1888.
3, Chihuahua, September 28 and October 20, 1888.

VAN ROSSEM : MIDDLE AMERICAN BIRDS 447

Cahoon. 4, Nacozari, March 24 to 29, 1887.

3, Oposura, May 18; June 17 and 18, 1887.
McLeod. 2, Durazno, November 30 and December 1, 1884.

2, Carmen, spring of 1885.

The fact that Frazar did not secure specimens of such a common
species as Tyranmis mclancholicus occidcntalis is further evidence that
it is migratory in the northern part of its range. He was out of the
lowlands by April 4, and my own observations indicate that the first
occidentalis reach southern Sonora about April 22.

PiTANGUS SULPHURATUS DERBIANUS (Kaup)
Frazar. 1, Alamos, March 8, 1888.

Myiodynastes luteiventris swarthi van Rossem
Frazar. 11, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 10 to 19, 1888.

13, Bravo, July 18 to August 9, 1888.
McLeod. 2, Carmen, May 15 and 26, 1885.

In the British Museum there is a specimen collected by Frazar on
July 28, 1888, tagged with a Brewster label as from San Jose del
Rancho, Lower California. This, of course, was a pure lapsiis on the
part of whoever added the Brewster label to the skin. On the date in
question Frazar was at Bravo, Chihuahua, a locality in which the
species is common, and where Frazar collected series. The original
Frazar field tag, with date, but, as usual, without locality, is still
attached to the specimen.

Myiarchus tyrannulus magister Ridgway
Frazar. 7, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 10 to 15, 1888.

Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens (Lawrence)

Frazar. 6, Guaymas, January 13 and 14, 1887.
Cahoon. 2, Nacozari, March 25, 1887.

7, Oposura, April 13 to June 17, 1887.

Myiarchus cinerascens inquietus Salvin and Godman

Frazar. 5, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 10 to 18, 1888.

10, Alamos, February 3 to March 26, 1888.
McLeod. 2, Durazno, October 12 and December 3, 1884.
2, Carmen, November 1 1 and 27, 1884.

448 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Myiarchus tuberculifer olivascens Ridgway

Frazar. 15, Alamos, March 13 to 29, 1888.

3, Mina Abundancia, April 9 and 17, 1888.

2, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 3 and 15, 1888.

2, Bravo, July 19, 1888.

Gaboon. 3, Oposura, May 18 and 21; June 17, 1887.
McLeod. 2, Carmen, May 14 and 16, 1884.

Sayornis PHOEBE (Latham)
Frazar. 3, Chihuahua, October 20 and 31; December 4, 1888.

Sayornis nigricans semiatra (Vigors)

Frazar. 1, Guaymas, January 18, 1887.

2, Alamos, February 9 and March 7, 1888.

7, Chihuahua, October 12 to November 20, 1888.
Gaboon.' 3, Nacozari, March 19 to 22, 1887.

3, Oposura, April 7 and 15, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Jesus Maria, March 19, 1883.

2, Carmen, January 8 and November 8, 1884.
1, Durazno, December 20, 1884.

The seven Chihuahua specimens might, on geographic grounds, be
presupposed to be nigricmis. They are semiatra without any question,
but perhaps do not represent the subspecies breeding in that locaUty.

Sayornis saya saya (Bonaparte)

Frazar. 2, Guaymas, January 13 and 14, 1887.

2, Alamos, February 17 and March 12, 1888.
11, Chihuahua, October 1 to December 12, 1888.
Gaboon. 2, Cumpas, February 4, 1887.

Empidonax minimus (Baird and Baird)
Frazar. 1, Alamos, March 7, 1888.

This appears to be the first far-western record of the Least Fly-
catcher.

Empidonax hammondii Xantus

Frazar. 7, Mina Abundancia, April 11 to 27, 1888.

10, Jesus Maria, August 29 to September 12, 1888.
Gaboon. 2, Nacozari, March 21 and 25, 1887.

1, Oposura, May 21, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, November 27, 1884.
1, Jesus Maria, April 16, 1884.

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 449

Empidonax wrightii Baird

Frazar. 4, Alamos, February 27 to March 17, 1888.

4, Chihuahua, November 9 to December 6, 1888.

Empidonax affinis pulverius Brewster

Frazar. 11, Pinos Altos, June 6 to July 13, 1888.

3, Jesus Maria, August 24; September 6 and 7, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Durazno, December 24, 1884.

The cotypes of this race are male 214,387 and female 214,388, re-
spectively, of the Pinos Altos series.

Empidonax griseus Brewster

Frazar. 12, Alamos, February 9 to March 29, 1888.

1, Chihuahua, November 21, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Cumpas, February 4, 1887.

1, Oposura, April 16, 1887.

Empidonax difficilis difficilis Baird

Frazar. 11, Alamos, February 2 to March 30, 1888.

3, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 7 to 10, 1888.

1, Mina Abundancia, April 27, 1888.
Cahoon. 17, Oposura, April 7 to June 14, 1887.

The Oposura series, most of which are presumably breeding birds,
are typical difficilis, with no perceptible tendencies in the direction of
salrini. Those from Alamos, Hacienda de San Rafael, and Mina
Abundancia are more or less intermediate and probably represent
either the breeding birds of those localities or else are migrants on
their way northward to points in the mountains between Oposura
and the salvini localities listed below.

Empidonax difficilis salvini Ridgway

Frazar. 6, Pinos Altos, June 4 to July 14, 1888.

9, Bravo, July 24 to August 8, 1888.

1, Jesus Maria, August 23, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Jesus Maria, April 24, 1884.

I cannot distinguish these breeding birds from salvini of Tamaulipas

and the Mexican highlands generally. Compared with difficilis they

are darker and more richly colored, are larger (wings of the males

average 71.5), and the bills are notably wider. The transition from

sah'iui to difficilis would seem to be abrupt in this region.

450 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Empidonax fulvifrons pygmaeus Coues

Frazar. 3, Alamos, February 9 and 13; March 12, 1888.

14, Pinos Altos, June 5 to July 14, 1888.
Gaboon. 2, Nacozari, Marcb 24, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Durazno, December 2, 1884.

The Pinos Altos (breeding) series is in worn plumage and not in the
best of shape for comparison. However, they show no tendencies to-
ward riihicundu,s .

Mitrephanes phaeocercus tenuirostris Brewster
Frazar. 15, Alamos, February 2 to March 8, 1888.

7, Mina Abundancia, April 7 to 21, 1888.
3, Pinos Altos, June 6 to 20, 1888.

2, Bravo, August 1, 1888.
1, Jesus Maria, August 20, 1888.
Gaboon. 1, Oposura, June 7, 1887.

The Oposura specimen (female no. 214,150) is the type of the race.

Myiochanes virens richardsonii (Swainson)

Frazar. 1, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 7, 1888.
Gaboon. 8, Oposura, May 18 to June 16, 1887.

All of these specimens are of the smaller, paler race which breeds in
Sonora and Chihuahua, and north, in the Sonoran Zones, into southern
Arizona. The breeding birds recorded by Thayer and Bangs from La
Chumata (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1906, 19) are also of this race. In
characters the breeding race of northwestern Mexico is closer to
virens than to richardsonii; — at any rate it forms a good connecting
link between the two. It will probably bear the name of veliei Coues,
but I have not yet seen the type of veliei and hesitate to use the name
at this time.

Myiochanes pertinax pallidiventris (Chapman)

Frazar. 13, Alamos, February 14 to March 28, 1888.

8, Mina Abundancia, April 9 to 27, 1888.
5, Pinos Altos, June 9 to 30, 1888.

1, Bravo, July 18, 1888.
Gaboon. 2, Oposura, May 23 and 31, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Jesus Maria, May 15, 1884.

1, Durazno, January 18, 1885.

No intergradation with pertinax is apparent in any of these speci-
mens.

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 451

NUTTALLORNIS BOREALIS BOREALIS (SwainsOll)
McLeod. 1, Jesus Maria, May 30, 1884.

Pyrocephalus rubinus flammeus van Rossem

Frazar. 2, Guaymas, January 13 and 19, 1887.

18, Alamos, February 2 to March 28, 1888.
Gaboon. 2, Fronteriza, March 14, 1887.

22, Nacozari, March 18 to 28, 1887,
McLeod. 1, Garmen, May 16, 1885.

Camptostoma imberbe ridgwayi Brewster

Frazar. 10, Alamos, February 6 to March 28, 1888.
1, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 15, 1888.

I can only reiterate that ridgwayi is a recognizable race, and the
specimens examined since 1930 have only served to confirm the charac-
ters then given, namely larger size and particularly the larger bill.
Texas and Tamaulipas specimens are almost as large as ridgwayi but
possess the smaller bill of imberbe, and also have the dark color phase
common to imberbe from all parts of its range and which ridgwayi lacks.
Mr. LudloAV Griscom (Ornithology of Guerrero) has recently admitted
the existence of two races of this species, but believes that it is the
southern race which should be named as distinct from typical imberbe.
Sclater's type came from San Andreas Tuxtla in southern Vera Cruz.
Therefore, there is no necessity for coining a new name, even if north-
ern Vera Cruz specimens were, for the sake of argument, referable to
the Sonora-Arizona race.

ALAUDIDAE

Otocoris alpestris adusta Dwight

Otocoris alpestris leucolaema (Coues)

Otocoris alpestris occidentalis McCall
Frazar. 75, Ghihuahua, September 28 to December 3, 1888.

This fall and winter series contains typical examples of all three of
the above races, but many are intergrades which I do not attempt to
classify arbitrarily. However, the resident adusta is the most numerous,
for about half of the series is of that race. The other two appear to be
about equally divided.

452 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

HIRUNDINIDAE

Tachycineta thalassina lepida Mearns

Frazar. 2, Pinos Altos, June 8 and July 14, 1888.

1, Jesus Maria, September 4, 1888.
Cahoon. 5, Oposura, April 11 and 15; May 26, 1887.
1, Nacozari, March 22, 1887.

A series from the mountains of southern Sonora and southern
Chihuahua should prove interesting. One of the Pinos Altos birds
and the single specimen from Jesus Maria are adult. These appear
to be lepida, as are, certainly, three of those from Oposura. Two
females from Oposura (April 11 and 15) are small, and if they repre-
sent the breeding birds of the valley are probably intergrades toward
brachyptera, which is the breeding form at Guaymas.

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis serripennis (Audubon)

Frazar. 4, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 5 to 10, 1888.

1, Alamos, February 23, 1888.
Cahoon. 3, Oposura, April 11 to 15, 1887.

Number 221,956, an adult male from Oposura, April 15, is the type
of Stelgidopteryx ruficollis psammochrous Griscom. It is doubtful if
any of these specimens, other than those from San Rafael, are breeding
birds, for the species does not begin to nest about Guaymas until
about May 1. At any rate, while appreciating the characters shown
by the above listed series, I cannot distinguish freshly taken material
from central and southern Sonora from western United States series.
Oberholser (Sci. Pub. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 4, No. 1, Sept. 19,
1932), has recently advocated using the name psamviochroiis for the
rough-winged swallows of southern Arizona. Our own (adequate)
material from southern Arizona does not appear to differ in the least
from typical serripennis.

Hirundo rustica erythrogaster Boddaert
Frazar. 1, Pinos Altos, June 22, 1888.

Petrochelidon albifrons melanogaster (Swainson)
Cahoon. 2, Granados, May 6, 1887.

AYhether these are breeding birds or migrants I do not know.

VAN ROSSEM : IMIDDLE AMERICAN BIRDS 453

CORVIDAE

Cyanocitta stelleri diademata (Bonaparte)

Frazar. 4, Alamos, March 6 to 14, 1888.

16, Mina Abundancia, April 18 to 27, 1888.
16, Pinos Altos, June 5 to July 6, 1888.
2, Jesus Maria, August 21 and 27, 1888.

This series averages about 20 millimeters shorter in wing length
than do New Mexico and Colorado birds, and in addition are darker
throughout, with the dark color of the pectoral region extending well
down onto the chest. Ridgway long ago noted the differences between
United States and Mexican specimens of this jay, but he had very
limited material and therefore preferred to lump everything under
one name.

Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha Baird

Gaboon. 1, Nacozari, March 19, 1887.

15, Oposura, May 20 to June 14, 1887.

These specimens are not distinguishable from southern Rocky
Mountain specimens in color. Like southern .Arizona birds they are
intermediate in size between diademata and macrolopha. In this
latter respect a long series of males from the Santa Rita, Huachuca
and Chiricahua ranges averages only 145.5 in wing length, as compared
with an average of 153 for Colorado and New Mexico males and 142.5
for the southern Sonora — Chihuahua males of diademata. In this,
as in the cases of several other mountain species, the low ground along
east-west course of the Yaqui River at about latitude 29 degrees is
the barrier which separates two subspecies.

Aphelocoma sieberii wollweberi Kaup

Frazar. 13, Mina Abundancia, April 9 to 25, 1888.

10, Bravo, July 18 to August 7, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, November 17, 1884.
1, Jesus Maria, May 2, 1884.

The race icoUircberi is well represented by this series. These birds
are smaller than arizonae; are slightly bluer above, and have the
pectoral area darker and in more contrast with the pale throat and
median under parts.

454 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Aphelocoma sieberii arizonae Ridgway

Cahoon. 2, Nacozari, March 28, 1887.

2, Oposura, May 8 and June 8, 1887.

These specimens appear to be indistinguishable from Arizona series.

CiSSILOPHA BEECHEII (VigOrs)
Frazar. 18, Alamos, February 2 to March 29, 1888.

Callocitta colliei (Vigors)

Frazar. 20, Alamos, February 2 to March 30, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, August 8, 1884.

CoRvus imparatus Peters
Frazar. 6, Alamos, February 16 to March 14, 1888.

CoRvus cryptoleucus Couch
Frazar. 1, Chihuahua, October 12, 1888.

CoRVus coRAX siNUATUs Wagler

Frazar. 4, Guaymas, January 15 and 19, 1887.
Cahoon. 1, Oposura, June 3, 1887.

PARIDAE

Penthestes sclateri sclateri (Kleinschmidt)

Frazar. 17, Pinos Altos, June 6 to July 14, 1888.

9, Jesus Maria, August 27 to September 13, 1888.

While occasional specimens approach the northern race, oidos
Peters, the series as a whole is referable only to sclateri.

Baeolophus wollweberi annexus (Cassin)

Frazar. 7, Mina Abundancia, April 7 to 18, 1888.
1, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 17, 1888.
14, Bravo, July 18 to 30, 1888.
Cahoon. 5, Oposura, June 6 to 14, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, November 18, 1884.

The analogy of many other species would lead one to suspect that
the Frazar series would be wollweberi, but such seems not to be the

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 4.")0

case. However, most of the specimens are badly worn and moreover
may have bleached somewhat. Freshly taken series might tell a
different story.

AuRiPARUS FLAVicEPS oRNATus (Lawrcncc)
Frazar. 4, Chihuahua, September 29 to December 15, 1888.

AuRiPARUS FLAVICEPS FRATERCULUS Van Rossem

Frazar. 3, Guaymas, January 14 to 19, 1887.

3, Alamos, February 14 and 18; March 26, 1888.
Cahoon. 3, Oposura, April 5 and 28, 1887.

2, Nacozari, March 22 and 31, 1887.
1, Granados, May 5, 1887.

The two Nacozari specimens are intermediate toward ornatus.
Those from Oposura and Granados are just as small and as brightly
colored as f rater cuius from southern points and the range oi fraterculus
thus extends north in the Moctezuma and Bavaspe River valleys at
least to these points. However, this distribution is in accord with the
geographic beha\aor of several other Alamos subspecies.

PSALTRIPARUS MINIMUS PLUMBEUS (Baird)
Cahoon. 10, Oposura, April 28 to June 4, 1887.

Possibly this series has become browner through post-mortem color
change. Fresh material is necessary in order to determine the status
of the bush tits of northeastern and east central Sonora. Under
present circumstances the Oposura series cannot possibly be called
cecaumerwrum , the pale gray race of the mountains of the central part
of the state. The bush tits of the plumbeus group of subspecies are
much in need of revision. For instance, I cannot distinguish southern
Nevada specimens from the type series of cecauinenorum, but material
from intervening desert ranges would have to be studied before as-
signing southern Nevada birds to that race.

PSALTRIPARUS MELANOTIS LLOYDI Scunctt

Frazar. 15, Pinos Altos, June 5 to 30, 1888.
6, Bravo, August 2 to 8, 1888.
22, Jesus Maria, August 20 to September 13, 1888.

I cannot distinguish this series from seasonably comparable Texas
specimens.

456 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

SITTIDAE

SiTTA CAROLiNENSis MEXiCANA Nclson and Palmer
Frazar. 6, Mina Abundancia, April 7 to 25, 1888.

9, Pinos Altos, June 6 to 30, 1888.

8, Bravo, August 1 to 9, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, November 18, 1884.

These specimens are intermediate, but certainly closer to viexicana
than to nelsoni.

SiTTA CAROLINENSIS NELSONI Meams
Gaboon. 4, Oposura, May 28 to June 7, 1887.

SiTTA pygmaea chihuahuae Van Rossem

Frazar. 12, Pinos Altos, June 5 to July 13, 1888.
3, Bravo, July 26 to 31, 1888.
2, Jesus Maria, September 1, 1888.

CERTHIIDAE

Certhia familiaris ALBESCENS Bcrlcpsch

Frazar. 12, Mina Abundancia, April 9 to 25, 1888.

9, Pinos Altos, June 4 to July 6, 1888.

7, Bravo, July 19 to August 2, 1888.

2, Jesus Maria, August 25 and September 8, 1888.
Gaboon. 4, Oposura, May 20 to June 14, 1887.

CINCLIDAE

Cinclus mexicanus mexicanus Swainson

Frazar. 2, Pinos Altos, July 2 and 6, 1888.

11, Jesus Maria, August 20 to September 12, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Jesus Maria, April 16, 1884.

TROGLODYTIDAE

Troglodytes domesticus parkmanii Audubon

Frazar. 2, Alamos, February 4 and March 10, 1888.

3, Mina Abundancia, April 7 to 20, 1888.
Gaboon. 1, Nacozari, March 28, 1887.

2, Oposura, April 4 and 14, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Garmen, November 20, 1884.

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 457

Troglodytes brunneicollis cahooni Brewster

Frazar. 38, Pinos Altos, June 4 to July 14, 1888.

8, Bravo, July 19 to August 10, 1888.

3, Jesus Maria, August 29 and 31, 1888.
Gaboon. 6, Oposura, April 4 to June 13, 1887.

Two of the Oposura specimens (214,132-3) are the cotypes of this
pallid, northern extreme of the species.

Thryomanes bewickii eremophilus Oberholser

Frazar. 16, Chihuahua, October 8 to December 12, 1888.
Gaboon. 3, Oposura, May 24; June 4 and 8, 1887.

Pheugopedius sinaloa cinereus (Brewster)

Frazar. 3, Alamos, February 20; March 6 and 30, 1888.
19, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 2 to 19, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Durazno, July 8, 1886.

Two of the Alamos specimens (214,385 and 214,386) are the cotypes
of this subspecies.

Heleodytes brunneicapillus brunneicapillus (Lafresnaye)

Frazar. 9, Guaymas, January 14 to 19, 1887.

11, Alamos, February 18 to March 22, 1888.
Gaboon. 3, Nacozari, March 21 to 28, 1887.

6, Oposura, April 6 to June 17, 1887.

The Oposura specimens are apparently typical brimneicapillus.
While material is still lacking to plot the ranges of this and the next
race in their entirety, it is evident that in this case, as in many others,
the Alamos Faunal Area subspecies extends up the tributaries of the
Yaqui River to points far north of its northern limits coastwise
and in the central interior.

Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi (Sharpe)
Frazar. 21, Ghihuahua, October 1 to December 15, 1888.

Heleodytes capistratus gularis (Sclater)

Frazar. 15, Mina Abundancia, April 7 to 27, 1888.

1, Bravo, July 27, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Garmen, June 12, 1885.

While there would seem to be every reason for the presence of a dis-
tinct northern race, I cannot see that Sonora, Chihuahua, and Sinaloa

458 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

specimens differ in any way from gularis of southwestern Mexico.
Therefore I follow Ridgway in considering Heleodytes stridulus Nelson
to be a synonym of gularis. Sclater's type of Campijlorhyn.chus gularis
was obtained by Floresi, and therefore Bolanos, Jalisco, is the most
probable type locality. I have examined the type as well as many
specimens from northwestern, middlewestern and southwestern
Mexico in the British Museum, and am, as above stated, unable to
perceive any variation north of Jalisco which is not individual in
character.

I agree with Griscom that far too many species of cactus wrens are
currently recognized and that the great majority are really races of a
comparatively few distinct species. There is no doubt that humilis,
jocosus, narinosus, and rufinmha are simply races of capistraius.
Griscom has already shown the manner in which rufinucha and capis-
traius intergrade through the connecting race xerophilus, and the great
series in the British Museum shows the transition from gularis to
jocosus in the Sierra Nayarit in northwestern Jalisco. Bolanos, in
northeastern Jalisco is at or very near the extreme southern limit of the
range of gularis.

Telmatodytes palustris plesius Oberholser

Frazar. 7, Chihuahua, October 8 to November 13, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Nacozari, March 23, 1887.

Catherpes mexicanus albifrons (Giraud)
Frazar. 1, Chihuahua, November 2, 1888.

Catherpes mexicanus conspersus Ridgway
Cahoon. 2, Oposura, May 23, 1887.

Catherpes mexicanus mexicanus (Swainson)
Frazar. 13, Alamos, February 4 to March 28, 1888.

1, Mina Abundancia, April 25, 1888.

10, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 1 to 14, 1888.

2, Pinos Altos, July 13, 1888.

11, Bravo, July 20, 1888.

5, Jesus Maria, August 20 to 25, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Jesus Maria, no date.

I have nothing to add to the diagnosis of the canyon wren situation
as outlined by Ridgway in Part 3 of Birds of North and Middle
America. For those who wish to recognize the variable intergrades

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 459

between albifrotis, cotispersus, and mexicanvs by name there is the in-
clusive title of Catherpes mexicanus poUoptilus Oberholser, but per-
sonally I can see nothing to be gained by so doing. The series listed
above is similar to mexicanus but averages a little smaller, — in other
words it is intermediate toward conspersus in this respect. Oberholser
has recently (1930) described these birds under the name of Catherpes
mexicanus meliphonus , and has used one of the Frazar specimens from
Alamos (now in the U. S. National Museum) as the type.

Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus (Say)

Frazar. 2, Guaymas, January 14 and 17, 1887.

3, Alamos, February 9 and March 26, 1888.
6, Pinos Altos, June 4 to 23, 1888.

1, Bravo, July 31, 1888.

6, Chihuahua, October 4 to December 15, 1888.
Gaboon. 1, Miller's Ranch, January 31, 1887.
2, Nacozari, March 20 and 23, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Garmen, March 17, 1885.

1, Jesus Maria, March 18, 1885.

None of these specimens are distinguishable from United States
specimens of obsoletus in comparable plumage. Ridgway has recorded
"notius" [ = latisfasciatus] from southern Sonora, but on what basis I
do not know. Griscom (1932) has recently expressed doubts that the
Mexican plateau birds are separable from obsoletus, — an opinion with
which I thoroughly agree.

MIMIDAE

MiMUS POLYGLOTTOS LEUCOPTERUS (VigOrs)

Frazar. 1, Guaymas, January 14, 1887.

4, Alamos, February 10 to March 22, 1888.

2, Ghihuahua, November 27 and December 8, 1888.
Gaboon. 2, Nacozari, March 24 and 28, 1888.

Melanotis caerulescens effuticius Bangs and Penard

Frazar. 4, Alamos, February 16 to March 14, 1888.

10, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 3 to 19, 1888.
1, Jesus Maria, September 12, 1888.
McLeod. 2, Jesus Maria, April 24 and May 13, 1884.
1, La Trompa, January 23, 1885.

Number 220,386, from San Rafael, is the type of this subspecies.

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TOXOSTOMA BENDIREI (Coues)

Frazar 3, Guaymas, January 14 to 19, 1887.
1, Alamos, February 6, 1888.

ToXOSTOMA CURVIROSTRE CURVIROSTRE (SwaillSOn)

Frazar. 31, Chihuahua, October 1 to December 15, 1888.
Cahoon. 4, Nacozari, March 21 to 26, 1887.
McLeod. 4, Durazno, October 12 to December 24, 1884.
1, Carmen, October 16, 1884.

ToXOSTOMA CURVIROSTRE MACULATUM Nelson

Frazar. 47, Alamos, February 3 to March 28, 1888.

1, Mina Abundancia, April 13, 1888.
Cahoon. 3, Oposura, April 28 and 29, 1887.

ToXOSTOMA CURVIROSTRE PALMERI (CoUCs)

Frazar. 5, Guaymas, January 13 to 19, 1887.
Cahoon. 1, Bacuachi, February 8, 1887.

The difficulties of identifying small series of this species from points
in central and central eastern Sonora are many, for it is in this region
that three races meet. I confess to having identified some of the
specimens arbitrarily and that fresh material may make re-identifica-
tion necessary.

Oreoscoptes montanus (Townsend)
Frazar. 3, Chihuahua, October 5 and 10, 1888.

TURDIDAE

TuRDus migratorius propinquus Ridgway

Frazar. 1, Alamos, March 8, 1888. *

5, Mina Abundancia, April 9 to 21, 1888.

1, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 2, 1888.

7, Pinos Altos, June 6 to July 7, 1888.

1, Jesus Maria, August 24, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Oposura, May 31, 1887.

These robins, most of which are breeding birds, are paler and more
orange red ventrally and are slightly paler and grayer dorsally than
the average of propinquus. However, I am able to match them very

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 461

closely with breeding birds from \arious points in the western United
States, and until more material is examined I should not venture to
separate them.

TuRDUS ASSiMiLis RENOMiNATUS Miller and Griscom
Frazar. 2, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 1, 1888.

These two specimens are almost certainly an undescribed subspecies.
They are very much paler and gra\er than typical renominatus, but
this may be either the effect of Frazar's preservative or of post-mortem
color change. They will have to be (;hecked against freshly collected
material.

TuRDUS RUFOPALLIATUS GRISIOR subsp. nOV.

Frazar. 4, Alamos, February 6 to March 14, 1888.
1, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 1, 1888.

Type. Male adult, No. 31019, Dickey collection : Guirocoba, Sonora,
Mexico, May 25, 1930; collected by J. T. Wright, original number
5773.

Suhspecific characters. Differs from Turdus rufopaUiatus rufopal-
liatus of southwestern Mexico in paler red chest and flanks, and in
having a gray wash over the pectoral region; white of under parts
more extensive; sex differences much less pronounced.

Range. Southern Sonora, south to southern Sinaloa.

Remarks. Lafresnaye's type of Turdus rufopaUiatus is in the collec-
tion of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. It was originally
labelled as from "baye de Monterey, Californie", but this error was
corrected by Bangs and Penard, who designated Acapulco, Guerrero,
as the type locality. The bird is an adult male by plumage (though
not so marked), and is typical of the darker, more richly-colored,
southern race.

In typical rufopaUiatus the sex differences are pronounced, the
males being much darker and more richly colored than the females.
In grisior the sexes are nearly alike, though females average grayer
than males. Female rufopaUiatus is much like the male of grisior,
though even in this comparison the northern race is slightly paler
and is grayer on the chest.

Specimens of rufopaUiatus have been examined from Tehuantepec;
Plains of Colima; Acapulco and Egidio Nuevo, Guerrero; Manzanillo,
Jalisco; and Piaxtla, Puebla. In typical form, grisior has been seen
only from southern Sonora. Mazatlan specimens (3) are intermediate,

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though closer to grisior: Escuinapa, Sinaloa and Nayarit specimens
(series) are also intermediate, some birds resembling one race and
some the other. In fact there is apparently a very wide zone of inter-
gradation in northern Jalisco, Nayarit, and southern Sinaloa, a circum-
stance which once led me to infer that Sonora birds were rufopalliatus.
In addition to the Frazar specimens which, it may be noted, seem
to have undergone little if any post-mortem color change, I have seen
4 from Chinobampo and Guirocoba in the Dickey collection, and 4
from Alamos in the British Museum.

Hylocichla guttata guttata (Pallas)

Frazar. 3, Alamos, February 7 and 11; March 8, 1888.
Gaboon. 2, Nacozari, March 28 and 29, 1887.

Hylocichla guttata slevini Grinnell
Frazar. 3, Alamos, February 3 and 23; March 1, 1888.

Hylocichla guttata sequoiensis (Belding)
Frazar. 4, Alamos, February 4 to March 13, 1888.

Hylocichla guttata polionota Grinnell

Frazar. 1, Mina Abundancia, April 11, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Jesus Maria, April 19, 1884.

Hylocichla guttata auduboni (Baird)
Frazar. 4, Mina Abundancia, April 11 to 20, 1888.

Hylocichl^v ustulata ustulata (Nuttall)

Frazar. 8, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 3 to 19, 1888.

1, Mina Abundancia, April 20, 1888.
Gaboon. 2, Oposura, May 18 and 24, 1887. »

CaTHARUS MELPOMENE CLARUS Jouy

Frazar. 4, Bravo, July 21 to August 10, 1888.
1, Jesus Maria, August 25, 1888.

Three of the four Bravo birds are juveniles. The two adults from
Bravo and Jesus Maria, respectively, are paler and grayer than
typical clarus. They probably represent an undescribed subspecies,
but further material is necessary for final decision.

VAN ROSSEM : MIDDLE AMERICAN BIRDS 463

Catharus occidentalis olivascens Nelson

Frazar. 6, Pinos Altos, June 4 to July 10, 1888.

26, Jesus Maria, August 20 to September 8, 1888.

A splendid series of this well marked race, containing many juveniles
in various stages of growth.

SiALiA siALis FULVA Brewster

Frazar. 17, Mina Abundancia, April 16 to 30, 1888.

1, Bravo, July 27, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Jesus Maria, April, 1884.

3, Durazno, December 20 and 21, 1884.

SlALIA MEXICANA BAIRDI Ridgway

Frazar. 11, Alamos, February 8 to March 27, 1888.
20, Pinos Altos, June 5 to July 20, 1888.

2, Bravo, July 27, 1888.

3, Chihuahua, December 4, 1888.

SiALiA CURRUCOIDES (Bechstein)

Frazar. 3, Alamos, February 8, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Bacuachi, February 8, 1887.

Myadestes obscurus cinereus Nelson

Frazar. 8, Alamos, February 20 to March 21, 1888.

1, Mina Abundancia, April 16, 1888.

2, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 2 and 15, 1888.
5, Bravo, July 23 to August 4, 1888.

7, Jesus Maria, August 20 to September 13, 1888.
McLeod. 2, Carmen, November 29, 1884.
1, Durazno, December 1, 1884.

Myadestes townsendi (Audubon)
Frazar. 6, Pinos Altos, June 6 to July 13, 1888.

SYLVIIDAE

POLIOPTILA CAERULEA AMOENISSIMA Grinnell

Frazar. 4, Guaymas, January 13 to 18, 1887.

1, Alamos, March 12, 1888.

1, Mina Abundancia, April 9, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Nacozari, March 23, 1887.

4, Oposura, April 5 to May 28, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, November 14, 1884.

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POLIOPTILA NIGRICEPS RESTRICTA Brewstcr
Frazar. 9, Alamos, February 3 to March 20, 1888.
One of this series (214,384) is the type of rcstricta.

PoLioPTiLA melanura melanura LawTcnce
Frazar. 6, Chihuahua, October 26 to December 8, 1888.

Polioptila melanura lucida van Rossem

Frazar. 4, Guaymas, January 13 and 14, 1887.
Cahoon. 4, Oposura, April 7 to 28, 1887.

CORTHYLIO CALENDULA CALENDULA (Linnaeus)

Frazar. 1, Chihuahua, November 16, 1888.
Cahoon. 2, Nacozari, March 21, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, November 24, 1884.

CORTHYLIO CALENDULA CINERACEUS (Grinnell)

Frazar. 4, Alamos, February 2 to March 27, 1888.
1, Mina Abundancia, April 13, 1888.
7, Chihuahua, October 26 to December 15, 1888.

MOTACILLIDAE

Anthus spinoletta rubescens (Tunstall)

Frazar. 1, Alamos, March 23, 1888.

9, Chihuahua, October 9 to November 5, 1888.
Cahoon. 4, Oposura, April 15, 1887.

1, Granados, May 6, 1887.

BOMBYCILLIDAE

BOMBYCILLA CEDRORUM Vieillot

Frazar. 1, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 18, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Oposura, April 28, 1887.

PTILOGONATIDAE

Phainopepla nitens lepida Van Tyne

Cahoon. 1, Ranken's Ranch, February 1, 1887.

2, Cumpas, February 3 and 4, 1887.
5, Nacozari, March 24 to 29, 1887.
2, Oposura, April 12 and 30, 1887.

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 465

LANIIDAE

Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides Swainson
Frazar. 22, Chihuahua, October 28 to December 15, 1888.

Lanius ludovicianus migrans Palmer
Frazar. 1, Chihuahua, November 12, 1888.

Lanius ludovicianus sonoriensis Miller

Frazar. 1, Guaymas, January 13, 1887.

1, Alamos, February 8, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Bacuachi, February 8, 1887.

Lanius ludovicianus gambeli Ridgway

Frazar. 2, Alamos, February 10, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Oposura, April 9, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Durazno, December 18, 1884.
1, Moris, January 12, 1885.

VIREONIDAE

Vireo huttoni stephensi Brewster

Frazar. 2, Mina Abundancia, April 17 and 18, 1888.

3, Pinos Altos, June 11; July 13 and 16, 1888.
10, Bravo, July 18 to August 4, 1888.

7, Jesus Maria, August 25 to September 12, 1888.
Cahoon. 2, Oposura, June 14, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, November 15, 1884.

ViREO HYPOCHRYSEUS NITIDUS subsp. nOV.

Type. Male adult, No. 221,901, Museum of Comparative Zoology;
Hacienda de San Rafael, "Chihuahua" [ = Sonora], May 2, 1888;
collected by M. Abbott Frazar.

Subspecific characters. Similar to Vireo hypochryseus hypochryseus
of southwestern Mexico, but brighter and more purely yellow below,
and with the greenish wash on the sides much reduced or lacking
altogether.

Range. Known only from southern Sonora. (7, Hacienda de San
Rafael, May 2 to 10, 1888).

Remarks. Sclater's type of Vireo hypochryseus came, via Parzudaki
of Paris, from an unknown locality in Mexico. It is now in the British

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Murfeum, where I examined it in September, 1933. It is a decidedly
unusual specimen and almost certainly does not represent the race of
southern Sinaloa south to Guerrero, and which is currently called
hypochryseus. The measurements (wing 62; tail 53) are small, and at
about the minimum for the species, but the color is as dark above as
the dark extreme of Vireo hypochryseus sordidus Nelson of the Tres
Marias Islands. Below it is brighter than sordidus, but is heavily
washed with green laterally. Until the range of the typical race can
be defined it seems better to call the southwestern birds hypochryseus,
for there is always the possibility that the type is an aberrant indi-
vidual.

Specimens which are tentatively called hypochryseus have been ex-
amined from as far north as Plomosas, southern Sinaloa (4), and
from Jalisco (3), Morelos (4), Guerrero (10), and Michoacan (2).

Vireo bellii arizonae Ridgway

Frazar. 1, Alamos, February 20, 1888.

Cahoon. 3, Oposura, April 21 and May 12, 1887.

Vireo vicinior Coues
Frazar. 2, Guaymas, January 19, 1887.

ViREo soLiTARius CASSiNii Xantus

Frazar. 6, Alamos, February 13 to March 29, 1888.
4, Mina Abundancia, April 11 to 18, 1888.
1, Bravo, August 2, 1888.

7, Jesus Maria, August 27 to September 4, 1888.
Cahoon. 2, Nacozari, March 25 and 29, 1887.

6, Oposura, April 18 to May 28, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Jesus Maria, April 16, 1884.
1, Durazno, September 7, 1884.
1, Carmen, November 18, 1884.

In addition to the above, there is a Cahoon specimen taken at
Oposura on May 30, 1887, in the British Museum, which bears no
Brewster number and which was probably exchanged before the col-
lection was catalogued.

I cannot understand the occurrence of cassinii at Oposura at dates
so late as May 28 and 30. These specimens have every appearance of
being breeding birds, but that there is an isolated colony of cassinii
in that vicinity is well nigh unbelievable. At the same time there is

VAN ROSSEM : MIDDLE AMERICAN BIRDS 467

the analogy of one race of the hhick-headed grosbeak breeding in the
foothill zones of Sonora while another occupies the higher mountains.
It may be, therefore, that cassmii breeds in the foothills.

ViREO SOLITARIUS PLUMBEUS CoUCS

Frazar. 4, Alamos, February 16 to March 16, 1888.
Gaboon. 1, Nacozari, March 24, 1887.

These birds are, of course, winter ^^sitants and migrants.

ViREO SOLITARIUS PINICOLUS subsp. nov.

Frazar. 3, Mina Abundancia, April 13 and 23, 1888.
7, Finos Altos, June 8 to July 13, 1888.
4, Bravo, July 27 to August 10, 1888.
1, Jesus Maria, September 1, 1888.

Type. Male adult, No. 1 15724, M.C.Z. collection; altitude 8000 feet.
Mound Valley, Chihuahua, September 2, 1905; collected by W. W.
Brown, Jr.

Suhspeci.fic characters. Largest of the known races of Vireo soli-
tarius. Intermediate in coloration between cassinii of western United
States and plumheu^ of the southern Rocky Mountains.

Range. Mountains of southern Sonora and southwestern Chi-
huahua.

Remarks. Good series of solitary vireos from the Huachuca, Chirica-
hua, and Santa Rita ranges are slightly intermediate in size or color
or both, between plumheus and pinicolus but certainly average closer
to plumheus. Two specimens from Pacheco in northwestern Chihuahua
are apparently just halfway in characters between the two races.

Measurements of males and females do not differ to any appreciable
extent. However, the following averages are all taken from males.

Wing Tail

12 joZu/nfeeus from east central Arizona 77.3 57.1
27 pZw/rtbcMs from southern Arizona 79.4 58.0

13 pimco/us from Sonora and Chihuahua 83.1 59.0

ViREO OLIVACEUS FLAVOVIRIDIS (Cassin)
Gaboon. 1, Oposura, June 6, 1887.

ViREo GiLVus swAiNSONii Baird

Frazar. 6, Alamos, February 9 to March 20, 1888.
Gaboon. 1, Nacozari, March 23, 1887.

15, Oposura, April 15 to June 11, 1887.

468 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Some, at least, of the Oposura specimens are breeding birds-
Whether these came from the high mountains or from lower levels is
unknown. At any rate they show no tendencies toward brewsteri of
the mountains to the southward.

ViREO GiLVUS BREWSTERI Ridgway

Frazar. 4, Mina Abundancia, April 9 to 27, 1888.
11, Bravo, July 18 to August 10, 1888.

Number 221,811 from Bravo is the type of this race. I have nothing
to add to the diagnosis of Ridgway (1904), save that the Bravo series
is in very worn plumage, and that less abraded specimens would un-
doubtedly give an average considerably larger than the figures pro-
vided by the type series.

COMPSOTHLYPIDAE

Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus)

Frazar. 1, Chihuahua, September 29, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, November 4, 1884.

Vermivora celata celata (Say)

Frazar. 2, Alamos, March 10 and 16, 1888.

2, Chihuahua, October 26 and December 8, 1888.
Cahoon. 5, Oposura, April 7 to 22, 1887.

Vermivora celata orestera Oberholser

Frazar. 1, Jesus Maria, September 8, 1888.

1, Chihuahua, October 20, 1888.
Cahoon. 5, Oposura, April 8 to 29, 1887.

1, Nacozari, March 29, 1887.

1, Granados, May 6, 1887.

Vermivora celata lutescens (Ridgway)

Frazar. 2, Guaymas, January 18, 1887.

3, Alamos, February 29 and March 29, 1888.

1, Jesus Maria, August 28, 1888.
Cahoon. 3, Oposura, April 12 and 16, 1887.
1, Nacozari, March 30, 1887.

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 469

Vermivora ruficapilla ridgwayi van Rossem

Frazar. 8, Alamos, March 10 to 29, 1888.
Gaboon. 2, Nacozari, March 21 and 24, 1887.
9, Oposura, April 9 to May 13, 1887.

Vermivora virginiae (Baird)
Cahoon. 4, Oposura, April 12; May 9 and 10, 1887.

Vermivora luciae (Cooper)

Frazar. 11, Alamos, March 10 to 29, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Nacozari, March 26, 1887.

2, Oposura, May 9 and June 18, 1887.

Vermivora superciliosa mexicana (Cabanis)

Frazar. 1, Mina Abundancia, April 9, 1888.

22, Pinos Altos, June 4 to July 13, 1888.

10, Bravo, July 19 to August 10, 1888.

13, Jesus Maria, August 20 to September 12, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Jesus Maria, June 21, 1884.

Mexican birds constitute a well marked race which differs from typi-
cal superciliosa of Guatemala in being paler throughout; the yellow of
the under parts more restricted and more lemon (less golden) in hue;
flanks and sides pale gray instead of brownish gray.

The two specimens upon which Lichtenstein founded his nornen
nudum, of Sylvia mexicana, which, in turn, was the sole basis of Cabanis'
CoDipsothlypis mexicana, are in the Berlin Museum. They are mounted
birds, marked as male (4443) and female (4444), respectively, and
were both taken at Real Arriba (Puebla) by Ferdinand Deppe.

Comparison of good series of mexicana from central and eastern
Mexico with the Brewster series listed above, discloses certain differ-
ences which might entitle the latter to a name. The Sonora-Chihuahua
series averages grayer and paler and has a slightly larger bill. Un-
fortunately very few of the specimens in the two series are in season-
ally comparable plumage, and the color differences noted may be
chiefly seasonal in nature. The bill difference alone is hardly sufficient
to justify a name.

470 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

CoMPSOTHLYPis piTiAYUMi PULCHRA Brewster

Frazar. 1, Mina Abundancia, April 20, 1888.

29, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 1 to 19, 1888.

Male number 214,379 and female number 214,380, are the cotypes
of this subspecies.

Peucedramus olivaceus arizonae Miller and Griscom

Frazar. 3, Mina Abundancia, April 18 and 23, 1888.
16, Pinos Altos, June 6 to July 18, 1888.
1, Bravo, August 10, 1888.

This series averages slightly more deeply colored than Arizona
specimens which, presumably, indicates a tendency toward jaliscensis.
The several races of the olive warbler are easily distinguishable by the
characters given by Miller and Griscom in their review of the species
in the American Museum Novitates, No. 183, 1925.

Dendroica aestiva rubiginosa (Pallas)
Frazar. 1, Mina Abundancia, April 16, 1888.

Dendroica aestiva morcomi Coale

Frazar. 1, Jesus Maria, August 28, 1888.
Gaboon. 2, Oposura, AprU 30 and May 12, 1887.

Dendroica aestiva sonorana Brewster

Frazar. 1, Alamos, March 28, 1888.
Gaboon. 6, Nacozari, March 21 to 31, 1887.
5, Oposura, April 4 to 28, 1887.

The cotypes of this race, a male, 214,151, and a female, 214,152, are
from the Oposura series.

Dendroica magnolia (Wilson)
Frazar. 1, Alamos, February 27, 1888.

The occurrence of eastern species in southern Sonora, such as the
redstart, least flycatcher, magnolia warbler and Louisiana water
thrush, can doubtfully be called casual. It appears more probable that
the region is a wintering ground or migration route of these and per-
haps other eastern species.

VAN ROSSEM : MIDDLE AMERICAN BIRDS 471

Dendroica auduboni auduboni (Townsend)

Frazar. 3, Alamos, February 3 and 18; March 26, 1888.

1, Mina Abundancia, April 18, 1888.

2, Chihuahua, October 3 and 16, 1888.
Cahoon. 2, Nacozari, March 24 and 28, 1887.

4, Oposura, April 7 and May 23, 1887.

Dendroica auduboni memorabilis Oberholser

Frazar. 1, Guaymas, January 13, 1887.

2, Alamos, February 9 and March 2, 1888.

2, Chihuahua, November 3 and 16, 1888.
Cahoon. 3, Oposura, April 29; May 21 and 23, 1887.

Dendroica auduboni nigrifrons Brewster

Frazar. 5, Pinos Altos, June 5 to July 13, 1888.

The cotypes are an adult male, an adult female, and a juvenal male,
taken respectively June 5, June 5, and July 13, and numbered 214,381,
214,382, and 214,383.

Dendroica nigrescens (Townsend)

Frazar. 5, Alamos, February 14 to March 27, 1888.

6, Mina Abundancia, April 13 to 27, 1888.

2, Bravo, August 7 and 10, 1888.

2, Jesus Maria, August 24 and September 7, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Nacozari, March 23, 1887.

4, Oposura, April 16 to May 13, 1887.
McLeod. 4, Carmen, November 15 to 23, 1884.

With alnmdant material from the entire breeding range of the
species before me, I am unable to see the slightest reason for recogniz-
ing two races of the black-throated gray warbler.

Dendroica townsendi (Townsend)

Frazar. 8, Mina Abundancia, April 11 to 27, 1888.

46, Jesus Maria, August 31 to September 12, 1888.
1, Chihuahua, November 3, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Oposura, May 31, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Jesus Maria, April 24, 1884.
1, Durazno, November 7, 1884.

472 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Dendroica occidentalis (Townsend)

Frazar. 11, Mina Abundancia, April 9 to 27, 1888.

49, Jesus Maria, August 23 to September 8, 1888.
McLeod. 1, La Trompa, April 21, 1885.

Dendroica graciae graciae Baird

Frazar. 16, Mina Abundancia, April 11 to 27, 1888.
7, Pines Altos, June 4 to July 4, 1888.
14, Bravo, July 26 to August 10, 1888.
Cahoon. 2, Oposura, June 14, 1887.

Seiurus motacilla Vieillot
Frazar. 3, Alamos, February 7; March 8 and 28, 1888.

Four individuals of this species are now known from southern
Sonora. The region is probably the regular wintering ground for a
certain number of this water-thrush.

Oporornis tolmiei (Townsend)

Frazar. 5, Alamos, February 7 to March 14, 1888.

1, Mina Abundancia, April 1, 1888.

1, Chihuahua, October 9, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Nacozari, March 30, 1887.

4, Oposura, April 11 to 28, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Jesus Maria, May 13, 1884.

Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster

Frazar. 1, Guaymas, January 18, 1887.
1, Alamos, February 22, 1888.
1, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 8, 1888.
Cahoon. 3, Nacozari, March 22 to 28, 1887.

3, Oposura, April 6 and 11; May 10, 1887.
1, Granados, May 7, 1887.

These yellowthroats are all winter visitants or migrants and not one
can be referred to either of the breeding races, chryseola of the interior,.
or modesta of the southern coastal region.

Icteria virens auricollis (Lichtenstein)
Frazar. 1, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 17, 1888.

VAN ROSSEM : MIDDLE AMERICAN BIRDS 47^^

Cardellina rubrifrons rubrifrons (Giraud)

Frazar, 25, Pinos Altos, June 4 to July 12, 1888.
1, Bravo, July 28, 1888.
29, Jesus Maria, August 20 to September 13, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Jesus Maria, April 22, 1884.

WiLSONIA PUSILLA PUSILLA (Wilson)

Cahoon. 5, Oposura, April 28; May 12 to 27, 1887.

These five specimens are typical pimlla in every respect. Several
borderline cases from the same locality are listed under pilcolata.

WiLSONIA PUSILLA PILEOLATA (Pallas)

Frazar. 1, Alamos, March 28, 1888.

1, Mina Abundancia, April 27, 1888.

7, Jesus Maria, August 22 to September 8, 1888.

1, Chihuahua, October 8, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Nacozari, March 23, 1887.

9, Oposura, April 22 to June 1, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Jesus Maria, June 5, 1885.

WiLSONIA PUSILLA CHRYSEOLA RidgWay

Frazar. 1, Alamos, February 4, 1888.

1, Mina Abundancia, April 20, 1888.

1, Jesus Maria, August 20, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Nacozari, March 22, 1887.

1, Oposura, April 28, 1887.

Setophaga picta picta Swainson

Frazar. 2, Alamos, February 27 and March 21, 1888.
18, Mina Abundancia, April 9 to 27, 1888.

2, Pinos Altos, June 6 and July 14, 1888.
20, Bravo, July 18 to August 10, 1888.

2, Jesus Maria, August 20 and September 3, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Nacozari, March 25, 1887.

18, Oposura, May 20 to June 11, 1887.
McLeod. 3, Durazno, November 8 and December 2, 1884.
1, Carmen, November 10, 1884.

474 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Myioborus miniatus miniatus (Swainson)
Frazar. 23, Pinos Altos, June 4 to July 20, 1888.
2, Bravo, July 23 and 31, 1888.
20, Jesus Maria, August 20 to September 13, 1888.
McLeod. 2, Jesus Maria, April 22 and 23, 1884.
1, Carmen, November 29, 1884.

Euthlypis lachrymosa Cabanis

Frazar. 29, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 1 to 19, 1888.
1, Bravo, August 1, 1888.

One of the Hacienda de San Rafael specimens (May 10) is the type
of Euthlypis lachrymosa iephra Ridgway. It is now number 151,906
of the U. S. National Museum.

I am now prepared to acknowledge that I cannot make out enough
constant variation to recognize either of the races proposed, — tcphra
Ridgway of northwestern Mexico, or schistacca Dickey and van Ros-
sem of western Guatemala and El Salvador. There certainly are
strong tendencies toward pallor in specimens from the range of tcphra,
and of slatyness combined with heavier bill in the territory assigned to
schistacca, and were type series the only specimens to enter the picture
there would be ample grounds for the definition of three races. How-
ever, individual and sex variation is such that is possible to find good
schistacca anywhere within the range of the species, and olive-backed
birds of the southeastern Mexico type in Guatemala, Nicaragua and
El Salvador. Frazar's series has certainly faded and has also become
more olive, and bears little resemblance to freshly taken specimens
from the same general territory. Again it is emphasized that even
freshly taken specimens from the range ascribed to tephra average
paler and more olive, but with these paler specimens occur individuals
which are inseparable from Vera Cruz or Guatemala birds. Females
average definitely more olive than males, and a few incorrectly sexed
specimens can give a wholly wrong impression of the true state of
affairs.

Another complication is that Cabanis' type, a Deppe collected
specimen, number 4385 in the Berlin Museum, came from a region of
nondescript birds, — from Lagunas, [Oaxaca], on the Pacific side of the
Isthmus of Tehuantepec. This region is at the northern edge of the
range of "schistacca" or the southern edge of the range of "tcphra."
If anyone wishes to recognize by name the three group tendencies, the
name lachrymosa will apply to one of the Pacific coast races, and the
bird of southeastern Mexico must be renamed.

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 475

Basileuterus rufifrons caudatus Nelson

Frazar. 2, Alamos, February 27, 1888.

12, Mina Abundancia, April 7 to 25, 1888.

8, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 3 to 18, 1888.

8, Bravo, July 23 to August 10, 1888.

4, Jesus Maria, August 22 to 30, 1888.
Gaboon. 4, Oposura, May 9 to June 18, 1887.
McLeod. 4, Carmen, November 17 and 25, 1884; June 3, 1885.

ICTERIDAE

Sturnella neglecta Audubon

Frazar. 5, Alamos, February 6 to 10, 1888.

19, Chihuahua, October 10 to December 12, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Cumpas, February 3, 1887.
1, Oposura, April 4, 1887.

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte)

Cahoon. 4, Fronteriza, March 13, 1887.
McLeod. 2, Jesus Maria, September 14, 1883.

Agelaius phoeniceus nevadensis Grinnell

Frazar. 1, Alamos, February 4, 1888.

5, Chihuahua, November 6 to December 4, 1888.

Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis Ridgway
Cahoon. 5, Oposura, April 4 and 5, 1887.

Icterus wagleri castaneopectus Brewster

Frazar. 16, Alamos, February 2 to March 22, 1888.

1, Mina Abundancia, April 17, 1888.

3, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 7 to 19, 1888.

2, Bravo, July 24, 1888.
Cahoon. 2, Oposura, April 13 and 14, 1887.
McLeod. 2, Carmen, October 11, 1884; May 15, 1885.

4, Durazno, November 6; December 20 and 21, 1884; April, 1885.

The type of this race is a male (214,131) from Oposura.

Icterus cucullatus californicus (Lesson)

Frazar. 4, Alamos, February 2 to March 12, 1888.
Cahoon. 3, Nacozari, March 26 and 31, 1887.
21, Oposura, April 5 to June 17, 1887.

476 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Icterus pustulatus microstictus Griscom

Frazar. 23, Alamos, February 2 to March 28, 1888.
Gaboon. 2, Oposura, April 6 and 29, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Durazno, December 20, 1884.

Icterus parisorum Bonaparte

Frazar. 2, Mina Abundancia, April 7 and 23, 1888.

1, Bravo, August 4, 1888.
Gaboon. 1, Nacozari, March 24, 1887.

7, Oposura, May 9 to 28, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Durazno, December 25, 1884.

Icterus bullockii bullockii (Swainson)
Gaboon. 8, Nacozari, March 22 to 31, 1887.

Euphagus cyanocephalus cyanocephalus (Wagler)
Frazar. 7, Ghihuabua, October 15 to December 8, 1888.

Cassidix mexicanus nelsoni (Ridgway)
Frazar. 6, Alamos, February 23 to March 28, 1888.

Cassidix mexicanus subsp ?
Frazar. 4, Ghihuabua, October 15 to December 8, 1888.

I do not attempt to place, subspecifically, these four anomalous
males. They are nearly as large as mexicanus but have very small
bills, nearly as small as nelsoni. Perhaps they are intergrades (though
this is not likely), or perhaps they represent an undescribed race. In
the absence of females they must, for the time being, remain unnamed.

Molothrus ater ater (Boddaert)
Frazar. 10, Ghihuabua, October 12 to December 8, 1888.

Molothrus ater obscurus (Gmelin)

Frazar. 3, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 7 and 15, 1888.
Gaboon. 2, Oposura, April 16 and 30, 1887.
1, Granados, May 7, 1887.

Tangavius aeneus milleri van Rossem

Frazar. 2, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 18, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Durazno, May 30, 1885.

VAN ROSSEM : MIDDLE AMERICAN BIRDS 477

THRAUPIDAE
Tanagra elegantissima elegantissima (Bonaparte)
McLeod. 2, La Trompa, May 10, 1885; 1 undated.

Tanagra godmani (Brewster)
Frazar. 2, Alamos, March 16 and 21, 1888.

PiRANGA LUDOVICIANA (Wilson)

Frazar. 1, Alamos, March 30, 1888.

8, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 3 to 18, 1888.

1, Bravo, August 10, 1888.

1, Chihuahua, September 29, 1888.
Cahoon: 4, Oposura, AprU 29 to May 9, 1887.
McLeod. 6, Jesus Maria, April 26 to May 15, 1885.

PiRANGA FLAVA OREOPHASMA Oberholser

Frazar. 11, Alamos, February 20 to March 30, 1888.
9, Mina Abundancia, April 9 to 25, 1888.
4, Pinos Altos, June 13 to July 13, 1888.
9, Bravo, July 18 to August 10, 1888.

1, Jesus Maria, August 31, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Nacozari, March 25, 1887.

9, Oposura, May 21 to June 8, 1887.
McLeod. 2, Jesus Maria, May 5 and 20, 1884.

2, Carmen, November 21, 1884.
1, Durazno, December 25, 1884.

PiRANGA BIDENTATA BIDENTATA SwainSOn

Frazar. 1, Alamos, March 30, 1888.

PiRANGA RUBRA COOPERI Ridgway

Cahoon. 8, Oposura, April 30 to June 18, 1887.
1, Granados, May 5, 1887.

PiRANGA ERYTHROCEPHALA CANDIDA GrisCOm

Frazar. 4, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 8 to 15, 1888.
McLeod. 2, La Trompa, January 23, 1885.

Number 222,049, an adult male from Hacienda de San Rafael,
May 15, is the type of this subspecies.

478 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

FRINGILLIDAE

Richmondena cardinalis affinis (Nelson)

Frazar. 1, Guaymas, January 19, 1887.

6, Alamos, February 9 to March 5, 1888.
Cahoon. 6, Oposura, April 6 to 21, 1887.

4, Nacozari, March 20 to 29, 1887.

2, Cumpas, February 3, 4, or 5, 1887.
McLeod. 1, La Trompa, January 22, 1885.

Pyrrhuloxia sinuata sinuata (Bonaparte)
Frazar. 26, Chihuahua, October 26 to December 15, 1888.

Pyrrhuloxia sinuata fulvescens van Rossem

Frazar. 1, Guaymas, January 17, 1887.

2, Alamos, February 25 and March 7, 1888.
Cahoon. 2, Oposura, April 13, 1887.

Hedymeles melanocephalus melanocephalus (Swainson)

Frazar. 4, Alamos, February 13 to March 27, 1888.
1, Mina Abundancia, April 21, 1888.
6, Pinos Altos, June 5 to 27, 1888.

3, Jesus Maria, August 21, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Oposura, May 13, 1887.

McLeod. 2, Jesus Maria, May 10 and June 21, 1884.
3, Durazno, December 20 to 27, 1884.

The Oposura specimen may be a migrant through the locality or
else is a breeding bird from the mountains near Oposura. Certainly the
breeding series from that place is viaculatus.

Hedymeles melanocephalus maculatus (Audubon)

Frazar. 2, Alamos, March 13 and 20, 1888.
Cahoon. 19, Oposura, April 12 to June 11, 1887.
McLeod. 1, La Trompa, January 25, 1885.

The distribution of the large and small races of the black-headed
grosbeak in Sonora presents a problem which is answerable only in
part at the present time. Certainly melanocephalus is the race which
breeds in the higher mountains of eastern Sonora and western Chihua-
hua, and also at La Chumata, in the Sierra Antonez, in central Sonora.
Breeding birds from Saric, (3500 feet) north-central Sonora, are

VAN ROSSEM : MIDDLE AMERICAN BIRDS 479

intermeiliate though closer to viaculatus, and the majority of the
Oposura specimens recorded above are typical maculatm. Series of
breeding birds from many localities are necessary before the matter is
finally disposed of. In this regard it is desirable again to call attention
to the late migration of this species. Specimens taken before May 15
are almost certain to be migrants. In spite of this, the Alamos and
Mina Abundancia specimens are still referred to as representing the
breeding birds of those localities, and collectively they are called
"intermediates." Both races have been taken in the Alamos district
as migrants or winter visitants, but just what the breeding birds will
prove to be is pure supposition.

Pheucticus chrysopeplus dilutus subsp. nov.

Frazar. 5, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 16 to 19, 1888.

1, Alamos, May 5, 1888 (British Museum).
McLeod. 1, La Trompa, May 10, 1885.

Type. Male adult. No. 223067, :\I.C.Z. collection; Chihuahua,
la Trompa, Mexico, May 10, 1885; collected by R. R. McLeod.

Suhspccific characters. Adult males resemble Pheucticus chrysopep-
lus chrysopeplus of southern Sinaloa and southward, but have the con-
cealed sub-basal portions of the rump feathers black as in Pheucticus
chrysopeplus aurantiacus of Guatemala: back black, flammulated with
yellow, — not yellow, flammulated with black as in chrysopeplus.
Females very much grayer and duller dorsally than the females of
chrysopeplus, and much more heavily streaked ever^-where on the
upper parts; flanks with distinct shaft streaks of dusky; yellow of
under parts paler and duller.

Range. Southern Sonora, southwestern Chihuahua, and probably
northern Sinaloa.

Remarks. Vigors' male type of Coccothraustcs chrysopeplus is in the
British Museum. It is a skin in poor condition and probably at one
time was mounted. The plumage is excessively abraded as though the
bird had been taken in mid-summer. Of the two tags attached to the
skin, the oldest reads, "Type. 55.12.19.19 / Pheucticus chrysopeplus,
Vig./ Mexico. Ex Coll Zool. Soc." The second tag is a red type tag
of the British Museum, on the face of which is WTitten, "Coccothraustcs
chrysopeplus A'igors / P. Z. S. 1832 p. 4. collected by Hugh / Cummings
[sic] in Mexico. Purchased" and continued on the reverse of the label
is "at the sale of the Zoological Society's / Collection in 1855."

480 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Vigors' original description included a female or young male. This
bird seems to have disappeared, but the term "olivaceous yellow" as
applied to the back definitely excludes a bird of the dilutus type. The
male is typical of the southern race, with a yellow back spotted with
black. Nothing is known of the actual type locality, but from the
fact that Cummings also collected a Douglas Quail at (presumably)
the same place, it is probable that either San Bias or Mazatlan was
the place where it was taken. I therefore designate San Bias, Nayarit,
as a restricted type locality.

In addition to the above specimens, I have seen three from Guiro-
coba in the Dickey collection, and four from Ysleta in the British
Museum.

GuiRACA caerulea interfusa Dwight and Griscom
Frazar. 2, Alamos, March 15 and 22, 1888.

1, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 19, 1888.
Gaboon. 2, Oposura, June 16, 1887.

GuiRACA CAERULEA SALiCARius Grinncll

«

Frazar. 6, Alamos, February 6 to March 22, 1888.

Passerina amoena (Say)

Frazar. 6, Alamos, February 2 to March 20, 1888.

1, Mina Abundancia, April 21, 1888.
Gaboon. 1, Nacozari, March 31, 1887.

6, Oposura, April 8 to May 12, 1887.

2, Granados, May 6, 1887.

Passerina versicolor dickeyae van Rossem

Frazar. 6, Alamos, February 6 to March 22, 1888.

4, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 4 to 11, 1888.

1, Bravo, July 30, 1888.
Gaboon. 11, Oposura, May 8 to June 16, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Garmen, January 8, 1885.

1, La Trompa, January 22, 1885.

Atlapetes pileatus dilutus Ridgway

Frazar. 13, Bravo, July 23 to August 10, 1888.

14, Jesus Maria, August 20 to September 13, 1888.
McLeod. 2, Jesus Maria, April 24 and 25, 1884.

The McLeod specimen taken April 25 is the type of the subspecies*
It is now number 99962 of the U. S. National Museum collection.

VAN ROSSEM : MIDDLE AMERICAN BIRDS 481

Hesperiphona abeillii pallida Nelson
McLeod. 1, Jesus Maria, June, 1883.

This specimen, the type and only known example of the subspecies
pallida, is number 222,053.

Hesperiphona vespertina Montana Ridgway
Frazar. 1, Jesus Maria, September 1, 1888.

Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say)

Frazar. 1, Guaymas, January 19, 1887.

17, Chihuahua, October 16 to December 8, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Ranken's Ranch, February 1, 1887.

6, Nacozari, March 19 to 28, 1887.

8, Oposura, April 8 to 13, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, May 14, 1883.

The Nacozari and Oposura specimens are presumably breeding
birds. They are intermediate toward sonoriensis in color, but are
definitely frontalis in size. Though frontalis is known definitely to
invade the range of sonoriensis in winter, I am at a loss to account for
its presence (in typical form) at Carmen at so late a date as May 14,
unless it be that frontalis ranges much further south in the mountains
than it does in the foothills and lowlands of eastern Sonora.

Carpodacus mexicanus sonoriensis Ridgway

Frazar. 5, Guaymas, January 17 to 19, 1887.

7, Alamos, February 18 to March 27, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Durazno. October 11, 1884.

Spinus pinus pinus (Wilson)

Frazar. 3, Chihuahua, November 6 to 10, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Nacozari, March 25, 1887.

3, Oposura, May 9 and June 2, 1887. ,

Since the larger, paler macropteru-s occurs as far north as Saric in
late spring (May 15), it is surprising to find typical pinus at Oposura
in early June. Siskins are notorious wanderers, and whether pinus or
macroptcrus is the breeding form in the mountains of northwestern
Mexico is not known at this time.

482 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Spinus notatus forreri (Salvin and Godman)

Frazar. 7, Mina Abundancia, April 13 to 27, 1888.
25, Bravo, July 18 to August 8, 1888.
1, Chihuahua, October 1, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, May 12, 1885.

Spinus psaltria psaltria (Say)

Frazar. 20, Chihuahua, October 5 to December 4, 1888.
McLeod. 2, Carmen, November 15, 1884.

Spinus psaltria hesperophilus (Oberholser)

Frazar. 2, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 8 and 17, 1888.
Cahoon. 7, Nacozari, March 18 to 28, 1887.
7, Oposura, May 9 to June 11, 1887.

Oberholseria chlorura (Audubon)

Frazar. 3, Alamos, February 14 to March 3, 1888.

1, Jesus Maria, September 2, 1888.

2, Chihuahua, November 7 and December 12, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Cumpas, February 4, 1887.

2, Nacozari, March 24 and 26, 1887.
4, Oposura, April 6 to May 12, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, March 25, 1885.

PiPiLO maculatus arcticus (Swainson)
Frazar. 2, Chihuahua, November 17 and 29, 1888.

PiPiLo maculatus montanus Swarth

Frazar. 1, Chihuahua, December 6, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Nacozari, March 24, 1887.

Pipilo maculatus griseipygius subsp. nov.

Frazar. 5, Pinos Altos, June 8 to July 12, 1888.
4, Jesus Maria, August 21 to 24, 1888.
McLeod. 1, Jesus Maria, undated.

Type. Male adult, No. 222,899, Museum of Comparative Zoology;
Jesus Maria, Chihuahua, undated but probably the fall of 1884; col-
lected by R. R. McLeod.

Subspccific characters. Similar in size and proportions to Pipilo
maculatm montanus, but backs of males with more of olive and less of

VAX ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 483

black; rump more extensively gray; upper tail coverts gray, concolor
with the rump, instead of black. Females parallel males in compara-
tive differences.

Range. Mountains of southwestern Chihuahua south, probably,
to Durango.

Remarks. Of this race, which obviously connects montanus with
maeulatus, I have seen only the 10 specimens listed above. Miller
(Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 23, 1906, 172), records a single male
from northwestern Durango which appears, from his comments, to
belong to the new race. I could not find this specimen, however,
in the American Museum collection in November, 1933.

How far south viontanus extends into Chihuahua and Sonora cannot
be stated with certainty. The analogies of several other species would
make the low^ country along the east — west course of the Yaqui River
at about latitude 29 degrees the dividing line between the two races.

PiPiLO Fuscus MEsoLEUcus Baird
Cahoon. 2, Nacozari, March 19 and 26, 1887.

Both of these birds are intermediate toward the next race.

PiPILO FUSCUS INTERMEDIUS Nelson

Frazar. 6, Alamos, February 2 to March 20, 1888.

6, Pinos Altos, June 5 to July 14, 1888.

5, Bravo, July 20 to 31, 1888.
Cahoon. 2, Oposura, April 4 and 28, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, May 14, 1883.

1, Durazno, December 24, 1884.

PiPILO FUSCUS PERPALLIDUS subsp. nov.
Frazar. 16, Chihuahua, October 15 to December 4, 1888.

Type. Male adult. No. 222952, M.C.Z. collection; Chihuahua,
Chihuahua, Mexico, November 30, 1888; collected by M. Abbott
Frazar.

Subspecific characters. Palest and most ashy of the known races of
Pipilofmcvs, save only jamesi of Tiburon Island. Nearest perhaps to
Pipih f2iscus 7uesoleucns of Arizona, northern Sonora, and northern
Chihuahua, but paler and grayer and size slightly smaller, with pro-
portionally, and actually, shorter tail.

Range. Arid deserts of central Chihuahua.

484 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Remarks. The amount of post-mortem color change in this species
is not excessive, but old skins are slightly paler and definitely redder
than recently collected ones. In this connection I have examined a fair
series of inicrmedius and a ^•ery large one of alhigula taken by Frazar
in 1887 and 1888, and find that in neither case has enough change
taken place to obscure the subspecific characters.

The race mesoleucus comes south to Pacheco in seemingly typical
form, and the comparatively dark, richly colored potosinus of the
central plateau occurs in extreme southeastern Chihuahua. Per pallidum
is evidently confined to the desert pocket between the central high-
lands and the eastern Sierra.

Measurements of males Wing Tail

30 mesoleucus from Arizona and Sonora 90 — 98 (94.5) 97—107 (103.5)

10 perpallidus from Chihuahua 90—94 (92.0) 93—100 (95.5)

Melozone kieneri grisior van Rossem
Frazar. 28, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 3 to 19, 1888.

Number 222,655, taken May 11, is the type of this subspecies.

Plagiospiza superciliosa (Swainson)
McLeod. 1, "Chihuahua", no date.

Calamospiza melanocorys Stejneger

Frazar. 3, Guaymas, January 13 to 18, 1887.

12, Chihuahua, September 28 to December 6, 1888.
Cahoon. 2, Bacuachi, February 8, 1887.

Passerculus sandwichensis rostratus (Cassin)
Frazar. 3, Guaymas, January 18, 1887.

These are winter visitors and bear no resemblance to atratus, the
breeding race of this locality.

Ammodramus savannarum perpallidus (Coues)

Frazar. 10, Alamos, February 3 to March 27, 1888.

1, Chihuahua, October 31, 1888. •

Ammodramus bairdi (Audubon)
Frazar. 2, Chihuahua, October 2, 1888.

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 485

POOECETES GRAMINEUS CONFINIS Baird

Frazar. 7, Alamos, February (5 to March 12, 1888.

28, Chihuahua, September 28 to December 12, 1888.

Chondestes grammacus strigatus Swainson

Frazar. 1, Guaymas, January 17, 1887.

2, Alamos, February 6 and 17, 1888.
2, Chihuahua, October 1 and 8, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Bacuachi, February 8, 1887.

2, Oposura, April 8 and May 10, 1887.
1, Granados, May 7, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Moris, March 6, 1885.

There are two types of western lark sparrows present in Sonora, a
darker one which breeds there and a paler one which occurs, together
with the first, in winter. The name strigata as currently used almost
certainly includes more than one race. Swainson's type of Chondestes
strigatus, which I examined at Cambridge University in September,
1933, belongs to the darker-colored breeding race. Its measurements
are: wing 87.0; tail 71.0; exposed culmen, 12.4; depth of bill at base,
8.8; tarsus, 21.0; middle toe minus claw, 14.8. The specimen is not
marked as to sex and the measurements, therefore, are of doubtful
value.

AlMOPHILA CARPALIS CARPALIS CoUCS

Frazar. 1, Guaymas, January 17, 1887.
Cahoon. 7, Oposura, April 8 to 21, 1887.

AlMOPHILA CARPALIS BANGSI MoOFC
Frazar. 44, Alamos, February 2 to March 29, 1888.

AlMOPHILA quinquestriata septentrionalis subsp. nov.

Frazar. 37, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 2 to 18, 1888.
Cahoon. 9, Oposura, May 8 to June 16, 1887.

Type. Male adult, No. 222625, M.C.Z. collection; Hacienda de San
Rafael, "Chihuahua" = Sonora, Mexico, May 18, 1888; collected by
M. Abbott Frazar.

Subspecific characters. Similar to Aimophila quinquestriata quin-
questriata of southwestern Mexico, but size larger, coloration paler
throughout, and breast spot smaller. 20 males of septentrionalis
measure: wing, 67-73 (70.5); tail, 67-72 (70.4); while 9 males of quin-
questriata give wing, 63-68 (64.2); tail, 61-65 (63.3).

486 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

Range. Southern and eastern Sonera, southwestern Chihuahua,
and probably northern Sinaloa.

Remarks. Selater's type of Zonotrichia quinquestriata (examined at
the British Museum in September, 1933) is a very dark colored bird,
not marked as to sex but almost certainly a male. It has the longest
wing of any individual of the race so far measured by me (68 mm.), but
otherwise is typical of the southern race. Though the type locality is
not known with certainty, it is most probably Bolanos, Jalisco, for
the type was received by Gould from Floresi.

Besides the type I have seen 13 specimens of quinquestriata, all
from the state of Jalisco. Except for one Durango record (Ridgway,
Bds. No. and Mid. Amer., Pt. 1, 1901) there are apparently no speci-
mens of record between Jalisco and Sonora. In addition to the Brew-
ster series of septentrionalis listed al)o\'e, I have seen three from Guiro-
coba in the Dickey collection and one from Nuri, Sonora, in the British
Museum.

The sexes have been described as alike. It is true that they are very
similar, but females are definitely a little paler above and browner,
less purely gray, below. They are also smaller, and female septen-
trionalis is about the size of male quinquestriata.

AlMOPHILA RUFESCENS MCLEODII BrCWSter
Frazar. 24, Mina Abundancia, April 9 to 27, 1888.

6, Hacienda de San Rafael, May 1 to 19, 1888.
2, Jesus Maria, August 22 and 30, 1888.

Gaboon. 13, Oposura, May 21 to June 10, 1887.

McLeod. 2, Carmen, November 10, 1884 and June 3, 1885.

The two Carmen Specimens are the cotypes of the subspecies
mdeodii, and are numbered 214,128 and 214,127 respectively. From
the Oposura series Brewster named Aimopliila cahooni (cotypes
number 214,129 and 214,130), which is generally called synonymous
with mdeodii. The case needs further study.

AlMOPHILA RUFICEPS SCOTTII (ScUUett)
Gaboon. 5, Oposura, May 9 to June 8, 1887.

AlMOPHILA RUFICEPS SIMULANS subsp. nov.
Frazar. 11, Mina Abundancia, April 7 to 25, 1888.
15, Bravo, July 26 to August 4, 1888.

7, Jesus Maria, August 22 to 30, 1888.

McLeod. 2, Jesus Maria, Marcb 20, 1883 and April 17, 1884.

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 487

Type. Male adult, No, 222,783, Museum of Comparative Zoology;
Mina Abundaneia, "Chihuahua" = Sonora, April 20, 1888; collected
by M. Abbott Frazar.

Subspecific characters. Almost exactly similar in coloration and
size to Aimophila ruficeps sororia of Lower California, but bill small as
in Aimophila ruficeps scottii of i^^jizona, northern Sonora and northern
Chihuahua. Differs from scottii in redder dorsal coloration, whiter
under parts, much smaller size, and proportionally, as well as actually,
shorter tail.

Range. Mountains of southei-n Sonora, southern Chihuahua, and
south to northwest Durango and Nayarit.

Remarks. The two Nayarit specimens are a little darker than
northern birds but I place them here rather than with fusca Nelson,
of Jalisco and southward. Like so many Nayarit birds of other species
they are intermediate. In the following measurements worn July and
August specimens are not included.

Measurements of males Wing Tail

22 scottii from Arizona and northern Sonora 65 — 71 (67.3) 67 — 75 (71.2)
12 simulans from Sonora, Chihuahua and

Durango 60—64 (62.5) 62—67 (64.5)

Amphispiza bilineata desertioola Ridgway

Frazar. 1, Guaymas, January 14, 1887.
Cahoon. 1, Cumpas, February 3, 1887.
1, Bacuachi, February 8, 1887.

Amphispiza bilineata confinis subsp. no v.
Frazar. 16, Chihuahua, November 6 to December 16, 1888.

Type. Male adult. No. 222576, M.C.Z. collection; Chihuahua,
Chihuahua, Mexico, November 12, 1888; collected by M. Abbott
Frazar.

Subspecific characters. Equal in size to Amphispiza bilineata grisea
Nelson, of the central Mexican plateau, but coloration throughout very
much paler; similar to Amphispiza bilineata deserticola Ridgway, of
Arizona, New Mexico, etc., but even paler and lacking the pale brown
tones which are characteristic of deserticola. The nearest color com-
parison is with Amphispiza biUneata cana van Rossem, of San Esteban
Island off the coast of Sonora, but confinis is even grayer and is
definitely larger.

Range. Apparently confined to the deserts of central Chihuahua.

488 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Remarks. The series of grisea in the Bureau of Biological Survey
shows that the central plateau race comes north at least to Parral in
extreme southern Chihuahua, but even at that point there is no dis-
cernable tendency toward confinis.

Average measurements of males Wing Tail

20 deseriicoZa from the range 66.3 62.1

10 con^nzs from the type locality 67.2 64.3
9 grisea from Hidalgo, San Luis Potosi

etc. 67.0 64.7

JuNCO hyemalis hyemalis (Linnaeus)
Frazar. 1, Chihuahua, November 15, 1888.

JuNCO OREGANUS SHUFELDTI Coale
Frazar. 39, Chihuahua, October 31 to December 15, 1888.

JuNCO mearnsi Ridgway
Frazar. 33, Chihuahua, October 26 to December 15, 1888.

JuNCo CANicEPS CANiCEPS (Woodhouse)
Frazar. 5, Chihuahua, November 16 to December 8, 1888.

JuNCo PHAEONOTus PALLiATUs Ridgway

Frazar. 32, Pinos Altos, June 4 to July 14, 1888.
4, Jesus Maria, August 20 to 29, 1888.
McLeod. 2, Jesus Maria, April 1 and 18, 1884.
1, Carmen, March 9, 1885.

Spizella passerina arizonae Coues

Frazar. 3, Mina Abundancia, April 9 to 27, 1888.

17, Chihuahua, October 31 to December 4, 1888.
Cahoon. 2, Nacozari, March 26 and 28, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Durazno, December 20, 1884.

Spizella passerina mexicana Nelson
Frazar. 8, Pinos Altos, June 5 to July 14, 1888.

These specimens are not typical of any race. They are intermediate
in coloration between arizonae and mexicana, and combine the small
bill of arizonae with the larger general size of mexicana.

VAN ROSSEM: middle AMERICAN BIRDS 489

Spizella PALLIDA (Swainson)

Frazar. 8, Alamos, February 6 to March 29, 1888.

1, Chihuahua, October 5, 1888.

Spizella breweri breweri Cassin

Frazar. 1, Guaymas, January 17, 1887.

11, Chihuahua, September 28 to October 29, 1888.
Cahoon. 5, Oposura, April 5 to 16, 1887.

5, Granados, May 6, 1887.

Spizella atrogularis atrogularis (Cabanis)
Cahoon. 1, Oposura, May 10, 1887.

ZoNOTRiCHiA LEUCOPHRYS ORiANTHA Oberholser

Frazar. 1, Alamos, March 3, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Cumpas, February 3, 1887.

3, Nacozari, March 22 to 28, 1887.

4, Oposura, April 4 to 14, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Moris, January 12, 1885.

ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS LEUCOPHRYS (Forstcr)
Frazar. 1, Chihuahua, October 5, 1888.

ZONOTRICHIA GAMBELII GAMBELII (Nuttall)

Frazar. 3, Guaymas, January 17 and 19, 1887.

11, Chihuahua, October 3 to December 15, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Cumpas, February 3, 1887.

3, Nacozari, March 22 and 25, 1887.
1, Oposura, April 5, 1887.

Melospiza lincolnii lincolnii (Audubon)

Frazar. 4, Alamos, February 10 to March 15, 1888.

2, Mina Abundancia, April 7, 1888.

5, Chihuahua, October 8 to November 17, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, Oposura, April 23, 1887.

3, Nacozari, March 21 and 25, 1887.
McLeod. 1, Carmen, spring of 1885.

Melospiza lincolnii gracilis (Kittlitz)

Cahoon. 2, Oposura, April 28 and May 30, 1887.
1, Nacozari, March 22, 1887.

490 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Melospiza melodia fallax (Baird)

Frazar. 30, Chihuahua, October 8 to December 12, 1888.
Cahoon. 1, 25 miles south of San Pedro, March 11, 1887.

Melospiza melodia saltonis Grinnell

Cahoon, 1, Oposura, April 7, 1887.
2, Granados, May 7, 1887.

These three specimens are darker and grayer than typical saltonis,
and are assigned to that race arbitrarily. There is a similar specimen
from Moctezuma in the British Museum. I have previously com-
mented on birds of this nature from Saric and Magdalena.

Rhynchophanes mccownii (Lawrence)
Frazar. 13, Chihuahua, October 13 to November 14, 1888.

Calcarius ornatus (Townsend)
Frazar. 43, Chihuahua, October 2 to November 7, 1888.

3 IHG^

ULo2n934

' I I' U '. ■

Bulletin of the Museum of Coriiraratiyej ZoolOhr?

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. LXXVII, No. 8

No. 8 — NOTES ON THE NORTH AMERICAN

HAR\]vSTING ANTS OF THE GENUS

POGONOMYRMEX MAYR

By O. Wilfred Olsen

With Fifteen Plates

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A.:
PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

December, 1934 p

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Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. LXXVII, No. 8

No. 8 — NOTES ON THE NORTH AMERICAN

HARVESTING ANTS OF THE GENUS

POGONOIVIYRMEX MAYR

By O. Wilfred Olsen

With Fifteen Plates

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A.:
PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

December, 1934

No. 8. — Notes on the North American Harvesting Ants of the Genus

Pogonomyrmex Mayr^

By O. Wilfred Olsen

During the past thirty years since the appearance of Professor
W. M. Wheeler's'^ key to the genus Pogonomyrmex, many new forms
of these interesting ants have been discovered. It is the purpose of
this paper to give a key suitable for determining the workers of the
North American species and also to give their geographic distribution.
There are now known 36 North American forms represented by 2
subgenera, 21 species, 5 subspecies, and 10 varieties. Of this number
P. badias Lat. is the only species occurring in the eastern United
States, the others are desert and mountain forms found in the south-
western and western United States, Mexico and Canada, except one
species from Guatemala and two species and a variety from Haiti. All
of the recorded forms, except P. desertorum var. tenuispina Forel, are
in Professor Wheeler's collection.

In reviewing the worker forms of this genus I have had the facilities
of Professor Wheeler's collection and library. In addition he has freely
given suggestions and advice for all of which I wish to acknowledge
sincere appreciation.

Pogonomyrmex belongs to the subfamily il/?/r??M'cmae Lepeletier, 1836,
which may be distinguished from the other subfamilies of the Formici-
dae by the following characters.

The cloacal orifice is ventral and slit shaped. The exsertile sting is long and
well developed. The abdominal pedicel consists of two distinct segments, the
petiole and postpetiole, the latter being much narrower than the first segment
of the gaster. The clypeus is almost always prolonged between the frontal
carinae, which covers the antennal insertions. The eyes are rarely vestigial or
absent. Larvae are provided, at least in the younger stages, with hairs which
are hooked, branched or of other forms for anchorage. The nymphs are nude,
not spinning a cocoon.

The members of the genus Pogonomyrmex may be distinguished
from those of the other genera of the Myrmicinae by the following com-
bination of characters.

Workers are present and monomorphic, except in Pog. hadius Lat. where
they are polymorphic. The clypeus always extends between the frontal
carinae which are separated. There are four segments in the maxiUary and

' Biological Laboratories, Harvard University.

»New Agricultural Ants from Texas, Am. Nat., 36, pp. 97-99, 8 figs., 1902. Psyche, 9,
pp. 387-393 (1902).

494 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

three in the labial palps. The antennal fossae are not prolonged as grooves
along the sides of the head. The postpetiole is articulated to the anterior end
of the gaster which is of the usual shape. Antennae consist of 12 segments
and with a more or less distinct club of four articles. The thoracic dorsum
is smooth and without any trace of a mesoepinotal or promesonotal sutures or
impressions.

The North American Pogonoviyrmex may be divided into two sub-
genera: the Subgenus Pogonomyrmex Mayr 1868^ s. sfr, consisting of
forms of variable size and with a more or less well developed beard of
long recurved hairs on the gular region and lower surface of the man-
dibles, and the subgenus Ephehomyrmex Wheeler 1902^^ which com-
prises those small forms not exceeding 5.5 mm. in length and without
a beard.

The following key is adapted for identification of the workers of the
North American species, subspecies, and varieties.

Key to the Workers of the North American Species of
Pogonomyrmex Mayr

1. Epinotum without distinct spines (Pog. californicus var. hindleyi

has very short epinotal spines; anomalous paired or single

spines occur in Pog. hadius) 25

Epinotum with one or two pairs of distinct spines, the posterior
pair formed by the upturned projections of the metasternum
(spines often reduced in some forms of Pog. suhdentatus) 2

2. Epinotum with one pair of spines; beard of long recurved hairs

present on gula and ventral side of mandibles; femora not
incrassate, except in Pog. guatemaltecus. (A. Subgenus Pog-
onomyrmex) 8

Epinotum with two pairs of spines; beard of long recurved hairs
absent; femora incrassate. (B. Subgenus Ephehomyrmex) 3

3. Black or blackish brown; first pair of epinotal spines obviously

much longer than broad at their bases and cylindrical in form;

no distinct transverse ridge connecting them 4

Red in color; first pair of epinotal spines short and compressed,
at most only slightly longer than the width of the base; bases
connected by a distinct transverse ridge 6

4. Dark brown, almost black; mandibles, except dentate border,

sides of clypeus, cheeks, antennae, legs, thoracic spines, pe-

1 Annuar. Soc. Nat. Modena, 3, p. 169 (1868).

2 Psyche, 9, No. 317, p. 390 (1902).

OLSEN : NORTH AMERICAN HARVESTING ANTS 495

duncle of petiole, anterior border and sides of petiole, and
anterior margin of first gastric segment red: tip of gaster and
margins of posterior segments yellow. Thorax longitudinally
rugose; posterior surface of node of petiole convex, coarsely and
longitudinally rugose, rugae converging anteriorly at tip.
Pog. (E.) saucius Wheeler and Mann
Color black; sculpture of thorax and shape of node of petiole
different 5

5. Black; mandibles, tip of gaster and tarsi beyond the first joint deep

red; thorax longitudinally reticulate-rugose; anterior surface of
node of petiole rises to form a right angle with peduncle, half
as long as posterior sloping flat surface; the two surfaces meet
at a sharp ridge forming a broadly rounding anterior margin;
posterior surface of node roughly reticulate-rugose and opaque;
postpetiole and basal third or half of first gastric segment
densely punctate and opaque, remaining segments shining.
Pog. {E.) schmitti Forel typical
Similar to schmitti typical except posterior surface of node of
petiole not roughly reticulate rugose, but with broad, widely
separated rugae, their interspaces coarsely punctate and opaque ;
postpetiole and base of gaster smooth and shining or with
traces of fine punctures.

Pog. (E.) schmitti var. s^iblaevigatus Wheeler and Mann

6. Clypeus without a tooth-like projection before each antenna!

fovea; node of petiole conical in profile.
Pog. (E.) pima Wheeler
Clypeus with a tooth-like projection before each antennal fovea;
node of petiole not conical in profile 7

7. Postpetiole sparsely punctate; subopaque; entire gaster smooth

and shining.

Pog. (E.) imberbiculus Wheeler
Postpetiole and basal half of first gastric segment densely and
finely punctate and very opaque; the latter with sparse piligerous
foveolae; remainder of gaster more shining.
Pog. {E.) townsendi Wheeler

8. Posterior angles of head smooth and shining. Sculpture of head

and thorax very fine 9

Posterior angles of head not smooth and shining. Sculpture fine
or coarse 12

9. Clypeus with a prominent and broad tooth-like projection anterior

to each antennal fovea; frontal area without a median cannula.

496 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Pog. dentatus sp. no v.
Clypeal tooth -like projection absent; frontal area with median
cannula, often with two carinulae {Pog. desertorum Wheeler). 10

10. Dark uniform ferruginous color; gaster smooth but not shining.

Pog. desertorum var. ferrugineu^s var. nov.
Not dark ferruginous color; gaster shining 11

11. Color uniformly yellowish red; diameter of epinotal spines greatest

at base and tapering cone-like to a point; node of petiole longer
than its peduncle.

Pog. desertortim Wheeler, typical
Color similar; epinotal spines as slender at base as at tip; node of
petiole small and shorter than its peduncle.

Pog. desertorum var. tenuispina Forel

12. Sculpturing of head, mandibles and thorax fine; rugae of front very

dense and without apparent interrugal sculpturing, those of
sides of head and prothorax more widely separated and with
distinct large, shallow foveolae; remainder of thorax without
distinct interrugal sculpturing; frontal area with median cannula
and delicate rugae, not shining; head barely concave posteriorly;
ventral tooth of peduncle pronounced ; abdomen elongate, wasp-
like; large, 9.5-11.5 mm.; dark yellowish red; entirely sub-
opaque.

Pog. wheeleri sp. nov.
Sculpturing of entire ant never so fine; rugae of front never so
dense; head distinctly concave posteriorly 13

13. Head distinctly concave posteriorly; densely rugose, rugae but

little divergent posteriorly, with or without delicate interrugal

sculpturing; large forms {Pog. harhatus F. Smith) 14

Head not distinctly concave posteriorly'; not densely rugose;
rugae of head distinctly divergent posteriorly; interrugal spaces
distinctly sculptured (except Pog. similis); small to medium
sized forms 18

14. Head, thorax and legs deep blackish red; petiole, postpetiole, and

especially the gaster, lighter 15

Color not as above 16

15. Head, thorax and legs dark red, nearly black; petiole, postpetiole

and gaster red; interrugal spaces of head and thorax without
sculpturing. Beard scanty.

Pog. harhatus F. Smith typical
Head, thorax and legs dark red, nearly black; petiole and post-
petiole brown, gaster yellowish red, often with a dark band

OLSEN : NOETH AMERICAN HARVESTING ANTS 497

trans versing the distal margin of basal segment; interrugal
spaces of head and thorax finely punctate. Beard full.
Pog. barbatus var. marfensis Wheeler

16. Ant bright ferruginous red throughout; rugae of head especially,

and thorax finer and denser than barbatus typical.
Pog. barbatus var. molefaciens Buckley
Color and sculpture different 17

17. Head and thorax brownish red, gaster in part or entirely brown;

cephalic rugae coarser than violefaciens; interrugal spaces with
delicate punctures; thoracic rugae coarser. Beard full.
Pog. barbatus var. fuscatus Emery
Color dark red, nearly black; tibiae, tarsi and funiculi red; cepha-
lic rugae as in barbatus typical, interrugal spaces finely punctate;
thoracic sculpture coarse. Beard scanty.

Pog. barbatus var. nigrescens Wheeler
Color ranges from ferruginous to black; head and thorax very
coarsely rugose; interrugal spaces of head bear traces of 2-3 fine
rugules ; node of petiole rather coarsely and irregularly rugose.
Beard full.

Pog. barbatus subsp. rugosus Emery

18. Anterior border of clypeus broadly but definitely excised 19

Anterior border of clypeus straight 23

19. Mandibles 6-dentate; head coarsely rugose, with interrugal spaces

densely punctate; thorax reticulately rugose.
Pog. huachucanus Wheeler
Mandibles 7-dentate; thorax not reticulately rugose 20

20. Sculpturing of head and thorax moderately fine; interrugal

spaces without visible structure, giving to head, thorax, petiole
and postpetiole a very opaque appearance; gaster smooth and
subopaque.

Pog. similis sp. nov.
Sculpturing of head and thorax coarse; interrugal spaces densely
punctate; head, thorax, petiole and postpetiole opaque; gaster
smooth and shining 21

21. Peduncle of petiole with prominent, downward projecting tooth;

epinotal spines short, their length at most barely exceeding the
distance separating their bases (epinotal spines of Pog. occi-
dentalis var. utahensis short, but peduncle lacks prominent
downward projecting tooth).

Pog. subdentatus Mayr
Peduncle without prominent downward projecting tooth, at most
a rounded swelling; epinotal spines long or short 22

498 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

22. Epinotal spines Ij^ times longer than the interbasal distance;

infraspinal facet of epinotum rugose, scarcely shining; node of
petiole as broad as long, or nearly so.

Pog. occidentalis Cresson typical
Epinotal spines short; node of petiole distinctly longer than broad.
Pog. occidentalis var. utahensis var. nov.

23. Interrugal spaces of head and thorax very coarsely and densely

punctate giving a bead-like appearance at ordinary magnifica-
tion; node of petiole and postpetiole without rugae, but densely
punctate; basal half of first gastric segment finely punctate and
subopaque, remaining segments with fine reticulation and
shining; head, thorax, petiole and postpetiole very opaque; dark
ferruginous, except gaster, which is brown.
Pog. salinus sp. nov.
Interrugal punctures not extraordinarily coarse and bead-like in
appearance 24

24. Node of petiole distinctly narrower than broad; interrugal spaces

of head and thorax coarsely and densely punctate; thoracic
dorsum strongly arched in profile (as in Pog. californicus typical) ;
epinotal spines generally short; opaque, except gaster, which is
smooth and somewhat shining.

Pog. Comanche Wheeler
Node of petiole almost as broad as long; rugae of head and thorax
prominent, their interspaces finely punctate and shining; thoracic
dorsum not arched in profile; epinotal spines long; head and
thorax shining, gaster smooth and very shining.

Pog. suhnitidus Emery

25. Posterior angles of head smooth and shining 26

Posterior angles of head not smooth and shining 27

26. Clypeus deeply excised; frontal area without median cannula

and strongly convex; epinotum with pair of slight swellings;
node of petiole in profile very blunt and low, longer than high.
Ferruginous.

Pog. sancti-hyacinthi Wheeler
Clypeus moderately excised; frontal area with or without median
cannula and not convex; epinotum without swellings; node of
petiole blunt in profile, but not low, as high as long; yellowish
red.

Pog. apache Wheeler

27. Clypeus distinctly and broadly excised 28

Clypeus not excised, but straight {Peg. californiciis Buckley) . . 29

olsen: north American harvesting ants 499

28. Mandibles 5-dentate; node of petiole high and distinctly rounded

in profile; rugosity of head and thorax coarse and reticulate.
Workers monomorphic.

Pog. guatemaltecus Wheeler
Mandibles 7-dentate; node of petiole high and distinctly pointed
in profile; rugosity of head and thorax coarse and parallel.
Workers polymorphic.

Pog. badius Latreille

29. Node of petiole distinctly longer than its peduncle; postpetiole

longer than high; mandibles except dentate border, clypeus and
anterior portion of genae light yellowish red, remainder of head
and thorax darker; distal segments of gaster brown.
Pog. californicus suhsp. longinodis Emery
Node of petiole not longer than its peduncle; color darker 30

30. Apical third or more of gaSter black; petiole and postpetiole often

brown; the former slender, its node less erect than in Pog.
californicus typical, apex rounder or but slightly pointed.
Pog. californicus var. estebaniiis Pergande

Gaster not black 31

81. Epinotum with two extremely short and small distinct spines;
interrugal spaces more densely and coarsely punctate than in
Pog. californicus typical; head and thorax yellowish red.

Pog. californicus var. hindleyi Forel
Epinotum perfectly round and smooth 32

32. Rugae of head and thorax sharp and pronounced; interrugal

spaces of head with shallow and more or less confluent depres-
sions, those of thorax without sculpturing; head and thorax
shining; gaster smooth and shining; light ferruginous red.
Pog. californicus Buckley typical
Rugae of head and thorax not sharp and pronounced; interrugal
spaces densely and distinctly punctate; head and thorax not
shining; light yellowish red or reddish 33

33. Interrugal spaces of head and thorax densely and very coarsely

punctate; postpetiole higher than long and with a prominent
transverse ventral protuberance; opaque, except gaster, which is
smooth and shining; color dark reddish.

Pog. californicus var. barnesi M. R. Smith
Interrugal spaces densely but not coarsely punctate; postpetiole
not higher than long and without a prominent ventral pro-
tuberance 34

500 bulletin: museum of compakative zoology

34. Length of postpetiole distinctly greater than either its height or
width; interrugal spaces of head and thorax densely and finely
punctate; node of petiole and postpetiole shagreened; sub-
opaque; gaster smooth and shining; dark yellowish red in color,
except gaster, which is brown.

Pog. californicus subsp. maricopa Wheeler
Length of postpetiole equal to its height or width; interrugal
spaces of head and thorax filled with shallow foveae; node of
petiole and postpetiole shagreened; subopaque; gaster smooth
and very shining; color reddish.

Pog. californicus subsp. sinaloanus subsp. nov.

A. SUBGENUS POGONOMYRMEX

1. PoGONOMYRMEX APACHE Wheeler
Plates 2 and 9

Wheeler, Psyche, 9, p. 392, g . 1902.

Geographical distribution :

Arizona: North Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts. (W. M. Wheeler).

Texas: Fort Davis (W. M. Wheeler).

2. PoGONOMYRMEX BADius (Latrcille)
Plates 1 and 9

Formica badius Latreille, Fourmis, p. 238, pi. 11, fig. 71, A-D, g 9, 1802;
Myrmica crudelis (F. Smith), Mayr, Zool.-bot. Ges., Wien, Vol. 12, p, 740, 9

cf , 1862; Wheeler, Am. Nat., 36, p. 92, fig. 8, g , 1902.
Geographical distribution:
Florida: Lake North, Sanford Flats (Schmitt); Inverness (C. M. Weed);

Jacksonville (W. M. Wheeler); St. Augustine (C. T. Brues); Grant,

Enterprise, Lakeland.
Georgia: Bowman's Station, Decateur Co. (J. C. Bradley); Thomasville, St.

Simon's Isle.
Mississippi: Lucedale (R. W. Harned).
North Carolina: Duke Forest (A. S. Pearse).

3. PoGONOMYRMEX BARBATUS (F. Smith)

Plates 2 and 9

Myrmica barbata F. Smith, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., 6, p. 130, 9, 1858; Mayr,
Verb. Zool.-bot. Ges., Wien, 37, pp. 610, 611, S cf , 1887; Wheeler, Am.
Nat., 36, p. 91, fig. 4, ^ , 1902.

OLSEN : NORTH AMERICAN HARVESTING ANTS 501

Geographical distribution:

Mexico: Cerro del Chile, Chihuahua; Zapotlan, Colima (C. H. T. Townsend);
Pachuca, Hidalgo (W. M. Mann); Guadalajara, Tuxpam (J. F. McClen-
don); Mexico (City?) (A. Herrera); Aguas Calientes (W. M. Wheeler.)

Texas: New Braunfels, Austin (W. M. Wheeler); Chisos Mts. (O. W. Williams);
San Angelo, Langtry.

4. PoGONOMYRMEX BARBATUS var. FuscATUS Emery

Phite 10

Emery, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst., 8, p. 309, ^ , 1895.

Geographical distribution:

Arizona: Oracle, 4000 ft.. Post Canyon, Pinaleno Mts., 5000-6000 ft., Tempe,

Bowie (W. M. Wheeler).
Colorado: Pueblo (Schmitt).
Mexico: San Jose de Guaj^mas (L. O. Howard).

New Mexico: Clayton (W. M. Wheeler); Alamogordo (G. v. Krockow).
Texas: Limpio Canyon, Fort Davis Mts.; Fort Davis, Langtry (W. M.

Wheeler); Laredo (J. F. McClendon); Chisos Mts. (O. W. WilUams).

5, PoGONOMYRMEX BARBATUS var. MARFENSis Wheeler

Plate 10

Wheeler, Am. Nat., 36, p. 98, ^ , 1902.

Geographical distribution :

New Mexico: Deming, White Sands, White Water, Roswell (T. D. A. Cocker-
ell); Alamogordo, Rincon (G. v. Krockow); Engle (Nora Newberry);
Santa Fe.

Texas: Chisos Mts. (W. B. Phillips); Marfa and San Esteban, Presidio Co.;
Alpine, Pisano Pass, Brewster Co. (W. M. W^heeler).

6. PoGONOMYRMEX BARBATUS Var. MOLEFACIENS Buckley

Plate 9

Buckley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 45, ^ , 1860; Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil.,
p. 348, ^ 9 , 1867; Emery, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst., 8, p. 308, ^ 9 d^, 1895.

Geographical distribution:

Arizona: Phoenix, Mouth Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts., 4500 ft.; Post
Canyon, Pinaleno Mts.; Jerome, Bensen, Tempe, Apache Camp, South
Catalina Mts.; Oracle, 4500 ft., Texas Pass, Dragon Mts.; Hereford,
Sabino Canyon, South Catalina Mts.; Palmerlee, Huachuca Mts.;
Garden Canyon, Huachuca Mts., 5000 ft.; Palmacoles, Huachuca Mts.,
5000 ft.; Hunter's Canyon, Huachuca Mts., 5800 ft. (W. M. Wheeler);
Tempe, Prescott (T. D. A. Cockerell); Kit's Peak, Baboquivari (Clark

502 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

and A. N. S. P.); Huachuca Mts., 3500-4500 ft. (C. R. Biederman);

Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mts., 5800 ft. (W. M. Mann); Lowell's

Ranger Stn., Pima Co.
Kansas: Newton.

Oklahoma: Bliss, Ponca City (A. C. Burrill); Tulsa (J. C. Bradley).
Mexico: Aguas Calientes (C. C. Deam) ; Tampico (D. L. Crawford) ; Queretaro,

San Juan del Rio, Tamarindo, Teotihuacan, Patzingo, Oaxaca.
New Mexico: Mescalera (T. D. A. Cockerell); Engle (Nora Newberry); Clayton

(W. M. Wheeler).
Texas: Austin, Del Rio (W. M. Wheeler); Amarillo, Bovina (T. D. A. Cocker-
ell); Langtry (W. L. Braun); Brownsville (R. A. Vickery); Barksdale,

Edwards Co., Richmond.
Utah: St. George (V. M. Tanner).

7. PoGONOMYRMEX BARBATUS var. NiGRESCENS Wheeler

Plate 10

Wheeler, Psyche, 9, pp. 389, 391, ^ , 1902.

Geographical distribution:

Arizona: Gila Bend Mts., Casa Granda, Bowie, Fenner Canyon, South Cata-

Unas Mts., 3000 ft. (W. M. Wheeler),
New Mexico: Aden, Alamogordo, 4300 ft. (W. M. Wheeler); Albuquerque (W.

H. Long); Mesa Negra (E. L. Hewitt and Ruth Reynolds).
Texas: Del Rio (W. M. Wheeler); Eagle Pass (May Backus); Laredo (F. C.

Pratt); Barstow (J. C. Crawford); El Paso (J. C. Bradley); Musquiz

Canyon, Fort Davis (Cornell U. Exped.).

8. PoGONOMYRMEX BARBATUS subsp. RUGosus Emery

Plate 9

Emery, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst., 8, pp. 309, 310, S , d', 1895.

Geographical distribution:

Arizona: Tucson, Indian Gardens in Grand Canyon, Tempe, Florence, Jerome

(W. M. Wheeler); Cactus Plain (F. H. Snow).
California: San Jacinto (Theo. Pergande); Riverside (H. L. Quayle); Elsinore

(C. F. Baker); Lakeside, Palm Springs, Jacumba (W. M. Wheeler);

Needles (F. M. Carpenter); Victorville (E. C. Jaeger) ; San Diego (J. D. S.);

Point Loma (Percy Lenard); Perris (J. C. Bradley).

9. PoGONOMYRMEX CALIFORNICUS Buckley

Plates 2 and 11

Myrmica californica Buckley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 336, ^ , 1867;
Wheeler; Am. Nat., 36, p. 98, fig. 7, S , 1902; Psyche, 21, pp. 153-154,
g, ?, cf, 1914.

OLSEN : NORTH AMERICAN HARVESTING ANTS 503

Geographical distribution :

Arizona: Yuma, Grand Canyon, Phoenix, Yucca, Welton, Tempe, Norton's

(W. M. Wheeler), WUcox (A. K. Fisher).
California: Lakeside, Claremont, Arroyo Seco, Pasadena, Needles, Coyote

Wells, Saugus, Laguna Beach, Jacumba (W. M. Wheeler); San Jacinto

(C. Emery); Point Loma, San Diego (Percy Lenard); Upland, Lompoc,

Mission, San Diego (J. C. Bradley); San Pedro (T. D. A. CockereU);

Altamont (McLane); Sier Valley.
Mexico: Ojos del Diablo, Chihuahua (C. H. T. Townsend); Lower California

(Albatross Exped.).
Nevada: Las Vegas (J. C. Bradley); Moapa (C. W. Creel).
New Mexico: Las Cruces, Rincon (T. D. A. CockereU); Alamogordo, Mesilla

Park (W. M. Wheeler).
Texas: El Paso (J. C. Bradley).
Utah: St. George (V. M. Tanner).

10. PoGONOMYRMEX CALiFORNicus var. ESTEBANius Pergande

Plate 11

Pergande, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), 4, p. 33, 1893.

Geographical distribution :

Arizona: Tucson, Tucson Mts., Tempe, Florence, Gila Bend Mts., Yucca,

Yuma, Phoenix (W. M. Wheeler); Thatcher (R. V. ChamberUn).
California: Mojave, Palm Springs, Hidden Spring Canyon, Little San Berna-

dino Mts. (W. M. Wheeler); Victorville, 12 miles east (E. C. Jaeger);

Otis, Mojave Desert, Perris, Indio (J. C. Bradley); El Centro (Cornell

Exped.).

11. PoGONOMYRMEX CALIFORNICUS var. HINDLEYI Forel

Plate 11

Forel, Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat., 50, p. 27, ^ , 1914.

Geographical distribution:

Arizona: Thatcher (R. V. Chamberhn).

California: Escondido (E. Hindley).

New Mexico: Albuquerque (W. H. Long).

12. PoGONOMYRMEX CALIFORNICUS Subsp. BARNSEI M. R. Smith

Plate 11

Smith, Ann. Am. Ent. Soc, 22, pp. 246-247, g , 1914.

Geographical distribution:

Arizona: Maricopa Co. (0. L. Barnes).

504 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

13. Pogonomyrmex californicus subsp. longinodis Emery

Plate 11

Emery, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst., 8, p. 311, ^ , 1895.

Geographical distribution :

New Mexico: Alamogordo (W. M. Wheeler).

Texas: Marfa (W. M. Wheeler); Chisos Mts. (W. B. Phillips).

14. Pogonomyrmex californicus subsp. maricopa Wheeler

Plate 12

Wheeler, Psyche, 21, p. 155, g d^, 1914.

Geographical distribution:

Arizona: Post Canyon, Pinalino Mts. 4000-6000 ft.; Phoenix, Sabino Canyon,
South Catalina Mts.; Benson 3600 ft., Tucson, Yuma, Norton's, Welton,
Texas Pass, Dragoon Mts. (W. M. Wheeler); Sanford, Graham Mts., Ash
Creek (E. G. Holt); Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mts. (W. M. Mann);
Coyote Mts. 3500 ft. (Clark and A. N. S. P.).

California: Needles (W. M. Wheeler); Brawley (J. C. Bradley); El Centro
(CorneUU. Exped.).

Mexico: Ojo de S. Dijuela and Ojos del Diablo, Chihuahua (C. H. T. Town-
send).

New Mexico: Alamogordo, Albuquerque (W. M. Wheeler); Roswell, Deming
(T. D. A. Cockerell); Las Truces (Lillie Gerhardt); Engle .(Nora New-
berry); Mesilla Park (D. E. Merrill).

15. Pogonomyrmex californicus subsp. sinaloanus subsp. nov.

Plate 12

Worker. — Length 8-9 mm.

This handsome subspecies differs from the typical form of californi-
cus and all its known forms by its deep ferruginous color, except
barnsei which it resembles closely in this respect, but may be readily
distinguished from it by the delicate interrugal punctures and shin-
ing appearance. Peduncle of petiole with distinct small ventral
tooth; its node obviously narrower than long; length and height
of postpetiole equal to its width, its ventral protuberance unde-
veloped. Node and postpetiole finely shagreened dorsally.

Described from 21 workers taken by Case at Sinaloa, Mexico.

OLSEN : NORTH AMERICAN HARVESTING ANTS 505

16. PoGONOMYRMEX COMANCHE Wheeler
Plate 3 and 12

Wheeler, Psyche, 9, p. 392, S , 1902; 21, pp. 156-157, d^, 1914.

Geographical distribution:

Anzona: Graham Mts., Ash Creek, 3200 ft. (E. G. Holt).

New Mexico: Albuquerque (W. H. Long).

Texas: Metropolis, Travis Co. (W. M. Wheeler); Milano.

17. PoGONOMYRMEX DENTATUS Sp. nOV.

Plate 12

Worker. — Length 8.5 mm.

Head rectangular, exclusive of the 7-toothed mandibles slightly
broader than long; posterior margin slightly concave. Anterior border
of the clypeus broadly but faintly excised; its sides with a large blunt
tooth-like projection anterior to each antennal fovea. Frontal area
triangular, broader by a third than long, without a median cannula.
Eyes in the middle of the lateral surfaces of the head. Antennal
scape not reaching to midway between the eye and posterior angle of
the head. Thorax of the usual contour, with two long slender epinotal
spines, their length being at least a third greater than the interbasal
distance, directed obliquely upward, outward, and backward. Petiole
compressed at its base, its peduncle shorter than its node, which is
pointed in front so that the ascending dorsal surface forms an obtuse
angle in profile; posterior descending surface gently convex; antero-
ventral spine of petiole absent. Postpetiole campanulate; broader
than long, its ventral protuberance prominent. Gaster and legs of
the usual type.

Mandibles with coarse parallel striae. Frontal area smooth and shin-
ing. Clypeus, sides, and upper surface of head traversed by very
delicate, parallel rugae, which are very close together and scarcely
divergent posteriorly. Interrugal punctures indistinct and in a single
row between each pair of rugae. Posterior angles of the head smooth
and shining as in desertorum. Pleura of the pronotum densely punc-
tate and without rugae, its dorsum covered with fine transverse rugae
and the interrugal spaces densely and finely punctate; meso- and
metathoracic and coxal rugae mostly transverse and very fine. In-
fraspinal facet smooth and shining. Petiole, postpetiole, and legs
covered only with a delicate microscopic reticulum.

506 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Head, body, and legs covered with bristly, pale yellow hairs, which
are erect on the dorsal surface of the head and thorax and suberect
on the other parts. Lower surface of the head and mandibles with a
well developed beard. Pubescence absent.

Head and thorax yellowish red, gaster golden brown, mandibles,
except the black dentate margin, and posterior margin of the petiole
ferruginous. Eyes black.

This species is described from one specimen from the Pergande Col-
lection of the United States National Museum taken at Mirafiera of
the Cape Region of Lower California, Mexico.

Pog. dentatus is very similar to desertorum in appearance, but
differing in its larger size, absence of median frontal cannula, short
interbasal distance of epinotal spines, prominent ventral protu-
berance of postpetiole, presence of blunt tooth-like projections of
clypeus before the antennal fossae (which suggested the name), the
absence of rugae on the pleura of the pronotum, and darker mandibles
and gaster.

18. PoGONOMYRMEX DESERTORUM Wheeler

Plates 3 and 14

Wheeler, Psyche, 9, pp. 387-388, ^ , 1902.

Geographical distribution :

Arizona: Tucson and desert east, Benson, Tempe (W. M. Wheeler); Thatcher

(R. V. Chamberlin) ; Bowie (Cornell U. Exped.).
New Mexico: Mesilla Park, Aden (W. M. Wheeler); Mesilla Park "Pluchea

zone" (T. D. A. Cockerell); White Sands, Tularosa Desert (G. v. Krockow).
Texas: Fresno Canyon, Presidio, Langtry (W. M. Wheeler).

19. PoGONOMYRMEX DESERTORUM var. FERRUGINEUS var. nOV.

Plate 14

Worker. — Length 5.5-6 mm.

The worker of this variety differs from that of the typical form in the
following characters: 1, The coloration : in the typical form the whole
ant is yellowish red, while in the variety the entire ant is uniformly
dark ferruginous red, except the eyes and the dentate mandibular
margins which are black in both forms. 2, The epinotal spines of des-
ertorum s. St. are separated at their bases by a distance equal to that
of their length, while in the variety the interbasal distance of the spines
is less than their length. 3, The rugae of the head and thorax of the
typical form are very delicate and the interrugal punctures are in-

OLSEN : NORTH AMERICAN HARVESTING ANTS 507

distinct and in a single row, but in the vaxiety ferrugineus the rugae of
the head and thorax are distinctly coarser and the interrugal spaces
densely, but finely punctate. 4, The typical form is shining, but the
variety is decidedly opaque.

This variety is described from 10 workers taken at Tucson, Arizona,
one from the Pergande Collection and 9 collected by Mr. P. Klingenbery
at College Peak on March 22, 1933.

20. POGONOMYRMEX DESERTORUM Var. TENUISPINA Forel

Forel, Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat., 50, p. 269-270, g , 1914.

I am unable to find specimens of this variety in the collection.
Forel gives the locality as the United States, collected by Pergande.

21. PoGONOMYRMEX GUATEMALTECUS Wheeler

Plates 3 and 14

Wheeler, Psyche, 21, p. 149-151, ^ 9 , 1914.
Geographical distribution:
Guatemala: Zacapa (W. M. Wheeler).

22. PoGONOMYRMEX HUACHUCANus Wheeler

Plates 4 and 14

Wheeler, Psyche, 21, pp. 151-152, ^ , 1914.
Geographical distribution:

Arizona: Mouth Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts.; Sabino Canyon, South
Catalina Mts.; Texas Pass, Dragoon Mts.; Oracle (W. M. Wheeler).

23. PoGONOMYRMEX occiDENTALis (Cresson)

Plates 4 and 13

Myrmica occidentalis Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 4, pp. 426-427, S 9 , 1865;
Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges., Wien, 20, p. 971, S , 1870; Wheeler, Am.
Nat., 36, pp. 92, 98, fig. 5, g , 1902; Gaige, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 27, pp.
93-96, S 9 c^, 1914.

After a careful comparison of a series of 25 cotypes of workers and of
one female of occidentalis var. ruthveni Gaige with a series of the typical
forms of occidentalis Cresson I am compelled to consider the former
as a synonym of the typical form.

508 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Geographical distribution :

Arizona: Grand Canyon, just below "plateau," Garden Canyon, Huachuca

Mts.;Ash Fork; Post Canyon Pinaleno Mts. 5000-6000 ft., Prescott,

Coconino Forest, Grand Canyon (W. M. Wheeler); Yampai (T. D. A.

Cockerell); Williams, Cameron, Lee's Ferry (A. C. Cole Jr.)''.

British Columbia: Fairview (W. R. Buckell); Keremeos, Oliver, Okanagan

Falls, Osoyoos (E. R. BuckeU).i
Colorado: Colorado Springs, Buena Vista, Salida (W. M. Wheeler); Boulder
(T. D. A. CockereU); Littleton (A. C. Burrill); Grand Junction (E. H.
Siegler); Silverton 12000 ft; Hayden Park, Co. 10000 ft. (E. J. Osier);
Trinidad (W. M. Wheeler) .i
Idaho: Lewiston (J. M. Aldrich); Pocatello (N. A. Weber); Craters of the
Moon National Monument; Twin Falls, Rogerson, Nampa, Boise, Black-
foot, Arco, Idaho Falls, Weiser, Mountain Home, Shoshone, Ketchum,
Hailey, Redfish Lake, Hagerman, Hammett, American Falls, Dubois,
HolUster, Shoshone Falls, Rock Creek Canyon, Malta, Bliss (A. C. Cole,
Jr.)i; Parma, Virginia (G. W. Haug)i.
Kajjsas: Stockton (R. C. Smith)i.

Montana: Sanders (C. C. Adams); Custer Co. (E. R. Hutchins)i.
Nebraska: Cambridge (A. P. M.).

Nevada: Maggie Basin, Eureka and Elko Co. (F. M. Gaige).
New Mexico: Albuquerque, Clayton, Pecos 6000 ft. (W. M. Wheeler); Las
Vegas, Rowe, Las Valles, Embudo, Pinos Altos (T. D. A. Cockerell) i,
Kasolosky Road House, Pecos Valley, San Miguel Co. (E. D. Hewitt and
Ruth Reynolds).
North Dakota: Medora (C. T. Brues).

Oklahoma: BUss, Ponca City (A. C. Burrill); Woods Co. (R. D. Bird)i.
Oregon: Echo, Pendleton, Ontario, Baker and LeGrande (A. C. Cole, Jr.).
South Dakota: Ardmore (E. J. Holt) ; Rapid City, Mitchell, Sioux Falls (A. C.

Cole, Jr.)i; Capa, Mobridge, Newell (H. C. Severin)i.
Utah: Salt Lake Co. (R. V. Chamberlin); Lehi (W. A. Hooker); Sandy, Kays-
ville (E. H. Kalmbach); Brigham City (Grace Olsen); Tooele Valley,
Delle, Granssville, Snowville, Ogden, Zion National Park, Kanab (A. C.
Cole, Jr.)i; Grants (R. C. Shannon)^.
Washington: Camp Umatilla, Spokane (S. Henshaw); Almota.
Wyoming: Green River (J. M. Aldrich); Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone
National Park (J. C. Bradley); Cheyenne, Laramie, Rawlins, Rock
Springs, Kemmer, Cody, Ten Sleep (A. C. Cole, Jr.).

1 Cole, A. C. Jr., The Relation of the Ant., Pog. occidentalis Cresson to Its Environment,
Jour. Ohio Sci., (2) 32, pp. 133-134.

OLSEN : NORTH AMERICAN HARVESTING ANTS 509

24. PoGONOMYRMEX occiDENTALis var. UT.AJiENSis var. nov.

Plate 13

Worker. — Length 7.5-8.5 mm.

This variety differs from the typical form in the following respects :
1, The node of the petiole in profile terminates in a more or less well
defined point directed caudad as in suhdentaius , node not so wide as
in subdentatus; viewed from above narrow and pointed as in cali-
for7iicus. 2, The epinotal spines are shorter than the distance between
their bases, whereas in the typical form the length exceeds the inter-
basal distance by one half. 3, Cephalic rugae widely divergent pos-
teriorly. 4' Interrugal punctm-es of head and thorax less pronounced
than in occidentalis, s. St.; variety utahensis is subopaque, typical
form opaque.

Male. — Head, thorax and node of petiole black, remainder dark
brown, gaster with irregular darker bands; in the typical occidentalis
head, thorax, antennae, coxae, and femora dark brown, remainder
light yellowish red.

Female. — Cephalic rugae strongly divergent posteriorly; darker
coloration than the typical form.

This variety is described from 13 workers, two males, and two
females taken at Zion National Park, Utah, July 18, 1932 by W. S.
Creighton.

25. PoGONOMYRMEX SUBNITIDUS Emery

Plates 4 and 13

Emery, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst., 8, p. 310, S , 1895; Wheeler, Psyche, 21,
p. 156, 1914.

Geographical distribution:

California: Mt. Lowe, Arroyo Sacco near Altadena, Tejon Pass, Del Mar, War-
ren's, San Diego Co. (W. M. Wheeler); Los Gatos Canon, Diablo Range
(J. C. Bradley); La Jolla (C. T. Brues).

26. PoGONOMYRMEX SANCTi-HYACiNTHi Wheeler

Plates 5 and 13

Wheeler, Psyche, 9, pp. 388-389, g , 1902.

Geographical distribution:

New Mexico: Alamogordo.

Texas: Fort Davis, San Antonio (W. M. Wheeler).

510 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

27. Pogonomyrmex subdentatus Mayr

Plates 5 and 14

Mayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges., Wien, 20, p. 971, ^ , 1870; Wheeler, Am.

Nat., 36, pp. 94, 95, 98, fig. 6, y , 1902.
Geograpliical distribution :
California: San Jacinto (H. Heath); Pacific Grove (J. C. Bradley); Palo

Alto (W. M. Mann); Davis (T. W. Cook); Laguna Beach (W. M. Wheeler).

28. Pogonomyrmex salinus sp. nov.
Plates 5 and 14

Worker. — Length 7 mm.

Head rectangular, exclusive of the 7-toothed mandibles as broad
as long; posterior margin straight. Anterior border of the clypeus
straight. Frontal area triangular, as broad as long, convex and strongly
carinulate. Eyes in the middle of the lateral surfaces of the head. The
antennae were broken off in this specimen. Thorax only barely longer
than the head exclusive of the mandibles, from above it is broadest
through the pronotum, transverse diameters of meso- and epinotum
equal; in profile the dorsal outline is strongly convex in the pronotal
region and gently sloping to the border of the mesonotum where a
slight transverse depression occurs, epinotum weakly convex and
armed posteriorly with a pair of short, pointed spines whose length
is about 13^ greater than the distance separating their bases and about
}/2 less than that separating their outward pointing tips. Petiole
short, the node longer than the peduncle, in profile the node is higher
and the apex more pointed than in occidentalis; its anterior ascend-
ing surface straight, the posterior descending surface moderately
convex; seen from above the anterior border broadly acute as in
desertorum, transversely convex, slightly longer than broad. Ventral
surface of the peduncle without a spine. Postpetiole campanulate, as
long as broad posteriorly, evenly convex above, its ventral protu-
berance well developed and transverse. Gaster and legs of the usual
form.

Mandibles subopaque, coarsely and deeply striated. Frontal area
smooth and shining. Clj^jeus, front, and sides of head traversed with
coarse longitudinal parallel rugae; interrugal spaces of clypeus smooth
and shining, those of the front and sides of the head densely punctate
as in occidentalis. Rugae distinctly divergent posteriorly. Thoracic
sculpture coarse as on the head; rugae of the neck transverse and with-

olsen: nokth American harvesting ants 511

out distinct interrugal sculpture, arcuately transverse on pronotum,
longitudinal on mesonotum and meso- and metapleurae, and transverse
on epinotum; interrugal spaces coarsely and densely punctate. In-
fraspinal facet rugose and scarcely glabrous. Stem of petiole and
anterior surface of node shining, remainder of node and postpetiole
densely covered with coarse punctures; basal half of first gastric seg-
ment densely and finely punctate, remainder of gaster finely reticul-
ate and shining. Coxae faintly rugose, and like the legs covered with
a fine reticulation.

Head, body, and legs sparsely beset with pale hairs. Beard of long
recurved hairs on ventral side of mandibles and head well developed.
No pubescence.

Whole ant of a very deep ferruginous color and opaque, except the
gaster which is shining and brown, and the dentate apical margin of
the mandibles and eyes which are black.

This species is described from a single specimen taken near Soda
Springs, Bridgeport, California, by Mr. E. C. Jaeger on August 1, 1932.

29. POGONOMYRMEX WHEELERI Sp. nOV.

Plates 6 and 14

Worker. — Length 9.5-11.5 mm.

Head rectangular, exclusive of the 7-toothed mandibles slightly
broader than long; posterior margin at the most only very slightly
concave. Anterior border of the clypeus broadly and moderately
excised. Frontal area triangular, its base 1}/^ times as broad as its
height, with a distinct median cannula. Eyes in middle of the
lateral surfaces of the head. Antennal scape short, reaching only about
y^ of the distance from the posterior margin of the eye to the posterior
corner of the head. Thorax strongly arched in profile and usually with
a blunt projection at the apex of the pronotum; with two epinotal
spines of rather variable length and shape, being rather short in some
specimens, in others long and slender, and in still others somewhat
spatulate. In all except the shortest spines the length slightly exceeds
the interbasal distance; they are only slightly directed outward.
Petiole compressed toward the base, its peduncle only slightly longer
than the node, whose ascending anterior surface rises gently to a blunt
apex and forms in profile an obtuse angle; posterior descending sur-
face mildly convex; lower surface of petiole with a well developed,
downwardly projecting tooth. Postpetiole campanulate, broader than

512 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

long ; its ventral protuberance prominent. Gaster long and very wasp-
like in appearance. Legs of the usual type.

Mandibles with moderately fine, parallel striae. Frontal area exceed-
ingly finely striate under a high magnification and subopaque. Clypeus,
and upper surface of head traversed by very delicate, parallel rugae
which are very dense and not divergent except on the posterior border
of the head and there only slightly. Interrugal punctures very indis-
tinct on the front, more distinct on the sides of the head, and in a
single row between each pair of rugae. Posterior angles of the head not
smooth and shining. Thoracic and coxal rugae mostly transverse,
those of the propleurae indistinct and with large, distinct interrugal
foveolae arranged in single rows. Infraspinal facet smooth and shining.
Petiole and postpetiole punctate and subopaque. Legs and gaster
covered with a fine reticulation.

Body and legs beset with bristly pale yellow hairs, which are
erect on the dorsal surface of the head and thorax and suberect else-
where. Beard of long recurved hairs on the lower surface of head and
mandibles. No pubescence.

Entire ant uniformly dark yellowish red except eyes and dentate
margins of mandibles, which are black.

This species is described from twelve specimens taken at Escuinapa,
Sinaloa, Mexico by J. H. Batty. It resembles dcutatus and dcscrtorum
in the very delicate sculpturing, but difl^'ers from dentahis in its greater
size, its dark coloration, presence of frontal carinula and antero-
ventral spine on the petiole, coarser sculpturing, absence of tooth-like
projections of the clypeus anterior to the antennal fossae, and the
elongate gaster; from desertorum, by the rough posterior angles of
the head.

30. POGONOMYRMEX SIMILIS Sp. UOV.

Plates 6 and 14

Worker. — Length 7 mm.

Head rectangular, exclusive of the 7-toothed mandibles; posterior
margin slightly concave. Anterior margin of clypeus broadly, but at
most very faintly excised. Frontal area triangular, broader than long,
with a distinct, but not strong median carinula. Eyes in the middle
of the lateral surfaces of the head. Antennal scapes reaching not quite
half way between the eyes and posterior angles of the head. Thorax
of the usual shape and with two epinotal spines whose length is about
twice the distance between their bases; the basal portion of each spine

OLSEN : NORTH AMERICAN HARVESTING ANTS 513

broad and somewhat flattened latero-medially. Petiole compressed
at the base, a third shorter than its node, which is pointed anteriorly
so that the ascending surface forms an obtuse angle in profile; posterior
dorsal descending surface gently convex and longer than broad; ven-
tral surface of the petiole with a low, broad, downward projecting
tooth. Postpetiole campanulate and slightly broader than long, its
transverse ventral protuberance rather small, but distinct. Gaster
and legs of the usual configuration.

Mandibles with rather coarse, parallel striae. Frontal area smooth
and shining. Clypeus, sides and surface of the head traversed by
parallel rugae which are intermediate in coarseness between the deli-
cate rugae of descrtorum and the heavy ones of occidcntalis; they
are scarcely divergent posteriorly. Interrugal spaces densely, finely,
and indistinctly foveolate, Posterior angles of the head rugose. Thor-
acic and coxal rugae mostly transverse, except those of the mesonotum
which are usually longitudinal. Thoracic sculpture coarser than that
of the head. Infraspinal facet of the epinotum smooth and shining.
DescencHng posterior surface of node of petiole traversed by coarse
striae; postpetiole finely shagreened. Legs and gaster covered with a
microscopic reticulation.

Ant rather densely beset with pale yellow, bristly hairs which are
erect on the thorax and dorsal surface of the head, suberect elsewhere.
Underside of head and mandibles with a well developed beard of long,
recurved hairs.

Dark ferruginous throughout, except the eyes and dentate margin of
the mandibles which are black.

This species is described from fourteen specimens taken at Oracle,
Arizona on March 13, 1919 by Prof. W. M. Wheeler on the north
slope of Mt. Lemon at an altitude of 4500 feet.

It resembles dcsertorum in shape and size but differs in the slightly
coarser sculpturing, darker coloration, flattened epinotal spines, and
in having the posterior angles of the head rough. It differs from oc-
cidentalis, suhnitidus, and subdcntatus in having a less coarse sculpture,
flattened epinotal spines, and differently shaped petiole and node.

B. SUBGENUS EPHEBOMYRMEX
31, PoGONOMYRMEX (E.) iMBERBicuLUS Wheeler

Plates 6 and 15

Wheeler, Am. Nat., 36, pp. 86, 87-89, figs. 1, 2, ^ , 1902; Psyche, 9, p. 390,
1902.

514 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Geographical distribution:

New Mexico: Aden (W. M. Wheeler); Alamogordo (G. v. Krockow).
Texas: Mt. Bonnel, Austin; Del Rio, Langtry, Fort Davis (W.M.Wheeler);
Juno (Cornell Exped.).

32. Pogonomyrmex (E.) pima WTieeler
Plates 7 and 15

Wheeler, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 17, pp. 79-80, g , 1909.
Geographical distribution:

Arizona: Tucson and desert east, Mt. Lemmon, South CataUna Mts. 8000-
9150 ft.; Bowie, Casa Grande, Tempe, Florence (W. M. Wheeler).

33. Pogonomyrmex (E.) saucius Wheeler and Mann

Plates 7 and 15
Wheeler and Mann, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, pp. 29-31, figs. 10-11, S ,

1914.
Geographical distribution:
Haiti: Diquini, Furcy, Port au Prince, Cape Haitien (W. M. Mann).

34. Pogonomyrmex (E.) schmitti Forel
Plates 8 and 15

Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 45, pp. 339-340, ^ , 1901; Wheeler and Mann,
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, pp. 27-29, fig. 9, S 9 , 1914.

Geographical distribution:

Haiti: Haiti (M. J. Schmitt); Furcy, Petionville, Diquini, Port au Prince,
Mountains north of Jacmel (W. M. Mann).

35. Pogonomyrmex (E.) schmitti var. sublaevigatus Wheeler and

Mann
Plate 15
Wheeler and Mann, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 29, S 9 , 1914
Geographical distribution :
Haiti: Ennery, Mannesville, Diquini, Port au Prince (W. M. Mann).

36. Pogonomyrmex (E.) townsendi Wheeler

Plates 8 and 15

Wheeler, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 17, pp. 80-81, ^ , 1909.

Geographical distribution:

Arizona: Fort Grant, Pinalefio Mts. (Cornell U. Exped.); Tucson W. M.

Wheeler).
Mexico: Ojo del Cerro Chilicote, Chihuahua (C. H. T. Townsend).

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATE 1

Olsen — North American Harvesting Ants.

PLATE 1

Fig. 1; Pogonomyrmex hadius Latr.; lateral and dorsal aspect of small worker.
Fig. 2. Pogonomyrmex hadius Latr.; head of large worker, dorsal aspect.

BULL. MUS. CO MP. ZOOL.

Olsen. Harvesting Ants. Plate 1

PLATE 2

Olsen — North American Harvesting Ants.

PLATE 2

Fig. 1. Pogonomyrmex apache Wheeler; worker, lateral and dorsal aspect.
Fig. 2. Pogonomyrmex barbatus F. Smith; worker, lateral and dorsal aspect;
Fig. 3. Pogonornyrmex californicus Buckley; worker, lateral and dorsal aspect.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Olsen. Harvesting Ants. Plate 2

PLATE 3

Olseot — North American Harvesting Ants.

PLATE 3

Fig. 1. Pogonomyrmex comanche Wheeler; worker, lateral and dorsal aspect.
Fig. 2. Pogonomyrmex desertorum Wheeler; worker, lateral and dorsal aspect.
Fig. 3. Pogonomyrmex guatemaltecus Wheeler; worker, lateral and dorsal
aspect.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Olsen. Harvesting Ants. Plate 3

PLATE 4

Olsen — ^North American Harvesting Ants.

PLATE 4

Fig. 1. Pogonomyrmex huachucanus Wheeler; worker, lateral and dorsal

aspect.
Fig. 2. Pogonomyrmex occidentalis Cresson; worker, lateral and dorsal aspect.
Fig. 3. Pogonomyrmex subnitidus Emery; worker, lateral and dorsal aspect.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Olsen. Harvesting Ants. Plate 4

PLATE 5

Olsen — North American Harvesting Ants.

PLATE 5

Fig. 1. Pogonomyrmex sancti-hyacinthi Wheeler; worker, lateral and dorsal

aspect.
Fig. 2. Pogonomyrmex subdentatus Mayr; worker, lateral and dorsal aspect.
Fig. 3. Pogonomyrmex salinus Olsen; worker, lateral and dorsal aspect.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Olsen. Harvesting Ants. Plate 5

PLATE 6

Olsen — North American Harvesting Ants.

PLATE 6

Fig. 1. Pogonomyrmex wheeleri Olsen; worker, lateral and dorsal aspect.
Fig. 2. Pogonomyrmex sirnilis Olsen; worker, lateral and dorsal aspect.
Fig. 3. Pogonomyrmex (E.) imberbiculus Wheeler; worker, lateral and dorsal
aspect.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Olsen. Harvesting Ants. Plate 6

PLATE 7

Olsen — North American Harvesting Ants.

PLATE 7

Fig. 1. Pogonomyrmex (E.) pima Wheeler; worker, lateral and dorsal aspect.
Fig. 2. Pogonomyrmex (E.) saucius Wheeler and Mann; worker, lateral and
dorsal aspect.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL

Olsen. Harvesting Ants. Plate 7

PLATE 8

Olsen — North American Harvesting Anta.

PLATE 8

Fig. 1. Pogonomyrmex (E.) schmitti Forel; worker, lateral and dorsal aspect.
Fig. 2. Pogonomyrmex (E.) townsendi Wheeler; worker, lateral and dorsal
aspect.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Olsen. Harvesting Ants. Plate 8

PLATE 9

Olsen — North American Harvesting Ants.

PLATE 9
Distribution of Pogonomyrmex in North America.

BULL. MUS. COMP. 200L.

Olsen. Harvesting Ants. Plate 9

Distribution of Pogonomj-rmex in Xortli America.
■ Pog. apache Wh.
• Pog. badius Lat.
A Pog. barbatus F. Smith
+ Pog. barbatus var. niolefariens Buck.
O Pog. barbatus subsp. rugosus Emery

PLATE 10

Olsen — North American Harvesting Ants.

PLATE 10
Distribution of Pogonomjrrmex in North America.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Olsen. Harvesting Ants. Plate 10

Distribution of Pogonomyrmex in North America.
■ Peg. barbatus var. fuscatus Emery
• Pog. barbatus var. marfensis Wh.
+ Pog. barbatus var. nigrescens Wh.

PLATE 11

Olsen — North American Harvesting Ants.

PLATE 11
Distribution of Pogonomyrmex in North America.

BULL. MUS. COMP.ZOOL.

Olsen. Harvesting Ants. Plate 11

Distribution of Pogonomyrmex in North America.
■ Peg. californicus Buck.
• Pog. californicus var. estebanius Perg.
A Pog. californicus var. hindleyi Forel
+ Pog. californicus subsp. barnsei M. R. Smith
O Pog. californicus subsp. longinodis Emery

PLATE 12

Olsen — North American Harvesting Ants.

PLATE 12

Distribution of Pogonomyrmex in North America.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Olsen. Harvesting Ants. Plate 12

Distribution of Pogonomyrme.\ in North America.
■ Pog. californicus subsp. maricopa Wh.
• Pog. californicus subsp. sinaloaensis Olsen
A Pog. Comanche Wh.
+ Pog. dentatus Olsen

PLATE 13

Olsen — North American Harvesting Ants.

PLATE 13
Distribution of Pogonomyxmex in North America.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Olsen. Harvesting Ants. Plate 13

Distribution of Pogonomyrmex in North America.
■ Pog. occidentalis Cresson
+ Pog. occidentalis var. utahensis Olsen
• Pog. subnitidus Emery
A Pog. sancti-hyacinthi Wh.

PLATE 14

Oi£EN — North American Harvesting Ants.

PLATE 14

Distribution of Pogonomyrmex in North America.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Olsen. Harvesting Ants. Plate 14

Distribution of Pogonomyrmex in North America.

A Peg. guatemaltecus \Vh.

+ Fog. huachucanus Wh.

O Peg. subdentatus Mayr

□ Peg. salinus Olsen

A Pog. wheeleri Olsen

4= Pog. similis Olsen

■ Pog. desertorum Wh.

• Pog. desertorum var. ferrugineus Olsen

PLATE 15

Olsew — North American Harvesting Ants.

PLATE 16
Distribution of Pogonomyrmex in North Americai

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Olsen. Harvesting Ants. Plate 15

Distribution of Pogonomyrmex in North America.

■ Pog. (E.) imberbiculus AVh.

• Pog. (E.) pima Wh.

A Pog. (E.) saucius Wh. and Mann

+ Pog. (E.) schmitti Forel

=*: Pog. (E.) schmitti var. sublaevigatus Wh. and Mann

O Pog. (E.) townsendi Wh.

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