BULLETIN ^

OF THE

Zoology

( OCT n 1940

ueRARi.--^

Natural History Society

OF

NEW BRUNSWICK

No. XXIX.

VOL. VI.

Part III,

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.

ST. JOHN, N. B.:

Barnes & Co., Ltd., Printers, Prince Wm. Street.
1911.

BULLETIN

OB THE

Natural History Society

OF

NEW BRUNSWICK.

No. XXIX.

- VoL. VI. Part 111.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.

ST. JOHN, N. B.:

Barnes & Co., Ltd., Printers, Prince Wm. Street.
1911.

THE FRESH WATER DIATOMS AND DIATOMACEOUS
EARTHS OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

By L. W. Bailey, LL. D., F. R. S. C.

In the last Bulletin of this Society the writer gave a general
account of the structure and relations of Diatoms, together with
lists and illustrations of the marine and estuarine forms which,
up to that time, had been observed along the New Brunswick
seaboard. He now proposes to enumerate and describe the
related forms to be found in the fresh waters of the Province
as well as those which, in a semi-fossil form, are to be found
in connection with some of the lakes and ponds of the latter,
constituting what are variously known as Diatomaceous
Earths,” “ Infusorial Earths,” and “ Tripolite.”

I.— FRESH WATER DIATOMS.

In attempting to enumerate the fresh water species of •
Diatoms a difficulty is at once met with, viz., that of determining
what forms are really of this character as distinguished from
those which are typically marine. Such species as are found in
lakes and ponds, or in running streams, are of course fluviatile
or lacustrine, but, where these empty into the sea, they may be
carried into the latter, and thus to some extent becohie
commingled with marine forms. Moreover, when, as is the case
particularly with the St. John River and the IMiramichi, these
are really estuarine, and are brackish for many miles above
their mouths, the presence of saline conditions, even though in

(291)

292

HULLETIX OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

a greatly diluted form, may make possible the presence of
species which, were it not for the presence of some degree of
salinity, would probably not he found at all in such waters.
It has been found also that the commingling of fresh and salt
waters affects the character as well as the number of species
occurring where such admixture takes place, the usual effect,
whether the transfer of habitat he from fresh to salt water (u*
the reverse, being the diminution in the amount of silica secreted,
and the consequent decrease in the clearness of striation and
sometimes the complete disappearance of the latter. It is also
altogether probable that, as with other forms of plant life, the
Diatoms are sensitive to their surroundings, and that, among
fresh water forms, some prefer still, others running water, some
boggy pools or mountain lakes, hut differences of this kind have
not yet been sufficiently studied to make any definite conclusions
possible.

The fresh water Diatoms possess as a group some general
characteristics. They usually abound in attached and concat-
enate forms, such as those of Diatoma, Meridion, Himantidium,
Fragillaria, Tabcllaria, etc., though some species belonging to
these genera are marine. Alost of the species of Epithcinia, of
Eunotia and of Cymbella are confined to fresh water, while
Naviculoid forms, like Navicula and Finnularia and Stauroneis,
are of common occurrence, as well as attached and clustered
forms, like Synedra, Colletoncma and Encyonema. On the
other hand circular forms, such as Coscinodisens, and triangular
and quadrangular forms, like Triceratium and Biddulphxa, are
seldom or never met with.

The abundance of Diatoms in some of the lakes of the
Province is quite remarkable, being, in connection with other
fresh water Algae, such as to thicken their waters to such an
extent as to impede the passage of a boat. One illustration of
this is to be found in what Dr. Ganong has termed Diatom lake,
a considerable sheet of water connected with the Nepisiquit
Diver near its head; and another is Pocowogamis Lake, near the
main road traversing Pocowogamis Settlement in York County.

FRESH WATER DIATOMS. ‘

293

In the latter case the consistency of the water, in mid-summer,
was like that of porridge. Unfortunately specimens collected
from these localities are not now available, and the identity of
the species concerned in producing this curious effect is not
known. The occurrence of such vast numbers of living Diatoms
in situations of this kind goes far to explain the origin of the
‘‘ Infusorial Earths ” or “ Tripolite ” deposits to be presently
noticed.

In the following lists of species it is proposed to give
( I ) those which are seldom or never found in any other waters
than those of brooks, rivers above tide water, or ponds and
lakes, and (2) those of doubtful habitat, found in the lower
courses of the St. John River and Kennebecasis, where the
waters are more or less under the influence of tidal flow, and
where the salinity varies from that of the Bay of Fundy at the
Falls to where it becomes quite imperceptible. In this latter
case there is also considerable variation with the depth of water,
the surface waters being often quite fresh while those a few feet
down are decidedly salt. And yet again with the seasons, the
high freshets of spring being sufficient to prevent altogether the
entrance of the sea-water. As the Diatoms live only near
the surface where the light can reach them, it is not probable
that the conditions which prevail in the deeper parts of the
Kennebecasis, which reaches a depth of nearly 200 feet and the
temperature in midsummer is about seventeen degrees above
freezing^ can greatly affect them.

Lists of Fresh Water Diatoms.

I. From brook near Biological Station, St. Andrews:

Diatoma elongatum Ag.
Diatoma vulgare Bory.
Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Gomphonema acuminatum Ehr.
Epithemia.

Himantidium arcus W. Sm.

Melosira.

Meridion circulare Ag.
Navicula.

Tabellaria flocculosa Kutz.
Pinnularia viridis W. Sm.
Synedra lunaris Ehr.

2. Oiamcook Lake and Outlet :

Diatoma vulgare Bory.

Diatoma elongatum Ag.
Meridion circulare Ag.
Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Gomphonema geminatum Ag.
Orthosira punctata?

Orthosira orichalcea \V. Sm.
Melosira varians Ag.

Pinnularia viridis \V. Sm.
Pinnularia major W. Sm.
Navicula elliptica Kutz.
Navicula mesolepta Kutz.
Navicula polyonca Breb.
Navicula trinodis. S. B. D.
Navicula dilatata Ehr.

Navicula Brebissonii Kg.
Navicula acrosphaenia Kg.
Stauroneis phoenicenteron Ehr.
Stauroneis acuta? W. Sm.
Stauroneis anceps Ehr.
Stauroneis Stodderii Lewis?

Epithemia turgida W. Sm.
Nitschia Tryblionella.

Nitschia sigmoidea W. Sm.
Synedra ulna Ehr.

Himantidium arcus W. Sm.
Himantidium undulatum W. Sm.
Tryblionella gracilis.

Nitschia Tryblionella? Hantz.
Tabellaria flocculosa Kutz.
Tabellaria fenestrata Kutz.
Surirella splendida Kutz.
Surirella elegans Ehr.
Pleurosigma Spencerii W. S.
Pleurosigma attenuatum W. Sm.
Cymbella cuspidata Kutz.
Cyclotella compta Kg.
Asterionella formosa.

Amphora ovalis Kutz.
Gomphonema.

Eunotia tetraodon.

Chamcook Lake is about one and a half miles from Passa-
maquoddy Bay, is about ninety-five feet above tide level, and
has a maximum depth of 200 feet. The above collection is a
typical one.

3. In brook beside railway track, Fredericton :

Diatoma vulgare Bory.
Himantidium arcus \V. Sm.
Meiidion circulare Ag.

Pinnularia viridis \\'. Sm.

4. From melting ice of

Navicula amphirhyncus Ehr.
Synedra ulna Ehr.

Synedra limaris.

Stauroneis phoenicenteron Ehr.

St. John River at Fredericton.

Fragillaria capucina Desm.
Tabellaria flocculosa Kutz.
Cymbella Helvetica W. Sm.
Eunotia Monodon Ehr.
Himantidium arcus W. Sm.
Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Nitschia amphioxys.

Synedra ulna Ehr.

Synedra lunaris Ehr.

Surirella.

Gomphonema acuminatum Ehr.
Gomphonema geminatum A.
Pinnularia nobilis.

Navicula tumida?

Stauroneis phoenicenteron Ehr.
Odontidium mesodon Kutz.

FKKSII WATER DIATOMS.

29.")

IL— DIATOMS OF THE LOWER ST. JOHN AND
KENNEBECASIS.

(More or less subject to conditions of salinity.)

In the Bulletin of the Society for 1910, a somewhat lengthy
list of the Diatoms found at Harris’s (or Matthew’s) cove on
the Kennebecasis is given, together with descriptions of the
genera and illustrative plates, -the assemblage indicating an
admixture of fresh water and marine forms. As this collection
is by far the most complete as yet made, as well as that which
has been most carefully studied, it has been thought well to
reproduce it here in condensed form, at the same time that an
attempt is made to distinguish between the species which may
fairly be regarded as fresh water and those which are estuarine
or marine. It may thus be taken as a basis of comparison, and
by making such comparison with the forms obtained from other
parts of the lower St. John and Kennebecasis, some idea of the
range of species may be obtained, and possibly some light be
thrown upon the question of the influence of fresh and salt
waters respectively upon their distribution.

The collections, other than that of Harris's Cove which is
taken as the standard, are arranged in two series, the first
extending from the foot of the Long Reach and mouth of the
Nerepis by the Milkish, Grand Bay and the Narrows above
Indiantown, to St. John Harbor; and the second from Perry’s
Point at the head of Kennebecasis Bay through Saunder’s Cove,
Matthew’s Cove, Rothesay and Millidgeville, to where the
Kennebecasis and St. John waters unite off Boar’s Head.

The collections referred to have been revised by Dr. A. H.
MacKay, Chief Superintendent of Education, Halifax, N. S.,
and Mr. Oliver Kendall, of Providence, R. I., and to these
gentlemen I am indebted for the addition of a considerable
number of species not determinable with the literature at my
command.

BULLKTIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

LMH)

Diatoms from. Harris's or ^^latthew’s Cove, Kennebecasis,

I. Fresh Water Forms.

Amphora pvalis Kiitz.

Eunotia arcus Ktz.

Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Cocconeis Placentula Ehr.
Cymbella Ehrenbergii Kutz.
Encyonema coespitosum K.
Epithemia turgida Ehr.

E. gibba Kutz.

E. zebra Ehr.

Eunotia monodon Ehr.

E. diodon Ehr.

Gomphonema acuminatum Ehr.
Odontidium mutabile S. B. D.
Melosira varians Ag.

M. granulata.

Navicula nobilis Ehr.

N. major Kutz.

N. viridis Ktz.

N. maculata Bail.

Nitschia sigmoidea W. Sm.
Pleurosigma attenuatum W. Sm.
Stauroneis anceps Ehr.

S. phoenicenteron Ehr.

Surirella splendida Ehr.

S. ovata Kutz.

S. ovalis Breb.

S. biseriata W. Sm.

Synedra pulchella Kutz.

S. ulna Ehr.

Tabellaria fenestrata Kutz.

2. Marine or Brackish Water Forms.

Amphiprora alata Kutz.

Acnanthes subsessilis Ehr.
Biddulphia aurita Lyn.

B. laevis Ehr.

Campylodiscus cribrosus W. Sm.
Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Coscinodiscus radiatus.

C. lineatus.

C. eccentricus.

C. marginatus.

Cyclotella Kutzingiana.

Doryphora fRaphoneis) Boeckii W. S.

D. amphiceros Kutz.

Epithemia musculus Kutz.
Grammatophora marina Kutz.

G. serpentina Kutz.

Homoecladia filiformis W. S.
Mastogloia Smithii Thw.

Melosira Borrerii Grcv.

Navicula peregrina Ktz.

N. Smithii var. ovalis.

N. elliptica Kutz.

N. marina Ralfs.

N. bilobata W. Sm.

Nitschia sigma W. Sm.

N. scalaris W. Sm.

N. angularis W. Sm.
Raphoneis amphiceros Ehr.
Striatella unipunctata Ag.
Surirella ovata Kutz.

S. constricta W. S.

Synedra arcus Kutz.*
Tryblionella gracilis W. S.
Try. scutellum W. Sm.
Triceratium alternans Bail.
Surirella striatula Turp.

S. Brightwellii W. Sm.

In addition to the above the following sjK'cies, constituting
a little less than one-half of all those observed, also occur at
this point:

FRESH WATER DIATOMS.

297

Coscinodiscus pellucida.

Meridion intermedium.

C. Americana.

Nitschia punctata Sm.

C. griseus.

N. Tryblionella.

Cymbella gastroides K.

N. circumsuta Bail.

C. lanceolata.

N. thermalis.

Cyclotella Meneghiniana.

N. angularis W. Sm.

Diatoma tenue C. Ag.

N. longissima Rail’s.

D. hyemale Lyngb.

N. granulata Grun.

Encyonema ventricosum K.

N. paradoxa Grun?

Eunotia pectinalis.

N. constricta Grun (?)

E. lunaris.

N. littoralis G.

E. major.

N. levidensis.

Fragillaria Pacifica Grun?

Rhoicosphenia curvata Grun.

Fr. construens? Grun.

Schizonema ramossissimum Ehr.

F. mutabilis Grun.

Stauroneis spicula Dick.

Gomphonema angustatum.

Surirella Mollerianum Grun.

G. exiguum.

S. crumena Breb. ( = S. Brightwellii

Licmophora Lyngbei G.

W. Sm.)

Mastogloia octogona.

S. striatula Turp.

M. crenulata.

Synedra arcus Ktz.

Navicula roteana Grun.

Plagiotropis vitrea.

N. permagna Bail.

Licmophora tincta.

N. minuscula.

As to these forms the writer is in doubt as to how they
should be referred. It may, however, be said that Coscinodiscus
is essentially a marine genus, Smith giving only one species
(C. minor) as being of fresh water habitat. The Cymbellas, as
given by Smith, are all fresh water forms. The Cyclotcllas
include both fresh and salt water species.

I. Diatoms from soundings (4 fathoms), St. John River,
above Gregory’s Point at foot of Long Reach :

Epithemia Argus W. Sm.
Epithemia turgida Ehr.
Tabellaria fenestrata Kutz.
Synedra lunaris Ehr.
Synedra ulna Ehr.
synedra radians,
j^avicula elliptica Smith.

Navicula rhynchocephala? Kutz.
Stauroneis.

Surirella.

Melosira subflexilis Kutz.
Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Gomphonema geminatum A.

29S

lUl.LKTlN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

2. Pond adjoining St. John Ricer jnst below Ifarding’s
Point :

Navicula rhynchocephala? Kutz.

Pinnularia major Ktz.

Epithemia turgida Ehr.

Epithemia zebra Ehr.

Synedra ulna Ehr.

Synedra gracilis?

Tabellaria flocculosa Kutz.

Nitschia bilobata Sm.

Nitschia sigma \\\ Sm.

Nitschia linearis W. Sm.

Surirella ovata Kutz.

Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.

Diatoms from month of Nerepis River:

The collections from which the following Diatoms were
obtained were made in the vicinity of the Nerepis Bridge, and
near where the waters of the Nerepis River mingle with those
of the main St. John. In the channel of the latter, dtiring flood
tide, a slight degree of salinity may be recognized, but it is
doubtful whether this reaches the Nerepis proper or has any
influence upon the character of its Diatom life. All the species
enumerated are usually regarded as fresh water forms, though
a few of them are also to be found in waters that are brackish.

Stauroneis phenicenteron Ehr.
Cocconeis Placentula Ehr.
Pleurosigma attenuatum W. Sm.
Melosira subflexilis Kutz.
Melosira varians Ag.

Bacillaria paradoxa Gmcl.
Doryphora Boeckii \V. Sm.
Eunotia monodon Ehr.
Himantidium arcus W. Sm.
Diatoma elongatum Ag.
Fragillaria capucina? Desrn.
Gomphonema constrictum.

Tabellaria flocculosa Kutz.
Epithemia turgida Ehr.
Epithemia zebra Ehr.
Himantidium undulatum W. Sm.
Himafltidium gracile? Ehr.
Melosira varians Ag.

Melosira subflexilis Kutz.
Bacillaria paradoxa Gmel.
Nitschia bilobata W. Sm.
Nitschia sigmoidea Ehr.

Navicula maculata Bail.

Navicula Smithii var. ovalis.
Navicula.

Navicula.

Pinnularia acrosphenea?
Pinnularia major Ktz.

Pinnularia viridis Ktz.

Synedra ulna Ehr.

Stauroneis phenicenteron Ehr.
Fragillaria capucina?

Doryphora Boeckii \V. Sm.
Cocconeis placentula Ehr.
Cocconeis pediculus Ehr.
Gomphonema geminatum Ag.
Gomphonema acuminatum Ehr.
Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Surirella splendida Ktz.

Surirella Mollerianum Grun.
Surirella.

Diatoma vulgare Bory.

Eunotia tetraodon Ehr.

Eunotia monodon Ehr.
Campylodiscus cribrosus \V. Sm.
Cyclotella.

Pleurosigma.

Cymatopleura apiculata.

FRESH WATER DIATOMS.

299

3. Diatoms from mud of St. John River at Ingleside :

Navicula Smithii var. ovalis.
Synedra ulna Ehr.

Synedra pulchella Ktz.
Melosira varians Ag. very com.
Melosiia nummuloides Kutz.
Melosira Boierii rare.
Doryphora Boeckii W. Sm.
Amphiprora alata Kutz.
Acnanthes subsessilis Kutz.
Navicula Smithii var. ovalis.
Navicula maculata Bail.
Epithemia turgida Ehr.
Doryphora Boeckii W. Sm.
Stauroneis.

Coscinodiscus.

Cymatopleura?

Odontidium mutabile W. Sm.
Himantidium arcus W. Sm.
Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Cymbella cuspidata Kutz.
Surirella ovata Kutz.
Campylodiscus cribrosus W. Sm.
Amphipleura pellucida Kutz.
Pinnulaiia viridis Ktz.

Tabellaria fenestrata Kutz.
Tryblionella scutellum W. Sm.
Nitschia bilobata W. Sm.

Diatoms from mud at head of the iMilkish :

Actinoptychus undulatus.
Coscinodiscus.

Cocconeis Placentula Ehr.
Cocconeis pediculus Ehr.
Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Cyclotella compta?

Cyclotella Kutzingiana?
Doryphora Boeckii Sm.
Doryphora amphiceros Kutz.
Epithemia musculus Kutz.
Epithemia turgida Ehr.
Epithemia zebra Ehr.

Eunotia diodon Ehr.
Encyonema?

Cymbella.

Himantidium arcus W. Sm.
Melosira nummuloides Kutz.
Melosira varians Ag.
Melosira subflexilis? Kutz.

Navicula Smithii var. ovalis.
Amphiprora alata Kutz.
Pinnularia mesolepta Ehr.
Pinnularia viridis Ktz.

Nitschia closterimn W. Sm.
Nitschia sigma? W. Sm.
Nitschia linearis W. Sm.
Gomphonema cristatum Ralfs.
Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Tabellaria flocculosa Kutz.
Tabellaria fenestrata Kutz.
Surirella splendida Kutz.
Surirella ovata Kutz.
Rhizosolenia.

Stauroneis phenicenteron Ehr.
Zygoceros.

Synedra arcus Kutz.
Pleurosigma angulatum W. Sm.
Pleurosigma Balticum W. Sm.

Of the above forms Cyclotella Kutzingiana, and Navicula
clostcrium have brackish water affinities, while Rhabdoncma and
Rhizosolonia^ if correctly referred, are decidedly marine. In
addition to Diatoms a Foraminifer and an Infusorian
(Distephanus speculum) were observed here, both common to
the Bay of Fundy.

HULLKriN OF THE NATl^RAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

;^oo

]\riid from Narrows of St. John River. Swift Point, 25 faths.

Rhabdonema minutum.
Tabellaria.

Cyclotella Kutzingiana.
Melosira nummuloides Kutz.

Melosira.

Epithemia.

Synedra.

Nitschia.

Narrows of St. John River, Plankton collection:

Navicula Smithii var. ovalis.
Navicula viridis Ktz.

Melosira nummuloides Kutz.
Melosira varians Ag.

Isthmia enervis Ehr.
Actinoptychus undulatus.
Amphiprora omata.

Cocconeis.

Campylodiscus cribrosus W. Sm.
Coscinodiscus radiatus.
Doryphora Boeckii \V. Sm.
Tryblionella.

Bacillaria paradoxa Gmcl.
Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Synedra salina W. Sm.

Synedra radians? W. Sm.
Navicula Smithii var. ovalis.
Navicula viridis W. Sm.

Surirella striatula Turp.

Surirella elegans?

Bacillaria paradoxa Gmel.
Pleurosigma attenuatum W. Sm.
Tabellaria fenestrata Kutz.
Zygoceros Mobilensis Bail.

In the occurrence of Isthmia this gathering shows distinctly
marine conditions, while Bacillaria paradoxa is decidedly a
brackish water form.

Diatoms from old wharves at Indiantown :

Melosira nummuloides Kutz. Bacillaria paradoxa Gmel.

Melosira. • Navicula.

Nitschia closterium W. Sm.

Bacillaria paradoxa Gmel, said to be the most wonderful of
all Diatoms, was found very abundantly near the ferry landing,
and its curious movements, so suggestive of animality, may be
readily observed in fresh collections from that point. Several
species of Diatoms, such as Doryphora, Synedra, IMelosira and
Navicula, may be obtained from the tidal creek at Stetson’s
Mill. Scrapings from booms above Indiantown yielded the
following: '

Synedra radians? W. Sm.
Rhoicosphenia curvata Green.
Tryblionella scutellum W. Sm.
Cocconeis.

Nitschia sigma W. Sm.

Melosira nummuloides Ktz.
Melosira subflexilis Ktz.
Surirella ovata Kutz.
Homoecladia sigmoidea in tubes.

FRESH WATER DIATOMS.

301

Diatoms from Docks in St. John Harbor.

The following species were obtained from the wharves of the
Eastern Steamship Co., and the Balla.st wharf in St. John.
These are directly washed by the waters of the Bay of Fundy
and represent essentially marine conditions, yet must be subject
to the influence of the powerful fresh water currents which at
times traverse St. John Harbor. The collections made in this
vicinity are as yet very imperfect :

Melosira nummuloides Ktz.
Melosira varians Ag.

Melosira Jurghensii.

Melosira subflexilis Ktz.
Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehr.
Coscinodiscus minor Ehr.
Grammatophora marina Kutz.
Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Cocconeis pediculus Ehr.
Doryphora Boeckii W. Sm.
Doryphora amphiceros Kutz.
Actinoptychus undulatus.
Amphiprora alata Kutz.
Amphiprora ornata.

Cyclotella striata Thw.
Cocconema Cistula Ehr.
Mastogloia Smithii Thw.
Acnanthes subsessilis Ktz.
Acnanthes longipes Ag.
Rhabdonema minutum.
Stauroneis.

Gomphonema marinum W. Sm.
Gomphonema geminatum Ag.
Tryblionella gracilis W. Sm.
Navicula didyma Kutz.

Navicula Smithii var. ovalis.
Navicula maculata Bail.

Navicula infiata Kutz.
Pleurosigma Aestuarii? W. Sm.
Pleurosigma obscurum W. Sm.
Pleurosigma fasciola W. Sm.
Pleurosigma Balticum W. Sm.
Pleurosigma hippocampus W. S.
Pinnularia distans W. Sm.
Pinnularia.

Bacillaria paradoxa Gmel.
Biddulphia aurita Breb.

Nitschia sigmoidea \V. Sm.
Nitschia fasciola.

Nitschia closterium W. Sm.
Nitschia vermicularis.

Cyclotella Kutzingiana Thw.
Stephanodiscus Niagara Ehr.
Orthosira marina.

Triceratium alternans Bail.
Surirella gemma Ehr.

Surirella minuta Breb.
Amphiprora.

Epithemia ventricosa Kutz.
Synedra ulna Ehr.

From scrapings of old wharves in Courteney Bay specimens
of the following were obtained :

Nitschia closterium W. Sm. Cocconeis.

Melosira. * Nitschia sigma?

From a comparison of the forms which have now been
enumerated (a very incomplete list) with those given from

302

lU'LLKTlX OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Yarioiis stations upon the St. John River, it will, to some extent
at least, be seen what species are capable of thriving alike in
pure salt water and in that which is partly or greatly freshened.
We now proceed to give the Second or Kennel)ecasis Series.

T. l^iatoms from Perry’s Point, Kennebecasis.

At tliis point, about twenty miles distant from the outlet
of the river, and about fifteen from the Narrows, the Kenne-
becasis rapidly shallows, and, except for a small channel, is
largely occupied by a growth of Potamogcton. In these respects
it nearly resembles the conditions at the mouth of the Nerepis,
and, as will appear from the following list, manv of the Diatoms

found are common to the
appreciable.

Amphipleura pellucida Kutz.
Amphiprora alata Kutz.

Epithemia turgida W. Sm.
Epithemia argus W. Sm.

Pinnularia major Ktz.

Pinnularia viridis Kutz.

Nitschia closterium W. Sm.
Nitschia scalaris W. Sm.

Nitschia sigmoidea W. Sm.
Surirella splendida Kutz.

Surirella linearis W. Sm.
Campylodiscus cribrosus W. Sm.
Tryblionella gracilis? W. Sm.

Diatoms from Saunder's

two. The salinity here is barely

Stauroneis phoenicenteron Ehr.
Pleurosigma.

Navicula Smithii var, ovalis.

Synedra ulna Ehr.

Amphora ovalis Kutz.

Melosira varians Ag.

Tabellaria flocculosa Kutz.

Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.

Cocconeis placentula Ehr.

Doryphora (Raphoneis) Boeckii.
Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Odontidium.

Himantidium arcus VV. Sm.

Cove, Kennebecasis :

Campylodiscus cribrosus W. Sm.
Eunotia diodon Ehr.

Synedra pulchella Kutz.

Synedra ulna Ehr.

Cocconema lanceolatum P2hr.
Doryphora (Raphoneis ) Boeckii W.
Himantidium.

Surirella splendida Kutz.

Surirella Molleriana.

Coscinodiscus radiatus.
Gomphonema acuminatum Ehr.
Gomphonema sp?

Amphora ovalis Kutz.
Pinnularia viridis W. Sm.
Pinnularia mesolepta Ehr.
Tabellaria fenestrata Kutz.
Fragillaria.

S. Nitschia lineatis W. Sm.
Nitschia biiobata W. Sm.
Epithemia turgida W. Sm.
Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.
Melosira subflexilis -Kutz.
Pleurosigma.

FRESH WATER DIATOMS.

303

Diatoms from Harris’s (or Matthew’s) Cove, Kennebecasis.

This locality precedes that of Rothesay, to be next described,
and is about ten miles from the main St. John. It forms a
marked indentation in the shore line and would seem to be well
sheltered from the tidal or other currents which traverse the
more open water outside. It is also, in contrast with the waters
outside, of very shallow depth, and largely occupied by a dense
growth of Potamogeton. It was just at the outer edge of this
growth, where the water is somewhat deeper, that the remark-
able collection already given, was obtained. No fresh water

stream of any magnitude enters

Diatoms from soundings of¥

Bacillaria paradoxa Gmel.

Nitschia scalaris W. Sm.

Nitschia sigma W. Sm.

Nitschia plana.

Nitschia circumsuta Bail.

Nitschia bilobata W. Sm.

Nitschia Hungarica Grun.

Pleurosigma fasciola W. Sm.
Pleurosigma obscurum W. Sm.
Pleurosigma strigosum W. Sm.
Pleurosigma macrum. ^

Pleurosigma tenuissimum?
Pleurosigma strigilis W. Sm.
Pleurosigma Balticum W. Sm.
Pletu-osigma Spencerii W. Sm.
Epithemia turgida W. Sm.

Epithemia zebra Kutz.

Epithemia musculus.

Melosira nummuloides Ktz.

Melosira Borrerii.

Melosira Jerghensii vat. octogonia
Grun.

Amphipleura sigmoidea W. Sm.
Cocconeis Placentula Ehr.

Cocconeis scutellum Ehr.

Surirella striatula Turp.

Surirella ovata Kutz.

the cove.

Rothesay, Kennebecasis Bay:

Surirella Brightwellii W. S.
Raphoneis (Doryphora) amphiceros
Ktz.

Raphoneis (Doryphora) Boeckii W.

Sm.

Amphiprora alata Kutz.

Amphiprora lepidoptera? Bail.
Acnanthes subsessilis Ktz.
Actinoptychus sub tills.

Navicula radiosa.

Navicula elegans.

Navicula pelagi.

Navicula Smithii var. ovalis.

Navicula maculata Bail.

Navicula longa.

Tryblionella scutellum? W. S.
Campylodiscus cribrosus W. S.
Tabellaria flocculosa Kutz.

Synedra.

Stauroneis phoenicenteron Ehr.
Coscinodiscus minor? Ehr.
Cymatopleura scutellum.

Pinnularia viridis W. S.

Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Gomphonema.

Amphora ovalis var. gracilis Ehr.
Plagiotropis vitrea Grun.

304

HULLKTIX OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Diatoms from soundings at IMillidgeville :

Actinoptychus undulatus.
Doryphora Boeckii W. Sm.
Nitschia scalaris \V. Sm.

Nitschia sigma W. Sm.

Nitschia closterium \V. Sm.
Epithemia turgida W. Sm.
Epithemia zebra Kutz.

Epithemia musculus.

Eunotia diadema? or tetraodon.
Coscinodiscus eccentricus.
Cocconema lanceolatum.
Cyclotella.

Melosira subflexilis Kutz.
Melosira varians Ag.

Navicula Smithii var. ovalis.

Navicula didyma Kutz.

Tabellaria flocculosa Kutz.
Tabellaria fenestrata Kutz.
Pinnularia viridis Ehr.

Surirella ovalis Breb.

Surirella Molleriana.

Surirella striatula Turp.

Pleurosigma hippocampus? W. Sm.
Pleurosigma sp.

Pleurosigma strigosum? \V. Sm.
Cocconeis Placentula Ehr.

Acnanthes subsessilis Kutz.
Campylodiscus cribrosus.

Amphora.

Distephanus speculum.

This (Kemiebecasis) series here connects with that of the
St. John River, previously given.

From a comparison of the preceding lists some interesting
conclusions may be drawn. ^

Of the species having the widest range may be mentioned
Novicula Smithii, var. ovalis, a fresh water form, found at
Ingleside, Nerepis, Milkish, Perry's Point, Harris’s Cove,
iMillidgeville and the Narrows above Indiantown, but which
also occurs in St. John Harl)or and Passamaquoddy P>ay.
Navicula viridis and Tabellaria flocculosa, also fresh water
forms, are widely distributed, but mostly at ])oints somewhat
remote from the sea. The same is true of Stauroneis and
Diatom a, essentially fresh water forms. On the other hand Dory-
phora, (Raphofieis) Boeckii, a marine species occuring in Passa-
maquoddy Bay, not only abounds in the Narrows of the St. John
but is found also at Ingleside and Perry’s Point, as well as at
other points in the Kemiebecasis. Collections from Flewelling’s
Wharf, on the south side of the latter, are mainly made up of
this species, while a second species, D. amphiccros, also marine,
is much rarer, having as yet been observed only in St. John
Harbor and Matthew’s or Harris’s Cove. Navicula maculata.
Bail., a fresh water species, first observed in Florida, has been

FRESH WATER DIATOMS.

305

found in Harris’s Cove where it is quite abundant, and at the
mouth of the Nerepis. Amphiprora alata, a species difficult to
detect on account of its delicacy and transparency, has been
observed at six different stations, ranging from Ingleside and
Perry’s Point respectively, to Matthew’s Cove, Rothesay and
St. John Harbor. It is usually regarded as marine. Cocconema
lanceolatum, a fresh water form, ranges from the mouth of
the Nerepis to Perry’s Point, but has not been observed in the
Narrows. Campylodiscus cribrosus, marine or brackish, is not
uncommon and is widely distributed, being found at Harding’s
Point, Ingleside, Perry’s Point, Saunder’s Cove, Rothesay and
Millidgeville. Cocconeidae are very common in nearly all the
gatherings. The same is true of Mclosira, including M. varians,

M. nitmmuloidcs and M. suhflcxilis, they often making up the
bulk of many collections. Epithemia tiirgida, a fresh water
form, is common in most of the gatherings, except from those
near St. John, while E. zebra is more rare. Of the Nitschias,

N. bilobata occurs at the foot of the Long Reach on the one
hand and at Perry’s Point on the other, as well as at Rothesay.
Nitschia closterium occurs at the Milkish, Harris’s and
Saunder’s Coves, but has not been observed at points more
remote from the sea. It is, however, a marine or brackish
water species. N. didyma has been observed at Alillidgeville
and about the docks in St. John Harbor. Pleurosigmas are
usually marine, and many species abound in the waters of the
Bay of Fundy, but they are also not uncommon in those of the
lower St. John and Kennebecasis, the most common perhaps
being P. attcimatiim, which is really a fresh water species.
Bacillaria paradoxa, a brackish water species, was not only
observed, in active movement, at Indiantown and in St. John
Harbor, but up the St. John to the Nerepis and at Saunder’s Cove
on the Kennebecasis. Syncdra ulna, a fresh water form, is
widely distributed.

On the other hand, as species of very limited distribution,
so far as the area under discussion is concerned, and some of
which would seem to be waifs from the ocean outside, may be

300

HULLKTIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

mentioned IstJuuia oicnis, found in the plankton of the
Narrows; Triceratuun altcrnans, observed in Harris’s Cove;
Rliabdoncma mimitum^ found in the Milkish and the Narrows,
as well as in St. John Harbor; Cymatopleura and Coscinodisciis,
of which specimens have been observed, but rarely, in collections
from Harris's Cove, ^Millidgeville and Drury’s Cove. The forms
of the latter genus^ as found inside the harbor, are all quite
small.

The following tables show more fully the facts of distriburton :

TABLE SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF DIATOMS IN ST. JOHN RIVER AND KENNEBECASIS.

FRESH WATER DIATOMS.

307

o

o (L» <D a; <u

aJajcJOJojrtojGjaJO

Uh

o a

^ j:: .5 -c

(/)(/) u <fi

:jh u. Uh

3A03 S^AjnJQ

puBjsi ^lujng

3ntA3SpajlII/\[

9A03 ,sJ9punBs

4Utoj s.Aja9d

* * * *

ABg A9UiJtio3

joqjBH uqof -55

uqof -tjs — SA\oiJB]q

9ptS9|3ui

Std9J9M

* * * *

:)uiOci s.SuipjBH

:)uioj s,AjoS9J0

9A03 SUJBH

* * * * *

w ,H

0) 'O

a

"bi) ^ ''1 .i2

I 3 ” 1

»-8 2 S

0^ >% P

.£4

ni

(U

3

‘o cs
a § cs
.»•§ •=
"23
g S
o<

(u (S

o .S

S!

C O

,a ^ ^

2 .2 a. a

S -s 6 a a

c <u <J < <J pq pq

a 3
2

o

-2 6
‘C 3
o

(U

M -M
;3

o O
W W
3 t/3

O 3

>> c

di o

C3 k>

C o
aj O

O U

3 3

2 ’o

3 ^
^ 5

oj ^
aj

.2 a

<U (U

a c3

O O
o o
o o
o o
O U

0>

6 :3 .3

uS

2 ^

Is

§ pq

3 c(j

3 ^ S' :2 o

I II .s i| s

w o c G c!< S S

o t>> ^ ^ ® c

U U U U Q P W

TABLE SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF DIATOMS IN ST, JOHN RIVER AND KENNEBECASIS.— Continued.

;os

HULLETIX OF TIIF NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

a

3A03 S^AJIUQ

jr .c JT -C .r:

t/I M (/) t/) CO

o Gj c cj oj a

L- L- !-i L-

U. U. [ju Uh Uh U-c

r< Li,

L. X!

O L.

<u o
-C .S ^

CO 1-1 CO
Li^LiLiU-LiLiLiir^

puHisT jiung

3n;A33pami\[

AHS3qjo>j

9A03 ,Si9punHS

iJUlOfJ S.AJJ9J

Ang A9UJJ1I03

loqJBH uqof 3s

uqof 3S — SA\ojiesj

* * *

apisaiSui *

Sld3J9]Sl

* * *

ijuiog s^SuCpjBH i * * . * * * *

3UIOJ s,Aao3aJO * . * *

9A03 SUJBfl

««

-

<U W.

• C
CO o
3 73 a
bJD O O
C T3
O O

6 ’3

ccS rt ccj

W)

WWWWWWfx,0

cS

g

s

o3 w

two g

ctf .3

a ^

a ^

o g

dh‘1

a -2

o ^

CO

CCJ

'3 CO

P

ccj

a a I

3 31 g

I 'I «

a c 3 3 3 3

ctj c« ,g u _o o

a a ’> "> ’> ’>

•S CCj Ct CCj CCj

K w ^ ^ ^ ^

V- ,2 .£3

§ 3 6

a > CO

ccJ cj

■RESH WATER DIATOMS.

309

CO

O ^ oy

CJ ^ OJ

ccc:5^c:^c
C 'u. 'C O u u c
nJa3c3^0j2«cc3

S rt ctJ

case

O oy cy

_C _C -C _c

CO r/2 (/) CO

o o
c:5

u

^ ^

cS cS 03

Oj Gj

§ S ^

u^ u,

*

*

• * * *

*

* * *

* * * *

«J W M

s a M

3 .22 ««
T3 -o
^ cs

3 3

a

.2

’C

<u

-t->

w

o

s a

w 3

^ «J C(J

^

W V W

;3
o

’> ______

o o

CO CO

cci 2

3 3

o u

CO CO

0.- ^ • a

3 I I i ^

. o O ^ o

• o 3 2, ^

. m3 ^33

M ^ M -1-^ *4-^

. 3 W «J CO CO

_ oi cci ctf ni ^ cj

I a a a a a a

.2 .w M

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

+3 0 0 0 0 0 0

pH Uh »_ Vh »H H

§ 3 oi :3 d ;3

^ (U 0) (U 0) o o

O Ph Ph fl( &( P^

CCS

a <u

y a

CO O

O T3

ll

a B

CO 3

3 ^

^ a

O O

^ a
» 2

o, > t> ci
.w CO O O ,0 bo CO

^333333
©333333
^ .2 .h .b .b .b .b

« P^ « CP

3 2 2^3

H-> +> i-» .-<.-> I-*

rri rn rn rn r/i rn r/)

;3 3

TABLE SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF DIATOMS IN ST. JOHN RIVER AND KENNEBECASIS.— Continued.

10

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

t/2 CO

o a

oj .2

- 15

•C u

o .2

■C T3

9A03 S,AjnJQ

* • *

PUBISI 3uang

• *

3niA3Spaini\[

*

. * ...

A'Bsaq^o'a

. * * ■ * ...

. * ....

9A03 ,buapunBS

•*** .* ...*

imoj s,Ajj3j

• * ... * . * . o-

A^a A3mjno3

aoqjBH uiiof ‘3S

* * . .

' uqof -:»s — s.wojJB]^

*

. *

qsninv

* ....**

^ *

apTsaiSui 1

. * . * . *

Sld9J9M j

, * ... *

:iuioa s.SuipjBpi

. * ... *

JUIOJ S,AJOS3JO

II

II

1 3A03 auj^ij

1

* * • * ...

*

*

i/j ^

d

d u

d Cl.

c<3 nJ

aj

T3 "O ’d ’d dS —

0) 0) 0) <u <u <u

d d d d .o .o

>.>,>.>. d d
03 c/3 (/) c/3 H H

; B

. CO

; ^

n-.

CO

• d

• d

; ’ll

• «

o

• 3

d

. <u

■ o

Ul

. ^

• CO

two

• d

; d

’o3 "o)

’o3

M

CO

d d

d

o •?-<

o o

o

5 d

ll'i

Cl. (U
‘So > w

d Cl

o =3

Ai .Q

c<j Ui >H Ui >, iH

H H H H N H

CO CO
<u (U

d d d
ctf d d
d d d
CJ o o

< <3 <

(t) ctf d

dS cd ;=:

^ <u <t>

S

c & B

O >, >.

<3 U O

FRESH WATER DIATOMS

311

CJ o

i £

^ £

o 53

S c3

«

S .2

^ Sh

«3 c .a .a .a

c/3 pc) 0( Oh

cU

a o
a ^
a t

a

C« C3

-c
•a ^

^ a

^ ^ oi

.a .a .a

o o

-s ^

a. fi. o o o

o ^

g s
£ £
■? I
r?

-c -t:;
o c

£ I

-a
— a
o <

QJ .

C« 4-)

o c/}

a

(U _o
-5 a

a o

a S

^>-1

(V

o a

t/3 .-I

UJ L_1

<1-' s

biO ^
a CD

a ^

> ^
0) U

a o

.:: u

>£

.■a a

rn

S a

> ja

CO

^ °
Oi w
'o U

H "

I

w ^

b/) cr

3 t/!

n u

e a:

312

Hl'LLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

The forms represented in the Plate are only rough sketches
and are not drawn to scale. They make no claim to artistic
merit; means of accurate representation, and especially of
reproduction, not being available to the author. They are
intended mainly to enable local students to identify at least
the genera of the forms most commonly met with in the waters
of New Brunswick. For more exact drawings of these and
other species it will be necessary for the student to consult
standard works. The figures given are as seen with a one-
quarter inch objective, and the magnification is about 500.

1

Navicula maculata

24

Diatoma vulgare

9

Navicula smithii

25

Diatoma elongatum

3

Navicula elliptica

26

Himantidium arcus

4

Navicula trinodis

27

Himantidium undulatum

5

Navicula viridis

28

Pleurosigma attenuatum

6

Stauroneis phoenicenteron

29

Cocconema lanceolatum

7

Stauroneis acuta

30

Cocconema cistula

8

Navicula nobilis

31

Cymbella gastroides

9

Surirella biseriata

32

Epithemia zebra

10

Surirella gemma

33

Synedra radians

11

Surirella ovata

34

Synedra ulna

12

Stauroneis anceps

35

Fragillaria Harrisonii

13

Amphora ovalis

36

Fragillaria

14

Nitschia sigmoidea

37

Cocconeis Placentula

15

Nitschia sigmoidea

37

Epithemia turgida

10

Tabellaria flocculosa

39

Melosira subflexilis

17

Tabellaria fenes^rata

40

Melosira varians

19

Gomphonema capitatum

41

Encyonema coespitosum

18

Gomphonema geminatum

20

Navicula amphigampus

42

Surirella ovalis

21

Eunotia monodon

43

Surirella splendida

22

Eunotia diodon

44

Synedra pulchella

23

Eunotia tetraodon

45

Odontidium

313

314

HULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

The occurrence of marine species at considerable distances
from the sea, — for example that of Triceratium alternans fifteen
miles from the mouth of the St. John at Harris’s Cove, that of
Amphiprora alata at Perry’s Point and Ingleside, the former
locality twelve miles and the latter fourteen miles from the sea,
and further of Biddnlphia aurita, Coscinodiscus radiatus and
Grammatophora marina at Harris’s Cove, along with Surirella
ovata, Navicula didyuia and Tryblionella scntellum. — is in
accordance with facts observed elsewhere. Thus in the Hudson
River, marine forms, mingled with those of fresh water types,
are found in slightly brackish water^ at least sixty miles from
the mouth of the stream, while in Florida forms regarded as
marine, and common on the Atlantic seaboard, were found by
my father, the late Prof. J. W. Bailey, at Lake Munroe, two
hundred miles from the mouth of the St. John’s River.
Similarly, in the Thames, in England, marine forms in large
numbers are found at points at least fifty miles from the sea.
The rapid and alternating currents which traverse the lower St.
John as the result of exceptional tidal flow in the Bay of Fundy,
must be especially favorable to the wide dispersion and
commingling of their microscopic contents. The occasional
finding of a Foraminifer and the occurrence at several points
of the Infusorian Distephaniis speculum, common in the Bay of
Fundy, are further indications of the introduction of marine
types into the waters of the lower St. John. Sponge spjcula are
common in nearly all the collections.

As bearing upon the question of distribution, discussed
above, the following list of hydrographic observations in the
lower St. John and Kennebecasis waters is appended:

HYDROGRAPHIC DATA ON DIATOM LOCALITIES.

Millidgeville

Surface Temp. .51°

Sp. Or. Surface 1.003 2 faths. 1.007

Hillhurst

“ “ 5.3°

“ “ 1.003 2 “ 1.006

.Matthews Cove

“ “ 53°..*]

; “ “ 1.005 1 “ 1.008

Saunder’s Cove

“ “ .53°

“ “ 1.005 10 “ 1.006

Perry’s Point

“ “ 53°.c

) “ “ 1.004 1 “ 1.004

FRESH WATER DIATOMS.

315

Rothesay

Surface Temp. 53°

Sp. Gr. Surface

1.000 4 feet

1.000

Indiantown

i i

“ 49°

{ <

1.011 lOfaths.

1.012*

Land’s End

i 1

<< 52°

( i

< t

1.005 5 "

l.OlOf

Miydsh

i i

“ 53°

1 1

1.002 2 “

1.004f

Gregory’s Point

“ . 54°

i i

1.000 5 “

1.010*

Gregory’s Point

i i

< 1

( (

1.002 12 “

l.OlOf

Mouth of Nerepis

“ 69°.8

( (

1.000 2 “

l.OOlf

Mouth of Nerepis

i 1

“ 69°.8

< <

1 1

1.000 2 “

i.oooii

It would appear from the above that the lowest temperature
recorded, that at Indian'town, with the tide at half flood, is
49°, or 17° above the freezing point. This is only a little more
than a mile above the Falls at the mouth of the river, and where
there is a strong upward current from the sea. The temperature
at 'the several points on the Kennebecasis varies but little from
53°, though, except at Saunder’s Cove, the depth of observation
did not exceed two fathoms. *On the main St. John the surface
temperature was nearly the same about Grand Bay and the
Milkish, but rose to 54° at Gregory’s Point and to 69.8 at the
mouth of the Nerepis.

Taking the specific gravity of the water at the mouth of the
Nerepis and somewhat removed from the main channel of the
river as unity to the depth of two fathoms, we find that off
Gregory’s Point nearly opposite, but within the channel, also
1. 000 at the surface, but i.oio at a depth of five fathoms and
1. 016 at the depth of twelve fathoms, both observations being
on the flood. At the Land’s End, three miles below, the surface
density was 1.005 but at a depth of five fathoms i.oio, the same
as at Gregory Point. Finally, at Indiantown, while the surface
density was i.oii, that at ten fathoms was but little more, or
1. 012. Thus it would appear that the density for some distance
above the Falls, where the water is subject to powerful currents
and frequent reversals of direction, is practically the same at all
depths, but from the Milkish up a considerable difference is
observed between the surface density and that of a depth of a
few fathoms, the fresh water of the river evidently flowing over
the salter water brought in by the tide.

Flood. Flood. IFull Flood. HEbb.

3U) HULLETIX OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Indications of differences of salinity, and decrease of the
latter with increase of distance from the sea, are to be found not
only by observations for density, but also through the effects of
evaporation upon the slides used for microscopic examination.
In the case of all those about the Narrows, the saline matter was
such as to obscure observation, making repeated washings
necessary, but this effect became less as the point of collection
was more remote from the mouth of the river, and at the most
remote points was barely perceptible. From the character of
the crystallization it would also appear that the more soluble
magnesian salts, together with sulphate of soda, have a wider
distribution than common salt or sodium chloride. No chemical
analyses of the water have yet been made.

THE “ INFUSORIAL EARTHS ” OR TRIPOLITES OF
NEW BRUNSWICK.

These have as yet been observed at comparatively few points,
but it is altogether probable that further search will reveal their
presence at many other localities. They are usually found on
the bottom of shallow ponds or small lakes or beneath beds of
peat. They present the appearance of chalk-like deposits, some-
times of chalky whiteness and easily reducible to powder; in
other instances colored grey by the ]wesence of organic matter,
or yellowish from the presence of hydrous peroxide of iron.

Such deposits are of some economic value and have been
applied to a variety of uses, such as absorbents of nitro-
glycerine in the manufacture of dynamite, as filling material in
the making of paper, in the manufacture of soap and water-
glass, as abrasive material in polishing powders, and for other
uses. They are also of interest to the geologist, as from the
character of the contained species it is possilfie to determine
whether they are of purely lacustrine or marine origin, and
therefore to indicate former changes of level in relation to the
sea. It is possible that in some instances the lower layers of the

FRESH WATER DIATOMS.

317

deposits may indicate deposition in salt water and the later in
fresh, owing to elevation from conditions of marine submergence.
Such changes will also have had their influence upon the
characteristics of the contained species, and observations,
indicative of such change, have already been made by the writer.

At present only four deposits of Tripolite or Infusorial
Earth, as found in New Brunswick, are known to the writer,
viz., ( I ) at Fitzgerald Lake, about seven miles from the city
of St. John; (2) at Pollet Lake, in Mechanics Settlement, King’s
County; (3) on the Kingston peninsula about one mile east of its
western extremity, and (4) in Cover Lake, at the head of the
Upper North Branch of the Little S. W. Miramichi River. The
species observed in these several localities are given below.

Diatoms from Fitzgerald Lake, St. John Count}'

The deposit at this locality has been described by Dr. J. G.
Baxter in the Proceedings of the Miramichi Natural History
Association, No. Ill, 1908, where it is said to cover an area of
about fifty acres, with a maximum depth of thirty feet. Dr.
Baxter also gives a list of species, but in that which follows only
those are included which have been identified either by myself
or Mr. O. Kendall.

Stauroneis phoenicenteron.

Pinnularia major.

Pinnularia viridis common.

Pinnularia nobilis Ehr.

Pinnularia dactylus Kg.

Surirella splendida.

Sm-irella biseriata.

Himantidium arcus.

Cymbella cuspidata Kg.

Cymbella gastroides Kg.

Cymbella heteropleura Kg.

Cocconeis disrupta Greg.

Epithemia succincta.

Gomphonema capitatum.

Gomphonema acuminatum.
Stauroneis gracilis Ehr.
Synedra ulna.

Eunotia monodon Ehr.
Eunotia major.

Eunotia n. sp 1

Fragillaria construens Grun.
Navicula Brebissonii Kg.
Navicula firma Kg.

Navicula dilatata Ehr.
Navicula ovalis.

Navicula cuspidata.

Nitschia spectabilis Ralfs.
Tabellaria fenestrata.

31S

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Diatoms from pond on Kingston Peninsula, Kings Co.

Pinnularia viridis.
Piimularia major.
Gomphonema acuminatum.
Gomphonema geminatum.
Stauroneis phoenicenteron.
Himantidium gracile.
Himantidium undulatum.
Cymbella heteroplenia Ktz.
Cymbella gastroides Ktz.
Cymbella Ehrenbergii.
Cyclotella Kutzingiana K.
Tabellaria fenestrata Ktz.
Amphora ovalis Kutz.
Surirella biseriata?

Surirella robusta.

Surirella robusta var. diadema Ehr.
Eunotia diadema.

Eunotia major Rab.

Eunotia major var. robusta.

Eunotia incisa Greg.

Navicula rhomboides.

Navicula distans A. S.

Navicula acrosphaenia Kg.

Navicula cuspidata Kg.

Navicula discremens Kg.

Navicula tumescens Grun.
Pinnularia nobilis Ehr.

Pinnularia gigas Kg.

Synedra ulna var. vitrea V. H.
Synedra biceps Kutz.

Diatoms from Pollet Lake, Mechanics Settlement, Kings
Co., N. B.

Navicula rhomboides.

Navicula ovalis.

Navicula binodis.

Navicula trinodis.

Navicula dilatata Schm. At.

Navicula Brebissonii Kg.

Navicula cuspidata Kg.

Navicula (Pinnularia) major W. Sm.

Navicula (Pinnularia) viridis W. S.

Navicula (Pinnularia) nobilis.

Navicula (Pinnularia) dactylus.

Stauroneis phoenicenteron Ehr.

Surirella splendida Ehr.

Surirella biseriata W. S.

Epithemia.

Gomphonema acuminatum Ehr.

Gomphonema capitatum.

Gomphonema constrictum Ehr.

Of the species above enumerated all are distinctly fresh
water forms, though varieties of N. ovalis occur in the brackish
waters of the lower St. John. They are also all of existing
forms, though the living Diatoms of the lake have not yet been

Nitschia spectabilis Ralfs.
Nitschia linearis?
Himantidium gracile.
Himantidium arcus.
Himantidium undulatum.
Cocconema Cistula.
Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Cymbella gastroides Ktz.
Cymbella cuspidata Ehr.
Cyclotella striata Grun.
Cyclotella compta Kg.

Eunotia major Rab.

Eunotia pectinalis Kg.

Eunotia pectinalis var. stricta.
Eunotia diadema.

Eunotia tetraodon.

Synedra sp? sigmoid.

FRESH WATER DIATOMS.

319

determined. The deposits at this locality are remarkable for
their purity and whiteness, though owing to the presence of an
apparently silicious cement, they are difficult to separate and
clean. The locality in which they are found is probably nearly
1,000 feet above the sea, and the lake bottom occupies an area
of 122 acres, now laid bare by draining. The depth of the
Tripolite varies from 8 to i6 feet. Probably 50 acres of it are
from 15 to 16 feet deep. The upper portion to a depth of 3 to
12 inches is of a gray colour, soft and mushy with some
vegetable fibres, while below this the material is sufficiently firm
for horses to walk upon it though possessing a springy character
suggestive of rubber. This portion is pure white and destitute
of fibres.

Diatoms from Cover Lake, North Branch of the Little S. W.
Miramichi.

Stauroneis phoenicenteron.

Stauroneis anceps.

Pinnularia viridis.

Pinnularia major.

Pinnularia mesolepta.

Eunotia monodon.

Eunotia diodon.

Eunotia tetraodon.

Himantidium gracile.

Himantidium undulatum.

Tabellaria flocculosa.

Tabellaria fenestrata.

Cymbella Ehrenbergii.

Cymbella cupidata.

Navicula'binodis ?

Navicula.

Navicula amphigampus.
Navicula elegans?
Navicula ovalis.

Melosira aurichalcea.
Surirella ovata? frag.
Cocconeis.

Epithemia Argus.
Epithemia alpestris?
Gomphonema capitatum.
Encyonema.

Cocconema lanceolatum.
Cocconema Cistula.
Synedra ulna.

Fragillaria Harrisonii.

320

Bulletin of ruF Natural History Society.

Since the foregoing article was jiut in type collections have been made
from two additional localities, both of purely fresh water character.

Diatoms from Lawlor’s Lake, St. John County:

Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Cocconema cistula Ehr.
Himantidium undulatum W. Sm
Himantidium arcus W. Sm.
Himantidium gracile Ehr.
Cyclotella Kutzingiana Thw.
Navicula (Pinnularia) viridis W. S.
Navicula (Pinnularia) major W.S.
Cymbella gastroides Kg.

Epithemia turgida W. Sm.
Epithemia zebra Ehr.
Encyonema coespitosum
Synedra ulna Ehr.

Stauroneis phoenicenteron Ehr.
Pleurosigma attenuatum W. Sm.
Tabellaria flocculosa Kutz.
Nitschia scalaris? W. Sm.

Diatoms from Otnabog Lake, Queens County:

Cocconeis placentula
Navicula viridis W.S.

Navicula elliptica (Smithii).
Navicula nobilis Ehr.

Navicula radiosa? Kg
Epithemia turgida W. Sm.
Epithemia zebra Ehr.

Tabellaria fenestrata Kutz.
Tabellaria flocculosa Kutz.
Gomphonema constrictum Ehr.
Gomphonema geminatum Ag.
Stauroneis phoenicenteron Ehr.
Stauroneis anceps Ehr.
Stauroneis acuta
Tryblionella

Campylodiscus (costatus?) N. S.

Cymatopleura solea
Himantidium gracile Ehr.
Himantidium undulatum W Sm.
Pleurosigma attenuatum W. Sm.
Orthosira orichalcea W. Sm
Nitschia sigmoidea W. Sm.
Nitschia bilobata W. Sm.
Surirella elegans Ehr
Surirella intermedia
Surirella splendida Kutz.
Cocconema lanceolatum Ehr.
Cocconema cistula Ehr.

Synedra ulna Ehr.

Cyclotella Meneghiniana Kg.
Cyclotella compta.
Stephanodiscus Niagarae Ehr.

Otnabog Lake is about thirty-nine miles distant from the outlet of the
St. John river and about twenty-seven from the mouth of the Nerepis. It
is separated from the main channel of the St. John only by a narrow striP
of intervale, which is submerged during freshets. It is subject to a slight
rise and fall due to backing up of the water through the change of tide a^
the mouth of the river, but no salinity is evident to the taste. The only
species which would seem to suggest the influence of salt water is Nitschia
bilobata, which is described by Smith as brackish. It is not probable that
any marine or brackish water forms would be found in the main St. John
above this point.

ARTICLE II.

NOTES ON THE NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIO-
GRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

By W. F. Ganong.

120. — On the Physical Geography of Bartholomew River

Read by Title May 2, 1911.

{The map to accompany this note will he included with one of
the Dungarvon River in the next Bulletin.)

Of the several great branches which run parallel with the
Main Southwest Miramichi in the carboniferous country, the
one which lies nearest on the north, and is the smallest, is
Bartholomew River. In July last I descended it in a canoe
from near its source in the South Branch to its mouth, making
observations upon its physical geography with results which
follow.*

The development of our knowledge of the river can be
briefly traced. Its very first appearance of any kind in records,
so far as I can discover, is in 1809, when it is mentioned in its
present form in one of the Land Memorials preserved at
Fredericton. It is shown for the first time on a map upon
Bonnor’s Map of New Brunswick of 1820. Its name is de-
rived without doubt, as Cooneyt has told us, from that of an

*I was accompanied by my friend Mr. S. A. R. MacDonald, of Fredericton. W'e went
in by the portage road, via Pleasant Ridge, though we afterwards found that it would have
been much better to go by way of Ludlow. Though the water was fairly high we had to
drag the canoe a good deal on the upper waters, but found the lower parts easy and pleasant
canoeing.

tin his History of Northern New Brunswick and Gaspe, 1832, page 24. The local pro-
nunciation is like Bartholomee or Bartholemees. The local nomenclature of the river is of
simple and mostly obvious origin. An exception is the word Mohang, applied to the deep
pool on McCaskill Brook just above its junction with the Bartholomew, a word which is said
to be of Indian origin. Though named Bartholomews on most maps, locally the river is
mostly called Bartholomew.

(321)

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Indian family which formerly possessed, i. e., lived or hunted,
upon it. It has never been surveyed, and our present maps
are pieced together from various sketches made in connection
with timber line surveys. It has not been studied by geolo-
gists, though Chalmers has a mention of a remarkable gravel
ridge on the south side {Report of the Geological Survey of
Canada, 1895, 8G M) which he also shows, with some few other
facts about the lowermost part, upon his Surface Geology
map. It has been settled for a short distance up its course
by settlers expanding from the Miramichi, mostly Irish, but
with some Scotch and a few English, although, as in the case
of all other rivers in this region, the settlement is contracting.*
Above the old farms it is one unbroken forest, which has fur-
nished immense quantities of lumber. Indeed the river is
locally noted for the very rapid re-growth of lumber upon it,
and it has never been badly burnt. It is rather a poor stream
for fish, the dam at Blackville interposing an effective barrier
to the ascent of salmon, while trout are only moderately plenty;
nor has it any special reputation for game. Hardly any liter-
ature of any kind in connection with it appears to exist. t

Bartholomew River, as the map will show, has two sources
in branches of nearly equal size. The North Branch I have
seen only at its mouth, but it is said to run in a flat country,
and to have two or three large deadwaters, one almost large
enough to be called a lake, upon it. The South Branch rises
in a little lake, which I have seen, a typical shallow lake of
the flat country, with a low ridge on the south and extensive
bog on the north. + Thence a small stream runs for a mile
or two down to a large deadwater, in an open flat country.
This deadwater, which is about a mile in length, is partially
formed by a large dam, and is sometimes called “The Lake,”

*A good deal of information about these settlers, which I expect later to publish in
another connection, along with other information about the river, has been given me by the
very obliging postmaster of Bartholomew, Mr. Stephen McCarthy.

tl have noted only a single reference to the river in sporting literature — an article describ-
ing a hunting trip to its headwaters in Forest and Stream, Sept. 21, 1907, 455.

JThis is obviously the lake meant by Cooney {Op. cit., 121) when he says “The Bartholomew
emerges from a beautiful lake near Porter’s Brook.’’ Its remoteness at that day had evi-
dently operated to magnify its charms.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 323

thus making confusion possible (and in our case, actual) with
the real lake at the source. Thence I have seen the river to
its mouth. It issues from the deadwater as a dark brown
stream running rapidly down a broad bed mostly over slate
ledges, in a valley cut some thirty or forty feet below a flat
country. Thus it continues for a mile or so, a grievous trial
to the canoeman, when it gradually becomes quieter, narrower
and deeper, and merges to a Stillwater stream with sand-
bottomed and meadow-bordered pools. After a mile or more it
becomes shoal and rocky again, and soon after passes abruptly
from the slate country into that of the typical carboniferous
gray sandstones which show first in low cliffs on the left bank.
The red sandstones and conglomerates of the Lower Carbon-
iferous, which usually lie betw^een the slates and gray sand-
stones, appear to be wanting upon this river as upon the
Dungarvon, a fact correctly represented for the latter river
by the Geological Survey map, but erroneously for the Bar-
tholomew. The river continues rocky for a time, with frequent
flat sandstone bottom, and occasional low cliffs, but gradually
merges into a deeper Stillwater stream with meadowy banks,
and continues thus down to the Forks, where the North Branch
enters as a somewhat smaller and clearer stream. Just below
is a large dam covering a former small fall at sandstone ledges.

Below the dam the river is stony and shallow for half a
mile, then gradually growls quieter and deeper, developing
shallow Stillwater pools interspersed with short rips and small
stony reaches, and with flat sandstone bottom, the banks being
mostly meadowy and aldery, with occasional banks of gravel
and sandstone, all in a flat, densely forested country. At
Dungarvon Turns (apparently simply a place where the river
turns up towards Dungarvon, and a portage road runs across),
the sandstone cliffs are about 15 feet high and the country
along the portage road about 30 or 40 feet above the river.
Farther down the river keeps the same general characteris-
tics with a tendency to become steadily quieter and deeper,
winding much more than the map implies, and developing
into a very easy and pleasing canoe stream. Such is its char-

:V24

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

actor down to the u]:)permost old settlement a few miles above
Ledbetters Brook. Farther downward the river becomes still
larger, quieter, and more open, with the country gradually
rising, although the valley of the river remains ever open,
mature and trough-like. It is a decidedly pretty stream, though
rather monotonously so, and the forests are everywhere un-
broken and unburnt. And thus it continues down to the
long deadwater made by the Blackville Dam and to the set-
tlement, where the country rises gently some hundred feet
abovT" the river.

Summarizing the characteristics of the river as a whole, its
most notable feature is its singular homogeneity of character,
and its consequent lack of any striking features of any kind.
It has a remarkably even slope, regularly decreasing from its
source downward.

We turn now to the probable physiographic evolution of
the river. So scant is the relief of the country in which it
Hows that it is impossible to tell from the river anything more
than the maps suggest, and almost anything they suggest
may be possible. Its parallelism with' the Main Southwest
and the Dungarvon, between which it lies, implies, of course,
a history identical with theirs as part of the remarkable North-
umbrian system, already discussed in these Notes (No. 93).
Its extremely wide open and mature-looking character, how-
ever, suggests very strongly that it may once have been the
outlet of a much larger river. And this fact correlates very
well with the curious alignment of the stream with the Main
Southwest Miramichi above Fall Brook, suggesting that it may
once have been the outlet of some part or tributary of that
river. Indeed, I think it not beyond possibility that Burnt
Hill Brook may once have had a course l)y way of McBeans
Brook and the lower part of Salmon Brook, into the south
branch of Bartholomew, in which case the Clearwater may
have flowed by way of Ciilman Brook and the present main
river t(^ Fall Brook, and thence across to the North Branch
or i)erha[)s the Dungarvon. Other possible connections, of
minor importance, are suggested by the map, including a con-

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 325

nection of the upper waters with the Dungarvon through
Dungarvon Lake, with the upper part of Big Hole Brook through
Davis Landing Brook, and especially with the Main Southwest
through Otter Brook, which comes curiously close to the main
river and is in partial alignment therewith. But the reality
of such connections must await more thorough studies in
the future, and especially the construction of accurate topo-
graphical maps. There is no question, however, I believe,
that the low^er course of Bartholomews and the main Miramichi
below it occupy a single continuous valley, precisely as sug-
gested in the earlier interpretation of these rivers in the note
on the Northumbrian system.

121. — A Preliminary Study of the Saxby Gale.

Read by Title May 2, 1911.

All New Brunswickers have heard about the Saxby Gale;
many remember it; some can still point to visible evidences
of its destructive power; but it is surprising how little exact
information about it one can gather in the province, while,
as is usual in such cases, a kind of a conventionalized Saxby
Gale legend is slowly evolving. I have tried to gather the
essential facts about it for record in the Society’s Bulletin,
and may add that the desirability of so doing was first sug-
gested to me by another of our New Brunswickers interested
in the natural phenomena of the Province, Mr. J. W. Bailey.

First, as to its date. All testimony agrees that it occurred
upon October 4, 1869, beginning in the late afternoon, cul-
minating in the evening, and blowing itself out before morning.

Second, as to its extent. On seeking to gather data upon this
point, I experienced a decided surprise, tinged with some little
sense of affront to my local pride, when I found in answer to
my search and inquiries that our famous gale seemed not to
receive mention in any meteorological books and to be quite
unknown to the principal authorities of the Weather Bureau
at Washington. Furthermore it is not mentioned at all in
a book on the Historic Storms of New England from 1635

o2() nULLKTIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

to 1890.* The implication from these sources that the gale
was ver\' local is confirmed also from other sources. Our
colleague, Or. G. F. Matthew, writes me; —

A heavy southwest gale struck us in the Maritime Provinces, causing
much destruction, and a very high tide in the Bay of Fundy. The worst
effects of the gale were felt in Charlotte and York counties, across which
it swept diagonally.

A series of extracts from contemporary newspapers, kindly
sent me through Professor Cleveland Abbe of the Weather
Bureau at Washington, shows that in Nova Scotia its effects
were very severe along the Ba}" of Fundy, though it did no
great damage along the Atlantic coast of that Province. In
general, therefore, we may summarize its extent by saying that
it was a local southwest gale which attained its maximum of
violence in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, especially cen-
tering in the Bay of Fundy.

Third, as to its violence, and the damage it did. That this
gale attained a violence altogether unusual is the universal
testimony, though I have not found the actual meteorological
records. These will, no doubt, be given in the article later
mentioned, to be published by Mr. D. L. Hutchinson. As
typical of its effects I may quote from a letter written me by
one of the Society’s most accurate observers, Mr. James Vroom,
of St. Stephen : —

Next morning .... I went up through Milltown and back through
Calais on a tour of inspection, and counted upwards of thirty buildings
blown down, unroofed, or otherwise more or less injured by the gale. Among
the buildings blown down was the Universalist Church at Milltown, N. B.;
and it was in that storm that Christ Church, (St. Stephen), lost its tower.
The storm was at its height about eight o’clock in the evening ....
I heard the church bell rung by the swaying of the tower, and we looked
out just in time to see the tower fall. A day or two later I went back to
St. John by stage; and I have a very vivid recollection of the journey. We
were frequently stopped by windfalls, and obliged to cut a way through.
Of course we saw many trees and buildings blown down all along the route;
but the extreme force of the wind seemed to have been felt in comparatively
narrow strips, where, for perhaps a quarter of a mile or more in width, there

^According to The Naturalist of th‘> Saint Crux, Bangor, 1903 57.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 327

would be no trees standing. A blacksmith shop stood just at the turn of
the road at the head of Oak Bay. Its roof was lifted and laid across the
telegraph wires, apparently without breaking the wires, though they were

borne to the ground beneath it There were many curious

stories of the wind’s freaks Perhaps the most remarkable

circumstance was that with all the buildings destroyed, though there were
many narrow escapes, not a human life was lost on land.

Again, in further illustration of the same subject, one of
my most valued, observant and interested correspondents,
Mr. P. H. Welch, of Fulton Brook, Queens County, writes
me thus: —

I remember it well. The afternoon was cloudy,, of a uniform gray, and
towards sundown it began to blow quite strong, increasing to a stiff gale
just after dark. The wind kept up a steady pressure, no gusts, and a sweeping
roar like the fall of Niagara. I saw it pick up a heavy farm waggon and
hurl it one hundred feet or more. It seemed to come from the southwest
at first, but judging from the wreck it threw about it seemed to come more
from the southeast. It threw fences all over acres of land. ... I had
good opportunity to see its effects in the destruction of the forests, as it
blew down acres of woods, not leaving a single tree, and the larger the growth
the more the damage, but always in isolated patches, from two to a hundred
and fifty acres, which can plainly be traced yet as the Saxby blow-downs.
I remember well starting with a crew to the lumber woods a week or so later,
and it took us five days with six men and a team to clear out four and a half
miles of portage. I saw where it broke off hemlock trees two and a half
feet through, and sound, and threw their butts around in a half circle, and
some were taken by the roots several feet with a ton of clay adhering to
them. It blew down and unroofed many buildings, and in other cases left
not a single shingle on them.

Our colleague, Dr. G. U. Hay, has also written me vividly
his recollection of the fury of the gale, which he experienced
while visiting his home at Norton.

Fortunately we possess also an account of the gale written at
the time by an experienced observer. The late George A.
Boardman, the ornithologist, on October 14, only ten days
after the gale, described it thus in a letter to Spencer F. Baird,
of Washington; —

Nothing like it ever took place here. It appeared like a whirlwind.

The Universalist church was a perfect wreck; the railroad

bridge over the falls in front of my house fell into the river; also the covered

32S

bulletin of the natural history society.

bridge at Baring. More than one hundred buildings in St. Stephen were
ruined, and in our cemetery more than one thousand trees were uprooted
and broken. At Eastport about forty buildings were destroyed or unroofed,
several lives lost, and most all the fishing crafts were wrecked. At Eastport
and St. Andrews and about the islands the tide was very high and damaged

the wharves much. Sixty-seven vessels were ashore The blow

did not last but about an hour and was heaviest at eight o’clock in the
evening. There was very little wind at Bangor and not much at St. John.
{The Naturalist of the Saint Croix, 57.)

And in a letter to Professor Baird written October 29 of the
same year he gives this additional information: —

The great loss to this country from the Saxby gale will be to the woods.
We have had some of our men up exploring and they say they can walk
ten miles at a time on the trees that are down without stepping on the
g ound. In some places for half a mile about every tree is down.

The wind did not reach very far up the river, only about thirty or forty
miles — it was the heaviest about the shores.

The accounts in the contemporary New Brunswick news-
papers must also give reports of the greatest interest and value,
and I am pleased to learn that these are being collected by
our meteorological colleague, Mr. D. L. Hutchinson, and are
to be published soon in a meteorological journal.

The damage done by the gale included not only great devas-
tation in the forests, and a considerable destruction of build-
ings, but many wrecks in the Bay of Fundy, involving some
loss of life. Happening to conjoin with a time of high tides,
its course up the Bay of Fundy drove the tide to an unprece-
dented height, and thus caused the submergence of wharves
and overflow of the dyked lands, with great destruction of
dykes, cultivated marsh, and cattle. Thus the newspaper
accounts above-mentioned referring to Wolfville, N. S., say:

“Highest tide ever known, a large number of horses

and sheep destroyed;’’ at Windsor “streets were flooded and
the Green dyke was covered with mud;’’ in the same vicinity
“the damage done to the dykes would amount to S(),00(). The
tide rose from 12 inches to 18 inches higher than ever known
before. The Grand Pre and Wickwire dykes in Horton were
completely submerged.’’ The residents of the country of

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 329

the dykes and marshes, around both Minas Basin and Cumber-
land Basin, still recall the great tide, and the destruction of
their dykes thereby.

Fourth, as to the origin of the name. It is popularly known
that the gale was named for a person by whom it was pre-
dicted; and it is believed in New Brunswick that the predic-
tion, because of its exact fulfilment, was a very wonderful
performance. Few, however, can give any definite idea of
who Saxby was, nor do the biographical dictionaries yield
any enlightenment; and it is only through the kind interest
and aid of Professor Cleveland Abbe that I have been able
to obtain any accurate information about him. Professor
Abbe sends me a letter from W. H. Shaw of the Meteorological
Office of South Kensington, London, which reads as follows.: —

Saxby was an instructor of Naval Engineers who believed firmly in th
lunar influence on weather and was bold enough to write a book in defence
of his predictions, the second edition of which was issued by Longman, Green
& Company in 1864. In the book he gives a list of weather warnings up to
January 1st, 1866. He appears also to have issued an annual weather table,
a copy of which for 1878 is in the Office Library. As there are four or five
days in every month, separated by intervals of about seven days, on which
changes are predicted, and three or four days on which intense disturbances
are to be expected, it would be surprising if no coincidences with fact were
ound.

Saxby is commonly said to have been a lieutenant of the
Royal Navy, which would seem to be confirmed by his posi-
tion as Instructor of Naval Engineers. But Professor Abbe
informs me that his book above mentioned gives his name
simply as 5. M'. Saxby, Esq., Royal Navy. Apparently, though
connected with the Navy he was not an officer, for in response
to my inquiry made to the Admiralty office at London concern-
ing' him, I have received the following reply: —

The Secretary of the Admiralty presents his compliments to Professor
W. F. Ganong, and in reply to his letter of the 10th inst., begs to inform
him that there is no trace of a Lieutenant of the name Saxby having served
in the Royal Navy at the date mentioned.

I have not been able to find any printed statement of
Saxby’s prediction of our gale, but I infer from statements

330

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

sent me by Dr. Matthew, and from some other evidence, that
his prediction was not at all for a storm in our part of the
world, but a great storm somewhere else; and our very local
though severe disturbance happened to coincide with his date.
The fulfilment of his prediction, therefore, is purely a coin-
cidence, for which the prophet receives in our provinces an
honor which was not his due, and which I understand was not
accorded him in his own country.

122. — On the Duration of Open Water on the Saint John

River.

The length of time the Saint John River is free of ice each
year is a matter of considerable interest not only practically
but also scientifically. The newspapers are accustomed to
publish, at seasonable times, tables of the dates of opening
and closing of navigation; but these tables are copied from
preceding lists without special correction, and nowhere is there
accessible a table of these dates corrected to form a standard,
and available for scientific purposes. As a basis for such a
standard and reliable list I present herewith a table copied
from the Fredericton Gleaner of April 15, 1911, with the intention
of endeavoring to correct it, from old newspapers and other
sources, for a later edition, and with the invitation to members
of this Society to aid therein. I publish it precisely as given
by the Gleaner, because, while some of the figures are incon-
sistent and therefore involve some error, I have no means as
yet of knowing whether in such cases it is the date or the
number of days which is misprinted. I would also suggest that
for the future, the correct dates from year to year should be added
by Mr. D. L. Hutchinson to his admirable meteorological
tables published annually in the Society’s Bulletin.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 331

Dates of Opening and Closing of St. John River to Navigation, 1825 to 1910.

Year

Date of
Opening

Date of
Closing

No. of
Days
Open

Year

Date of
Opening

Date of
Closing

No. of
Days
Open

1825

April 15

Nov. 20

219

1868

April 22

Nov. 16

208

1826

April 17

Nov. 14

211

1869

April 20

Nov. 26

220

1827

April 6

Dec. 3

241

1870

April 11

Nov. 22

223

1828

April 20

Nov. 19

213

1871

April 10

Nov. 24

227

1829

April 17

Nov. 15

212

j 1872

April 22

Nov. 29

221

1830

April 18

Nov. 29

226

i 1873

April 23

Nov. 12

203

1831

April 10

Dec. 1

235

i 1874

April 21

Nov. 22

214

1832

May 3

Nov. 15

196

j 1875

April 27

Nov. 19

206

1833

April 10

Nov. 5

219

1876

April 22

Nov. 30

222

1834

April 11

Nov. 17

220

1877

April 13

Dec. 4

235

1835

May 1

Nov. 23

206

1878

April 5

Dec. 18

247

1836

April 28

Nov. 19

205

1879

April 27

Nov. 22

209

1837

April 17

Nov. 9

206

1880

April 22

Nov. 21

212

1838

May 1

Nov. 25

208

1881

April 2

Nov. 22

234

1839

April 25

Nov. 23

236

1882

May 1

Nov. 26

209

1840

April 16

Nov. 23

221 j

1883

April 18

Nov. 15

216

1841

April 27

Nov. 27

214

1884

April 16

Nov. 19

217

1842

April 24

Nov. 22

212

1885

April 23

Nov. 27

218

1843

April 26

Nov. 14

202

1886

April 21

Nov. 23

216

1844

April 14

Nov. 27

227

1887

April 27

Dec. 1

217

1845

April 23

Dec. 4

225

1888

April 26

Nov. 21

209

1846

April 6

Nov. 28'

236

1889

April 16

Dec. 1

228

1847

May 2 ’

1 Nov. 20

223

1890

April 21

Nov. 24

247.

1848

April 19

Nov. 13 j

208

1891

April 14

Nov. 29

229

1849

April 8

Dec. 2

239

1892

April 15

Dec. 6

234

1850

May 2

Nov. 27

209

1893

April 14

Nov. 21

220

1851

April 16

Nov. 17

215

1894

April 21

Nov. 20

212

1852

April 26

Nov. 25

220

1895

April 19

Nov. 22 <

216

1853

April 17

Nov. 25

221

1896

April 18

Nov. 21

210

1854

May 7

Nov. 10

208

1897

April 21

Nov. 21

213

1855

April 28

Nov. 22

218

1898

April 20

Dec. 9

232

1856

April 25

Nov. 17

215

1899

April 26

Nov. 13

202

1857

April 18

Dec. 5

230

! 1900

April 21

Nov. 20

213

1858

April 22

Nov. 13

204

1901

April 17

Nov. 24

221

1859

April 16

Nov. 29

226

1 1902

Mar. 23

Nov. 29

250

1860

April 23

Nov. 27

217

1903

Mar. 24

Nov. 27

247

1861

April 20

Dec. 3

230

1904

April 25

Nov. 10

220

1862

April 18

Dec. 3

229

i 1905

April 20

Nov. 21

215

1863

April 22

Nov. 17

209

1906

April 15

Nov. 26

225

1864

April 20

Dec. 9

232

'1907

April 17

Nov. 20

211

1865

April 6

Nov. 10

233

1908

April 21

Nov. 23

216

1866

April 14

Dec. 12

242

1909

April 19

Nov. 30

225

1867

April 22

Nov. 17

209 1

1910

April 6

Nov. 29

234

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Of course the feature of most immediate scientific interest
in this table concerns its possible testimony as to changes or
riuctuations in climate. With this in view, I have carefully
plotted these dates in parallel graphs, hoping that some general
fact or princii:>le might thereby stand revealed. Nothing
very positive, however, has resulted, and the possible inferences
are vitiated by the probable errors of the table, which are of two
sorts: — first, misprints in figures, and second, a possible or
probable difference of method at different periods in deciding
upon what constitutes the opening or closing of navigation.
Thus, the arrival of the first steamboat appears to be taken
usually as marking the opening of navigation, but it is* quite
likely that competition of competing lines, or other condi-
tions of traffic, differing at different periods, might lead to a
prompter pursuit of the ice by the steamers in some periods
than others; and the date of closing is even more liable to such
variations. Besides, the ice often moves after once having
closed the river, thus allowing another possible difference in
method of computation."^ Nevertheless, despite its errors the
list has its value, which will increase with time and any cor-
rections that can be made therein.

While I can find in the graphs and figures no basis for any
generalization of importance, they do show two facts. First,
the average time the river is open is a little longer in the second
than in the first half of the list; and second, the earliest dates
of opening and latest dates of closing of navigation fall in the
later years. This slight indication of some amelioration of
climate, however, may be vitiated by some of the errors men-
tioned, or even may be simply an accidental accompaniment
of the smallness of number of the figures.

♦These later movements of the ice are recorded in the table given for the years 1825 to
1849 in the New Brunswick Almanac for 1850, prepared by the Fredericton Athenaeum,
page 125.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 333

123. — On the Physiographic Characteristics of the
Renous Lakes.

Read by Title. May 2nd, 1911. '

The lakes of New Brunswick fall rather naturally into
somewhat definite groups determined, of course, by physio-
graphic causes. Most of the groups I have studied, and last
summer in August, I was able to visit and observe another,
to the investigation of which I had long looked forward as
likely to yield information of unusual interest. This is the
group of some twenty lakes, lying in a remote wilderness country
at the head of the two South Branches of the Renous River.*

These lakes make no early appearance in records, as is to
be expected from their remoteness and difficulty of access.
Long Lake was crossed by a timber line of Jouett’s in 1837,
while Berton Lake and those below it appeared for the first
t’me, though without names, on Berton’s survey plan of the
Renous River in 1838. Later surveys, by Jack, Fish and others,
added sketches of several other lakes, as their plans, preserved
in the Crown Land Office, show; and of course all of their data
are incorporated into the accompanying map, with, however,
some corrections as well as additions. No naturalist or geologist
has heretofore visited the group, (the coloring on the Geological
map having been added simply from estimation), nor have
I been able to find any other references in print to the group’
aside from a brief mention in one of my own earlier notes (No.

Bulletin, No. XXIII, 316, 318), a brief reference by Dashwood,
who visited them in 1863 {Chiploquorgan, 110), and the very
interesting story by Risteen mentioned in a footnote below.
The country has yielded a good deal of lumber, and now is
visited each autumn by sportsmen in pursuit of moose, which
are abundant, as are beaver and other game animals.

*I was accompanied only by my friend Professor A. H. Pierce. We went on foot, carrying
our own supplies from our camp below Upper Falls of the Dungarvon (see a Note on this
River in the next Bulletin), to Berton Lake, whence we made three trips to the other lakes.
The expedition took in all about nine days.

In preparing this paper, and the accompanying map, I have had much valued help from
Mr. Henry Braithwaite, the well known leader of all New Brunswick guides, who trapped
and surveyed in the region of the lakes in the seventies, and from Mr. Hiram Mandeville,
of Derby, N. B., who guides sportsmen to the lakes on the Little South Branch.

334

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

We consider first the lakes of the Main vSouth Branch. At
the ^'ery source lies Louis Lake, one of the prettiest of all New
Brunswick lakes, with clear, deej), spring-fed water, shores of
rock and sand, and a border of low hardwood ridges.* Not
only is this lake one of the most attractive in New Brunswick,
but it is the most elevated of which any measurement has yet
been made, lying as it does (a mean of two observations) at 1745
feet above sea level. t It obviously lies close up to the summit
of the plateau, for one has to go but a short way over a few feet
of rise to the west to find Half Moon Lake, a shallow bog-bordered
lake cut nearly in two by a stony bar, from which lake a stream
fiows down a great slope into the Dungarvon; while a little
to the north lie the Mud Lakes, amply described by their name,
some fifty feet (by estimation) higher, which empty to the
northward down an immense slope into North Branch Renous
waters as shown by the map. The Louis Lake stream I have
not seen down to Long Lake, but it is said to have no lakes,
and must fall greatly, since Long Lake, a bent lake with stony
shores, lies some 250 feet lower. The stream then falls greatly
among immense boulders, deep down amongst which it is some-
times completely out of sight. It receives the waters of Young
Bull Lake — a pretty lake high up on the plateau — and passing
through the shallow Mud Lake, and the pretty Grassy Lake,
deep-set under Shunabit Mountain, enters Berton Lake. All
of this stream has an aspect of newness which, in conjunction
with its crookedness, makes it apparent that the valley is not
an old one, but merely a recent overflow through chance channels
from the top of the plateau.

The lakes on the South Branch, — Berton, Nealis and Fowler,
— are insignificant lakes, shallow and margined l)y bog or
boulders, and made much larger than the original deadwaters

*A very appreciative account of this lake, and its beauties, centering around an amusing
hunting experience, is given by F. H. Risteen in Outing XXXVI, 1900, 36.

fOetermined, with the other heights given on the map, by aneroid measurements made
during our visit. Although the usual precautions, described in earlier Notes, were taken to
ensure accuracy, the fact that in most cases we could make very few observations at
each place renders' the figures less reliable than those given in many of the earlier Notes. '

As to other lakes of lofty elevation in the Province, compare Note No. 86, Bulletin No.
XXIII, 32.5.

j)vyLQCir\/om^ / h'aters

i

■Little South Hranch 7{enoVs\

^'//.///A; mosAsI :?*'"'••■*&

» I f/ ' tfh'} j 1 fi'Aff
/tn<niim/l lUi^i

,W\\x W’ '•>(//, K ^ ^ j ^

"bsKt p

- I-

^7

4 ■

f^v

W'^X

Sovi^L

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 335

they were by the dams across their outlets; but they lie in a
great deep valley separated by a lofty ridge from the Dun-
garvon on the south.

Burk Lake lies, at a lower level than the stream just west
of it, in a broad open and ancient valley, with its upper end
nestling into a niche in the great hardwood ridges which rise
to the plateau on the north, and its lower end extending out
into an open burnt cou^ntry, through which its outlet runs as
shown by the map. Looking up from the shores of Fowler
Lake one can follow this great valley, obviously the original
morphological source of the South Branch Renous, and can see
the great plateau across its head, rising into the more elevated
cone-shaped Lighthouse Mountain. This valley extends
morphologically right along the margin of Fowler Mountain,
the country thence out to Fowler Lake being all flat. Below
Fowler Lake the South Branch Renous is said to continue
a very rough stream down to the Lower Falls, below which
it is smooth and pleasant, and very easy for canoeing, down to
the junction with the North Branch, whence to the mouth
it has been described fully in these Notes (No. 85).

We consider next the several lakes emptying into the Little
South Branch of Renous, all of which lie spread out to view
from the great bare granite summit of Jack’s Mountain. North-
ward can be seen the great wooded plateau, in a niche of which
lies Melville Lake, and into which are cut the valleys of the
streams shown by our map.*

* It will be of interest to record here such information as I have been able to glean, chiefly
from Mr. Henry Braithwaite, but also from some others, concerning the origin of the nomen-
clature of this region. Several of the names are, of course simply the obvious descriptive
sort. Louis Lake, as all agree, was named for Louis Bear, a famous Maliseet Indian hunter,
from whom Mr. Braithwaite learned his craft, who used to hunt here, as did the Tobique
Indians as far back as 1825 and doubtless earlier, as Mr. Braithwaite tells me. It was for this
same Louis Bear, I believe, that Louis Mountain and the Louis (pronounced Lewey) Rapids
on the Miramichi above McKeel Brook were named. Berton was named for the surveyor
who began his survey at its head in 1838, and the name should be thus spelled, and not Burton,
as on some plans. Burk was named by Edward Jack, (who uses this spelling and not Burke),
presumably for some lumberman, while Melville was named for Melville Jack, his brother,
who did work for the lumbermen in this region. Fowler Lake was named for James Fowler,
an early lumberman, and Kennedy Lake for John Kennedy who made timber there. This
name, by the way, appears on Fish’s Plan, as Canada, doubtless because he misunderstood
the name when told him, and it is shown on his plan in a very erroneous position and form.
The Ottawa Branch was named, reason unknown, by Daniel McLaughlin who lumbered

330

bulletin of the natural history society.

This plateau slopes downward towards the southeast to a
lower open rolling country completely and desolately burnt,*
and paved titanically by granite boulders. In shallow valleys
of this desert lie the lakes, — Middle Lake, surrounded by bog,
as is the stream to Upper Long Lake, which is narrow and
straight; Beaver Lake, irregular and desolate; Long Lake,
remarkable for its straightness, and its extensions into others;
Kennedy Lake, with its lower part in the unburnt country,
and some others of minor prominence only partially shown
by our map. The streams between these lakes run deep among
huge boulders, which also form the shores, making them for-
bidding of aspect and difficult of use for camping or any other
purposes. While at first sight the lakes appear to bear no
definite order, a closer inspection will show that they lie really
in valleys having the Northwest Southeast directions character-
istic of the ancient valleys of all this region.

The Ottawa Branch I have not seen. It is said to include
no real lakes, but a good many deadwaters and ponds, between
which the stream is mostly rough. It is reckoned by the guides
as the main stream, that from the lakes being considered .a
branch. The combined streams are said to be rough down
to the junction with the North Branch of Renous.

Summarizing now the general physiographic condition
of this region, it is evident that we are dealing with a part of
the South eastern margin of the great central highlands, just
where these highlands are sloping down to the lower country
which extends eastward to the sea. This part of the highlands,
moreover, is cut off from the rest by a great cross valley, — that

largely upon it, whence it is also sometimes called the McLaughlm Branch. Lighthouse
Mountain is so named because of a conspicuous bare place on its north side visible from a
long distance. The most interesting name in the region is Shunabit Mountain, (also pro-
nounced Shunabut and Shunabuck and written Shajiaput by Mr. Risteen), which I suspect
to be Indian, though Mr. Braithwaite suggests a somewhat jocose origin in the opinion of
lumbermen that it was a place to shun a bit. Jack's Mountain, was named for Edward Jack
who conducted a survey of this vicinity. Five of the lakes, previously without recognized
names, I have named myself. Young Bull for a superb young bull moose we saw there; Right-
Angle Lake for a prominent characteristic; Middle Lake, for its position; .Arthur Lake for my
companion; EffcOTr La/je for its shape.

*This country has obviously been burnt twice. Mr. Mandeville tells me it was last
burnt in August 190.5, and before that about thirty-five years ago.

NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OP' NEW BRUNSWICK. 337

in which runs the South Inlet of North Branch Renous Lake
and other waters. It can be traced westward into the upper
part of the Tuadook Branch of the Little Southwest Miramichi,
as shown in an earlier note (No. 86, Bulletin XXIII, 326), and
also eastward, though less clearly. From the South Inlet,
and also from other places to the northward, one can see clearly
the great abrupjt lofty slope of the edge of this plateau. This
valley, by the way, doubtless owes its existence to the fact
that all of this part of this country is built of intrusive rocks
which came up in great parallel northeast-southwest ridges,
occasionally leaving between them a line of softer rocks which
have since eroded away to leave a cross valley, an arrangement
which explains other valleys as well,— notably the Tuadook
farther north, and the Main Southw'est Miramichi above Fall
Brook. The original drainage of the country was, however,
to the southeast, at right angles to the later-formed cross valleys,
which explains the prevailing directions of valleys, lakes, and
ridges. Since this part of the highlands is the part Avhere they
slope abruptly down to the low country, the ridges left between
the valleys project out like fingers, which end more or less
abruptly. Jack’s Mountain is one of these fingers and others
can be seen therefrom, looking like abrupt hills from the east-
w'ard. Finally the ice of the Glacial Period swept the granite
from the top of the plateau down to the low country, dropping
it largely in the angle between highlands and lowlands, thus
damming the valleys at that place, and bringing it to pass that
many of the lakes lie with their heads in niches of the highlands
and their feet in the open country.

338

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

PREHISTORIC CHROXOLOCxY FROM THE EGYPTIAN
MONUMENTS.

Written history was once the basis from which chronology
was drawn, but the decypherment of the inscriptions on the
Egyptian monuments has afforded a new basis of computation,
carrying the history of mankind far beyond the records of
classic antiquity.

These Egyptian tombs and pyramids were erected in a
country remarkable for its dry climate, which has preserved
these old hieroglyphic inscriptions for thousands of years.

The Greek historian, Herodotus, learned something of
Egyptian histor\^ from the priests of the temples in his day,
and the names of several of the Pharaohs of the monuments
have been recognized in his long list of Egyptian kings. The
early king of Egypt as depicted on the monument seated on
his throne, with consorts beside him, seems very primitive in
his simple robes and hare feet, yet his subjects lived in
civilized communities, carried on trade with the surrounding
nations, and worked mines in the neighboring region of Sinai.
They, however, had no weapons or implements of metal, but
had made considerable advances in the manufacture of pottery
and other arts.

The chronology of Egypt, in brief, was as follows: —

Years,

The Ancient Empire lasted for 1600

The Middle Empire 500

Domination of the Hyksos or Shepherd Kings 500

The New Empire 600

This Empire broke up into petty states frequently dominated by

foreign nations, Assyrian, Ethiopean, Persian and finally Greek. . . 800

The Greek invasion occurred 330 B. C., so that the earliest
Egyptian records go back to more than 4,000 B. C., and yet
they belong, judging from the arts and culture of the people,
only to the close, or latest stage of the Neolithic Age.

The Egyptian culture is also useful as giving us a connect-
ing link with that of Europe, for the Bronze age began in
Egypt about 2000 B. C. or before the time of the Hyksos
domination.

Brugsch’s Egypt under the Pharaohs, London, 1879. Vol, II., p, 311.

ARTICLE III.

NATURAL HISTORY OF ROCKWOOD PARK.

Rocks and Minerals of Rockwood Park.

By G. F. Matthew.

Abstract of Address given December 6, 1910.

Minerals. — Owing to the frequent exposure of rocky ledges
in various parts of the Park, several kinds of minerals and rocks
have been noticed, and some have been mined and others quarried.

Black Lead or Graphite. — Many years ago a mine of black
lead was worked by the Gilberts at Lead Mine Point — a low
point of land on the eastern side of Lily lake near its outlet.
The mineral mined here was of a kind suitable for stove polish
and for foundry facings, but not for purposes to which the finer
grades of graphite are applied.

Ophicalcite or Verd Antique. — The translucent green variety
of serpentine occurring in magnesian crystalline limestone, is
found in the limestones at the west end and the north side of
Lily lake. The best examples observed were from limestone
a little west of the western boundary of the park.

Common Serpentine. — This kind of serpentine which is the
result of metamorphism in igneous rocks, is present in a vein
or dyke of such rock that cuts the quartzite at the southwest
side of Look-out hill, just back of the northern cove of Lily
lake. It is a dark, gray rock mottled with spots of lighter
gray, giving the appearance of a snake’s skin, hence the names
“Ophite,” or “Serpentine,” by which it is known.

Tremolite. — This is a light gray, fibrous, or bladed mineral,
found in the magnesian limestones on the Adelaide road, that
would extend across the northern end of the park by Dark lake.
It may occur in any of the magnesian limestones, found in the
area of the park.

Stalactite and Stalagmite. — These are varieties of lime or calcite
found in caverns in limestone rock; examples have been found

(339)

3-U)

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

in Dark lake cave and elsewhere. Crystalline calcite or
carbonate of lime has been found in seams of the limestone rocks
in several forms of crystals.

Asbestus has been found in the magnesian rocks that accom-
pany the upper limestones of Lily lake.

Other minerals that occur in the park are Epidote, a grass-
green mineral, found on jointed surfaces and in veins of the
granitic rocks; Tourmaline, which occurs in quartz veins of the
schists further eastward, may be looked for in the schistose rocks
of the park; Zircon has been found in microscopic crystals
in the granitic rocks of the park; Hyacinth, is a translucent
variety of the same mineral. Quartz, occurs in prismatic crystals
in the quartz veins, etc.; Feldspar, \n tabular crystals, as a
constituent of the granitic rocks; Hornblende, as a common
mineral of the syenitic rocks.

Rocks. — Besides the limestones which are noticeable at
many points in the park, there are hills and ridges of Syenite,
or quartz-diorite, that are prominent in the northern half of the
park; the highest hill in the park, on its western margin, is of
rock of this kind. Another hard rock which forms the ridge
on the northwest side of Lily lake, and becomes more prominent
at the Look-out hill is Quartzite, or metamorphic sandstone.
The southern ridge in the park overlooking the “Valley” and
the “Marsh” is composed of ancient volcanic rocks, with
scoriaceous (amygdaloidal) and fragmentary beds (braccias)
at the base, and finer (volcanic ash) beds higher up; the whole
mass is now so thoroughly compacted and hardened as to form
a prominent ridge rising higher than the limestones of Lily lake,
etc., to the north of the Valley deposits on the southern margin
of the park.

The limestone l)eds are numerous and show much variety
of composition, some purely calcareous, others highly magnesian,
others with so much disseminated carbonaceous or graphitic
matter as to have a dark “blue” or gray color.

A study of the topography of the park will show how inti-
mately its physical features are connected with the nature of
the rocks which underlie its hills and valleys, and rise in many
places to the surface.

/

ROCKS AND MINERALS OF ROCKWOOD PARK. 341

Physical Geography (Introduction) — Some of the rock
masses in Rockwood Park go back to tlie dawn of Geologic
Time, and it is these that have played the most important
part in moulding the more striking features of its physical
geography; fully three-quarters of its surface are underlain
by these ancient rocks. They are of “Laurentian Age” and
form what geologists call a “Complex” or “Massif,” against
which later accumulations of sand and clay were ridged up,
or with which from time to time the “Massif” was covered,

It would take more time and space then we can here spare
to go into the particulars of the geological changes that pro-
duced the “Massif” but we are to understand that the greater
part of its mass consisted of deposits of mud and sand, laid
down on the bottom of a primeval sea and subsequently hard-
ened into solid rock and now further consolidated into lime-
stones, schists and quartzites.

Thus we find in the old Laurentain Complex three princi-
pal varieties of stratified rocks. Into these rocks intruded
molten matter from the interior of the earth which partly
fused and broke them up, and which when they reached the
surface showed themselves as granitic bosses or prominences
in various parts of the park.

Many of the beds in these deposits abounded in lime and
were probably the first to harden, these produced limestones.
Others were of nearly pure sand, which first hardened into
sandstones, and later by a cementing together of the individual
grains, into quartzites. Other beds, in which clay or mud
was a principal ingredient, were more liable to chemical change,
and were converted into the schists and gneisses, which form
a considerable part of the rock masses in the Park.

342

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Flowering Plants and Trees of Rockwood Park.

By G. U. Hay,

Abstract of Article read January 3, 1911,

The numerous well beaten paths, the trails of seekers after
adventure and wild flowers for generations past, easily guide
through Rockwood Park those in quest of the fresh floral
treasures of spring and summer. But these byways tell another
tale. Some of the rarest of the wild flowers are no longer to be
found, and the mayflower, once so abundant, is in danger of
becoming exterminated by careless pickers who tear away the
creeping stems. The bump of acquisitiveness is so strongly
developed in children and in some of larger growth, that the
temptation to gather everything in sight is strong, especially
of our choicest flowers. Happily there is a growing disposition,
and that disposition is being fostered by the more thoughtful
teachers of our public schools, that there is more delight in seeing
a flower grow and in leaving its beauty and fragrance for others
to enjoy, than to scatter its withered petals along the pathway
or the street.

Rockwood is one of the most natural parks in America and
it should be most diligently impressed on all to preserve as
completely as possible for future generations its wild flowers,
birds and other natural features. The unwritten law of the
Horticultural Garden, not to pick flowers, might well be applied
to the whole Park.

A walk through the Garden in late April or early May does
not reveal many flowers in bloom other than the rock cress or
the deep blue scillas; but a little later there are daffodils, hya-
cinths, saxifrages, pansies, tulips, primulas, hawthorn, Siberian
pea, followed by columbines of many colors, lupins, larkspurs
and others, many of which remind one of the hillsides and hedge-
rows of England. There they grow wild, and much earlier than
with us, a tribute to fewer frosts, a more pervading moisture
and the richer soil of Britain.

FLOWERING PLANTS AND TREES OF ROCKWOOD PARK. 343

The wind-swept hills of Rockwood Park are not places on
which to find the plants that grow in profusion on the meadows
and hills farther inland, but there are potholes, basins at the
foot of cliffs, secluded little valleys that contain violets, trilliums,
adder’s tongue (fawn lily), spring beauties, clintonias, bellworts,
lady’s slippers and other orchids such as arethusa, calopogon,
calypso and habenarias. There are lakes which contain the
nymphaea or white water-lily and the nuphar or yellow pond-
lily; bogs and stretches of heath covered with the leather leaf
{Chamaedaphne calyculata) and the bog rosemary {andromeda
glaucophylla) the rhodora and the two kalmias {Kalmia angus-
tifolia and K. polifolia) the early blooming mountain-fly honey-
suckle, the Labrador tea, the creeping snowberry, the pyrolas,
vacciniums (including the blueberries and cranberries) viburnums
or withe-rods, taking in one of the most abundant shrubs in the
park, the Viburnum cassinoides, or wild raisin, found everywhere
in swamps and open places. Clothing the rocks in many places
are mats of the rock or mountain cranberry, its thick shining
leaves, rose-pink flowers, dark red berries forming a perennially
beautiful ornament of the park.

The most conspicuous and abundant trees in the park are the
white cedar or arbor vitae and the white birch, the milk-white
scattered stems of the one forming, especially in winter, a
striking contrast to the dense, coneshaped clusters of the other.
In late May or during the early days of June the amelanchier
or June-berry is in bloom and a week later the wild red cherry.
The amelanchier {amelanchier canadensis) is especially beautiful,
the snowy white of its large blossoms and the brownish-purple
of its opening leaves forming a marked contrast to the gray rocks
of the hillsides. There are. two other species of amelanchier
which scarcely rise to the dignity of trees {A . oblongifolia and A .
oligocarpa) the blossoms of which are smaller and the leaves not
so large or so well marked. There is no more beautiful display
in the park than that of the amelanchier trees of early June, and
this beauty may be preserved and increased from year to year
if visitors will refrain from breaking off branches while the trees
are in blossom.

344

l^ULLEriN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

In the late summer the asters and golden-rods, the daisies
and hawkweeds, the trumiiet flower and other members of the
Composite family are especially evident, although they are in
abundance at all seasons. Two at least of this numerous family
may be found among the earliest s]:)ring flowers in the park, the
coltsfoot {Tiissilago farfara) and the sweet coltsfoot {Petasites
palmata).

It is in the days of September and October when the trees
put on their autumn garb that the park looks its best. The
maples, oaks, sumachs are scarlet and red, the larches, poplars
and birches yellow; the leaves of the vacciniums are purple and
red. Everywhere the deciduous trees are changing; only the
evergreens stand to their colors.

Ferns Found Near St. John.

By W. J. vS. Myles.

(Synopsis of Paper Read Feb. 7, 1911.)

In his address Mr. Myles referred to the pleasures connected
with the study of ferns, described in detail the characteristics
of the several species here enumerated and discussed the folk-
lore associated with various ferns.

The following list of ferns, with the exception of Botrychium
Lunaria, represents the results of several seasons, close observa-
tion of a small section of territory included within the limits of
the City of St. John. This district about one and a half miles
long by half a mile wide, lies between the Millidgeville Road and
the St. John River. It embraces a small shallow lake, a short
strip of alluvial shore and a high limestone ridge well wooded
in sections and skirted by pasture land. The list includes every
fern reported from St. John County, and shows what excellent
opportunities for fern study are afforded the members of the
Natural History Society. In his catalogue of Canadian Plants,

FERNS FOUND NEAR ST. JOHN.

345

Macoun enumerates thirty-one species of ferns as occurring in
New Brunswick and of these twenty-two are to be found in
this section of St. John.

In this list of the species found near St. John, the nomen-
clature is that used in the sixth edition of Gray’s Manual.

Botanical Name. Popular Name. Occurrence.

Polypodium vulgare Rock fern common

Pteris aquilina Common Brake very common

Asplenium viride Green Spleenwort continuous along lime-

stone ridge, but rare

Asplenium thelypteroides Silver Spleenwort.. . . .rare

Asplenium filix-foemina Lady fern very common

Phegopteris jDolypodioides Long Beech fern very common

Phegopteris Dryopteris Oak fern very common

Aspidium thelypteris Marsh fern common

Aspidium novaboracense New York fern scarce

Aspidium spinulosum Spinulose Wood very common

(both varieties intermedium and dilatatum occur.)

^spidium cristatum

. . . . Crested Shield

. . .common

Aspidium marginale

. . . . Marginal Shield . . . .

Aspidium acrostichoides . . .

Cystopteris fragilis

. . . .Fragile Bladder. . .

. . .scarce

Cystopteris bulbifera

. . . . Bulblet Bladder. . .

. . .common

Onoclea sensibilis

. . . .Sensitive fern

. . .common

Onoclea struthiopteris

. . . .Ostrich fern

Woodsia Ilvensis

. . . . Rustv Woodsia. . . .

. . .one station

Dicksonia pilosiuscula

. . . .Hav-scented fern. .

. . .very common

Osmunda regalis

. . . . Royal fern

Osmunda Claytoniana

. . . . Interrupted fern. . .

. . .very common

Osmunda cinnamomea ....

. . . .Cinnamon fern. . . .

. . .very common

Ophioglossaceae

Botrychium virginianum Rattlesnake fern common

Botrychium Lunaria Moonwort one station in Rock-

wood Park.

Botrychium obliquum Common Grape fern., one specimen found

The form Botrychium dissectum in Macoun’s catalogue not
reported from New Brunswick is abundant at a station near
Hampton but I have not found it in St. John.

34G

HULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Mammals of Rockwood Park.

By J. W. Banks.

Abstract of Paper Read April 4th, 1911.

Night wandering bat (Lasionyeteris noctuvagans) .

Brown hat {vespertilio subulatiis. Their food consists of
small flying insects, active at night, sleeping through the day
in a sheltered situation; dormant in winter.

Smoky shrew {Sorex fumeiis). The shrews are the smallest
of the Mammals, resembling small mice. They are active in
the daytime as well as at night.

Northern white-footed deer mouse (Peromys leucopus-
7iovcBhorcensis. They nest in old stumps, and hollow trees.
Sometimes an old nuthatch’s nest is used. They are active
at night, winter and summer.

Canadian field mouse {Peromys canadensis) is distinguished
from the deer mouse, by its blunt nose and short tail. This
mouse is destructive to young fruit trees. They are active at
night, summer and winter.

Star-nosed mole {Condylura cristata) inhabits dry situations.
Its sleeping room, entered by several passages, is situated under
a hillock.

Common mole {Scalops aquaticus) is found in marshy
situations, or near water. The food of both the star-nosed
and common mole consists largely of earthworms and grubs.

Red squirrel. Eastern chickaree {Sciiirus hudsonicus gymniciis)
is active winter and summer.

Lyster’s striped chipmunk {Tamias striatus lysteri) or ground
squirrel; is distinguished from the preceding by its smaller
size and striped coat. Their burrows are deep under ground,
where they spend the winter.

Boreal flying squirrel {Sciiiropterus sabrinus) seemingly
divides the day and the night; as I have frequently seen them
up till mid-day, but never in the afternoon, and it is known to
be nocturnal in its habits.

MAMMALS OF ROCKWOOD PARK.

347

Canadian woodchuck (Marmota monax canadensis) brownish
grey in color, in size about that of a house-cat, feeds on different
forms of vegetable substances. Becomes excessively fat late
in the autumn, and dens deep in the ground in winter.

Canadian tree porcupine {Erethizo?i dorsatiifn) feeds on the
bark of different trees; dens in caves beyond the reach of frost,
where it lies dormant the greater part of the winter.

Muskrat {Fiber zibethicus) . The food of the muskrat consists
for the most part of the roots and stems of waterplants, and
although not fish eaters, they are very fond of fresh water mussels.
Their dens are usually some distance from the edge of the lake
in which they live, and are reached by runways below the surface
of the water. They are active winter and summer.

American hare {Lepus americanus) also called the varying
hare, from its habit of changing its color from brownish grey in
summer to white, when the snow covers the ground.

Canada skunk {Mephitis mephitica) make their dens in holes
and crevices, in rocky situations beyond the reach of frost, where
they remain during the winter. Their food is both animal and
vegetable.

Weasel {Putorius novceboracensis occisor). The color of the
weasel is yellowish white in winter, in summer it is a beautiful
nut brown ; the tip of the tail is always black. They are active
summer and winter.

Mink {Putorius vison) rare at the present time. Trout is
his favorite food. The brookside is a common lurking place,
where his dark brown coat is well nigh invisible.

Common raccoon {Procyon lotor) is a tree climber and spends
the greater part of the day asleep in the fork of a large tree.
Fish or flesh is his usual diet, providing it is clean and fresh.

Red fox {Vulpes fulva). The patch fox, silver grey, and
black fox are color varieties of this species. One and sometimes
two black pups have been seen in a litter of five. The fox is a
noted scavenger.

Red lynx, wild-cat {Felis rubra) inhabits thickly wooded
ravines. Formidable and fierce in appearance, yet has never
been known to attack man. They are active summer and winter.

34S

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

American black bear {Ursus americanus). The bears in
confinement at tlie park are of this species. Bears have not
been seen wild in Rockwood Park for a number of years.

Xorthern white- tailed deer {Odontocoelus americanus borealis)
may be commonly seen at the present time in their wild state
in the park.

Moose {Alee alces) have been seen on several occasions within
the limits of the park.

Insects of Rockwood Park and Vicinity.

By Wm. McIntosh.

(Abstract of Address given March 7, 1911.)

The lecturer threw on the screen many beautiful pictures
of the scenery in the park, and a map showing the various
lakes and ponds by which its scenery is diversified; he also
had pictures of common and the rarer insect life met with
in the park. He showed how large the subject was when he
stated that he himself had taken hundreds of different species
of butterflies and moths and five hundred species of beetles
in the district. Mr. McIntosh dealt chiefly with the insects
that were important as food for fishes.

Birds of Rockwood Park.

By a. Gordon Leavitt.

(Abstract of Address given May 2, 1911.)

Mr. Leavitt handled his subject well and gave a great deal
of information about the birds of the park that was useful and
interesting; he also made a strong plea for adequate protec-
tion to our feathered friends, whose usefulness to the farmer
and the gardener were not fully appreciated.

The lecturer then turned himself to an exhibition with
the Reflectoscope of the most striking and best known of our
native birds, showing pictures of the Blue Bird, American
Robin, various thrushes and Kinglets, Chickadees, Wrens,
Swallows, Butcher Bird, and many other kinds that make
the Park melodious in their season.

ARTICLE IV.

NOTES ON NEW BRUNSWICK WEATHER FOR 1910.

By D. Leavitt Hutchinson.

January. — The weather was seasonable until the 19th, and
although the snow-covering was extremely light, sleighing was
fairly good during the hrst half of the month. From the 19th
to the last day of the month, when somewhat colder conditions
again set in, mild spring-like weather was general, river ice
running and the buds on trees swelling. The ground was
completely bare of snow in nearly all the southern parts of the
Province at the close of the month. Moderate southwest gales
on the 2nd and 6th, northwest on the 4th, south on the 19th,
southeast on the 22nd, south to west on the 29th and 30th, the
latter being accompanied by heavy rain, over two inches being
recorded at St. John on the 29th. The highest temperature 55
was recorded at Fredericton on the 22nd and the lowest 20 below
zero at Fredericton on the 15th.

February. — The remarkable mildness of the two preceding
months continued throughout February. The only marked
cold period being between the 24th and 26th when temperatures
well below zero were fairly general. The snowfall, though not
heavy, was in excess of December and January combined. A
southeast to south gale with velocity of seventy-two miles an
hour in the Bay of Fundy, and a moderate south to southwest
gale on the 27th were the only important storms of the month.
Owing to rainfall at the close of the month, the snow covering
near the coast line was nearly gone, but in the interior and
northern districts from 12 to 20 inches were reported. The
sleighing was good throughout the month. Highest temperature
46 at Grand Manan on the 21st. Lowest 26 below zero at St.
Stephen on the 25th.

(349)

350

BULLETIN' OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

March. — March was abnormally mild and dr\- with an
unusual amount of sunshine. Wind mileage was below the
average and no gales of importance occurred. In most parts
of southern New Brunswick the ground was practically bare
of snow throughout the month, while on the north shore and in
the woods of the interior from six inches to two feet was reported.
An aurora of great brilliancy was observed on night of the 2Sth.
Highest temperature 72 at St. Stephen on the 25th. Lowest
zero at Dalhousie on the 6th and Fredericton on the 11th.

April. — April weather was about equally divided between
dull and wet and fine days. L'p to the 19th it was comparatively
dry except on the 7th, when heavy showers accompanied a
thunderstorm. Between the 19th and 23rd the rainfall was
exceptionally heavy in most places causing freshets much to
the advantage of the lumbermen. Temperatures were unseason-
able, high on the 6th, over 70 in the shade being locally recorded,
also on the 25th and 26th, followed on the 2Sth and 29th by a
change to freezing weather, and on the 30th by a heavy snowfall
attended by thunder and lightning. Xo gales occurred during
the month. Highest temperature 73 at Moncton on the 25th.
Lowest 15 at Dalhousie on the 13th.

May. — The general features for May were unsettled, dull
and wet until the 11th, then an almost unbroken spell of fine
pleasant conditions prevailed until the 24th, when it was wet
and dull again until the 27th, then fair and rain again on the last
day of the month. Snqw fell on the 5th, and a few frosts were
reported from some localities during the first half of the month.
\Tgetation everywhere remarkably advanced. Highest temper-
ature 79 at Chatham. Lowest 28 at St. Stephen.

June. — Though an unusually wet month there was a fair
amount of sunshine, but showers were most persistent. The
temperature was up to the seasonal average, without any days
of excessive heat. A heavy local frost on the 5th did little
damage. Fogs were infrequent, and the wind movement below
the average. Highest temperature 84 at Fredericton on the
22nd. Lowest 29 at Sussex on the 5th.

NOTES ON NEW BRUNSWICK WEATHER.

351

July. — The month, as a whole, was mostly fine and seasonably
warm, with from ten to twelve days of wet and showery weather,
resulting in remarkably abundant crops. Thunderstorms were
rather severe and frequent and there was some local damage
incident to the lightning and hailstorms. Highest temperature
92 at Chatham on the 10th. Lowest 46 at Chatham on the 5th.

August. — Warm and dry, with more fine days than in either
of the two preceding months; the greater portion of the total
rain fell on the 4th, the 11th and the 19th; no excessively high
temperatures were registered, and the only foggy spell of conse-
quence occurred from the 24th to the 26th. Highest temperature
85 at Dalhousie on the 25th. Lowest 33 at Sussex on the 31st.

September. — The greater portion of the month was fine;
rainfall exceptionally light and temperature slightly cooler than
the average. No wind storms occurred in southern New Bruns-
wick and the few local frosts reported were mostly light. Highest
temperature 77 at Chatham on the 12th. Lowest 30 at Moncton
on the 29th.

October. — The weather of October was about equally divided
between dull, stormy and wet, and fine days, with rainfall not
up to the seasonal average. Thunderstorms occurred on the
1st and 20th, and gales on the 2nd, 4th, 10th, 24th and 27th.
The first freezing temperature was recorded on the 21st, and
local snow flurries occurred about the middle and end of the
month. Highest temperature 78 at Fredericton on the 6th.
Lowest 20 at St. Stephen on the 31st.

November. — An exceptionally dull, mild, and unsettled month.
Clear nights and bright sunshine were remarkably deficient.
Generally precipitation was below the average. In northern
New Brunswick and in parts of the interior, a moderate snow
covering was reported, while elsewhere the ground was bare and
free from frost. The St. John River, and all lakes and streams
were open. A northeast storm on the 27th, accompanied by
snow, sleet, and rain caused some damage. Highest temperature
65 at Dalhousie on the 20th. Lowest 15 at St. Stephen on the
21st.

352

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

December. — In southern New Brunswick moderate tempera-
ture conditions prevailed through the first half of the month
when nearly the total snowfall was recorded. Weather changes
then occurred with marked rapidity, zero temperatures from
the 16th to ISth; heavy rainfall and mild thawing conditions
on the 19th quickly turning colder again followed by another
very heavy rainfall on the 25th ; the month closed with minimum
below zero and a temperature range of 50 degrees on the last
two days. Heaviest gales of the month occurred on the 16th
and 31st, both from northwest. At the close of the month the
ground was bare of snow in nearly all localities. Highest temper-
ature 55 at Grand ]\Ianan on the 24th. Lowest 20 below zero
at St. Stephen on the 18th.

NOTES ON NEW BRUNSWICK WEATHER,

353

O

<

>

W

CD
CQ '
O

K

O

H

cn

S31ip\[

IBC(bx

C0t'-O5iO-^O»'^c0t>.C0t^t'. 1

to^t^(Mcor^'^C50o^‘Ooo I
CO 05 lO CX) CT> <M_ 0_ I> >0 CD

o' 00 05* 1> t> t>-‘ Co‘ lO UO o" 00 CD j
^ 1

1 98,788

UIIB3

SJnOH

c0TjHi>ioDi-^c:5O5O5a5i>i> i
(N j

1 405

!

ssniAi

3,035

2,271

2,361

2,183

966

1,180

192

598

786

4,442

2,608

5,356

25,978

sjnOH

ocqocoocooococooq-tico i
cj5CDcDTf<r^a5(Mcocor-HOO(M i
,-1 ,-H ,-H ,-1 (M T-i CO j

(N

t>.

n

W.

S3H1AL

"^00CD'cf^O»OC5COO5'-IC0O
CDT-H(MCOiOCD>-i'Cfit^COCOLO
OOrHCO(M.-ICO<M COCO^^

LO

CD

sjnOH

rJH LO (M (M CO --I 00 >-0 UO r-( 1

t^OCOCOr-HCOCMrHCOCO'^LO

CO

CD

S3U1AI

2,158

1,647

2,151

249

311

912

1,508

1,492

1,124

1,805

876

932

LO

CD

LO*

c/5

sanOH

O >0 CD rH 00 LO I> CO LO LO

i0)a5(MC0(M00OTfi05(MC0CD

1,089 1

s^niAI

616

901

2,241

1,679

2,749

2,051

2,650

1,580

874

1,295

405

460

o

LO

l>

(/)

sanoH

050Tt<ooa5cooococ5coLoco

COCDCOLOt^O'ct^Tt^O.-HCOlM

T-HrH(M(MCO(MT-l,-l

1 1,747

W

S3Iip\[

1,459

286

449

1,365

554

829

633

564

157

258

367

1101

8,022

c/5

sjnan

OOcO(M(MO>0,-It-icO'-(CO

O(MC0(Ml>a50000<M(MC0L0

707

W

s^npM

24

240

399

1,514

943

798

94

231

429

281

242

104

5,299 1

sjnOH

LO'-ia5LooococD05'-HO^o

(M(M(MOOt^>-ICOLOCOCO.-l

514

W

S3l!W

845

972

829

162

1,150

405

523

346

998

941

2,775

871

1

00

o

sjnoH

(^^(^^O^^CO'-l<MLO-:t^LOOO'cH
O500O5'-HO5lOCD'sHrH00'-ll>
rH CSl

1,033

S31IPV

1,362

1,512

823

439

1,161

739

425

236

1,040

1,190

751

1,413

1 11,091

sjnOH

(MCOCDt^CDCD>OCOOOOO'-i‘0

(MCOO5CO00t>-'^'^’-IO500C0

1,070

1910

MONTHS.

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Totals

354

BULLETIN OF THE NATUR.\L HISTORY SOCIETY.

METEOROLOGICAL ABSTRACT FOR 1910.

ST. JOHN OBSERVATORY.

Meteorological Service of Canada.

Latitude, 45 16' 4". 50 N.

Longitude, 66 3' 48" W.

Months

1910.

Barometer.

1

Thermometer.

Cloudiness
0 = Clear.
10=Wholly Clouded

Precipitation.
Rain and
Melted Snow.

Thunder Storms.

Mean

Highest

1 Lowest

Mean

' High- !
i ^st 1

Lowest

January

30.070

30.710

29.228

27.0

52.5

- 7.7

6.3

5.68

0

February

30.011

30.805

29.256

24.3

: 44.0

- 2.0

6.0

4.12

0

March

30.035

30 . 556

29.418

33.6

52.7

9.9

5.9

1.80

0

April

29.986

30.449

29.600

43.7 i

66.5

25.7

6.5

7.72

3

May

29.805

30.368

29.400

49.0 :

69.9

29.5

6.4

3.49

1

June

29.883

30.270

29.501

57.0

75.8

39.3

6.0

4.01

2

July

29.858

30.200

29.482

61.2 i

76.5

49.7

5.5

3.88

5

August

30.058

30.390

29 . 552

61.3 '

78.0

47.7

4.4

2.58

2

September. . . .

30.087

30.377

29.724

56.6 j

.73.0

44.5

5.1

2.02

0

October

29.575

30.493

29.209

46.9

61.3

30 7

5.8

3.82

2

N ovember. . . .

29.700

30.379

29.213

37.7

54.3

25.5

7.3

2.52

0

December. . . .

29.910

30.691

29.237

23.3 ^

47.7

- 2.7

6.2

4.60

0

Mean height of barometer for year was 29.915, the highest
reading 30.805 on 26th February, and the lowest 29.209 on the
26th October. The average temperature for the year was 43.5,
which was 2.4 above the average of the past thirty-eight years.
Maximum temperature 78 occurred on the 15th of August and the
minimum 7.7 below zero on the 5th of January. Total precipita-
tion 46.24 was 0.19 below average.

D. L. Hutchinson,
Director St. John Observatory.

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

355

FORTY- Ninth Annual Report

OF THE

COUNCIL OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

OF

NEW BRUNSWICK.

Your Council begs leave to submit the following report of
the year ending September 30th, 1911.

Membership.

During the year we regret there has been a slight decrease
in the regular members, but the Associate, Junior and Junior
Associate membership show substantial increase.

The enrolled membership of all classes is as follows:

Honorary 3

Life 20

Corresponding 15

Regular 155

Associate 346

Junior Associate 20

Junior 36

Total 595

Library.

Owing to extensive repairs to the building, nothing could be
done to catalogue, or make any attempt at anything like an
orderly arrangement of the books in the library.

A room has been set apart on the upper floor to be known
as the Study Library, where students will have an opportunity to
pursue their researches. This room has been shelved and well
filled with books dealing with the Natural History subjects and
all arranged alphabetically.

350

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Treasurer’s Report.

The statement submitted herewith, shows the financial
transactions of the Society for the year 1910-11 to have been
the heaviest in the Society’s history, and one of the items of
“Expenditure,” namely, “retired mortgages” should certainly
be underlined in order that it may not escape the notice of any
of the members.

When the Society, on the 5th day of May, 1906, paid Mrs.
Finn the sum of twenty-five dollars to bind the bargain for the
purchase of the beautiful and valuable building we now occupy,
it surely acted wisely, and it was fortunate in being in a position,
on the 12th day of June of that same year, to pay the balance
of the purchase price and receive a deed of the property, although
it had to raise $3,500 on mortgage. Another step in the right
direction and one indication of the Society’s progress was taken
on January 14th, 1908, when $500.00 was paid on account of
one of the mortgages, but December 12th, 1910, the day on
which the mortgages were discharged, and on which the Society
found itself the owner of a valuable property devoid of any
mortgage or other claim, must always appear as the “red letter
day.” Thanks to the generosity of the Provincial Government
and the City of St. John, we have been about able to pay the
running expenses but it must be acknowledged that, for the
valuable work we are doing, our grants are not as large as they
should be, and that they will not stand comparison with those
to similar institutions in other cities. We are thankful for what
we receive, but do feel that we should receive something more.

Their is probably no similar society which does so much on
so small an income, and the explanation is that we are fortunate
in having so many free workers, and a Curator who does many
times the work for which he receives remuneration.

Besides the balance at the Society’s credit in the Bank of
Xew Brunswick, $231.54, as shown in the statement, the balance
at credit of “special account” in the same bank is $3,876.55,
and we estimate the outstanding bills in connection with the
improvements to the building at $1,200.00.

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

357

Many will no doubt marvel at the small cost of changing
the building from what it was, to what it now is, but it is only
necessary to say that the strictest ecomony has been observed,
and that no architects fees were paid, the Curator, Mr. McIntosh,
having made all the plans and superintended* all the work of
change and improvement.

Our thanks are due the Ladies’ Association for their generous
donation.

Although the Society is in such an enviable position their
remains need of strong efforts, with a view to increasing its
income, as there is still much that should be done to increase
our usefulness as an educative institution.

A. Gordon Leavitt.

For the Year Ending October 1st, 1911.

Income —

Balance from 1909-10 $378 12

Regular Fees $291 00

Associate Fees 299 00

Junior Fees 12 00

Junior Associate Fees 8 00

‘ 610 00

From Ladies’ Association 150 00

N. B. Government Grant 400 00

City of St. John Grant 250 00

From Estate Catherine Murdoch $3,992 63

“ “ “ " 33 25

4,025 88

Use of Reflectoscope 3 00

From Special Account 3,985 32

$9,802 32

Expenditure —

Maintenance of Museum $ 34 61

Material for Museum Purchased 17 00

Fuel $163.57, Lighting $58.13 , 221 70

Stationery, Printing $31.25, Postage $38.20 69 45

Cleaning $38.50, Sundries $21.19 59 69

Insurance $82.10, Water Rates (2 years) $56.00. ..... 138 10

Carried forward $ $9,802 32

35S

Bulletin of the Natural History Society.

Brought forward ; $ $9,802 32

Salaries $799.90, Commissions on Collections $56.60.. . 856 50

Cost of Bulletin XXVIII 207 05

Interest on Mortgages $85.00, Expenses of Lectures $6.75 91 75

Rent of Telephone, Tolls $41.00, Cartage and Express-

age $8. 10 49 10

Deposited in “Special Account’’ 3,992 63

Retired Mortgages, Roach $2,000.00, Hay $1,500.00. . . . 3,500 00

Costs in Registration of Releases, etc 3 20

Returned to “Special Account’’ 200 00

Improvements to Building (on account) 130 00

Balance in Bank of New Brunswick 231 54

$9,802 32

, A. Gordon Leavitt, Treasurer.

Examined and found correct.

October 1st, 1911. Timothy O’Brien,

B. H. Bel YEA,

Auditors.

Special Account For the Year Ending October 1st, 1911.

1910 Dr.

Oct. 1 Balance in Bank of N. B $3,561 01

Dec. 20 From Executor of Estate of C. Murdoch 3,992 63

20 Interest on Deposit, Bank of N. B 47 23

1911

June 30 Interest on Deposit, Bank of N. B 61 00

$7,661 87

1910 Cr.

Dec. 10 Retired Mortgages $3,500 00

1911

July 22 Transferred to Regular Account 255 .32

Sept. 16 Transferred to Regular Account 30 00

Balance in Bank of N. B 3,876 55

$7,661 87

A. Gordon Le.witt, Treasurer

October 1, 1911.

Examined and found correct. Timothy O’Brien, \

B. II. Bel YEA, J

St.John, X. B., October 16th, 1911.

Auditors.

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

359

Curator’s Report.

Gentlemen :

I herewith submit a report of the operations of the museum
for the year ending September 30th, 1911.

Having in view the important changes which were to be
made in the museum building later in the year, we suspended
all work on the ex^hibition collections, and in April the museum
was closed to the public and the collections were packed away.
This was a work of some magnitude occupying almost our entire
time until the workmen came into the building in June. The
end of our year sees the work in the building almost completed,
and we hope to begin the rearrangement of our collections
almost immediately.

Visitors. — The number of people visiting a museum in some
degree indicates its value to the community which it serves.
The great increase in our visitors yearly is very gratifying, during
the six months in the past year in which the museum was open
7,059 persons visited the building, or 1,5,61 more than during
the previous year.

The donations have as usual been a source of pleasure, not
alone because of their scientific or intrinsic value, but because
they indicate an interest taken in the museum by the public.

Some very valuable specimens are promised when we can
provide dust proof cases for their reception.

Educational. — During the year a course of children’s lectures
were given and in addition to these fourteen teachers brought
classes to the museum for talks on various subjects. At the
request of the Agricultural Department of the Provincial Gov-
ernment, the curator visited all the schools in central and western
Charlotte County and the larger schools between McAdam
Junction and St. John, giving half hour talks on insect pests
and more particularly the Brown-tail Moth. As a result of
this work the Brown-tail Moth was found to have become
established in the Province.

At the request of teachers, short talks were given in a number
of schools on insect life, the stone age in New Brunswick and
Indian legends.

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

3()0

In addition to these lectures to school children, the curator
addressed a number of clubs and associations, which may
j:>roperly be considered as part of our scheme of public education.

Forty-one loans or gifts were made to public schools during
the year. We regret with our limited means we are not able to
properly carry on this valuable part of our work. So many
teachers asked for these loan collections that some wdio gave
their names in March, did not get the collection they asked for
before the schools closed in June.

Three hundred and fifty-three enquiries were answered.

Collecting. — The most important collections made were
archaeological. Some material in nearly all branches of natural
history were gathered.

Reports of Committees.

Geology (G. F. Matthew, Chairman.)

Dr. L. W. Bailey has been studying the Diatomacese of New
Brunswick. These are microscopic, marine, l)rackish and fresh-
water weeds that are universally distributed. In connection
with the living forms he has studied, the skeletons of these
organisms found in the mud at the bottom of ponds and estuaries
of rivers. An article from Dr. Bailey’s pen with an explanatory
plate appeared in last year’s bulletin and another is published
in this one.

Dr. Stopes-Gates, an authoress of note as a geologist, now
engaged in work for the British Museum, has been studying the
Palaeozoic floras of this region, and especially those of the Little
River group of which the first type series is in the museum of
this Society. She has also carefully examined the set of these
plants in the Museum of McGill University and the Devonian
[)lants there, described by Sir Wm. Dawson. These plants are
oi especial value to science on account of their rarity, their great
age and the important light they shed on the Palaeozoic floras.

'Vhe sudden death of Dr. R. W. Ells of the Canadian Geo-
logical Survey is a great loss to the Maritime Provinces, where
most of his geological work was performed. For some years

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

361

he has been occupied in company with other members of the
Survey staff, in a re-study of the geology of northern Nova Scotia
and of the southern part of New Brunswick, for the purpose of
issuing a new geological map of this district. This map when
published will give the latest information obtained by the Survey
on the geology of southern New Brunswick.

Dr. G. F. Matthew has been employed in collating the
evidence as to the age of the series of red rocks in New Brunswick
first described by the late Dr. A. Gesner as the Old Red Sand-
stone, but by most later writers as Lower Carboniferous. The
absence of marine organisms makes the determination of their
age difficult, but seemingly both Devonian and Carboniferous
deposits are present.

Botany (G. U. Hay, Chairman.)

On the 28th April last Rev. W. F. Gaetz and Clarence
Thompson found, well established on limestone rocks near St.
John the Daphne Mesereum, wfiiose purple rose-colored flowers
were fully expanded at that early date. This plant is probably
an escape from an old garden in the vicinity many years ago.
This is its first recorded appearance in New Brunswick.

The summer outings of the Society furnished material for
observation in the localities visited. At Douglas Mountain,
on the 24th June, the rocks on the summit were found to be
abundantly covered with Potentilla tridentata in flower while
the woods on the way up were fragrant with the perfume of the
Twinflower Linjicea borealis. Some fine trees of red and white
pine Avere seen on the southern exposure of the mountain.

At Ashburn Lake which the members of the Society visited
on the 5th July, some fine specimens of the mountain fly-honey-
suckle {Lonicera Canadensis) were observed in fruit and in the
woods near the lake an abundance of ground hemlock {Taxiis
Canadensis) .

At Woodman’s Point, July 15, the four-leaved loosestrife
{Lysimachia quadrifolia) was observed, its only known habitat
in the province. The fox-grape {Vitis vulpina) , witch hazel and
other interesting plants were observed along the shore.

362

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

At Clifton on the 25th July a loosestrife {Lysimachia punctata)
an introduced plant, not hitherto reported from this province,
was found. The star thistle (Centaurea nigra) was especially
abundant on the hillside above Clifton, and specimens of the
fern, Woodsia Ilvensis were found on the cliffs adjacent.

The outing at Drury’s Cove, August 5, gave the members
an opportunity to see many plants growing in limestone regions.
The bladder fern {Cystopteris hulbifera) some of whose fronds
measured three feet in length was found, and many patches of
the shrubby potentilla {Potejitilla fruticosa) with its yellow
blooms were observed among the rocks along the shore.

A few flowers of that rare plant. Sneeze-weed {Achillea Ptar-
mica) were observed on the shore at Caton’s Island, August 19,
on the occasion of the combined Historical and Natural History
Societies excursion. The island is covered with a fine growth
of hardwood, pines and spruces. It is also interesting on account
of the large number of St. John River plants found along its
shores.

Ornithology (A. Gordon Leavitt, Chairman.)

Their is little to report as outside work done in this depart-
ment and, on account of the vast amount of work devolving on
the Curator in connection with the changes and alterations in
the building the whole collection has not, as yet, been re-arranged
but nevertheless it still continues to be one of the chief attractions
of the museum. It is a pleasure to be able to report two birds
as new to St. John County, a carrion crow or Black Vulture
{Catharista atrata) and a Wood Ibis {Jantalus loculator) the
former taken at Spruce Lake, on July 17th last, and the latter
at Crouchville, on June 3rd.

In Bulletin I. of this Society, Chamberlain reports the carrion
crow under No. 240, among the birds which have not been
observed in St. John or Kings Counties, as follows — “Mr.
Boardman writes me that he has had some half a dozen of this
species taken near St. Stephen.’’ The range of the normal
bird in the United States is given as “not extending beyond
the Carolinas,’’ but a few captures are recorded from Massachu-
setts and Maine.

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

363

The Wood Ibis, also known as Water Turkey or Colorado
Turkey, is stated to range from southern South America
to south-eastern California, Arizona and the Gulf Coast,
wandering in summer northward through the lower Mississippi
valley to Missouri, irregularly to Utah, Colorado, Indiana and
Wisconsin, and casually to Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York.
So it will be noted that the presence of the bird so far north is
probably a very unusual occurrence.

Archaeology (William McIntosh, Chairman.)

During the past three years your Committee on Archaeology
has not presented a report. During this time considerable
field work was done, resulting, in the Society’s collection of
prehistoric Indian relics being increased over four fold. This
great accession of material was due largely to the gifts of a
number of local collectors, who generously gave to the museum;
specimens which were the result of many years collecting.

Among other donors, Mr. David Balmain, of Indian Point,
presented 227 specimens. Mr. Duncan London of Lakeville
Corner, 157 specimens; Messrs. John, Harry and Leslie Gunter
of Upper Jemseg, over 100; Mr. Chas. Coakley, Douglas Harbor,
Mr. Melbourne Dykeman, Upper Jemseg, and others, smaller
collections. A full list of those who presented articles will be
found in the yearly reports.

During the summers of 1909, 1910, 1911, the Curator accom-
panied by members of the Society, visited a large number of
pre-historic camp and village sites in central New Brunswick.
Sketch maps were made, and a great deal of valuable data was
obtained regarding the archaeology of the Province. Savage
Island on the St. John River was the most northerly place
visited. At the upper end of this island we obtained a fine
plummet, a, stone axe, arrowheads, pottery and quantities of
chips giving evidence of an Indian encampment having been
situated here in former times. We camped on Ministers Island;
according to local tradition this was an Indian burial place,
but we were not able to find any trace of graves. A number of
the islands in the vicinity were searched but with little success.

304

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

In 1910 the Oromocto River and French Lake were visited.
A number of Indian camping places were found. The most
important was situated on the high ground on the north-east
side of French Lake. A large number of stone implements have
been found here, and when the ground is newly ploughed the
wigwam sites may be traced by the burned earth, ashes and
decayed animal matter which has blackened the earth. The
pictograph, photographed and described by Prof. Ganong, was
examined. We were not able to find much here, a very fine
arrowhead, and a stone ornament being the most interesting.
Messrs. Merrit C. Smith, C. C. Smith, J. A. Smith and Vance
E. Smith gave a number of good specimens and showed the
party much kindness.

In the village of Oromocto all traces of the large Indian
encampment which once existed here has entirely disappeared.
The village probably covers the original site.

Near the centre of the village we were shown the place where
a number of Indian graves were found. After leaving Oromocto
we paddled to Lower Maugerville and portaged to the Portobello
stream, down which we paddled our birch canoe, as so many
thousands of our Indian predecessors have done in by gone
years. This region from the headwaters of the Portobello to
the mouth of the Jemseg was probably one of the most important
aboriginal hunting and fishing places in New Brunswick. Al-
most all of this area is a great alluvial flat probably once the
bed of an immense inland lake of which French, Maquapit,
Grand, Washedemoak Lakes and Bellisle Bay are remnants.
The first three named are connected by narrow, deep channels
locally known as thoroughfares. The waters of these lakes
finds an outlet through the Jemseg, which drains even at low
stages of the river an area of fourteen hundred square miles.

Thousands of acres of this land are submerged in the spring
freshets or floods. It is a common thing for a farnier to obtain
a crop of fish and a crop of vegetables from the same piece of
ground each year. Even today these channels or thoroughfares
swarm with fish, and the swamps and lakes abound with wild
fowl. Although the writer has visited the Portobello many time

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

365

he has never done so without seeing moose or deer. This region
must have been a veritable “happy hunting ground” for the
Indian.

Throughout this region and more particularly on the banks
of the channels we find abundant evidence of Indian occupation.

Indeed this area has produced more stone age remains than
any other part of New Brunswick. Part of this region has been
carefully searched by Messrs. Duncan London and David
Balmain, and almost the entire area has been visited by members
of this Society.

A brief summary of the work of the past three years in this
country is given below. As previously stated almost throughout
the entire length of the Portobello stream in nearly all the
situations suitable for camping, we found evidence of Indian
occupation, chips, whole and broken implements, fire stones,
etc. No pottery or anything to indicate permanent settlements
were found. A permanent camp would not be possible on this
stream as the entire area is submerged each spring. All the
evidence went to show the Portobello was a much frequented
hunting and fishing ground and not a permanent dwelling place.

On French Lake there were probably some permanent camps
near the old fish house opposite Sand Point. On Apple Island
and on the upper end of the small island which divides the
channels leading into Maquapit Lake, flakes pottery and stone
implements were found in such quantities as to indicate camp
sites.

On Maquapit Lake, Ring island has produced great quantities
of Indian remains and was probably a favourite camping place;
here our party found little, some pottery, an arrowhead or two,
and broken implements. Mr. London has done some excellent
work here; and has apparently collected all the material obtain-
able, the same may be said* of Indian Point where the veteran
collector David Balmain has gathered relics of the stone age
for many years. At these two localities hundreds of specimens
have been obtained. At present, one is fortunate who finds
two or three objects at these places. Judging from the abund-
ance of material found, Indian Point must have been a camping
place or village site of some importance in ancient times.

360

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

At the Keyhole (Princess Park) Grand lake, we were able
to obtain aboriginal pottery in some quantities. Mr. A. G.
Leaeitt and the Curator spent some time digging for pottery
in 1908, and in 1909 the Curator, accompanied by members of
the Society, spent about a week searching for pottery. Over
two thousand fragments were obtained. This pottery is
described in an article published in the bulletin of this Society.
We wish to express our acknowledgement of the great kindness
of the late Dr. E. Stone Wiggins, the owner of this beautiful
estate, who took the greatest interest in our work, and to Mrs.
Wiggins, who extended the hospitality of her home to the
members of our party.

Chas. M. Coakley, whose farm is near the Keyhole, gave a
collection of arrow and spear heads found in the vicinity, and
both he and Mrs. Coakley were most kind.

In past years a large number of stone age relics have been
found on the farms owned by Isaiah Gunter and Mr. Dykeman,
situated on the south shore of Grand lake, near the entrance
to the Jemseg. Here we found pottery fragments, flakes and
some implements, abundant evidence to prove the existence
of an important camping place or village site.

Messrs. John, Harry and Leslie Gunter presented the Society
with a large number of specimens found in this place. Two
well marked camp sites were found on the Jemseg, one near the
entrance to Grand lake and the other a short distance above
Upper Jemseg wharf. Mr. Melbourne Dykeman presented
a number of specimens found at these places.

At Swan lake we discovered two pre-historic camping
places. At all the localities mentioned we obtained specimens
of various kinds.

Building (T. H. Estabrooks, Chairman.)

When the building now occupied by the Society was purchased
five years ago, it was felt that a number of changes were necessary
to make the rooms suitable for the proper display of the Society’s
collections and for carrying on its work. At that time it was

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

367

only possible to make a portion of the changes contemplated.
It was not until the past year that we were able to undertake
these improvements. Below will be found a summary of the
improvements made.

The museum was formerly lighted with gas, the pipes were
, leaky and the fixtures unsuitably placed for our purposes. It
was decided to light the building with electricity.

The fixtures are of burnished brass with tungsten lamps
and holophane reflectors. The plan of lighting adopted, was
decided upon after a careful study of the methods employed
by the more modern museums elsewhere.

The sanitary arrangements have been entirely changed.
The bath room and toilet fixtures were worn out and leaking.
A large cistern occupied much space on the second floor and
being unnecessary has been removed. On the ground floor the
room formerly used as a kitchen by the associate members has
been made over, with two toilets, one for ladies, the other for
gentlemen. These are provided with hot and cold water. A
room on this floor has been fitted up as a kitchen for the use
of the associate members and is provided with a china closet,
tables, gas stove and a pantry sink with hot and cold water.

Between the library and the historical department was a
dark room and two closets. By the removal of partitions the
space occupied by these has been added to the archaeological
department doubling the size of the room. Nothing has been
done in the library, but the committee have under consideration
some improvements for this room.

On the west side of the second floor two closets and a dark
bath room occupied the space between the botanical and
invertebrate rooms, by the removal of partitions these rooms
now form one large room fifty feet in length.

On the third floor a new window has been made in the west
wall, lighting what was formerly a dark room, this has been
fitted up as a bath room. On this floor a room has been shelved
and will be used as a library.

In addition to the changes described, a large number of minor
improvements have been made in various parts of the building.

3C)S

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Tliese changes will give the Society a splendid suite of exhibition
rooms and rooms for carrying on its work.

d'he Building Committee’s estimate of the costs of changes
in the building was $1,200.00. One thousand two hundred and
seven dollars was spent.

The estimate by your committee did not include any changes ,
in the library or repairs which we find will have to be made on
the west wall of. the building and elsewhere.

Lectures (G. U. Hay, Chairman.)

Ten regular meetings of the Society were held during the
year, beginning October 4 and ending June 6. At the meeting
of October 4 the report of the delegate to the Royal Society was
received; October 18 the annual meeting was held; and on
November 1 there was a business meeting and afterwards a
reunion of the members and associate members of the Society,
a very enjoyable occasion.

The Six Meetings following were devoted to the Natural
History of Rockwood Park and Vicinity (Illustrated):

December

January

February

March

April

May

June

6 — The Physical Features. — G. F. Matthew, LL, D., D. Sc.

3 — The Flowering Plants, Trees and Shrubs. — G. U. Hay, D. Sc.

7 — The Ferns. — W. J. S. Myles, A. M.

7 — The Six-Footed Inhabitants. — Win. McIntosh.

4 — The Mammals. — J. W. Banks.

2 — The Birds. — A. Gordon Leavitt.

6 — Physiographic Observations upon the Dungarvon and
Bartholomew Rivers. — Prof. W. F. Ganong, Ph. D.

In addition to the regular course a series of Popular Lectures
was given during the winter on the Tuesday evenings not occu-
pied by the regular meetings of the Society. These were open to
teachers, students and the general public, as well as to the
members. (The first six illustrated lectures were kindly provided
free by the Liljrary of McGill University, Montreal.)

January 10 — Newfoundland and Labrador.

January 17 — The River and Gulf of St. Lawrence.

January 24 — British Columbia and Alberta.

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

369

January 31 — Our Native Birds.

February 14 — The Wood-Pulp Industry of Canada.

February 21 — Forestry.

February 28 — An Anglo-American Alliance. — Silas Alward, K. C., D. C. L.
March 14 — Things not generally seen. — The Photographic Section of the

Society.

March 21 — What the Rocks have to tell us. — L. W. Bailey, Ph. D., LL. D.

March 28 — Microscopic Illustrations, — William Warwick, M. D.

In addition to the above the Ladies’ Association conducted
two courses of lectures; and there were weekly talks in the
afternoon on science, travel and museum topics for the junior
members.

Press (G. U. Hay, Chairman.)

The Society is much indebted to the daily press of St. John
for notices of meetings, and for the publicity given to its varied
activities during the past year.

FIELD MEETINGS.

Caton’s Island (G. U. Hay.)

On Saturday, August 19, the members of the Natural History
Society joined with the members of the New Brunswick Histori-
cal Society to commemorate the three hundredth anniversary
of the founding of the first settlement in New Brunswick, by
unveiling a stone tablet on Caton’s Island near Brown’s Flat
on the St. John River. The tablet which was strongly cemented
into the face of a cairn, constructed for the purpose, overlooks
the cove into which entered some sailors and traders from St.
Malo, France, in the year 1611, who established the first known
settlement in New Brunswick. The Island which is now the
property of Jas. Lowell, Esq., M. P. P., has had several owners
in recent years. Its Indian name, and the only one recorded in
its early history, is Emenenic; and it would seem fitting now in
view of the recent memorial celebration, to revert to its old
name.

The harbor where these early settlers sought refuge is deep
and well sheltered and there are springs of good water on the

370

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

shore, conditions which exist nowhere else on the island. The
whole surface is well wooded. Fine trees of beech, oak, birch,
maple, spruce and pines, of good size are found all over the
island, which has a circuit of about three miles and is the first
large island met with on the river.

The vice-president of the Natural History Society, Dr.
Matthew, and the president of the Historical Society, Mr. T.
O'Brien, performed the ceremony of unveiling the tablet. \Tner-
able Archdeacon Raymond in a brief address gave the principal
historical events of the settlement and Dr. G. U. Hay reviewed
more recent events in its history. Judge J. R. Armstrong,
presided.

The new ferry steamer, the Governor Carleton, was kindly
placed at the disposal of the two societies to convey passengers
to and from the island. About 120 only availed themselves
of the privilege, the early part of the day being stormy, but the
afternoon being fine, motor boats and other crafts crowded into
the cove making a lively and impressive scene.

Outing at Woodman’s Point (G. U. Hay, Leader.)

The outing at Woodman’s Point on Saturday, July 15, was
well attended. The day was one of the pleasantest of the season.
The beautiful grove on the grounds of Mrs. Woodman furnished
a refreshing shade, from the borders of which a fine view of the
St. John and Xerepis valleys could be obtained.

In the absence of Dr. Matthew, Mr. W. F. Burditt gave a
brief outline of the geology of the region, and the causes of the
land shaping itself into such a noble contour of hill and valley
as were to be witnessed from this commanding elevation.

Rev. Mr. Winter of London, the Society’s guest for the day,
gave a picturesque account of an Italian country scene he had
witnessed on a recent journey there, contrasting the old world
scenery with the freshness and beauty of the scene before them.

G. U. Hay described the plants the party had observed
during the afternoon, among them the fox-grape {Vitis vidpina)
so frequently alluded to by early voyageurs on the River St. John,

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

371

the juice of which was more frequently made into vinegar than
wine by the first settlers; the three-toothed cinquefoil {Potentilla
tridentata) one of the Arctic plants of the glacial epoch which
was left stranded on our rocky hillsides and mountains from
that remote period, and has since flourished in these situations;
the four-leaved loosestrife {Lysimachia quadrifolia) a beautiful
plant, from two to three feet high, found in the grove of oaks
near the mouth of the Nerepis, its only known habitat in New
Brunswick. The witch-hazel, different forms of willows and
other shrubs and trees found in great variety along the shore,
were also referred to and described.

A brief address was given by Mrs. Woodman who referred
to some incidents in the history of the place, notably the career
of General Coffin whose grave the members of the Society had
visited during the afternoon and who at one time held a large
grant of land at the mouth of the Nerepis. She also showed
a very old violin that had been in possession of her family for
more than a hundred years.

Field Meeting at Clifton, 26th July, 1911.

The party left Indiantown at nine, in the Steamer Hampton,
and had a fine opportunity to see the Pre-Cambrian granite
and limestone in the lower part of the Narrows above Indian-
town, and the Red sandstones and conglomerates that border
the Narrows on the east side, in the upper part, where that
passage opens out into Grand bay.

Passing Boar’s Head, which is composed of these red sand-
stones and conglomerates, the steamer entered the Kennebecasis
river, where it has considerable width and shows much diversity
of scenery in the more distant shores, due to the variety of
kinds and age of the subjacent rocks.

Passing into the North channel behind Long island the
members of the party had an excellent opportunity to contrast
the bold and continuous range of hills of trap rock on the north
side of the river, with the tamer shores of red sandstone and

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

conglomerate on the south side, broken into islands and coves
by the long continued denudation, or wear, of many geological
ages.

Arriving at Clifton the party rested for a while at the Public
Hall placed at their disposal by Mr. Burton Flewelling and
then those who felt able for the task undertook to climb the
“mountain” at the east end of the village, formerly known as
Snider’s mountain, now as Buckley’s. From the top of this
hill there is an extensive view down the Kennebecasis; bays
and channels of the river alternate with islands and low hills
and ridges that conduct the eye to the steeples of St. John and
the waters of the Bay of Fundy.

To the southwest beyond the river, are seen a succession of
ridges and valleys of the red sandstone formation which seem
low and smooth compared with the rugged volcanic hills of
great antiquity around Clifton.

To the northwest appears the rounded outline of Blue
mountain on the further side of the St. John river, which here
is about five miles away.

On the Snider mountain lies a boulder of grey granite that
must have been brought by ice from Hampstead on the St. John
river: it is scored and weathered — a memento of the Great
Ice Age when the whole surface of the country was overrun and
overlain by glacier ice of many hundreds of feet in thickness.

After luncheon in the Public Hall in Clifton addresses were
given by the several members who had conducted parties of
observation in the neighborhood, one of which by Mrs. Lawrence,
on the l)irds observed, was particularly interesting. The party
returned by the Hampton, which about this time arrived from
her trip up river.

Respectfully submitted ,

John G. McKinnon,

Secretary to Council.

REPORT OF COUNCIL.

373

The Ladies’ Association.

The Ladies’ Association of the Natural History Society are
happy to report another year of successful work for the Society,
which practically means for the benefit of the citizens of St. John.

Our lecture courses of last year were a decided success from
a literary as well as from a financial standpoint. The lectures
on “ Folk Lore in Opera” were much appreciated by the audiences,
and were also a great benefit to those who prepared them.

The free lectures given in January, February and March
were not behind the earlier course in value and interest. That
we were able to introduce some of our younger members as
lecturers has set an example that we hope will bc followed during
the coming season.

The charming afternoon with Robert Louis Stevenson was
a great pleasure to the children who took part, as well as to those
who were present as audience and we owe a debt of gratitude
to the ladies who gave their time and thought to its preparation.

Last winter also our Junior members assisted by Miss
Sutherland, made their first effort, in giving us the very pretty
cantata “The ’Pied Piper.” It was creditably done and we
hope is only the first of their annual entertainments.

With the money raised by our autumn course, supplemented
by these extra entertainments, the Ladies’ Association have
paid all but $25 on the piano purchased by them in the fall.
The piano is a good one and cost $250. It has been, and we
hope will be a great addition to the pleasure and usefulness of
the gatherings in this hall.

The Ladies fully appreciate the advantages of the improved
arrangements made in the museum and building during the
past summer, and are satisfied that they will ensure an increa.sed
interest in the work of the Society in all its branches.

In addition to the annual conversazione or reunion of members
when the ladies’ gave their help in providing music and
refreshments which help on the social side of the entertainment,
there were held last winter three social evenings for the
purpose of giving the members and their friends an opportu-
nity of examining the various collections in the museum, under

374 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

the guidance of members of the society who were experts in
different dej:)artments. On one occasion we invited the
University Club, who repaid the courtesy by giving us an
excellent paper on Paracelsus. On another day we asked the
Rector of Rothesay School to bring in any boys old enough to
be interested, about fourteen or fifteen came and I am sure
enjoyed the evening. Again we invited the Educational Class
of the Kings Daughters who seemed to enjoy the occasion
thoroughly. A short musical program was provided each
evening and light refreshments at the close of the entertainment.

Our membership continues about the same as last year.
W e have lost some by withdrawal, several by removal and a few
by death. Among the latter, there is no one who will be so
much missed as Mrs. D. J. Leavitt, whose kindly presence and
bright cheery countenance was to be found at almost every
meeting.

Our lecture courses for this fall and winter have been
arranged, and will we hope, not fall behind in value or interest
those of other years. We are glad to welcome one or two new
lecturers to our platform and in recalling our motto that “Pro-
gress is the Law of Life” we look forward hopefully to the progress
we hope to make during the coming year with the blessing on
our work of Him who said: “I am come that they might have
Life, and that they might have it more abundantly.

K. M. Matthew, President.

Treasurer’s Report Ladies’ Association.

Receipts —

1910 — Course Tickets Receipts ■ $166 25

1911

March Mrs. Ellis Lecture Receipts 29 25

March Stevenson Lecture Receipts 38 50

April Pied Piper Lecture Receipts 32 25

May Donation, Miss Jardine of Boston 10 00

$276 25

Advanced by Treasurer 13

Carried forward

$276 38

REPORT OF COUNCIL. 375

Brought forward, $276 38

1911 Expenditure —

Oct. Cash Loaned by Treasurer Returned $28 00

Hire of Organ Twice 4 00

McMillan’s Bill 1 30

Coaching, E. D. Starkey 2 50

Coaching, R. T. Worden 4 50

Pied Piper Music Bill 4 00

Evening Times Adv 3 08

Tuning Piano Twice to Organ Pitch 4 00

Paid on Piano 225 00

— $276 38

Grace W. Leavitt, Treasurer.

Junior Associate Branch.

To the President of The Natural History Society.

Herewith I submit the annual report of the Junior Associate
branch of The Natural History Society as follows: —

There are thirty members in the girls branch. At a regular
monthly meeting, held on Monday, April 12, 1911, officers were
elected for the coming year as follows: —

President, Edith M. Kee; Vice-Presidents, Vivien Freeze
and Maud Willis; Secretary, Mary L. Murdoch; Treasurer,
Janet H. Freeze.

On Friday, March 29th, an entertainment had been held
to raise funds to assist in paying for the piano. This was in the
form of a cantata “The Pied Piper of Hamlin.” We owe a great
debt of gratitude to Miss Maude Sutherland who trained not
only the girls but the boys for this. The entertainment was
held in the Lecture Room of the N. H. S. The sum of $32.57
was realized.

Several outings through the spring and fall, chaperoned by
Mr. and Mrs. McIntosh, were greatly enjoyed, kind friends
taught the members many interesting and instructive things
about nature. We visited Riverside, Green Head, Drury Cove,

376

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Pokiok, Bay Shore and many other places. The girls were
invited to “Cami^ Nature” on the Nerepis river, to spend the
King’s birthday and all had a delightful time.

The most enjoyal)le and important feature of the year was
the camping trip. Mr. McIntosh invited all the girls to accom-
pany him and Mrs. McIntosh on his collecting trip. There
were eighteen in the party altogether. We were joined by Mr.
Leavitt and two of the boys, Cris. Armstrong and Douglas
Holman. We visited many Indian encampments; starting
at Gagetown we toured Grand Lake, French Lake, Maquapit
Lake and French River, finding many Indian relics. We were
away from August 4th, to 24th.

Hoping to accomplish as much next year.

Respectfully submitted,

Mary L. Murdoch,

Nov^ember 7, 1911. Secretary.

Junior Report.

During the past year the Junior members have held some
ten regular monthly meetings. These meetings have been well
attended. The boys have also held several outings, during the
spring and fall to points near the city and in July they camped
on Grand Lake and assisted Mr. McIntosh in searching for
Indian relics. Over three hundred different kinds of flowers
have been found by the boys during the summer. Two of the
members took all the prizes in Natural History except for
mounted birds at the Fredericton Exhiliition in September, and
several received prizes for Natural History exhibits at the Arts
and Crafts Exhibition of the St. John Y. M. C. A. In no
previous year have the Junior members taken such an intelligent
interest in nature.

DONATIONS.

377

DONATIONS.

ARCH/EOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY.

Armstrong, Col.J. Russell— Ancient pottery from Tel el Amarna, Egypt.
Figure taken from one of the tombs at Sakkarah near Cairo. The tombs
were built about 3,500 B. C. Purchased by the donor from the Gov-
ernment Museum at Cairo.

Bullock, Mrs. John — Three necklaces or neck ornaments, bread tray of
woven grass, wooden spoon all from Africa.

Bailey, Mrs. L. W., Fredericton — Birch bark, scrap basket made by Male-
cite Indians.

Grant, Mrs. C. W., Hope. — Feather fan made by natives of South America.

Humphrey, R. B. — Bone fish hook made and used by the Stick Indians, Yukon,

Jack, The Misses — Seven pieces of moose-hair embroidery work, made by
Indians of Quebec. Modern Indian mask, bead work wall pocket,
made by Alaska Indians. A very fine example of Micmac porcupine
quill work, made by the “Queen of the Micmacs,” Cape Breton; Four
pieces of beadwork made by Malecite Indians, fine specimens of the
beadwork of fifty years ago. Two valuable Indian stone pipes.

Leavitt, Mrs. D. J. — Small tray made of seeds, the work of West Indian
natives.

Sacobi, Michael — Stone maul or hammer, basket maker’s knife, gauges, splints
and other material used by the Malecite Indians in basket making.

Sacobi, Mrs. Michael — Two baskets, copied from an ancient type of basket
no longer made by the Malecite Indians.

Salmon, Mrs. John G. — Cap. made of coloured seeds by West Indian natives.

ZOOLOGY,

Bennett, Mrs. W. R. — Coral, West Indies.

Connors Bros., Blacks’ Harbour. — Bill fish taken in the Bay of Fundy.

Craibe, Mrs. F. E. — Mounted kingfisher and humming bird in glass globe.

Hamilton, Mrs. Geo. A. — Worm shell.

Harrington, Miss — Mossy gall on rose-bush.

Hatheway, W. Frank — Sea shells from Fiji Islands.

Paterson, A. P. — Glass case containing 31 specimens of New Brunswick
birds and a mounted specimen of the Snowy Owl.

Weldon, Currie — Cast skin of locust.

378

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

BOTANY.

Armstrong, Col. J. Russell — Flowers from Garden of Gethsamane.
Bennett, Mrs. \V. R. — Sea weed, West Indies.

D.widson, John H. — Branch of cotton plant showing ripe balls.

Howe, John — Portion of tree showing very curious growth.

Provinci.\l Government (Agricultural Department) — Preserved fruits.

Pal/eontology.

Le.witt, a. Gordon — 91 pieces of slate with fossil plants collected at Seaside
Park by the donor.

MINERALS.

Armstrong, Col. J. Russell — Pebbles from shore of Dead Sea, Water from
Dead Sea, stone from Jericho. Fragment from the Great Pyramid
Egypt, Pumice stone from Mt. Vesuvius, piece of stone from “house
of Mary and Martha” Bethany. Rock from the vestibule of the
Church of the Nativity, Jerusalem, Galena.

Gibbs, Miss Elizabeth— Agate ring.

Hatheway, W. Frank — Stalactite from Matanzas, Cuba.

COINS AND MEDALS.

Bennett, Capt. W. R. — Roman and old Italian Coins.

Baird, C. A., San Francisco Cal. — United States Coin 1904.

GENERAL.

Agricultural Department, Provincial Government of N. B. — Photographs
of N. B. Orchards.

Armstrong, Christopher — Portion of old grub hoe from Indian Point.

Hamilton, Mrs. Gp:o. A. — Illuminated card.

Longmaid, Miss — Relic of the great fire in St. John, 1877.

VouNGHUSB.\ND, Mrs. — Hand- warmer.

LIBRARY.

Alward, Silas D. C. L., C. — Essay “Our Western Heritage”.

Boyd, Rev. Hunter — Egypt exploration fund, archaeological report, special
report, Egypt exploration fund. Evolutional Ethics and Animal
Psychology. The Religeous life in its scientific aspect.

Bullock, Mrs. John — An old work printed in 1788.

P'armer, Miss — Abridgment of Goldsmith’s, Natural History of Quadrupeds
and birds 1831.

Hall, Mrs. T. H. — Reprints of the Times and other early English newspapers
and historical documents.

Hay, Dr. G. U. — Footes Catalogue of Minerals.

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES.

379

Officers and Committees for 1911-12.

Officers.

President — Hon. J. V. Ellis, LL. D.

Vice-Presidents — G. F. Matthew, LL. D., D. Sc., G. LF. Hay, D. Sc.

Treasurer — A. Gordon Leavitt.

Corresponding Secretary and Curator — William McIntosh.

Recording Secretary — W. L. McDiarmid.

Librarian — Jas. A. Estey.

Additional Members of Council — H. G. Addy, M. D., T. H. Estabrooks, W. F.
Burditt, J. Roy Campbell, J. Clawson.

Standing Committees.

Archceology — Wm. McIntosh, Rev. J. J. McCaskill, A. Gordon Leavitt, Dr.
G. F. Matthew, Duncan London.

Botany — Dr. G. U. Hay, Dr. W. F. Ganong, J. Vroom, M. A., W. L. McDiar-
mid, J. G. MacKinnon, Prof. H. G. Perry, W. J. S. Myles.

Invertebrates — Wm. McIntosh, A. G. Leavitt, W. H. Mowatt, Miss S. B.
Ganong, Miss G. Frink.

Ornithology— K. G. Leavitt, Jas. W. Banks, Mrs. G. U. Hay, Mrs. J. W.
Lawrence.

Astronomy and Meteorology — W. F. Burditt, D. L. Hutchinson, Dr. G. U. Hay,
Joshua Clawson, Mrs. Geo. Lee, Mrs. G. U. Hay.

Geology — Dr. G. F. Matthew, Dr. L. W. Bailey, Jas. A. Estey, Rev. David
Hutchinson, A. G, Leavitt.

Microscopes — W. H. Mowatt, Dr. G. G. Melvin, Dr. T. D. Walker, Dr. W. L.
Ellis, Dr. Wm. Warwick.

Photography — G. Ernest Fairweather, C. P. Clarke, Geo. A. Henderson.
T. Percy Bourne.

Library — W. L. McDiarmid, W. H. Mowatt, G. F. Matthew.

3S0

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Lectures — l)r. G. U. Hay, Dr. H. Ci. Adcly, Wm. Brodie, W. S. Fisher, Dr.
Mclncrncy.

Building — T. H. Estabrooks, A. (i. Leavitt, Dr. G. F. Matthew, W. F. Burditt,
Dr. H. Gx. Addy.

Press — Dr. Cx. U. Hay, A. G. Leavitt, Dr. G. F. Matthew, W. L. McDiarmid,
J. Clawson.

Publications — Dr. G. F. Matthew, Dr. G. U. Hay, A. G. Leavitt, Chas. A.
Macdonald.

Finance — A. Gordon Leavitt, J. Roy Campbell, W. F. Hatheway, T. H.
Estabrooks, Jas. A. Estey, R. B. Emerson.

Officers of Ladies’ Association.

President — Mrs. Geo. F. Matthew.

Vice-Presidenst — Mrs. G. U. Hay, Mrs. Geo. F. Smith, Mrs. J. V. Ellis, Miss
Grace W. Leavitt.

Treasurer — Mrs. S. Gronlund.

Recording Secretary — Mrs. F. B. Cowgill.

Corresponding Secretary — Miss F. A. Hoyt.

Executive — Mrs. J. A. McAvity, Mrs. J. R. Calhoun, Mrs. R. T. Leavitt,
Mrs. J. F. Robertson, Mrs. T. H. Estabrooks, Miss E. A. Estey, Mrs.
T. H. Bullock, Mrs. Wm. McIntosh, Mrs. J. A. Coster, Mrs. T. P.
Bourne, Mrs. A. W. Macrae, Mrs. J. H. Thomson, Mrs. F. E. Williams

Press Committee — Mrs. H. Climo, Miss L. Jack, Miss M. deSoyres.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

381

List of Members,

Benefactors.

*LeBaron Botsford, M. D. *Mrs. Gilbert Murdoch.

Patron.

The Lieutenant-Governor, Hon. L. J. Tweedie, LL. D.

Honorary Members.

Bailey, Prof. Loring W., Ph. D Fredericton, N. B.

Ganong, Prof. W. F., Ph. D Smith College, Northampton, Mass.

Marr, Prof. John E St. John’s College, Cambridge, England.

Life Members.

Campbell, J. Roy, St. John, N. B.

Chamberlain, Montague, Boston Mass.

Earle, W. E., St. John, N. B.

Earle, Mrs. W. E., St. John, N. B.

Ellis, Hon. John V., LL. D., St. John, N. B.

Estabrooks, T. H., St. John, N. B.

Fisher, G. S., St. John, N. B.

Ganong, Prof.W.F.,Ph.D., Northampton, Mass McIntosh, Wm., St. John, N. B.
Ganong, G. W., St. Stephen, N. B. White, Jas. E., St. John, N. B.

Hay, G. U., D. Sc., St. John, N. B. Woodman, Mrs. C. F., St. John, N. B.

Hegan, Jas. B., Charlottetown, P E. I.
Leavitt, A. Gordon, St. John, N. B.

Leavitt, Miss Grace W., St. John, N. B.
Longmaid, Miss S., St. John, N. B.
Matthew, G. F., D. Sc., LL. D., St. John, N.B.
Matthew, Mrs. G. F., St. John, N. B.
Matthew, Robt., M. A., Cienfuegos, Cuba.

Corresponding Members.

Bailey, Geo., M. D., St Martins, N. B. London, Duncan, Lakeville Corner, N. B.
Balmain, David, Indian Point, Queens Co., N.B MacKay, Dr. A. H., LL. D., Halifax, N. S.
Brittain, John, D.Sc., Macdonald Col.,Que. Perry, Prof. H. G., Wolfville, N. S.

Cox, Prof. Philip, Ph. D., Fredericton, N, B, Stead, Geoffrey, C. E., Chatham, N. B.
Duff, Prof. A. W., Ph. D., Worcester, Mass. Vroom, James, St. Stephen, N, B.

Fowler, Rev. Prof. J., LL. D., Kingston, Ont. Walker, Sir Edmund, Toronto , Ont.
Hamilton, D. W,, Ph. D., Fredericton, N. B. Wilson, Wiliam J., Ottawa, Ont.

Hoyt, W. B., Andover, N. B.

^Deceased. Regular Members.

Adams, A. W.

Addy, H. G., M. D.
Agar, M. E.

Alward, Silas.

Amland, W. E.
Armstrong, Rev. W. R.

Banks, J. W.

Barbour, A. D.
Barbour, G, E.

Barnes, J. W.

Baxter, J. B. M.
Belding, a. M.
Belyea, j. Fred.
Belyea, T. H.
Bonnell, W. P.
Bostwick, C. M.
Bourne, T. Percy.
Brodie, Wm.
Bruckof, Wm.
Burditt, W. F.
Bustin, Stephen B.

Bullock, T. H.

Clawson, Joshua.
Clarke, C. P.
Corbitt, Samuel A.
Coster, J. Arthur.
Crosby, L. G.

Day, j. L.

Dickie, Rev. Gordon.
Doherty, H. A.

3S2

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Humphrey, R. B.
Hutchinson, D. Leavitt
Hutchinson, Rev. David

Inches, P. Robertson, M.

Jarvis, C. E. L.

Jarvis, W. M.

Jones, Fred. Caverhill
Jones, J. B.

Kerr, S.

Kessen, R. B.

Knight, J. T.

Knowlton, F. j. G.

Lantalum, T. T.

Leavitt, R. T.

Likely, J. A.

MACINTYRE, John P.
Magee, J. M., D, D. S.
Manchester, James
Melvin, Geo. G., M. D.
Moore, Geo. A.

Mowatt, W. H.

Murdoch, Wm., C. E,
McAvity, James L.
McAvity, John, A.
McCaskill, Rev. J J.
McDonald, Arthur
MacDonald, Charles A.
McDiarmid, W. L.
McInerney, j. P., M. D.
McIntosh, J. R., M. D.
McKinnon, J. G.

Nobles, W. F.

Northrop, I. H.

O’Brien, Richard
Olive, Stanley G.

Otty, G. O. D.

Paddock, M. V.

Page, H. C
Parks J. W.

Paterson, R. B.

D. Peters, Charles H.
Powell, H. A.
PUDDINGTON, HeNRY F

RA’i’MOND, W. E.

Rising, E. L.

^ Roberts, Harry
Robertson, James F.
Robertson, Geo. M.

Sanford, Charles F
Se.\rs, Edward
Sharp, A. W.

Shaw, W. H.

Skinner, Stewart, M. D,
Starr, F. P.

Sullivan, H. J.

Sullivan, Richard

Tennant, W. B.
Thompson, Enoch
Thorne, W. H.

Walker, J.\mes, M. D.
Walker, T. D., M. D.
Warner, Gen. D. B.
Warwick, O. H.
Warwick, Wm., M. D.
Wesley, F. C.

Wetmore, A. H.
Wetmore, F. H., M. D.
Wetmore, H. C.

White, J. Hunter
White, W. W., M. D.
White, Wm.

Williams, F. E.
WlLLI.\MS, W. L.

Wood, E. C.

Downie, Wm.

Dykeman, F. a.

Ellis, F. B.

Ellis, W. L., M. D.
Emerson, R. B.

Emerson, H. W.

Estey, J.\mes a.

Everett, H. L.

Fairweather, G. Ernest.
Fisher, W. S.

Fleming, Geo.

Fle.ming, W. M.
Flewelling, C. H.
Forbes, Hon. J. G.
Foster, W. E.

Foley, Fenwick D.
Frink, J. H.

Frink, R. W. W.

Fritz, H. D., M. D.

Gallagher, H.

Gilmour, a. B.

Goodwtn, E. a.

Gregory, J. S.

Gregory, J. Fraser.

Hanington, a. H.
Hanington, F. E.
Hatheway, W. F.
Hawker, Wm.

Hay, Albert S.

Hayes, R. T.

Hazen, a. P.

Hazen, Hon. J. D.
Henderson, G. A.
Hibbard, Rev. W. R.
Holly, J. Walter
Holman, F. E.

Holt, F. W., C. E.
Hopkins, Stanley

Addison, Miss A. A.
Agar, Mrs. M. E.
Allen, Mrs. C. B.
Allen, Miss E,
Alward, Mrs. S.
Anderson, Miss M.
Anglin, Mrs. J. V.
Angus, Mrs. W. M.
Archibald, Mrs. E.

Associate Members,

Armstrong, Mrs. R. A.
Arnold, Miss
Arscott, Mrs. R.

Baker, Mrs. C. F.
Barbour, Mrs. G. E.
Barbour, Miss M.
Barker, Mrs. E. F.
Barker, Miss Helen

Barlow, Miss J. R.
Barnes, Miss C. F.
Barnes, Miss E.
Bartlett, Miss K. R.
Bartsch, Mrs. R. M.
Bell, Mrs. T.
Bennet, Mrs. W. R.
Bent, Miss
Best, Miss H. L.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

383

Best, Mrs. M. E.
Binning, Mrs. Alex.
Black, Mrs. K. E.
Black, Mrs. S. McC.
Blizard, Mrs. F. W.
Bogart, Mrs. J.
Bonnell, Mrs. W. P.
Bourne, Miss Emily
Bourne, Mrs. T. P.
Bowman, Miss
Boyer, Mrs. B. N.
Brundage, Miss B.
Braine, Miss
Brodie, Miss C.
Brown, Mrs. D. F.
Bullock, Mrs. J. F.
Buckley, Mrs.
Bullock, Mrs. T. H.
Burditt, Mrs. W. F.
Burditt, Miss

Caie, Miss I. J.
Calhoun, Mrs. J. R.
Campbell, Mrs. G. M.
Chandler, Mrs. A. H,
Christian, Miss
Christie, Miss
Clift, Miss B.

Coates, Mrs. H. N.
Cochrane, Mrs. R. J.
Cole, Mrs. Horace
Corbett, Mrs. R. A.
Coster, Mrs. A.
Coster, Mrs. C.
Cotter, Miss K. A. M.
Cowan, Miss E.
Cowan, Mrs. C. E.
Cowan, Mrs. R. P.
CowGiLL, Mrs. F. B.
Creighton, Mrs, H.
Crosby, Mrs. L. G.
Cummings, Miss E.
CuRREY, Mrs. L. A.
Currie, Mrs. J. S.

Daly, Mrs. H.
Davidson, Mrs. G.
Day, Mrs. J. L.
Danforth, Miss
Dever, Mrs. M.
Disbrow, Miss E.
Dowling, Mrs. T. Q.
Downie, Mrs. Wm.
Driscoll, Mrs. J.
Dunham, Mrs. W. O.

Dunn, Mrs. J. L.

Dunn, Miss L.

Elkin, Mrs. S.

Ellis, Mrs. F. B.

Ellis, Mrs. J. V.
Emerson, Miss E. L.
Emerson, Mrs. R. B.
Estabrooks, Mrs. T. H.
Estey, Miss A. E.

Estey, Miss Grace
Estey, Mrs. Jas. A.
Everett, Mrs. H. L,

Fairweather, Mrs. G. E.
Ferguson, Mrs. C.
Fisher, Mrs. G. S.
Fisher, Mrs. W. S.

Fiske, Mrs. E. S.
Flanders, Mrs. C. R.
Fleming, Miss G.
Fleming, Mrs. W. M.
Flood, Mrs. Thos. J.
Foss, Mrs. C. O.

Foster, Mrs. T. H.
Forbes, Mrs. M. M.
Fotherby, Miss E. P.
Fotherby, Miss M.
Freeze, Mrs. R, J.

Frink, Miss G.

Frink, Mrs. J. H.

Frink, Mrs. R. W. W.
Fullerton, Miss C.

Gard, Mrs. T.

Gibson, Miss M.
Gilchrist, Mrs. W.
Gilmour, Mrs. A. B.
Godsoe, Miss A.

Gorham, Mrs. c“. F.
Grannan, Mrs. P.

Grant, Mrs. W. P.

Grass, Mrs. M. E.
Green, Mrs. L.

Greer, Mrs. Wm.
Gregory, Mrs, J. T.
Gregory, Mrs. S.
Grunlund, Mrs. S.

Gunn, Miss M. G.

Haley, Mrs. R. G.
Hannington, Mrs, F. E.
Hamilton, Mrs. G. A.
Hamm, Mrs. W. L.
Harrington, Mrs. J.

Harrison, Miss L. G,
Harrison, Mrs. J. S.
Hatheway, Mrs. W. F.
Hay, Mrs. G. U.

Hayes, Mrs. R. T.
Hayward, Mrs. W. H.
Hazen, Mrs. A. P.

Hazen, Mrs. R. M.

Hea, Miss A. M.

Hegan, Miss E. P.
Henderson, Mrs. Geo. A.
Holman, Mrs. A. L.
Holman, Mrs. F. E.
Homer, Miss E. B.
Hopkins, Mrs. S.

Hoyt, Miss F. A.

Hughes, Mrs. Geo.

Hunt, Miss L. A.
Hutchinson, Mrs. D.

Inches, Mrs. P. R.

Isaacs, Miss A.

Jack, Miss A. D.

Jack, Mrs. Andrews
Jack, Miss L.

Jardine, Mrs. A. C.
Jardine, Miss M.

Jones, Mrs. F, C.

Jones, Mrs. J. B.

Jordan, Mrs. M. C.

Kaplin, Mrs. J. H.

Keith, Mrs. L. A.

Kerr, Mrs. S.

Kimball, Mrs. G. A.
Kirkpatrick, Mrs. A.
Knight, Mrs. F.

Knight, Mrs. C. P.
Knodell, Miss J. C.

Landry, Mrs. I. J. D.
Lane, Mrs. F.

Lawrence, Mrs. J. M.
Leavitt, Mrs. R. T.

Lee, Miss E. A.

Lee, Mrs. G.

Lee, Mrs, T. C.

Likely, Mrs. J. A.
Lindsay, Miss M.
Lingley, Mrs. B.

Lingley, Mrs. D. G.
Lordly, Mrs. C. E.

Lowe, Mrs. C.

3S4

BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Macaulay, Mrs. A.
MacDonald, Mra. Chas.
McAvity, Mrs. G.
McAvity, Mrs. J. L.
McAvity, Mrs. J. H.
:McAvity, Mrs. J. A.
McAvity, Miss M.
McBeath, Mrs. W. H.
McBeath, Miss E.
McClaskey', Mrs. A. A.
McInerney, Mrs. J. P.
McInnis, Mrs. A.
McIntosh, Mrs. J. R.
McIntosh, Mrs. Wm.
McIntyre, Mrs. Wm.
McIntyre, Mrs. W. E.
McIntyre, Miss Janet
McK-ay, Mrs. W. M.
McKean, Mrs. G.
McKeown, Mrs. H. A.
McLaren, Mrs. J. S.
McLellan, Mrs. D.
McMillan, Mrs. J.
McNaughton, Miss E.
Magee, Mrs. J. A.
Manning, Miss S.
Martin, Mrs. W. A.
Matthew, Mrs. W. C.
Matthew, Mrs. R.
Maxwell, Miss L.
Maxwell, Miss O.
Melrose, Mrs. A. R.
Merrill, Mrs. A. H.
Merritt, Miss
Miller, Mrs. J. E.
Millidge, Miss S.
Moore, Mrs. J. E.
Morrison, Mrs. A.
Munroe, Miss J. C.
Murdoch, Miss E.
Murphy, Mess G.
Murray, Miss F. E.
Murray, Mrs. F. W.
Murray, Mrs. G.
Murray, Miss I. L.
Murray, Miss P. O.
Murray, Miss R. G.
Myles, Mrs. W. H.

Nannary, Miss M. A.
Nase, Mrs. O.

Neales, Mrs. Wm.

Nice, Mrs. W. M.

Noble, Mrs. G. W.

Olive, Miss K.

Olive, Mrs. Murray

Paddock, Mrs. M. V.
Page, Mrs. H. C.

Palmer, Mrs. Chas. A.
Paterson, Mrs. R. B.
Paterson, Mrs. W. F. B.
Patterson, Mrs. A. P.
Peck, Mrs. H. B.

Perkins, Miss F.

Peters, Mrs. C. H.
Peters, Mrs. F. A.
Pickett, Mrs. H. H.
Porter, Mrs. A.

Powell, Mrs. H. A.

Price, Mrs. G. R.
PUDDINGTON, MiSS A.

Rainnie, Miss A. M.
Rankine, Mrs. T. R.
Rankine, Mrs. R. R.
Rising, Mrs. E. L.

Rising, Mrs. A.

Ritchie, Mrs. R. J.

RobB, Miss A. D.
Robertson, Mrs. Geo. M.
Robertson, Mrs. J. F.
Robertson, Mrs. J. M.
Robinson^ Miss C. C.
Robinson, Miss E.
Robinson, Miss J. L.
Robinson, Mrs. J. M.
Robson, Miss D.

Robson, Mrs. W . L.
Rowan, Miss J.

Sadleir, Mrs. Wm. H. B.
Sadleir, Miss
Salmon, Mrs. J. G.
Salter, Mrs. E. V.
Sanford, Mrs. C. F.
Schofield, Mrs. H. B.
ScoviL, Mrs. E. G.

Sealy, Mrs. John
Secord, Mrs. J. E.

Seely, Mrs. Fred
Seely, Miss Jean
Sharp, Miss E. M.
Sheffield, Mrs. M. A.
Sheridan, Mrs. R. A.
Sinclair, Mrs. R. A.
SiPPRELL, Mrs. E. M.
Skinner, Mrs. A. O.

Skinner, Mrs. S.
Skinner, Miss C. M.
Skinner, Mrs. E. M.
Smith, Mrs. E. A.

Smith, Miss E. B.

Smith, Mrs. G. F.

Smith, Mrs. H. C.

Smith, Mrs. J. W.

Smith, Mrs. R. M.
Snider, Mrs. P. W.
Spangler, Mrs. H. L.
Stephenson, Mrs. Jas.
Stephenson, Miss M.
Sterling, Mrs. J.
Stetson, Mrs. F.
Stevens, Mrs. Roy
Sullivan, Mrs. R.
Sunder, Mrs. C. E.
Sutherland, Miss K. M.

Tayxor, Mrs. E. R.
Tennant, Mrs. W. B.
Thomas, Mrs F. S.
Thomas, Mrs. Henry
Thomson, Mrs. J. H.
Thompson, Mrs. J. S.
Thomson, Mrs. Robt.
Thomson, Miss M.
Tingle Y, Miss E. A.
Turner, Miss K. E.

Vaughan, Mrs. J. R.
Vaughan, Mrs. S. B.
Vaughan, Mrs. S. T.
Vincent, Miss H.
Vincent, Mrs. T. N.

Wade, Mrs. John
Ward, Miss H. M.
Wardroper, Mrs. H. E.
Waring, Miss A. G.
Waring, Mrs. W. L.
Warlock, Mrs. B. B.
Warner, Mrs. J.
Wasson, Miss M.

Watt, Mrs. J. G.

Watt, Mrs. M.

Webb, Miss G. I.
Weldon, Mrs. C. W.
Wetmore, Mrs. A. H.
Wetmore, Mrs. H. C.
White, Mrs. J. H.
White, Mrs. Thos. F.
White, Mrs. W. W.

Whittaker, Mrs. E. L.
Williams, Mrs. F. E.
Williams, Mrs. J. D.

Beville, Miss Florence

Coster, Miss Constance
Coster, Miss R.

CuLLEY, Miss Mary

Flaglor, Miss M.
Freeze, Miss Jane

LIST OF MEMBERS.

WiLMOT, Miss E. B.
Wilson, Mrs. J. E.
WooDBURN, Miss E. A.

Junior Associates.

Freeze, Miss Vivian
Frost, Miss M.

Green, Miss L.

Holman, Miss G.

Kee, Miss E. M.

Kuhring, Miss G.

385

Woodman, Mrs. A. M.
Worden, Miss D.

Worden, Mrs. R. T.

Lingley, Miss M.

Murdoch, Miss Mary
MacKinnon, Miss E.

Vanwart, Miss Myrtle

Willis, Miss Maud