ylkaMM^iiiiijHjtoiaiiit^

MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY.

Received i ^ i 7
Accession No. '"r^/lX.
Givei

Place,

.nbyy^.H-ScrC.. o^TU.y^,

*^i*rlo book OP pamphlet is to be pemoved fpom the Iiab-
OPQtOPy ulitbout the permission of the Trustees.

BU LLETIN

NflTURflL History Society

OF

NEW BRUNSWICK.

No. XIV.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY,
Price 50 Cents,

ST. JOHN. N. B. :

Barnes & Co., 84 Prince William Street.
1896.

BULLETIN

OF THE

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

OF

NEW BRUNSWICK.

ARTICLE I.

DR. ABRAHAM GESNER — A BIOGRAPHICAL
SKETCH.

BY G. W. GESNER.

Read April 7th,

Abraham Gesner was born in Corn wal lis, J^ova Scotia,
May 2nd, 1797. His ancestors originally came from
Germany, where Conrad Gesner three hundred years ago
was so distinguished for his scientific attainments as to
be called the Plin}' of Germany, and was ennobled by the
Emperor. A branch of the family afterwards settled in
Zurich, Switzerland, where Solomon Gesner became dis-
tinguished as a poet, and where his fellow citizens after-
wards erected a monument to his memory.

Another branch of the family settled in Holland, from
which country Dr. Gesner's grandfather, Nicholas Gesner,
emigrated to ISTew York, and settled on the banks of the
Hudson River at Tappantown, in Rockland Co., about
twenty miles from the city of New York.

Henry Gesner, the father of the subject of the present
sketch, one of the sons of Nicholas Gesner and his twin

4 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL IIISTCiRY SOCIETY.

brother, Abraham, were about sixteen years of age when
the American revokitionar}' war began. '^Ihey were
ro^'alists, and incensed by the ill treatment of their father,
Nicholas, by the cowboys of the time, one of whom
removed the hat of the old man and substituted his own,
saying that it was good enough for a damned tory, they
crossed the Hudson at night and joined the British forces,
then on the eastern bank of the Hudson, near Tarrytown-

Mcholas Gesner possessed a large property at Tappan-
town. The place where Major Andre was executed was
upon the property of the Gesner family at Tappantown.

After serving in the war, the brothers were exiled
with other royalists when New York was evacuated by
the British, and went to Nova Scotia, where they were
granted lands in lieu of those confiscated by the Contin-
ental Congress ; the lands of Henry were situated in
Cornwallis, near Cornwallis Dyke ; those of Abraham in
Annapolis Valley, near the mouth of the Annapolis river.

The brothers both remained staunch loj^alists all their
lives, and Henry often declared to his grandchildren that
he believed in no other government but that of God and
the king.

Among the sons of Henry Gesner were Abraham, the
subject of the present biography, Gibbs and Henry.
There were also several daughters.

Abraham, with the exception of the time he passed
at Guy's and St. Bartholemew^'s ho8i3itals in London,
and '^ walked the hospitals," as it was termed, enjoyed no
more than the ordinary instruction of the grammar
schools of the day, but was always a great reader and a
diligent student.

His diary, begun on the 2nd May, 1818, when he
came of age, gives some revelation of his character at
that time. He made several ventures in business, one of

DR. ABRAHAM GESNER — A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 0

which was carrying horses to the West Indies. None of
these were proiitable, however, from causes beyond his
control.

On one of his voyages he was wrecked in a gale at
Wreck Hill, Somerset Parish, Bermudci, the vessel
fortunately pounding over the reef before it went to
pieces. He and the survivors were brought to Halifax
by one of Her Majesty's frigates.

On another of his voyages he was wrecked in the
schooner " Mason's Daughter " on Briar Island, at the
entrance of St, Mary's Bay, Nova Scotia. The crew
were washed ashore in a wintry surf, and barely escaped
being frozen to death.

But his courage and industry were not quelled by
these misfortunes.

At the age of twenty-eight he became a student of
surgery at Guy's Hospital, and of medicine at St. Bar-
tholemew's hospital, the first being under the direction
of Sir Astley Cooper, and the other under that of Dr.
Abernethy.

He was noted whde at Guy's Hospital for his earnest
application and also his deep spirit of piety. When any
physiological mystery became a subject of speculation
his ultimate reason was always, '' God niade it so," and
the phrase came to be known as Gesner's reason, and
was habitually used among the students.

He was married in 1824 to Harriet, daughter of Dr.
Isaac Webster, of Kentville, Nova Scotia, His children,
beside three who died in infiincy, \vere Henry, William,
George Weltden, Abraham Herbert, Brower, John Fred-
erick and Conrad. Of these two survive at the present
time, George Weltden and John Frederick, both of
whom are chemists and metallurgists and patentees of
improvements in various branches of applied science.

6 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

They reside in ^ew York. Brower became a surgeon
in the United States army, and Herbert an eminent
clergyman of the Episcopal church. Herbert's sons
Anthon and Richmond are also clergymen.

After taking his degree in medicine and surgery in
London, Dr. Gesner resided at Parrsboro, ISTova Scotia,
and was for a long time a country medical man, travelling
along the shores of Minas Basin in his neighborhood
and returning after visiting his patients with his saddle
bag laden with specimens from along his route. His
wa}^ lay in a district which was extremely rich in finely
crystallized mineralogical specimens.

In 1836 he published " Remarks on the Geology and
Mineralogy of Nova Scotia," and in 1838 was appointed
Provincial Geologist of the Province of New Brunswick,
and moved to St. John, making it his headquarters while
engaged in the explorations embodied in his reports on
the Geological Survey of the Province of New Brunswick,
printed by the government of that province.

While living at St. John, Dr. Gesner established the
Gesner Museum, afterwards purchased by the Natural
History Society of New Brunswick. Its formation began
with his personal collections in his various explorations.
Many specimens he obtained at Parrsboro. Blomidon,
on the opposite side of the Minas Basin, was a favorite
locality for his researches, and all the places mentioned
in his " Remarks on the Geology and Mineralogy of
Nova Scotia" were visited by him in person. The
animal portion of the museum was brought together at
St. John. The birds were a portion of what had fallen
before his own gun, as he was an excellent shot.

The moose, deer, caribou and larger animals were all
stuffed and preserved at St. John, at his residence on
McNab's Hill, and in setting them up several Micmac

DR. ABRAHAM GESNER — A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. /

Indians were employed, and almost any evening during
the progress of tlie woi'k a group of them could be seen
sitting about the fire, at the end of a large attic, smok-
ing killikhiiek and chatting in their soft tongue before
wrapping themselves in their blankets and going to sleep.

These Indians, many of whom were Dr. Gesner's
guides in his surveys, and who were good judges of the
natural attitudes and appearance of the stufl:ed animals,
were very capable assistants in setting them up. Dr.
Gesner's own study of the forest and its denizens had
been careful and observant, and made him proficient
for the work in hand. The Indians gave him a title,
signifying "Wise Man."

After leaving 8t. John he returned to Cornwallis,
Nova Scotia, and resided at the old homestead of his
father, Henry Gesner, and there wrote his "New Bruns-
wick, with Notes for Emigrants," and the " Industrial
Resources of Nova Scotia."

He engaged meanwhile in such medical practice as
the country oftered, and in further study of science as
applied to arts and manufactures. The dynamo of the
present time was foreshadowed by many of his experi-
ments at this place. The appliances used for covering
wire with insulating material by a peculiar winding
apparatus were a portion of his work.

He also constructed an electrical engine, or motor,
which was driven by a voltaic battery, the principle being
practically identical with that now used in electrical
motors, electrical lighting and other electrical applications.

In 1850 he removed to Sackville, near Halifax. He
moved to Halifax in 1852.

At Hahfax he met Lord Dundonald, then admiral of
B, N. A. station, who was the original discoverer of illu-
minating gas, and with him examined the asphaltum of

S BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

the pitch lake of Trinidad, and from it extracted a burn-
ing oil for lamps. Afterwards he extracted an illumina-
ting oil from coal and other bituminous substances, and
in 1854 patented it under the name of Kerosene in the
United States. This invention laid the foundation in
America of a large industry, leading to the use of jjetro-
leum for illuminating purposes and to the enormous
petroleum industry as it now exists. "^

At the time Dr. Gesner began the manufacture of
Kerosene at New York, camphene — a mixture of alcohol
and spirits of turpentine and wliale oil — and certain
vegetable oils, were with tallow and spermaceti candles
used for aifording light as well as gas.

In the manufacture of oil from coal and bituminous
matter, a waxy substance called paraffin was produced in
considerable quantity, and in naming the new oil it was
thought best to call it " wax oil " from the Greek words
keros "wax," and 'elaior "oil," The term "Keroselene"
was first proposed and afterwards shortened to "Kerosene"
to distinguish oils of this kind , and under that name was
patented.

Even with the best skill at command the first
kerosene, or coal oil, as it was also called, had when
prepared for market, very considerable odor. The kero-
sene oil works on Newton Creek, near Penny Bridge,

* A copy of this paiagiapL was sent to the CommissLner of Patents, Washing-
ton, D. C, U. S. A., with a request for an official confirmation of the claims of Dr.
Gesner to this important discovery, and the followin? reply has been received :
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTEHIOR.

United States Patent Office. I

Washington, D. C , June 4, 1896. \

Mb. Percy G. Hall, Secretary of N. H. S. of N. B.

Market Building, St. John, New Brunswick.

Sir, — In reply to your letter of May 30th, you are advised that patents Nos.
11,303, 11,204 and 11,205 were issued June 27, 1854, to Abraham Gesner, assignor to
the Asphalt Mining and Kerosene Gas Co., of Williamsburg, N. Y., for manufacturing
kerosene oil.

Copies of the drawings of above patents can be furnished for ten cents each,
and manuscript copies of the specifications for ten cents per hundred words.

By order of the (.Commissioner. Very respectfully.

GEO L. MORTON, Chief Clerk.

Please refer in answer to letter 72,814. Per W. W. H.

BR. ABRAHAM GESNER — A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. V

a locality now termed '• Blissville," was in 1856 quite a
landmark among the factories along the creek.

In 1861 Dr. Gesner pubhshed "Coal, Petroleum and
other Distilled Oils," and in 1863 returned to Halifax,
where he resided until his death. lie was a man of great
energy and industry, and capable of enduring enormous
labor. His explorations, particularly those of the Tobique
and Madawaska rivers in New Brunswick, were enough
work for most men in his profession, but when to these is
added the cft'ort necessary to give to his invention of
Kerosene and its introduction, wliich was very difficult at
first, the magnitude of his labor can be appreciated.

Sir Charles Lyell and Sir Roderick Murchison under-
stood and expressed their appreciation of his geological
abilities.

Shortly l)efore his death he was ofl'ered the (ihair of
natural history in Dalhousie College, Halifax. He was
a fellow of the Geological Society of England, correspond-
ing member of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall,
member of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec,
corresponding member of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, and a member of the Geogra-
phical Society of New York.

Dr. Gesner was a man of medium height, but with
deep chest and square shoulders. He had black eyes,
which shone brilliantly when he was excited, or in earnest
conversation. His lace in repose always showed reflection
and deep thought, and gives one the impression of strong
intellectual power. His hair was black to the end of his
days — he died at the age of sixty-seven.

He had a habit when telling a good story of scratch-
ing his head with his hand, in a quick, nervous way,
when he came to the point, and laughing heartily. His
lively disposition probably came from his French blood

10 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

— his mother being a Piiieo — a member of the Acadian
family of that name.

Dr. Gesner was popular with those with whom he
came in contact, and suggestions of poUtical success and
preferment were often made to him in consequence, but
he could not be induced to enter the political arena, but
remained true to his beloved science. lie was an enthu-
siastic sportsman, both with rod and gun, and we have
seen how he made these accomplishments the handmaids
of his scientific labors.

He was very fond of music and quite a capable per-
former on the flute and violin in the family circle. After
a wearing day's work he would seek recreation and
pleasure in pla3ing over old airs, especially the Scotch
music, of which he was particularly fond. He was always
abstemious and temperate in his habits of life, but liked
and would smoke a good cigar. He rose early and
retired earl}", believing in the old maxim with reference
to sleeping.

Many anecdotes might be told showing the geniality
and generosity of his disposition.

He remained a firm churchman all his life, and was a
warden for many years of Christ Church, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Here he had an opportunity of entertaining many of the
clergy, some of whom had large parishes in 'New York.
On one of these occasions he somewhat disturbed the
pious serenity of a very wise looking theologian who was
dining with him, and whose name was Walton, by
smilingly inquiring if he was any relation to the famous
Isaac Walton, author of the " Complete Angler."

A story is told showing the natural generosity of his
character when superintending a Sunday-school picnic of
the church to which he belonged. The picnic was held
in grounds surrounded by a high board fence to protect

DR. ARCHIBALD GESNER — A niO(;RAPHICAL SKETCH. 11

the scholars from a great band of waifs from the street,
who had collected on the outside and were clamoring for
something to eat. It was not long before the doctor had
a barrel well packed with provisions thrown over the
fence to the great delight and satisfaction of those out-
side, although they did not belong to a Sunday-school,
as it broke on the ground and scattered its dainties far
and wide.

Dr. Gesner lies buried in Camp Hill cemetery, Halifax,
Nova Scotia.

Dr. Gesner's Reports on the Geology of New Brunswick are
now difficult to obtain. Prof. L. W. Bailey and Dr. G. F.
Matthew each possess a full set, the Library of Parliament has
the third report, Boston Public libraiy two or three reports,
Boston Society of Natural History two or three reports, Har-
vard has none, and Prof. W. F. Ganong has the first report.
The reports were issued as follows :

First Report on the Geological Survey of New Brunswick, 1839,

Henry Chubb, St. John, 87 pages.
Second Report on the Geological Survey of New Brunswick,

1840, 76 pages, eleven woodcuts.

Third Report on the Geological Survey of New Brunswick,

1841, 80 pages, nine woodcuts.

Fourth Report on the Geological Survey of New Brunswick,

1842, 101 pages, eight woodcuts.
Topographical and Geographical Report, 1843, 88 pages.

The size of the page is five by eight inches.

Dr. Gesner's geological map of New Brunswick, now the
property of the Natural History Society, embodies the observa-
tions contained in Reports 1-3.

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

ARTICLE II.

THE RESTIGOUCHE — WITH NOTES ESPECIALLY
ON ITS FLORA.

Bt G. U. Hay, M.A., F.R.S.C.

(Read December 1st, 1806.)

Last t^ummer, in company with Dr. W. F. Ganong, I
made a trip down the Restigonche in a canoe. On the
morning of the 25th July, we started from St. Leonard's
Station, about thirteen miles above Grand Falls on the
St. John, and made the portage through to the headwaters
of the Restigouche, twenty-tive miles, arriving there about
four o'clock that afternoon. Twelve days after we reached
Campbellton after a most delightful trip, in almost un-
interrupted fine weather, and upon a river that has no
superior in romantic and picturesque scenery, even in
this province of beautiful rivers.

Twelve years ago when I stood on Bald Mountain at
the head of the Tobique and looked over the expanse of
virgin forest, amid which the Restigouche threads its
way through a wild and deep valley seaward, I had a
desire to know more of a river that is alike the s^Jortsman's
paradise, the delight of artists, and almost a terra incog-
nita to naturalists. "With an appetite sharpened by
twelve years of waiting, I became a willing partner in
last summer's excursion.

For the first twelve miles of our portage through
from the St. John to the head waters of the Restigouche
we had a good road. Our portageurs — three men in all
— drove ahead on a stout wagon drawn by two horses,

THE RESTKiOUCHE — WITH NOTES ON ITS FLORA. 13

with our canoe and baggage, while we brought up the
rear in a light wagon. The remaining thirteen miles we
made mostly on foot over a very rough road.

The morning was bright and beautiful, and for two
or three miles we drove along the banks of the St. John
until we came to the Grand River, up the ridge bordering
on whose valley we were soon Avinding by a succession
of hills that brought us gradually to the northern water-
shed of New Brunswick. The view from one of the
highest of these hills is strikingly picturesque. Behind
us lay the broad valley of the St. John flowing with
sweeping majestic curves from its home in the northern
wilderness, passing the quiet villages of St. Leonard's
and Van Buren, and then continuing in a long, quiet
stretch as if preparing for the rush and leap at the Grand
Falls. On the opposite side of the St. John lay the
highlands of Maine. On our right was the narrow gorge
of the Grand River, and on our left the valleys of the
Siegas and Quisibis with the lofty peaks of Green River
and Quisibis Mountains in the distance. Except the
narrow settlement we were going through, all around
was an unbroken wilderness. Along the Grand River
Settlement there were three grades of settlers, nearly all
French, or descendants of French, from the l*rovince of
Quebec and Madawaska County. The first grade in-
cluded the oldest settlers, with passably comfortable
houses, a considerable acreage of land reclaimed from the
forest, with fields showing a more or less scientific
attempt at cultivation. The second grade sho'\\ed a link
between the modern and the settler of bygone years.
There was the frame house, and near by the tottering
remains of the old log cabin where the " rude forefathers
of the hamlet" dwelt, now a picture of ruin and distress.
For what more distressed picture is there than an old

14 BULLKTIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

house, ^vhich in its day merely served the purpose of
shelter ? The last or frontier settlement is on the verge
of civilization, and we are standing before the last hut
before phmging into the forest. And this hut is ty})ical
of a dozen that we have seen in the last few miles. Not
a vestige of a tree or shrub around the bare and comfort-
less hovel ; a half starved geranium in the only window
that fronted the roadway ; a group of sliy children that
refused our advances and scattered to the rear of the
house on our approach ; a dog that growled sullen
defiance and betook himself to the door where he showed
his gleaming teeth in a very unmistakable way.

It is not to be wondered at that we bade good-bye to
civilization (?) on that hot eTuly day, and betook ourselves
to the grateful shade of the forest with the liveliest relief
and satisfaction. A great city is not the only place
where we meet with extremes of wealth and poverty, of
high life and low life. As we entered the woods and
saw those aristocratic elms and maples and pines, we
were impressed with their magnihcence, and could not
help thinking that if those poor settlers, when they
carved homes for themselves in the wilderness had
thought that they had other wants to satisfy than mere
physical wants, they would have left standing one or
two lordly forest trees and reared their humble roofs
under their grateful shade. It seems to me that the
Giver of all blessings would look down upon such a
habitation as that and pronounce it " good." How much
better is man, both physically and intellectually, with
trees as neighbours and companions, beneath whose cool
shade he can rest himself and smoke his pipe in content-
ment as he surveys his growing acres, and thank God
for them all.

THE RESTIfiOUCHE — WITH NOTES ON ITS FLORA. 15

And yet in that whole settlement there was not a
sliade tree worthy the name, but instead a mournful line
ot wretched dwellings strung along the road. The man
had been swallowed up in the wood chopper and he
thinks only of chopping down the native growths,
clearing up the vines and trees and shrubbery and
sacrificing everything to present utility. He begrudges
a few inches of soil to the rightful owners, who would
thankfully bless him every day of his busy life for sparing
them. But instead of thinking of the tree as a friend
the settler looks upon it as an enemy, one that must be
rooted out and destroyed. And tree murderers are not
confined to Madawaska County.

But I started out to write notes on the flora of the
Restigouche. A few miles from St. Leonard's we saw a
honeysuckle which proved to be the Swamp Honeysuckle
[Lonicera oblongifolia), a plant new to our provincial flora.
Through the settlement we found the same weeds dis-
puting the possession of the soil with the farmers as we
find in other places. The Ox-eye Daisy and the Cone-
flower {Rudbeckia hiria) in the grass-fields, the Wild
Mustard in the grain fields, and a profusion of Campion
flowers {Silene Cuciibalus) on the roadside. When we
entered the forest our road, which had to be cut at
intervals, lay along beautiful stretches of woodland
chiefly rock maple and yellow and gray birch, with a
beautiful undei-shrubbery of Viburnum lantanoidcs.
The gentle ascents were clothed with mosses, the Twin
no%ver [Linncea borealis), scenting the woods with its
fragrant odor, and the White Oxalis {Oxalis acetoseUa),
in contrast with sphagnums of the hollows with dense
shrubbery of viburnums and cornuses, with pyrolas in
bloom, and with some fine specimens of Habenaria
orbicalata, its loose spike of greenish-white flowers with

16 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HLSTORY SOCIETY.

their long spurs reminding one strongly of tropical
orchids. This water shed, dividing the St. John from
the Restigouche, is a gently undulating tableland, ele-
vated about eight hundred or a thousand feet above
the sea-level and well watered. Many of the streams
trickle slowly through swamps and find their Avay either
to the tributaries of the St. John or Restigouche. It has
a soil, to judge from the vegetation upon it, nowhere
exceeded in richness throughout this province, except in
the alluvial valleys of its chief rivers. Derived from the
disintegration of the underlying Silurian slates, the soil is
apparently of considerable depth, remarkabl}^ free from
stones, and would form a rich agricultural district if ren-
dered more accessible by post road and railway. A rail-
way across the northern part of New Brunswick from the
Bay of Chaleur to the valley of the St. John, would open
up for settlement this rich tract of watershed and the upper
Restigouche, and bring into general view some of the most
rugged and picturesque scenery of Eastern Canada. But
this grand primeval wilderness would be blackened and
desolated by forest fires, — the sure attendant of frontier
settlements. The shrill Avhistle of the locomotive would
be daily heard in those solitudes whose silence is only
occasionally broken b}' the gentle sounds of the canoeman's
paddle, the whir of the angler's rod, the ringing echo of
the sportsman's gun, or the clear strokes of the lumber-
man's axe. The adventurous spirits who love these
solitudes might wish that " the greatest good to the
greatest number" would be indefinitely postponed, and
that the difficulties in the way of railroad communica-
tion may prove an insuperable obstacle in breaking up this
sportsman's paradise.

About four o'clock on the afternoon of July 25th, onr
ears were gladdened by the welcome sounds of rippling

THE RESTIGOUCHE — WITH NOTES ON ITS FLORA. 17

waters, and in a few minutes we stood on the bank of the
E-estigouche, whose praises have been celebrated in poetr}^
and prose by delighted anglers from both continents. Its
clear waters now gliding swiftly over the pebbly bottom,
now reposing in some quiet pool, gave the anglers an
invitation to " cast " which was promptly accepted, and a
few speckled beauties gave promise of sport and welcome
additions to our not over-abundant camp supplies. We
found the water very low — not deep enough in the shallow
places to float a loaded canoe — and that meant work for
the canoemen. But who would object to a little work in
that clear mountain air and the prospect of a run of over
a hundred miles on the Restigouche ! We pitched our
tent on that famous camping ground near the mouth of
the Waagan, the resting place for many years of voyageurs
like ourselves — a pretty bit of meadow but whose edges
were blackened by the fires of too careless campers of
other years. The camp of the absent warden was taken
possession of by our guides, and before sundown we had
everything in good shape for a comfortable night. But
we had reckoned without our hosts — the flies. They
came in swarms — mosquitoes, black flies, sand flies, bite-
'em-no-see-'ems and others of the vile horde that are the
anathema of woodsmen. We used all the resources at
our command — smudges, veils, ointments and the mildest
adjectives that our vocabulary would allow us to use, but
they would not ofi". They wanted tribute and, like
Macbeth, they would have blood. We paid the tribute
as calmly as we could, and gained in experience what we
lost in flesh. I took a bottle of villanous ointment that
caused me more discomfort than the flies ; a mosquito net
kept out the largest and was not uncomfortable on hot
days, with a breeze that would drive the air through it.
A " smudge " is eflfective but it is as likely to drive you

18 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

out of the tent as the flies. The best plan we found was
to choose a camping ground in the woods, and when we did
so were nearly free from discomfort. One night, at the
mouth of the Gounamitz, we slept on a sand beach.
We never repeated that experiment. The recollections
of the moonlight effects on the bluff that towered more
than a hundred feet from the water on the opposite side
of the river, and the rugged beauties that the morning
sunlight flashed back to us from those pinnacles of rock
and tree, were no compensation for that night of sleepless
torture. Never sleep on a sand beach ; choose a ground
a trifle elevated and leafy ; build two or three fires not
far from the tent door ; keep good hours and close up the
tent early ; then, if you haven't been dodging the fish
warden through the day, and your conscience is clear in
other respects, you will probably sleep soundly.

The old route between the St. John and the Eesti-
gouche was by canoe up the Grand River and into one of
its small tributaries, the Waagansis ; thence by a "carry"
of three miles into the Waagan, an affluent of the Resti-
gouche, and down that stream to the spot where we made
our first camp. But that is now practically impossible
owing to the filling up of the slow-running Waagan, and
the dense growth of bushes which almost conceals it. I
could scarcely believe that it had ever been passable for
canoes. But we saw it at the height of an unusually
dry season.

One of the last plants that we saw on the borders of
the Grand River Settlement was the Campion Flower
{Silene Cucubalas). It was the first to attract our attention
on the pebbly beaches of the Restigouche. It was almost
constantly in sight on the whole course of the river. And
yet it is not a native plant, but introduced on to this
continent from the old world where it occupies wide areas

THE RESTiriOUCHE — WITH NOTES ON ITS FLORA. 19

from ISTorth Africa and India to the Arctic Ocean. It
has evidently followed the footsteps of man, both as settler
and explorer, for it is as abundant on the upper St. John
as on the Restigouche. Its inflated grayish-green calyx
is beautifully veined and surmounted bj" white petals.
Growing in dense clumps, it is an attractive plant. In
the woods near by we found our common Hop {Humidus
Lupulus) and from its position here and at other points on
the river it is without doubt indigenous to our province.
I saw some fine specimens in fruit of the Wake-Robin or
Nodding Trillium [Trillium cernuum), and several species
of wild gooseberry and currants [JRihes).

I shall only make mention in connection with this trip
of those plants that are new or rare to the province, or
those that are striking by their great abundance, luxuriance
of growth, or other distinguishing features. I feel sure
that this, the first descriptive account of the flora of the
Restigouche, will be full of interest to you, occupying as
this river does, the northern limit of the province, and
prior to the visit of Dr. Cox and Mr. Brittain, a few years
ago, almost unknown to botanists. I wish to acknowledge
at the outset my indebtedness to these gentlemen for lists
of the plants they collected; to Messrs. R. Chalmers and
R. W. Ells of the Geological Survey Department, whose
valuable reports on the surface geology and forest growths
of Northern New Brunswick I have availed myself of to a
full extent; to Mr. Walter Deane, of Cambridge, for his
assistance in identif^'ing doubtful species ; and chiefly to
my sole companion of the voyage, Dr. W. F. Ganong,
without whose knowledge of aflairs and wide experience
in wood craft, the trip could not have been made, and
whose genial comradeship will always remain as one of the
pleasantest features of the trip.

20 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Let me attempt to give you a few general ideas of the
topographical features of this northern heritage of ours.
I may remind you that the chief watershed of New
Brunswick extends from the extreme northwest limit of
the province southeasterly to Baie Verte ; that the eastern
slope extending from this is drained by the Restigouche,
Nipisiguit, Miramichi, and by a great number of smaller
rivers. The south-western slope is drained by the St.
John and its tributaries, and by smaller rivers. Next to
the St. John and Miramichi the Restigouche is the
largest river in New Brunswick. It is 150 miles long
and drains an area within the province, of 2,200 square
miles, about one-fifth of that drained by the St. John,
and less than one-half the area drained by the Miramichi,
although, as a whole, the basin of the Restigouche
is nearly as great as that of the Miramichi. Its
chief tributary from the south is the Upsalquitch, and
three chief branches from the north are the Katawam-
kedgwick, the Patapedia, and the Metapedia, one of
which at least is larger than the main stream ; but
the main stream is considered to have the right to the
name because of its generally direct course from the
watershed in Northern New Brunswick to the Gulf of
St. Lawrence. The Metapedia is wholly a Quebec river,
the Patapedia forms the boundary between this province
and Quebec in the lower half of its course, while the
Katawamkedgwick, wider andof greater volume than the
Restigouche, where it joins the latter, flows only for the
last forty or fifty miles of its course within New Bruns-
wick territory. The wide divergence of these four
tributaries from the main stream is the origin of the
Indian name Restigouche (river of the five fingers). The
Restigouche takes its rise in the north-east of the County
of Madawaska, near Prospect Peak, and about twenty-

THE RESTIGOUCHE- -WITH NOTES ON ITS FLORA. 21

five miles north-west of our camping ground at the mouth
of the Waagan. Its waters are clear and cold, from the
springs and lakes of the dense wilderness to the north, —
and some of these sources are probably within the pro-
vince of Quebec. Its flow is strong and swift, broken by
rapids on an average of every one hundred yards, but
nowhere impassable for a canoe. In its course of 110
miles, from the Waagan to Tide Head, above Campbell-
ton, there is a descent of from 400 to 600 feet. The
Restigouche flows through a narrow valley, growing
deeper as you descend the stream, flanked b}^ hills rising
very steep from the waters' edge, but scarcely ever
too steep not to admit of a luxuriant vegetation,
chiefly evergreen. In the loops formed by its winding
course there may be seen, at intervals, now a stretch of
meadow land, now beautiful terraces from thirty to seventy
feet above the river; but so suddenly does the stream
change its course and rush to the opposite side again, that
these meadows and terraces alternate from one side of the
river to the other in quick succession. These level spots
are clothed with the most luxuriant vegetation, whose
vivid green contrasts with the clear, flashing waters below
them and the dark evergreen of the hillsides beyond.

Can you imagine greater pleasure than this — to sit
in a canoe, paddle in hand, and wind in and out at the
rate of five or six miles an hour amid scenes like these ?
And how we wished when our journey was ended that
we had gone more slowly ! Yet we only ran three or four
hours, on an average, each day.

I agree with the author of "Little Rivers" when he
says : "A river is the most human and companionable of
all inanimate things. It has a life, a character, a voice of
its own, and is as full of good fellowship as a sugar maple
is of sap. * * # * rpj^g j^fg q£ ^ river, like that of

22 BULLETIN OF THK NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

a human being, consists of the union of soul and body.
They belong together. They act and react on each other.
The stream moulds and makes the shore ; hollowing out
a bay here and building a long point there ; alluring the
little bushes close to its side, and bending the tall slim
trees over its current, sweeping a rocky ledge clean of
everything but moss, and sending a still lagoon full of
white arrow-heads and rosy knot-weed far back into
the meadow. The shore guides and controls the stream
* * bending it into a hundred sinuous curves * *
here hiding the water in a deep cleft overhung with green
branches, and there spreading it out, like a mirror framed
in daisies to reflect the sky and clouds, sometimes break-
ing it with sudden turns and unexpected falls into musical
laughter, sometimes soothing it into a sleepy motion like
the flow of a dream." The author might have had the
Restigouche in mind, for such a description suits it exactly.

With patches of meadow and terrace, near each other,
yet separated by the river, and with precipitous hills
rising on all sides, the upper Restigouche can never be a
country of farms. The smallness of the terraces and
meadows, the precipitous hillsides and wild scenery, are
better suited for those fishing lodges, simply planned, all
of them after the same pattern but in harmony with
their surroundings, which we find farther down the river,
perched above some salmon pool, and empty, except
during the fishing season each year.

About 12 o'clock on the day following our arrival at the
Waagan our guides left for home and we began the des-
cent of the river. The prospect before us of a fortnight
in the wilderness, the " paddling our own canoe " through
those rapids of the curving gorges ahead, our independ-
ence of guides, the anticipation of the discovery of some
new plant, sent the blood dancing in our veins with ex-

THE RESTIGOUCHE — WITH NOTES ON ITS FLORA. 23

hilarating flow as we seized our paddles and shoved out
into mid-stream. The success of our expedition and our
own safety depend on the careful handling of our canoe.
Tenderly we lift it over shallows and guide it carefully
and slowly through the swirling eddies as the river rushes
past some precipitous hluff. Then, as we shoot out of
the rapids and glide gently over some smoother current,
we rest on our paddles and gaze for a moment on the
wondrously beautiful scene around us. But it is only
for a moment or two. The eager and impetuous stream
ahead of us is chafing over pebbles and rocks, and we
must choose the course that promises the greatest safety
and the least labor. But it is done safely ; and the caution
and unerring instincts of the steersman were rewarded by
not even the approach to an accident during the whole
descent of the river. Here and there, as if to lighten our
task, little brooks and larger streams came dashing in
with their supplies, and the river grew more expansive
and deeper, but more headstrong. Our course at first
lay among gently elevated hills well back from the river,
not more than fifty to one hundred feet in height, but
the river seemed bent on diving farther and farther into
the recesses of the earth. The gorge deepened as we
advanced, and the hills grew into mountains until they
attained in places an altitude of a thousand feet and
upwards.

On our first afternoon we passed several fertile mea-
dows where the Ostrich Fern {Onoclea Strut hiojJter is) grew
in the greatest abundance, and so luxuriant that fronds six
feet in height were not rare. This fern is probably the
most abundant on the river, the rich alluvial soil and cool
shady ravines furnishing a most congenial habitat. A
shield fern [Aspidium aculeatum var. Braunii) was found
growing with the Ostrich Fern in "greater abundance than

24 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

we had ever seen it before. Its fronds are usually a foot
or so in height but one frond measured three feet in height.
The deep green color of this fern and the light brown
chaffy scales of the stipe and rachis make it one of the
most beautiful and desirable of our ferns. The most
common Ranunculus along the Restigouche was Ranun-
culus septentrionalis, especially on its upper waters, but
R.fiammula var. reptans was met with commonly on sandy
shores, and R. tricophyllus in the shallow water of the
ponds or bogans, where it is found with the Arrow-head
{Sagittaria variabilis) and its many varieties, their white
flowers covering the waters in greatest profusion. Hun-
ter's Brook, about five miles below the Waagan, invited
an exploration. It flows into the Restigouche from the
south through a rocky gorge whose shelving and precipi-
tous sides of calcareous slates were clothed with mosses
and ferns of the most luxuriant growth. The common
Rock Fern {Poly podium vulg are) which has been considered
rare in northern countries is very abundant here. One
frond measured eighteen to twenty inches in height.
The green Spleenwort {Asplenium viride), the Bladder ferns
{Cystopteris bulhifera and C. fragilis) and the Spleenwort
{Asplenium thelypteroides) were growing here in unwonted
size and variety.

The trees along the Restigouche are largely evergreen
which would give a sombre character to the deep valley,
but for the sparkling waters and the numerous windings
which bring other characteristics rapidly into view. Of
evergreens the White Spruce {Picea alba) is the most
abundant. The Black Spruce {Picea nigra) is much rarer,
while very few pines, and these only of one species, the
White Pine {Pinus Strobus), are to be seen along the river.
The Cedar {Thuya occidentalis), is quite common, so also
is the Balsam Fir {Abies balsamea), whose lon^, slender

THE RESTIGOUCHE — WITH NOTES ON ITS FLORA. 25

trunks often rising to the height of seventy or eighty
feet and clothed with Old Man's Beard ( Usnea barbata),
are a conspicuous object along the banks. No tamaracks
were seen on the banks of the Upper Restigouche and but
few farther down. Of deciduous trees, the balsam poplar
{Populus balsamifera) is the most abundant on the low
grounds, and is found everywhere along the river.
Elms, black, white and yellow birches, the white
and black ash, maple, especially the red maple {Acer
rubrum), with alders. Willows and sumachs are quite
common.

The second day's run brought us to the mouth of the
Gounamitz (Little Forks) about fifteen miles below the
mouth of the Waagan. This is the first large tributary
of the Restigouche and flows in from the north. The
scenery about the mouth is very wild and picturesque,
the cliffs rising from the river to the height of over one
hundred feet. At the base of these cliffs we found
growing that delicate and beautiful fern the Cliff Brake
{Pellcea gracilis), and the Asplenium viride, lichens and
mosses in the greatest variety and abundance, giving
promise of rare and perhaps new species had we taken
the opportunity to collect them. Patches of dandelion
and ox-eye daisy and the song of a robin remind us we
are not beyond the pale of civilization. Here we find a
violet ( Viola primulwfolia), rare in this province. A mile
below the forks of the Gounamitz is Boston Brook,
evidently a favored camping ground. Here we found
growing in considerable abundance a vetch with yellow
flowers {Laihyrus pratensis), the onl}' place on the river
where we noticed it. Below Boston Brook the country
changes to a marked extent from a hilly to a level country,
but only for a mile or two, — a good site for a frontier
settlement. A short distance further down, just below

26 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Jardiae's Brook, the Silurian ledges cropping out remind
us of the Upper St. John and its flora. Here we find the
first wild rose met with on the trip {Eosa Carolina), two
anemones {Anemone Pennsylvanice) and A. cylindrica,
the Painted Cup [Castilleia pallida var septentrionalis),
Hedysarum boreale, the Poison Ivy, {Rhus toxicodendron),
the Bilberry {Amelanchier Canadensis), Lobelia Kalmii
and others — all Upper St. John plants.

Our fourth camping ground was near the mouth of the
Kedgewick which here comes in from the north and is the
largest aflluent of the Restigouche. There is a fine stretch
of meadow land here and a good farm, the first met with
on the river, owned by Mr. Mowatt. We went about
half a mile up the Kedgewick, found several rare carices,
and an evening primrose {CEnothera Oakesiana. A little
below the mouth of the Kedgewick on the right bank of
the river is the fishing lodge of Col. Rogers, of New York,
who owns the famous fishing pool known as " Jimmy's
Hole" where the water is from thirty to forty feet deep, a
steep wall of white rock rising from the eastern side; and
next is Soldier's Gulch, the best salmon pool on the river.
A little below on a picturesque little nook at a bend of the
river we come upon the summer camp of Mr. Ayer, of
Bangor, and two miles farther we reach Down's Gulch,
a fine camping ground. Here we found the Grass of
Parnassus {Parnassia Caroliniana), Tojieldia gluiinosa,
Hedysarum boreale, Astragalus alpinus, very abundant
along the lower river, the purple fringed Orchis {Habenaria
psycodes), the Rock Strawberry {Fragaria vesca), Anemone
cylindrica, several rare carices and several species of j uncus.
For the next ten miles we pass through some of the most
striking and picturesque scenery on the Restigouche.
The river makes sudden turns, and leaps tumultuously
from rapid to rapid, vainly strikes against the base of a

THE RRSTIOOUOHK WITH XOTES ON ITS FLORA. '2 t

rocky eminence and recoils, seething and foaming, to take
a great sweep to the right, and seek a sullen repose in the
great black pool beyond. There seems scarcely room
enough for the river in the narrow gorge through which
it rushes, careering to almost every quarter of the compass.
Salmon pools are frequent and very deep. The hills rise
to the height of six hundred to eight hundred feet, and
the presence of more deciduous trees, such as maples and
birches renders the foliage less sombre than farther up
the river. Opposite the frequent bends in the river are
numerous terraces from thirty to fifty feet high, some of
them, especially those at Red Bank and the mouth of the
Patapedia, being of considerable extent and all in the
most picturesque and beautiful situations imaginable,
sloping down to the edge of deep pools and giving the
opportunity to view from their vantage ground scenery
that cannot be equalled in these provinces. Nearly all
these terraces have fishing lodges built upon them owned
by the Restigouche Salmon Club.

The Devil's Half-Acre, as might be supposed, is one
of the wildest and most rugged spots, and is a precipitous
bluff, whose rocky base is surmounted by calcareous slates,
rising from the river to a height of some three hundred
feet. His satanic majesty's preserve, however, was a very
good botanical ground. The Buffalo-berry {Shepherdia
Canadensis)^ Poly j)odium vulgar e^ Woodsia Ilvensis, Solidago
squarrosa, Potentilla arguta, roses and pyrolas occurred,
and several heath plants were seen here, although this
family is somewhat rare on the Restigouche. Nearly
opposite the mouth of the Patapedia (Pata-pee-jaw, with
a strong emphasis on the last syllable, is the local name)
is a large farm owned by Mr. "Wyer, and there is con-
siderable interval land in the vicinity. Although the
salmon season was about over there was one angler who

2S HULLETIN OF TH K NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

was paying his second visit to the famous pool at the
mouth of the Patapedia — the Rev. Dr. Rainsford of New
York, and the next morning we enjoyed salmon fishing
— hy proxy.

Cross Point is a romantic spot on this most picturesque
part of the river. Climbing to the top of the rocky and
dizzy height which is surmounted l)y a rough wooden
cross, we overlook a magnificent stretch of endless hills
and gorges. Three hundred feet below us the river flows
in a northeast direction and curving round, forming an
oval peninsula, takes a directly opposite course. So closely
does the river double on itself that one can sit on the
narrow mountain ledge, about the width of a saddle, with
a foot dangling over each stream. It is not a spot that
would insure peaceful dreams for the following night if
one remained very long upon it.

From the mouth of the Patapedia down we have
Quebec Province on our left and New Brunswick on our
right, for from the mouth of this river to the Ba^' of
Chaleur the Restigouche forms the boundary line between
the two provinces.

Our camping ground on the night of 31st July was
Tom's Island, which we reached just at dark ; a clear,
cold night with frost or a very near approach to it — and
no flies ! This island, situated at the mouth of Tom
Ferguson's Brook, proved so interesting in its variety of
plants that we spent the greater part of the next day in
investigating them. The island — or rather peninsula at
low water — forms the apex of a bend in the river. The
isthmus connecting it with the right hand bank of the
river is of Upper Silurian limestone, highly tilted, and no
doubt underlies the island. The central portion of the
island is about one hundred yards long and twenty wide
in the broadest part, covered with alluvial soil, and

THE RESTIGOUCHE — AVITH NOTES ON ITS FLORA. 29

bearing a dense vegetation, witli a margin extending up
river about four hundred yards of more stony material
bearing shrubs and low herbs. It can readily be seen that
an island in this position at a point where the river almost
doubles on itself, and with a stream flowing into it from
a direction opposite to that of the river would be in a good
position to receive plant seed and should have a varied
plant growth, and so it proved. In this limited area and
on the adjoining isthmus we found over one hundred differ-
ent species of flowering plants. The examination of the
island proved so interesting that I must make it the subject
of a separate article. I observed here the Hurouian Tansy
{Tanacetum Haronense), its first station on the river, and
further east, I believe, than it has ever been noted on the
continent.

We camped over Sunday on a terrace overlooking the
chain of rocks, having passed safely through Hero's
Rapids, the most dangerous on the river. Here we found
Butterwort {Pinguicula vulgaris), the Shrubby Cinqve-tVil
{Potentilla fruticosa), the Cleft-leaved Anemone {Anemove
muliifida), the Ground-nut or Wild Bean {Apios tuberosa),
the Wild Onion {Allium Sch(x:noprasnm), the Marsh
Marigold {Caltha palustris), the Primrose or Cowslip
{Priviala Mistassinica), Pelhea gracilis, Desmodium Cana-
dense, the Milk-vetch [Astragalus orohoides), the Beach
Plum {Priaius pumila), Oxytropuscampestris var. caeralea,
the Bearberry {Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi), the Milkweed
{Asolepias Corvuti), the Rattlesnake-root [Nabalas racemo-
sus, the Pale Touch-me-not {Impatiens pallida), and other
interesting forms.

Pinguicula vulgaris, which was discovered by Dr. Cox
and Mr. Brittain on their trip down the Restigouche a few
years ago, is a most interesting addition to our New
]6runswick flora. It is probably in this province confiuef]

30 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

to the Restigouche, and, so far as determined, occupies a
narrow strip extending about twenty miles, from the Chain
of Rocks to half a mile below Morissey's Rock. It belongs
to the insectivorous plants, and one might wish that it
was found in much greater abundance through the whole
lengtli of the Restigouche. Its area of distribution is
wide, extending over the Arctic and subarctic regions of
North America, Europe and Asia. On the Restigouche
it is found with the primrose, mosses, and other plants
loving like situations, on wet rocks over which flow waters
from cold springs. It has two-lipped flowers of a violet
blue color borne singly on the top of slender scapes, about
six inches high, which spring from the centre of a rosette
of leaves of a yellowish-green color, which rest on the rock
or ground. The margin of each leaf is turned upward
forming a kind of trough, and the whole upper surface of
the leaves is covered with minute glands, which secrete a
kind of mucilage, entrapping midges and other small
insects. Like our Sundew {Drosera rotundifolia), these
glands are not stimulated to action by drops of rain or the
pressure upon them of minute grains of mineral substance,
but when an organic body, such as an insect, is brought in
contact with them they are stimulated and pour forth, in
addition to the mucilage, an acid secretion which has the
power to dissolve animal substances, behaving exactly as
does the gastric juice in the animal stomach, digesting the
unfortunate insect that alights upon the leaves. In the
Drosera the tentacles which arc found upon the upper
surface of the leaves in such abundance aid in capturing
the insects. In Pijiguiciila the upturned edge of the leaf
performs that office. If the insect attempts to crawl over
this margin the edge curves over still further imprisoning
the insect and pushing it toward the middle to bring it in
contact with as many glands as possible. After absorption

THE RESTIGOUCHE — WITH NOTES ON ITS FLORA. 31

is accomplished, which usually occupies from twenty to
thirty hours, the leaf expands again exposing the bleached
remains of the insect, and setting a fresh trap for others.
The leaves of Pingaicula are greasy to the touch hence its
name from pinguis, fat. Its common name, Butterwort,
is for the same reason.

A short distance below the Chain of Rocks we heard
the sharp click of a mowing machine, a sign that we were
approaching the outer world again aiid beyond was a small
settlement (Mann Settlement) with further incontestable
evidence of civilization — a school house. A short dis-
tance below was Deeside, a settlement which contains
a church. On Green Island, near Deeside, we found
growing in great abundance the Blood-root [Sanguinaria
Canadensis) and the Pappoose-root [Caulophy Hum thalic-
troides) another St. John River plant. Here too we found
the Black Cherry [Prunus serotina). Soon we came to
the mouth of the Upsalquitch with a fine club house,
belonghig to the Upsalquitch Salmon Club, fronting on
the main river, and a little farther down a few yards
below the mouth of the Upsalquitch is the fishing lodge
of Dean Sage of Albany, the author of a finely illustrated
book on the Restigouche.

Opposite the mouth of the Upsalquitch is tlie settlement
of Runnymede, on a rich alluvial meadow, the joint tribute
of the Upsalquitch and Restigouche.

But the last bend in the river brought into view a
more imposing sight — the Squaw Cap Mountain and
about two miles north of it and a little on our left. Slate
Mountain. These twin peaks, the highest land along the
Restigouche, rise to the height each of two thousand feet,
or fully one thousand feet higher than the Sugar Loaf
at Campbellton. It was half past two o'clock that day
when we began the ascent of the Squaw Cap, and we were

32 BULLKTIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

back again at half past seven — total distance ten miles,
and some of that was hard climbing, but it was worth it.
For three miles onr course lay along Squaw Cap Brook,
a clear stream whose ice cold waters were very grateful.
Mr. Jas. Harris, whose farm is about a mile in from the
Upsalquitch, was our guide. He showed us a part of his
farm where the grass fields were completely covered by
a weed whose presence lias not been before noted in this
province, a Hawkweed {Hieracium prcealtum). It is an
ill favored plant about a foot high, hairy with yellow
flowers in an open cyme, and a rosette of leaves which
rest on the ground. So completely had these rosettes of
leaves taken possession of the ground that every other
form of vegetation was killed — even the grass. We had
never seen a weed so completely master of the situation,
and that is saying a great deal. Mr. Harris is almost in
despair at the advances of this pest which threatens to
cover his entire farm.

There was a wonderfully luxuriant flora along that
wood road which led to the base of the Squaw Cap. The
tall Joe Pye weed with its broad heads of ragged purple
flowers towered above us fully eight to ten feet high ; the
Meadow-rue {Thalidrunt polygamum) with its rich white
and green flowers looked more delicately beautiful in this
dense vegetation than ever before. Pyrolas covered the
ground everywhere in those mossy woods with their
racemes of nodding white or rose colored flowers. Orchids
of brilliant hues grew so luxuriantly in those woods that
we could imagine ourselves in tropical forests. But what
is that orchid with the deep green leaves reticulated with
white, and bearing a raceme of delicate brownish flowers?
Tt was quickly gathered and consigned to the tin box, and
proves to be an orchid new to the Province — Goody era
Mensiezv\ making three of this beautiful genus found in

THE RESTIOOUCHE WITH NOTES ON ITS FLORA. '.V^

New Brujiswick. We also found here Goodyera puhescens
its second station in the Province, Our last half mile up
the Squaw Cap was a most toilsome one, but our spirits
were gladdened and refreshed by the clusters of rare ferns
that grew in ringlets round this Cap — Aspidium fragrans,
Phegopteris calearea, Woodsia glabella, Woodsia hyperborea,
all rare in this province and known only at one or two
stations. These with other rare plants met with on the
Restigoucbe I brought home and planted, and hope that
next season I may have something better than these dried
specimens to show you.

On the southern side of Squaw Cap Mountain we
obtained a fine view of that great central watershed of the
Province from which some single peaks rise, two thousand
to two thousand five hundred feet above the level of the
sea. There is easily picked out an old friend of former
years — Bald Mountain on the Tobique, a trifle higher
than the elevation on which we are now perched, tired
and panting, but delighted. Away off to the southwest
is the monarch of them all — Katahdin, in Maine, over
five thousand feet Ijigh. From the north side the view is
scarcely less imposing — the ranges and peaks of Quebec
with the valley of the St. Lawrence beyond them. Just
opposite to us, Slate Mountain, only three miles away,
was wreathed in smiles of a rapidly descending sun, and
beckoned us invitingly, but we turned regretfully away
with many promises of a return which I hope will not
lack fulfilment.

"What a tramp that was ! How tired we were ! but
when we looked over the treasures in the tin box, there
was no weariness. We were delighted to see even a
warden, and he looked curiously at our driers and press
and the plants stowed away in them.

34 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

The river from the mouth of the Upsalquitch down
is settled, and we soon come to the estuary, studded with
islands, their alluvial soil rank with vegetation. On one
of these islands — at the mouth of the Metapedia, we
find the Maidenhair fern {Adiantum pedatum) and the
"Wild Ginger-root {Jsarum Canadense). From Moris-
sey's Rock we took a parting view of the Upper Resti-
gouche, and a grand view it was. Here we found Aspid-
ium fragrans agaiu^ Woodsia hyperborea. Wood sia glabella
and near by Pellcea gracilis and the Small-flowered
Anemone {Anemone parvijiora).

Summary.
We found eleven plants new to the province which are
given in an appended list, with others rare or little
known before. Of all our native orders the ferns seem
to be of greater variety on the Restigouehe than elsewhere
in the province. The Leguminosse family come next in
abundance, then the Conifers the Rose family and the
Composites. The Heath family is rarer in species here
than anywhere else in the province. The presence of
many alpine plants, especiall}^ near the mouths of rivers
flowing in from the mountainous parts of south-eastern
Quebec, is of interest.

List of Plants New and Rare.

Anemone parviflora, Mich. Gilia (Collomia) linearis, Nutt.

A. multifida, DC. Cynoglo.ssum Virginicum, L,

A. cylindrica, Gray. Pinguicula vulgaris, L.

Viola primuljefolia, L. Asarum Canadense, L.

Astragalus oroboides. Salix longifolia, Muhl.

Oxytropis campestris, DC, Populus balsamifera, L., var.
var cferulea, Koch. Candicans (?) Gray.

Lathyrus pratensis, L. *Goodyera Menziesii, Lindl.

^(Enothera Oakesiana, Robbins. G. pubescens, R. Br.
*Lonicera oblongifolia, Muhl *Sagittaria arifoHa.
*Solidago Virgaurea L., var Carex atrata, L. var ovata, Boott.
alpina, Bigel. *C. flava, L., var. graminis, Bailey.

♦ Those marked * are new.

THE HESTI(;OUCHE — WITH NOTES ON ITS FLORA. 35

List of Plants New and Rare — (Conthinrd. )

*Aster longifolius, Lam., var *C. flava, L., var viridula, Bailey.

villicaulis, Gray. *Plileum alpinum, L.

*Hieracium pr?ealtuni, Vill. *Equisetum littorale, Kuhlewein.
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Pella^a fj^racilis, Hook.

Spieng. Asplenium viride, Hudson.

Pyrola minor, L. Phegopteris calcarea, 'Fee.

P. rotundifolia, L., var Woodsia hyperborea, R. Br.

asarifolia. W. glabella, R. Br.

* Those marked * are new.

Dr. Matthew said that Mi-. Hay's paper was the most im-
portant contribution to the l)otany of the province since Dr.
Bailey's paper, descriptive of his trip up the Tobique and down
the Nepisiguit in LS67. The area of country extending from
the St. John River to the Restigouche and down the valley of
that river, is a plateau country underlaid by Silurian slates, and
through this the valley of the Restigouche has been cut. Owing
to the considerable amount of lime in those slates they produce
a fertile soil, for having been formed under the sea, they are rich
in animal remains. The fac-t that they are thus calcareous, and
that they are full of cleavage planes and cracks, highly inclined,
helps to give them a natural drainage, and thus improve the
capabilities of the country for farming pui'poses. The remnant
of this plateau cut and carved by the Restigouche in past ages,
now stands out along its lower courses as slate hills and ridges ;
but towards its mouth outbursts of igneous rock have further
liroken up the plateau and produced hills and ridges which are
represented on the map of the Dominion Geological Survey hy a
bright red color. The absence of Heath plants, to which the
writer of the above essay refers, is a good feature in the tloia,
as it indicates the absence of a barren, rocky and water-soaked
countiy, such as these plants delight in. And notwithstanding
the shortness of the season and the proximity of this plateau to
a hill country on each side, it should contain considerable areas
of good farming land, available for settlement.

Ml. S. W. Kain said that a number of the plants referred
to in the paper were of a subarctic type — Aspidii(r}i /ra(/rans
especially. This taken in connection with the fact that the
estuary of the Restigouche, and Bay Chaleur were frozen over
early in the fall and only opened in May, would s*eem to show that
further botanical exploration in this part of the province might
result in the discovery of more plants of a northern character
than are now recorded.

36 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL IHSTORY SOCIETY.

ARTICLE III.

A'K OUTLINE OF PHYTOBIOLOGY.
(PHYTOECOLOGY.)

With Special Reference to the .Study of its Problems by
Local Botanists and Suggestions for a Biological Sur-
vey OF Acadian Plants.

BY W. F. GANONG,

The third paper of this series, dealing with "Adaptations
of Plants to Reproduction, including Locomotion of Pol-
len," was presented to the Society on June 2nd, 1896.
Since then, I have decided to withdraw it from publication,
and for two reasons. First, I am convinced that it is the
duty of this, as indeed of any local society, to give pre-
cedence in its publications to paper? which make known
the local natural history ; and when means are scanty,
as is, unfortunately for New Brunswick, the case with onr
Society, contributions of more general interest ought to
give way. Second, conditions have changed greatly since
I began this series four years ago. Then there was no
work in English upon the subject, and no immediate
prospect of any, and it had not received any unusual share
of attention. Since then, Kerner's great " J ■'flanzenleben "
has been translated into English,^ important new works,
together with very numerous special papers, have ap-
peared in German, French and English, and there is

* The Natural r;istor3-f>f Plants. Trinslated by Oliver. Edinburgh and New
York. 4 vols.

AN OUTLINE OF PHYT0B10L0(; V.

great activity- in tins line of investigation. It is reason-
ably sure, moreover, that before long there will appear
in English a concise work covering the present sub-
ject, and treating it in a not dissimilar way. It is now
safe to sa^' that long before this series could be com-
pleted upon its present lines, the necessity for it would
be met by other works. Phytoecology is at present the
most attractive, most promising, and, from the educational
standpoint at least, most useful division of the science,
and the near future must see an immense development of
knowledge in it and a wide application to education and
to the pleasures of intellectual life.

It will be of interest to the readers of the earlier
papers if I add here my latest plan for the completion of
the series. The successive papers would have been, —
Introduction and Classification. In JhiUefin No. XII.

A. Adaptations of Plants to Nutrition.

B. Adaptations of Plants to Growth.

C. Adaptations of Plants to Reproduction. Read June Jnd.

D. Adaptations of Plants to Response to Stimuli.

E. Aflaptations of Plants to Locomotion. /ii BnJJptiii Xo.

XIII.

F. Adaptatit>ns of Plants to Protection.

C Artificial Classification and Key to adaptations, based upon

size, shape, color, position, texture, etc.
H. Ecological Plant-geography of New Brunswick.

The third paper, C. Adaplations to Beprodudion, as
presented to the Society, treated the subject as follows :

V.\nT I. Physiological Aspects of Reproduction.
Fundamental meaning of Reproduction and of Sex : value
of crossing in reproduction, and consequent advantage of
locomotive arrangements to bring the sexual elements into
contact. Pakt II. Biological (ecological) Aspects of
Reprouuction. Section I. Evolution of reproductive
structures adapted to ditferent external conditions : ad-
vance from lowest water to highest land lial)it. Sect'O?) IT.

38 BULLETIX OF THK >fATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Adaptations wliicli effect locomotion of one reproductive
body (male) to the other (female) : problem in general
similar to that of locomotion for spreading (treated in
Bulletin XIII.), but in some ways more difficult : classi-
fication of possible and actually used principles of locomo-
tion (compare Bulletin XIII., p. 7.) : ph^'sieal or climatic
conditions under ^vhich plants live, andhow these influence
locomotion of tlie sexual elements : advance from free
swimming Zoospores and antherozoids to locomotion b\'
utilization of wind and auimals, culminating in the flower,
which is thus but a pollen-locornoting apparatus : full
discussion of pollen-locomotion, often called cross-ferti-
lization. Section III. Suggestions for study by local
botanists.

I had intended to take up next F Adaptdiions to
Protection., including enemies and weather; next D.
Response io Stimuli, the phenomena of Irritability which
deal with individual adaptation to the outside world ;
next, B. Grointh, including individual and race develop-
ment ; next, A. Nutrition., of greatest importance
since it determines the very existence of leaf, stem
and root : G. the Key., so arranged that one could, by
observing a certain peculiarity of structure, si^e, form, etc.,
be referred to the i)receding papers where its causes are
discussed. Finally should come H., the application of
these principles to the study of the vegetation of Acadia
and its geographical distribution.

Although for the reasons given, I discontinue the series
as a whole, I propose to continue the investigation of the
latter section, our ecological plant-geography, and my
paper " Upon the Raised I'eat Bogs of New Brunswick.,''
presented to the Royal Society of Canada in Ma}' last,
and now being more fully elaborated, may be considered
a first contril)ution to that undertaking.

' A\ OUTLINE OF piivtobiolo(;y. 39

These papers were addressed to tlie local botanists of
Acadia : in concluding, I wish again to commend to them
for study this subject of Plant-adaptation. All Avho wish
to keep abreast of the advance of botanical science must
give it careful attention. But those who would excel
must do more ; providing themselves with good books as
guides, sharpening the powers of observation, reasoning
and experiment, setting before themselves as the ideal
the studN' of the plant alive, in action, and in touch with
its surroundings, they must systematically, constantly and
intensely devote to it their best powers.

Smith College, Northampton, Mass. ,
December !2th, 1896.

40 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

ARTICLE IV.

^nTotes on the natural history anh
physiography of new brunswick.

BY W. F GANONO.

1. Upon Remarkable Sounds, like Gun Reports, heard
UPON our Southern Coast.

Read December 3rd, 1895 ; re written December :J4th, IS.IS.

Everybody who has been much upon our Charlotte
County coast must remember that upon tlie still summer
days when the heat hovers upon the ocean, what seem
to be gun or even cannon reports are heard at intervals
coming from seaward. The residents always say in answer
to one's question : " Indians shooting porpoise ofi' Grand
Manan." This explanation I never believed ; the sound
of a gun report could not come so far, and besides the
noise is of too deep and booming a character. I have
often puzzled over the matter, and it is consequently with
great pleasure that I find in " Nature" for October 31st,
1895, a short article by Professor G. H. Darwin, in which
he calls attention to the occurrence of what is obviously
the same phenomenon in the delta of the Ganges,
upon the coast of Belgium and in parts of Scotland, and
in which he asks for experiences from other parts of the
world. Two explanations are suggested by his correspon-
dent, M. Van den Broeck of Belgium, who called his
attention to the phenomenon, one that the reports are of

KEMARKABLE SOUNDS. 41

atmospheric origin, due to peculiar electrical clischaro-es,
the other that they are internal in the earth, due, peihaps,
to shock of the internal liquid mass against the solid crust.
The following number of " Nature " contains notes which
suggest that the reports may accompany the formation of
faults or may result from earthquakes too slight to be
otherwise perceived, and later numbers of that Journal
contain numerous letters upon strange sounds heard in
different parts of the world, with various explanations.

The discussion upon the subject by this So(nety on
December 3rd, 1895, has called out further information
showing that others besides myself have noticed these or
similar sounds in New Brunswick. The late Edward
Jack, a keen observer of things in nature, wrote me under
date December 13th, 1895, — "I have often noticed in
Passamaquoddy Bay when I Avas duck shooting, in the
early spring mornings, the noises of which you speak ;
they always seemed to come from the south side of the
Bay. They resembled more the resonance from the fall-
ing of some heavy body into the water than that of the
firing of a gun, such as is produced by a cake of ice
breaking away from a large sheet of it and toppling over
into the sea. These noises were heard b}" me only in very
calm spring mornings when there Avas no breath of air
there was nothing subterranean in them." Cap-
tain Charles Bishop of the schooner " Susie Prescott," has
told Mr. S. W. Kain that he lias heard these sounds forty
miles from land between Grand Manan, the Georges Banks
and Mount Desert Rock. They are reported also from
the Kennebecasis. Mr. Keith A. Barber, of Torryburn
Cove, wrote December 26th, 1895, to this Society, — "I
have heard sounds similar to those . . . on the Ken-
nebecasis in the warm days of summer. They seemed to
come from a southeasterly direction." Mr. Arthur Lordly,

42 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

a member of this Society who resides in the summer at
Riverside, has also told Mr. Kaiii that he has heard similar
sounds, on clear warm days, on the Kennebecasis from a
southwest direction. Nootlier reports of this occurrence
in New Brunswick have reached me. The Scientific
American (June 27th, 1896, p. 403) has called attention
to them and requested that observations be communicated
to its columns, but apparenth' so far without result.

The latest opinion as to the origin of the sounds
appears to favor an atmospheric origin, possibly connected
with electrical disturbances, A yevy detailed circular,
calling for exact observations, with series of questions and
blank forms, has been issued b}' M. Van den Broeck of
Brussels, who appears to have been the first to call scien-
tific attention to them. It is very desirable since the
sounds occur here, that they should be scientifically
observed and recorded ; and it will be best to communicate
the results to this Society, through which they will reach
those who can make the best use of them. To secure the
best results the following form, altered somewhat from M.
Van den Broeck's circular, should be followed.

Name of observer.
Date of ol:)servation.
Exact place of observation.
Exact time of each observation.
Direction of the sound.

Character of the sound (full description witli comparisons).
Wind, direction and velocity.
State of tlie sky.
State of the sea.
Mist conditions.

Barometer (state of the weather a few hours before and after).
Temperature.

Other remarks, including' suggestions as to their origin, and
reasons why they cannot l)e gun reports.

THE OUTLKT-DELTA OF LAKE UTOPIA.

43

■2. The Outlet-Delta of Lake Utopia.

Read June I3th ; re-written December :i3nd, 189(5.

Lake Utopia is probably tlie most beautiful of JSTew
Brunswick lakes. It possesses several features of scien-
tific interest, and among them one \\iiicli must be rare,
nameh% a delta at its outlet. I cannot find any reference
to this delta in any of our geological reports, nor do I
remember reading of anything similar elsewhere. The
lake empties into the Magaguadavic River by a thorough-
fare, locally called "the Canal'' which occupies a break
in the rocky hills and is about two miles in length with a

/ mile

Fig. 1. Sketch map of Lake Utopia, in part after the 1797 survey map. Depths, in
feet, from the lattef map.

very uniform breadth. Where it leaves the lake, how-
ever, it is between two alluvial points Avhich project
nearly half a mile from the main shore. These pcjints can
be seen to be growing outward and the appearance is that
of a delta at the mouth of a stream, though of reversed
shape, and it looks sti-ange enough at a lake outlet.

The points together form a triangle with its base
au-ainst the maiidand and the canal dividino- it from the

44

BULLE'I'IX OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

middle of tlie base to the apex. Their extreme points
are very low and muddy and sink gradually under water
to continue as shallows still farther out, but in one place
they come to the surface again as a small marshy island,
which, perhaps, marks the beginning of the splitting of

g Giova
:•• niuA

Scute

/ooyards

Fi G.

Sketch map of the Delta. Depths from the 1797 survey map. Only the
southern point was studied ; the dotted line shows the probable outline
of the northern point. The map is a mere sketch to illustrate points in
the paper and topographically must be very inaccurate.

the channel into two. The characteristic grass of the
shallows is Glyceria fiuitans R. Br. Farther in the land
rises very gradually, the mud becomes iirmer and bears a
great deal of the small sedge. Eleocliaris tenuis, Sc/ndtes.
Here the bank is very steep on the canal side, near which

tup: outlet-dklta of lake utopia. 45

it is highest, but slopes off very gradually on the lake
side, a characteristic of banks built up by the overflow of
sediment-carrying streams. About two hundred yards
from its apex, the southern point, the only one I Avas able
to study, is forty to flfty yards broad, and here the sand,
which is being gradually washed up by the lake over the
mud, reaches the canal bank. Here low bushes appear
and some forty yards further in the trees begin. After
this the point broadens rapidly. Still further in is a dense
alder swamp, from which arises in one place a high rocky
island Avliich has been surrounded by the delta in its
growth. All along on the lake side is a splendid sand
beach sweeping away in a grand curve to the main shore.
But the explanation of the presence and form of the
delta is not difficult. It is at times at the mouth of a
stream. The relation of the lake to the Magaguadavic
Kiver is peculiar, and happens to be so adjusted that at a
certain height of water, both are on the same level and
there is no movement through the thoroughfare. But,
as the water rises after rains, it rises far more rapidly in
the river than in the lake, which has but a small drainage
basin, and pours into it through the thoroughfare. It
then of course drops its sediment as it meets the still
water, the chief requisite for delta-formation. As the
water falls it flows out from the lake, but too gently to
remove much of the sediment which has already settled
to the bottom. It seems plain from the structure of the
points, that the canal forms uiDon each side, by its sediment,
only a bank of some forty to fifty yards broad, and that
the remainder of the delta has been formed by the lake
which is incessantly washing up sand, working it out along
the lake-faces of the points and filling in the angles be-
tween them and the main shore. The very swampy
character of the older parts of the delta is due of course

46 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORV SOCIETY.

to the prevention of drainage by the banks built up on
the canal and lake sides. T could not determine the
causes of the direction of the points and channel.

As the points are still growing it is fair to conclude
that in time the delta will extend eorapletel}" across the
lake and divide it into two, a process which is known to
have occurred in lakes elsewhere by tlie growth of the
deltas of mountain torrents, but of which we have, I believe,
no example in l^ew Brunswick.

Mr. S. W. Ivain has called the attention of the Society
to the great shallows at the outlet to Grand Lake, (Queens
County, suggesting that they were formed in a similar
way by sediment brought through the Jemseg. This is
no doubt correct, but the conditions are here rather less
remarkable, since Grand Lake, Jemseg and the St. John
are but slightly separated parts of one former lake basin,
while at Lake Utopia the river and lake are in separate
rocky basins.

The points are not shown on the geological survey
map nor on the corrected surface geology map, but they
are plainly marked on the original survey map of 1796-
'97, upon which also the depths of the lake are given.
The thoroughfare near tlie lake is marked as seven feet
deep, at the extreme points as nine feet, while a quarter
of a mile further out it is only thirteen feet. But stil]
further out the depths are thirty-three, forty-two and fift}"
feet, showing clearly that the delta is being pushed out
into the lake. I could not myself, for lack of a boat,-
measure depths. Of course the delta is entirely post-
glacial, because the lake is formed l)y the glacial dam
between it and Letang. Possibly at one time the entire
Masrao-uadavic River Howed by this route to the sea. If
we could accurately measure the rate of growth of the
delta, we would, by measuring also its size, be in posses-

TE.MPEKATURE->IEASUHEME\TS IN CLEAR LAKE. 47

sioii of data for estimating how long ago the glacial period
closed. Lake Utopia has, as I have said, other features
of scientific interest, and I can imagine no more attractive
problem than an exhaustive investigation of its hydro-
graph}', physiography and natural history.

New Brunswick thus possesses tw^o reversible river
phenomena — a fall at St. John and a lake mlet-outlet
at Lake Utopia. The presence of these striking grassy
points explains the significance of the name given by the
Passamaquoddies to the lake, about which I had pre-
viously to my visit last summer been mucli puzzled. They
call it Mes-ke-qua-gum wdiich means "lake with grass (or
bulrushes) around it," no doubt referring to this place ;
the name is altogether inappropriate elsewhere about it.
Its English name was given by Governor Carleton when
he found that the farms assigned to some of the Loyalists
were under its waters — they were truly Utopian so far
as any use to their owners was concerned.

3. Upon Temperature-Measurements with the Ther.aiopiione
IN Clear Lake, Lepreau.

(Read December 1, 1896.)

Clear Lake, Lepreau, is a gem in itself and a joy to
the naturalist and physiographer. It lies at the west of
St. John County, is about a third of a mile long and half
as broad, of a shape shown in the accompanying map,
and empties into Little Dipper Harbor. It occupies the
upper end of a westerly-sloping trough formed between
conglomerate rocks of Devonian age standing* at high
angle, and appears to be held in place hj a glacial dam.
Its level is very uniform, summer and winter, and its
outlet is said to be constantly running, though it has no
visible inlet. Its water is clear and its shores very clean,

■iS BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

of rock, gravel and sand, with no mud. Its animal
and plant life show some features of interest, worthy of
more extended notice. It is noted for the immense trout
it contains, a fact which I give from heresay, since my
own numerous experiments upon this point yielded only
negative results. It is locally reputed bottomless, but in
the summer of 1895 Mr. S. W. Kain and I sounded it
thoroughl}' and found its maximum depth to be seventy-
eight feet; but this is a great depth for so small a lake.
Its beaches, as a rule, slope down very suddenly, so that
its average depth must be considerable.

Fig. 1. Sketch map of Clear Lake. C = log camp. Scale about
six inches to one mile.

Last summer I was enabled b}- the courtesy of Pro-
fessor John T. Stoddard, of Smith (college, Northampton,
Mass., to bring to Xew Brunswick the Thermophone
belonging to the department of phj'sics in the college.
By this instrument, recently invented, temperatures can
be read at any distance and in any position to which a
metal coil can be sent. Its principle cannot be explained^

* It depends upon the fact t'lat the electrical resistance of metals varies with
temperatu: e. Two pieces of (different) metals forming the " temperature coil " are
connect d up as a " Wheatsione Bridge " and so coni.ected witi' a special batterj-
and telephone that the latter hums wjjile lesistances are luiequal and a current is
passing through it. but becomes siieni as a slidmg contact equalizes tht» resistances,
and a pointer then indicates upon a fcale the temperaiure in the distant coil. The
inst^um^■^t is very accurate, and temperatures can be read it is said to .1", though
in a moving bont in a breeze about .25° is as c.tseas one can read easily. It is
made only by E. 8. Ritchie & Sons, of Brookline, Mass.

TEMPERATUKE-MEASUREMENTS I\ CLEAR L\KE.

49

in a few Avords. I had expected to use it in my
studies upon the temperature of rai.-ed peat bogs, but
the temperature coil could not be thrust deeply enough
into the bog to make it of use. It occurred to me,
however, that by its aid I might be able to determine
whether or not the constant flow from Clear Lake is due
to the presence of springs. On July 1st, 1896, I went
to the Lake with two companions and favored by good
weather, made a series of temperature measurements, of

station No .

5

11

7

3

4

8

10
60

1

6

2

AVERAGE.
0

Depth in

Feet,

19

24

32

45

46 46

72

72

73

0

3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30

as

36
39
42
45
4S
51
54
57
60
63
66
69
72

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

64 i

63

59

54 i

51

474

65

64i

63

.59

55

51

48

45

44^
44A
44

65

64 i
63

65
65

64f^^-
55i

65

63i

59|

55

50 i

47

65"

59

55

50^

48

46

45

44i

43Jr

65

64

65

64 i

59L

54i

51'

47

46

45

44

44

43 i

43i

43

43

43

43

42i

65
64

59i
53i
50

\1\

'4.34
'42i

64 2-3
63 7-8
59 1-4
54 5 7

50 2 3

K

47 i

48

47 9-16
46 1 6

45

ti

44 1 3

Jl

44J

44 1 8

K.

43i

43i

m

43 7-12
43 1 2

W

43

M

43

^

43

M

42i

m

42 5-8

C

42 1 2

42i

42i

42i

* Appears to be in error ; neglected in the average of this line.

which the results are given in the table. The statioiis,
excepting a few trial ones, are shown upon the map
(Fig. 1). I took the temperatures only for each yard of

50

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTOKY SOCIETY.

depth and read only to half a degree ; but it would have
been far better, if time had allowed, to have taken them
for every foot and for smaller fractions of a degree. In
the diagram (Fig. 2) the results are shown graphically,
bringing out clearly A, the absolute fall, and B the rate
of fall in temperature at the different depths, and C the
amount of vertical space occupied by each degree of
temperature. The air temperature in the morning over
the lake was 71° F.

c

65
6v
63
61
6/
60
5^
58
57
56
6S

5i
52
51
50

vs

V7
</(.

r°

ii"

„

,,'

6

5

b

%

^

5

y'H

\,

V

J

A

M

\

i

\

\

1

\

—

'

-■-

\

1

\

1

\

1 1 i

1

1

i

\

\

\

\

\

\

\

1

-j-

'■•

s,^

1

\

1

1

S

^

1

__

:fi

-

_

!_

--.

-4^

^

—

T^q

^— -

—

—

—

> <

r^

H

I /J/

n

b

Vl

/30

333

6J^^Z

V5v

85

Tl

1^

[?

06

L^

6(j'?7

n

U.

r

Fig. 2. Diagram of temperature in the lake.

Figures on abscissa (horizontaO =- depths from surface in feet.

Figures on ordinate (vertical)™ degrees Fahrenheit.

A-ab.solute drop in temperature. B =rate of drop at the different depths.
C amount of vertical space occupied by each degree (approximate), obtained by
extension from the points where the curve A crosses the temperature lines.

(The irregularities in the curves between 39 and t)3 feet are of cours- due to the
relative coarseness of the measurements. No doubt very minute measurements
would give even curves. In curve B is a slight error in the drawing; on line 30 the
point should be lower, and on 33 higher, so curve from 27 to 3ti would be more evenj.

TfiMPKRATURE-MEASl'RE^IICXTS IX CIJCAK LAKE. 51

In synopsis the results are as follows :

1. For the first 12 feet there is no appreciable fall in
temperature : from 12 to 18 feet there is a slight fall, l^*^;
at 18 feet a very abrupt fall begins and continues nearly
evenly to 80 feet, and in these 12 feet it drops no less than
17tV% or about IJ*^ per foot; below 80 feet the rate ot
fall diminishes until the minimum 42i''' is reached at
about (JO feet.

The meaning of these figures is no doubt this : that
down to 12 feet the effect of the sun's light and heat is
strongly and evenly felt, and the surface movements help
to distribute it ; after about 12 feet the heat has been
largely absorbed, while at 18 it has been almost entirely
taken up ; the layers below that probably derive their
temperature by conduction from those above them.

2. There are faint indications in the table that at
depths beloAV 30 feet the temperature near the bottom in
the shallower places is slightly higher than at the same
depths over dee})er places, indicating that the ground
slightly warms the water in contact with it, which is to
be expected since it is a better conductor than water.
But so slight are these indications that they ma}' be
neglected and it may be said, at least of the greater
depths, that their temperature is a function of (Ustance from
the surface and bears no relation to the bottom.

3. The results give no positive information about
the presence of springs.

It would have been of great interest had I been able
later in the summer to make a second series to determine
whether the average temperature of the lake was raised
throughout, but this was not possible. I have not been
able to compare the results obtained by others elsewhere,
though with other instruments the subject has been much
studied in Europe, and to some extent in Anierica.

52 BULLETIN OF THK XATUKAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

These results Avere not the product of a deliberately
planned investigation, or they would have been far more
minute and full, but were merely the gatherings of a
holiday excursion.

As this paper is passing through the press I have had the
opportunity, through Professor Stoddard's courtesy, to lead an
important article by the inventors of the Thermophone — "The
Therniophone, a New Instrument for Determining Temper-
atures," by H. E. Warren and G. C. Whipple, in Technology
(/nai'teii !/ , for July, 1S95. In tliis the inventors fully and
clearly describe the instrument, and give in synopsis some of the
results obtained by its use. M}'^ results, as far as they go, agree
with theirs ; but the latter show remarkable seasonal changes,
and a disti'ibution through the year which is determined largely
by the different density of water at different temperatures,
especially when near the freezing point.

TWO SHHKWS NKW TO NEW HHUXSWICK. 53

ARTICLE V.

;notes ox the occurrence of two shrew.s
xeav to new brunswick.

BY PHILIP COX A B . IB. Sc, Ph. D.

Read May 5th, 1896.

Ill Bulletin i^'o. X., 1892, reprinted from ^o. Ill,
] 884, Mr. Montagne Chamberlain records two shrews from
the province, — the Common Shrew, Sorex platyrhinus, and
the Western Shrew, S. coopcti. Though what are now
regarded as two distinct forms were designated- platyr-
hinus, the iirst by Prof. Baird (Mammals of :N'. A. 1857),
the Otisorex •platyrhivas of De Kay (New York Mam-
malia, 1842) ; and the second by Dr. Dobson (Monog.
Insectivora, 181)0), it would seem that the animal referred
to in the list is that of Baird's description, as the other,
now designated S. fumeus Miller (North American Fauna,
1895) is exceedingly rare, and had not been recognized as
a distinct species when Dr. Jordan published his Manual
of Vertebrates, whose chissitication and nomenclature Mr.
Chamberlain says he adopted. Moreover, the latter
describes the animal as " common," a term best applicable
to Baird's platyrhinns which is the most abundant in the
province. It is, too, exceedingly variable, and well de-
serves the name '•• personafus'' bestowed on it by Geoifroy
Saint Hilaire early in the centnry, which on grounds of
priority is its specific designation at present.

In a recent monograph on the shrews of North
America, Dr. C. Hart Merriam maintains the specific

54 BULLKTIN OF THE XATUKAL IIISTOKY .SOrip:TY.

identity of S. cooperi Baclinian, and S. personatus ; and
hence the former name becomes a synonym of the latter.

The writer has lately collected Kichardson's Shrew,
>S'. richardsoni Baclmian, a robust boreal form fairly com-
mon in the northwest and northern part of the Central
Plain, its known range, with the exception of northern
Minnesota, being- entirely Canadian. Its occurrence on
the Atlantic seaboard, nearly two thousand miles away,
is the most striking example of discontinuity in the
distribution of any known mammal, far exceeding that
of the Varying Hare of Europe. When the Canadian
fauna comes to be more thoroughly investigated, this
species will probably be found more or less distributed
over the immense stretch of continent now forming such
a strange break in its distribution. It is quite common
on the intervals and low wooded lands adjacent to the St.
John in Maugerville, Sunbury County.

I am ]iot aware that S. fameas Miller has ever been
recorded from the province, its nearest locality being New
Hampshire. In February, 1895, the writer took a single
specimen in coniferous woods in the parish of Maugerville.
It is of a uniform dark slate color with a tail longer than
is usual in members of the genus. It is a sub-boreal form
frequenting southward the upper portions of mountains;
and does not seem to have had an}- previous Canadian
record. It is verv rare.

APPENDIX. — REPOHT UN ZOOLO(;Y.

APPENDIX.

REPORT ON ZOOLOGY,

By Philip Cox, Ph. D.

(Read May 5th, 1896.)

The Committee liave to record the following additions to the
Fauna of New Brunswick :

Mammals.

Evotomys fnsi'idors(di)i Miller. Locality, Tobique. New to

science. J. A. Allen, New York.
E. (/apperi Vigors. Red-backed Mouse. Locality, Maugerville,

Cox.
Sorc.x thompsoni Baird. Thompson's Shrew. N. B. Dr. Bailey.
S. ricliardsoni Bachman. Richardson's .Shrew. Locality,

Maugerville. Cox.
S. fwmens Miller. Locality, Maugerville. Cox.
Piitoriux noveboracensis DeKay. American Ermine. liOcality,

Sunbury Co. Cox.

Recent Additions to the List op New Brunswick Fishes.

Liparis lineata Kroyer. Sea Snail. Taken at North Head,
Grand Manan, l)y Mr. Moses, and donated to the Natural
History Society of New Brunswick by Messrs. Patterson and
A. McLean. A deep sea fish ranging from the polar regions to
Cape Cod.

Maurolicus liorealis (Junther. Argentine. Found dead on
the sea-shore at the same place and by the same person, and
donated by the above named gentlemen. A small pelagic fish,
with opercular apparatus incomplete, and skeleton scarcely
ossified ; of a bright silvery appearance, with the inferior parts
thickly studded with phosphorescent spots. The only Canadian
record known to the writer.

56 m'LLETIX OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Bibliography of Scientific Publications relating to the
Province of Xew Brunswick other than those con-
tained in the Bulletins of the Society, 189<).

Bv Samuel W. Kais.

As stated in Bulletin XII]., it is pioposed to publish each
year the titles of all works, other than those contained in the
Bulletins themselves, relating to New Brunswick, on the subjects
coming wdthin the scope of the Society's work.

The list published in Bulletin XIII. contained titles from
1890 to 1895. The present list contains titles from December
1895 to December 1896.

GEOLOGY.

Matthew, G. F. — Traces of the Ordovician System on the Atlan-
tic Coast. Trans. Royal Society of Canada, Vol. I.
(2nd Series), Sec. iv., pp. 253-271, pi. 2. 1895.

Organic Remains of the Little River Group. JVo. IV.
Ibid., pp. 273-279, 5 illustrations. 1895.

Notes on Cambrian Faunas — the Genus Microdiscus.
Am. Geohu/iHt, Vol. XV III., Ko. 1, j^P- 29-31.
July, 1896.

Faunas of the Paradoxides Beds in Eastern North
America. No. 1. Tntns. Xeiv York Acadony of
Sciences, Vol. XV., Si;/. 12, pp. 192-247, 4 pi.
August 3, 1896.

On the Ocvjurrence of Cirripedes in the Cambrian Rocks
of North America. Ibid., pp. 137-140, 2 figures.
1896.

PHYkSIOGRAPHY.

Dawson, W. Bell. — Note on Secondar}^ Undulations Recorded
on the Self-recording Tide Gauges; and on Exceji
tional Tides in Relation to Wind and Barometer.
Trails. Royal Society of Canada, Vol.1. {'2nd Series),
Sec. Hi., pp. 25-26, 2 drawings. 1895. (Refers to
secondary undulations at St. John, N. B.)

Ganonc, W. F. — The Outlet Delta of Lake Utopia. Progress,
June 13, 1896. (Reprinted, Leaflet, '^ pp.)

Reynolds, W. K. — Recording the Tides (at St. John, N. B.)
The Daily TrJegraph, St. John, X. B., October 28-30,
1896. (A popular account of the tides at St. John,
explaining purpose of the tide gauge, position of the
"bench mark" and amplitude of the harbor tides.)

APl'EXDIX. — HIBLIOCKAPHY OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 0 1

METEOR OLOdY.

(tANOnc, W. F. — Keniai'kable Sounds (t'rom the IJay of Eundy^.
A'ature, Vol. LIIL, 101. December 5, 1S95.

Upon tlie Gun Reports Heard Upon Our Southern Coast.
(Note.) *SV. .Jo)in Daihj Snu, DM-end>er 7, 1895.

" Barisal Guns " and " Mist Pouffers." Scimtific Ameri-
can, Vol. LXXIV., iVo. 26, Jnne 27, 1S9G.' (Refers
to Prof. Ganong's Obsei vations. )

BOTANY.

Jack, I Allen- Our AVild Flowers, 20 pp. St. John, N. B.,
1896. (Reprinted from a series of papers published
in the DnUi/ Sit)!.)

ZOOLOGY^

Baird, Frank — The Moose of Eastern Canada. (Tdmdand, Vol.
IX., Xo. o, pp. 135-189. October, 1896.

Ganon*;, ay. F.- Do Young Loons Eat thresh Water Clams ?
The Auk, Vol. XIII. , pp. 77-78. January, 1896.

Prince, E. E. The Sardine Fishing Industry in New Bruns-
wick. Special Report of ConiDiifsloner of Fisheries,
Part III. Ottawa, 1896.

Shewen, E. T. p. — Teredo Notes. Report of thp Minister of
Fnhlic Works (Canada), for 1S95, pp. 245-250.
Ottawa, 1896.

Yanwart, Roy McL. — New Brunswick Woodpeckers. Univer-
sity Monthly {Fredericton, X. B.), Vol. XV I, Xo. 1,
jyp. 8-9. October, 1896.
Frogs (of New Brunswick). Ibid., Vol. XVI., Xo. 2,
pp. 35-36. Novembei', 1896.

58 BULLETIN OF THK NATURAL HISTOKY SOCIKTY.

THIRTY-ForRTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

COUNCIL OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

OF NEW BRUNdWICK.

The Council of the Natural History Society beg leave to
submit the followiny- repoi't for the year now ending :

MEMBERSHIP.

There lias been no important change in the membership, but
it is highly desirable that the roll should be much enlarged.
Additions are noted as follows :

Ordinary Members 5

Associate Members 6

Corresponding Members 4

Total increase 15

Dui'ing the year two of our members have been I'emoved by
death.

Edwin Fisher died on July 11th, 1895. He was for many
years a member of the Council and a well remembered attendant
at the meetings of the Society.

Edward Jack, C. E., died on December .3Lst, 1895, at
Fredericton. He was for many years a corresponding member
of the Society, and was a recognized authority on the forestry
and natural resources of this province. In his library, now in
possession of D. R. Jack, Esq., of this city, is a large collection
of note-books, lectures and newspaper articles, containing much
relating to the early history of this province, as well as a great
fund of information in regard to the forests, moors, lakes and
streams that he knew so well.

APPENDIX. UKPORT OF THE COUXCIL. 59

FINANCE.

The report of the Treasurer shows a small surplus of receipts

over expenditures :

Balance froni last year $ 52 31

Dues collected ... ." 84 00

Government grant 125 00

Interest on investment 144 00

Other items . 31 30

$430 61
Cnrrent expenses 374 87

Balance $61 74

LECTURES AND ESSAYS.

During the year eleven meetings of the Societ}^ were held,
at which the following papers were read :

1895.
Jan. 15 Recent Discoveries in the Pre-cambrian Rocks of Brit-
tany. Annual address of President, Geo. F.
Matthew.
Feb. 5 The Geological History of the Vertebrates. Philip

Cox, Ph. D.
March 4 The Eskimo and his Origin. H. G. Addv, M. D.

19 Teredo Notes. By E. T. P. Shewen, C. E. Published
in Report of Public Works Department of Canada,
pp. 245-250, 1896.
April 2 (1) The Outlets of the River St. John. By Robert
Chalmers,
(2) Points in the Geology of the St. John River Valley.
By Professor L, W. Bailey.
May 7 The Volcanic Rocks of the Maritime Provinces. By
Wm. D. Matthew. (Published in Bulletin XIII,
1895).
June 4 The Adaptations of Plants to Locomotion. By W. F.

Ganong. (Published in Bulletin XIII, 1895).
Oct. 9 Report on Sununer Camp held at Lepreau. By Geo. F.
Matthew, Geo. L^. Hav and W. F. Ganong.
(Put)lished in Bulletin "XIII, 1895).
Nov. 5 (1) The Chemical and Microscopical Examination of
Blood. Bv W. F. Best.
(2) The Unsuitability of the Bay of Fundy for Oyster
Culture. By Samuel W. Kiin.
Dec. 3 Egypt and the Monuments. By Mrs. Emma Fiske.

1896.
Jan. 7 (1) Trinidad. By J. V.Ellis, Jr.

(2) Note on the Occurrence of the Long Billed Marsh

Wren near St. .John. By John Brittain.

(3) Note upon the "Gun Reports" heard upon our

southern coast. By W. F. Ganong.

60 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL IILSTORY SOCIETY.

The following course of elementary lectures was given :

1895.
Jan. and Feb. Geological History of the Invertebrates. By

Geo. F. Matthew.
March. Geological History of the Vertebrates. By Philip Cox.
April. Glassification. By W. M. McLean.
May. Spring Plants. By Geo. U. Hay.

LIBRAE Y.

The LiVjrarv shows a considerable increase. Two donations
of a large number of books and pamphlets were received from
Dr. Matthew and Mr. Hay. Cards have lately been procured
to be used in making a catalogue.

BOTANY.

The report of the Botanical Committee for 1895 is contained
in Bulletin No. XTII.

A valuable addition to the museum in this department is the
collection of about 1,000 plants, yjresented by Prof. Fowler.
These are the plants described in the list of oui- tlora given in
Bulletin IV.

MUSEUM.

The collection of moUusca has been cleaned, arranged and cata-
logued. This is an important work, as the shells were previously
in an unsatisfactor}' condition. Numbers corresponding to those
in the catalogue need to be fastened to many of the specimens,
by which they could be permanently identified.

The cases in the invertebrate room, containing coi'als, shells
and Crustacea, have been made dust pi'oof.

We should notice Di-. A^'. F. Ganong's donation of the re-
mainder of his collection of invertebrates of the Bay of Fundy,
consisting chiefly of the rare and critical species.

Dr. Cox, of the Dominion Fisheries Department, spent some
weeks in the museum, making use of the library and specimens
in connection with his ofHcial work.

PUBLICATIONS.

Bulletin No. XllI has just been issued. It is lai-ger than usual
and will be found to contain much of local interest. Chiefly to
be noticed is Dr. Cox's article on the New Brunswick fishes,
giving a list of the species, which will l)e of much economic, as
well as scientitic Aaluc

APIMCXDIX. KEPOHT OF THE COUNCII,. 61

.SITMMEK CAMP.

Tlu' Summer Camp of 1S95 was held at Lepreuu Basin, in
July. It was fittended by thirty members, and others, and was
very successfid. Among those present were Dr. Bailey and
Professoi's W. F. (lanong and A. W. Duff. An account will be
found on page S!) of Bulletin No. XTTI.

GENERAL.

The Room Committee have made several clianges in the heat"
ing arrangements. A stove has been placed in the in\ertebrate
room, and a new one obtained foi- the lecture room. A great
improxement has been made in the appearance and accommo-
dation of the library, by a large new case, which giv-es room for
a proper arrangement of the books and periodicals.

The visitor's book shows that a large number of persons have
visited the museum during the year and examined the collections.
We all wish for the time when an attractive building,
with ample i-oom for a well arranged museum, will continue
to be a place of interest for all visitors to the city, as well as for
the citizens themselves.

To those who prepared the many interesting papers and
lectures heard during the past year, the thanks of the Society
are due ; as also to the press for the insertion of notices and
reports of meetings.

Respectfuliv submitted,

GEOFFREY STEAD.

Sperctary to Coitncil,

62

APPENDIX — DONATIONS TO THE LIBKARY.

DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY, 189S.

Donor's Namr.

Residence.

Work.

Royal Society

Royal C< ilonial Institute

Geological Society

Director Royal Gardens

Manchester Geological Society

Biological Society

Liverpool Geological Society

Mar ne Bol ogical Association

Belfast Natuialists Field Club

Royal Society of Canada

Ottawa Field Naturalists' Club

Department Inland Revenue

Entomological Society of Ontario

Hamilt. ^n Association

Natural History Society

Sir Wm. Dawson

Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba.
Nova Sc<itia Institute of Natural Sciences . . .
University of Toronto

London

do ... .

do

Kew

Manchester..
Liverp ol . .

do
Plymouth . .

Belfast

Ottawa

do

do . . .
London, Ont
Hamilton.. . .
Jlontreal

do
Winnipeg . . .

Halifa.'c

Toronto

Gro. F. Matthew St. John

Geo. U. Hay

John V. Ellis, Jr

Australian Museum

Australian Assoc, for Advancement of Science

Linuean Society of N. S. W

New Zealand Institute

U. S. Geological Survey

U. S. Fish Commission ,

U S. National Bluseum .

U. S. Dep'i of Agricul ure (Botanical Division)

U. S. C' last and Geodetic Survey . .

Smithsonian Instil ui i n . . . . ,

University of Calif Tnia

University of Michigan

Cornell University

Tufts' College

,Jc .hns Hopkins University

Boston Society of Natu al History

Essex Institute

New \ ork Academy of Sciences

New York Microscopical Society

Linneai Society of New York

.American Museum of Natural History

Linuean Society of New York

do

do

Sydney, N.S.W.

do
Elizabeth Bav
Wellington, NZ

Washington . . .

do

do

do

do

do
Berkeley. Cal.
Ann Arbor . . . .
Ithaca, N Y. ..
Tuft's Col, Mass

Baltimore

Boston

Salem

New York

do

do

do

do

Proceedings.

Journal

Abs of Proceedings.

Bulletins.

Proceed, and Trans,
do
do

Journal.

Ann. Rep't an 1 Proc.

Proceed, and Trans.

jOttawa Naturalist.

Bulletins.

('an. Entomologist

Jiurnal.

Can. Record of Scien.

Pamphlets.

Report.

Proceedings.

Quarterly.

Reports on Geology of
Italy, Georgia (U.
S A.), and Minne-
sota; also 25 p m-
phlets on geologi-
ca 1 subjects.

Canndi^u S^ ientist,
Nos 1-11 (1885J,
Acadian Scientist.
1883-1884, Botanical
Notes, by W. T. L.
Reeci (MSS.), and
175 pamphlets,
mostly relating to
botany.

Proceeii. of Victoria
Insiit'e of Trinidad

Report.

Report, Vol. V.

Prnceeilings.

Procet-d. and Trans.
Vol. XXVI [

Reports andBullei ins
do

Reports and Proc.

Bulletins.

Report,
do.

Bulletins.

Kep rt.

Bulletins.

.studies.

Circulars.

Procee lings.

Bulletins.

Transactions.

Journal.

Abstract of Proceed.

Report.

Abstract of Proceed.

APPENDIX — DONATIONS TO TIIK LIHRAKV. 63

Donations to the IjivnAU\-( Continii''d).

Do vor's Name.

ReSIDENX'E.

Work.

Natural Science Association of Staten Island
Rochester Academy of Natural Sciences ....

Iowa Acadi my of Sciences

Academy of Natural Sciences

Colorado Scientific Society

Cincinnati Society of Natural History

C. G. Lloyd

Missouri Botanical Garden

Prot. J. Walter Fewkes

Field Columbian Museum

Oomite Geologique du Russia

Imperial Acadr my of Sciences

Geological Institute of Upsala

New Brighton.
Rochester, N.Y.

DesMoines

Tacoma

Denver

Cincinnati

do

St. Louis

Boston

Chicago

St. Petersb'g. .

do
Upsala

Proceedings.

do

do

do

do
Journal.
Plates.

Annual Report.
Pamphlets.
Publications.
Memoirs and Bul'tins
Bulletins.
do

Purchased.

Among Rhode Island Wild Flowers. By Prof. W. W. Bailey.

64

APPENDIX- UOXATIOXS TO THE MUSEUM.

DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM.

Date.

Donor''s Name and Desceiphon op Article.

1895.

Mm-

Apl.

Jill}/

Aiuj.

Mrs. John S. Maclaren. Collection of Plaster Me-
dallions in a Case.

E. T. P. Shewen, Es(^, C. E. Two Pieces of Timber
fi'om Cape Tormentine, boi'ed by Teredo navalis.

F. 8. Tho.mpsox, Es(^ 75 (Specimens of Tropical Shells.

Geo. D. r>AiN, Esg. Cluster of Spawn of the Conch
Shell. Sea Ivor}'. Pod of l^onr'ntna Regia.
From South Coast of Florida.

James Kelly, Est^. Young Eagle, Mounted. Captured
at Bocabec Lake.

W. M. McLean, Esq. Dollar Fish {Sfromatevs fria-
canthus), from St. John Harbor. Hemetiipfertts
A'inerican^ifi, -' Sea Raven," St. John Harbor.

Dr. John Baxter, Chatham, N. B. Piece of Whale-
bone taken from mouth of a whale thrown on
shore at Neguac, N. B.

Dr. William F. Ganoxc;. Dredge Net and Dip Net,
the Outfit used by Dr. Ganong during his in-
vestigation of The Maidne Fauna of the Bay of
Fundy.

Geoffrey Stead, Esi^., C. E. Fifty-seven Species
Miocene Fossils from Maryland and Virginia,
\J. S. A. Staurolite Crystals, from Shelburne,
N. S. Plant and Insect remains from peaty
layer in clay at Lee's Brickyard, Courtenay
Bay. Ctenodiscus adspevKKS, young specimen
of the Cunner or Blue Pen-h, from the " North
Shore " of New Brunswick.

APPENDIX —DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM. 65

Donations to the Museum — (Continupd.)

Date.

Donor's Name and Desckiption of Article

1895.

Nov.

JVov.
Dec.

Dr. p. Cox and G. Stead, Esq., C. E. Gammarus or-
i/atus, Udm., Coui"tenay Bay, St. John.

Robert Matthew, Esq. Quartz Arrow Point, changed
to Skin Scraper, and Flake of Carnelian, from
Indian Camping Ground, Washademoak Lake.
Pod of Locust Tree (" Flamboyant"), Trinidad
Cuba.

John V. Ellis, Jr., Esq. Bird Nests from British
Guiana, and Snake Skin and Mounted Frog
from Trinidad. Rolled Pebbles of Asphalt and
C(»mmercial Asphalt, Trinidad.

AV. F. Best, Esq. 9 Species of Sea Shells.

Dr. McTnernev, St. John, N. B. Flying Fish (Exo-
cjHtus rondeletii), Scorpion {Chelifer Wider-i),
West Indies.

Prof. James Fowler, Queen's College, Kingston, Ont.
Collection of Plants, about 1,000 specimens,
being the type specimens of the N. B. list
(Bulletin No. IV.)

G. IT. Hay, Esq. Minerals from Blomidon, N. S.

66 OFFICKRS AND COMMITTEES.

Officers and Committees of the I^atural History
Society for 1896.

Patron — His Honor the Lieutenant Governor, Honorable John
James Fraser.

Council for 1896.
President—QQo. U. Hay, M. A., F. E. S. C.
Vice-Presidents— y<fm. Murdocli, C. E., H. (t. Addy, M. I).
Treasurer — Samuel W. Kain.
Secretary — Percy G. Hall.

Curators— ¥. E. Holinan, J. Y. Ellis, Jr., Thos. Stothart.
Librarian — G. Stead, B. A.
Additional Members — Geo. F. Matthew, D. Sc, F. R. S. C, Gen.

D. B. Warner, J. Roy Campl)ell.
Delegate to Royal Society — William J. Wilson.

Associate Members' Bran( h.

President — Mrs. Geo. F. Matthew.
Secretary-Treasurer — Mrs. F. E. Hohnan.

Standing Committees for J 896.

Physics— Wm. Murdoch, W. F. Best, A. Lordly.
Geology —Geo F. Matthew, L. W. Bailey, J. P. Clayton.
Invertebrates — Geo. F. Matthew, G. Steid, S. W. Kain.
Vertebrates— B.. G. Addy, W. W. White, P. R. Inches.
Botany — Geo. U. Hay, James Vioom, H. F. Perkins.
Lectures— Geo. U. Hay, H. G. Addy, J. Roy Campbell, J. V.

Ellis, Jr., S. W. Kain.
Archceoloyy — Geo. F. Matthew, F. E. Holman, S. W. Kain.
Pzibhcations-Qeo. F. Matthew, Geo. U. Hay, S. W. Kain, A.

Seely, P. G. Hall.
Poo7)is—Ii. G. Addy, Geo. F. Matthew, Wm. Murdoch, J. E.

Wilson.
Press— T. G. Hall, ,]. V. Ellis, Jr.

MBL/WHOI LIBRARY

UH ITTU Y

"671