ISSN 0968-0454

Bulletin of
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BRITISH MUSEUM |
{NATURAL HISTORY)

12 JUL 1993

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Entomology Series

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THE

NATURAL
HISTORY
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NUMBER 1 24 JUNE 1993

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World List abbreviation: Bull. nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Ent.)

© The Natural History Museum, 1993

Entomology Series
ISSN 0968-0454 Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 1-38

The Natural History Museum
Cromwell Road WG:
London SW7 5BD Issued 24 June 1993 Fs 55

Typeset by Ann Buchan (Typesetters), Middlesex
Printed in Great Britain at The Alden Press, Oxford

Figs 1-26. Adult Caloptilia spp.: 1, theivora, CO’, Brunei; 2, nomurai, CO paratype, Brunei; 3, dogmatica, CO’,
Thailand; 4, sphenocrossa, 2, W. Malaysia; 5, etiolata, OS holotype, W. Malaysia; 6, flavida, 0’, Thailand; 7,
ariana, ©, Sabah; 8, emas, O&' paratype, W. Malaysia; 9, baringi, O' paratype, Brunei; 10, iorphna, C
paralectotype, Java; 11, tangkai, &’ holotype, Thailand; 12, hemiconis, 0’, Thailand; 13, soyella, Ch, China; 14,
aurifasciata, &, W. Malaysia; 15, scaeodesma, 9, Sri Lanka; 16, syrphetias, &', W. Malaysia; 17, acinata, 0
holotype, Thailand; 18, protiella, &’, W. Malaysia; 19, iselaea, 2, Thailand; 20, dicamica, C' paratype, Brunei;
21, selimpat, O' paratype, W. Malaysia; 22, teucra, CO lectotype, Java; 23, species A, 9, Java; 24, leucolitha, C’,
Java; 25, aeolospila, O holotype, China; 26, jelita, 2, W. Malaysia. ee ee :

BRITISH MUSEUM
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12 JUL 1993

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Bull. nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Ent.) 62(1): 1-37

Issued 24 June 1993

Caloptilia leaf-miner moths
(Gracillariidae) of South-East Asia

DECHENG YUAN & GADEN S. ROBINSON’
Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100080,

People’s Republic of China

* Biodiversity Division, Department of Entomology, The Natural History
Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD

CONTENTS

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Synopsis. The South-East Asian species of Caloptilia Hiibner are reviewed and revised.
Twenty-six species are recognised, nine of them new. The pest species C. theivora
(Walsingham), the tea leaf-roller, and C. soyella (Deventer), the soya-bean leaf-roller
are included. The latter species is frequently confused with C. acrotherma (Meyrick) and
C. prosticta (Meyrick), similar bean pests which do not occur in South East Asia; notes
for the separation of the three species are given. Four species are relegated to synonymy.
Keys to adults are provided, with illustrations of adult moths and male and female

genitalia.

* Correspondence: Dr Gaden S. Robinson, Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London

SW7 SBD, UK.

INTRODUCTION

Caloptilia are small, often attractively coloured
moths which, with species of Acrocercops Wal-
lengren, constitute the majority of Gracillariidae
encountered in South East Asia. The larvae are
leaf-miners in their early instars, later feeding
externally and concealing themselves within a
roll or fold of leaf. The range of larval host-plants
of Caloptilia is surprisingly wide (see below) and
the genus includes several pest species. They are

comparatively primitive ditrysian moths; the
characteristics and systematic position of the
Gracillariidae have been discussed by Robinson
(1988) and Minet (1991).

Adult Caloptilia have the characteristic
resting-posture of most other Gracillariinae. The
wings are rolled around the body, the anterior
end of which is lifted well away from the sub-
strate on the long, spindly legs. The body is
inclined at an angle of about 45° such that the
wing apices almost touch the substrate.

Caloptilia has a worldwide distribution but its

2

diversity is difficult to assess as its definition was
restricted recently (Kumata, 1982; and see
below) to exclude those species attributable to
Gracillaria Haworth; some checklists or mono-
graphs may deal with Caloptilia sensu lato. Cov-
erage is by no means exhaustive, but recorded
numbers of species for particular countries or
regions are: Britain — 13 (Emmet et al., 1985);
France — 16 (Leraut, 1980); North America —
62 (Davis, 1983); Neotropical Region — 17
(Davis & Miller, 1984); Southern Africa — 24
(Caloptilia sensu lato) (Vari & Kroon, 1986);
Madagascar — 3 (Viette, 1990); Japan — 51
(Kumata, 1982); China — 39 (Liu & Yuan,
1990); New Guinea — 3 (Diakonoff, 1955); New
Zealand — 6 (Dugdale, 1988); Marquesas Is — 2
(Clarke, 1986). Caloptilia has not been recorded
from the Philippine Is (Diakonoff, 1968). The
Natural History Museum Microlepidoptera
index, which covers the world’s species, contains
326 valid names in Caloptilia; the index is
updated to 1982 and includes in Caloptilia those
species now attributable to Gracillaria as well as
numerous taxa that were described long ago as
Caloptilia or Gracillaria and which may now be
referable to other genera.

In this paper we review and revise 26 species of
Caloptilia from South-East Asia. We are aware
of another 29 species from this area, probably all
undescribed taxa, which are each represented by
just single examples, or by damaged and defec-
tive specimens, and which cannot therefore be
characterised adequately. A further 12 species,
apparently endemic to Sulawesi, were collected
by participants in Project Wallace in 1985; these
are excluded as being extralimital.

MATERIAL, METHODS AND
CONVENTIONS

For the purpose of this paper, we define South-
East Asia as comprising southwestern China
(areas of Yunnan close to the Burmese border),
Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam,
West Malaysia (Malaya), East Malaysia
(Sarawak, Sabah), Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia
west of Wallace’s line (Sumatra, Java, Bali,
Kalimantan) and the Philippine Islands. In prac-
tice, we have seen significant numbers of speci-
mens from only Thailand, Malaysia and Brunei.
These were mostly collected by staff (G.S. Rob-
inson, K.R. Tuck, M.A. Tobin) and associates
(M.G. Allen, J.D. Bradley) of The Natural His-
tory Museum, London from 1981 to date.

D. YUAN AND G.S. ROBINSON

Terminology and conventions are compatible
with those used by Kumata (1982). Permanent
preparations of genitalia were made using the
protocols described by Robinson (1976), stained
with mercurochrome and mounted in Euparal.
Size measurements given are the wingspan of
specimens set in conventional fashion.

Abbreviations

BMNH — The Natural History Museum, Lon-
don, UK.

— Entomological Institute, Hokkaido
University, Sapporo, Japan.

EIHU

GR — Grid reference, Netherlands East
Indies Grid, 1:50,000 map series (Bru-
nei).

IZAS — Institute of Zoology, Academia Sin-
ica, Peking, P.R. China.

IP — (Helicopter) landing pad, 1: 50,000
map series (Brunei).

NP — National Park.

RNH — Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Histo-

rie, Leiden, Netherlands.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We are most grateful to Dr E. J.
van Nieukerken and Dr R. de Jong for the loan of type
material in the collection of the Rijksmuseum van
Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, Netherlands, and for
providing supplementary information.

We thank Dr K. Sattler and Mr K. Tuck for review-
ing drafts of this paper.

This project was undertaken during the tenure by
Yuan Decheng of a Royal Fellowship under the aegis of
the Royal Society/Academia Sinica Scientific Exchange
Programme. The senior author thanks the Trustees and
the Keeper of Entomology of The Natural History
Museum for study facilities and access to collections.
Photographs were prepared by Harry Taylor and Peter
York of The Natural History Museum’s Photographic
Unit.

We thank the many individuals and organisations
who have facilitated and assisted in the sampling of
Microlepidoptera from South-East Asia by The Natural
History Museum staff and associates in the past
decade.

The new species Caloptilia baringi, nomurai and
dicamica described below are named in recognition of
the Baring Foundation, Nomura-NIMCO and
DICAM, corporate patrons of the Universiti Brunei
Darussalam/Royal Geographical Society Brunei Rain-
forest Project 1991-2.

CALOPTILIA Hubner, 1825

Caloptilia Hiibner, [1825]: 427. Type-species:
Tinea upupaepennella Hubner, 1796: 68, pl. 3,

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CALOPTILIA

fig. 203, by subsequent designation by
Fletcher, 1929: 38.

Poeciloptilia Hiibner, [1825].

Ornix Kollar, 1832.

Ornix Treitschke, 1833.

Coriscium Zeller, 1839.

Antiolopha Meyrick, 1894.

The following are currently recognised as sub-
genera within Caloptilia:

Timodora Meyrick, 1886; Sphyrophora Vari,
1961; Povolnya Kuznetzov, 1979; Phylloptilia
Kumata, 1982; Rhadinoptilia Kumata, 1982;
Minyoptilia Kumata, 1982; Cecidoptilia Kumata,
1982.

For full bibliographic citations of the genus-
group names above and their type-species, see
Nye & Fletcher (1991).

ADULT. Head and_ face smooth-scaled;
antenna as long as forewing, most species with
sparse antennal pecten; haustellum well devel-
oped. Labial palpus long, upturned, smooth;
second segment slightly rough-scaled beneath,
very rarely tufted; third segment as long as or
longer than second segment, pointed. Maxillary
palpus about three-quarters length of second
segment of labial palpus, smooth, porrect or
slightly ascending. Legs smooth; fore tibia
slightly roughened, mid femur and mid tibia
strongly roughened and sometimes thickened
beneath with projecting scales; hind tibia smooth
and slender, very rarely with rows of very short
suberect spine-like scales dorsally (very conspic-
uous in /eucolitha); tarsus 1.5 to 2.0 x length of
tibia. Fore wing lanceolate, apex somewhat
blunt; venation with M2 and M3 free, connate or
short-stalked, 1A+2A simple, fused for their
entire length. Hind wing half to three-quarters
width of fore wing, lanceolate, cell open between
M2 and M3, M1 and M2 stalked, 2A usually
present; cilia three times width of wing.

GENITALIA ©. Tegumen simple, rarely
strongly sclerotized or with a pair of peniculi.
Subscaphium usually present. Seventh and
eighth abdominal segments membranous, usually
with one pair of coremata each (but in baringi
only 7th segment with coremata, and in selimpat
and teucra only 8th segment with coremata).
Seventh sternite a narrow sclerotized bar, with in
most species a slender medial apodeme directed
caudad. Eighth tergite usually sclerotized, a
small fan-shaped sclerite with a narrow medial
ridge.

GENITALIA 9. Ostium bursae usually situ-
ated intersegmentally between seventh and

3

eighth sternites (in dogmatica, hemiconis and
soyella it is within the eighth sternite). Seventh
abdominal segment usually similar to the ante-
rior segments (but much more strongly sclero-
tized in soyella and acinata). Corpus bursae
usually with a pair of signa, rarely with a single
signum (theivora and nomurai).

DISTRIBUTION. The species treated here are
predominantly inhabitants of hill forest, and of
lower and upper montane forest. Seventeen of
the 22 species for which we have altitudinal data
have been found only above 400 m; of these, six
(emas, baringi, dicamica, aeolospila, jelita and
selimpat) occur only above 1100 m. C. aeolospila
and jelita, from 2000 and 3200 m, have close
undescribed relatives occurring at similar alti-
tudes in Nepal. The remaining five species have
lowland distributions and have been recorded
from localities from 750 m down to sea level.

Few conclusions can be drawn from the distri-
bution patterns described below, as so few speci-
mens of each species are known. Endemicity may
be apparent rather than real, a function of under-
collection. One species is restricted to Thailand,
four to peninsular Malaysia, one to Brunei and
three to Java. Six of the seven Bornean species
occur also in peninsular Malaysia or Thailand,
and four of the six are also in Sulawesi. Only nine
of the eighteen species occurring in Thailand
and/or peninsular Malaysia have distributions
that extend further south and east to Java or
Borneo.

BIOLOGY. Like all Gracillariidae, the larvae of
Caloptilia are hypermetamorphic. The first two
instars are phloem-feeding leaf-miners; subse-
quent instars feed on leaf tissue, at first internally
and later externally. In the first instar the larva
mines a gallery that is expanded into a blotch
mine by the second instar. Following hypermeta-
morphosis at the second ecdysis, the larva contin-
ues to feed internally, removing parenchyma
from within the blotch mine. This phase of
growth occupies a variable number of instars; in
Caloptilia stigmatella (F.) it is just one (Kumata,
1978). Following this, the larva feeds externally
and conceals itself within a roll or fold of the leaf;
the larva of stigmatella spends two instars as an
external-feeder. However, members of the sub-
genera Rhadinoptilia, Minyoptilia and Cecidop-
tilia are leaf-miners for the whole of the feeding
phase of the larva and only leave the mine to
pupate (Kumata, 1982). In Cecidoptilia the mine
develops into a gall as the larva feeds and the
larva pupates within the gall.

Caloptilia species have been reared from a

4

wide range of plant families. However, individ-
ual species appear to be strongly host-specific,
feeding on a very restricted range of plants, often
those of only one genus; an exception noted
below is protiella, recorded from Anacardiaceae
and Burseraceae.

Pupation occurs in a silk cocoon concealed
within the rolled or folded leaf or away from the
final feeding site, often on the underside of the
leaf. The pupa is protruded from the cocoon
prior to eclosion. A detailed review of gracillariid
biology (including Caloptilia) is given by Emmet,
Watkinson & Wilson (1985), based on a number
of European species, and Kumata (1982) has
brought together details of the biology of the
Japanese Caloptilia and allied genera. Kumata
(1978) has reviewed the biology and larval trans-
formations of a range of Gracillariidae.

REMARKS. Caloptilia is one of the largest gen-
era of Gracillariidae and has a worldwide distri-
bution (Kumata, 1982). Prior to Kumata’s (1982)
paper, Caloptilia encompassed also the species
now placed separately in Gracillaria Haworth;
the latter genus was treated as a synonym or
subgenus of Caloptilia, following Vari (1961).
Kumata redefined Gracillaria to include those
species in which the pregenital segments of the
male abdomen are characterised by the 7th being
unmodified and resembling the preceding seg-
ments, and the 8th being membranous with a pair
of coremata; the 8th segment is covered with
sparse scales of a type similar to those of the
preceding segments. The restricted definition of
Caloptilia includes now those species in which
both the 7th and 8th abdominal segments are
membranous, each with a pair of coremata, and
devoid of scales or with sparse specialised scent-
scales. As a generalisation, females of Caloptilia
have two signa while females of Gracillaria have
only one. Unless the latter characteristic can be
interpreted as a synapomorphy of Gracillaria
species, the suspicion must be that Caloptilia is
an in-group of (paraphyletic) Gracillaria.

Of the genus-group names listed here under
the synonymy of Caloptilia, Kumata (1982) has
recognised the last eight, with the exception of
Antiolopha, as subgenera of Caloptilia. We have
not formally utilised subgeneric divisions in this
paper but, using Kumata’s definitions, it is possi-
ble to attribute the species below to subgenera
with five exceptions. The first twelve (theivora to
aurifasciata) are referable to the nominotypical
subgenus Caloptilia; syrphetias is a Phylloptilia;
acinata, protiella and iselaea are Timodora;
dicamica is a Rhadinoptilia; aeolospila and jelita
are Povolnya. We cannot unequivocally attribute

D. YUAN AND G.S. ROBINSON

scaeodesma, selimpat, teucra, species A or leu-
colitha to existing subgenera. The referral of
leucolitha to Caloptilia is debatable. The placing
of scaeodesma between Caloptilia (Caloptilia)
and Caloptilia (Phylloptilia) is for curatorial con-
venience and reflects its phenetic affinities to
species of Phylloptilia.

CHECKLIST OF S.E. ASIAN
SPECIES OF CALOPTILIA

CALOPTILIA Hibner, 1825

Subgenus Caloptilia Hiibner, 1825

theivora (Walsingham, 1891)
nomurai sp. n.
dogmatica (Meyrick, 1908), comb. n.
sphenocrossa (Meyrick, 1934), comb. n.
etiolata sp. n.
flavida Liu & Yuan, 1990
ariana (Meyrick, 1914), comb. n.
heliciae Kumata, 1966, syn. n.
emas sp. Nn.
baringi sp. n.
iorphna (Meyrick, 1939), comb. n.
tangkai sp. n.
hemiconis (Meyrick, 1894)
rhaptocrossa (Meyrick, 1932), syn. n.
soyella (Deventer, 1904)
aurifasciata Kumata, 1982

Unattributed to subgenus

scaeodesma (Meyrick, 1928), comb. n.

Subgenus Phylloptilia Kumata, 1982

syrphetias (Meyrick, 1907), comb. n.
zopherotarsa (Meyrick, 1936), syn. n.
perseella Kumata, 1982, syn. n.

Subgenus Timodora Meyrick, 1886

acinata sp. n.

protiella (Deventer, 1904), comb. n.
corollata (Meyrick, 1933)
elongata Kumata, 1982, syn. n.

iselaea (Meyrick, 1914), comb. n.
hapalocharis (Meyrick, 1935), syn. n.

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CALOPTILIA

Subgenus Rhadinoptilia Kumata, 1982

dicamica sp. n.

Subgenus Povolnya Kuznetzov, 1979
aeolospila (Meyrick, 1938), comb. n.

Jelita sp. n.

Unattributed to subgenus

selimpat sp. n.

teucra (Meyrick, 1933), comb. n.
sp. A

leucolitha (Meyrick, 1912), comb. n.

KEY TO S.E. ASIAN SPECIES OF
CALOPTILIA

1 Antennal pecten sparse or absent; mid-tibia not

thickened by projecting scales or with such scales —

only on ventral surface; hind tibia and tarsus
STOTT ES CALC fits aston aeclanbaie seis ddauaaed.c 2

— Antennal pecten dense, with more than 15 scales;
mid-tibia with elongate projecting scales on dorsal
and ventral surfaces; hind tibia and basal half of

nN

Ww

>

Nn

5

first tarsomere with dorsal rows of short, stout
PLOjECHNP SCEAC: eee ava). genes ec eees ee leucolitha

Labial palpus with rough apical scale-tuft on ventral
surface of second segment, terminal segment
SHIOOTM SCA On retrnen dere ts ota cance cear gv neea< 3

Labial palpus smooth-scaled (but hemiconis with
sparse projecting scales on apices of second and
thind Sepimients) ie rere eae -sciad or cetacean o vehae tea suiaase 5

Fore wing yellow with complicated pattern com-
posed of white or dark brown fasciae and/or spots
(Figs 25, 26); 7th and 8th abdominal segments of
male each with a pair of coremata .................. 4

Fore wing ground colour black, with a broad white
transverse band and smaller pale fasciae and spots
(Fig. 21); only 8th abdominal segment of male with
COTEMIALA I ics cdsgandsv ete «Somer kona recite selimpat

Male genitalia with costo-apical corner of valva
acute; ventral margin of valva with row of short,
SEOULSELAC) =)... «tm sacsety cates dante teens: aeolospila

Male genitalia with costo-apical corner of valva
obtuse; ventral margin of valva without setae ......

Fore wing speckled purple-brown with yellowish
white transverse fascia at one-third and small white
spot at base of tornus (Fig. 22); 7th abdominal

INDEX OF HOSTPLANTS OF S.E. ASIAN CALOPTILIA

HOSTPLANT FAMILY HOSTPLANT
ANACARDIACEAE: Anacardium occidentale
ANACARDIACEAE: Rhus succedanea
ANACARDIACEAE: Rhus sylvestris
ANACARDIACEAE: Spondias cytherea
ANACARDIACEAE: Spondias mangiferae
ANACARDIACEAE: Spondias pinnata
BURSERACEAE: Protium javanicum
EUPHORBIACEAE: Bridelia
EUPHORBIACEAE: Flueggea virosa
LAURACEAE: Litsea chinensis
LAURACEAE: Litsea glutinosa
LAURACEAE: Persea thunbergii
LEGUMINOSAE: Azukia angularis
LEGUMINOSAE: Cajanus cajan
LEGUMINOSAE: Glycine max
LEGUMINOSAE: Kummerovia striata
LEGUMINOSAE: Lespedeza cytobotrya
LEGUMINOSAE: Mucuna
LEGUMINOSAE: Phaseolus calcaratus
LEGUMINOSAE: Phaseolus mungo
LEGUMINOSAE: Soya hispida
PROTEACEAE: Helicia cochinchinensis
RHAMNACEAE: Ziziphus jujuba
RHIZOPHORACEAE: Rhizophora
SONNERATIACEAE: Sonneratia
THEACEAE: Camellia japonica
THEACEAE: Camellia sasanqua
THEACEAE: Camellia sinensis

CALOPTILIA SPECIES

— protiella

— aurifasciata, protiella
— aurifasciata, protiella
— iselaea

— iselaea

— iselaea

— protiella

— teucra

— species A

— leucolitha

— leucolitha

— syrphetias
— soyella

— soyella, sphenocrossa
— soyella

— soyella

— soyella
—iorphna

— soyella

— soyella

— soyella

— ariana

— flavida

— scaeodesma
— scaeodesma
— theivora

— theivora

— theivora

fon

~

lee)

\o

10

1

=

12

13

14

pacer ot teucra

segment of male without coremata

Fore wing pattern otherwise; 7th abdominal seg-
ment of male with coremata

Fore coxa silvery white except at apex; fore wing
with crimson streak on dorsum

Fore coxa not white; fore wing without crimson
streak on dorsum

Crimson streak on dorsum of fore wing uneven
(Fig. 8); posterior coremata of male composed of
elongate hair-like scales emas

Crimson streak on dorsum of fore wing straight
(Figs 7, 9); posterior coremata of male absent, or
spade-shaped and composed of broad scales ..... 8

Indigo-blue strigulae on dorsal crimson streak of
fore wing sparse (Fig. 7); male genitalia with sub-
scaphium slender but distinct; posterior coremata
present ariana

Indigo-blue strigulae on dorsal crimson streak of
fore wing numerous (Fig. 9); male genitalia without
subscaphium; posterior coremata absent .. baringi

Fore wing dark brown or grey, with more than two
yellow blotches or fasciae .................0eeeeeeee es 10

Fore wing coloured otherwise, or with only one or
two large yellow blotches ....................02.00008 11

Fore wing dark brown with purple iridescence, with
two fasciae (Fig. 14) ; male genitalia without tufts of
setae on diaphragma; female genitalia with corpus
bursae pyriform, without appendix bursae
aurifasciata

Fore wing dark grey with faint violet iridescence,
with three fasciae (Fig. 15); male genitalia with tuft
of setae on either side of diaphragma; female geni-
talia with corpus bursae short, ovoid, with small
appendix bursae scaeodesma

Fore wing dark or light ochre with one or two large
and distinct yellow blotches ...............:0:00e08e+ 12

Fore wing uniformly coloured and without yellow
blotches, or with the blotches blurred and indis-
TINGE” coc tewnes beeen tee nado oe et aeceiaene tee eete sees 19

Fore wing with single yellow blotch covering one-
thirdiorlessiof Costaysrasc.-cescereenee-sbeee en eee 13

Fore wing with either a single yellow blotch cover-
ing two-thirds or more of the costa, or with two
yellow'blotches: 5.55. 0.5.05.choasts canst teen eet setae 16

Fore wing broad, with straight dark line and pale
wedge in costal area of cilia (Fig. 4) . sphenocrossa

Fore wing narrow, without dark line and pale
wedge in cilia

Fore wing ochre-brown with a single broad triangu-
lar yellow blotch occupying one-third or more of the
COSA ecrtaseccncedsaetetuuee evcieetancueecceencecctes saree 15

15

1

fo)

18

19

20

21

22

23

D. YUAN AND G.S. ROBINSON

Fore wing uniformly violet-fuscous with a single
very narrow elongately triangular yellow blotch
occupying one-eighth of costa (Fig. 23) . species A

Large species, wing expanse 10-14 mm; fore wing
with triangular yellow blotch on second quarter of
costa (Fig. 1); 7th sternite of male with narrow
sclerite, 6th sternite with acute and elongate medial
invagination; female with single signum in corpus
bursae theivora

Small species, wing expanse 7-8 mm; fore wing
with triangular yellow blotch on second third of
costa (Fig. 3); 7th sternite of male membranous, 6th
sternite without invagination; female with two signa
in corpus bursae dogmatica

Fore wing purple-brown with pair of yellow costal
DIOL CIES seeiswicipeiceycipinciss etiam sei cn kine else ap Ree 17

Fore wing predominantly yellow with only basal
and apical purple-brown markings ................ 18

Large species, wing expanse 11-15 mm; proximal
yellow costal spot only two-thirds length of distal
spot (Fig. 17) acinata

Small species, wing expanse 9-10 mm; proximal
yellow costal spot of same length as distal spot (Fig.
20) dicamica

Basal one-fifth of fore wing purple-brown from
costa to fold (Fig. 2) nomurai

Base of fore wing only dusted with purple-brown at
COStaN(BIG IO) esses va siecwcerewsaeciewes see eeeeeee flavida

Fore wing with diffuse yellow or yellow-brown
blotch (Figsi5; 12)! ............ceedestocee Seances 20

Fore wing uniformly coloured, without diffuse
blotch

Fore wing predominantly pale yellow, with conspic-
uous dark scales at apex (Fig. 5) etiolata

Fore wing predominantly yellow-brown, apex with-
out conspicuously darker scales (Fig. 12)

Fore wing dark grey or dark brown
Fore wing paler, ochre-brown or yellowish

Small species, wing expanse 7-9 mm; fore wing
dark grey, without strigulae, with sparse black dots
along costa (Fig. 10); vinculum of male genitalia
without lateral tufts of setae torphna

Large species, wing expanse 13-17 mm; fore wing
dark brown, finely strigulated, costa with numerous
small black spots (Fig. 16); vinculum of male genita-
lia with lateral tufts of setae syrphetias

Fore wing dark, ochre-brown, small spots along
costa not including a larger spot at one-half; tegu-
men of male genitalia without lateral setae or
POMICUIE? ..525sessc ke Seneca ceeclesseeemese ve eteee ae eeeeTEES 24

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CALOPTILIA

— Fore wing paler, yellowish green or ochre-yellow,
costa with small spots along costa including a larger
spot at one-half; tegumen of male genitalia with
PATER AUSELAGTONIPEMIGUIN “teen a -2sc0taasveccseredeneesen 25

24 Fore wing conspicuously speckled and strigulated
with darker scales (Fig. 11); valva of male genitalia
without a diagonal internal ridge ............ tangkai

— Fore wing almost uniformly coloured, any speckling
restricted to costa, dorsum, and discal area (Fig.
13); valva of male genitalia with diagonal internal
ridge from base of costa to ventroapical corner ....
Seow ononece CEM CET LEEE CECE EEE SERRE EE CAPE Ere er orm soyella

2

Nn

Fore wing pale yellowish green (Fig. 18); tegumen
of male genitalia with lateral row of elongate setae;
lamella postvaginalis of female bounded laterally by
EURUSINLOUE! Zoteccctwcntaeosccterescvaececeess eres protiella

— Fore wing ochre-yellow (Fig. 19); tegumen of male
genitalia with peniculi; lamella postvaginalis of
female bounded laterally by infolding of longitudi-
UVERIIS GSC SULLAGCE) capa iccticiae = n’gnviedaneenecaiaes iselaea

SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS

Caloptilia theivora (Walsingham, 1891)
(Figs 1, 27, 32, 56)

Gracilaria theivora Walsingham, 1891: 49, fig. 1.
LECTOTYPE 9, SRI LANKA (‘Ceylon’):
Pandaloya, 5.11i1.1890 (Cotes) (BMNH), here
designated [examined].

Gracilaria theivora,; Watt & Mann, 1903: 228-
232, figs 23-25 [biology].

Gracillaria theivora; Fletcher, [1921]: 165 [biol-
ogy].

Caloptilia theivora; Issiki, 1953: 425, fig. 1218.

Caloptilia (Caloptilia) theivora; Kumata, 1982:
35-37, figs.

ADULT. (Fig. 1) O', 10.0-14.0 mm. Face
brassy yellow; head brown with purplish reflec-
tion. Palpi yellow; labial palpus ochre-yellow
ventrally, apex brown. Fore and mid leg blackish
brown with slight purple gloss, tarsi shining white
with brown ring on each segment; hind leg with
coxa and femur brassy yellow, femur purplish
brown on distal half; hind tibia and tarsus ochre-
yellow, with dark apical ring on each tarsal
segment; some examples with entire tibia and
first tarsal segment brown. Fore wing ochre-
brown with purple reflection, evenly covered
with ill-defined pale yellow or dark strigulae on
almost uniform ground-colour; a single brilliant
brassy yellow isosceles-triangular blotch on sec-
ond quarter of costa and extending to fold where

7

it is truncated to a greater or lesser extent, a few
black scales along costal margin; apical cilia
ochre-grey with three black lines.

GENITALIA oO (Figs 27, 32). Subscaphium
slender, T-shaped at basal extremity. Valva
curved, gradually dilating towards apex, with
marginal setae especially long and dense at both
ventro- and costo-apical corners. Vinculum
short, one-third as long as valva. Aedeagus two-
thirds length of valva, slightly swollen medially,
without cornutus. 7th and 8th abdominal seg-
ments devoid of scales, each with one pair of
coremata; coremata with elongate hairs, anterior
pair very dense and about three times length of
posterior pair; medial apodeme of 7th sternite
absent; 6th sternite with acute, elongate medial
invagination reaching caudal two-thirds of 5th
sternite.

GENITALIA 9 (Fig. 56). Apophyses anteri-
ores similar to apophyses posteriores. Lamella
postvaginalis rather small, trapezoidal; lamella
antevaginalis absent. Antrum very short; ductus
bursae very slender and elongate, entirely mem-
branous; corpus bursae large, ovoid; signum sin-
gle, elongate, curved, sickle-shaped.

DISTRIBUTION. Sri Lanka, India (Kumata,
1982), China (south) (Liu & Yuan, 1990), Tai-
wan (Kumata, 1982), Japan (Kumata, 1982),
Thailand, W. Malaysia, Brunei.

BIOLOGY. Larvae mining leaves of tea trees:
Camellia japonica Linn., C. sasanqua Thunb.
and C. sinensis Linn. (Theaceae) (Watt & Mann,
1903; Fletcher, [1921]; Kumata, 1982).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. 19, THAILAND:
Khao Yai NP, 900 m, 3.1i1.1987 (Allen) (genitalia
slide no. 26796; BMNH); 40°, W. MALAYSIA:
Cameron Highlands, Dunhelen Bungalow and
Gunung Brinchang, 1680 and 1980 m,
15-25. viii.1986 (Robinson) (genitalia slide no.
26798; BMNH); 10°, W. MALAYSIA: W. Pah-
ang, Genting Tea Estate, 2000’, 22-31.x.1981
(Tuck) (BMNH); 3c’, BRUNEI: Bukit Pagon,
LP 308, 5520’, upper montane forest,
15-20.11.1982 (Robinson) (genitalia slide nos
26799, 27261; BMNH).

DIAGNOSIS. This species is one of very few
Caloptilia with a single signum in the bursa
copulatrix of the female. A feature of the males
shared only with C. nomurai is the conspicuous
invagination of the 6th sternite. See also the
diagnoses for nomurai, sphenocrossa and dog-
matica.

REMARKS. Kumata (1982) described the trian-

8

gular yellow blotch on the forewing as ‘rather
widely truncated on fold’; in the specimens that
we have examined the width of the blotch at the
fold is variable and it may be very narrow. Two
of the sites from which we have specimens are
adjacent to or among cultivated tea: Dunhelen
Bungalow is on the edge of the Sungei Palas Tea
Estate (a working estate from which tea is har-
vested); Genting Tea Estate is an old estate on
which the tea bushes have matured into small
trees and become interspersed with secondary
forest. However, the occurrence of this species
on Bukit Pagon in Brunei, many miles from the
nearest cultivation, suggests that it may have host
plants among primary forest trees in South-East
Asia.

Caloptilia nomurai sp. n.
(Figs 2, 33, 57)

ADULT (Fig. 2) COQ, 11.0-12.0mm. Face
brassy yellow; head brown with purple reflec-
tion. Palpi yellowish white; labial palpus with
brown basal segment and more or less brown
apex; maxillary palpus with brown patches at
base and middle. Fore and mid leg blackish
brown, tarsi shining white with a brown ring on
each segment; hind leg with coxa and femur
brassy yellow, femur purplish brown on distal
half, tibia and tarsus light ochre-brown, tibia
more or less infuscated above, each tarsal seg-
ment with brown apical ring. Fore wing ochre-
brown with purple reflection, dorsum
ochre-yellow posterior to fold, evenly covered
with ill-defined ochre-brown strigulae; an elon-
gate bright ochre-yellow blotch extending from
one-quarter to apex of costa, and posteriorly to
fold, with series of black dots along costal mar-
gin; apex of wing covered by black and ochre-
yellow strigulae; cilia around apex of wing ochre-
yellow in proximal half, and grey with three
black lines in distal half.

GENITALIA Oo (Fig. 33). Subscaphium slen-
der, broadly T-shaped at basal extremity. Valva
strongly dilated apically, with the usual marginal
setae especially dense at ventro- and costo-apical
comers. Vinculum about three-fifths length of
valva. Aedeagus sharply pointed at apex, about
twice length of vinculum, without cornutus; duc-
tus ejaculatorius particularly elongate, about
three times length of aedeagus. 7th and 8th
abdominal segments devoid of scales, each with
one pair of coremata; coremata with elongate
hairs, anterior pair slightly more than twice
length of posterior pair; 7th sternite greatly

D. YUAN AND G.S. ROBINSON

reduced, without medial apodeme; 6th sternite
with short, broad invagination.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 57). Apophyses anteri-
ores similar to apophyses posteriores. Lamella
postvaginalis and lamella antevaginalis absent.
Antrum about as long as apophyses posteriores;
ductus bursae very long and slender, lined cau-
dally with fine spine-like microtrichia; corpus
bursae ovoid; signum single, anchor-shaped.

DISTRIBUTION. Thailand, Brunei.
BIOLOGY. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype 0,
BRUNEI: Bt Bedawan, LP 263, GR 343958,
ridge dipterocarp forest, 1700’, 20~-24.iv.1988
(Robinson) (genitalia slide no. 27140; BMNH).
Paratypes: 20°, 19, data as holotype (genitalia
slide no. 27102 9; BMNH); 10°, THAILAND:
Khao Yai NP, 850 m, 10-13.vii.1989 (Bradley)
(genitalia slide no. 27140; BMNH); 19, same
data but 750 m, 26.ii.—2.i11.1990 (genitalia slide
no. 27141; BMNH); 19, same data but 1200 m,
17.1v.1987 (Allen) (BMNH).

DIAGNOSIS. C. nomurai is closely related to
theivora, sharing the following characters: fore
wing ochre-brown with purple reflection; male
with 7th and 8th abdominal segments membra-
nous and devoid of scales (but with coremata),
and 6th sternite with invagination; female with a
single signum in the corpus bursae. But nomurai
may be distinguished from theivora by: a much
broader yellow blotch on the fore wing; in the
male genitalia the valva is more dilated apically
and the ductus ejaculatorius is much more elon-
gated; in the female genitalia the antrum is
longer and the signum anchor-shaped rather than
sickle-shaped as in theivora.

Caloptilia dogmatica (Meyrick, 1908),
comb. n.

(Figs 3, 34, 58)

Gracilaria dogmatica Meyrick, 1908: 830. LEC-
TOTYPE 92, SRI LANKA (‘Ceylon’): Ambu-
langoda, 4.i1i.1907 (Fletcher) (BMNH), here
designated [examined].

ADULT (Fig. 3) 0’, 7.0-8.0 mm. Face yellow-
ish white; head ochre-brown. Palpi white; labial
palpus with ochre-yellow apex. Fore and mid leg
blackish brown, fore femur yellowish white, tarsi
white; hind leg white, femur light brown in distal
half, tibia more or less infuscated above, each
tarsal segment with light infuscated apical ring.
Fore wing light ochre-brown, suffused with

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CALOPTILIA

yellow-ochreous on margins posteriorly; three
small groups of black scales on dorsum; a broad
yellowish white triangular blotch on second third
of costa, extending posteriorly to fold, edged
laterally with black scales; some ill-defined dark
fuscous suffusion towards apex; cilia around apex
ochre-brown with three black lines.

GENITALIA oO (Fig. 34). Subscaphium slen-
der. Valva slender, curved, dilated in apical half,
with a row of setae near base; ventral apex
rounded and covered with elongate setae. Vincu-
lum moderate, three-fifths length of valva. Aede-
agus slender, nearly as long as vinculum, without
cornutus. 7th and 8th abdominal segments with
sparse scale-covering, sternites membranous, 8th
tergite slightly reduced, trapezoidal; each seg-
ment with one pair of coremata; coremata with
elongate hairs, anterior pair about 1.5 times
length of posterior pair.

GENITALIA 9 (Fig. 58). Apophyses anteri-
ores similar to apophyses anteriores, both thick-
ened and somewhat elongated. Ostium bursae
situated in centre of 8th sternite. Antrum very
short; ductus bursae slender and very long, with
7 coils in anterior half, entirely membranous;
corpus bursae moderate, ovoid; with a pair of
signa that are symmetrical in position and shape,
corniform, slightly curved medially.

DISTRIBUTION. Sri Lanka, Thailand.
BIOLOGY. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. 19 (paralectotype
of dogmatica), SRI LANKA (‘Ceylon’): Ham-
bantota, 25.xi.1907 (Fletcher) (genitalia slide no.
27163; BMNH); 10°, SRI LANKA (‘Ceylon’):
Nawalapitiya, 2000’ (Pole) (genitalia slide no.
27028; BMNH); 10°, W. THAILAND: Kancha-
naburi, Kwai Yai R., 25.iv.1987 (Allen) (genita-
lia slide no. 27283; BMNH).

DIAGNOSIS. C. dogmatica is closely related to
C. hemiconis and both may be distinguished from
other Caloptilia by the following characters:
membranous or only very weakly sclerotized 7th
sternite, and trapezoidal 8th tergite in males;
elongate and thickened anterior and posterior
apophyses in females. However, dogmatica dif-
fers from hemiconis in that the fore wing has a
bright yellow triangular blotch similar to that of
theivora. See also the diagnosis for hemiconis.

REMARKS. The single male specimen from
western Thailand is a little darker than specimens
from Sri Lanka but otherwise does not differ in
any significant respect.

Caloptilia sphenocrossa (Meyrick, 1934),
comb. n.

(Figs 4, 35, 59)

Gracilaria sphenocrossa Meyrick, 1934: 474.

Holotype Oo, JAVA: Telawa, vii.1933
(Kalshoven) (genitalia slide no. 27164;
BMNH) [examined].

ADULT (Fig. 4) OY, 11.0-13.5 mm. Face
brassy yellow; head brown with purple reflec-
tion. Palpi brassy yellow; labial palpus with
brown dots beneath, the extreme apex black.
Fore and mid leg slightly purplish ochre-brown,
glossy, tarsi shining white; hind leg with coxa and
femur brassy yellow, femur ochre-brown on dis-
tal half; hind tibia and tarsus ochre-yellow with
indistinct black apical ring on each tarsal seg-
ment. Fore wing ochre-brown with purple reflec-
tion; a brassy yellow isosceles-triangular blotch
on second quarter of costa and extending to fold;
blotch with scattered black scales on lateral mar-
gins and with one or two black dots on costal
margin; cilia around wing apex ochre-grey with
three dark ochre-brown lines formed by dark-
tipped scales of different lengths, costal area with
the innermost line (formed from dense, short
scales) very straight, forming the inner border of
what appears as a pale wedge-shaped spot but
which is a region of narrow and sparse scales; in
worn specimens this appears to be a notch in the
wing apex.

GENITALIA © (Fig. 35). Subscaphium slen-
der, T-shaped at basal extremity. Valva very
elongate, slightly concave at middle of ventral
margin. Vinculum a little longer than two-thirds
length of valva. Aedeagus slender, pointed at
apex, almost as long as valva, without cornutus.
7th and 8th abdominal segments sparsely scaled,
each with one pair of coremata; coremata with
elongate hairs, anterior pair 1.5 times length of
posterior pair; medial apodeme of 7th sternite
short.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 59). Apophyses anteri-
ores similar to apophyses posteriores, rather
long. Lamella postvaginalis not distinct; lamella
antevaginalis absent. Antrum very short, weakly
sclerotized; ductus bursae elongate, entirely
membranous; corpus bursae large, pyriform,
with pair of corniform, almost straight signa that
are symmetrically positioned but differing in size,
the smaller five-sixths the length of the larger.

DISTRIBUTION. W. Malaysia, Java.

BIOLOGY. Larva mining leaves of Cajanus
cajan Linn. (Leguminosae) (Meyrick, 1934).

10

MATERIAL EXAMINED. 22, W. MALAY-
SIA: W. Pahang, Genting Tea Estate, 2000’,
1-29.xi.1981 (Tuck) (genitalia slide no. 26800;
BMNH).

DIAGNOSIS. This species is allied to C.
theivora, but is distinctly broader-winged; it may
be recognised by the characteristic straight dark
line and pale wedge in the costal area of the fore
wing cilia.

Caloptilia etiolata sp. n.
(Figs 5, 36, 60)

ADULT (Fig. 5) OQ, 10.0 mm. Face shining
yellowish white; head ochre-yellow, almost
entirely ochreous anteriorly. Palpi white; labial
palpus with scattered ochreous scales beneath
and with more or less ochre-brown apex; maxil-
lary palpus ochre-brown at extreme apices of the
two distal segments. Fore and mid leg ochre-
brown, tarsi shining white; hind leg white, distal
half of femur more or less ochre-brown, an
ill-defined ochreous ring on each tarsal segment.
Fore wing light ochre-brown with purple reflec-
tion, with a few groups of black scales scattered
along termen; dorsum posterior to fold entirely
yellowish white; two ill-defined semi-circular yel-
lowish white blotches on costa, the first extend-
ing from one-quarter to one-half and coalescent
with pale dorsum, with several black scales on its
costal and posterior margin, second more blurred
and extending from just beyond one-half to curve
of costa close to apex, extending posteriorly to
one-half width of wing; cilia around apex ochre-
brown with two greyish lines.

GENITALIA OC (Fig. 36). Subscaphium slen-
der. Valva elongate, slightly upturned from api-
cal third, ventroapical corner somewhat
rounded, with dense, long fine setae. Vinculum
two-thirds length of valva. Aedeagus as long as
valva, tapered towards apex, without cornutus.
7th and 8th abdominal segments sparsely scaled,
each with pair of coremata; coremata with elon-
gate hairs, posterior pair nearly four-fifths length
of anterior pair; medial apodeme of seventh
sternite of moderate length.

GENITALIA 9 (Fig. 60). Apophyses anteri-
ores short, similar to apophyses posteriores.
Lamella postvaginalis large, trapezoidal; lamella
antevaginalis absent. Antrum very short; ductus
bursae very slender, elongate, entirely membra-
nous; corpus bursae large, elongately ovate; with
a pair of slender, hook-shaped signa, one of
which is slightly shorter and positioned further
caudad than the other.

D. YUAN AND G.S. ROBINSON
DISTRIBUTION. W. Malaysia.
BIOLOGY. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype co’, W.
MALAYSIA: W. Pahang, Genting Tea Estate,
2000’, 22-31.x.1981 (Tuck) (genitalia slide no.
26815; BMNH). Paratypes, 19, data as holo-
type; 19, data as holotype but 1-8.xi.1981 (geni-
talia slide 27093; BMNH).

DIAGNOSIS. Compared with other Caloptilia
species etiolata is very pale-coloured and the
yellow marks on the fore wing are very blurred.
The genitalia resemble those of sphenocrossa but
may be easily distinguished by the straighter
ventral margin of the valva in the male and by the
more pronounced asymmetry in size and position
of the signa in the female.

Caloptilia flavida Liu & Yuan, 1990
(Figs 6, 37, 61)

Caloptilia (Caloptilia) flavida Liu & Yuan, 1990:
90, fig. 23. Holotype co’, CHINA: Sichuan,
Qingchensan, 27.v.1979 (Liu) (IZAS) [exam-
ined].

ADULT (Fig. 6) OY, 9.0-11.5 mm. Face white
with yellow sheen; head pale yellowish brown.
Palpi white with more or less yellow sheen; labial
palpus with a few black ventral scales scattered
on second segment, apical third of terminal seg-
ment black except at extreme tip; maxillary pal-
pus with a black medial dot. Fore and mid leg
dark brown with slight purple gloss, tarsi silvery
white with brown apical ring on each segment;
hind leg with coxa and femur brassy yellow,
femur purplish brown on distal half, tibia and
tarsus pale ochre-yellow, tibia and first tarsal
segment more or less infuscated above. Fore
wing ochre-yellow with purplish brown strigulae
especially dense at base of costa and in tornal
field; a broad brassy yellow blotch from basal
one-fifth of costa to near apex, somewhat nar-
rowing towards fold and reaching one-half width
of wing, 6-9 black dots along costa; cilia around
apex dark grey with three blackish lines.

GENITALIA C (Fig. 37). Subscaphium moder-
ate, broadened into a fan-shape at basal extrem-
ity. Valva elongate, dilated apically, terminal
margin rounded. Vinculum about two-thirds
length of valva. Aedeagus as long as valva,
without cornutus. 7th and 8th abdominal seg-
ments covered with short, rounded scales, each
with one pair of coremata; coremata with elon-
gate hairs, anterior pair about twice length of

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CALOPTILIA

posterior pair; medial apodeme of 7th sternite
absent.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 61). Apophyses anteri-
ores similar to apophyses posteriores. Lamella
postvaginalis semicircular; lamella antevaginalis
absent. Antrum about one-sixth length of ductus
bursae; ductus bursae short, only two-thirds
length of corpus bursae, strongly sclerotized
except for anterior one-fifth; corpus bursae
large, ovoid; with a pair of signa that are equal in
size and slightly asymmetrical in position.

DISTRIBUTION. China (south) (Liu & Yuan,
1990), Thailand.

BIOLOGY. Larva mining leaves of Ziziphus
jujuba var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu (Rhamnaceae)
(Liu & Yuan, 1990).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. 19, C. THAI-
LAND: Khao Yai NP, ca. 800m, 22-25.1i1.1988
(Bradley et al.) (genitalia slide no. 27137;
BMNH); 10, data similar but Khao Khieo (‘Mt
Khiew’), ca. 1200m, 12.vii.1989 (BMNH); 5c’,
49, data similar but 750m, 26.ii.—2.1ii.1990 (gen-
italia slide no. 27136; BMNH).

DIAGNOSIS. C. flavida is closely related to C.
acericola Kumata, 1966, a species distributed in
Japan and the far eastern U.S.S.R., but it may be
distinguished easily by genital differences: in
males both the costo- and ventro-apical corners
of the valva are more sharply angled; in females
the antrum is not dilated, and a much greater
length of the ductus bursae is sclerotized.

Caloptilia ariana (Meyrick, 1914), comb. n.
(Figs 7, 28, 38, 62)

Gracilaria ariana Meyrick, 1914: 122. Holotype
2, SRI LANKA (‘Ceylon’): Pundaloya, ix
(Green) (BMNH) [examined].

Caloptilia heliciae Kumata, 1966: 16, figs 3(19),
10(40), 20(63). Holotype &’, JAPAN: Kyushu,
Anbo, 30.xi.1959 (Kuroko) (Ent. Lab.,
Kyushu University) [not examined]. Syn. n..

Caloptilia (Caloptilia) heliciae; Kumata, 1982:
40-41, figs.

ADULT (Fig. 7) OQ, 10.0-13.0 mm. Face sil-
very white or shining white; head greyish yellow
with purple gloss. Palpi white, more or less
suffused with crimson; labial palpus with blackish
subapical ring (but in Sulawesi specimen apex of
second segment and entire third segment except-
ing apex with dense black scales); maxillary
palpus with dense black ventral scaling at apex of
_ each segment (but black scaling more extensive

11

in Sulawesi specimen). Fore and mid leg black,
evenly speckled with crimson, but coxa shining
white except at apex, tarsi white with black apical
ring on each segment; hind leg with coxa and
femur brassy yellow, tibia and tarsus yellow.
Fore wing brassy yellow; costal margin tinged
ferruginous towards base; with a blackish basal
spot at about one-seventh; a narrow crimson-
copper streak along dorsum from base to apex
and thence to costa, about one-quarter to one-
third breadth of wing, marked along dorsum with
a series of deep indigo-blue strigulae; cilia
around apex pale crimson, without lines.

GENITALIA oO (Figs 28, 38). Subscaphium
slender, not widened at basal extremity. Valva
elongate, slightly dilated towards apex, ven-
troapical corner rounded. Vinculum slightly less
than half length of valva. Aedeagus needle-like,
about 1.2 length of vinculum, without cornutus.
7th and 8th abdominal segments devoid of scales,
each with one pair of coremata; posterior core-
mata spade-shaped, composed of broad scales,
only about one-third length of anterior coremata;
medial apodeme of 7th sternite slender, two-
thirds length of dorsal ridge of 8th segment.

GENITALIA ° (Fig. 62). Apophyses anteri-
ores similar to apophyses posteriores. Lamella
postvaginalis strongly sclerotized, rather narrow,
obtuse-triangular; lamella antevaginalis absent.
Antrum very short; ductus bursae slender,
dilated anteriorly, entirely membranous; corpus
bursae ovoid; with a pair of corniform, slightly
curved signa that are asymmetrical in position.

DISTRIBUTION. Sri Lanka, India,
Thailand, Sabah, Sulawesi.

Japan,

BIOLOGY. Larvae mining leaves of Helicia
cochinchinensis Lour. (Proteaceae) (Kumata,
1966).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. 10’, 19, INDIA:
Khasi Hills, vii.1894 (Doncaster) (genitalia slide
nos 27106, 27285; BMNH); 19, C. THAI-
LAND: Khao Yai NP, ca. 800m, 22-25.ii.1988
(Bradley et al.) (genitalia slide no. 27134;
BMNH); 10’, SABAH: Mt Kinabalu, nr Kun-
dasang golf course, 1500m, 17—20.v.1989 (Tuck)
(genitalia slide no. 27095; BMNH); 10’, INDO-
NESIA: Sulawesi Utara, Gunung Muajat,
1780m, 7-8.xi.1985 (Project Wallace) (genitalia
slide no. 27255; BMNH).

DIAGNOSIS. C. ariana, C. emas and C. baringi
(below), comprise a species-group related to
Caloptilia isochrysa (Meyrick, 1908); the latter is
known from Nepal, India and Japan. The three

12

species may be separated from isochrysa by their
white fore coxae (in isochrysa the fore coxa is
dark reddish brown). C. ariana may be distin-
guished from emas and baringi by its spade-
shaped posterior coremata, absent in baringi,
that are composed of broad scales instead of
elongate hairs as in emas.

REMARKS. In Kumata’s original (1966)
description of C. heliciae he wrote ‘In colour this
species is closely related to C. ariana (Meyrick,
1914) of Ceylon, but may be distinguished from
the latter by the white fore coxa, by the fore wing
with crimson-coppery hind area being about / as
wide as wing, and by the smaller size (the alar
expanse is 10.0 mm in present species, while
13.0 mm in ariana)’. We have examined the
holotype of ariana which unfortunately is very
badly damaged, with the abdomen and right fore
wing missing. However, it is in all respects simi-
lar to heliciae, including having a white fore coxa.
Specimens from South-East Asia which, by com-
parison of the genitalia, we consider conspecific
with heliciae exhibit considerable variation in size
and in the width of the crimson-copper hind area
of the fore wing. The holotype of ariana falls
within the range of this variation and we con-
clude that it is conspecific with heliciae.

Apart from the more extensive black scaling
on the labial and maxillary palpi, the single
specimen from Sulawesi (above) is in all respects
similar to other specimens of this species that we
have examined.

Caloptilia emas sp. n.
(Figs 8, 39)

ADULT (Fig. 8) 0’, 12.0-14.0 mm. Face golden
yellow; head pale crimson with slight purple
gloss. Palpi brassy yellow, ventrally more or less
tinged with crimson; labial palpus with subapical
blackish ring. Fore and mid leg black, outer
surface densely speckled with crimson, fore coxa
silvery white except at apex, tarsi white with a
faint black ring on each segment; hind leg with
coxa and femur golden yellow, tibia and tarsus
white. Fore wing golden yellow with a single
black spot in middle of costa; basal corner of
costa crimson, without any blackish spot; a nar-
row crimson streak with a purple gloss extending
along dorsum from base to apex and extending to
costa, about one-quarter breadth of wing, with
three separate obtuse-triangular inward exten-
sions at one-quarter, one-half and three-fifths;
streak punctuated along dorsum with a series of
deep indigo-blue strigulae; cilia around apex pale
crimson, without dark or pale lines.

D. YUAN AND G.S. ROBINSON

GENITALIA © (Fig. 39). Subscaphium slen-
der, not broadened at basal extremity. Valva
gradually dilated towards apex, ventro-apical
corner rounded, with a series of short spiny setae
along the apical two-thirds of the ventral margin
in addition to the normal hair-like setae. Vincu-
lum less than one-half length of valva. Aedeagus
1.2 length of vinculum, slightly swollen in apical
two-thirds, without cornutus. 7th and 8th abdom-
inal segments with sparse scaling only on 8th,
each with one pair of coremata; coremata with
elongate hairs, anterior pair about three times
length of posterior pair; medial apodeme of 7th
sternite a little longer and thicker than dorsal
ridge of 8th segment.

GENITALIA @°. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. W. Malaysia.
BIOLOGY. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype oO’, W.
MALAYSIA: Cameron Highlands, Gunung
Brinchang, 1980m, 15—23.viii.1986 (Robinson)
(genitalia slide no. 26804; BMNH). Paratype C’,
similar data but 23-31.x.1989 (Robinson &
Tobin) (BMNH).

DIAGNOSIS. This species is very closely
related to C. ariana, but may be easily distin-
guished by the comparatively uneven crimson
streak on the dorsum of the fore wing; the streak
has an almost straight anterior margin in ariana.
In the male genitalia the posterior coremata
consist of elongate hairs rather than broad scales
as in ariana.

Caloptilia baringi sp. n.
(Figs 9, 40, 63)

Caloptilia sp.; Robinson, 1984: pl. 2, fig. 8
(colour).

ADULT (Fig. 9) OQ, 12.0-13.0 mm. Face
golden yellow; head dark ochre-brown with
slight purple gloss. Palpi brassy yellow; labial
palpus slightly tinged with crimson ventrally,
apical third black except at extreme tip; maxil-
lary palpus covered ventrally with black scales.
Fore and mid leg black, outer surface speckled
with crimson, coxa silvery white except at apex;
tarsi white with a black apical ring on each
segment; hind leg with coxa and femur golden
yellow, tibia and tarsus white, tibia and first
tarsal segment slightly infuscated above, with a
small brown apical ring on each tarsal segment.
Fore wing golden yellow, costal margin tinged
with ferruginous towards base, and with several

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CALOPTILIA

black spots; a narrow crimson-copper streak
along dorsum from base to apex and extending to
costa, about one-quarter breadth of wing,
marked along dorsum with a series of deep
indigo-blue strigulae; cilia around apex pale
crimson-copper with two narrow black bands.

GENITALIA C (Fig. 40). Subscaphium absent.
Valva knife-shaped, only slightly dilated towards
apex, the ventro-apical corner quite broadly
rounded, with a slight emargination near middle
of ventral margin. Vinculum slightly longer than
one-half length of valva, apex blunt and bent
slightly dorsad. Aedeagus about three-quarters
length of valva, slightly swollen medially, with-
out cornutus. 7th and 8th abdominal segments
devoid of scales, with only a single pair of
coremata, on 7th segment; coremata with elon-
gate hairs; medial apodeme of 7th sternite mod-
erate, about three-quarters length of dorsal ridge
of 8th segment.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 63). Apophyses anteri-
ores very slender, similar to apophyses posteri-
ores. Lamella postvaginalis weakly sclerotized,
obtuse-triangular, with a small medial notch in
anterior margin; lamella antevaginalis absent.
Antrum cup-shaped, weakly sclerotized, about
half length of apophyses; ductus bursae very
slender and elongate, entirely membranous; cor-
pus bursae ovoid; with a pair of signa that are
equal in size and slightly asymmetrical in posi-
tion.

DISTRIBUTION. India
Sabah, Sulawesi.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype C,
BRUNEI: Bukit Retak, 1365m, LP 238, GR
873804, moss forest, 1-4.v.1989 (Allen & Tuck)
(genitalia slide no. 26805; BMNH). Paratypes,
60°, BRUNEI: Bukit Pagon, 5520’, LP 308,
upper montane forest, 15—20.ii.1982 (Robinson)
(genitalia slide no. 27286; BMNH); 19,
SABAH: Mt Kinabalu, nr Kundasang golf
course, 1500m, 17-20.vi.1989 (Tuck) (genitalia
slide no. 27165; BMNH). Excluded from para-
type series, 10’, INDONESIA: Sulawesi Utara,
Dumoga-Bone NP, Clarke Camp, 1140m, lower
montane forest, iii.1985 (Project Wallace)
(BMNH); 1c’, INDIA: Sikkim, 7000’, vii.1895
(Pilcher) (genitalia slide no. 27105; BMNH).

DIAGNOSIS. C. baringi is closely related to

(Sikkim), Brunei,

_ ariana and emas (above) but exhibits distinct

genital differences in the male: absence of core-
mata from the 8th abdominal segment, a very

13

unusual feature in Caloptilia; a longer vinculum
than in either of the other species; absence of the
subscaphium present in the others. It may be
distinguished from ariana by the more numerous
indigo-blue strigulae in the dorsal streak on the
fore wing.

REMARKS. We have excluded specimens from
Sikkim and Sulawesi from the paratype series.
The male from Sikkim exhibits slight differences
in the male genitalia from Bornean specimens,
the ventral margin of the valva lacking the slight
emargination. The specimen from Sulawesi is
slightly darker than specimens from Brunei and
Sabah. In other respects the Sikkim and Sulawesi
specimens are similar to those from Borneo.

Caloptilia iorphna (Meyrick, 1939),
comb. n.

(Figs 10, 41, 64)

Gracilaria iorphna Meyrick, 1939: 60. LECTO-
TYPE oO, JAVA: Telawa, 29.vii.1935
(Kalshoven) (genitalia slide; RNH, Leiden),
here designated [examined].

ADULT (Fig. 10) OQ, 7.5-9.0 mm. Face
white, with slight ochre tint; head ochre-brown
with purple gloss. Palpi yellowish white; labial
palpus with second segment sparsely speckled
with black scales ventrally, third segment suf-
fused with black on apical two-fifths, both seg-
ments each with a black apical ring. Fore and mid
leg dark brown, tarsi shining white; hind leg with
coxa and femur yellowish white, femur black on
distal half; tibia and tarsus pale ochreous grey.
Fore wing dark grey with violet gloss, costal edge
from one-quarter to three-quarters slightly paler
with about eight black dots; cilia around apex
dark grey with three black lines.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 41). Subscaphium moder-
ate, slightly dilated at basal extremity. Valva
slender, curved dorsad in distal third; apical
margin rounded, densely covered with the usual
elongate setae. Vinculum about four-fifths length
of valva, tapering to pointed apex of saccus.
Aedeagus about 1.6 length of vinculum, without
cornutus. 7th and 8th abdominal segments partly
covered by short scales, each with one pair of
coremata; coremata with elongate hairs, anterior
pair about three times length of posterior pair;
medial apodeme of 7th sternite absent.

GENITALIA 9 (Fig. 64). Apophyses anteri-
ores thicker and shorter than apophyses posteri-
ores. Lamella postvaginalis trapezoidal; lamella
antevaginalis narrow, very weakly sclerotized.

14

Antrum very short; ductus bursae weakly sclero-
tized for entire length, sclerotization distinctly
stronger in posterior half than anterior half,
about as long as corpus bursae; corpus bursae
pyriform; with a pair of sickle-shaped signa that
are equal in size and symmetrical in position.

DISTRIBUTION. Java.

BIOLOGY. Larvae mining leaves of Mucuna
(Leguminosae) (Meyrick, 1938).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. 1C’ (paralectotype
of iorphna, abdomen missing), data as lectotype
(BMNH); 19 (determined as iorphna by Mey-
rick), data as lectotype (genitalia slide; RNH,
Leiden).

DIAGNOSIS. C. iorphna and C._ tangkai
(below) resemble C. soyella in colour but can be
easily distinguished by the absence of the
strongly developed ridge on the valva of the
male. C. iorphna may be distinguished from
tangkai by its lack of dilation of the apex of the
valva and by the absence of the apodeme of the
7th sternite. (See also the diagnoses for soyella
and tangkai.)

Caloptilia tangkai sp. n.
(Figs 11, 42)

ADULT (Fig. 11) 0’, 9.0 mm. Face yellowish
white; head ochre-brown, but frons shining
white. Palpi white; labial palpus ventrally suf-
fused more or less with ochre, and dotted with
several blackish scales, apical half of third seg-
ment black except at extreme tip. Fore and mid
leg dark brown, tarsi white with a black apical
ring on each segment; hind leg with coxa and
femur yellowish white, a brown patch on distal
half of femur; tibia and tarsus pale ochre-brown,
with a brown apical ring on each tarsal segment.
Fore wing ochre-brown with purple reflection,
evently covered with ill-defined dark brown
strigulae on an almost uniform ground colour;
10-12 dark brown dots evenly distributed on
costa; cilia around apex ochre-brown in proximal
half, grey with three black lines in distal half;
cilia along costal margin just before apex of wing
paler, ochre-yellow except at tips of scales.

GENITALIA oO (Fig. 42). Subscaphium slen-
der, slightly broadened at basal extremity. Valva
somewhat elongate, strongly dilated beyond mid-
dle, costa rather curved, ventro-apical margin
rounded and with fine setae. Vinculum nearly
two-thirds length of valva, tapering to pointed
apex of saccus. Aedeagus about three-quarters
length of valva, without cornutus. 7th and 8th

D. YUAN AND G.S. ROBINSON

abdominal segments thickly scaled, each with a
pair of coremata; coremata with elongate hairs,
anterior pair very long, about four times length
of posterior pair; 7th sternite strongly reduced
with a vestigial medial apodeme.

GENITALIA Co’. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. Thailand.
BIOLOGY. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype Co, N.
THAILAND: Chiang Mai, 750m, 11.xii.1985
(Allen) (genitalia slide no. 27166; BMNH). Para-
types, 10’, data as holotype; 30’, N.E. THAI-
LAND: Chulabhorn (‘Chulaphon’) Dam, 730m,
12-13.11.1990 (Bradley et al.) (genitalia slide no.
27133; BMNH).

DIAGNOSIS. This species is closely related to
iorphna (above) but may be distinguished by
differences in the male genitalia: distinct dilation
of the apical half of the valva, and the presence
of a short medial apodeme on the 7th sternite.
(See also the diagnosis of iorphna.)

REMARKS. The three male specimens col-
lected by Bradley et al. from N.E. Thailand in
February are a little darker than the specimens
collected by Allen from further west in Decem-
ber. Similar colour variation in Sphingidae from
northern Thailand has been noted by Kitching
(pers. comm.) and is thought to represent sea-
sonal variation.

Caloptilia hemiconis (Meyrick, 1894)

(Figs 12, 43, 65)

Antiolopha hemiconis Meyrick, 1894: 25. LEC-
TOTYPE ©, BURMA: Koni, ix.1888
(Manders) (BMNH), here designated [exam-

ined].
Gracilaria rhaptocrossa Meyrick, 1932: 271.
Holotype oO, JAVA: Seneng, ix.1931

(Kalshoven) (BMNH) [examined]. Syn. n.
Gracilaria hemiconis; Meyrick, 1908: 831.
Caloptilia hemiconis; Vari, 1961: 3.

ADULT (Fig. 12) 0’, 8.0-9.0 mm. Face white
with slightly ochreous tint; head similar. Palpi
white; labial palpus with apex of second and tuft
of terminal segment black. Fore and mid leg
whitish ochre, femur (excepting base) and tibia
suffused with black; tarsi white suffused with
ochre, black ring at apex of each segment (only
on terminal segment in specimens from Java and
Bali); hind leg with coxa and femur yellowish
white, distal half of femur slightly brown; tibia
and tarsus white suffused with ochre above, tarsi

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CALOPTILIA

each with a black ring. Fore wing light ochre-
brown; proximal half of dorsal margin suffused
with ochreous white; a pale triangular blotch
from one-quarter to middle of costa, more or less
suffused with white, and faintly outlined with
black scales; apical one-seventh of wing also
pale, marked proximally with an ill-defined black
fascia and, further proximad, a few scales form-
ing a black strigula; cilia around apex ochre-
brown in proximal half, grey with three black
lines in distal half.

GENITALIA GC (Fig. 43). Subscaphium moder-
ate, T-shaped at basal extremity. Valva elongate,
truncated distally, with small dentate projection
close to ventral margin near base. Vinculum
rather elongate, about as long as valva. Aedea-
gus very slender, abruptly swollen at base, about
1.4 length of vinculum, without cornutus. 7th and
8th abdominal segments sparsely scaled, each
with pair of coremata; coremata with elongate
hairs; 8th sternite only weakly sclerotized, 8th
tergite only slightly reduced, trapezoidal; medial
apodeme of 7th sternite vestigial.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 65). Apophyses anteri-
ores similar to apophyses posteriores, elongated
and thickened. Ostium bursae teardrop-shaped,
located in centre of 8th sternite. Antrum not
developed; ductus bursae slender, membranous,
as long as corpus bursae, with small colliculum at
one-quarter length of ductus from ostium; corpus
bursae elongate ovoid; with a pair of slender,
hook-shaped signa that are similar in size and
shape but asymmetrical in position.

DISTRIBUTION. India (Meyrick, 1908),
Burma, Thailand, Java, Bali.

BIOLOGY. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. 19, INDIA:

Assam, Khasi Hills, ix.1906 (genitalia slide no.
26768; BMNH); 10’, similar data (determined as
Gracilaria rhaptocrossa by Meyrick) (BMNH);
10°, N.E. THAILAND: Chulabhorn (‘Chula-
phon’) Dam, 730m, 12-13.ii1.1990 (Bradley et al.)
(BMNH); 10’, BALI: 1896 (Doherty) (genitalia
slide no. 27111; BMNH).

DIAGNOSIS. C. hemiconis is very closely
related to dogmatica, but may be easily distin-
guished by the absence of the bright yellow
triangular spot on the forewing, the longer vincu-
lum in the male genitalia, and the shorter ductus
bursae in the female genitalia. A unique feature
of this species is the development of a colliculum
some distance away from the ostium bursae, and
the corresponding loss of any sclerotization that

15

could be described as an antrum (and for which
this term is used in the case of other species
described here).

REMARKS. Direct comparison of the type
specimens of C. hemiconis and rhaptocrossa sug-
gests that they are conspecific.

Caloptilia soyella (Deventer, 1904)
(Figs 13, 29, 44, 66)

Gracilaria soyella Deventer, 1904: 22, fig. 2(1).
LECTOTYPE oO’, JAVA: Pekalongan, xi.
(Deventer) (RNH, Leiden), here designated
[examined].

Gracillaria soyella; Fletcher, 1921: 166 (partim).

Caloptilia (Caloptilia) soyella; Kumata, 1982: 87,
figs.

ADULT (Fig. 13) 0’, 9.0-10.0 mm. Face yel-
low, tinted ochreous; head ochre-brown with
purple gloss. Palpi ochre-white; labial palpus
with second segment slightly infuscated ventrally,
third segment black on apical half. Fore and mid
leg dark brown with a purple gloss, tarsi snow-
white with a black apical ring on each segment;
hind leg with coxa and femur pale ochre-yellow,
femur with a brown blotch near apex, tibia and
tarsus pale ochre-grey, apex of tibia sometimes
slightly infuscated above. Fore wing pale ochre-
brown with purple gloss, rather uniformly
coloured in specimens from India, Java and Fiji,
with only a few black spots along costal margin;
specimens from Japan and China with more dark
markings, sprinkling of dark brown scales on
discal area, and black strigulae along dorsal
margin in addition to more numerous black spots
along costal margin; cilia around apex of wing
dark grey with three black lines.

GENITALIA oO (Figs 29, 44). Subscaphium
slender; tegumen heavily sclerotized ventrally
near base. Valva elongate, gradually dilated
from one-quarter towards apex, terminal margin
straight; a strongly developed ridge running from
base of costa to ventro-apical corner, with two
rows of stout setae on ridge. Vinculum nearly
half as long as valva, apex blunt. Aedeagus about
three-quarters length of valva, needle-shaped,
without cornutus. 7th and 8th abdominal seg-
ments sparsely scaled, each with one pair of
coremata; coremata with elongate hairs, anterior
pair 2.5 times length posterior pair, medial apo-
deme of 7th sternite absent.

GENITALIA 9 (Fig. 66). Apophyses anteri-
ores similar to apophyses posteriores. Lamella
postvaginalis and antevaginalis not differenti-

16

ated; ostium situated in centre of 8th sternite; 7th
segment strongly sclerotized. Antrum short,
broadly m-shaped; ductus bursae slender,
entirely membranous; corpus bursae pyriform;
with a pair of sickle-shaped signa that are equal
in size and symmetrical in position.

DISTRIBUTION. India (Fletcher, 1921), China
(north) (Liu & Yuan, 1990), Java, Japan
(Kumata, 1982), Fiji.

BIOLOGY. Larvae mining leaves of various
various species of bean (Leguminosae): Soya
hispida Moench (Deventer, 1904); Cajanus cajan
Linn. (as C. indicus Sprengel), Phaeolus mungo
Linn. (Fletcher, 1921); Phaseolus calcaratus
Roxb.; Azukia angularis Ohwi, Glycine max
Linn., Kummerovia striata Schindler and Lespe-
deza cytobotrya Miq. (Kumata, 1982).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. 1 ex. (paralecto-
type of soyella; abdomen missing), data as lecto-
type (RNH, Leiden); 19, INDIA: Pusa,
21.vi.1916, cage no. 1409 (Fletcher) (genitalia
slide no. 27271; BMNH); 10°, CHINA: Peijing,
Huairou, 29.viii.1984 (Yuan) (genitalia slide no.
27288; BMNH); 1 ex. (abdomen missing), FIJI:
Lautoka, 16.v.1921, ex Phaseolus calcaratus
Roxb. (Greenwood) (BMNH).

DIAGNOSIS. C. soyella is very closely related
to C. acrotherma (Meyrick, 1908), from Sri
Lanka, India and southern China, and to C.
prosticta (Meyrick, 1909) with a range from
southern Africa to India. All three species are
pests of bean plants as larvae, and the adults are
superficially similar. They may be distinguished
by characters of the male genitalia. In soyella the
valva is traversed by a strong ridge from the base
of the costa to the ventroapical corner (fig. 44);
prosticta has a ridge also, but it is weakly defined
and runs only to a process on the ventral margin
of the valva, not the apical corner; both acro-
therma and prosticta have processes on the ven-
tral margin of the valva whereas soyella does not;
in acrotherma the process is thorn-shaped and
arises from the middle of the ventral margin, in
prosticta the process is broadly dentate and arises
from beyond the mid-point of the ventral margin;
in acrotherma the valva is of comparatively even
breadth whereas in prosticta the valva is conspic-
uously dilated in the distal third.

REMARKS. All the specimens that were
included in Meyrick’s collection under the name
‘soyella’ are either acrotherma or prosticta with
the exception of the single specimen from India
listed above.

D. YUAN AND G.S. ROBINSON
Caloptilia aurifasciata Kumata, 1982
(Figs 14, 45, 67)

Caloptilia (Caloptilia) aurifasciata Kumata, 1982:
55, figs. Holotype o’, JAPAN: Kozagawa,
Wakayama-ken, em. 15—19.x.1974, ex Rhus
sylvestris (Kumata) (genitalia slide no. Gre.
1806; EIHU) [not examined].

ADULT (Fig. 14) O9, 9.0-11.0 mm. Face
ochre-grey; head brown with purple reflection.
Palpi white; labial palpus suffused ventrally with
black, suffusion especially dense on second seg-
ment and on apical two-thirds of third segment.
Fore and mid leg black with a few white strigulae
on femora and tibiae; tarsi white, each segment
with a black apical ring which may be as broad as
one-half length of segment; hind leg with coxa
and femur brassy yellow, apex of each dotted
with black or brown scales; tibia and tarsus
ochre-yellow, more or less infuscated except at
base of each segment. Fore wing dark brown
with purple reflection, with two fasciae, three
pairs of opposed costal and dorsal blotches, and
one apical spot, all these markings brassy yellow
and edged with black scales; first fascia basal,
strongly oblique distally towards dorsum, much
dilated and sometimes interrupted by black
scales on dorsum; first pair of blotches near
middle of wing, coalesced at fold, costal blotch
triangular and much larger than other blotches,
with a few black dots on costal margin; second
pair of blotches at middle of wing, costal blotch
further distad than dorsal blotch, both small and
triangular, their height not exceeding one-
quarter breadth of wing; third pair at about
three-quarters of wing, composed of small strigu-
lae, costal blotch closer to wing apex than dorsal
blotch and extending to one-half breadth of
wing, dorsal blotch about one-quarter breadth of
wing; second fascia just before wing apex,
slightly interrupted in middle, only one-third
width of basal fascia; spot at wing apex; cilia
around apex dark brown with two or three pale
lines.

GENITALIA C (Fig. 45). Subscaphium moder-
ate, broadly Y-shaped at basal extremity. Valva
knife-shaped, costa curved near basal one-third,
ventral margin slightly concave in middle,
ventro-apical corner rounded, with typical elon-
gate setae. Vinculum about one-half length of
valva. Aedeagus 1.3 length of valva, slightly
curved apically, with numerous microtrichia on
apical half of vesica; without cornutus. 7th and
8th abdominal segments densely covered with
elongate scales, each with one pair of coremata;

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CALOPTILIA

coremata with elongate hairs, anterior pair about
twice length of posterior pair; medial apodeme of
7th sternite slender, about one-third length of
medial ridge of 8th tergite.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 67). Apophyses anteri-
ores shorter and thicker than apophyses posteri-
ores. Lamella postvaginalis large, elongately
trapezoidal; lamella antevaginalis absent.
Antrum large, bell-shaped, about one-third
length of ductus bursae, strongly sclerotized;
ductus bursae thick-walled, posterior half mem-
branous and lined with microtrichia, anterior half
gradually widened towards corpus _bursae,
heavily sclerotized; corpus bursae pyriform; with
a pair of sickle-shaped signa that are of equal size
and are nearly symmetrical in position.

DISTRIBUTION. Japan, Hong Kong, Thai-
land, W. Malaysia.

BIOLOGY. Larva mining leaves of Rhus suc-
cedanea Linn. and R. sylvestris Sieb. et Zucc.
(Anacardiaceae) (Kumata, 1982).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. 19, HONG
KONG: Sek Kong Water Course, 3.viii.1981
(Oxford Far East Exp.) (genitalia slide no.
26999; BMNH); 10°, N. THAILAND: Chiang
Mai, Doi Suthep-Pui NP, ca. 1500m,
9-10.iii.1988 (Bradley et al.); 10°, C. THAI-
LAND: Khao Yai NP, ca. 800m, 22-25.ii.1988
(Bradley); 19, same data but 750m,
26.ii.—2.ii1.1990 (Bradley et al.) (BMNH); 20,
W. MALAYSIA: Fraser’s Hill, Jeriau Road and
Gap Road, 1140-1190m, 5—12.viii.1986 (Robin-
son) (genitalia slide no. 27257; BMNH).

DIAGNOSIS. C. aurifasciata may be easily dis-
tinguished from all other Caloptilia species by its
peculiar wing pattern.

Caloptilia scaeodesma (Meyrick, 1928),
comb. n.

(Figs 15, 46, 68)

Gracilaria scaeodesma Meyrick, 1928: 409. Holo-
type oO, VANUATU (‘New Hebrides’):
Makekula I., 29.viii.1925 (Buxton) (BMNH)
[examined].

ADULT (Fig. 15) oO’, 10.0-11.0 mm. Face
fuscous; head greyish. Palpi dark grey; labial
palpus with white rings at base, middle and apex
of third segment; maxillary palpus with basal half
of each segment white. Fore and mid leg dark
brown except for basal half of fore coxa which is
yellowish white, tarsi white with ochre-brown
apical ring on each segment; hind leg with coxa

17

and femur dark brown, femur with three narrow
white rings at base, middle and apex, tibia and
tarsus pale brown, base of each segment white.
Fore wing dark grey with faint violet tint; three
brassy yellow fasciae edged with blackish scales,
first at one-fifth, oblique, slightly broadened on
dorsum, second at one-half, third at three-
quarters, its dorsal half infilled with black scales;
a small white spot at seven-eighths of costa; an
indistinct transverse streak of black suffusion just
before apex; apex grey; cilia around apex of wing
grey, base of cilia with two diffuse white spots at
termen and a single white spot on costa.

GENITALIA CO (Fig. 46). Subscaphium moder-
ate, narrowing towards basal extremity, with a
tuft of setae to either side on diaphragma. Valva
rather broad, costa nearly straight, ventral mar-
gin rounded and covered with elongate hair-like
setae throughout its length. Vinculum about half
length of valva. Aedeagus about 1.5 times length
of vinculum, ductus ejaculatorius elongate,
nearly four times length of aedeagus, without
cornutus. 7th abdominal segment devoid of
scales, 8th densely covered with short scales,
each segment with one pair of coremata; core-
mata with elongate hairs, anterior pair twice
length of posterior pair; medial apodeme of 7th
sternite absent.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 68). Apophyses anteri-
ores slender, similar to apophyses posteriores.
Lamella postvaginalis not differentiated, 8th ster-
nite reduced to a narrow transverse line of sclero-
tization; lamella antevaginalis absent. Antrum
short, weakly sclerotized; ductus bursae slender
and long, entirely membranous; corpus bursae
short, ovoid, with a small appendix bursae con-
nected by a short ductus at anterior end, corpus
bursae about three times as large as appendix
bursae; with a pair of signa that are equal in size
but strongly asymmetrical in position.

DISTRIBUTION. Sri Lanka, India (Andaman
Is), W. Malaysia, Singapore (Murphy, in litt.),
Indonesia (Anambas Is), Vanuatu.

BIOLOGY. Larva mining leaves of mangrove,
Rhizophora (Rhizophoraceae) and Sonneratia
spp. (Sonneratiaceae) (label data, below, and
Murphy, in litt.).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. 19, SRI LANKA
(‘Ceylon’): Peradeniya, iii.1911 (Walsingham)
(BMNH); 2c’, INDIA: Andaman Is, Port Blair,
28.ix.1991, ex Sonneratia (Prashanth/Veena);
20°, W. MALAYSIA: Selangor, Sungai Langat,
30.1.1944, ex mangrove (Takahashi) (genitalia
slide no. 27075; BMNH); 192, INDONESIA:

18

Kep. Anambas, N. coast of Djemadja, Telok
Padang, iv.1928 (M.R.H.) (genitalia slide no.
27076; BMNH).

DIAGNOSIS. This species is distingushed
within Caloptilia by its colour pattern and
autapomorphic genital features, in the male the
brushes of hair either side of the subscaphium,
and in the female the distinctive appendix bur-
sae.

REMARKS. Despite its unusual features, there
is no evidence to suggest that scaeodesma is other
than a true Caloptilia.

Caloptilia syrphetias (Meyrick, 1907),
comb. n.

(Figs 16, 47, 69)

Gracilaria syrphetias Meyrick, 1907: 984. LEC-
TOTYPE oO, SRI LANKA (‘Ceylon’):
Maskeliya, vii.1905 (Pole), here designated
[examined].

Gracilaria zopherotarsa Meyrick, 1936: 39. Lec-
totype oO, CHINA: Sichuan, Guanxian
(‘Kwanhsien’), vii.1928 (F/ranck/]) (genitalia
slide no. 26754; BMNH), designated by Yuan,
1992 [examined]. Syn. n.

Caloptilia (Caloptilia) perseella Kumata, 1982:
93, figs 35, 56G, 56H. Holotype 0’, JAPAN:
Sata, em. 13-30.iv.1958, ex P. thunbergii
(Issiki & Yasuda) (genitalia slide no. Gre-648;
ETHU, Sapporo) [not examined]. Syn. n.

ADULT (Fig. 16) CQ, 13.0-17.0 mm. Face
slightly greyish white; head dark grey. Palpi
fuscous, white (sometimes slightly ochreous
white) on upper surface. Fore and mid leg dark
brown, tarsi ochre-white with basal half of first
segment black, each tarsomere with apical black
ring; hind leg with coxa and femur yellowish
white sparsely irrorated with fuscous, femur
fuscous on apical two-thirds, tibia and tarsus
dark grey, 2nd to 4th tarsomeres ochreous at
extreme base. Fore wing very narrow, costa and
dorsal margin almost parallel, dark brown with
purple reflection, sparsely covered with ochre-
yellow strigulae, on costal margin strigulae very
short and alternated with black dots; cilia around
apex of wing dark brown with a pale, vertical
subapical line.

GENITALIA oO (Fig. 47). Subscaphium slen-
der. Valva large, costal margin almost straight,
ventro-apical corner rounded and covered by the
usual elongate fine setae, a patch of setae on
outer surface near base of valva. Vinculum nar-
rowing strongly from one-half, about 0.8 length

D. YUAN AND G.S. ROBINSON

of valva, with a pair of lateral cavities close to
base, each with a tuft of elongate setae. Aedea-
gus as long as valva, with two thin and elongate
cornuti each about half the length of the aedea-
gus. 7th abdominal segment devoid of scales, 8th
with sparse covering of scales, each segment with
one pair of coremata; posterior coremata with
hairs of mixed length, anterior coremata with
elongate hairs, posterior pair two-thirds to three-
quarters length of anterior pair; medial apodeme
of 7th sternite very short.

GENITALIA @Q (Fig. 69). Apophyses anteri-
ores slender, similar to apophyses posteriores.
Lamella postvaginalis marrow, extended-
trapezoidal, with small anterior emargination;
lamella antevaginalis narrower but more strongly
sclerotized. Antrum short, weakly sclerotized;
ductus bursae very slender, entirely membra-
nous; corpus bursae ovoid; with a pair of narrow,
sickle-shaped signa, one of which is more
strongly curved, narrower and more elongated
than the other.

DISTRIBUTION. Sri Lanka, India, Japan,
China (south), Thailand, W. Malaysia, Brunei,
Sulawesi.

BIOLOGY. Larvae mining leaves of Persea
thunbergii Kosterm. (Lauraceae) (Kumata,
1982).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. 10’ (paralectotype
of syrphetias), SRI LANKA (‘Ceylon’): Maskel-
iya, x.1905 (Pole) (genitalia slide no. 27149;
BMNH); 2 ex. (abdomens missing) (paralecto-
types of syrphetias), similar data but vii.1905; 5
ex., SRI LANKA, various localities and dates;
10¢°, INDIA: Assam, Shillong, 5000’, ix.1917
(Fletcher); 19 (paralectotype of zopherotarsa),
CHINA: Sichuan, Guanxian (‘Kwanhsien’),
vii.1928 (F/ranck]) (genitalia slide no. 26755;
BMNH); 10’, W. THAILAND: Uthai Thani
Prov., Khao Nang Rum NP, 400m, 6-8.vi.1986
(Allen) (genitalia slide no. 26832; BMNH); 10’,
W. MALAYSIA: W. Pahang, Genting High-
lands, ca. 4400’, 17.xi.1981 (Tuck) (genitalia
slide no. 26831; BMNH); 1 ex. (abdomen miss-
ing), BRUNEI: Bukit Retak, 1365m, LP 238,
GR_ 873804, 1-4.v.1989 (Allen & Tuck)
(BMNH); 12, INDONESIA: Sulawesi Utara,
Dumoga-Bone NP, Clarke Camp, lower mon-
tane forest, 1140m, iii.1985 (Project Wallace)
(BMNH).

DIAGNOSIS. This species may be distinguished
easily from other Caloptilia species by the tufts of
elongate setae at either side of the vinculum in

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CALOPTILIA

the male, and by the patch of setae on the outer
surface of the valva.

REMARKS. The drab and nondescript appear-
ance of this species, reflected in its original
description, appears to have led both Meyrick
and Kumata into redescribing it. The specimen
from Brunei is much darker than the other
specimens that we have examined; its lacking the
abdomen means we are unable to confirm its
identity.

Caloptilia acinata sp. n.
(Figs 17, 48, 70)

ADULT (Fig. 17) o'@, 11.5-15.0 mm. Face yel-
lowish white; head ochre-brown. Palpi white;
labial palpus with second segment sparsely
speckled with ochre-brown, third segment with
black spot at base and at one-third, apical half
blackish except at extreme tip. Fore and mid leg
dark ochre-brown, fore coxa paler, tarsi white
with pale ochre ring at apex of each segment;
hind leg with coxa and femur brassy yellow,
femur with black blotch in middle, tibia and
tarsus white with slight ochre tint, tibia and first
tarsal segment somewhat infuscated above. Fore
wing ochre-brown with purple reflection, two
large brassy-yellow blotches from one-quarter to
middle and from a little beyond middle to near
apex of costa, extending about two-thirds
breadth of wing; 10-12 small black dots on costal
margin, a much larger black spot on costa
between the yellow blotches; several black
strigulae along termen close to apex; cilia around
apex ochre-grey with three black lines.

GENITALIA oC (Fig. 48). Tegumen very
weakly sclerotized. Subscaphium absent. Valva
elongate, slightly broadened and curved from
one-third towards apex; ventro-apical margin
rounded, with the usual elongate marginal setae
but also with a marginal series of short stout
setae of unequal lengths from one-third of ven-
tral margin, six stout and elongate setae along
ventral margin from close to base to about one-
half, with a particularly long and stout seta
(two-fifths length of valva) from ventral margin
near base. Vinculum broad, nearly four-fifths
length of valva, apex almost truncated. Aedea-
gus slender, needle-like, slightly sinuate in apical
half, without cornutus. 7th abdominal segment
devoid of scales, 8th segment with sparse scaling,
each segment with one pair of coremata; core-
mata with elongate hairs, anterior pair twice
length of posterior pair; medial apodeme of 7th

19

sternite slender, only one-third length of medial
ridge of 8th tergite.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 70). Apophyses anteri-
ores slender, similar to apophyses posteriores.
Lamellae not differentiated; 8th abdominal seg-
ment sclerotized with longitudinal membranous
cleft in middle of sternite, ostium close to ante-
rior end of this cleft; 7th segment very strongly
sclerotized, sternite very large. Antrum not
developed; ductus bursae elongate, slender,
entirely membranous; corpus bursae ovoid; with
a pair of slender, hook-shaped signa that are
asymmetrical in position.

DISTRIBUTION. India, Thailand.
BIOLOGY. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype CO, N.
THAILAND: Doi Suthep-Pui NP, ca. 1500m,
9-10.i1i.1988 (Bradley et al.) (BMNH). Para-
types, 20’, INDIA: Khasi Hills, vii.1894 (Don-
caster) (genitalia slide no. 27033; BMNH); 10’,
data as holotype; 12, C. THAILAND: Khao
Yai NP, ca. 800m, 22-25.ii.1988 (Bradley et al.);
10°, same data but 720m, 2—4.xii.1988 (genitalia
slide no. 27138; BMNH); 19, same data but
750m, 26.ii-2.ii1.1990 (genitalia slide no. 27139;
BMNH).

DIAGNOSIS. This species is closely related to

C. chrysochoa (Meyrick, 1886) which has a S.W.

Pacific distribution — Fiji, Tonga, Niue I. and

Samoa. The two species may be easily distin-

guished by the following major differences:

(1) ventral surface of labial palpus much darker
in chrysochoa than in acinata;

(2) yellow blotch on forewing clearly separated
into two in acinata but the separation not
clearly defined in chrysochoa;

(3) in the male genitalia acinata has a series of
stout setae on the valva whereas chrysochoa
has no setae of this type;

(4) the saccus is broad in acinata but narrow and
pointed in chrysochoa.

Caloptilia protiella (Deventer, 1904),
comb. n.

(Figs 18, 49, 71)

Gracilaria protiella Deventer, 1904: 25, fig. 2(2).
LECTOTYPE oOo, JAVA: Pekalongan
(Deventer) (RNH, Leiden), here designated
[examined].

Gracilaria corollata Meyrick, 1933: 362. Holo-
type 9, JAVA: Seneng, iv.1932 (Kalshoven)
(genitalia slide no. 27254; BMNH) [exam-
ined]. Synonymized by Meyrick, 1935: 599.

20

Caloptilia (Timodora) elongata Kumata, 1982:
98, figs. Holotype &’ JAPAN: Nisinoomate,
Tanega-sima, 1.vii.1965 (genitalia slide no.
Gre-1200; EIHU, Sapporo) [not examined].
Syn. n.

ADULT (Fig. 18) oO’, 7.0-12.5 mm. Face dull
yellowish white; head ochre-brown with purple
reflection. Palpi of same colour as face, infus-
cated beneath. Fore and mid leg dark ochre-
brown, fore coxa paler towards base, tarsi
shining white with black apical ring on each
segment; hind leg with coxa and femur yellowish
white, femur darkened on distal three-fifths; tibia
and tarsus ochre-yellow, apex of tibia and entire
first tarsal segment somewhat infuscated above, a
greyish apical band on each tarsal segment. Fore
wing pale yellowish green, slightly purple suf-
fused with ochre-brown along termen, at extreme
apex and at base of costa; with minute blackish
dots along costa and with several more promi-
nent black spots, one at base of costa, largest in
middle of costa, one on dorsum beside fold at
two-fifths, and three to five along termen; cilia
around apex grey with three black lines.

GENITALIA oO (Fig. 49). Tegumen strongly
sclerotized and with adjacent row of elongate
setae laterally. Subscaphium very short and
weakly developed. Valva elongate, slightly
broadened and upturned from one-quarter; with
elongate patch of rather short setae along costal
margin, and with a group of long setae at base of
costa in addition to the usual elongate marginal
setae. Vinculum nearly as long as valva, saccus
very narrow and about half as long as entire
vinculum. Aedeagus about three-fifths length of
valva, slightly curved, without cornutus. 7th
abdominal segment devoid of scales, 8th densely
scaled, each segment with one pair of coremata;
coremata with elongate hairs, anterior pair about
twice length of posterior pair; medial apodeme of
7th sternite elongate, about half length of medial
ridge of 8th tergite.

GENITALIA 9 (Fig. 71). Apophyses anteri-
ores slender, similar to apophyses posteriores.
Lamella postvaginalis trapezoidal, weakly sclero-
tized, and with transverse semicircular ridges,
connected with apophyses anteriores via an oval
lobe; lamella antevaginalis absent. Antrum
weakly sclerotized, cup-shaped; ductus bursae
long and slender, entirely membranous; corpus
bursae large, ovoid or ellipsoidal; with a pair of
sickle-shaped signa that are asymmetrical in posi-
tion.

D. YUAN AND G.S. ROBINSON

DISTRIBUTION. India, Japan, Thailand, W.
Malaysia, Java.

BIOLOGY. Larvae mining leaves of Protium
javanicum (Burseraceae) (Deventer, 1904; Mey-
rick, 1937); Rhus succedanea Linn. and R. sylves-
tris Sieb. et Zucc. (Kumata, 1982); Anacardium
occidentale Linn. (below) (Anacardiaceae).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. 20’, INDIA:
Assam, Margherita (Doherty) (genitalia slide no.
26837; BMNH); 12, C. THAILAND: Khao Yai
NP, ca. 800m, 22-25.1i1.1988 (Bradley et al.)
(genitalia slide no. 27273; BMNH); 10°, 29, W.
MALAYSIA: Pahang, Sungei Baging,
25.ii.—13.iii.1986, ex Anacardium occidentale L.
(Tax. Expdn.) (genitalia slide no. 26836;
BMNH); 19 (paralectotype of protiella), JAVA:
Pekalongan (Deventer) (RNH, Leiden); 192
(determined as protiella by Meyrick), JAVA:
Telawa, vii.1933 (Kalshoven) (genitalia slide no.
27152; BMNH); 10°, 12, JAVA: Yogyakarta,
12.vii.1978, ex Anacardium occidentale L. (Soe-
prapto) (genitalia slide nos 20680, 20787;
BMNH).

DIAGNOSIS. C. protiella is very closely related
to iselaea (below) — see the diagnosis of the
latter species. The male genitalia of protiella are
similar to those of C. chrysochoa (Meyrick, 1886)
from Fiji, Tonga, Niue I. and Samoa, but the two
species may be distinguished externally by the
presence of a bright yellow blotch on the fore
wing of chrysochoa.

REMARKS. Comparison of Kumata’s (1982)
original description of elongata with the holotype
of corollata and with type material of protiella
shows the species to be conspecific.

In addition to the material that we have exam-
ined, a further male and female paralectotype of
protiella are in the RNH collection, Leiden
(Nieukerken, pers. comm.).

Caloptilia iselaea (Meyrick, 1914), comb. n.
(Figs 19, 50, 72)

Gracilaria iselaea Meyrick, 1914: 286. LECTO-
TYPE 9, SRI LANKA (‘Ceylon’): Perad-
eniya, 14.iv.1914 (Rutherford) genitalia slide
no. 27258; BMNH) [examined].

Gracilaria hapalocharis Meyrick, 1935: 599.
Holotype 9, JAVA: Bogor (‘Buitenzorg’),
11.vi.1932 (Voute) (genitalia slide no. 27156;
BMNH) [examined]. Syn. n.

ADULT (Fig. 19) 0’, 11.0-12.0 mm. Face yel-
lowish white, slightly tinted with ochre; head
ochre-grey with purple gloss. Palpi white; labial

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CALOPTILIA

palpus with second segment sparsely speckled
with ochre-brown scales ventrally, apical seg-
ment with black ventral spots at base and at
one-third and with black apex. Fore and mid leg
dark ochre-brown, fore coxa much paler, tarsi
shining white with black apical ring on each
segment; hind leg with coxa and femur yellow,
femur slightly infuscated in apical half, tibia and
tarsus ochre-yellow, tibia and first tarsal segment
slightly infuscated above, each tarsomere with
grey apical band. Fore wing ochre-yellow with
slight purple reflection; costal edge paler, with
scattered minute dark fuscous spots; a brownish
oblique band in middle of wing, sometimes not
developed; with three prominent black spots:
near base of costa close to fold, at middle of
costa, on dorsum at two-fifths close to fold; apex
of wing somewhat mottled with dark fuscous;
cilia around apex of wing brown in proximal half,
grey with three black lines in distal half.

GENITALIA C (Fig. 50). Tegumen with a pair
of peniculi, each with four stout setae at apex;
caudal end of diaphragma with hairs and setae on
ventral surface. Subscaphium very slender.
Valva elongate, costal margin convex at two-
thirds, elongate patch of short setae from near
base to two-thirds of costa; hair-like setae at base
of costa. Vinculum about four-fifths length of
valva, saccus very narrow and about one-half
length of entire vinculum. Aedeagus a little
longer than valva, curved, greatly narrowed
towards apex, apical third hook-shaped; without
cornutus. 7th abdominal segment devoid of
scales, 8th with scales, each segment with one
pair of coremata; coremata with elongate hairs,
anterior pair about 1.5 length of posterior pair;
medial apodeme of 7th sternite slender, about
one-half length of medial ridge of 8th tergite.

GENITALIA 9 (Fig. 72). Apophyses slender
and hook-shaped, anteriores a little shorter than
posteriores. Lamella postvaginalis trapezoidal,
lateral margins formed by infolding of longitudi-
nally rugose surface; lamella antevaginalis
absent. Antrum short; ductus bursae slender,
elongate, posterior quarter much broader than
anterior region; corpus bursae large, ovoid; with
a pair of slender, hook-shaped signa that are
symmetrical in position.

DISTRIBUTION. Sri Lanka, Thailand, W.
Malaysia, Java, Brunei, Sulawesi, Fiji, Cook Is.

BIOLOGY. Larva mining leaves of Spondias
mangiferae (Meyrick, 1914), Spondias pinnata
(Meyrick, 1935) and Spondias cytherea Sonn.
(below) (Anacardiaceae).

23|

MATERIAL EXAMINED. 39, N.E. THAI-
LAND: Chaiyaphum, Phu Khieo, 2-4.v.1986

(Allen); 192, THAILAND: Bangkok, 10m,
8.v.1988 (Allen); 10°, W. MALAYSIA:
Selangor, Serdang, 22.vi.1976, ex Spondias

cytherea Sonn. (MARDI); 10°, MALAYSIA: W.
Pahang, Genting Tea Estate, 2000’, 28.viii.1976
(Barlow) (genitalia slide no. 26813; BMNH); 2°
(determined as iselaea by Meyrick), JAVA:
Bogor (‘Buitenzorg’), ex Spondias pinnata, 1929
(Leefmans); 1 ex. (determined as iselaea by Mey-
rick; abdomen missing), JAVA: Telawa, ii.1936
(Kalshoven); 10°, 19, BRUNEI: Bukit
Bedawan, 1700’, LP 263, GR 343958, ridge
dipterocarp forest, 20-24.iv.1988 (Robinson)
(genitalia slide nos 26814, 27155; BMNH); 1c’,
12, INDONESIA: Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga-

lace); 29, FIJI: Wakaya I., 13-15.viii.1974
(Robinson); 10°, 19, COOK IS: Aitutaki,
14.11.1975 (Maddison).

DIAGNOSIS. C. iselaea and C. protiella are

very closely related, and both are quite similar in

colour and in genital structure. The two species
may be separated using the following features:

(1) ground-colour of fore wing more yellow-
tinted in iselaea, more green-tinted in pro-
tiella;

(2) apical segment of labial palpus only partly
black on ventral surface in iselaea, entirely
black in protiella;

(3) in the male genitalia a pair of peniculi
present in iselaea, absent in protiella;

(4) in the female genitalia the lamella postvagi-
nalis bounded laterally by infolding of longi-
tudinally rugose surface in iselaea, by an oval
lobe in protiella.

REMARKS. The holotype of hapalocharis is
labelled with the collecting date of June, not July
as given in the original description (Meyrick,
1935). This specimen differs from the type series
of iselaea in the absence of the prominent black
spots on the fore wing. However, the two taxa
match in all other respects and we consider them
conspecific.

Caloptilia dicamica sp. n.
(Figs 20, 51)

ADULT (Fig. 20) CO, 9.0-9.5 mm. Face and
head fuscous with purple reflection. Palpi white;
labial palpus with black apical ring on second
segment which is suffused ventrally with black on
proximal three-quarters, third segment with
black ring at one-quarter, apical half black

7)

except for extreme tip; maxillary palpus with
ends of the two terminal segments black. Fore
and mid leg black with purple reflection, fore
coxa yellowish white except for apical one-
quarter, tarsi white with black apical ring on each
segment, a black medial band on first tarsal
segment; hind leg with coxa and femur yellowish
white, a brown spot at apex of costa, femur black
on apical half, tibia and tarsus white, slightly
ochre-tinted, base and apex of tibia and apical
ring on each tarsal segment black. Fore wing
ochre-brown with purple reflection, evenly cov-
ered with irregular blackish strigulae which are
especially dense on basal third of costa and at
apex; a single brassy yellow blotch, also covered
with some pale black strigulae, from one-third of
costa to near apex and extending two-thirds
breadth of wing and with a large black spot in the
middle of its dorsal margin; cilia around apex of
wing black with two pale bands, one white spot
on apex of wing at base of cilia.

GENITALIA C (Fig. 51). Tegumen with a pair
of corniform peniculi which are nearly one-
quarter length of valva; tuba analis very weakly
sclerotized. Subscaphium not developed. Valva
oar-shaped, slightly dilated medially, ventro-
apical margin rounded with the usual elongate
marginal setae. Vinculum nearly four-fifths
length of valva, saccus very narrow with apex
rounded, about one-half length of entire vincu-
lum. Aedeagus four-fifths length of valva, cylin-
drical and straight; vesica slightly sclerotized on
apical third; without cornutus. 7th and 8th
abdominal segments devoid of scales, each with
one pair of coremata; posterior pair of coremata
with large spindle-shaped scales, about one third
length of anterior pair which are composed of
elongate hair-like scales; medial apodeme of 7th
sternite slender, about three-fifths length of
medial ridge of eighth tergite which has a pair of
small blotches representing minute glandular
pores.

GENITALIA 9. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. Brunei.
BIOLOGY. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype <C,
BRUNEI: Bukit Retak, LP 238, GR 873804,
moss forest, 1365m, 1-4.v.1989 (Allen & Tuck)
(genitalia slide no. 26812; BMNH). Paratypes,
20°, data as holotype; 10°, BRUNEI: Bukit
Pagon, LP 308, upper montane forest, 5520’,
15-20.11.1982 (Robinson) (genitalia slide no.
27260; BMNH).

D. YUAN AND G.S. ROBINSON

DIAGNOSIS. This species, with its unusual
genital structure, is the only South-East Asian
member of a species-group segregated as the
subgenus Rhadinoptilia by Kumata (1982). It
may be readily distinguished from the other
known Rhadinoptilia species by the much greater
area of dark ochre-brown in the fore wing. The
male genitalia of dicamica are similar to those of
C. (R.) camphorae Kumata, 1982, from Japan,
but may be easily distinguished from the latter by
the lack of a round lobe near the middle of the
costa of the valva.

REMARKS. To date, five species are recogn-
ised as comprising the subgenus Rhadinoptilia:
mastopis (Meyrick, 1918), from Assam; bipunc-
tata Kumata, 1982, from Japan; camphorae
Kumata, 1982, from Japan; sassafracicola Liu &
Yuan, 1990, from SE China; and dicamica. We
have examined the six specimens determined as
‘mastopis’ in the BMNH collection. All are from
Bombay (Mahableshwar), and collected from
1929 to 1930. All differ in colour pattern from the
holotype of mastopis and are referable instead to
bipunctata. They include the male example (gen-
italia slide no. 14765) dissected by Kuroko and
examined by Kumata as an example of mastopis.
Kumata differentiated bipunctata from what he
took to be mastopis by the shorter peniculus in
the male genitalia. In fact the peniculus in the
Bombay bipunctata is only one-third the length
of the valva, similar to its length in Japanese
bipunctata (Kumata, 1982: fig. 40A).

Caloptilia aeolospila (Meyrick, 1938),
comb. n.

(Figs 25, 52)

Gracilaria aeolospila Meyrick, 1938: 21. Holo-
type 0’, CHINA: Yunnan, Lijiang (‘Likiang’),
3200m, vi.1934 (H6éne) (genitalia slide no.
26764; BMNH) [examined].

ADULT (Fig. 25) 0’, 17.0 mm. Face white mot-
tled with brown; head brown. Palpi white, ven-
trally dark brown; labial palpus with rough apical
tuft on ventral surface of second segment consist-
ing of ochre-yellow scales with brown tips; apex
of third segment white. Fore legs missing; mid
leg brown, evenly speckled with ochre-yellow,
first tarsal segment with white ring at one-third,
other tarsomeres with whites bases; hind leg with
yellow coxa and femur sparsely speckled with
dark brown; tibia and tarsus ochre-yellow, some-
what infuscated above at apex of tibia and on
basal two-thirds of first tarsal segment, each
tarsomere with black apical ring. Fore wing with

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CALOPTILIA

brassy yellow ground-colour evenly speckled
with brown, with white fasciae and spots, some-
times edged with dark fuscous, forming a compli-
cated fine pattern; cilia round apex pale brassy
yellow obscurely barred or mixed with brown.

GENITALIA C (Fig. 52). Subscaphium moder-
ate. Valva abruptly dilated in distal half, apex
almost truncated, costo-apical corner acute,
ventro-apical corner rounded, both densely cov-
ered with the usual elongate marginal setae; with
a row of short, stout setae inserted along ventral
margin to near base. Vinculum broad, apex
blunt, nearly three-quarters length of valva.
Aedeagus almost as long as valva, distal half
sinuate; broadly dilated near apex and with
dense, fine corniform spines; without cornutus.
7th abdominal segment devoid of scales, 8th
sparsely scaled, each segment with one pair of
coremata; coremata with elongate scales, ante-
rior pair twice length of posterior pair; medial
apodeme of seventh sternite slender, half length
of medial ridge of 8th tergite.

GENITALIA 9. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. China (south).
BIOLOGY. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype only.

DIAGNOSIS. This species, and jelita (below)

are representatives of a distinctive species-group

of Caloptilia that share the following characters:

(1) second segment of labial palpus with rough
ventral tuft of scales at apex;

(2) fore wing yellow with complicated pattern
composed of white or dark brown fasciae
and/or spots;

(3) aedeagus with dilated apex covered with
short corniform spines (carinae). See the
diagnosis of jelita for differentiation from
that species.

REMARKS. Caloptilia (Povolnya) striolata Liu
& Yuan, 1990, was described from two females
from Fujian, SE China. We suspect it may repre-
sent the opposite sex of aeolospila, known only
from the male holotype. Further material is
needed to test this possibility.

In addition to aeolospila, striolata and jelita we
have seen limited material of a further eight
unnamed species referable to this species-group.
They are all from high altitudes: India (Uttar
Pradesh — Nainital, Khasi Hills); Nepal; Thai-
land (Doi Inthanon); W. Malaysia (Gunung
Lawit, Gunung Brinchang) and Sulawesi Utara
(Gunung Muajat).

23
Caloptilia jelita sp. n.
(Figs 26, 53, 73)

ADULT (Fig. 26) OQ, 15.5-16.0 mm. Face
white; head yellow, vertex with some fuscous
medially. Palpi yellowish white, black ventrally
except at extreme tips; labial palpus with rough
apical tuft on second segment ventrally, yellow-
ish white mottled with fuscous and black. Fore
and mid leg black, coxae paler with white
blotches near base and in middle, first tarsal
segment with white ring at one-quarter, remain-
ing tarsal segments greyish white at base; hind
leg with coxa and femur brassy yellow, black spot
at base of coxa, distal half of femur black, tibia
and tarsus ochre-yellow, somewhat infuscated
above at apex of tibia and on basal half of first
tarsal segment, each tarsomere with black apical
ring. Fore wing with brassy yellow ground-
colour, white fasciae and spots mostly edged with
black and dark ochre-brown forming a compli-
cated pattern; cilia around apex pale brassy yel-
low obscurely barred or mixed with brown.

GENITALIA oO (Fig. 53). Subscaphium slen-
der, weakly sclerotized. Valva gradually dilated
towards apex, termen almost truncated; costo-
apical corner blunt, ventro-apical corner
rounded, both densely covered with the usual
elongate marginal setae. Vinculum about four-
fifths length of valva, apex somewhat acute.
Aedeagus 1.2 x length of valva, straight, slightly
constricted medially; apex broadly dilated and
covered with dense corniform spines (carinae);
without cornutus. 7th and 8th abdominal seg-
ments with sparse scaling only on 8th, each
segment with one pair of coremata; coremata
with elongate hairs, anterior pair about twice
length of posterior pair; medial apodeme of 7th
sternite slender, only about one-third length of
medial ridge of eighth tergite.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 73). Apophyses anteri-
ores slender, similar to apophyses posteriores.
Lamella postvaginalis and antevaginalis not dif-
ferentiated; eighth sternite with bottle-shaped
sterigma with ostium at apex, sterigma sur-
rounded by a narrow ring-shaped sclerite with
transverse wrinkles posteriorly. Antrum strongly
sclerotized, cylindrical, as long as apophyses
anteriores; ductus bursae slender, elongate,
entirely membranous; corpus bursae ovoid; with
a pair of corniform signa that are symmetrical in
position but one only one-third the length of the
other.

DISTRIBUTION. W. Malaysia.

24

BIOLOGY. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype OC’, W.
MALAYSIA: Cameron Highlands, Gunung
Brinchang, 1980m, 23—31.x.1989 (Robinson &
Tobin) (genitalia slide no. 27125; BMNH). Para-
types, 29, data as holotype (genitalia slide no.
27126; BMNH).

DIAGNOSIS. C. jelita resembles aeolospila
(above) superficially, but may be easily distin-
guished by the male genitalia: the costo-apical
corner of the valva is sharper and more pro-
truded in aeolospila than in jelita; the row of
short, stout setae along the ventral margin of the
valva of aeolospila is absent in jelita. The female
genitalia of jelita may be distinguished from those
of striolata (see above) by the shape of the
sterigma — smooth and bottle-shaped in jelita
and deep inverted bowl-shaped with transverse
wrinkling in striolata.

Caloptilia selimpat sp. n.
(Figs 21, 30, 54)

ADULT (Fig. 21) CO, 11.5-13.0 mm. Face
white, lower lateral margins black; head white.
Palpi white; labial palpus with rough tuft on
second segment which is black except at apex,
third segment with black spots at base and at
one-third, a black ring at two-thirds; maxillary
palpus with second segment and basal half of
third black ventrally. Fore and mid leg black,
fore coxa white at extreme base, a few white
spots on femora and tibiae; tarsi white, extreme
base of first segment and distal quarter of all
segments black; hind leg with coxa and femur
white, a small spot at base of femur black, distal
three-fifths of femur black, tibia and tarsus
white, tibia and base of first tarsal segment
infuscated above, distal quarter of each tarsom-
ere black. Fore wing black, a white transverse
band extending from one-third to near apex of
wing, basal sixth of band blackened on costa
anterior to fold but separated from black base of
wing by a white line; transverse band irregularly
marked by black fasciae and spots, suffused near
apex with two patches of ochre-yellow; white
spot at one-sixth on dorsum close to fold; cilia
around apex dark fuscous with a single white
line, mixed with white on termen.

GENITALIA oC (Figs 30, 54). Subscaphium
slender, swollen medially, narrow T-shaped at
extreme base. Valva with costa strongly curved,
costo-apical corner sharp, ventro-apical corner
rounded. Vinculum tapering to pointed saccus,
about as long as valva. Aedeagus needle-like,

D. YUAN AND G.S. ROBINSON

apex greatly narrowed, about five-sixths length
of valva, without cornutus. 7th and 8th abdomi-
nal segments covered by dense, large, broad
scales, only 8th segment with a pair of coremata;
coremata with elongate spindle-shaped scales,
about 1.7 x length of valva; 7th sternite reduced
to a narrow bar at anterior margin, medial apo-
deme absent (Fig. 30).

GENITALIA 9. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. W. Malaysia.
BIOLOGY. Unknown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype o', W.
MALAYSIA: Cameron Highlands, Gunung
Brinchang, 1980m, 23-31.x.1989 (Robinson &
Tobin) (BMNH). Paratypes, 20", data as holo-
type (genitalia slide no. 27263; BMNH); 10’,
data as holotype but 15—23.vili.1986 (Robinson)
(genitalia slide no. 26819; BMNH).

DIAGNOSIS. This species represents a distinc-
tive and peculiar development within Caloptilia.
The wing pattern is unlike that of other members
of the genus, with a black ground colour, broad
white transverse band, and a complicated pattern
of fasciae and spots. The seventh and eighth
abdominal segments are membranous but
densely covered by broad scales; there is only a
single pair of coremata, these on the eighth
segment. Similar loss (?) of a pair of coremata
occurs in teucra (see the diagnosis for that spe-
cies, below) and baringi (above) but in the latter
species it is the coremata from the eighth seg-
ment that are lost.

REMARKS. We are aware of specimens that
may represent a further three species closely
related to this one. Their wing patterns and
genital structure are similar to but not identical
with selimpat; all are male and each ‘species’ is
represented by only a few specimens. All are
from montane or lower montane forest in W.
Malaysia or Brunei (Gunung Brinchang — same
locality and date as selimpat, Gunung Hijau and
Maxwell’s Hill in W. Malaysia, and Bukit Retak
in Brunei). Specimens from ‘Gunung Hijau,
Perak’ were collected at the turn of the century
by William Doherty. This locality may be identi-
cal with that collected by Robinson & Tobin in
1989, the Gunung Hijau that forms a shoulder at
about 1100 m on the massif known collectively as
Maxwell’s Hill or Bukit Larut near Taiping in
Perak.

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CALOPTILIA
Caloptilia teucra (Meyrick, 1933), comb. n.
(Figs 22, 31, 55)

Gracilaria teucra Meyrick, 1933: 363. LECTO-
TYPE oO, JAVA: 27.x.1931, ex Bridelia
(Kalshoven) (genitalia slide no. 27157;
BMNH), here designated [examined].

Gracilaria teucra; Meyrick, 1934: 474 [descrip-
tion amended].

ADULT (Fig. 22). 0’, 7.0-8.0 mm. Face white;
head white with pale brown streaks on occiput.
Palpi white flecked with brown on outer surface;
labial palpus with brown ventral spot at apex of
second segment and subapically on third; maxil-
lary palpus brown ventrally at apices of terminal
and penultimate segments. Fore and mid legs
ochreous speckled with darker brown proxi-
mally, tarsomeres white, on mid leg each with
apical brown spot dorsally; hind legs white speck-
led with brown, conspicuous large brown spot on
outer surface of femur, tarsomeres tipped with
brown. Fore wing ochreous with dark purple-
brown speckling; narrow oblique yellowish white
transverse fascia at one-third spotted with very
dark scales at margins; small yellowish white spot
on tornus; ill-defined yellowish strigulae on costa
at five-sixths and close to apex; cilia dull ochre-
ous with two ill-defined darker lines.

GENITALIA oO (Figs 31, 55). Subscaphium
slender. Valva distinctly dilated towards apex,
ventro-apical corner rounded, with the usual
long marginal setae. Vinculum three-quarters
length of valva, distinctly narrowed towards
apex. Aedeagus slender, needle-like, almost as
long as valva, without cornutus. 7th and 8th
abdominal segments sparsely covered with elon-
gate scales, eighth segment (only) with a pair of
coremata; 7th sternite strongly reduced, a small
sclerite; 8th tergite membranous; coremata with
elongate hairs (Fig. 31).

GENITALIA @. Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. Java.

BIOLOGY. Larvae mining leaves of Bridelia
(Euphorbiaceae) (Meyrick, 1933).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. 1c’ (head and
abdomen missing — paralectotype of feucra),
JAVA: 24.x.1931, ex ‘Daoen gandri’ [Bridelia]
(Kalshoven) (RNH, Leiden); 10 (identified by
Meyrick as fteucra), JAVA: Buitenzorg,
26.x.1933, ex ‘Daoen_ kandri’ [Bridelia]
(Kalshoven) (RNH, Leiden).

| DIAGNOSIS. C. teucra is superficially similar
to ‘species A’ and oxydelta (see below); however,

25

in neither of these species does the narrow yel-
lowish fascia completely cross the fore wing as in
teucra. It is distinguished by the presence of only
one pair of coremata, these arising from the
eighth segment. The only other South-East
Asian Caloptilia with coremata restricted to the
eighth segment is selimpat (above). However,
the two species are only distantly related; in
teucra the reduction of the sclerotization of the
7th and 8th abdominal segments compared with
the preceding ones is not as advanced as in other
Caloptilia, including selimpat; the 7th sternite is
retained as a vestigial small sclerite but the 8th
tergite is membranous as in other Caloptilia.
Scaling of the 7th and 8th segments is modified,
with only sparse scales that are more elongate
than those on the preceding segments; in selim-
pat both segments are also scaled but the scales
are more dense and of a different form, large and
broad.

REMARKS. The genital features of teucra are
somewhat intermediate between Gracilaria and
Caloptilia (sensu Kumata, 1982), modification of
the terminal abdominal segments being less
marked than in most, if not all Caloptilia species.
Its systematic position must therefore remain
doubtful in the absence of adequate material for
comparison.

Caloptilia species A
(Figs 23, 74)

[Gracilaria oxydelta; Meyrick, 1936: 38. Misiden-
tification. }

DISTRIBUTION. Java.

BIOLOGY. Larvae mining leaves of Flueggea
virosa (Euphorbiaceae) (Meyrick, 1936).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. 29, (determined as
‘Gracilaria oxydelta’ by Meyrick), JAVA: Tel-
awa, vii.1935 (Kalshoven) (genitalia slide no.
27279; BMNH).

REMARKS. Caloptilia oxydelta (Meyrick,
1908: 831) was described (as Gracilaria oxydelta)
from two female syntypes from India (north
Coorg) that are now in the BMNH collection.
We here designate the female labelled INDIA:
N. Coorg, 3500’, 24.v.1907 (Newcome) as LEC-
TOTYPE. The two female specimens subse-
quently identified and published by Meyrick as
‘oxydelta’ from Java are clearly not that species
and exhibit the following differences from the
Indian syntypes of oxydelta: fore wing uniformly
violet-fuscous in Javanese specimens, violet-
fuscous irrorated with dark fuscous in oxydelta;

26

triangular yellow blotch on fore wing extending
close to fold in Javanese specimens, always cross-
ing the fold in oxydelta.

In the absence of further material, including
males, of the Javanese species, its identity must
remain in doubt.

Caloptilia? leucolitha (Meyrick, 1912),
comb. n.

(Fig 24)

Gracilaria leucolitha Meyrick, 1912: 30. Holo-
type CO (abdomen missing), AUSTRALIA:
[Northern Territory], Darwin (‘Port Darwin’),
1910 (Dodd) (BMNH) [examined].

[Gracilaria platycosma; Meyrick, 1930: 582;
Fletcher, 1933: 62 (biology). Misidentifica-
tion. |

DISTRIBUTION. Sri Lanka, India, Java, Bali,
Australia.

BIOLOGY. Larvae ‘rolling leaves’ [prior to
pupation — a miner in early instars?] of Litsea
glutinosa (Lauraceae) (Meyrick, 1930; Fletcher,
1933 — as platycosma); on Litsea chinensis (Mey-
rick MS notebook, BMNH;; this record may refer
to the specimens bred by Kalshoven from Java).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. 20 (identified by
Meyrick as ‘Gracilaria platycosma’), SRI
LANKA (‘Ceylon’): Peradeniya, vii.1928, bred
from Litsea glutinosa (Hutson); 1 ex. (abdomen
missing), INDIA: N. Coorg, Dibidi, vi.1913
(N[ewcome]); 3 ex. (abdomens missing; identi-
fied by Meyrick as ‘G. platycosma’), JAVA:
Telawa, vi.1935, bred (Kalshoven); 1 ex. (abdo-
men missing), BALI: 1896 (Doherty).

DIAGNOSIS. See ‘Remarks’.

REMARKS. Certainty as to the identity of the
Javanese and Balinese specimens listed above is
impossible as all their abdomens are missing.
However, their external features match well the
holotype of Jeucolitha. The male abdominal
structure of /eucolitha, based on the two speci-
mens from Sri Lanka (above), is remarkable, and
makes the generic placement of this species
uncertain. The 7th and 8th segments are mem-
branous, like Caloptilia; the 7th is devoid of
scales but the 8th has sparse ovoid scales; each
segment has one pair of coremata. The anterior
pair (from the 7th segment) are enormous,
extending almost the full length of the abdomen,
whereas the posterior pair are very short. The
medial apodeme of the 7th sternite is well devel-
oped, roughly equal in length to the medial ridge
of the eighth tergite.

D. YUAN AND G.S. ROBINSON

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198 pp., Pretoria.

Viette, P.E.L. 1990. A provisional check-list of the Lepidoptera
Heterocera of Madagascar. Faune de Madagascar, Supple-
ment 1: 1-263.

Walsingham, T. de G., Lord 1891. A new species of Tineidae.
(Gracilaria theivora Wlsm., sp. nov.) Indian Museum Notes
2: 49-50.

Watt, G. & Mann, H.H. 1903. The pests and blights of the tea
plant. (2nd edn.) xv + 429 pp, Calcutta.

Yuan, D.C. 1992. Nine synonyms of Gracillariidae involving
species described by Edward Meyrick (Insecta: Lepi-
doptera). Tinea, Tokyo, 13: 205-208.

INDEX

Invalid names are in italics; principal references are in bold.

acericola Kumata 11 Gracillaria 2, 4
acinata sp.m. 18
acrotherma Meyrick 16

aeolospila Meyrick 22 heliciae Kumata 11

Antiolopha 2 hemiconis Meyrick 14

ariana Meyrick 11
aurifasciata Kumata 16

Cannbige nid iselaea Meyrick 20

bipunctata Kumata 22

Caloptilia 1, 2 jelita sp.n. 23
camphorae Kumata 22

Cecidoptilia 3 leucolitha Meyrick 25

chrysochoa Meyrick 19

iorphna Meyrick 13

isochrysa Meyrick 11

platycosma Meyrick 25
Poeciloptilia 2

hapalocharis Meyrick 20 Povolnya 2

prosticta Meyrick 16
protiella Deventer 19

Rhadinoptilia 3
rhaptocrossa Meyrick 14

sassafracicola Liu & Yuan 22
scaeodesma Meyrick 17
selimpat sp.n. 24

soyella Deventer 15

species A 25

sphenocrossa Meyrick 9

Coriscium 2 mastopis Meyrick 22

corollata Meyrick 19

dicamica sp.n. 21
dogmatica Meyrick 8

elongata Kumata 19
emas sp.n. 12
etiolata sp.n. 10

flavida Liu & Yuan 10

Minyoptilia 3
nomurai sp.n. 8

Ornix 2
oxydelta Meyrick 25

perseella Kumata 18
Phylloptilia 3

Sphyrophora 3
stigmatella F. 3
striolata Liu & Yuan 23
syrphetias Meyrick 18

tangkai sp.n. 14
teucra Meyrick 24
theivora Walsingham 7
Timodora 3

zopherotarsa Meyrick 18

28 D. YUAN AND G.S. ROBINSON

Figs 27-31. Abdominal apex and coremata of male Caloptilia spp.: 27, theivora, Brunei; 28, ariana, Sabah; 29,
soyella, China; 30, selimpat, paratype, W. Malaysia; 31, teucra, Java.

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CALOPTILIA

Figs 32-37. Male genitalia and aedeagus of Caloptilia spp.: 32, theivora, Brunei; 33, nomurai, holotype, Brunei;
34, dogmatica, India; 35, sphenocrossa, holotype, Java; 36, etiolata, holotype, W. Malaysia; 37, flavida, C.
Thailand.

29

30 D. YUAN AND G.S. ROBINSON

Figs 38-43. Male genitalia and aedeagus of Caloptilia spp.: 38, ariana, Sabah; 39, emas, holotype, W. Malaysia;
40, baringi, holotype, Brunei; 41, iorphna, lectotype, Java; 42, tangkai, holotype, N. Thailand; 43, hemiconis,
Bali.

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CALOPTILIA

a 49. ;

_ Figs 44-49. Male genitalia and aedeagus of Caloptilia spp.: 44, soyella, China; 45, aurifasciata, W. Malaysia; 46,
scaeodesma, W. Malaysia; 47, syrphetias, paralectotype, Sri Lanka; 48, acinata, paratype, C. Thailand; 49,
protiella, W. Malaysia.

31

32 D. YUAN AND G.S. ROBINSON

Figs 50-55. Male genitalia and aedeagus of Caloptilia spp.: 50, iselaea, W. Malaysia; 51, dicamica, paratype,
Brunei; 52, aeolospila, holotype, China; 53, jelita, holotype, W. Malaysia; 54, selimpat, paratype, W. Malaysia;
55, teucra, Java.

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CALOPTILIA

Figs 56-59. Female genitalia — ovipositor and corpus bursae — of Caloptilia spp.: 56, theivora, Sri Lanka; 57,
nomurai, paratype, Brunei; 58, dogmatica, paralectotype, Sri Lanka; 59, sphenocrossa, W. Malaysia.

33

34 D. YUAN AND G.S. ROBINSON

Figs 60-63. Female genitalia — ovipositor and corpus bursae — of Caloptilia spp.: 60, etiolata, paratype, W.
Malaysia; 61, flavida, C. Thailand; 62, ariana, C. Thailand; 63, baringi, paratype, Sabah.

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CALOPTILIA

Figs 64-67. Female genitalia — ovipositor and corpus bursae — of Caloptilia spp.: 64, iorphna, Java; 65,
hemiconis, India; 66, soyella, India; 67, aurifasciata, Hong Kong.

35

36 D. YUAN AND G.S. ROBINSON

Figs 68-71. Female genitalia — ovipositor and corpus bursae — of Caloptilia spp.: 68, scaeodesma, Anambas Is;
69, syrphetias (paralectotype of zopherotarsa), China; 70, acinata, paratype, C. Thailand; 71, protiella (holotype
of corollata), Java.

SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CALOPTILIA

Figs 72-74. Female genitalia — ovipositor and corpus bursae — of Caloptilia spp.: 72, iselaea, Brunei; 73, jelita,
paratype, W. Malaysia; 74, species A, Java.

37

= c : ‘ a. edi * im
HN Sra? “Pooh Pa ath ae all

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Caloptilia \leaf-miner moths (Gracillariidae) of South-East Asia
Decheng Yuan and Gaden S. Robinson

ENTOMOLOGY SERIES
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Entomology Series
ISSN 0968-0454 Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 39-159

The Natural History Museum
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London SW7 5BD Issued 25 November 1993

Typeset by Ann Buchan (Typesetters), Middlesex
Printed in Great Britain at The Alden Press, Oxford

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Plate 1 Costa Rican moths. Top row, (left) Chavariella porcius, ©. (right) Chavarriella fallax (narrow blotched
form), O’. Second row, (left) Lissochlora ronaldi, ©’. (right) Nemoria marielosae, 2. Third row, (left) Nemoria
pacificaria, 9. (right) Nemoria remota, O’. Bottom row, (left) Nemoria epaphras, C. (right) Nemoria tickelli, 2.

Bull. nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Ent.) 62(2):39-159 Issued 25 November 1993

Neotropica! Emerald moths of the
genera Nemoria, Lissochlora ané™ss museum

° ° - | (NATURAL HISTORY)
Chavarriella, with particular PY DECOSS

reference to the species of Costa presenten
ENTOMOLOGY LIBRARY

Rica (Lepidoptera: Geometridae,
Geometrinae)

LINDA M. PITKIN

Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road,
London SW7 5BD

CONTENTS
SS NAG) SE eee ate RM atte oiedattels coi ae » ew ecinesixe ails a cin dainecladesiecipingineSSccissininaladaieny 40
TA ETCOOGl ULC LN) I ne oie BecasiniG sis os. «'s sien deee ese naaeic Wableainsigaacewedceiuenniaicacenss sae 40
Mace rial ann CNG MOC Sie teats tO sceseieceeaiinis cone Raassoesandessccnessnaccsasecasgundacenesiosemseens 41
TE OOS IEC SEO Natale Lestat ll Maaco Finis osicie svn sigisalepisgiouisatne's «hinn.ne dds oneunnaidsleense wn aaciane 41
RC RTOS Che CLT CRLE SE eee ec ani icsaie o's +o «vcing asicoaticnesint np vvisiencinncia sna avondenenssnattnne 42
Maly OM OMG CAA UCL S Mi emE Nera Naas Satya ce casts osaeroacneceaissasinccacesassiasseveceavertautensients 42
MIAN AS ECU NY uA OM MERE accretion viaesincnss oss seaaseeateaneceasdecesacseseavecscetesensenscvene 43
The systematic position of Nemoria and related genera ............cccceceeeueceeeeeeeeene 43
SPE CIES- Pi OMS meen acntre testcase sataratcerstsiarss<s acsdescercertenasctes osdsecescascarcteesssniscocupss 45
Checklist of the Neotropical species and subspecies of Nemoria, Lissochlora
AD CHAV AGC AMe CRS e Recon ct ceed ceecsssscavucsvvecevetediapcceseessedsareslubencheres dees 45
Keys to the moths of Nemoria, Lissochlora and Chavarriella in Costa Rica ........... 48
INCYTO! SENET A Me MMMMEEM a nete etna reset toe sascesnusins ducotebvevl sedvecsceddscedsstdeteccueedasees 48
Key tothe speciesio£ Chnvarnellain Costa Rica) .2....0.s.dcccrdssscsectescccseececcsten cae 49
Key toitheispeciesiof Lissochlorain Costa Rica) vi. sidciscis-.-.ceeootendebartodsceeseddeve 49
KeytoithespeciesioiNermoriaiin Costa Rica. ....jicicssweuse-.sensacevedudde.cdatee.absees 49
Ghia arnicll ca meee ree PCat enna cka ss... « castecalteattanaateadian iasciatele «ghlientys Yo-e depentesaae 52
US iSSOChI Oncaea emer ea eeat iste eee cls « «+ «<n aeild ebtaety patige babe sins duwagiees Svabtncadeamas sue’ 2)
piievalbo cilia a-OnO up wearer ase Gass. «oiidaniev a ieemaeemeetinsameasedyeess <eweas 2-6 duit 56
VOC MTATETRONS) ohccetcancencos:cc cre ast TC CEEEERMEREC EE cotton coc eeee te here eee teen aaa 59
INGIALOUU ote torent mates detacle sete te buceitlese lass =a ++ snesineat'ecigececcevesasdaneeuesseedeeqenduade onan 62
BUDE; PUL ay Aria CLOUD pees. ater e amet nen + + «+s qaseten eet tenes cso nies sac ccseotaasccadses 65
NUNCA TPECARG NT Ole ORs Bee Cee et oe oe ce ere ee CRC EERE RRC RE ne Rito oc con ct Oak SoCo nna Eee aeereee eee 68
TENG SCH Lara CLOUD sacs Peta MentaG ens - orcs GUM Mee Cee ea eee as once acceresecssstssseieee 70
SUICUS SEDO ATL COUT mata emt tei oacaiee le <sic(sce See Meee esetenee etter nckices ius Gag ciees es sloneees 74
GU GY S| AAV SAG ST OUP ect rca: ean thleauth ol sw -ieqeeerimencamcence tata sctastcessresieeensceosees 76
MID ESC OSTHCLA-OLOUD crac ace ctaasncceacacaenctcnins MMR EMR ERT Ste TRS ooeeea ee oe anes ecetel estes 77
DUNGY ALCL ECONLA=OLOUD ere ccec ate cecnaccencdssss tooo CAREC TR ote cn ese eece mee cere ee nes 81
Wihermspecles MMe CONUS) wc ceecnccsacsctcsccoaeeeememete tec eeec es ee mera eee rece cures ee cceeee 83
Catalogue of extralimital Neotropical species of Nemoria, Lissochlora
ATIC" GHAVAYTICHE Mette stone tenses cectest ncn arctiscie cee eee esc ue eter ests ete eee eR eee 100
SPEclestraMStemed CONS ViCHOTA™ ce cecccee ca aca.ne- eecetecterce meee ee ree on eee sere ecc oes 110
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© The Natural History Museum, 1993

40

LINDA M. PITKIN

Synopsis. The classification of the Neotropical species of the New World genus
Nemoria Hiibner (Geometridae: Geometrinae) is reviewed and species previously
assigned to its junior synonym Racheospila Guenée are transferred to Nemoria and to
various other genera. Lissochlora Warren is recalled from synonymy with Racheospila,
and two genera (Leptographa Hibner and Dryadopsis Warren) are newly synonymized
with Nemoria. One genus (Chavarriella) and 25 species of Nemoria and Lissochlora (one
Mexican and 24 in Costa Rica) are described as new. Other changes established in this
work include 32 species synonyms and 149 new combinations. The Costa Rican species
(58 of the 155 species studied) of Nemoria, Chavarriella and Lissochlora are revised and
keys, based on external features, are provided for their identification. External features
and genitalia of each of these species are illustrated and a colour plate shows
representative species in life. All other known Neotropical species of these genera are

catalogued.

INTRODUCTION

The rich biodiversity of tropical forests and other
wildlands can be conserved and saved for the
future if this biodiversity is treated as a sustain-
able resource (see Janzen, 1993; Gamez &
Gauld, 1993). These authors describe the need
for an inventory that will provide accurate taxo-
nomic information. Such information is the
groundwork on which further biological studies
are based, enabling investigation to be made into
ways of using resources without destroying biodi-
versity. Costa Rica’s well-established system of
conserved lands, which supports a rich fauna and
flora, has been at the forefront of this exciting
new approach.

This study is one of a series of contributions of
the geometrid moth research group at the Natu-
ral History Museum, London, the efforts of
which have been encouraged by association with
Dr Daniel Janzen, University of Pennsylvania,
U.S.A., and with the Instituto Nacional de
Biodiversidad (INBio), Costa Rica. A significant
component of the material used in this work was
collected by Costa Rican parataxonomists, who
are undertaking extensive sampling of the fauna
and flora of Costa Rica.

Most Geometrinae are attractive, slender-
bodied, delicate moths popularly known as
Emeralds or Greens on account of the rich shade
of green prevalent in the group. The green
pigment has recently been investigated by Cook
(1993). Those Geometrinae that are vivid green,
such as Nemoria Hiibner and its relatives, retain
their bright hue for decades, perhaps even indefi-
nitely in Museum collections, providing speci-
mens remain dry. This is not always the case if
these specimens are exposed to moisture. The
‘green death’ study by Dr John Rawlins and his
team at the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh,

U.S.A. (pers. comm.) has shown that although
the green colour of recently collected specimens
is unaffected by moisture, specimens that have
been dried for more than three or four years
become discoloured if they are exposed to water-
saturated air. Certain geometrine groups, such as
most of the Hemitheini, are duller in colour and
dried specimens are subject to fading.

The Geometrinae are particularly diverse in
the tropics and the majority of species of Nemo-
ria and all of those in Lissochlora Warren and
Chavarriella gen. n. are Neotropical. A daytime
walk through a tropical forest reveals next to
nothing of these moths or their cryptic, leaf-
eating caterpillars and even at night, when the
moths are active, relatively few are seen at light.
Their diversity is apparent only after many ses-
sions of light-collecting.

There are few modern taxonomic revisions of
Neotropical Geometrinae. Such revisions are
essential for two reasons: firstly, the current state
of taxonomy is in many cases an inaccurate
representation of the situation in nature; sec-
ondly, there is a need for specimens to be accu-
rately identified. Nemoria was specially selected
for review because it represents the largest and,
arguably, the most taxonomically involved group
of Neotropical geometrines. This study is also
intended to complement the work on the North
American species of Nemoria by Ferguson
(1985). Together with the study of the genus
Oospila Warren, by Cook (1993), approximately
half of the Neotropical species of Geometrinae
have been covered taxonomically.

In sorting out the problems in Nemoria it was
necessary to deal with the numerous species that
had been combined with Racheospila Guenée,
and whose correct generic placement has
remained uncertain since that genus was synony-
mized with Nemoria. In the present study 181
species are recognised. Of these, 14 are assigned

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 41

to a new genus, Chavarriella, 42 to Lissochlora,
which is recalled from synonymy with Nemoria,
and 25 are added to those already placed in
Synchlora Guenée, another geometrine genus
dealt with in part by Ferguson (1985). In addition
to the 35 North American species of Nemoria
covered by Ferguson, 99 species are recognised
in this work. Only seven of the 180 species
covered by my study retain the same binomen as
before. This study has redefines and delimits
species, and provides a means of identifying
those in Costa Rica (about 60 species). It is
possible to distinguish nearly all of them on
external features alone.

A full revision of Nemoria, Lissochlora and
Chavarriella is beyond the scope of the present
study but the Costa Rican species are fully
revised. This revision has necessitated examina-
tion and reassessment not just of that country’s
species but of all the described Neotropical spe-
cies in these genera. Detailed re-examination of
the North American species, revised by Ferguson
(1985), proved unnecessary. In general, I have
not described new species other than those from
Costa Rica. The one exception is a species from
Nearctic Mexico which I have described because
it is closely related to two new species in Costa
Rica. Despite intense sampling in recent years in
Costa Rica, further species probably remain to
be discovered even in that country.

MATERIAL AND METHODS (see also
‘Taxonomic characters’)

This study is based on more than 2000 specimens
of Nemoria, Lissochlora and Chavarriella, exam-
ined from three main sources: the collections of
The Natural History Museum, London, U.K.
(BMNH) (primary types and large series of other
Neotropical material), the National Museum of
Natural History, Washington D.C., U.S.A.
(USNM) (further primary types), and the Insti-
tuto Nacional de Biodiversidad, San José, Costa
Rica (INBio) (extensive, recently collected,
Costa Rican material). The bulk of the material
from INBio was collected by Daniel Janzen,
Winnie Hallwachs, and INBio’s team of paratax-
onomists. The majority of the 25 species newly
described are based on holotypes deposited in
INBio. Voucher specimens have been retained,
when material was adequate, in the BMNH.

I examined about 470 genitalia slides, most of
which were prepared specifically for this work.
Since abdominal markings are of great diagnostic

value in this group, I made notes on these, and
sometimes photographed them, before removing
the abdomen for dissection. Because structures
around the ostium in the female genitalia are
often fused with abdominal sternite 7, this stern-
ite was not removed with the anterior abdominal
segments. However, the removal of tergite 7 was
found to result in clearer photographs of the
genitalia even though this sclerite lies beneath
the genitalia in conventional (i.e. ventrally
viewed) slide preparations. The black-and-white
photographs of whole moths are all to the same
scale; other illustrations are not to the same
scale.

I have followed the convention of describing
features of the male abdominal segment 8 under
the heading ‘GENITALIA’, although they are
pregenital structures.

Characters given in the diagnoses distinguish
Costa Rican species from each other and usually,
but not necessarily always, from all other previ-
ously named species. However, all new species
are exclusively diagnosed. Also, differences
between Costa Rican species and close relatives
from other countries are usually noted.

Lectotypes were designated where necessary,
particularly since several species have mixed
syntype-series. In selecting lectotypes, specimens
were chosen that had already been labelled as the
‘Type’ in the collections of the BMNH and the
USNM except in a few instances where these
proved unsuitable.

In addition to The Times Atlas of the World
(Comprehensive Edn, 1968), Appendix I in
Brown (1979) proved invaluable for checking
locality names and I have followed his order of
countries in listing distributions and material
examined.

DEPOSITORIES OF MATERIAL

BMNH The Natural History Museum, London, U.K.
(formerly British Museum (Natural History)).

CMNH Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, U.S.A.

CVCJ Charles Van Orden Covell, Jr., collection,
U.S.A.

(Clu) Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.

HERB Herbulot collection, France.

INBio Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, San José,
Costa Rica

MNHU Museum fiir Naturkunde der Humboldt-
Universitat, Berlin, Germany.

NM Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria.

RNHL Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie,
Leiden.

42

SMF Forschungsinstitut Senckenburg, Frankfurt-
am-Main, Germany.

UCB University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A.

USNM National Museum of Natural History, Wash-
ington, D.C., U.S.A. (formerly United States
National Museum, USNM).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I am most grateful for the loan
and provision of material invaluable for this work and
for the kind co-operation of the following: Dr Daniel
Janzen; Dr Rodrigo Gamez, Angel Solis and the staff
of INBio; Dr Douglas Ferguson, Dr Alma Solis, and
the staff of the USNM; Dr John Rawlins, Dr Sue
Thompson and others at the CMNH; Professor Charles
Covell; Professor J. Liebherr; Dr W. Mey; and Dr
Jerry Powell. Visits to Costa Rica and institutions in
the U.S.A. were supported by National Science Foun-
dation grants to Dr Daniel Janzen at the University of
Pennsylvania.

I also thank my colleagues, especially Dr Malcolm
Scoble, for helpful comments on the manuscript.

The black-and-white photographs were taken by the
Photographic Unit, BMNH.

TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS

External features

Species of Chavarriella may be distinguished by
the shape and colour of the blotches on the wings
but interspecific variation in wing markings in
Nemoria and Lissochlora is often more subtle.
However, some differences exist even between
many of the almost plain-winged species. The
form of the postmedial lines (such as waved or
smooth, complete or broken) in particular, is
frequently sufficiently constant for purposes of
identification. Other distinguishing features,
which are of value when not subject to intraspe-
cific variation, are the colour of the front and
dorsal area of the head, and the presence or
absence of a white band between the antennae
(the interantennal fillet). However, often the
most useful diagnostic characters are the dorsal
spots on the abdomen. Commonly these are
three in number (sometimes more), and white,
typically surrounded by a reddish brown ring.
Sometimes they take the form of one or two dark
brown spots or other markings (Figs 70-82).

Most of these moths are of medium size for
Geometrinae though certain species exhibit con-
siderable individual variation. Size is likely to be
of diagnostic value only for species that are
consistently large or small and size ranges are
given in such cases.

LINDA M. PITKIN
Wing venation (Figs 68, 69)

The venation of Nemoria, Lissochlora and Cha-
varriella is clearly visible when viewed against a
light source because these moths have delicate,
thinly scaled wings. Making slide preparations of
the wings is, therefore, largely unnecessary.
Whether the hind wing veins M3 and Cul have a
common stalk for part of their length, are sepa-
rate throughout their lengths, or are just approxi-
mated can be diagnostic. However, variation
within species is common.

Genitalia

The terminology of the genitalia largely follows
that of Klots (1956) and Ferguson (1985); various
male structures are labelled in Figs 139 and 140.

Marked differences between species are seen
in the genitalia of Nemoria and Lissochlora and
their examination will permit reliable identifica-
tion of nearly any specimen, male or female. In
males, sometimes enough of the tip of the uncus
and the valvae is visible to enable identification
without dissection, particularly in species with a
long basal process of the valva such as in marielo-
sae. It is possible to use a fine paintbrush to brush
away some of the hair-like tufts that tend to
obscure the end of the abdomen but great care
must be taken to avoid breaking delicate or
brittle structures in dried specimens.

Species differ in the length and shape of the
uncus and socii, and in the juxta, which often has
a papilla. The shape of the valva, and its basal
and costal processes where present, varies from
simple to highly modified and intricate. The
length of the valva in comparison with the basal
costal process is measured from the point where
this process arises from the valva. Coremata are
often present at the base of the valva, towards
the saccus. The aedeagus lacks cornuti but some
species have an external row of fine spines. A
semi-rigid structure, probably derived from the
anellus, is fused with the aedeagus. It is well
developed and distinctive in some species but
highly variable, and thus of limited taxonomic
value, in others. I term this structure as the
anellar plate (Fig. 140) since it is a sclerotization
of the anellus, that area of the diaphragma lying
between the transtilla in the dorsal region of the
diaphragma (the fultura superior) and the juxta
in the ventral region (the fultura inferior). The
depth of the notch in the posterior margin of
sternite 7 of the male abdomen is also diagnostic.
The two lobes formed as a result of this emargin-
ation are usually rounded but occasionally
strongly pointed. In the female, characters of the

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 43

ostial region and sternite 7 are of prime diagnos-
tic importance, especially the form of the semi-
sclerotized pouch, often present, connecting the
ostium and sternite.

Differences between species within Nemoria
and Lissochlora are usually distinct, whereas
they are not in Chavarriella, where the genitalia
are uniformly simple. However, marked
intraspecific variation occurs in a few species and
the taxonomy of a few species-complexes and
forms has yet to be resolved.

INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION

Individual and geographic variation

The wing markings vary to some extent within
Chavarriella species, particularly in C. fallax.
This species has a narrow blotched form confined
to Costa Rica, whereas the typical form, which
also occurs in Costa Rica, is more widespread. In
Nemoria aturia and N. scriptaria which are
widely distributed patterned-winged species,
those moths at the south-eastern end of the range
are more heavily marked. Variation in abdomi-
nal markings occurs in N. pescadora in which
Costa Rican populations lack the spots present in
Mexican specimens. Some variation, mainly indi-
vidual rather than geographical, is seen in the
size of the abdominal spots of certain other
species.

Although generally reliable and subject only to
minor variation within species, the valva in
Nemoria and Lissochlora varies considerably
intraspecifically in a few cases, notably in N.
dentilinea, where the distal costal process ranges
from short to extremely long. The variation in
dentilinea is approximately related to the geo-
graphic range of the species, individuals with the
shortest processes occurring at the northwestern
end of the range (Costa Rica) and individuals
with intermediate and long processes occurring
in South America. Other instances of geographic
variation in the male genitalia, mainly in the
processes of the valva, are seen in N. venezuelae
and N. callirrhoe, in which the Costa Rican forms
are provisionally regarded as conspecific with
those in South America. Each of the two species
of the pacificaria-group in Nemoria has at least
two geographic forms showing small differences
in genitalic features in both sexes.

Certain external and genitalic features (par-
ticularly the wing markings and the basal costal
process of the valva) are highly variable in the
high-elevation species N. vinocincta and N.

strigaria, and this variation is approximately
related to altitude in vinocincta.

Seasonal variation

No seasonal variation is known in the tropical
species of Nemoria and related genera but Fergu-
son (1985) describes brown seasonal forms in
broods of several species in the U.S.A., particu-
larly in the South. Spectacular seasonal dimor-
phism in the larvae of the southern nearctic
species N. arizonaria (Grote), is described by
Greene (1989) (see under Nemoria biological
notes). The spring brood develop as catkin mim-
ics whereas the summer brood are twig mimics.

Sexual dimorphism

Sexual dimorphism of the antennae (bipectinate
in the male and simple in the female) is standard
in Nemoria, Lissochlora and Chavarriella, with
the exception of N. winniae. Female moths are
slightly larger than males on average and lack the
strong dilation and apical extension seen in the
male hind tibia. However, there are few
examples of marked sexual dimorphism. N. ver-
miculata is notable for the different wing and
abdominal markings between the sexes, and dif-
ferences in the number and size of the abdominal
spots occur in N. punctilinea and a few other
species.

THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF
NEMORIA AND RELATED GENERA

The concept of Nemoria has undergone enor-
mous change since the studies of Prout (1912,
1932) and earlier authors. Prout had an excellent
eye for the subtle distinctions between these
predominantly plain green moths, but his obser-
vations were based solely on external characters
whereas the taxonomy can only be resolved
satisfactorily if the genitalia are also studied.
Nemoria included only 26 species, all from
North America or Nearctic Mexico, in Prout’s
1932 treatment, while the Neotropical species,
which make up the bulk of the genus in the
present study, were placed in Racheospila at that
time. Prout recognised that the classification was
not entirely satisfactory but the synonymy of the
two genera was deferred until Forbes’ (1948)
study of certain North American species. Fergu-
son (1969 and 1985) revised the North American
species, assigning some Racheospila species to

44

Synchlora and others to Nemoria, which was by
then augmented to 35 species north of Mexico
plus a few Neotropical species. Ferguson wisely
did not deal with Neotropical ‘Racheospila’. As
he suspected, a large number of species belong in
Nemoria but many others must be excluded from
that genus. Certain species are transferred to
Synchlora and other genera in the present work.

Ferguson (1985) pointed out that the basal
costal process of the male valva is highly charac-
teristic of Nemoria and I consider that the dis-
tinct development of this structure is the
strongest apomorphy of the genus, based on data
currently available. I have included in Nemoria a
few species with a rather weak process (eg dorsi-
linea) and this process is weak also in one or two
species in Ferguson’s concept of the genus; the
placement of such species is expedient for the
present but may warrant further investigation. I
have been able to resolve problems with two
groups of ‘Racheospila’ species with slight or no
development of a basal process by placing them
in two other genera, Chavarriella and Lissoch-
lora.

Prout (1912, 1932) assigned a group of species
with characteristic markings on the wing and
abdomen to the Jafayaria-group of Racheospila. I
am placing most of this group in a new genus,
Chavarriella, which is defined by the autapomor-
phy, the small brown tuft on the second pale
abdominal spot. A distinguishing character, the
absence of a basal costal process of the male
valva, is plesiomorphic. Several other members
of Prout’s lafayaria-group, including interlucens
and vermiculata in Costa Rica, belong in Nemo-
ria; one additional species, urania, recently
described in Nemoria, is here transferred to
Chavarriella.

Lissochlora was synonymized with Racheospila
by Prout who treated the species collectively as
the diarita-group of that genus. I reinstate Lis-
sochlora as a genus which, though diverse, is
defined by the autapomorphy, the slight projec-
tion or kink of the aedeagus; it is also character-
ized by the form of the female antrum. I place
the majority of Prout’s diarita-group in Lissoch-
lora but a few species, including the Costa Rican
dorsilinea, are better assigned to Nemoria. Sev-
eral species of Prout’s albociliaria-group in
Racheospila appear to be closely related to Lis-
sochlora species from his diarita-group and these
are also transferred to Lissochlora. Several other
albociliaria-group species, including albociliaria
itself, are less closely related to those in the
diarita-group but are accommodated as a sepa-
rate group within Lissochlora. Certain other spe-
cies in Prout’s albociliaria-group are assigned to

LINDA M. PITKIN

Nemoria. Many of the remaining ‘Racheospila’
species belong in Nemoria, contributing substan-
tially to its current total of 134 species, and I have
synonymized two other genera with Nemoria:
Dryadopsis Warren and Leptographa Hubner.
The North American Geometrinae were
divided into five tribes by Ferguson (1969) who
placed Nemoria, Chlorosea Packard, Phrudocen-
tra Warren and Dichorda Warren in the Nem-
orini. I now add the solely Neotropical genera
Chavarriella, Lissochlora, Paromphacodes War-
ren, and Rhodochlora Warren to this group. The
three genera in the present study, Nemoria,
Lissochlora and Chavarriella, do not constitute a
monophyletic subgroup of the Nemoriini.
Chlorosea and Chavarriella have similar geni-
talia to those of Nemoria, but they lack the
development of the basal costal process of the
male valva. In Lissochlora and Nemoria, the
valva has a differentiated, sclerotized costal
region, usually with some development of pro-
cesses. Paromphacodes has a small basal costal
process and may prove to be congeneric with
Nemoria but further investigation is required.
Rhodochlora also has a slight basal costal pro-
cess. Similar structures in two species of Prohy-
data Schaus (not a nemoriine genus), povera
Schaus and propinqua Prout are considered to be
independently derived. Phrudocentra is defined
chiefly by the pear-shaped structure of the male
tegumen and vinculum whereas these, together
with the uncus, are spindle-shaped in Dichorda.
Lissochlora has a broadened or otherwise modi-
fied costal side of the male valva, and the uncus is
strongly modified in the albociliaria-group.
Ferguson (1969 and 1985) assigned Synchlora
and Cheteoscelis Prout to the Synchlorini and
gave detailed diagnoses of that tribe and the
Nemoriini. In 1985 he stated that he would have
included the Synchlorini in the Nemoriini were it
not for differences in genitalia, venation and
larval behaviour. Study of the Neotropical spe-
cies of Nemoria, Lissochlora and Chavarriella
has shown that the Nemoriini have a much
greater diversity of genitalic features than in
Ferguson’s concept of the tribe, based solely on
the Nearctic fauna. As a result, the differences
between the genitalia of Synchloriini and the
Nemoriini appear insufficient to justify separate
tribal status. As Ferguson stated (1985: 14 and
80), the larval behaviour characteristic in all
instars of Synchlorini is seen in some Nemoriini
in the first instar. One venation character of the
Synchlorini, the fusion of the hind wing veins
Sc+R1 and Rs, does not apply in all cases; these
veins are not fused in S. tenuimargo for instance.
I am dubious of the distinction of the two

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 45

tribes on the basis of the differences shown to
date but defer formal synonymy in the absence of
any information on the early stages of S. despi-
cata, Lissochlora and Chavarriella. Certain other
Neotropical genera might also be better placed in
the Nemoriini but further resolution of the rela-
tionships between the New World genera of
Geometrinae is beyond the scope of the present
study.

SPECIES-GROUPS

Certain groupings of species are apparent within
the large genus Nemoria (134 species) and also
within Lissochlora. These species-groups are
here treated as monophyletic, although many
species are left over which do not fall readily into
any group or which are insufficiently studied. I
have established several new species-groups and
modified a few existing ones, defined by charac-
ters here regarded as autapomorphies.

The albociliaria-group and the diarita-group,
both now in Lissochlora, were used by Prout as
subdivisions of Racheospila (see above). I have
retained the group-names but some of their com-
ponent species have changed. The albociliaria-
group is characterized by the broad, tapering,
hood-like uncus (Figs 142-145), and the diarita-
group by the weakly curved outer margins of the
wings, almost straight in the fore wing, which has
a sharp apex (Figs 10-13). The secondary loss of
the signum is a likely further autapomorphy for
the latter group.

Prout’s pacificaria-group, which is transferred
from Racheospila to Nemoria, is reduced from 12
species to two that have very similar processes of
the valva. The small distal process of the valva is
spinose, with a hair-like tuft (Figs 173-178).

The scriptaria-group is also now in Nemoria.
Based on Prout’s exertata-group, with a few
changes, it is renamed because exertata is a
synonym of scriptaria. This group has a whorl of
brown speckles around the discal spot of the fore
wing (Figs 14-16, 19, 42). The development of a
deep posterior notch, between distinctly project-
ing tapered lobes, of sternite 8 in the male is
transitional within the group and it is not clear
whether it is an autapomorphy of the entire
group or merely of a subgroup of species. This
development (Figs 98-103) ranges from slight
(not significantly more than that of species out-
side the group) to the extremely deep notch seen
in some specimens of aturia.

In synonymizing Dryadopsis with Nemoria, I

have kept most of its species together (except for
the type-species) and I refer to them, along with
some additional species, as the pulveraria-group.
This group is characterized by the striated costa
of the fore wing (Figs 17, 18, 20-23), and by the
short antennal branches of the male. The paired
folds or pouches in the ostial region of the female
(Figs 290, 291) may be a further autapomorphy.

The following groups are newly recognised in
Nemoria. The erina-group have an ovoid core-
matal sac (Figs 155, 156) in addition to the usual
long sac.

The two species of the strigaria-group have a
narrow curved valva with a tongue-like distal
process (Figs 163-164). Occasionally the distal
process is secondarily lost in strigaria.

The gladysae-group has a long narrow valva
with a blade-like process at the extreme tip (Figs
166, 167), rather than subapically as is usual.

The cosmeta-group has a long spinulose, rod-
like basal costal process of the valva (Figs
168-172). A subgroup of the cosmeta-group con-
sists of three species (/orenae, marielosae and
sarukhani) that have a median process of the
aedeagus (Figs 237-239).

CHECKLIST OF THE
NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF
NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND
CHAVARRIELLA

CHAVARRIELLA gen. n.
brunneilinea (Prout, 1912) comb. n.
semiornata ab. brunneilinea (Warren, 1907)
[infrasubspecific name]
excelsa (Dognin, 1910) comb. n.
fallax (Warren, 1907) comb. n.
distinguenda (Dognin, 1923) syn. n.
fallax allotaxis (Prout, 1932) syn. n.
fallax cohibita (Prout, 1932) syn. n.
lafayaria lafayaria (Dognin, 1892) comb. n.
lafayaria promontoria (Warren, 1904a) comb. n.
promontoria dilata (Prout, 1916) syn. n.
lugentiscripta lugentiscripta (Prout, 1917a) comb.
n.
lugentiscripta dubia (Prout, 1917a) comb. n.
luteifimbria (Dognin, 1901) comb. n.
pelops (Prout, 1932) comb. n.
porcius (Schaus, 1912a) comb. n.
psittacina (Prout, 1910) comb. n.
semiornata (Warren, 1901) comb. n.
spasma (Dognin, 1923) syn. n.
diminuta (Dognin, 1923) syn. n.
semiornata abornata (Prout, 1932) syn. n.
spasma oroyana (Prout, 1932) syn. n.
sophrosyne (Prout, 1932) comb. n.

46

syncrasis (Prout, 1912) comb. n.

conflua (Warren, 1904b) [junior homonym]
trianteris (Prout, 1932) comb. n.
urania (Herbulot, 1988b) comb. n.

LISSOCHLORA Warren, 1900 gen. rev.
albociliaria-group
albociliaria (Herrich-Schaffer, 1855) comb. n.
dubiaria (Oberthitir, 1916) syn. n.
inconspicua (Bastelberger, 1911) comb. n.
manostigma (Dyar, 1912) comb. n.
paegnia (Prout, 1932) comb. n., stat. n.
pectinifera (Prout, 1916) comb. n.
purpureotincta (Warren, 1900) comb. n.
purpureoviridis (Warren, 1904a)
quotidiana (Prout, 1932) comb. n.
diarita-group
bryata (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) comb. n.
flavifimbria (Warren, 1897) syn. n.
iguala (Dognin, 1898) syn. n.
albifimbriata Dognin, 1913 syn. n.
bryata resurgens (Prout, 1932) syn. n.
cecilia (Prout, 1912) comb. n.
carmen (Prout, 1916) syn. n.
montana (Prout, 1916) syn. n.
montana tenuilinea (Prout, 1916) [junior hom-
onym]
montana smaragdina (Prout, 1916) syn. n.
montana araeomita (Prout, 1932) syn. n.
daniloi sp. n.
diarita (Dognin, 1898) comb. n.
eugethes (Prout, 1912) comb. n.
neodmes (Prout, 1916) syn. n.
freddyi sp. n.
latuta (Dognin, 1898) comb. n.
ella (Prout, 1912) syn. n.
mollissima (Dognin, 1892) comb. n.
nigricornis Warren, 1907 comb. rev.
nortia (Druce, 1892) comb. rev.
pasama (Dognin, 1898) comb. n.
ronaldi sp. n.
viridifimbria Dognin, 1911b comb. rev.
viridilinea viridilinea (Prout, 1916) comb. n.
viridilinea cushiensis (Prout, 1932) comb. n.
vividata (Prout, 1932) comb. n.
Other species in the genus
alboseriata (Warren, 1900) sp. rev.
dispilata (Dognin, 1914) syn. n.
calida (Dognin, 1898) comb. n.
discipuncta (Warren, 1900) comb. n.
hena (Dognin, 1898) comb. n.
plenifimbria (Dognin, 1910) syn. n.
hena ab. duplex (Prout, 1932) [infrasubspecific
name]
hoffmannsi (Prout, 1932) comb. n.
jenna jenna (Dognin, 1898) comb. n.
jenna salubris (Prout, 1932) comb. n.
jocularia (Dognin, 1923) comb. n.
licada (Dognin, 1898) comb. n.
liriata (Dognin, 1898) comb. n.
molliculata (Warren, 1904a) comb. n.
monospilonota (Prout, 1916) comb. n.
multiseriata (Dognin, 1923) comb. n.

LINDA M. PITKIN

nigripes (Dognin, 1911a) comb. n.
punctiseriata (Dognin, 1910) comb. n.
florifera (Prout, 1910) syn. n.
rhodonota (Prout, 1916) comb. n.
rufiguttata (Warren, 1900) comb. n.
rufipicta (Prout, 1910) comb. n.
rufoseriata (Prout, 1917b) comb. n.
stacta (Prout, 1932) comb. n.
venilineata Warren, 1907 comb. rev.

NEMORIA Hibner, 1818
Leptographa Hibner, [1823] syn. n.
Racheospila Guenée, 1857
Aplodes Guenée, 1857
Hipparchiscus Walsh, 1864
Anaplodes Packard, 1876
Annemoria Packard, 1876
Blechroma Moschler, 1881
Miantonota Warren, 1895
Dryadopsis Warren, 1897 syn. n.
pulveraria-group
adjunctaria (Dyar, 1914) comb. n.
leucaspis (Prout, 1932) syn. n.
anae sp. n.
characta (Prout, 1932) comb. n.
epaphras (Schaus, 1912a) comb. n.
eugeniae sp. n.
pulveraria (Schaus, 1901a) comb. n.
tickelli sp. n.
erina-group
erina (Dognin, 1896) comb. n.
erina ab. bipunctata (Dognin, 1908) [infrasub-
specific name]
parcipuncta (Dognin, 1908b) comb. n.
punctilinea (Dognin, 1902) comb. n.
spatha (Debauche, 1937) comb. n.
unipunctata (Prout, 1912) comb. n., stat. rev.
erina ab. disjuncta (Warren, 1909) [infrasubspe-
cific name]
disjuncta (Prout, 1932) syn. n.
scriptaria-group
aturia aturia (Druce, 1892) comb. n.
puntillada (Dognin, 1893) syn. n.
tisstigmaria (Dyar, 1912) syn. n.
magnidiscata (Prout, 1912)
aturia scotocephala (Prout, 1916) comb. n.
conflua (Warren, 1904b) comb. n.
conspersa (Warren, 1904b) comb. n.
elbae sp. n.
hazelae sp. n.
hypotiches (Prout, 1932) comb. n.
nigricincta nigricincta (Warren, 1904b) comb. n.
nigricincta fassli (Prout, 1932) comb. n.
nigricincta ligata (Debauche, 1937) comb. n.
oppleta (Warren, 1907) comb. n.
ozalea (Prout, 1932) comb. n.
penthica (Prout, 1917a) comb. n.
pulverata (Dognin, 1914) comb. n.
scriptaria (Hiibner, [1823]) comb. n.
viridaria (Stoll, [1790]) [junior homonym]
exertata (Moschler, 1881) syn. n.
radiolinea (Prout, 1916) syn. n.
spurca Herbulot, 1982

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 47

strigaria-group
Saryae sp. n.
strigaria (Schaus, 1912a) comb. n.
gladysae-group
franciscae sp. n.
gladysae sp. n.
cosmeta-group
cosmeta (Prout, 1912)
decorata (Warren, 1904a) [junior homonym]
imitans (Warren, 1907) sp. rev.
imitans ab. versiplaga (Dognin, 1911b) [infra-
subspecific name]
integra (Warren, 1897) comb. n.
karlae sp. n.
lorenae sp. n.
marielosae sp. n.
sarukhani sp. n. (Nearctic Mexico)
pacificaria-group
pacificaria (Moschler, 1881) comb. n.
tutala (Dognin, 1898) comb. n.
other species in the genus
acora (Dognin, 1898) comb. n.
acutularia (Schaus, 1912a) comb. n.
thymele (Prout, 1932) syn. n.
adaluzae sp. n.
agenoria (Schaus, 1912a) comb. n., sp. rev.
albilineata (Warren, 1909) comb. n.
anchistropha (Prout, 1932) comb. n.
antipala (Prout, 1932) comb. n.
antipala purifimbria (Prout, 1932) syn. n.
astraea (Druce, 1892) comb. n.
callirrhoe (Prout, 1932) comb. n.
capys (Druce, 1892)
capysoides (Schaus, 1901)
cara (Dyar, 1918) comb. n.
carbina (Druce, 1892) comb. n.
carolinae sp. n.
consimilis (Warren, 1909) comb. n.
defectiva (Prout, 1932) comb. n., stat. n.
delicataria Moschler, 1881
dentilinea dentilinea (Warren, 1897) comb. n.
dentilinea paurocaula (Prout, 1932) comb. n.
dentilinea tenuilinea (Kaye, 1901) comb. n.
dorsilinea (Schaus, 1912) comb. n.
duniae sp. n.
florae sp. n.
fontalis (Warren, 1909) comb. n.
gerardinae sp. n.
gortaria (Schaus, 1901) comb. n.
haematospila (Prout, 1912) comb. n.
inaequalis (Prout, 1917a) comb. n.
incognita (Warren, 1900) comb. n.
interlucens (Schaus, 1912) comb. n.
isabelae sp. n.
latimarginaria (Maassen, 1890) comb. n.
marianellae sp. n.
modesta (Dognin, 1911a) comb. n.
morbilliata (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) comb. n.
mustela (Druce, 1892)
nigrisquama (Dognin, 1904) comb. n.
nympharia (Schaus, 1912) comb. n.
parvipuncta (Warren, 1900) comb. n.
aperuviana (Prout, 1916) comb. n., stat. n.

pescadora Beutelspacher, 1984 comb. n.

prava (Prout, 1932) comb. n.

priscillae sp. n.

rectilinea (Warren, 1906) comb. n.

remota (Warren, 1900) comb. n.

rosae sp. n.

roseilinearia (Dognin, 1892) comb. n.

sanguinipunctata (Dognin, 1906a) comb. n.

sellata (Warren, 1907) comb. n.

sigillaria Guenée, 1857 comb. rev.
degener (Prout, 1916)

sordifrons (Prout, 1932) comb. n.

tarachodes (Dyar, 1922) comb. n.
coruscula Ferguson, 1969 syn. n.

thelys (Prout, 1932) comb. n.

torsilinea (Warren, 1905a) comb. n.

toxeres (Prout, 1932)

venezuelae (Prout, 1932) comb. n., stat. n.
sectifimbria (Prout, 1932) syn. n.

avermiculata (Dognin, 1914) comb. n., stat. rev.
mustela monostigma Prout, 1916

vinocincta (Warren, 1901) comb. n.

viridicincta (Schaus, 1901) comb. n.

viridiscata (Dognin, 1923) comb. n.

winniae sp. n.

xaliria (Dognin, 1898) comb. n.

zernyi (Prout, 1932) comb. n.

NEMORIA SPECIES FROM
NEARCTIC MEXICO EXCLUDED
FROM THE PRESENT STUDY

(See Ferguson, 1985 for coverage of these)
arizonaria (Grote, 1883)
daedalea Ferguson, 1969
darwiniata punctularia Barnes & McDunnough,
1918
leptalea Ferguson, 1969
mutaticolor Prout, 1912
obliqua obliqua (Hulst, 1898)
splendidaria (Grossbeck, 1910)
unitaria (Packard, 1873b)

NEOTROPICAL SPECIES
TRANSFERRED FROM

RACHEOSPILA TO SYNCHLORA

Synchlora amplimaculata (Herbulot, 1991) comb.
n.

Synchlora atrapes atrapes (Druce, 1892) comb. n.

Synchlora atrapes trujilloi (Prout, 1932) comb. n.

Synchlora bidentifera (Warren, 1901) comb. n.

Synchlora concinnaria (Schaus, 1912) comb. n.

Synchlora decorata (Warren, 1901) comb. n.

48

Synchlora dependens dependens (Warren, 1904a)
comb. n.

Synchlora dependens independens (Prout, 1916)
comb. n.

Synchlora dependens megastigma (Warren, 1905a)
comb. n.

Synchlora dependens tumefacta (Prout, 1910) comb.
n

Synchlora despicata (Prout, 1932) comb. n.

Synchlora ephippiaria (Moschler, 1886) comb. n.

Synchlora expulsata atrapoides (Prout, 1932) comb.
n.

Synchlora isolata (Warren, 1900) comb. n.

Synchlora leucoceraria (Snellen, 1874) comb. n.

Synchlora magnaria (Bastelberger, 1911b) comb.
n.

Synchlora merlinaria (Schaus, 1940) comb. n.

Synchlora pomposa (Dognin, 1898) comb. n.

Synchlora rufilineata rufilineata (Warren, 1897)
comb. n.

Synchlora rufilineata albimargo (Prout,
comb. n.

Synchlora superaddita (Prout, 1913a) comb. n.

Synchlora suppomposa (Prout, 1916) comb. n.

Synchlora tenuimargo tenuimargo (Warren, 1905b)
comb. n.

Synchlora tenuimargo lineimargo (Prout, 1932)
comb. n.

Synchlora venustula (Dognin, 1910) comb. n.

1932)

Key to the moths of Nemoria,
Lissochlora and Chavarriella in Costa
Rica

These keys are based on external rather than
genital characters, to obviate the need for rou-
tine dissection. Most features are easy to observe
but some differences are subtle. In a few cases,
examination of genitalic features and comparison
of these with the figures at the end of this paper
will resolve doubtful identities.

Key to genera

Moths of the geometrine genera Nemoria, Lis-
sochlora, and Chavarriella are usually pure green
(occasionally slightly bluish) in ground colour, as
in Plate 1, not yellowish-green, olive or ochre.
They are distinguished from other, similarly
coloured, geometrid moths that occur in Costa
Rica (except those in Synchlora and Phrudocen-
tra, referred to below) by the following external
features.

In Nemoria, Lissochlora and Chavarriella, the
abdomen usually has white or brown spots but
lacks a row of several raised tufts. Their wings
lack transparent areas, and the outer margin of
the fore wing is straight or convex but the apex is
not produced. The base of the hind wing lacks

LINDA M. PITKIN

the yellowish basal patch with a brown or olive
band that is characteristic of Rhodochlora. The
postmedial lines are often white but not thick,
almost straight, and oblique, as in Dichorda
Warren. [In Dichorda the postmedials of fore
and hind wing together form a single straight
oblique line on a conventionally set specimen. ]
Both pairs of hindtibial spurs are present in both
sexes, and a frenulum is present, at least in the
male. The front of the head is not white, or
prominently swollen, and the palpi are not
unusually small.

A few Neotropical ennomine genera, notably
Phyle Herrich-Schaffer, have a similar ground
colour to that of Nemoria, Lissochlora, and
Chavarriella. However, in the Ennominae, the
vein M2 of the hind wing is lacking or reduced to
a fold. Phyle may be distinguished also by its
wing pattern: the postmedial line ends in a small
‘eye-spot’ at the anal angle of the hind wing. In
Nemoria, Lissochlora, and Chavarriella, the
postmedial line ends at the inner margin of the
hind wing and the ‘eye-spot’ is lacking.

Although they do not form part of this study,
Synchlora and Phrudocentra are included in the
key to genera since they may be mistaken for
Nemoria, Lissochlora or Chavarriella.

1 Both pairs of wings with well-defined blotches at
outer margins (one blotch at costal end and another
at anal angle, as in Plate 1, top row) . Chavarriella

— Wings without blotches sited as in Plate 1, top
TOW | .0csectewsscisserenceseacnesnds scmate re tte teeeeeneeeeteet 2

i)

Under-side of wings often with brown or blackish
markings (usually obvious but occasionally faint)
additional to any markings on upper surface. In
Costa Rican species lacking such markings: fore
wing tip produced and outer margin of wing slightly
CONCAVETONSINUOUS” Eepee-te ee eeeeeeeee Phrudocentra

— Under-side of wings without dark markings other
than those corresponding to markings on upper
surface. Fore wing tip not produced; outer margin
Of wing convex OF Straight |-.c.-.ee sane qneeeeeeebeee -- 3

Ww

Wings with brown dots at veins, together with tiny
white dots representing traces of postmedial and
antemedial lines; without further brown blotches or
speckles other than discal spot (Figs 7-9). Abdomen
with white spots ..... Lissochlora (albociliaria-group)
[and certain other Lissochlora species not found in
Costa Rica. ]

— Wings patterned otherwise (plain; or with brown
speckles but not combined with white dots; or with
large blotches) or without white spots on abdo-
MEM ei esc este es ee esenoetiemceenatte cece scr tema e eee ee 4

4 Outer margin of fore wing almost straight, that of
hind wing slightly curved; wings without brown

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 49

blotches or speckles (other than discal spot). Ante-
medial and postmedial lines usually incomplete,
represented by a series of white dots on the veins.
Abdomen with plain white dorsal spots and usually
with tiny dark spot at anterior end. (Plate 1, 2nd
row, left; Figs 10-13.) . Lissochlora (diarita-group)

— Outer margins of wings usually curved as in Figs
14-67. Wings with or without brown markings; if
without, then white antemedial and postmedial
lines usually complete or absent rather than broken
into dots and abdomen never with combination of
daseand plain White spots’ {720i ie eee. 5]

n

Male antennae weakly bipectinate (length of long-
est antennal branches not usually exceeding three
times thickness of shaft at same point); antenna
always tapering smoothly. Generally medium sized
moths (wing length of Costa Rican species at least
EMPPRETY eg teck< « ofa evs .Sbaad eaten <eeeklaa. .dalelans. Nemoria

— Male antennae strongly bipectinate (length of long-
est antennal branches considerably more than three
times thickness of shaft at same point); antenna
tapering abruptly. Generally small moths (wing
length less than 12 mm in many cases) . Synchlora

[N.B. S. despicata, not in Costa Rica, does not have

strongly bipectinate male antennae. |

Key to the species of Chavarriella in
Costa Rica

1 Inner edge of costal blotch of hind wing straight or
slightly curved; wing blotches whitish (at least in
Costa Rica) (Plate 1, top row, right; Figs 2,3) .....

Ee okie cain atiaies opto peleaiceh a wad desaesiere ees 93/ce fallax

— Inner edge of costal blotch of hind wing distinctly
curved or irregularly sinuous; wing blotches straw
coloured or brown (Plate 1, top row, left; Figs
AO) EMEC « See uth= sauna ochtae adeeb date cdrom. aceaadd 2

2 Wing blotches straw coloured with dark brown
edges; abdomen with large dorsal spots ((Plate 1,
Popnow lefts) Fig, 70) a's qksiek erreetiebie a Sadens porcius

— Wing blotches more uniformly brown; abdomen
with small dorsal spots (Figs 4, 5) ...... semiornata

Key to the species of Lissochlora in
Costa Rica

1 Wings with brown dots on the veins, sited along the
traces of the antemedial and postmedial lines (Figs
fo) ETO OL ead DLOWM@ cre-sts-cesee ete eens teres 2

— Wings without brown dots other than discal spots
(Figs 10-13). Front of head green ................... 3

2 Discal spots large and diffuse, extending to vein R
HIULOTE WINS? BAO. -085.. cess: -stehetees manostigma

— Discal spots small, not extending to vein R in fore
WONG eset o-8 : Sav ORES. albociliaria and inconspicua
[see p. 57 for distinguishing genitalic characters]

3 Wavy white antemedial and postmedial lines on
wings unbroken (Fig. 12). No dorsal dark spot at
antemor end Gi abdOMen) .2-----.c---cacds+ on eeae latuta

— Antemedial and postmedial lines represented by a
series of white dots on the veins, at most weakly
joined (Plate 1, 2nd row left; Figs 10, 11, 13). Small
dorsal dark spot at anterior end of abdomen ..... 4

4 Dorsal dark spot at anterior end of abdomen not
adjoining white spots (Fig. 71) .............. ronaldi

— Dorsal dark spot adjoining white spot at anterior
end of abdomen; spots usually tiny ....................
suid eobinesind eld oath ie tens Mets Sete freddyi and daniloi

[see p. 60 for distinguishing genitalic characters]

Key to the species of Nemoria in Costa
Rica
1 Wings without brown speckles or blotches [apart

from standard discal spots] (Plate 1, 3rd row) .. 20

— Fore or hind wing with some brown speckles or
blotches (well-marked as in Plate 1, bottom row; or
weakly marked as in Figs 26, 43) ..............0ce0ee 2

i)

Fore wing plain, hind wing with large brown blotch
at inner marem (Pips 40°'41) (once. -c.-.cascdieccso=s 3

— Fore wing plain or patterned but plain fore wing
never accompanied by large blotch at margin of
La 1C6 GAS ae Rea sears el ll ape ere me 4

Ww

Wings with white antemedial and postmedial lines
EA sansa aiisiaetaiin ws aa siases sblekan seats astraea

— Antemedial and postmedial lines represented by a
series of brown dots on the veins (Fig. 41) ..........
Bata Savereteneteanaiters atenesdusadee- Meee een interlucens

-

Wings with white antemedial and postmedial lines;
without numerous scattered speckles or blotches
(EGGS 43 A AT 5 Si caccscine St OSarets code ae Oe LeEERE ae. 3

— Wings without distinct white antemedial and post-
medial lines; with numerous scattered dark speckles

or blotches (Figs 14-27, 42) 2ok.....l ects eceeceseoeees 6

5 Hind wing with very large discal spot (Fig.
ATI Pteee nace kn cnntancs.cosodas +s Sdvieaee cee pescadora
— Brown spot on inner side of lines, at inner margin of
fore wing (Figs 43, 44) ........c eee vermiculata

6 Costa of fore wing with fine transverse striations
(Blatenl, battommow sBigd7)rctctie econ 2. 7

— Costa of fore wing without fine striations ....... 11
7 Inner margin of hind wing with two well defined

dark brown blotches or a single long blotch (Figs 17,
Spee tae Sacto rracacieoactrotiasije maciasshlacsatagancecne eugeniae

— Inner margin of hind wing without well defined
ark DLOWMDIOLCHES! qo cnesensnccce sneer oecorenecnere 8

8 Abdomen with a large white dorsal spot (Fig.

Tayi dewdecumedeseth ea cathee RS ER adjunctaria

— Abdomen with tiny white dorsal spots as in Fig.
UB wos tpicitare sewer Hele nef uiel easiest apie sidets arouse it eosauee tea 9

9 Abdomen with dark brown dots towards posterior
Snr (BIGEW73) «acct snideas aciggne deepens neh he webaas tickelli

— Abdomen without dark brown dots towards poste-
TIONS. Baa cdeonsorneyeereds de peace osetia t 10

10 Postmedial markings of fore wing forming distinct
brown blotch near costa, well away from where
discal blotch extends towards costa (Fig. 21). Hind
wing with veins M3 and Cul separate as in Fig.
69 Lisemetacesctscmabs awepinw ate crpronlooamamentetnae epaphras

— Postmedial markings of fore wing forming distinct
blotch near costa, close to where discal blotch
extends towards costa (Fig. 20). Hind wing with
veins M3 and Cul on short common stalk as in Fig.
68) RSA, cae aaskdosmese- Seantevads deatetetan. aes anae

1

=

White interantennal fillet absent or diffuse and
weakly contrasting with front of head

— White interantennal fillet strongly defined and con-
trasting with front of head

12 Wings with brown band near outer margin (Fig.
AD eres het arasac diel sleeves naps see peee eee tases ozalea

— Wings without brown band near outer margin . 13

13 Wings extensively marked with strong brown
squiggles) (Bigs 116) ies cocoa eerneereteess scriptaria

— Wings with few or weak brown markings (Figs
PAK26, 385 39) os cuacis = atest rings Teese gecerinanaien sae 14

14 Outer margin of wings with row of brown or black

dots" (Bigs: 24226) i ettc cneest ese eeceae roe reheemer 15
— Outer margin of wings without row of dots ..... 17
15) Gront of head Drown oso.5acsese cesses eee 16
—whront offheadiereemt mse. secteedees ater eee cee duniae

16 Front of head dull brown. Discal spot of hind wing
small, spot of fore wing slightly more conspicuous
(FigeQ4), 2eyeete, SI LEK BI BOM. 0B saryae

— Front of head reddish brown. Discal spots very
large (blotched form) or fairly uniformly small
(speckled form) (Figs 25, 26) ...............- strigaria

(blotched form and speckled form)
17 Fore wing with dark blotch at apex (Fig. 39) . erina

— Fore wing without dark blotch at apex (Fig.
3B) eoccen arentewaicietiaoeiaiae osineeteseiese masts con eeetaat punctilinea

18 Fore wing with large central mottled brown area
(QE TK) Pan steam onctans ab hpercmvanencescuccsostarae hazelae

— Fore wing without large central brown area .... 19

19 Fore wing with dark brown blotch at apex (Fig.
DS heen OE ae RE ee Se earned elbae

LINDA M. PITKIN

— Fore wing without dark brown blotch (Fig.

20

2

=

22

23

24

25

26

“uh

28

29

30

14) i cnnsas cob revetss cotettla.upebebe tate Sole ARES aturia

Abdomen and thorax with dorsal stripe (Figs 48,
BO) sicatetesteee asec teeecasees tet coeee teeta eee dorsilinea

Abdomen and thorax without stripe (abdomen usu-
ally With SPOtS) Fie cnsss seine see eeeaee ee cee 21

Dorsal spots of abdomen dark brown (Plate 1, 3rd
TOW) OF absent SAN helena ace pacer eeae ee 22

Dorsal spots of abdomen white or cream (plain, or
ringed with reddish brown as in Plate 1, 2nd row,
LIGNE) iw ic deci or 0 severed gedesaenp suceeeeeeReeeeeeee 32

CORES: causa. cenimwneten. a3 caceh. bowe emo deeeeevemeteat 23

Front of head green, without brown markings . 28

Wings with fairly smooth white antemedial and
POStmmeGial MCS ace acc cece a eee 24

Wings without white antemedial and postmedial
LiM€S) h/ 2s. Macca and.. eo . ee 26

Postmedial line of hind wing almost straight (Fig.
AS) Teresa 3 foals ae cpetees et. sete Stee = oe vermiculata (OC)

Postmedial line of hind wing bent at middle (Figs
335, 34). asses adssetavins Suen «pile «ee-/eer eeCl 25

Abdomen with anterior dorsal spot larger than
medianspot (Hig: 75)! 3..-.-ses- sees eee rectilinea

Abdomen with anterior dorsal spot usually smaller
than median spot or else both spots small (Fig.
TA)’ cana weatens sete speengectine areca uated oestt ee eeeEeee karlae

Wings diffusely striated all over with white or
colourless flecks (Fig. 27). Abdomen without dark
SPOS mene tec eee asan ote cee eee strigaria (typical form)

Wings not striated all over with whitish flecks;
abdomen often with one or more dark brown dorsal

SPOUS won. <sactetceasosaecscsee dooevoe death 35. he eee 27
White interantennal fillet absent ....... punctilinea
White interantennal fillet present ............ aturia

Postmedial line of hind wing distinctly smooth and
almost straight (Fig. 46) gerardinae

Postmedial line of hind wing waved, indistinct or
bent at middle

White antemedial and postmedial lines of wings
distinctly waved (Figs 35-37). Orange or reddish
brown terminal line present .....................005+ 30

White antemedial and postmedial lines of wings
slightly waved or indistinct (Figs 28, 49). Terminal
line absent or at most a trace on hind wing ..... 31

Abdomen with anterior dorsal spot (on segment 1)
extending onto segment 2; posterior spot (on seg-
ment 4) not extending onto segment 3 (Fig. 77) ....
ag ves led R area Os na a HONS eINS aae oe ee carolinae

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 51

— Abdomen with anterior dorsal spot not extending
onto segment 2; posterior spot extending onto seg-
BIER SI CEIC1 7G), cnihs asl <i seed pacificaria and tutala

[see p. 81 for distinguishing characters]

31 Wings with white antemedial and postmedial lines
(Fig. 49). Hind wing with veins M3 and Cul on
common stalk or occasionally meeting ..... remota

— Antemedial and postmedial lines very indistinct,
marked by small diffuse patches of brown scales
(Fig. 28). Hind wing with veins M3 and Cul sepa-
TEN) oO aaa ee BACB GMSeC BECO EU Ooecr ech Cee Ore e duniae

32 Abdomen with plain white dorsal spots ......... 33

— Abdomen with some or all of dorsal spots ringed
MENTS ACIS DOWD) vate sre catanasac's « <idenargivttexasicines- 34

33 Terminal line indistinct, olive or a trace of reddish
brown. Discal spot of fore wing well developed
CEOS) Nina. cene adders. iterates es atencsdeceee callirrhoe

— Terminal line distinct, reddish brown. Discal spots
small (Figs 66, 67) ........... priscillae and adaluzae
[see p. 84 for distinguishing genitalic characters]

34 Front of head brown, sometimes with green in
MEIC UID ALLE. «i emgd- ccumeraer isa sivue nee cdewgeres eters oe 35

MOTION MEAG! STECMN |... sides tpnicle .Sanace's cris edule sesso 45
35 Hind wing with veins M3 and Cul separate ..... 36

— Hind wing with veins M3 and Cul on common stalk
which is occasionally extremely short ............. 37

36 Wings with strongly pronounced unbroken terminal
line; hind wing distinctly angulate (Fig. 52)

— Wings with terminal line normal or, if pronounced,
broken into a dotted line; hind wing not distinctly
aoe (E125: 0; D1). sade cnedesccemcewee vinocincta

37 Wings without or with very weak reddish brown
REGIA MING 22, 3. ceseuechieasmeecia. «sees nympharia

— Wings with the usual distinct reddish brown termi-
CIE, 5.5 ons coe nveesvaenee ems tte odecdiae sate obanenie 38

38 Terminal line pronounced, giving margins a che-
quered appearance; discal spot of hind wing well
MEUeIG et (E1645)! cos temecsccchesteaeccroten de: rosae

— Terminal line narrow (as normal in Nemoria); discal
STAGES sina octets ctsereites origi Meanie do date sede 39

39 Brown discal spots absent or extremely faint; white
postmedial lines of wings usually smooth (Figs 29,
30), or if slightly waved then sharply bent in hind
wing (Fig. 32). Some or all dorsal spots of abdomen
CREAMER ne Nee lsircene ine elsttted ccewidatieateenerea tered des 40

— Brown discal spots clearly present; white postme-
dial lines of wings at least slightly waved, not
sharply bent, or indiscernible (Figs 53). All dorsal
SPOts|OL ADCOMIEN! WHILE che o.er. sess -eaces seer ceecsns 41

40 Postmedial line of hind wing slightly bent (Fig.

30) cctdh we » cteeusebeautetsnakee twos tees eames’ lorenae

— Postmedial line of hind wing distinctly bent (Fig.
Po) he an ier crete ty marielosae and cosmeta
[see p. 78 for distinguishing genitalic characters]

41 Antemedial and postmedial lines of wings only just
Giscemible, (Gigs D3)N te cxene. see dee non aans marianellae

— White antemedial and postmedial lines of wings
istic tics tw Hisas: et RR Sessa ae Seca ost 42

42 Abdomen with more than three white dorsal spots
(listially‘Six'Or:SEVem)) aeettessste.c ne eeteeecettes florae

— Abdomen with three white dorsal spots ......... 43

43 Front of fore tibia with indistinct or incomplete
White bar 252. 20s, Re se eee isabelae

— Front of fore tibia with white bar complete and
ISMN CT oasis vn sre dia cess ae a apie as se ce tele Sesseee ee 44

44 Front of head without green patches in upper part.
Abdomen sometimes with tan patch joining poste-
rior two dorsal spots (Fig. 81) ................ toxeres

— Front of head with green patches in upper part.
Abdomen without tan patch joining posterior two
dorsalispots: Seen... eta eae eee ewes acutularia

45 Middle spot of three main dorsal spots of abdomen
MOL TO SECAW IED) DIOWD! sets aecaiac smceeancnahcssenccsa. 46

— Middle spot ringed with reddish brown, at least
weakly: 232th, Seas ieodtatelin ames SE, 48

46 Front edge of interantennal fillet without tan
Da? ca tccronc¢ecstaesetttasttsdascssnasacanertrnercesces 47

— Front edge of interantennal fillet with tan band-
doe hep agit. deaafeaephudinepemeeeaet franciscae

47 Wings with faint shadowy brown band on central
side of antemedial and postmedial lines ..............

— Wings without brown shading (in Costa Rican
SPECIMENS a cxmtaee eta aa cama ish cp seeds defectiva

48 Abdomen with three dorsal spots

— Abdomen with more than three dorsal spots, at
TAS Toa COS siden teaser de waite cg florae and agenoria
[see p. 90 for distinguishing genitalic characters]

49 Hind edge of interantennal fillet with tan band-
Biss: ty Rechte d ho. Je Mtiaeordaesraac ass otdeat venezuelae

— Hind edge of interantennal fillet often with scat-
tered tan scales but without complete band

CHAVARRIELLA gen. n.

Type-species: Comibaena
1892, here designated.

lafayaria Dognin,

ADULT (Plate 1, top row; Figs 1-6, 70). Mostly

52

of medium size for Geometrinae, fore wing
length: 11-18 mm.

Ground colour a pure shade of green as in
Plate 1, top row. Front of head brown with 2
white marks, often merged, in lower corners; 2
upper white or pale marks often very diffuse or
indistinct, occasionally absent. White interanten-
nal fillet with green band in front and usually
with green area behind. Male antennae bipecti-
nate but not strongly so, length of longest
branches no more than about twice width of
flagellum at same point; female antennae simple;
antennae with white dorsal line along basal half
of flagellum. Outer margins of wings curved as in
Figs 1-6; apex of fore wing not produced; hind
wing not angulate. Wing pattern: outer margins
with a brown (or whitish edged with brown)
blotch at costal end and another at anal angle;
brown terminal line often broken between
blotches, particularly on fore wing. Antemedial
and postmedial lines of wings indistinct, waved,
pale green bordered with darker green on inner
side. Under-side of wings a paler version of
upper side though costal blotch of fore wing
sometimes pronounced. Venation: hind wing
with M3 and CuA1 on short common stalk or just
separate; Sct+R1 and Rs of hind wing touching
but not fused. Front of fore tibia with whitish
spot half way along outer edge; hind tibia with
two pairs of spurs; hind tibia of male dilated,
often strongly, and with apical extension. Dorsal
ground colour of abdomen predominantly
mottled brown (occasionally with green patches
in semiornata; green band at sides of narrow
blotched form of fallax); ventral surface whitish
or cream. Abdomen spots white or cream; seg-
ment 2 with raised brown tuft flanked by small
cream patches (cream patches sometimes small
or diffuse). Sternite 3 of male abdomen with pair
of fields of deciduous needle-like modified scales
as in most Geometrinae.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 83, 141, 210). Genitalia
simple. Uncus moderately long; slender, rod-like
and often strongly spatulate with rounded or
heart-shaped apex; socii semi-membraneous,
small and not normally erect. Gnathos a slender
loop with a narrow sharp distal tooth. Valva
much longer than broad, parallel-sided or slightly
tapered, without basal costal process; usually
without distal process but with very slight devel-
opment of this in pelops. Transtilla bilobate;
juxta a flat plate without papilla. Coremata
absent or not noticeably developed. Saccus
rounded or occasionally slightly notched. Aedea-
gus moderately slender to slightly swollen medi-
ally without any spines. Anellar plate extending

LINDA M. PITKIN

to middle or two-thirds length of aedeagus, end-
ing in pair of short lobes. Sternite 8 produced
posteriorly as two slight lobes shallowly notched
between; anterior margin of sternite weakly con-
cave; similar in dimensions to tergite or slightly
shorter; midrib usually absent, occasionally
present but weak. Tergite 8 with fairly straight
posterior edge.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 280). Genitalia simple: with-
out pouch joining ostium and sternite 7 or sclero-
tized patches on sternite 7; ostial region
unmodified; postostial plate indistinct. Apophy-
ses anteriores more than half to two-thirds length
of apophyses posteriores. Ductus bursae
extremely short (much shorter than segment 7),
without sclerotized antrum. Corpus bursae elon-
gate and slender with bulbous anterior end,
without signum.

DIAGNOsIS. The single slightly raised brown tuft
on the second pale abdominal spot distinguishes
Chavarriella. The wing pattern of marginal
blotches also separates the genus from Nemoria
and Lissochlora but not from the superficially
similar genus Oospila. However, Oospila, unlike
Chavarriella, has several pronounced tufts on the
abdomen.

The genitalia of Chavarriella are simple,
apparently lacking in derived characters, and
more or less uniform throughout the genus. The
14 species (3 in Costa Rica) here recognised are
defined on the basis of the only evidence cur-
rently available, namely, the external morphol-
ogy, particularly differences in wing pattern.
Their status as distinct species remains to be
confirmed. Synonymies were made in cases
where no clear morphological distinctions could
be found.

REMARKS. This genus is named for Maria Marta
Chavarria Diaz, the field co-ordinator of the
INBio parataxonomists, in honour of her years of
extraordinarily diligent facilitation of the field
inventory and her essential help with the lives of
the parataxonomists.

The blotches of the wings vary in size within
each of the three species of Chavarriella occur-
ring in Costa Rica. This is most evident in the
costal blotch of the hind wing.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Host-plants unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. Chavarriella is widespread in
Central and southern America from Nicaragua to
Brazil and Bolivia.

:

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 53

Chavarriella fallax (Warren) comb. n.
(Plate 1; Figs 1-3, 280)

Racheospila fallax Warren, 1907: 208. Holotype
Oo’, PERU (BMNH) [examined].

Racheospila distinguenda Dognin, 1923: 18.
Holotype o&', COLOMBIA (USNM) [exam-
ined]. Syn. n.

Racheospila fallax allotaxis Prout, 1932: 37.
Holotype co’, COLOMBIA (BMNH) [exam-
ined]. Syn. n.

Racheospila fallax cohibita Prout, 1932: 37.
Holotype co’, COLOMBIA (BMNH) [exam-
ined]. Syn. n.

ADULT (Plate 1; Figs 1-3). Front of head mid to
very dark brown. Interantennal fillet broad; nar-
row area behind fillet green or (in narrow
blotched form) bright reddish brown. Wing pat-
tern: blotches whitish (in Costa Rica) or cream to
brown (elsewhere), with dark brown edges; inner
edge of costal blotch of hind wing straight or
slightly curved. Blotches divided into segments
by brown lines: anal blotch, particularly of fore
wing, consisting of one main segment (typical
form) or two (narrow blotched form); costal
blotch of hind wing consisting of three segments
(typical form) or two, occasionally three (narrow
blotched form). Antemedial and postmedial lines
only just visible. Hind wing with veins M3 and
CuA1 on short common stalk, meeting or occa-
sionally just separate. Front of fore tibia: lower
half dark brown or (in Costa Rica) golden brown
shading to dark brown towards inner edge, upper
half golden brown. Abdomen with 3 distinct
white dorsal spots plus further traces; ‘second’
spot fairly large; dorsal ground colour generally
paler than in porcius or semiornata but strong
reddish brown in narrow blotch form.

GENITALIA GC’. As described in generic descrip-
tion (p. 52).

GENITALIA 9 (Fig. 280). As described in generic
description (p. 52).

DiaGnosis. C. fallax is distinguished by the
shape of the costal blotch on the hind wing and
(at least in Costa Rica) by the pale colour of the
blotches.

VARIATION. In addition to the fairly widespread
typical form of fallax there is another form
(provisionally regarded as conspecific and here
known as the narrow blotched form) which is
apparently limited to Costa Rica and differs in
having a narrow costal blotch of the fore wing
and in other characters as described above. The
blotches of the wings of fallax are usually whitish

or pale, but the costal blotch of the fore wing, in
particular, is brownish in some Colombian and
Peruvian specimens of the typical form.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 600-1114 m in Costa Rica (narrow
blotched form: 500-700 m); 400 — c. 2150 m in
Colombia and Peru; in January to March, May,
July, August and November (narrow blotched
form: January to March, June to August and
October) (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Typical form: from Costa Rica
to Venezuela and Bolivia. Narrow blotched
form: known only from northern and central
Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (74 specimens; including
4 0’, 1 Q genitalia preparations)

Holotype CO (fallax), SE. Peru: Rio Inambari,
La Oroya, c. 950 m (‘3100 ft’), x.1904 (Ock-
enden) (BMNH). Holotype O' (distinguenda),
Colombia: Canon del Tolima, 1700 m, x.1909
(Fassl) (Type No. 32603; USNM). Holotype Co’
(allotaxis), Colombia: Muzo, 400-800 m (Fass/)
(BMNH). Holotype & (cohibita), Colombia: E.
Colombia, upper (‘Ob.’) Rio Negro, 800 m
(Fass!) (BMNH).

Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 5 km N. of Col.
Palmarena, San Ramon Forest Reserve, Rio San
Lorencito, 800 m; 7 km NW. of Dos Rios, El
Ensayo, Finca La Campana, 700 m; 2 km SW. of
Dos Rios, Finca San Gabriel, 600 m (UTM
318800,383500), 630 m, 650 m; 8-9 km S. of
Santa Cecilia, Estacion Pitilla, 680-700 m; Car-
tago Province: Moravia de Chirripo, 1114 m.
Guanacaste Province: Rincon National Park, 4
km E. of Casetilla, 750 m; San José Province:
Braulio Carrillo National Park, Estacion Car-
rillo, 700 m; (INBio and BMNH). Venezuela:
Aragua, Rancho Grande (CMNH). Colombia:
Canon del Tolima, 1700 m; slopes of Choco,
Siat6, Rio Siato; (including 1 ©’, allotaxis
paratype) Muzo, 400-800 m (Fass/); upper
(‘Ob.’) Rio Negro, 800 m; San Antonio, c. 1800
m; (BMNH). Peru: Carabaya, Rio Inambari, La
Oroya, c. 900 m, 950 m; Carabaya, Oconeque, c.
2150 m; Carabaya, Tinguri, c. 1050 m; Santo
Domingo, c. 1850 m; (BMNH). Bolivia: Cocha-
bamba (BMNH).

Narrow blotched form (15 specimens; includ-
ing 1 CO genitalia preparation)

Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 16 km ENE. of
Quebrada Grande, Finca San Gabriel, 650 m; 9
km S. of Santa Cecilia, Estacion Pitilla, 700 m,
W835° 25'40”, N10° 59’26”; Guanacaste Province:
Rincon National Park, 4 km E. of Casetilla; 7 km
S. of Santa Cecilia, Estacion Pitilla, Casa Rob-

54

erto, 500 m, W85° 25’339,, N11° 00’18"; San José
Province: Braulio Carrillo National Park, Esta-
cion Carrillo, 700 m; (INBio and BMNH).

Chavarriella porcius (Schaus) comb. n.
(Plate 1; Figs 6, 70)

Racheospila porcius Schaus, 1912: 291. LECTO-
TYPE oO, COSTA RICA (USNM), here des-
ignated [examined].

ADULT (Plate 1; Fig. 6). Front of head dark
brown sometimes with a few straw flecks. Wing
pattern: blotches straw-coloured with dark
brown edges; inner edge of costal blotch of hind
wing distinctly curved. Hind wing with veins M3
and CuA1 on short common stalk or occasionally
meeting. Front of fore tibia: lower half or two-
thirds dark brown, upper part golden brown;
spot at outer edge straw, sometimes diffuse.
Abdomen with 2 distinct white dorsal spots,
posterior spot large (Fig. 70).

GENITALIA ©’. As described in generic descrip-
tion (p. 52).

GENITALIA Q. As described in generic descrip-
tion (p. 52).

DIAGNOSIS. C. porcius is distinguished by the
shape and colour of its wing blotches. The white
spots on the abdomen are larger than those of
semiornata and more distinct than those of fallax.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 700-1800 m in February to October
and December (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica and Panama.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (68 specimens; including
3 0’, 1 Q genitalia preparations) Lectotype CO’,
Costa Rica: [Cartago Province,] Juan Vifas, ii
(genitalia slide no. 57,602; Type No. 17731;
USNM).

Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 9 km S. of
Santa Cecilia, Estacion Pitilla, 700 m, UTM
330200,380200; Volcan Pods, 8 km N. of Vara
Blanca, 1500 m; Cartago Province: 16 km S. of
San Isidro de Tejar, 3 km S. of Casa Mata, 1800
m; Juan Vinas, c. 750 m; Orosi, 1200 m; Rio
Grande de Orosi, Tapanti, 1300-1400 m; Guana-
caste Province: Rincon National Park, 4 km E. of
Casetilla, 750 m; Volcan Cacao, SW. side, Esta-
cion Cacao (‘Mengo’), 1100 m, W85° 28710",
N10° 55’43; Volcan Cacao, W. side, Estacion
Cacao (‘Mengo’), Derrumbe, 1400 m; Puntar-
enas Province: Monteverde, 1300 m, 1430 m
(INBIO/BMNH; UCB); 2 km E. of Monteverde,
1500 m, 1530 m (INBIO/BMNH; UCB); 11 km

LINDA M. PITKIN

NW. of Monteverde, Las Nubes; San José Prov-
ince: Braulio Carrillo National Park, Estacion
Carrillo, 700 m; Braulio Carrillo National Park,
Estacion Zurqui (el Tunel), 1500 m, 10° 04’N,
84° O1’W; ‘La Palma’, c. 1550 m (CMNH);
(INBio and BMNH). Panama: Chiriqui
(BMNH).

Chavarriella semiornata (Warren) comb. n.
(Figs 4, 5, 83, 141, 210)

Racheospila semiornata Warren, 1901: 450. LEC-
TOTYPE o', PANAMA (BMNH), here des-
ignated [examined].

Racheospila spasma Dognin, 1923: 17. LECTO-
TYPE O&’, COLOMBIA: (USNM), here desig-
nated [examined]. Syn. n.

Racheospila diminuta Dognin, 1923: 18. Holo-
type O&', COLOMBIA (USNM) [examined].
Syn. n.

Racheospila semiornata abornata Prout, 1932: 36.
Holotype 0’, COLOMBIA (BMNH) [exam-
ined]. Syn. n.

Racheospila spasma oroyana Prout, 1932: 36.
Holotype 0’, PERU: (BMNH) [examined].
Syn. n.

ADULT (Figs 4, 5). Front of head dark brown or
tan. Wing pattern: blotches tan edged with
darker brown or uniformly brown; inner edge of
costal blotch of hind wing distinctly curved. Hind
wing with veins M3 and CuA1 on common stalk,
occasionally almost meeting. Front of fore tibia
golden brown, shading to deep tan in lower half,
deepest towards inner edge; white spot at outer
edge often indistinct. Abdomen with 2 white
dorsal spots; all markings smaller than in fallax
and porcius.

GENITALIA O’ (Figs 83, 141, 210). As described
in generic description (p. 52).

GENITALIA @. As described in generic descrip-
tion (p. 52).

DIAGNOSIS. C. semiornata is distinguished from
fallax and porcius by its fairly uniformly brown
wing blotches and small spots on the abdomen.

VARIATION. The blotches of the wings vary from
tan to dark brown.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 0-1460 m in Costa Rica (to 2000 m in
Colombia), in January to September, November
and December (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. From Nicaragua to Peru.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 25)

MATERIAL EXAMINED (78 specimens; including
5 0, 1 2 genitalia preparations)

Lectotype C& (semiornata) Panama: Chiriqui
(genitalia slide Geom. 12881; BMNH). Lecto-
type O' (spasma) Colombia: [Valle,] San Anto-
nio, 2000 m, 26.viii.1908 (Fassl) (Type No.
32604; USNM). Holotype CO’ (diminuta), Colom-
bia: [Cauca,] Popayan, 1896 (Gaujon) (Type No.
32605; USNM). Holotype © (abornata), E.
Colombia: upper (‘Ob.’) Rio Negro, 800 m
(Fass!) (genitalia slide Geom. 14062; BMNH).
Holotype O’ (oroyana), SE. Peru: Carabaya, R.
Inambari, La Oroya, c. 950 m (‘3100 ft’), ix.1905
(Ockenden) (genitalia slide Geom. 16558;
BMNH).

Nicaragua: Edén (CMNH). Costa Rica: Ala-
juela Province: 5 km NW. of Dos Rios, Finca
Campana, 750 m; 16 km ENE. of Quebrada
Grande, Finca San Gabriel, 630 m, 650 m; 9 km
S. of Santa Cecilia, Estacion Pitilla, 700 m, W85°
25'40”, N10° 59’26; E. slope of Volcan Cacao,
Cerro Campana [‘Compana’], 650 m (UCB);
NE. slope of Volcan Pods, 8 km N. of Vara
Blanca, 1400 m (UCB); [Cartago Province:] Juan
Vinas; Orosi, 1200 m; Guanacaste Province: Rin-
con National Park, 4 km E. of Casetilla; Volcan
Cacao, W. side, Estacion Cacao, Derrumbe,
1400 m; Heredia Province: Puerto Viejo de
Sarapiqui, Finca La Selva (OTS), 50 m; Puntar-
enas Province: Monteverde, 1400 m; Mon-
teverde, Cloud Forest Reserve HQ, 1450 m
(UCB); 2 km E. of Monteverde, 1460 m (UCB);
11 km NW. of Monteverde, Las Nubes; Osa
Peninsula, Corcovado National Park, Sirena,
0-100 m, UTM 270500,508300; San Vito, Las
Cruces Biol. Station, 1200 m; San José Province:
Braulio Carrillo National Park, Estacion Car-
rillo, 700 m; (INBio and BMNH unless stated
otherwise). Panama: 1 ©’, (semiornata paralecto-
type), Chiriqui (BMNH). Colombia: (including 1
©’, abornata paratype) upper (‘Ob.’) Rio Negro,
800 m (Fass!); San Antonio, c. 1800 m;
(BMNH). Ecuador: Bolivar, Balzapamba; Boli-
var (‘Los Rios’), La Chima; (BMNH). Peru:
Carabaya, R. Inambari, La Oroya, c. 950 m;
Carabaya, Tinguri, c. 1050 m; [Cuzco,] Marca-
pata; (BMNH).

LISSOCHLORA Warren, 1900

Lissochlora Warren, 1900: 134. Type species:
Aplodes flavifimbria Warren, 1897, by original
designation. [Cited as a synonym of
Racheospila by Prout, 1912: 102.] Gen. rev.

ADULT (Plate 1, 2nd row, left; Figs 7-13; 71).
Small or of medium size for Geometrinae, fore

wing length: 8-19 mm (9-16 mm in Costa Rican
species).

Ground colour a pure shade of green as in
Plate 1, 2nd row, left. Front of head usually with
2 white marks, sometimes merged, in lower
corners; white interantennal fillet; hind edge of
head green. Male antennae bipectinate, length of
longest branches ranging from nearly twice to
more than seven times width of flagellum at same
point; female antennae simple; antennae with
white dorsal line along basal half of flagellum.
Outer margins of wings curved as in Figs 7-9
(albociliaria-group and various other species) or
weakly curved, fore wing almost straight and
with sharp apex as in Figs 10-13 (diarita-group)
but not produced; hind wing not strongly angu-
late. Wing pattern: plain or with brown speckles,
usually confined to postmedial and antemedial
lines (in addition to discal spots) but other speck-
les present in a few species outside Costa Rica.
Wings usually with reddish brown terminal line,
sometimes weak. Under-side of wings a paler
version of upper side. Venation: Sc+R1 and Rs
of hind wing touching but not fused. Hind tibia
with two pairs of spurs; hind tibia of male
dilated, often strongly, and with apical exten-
sion. Dorsal ground colour of abdomen predomi-
nantly green; ventral surface whitish or cream; 3
or more white dorsal spots, plain or ringed with
reddish brown; sometimes with black or dark
brown dorsal spot at anterior end. Sternite 3 of
male abdomen with pair of fields of deciduous
needle-like modified scales as in most Geometri-
nae.

GENITALIA © (Figs 84-90, 142-149, 211-217).
Uncus very short (as in Fig. 145) to moderately
short (as in Fig. 147), broad to very slender. Socii
extending nearly as far as uncus to slightly
beyond uncus; variously shaped. Gnathos either
a Slender loop with a narrow sharp distal tooth as
in Nemoria or a broader loop with distal tooth
often broad and blunt. Valva longer than broad,
variously shaped though often with strongly
broadened costal side; costal side sclerotized,
without basal costal process (or at most with
weak development of this), usually with distal
process. Transtilla bilobate; juxta funnel-shaped
with tiny to large closed papilla, a cone, or flat
plate without papilla. Coremata usually present,
well-developed as a dense brush in most species,
though sac short or of moderate length rather
than the very long sac seen in many Neotropical
Nemoria species. Saccus rounded or truncate,
sometimes with slight notch; sacculus of valva
commonly projecting slightly beyond saccus.
Aedeagus often sinuous; with slight thorn-like

56

projection, bulge or kink, normally in apical half.
Anellar plate small to large; usually extending to
middle or two-thirds length of aedeagus but
occasionally to beyond apex of aedeagus. Stern-
ite 8 usually very weakly produced posteriorly as
two lobes, with broad shallow notch or slight
excision; anterior margin of sternite moderately
concave; much broader than long, often much
shorter than tergite; midrib usually weak or
absent, rarely strongly defined. Tergite 8
rounded or with shallow posterior excision.

GENITALIA Q (Figs 268-271, 281-289, 330-332).
Apophyses anteriores (measured to margin of
eighth segment) less than one-quarter to slightly
more than half length of apophyses posteriores.
With or without somewhat sclerotized pouch
joining ostium and sternite 7; postostial plate not
distinct from other ostial structures. Ductus bur-
sae much shorter than segment 7 or (albociliaria-
group) as long as or longer than segment 7; with
short sclerotized antrum in form of a collar split
dorsally. Corpus bursae very slender and elon-
gate or (albociliaria-group) with large bulbous
anterior part; with ductus bursae adjoining sub-
terminally, ductus seminalis more terminal.
Anterior end of corpus bursae with or without
signum. Signum, if present, in form of pouch
with two projecting corners.

DiAGnosis. Lissochlora lacks the distinctive
wing pattern and abdominal tuft of Chavarriella.
Many species are small and plain but the
albociliaria-group and other similar species of
Lissochlora can be recognised by their wing
pattern of brown speckles together with white
dots, confined to the postmedial and antemedial
lines. The few similarly patterned Nemoria spe-
cies lack the white abdominal spots of Lissoch-
lora. However, one unidentified geometrine
species (genus unknown) can be distinguished
from the albociliaria-group of Lissochlora only
by genitalic characters, including a strongly bifid
uncus. The diarita-group of Lissochlora have
straighter wing margins than in Nemoria or other
externally similar genera. Outside Costa Rica
certain other species of Lissochlora could be
mistaken for Nemoria or Synchlora but are dis-
tinguished by genitalic characters. Lissochlora
sometimes has a slight basal costal process of the
male valva but this is not well developed as it is in
Nemoria, and Lissochlora lacks the reduced
uncus and modified socii of Synchlora. The slight
projection or kink of the aedeagus is a character-
istic feature of the genus and its occasional
absence is presumed to be a secondary loss. The
female genitalia of Lissochlora differ from those

LINDA M. PITKIN

of the externally similar genera discussed above
in the form of the antrum and the signum, when
present, is characteristic.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Host-plants unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. Widespread in Central and
southern America from Neotropical Mexico to
Paraguay.

The albociliaria-group

ADULT. Front of head brown; broad interanten-
nal fillet with reddish brown band immediately
behind. Male antennae strongly bipectinate:
length of longest branches nearly four times to
more than seven times width of flagellum at same
point. Outer margins of wings distinctly curved
(Figs 7-9). Wings with brown dots at veins,
accompanied by tiny white dots representing
traces of postmedial and antemedial lines; with-
out further brown blotches or speckles other than
discal spot. Venation: hind wing with M3 and
CuA1 on common stalk or separate. Front of
fore tibia pale to dark brown with oblique white
bar. Abdomen with 3 white dorsal spots ringed
with at least a trace of reddish brown.

GENITALIA © (Figs 84-86, 142-145, 211-213).
Uncus hood-like, broad, tapering to small crest
of tiny teeth and wispy tuft of ‘hairs’; process of
uncus (part posterior to base of socii) short (see
Figs 142, 144, 145). Socii with narrow apical part
and broad base. Gnathos a fairly broad loop with
broad blunt distal tooth. Juxta usually without
papilla. Sternite 8 often distinctly shorter than
tergite and much broader than long (always so in
Costa Rican species). Tergite 8 rounded posteri-
orly. Aedeagus straight.

GENITALIA Q (Figs 268, 269, 281-285, 330-332).
Apophyses anteriores slightly less to slightly
more than half length of apophyses posteriores.
Corpus bursae with bulbous anterior part usually
large; signum in form of pouch with two project-
ing corners, often sharply produced, with well
defined curved line or ridge at opening.

REMARKS. The distal tooth of the gnathos is
least broadened and blunt in the male genitalia of
purpureotincta and exceptionally broad in paeg-
nia (neither species found in Costa Rica). L.
paegnia is atypical in certain other aspects: the
uncus is unusually long and with a bifurcated tip
instead of the usual crest of tiny teeth, and the
juxta has a tiny papilla. In females the corpus
bursae varies from weakly tapered (Fig. 269) to
strongly tapered in the anterior part (Fig. 268).

I have examined two females of an unidenti-

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA ai]

fied species from Costa Rica and Panama (for
genitalia see Figs 285, 332) which may belong in
the albociliaria-group but I refrain from describ-
ing a new species since they lack external distin-
guishing features and have not been associated
with a male. The signum of one specimen lacks
the projecting corners characteristic of the
albociliaria-group and of certain other species
but these corners are present in the other speci-
men, though not so sharply produced as usual.

DISTRIBUTION. As in genus description.

The albociliaria-group comprises seven
described species, three of which occur in Costa
Rica. (See catalogue of extralimital species for
the others.)

Lissochlora albociliaria (Herrich-Schaffer)
comb. n.

(Figs 7, 84, 142, 211, 268, 269, 281, 282, 330)

Geometra albociliaria Herrich-Schaffer, 1855: pl.
61, fig. 344. LECTOTYPE , VENEZUELA
(MNHU), here designated [examined].

Racheospila_ albociliaria (Herrich-Schaffer);
Guenée, 1857: 373.

Racheospila dubiaria Oberthiir, 1916: 90; fig.
3241. Holotype , VENEZUELA (BMNH)
[examined]. Syn. n.

ADULT (Fig. 7). Front of head tan to reddish
brown. Wings with small discal spots, not extend-
ing to vein R in fore wing. Hind wing with veins
M3 and CuA1 separate. Front of fore tibia pale
to mid brown, darker towards inner edge, usually
with whitish upper tip. Dorsal spots of abdomen:
posterior spot sometimes only a trace and some-
times connected to middle spot by tan area.

GENITALIA © (Figs 84, 142, 211). Valva shorter
than tegumen plus uncus, blunt and parallel-
sided; distal process of costa a faintly serrated
lobe, usually rounded, with edge continued as a
short ridge on inner surface of valva. Anellar
plate truncate, extending almost to apex of
aedeagus.

GENITALIA @ (Figs 268, 269, 281, 282, 330).
Without pouch joining ostium and sternite 7;
ostial region with wrinkled sclerotized pouch,
usually with slight medial notch.

DiaGnosis. L. albociliaria has smaller discal
spots on the wings than does manostigma, and
tends to have larger abdominal spots than in
inconspicua. Genitalic differences are stronger;
males are distinguished by the form of the distal
process of the valva and females by the form of
the ostial region.

REMARKS. Herrich-Schaffer described R. alb-
ociliaria from an unspecified number of speci-
mens. One specimen examined is considered
likely to belong to his type-series and is here
deignated as the lectotype. This specimen is in
the collections of the MNHU, Berlin, the deposi-
tory of Herrich-Schaffer’s collection, and is
labelled ‘Racheospila albociliaria H.Sch. Ven-
ezuela’. The specimen is set in much the same
way as the specimen figured in the original
description.

VARIATION. The projecting corners of the
female signum vary from moderately produced
as in Fig. 330 to strongly produced, similar to
those of inconspicua (Fig. 331). Apart from the
typical form described above, two other forms
are treated here as conspecific with albociliaria.
In one form, known only from northwestern
Costa Rica, the male genitalia (Fig. 143) have a
longer valva, which is about the same length as
the tegumen plus uncus, similar to that of incon-
spicua but tapered only near tip. In the single
female examined of this form the ostial structure
is only slightly wrinkled. In the other form, from
Colombia, the only male studied has an oblique
tip to the valva, the uncus lacks a crest and tuft,
and the anellar plate is short and rounded.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 1200-1500 m, in January, April, and
June to November (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Typical form: central and south-
ern Costa Rica, Panama and Venezuela.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (25 specimens, including
2 0’, 6 Q genitalia preparations)

Lectotype 2 (albociliaria), Venezuela (Maas-
sen) (genitalia slide no. LMP 243; MNHU).
Holotype @ (dubiaria), Venezuela (genitalia slide
Geom. 15452; BMNH).

Costa Rica: [Cartago Province:] Orosi, 1200 m;
Rio Grande de Orosi, Tapanti, 1300-1400 m, 9°
46’x 83° 50’; Heredia Province: 8.2 km downhill
Vara Blanca, El Angel waterfall, 1350 m; Pun-
tarenas Province: Monteverde, c. 1350 m
(CVCJ), 1400 m; 11 km NW. of Monteverde,
Las Nubes; San José Province: Braulio Carrillo
National Park, Estacion Zurqui (el Tunel), 1500
m, 10° 04’N, 84° 01’; (INBio and BMNH unless
stated otherwise). Panama: Chiriqui (MNHU);
Volcan de Chiriqui, c. 900-1250 m (BMNH).

Form or species near albociliaria: (2 0,1 9,
including 1 Oo’, 1 2 genitalia preparations)

Costa Rica: Guanacaste Province: Volcan
Cacao, W. side, Estacion Cacao (‘Mengo’), Der-
rumbe, 1400 m (INBio and BMNH).

58

Lissochlora inconspicua (Bastelberger)
comb. n.

(Figs 9, 85, 144, 212, 283, 331)

Racheospila inconspicua Bastelberger, 1911a: 54.
Holotype 0’, COLOMBIA: ‘Cauca’, Jimenez,
500 m (‘1600 ft’), iii (Bastelberger Coll.)
(SMF) [transparency examined].

ADULT (Fig. 9). Front of head reddish or mid
brown; reddish brown band behind interantennal
fillet narrow or broken. Wings with small discal
spots, not extending to vein R in fore wing; with
or without reddish brown terminal line. Hind
wing with veins M3 and CuA1 separate. Abdo-
men with 3 white dorsal spots, ringed with red-
dish brown though sometimes only a trace;
posterior or all spots small; anterior spot with
dull or dark mark at anterior edge.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 85, 144, 212). Valva slightly
longer than tegumen plus uncus, tapering in
distal half; distal process of costa a weakly ser-
rated lobe, usually rounded, with edge continued
as a long ridge on inner surface of valva. Anellar
plate broad and truncate, extending to apex of
aedeagus or beyond.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 283, 331). Without pouch
joining ostium and sternite 7; ostial region with
smooth semicircular sclerotized plate.

DIAGNOsIS. L. inconspicua is likely to be con-
fused with albociliaria and manostigma and dif-
ferences are discussed under these species. The
smooth ostial plate of the female genitalia is
characteristic.

REMARKS. Specimens here identified as incon-
spicua were compared with a photographic trans-
parency of the holotype and are indistiguishable
from that specimen. However, the poor condi-
tion and lack of the abdomen of the holotype
precludes absolute verification of its identity.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 700 — c. 750 m in Costa Rica (to 800
m in Colombia), in January, June, July and
October (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Known from few localities in
central Costa Rica and in Colombia.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (7 specimens; including 4
CO, 2 2 genitalia preparations)

Costa Rica: [Cartago Province:] Juan Vifas
(USNM); Tuis, c. 750 m (USNM); San José
Province: Braulio Carrillo National Park, Esta-
cion Carrillo, 700 m (INBio; BMNH). Colombia:
upper (‘Ob.’) Rio Negro, 800 m (BMNH).

LINDA M. PITKIN

Lissochlora manostigma (Dyar) comb. n.
(Figs 8, 86, 145, 213, 284)

Racheospila manostigma Dyar, 1912: 91. Holo-
type 2, MEXICO (USNM) [examined].

ADULT (Fig. 8). Front of head mid to dark
brown. Front edge of interantennal fillet with 2
small reddish brown marks which are sometimes
indistinct or joined to form narrow diffuse bor-
der; reddish brown band behind fillet narrow.
Wings with large diffuse discal spots, extending
to vein R in fore wing. Hind wing with veins M3
and CuA1 usually separate, occasionally just
meeting. Abdomen with 3 white dorsal spots;
anterior spot ringed with reddish brown, middle
spot usually less distinctly or not ringed, small
posterior spot (and rarely a fourth trace) sur-
rounded by dull brown area.

GENITALIA O' (Figs 86, 145, 213). Distal tooth
of gnathos fairly slightly broadened. Valva (plus
process) usually of similar length to tegumen plus
uncus (valva slightly shorter measured without
process), blunt and parallel-sided; distal process
of costa a large spine with one or usually more
smaller spines in hairy tuft. Anellar plate trun-
cate to rounded, not extending to apex of aedea-
gus.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 284). With shallow pouch
forming strong U- or V-shape, flanked by pair of
broad pouches, joining ostium and sternite 7;
ostial region with moderately small, partly rug-
ose and wrinkled, sclerotized structure.

DIAGNOsIS. L. manostigma has larger discal
spots than albociliaria or inconspicua and its
genitalia are distinctive in the form of the costal
process of the male valva and the pouches joining
the female ostium and sternite 7. It is closest to
purpureotincta (not found in Costa Rica) but the
male genitalia of that species have an obliquely
produced tip to the valva and a slightly different
distal costal process; female genitalia of purpu-
reotincta have a huge sclerotized structure in the
ostial region.

VARIATION. In the single male examined from
Mexico the valva plus distal costal process is
shorter than the tegumen plus uncus.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 0-700 m in Costa Rica (to 1190 m in
Mexico), in January, March, May to September,
November and December (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. From Neotropical Mexico to
Costa Rica.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 59

MATERIAL EXAMINED (36 specimens; including
70,4 @ genitalia preparations)

Holotype 9, Mexico: [Veracruz,] Misantla,
v.1910 (Miiller) (genitalia slide no. 57,568; Type
No. 14289; USNM).

Mexico: Guerrero, 15 km NW. El Paraiso,
1190 m (CMNH). Guatemala: Cayuga (CNMH;
USNM). Nicaragua: junction of rivers Waspuk
and Wanks, c. 90 m (BMNH). Costa Rica: Ala-
juela Province: 7 km NW. of Dos Rios, El
Ensayo, Finca La Campana, 700 m; 2 km SW. of
Dos Rios, Finca San Gabriel, 600 m (UTM
318800,383500), 650 m; 9 km S. of Santa Cecilia,
Estacion Pitilla, 700 m; [Cartago Province:| Juan
Vinas (USNM); Sitio (CMNH); Heredia Prov-
ince: Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, Finca La Selva,
40 m; [Limén Province:| Guapiles (BMNH;
CNMH; USNM); Sixaola River (BMNH;
CMNH; USNM); N. edge Tortuguero National
Park, Cerro Tortuguero, 0-100 m; Puntarenas
Province: Osa Peninsula, Corcovado National
Park, Sirena; San José Province: Braulio Carrillo
National Park, Estacion Carrillo, 600 m (UCB),
700 m; (INBio and BMNH unless stated other-
wise).

The diarita-group

ADULT. Front of head green; narrow orange-tan
band or at least a few scattered scales at hind
edge of interantennal fillet. Male antennae
bipectinate, sometimes moderately strongly:
length of longest branches less than twice to four
times width of flagellum at same point. Outer
margins of wings weakly curved, fore wing
almost straight and with sharp apex as in (Figs
10-13). Wing pattern plain apart from white
antemedial and postmedial lines or dots. Abdo-
men with up to 7 tiny plain white dorsal spots,
often also with small black or dark brown dorsal
spot at anterior end.

GENITALIA © (Figs 87-90, 146-149, 214-217).
Gnathos a slender loop, or occasionally slightly
broadened, with a narrow sharp distal tooth.
Projection, kink or bulge of aedeagus often more
weakly developed than that in the albociliaria-
group. Anellar plate not extending to apex of
aedeagus.

GENITALIA Q (Figs 270, 271, 286-289). Apophy-
ses anteriores less than one-quarter to half length
of apophyses posteriores. Ductus bursae much
shorter than segment 7. Corpus bursae very
slender and elongate with small bulbous anterior
end; without signum.

DISTRIBUTION. As in genus description. The

diarita-group comprises 15 species, four of which
occur in Costa Rica (see catalogue of extralimital
species for the others).

Lissochlora daniloi sp. n.
(Figs 10, 87, 146, 214, 286)

ADULT (Fig. 10). Fore wing length: o’, 9-12
mm; 9, 10-12 mm.

Wings with white antemedial and postmedial
lines reduced to series of dots on the veins. Hind
wing with veins M3 and CuA1 on short common
stalk, rarely meeting. Front of fore tibia brown-
ish green or occasionally pale brown, without
oblique white bar. Abdomen with up to 7 white
spots; anterior spot (on terga 1) with dark patch
on anterior side.

GENITALIA © (Figs 87, 146, 214). Uncus short
and broad with rounded bulbous or blunt apex;
socii very slender. Costal side of valva not
strongly broadened and not increasing distally;
ending before tip of valva in slight distal process
with dense patch of spinules aligned lengthwise
with the valva and often including one larger
spine. Transtilla lobes usually large; juxta with
large or small papilla. Aedeagus slightly curved
or straight; anellar plate narrow, tapered or
spatulate.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 286). Apophyses anteriores
short, about one-quarter (or less) length of apo-
physes posteriores. With sinuous crescent-
shaped wrinkled pouch joining ostium and
sternite 7. Corpus bursae extremely slender.

DiAGNosis. L. daniloi and freddyi cannot be
separated reliably on external features although
males of the latter are larger. The form of the
spinulose distal process together with the broad
uncus in the male genitalia distinguishes daniloi
from freddyi and all other species. The form of
the pouch joining the ostium and sternite 7
distinguishes males of daniloi from those of most
species, but the closely related neodmes (not
known from Costa Rica) has very similar female
genitalia though males of that species differ dis-
tinctly from daniloi in having a narrow uncus and
a much broader anellar plate around the aedea-
gus.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Danilo Brenes Madrigal, member of a paratax-
onomist class at INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 600-750 m in Costa Rica (to 1600 m
in Peru), in March to May and November (in
Costa Rica).

60

DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica, Venezuela, Ecuador
and Peru.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (16 specimens; including
5 0,3 9 genitalia preparations)

Holotype ©’, Venezuela: 1 ©’, Aragua, near
Maracay, Rancho Grande, 14-28.vi.1991 (Cook)
(genitalia slide Geom. 15682; BMNH).

Paratypes. Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 2 CO’,
2 km SW. of Dos Rios, Finca San Gabriel, 600
m, UTM 318800,383500, v.1989 (GNP Biodiver-
sity Survey); [Cartago Province]: 1 9, Juan
Vinas, xi (USNM); 1 9, Tuis, v (USNM); Gua-
nacaste Province: 1 9, Rincon National Park, 4
km E. of Casetilla, 750 m 22.v.1982 (Janzen &
Hallwachs); [Limén Province:| 2 9, Sixaola
River, iii (Schaus), iv; (INBio and BMNH unless
stated otherwise). Ecuador: 1 0’, 4 9, Pichincha,
[near Santo Domingo,] Tinalandia, 700 m,
27-30.vi.1980, 19-25.v.1985 (Covell) (CVC3J).
Peru; 1 ©, Carabaya, La Oroya, c. 900 m,
iii.1905 (Ockenden) (BMNH); 1 GO’, Divisoria, c.
1600 m, 20-23.vi.1982 (Covell) (CVCJ); 1 C,
Rio Inambari, La Oroya, c. 900 m (Ockenden)
(BMNH).

Lissochlora freddyi sp. n.
(Figs 11, 88, 147, 215, 270, 287)

ADULT (Fig. 11). Fore wing length: 0’, 11-12
mm; 2, 14mm.

Wings with white antemedial and postmedial
lines reduced to series of dots on the veins,
occasionally joined in places by faint waved lines.
Hind wing with veins M3 and CuA1 on common
stalk which is occasionally extremely short. Front
of fore tibia brownish green or occasionally pale
brown; oblique white bar indistinct and usually
reduced to a spot, or absent. Abdomen with
about 7 white spots; anterior spot (on terga 1)
with dark patch on anterior side.

GENITALIA O' (Figs 88, 147, 215). Uncus
extremely slender and tapered; socii long, similar
to uncus. Costal side of valva slightly broadened,
width increasing slightly distally, and ending near
tip of valva in dense group of spinules aligned
across the valva. Juxta with papilla. Coremata
absent or not noticeably developed. Aedeagus
curved, curvature usually slight; apex of anellar
plate slightly scooped.

GENITALIA @ (Figs 270, 287). Apophyses anteri-
ores slightly less than half length of apophyses
posteriores. Without pouch joining ostium and
sternite 7; with or without pair of lightly sclero-
tized patches at anterior end of sternite 7. Poste-

LINDA M. PITKIN

rior half of corpus bursae lightly striated by fine
transverse wrinkles.

DiaGnosis. L. freddyi is likely to be confused
with daniloi (see diagnosis of that species) but it
is distinguished from that and all other species by
a combination of genitalic characters. These
characters are: the form of the uncus, socii and
distal process of the valva (in the male); the
absence of a pouch joining the ostium and stern-
ite 7, and the absence of sclerotization in the
corpus bursae (in the female).

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Freddy Antonio Quesada Quesada, member of a
parataxonomist class at INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 0-1200 m in January, March, April
and July to September.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (9 CO’, 4 9; including 3 CO’,
2 ° genitalia preparations)

Holotype 0’, Costa Rica: Alajuela Province, 5
km NW. of Dos Rios, Finca Campana, 750 m,
21.11.1985 (Janzen & Hallwachs) (genitalia slide
no. LMP 273; INBio).

Paratypes. Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 4 0,
9 km S. of Santa Cecilia, Estacion Pitilla, 700 m,
UTM 330200,380200, vii.1988 (Scoble & Brooks;
Espinosa & Chaves), ix.1989 (Moraga & Rios);
Limon Province: 1 , Sixaola River, iii (USNM);
Puntarenas Province: 2 O&', Osa Peninsula, Cor-
covado National Park, Sirena, 0-100 m, UTM
270500,508300, 5-11.i1.1981 (Janzen & Hallw-
achs), iv.1989 (Blanco & Fonseca); 1 O&, San
Vito, Las Cruces Biol. Station, 1200 m,
16—26.111.1988 (J. Chacon); San José Province: 1
Oo’, 3 9, Braulio Carrillo National Park, Estacion
Carrillo, 700 m, viii, ix.1984 (J. Chacon), vii.1990
(Pitkin). (INBio and BMNH unless stated other-
wise).

Lissochlora latuta (Dognin) comb. n.
(Figs 12, 89, 148, 216, 288)

Geometra latuta Dognin, 1898: 213. LECTO-
TYPE 0’, ECUADOR (USNM), here desig-
nated [examined].

Racheospila ella Prout, 1912: 105. Holotype C’,
COLOMBIA (BMNH) [examined]. Syn. n.

Racheospila latuta (Dognin); Prout, 1932: 30.

ADULT (Fig. 12). Fore wing length: co’, 12-14
mm; 9, 14-15 mm.

Wings with waved white antemedial and post-
medial lines. Hind wing with veins M3 and CuA1

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 61

on extremely short common stalk. Front of fore
tibia mid brown with oblique white bar. Abdo-
men with up to about 5 white spots but without
dark spot.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 89, 148, 216). Uncus a short
slender rod; socii broadened gradually towards
apex, much broader than uncus. Valva with
costal side strongly broadened, increasing dis-
tally, sometimes extended as a small lobe, and
ending abruptly before tip of valva. Juxta with
very small papilla. Aedeagus straight or slightly
curved; anellar plate fairly small with rounded
apex.

GENITALIA (Fig. 288). Apophyses anteriores
half (or slightly less) length of apophyses posteri-
ores. Without pouch joining ostium and sternite
7. Corpus bursae lightly or distinctly sclerotized
around opening to ductus bursae.

DiAGnosis. L. latuta is distinguished from the
other Costa Rican species of the diarita-group by
the unbroken waved antemedial and postmedial
lines on its wings and the absence of a small
dorsal dark spot at the anterior end of its abdo-
men. The shape of the male valva and the
sclerotization around the opening of the female
corpus bursae are distinctive features of this
species.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
an altitude of 1000 m in Costa Rica (to 3800 m in
Colombia), in May (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. From Costa Rica to Bolivia.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (19 specimens; including
4 Oo, 2 2 genitalia preparations)

Lectotype O (/atuta), Ecuador: Loja area,
1889 (genitalia slide no. 57,579; Type No. 32582;
USNM). Holotype oO (ella), Colombia: Torné,
viii. 1907 (genitalia slide Geom. 15098; BMNH).

Costa Rica: Cartago Province: Moravia de
Chirripo, 1000 m (INBio). Colombia: Cordillera
Central, Monte Tolima, 3200, 3500, 3800 m;
Cordillera Oriental, Pacho, 2200 m; San Anto-
nio, c. 1800 m; San Cajetano, c. 2450 m;
(BMNH). Ecuador: 2 OC’ (/atuta paralectotypes),
Loja area, 1889, 1891 (USNM); 1 92 (latuta
paralectotype), near Loja, El Monje, 1893
(USNM). Peru: Carabaya, Oconeque, c. 2150 m
(BMNH). Bolivia: La Paz (BMNH).

Lissochlora ronaldi sp. n.
(Plate 1; Figs 13, 71, 90, 149, 217, 271, 289)

ADULT (Plate 1; Fig. 13). Fore wing length: oc’,
9-11 mm; 9, 11-13 mm.

Front of head without white marks other than
occasional trace of pair in lower corners. Wings
with white antemedial and postmedial lines
reduced to series of dots on the veins. Hind wing
with veins M3 and CuA1 on very short common
stalk or just separate. Front of fore tibia brown,
usually greenish; pale on outer side, dark brown
on inner side; without oblique white bar except
occasionally a diffuse pale streak present. Abdo-
men with small black or dark brown dorsal spot
on tergum 1, and 5 or 6 white spots on terga 2-7
(Fig. 71).

GENITALIA CO (Figs 90, 149, 217). Uncus short,
fairly broad and slightly spatulate; socii slender
and tapered at tip. Costal side of valva not
strongly broadened and not increasing distally,
with short finger-like spinulose distal process
extending just beyond tip of valva. Juxta with
papilla. Aedeagus curved, usually strongly; anel-
lar plate broad and bulbous.

GENITALIA 9 (Figs 271, 289). Apophyses anteri-
ores one-quarter to slightly less than one-third
length of apophyses posteriores. With large
oblong pouch joining ostium and sternite 7; side
of pouch adjoining sternite deep and smooth,
ostial side of pouch shallow and wrinkled.

DIAGNOsIs. The combination of a dark spot on
tergum 1 and white spots on terga 2-7 of the
abdomen of ronaldi distinguishes it from the
other Costa Rican species of the diarita-group (in
which the black spot is adjoined to the anterior
white spot, or is lacking). The shape of the distal
process of the male valva and the form of the
pouch joining the ostium and sternite 7 in the
female are the most distinctive features of this
species.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Ronald Vargas Castro, member of a parataxono-
mist class at INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 1000-1500 m, in January, May to
September, November and December (in Costa
Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica and Panama.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (25 specimens; including
4 O’, 2 2 genitalia preparations)

Holotype ©’, Costa Rica: Puntarenas Province:
Monteverde, 1400 m, 10—-11.xii.1979 (Janzen)
(genitalia slide no. LMP 272; INBio).

Paratypes. Costa Rica: Alajuela province: 1 9,
NE. slope of Volcan Pods, 8 km N. of Vara
Blanca, 1400 m, 19.vi.1988 (Brown & Powell)
(UCB); [Cartago Province:| 1 O&O, 1 9, Juan

62

Vinas, c. 750 m, c. 1100 m, 13, 24.1 (Schaus); 1
O&O, Moravia de Chirripo, 1000 m, 10.v.1983
(Janzen & Hallwachs); 3 O', Orosi, 1200 m
(Fassl); 2 2, Sitio, v (BMNH; CMNH); 1 9, 9
km NW. of Turrialba, near Santa Cruz, Rio
Aquiares, 1500 m, 16.v.1985 (Powell & Opler);
Puntarenas Province: 7 O&, 1 9, Monteverde,
1350-1430 m, c. 1250 m, 1350 m, 15-16.v.1980,
8.vili.1986, 2.1x.1988, 22—24.vii.1990 (Janzen &
Hallwachs,; Covell; Meredith & Powell; Pitkin;)
(INBio; BMNH; CVCJ; UCB); 10, 1 9, 2 km
E. Monteverde, 1500 m, 24.vii.1990 (Meredith &
Powell) (UCB); San José Province: 2 2, Braulio
Carrillo National Park, Estacion Zurqui (el
Tunel), 1500 m, 10° 04’N, 84° 01’W, xi.1985 (I. &
A. Chacon); 1 9, ‘San Jose’, c. 1250 m, xi.1906
(USNM); (INBio and BMNH unless stated oth-
erwise). Panama: 1 ©’, Chiriqui (BMNH).

NEMORIA Hubner, 1818

Nemoria Hubner, 1818: 25. Type species: Nemo-
ria bistriaria Hibner, 1818, by subsequent des-
ignation by Moore, [1887]: 431.

Leptographa Hiibner, [1823]: 284. Type species:
Leptographa scriptaria Hubner, [1823], by sub-
sequent designation by Prout, 1912: 248. [Syn-
onymy queried by Forbes, 1948: 112.] Syn. n.

Racheospila Guenée, 1857: 372. Type species:
Racheospila lixaria Guenée, 1857, designated
by Hulst, 1896: 314. [Synonymized by Forbes,
1948: 112-114.]

Aplodes Guenée, 1857: 376. Type species:
Aplodes mimosaria Guenée, 1857, designated
by Hulst, 1896: 315. [Synonymized by Prout,
1912: 110.]

Hipparchiscus Walsh, 1864: 301. Type species:
Hipparchiscus venustus Walsh, 1864, by mono-
typy. [Synonymized by Prout, 1912: 111.]

Anaplodes Packard, 1876: 367, 392. Type spe-
cies: Anaplodes pistaciaria Packard, 1876, by
monotypy. [Synonymized by Prout, 1912: 111.]

Annemoria Packard, 1876: 367, 375. Type spe-
cies: Eunemoria unitaria Packard, 1874, by
monotypy. [Synonymized by Ferguson, 1969:
28.]

Blechroma Moschler, 1881: 403. Type species:
Blechroma exertata Moschler, 1881, by mono-
typy. [Cited as synonym of Racheospila by
Prout, 1912: 102.]

Miantonota Warren, 1895: 89; 1897: 425. Type
species: Miantonota integra Warren, 1897, by
subsequent monotypy. [Cited as synonym of
Racheospila by Prout, 1912: 102.]}

Dryadopsis Warren, 1897: 424. Type species:
Racheospila morbilliata Felder & Rogenhofer,
1875, by original designation. Syn. n.

LINDA M. PITKIN

ADULT (Plate 1: 2nd row (right), third row,
bottom row; Figs 14-69, 72-82). Generally of
medium size for Geometrinae but a few repre-
sentatives large or small, fore wing length of
species that occur in Costa Rica: 12-22 mm;
some North American species smaller, minimum
fore wing length 8 mm.

Ground colour usually green (a pure shade of
green in most Neotropical species, as in Plate 1),
sometimes with brown markings. Front of head
green accompanied by 2 white marks in lower
corners; or front of head brown, commonly with
4 white marks sometimes joined as lower and
upper pairs. White interantennal fillet present in
most species. Male antennae bipectinate but usu-
ally not strongly so: length of longest antennal
branches usually up to about twice width of
flagellum at same point; occasionally longer:
three or four times width of flagellum. Female
antennae simple (except winniae). Antennae
usually with white dorsal line along basal half of
flagellum. Outer margins of wings usually dis-
tinctly curved as in Figs 14-39, sometimes weakly
curved; fore wing tip not produced; hind wing
rounded or somewhat angulate. Plain-winged
species usually have waved or smooth white
antemedial and postmedial lines and reddish
brown terminal line, which are absent in most
patterned species; waved white antemedial and
postmedial lines are sometimes weaker between
the veins. Postmedial line of hind wing usually
bent at middle (distinctly so in most Neotropical
species). Under-side of wings a paler version of
upper side. Venation: hind wing with M3 and
CuA1 on common stalk (Fig. 68), separate (Fig.
69) or intermediate; Sc+R1 and Rs of hind wing
touching but not fused. Front of fore tibia usually
with oblique white bar halfway; hind tibia with
two pairs of spurs; hind tibia of male dilated,
often strongly, and with apical extension. Abdo-
men commonly with three white dorsal spots
which are usually ringed with reddish brown;
alternatively with dark brown spots or (rarely in
Neotropical species) lacking spots. Predominant
dorsal ground colour of abdomen usually green;
ventral surface whitish or cream. Sternite 3 of
male abdomen with pair of fields of deciduous
needle-like modified scales as in most Geometri-
nae.

GENITALIA © (Figs 91-140, 150-209, 218-267).
Uncus slender, usually fairly long and rod-like
(as in Fig. 164) but sometimes shorter and spatu-
late (as in Figs 152, 156, 160); usually extending
well beyond socii. Socii semi-membranous, usu-
ally erect, well developed in the majority; typi-
cally rounded but sometimes triangular with

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 63

pointed apex. Gnathos a slender loop with a
narrow sharp distal tooth. Valva much longer
than broad, basic shape more-or-less parallel-
sided but with sclerotized costal margin extended
as a basal process and often also as a distal
process. Juxta either funnel-shaped with closed
papilla or a flat plate. Coremata often present (in
most Neotropical species, well developed, often
with long extensible membranous sac; usually
with dense hair-like tufts. Saccus often notched
but sometimes rounded or intermediate. Aedea-
gus swollen medially or slender, sometimes
(infrequently in Neotropical species) with a row
of small spines on one side. Anellar plate weakly
to well developed; usually extending to middle or
two-thirds length of aedeagus, rarely approach-
ing apex. Sternite 8 usually produced posteriorly
as two slight rounded lobes with a V-shaped
notch between; anterior margin of sternite usu-
ally strongly concave; similar in dimensions to
tergite or slightly shorter, often squarish; with
midrib, usually distinct but occasionally only a
trace. Tergite 8 usually slightly rounded, occa-
sionally with shallow posterior excision.

GENITALIA 9 (Figs 272-279, 290-329, 333-344).
Apophyses anteriores (measured to margin of
eighth segment) commonly half length of apo-
physes posteriores, or more, but reduced in some
species. Usually (most Neotropical species at
least) with lightly or well sclerotized postostial
plate, though this is fused with other structures of
ostial region and sometimes ill-defined. Majority
of species with somewhat sclerotized and
wrinkled pouch joining ostium and sternite 7.
Ductus bursae ranging from much shorter than
segment 7 to much longer, usually membranous
but occasionally with sclerotized antrum. Corpus
bursae elongate, usually slender with bulbous
anterior end; with ductus bursae adjoining sub-
terminally, ductus seminalis terminally. Anterior
end of corpus bursae with fairly small or occa-
sionally broad signum (rarely absent) in form of
rounded or rectangular and usually shallow
pouch, with well defined line or ridge at opening
commonly straight, otherwise curved.

DIAGNOsIs. Nemoria is a large and varied genus,
difficult to define on external characters. It lacks
the distinctive wing pattern and abdominal tuft of
Chavarriella, and the few Nemoria species that
have a similar wing pattern to that of the
albociliaria-group and various other species in
Lissochlora (brown dots together with tiny white
dots confined to the postmedial and antemedial
lines) lack the white abdominal spots of that
group. The outer margins of the wings are usu-

ally more curved than those of the diarita-group
of Lissochlora but certain other species of Lis-
sochlora have a distinctly Nemoria-like appear-
ance. Some species of Nemoria may be mistaken
for Synchlora though the latter usually are small
moths with strongly bipectinate male antennae,
unlike most Nemoria species. Nemoria also
resembles Phrudocentra but that genus lacks the
reddish-ringed white abdominal spots conspicu-
ous in many species of Nemoria and rarely has
the dark abdominal spots present in several other
Nemoria species. The majority of species cur-
rently placed in Phrudocentra have a straight or
only slightly curved postmedial line on the hind
wing whereas this line is usually distinctly bent or
curved in Nemoria. The genus Chlorosea, con-
fined to North America, is distinguished from
Nemoria by the reduction in the number of
hindtibial spurs (Ferguson, 1985: 14-15). Chloro-
sea has only the apical pair of spurs (rarely with
one reduced preapical spur also) whereas both
pairs are present in Nemoria.

With few exceptions, Nemoria is characterized
by the well developed basal costal process of the
male valva; a weakly developed process is some-
times seen in certain other genera, such as Lis-
sochlora. The rod-like, usually long, uncus also
distinguishes Nemoria from Synchlora and from
most species of Lissochlora. The shape of the
female signum separates Nemoria from the exter-
nally similar genera discussed above, except per-
haps for Chlorosea and a few species of
Synchlora.

REMARKS. The outer margin of the hind wing,
usually more or less rounded, is strongly angulate
only in pescadora and winniae. The genitalia of
both sexes range from simple to complex; in
some species the male basal costal process is as
long as the valva. In Neotropical species the
basal costal process is least developed in dorsi-
linea, inaequalis, astraea, torsilinea, punctilinea,
variable in dentilinea and lost or modified in
venezuelae which has an unusual development of
the costa of the valva. N. callirrhoe is atypical of
the Nemoriini in having extremely long narrow
socii, similar to the uncus; in /orenae the socii are
also nearly as long as the uncus but broader;
astraea, unlike other Nemoria species, lacks a
signum.

Forbes (1948: 112-4) cited Racheospila ‘in
part’ as a synonym of Nemoria but in combining
lixaria, the type-species of Racheospila, with
Nemoria, he made the synonymy effective.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Nemoria larvae feed on the
foliage of a variety of trees and shrubs. Some of

64

the North American species (documented by
Ferguson, 1969 and 1985) are generalised feed-
ers, notably N. mimosaria for which 21 different
deciduous and coniferous hosts have been
recorded. However, data available on host plants
of the Neotropical fauna is disappointingly lim-
ited to a single record of aturia reared on leaves
of the tree Nectandra salicina (Lauraceae). Oaks
would be worth investigating as possible hosts of
some Central American Nemoria species since
Quercus species, including the white oak (Q.
alba), are favoured by a number of North Ameri-
can species, and relatives of the white oak group
occur as far south as Guanacaste in Costa Rica,
with one or two other oak species reaching
Colombia.

Summary of known host-plants of
Nemoria

Host-plants in the following genera were
recorded by Ferguson (1969 and 1985) for Nemo-
ria specimens reared in North America, unless
stated otherwise.

Aceraceae: Acer (sugar maple)

Anacardiaceae: Rhus

Betulaceae: Alnus (alder); Betula; Carpinus (iron-
wood)

Empetraceae: Ceratiola

Ericaceae: Arbutus

Fagaceae: Quercus

Grossulariaceae: Ribes

Hamamelidaceae: Liquidambar

Juglandaceae: Juglans

Lauraceae: Nectandra [Costa Rica, record based on
bred specimen here examined]

Myricaceae: Myrica

Oleaceae: Fraxinus (green ash)

Pinaceae: Abies (balsam fir); Larix (larch); Picea
(white spruce); Tsuga (eastern hemlock)

Polygonaceae: Eriogonum

Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus

Rosaceae: Crataegus (hawthorn); Heteromeles; Prunus
(choke cherry); Sorbus (mountain ash)

Salicaceae: Populus (trembling aspen); Salix (willow)

Tiliaceae: Tilia (basswood)

Ulmaceae: Ulmus (American elm)

The larvae of Nemoria and other Nemoriini have
dorsolateral processes which are particularly
large on abdominal segments one to five (see
Ferguson, 1985: text figure 4a).

Greene (1989) gives a fascinating account of
diet-induced polymorphism known in arizonaria
(Grote), which feeds on several Quercus species
in southern U.S.A. and northern Mexico. Cater-
pillars of the spring brood feed on oak catkins

LINDA M. PITKIN

and develop into almost indistinguishable mimics
of these, while caterpillars from the summer
brood feed on the leaves and develop into twig
mimics, totally unlike the catkin morph.

DISTRIBUTION. Nemoria is widespread from
Canada to Argentina but the genus (and the tribe
Nemoriini as a whole) is most diverse in the
warm temperate to tropical regions of the New
World. Ninety-eight species of Nemoria occur in
the Neotropics whereas only 37 are Nearctic. Just
one species, N. pescadora, which has been col-
lected from central Mexico and Costa Rica, has
been found both in the Nearctic Region and in
the Neotropical Region. Further to this distribu-
tional division, few species have their closest
relatives in the other zoogeographical area.

According to Ferguson (1985), the Geometri-
nae are noted for the limited distribution ranges
of their species. Ferguson considered Nemoria
species tend to be particularly localised, with
two-thirds of those in North America ranging
across three states or less. The present study
indicates that Neotropical species of Nemoria
may be more localised than those of other
recently studied geometrid genera.

Of the 98 Neotropical species of Nemoria only
17% occur both in Central and in South
America, and approximately 50% are restricted
to South America. The percentage of Neotropi-
cal species known from both Central and South
America is higher in certain Ennominae: 28% in
the Thysanopyga-group (studied by Kriiger and
Scoble, 1992) and 40% in Phrygionis Hiibner and
Pityeja Walker (Scoble, in preparation). Simi-
larly, in Oospila (studied by Cook, 1993), a
geometrine genus not belonging to the tribe
Nemoriini, this percentage (28%) is higher than
that of Nemoria.

Almost half (46%) of the 48 Costa Rican
species of Nemoria are endemic to that country,
and Costa Rican populations of several more
widespread species may show incipient specia-
tion from the remainder of their range. There are
fewer Costa Rican endemics in the Thysanopyga-
group (33% of the Costa Rican species are
endemic), 21% in the ennomine genus Semio-
thisa Hubner (in the course of study by Hua) and
12% in Oospila. None of the six Costa Rican
species of Phrygionis and Pityeja are endemic.

The genus Nemoria occupies a variety of forest
habitats in Costa Rica, ranging from semidecidu-
ous tropical dry or moist forest to evergreen
tropical rain forest. It is known from coastal
lowlands and at elevations of up to about 3000 m.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 65

The pulveraria-group

ADULT. Generally of medium size for the genus
although some individuals are smaller. Head
without white interantennal fillet (other than
indistinct pale patch in some epaphras); dorsal
area of head green; Antennae lacking the usual
unbroken white dorsal line along basal half of
flagellum but striated with white instead of this;
male antennal branches short. Wing pattern:
brown blotches and speckles, often particularly
towards costa of fore wing; costa of fore wing
with fine transverse striations; without white
antemedial and postmedial lines or reddish
brown terminal line.

GENITALIA O' (Figs 91-95, 150-154, 218-222).
Uncus fairly short, often spatulate; socii narrow
and often tapered. Juxta without papilla. Core-
mata consisting of two types: dense brush of
thick scales, plus dense brush of fine scales on
long sac. Saccus truncate, rounded or notched.
Anellar plate extending fairly well towards apex
of aedeagus.

GENITALIA @ (examined in two species only,
Figs 272, 290, 291, 333). With partly sclerotized
pouch or with paired sclerotized folds between
ostium and sternite 7; ostium flanked by pair of
broad sclerotized lobes which are sometimes
form continuous lip to ostium. Ductus bursae
much shorter than segment 7; signum broad.

DISTRIBUTION. From Guatemala to Brazil,
French Guiana and Bolivia.

The pulveraria-group comprises seven species,
five of which occur in Costa Rica; (see the

catalogue of extralimital species for the others).

Nemoria adjunctaria (Dyar) comb. n.
(Figs 22, 72, 91, 150, 218, 272, 290, 333)

Dryadopsis adjunctaria Dyar, 1914: 230. Holo-
type O&', PANAMA (USNM) [examined].

Dryadopsis leucaspis Prout, 1932: 40. Holotype
co’, COLOMBIA (BMNH) [examined]. Syn.
n.

ADULT (Fig. 22). Front of head mid to dark
brown; dark brown band between upper pair of
white marks and green dorsal area of head. Wing
pattern: dark brown blotches and speckles, par-
ticularly towards costa of fore wing. Hind wing
with veins M3 and CuA1 on very short common
stalk. Front of fore tibia: lower three-quarters
dark brown, upper part white; oblique white bar

joined or surrounded by mid to dark brown
patch; usually a small dark brown patch at ante-
rior end.

GENITALIA OC (Figs 91, 150, 218). Uncus spatu-
late; socii narrow and tapered. Basal costal pro-
cess of valva slightly coiled, tapering to a thin
extension; about half length of valva; distal pro-
cess of valva very weakly developed. Anellar
plate tapered, usually to a slight notch at apex.
Sternite 8 with fairly shallow posterior notch.

GENITALIA 2 (Figs 272, 290, 333). Apophyses
anteriores slightly more than half length of apo-
physes posteriores. Without pouch joining
ostium and sternite 7 but with 2 pairs of stiffened
folds in membranous intersegmental region;
ostium with large lip extending across sternite.
Signum a broad crescent.

DIAGNOSIS. N. adjunctaria is the only species in
the pulveraria-group with a large white spot on
the abdomen (Fig. 72).

VARIATION. In the male genitalia the valva is
sometimes slightly tapered.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 0-700 m in Costa Rica to 800 m in
Colombia. They have been collected in July,
October and December (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. From Guatemala to Colombia.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (29 specimens; including
4 0, 2 9 genitalia preparations)

Holotype CO (adjunctaria), Panama: Canal
Zone, Trinidad River, iii.1912 (Busck) (genitalia
slide no. LMP 215; Type No. 16057; USNM).
Holotype CO (leucaspis), Colombia: Muzo,
400-800 m (Fass/) (genitalia slide Geom. 14155;
BMNH).

Guatemala: Cayuga (USNM). Costa Rica: Ala-
juela Province: 9km S. of Santa Cecilia, Estacion
Pitilla, 700 m; Heredia Province: Puerto Viejo de
Sarapiqui, La Selva Biological Station, 40 m;
Limon Province: 9.4 km W. of Bribri, Suretka,
200 m; Sixaola River; N. edge Tortuguero
National Park, Cerro Tortuguero, 0-100 m; Pun-
tarenas Province: Osa Peninsula, Corcovado
National Park, Sirena; 35 km S. of Palmar Norte,
Fila Esquinas, 150 m; San José Province: Braulio
Carrillo National Park, Estacion Carrillo, 600 m,
700 m (INBio/BMNH; UCB); (INBio and

: usually broken in middle. Abdomen (Fig. 72)
with 2 median white dorsal spots (anterior of
: these large, posterior merely a trace usually)

|

BMNH unless stated otherwise). Colombia:
(including 1 CO Jeucaspis paratype) Muzo,
400-800 m (Fassl) (BMNH).

66

Nemoria anae sp. n.
(Figs 20, 92, 151, 219)

[Blechroma epaphras Schaus, 1912: 288 (partim).
Misidentification. ]

ADULT (Fig. 20). Front of head brown with a
few green scales; green dorsal area of head
extending onto upper frons. Wing pattern: mid
to dark brown blotches and speckles bordered by
darkish green; postmedial markings of fore wing
forming distinct blotch near costa close to where
discal blotch extends towards costa. Hind wing
with veins M3 and CuA1 on short common stalk.
Front of fore tibia: lower three-quarters dark
brown, upper part whitish. Abdomen with 4 tiny
plain white dorsal spots, and dull brown area at
anterior end.

GENITALIA C' (Figs 92, 151, 219). Uncus some-
times slightly spatulate; socii narrow and
tapered. Basal costal process of valva slightly
coiled, tapering to a long thin extension; about
half length of valva. Costal margin of valva
irregularly curved, approaching midrib; with
fairly small but distinct distal process. Anellar
plate tapered, sometimes to a slight notch at
apex, extending well towards or reaching apex of
aedeagus. Tergite 8 with very slight excision.

Q. Unknown.

DIAGNOsIS. The brown wing markings of anae
are diffuse and usually fairly thick, very similar to
those of epaphras, with which it has been con-
fused, but with the costal markings of the fore
wing positioned differently. Other members of
the pulveraria-group usually have finer hind wing
markings including some distinct darker dots.
The hind wing veins M3 and CuA1 are separate
in epaphras and stalked in anae. The shape of the
basal costal process of the male valva (Fig. 151)
clearly separates anae from all other species in
the group except perhaps adjunctaria which,
unlike anae, lacks a distinct distal process of the
valva and has a large white spot on the abdomen.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Ana Sittenfeld, Director of Biodiversity Pros-
pecting at INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
an altitude of 700 m, in September and Novem-
ber.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from two localities
in Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (4 G,, including 3 genita-
lia preparations)

LINDA M. PITKIN

Holotype ©’, Costa Rica: Alajuela Province, 9
km S. of Santa Cecilia, Estacion Pitilla, 700 m,
UTM 330200,380200, ix.1989 (Moraga & Rios)
(genitalia slide no. LMP 270; INBio) [examined].

Paratypes. Costa Rica: 2 CO’, locality as holo-
type, UTM 330200,380200, W85° 25’40”, N10°
59'26” (BMNH); San José Province: 1 & (para-
lectotype of epaphras), Carrillo (USNM).

Nemoria epaphras (Schaus) comb. n.
(Plate 1; Figs 21, 93, 152, 220)

Blechroma epaphras Schaus, 1912: 288. LECTO-
TYPE o, COSTA RICA (USNM), here des-
ignated [examined].

Racheospila epaphras Schaus; Prout, 1932: 34.

ADULT (Plate 1; Fig. 21). Front of head: centre
green with brown patch at each side; 4 white
marks in corners, lower 2 large and partly fused,
upper 2 small and sometimes faint; without white
interantennal fillet other than indistinct pale
patch. Wing pattern: dull brown blotches and
speckles bordered by darkish green; postmedial
markings of fore wing forming distinct blotch
near costa well away from where discal blotch
extends towards costa. Hind wing with veins M3
and CuA1 separate. Front of fore tibia: lower
three-quarters dark brown, upper part whitish.
Abdomen with 4 small plain white dorsal spots.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 93, 152, 220). Uncus spatu-
late; socii fairly narrow. Basal costal process of
valva short (about one-quarter length of valva),
bluntly rounded; costal margin of valva strongly
sinuous, approaching midrib, with fairly slight,
rounded or pointed distal process. Anellar plate
tapered, sometimes to a slight notch at apex,
extending well towards apex of aedeagus. Tergite
8 with very slight excision.

Q. Unknown.

DIAGNOsIsS. N. epaphras was described from a
series which included anae and external differ-
ences between the two species are subtle,
although the costal markings of the fore wing are
positioned differently. The major genitalic differ-
ence is in the shape of the basal costal process of
the male valva (compare Figs 152 and 151).

REMARKS. This species was described from an
unspecified number of specimens from Costa
Rica: Juan Vinas and Carrillo. I have examined
one male from each locality and designate the
one from Juan Vinas as lectotype, although it
lacks an abdomen; the other specimen, from
Carrillo, belongs in anae.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 67

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 1300-1530 m, in January, June, July,
October and November (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica and Panama.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (24 OC’, including 2 genita-
lia preparations)

Lectotype ©’, Costa Rica: [Cartago Province, ]
Juan Vinas, vi (Type No. 17721; USNM).

Costa Rica: Cartago Province: Rio Grande de
Orosi, Tapanti, 1300-1400 m, 9° 46’, x 83° 50’;
Guanacaste Province: Volcan Cacao, W. side,
Estacion Cacao, Derrumbe, 1400 m; Heredia
Province: 8.2 km downhill Vara Blanca, El
Angel waterfall, 1350 m; Puntarenas Province: 2
km E. of Monteverde, 1530 m; 11 km NW. of
Monteverde, Las Nubes; San José Province:
Braulio Carrillo National Park, Estacion Zurqui
(el Tunel), 1500 m; (INBio and BMNH).
Panama: Chiriqui (BMNH).

Nemoria eugeniae sp. n.
(Figs 17, 18, 94, 153, 221)

ADULT (Figs 17, 18). Front of head tan or chest-
nut brown with 2 large white marks, usually
almost merged, in lower corners. Wing pattern:
dark brown blotches and speckles, particularly
towards costa of fore wing; inner margin of hind
wing with two well defined dark brown blotches
or a single long blotch. Hind wing with veins M3
and CuA1 separate. Front of fore tibia: lower
two-thirds (or more) dark brown, upper one-
third white. Abdomen with small, sometimes
indistinct, dark brown dorsal spot at anterior end
and long patch towards posterior end; with up to
four tiny white dorsal spots.

GENITALIA OC (Figs 94, 153, 221). Uncus spatu-
late; socii narrow and tapered. Basal costal pro-
cess of valva short (one-quarter to one-third
length of valva), bluntly rounded or almost
pointed; costal margin of valva curved but not
approaching midrib, with rounded distal process.
Anellar plate tapered, sometimes to a slight
notch at apex. Sternite 8 with posterior lobes
fairly close together or very weakly notched.

oO’. Unknown.

DIAGNOsIS. N. eugeniae is easily recognised by

the form of its hind wing blotches. The male

genitalia are similar to those of epaphras but the

| costal margin of the valva is well separated from

the midrib in eugeniae whereas it curves in close
to the midrib in epaphras.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of

Eugenia Leén, Director of Administration at
INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 1300-1450 m, in January, May to
August and December.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (12 OC’, including 2 genita-
lia preparations)

Holotype ©’, Costa Rica: Cartago Province:
Rio Grande de Orosi, Tapanti, 1300-1400 m, 9°
46’x 83° 50’, 23.1.1985 (Janzen & Hallwachs)
(genitalia slide no. LMP 269; INBio).

Paratypes. Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 1 CO’,
N. slope of Volcan Pods, 8 km N. of Vara
Blanca, 1450 m, 25-26.vii.1990 (Meredith &
Powell) (UCB); Heredia Province: 2 CO’, 8.2 km
downhill Vara Blanca, El Angel waterfall, 1350
m, 3.i.1981 (Janzen & Hallwachs); Puntarenas
Province: 4 ©, Monteverde, 29-30.vii.1978,
23-25.viii.1978, 15—16.v.1980 (Janzen & Hallw-
achs); 4 &, Monteverde, 1400 m, 12-15.vi.1974,
10-11.xii.1979, 25-26.vi.1979 (Janzen; Watson);
(INBio and BMNH unless stated otherwise).

Nemoria tickelli sp. n.
(Plate 1; Figs 23, 73, 95, 154, 222, 291, 334)

ADULT (Plate 1; Fig. 23). Front of head tan,
often with a few green scales; green dorsal area
of head extending onto upper frons. Wing pat-
tern: dark brown and tan blotches and speckles,
particularly towards costa of fore wing. Hind
wing with veins M3 and CuA1 on short common
stalk or just meeting. Front of fore tibia: lower
three quarters dark brown, upper one quarter
white; oblique white bar often broken in middle.
Abdomen (Fig. 73) with 4 tiny white dorsal
spots, first and last surrounded by dark brown;
up to 4 more brown dots towards posterior end.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 95, 154, 222). Socii narrow
and tapered to a point. Basal costal process of
valva very slender and rod-like, pointed, bent at
middle, much longer than valva; valva fairly
slender, without distal process. Anellar plate
tapered, sometimes to a slight notch at apex,
extending well towards apex of aedeagus. Stern-
ite 8 with slight posterior notch.

GENITALIA 9 (Figs 291, 334). Apophyses anteri-
ores slightly more than half length of apophyses
posteriores. Large crescent shaped pouch joining
ostium and sternite 7 with sclerotized sides form-
ing pair of lobes at edge of sternite; ostium
flanked by broad lobes. Ostial structures seen as
series of paired pouches and folds when genitalia

68

are fully extended from sternite. Signum straight
with shallow pouch.

DIAGNOSIS. N. tickelli can be distinguished from
other members of the pulveraria group by the
brown dots towards the posterior end of its
abdomen (Fig. 73) but its most distinctive feature
is the long basal process of the male valva (Fig.
154), which can be seen without dissection. N.
eugeniae has a long brown patch towards the end
of abdomen instead of separate spots; besides
which, that species has distinctive hind wing
markings (Figs 17, 18).

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Sir Crispin Tickell, in recognition of his role in
international environmental concerns.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 700-1100 m, in January to March,
May to September and December.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (18 OC’, 4 Q; including 2
©’, 2 ° genitalia preparations)

Holotype o’, Costa Rica: San José Province,
Braulio Carrillo National Park, Estacion Car-
rillo, 700 m, viti.1984 (J. Chacon) (INBio).

Paratypes. Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 4 C,
2 2, 9 km S. of Santa Cecilia, Estacion Pitilla,
700 m, UTM 330200,380200, W8S5° 25’40”, N10°

Rios; GNP. Biodiversity Survey); Cartago Prov-
ince: 1 ©, Moravia de Chirripo, 1000 m,
10.v.1983 (Janzen & Hallwachs); Guanacaste
Province: 5 0’, 1 2, Rincon National Park, 4 km
E. of Casetilla, 750 m, 6.vi, 14.viii.1981,
22.v.1982 (Janzen & Hallwachs); 1 O&, Volcan
Cacao, SW. side, Estacion Cacao, 1060 m,
18-20. vii.1990 (Pitkin); San José Province: 6 C,
1 Q, Braulio Carrillo National Park, Estacion
Carrillo, 700 m; vii, viii, xii.1984, 1.1985, vii.1990
(I. Chacon; Pitkin); (INBio and BMNH).

The erina-group

ADULT. Medium-sized to large for the genus;
fore wing length of Costa Rican species: CO’,
16-22 mm; 9, 18-22 mm.

Head without white interantennal fillet; dorsal
area of head green. Wings without white anteme-
dial and postmedial lines but with some faint
brown markings in place of these; without red-
dish brown terminal line. Hind wing with veins
M3 and CuA1 on short common stalk. Abdomen
without white dorsal spots but usually with one
or more dark brown spots.

LINDA M. PITKIN

GENITALIA O' (Figs 96, 97, 155, 156, 223, 224).
Uncus usually spatulate though very weakly so in
erina. Socii small. Basal costal process of valva
short (about one-quarter length of valva or less);
valva slightly curvaceous with free end usually
weakly broadened, truncate and slanting. Juxta
without papilla. Coremata consisting of two
types: dense brush of fairly thick scales which
may be enclosed completely in eversible ovoid
sac, plus dense brush of long fine scales on long
sac. Saccus usually notched, occasionally trun-
cate.

GENITALIA Q (Figs 273, 274, 292, 293). Apo-
physes anteriores more than half length of apo-
physes posteriores. Without pouch joining
ostium and sternite 7. Ductus bursae much
shorter than segment 7; corpus bursae with large
bulbous part; signum broad.

DISTRIBUTION. Widespread in the Neotropical
Region.

The erina-group comprises five species, two of
which occur in Costa Rica; (see the catalogue of
extralimital species for the others).

Nemoria erina (Dognin) comb. n.
(Figs 39, 96, 155, 223, 273, 292)

Achlora erina Dognin, 1896: 143. LECTOTYPE
Oo’, ECUADOR (USNM), here designated
[examined].

Rhodochlora erina ab. bipunctata Dognin, 1908a:
17. [Infrasubspecific name. |

Racheospila erina (Dognin); Prout, 1932: 29.

ADULT (Fig. 39). Fore wing length: o’, 16-22
mm; Q, 18-22 mm.

Front of head mottled fawn, sometimes mixed
with dark brown; antennae with at most traces of
dotted white dorsal line along flagellum. Wing
pattern: dark brown or blackish squiggly blotch
at apex of fore wing, at end of postmedial line.
Antemedial and postmedial lines very faint dark
brown (only just discernible in most Costa Rican
specimens), strongly waved; postmedials more
distinct on the veins as dots, with tiny indistinct
white dots on outer side (at least on hind wings).
Front of fore tibia: lower two-thirds dark brown,
upper part pale green; oblique white bar often
broken in middle. Abdomen with large mottled
dark and pale brown dorsal patch at anterior
end, occasionally with one or two small brown
median tergal spots.

GENITALIA O' (Figs 96, 155, 223). Uncus fairly
thick; socii not normally erect. Basal costal pro-
cess of valva short (about one-quarter length of

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 69

valva), largely fused with valva, bluntly rounded;
valva without distal process; valva shape similar
to that of punctilinea but much less pronounced.

GENITALIA 9 (Figs 273, 292). Signum broad.

DIAGNOSIS. N. erina is distinctive on account of
its large size together with the dark blotch at the
apex of the fore wing (Fig. 39).

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 800-1700 m in Costa Rica (60 m (in
Brazil) to 2700 m (in Peru)), in February, May,
June and November (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Widespread from Mexico to
Brazil, French Guiana and Bolivia.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (174 specimens; including
1 0’, 1 Y genitalia preparations)

Lectotype OC’, Ecuador: Loja area, Zamora,
1893 (Dognin Collection) (Type No. 32591;
USNM).

Mexico: Veracruz, Misantla (BMNH). Guate-
mala: (CMNH). Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 5
km N. Col. Palmarena, San Ramon Forest
Reserve, Rio San Lorencito, 800 m; [Cartago
Province:| Azahar de Cartago, 1550-1850 m;
Juan Vinas, 750 m; Moravia de Chirripo, 1000 m;
Orosi, 1200 m; Sitio; Puntarenas Province: P. N.
Amistad, Est. Las Mellizas, Fea Cafrosa, 1300 m,
UTM 316100,596100; Monteverde; San Vito,
Las Cruces Biol. Station, 1200 m; San José
Province: 16 km N. of San Isidro del General,
1700 m; (INBio and BMNH unless stated other-
wise). Panama (USNM). French Guiana: St Jean
du Maroni (BMNH). Venezuela: Aragua, near
Maracay, Rancho Grande, 1100 m (CVCJ;
BMNH). Colombia: Canon del Tolima, 1700 m;
Muzo, 400-800 m; upper (‘Ob.’) Rio Negro, 800
m; (BMNH). Ecuador: Pichincha province, [near
Santo Domingo,] Tinalandia, 700 m (CVCJ/
BMNH). Peru: Amazonas, Chachapoyas; Cara-
baya, Agualani, c. 2700 m; Carabaya, Rio
Inambari, La Oroya, c. 950 m; Carabaya, Santo
Domingo, c. 1250 m, 1850 m, 2000 m; Chan-
chamayo, La Merced, c. 900-1250 m; Huambo;
Pasco, Huancabamba, c. 2100 m, 1850-3100 m;
San Gaban, c. 750 m; River Tabaconas, c. 1850
m; Utcuyacu, c. 1550 m; (BMNH). Bolivia: 2000
m (BMNH). Brazil: Mato Grosso State
(BMNH); Parana, Castro (BMNH); Rio de Jan-
eiro State: Pico d’Itatiaia (BMNH); Teresopolis
(BMNH); Santa Catarina: Blumenau, Rio Laeiss
(BMNH); Hansa Humboldt, 60 m (BMNH); hills
between Hansa and Jaragua, 400 m (BMNH);
Jaragua do Sul (BMNH); Joinville (BMNH); Rio
Vermelho vic., Sao Bento do Sul (CVCJ/
BMNH); [Sao Paulo:] Santos, Alto da Serra, 800

m (BMNH); Serra do Cubotas (BMNH).

Nemoria punctilinea (Dognin) comb. n.
(Figs 38, 78, 97, 156, 224, 274, 293)

Miantonota punctilinea Dognin, 1902: 337. Holo-
type O’", VENEZUELA: (USNM) [examined].

Racheospila punctilinea (Dognin); Prout, 1932:
29.

ADULT (Fig. 38). Fore wing length: 0’, 16-18
mm; 2, 18-20 mm.

Front of head mottled reddish, mid or darkish
brown, upper part green; usually with 2 diffuse
white marks in lower corners. Antennae with
weak white dorsal line along flagellum. Wing
pattern: antemedial and _ postmedial lines
strongly waved but broken into scattered diffuse
reddish and dark brown speckles; tiny indistinct
white dots on outer side of brown vein dots on
lines of hind wing, and of hind part of fore wing.
One specimen (Trinidad) with extensive diffuse
brown patches on fore wings. Front of fore tibia:
lower half mid to dark brown or brownish green,
upper part pale green; oblique white bar often
indistinct or reduced to a patch. Abdomen with
dark brown or black dorsal spots: 1 median,
usually plus tiny spot at anterior end of abdomen
(male, Fig. 78); tiny spot absent in most Brazilian
specimens; female with large patch at anterior
end of abdomen.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 97, 156, 224). Uncus
strongly spatulate, sometimes fairly short. Basal
costal process of valva extremely small; valva
slightly or distinctly curvaceous with free end
truncate, slanting and broadened. Anellar plate
indistinct, extending more or less to apex of
aedeagus. Sternite 8 with slightly pointed poste-
rior lobes.

GENITALIA 2 (Figs 274, 293). Signum fairly
broad.

DIAGNOSIS. The absence of a dark apical blotch
on the fore wing distinguishes punctilinea from
erina, but punctilinea may be confused with par-
cipuncta (which does not occur in Costa Rica). In
punctilinea the postmedial speckles run parallel
to the fore wing margin whereas in parcipuncta,
which is usually more strongly speckled, the line
of speckles is a strong curve, not parallel to the
wing margin. In the male genitalia the curvature
of the valva is generally more pronounced in
punctilinea than in other species of this group.
The female genitalia are very similar to those of
erina.

REMARKS. 3 ©, 2 @ paralectotypes of par-

70

cipuncta from French Guiana are punctilinea,
including one which bears the USNM Type No.
32593 (see discussion under parcipuncta in the
catalogue of extralimital species).

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found
from sea level to altitudes of 1400 m, in January,
March, May, June, August, September and
November (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Neotropical Mexico; Costa Rica
to Brazil, Bolivia and French Guiana.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (137 specimens; including
3 0’, 1 9 genitalia preparations)

Holotype ©’, Venezuela: Mérida (genitalia
slide no. 57,600; Type No. 32594; USNM).

Mexico: ; Jalapa; Orizaba; Veracruz, Misantla;
(BMNH). Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 2 km
SW. of Dos Rios, Finca San Gabriel, 600-650 m;
9 km S. of Santa Cecilia, Estacion Pitilla, 700 m,
UTM 330200,380200; [Cartago Province:| Juan
Vinas, c. 750 m; Sitio; Guanacaste Province:
Rincon National Park, 4 km E. of Casetilla, 750
m; Santa Rosa National Park; Volcan Cacao,
SW. side, Estacion Cacao, 1100 m; Volcan
Cacao, W. side, Estacion Cacao, Derrumbe,
1400 m; Heredia Province: Puerto Viejo de
Sarapiqui, Finca La Selva (OTS), 50 m; Limén
Province: Tortuguero National Park, Cerro Tor-
tuguero, 100 m, UTM 285000,588000; Puntar-
enas Province: Carara Biological Reserve,
Estacion Quebrada Bonita, 50 m, UTM
194500,469850; Monteverde; Osa Peninsula,
Corcovado National Park, Sirena, 0-100 m,
UTM 270500,508300; 35 km S. of Palmar Norte,
Fila Esquinas, 150 m, 8° 45’ x 83° 20’; San José
Province: Braulio Carrillo National Park, Esta-
cion Carrillo, 700 m; Braulio Carrillo National
Park, La Montura, 1100 m; [S. of San José,]
Candelaria Mts; (INBio and BMNH). French
Guiana: St Jean du Maroni (BMNH); 3 o’, 2 2
(parcipuncta paralectotypes), St Laurent du
Maroni (USNM). Trinidad: Arima Valley
(BMNH). Venezuela: Aragua, near Maracay,
Rancho Grande; Caracas; San _ Esteban;
(BMNH). Colombia: upper (‘Ob.’) Rio Negro,
800 m (BMNH). Ecuador (CM). Peru: Huambo
(BMNH). Bolivia: Santa Cruz, Provincia del
Sara, 450 m (BMNH). Brazil: Amazonas: Fonte
Boa; Rio Madeira; Rio de Janeiro: Corcovado
Forest; Teresopolis; Santa Catarina: Blumenau,
Rio Laeiss; hills between Hansa and Jaragua, 400
m; Jaragua do Sul; Nova Brémen, 250 m; Rio
Vermelho; [Sao Paulo]: Serra do Cubotas; San-
tos, Alto da Serra, 800 m; (BMNH).

LINDA M. PITKIN
The scriptaria-group

ADULT. Generally medium-sized for the genus
although hazelae (Fig. 19) fairly small. With or
without white interantennal fillet. Wing pattern:
dark brown blotches and speckles (ranging from
faint in aturia to near solid dark brown in
penthica; bands, not speckles in ozalea); bases of
wings dark in most species. Fore wing: costa
without fine striations; brown speckles usually
form whorl around discal spot (whorl sometimes
indistinct; only an occasional trace in elbae).
Wings without white antemedial and postmedial
lines or reddish brown terminal line (although
oppleta and conflua have dark brown terminal
lines and pulverata has a diffuse line). Abdomen
with brown dorsal markings, sometimes faint,
but without distinct white spots.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 98-103, 157-162, 225-230).
Uncus often slightly spatulate and fairly short;
socii usually more triangular than rounded. Juxta
without papilla. Coremata often consisting of two
types: dense brush of thick scales, plus dense
brush of fine scales on long sac (clearly differen-
tiated in some species; less distinctly or not
differentiated in others). Saccus truncate,
rounded or slightly notched. Sternite 8 often with
fairly to extremely deep posterior notch between
tapered lobes which project distinctly.

GENITALIA Q (examined in three species only,
Figs 275, 294-296, 335, 336). Apophyses anteri-
ores short, about one-quarter (or less) length of
apophyses posteriores. Pouch joining ostium and
sternite 7 a shallow crescent; ostium flanked by
pair of small or broad sclerotized lobes. Ductus
bursae much shorter than segment 7.

DISTRIBUTION. From Neotropical Mexico to
Brazil, French Guiana and Bolivia.

The scriptaria-group includes 13 species, five
of which occur in Costa Rica; (see the catalogue
of extralimital species for the others).

Nemoria aturia aturia (Druce) comb. n.
(Figs 14, 98, 99, 157, 158, 225, 226, 294, 295, 335)

Geometra aturia Druce, 1892: 84. LECTOTYPE
Oo, MEXICO (USNM), here designated
[examined].

Racheospila puntillada Dognin, 1893: 81. LEC-
TOTYPE co’, ECUADOR (USNM), here des-
ignated [examined]. Syn. n.

Blechroma tisstigmaria Dyar, 1912: 91. Holotype
o', MEXICO (USNM) [examined]. Syn. n.
Racheospila magnidiscata Prout, 1912: 108.

Holotype oO, GUATEMALA (BMNH)

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 71

[examined]. [Synonymized by Prout, 1913b: 71
(with tisstigmaria).|
Racheospila aturia (Druce); Prout, 1932: 34.

ADULT (Fig. 14). Front of head tan brown with 2
white marks, almost merged, in lower corners.
Broad white interantennal fillet, occasionally
with narrow tan band at hind edge, and green
area behind. Wing pattern: scattered dark brown
speckles, sometimes faint. Hind wing with veins
M3 and CuAl1 on common stalk, meeting or
separate. Front of fore tibia straw to dark brown;
oblique white bar sometimes reduced or indis-
tinct. Abdomen with up to 3 small dark brown
dorsal spots which are sometimes faint or even
indiscernible.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 98, 99, 157, 158, 225, 226).
Uncus usually slightly spatulate, fairly short;
socii triangular with pointed or rounded apex.
Basal costal process of valva slightly coiled,
tapered; about half to two-thirds length of valva;
valva with swollen and rounded costal margin at
free end or free end evenly broadened. Core-
mata differentiated into two types; long narrow
sac less conspicuous than thick brush of core-
mata. Aedeagus tapered, sometimes to a sharp
point. Tergite 8 with shallow excision.

GENITALIA @ (Figs 294, 295, 335). Signum a
small pouch with opening surrounded by
wrinkles.

DIAGNOsIS. N. a. aturia tends to be weakly
speckled and is thus unlikely to be confused with
other Costa Rican members of the scriptaria-
group. The slightly coiled basal process of the
male valva (Figs 157, 158) is a feature shared by
scriptaria but the valva is shaped differently in
that species (Fig. 162).

VARIATION. The dark markings on the wings
vary from faint to distinct, with or without dots
where the veins end at the wing margin. The
strongly marked a. scotocephala, which does not
occur in Costa Rica, is probably merely an
extreme form of this variation. The notch in male
sternite 8 ranges from fairly deep to extremely
deep (Figs 98, 99) and the anterior end of the
aedeagus varies in length and width. In females
the pair of sclerotized lobes flanking the ostium
vary in length (Figs 294, 295).

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Host plant: one specimen
examined had been bred from a larva on Nectan-
dra salicina (Lauraceae) in Costa Rica (Mon-
teverde). Moths have been found at altitudes of
630-2350 m in February, March, June to Decem-
ber (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. From Neotropical Mexico to
Ecuador.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (73 specimens, including
12 0’, 4 Q genitalia preparations)

Lectotype © (aturia), Mexico: [Veracruz,]
Jalapa (coll. Schaus) (genitalia slide no. 57,599;
USNM). Lectotype CO’ (puntillada), Ecuador:
Loja area, 1889 (genitalia slide no. 57,591; Type
No. 32595; USNM). Holotype © (tisstigmaria),
Mexico: [Veracruz,] Misantla, v.1910 (Miiller)
(genitalia slide no. 57,569; Type No. 14288;
USNM). Holotype & (magnidiscata, Guatemala:
Volcan de Atitlan, c. 750-1100 m (‘2500-3500 ft’)
(Champion) (genitalia slide Geom. 13265;
BMNH).

Mexico: Jalapa (BMNH); Veracruz, 6 km SW.
of Banderilla (UCB); Veracruz, 6 km NW. of
Jalapa, San Andres (UCB). Guatemala: ‘Vera
Paz, Pancina’ (BMNH). Costa Rica: Alajuela
Province: 7 km NW. Dos Rios, El Ensayo, Finca
La Campana, 700 m; 5 km NW. of Dos Rios,
Finca Campana, 750 m; 16 km E. of Quebrada
Grande, Finca San Gabriel, 630 m; 9 km S. of
Santa Cecilia, Estacion Pitilla, 700 m, UTM
330200,380200; Volcan Pods, 2350 m; [Cartago
Province:| Cachi; Juan Vinas; Guanacaste Prov-
ince: Rincon National Park, 4 km E. of Casetilla,
750 m; Volcan Cacao, SW. side, Estacion Cacao,
1100 m; Volcan Cacao, W. side, Estacion Cacao,
Derrumbe, 1400 m; Puntarenas Province: Mon-
teverde, 1300-1400 m, c. 1350 m; San Vito, Las
Cruces Biol. Station, 1200 m; San José Province:
Braulio Carrillo National Park, Estacion Car-
rillo, 700 m; (INBio and BMNH). Panama:
Volcan de Chiriqui, c. 600-900 m, 900-1250 m
(BMNH). Colombia: Popayan (BMNH). Ecua-
dor: Carchi, Chical, 1250 m (CMNH); 1 Co
(puntillada paralectotype), Loja area (USNM);
Chimborazo, 11 km NE. of Pallatanga, 2800 m
(CMNH).

Nemoria elbae sp. n.
(Figs 15, 100, 159, 227)

ADULT (Fig. 15). Front of head reddish brown,
2 white, merged marks in lower corners; area
behind broad white interantennal fillet reddish
brown. Antennae lacking white dorsal line along
flagellum. Wing pattern: scattered speckles,
fairly sparse; fore wing with dark brown blotch at
apex; discal spot displaced slightly towards costa
on fore wing, absent on hind wing; fringes a
warm shade of straw. Hind wing with veins M3
and CuA1 separate, sometimes only just. Front
of fore tibia pale or reddish brown without
oblique white bar. Abcomen with large chestnut

72

or black dorsal patch at base, extended as an arch
on thorax, plus tiny faint median spot.

GENITALIA OC’ (Figs 100, 159, 227). Uncus some-
times slightly spatulate, fairly short or of stan-
dard length; socii triangular, pointed at apices.
Basal costal process of valva irregularly pro-
duced, towards pointed tip, in a small finely
spinulose and occasionally jagged lobe; whole
process half to two-thirds length of valva. Valva
with swollen and rounded costal margin at free
end. Coremata differentiated into two types;
long (extensible) sac narrow, less conspicuous
than thick brush of coremata. Aedeagus tapered
to a sharp point. Anellar plate tapered to a small
lobe at apex. Sternite 8 with posterior margin
deeply notched; tergite 8 with shallow excision.

Oo. Unknown.

DIAGNOSIS. The apical blotch on the fore wing
and (in fresh specimens) the straw coloured
fringe are distinctive features of elbae. In other
members of the scriptaria-group, which lacks a
red terminal line, the fringe is similar in colour to
the wing. In the male genitalia the basal costal
process of the valva of elbae, although somewhat
variable, is uniquely shaped (Fig. 159).

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Elba Ester Lopez Guadamuz, member of the
first female parataxonomist class at INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 1300-1500 m, in January, April, June
to August, October and November.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (11 ©’, including 3 genita-
lia preparations)

Holotype ©’, Costa Rica: Cartago Province,
Rio Grande de Orosi, Tapanti, 1300-1400 m, 9°
46’ x 83° 50’, 7.xi.1982, (Janzen & Hallwachs)
(genitalia slide no. LMP 261; INBio).

Paratypes. Costa Rica: Cartago Province: 5 CO’,
locality as holotype, 17.xi.1982, 9.iv.1984,
23.1.1985 (Janzen & Hallwachs); 1 C’, Tapanti,
Campamiento Pejibaye, 1400 m, 21.iv.1988 (J.
Chacon); Guanacaste Province: 1 C', Volcan
Cacao, W. side, Estacion Cacao, Derrumbe,
1400 m, 5.vi.1988 (Janzen & Hallwachs); Heredia
Province: 1 ©’, 8.2 km downhill Vara Blanca, El
Angel waterfall, 1350 m, 5.viii.1981 (Janzen &
Hallwachs); Puntarenas Province: 1 O&, Mon-
teverde, 1300-1400 m, 20-21.vii.1982 (Janzen &
Hallwachs); San José Province: 1 ©, Braulio
Carrillo National Park, Estacion Zurqui (el
Tunel), 1500 m, 10° 04’N, 84° 01’W, x.1985 (UI. &
A. Chacon). (INBio and BMNH.)

LINDA M. PITKIN

Nemoria hazelae sp. n.
(Figs 19, 101, 160, 228)

ADULT (Fig. 19). Fore wing length: o’, 12-13
mm.

Front of head greenish brown with 2 small
white marks in lower corners. White interanten-
nal fillet with green area behind. Antennae lack-
ing white dorsal line along flagellum. Wing
pattern: brown blotches and speckles; fringes
pale green; fore wing with large central mottled
brown area. Hind wing with veins M3 and CuA1
on short common stalk, rarely meeting. Front of
fore tibia dark brown with white upper tip;
oblique white bar usually broken in middle or
reduced. Abdomen dark brown at anterior end
of dorsal surface, with several diffuse brown
spots.

GENITALIA C (Figs 101, 160, 228). Uncus
slightly spatulate, fairly short. Socii narrow and
tapered to a point. Basal costal process of valva
short (about one-third length of valva), tapered
to a sharp point; valva more or less parallel-sided
with rounded tip, narrow, without distal process.
Juxta without papilla. Sternite 8 with widely
spaced posterior lobes and shallow to fairly deep
notch; tergite 8 with shallow excision.

Q. Unknown.

DIAGnNosis. N. hazelae has a fairly small wing-
span and a characteristic densely speckled fore
wing (Fig. 19). It is similar to the larger conspersa
(see catalogue of extralimital species), which has
a more diffuse or patchy fore wing pattern and a
broader valva in the male genitalia.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Ana Hazel Gutierrez Montenegro, member of
the first female parataxonomist class at INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 0-1200 m, in January, August and
November.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the Pacific
side of Costa Rica: west-central to south.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (10 OC’, including 2 genita-
lia preparations)

Holotype C’, Costa Rica: Puntarenas Province,
1 0’, Osa Peninsula, Corcovado National Park,
Sirena, 10-19.viii.1980 (Janzen & Hallwachs)
(genitalia slide no. LMP 260; INBio).

Paratypes. Costa Rica: Puntarenas Province: 6
Oo’, same locality as holotype, 10-19. viii.1980,
5-11.1.1981 (Janzen & Hallwachs), 0-100 m,
UT $2705000,508300, i.1990 (Fonseca); 2 C,
San Vito, Las Cruces Biol. Station, 1200 m,

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 73

xi.1987 (1. Chacon); San José Province: 1 CO,
Carara Biological Reserve, Estacion Bijagual,
500 m, UTM 192250,474760 xi.1989 (Zuniga).
(INBio and BMNH.)

Nemoria ozalea (Prout) comb. n.
(Figs 42, 102, 161, 229)

Racheospila ozalea Prout, 1932: 35. Holotype Co’,
COSTA RICA (BMNH) [examined].

ADULT (Fig. 42). Front of head brown, some-
times with 2 white marks in lower corners. Inter-
antennal fillet green with much darker green area
behind; antennae lacking white dorsal line along
flagellum. Wing pattern: ochreous/tawny brown
blotches and bands, heavy in costal half of fore
wing; narrow brown band near but not at outer
margins, sharply angled in hind wing. Fore wing
with black line along outer end of discal cell
extending onto veins M1 to M3, in place of discal
spot; hind wing without discal spot. Hind wing
with veins M3 and CuAl meeting or on
extremely short common stalk. Front of fore
tibia mid brown with white tips. Abdomen with
scattered brown dorsal patches.

GENITALIA O' (Figs 102, 161, 229). Socii trian-
gular, pointed at apices. Basal costal process of
valva slender and short (less than one-quarter
length of valva); valva regularly parallel-sided,
without distal process. Juxta without papilla.
Sternite 8 with slightly pointed posterior lobes
widely spaced; tergite 8 with shallow excision.

2. Unknown.

DIAGNOsIS. The wing pattern, with a narrow
brown band towards the margin (Fig. 42), is one
of the most distinctive in Nemoria. The male
genitalia are not easily characterized but have a
shorter basal costal process of the valva than in
other Costa Rican members of the scriptaria-

group.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 600-1400 m, in April and July.

DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (28 C’, including 1 genita-
lia preparation)

Holotype CO’, Costa Rica: [Cartago Province,|
Orosi, 1200 m (Fass/) (genitalia slide Geom.
12870; BMNH).

Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 5 km N. of Col.
Palmarena, San Ramon Forest Reserve, 900 m;
locality as before, Rio San Lorencito, 800 m; 5
km NW. of Dos Rios, Finca Campana, 750 m; 16
km E./ENE. of Quebrada Grande, Finca San

Gabriel, 600-650 m; 9 km S. of Santa Cecilia,
Estacion Pitilla, 700 m; Cartago Province: Mora-
via de Chirripo, 1000 m; 2 CO’ (paratypes), Orosi,
1200 m; Rio Grande de Orosi, Tapanti,
1300-1400 m; Guanacaste Province: Rincon
National Park, 4 km E. of Casetilla, 750 m;
Heredia Province: 8.2 km downhill Vara Blanca,
El] Angel waterfall, 1350 m; San José Province:
Braulio Carrillo National Park, Estacion Car-
rillo, 700 m; Braulio Carrillo National Park, La
Montura, 1100 m. (INBio and BMNH.)

Nemoria scriptaria Hubner comb. n.
(Figs 16, 103, 162, 230, 275, 296, 336)

Phal[aena] Geomet[ra] viridaria Stoll, [1790]:
146; pl. 32, fig. 5. Types(s), ‘Kaap de goede
Hoop’ [erroneous] (lost). [Junior homonym of
[Phalaena viridaria| Clerk, 1759.]

Leptographa scriptaria Hiibner, [1823]: 284.
[Replacement name. }

Blechroma exertata Méschler, 1881: 404. Holo-
type O', SURINAM (MNHU) [examined].
Syn. n.

Racheospila radiolinea Prout, 1916: 164. Holo-
type 0’, BRAZIL (BMNH) [examined]. Syn.
n.

ADULT (Fig. 16). Fore wing length: 0’, 14-17
mm, 92, 15-17 mm.

Front of head mid to dark brown, usually with
dark green upper edge, 2 white marks, almost
merged, in lower corners. Without white interan-
tennal fillet other than at most a few white scales
(although specimens in French Guiana may have
a cream fillet); dorsal area of head green, some-
times mixed with white. Antennae with weak
white dorsal line along basal half of flagellum.
Wing pattern: brown speckles and strongly-
waved broken lines; with short band between M2
and M3 of fore wing, parallel to these veins.
Hind wing with veins M3 and CuA1 on very short
common stalk, rarely meeting. Front of fore
tibia: lower three-quarters dark brown, upper
part white; oblique white bar usually broken in
middle. Abdomen with mottled brown dorsal
markings at least at anterior end or at sides, and
often an elongate patch towards posterior end;
anterior marking commonly mottled with white.

GENITALIA O' (Figs 103, 162, 230). Uncus spatu-
late and fairly short; socii slightly tapered but not
pointed. Basal costal process of valva slightly
coiled, tapered; slightly more than half length of
valva; costal margin of valva slightly swollen at
free end and with slight to distinct pointed pro-
jection at about two-thirds. Coremata differenti-

74

ated into two types; long sac conspicuous.
Sternite 8 with deep posterior notch.

GENITALIA Q (Figs 275, 296, 336). Shallow
pouch joining ostium and sternite 7 broad. Cor-
pus bursae oval.

DIAGNOsIS. The speckles and blotches of the
wings (Fig. 16) are more distinct than those of
aturia aturia (Fig. 14) and more scattered than in
the smaller moth hazelae (Fig. 19). The wing
pattern of scriptaria is similar to that of nig-
ricincta (see catalogue of extralimital species) but
that species, unlike scriptaria, has a distinctly
white interantennal fillet.

VARIATION. Moths at the southern and eastern
ends of the range tend to be more strongly
marked and the Brazilian version was described
as a distinct species, radiolinea. The costal pro-
jection of the male valva is strongest in the Costa
Rican specimen that was dissected.

REMARKS. Fletcher (1979: 114) drew attention
to the resemblance between scriptaria, known
only from Stoll’s illustration, and exertata. Prout
(1932: 35) referred to radiolinea as possibly a
form of exertata.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 0-700 m in Costa Rica (to 1300 m in
Bolivia), in January, March to November (in
Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. From Costa Rica to Brazil,
French Guiana and Bolivia.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (146 specimens, including
3 0’, 1 9 genitalia preparations)

Holotype CO (exertata), Surinam (MNHU).
Holotype OC (radiolinea), Brazil: Amazonas
(‘Upp. Amazons’), Fonte Boa, vi.1906 (Klages)
(genitalia slide Geom. 16173; BMNH).

Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 2 km SW. of
Dos Rios, Finca San Gabriel, 600 m (UTM
318800,383500, W85° 23’50”, N10° 53’19”), 630
m, 650 m; 7-9 km S. of Santa Cecilia, Estacion
Pitilla, 500 m (W85° 25’33”, N11° 00’18”), 700 m;
Guanacaste Province: Rincon National Park, 4
km E. of Casetilla; Heredia Province: Puerto
Viejo de Sarapiqui, Finca La Selva (OTS), 40 m,
50 m; [Limon Province:| Banano River; (INBio
and BMNH). 9.4 km W. of Bribri, Suretka, 200
m; Florida, c 150 m; Limon; Sixaola River; N.
edge Tortuguero National Park, Cerro Tortu-
guero, 100 m, UTM 285000,588000; Tortuguero
National Park, Quatro Esquinas, 0 m, UTM
280000,590500; Puntarenas Province: Manuel
Antonio National Park, Quepos, UTM
370300,448100; Osa Peninsula, Corcovado

LINDA M. PITKIN

National Park, Sirena, 0-100 m, UTM
270500,508300; 35 km S. of Palmar Norte, Fila
Esquinas, 150 m, 8° 45’ x 83° 20’; Carara Biologi-
cal Reserve, Estacion Quebrada Bonita, 50 m,
UTM 194500,469850; San José Province: Braulio
Carrillo National Park, Estacion Carrillo, 700 m.
Panama: Chiriqui (BMNH). French Guiana: St
Jean du Maroni; St Laurent du Maroni;
(BMNH). Colombia: Muzo, 400-800 m; Upper
(‘Ob.’) Rio Negro, 800 m; (BMNH). Peru:
[Loreto,] Yahuas Territory; Rio Inambari, La
Oroya, c. 900 m (3000 ft). Bolivia: [Cocha-
bamba,] Charapaya ‘Charaplaya’, 1300 m; [Santa
Cruz,| Buenavista. Brazil: Amazonas: Fonte
Boa, Santo Antdnio de Javari; Sao Paulo de
Olivenga; [Rondoénia:] Rio Madeira, below Santo
Antonio, Alianga.

The strigaria-group

ADULT. Medium-sized for the genus. Front of
head brown; often without white interantennal
fillet. Male with length of longest antennal
branches up to or exceeding three times width of
flagellum at same point; flagellum slender. Wing
pattern: without white antemedial and postme-
dial lines and reddish brown terminal line. Even
fresh specimens tend to have a delicate appear-
ance with somewhat translucent wings. Hind
wing with veins M3 and CuA1 separate.

GENITALIA OC’ (Figs 104, 105, 139, 163-165, 231,
232). Socii tapered to a point. Valva narrow;
costal margin curved, usually with small tongue-
like distal process; basal costal process usually
blade-like; about half length of valva to slightly
longer than valva. Juxta without papilla. Core-
mata usually weakly developed. Saccus notched.

DISTRIBUTION. The strigaria-group comprises
two species, known only from high elevations,
mainly in lower montane to montane rain forest
or in montane wet forest, in central Costa Rica.

Nemoria saryae sp. n.
(Figs 24, 104, 163, 231)

ADULT (Fig. 24). Front of head mottled light to
mid dull brown, 2 off white marks in lower
corners; without interantennal fillet; dorsal area
of head green; antennae with traces of dotted
white dorsal line along basal half of flagellum.
Wing pattern: speckled with diffuse brown
patches forming indistinct fasciae; outer margins
with a row of dark brown dots. Discal spot of
fore wing slightly more conspicuous than small
spot of hind wing. Front of fore tibia fawn

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 75

without white bar. Abdomen with 1—3 small dark
brown dorsal spots.

GENITALIA O' (Figs 104, 163, 231). Basal costal
process of valva a broad blade with pointed finely
serrated tip, extending towards tip of valva; bent
strongly near but not at base; costal margin of
valva curved, with tongue-like distal process.
Coremata not seen. Sternite 8 sometimes with
only a slight posterior notch; tergite 8 with shal-
low excision.

. Unknown.

DIAGNOSIS. N. saryae is distinguished by its deli-
cate wing pattern of indistinct brown fasciae (Fig.
24). The basal costal process of the male valva
(Fig. 163) is unique in form.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Sary Rojas Leiva, member of the first female
parataxonomist class at INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
an altitude of 2350 m, in July and December.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from one locality in
central Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (6 OC, including 2 genita-
lia preparations)

Holotype ©’, Costa Rica: Alajuela Province,
Volcan Pods, 2350 m, 12.vii.1982 (Janzen &
Hallwachs) (INBio).

Paratypes. Costa Rica: 5 ©’, same locality as
holotype, 12.vii.1982, 15.xii.1982 (Janzen &
Hallwachs) (INBio and BMNH).

Nemoria strigaria (Schaus) comb. n.
(Figs 25-27, 105, 139, 164, 165, 232, 297, 337)

Racheospila strigaria Schaus, 1912: 290. LECTO-
TYPE 2, COSTA RICA (USNM), here desig-
nated [examined].

ADULT (Figs 25-27). Front of head tan or red-
dish brown, 2 whitish marks, usually merged, in
lower corners. Interantennal fillet sometimes
mottled or overlaid with green or absent (always
absent in blotched and speckled forms); area
behind fillet broad green. Antennae with white
dorsal line along basal half of flagellum (typical
form) or with weak dotted line (other forms).
Wing pattern: typical form striated with white
and with bluish tinge to green colour of wings
and body; discal spots occasionally absent.
Speckled form: wings faintly speckled with scat-
tered dark brown scales and outer margins with a
row of dark brown dots. Blotched form: with
very large discal spots and two small dark brown

blotches at costa towards apex. Front of fore
tibia slender, dark or rose brown mottled with
fawn; white bar usually reduced to a spot or
absent. Abdomen without dorsal spots in typical
form but with 3 small blackish brown spots in the
other two forms.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 105, 139, 164, 165, 232).
Socii triangular, pointed at apices. Basal costal
process of valva a tapered blade or occasionally
rod-like, usually with kink or bend near base,
about half length of valva to slightly longer than
valva; costal margin of valva slightly or well
curved, usually with small tongue-like distal pro-
cess. Coremata weakly developed except in
blotched form (only one specimen of that form
examined); corematal sac never long. Sternite 8
at most slightly notched between posterior lobes.

GENITALIA @ (Figs 297, 337). Apophyses anteri-
ores half, or less than, half length of apophyses
posteriores. Pouch joining ostium and sternite 7
extremely shallow, crescent-shaped or linear;
ostium surrounded by irregularly concentric rings
of wrinkles. Ductus bursae much shorter than
segment 7.

DIAGNOSIS. The typical form of strigaria is dis-
tinguished by the pale striations of its wings (Fig.
27); such markings are not uncommon in nearctic
Nemoria species but are rare in Neotropical
species. The similar duniae has a green front of
head, unlike strigaria, and other striated species,
dorsilinea and vermiculata, have distinct postme-
dial lines. The blotched form of strigaria is also
easily recognised by its wing markings (Fig. 25).
The speckled form (Fig. 26) is less distinctive but
the absence of a white interantennal fillet sepa-
rates it from other lightly speckled species,
except the closely related saryae (Fig. 24) which
has more brown markings on its wings. The basal
processes of the male valva differ in all these
species.

VARIATION. The three forms of wing pattern
exist sympatrically and are treated here as con-
specific although their relationship is uncertain.
The male valva also varies considerably, as much
within the typical form (Figs 164, 165) as
between the three forms (see Fig. 139 of the
blotched form). This variation is seen in the
length and shape of the basal process and the
degree of development of the distal process.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 2350-3100 m, in March to May, July,
August and December.

76

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from central Costa
Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Typical form (11 speci-
mens, including 5 CO’, 3 2 genitalia preparations)

Lectotype 2, Costa Rica: [Cartago Province, ]
Vol[can] Turrialba, viii (genitalia slide no.
57,582; Type No. 17728; USNM).

Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: Volcan Poas,
2350 m; Cartago Province: Cerro [de] la Muerte,
3100 m; Cerro de la Muerte, 1 km NE. of Cerro
Asuncion, 3100 m; Cerro de [la] Muerte, Pension
La Georgina, 3000 m (UCB); San José Province:
Cerro de la Muerte, San Gerardo de Dota, 2430
m; (INBio and BMNH unless stated otherwise).

Blotched form (3 ©’, including 1 genitalia prepa-
ration)

Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: Volcan Poas,
2350 m (INBio and BMNH); Cartago Province
(S. border): Cerro de [la] Muerte, Pension La
Georgina, 3000 m (UCB).

Speckled form (4 ©’, including 1 genitalia prepa-
ration)

Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: Volcan Poas,
2350 m; Heredia Province: Braulio Carrillo
National Park, Estacion Barva, 2500 m (INBio
and BMNH).

The gladysae-group

ADULT. Medium-sized for the genus. Front of
head and area behind white interantennal fillet
green. Wing pattern plain with waved white
antemedial and postmedial lines. Hind wing with
veins M3 and CuA1 on short common stalk.
Abdomen with 3 or more white dorsal spots,
anterior spot and sometimes other main spots
ringed with reddish brown.

GENITALIA O (Figs 106, 107, 166, 167, 233,
234). Valva narrow and long, extending beyond
tips of socii, with blade-like process at extreme
tip rather than subapically; basal costal process
very short. Juxta with papilla. Hair-like coremata
well developed on long sac. Saccus notched.
Anellar plate short. Aedeagus slender with a row
of small spines on one or both sides.

@. Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. The gladysae-group comprises
two species, known only from Costa Rica.
Nemoria franciscae sp. n.

(Figs 63, 106, 166, 233)

ADULT (Fig. 63). Interantennal fillet with nar-

LINDA M. PITKIN

row orange-tan band at front edge and a few
scattered orange-tan scales at hind edge. Front of
fore tibia pale brown. Abdomen with 3 white
dorsal spots, anterior spot ringed with tan; plus 3
white traces: 1 between anterior and middle
spots, other 2 towards posterior end.

GENITALIA OC (Figs 106, 166, 233). Uncus with
narrow tip. Valva extending well beyond tips of
socii; basal costal process blunt; costal margin of
valva straight, forming pointed process at tip.
Aedeagus tapered, with a row of small spines on
each side.

Q. Unknown.

DIAGNOsIS. The narrow tan band at the front
edge of the interantennal fillet is a diagnostic
feature and the pointed tip of the long male valva
(Fig. 166) can be seen without dissection.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Katty Francisca Flores Herrera, member of the
first female parataxonomist class at INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths were found at an
altitude of 100 m, in November.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from one locality in
tropical wet forest in north-eastern (Atlantic)
Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (2 GC, including 1 genita-
lia preparation)

Holotype ©, Costa Rica: Limén Province,
Tortuguero National Park, Cerro Tortuguero,
100 m, UTM 285000,588000, xi.1989 (Solano)
(genitalia slide no. LMP 268; INBio).

Excluded from type-series. 1 ©’ (without abdo-
men), locality as holotype (BMNH).

Nemoria gladysae sp. n.
(Figs 62, 107, 167, 234)

ADULT (Fig. 62). Hind edge of interantennal
fillet often with a few scattered orange-tan scales.
Front of fore tibia golden brown; oblique white
bar sometimes indistinct. Abdomen with 3 white
dorsal spots weakly ringed with reddish brown.

GENITALIA C (Figs 107, 167, 234). Basal costal
process of valva rounded; costal margin of valva
curved, forming rounded, very finely serrated
process at tip which resembles shallow scoop.
Juxta with broad papilla. Aedeagus linear with a
band of two or more rows of small spines. Tergite
8 with shallow notch.

Q. Unknown.

DIAGNOSIS. N. gladysae is not easy to recognise

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 77

on external features; species-group characters
narrow the field but are shared by several species
outside the group. The tip of the long male valva
(Fig. 167) is characteristic though, and can be
seen without dissection. The incomplete tan
band at the hind edge of the interantennal fillet
distinguishes gladysae from the externally similar
venezuelae, and the lack of a tan band at the
front edge separates it from franciscae.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Gladys Rodriguez Ramirez, member of the first
female parataxonomist class at INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 650-700 m, in March, May, July to
September, November.

DISTRIBUTION. Known from _ northwestern

(Pacific) to central Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (6 OC, including 2 genita-
lia preparations)

Holotype ©’, Costa Rica: Alajuela Province, 1
oO, 16 km of ENE. Quebrada Grande, Finca San
Gabriel, 650 m, 11.xi.1983 (genitalia slide no.
LMP 256; INBio).

Paratypes. Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 10,
9 km S. of Santa Cecilia, Estacion Pitilla, 700 m,
vii.1988 (Espinosa and Chaves); San José Prov-
ince: 4 0, Braulio Carrillo National Park, Esta-
cion Carrillo, 700 m, viii, ix.1984, ili, v.1985,
vii.1988 (J. & A. Chacon). (INBio and BMNH.)

The cosmeta-group

ADULT. Medium-sized for the genus. Front of
head tan or reddish brown with 4 white or cream
marks; white interantennal fillet present. Wing
pattern plain with fairly smooth white antemedial
and postmedial lines; brown discal spots some-
times absent or extremely faint. Hind wing with
veins M3 and CuA1 on short common stalk.
Front of fore tibia straw to reddish brown;
oblique white bar sometimes indistinct.

GENITALIA GO (Figs 108-111, 168-172,
235-239). Basal costal process of valva rod-like
and spinulose, of similar length to valva or
longer. Juxta with papilla. Coremata weakly
developed (except in cosmeta and marielosae).
Saccus notched. Aedeagus often with medial
process or other modification.

GENITALIA 2 (Figs 298-301). Pouch joining
ostium and sternite 7 bisected by notch in stern-
ite.

DISTRIBUTION. From nearctic Mexico to Brazil
and Bolivia.

The cosmeta-group comprises seven species, four
of which occur in Costa Rica; sarukhani, known
only from Nearctic Mexico, is described here
because it is closely related to /orenae and mari-
elosae. (See the catalogue of extralimital species
for the other two species.)

Nemoria cosmeta (Prout)
(Figs 32, 168, 235, 298)

Miantonota decorata Warren, 1904a: 22. Holo-
type O', MEXICO (BMNH) [examined]. [Jun-
ior homonym of Racheospila decorata Warren,
1901: 449.]

Racheospila cosmeta Prout, 1912: 106. [Replace-
ment name. |]

Nemoria cosmeta (Prout); Ferguson, 1969: 79.

ADULT (Fig. 32). Area behind interantennal fil-
let tan; hind edge of head green. Wing with
smooth or slightly waved antemedial and post-
medial lines; hind postmedial distinctly bent;
brown discal spot extremely small on fore wing,
just discernible or replaced by minute green dot
on hind wing. Abdomen (based on one specimen
examined) with 3 white or cream, tan-mottled
dorsal spots plus one diffuse spot between ante-
rior and middle spots and one trace towards
posterior end, ringed with reddish brown; abdo-
men predominantly tan with trace of green at
sides.

GENITALIA OC (Figs 168, 235). Basal costal pro-
cess of valva slender with blunt spinulose free
end, longer than valva; valva more or less
parallel-sided, without distal process. Hair-like
coremata well developed.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 298). Apophyses anteriores
half or slightly less than half length of apophyses
posteriores. Pouch joining ostium and sternite 7
large and semicircular, bisected by deep notch in
sternite; ostial region finely wrinkled and ostium
surrounded by concentric rings of wrinkles. Duc-
tus bursae with some light sclerotization particu-
larly towards ostial end; extending to anterior
edge of segment 7.

DIAGNOSIS. N. cosmeta is very similar to mari-
elosae and cannot be reliably distinguished on
external characters; it is also similar to /orenae
although that species has a more weakly bent
postmedial line of the hind wing. There are
distinct genitalic differences: males of all three
species have a long basal process of the valva, the
tip of which can be seen without dissection. This
is slender in cosmeta (Fig. 168) and lorenae (Fig.
170) and swollen in marielosae (Fig. 171); also,

78

the valva lacks a distal process in cosmeta
whereas the other two species have distal pro-
cesses. The females differ in the form and wrin-
kling of the ostial region. It is not certain that the
three females here assigned to cosmeta, from
Costa Rica, are conspecific with the male holo-
type from Mexico.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
an altitude of 1200 m.

DISTRIBUTION. Neotropical Mexico and Costa
Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (1 0’, 3 Q; including 1 CO’,
3 genitalia preparations)

Holotype ©’, Mexico: Veracruz, Huatusco
(genitalia slide Geom. 5698; BMNH).

Costa Rica: [Cartago Province:| Juan Vinas
(USNM); Orosi, 1200 m (BMNH).

Nemoria karlae sp. n.
(Figs 34, 74, 108, 169, 236, 299)

ADULT (Fig. 34). Front of head brown, usually
reddish and sometimes fairly dark; occasionally
(Costa Rica) or usually (Guatemala and Mexico)
with green central area; area behind interanten-
nal fillet green. Wings with fairly smooth ante-
medial and postmedial lines, postmedial of hind
wing distinctly bent; brown discal spots some-
times tiny, particularly on hind wing. Abdomen
(Fig. 74) with 2 dark brown dorsal spots: poste-
rior spot larger or (occasionally) divided into
two.

GENITALIA OC (Figs 108, 169, 236). Basal costal
process of valva slender, slightly tapered, with
bend or kink near base; much longer than valva.
Distal process of valva a pointed, sometimes very
small, lobe. Corematal sac sometimes long but
with weak development of hair-like tufts. Wall of
aedeagus with twisted rugosely marked mid
region.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 299). Apophyses anteriores
half length of apophyses posteriores. Pouch join-
ing ostium and sternite 7 large and crescent-
shaped or semicircular, bisected by deep notch
dividing sternite; ostium flanked by pair of rug-
osely sclerotized tadpole-shaped structures with
jagged ridges. Ductus bursae slightly sclerotized
towards ostium; shorter than segment 7. Signum
with straight line at opening.

DiAGnNosis. N. karlae differs from other Costa
Rican species of the cosmeta-group in having
dark brown spots on the abdomen. It bears a
close superficial resemblance to rectilinea (not in

LINDA M. PITKIN

this group) but differs in the relative size of the
abdominal spots: the posterior spot is larger in
karlae (Fig. 74) whereas the anterior spot is
larger in rectilinea (Fig. 75). The genitalia of both
sexes have distinctive features which can be seen
without dissection: the long basal process of the
male valva (Fig. 169) and the unique pair of
structures flanking the female ostium (Fig. 299).
The twisted aedeagus separates karlae from the
closely related imitans and integra. All these
species are allopatric.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Karla Eloisa Taylor Martinez, member of the
first female parataxonomist class at INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 40-1460 m in Costa Rica (up to 1520
m in Mexico), throughout the year (in Costa
Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Neotropical Mexico to Panama.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (79 specimens; including
5 O’, 3 9 genitalia preparations)

Holotype ©’, Costa Rica: [Cartago Province, ]
Sitio, v (genitalia slide Geom. 13318; BMNH).

Paratypes. Mexico: 1 O', 1 9, Queretaro, 32
km SW. of Xilitla, 1520 m, 24-25.vi.1982 (Raw-
lins) (CMNH); 1 9, Cordoba (‘Cordova’), v
(USNM); 3 2, Tamaulipas, 6 km NNW. Gomez
Farias, Rancho del Cielo, c. 1100 m, vil.1982
(Solis) (USNM); Veracruz: 6 CO’, Estac. Biol. Las
Tuxtlas, 1-9.vii.1988 (Chemsak) (UCB); 3 OC,
Rio Metlec, Fortin de las Flores, 15.viii.1987
(Brown) (UCB); Motzorongo (‘Muzarongo’), xi
(USNM). Guatemala: 1 oO, 1 Q, [Izabal,]
Cayuga, iv, viii (USNM); El Salvador: 1 oO’, San
Salvador (USNM); Costa Rica: Alajuela Prov-
ince: 10,1 9,5 kmN. of Col. Palmarena, San
Ramon Forest Reserve, 900 m, 11.v.1985 (1. &
A. Chacon); 1 9°, 5 km NW. of Dos Rios, Finca
Campana, 750 m, 21.ii1.1985 (Janzen & Hallw-
achs); 10 0, 6 9, 2 km SW. of Dos Rios, Finca
San Gabriel, 600 m (UTM 318800,383500), 630
m, 650 m, ii, ili, v, xi.1983, v.1984, vi.1988,
v.1989, vii, vili.1990 (GNP Biodiversity Survey;
Janzen & Hallwachs; Pitkin); 1 CO’, E. slope of
Volcan Cacao, Cerro Compana, 650 m,
15.vi.1988 (Brown & Powell) (UCB); 3 CO, N.
slope of Volcan Pods, 8 km N of Vara Blanca,
1300 m, 1400 m, 6.vi.1988, 25.vii.1990 (Brown;
Powell) (UCB); [Cartago Province:] 3 0, 1 9,
Juan Vinas, xi-ii (BMNH, CMNH and USNM);
2 0,2 km E. of Moravia de Chirripo, 1150 m,
09° 50’N, 83° 24’W, 9.i1.1984 (Rawlins & Thomp-
son) (CMNH); 1 9, Orosi, 1200 m (Fassl); 7 0’,
Rio Grande de Orosi, Tapanti, 1300-1400 m, 9°

Te

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 79

46’x 83° 50’, 17.xi.1982, 9.iv.1984 (Janzen &
Hallwachs); 2 2, Tuis [including 1, c. 750 ml],
vi.1907, 28.v-4.vi (USNM); 1 9, 3 km SE. of
Turrialba, CATIE, 600 m, 13.v.1985 (Chemsak,
Opler & Powell) (UCB); Guanacaste Province: 3
©, Rincon National Park, 4 km E. of Casetilla,
750 m, 14.viii.1981, 18.x.1982, 16.vi.1983 (Jan-
zen & Hallwachs); Heredia Province: 4 0’, 2 9,
Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, Finca La Selva, 40 m,
50 m, UTM 268800,535300, 4.vili.1981, iii.1985,
xi.1986, ii, x, xii.1987 (Chavarria; Janzen &
Hallwachs); Limon Province: 1 0’, 9.4 km W. of
Bribri, Suretka, 200 m, 9-11.vi.1983 (Janzen &
Hallwachs); Puntarenas Province: 2 0, 1 9,
Monteverde, c. 1250 m, 1350 m, 8.viii.1986,
3.ix.1988 (Covell) (CVCJ); 1 OC, 2 km E. of
Monteverde, 1460 m, 12.vi.1988 (Brown & Pow-
ell) (UCB); 3 0’, 1 9, San Vito, Las Cruces Biol.
Station, 1200 m, 16—20.xi.1987, 13-18.v.1988 (J.
Chacon); San José Province: 1 ©, Braulio Car-
rillo National Park, La Montura, 1100 m,
17.xii.1981 (Janzen & Hallwachs); (INBio and
BMNH unless stated otherwise). Panama: 1 OC’,
Rio Trinidad, iii (USNM).

Nemoria lorenae sp. n.
(Figs 30, 109, 170, 237, 300) |

ADULT (Fig. 30). Interantennal fillet with red-
dish brown band at hind edge; hind edge of head
green. Wings with smooth antemedial and post-
medial lines; hind postmedial only slightly bent;
brown discal spots absent, replaced by minute
faint green dot on fore wing. Hind wing with
veins M3 and CuA1 sharing a very short common
stalk. Abdomen with 3 white or cream dorsal
spots plus up to 3 white traces in tan patch at
posterior end, anterior spot at least partly cream;
all spots ringed with reddish brown.

GENITALIA © (Figs 109, 170, 237). Socii nearly
as long as uncus. Basal costal process of valva
slender, slightly or distinctly longer than valva;
basal half fused with valva. Distal process of
valva a simple extension of costal sclerotization.
Juxta with broad papilla. Aedeagus with spinose
finger-like medial process.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 300). Apophyses anteriores
about half length of apophyses posteriores.
Pouch joining ostium and sternite 7 semicircular
or crescent-shaped, bisected by notch and deep
fold in sternite; ostial region deeply wrinkled.
Sternite 7 more sclerotized than normal in Nemo-
ria. Ductus bursae extending to anterior edge of
segment 7. Signum with almost straight line at
opening.

DIAGNOsIS. N. lorenae is very similar to marielo-
sae but can be distinguished from this by the
slightly bent postmedial line of hind wing (com-
pare Figs 30 and 29). The tip of the basal process
of the male valva can be seen without dissection
and is slender in Jorenae (Fig. 170) and swollen in
marielosae (Fig. 171). The distal processes of the
two species differ from each other and from
others in the cosmeta-group. The female ostial
region is more strongly wrinkled in lorenae (Fig.
300) than in marielosae (Fig. 301) or cosmeta
(Fig. 298).

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Kattya Lorena Martinez Sequeira, member of
the first female parataxonomist class at INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
an altitude of 300 m, in May and November to
January (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Guatemala and northwestern
(Pacific) Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (40, 4 9; including 2 Oo’,
2 Q genitalia preparations)

Holotype ©’, Costa Rica: Guanacaste Prov-
ince, Santa Rosa National Park, 12—14.v.1980
(Janzen & Hallwachs) (genitalia slide no. LMP
257; INBio).

Paratypes. Guatemala: 1 © (Rodriguez)
(BMNH). Costa Rica: Guanacaste Province: 2 Q,
12 km SE. of La Cruz, Casa Oeste, Cerro El
Hacha, 300 m, xi.1987, 1.1988 (A. Chacon);2 0,
2 9, Santa Rosa National Park, v.1980, xii.1982
(Janzen & Hallwachs); (BMNH and INBio).

Nemoria marielosae sp. n.
(Figs 29, 110, 171, 238, 301)

ADULT (Fig. 29). Band at hind edge of interan-
tennal fillet usually narrow, orange or reddish
brown; with green area behind. Wings with
smooth antemedial and postmedial lines; hind
postmedial distinctly bent; brown discal spots
absent or occasionally a just discernible trace on
fore wing, sometimes replaced by tiny green dot
on fore wing. Hind wing with veins M3 and
CuA1 on short, occasionally extremely short,
common stalk. Abdomen with 3 dorsal spots
ringed with reddish brown: anterior spot cream,
others cream-tinged white; plus tan patch at
posterior end usually containing 1-3 whitish
traces.

GENITALIA O' (Figs 110, 171, 238). Socii some-
times moderately long though considerably
shorter than uncus. Basal costal process of valva
a thick spatulate rod (resembling a golf club), of

80

similar length to valva, basal half fused with
valva. Distal process of valva with flat plate set
more or less at right angles to costal sclerotiza-
tion. Well developed hair-like coremata on long
sac. Aedeagus with spinose finger-like medial
process. Sternite 8 with narrow slit-like posterior
notch.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 301). Apophyses anteriores
slightly more than half length of apophyses pos-
teriores. Pouch joining ostium and sternite 7
semicircular, bisected by deep notch in sternite;
ostial region finely wrinkled, ostium flanked by
pair of sclerotized lobes which are much smaller
than pouch. Ductus bursae extending to anterior
edge of segment 7. Signum with straight line at
opening.

DIAGNOsIS. In males of marielosae the swollen
tip of the basal process (Fig. 171) can be seen
without dissection and is a unique feature. The
structure of the female ostial region (Fig. 301) is
also characteristic. (See diagnoses of lorenae and
cosmeta for other differences between these spe-
cies. )

VARIATION. The basal costal process of the male
varies considerably in thickness and in the degree
of swelling of the tip.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Marielos Enriquez, member of the first female
parataxonomist class at INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 100 — c. 1250 m, throughout the year
except in September (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Neotropical Mexico and Costa
Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (107 specimens; including
70,3 Q genitalia preparations)

Holotype CO’, Costa Rica: Guanacaste Prov-
ince, Santa Rosa National Park, 12-14.v.1980
(Janzen & Hallwachs) (genitalia slide no. LMP
258) (INBio).

Paratypes. Mexico: 5 0’, 1 9, Jalisco, Estacion
Biologia Chamela, x.1986, x.1987, xi—xii.1988
(Chemsak & Powell) (UCB); 1 9, Orizaba,
xi.1909 (Miiller) (BMNH); 1 ©’, Zacualpan,
xii.1922 (Muller) (USNM). Costa Rica: Alajuela
Province: 1 &,2 km SW. of Dos Rios, Finca San
Gabriel, 600 m, UTM 318800,3835000, v.1989
(GNP Biodiversity Survey); 2 0,1 9, 8-9 km S.
of Santa Cecilia, Estacion Pitilla, 680 m, 700 m,
v, vii.1988 (Janzen & Hallwachs; Scoble &
Brooks); Guanacaste Province: 2 0, 3 9, 12 km
SE. of La Cruz, Casa Oeste, Cerro El Hacha,
300 m, UTM 320000,364000, x—xii.1987 (A. Cha-

LINDA M. PITKIN

con); 28 0,2 9,31 kmN. of Liberia, Fca Jenny,
300 m, W85° 34’27”, N10° 5155”, xi.1987, vii,
Vili, xi, xii.1988 (GNP Biodiversity Survey); 37
Oo, 15 9, Santa Rosa National Park, vi.1978, i,
V-Vili, xi. 1979, v, vi.1980, iii.1982, iii—vi, xii.1983
(Janzen & Hallwachs); 2 9, locality as before,
HQ area, 280 m, vi.1988 (Brown & Powell)
(UCB); 1 9, 6.7 km N. of Quebrada Grande,
Heda. San Isidro, 350 m; 1 9, 4 km W. of Santa
Cecilia, 250 m, 25.11.1985 (Janzen & Hallwachs);
Heredia Province: 1 OC, Chilamate, 100 m,
9.vill.1986 (Covell) (CVCJ); Puntarenas Prov-
ince: 1 9, Monteverde, c. 1250 m, 8.viii.1986
(Covell) (CVCJ); 1 OC’, no further data (Under-
wood); (BMNH and INBio unless stated other-
wise).

Nemoria sarukhani sp. n.
(Figs 31, 111, 172, 239)

ADULT (Fig. 31). Known from just a single male
specimen. Area behind interantennal fillet
green. Wings with smooth antemedial and post-
medial lines; hind postmedial distinctly bent;
brown discal spots minute and extremely faint,
particularly on hind wing. Abdomen with 4 white
or whitish dorsal spots, 2 middle spots faintly
ringed with tan brown; posterior spot smaller.

GENITALIA OC (Figs 111, 172, 239). Basal costal
process of valva slender, longer than valva,
strongly bent near base giving rise to short,
markedly spinulose process; distal process of
valva triangular. Juxta with slight papilla. Aedea-
gus with smooth slender spine-like medial pro-
cess. Sternite 8 with slight posterior notch.

Q. Unknown.

DIAGNOSIS. The unique specimen of sarukhani
is slightly faded but it is very similar to marielosae
and lorenae, though, unlike those two species, it
is known only from Nearctic Mexico. The basal
process of the male valva (Fig. 172) and the
spine-like process of the aedeagus (Fig. 239) are
highly distinctive.

REMARKS. This species is named for Dr José
Sarukhan, the Rector of UNAM, the Univer-
sidad Nacional Aut6nomo de México, to honour
his enormous contribution to the conservation of
the biodiversity of Mexico through stimulating
the formation of the Mexican Comision Nacional
para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad.

DISTRIBUTION. The only specimen was collected
in Nearctic Mexico at an altitude of c. 1250 m, in
August.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 81

MATERIAL EXAMINED (1 CG, including genitalia
preparation)

Holotype CO’, Mexico: Sinaloa, 2 km S. Santa
Lucia, Villa Blanca, c. 1250 m (‘4000 ft’),
12.viii.1986 (Brown & Powell) (genitalia slide
no. LMP 201; CAL).

The pacificaria-group

ADULT. Medium-sized for the genus. Front of
head and area behind white interantennal fillet
green. Wing pattern plain with waved white
antemedial and postmedial lines. Hind wing with
veins M3 and CuAl on short common stalk
(occasionally extremely short in pacificaria).
Abdomen with 2 dark brown dorsal spots: poste-
rior spot on segment 4, extending onto segment
3; anterior spot on segment 1, not extending onto
segment 2.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 112, 113, 173-178, 240,
241). Valva with small spinose process, and slight
tuft of hairs, at free end. Basal costal process of
valva consisting of small lobe adjoining slightly
more posterior rod-like process; two-thirds
length of valva or as long as valva; rod-like
process fused with costa for short length from
base. Juxta with papilla. Hair-like coremata well
developed on long sac. Saccus notched.

GENITALIA @ (Figs 302-307). Apophyses anteri-
ores half or usually more than half length of
apophyses posteriores. Pouch joining ostium and
sternite 7 irregularly crescent-shaped.

REMARKS. Members of the pacificaria-group
resemble carolinae but in that species the spots
are positioned differently on the abdomen (com-
pare Figs 76 and 77).

DISTRIBUTION. The pacificaria-group, compris-
ing two species, is found from Neotropical
Mexico to South America, where its range
extends westwards to French Guiana, and south-
wards to Ecuador and Brazil.

Nemoria pacificaria (M6schler) comb. n.
(Figs 36, 76, 112, 173-175, 240, 302-304)

Racheospila pacificaria Moschler, 1881: 403.
Holotype 9, SURINAM (MNHU) [exam-
ined].

ADULT (Fig. 36). Front of fore tibia straw some-
times mixed with brown; oblique white bar some-
times indistinct. Dorsal spots of abdomen (Fig.
76): oval or round posterior spot, large or occa-
sionally divided into 2; anterior spot sometimes
also large.

GENITALIA CO’ (Figs 112, 173-175, 240). Rod-
like basal costal process of valva very slender and
slightly sinuous. Valva with small process at free
end, consisting of a few tiny spines and a slight
tuft of ‘hair’, at tip of midrib; midrib divided into
two distal branches. Papilla of juxta sometimes
long.

GENITALIA 9 (Figs 302-304). Sternite 7 with
pair of large, somewhat sclerotized patches sur-
rounded (incompletely) by one to four thick
ridges. Ductus bursae shorter than segment 7.

DIAGNOSIS. N. pacificaria is near tutala and can
be reliably distinguished only by dissection; even
then the differences are subtle and complicated
by variation. The status of the two species and
their various geographic forms needs further
clarification. The two species appear to have
allopatric distributions within Costa Rica but
overlap in South America. In males the main
difference between pacificaria and tutala is in the
midrib of the male valva, which divides into two
distal branches in pacificaria (Figs 173-175) but
not in tutala (Figs 176-178). The female of pacifi-
caria has a few strong ridges on sternite 7 (Figs
302-304) whereas tutala usually has finer or more
numerous ridges (Figs 305-307).

VARIATION. The genitalia of both sexes show
geographic variation and two forms are recogn-
ised here: the typical form and the northern form
(see distribution below), though occasional
specimens are intermediate. In males of the
northern form the costal margin of the male
valva is finely serrated at its free end and the
costal surface in this area usually slightly rugose
or pitted (Figs 174, 175). This area is smooth in
the typical form (Fig. 173). In some specimens of
the northern form (mainly the population in
Santa Rosa National Park, Fig. 174) the small
cluster of tiny spines projects slightly beyond the
free end of the valva whereas this cluster does
not project and is thus less obvious in other
specimens of the northern form. Within both
forms individual variation is seen in the length
and shape of the basal process of the male valva
(Figs 173-175).

In females of the typical form (Fig. 302) some
of the ridges on sternite 7 are almost longitudinal
(in relation to the abdomen) and the sclerotized
patches are well separated whereas in the north-
ern form (Figs 303, 304) these ridges are diagonal
and the sclerotized patches are closer together.
As in the males, the northern form is variable
and the Santa Rosa population has fewer ridges
and the patches are further apart than in most
other specimens of the northern form.

82

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 50m (typical form), 100-700 m
(northern form); in January, March to August,
November and December (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Typical form: from Costa Rica
(Pacific side: west-central to south) to French
Guiana. Northern form: from Neotropical
Mexico to northwestern (Pacific) Costa Rica.
Form unidentified: Trinidad.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Typical form (10 speci-
mens, including 5 0’, 3 Q genitalia preparations)

Holotype 2, Surinam: Paramaribo (genitalia
slide no. LMP 241; MNHU).

Costa Rica: Puntarenas Province: Osa Penin-
sula, Corcovado National Park, Sirena; Carara
Biological Reserve, Estacion Quebrada Bonita,
50 m, UTM 194500,469850; (INBio and
BMNH). French Guiana: Cayenne; St Jean du
Maroni; (BMNH). Venezuela: Valera (USNM).

Northern form (39 specimens, including 9 0’, 5 2
genitalia preparations)

Mexico: Chiapas, Suchiapa (UCB); Yucatan,
Chichén Itza [ including 1 CO intermediate
between northern form and typical form]
(CMNH). Guatemala: ([Izabal,] Cayuga
(USNM). Costa Rica: Guanacaste Province: W.
of Carmona Nicoya, 600-700 m; 8 km SW. of
Cuajiniquil, Estacion Murcielago, 100 m; 31 km
N. of Liberia, Fea Jenny, 300 m, W85° 34’27”
N10° 51'55”; Santa Rosa National Park, 300 m
(INBio and BMNH).

Form unidentified (3 9, not dissected)
Costa Rica: Avangarez (USNM); no further
data (USNM). Trinidad: Caparo (BMNH).

Nemoria tutala (Dognin) comb. n.
(Figs 37, 113, 140, 176-178, 241, 305-307)

Geometra tutala Dognin, 1898: 213. LECTO-
TYPE O&, ECUADOR (USNM), here desig-
nated [examined].

Racheospila tutala Dognin; Prout, 1932: 28.

ADULT (Fig. 37). Terminal line of wings orange
brown in northern form, whereas this line is
usually more reddish brown or a shade darker in
pacificaria; the difference is very subtle. Front of
fore tibia golden to mid brown. Dorsal spots of
abdomen large, posterior spot sometimes heart-
shaped.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 113, 140, 176-178, 241).
Rod-like basal costal process of valva moderately
slender and slightly spatulate or very slender;
about three-quarters length of valva or as long as

LINDA M. PITKIN

valva. Valva with small process at free end, with
numerous spinules and a hair-like tuft, near tip of
midrib; midrib not divided into two distal
branches, at most with a trace of branching.
Aedeagus usually with narrower basal end than
in pacificaria.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 305-307). Sternite 7 usually
largely covered by somewhat sclerotized area,
occasionally without this, or (form C) with pair
of patches; series of ridges on sternite usually
finer and often more numerous than those of
pacificaria, not defining sclerotized patches
except in form C. Ductus bursae shorter than
segment 7.

DIAGNOsIs. Discussed under pacificaria.

VARIATION. As in pacificaria, there is geo-
graphic variation in genitalic features of both
sexes and three forms are termed here as A, B
and C (see distribution below). Individual varia-
tion occurs also and tends to blur the distinctness
of the three forms. In males of form B the basal
costal process of the valva is stouter and with a
blunt tip (Fig. 177) but this is often very slender
and with a pointed tip in form A (Fig. 176)
(though not in the lectotype, from Ecuador). The
distal process projects from the extreme tip of
the valva in form A but it arises from slightly
below the tip in form B. Form C (based on a sole
male from Mexico, Fig. 178) is intermediate in
both characters.

In the female, ridges and wrinkles of sternite 7
are particularly apparent in the anterior half of
the sternite (form A: Fig. 305), or in the poste-
rior half (form B: Fig. 306). Form C (Fig. 307)
resembles pacificaria in having sclerotized
patches defined by the mdges but in other
respects seems better placed in tutala.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 0-1100 m, in May to July, November
and December (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Form A: from Colombia to
French Guiana, Ecuador and Brazil. Form B:
from south-eastern (Atlantic) Mexico to Costa
Rica. Form C: south-western (Pacific) Mexico.
Form B has a predominantly Atlantic distribu-
tion although within Costa Rica it extends also to
Rincon de la Vieja National Park.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Form A (17 specimens;
including 5 CO’, 4 2 genitalia preparations)
Lectotype ©’, Ecuador: Loja area, 1891 (geni-
talia slide no. 57,576; Type No. 32609; USNM).
French Guiana: St Jean du Maroni (BMNH).
Venezuela: San Esteban (BMNH). Colombia:

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 83

Muzo, 400-800 m (BMNH). Brazil: lower Ama-
zon River, near Santarem, Taperinha; Matto
Grosso State; Santa Catarina: Blumenau, Rio
Laeiss; hills between Hansa and Jaragua, 400 m;
Jaragua do Sul; Nova Bremen, 250 m; (BMNH).
Ecuador: 1 © (paralectotype), Loja area, 1891
(USNM).

Form B (23 specimens, including 6 CO, 4 @
genitalia preparations)

Mexico: [Veracruz:| Jalapa; Misantla;
(BMNH). Guatemala: [Izabel,] Cayuga; Chejel;
(BMNH; CMNH; USNM). Costa Rica: [Alajuela
Province:| Esperanza (USNM); Guanacaste
Province: Rincon National Park, 4 km E.
Casetilla, 750 m; Heredia Province: Puerto Viejo
de Sarapiqui, Finca La Selva, 40 m; [Limon
Province:| Guapiles (CMNH); N. edge Tortu-
guero National Park, Cerro Tortuguero, 0-100
m, UTM 285000,588000; San José Province:
Braulio Carrillo National Park, Estacion Car-
rillo, 700 m; Braulio Carrillo National Park, La
Montura, 1100 m; (INBio and BMNH unless
stated otherwise).

Form C (4 specimens, including 1 0’, 2 2 genita-
lia preparations)

Mexico: Jalisco, Estacion Biologia Chamela
(UCB); Michoacan, 7 km S. Arteaga, c. 650 m
(CMNH).

Other species in the genus

ADULT. Medium-sized for the genus and with
white interantennal fillet, unless stated other-
wise.

GENITALIA OC’. Hair-like coremata well devel-
oped on long sac unless stated otherwise. Core-
mata sometimes consisting of two types (brush of
fine scales and brush of thin scales) but usually
on the same sac. Saccus notched unless stated
otherwise.

Nemoria acutularia (Schaus) comb. n.
(Figs 61, 114, 179, 242, 308)

Racheospila acutularia Schaus, 1912: 289. LEC-
TOTYPE ©’, COSTA RICA (USNM), here
designated [examined].

Racheospila thymele Prout, 1932: 25. Holotype
O, COSTA RICA (BMNH) [examined]. Syn.
n.

ADULT (Fig. 61). Front of head mid brown with
green patches in upper part; scattered orange
brown scales at hind edge of interantennal fillet;
area behind fillet green. Wing pattern plain with

slightly waved white antemedial and postmedial
lines. Hind wing with veins M3 and CuA1 on
short common stalk. Front of fore tibia golden
brown with white bar distinct and complete.
Abdomen with 3 white dorsal spots ringed with
reddish brown.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 114, 179, 242). Basal costal
process of valva short (about one-quarter length
of valva), bluntly rounded; valva with distal end
of costal sclerotization rounded and slightly pro-
duced. Juxta with papilla. Anellar plate ending in
pair of short lobes with broad or deep excision in
between.

GENITALIA ° (Fig. 308). Apophyses anteriores
slightly more than half length of apophyses pos-
teriores. Pouch joining ostium and sternite 7
large and semicircular, covering postostial plate.
Ductus bursae shorter than segment 7.

DIAGNOSIS. N. acutularia resembles defectiva
but the latter differs in having a green front of
head and the middle spot on the abdomen is
plain. All three spots are usually ringed with
reddish brown in acutularia although the middle
spot is not ringed in the lectotype. The male
genitalia of acutularia (Fig. 179) are similar to
those of several other species, in particular,
defectiva (Fig. 186), though the tips of the socii
are more blunt in the latter. N. xaliria (see the
catalogue of extralimital species) also differs in
minor genitalic features. Other similar species
are adaluzae, which has all plain white dorsal
spots on the abdomen, and remota and consimi-
lis, which have dark spots (or none at all in some
remota males); (see the catalogue of extralimital
species for consimilis, and refer to the diagnoses
of the other two species).

The female of acutularia has a larger pouch
joining the ostium and sternite 7 than that of
defectiva (compare Figs 308 and 314), and in
neither is this deeply notched as in adaluzae (Fig.
276).

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 600-1200 m, in June to August and
October.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (15 specimens, including
6 CO, 2 9 genitalia preparations)

Lectotype C’ (acutularia), Costa Rica: [Car-
tago Province,] Tuis, v (genitalia slide no.
57,586; Type No. 17724; USNM). Holotype C’
(thymele), Costa Rica: [Cartago Province,]
Orosi, 1200 m (Fass!) (genitalia slide Geom.
12892; BMNH).

84

Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 2 km SW. of
Dos Rios, Finca San Gabriel, 600-650 m; 9 km S.
of Santa Cecilia, Estacion Pitilla, 700 m; [Cartago
Province:| Cachi, c. 1000 m; Juan Vinas; Orosi,
1200 m; 1 G& (nympharia paralectotype), Tuis
(USNM); Tuis; San José Province: Braulio Car-
rillo National Park, Estacion Carrillo, 700 m;
(INBio and BMNH unless stated otherwise).

Nemoria adaluzae sp. n.
(Figs 67, 115, 180, 243, 276, 309, 338)

ADULT (Fig. 67). Front of head green, rarely
mixed with straw. Interantennal fillet sometimes
with a few scattered tan scales at hind edge; area
behind fillet green. Wing pattern plain with
waved white antemedial and postmedial lines.
Hind wing with veins M3 and CuA1 on common
stalk. Front of fore tibia straw to mid brown.
Abdomen with 3 plain white dorsal spots, usually
small, sometimes with trace of a fourth.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 115, 180, 243). Basal costal
process of valva short (about one-quarter to
one-third length of valva), tapered to a sharp
point; valva with slight distal process. Juxta with
papilla. Aedeagus with a short row of tiny spines.
Sternite 8 with fairly shallow posterior notch.

GENITALIA Q (Figs 276, 309, 338). Apophyses
anteriores about half length of apophyses poste-
riores. Pouch joining ostium and sternite 7
crescent-shaped; sternite 7 notched medially.
Ductus bursae broadened and lightly sclerotized
towards ostium; much longer than segment 7.
Signum with curved to v-shaped line at opening.

DIAGNOsIs. N. adaluzae is one of the few Costa
Rican Nemoria species that have plain white
abdominal spots without any reddish surround. It
is unlikely to be confused with callirrhoe, which
lacks a distinct terminal line on the wings. Males
of adaluzae lack the large dark brown distal
process of the valva which can be seen without
dissection in priscillae (Fig. 199). N. adaluzae has
a slight distal process, very similar to those of
acutularia and defectiva, but the basal costal
process of the valva is pointed in adaluzae (Fig.
180) not rounded as in the other two species (see
Fig. 179). N. adaluzae differs from those two
species also in having spines on the aedeagus
(Fig. 243).

The females examined (Fig. 276) are tenta-
tively associated with adaluzae.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Ada Luz Marin Alpizar, member of the first
female parataxonomist class at INBio.

LINDA M. PITKIN

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 40-630 m, in February, June, August
and September.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (8 CO’, 2 Q; including 3 C’,
2 2 genitalia preparations)

Holotype ©’, Costa Rica: Lim6én Province, 9.4
km W. Bribri, Suretka, 200 m, 9-11.vi.1983
(Janzen & Hallwachs) (genitalia slide no. LMP
259; INBio).

Paratypes. Costa Rica: Heredia Province: 6 CO,
Chilamate, 100 m, 11-13.viii.1986 (Covell)
(CVCJ); 1 CO’, Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, La
Selva Biol. Station, 40 m, vi.1987 (Chavarria)
(INBio/BMNH).

Excluded from type-series. Costa Rica: Ala-
juela Province: 1 9, 16 km E. of Quebrada
Grande, Finca San Gabriel, 630 m (INBio);
Heredia Province: 1 2, Chilamate (CVCJ).

Nemoria agenoria (Schaus) comb. n., sp.
rev.

(Figs 64, 116, 181, 244, 310, 339)

Racheospila agenoria Schaus, 1912: 289. LEC-
TOTYPE oO, COSTA RICA (USNM), here
designated [examined].

Racheospila fontalis ab. (?) agenoria Schaus;
Prout, 1932: 27.

ADULT (Fig. 64). Front of head green and area
behind interantennal fillet green; fillet bordered
in front and behind with scattered orange-brown
scales or with a narrow orange-brown band
immediately behind. Wing pattern plain with
waved white antemedial and postmedial lines.
Hind wing with veins M3 and CuA1 on short
common stalk. Abdomen with 4-5 white dorsal
spots ringed with reddish brown, posterior spots
small.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 116, 181, 244). Socii fairly
narrow. Valva with costal side broadened along
its whole length but particularly so at distal end;
basal costal process slender and tapered, finely
spinulose, nearly as long as valva. Juxta with
papilla. Aedeagus with single large spine situated
at one-third to one-quarter from apex of aedea-
gus.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 310, 339). Apophyses anteri-
ores slightly less than half length of apophyses
posteriores. Without pouch joining ostium and
sternite 7; ostium flanked by pair of large
rounded sclerotized structures. Ductus bursae
sclerotized, of similar length to segment 7.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 85

DIAGNOSIS. N. agenoria is distinguished from
most other plain-winged green-faced species in
having more than three abdominal spots but it
can only be separated from florae by genitalic
features. The shape of the valva and basal pro-
cess in the male (Fig. 181) and the structures
flanking the female ostium (Fig. 310) are very
distinctive.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
an altitude of c. 750 m, in January, June and
November.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from two localities
in central Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (5 specimens; including 1
CO’, 2 2 genitalia preparations)

Lectotype ©’, Costa Rica: [Cartago Province,|
Juan Vinas, xi (genitalia slide no. 57,585; Type
No. 17725; USNM).

Costa Rica: [Cartago Province:]| 1 0, 1 Q,
Juan Vifias; 2 9, Tuis, c. 750 m; (BMNH;
USNM).

Nemoria astraea (Druce) comb. n.
(Figs 40, 69, 117, 182, 245, 311)

Racheospila astraea Druce, 1892: 90. LECTO-
TYPE o&, MEXICO (USNM), here desig-
nated [examined].

ADULT (Fig. 40). Front of head salmon and tan
or reddish brown; broad interantennal fillet with
narrow green area behind. Wing pattern: large
mottled pinkish brown blotch at inner margin of
hind wing, with broad yellow border. White
antemedial and postmedial lines slightly waved;
without reddish brown terminal line or with only
a trace. Hind wing with veins M3 and CuAl
meeting or separate. Front of fore tibia: lower
two-thirds dark brown, upper part white. Abdo-
men mottled brown dorsally with short white
dashes at posterior end of segments and white

tip.

GENITALIA ©’ (Figs 117, 182, 245). Uncus spatu-
late; socii small and not normally erect. Genitalia
simple: valva with straight parallel sides; basal
costal process extremely short; without distal
process; juxta without papilla; coremata very
weakly developed; saccus rounded. Anterior
margin of sternite 8 weakly concave.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 311). Apophyses anteriores
more than half length of apophyses posteriores.
Postostial plate weak and ill-defined. Without
pouch joining ostium and sternite 7. Ductus

bursae much shorter than segment 7; corpus
bursae without signum.

DIAGNOSIS. N. astraea (Fig. 40) superficially
resembles interlucens and Synchlora astraeoides,
which have a similar blotch on the hind wing.
However, interlucens (Fig. 41) has a series of
brown dots instead of the white antemedial and
postmedial lines on the wings while the wings of
S. astraeoides are distinctively bordered by a
strong terminal line. Two Mexican species, capys
and capysoides (see extralimital catalogue) have
a smaller blotch.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 500-1600 m, possibly to 1850 m, in
Costa Rica (to c. 2000 m in Colombia); in
February, May to August and October (in Costa
Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Widespread from Mexico to
Venezuela and Peru.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (193 specimens; including
1 0, 1 Q genitalia preparations)

Lectotype 0’, Mexico: Veracruz, Paso de San
Juan (coll. Schaus) (USNM).

Mexico: Jalapa; Misantla; Orizaba; Veracruz,
Huatusco; (BMNH). Guatemala (BMNH). Costa
Rica: Alajuela Province: 2 km W. of Dos Rios,
N. slope Volcan de Rincon, 550 m (UCB); 16 km
ENE. of Quebrada Grande, Finca San Gabriel,
630 m, 650 m; 9 km S. of Santa Cecilia, Estacion
Pitilla, 700 m; [Cartago Province:| Azahar de
Cartago, c. 1550-1850 m; Cachi; Juan Vinas;
Moravia de Chirripo, 1114 m; Orosi, 1200 m; Rio
Grande de Orosi, Tapanti, 1300-1400 m; Sitio;
Tuis; 3 km SE. of Turrialba, CATIE, 600 m
(UCB); Guanacaste Province: 11 km E. of Que-
brada Grande, Colonia Refug. Los Angeles, Fea
Biesnan, 500 m; Rincon National Park, 4 km E.
of Casetilla; Volcan Cacao, SW. side, Estacion
Cacao, 1100 m; Puntarenas Province: Mon-
teverde, 1300-1400 m, c. 1250 m (CVCJ/BMNH;
INBIO; UCB); 2 km E. of Monteverde, 1460 m
(UCB); San Vito, Las Cruces Biol. Station; San
José Province: Braulio Carrillo National Park,
Estacion Carrillo, 700 m; Braulio Carrillo
National Park, La Montura, 1100 m; 14 km N. of
San Isidro del General Pan American Highway,
1600 m; near San José, La Uruca, 1100 m; [S. of
San José,] Candelaria Mts; (INBio and BMNH
unless stated otherwise). Panama: Chiriqui
(BMNH). Venezuela: Caracas (BMNH). Colom-
bia: slopes of Choc6, Rio Siat6é, Siat6, c. 1600 m
(BMNH); Choco, San Juan, La Selva, c. 1400 m
(BMNH); Medina (BMNH); upper (‘Ob.’) Rio
Negro, 800 m (BMNH); Valle de Cauca, 4 km

86

NW. of San Antonio, c. 2000 m (UCB). Ecua-
dor: Bolivar, Balzapamba (BMNH). Peru: Chan-
chamayo, La Merced (BMNH).

Nemoria callirrhoe (Prout) comb. n.
(Figs 65, 118, 183, 184, 246, 247, 312)

Racheospila callirrhoe Prout, 1932: 27. Holotype
oO, FRENCH GUIANA (BMNH) [exam-
ined].

ADULT (Fig. 65). Front of head green, often
mixed with scattered brown scales. Interantennal
fillet occasionally with one or two orange-brown
scales at hind edge; area behind fillet green.
Wing pattern plain with strongly waved white
antemedial and postmedial lines; terminal line
indistinct, olive or a trace of reddish brown;
discal spot of fore wing well developed. Hind
wing with veins M3 and CuA1 on common stalk.
Front of fore tibia straw or pale brown without
oblique white bar. Abdomen with up to 7 small
plain white dorsal spots.

GENITALIA CO’ (Figs 118, 183, 184, 246, 247).
Socii long and slender, not much shorter than
uncus. Basal costal process of valva slender and
rod-like (Fig. 183, eastern form; finely pointed in
western form, Fig. 184), with strong bend or kink
near base, longer than valva; distal process small
and tooth-like (eastern form) or longer and
spine-like (western form). Juxta with small
papilla. Sternite 8 slightly notched between pos-
terior lobes.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 312). Apophyses anteriores
half length of apophyses posteriores. Without
distinct pouch joining ostium and sternite 7;
ostial opening large, surrounded by concentric
rings of ridges and folds. Ductus bursae much
shorter than segment 7.

DIAGNOsIs. N. callirrhoe is one of the few Costa
Rican species of Nemoria that have plain white
abdominal spots without any reddish surround. It
is distinguished from other such species in lack-
ing a distinct terminal line on the wings. The
male genitalia are highly distinctive, particularly
the long narrow socii but also the processes of the
valva (Figs 183, 184). N. antipala (see catalogue
of extralimital species) has fairly similar pro-
cesses but it has much broader socii and the
wings have a distinct reddish terminal line. The
female ostial opening of callirrhoe is unusually
large (Fig. 312).

VARIATION. In addition to the variation in the
processes of the valva described above, the
aedeagus varies in having a short pointed apex in

LINDA M. PITKIN

the eastern form (Fig. 246) and a long pointed
apex in the western form (Fig. 247). No females
of the eastern form were available for compari-
son with the western form.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 40-750 m in Costa Rica (to 800 m in
Colombia), throughout the year except in Octo-
ber (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia and Costa Rica (west-
ern form); French Guiana (eastern form). Litera-
ture records: Panama (Prout, 1932: 27).

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Eastern form (1 OC,
including genitalia preparation)

Holotype oO’, French Guiana: St Jean du
Maroni (genitalia slide Geom. 13301; BMNH).

Western form (28 specimens; including 3 0’, 1 2
genitalia preparations)

Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 16 km E. of
Quebrada Grande, Finca San Gabriel, 600-650
m; 9 km S. of Santa Cecilia, Estacion Pitilla, 700
m, UTM 330200,380200; Guanacaste Province:
Rincon National Park, 4 km E. of Casetilla, 750
m; Heredia Province: Braulio Carrillo National
Park, Estacion El Ceibo, 400-600 m, UTM
527700,256500; Chilamate (CVCJ); Puerto Viejo
de Sarapiqui, La Selva Biological Station, 40 m;
Limon Province: N. edge Tortuguero National
Park, Cerro Tortuguero, 100 m, UTM
285000,588000; Puntarenas Province: Osa Penin-
sula, Corcovado National Park, Sirena; San José
Province: Braulio Carrillo National Park, Esta-
cion Carrillo, 700 m; (INBio and BMNH unless
stated otherwise). Colombia: upper (‘Ob.’) Rio
Negro, 800 m (BMNH).

Nemoria carolinae sp. n.
(Figs 35, 77, 119, 185, 248, 277, 313)

ADULT (Fig. 35). Front of head green; white
interantennal fillet often with a few tan scales or
very narrow band at hind edge; area behind fillet
green. Wing pattern plain with waved white
antemedial and postmedial lines. Hind wing with
veins M3 and CuA1 on short common stalk.
Front of fore tibia straw to mid brown, with
oblique white bar sometimes reduced to half
tibial width. Abdomen with 2 large blackish
brown dorsal spots: posterior spot on segment 4,
extending onto segment 5 but not onto segment
3; anterior spot on segment 1, extending onto
segment 2.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 119, 185, 248). Valva long,
extending well beyond tips of socii; basal costal
process very short. Costal margin of valva

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 87

straight, giving rise at free end to small thin distal
process tipped with two or three small claw-like
spines. Juxta with papilla.

GENITALIA Q (Figs 277, 313). Apophyses anteri-
ores half or more than half length of apophyses
posteriores. Pouch joining ostium and sternite 7
large and oblong, with numerous curved parallel
wrinkles in preostial region. Ductus bursae
shorter than segment 7.

DIAGNOsIS. N. carolinae resembles _ the
pacificaria-group superficially but the dark spots
are positioned differently on the abdomen (see
Figs 77 and 76). The distal process of the male
valva (Fig. 185) is unique in form and the oblong
pouch between the ostium and sternite 7 of the
female (Fig. 313) is characteristic. ‘

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Carolina Cano Cano, member of the first female
parataxonomist class at INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 50-700 m, in February, March, May,
July, September and October (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. From Guatemala to Trinidad,
Peru and Brazil.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (18 specimens; including
2 0, 3 genitalia preparations)

Holotype o’, Costa Rica: [Alajuela Province]
Esperanza, v (genitalia slide Geom. 12858;
BMNH).

Paratypes. Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 1 OC’,
2 9, 9 km S. of Santa Cecilia, Estacion Pitilla,
700 m, vii.1988, v.1989 (Scoble & Brooks; GNP
Biodiversity Survey); [Cartago Province:| 1 9,
Juan Vinas, ii (USNM); Guanacaste Province: |
Oo, 11 km E. of Quebrada Grande, Colonia
Refug. Los Angeles, Fca Biesnan, 500 m;
Heredia Province: 1 9, Chilamate, 8.ix.1988
(Covell) (CVCJ); 1 9Q, Puerto Viejo de
Sarapiqui, Finca La Selva (OTS), 50 m,
6-9.ii1.1985 (Janzen & Hallwachs); [Limon Prov-
ince:] 1 9, Sixaola River, iii; Puntarenas Prov-
ince: 1 9, Carara Biological Reserve, Estacion
Quebrada Bonita, 50 m, x.1989 (Zuniga) 1 OC,
Osa Peninsula, Corcovado National Park, Sirena
(Janzen & Hallwachs); 1 &, 35 km S. of Palmar
Norte, Fila Esquinas, 150 m; (INBio and BMNH
unless stated otherwise). Panama: 1 0’, La Chor-
rera_ 1.iv—15.v.1898 (Dolby-Tylor) (BMNH).
Trinidad: 1 ©, Caparo, xi.1905 (Klages)
(BMNH). Venezuela: 1 ©’, San Esteban, vi.1909
(Klages) (BMNH). Ecuador: 1 ©’, Pichincha
Province, [near Santo Domingo, | Tinalandia, 700
m, 5-18.1985 (Covell) (CVCJ). Peru: 1 &’, Ama-

zonas, Chachapoyas, 1889 (de Mathan)
(BMNH). Brazil: 1 0’, Para (Moss) (BMNH).

Nemoria defectiva (Prout) comb. n., stat. n.
(Figs 60, 79, 120, 186, 249, 314)

Racheospila dentilinea defectiva Prout, 1932: 27.
Holotype o’, PERU (BMNH) [examined].

ADULT (Fig. 60). Front of head green (rarely
mixed with brown); area behind interantennal
fillet green; occasionally one or two tan scales
near fillet. Wing pattern plain with waved white
antemedial and postmedial lines weak between
veins. Hind wing with veins M3 and CuA1 on
short (occasionally extremely short) common
stalk. Front of fore tibia straw or pale brown
without oblique white bar. Abdomen (Fig. 79)
with 2—3 small white dorsal spots plus traces at
posterior end; middle spot of 3 plain, others
ringed with reddish brown.

GENITALIA OC (Figs 120, 186, 249). Socii particu-
larly broadly rounded. Basal costal process of
valva short (less than one-quarter length of
valva), bluntly rounded; valva with distal end of
costal sclerotization slightly produced and usu-
ally more pointed than in acutularia. Juxta with
papilla. Tufts of fine and thick coremata clearly
differentiated. Anellar plate ending in slight exci-
sion or notch. Sternite 8 with posterior lobes
often truncated and notch between them usually
narrow.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 314). Apophyses anteriores
half, or slightly more than half, length of apophy-
ses posteriores. Pouch joining ostium and stern-
ite 7 broad and crescent-shaped, not more than
partially covering postostial plate. Ductus bursae
shorter than segment 7.

DIAGNOsIS. N. defectiva is most likely to be
confused with acutuiaria and dentilinea. It differs
from the former in the colour of the front of the
head and from the latter in the absence (in Costa
Rican specimens) of brown shading alongside the
antemedial and postmedial lines of the wings
(although faint brown shading is often present in
Colombian and Peruvian specimens of defectiva).
The male genitalia of defectiva and acutularia are
very similar, differing mainly in the shape of the
socii, which are like mouse ears in the former
(Fig. 186). Neither species has the striking finger-
like costal process of the male valva seen in
dentilinea. The female of defectiva has a smaller
pouch joining the ostium and sternite 7 than that
of acutularia (compare Figs 314 and 308). (See
also the diagnoses of acutularia and dentilinea.)

88

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 40-800 m in Costa Rica (to c. 1050 m
in Peru), in June to September and November to
March (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica, Colombia and Peru.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (36 specimens; including
10 Oo, 2 & genitalia preparations)

Holotype CO’, SE. Peru: Carabaya, Tinguri, c.
1050 m (‘3400 ft’), viii.1904 (Ockenden) (genita-
lia slide Geom. 13298; BMNH).

Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 2 km SW. of
Dos Rios, Finca San Gabriel, 600 m (UTM
318800,3835000, 630 m, 650 m; 6 km NW. of Dos
Rios, E. side Volcan Cacao, Cerro Campana,
650 m; Rio Sarapiqui, 6 km S. of San Miguel, 800
m (UCB); 9 km S. of Santa Cecilia, Estacion
Pitilla, 700 m; Heredia Province: Chilamate
(CVCJ); Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, Finca La
Selva (OTS), 40, 50 m, UTM 268800,535300;
Puntarenas Province: Osa Peninsula, Corcovado
National Park, Sirena; San José Province: Carara
Biological Reserve, Estacion Bijagual, 500 m;
(INBio and BMNH unless stated otherwise).
Colombia: Muzo, 400-800 m (BMNH). Peru:
Carabaya, Tinguri, c. 1050 m; Rio Inambari, La
Oroya, c. 950 m; Yahuarmayo, c. 350 m;
(BMNH).

Nemoria dentilinea dentilinea (Warren)
comb. n.

(Figs 55,121, 187-189, 250, 315)

Racheospila dentilinea Warren, 1897: 430. Holo-
type 29, GUYANA (BMNH) [examined].

ADULT (Fig. 55). Front of head and area behind
interantennal fillet green. Wing pattern plain
apart from very faint shadowy brown band on
inner side of strongly waved white antemedial
and postmedial lines. Hind wing with veins M3
and CuAl on common stalk. Front of fore tibia
green mottled with pale brown; oblique white
bar usually diffuse or reduced to spot. Abdomen
with 3 white dorsal spots plus a trace between
basal and 2nd; basal spot ringed with dark or
reddish brown; [1 specimen has 2 additional
white traces towards apex of abdomen].

GENITALIA OC (Figs 121, 187-189, 250). Costal
side of valva evenly broadened but with at most a
weak development of basal process. Distal pro-
cess of valva finger-like, sometimes hooked or
slightly bent, ranging from short, not approach-
ing tip of valva, to extending well beyond valva;
distal process (and to a lesser degree costal side
of valva) finely spinulose. Juxta with papilla.

LINDA M. PITKIN

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 315). Apophyses anteriores
slightly less than half length of apophyses posteri-
ores. Pouch joining ostium and sternite 7 a
shallow crescent bisected by deep notch in stern-
ite. Ductus bursae shorter than segment 7, usu-
ally considerably so; with some sclerotization,
usually very light in d. dentilinea.

DIAGNOsISs. No other species of Nemoria in
Costa Rica has brown shading alongside waved
antemedial and postmedial lines of the wings
although some specimens of defectiva from
Colombia and Peru have similar faint bands. The
broad costa and finger-like distal process of the
male genitalia of dentilinea are distinctive (Figs
187-189). N. dentilinea has two subspecies, pau-
rocaula and tenuilinea (see catalogue of extral-
imital species); both of these, unlike the
nominate subspecies, have a spine-like basal cos-
tal process of the valva.

VARIATION. The costal side and finger-like dis-
tal process of the male valva varies tremendously
in length and shape. It ranges from much shorter
than the other side of the valva (in Costa Rican
specimens, e.g. as in Fig. 187) to considerably
longer than the other side (in Venezuela, Fig.
188; French Guiana; Bolivia and one Colombian
specimen). Other Colombian specimens and
those examined from Ecuador, Peru and Brazil
are intermediate in this character (Fig. 189).

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 40-630 m in Costa Rica (to 1300 m in
Bolivia), in March, August, October to January
(in Costa Rica.)

DISTRIBUTION. Extending from Costa Rica to
French Guiana, Brazil and Bolivia.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (74 specimens; including
11 &’, 3 Q genitalia preparations)

Holotype 2 , Guyana: Rio Demerara (genitalia
slide Geom. 15576; BMNH).

Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 16 km E. of
Quebrada Grande, Finca San Gabriel, 630 m;
Heredia Province: Chilamate, 100 m (CVC3J);
Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, Finca La Selva
(OTS), 40, 50 m; (INBio and BMNH unless
stated otherwise). French Guiana: St Jean du
Maroni (BMNH). Venezuela: San Esteban; near
San Esteban, Las Quiguas; (BMNH). Colombia:
Muzo, 400-800 m; Muzo, R. Cantinero, 400 m;
upper (‘Ob.’) Rio Negro, 800 m; (BMNH).
Ecuador: Paramba (BMNH). Peru: Carabaya,
Rio Huacamayo, La Union, c. 600 m; Yahuar-
mayo, c. 350 m; (BMNH). Bolivia: Charapaya
(‘Charaplaya’), 1300 m (BMNH); Brazil: Para;
Amazonas: Tefé (‘Teffe’); Fonte Boa; Santo

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 89

Antonio de Javari; Sao Paulo de Olivenga;
(BMNH).

Nemoria dorsilinea (Schaus) comb. n.
(Figs 48, 80, 122, 190, 251, 316, 340)

Racheospila dorsilinea Schaus, 1912: 289. LEC-
TOTYPE co’, COSTA RICA (USNM), here
designated [examined].

ADULT (Fig. 48). Front of head and area behind
broad interantennal fillet orange-brown. Wing
pattern plain, striated, sometimes very faintly,
with white and colourless flecks; with smooth
white antemedial and postmedial lines; postme-
dials gently curved. Hind wing with veins M3 and
CuA1 on common stalk or occasionally meeting.
Front of fore tibia deep orange-brown shading to
straw at inner edge; oblique white bar diffuse or
reduced to spot. Abdomen without dorsal spots,
instead with longitudinal cream stripe on abdo-
men and thorax (Fig. 80).

GENITALIA CO (Figs 122, 190, 251). Socii small,
tapered and not normally erect. Genitalia
simple: basal costal process of valva very weakly
developed; valva without distal process; juxta
without papilla; coremata very weakly devel-
oped; saccus rounded or slightly notched. Stern-
ite 8 with slight posterior excision or fairly
shallow notch; shorter than tergite.

GENITALIA Q (Figs 316, 340). Apophyses anteri-
ores more than half length of apophyses posteri-
ores. Without pouch joining ostium and sternite
7. Ductus bursae much shorter than segment 7.
Signum a very narrow pouch.

DIAGNosIs. N. dorsilinea is the only Neotropical
species in this genus to have a whitish dorsal
stripe (Fig. 80) instead of spots on the abdomen.
A stripe of this sort, although rare in the
Geometrinae, is seen in the North American N.
bifilata bifilata (Walker) and in a few Synchlora
species.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of c. 2150-3100 m, in April, May and
December.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from high eleva-
tions in central Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (19 specimens; including
3 0, 1 Q genitalia preparations)

Lectotype ©’, Costa Rica: [San Jose Province, ]
Mount Pods, 2350 m, v (Type No. 17726;
USNM).

Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: Volcan Poas, c.
2150 m, 2350 m; Cartago Province: Cerro de la

Muerte, 1 km NE. of Cerro Asuncion, 3100 m;
Cerro de [la] Muerte, Pension La Georgina, 3000
m (UCB); San José Province: Cerro de la
Muerte, San Gerardo de Dota, 2430 m; (INBio
and BMNH unless stated otherwise).

Nemoria duniae sp. n.
(Figs 28, 123, 191, 252, 317, 341)

ADULT (Fig. 28). Front of head green sometimes
mottled with white, lower end whitish. Interan-
tennal fillet sometimes largely overlaid with
green scales; area behind fillet green, sometimes
pale. Antennae with diffuse white dorsal line
along basal half of flagellum; length of longest
antennal branches in male exceeding four times
width of flagellum at same point; flagellum slen-
der. Wing pattern: faintly striated or mottled
with whitish scales, without reddish brown termi-
nal line. Antemedial and postmedial lines indis-
tinct, broken into small diffuse patches of brown
scales; hind wing with additional scattered brown
scales. Hind wing with veins M3 and CuAl
separate. Front of fore tibia mid brown; white
bar reduced to indistinct spot. Abdomen with
one median dark brown dorsal spot, plus a trace
at anterior end (female), or without spots (male).

GENITALIA CO (Figs 123, 191, 252). Socii trian-
gular, pointed at apices. Basal costal process of
valva short (one-quarter length of valva or less),
truncated with finely serrated edge; distal pro-
cess a rounded triangular shape, nearer middle
than end of valva. Juxta without papilla. Core-
mata not discernible. Aedeagus slender and lin-
ear with a large patch of small spines on swollen
apical half. Sternite 8 with slight rounded exci-
sion between posterior lobes; tergite 8 with shal-
low excision.

GENITALIA @ (Figs 317, 341). Apophyses anteri-
ores short, less than one-third length of apophy-
ses posteriores. Without pouch joining ostium
and sternite 7. Ductus bursae large and funnel-
shaped; sclerotized, particularly around ostial
opening which has a pair of prominent ridges.
Signum small with almost straight line at open-
ing.

DIAGNOsIS. N. duniae (Fig. 28) resembles the
typical form of strigaria (Fig. 27) externally and it
may be related to that species though this is far
from certain. Both are high elevation species.
The two species differ in the colour of the front
of the head and the processes of the male valva
(Figs 191 and 165) are strikingly different. The
large patch of spines on the aedeagus of duniae
(Fig. 252) is also a distinctive feature.

90

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Dunia Gricela Garcia Garcia, member of the first
female parataxonomist class at INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
an altitude of 2350 m, in December.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from one _ high-
elevation locality in central Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (2 0’, 1 Q; including 2 C’,
1 Q genitalia preparations)

Holotype OC’, Costa Rica: Alajuela Province,
Volcan Pods, 2350 m, 15.xii.1982 (Janzen &
Hallwachs) (genitalia slide no. LMP 262; INBio).

Paratypes. Costa Rica: Alajuela Province, 1
oO, 1 Y, Volcan Pods, 2350 m, 19.xii.1981 (Jan-
zen & Hallwachs) (BMNH/INBio).

Nemoria florae sp. n.
(Figs 59, 124, 192, 253, 278, 318)

ADULT (Fig. 59). Front of head in male mid
brown with scattered green scales and green
upper edge; in female completely green. Interan-
tennal fillet of male with narrow diffuse orange-
tan band at hind edge; this band merely a few
scattered orange-tan scales in female; area
behind fillet green. Wing pattern plain with
waved white antemedial and postmedial lines.
Hind wing with veins M3 and CuA1 on short
common stalk. Front of fore tibia golden or
orange brown; white bar reduced to indistinct
spot in male, somewhat more distinct in female.
Abdomen with 6-7 white dorsal spots ringed with
reddish brown; posterior spots small or merely
occurring as tan marks; spots sometimes weakly
ringed and posterior spots fewer or less distinct in
female.

GENITALIA O (Figs 124, 192, 253). Uncus
slightly spatulate. Basal costal process of valva
short (about one-quarter length of valva), largely
fused with valva, narrow. Costal margin of valva
very weakly curved, with small but pronounced
finely spinulose tooth-like distal process. Juxta
with papilla. Tufts of fine and thick coremata
clearly differentiated. Aedeagus with narrow
pointed apex. Anellar plate with two slight
rounded lobes. Sternite 8 with small slightly
pointed posterior lobes.

GENITALIA @ (Figs 278, 318). Apophyses anteri-
ores more than half length of apophyses posteti-
ores. Pouch joining ostium and sternite 7 very
large, extending posteriorly to a peak. Ductus
bursae sclerotized, bulging in middle and near
ostium; extending to anterior edge of segment 7.

LINDA M. PITKIN

Signum with straight or slightly curved line at
opening.

DIAGNOsIS. N. florae can be distinguished from
most other Costa Rican species by the supernu-
merary red-ringed white spots on its abdomen
but green faced specimens can be separated from
agenoria only by genitalic characters. The male
genitalia of florae are characterized by the small
spinulose distal process of the valva (Fig. 192);
the large pouch joining the ostium and sternite is
diagnostic in the female (Fig. 278). The female
specimens examined are probably conspecific
with the male holotype but I have excluded them
from the type-series because there is no absolute
certainty of this.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Flor Vianey Araya Mena, member of the first
female parataxonomist class at INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 600-1200 m, in May, June and
August (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica and Ecuador.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (2 0’, 6 Q; including 2 C’,
2 2 genitalia preparations)

Holotype OC’, Costa Rica: San José Province,
Braulio Carrillo National Park, Estacion Car-
rillo, 700 m, viii.1984 (J. Chacon) (genitalia slide
no. LMP 263; INBio).

Paratype. Costa Rica: Alajuela Province, 1 0’,
Rio Sarapiqui, 6 km S. of San Miguel, 800 m,
7.vi.1988 (Brown & Powell) (UCB).

Excluded from type-series. Costa Rica: Ala-
juela Province: 1 9,2 km SW. of Dos Rios, Finca
San Gabriel, 600-650 m; 2 2, 9 km S. of Santa
Cecilia, Estacion Pitilla, 700 m, UTM
330200,380200; [Cartago Province:] 1 9, Orosi,
1200 m; San José Province: 1 @, locality as
holotype; (INBio and BMNH). Ecuador: 1 9,
Santo Domingo (BMNH).

Nemoria gerardinae sp. n.
(Figs 46, 125, 193, 254)

ADULT (Fig. 46). Front of head green with 2
white marks only just distinguishable; area
behind interantennal fillet green. Wing pattern
plain with white antemedial and postmedial lines
smooth and faintly shaded with brownish green
line on medial side; postmedial line of hind wing
very weakly curved (not bent in middle or well
curved as in most Nemoria species); without
reddish brown terminal line. Hind wing with
veins M3 and CuA1 separate. Front of fore tibia
olive or pale brownish green without white bar.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 91

Abdomen with 2 dark chestnut brown dorsal
spots.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 125, 193, 254). Uncus spatu-
late; socii small. Basal costal process of valva
short (less than one-quarter length of valva),
tapered to a point; costal margin of valva very
weakly curved; valva sometimes slightly swollen
distally. Juxta without papilla. Corematal sacs
slightly developed, without hair-like tufts. Saccus
rounded. Anellar plate variable: with tapered or
bifurcated lobe at apex. Sternite 8 with fairly
shallow posterior notch.

Q. Unknown.

DIAGNOsIs. N. gerardinae can be recognised by
the very weakly curved postmedial line of the
hind wing (Fig. 46) and by the shading on the
lines, although this is faint; the other external
features described above help to characterize the
species. A very weakly curved postmedial line is
unusual in Nemoria, and particularly rare in
Neotropical species, although it is seen in a few
species such as vermiculata and dorsilinea which,
unlike gerardinae, have striated wings. These
striations may be faint in dorsilinea but the white
stripe on the abdomen of that species distin-
guishes it from gerardinae. The male genitalia of
gerardinae lack elaborate structures.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Gerardina Mayela Gallardo Ramirez, member of
the first female parataxonomist class at INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 1000-1800 m, in January, May and
December.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from _ central/

southern Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (3 GC, including 2 genita-
lia preparations)

Holotype ©’, Costa Rica: Cartago Province,
Rio Grande de Orosi, Tapanti, 1300-1400 m, 9°
46’ x 83° 50’, 23.1.1985 (Janzen & Hallwachs)
(genitalia slide no. LMP 264; INBio).

Paratypes. Costa Rica: Cartago Province: 10,
16 km S. of San Isidro de Tejar, 3 km S. of Casa
Mata, 1800 m, 4.x1i.1983 (Janzen & Hallwachs);
1 o&’, Moravia de Chirripo, 1000 m, 10.v.1983
(Janzen & Hallwachs); (BMNH/INBio).

Nemoria interlucens (Schaus) comb. n.

(Figs 41, 126, 194, 255, 319)

Racheospila interlucens Schaus, 1912: 291. LEC-
TOTYPE oO’, COSTA RICA (USNM), here
designated [examined].

ADULT (Fig. 41). Front of head tan; interanten-
nal fillet with tan band at hind edge and green
area behind. Wing pattern: large mottled pinkish
brown blotch at inner margin of hind wing, with
broad yellow border. Antemedial and postme-
dial lines represented solely by brown dots on the
veins. Hind wing with veins M3 and CuA1 sepa-
rate. Front of fore tibia tan shading to straw
towards outer edge, with white bar. Abdomen
mottled brown dorsally with short white dashes
at posterior end of segments and whitish tip.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 126, 194, 255). Socii trian-
gular, pointed at apices. Basal costal process of
valva a tapered blade curved at base, nearly as
long as valva; costal margin of valva curved, with
very small strongly spinulose distal process. Juxta
with small papilla. Aedeagus with slender
sharply pointed apical half.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 319). Apophyses anteriores
less than half length of apophyses posteriores.
Without pouch joining ostium and sternite 7 but
with thickening of membrane in this area; ostium
surrounded by concentric rings of wrinkles. Duc-
tus bursae slightly shorter than segment 7.

DIAGNOsIS. N. interlucens resembles the much
commoner astraea (see diagnosis of that species)
but has a series of brown dots on the wings
instead of the white antemedial and postmedial
lines of astraea (compare Figs 41 and 40). The
male valva of interlucens (Fig. 194) is far more
elaborate than that of astraea (Fig. 182).

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of c. 750-1700 m, in August and
November.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from central to
southern Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (11 specimens; including
1 Oo’, 1 9 genitalia preparations)

Lectotype 0’, Costa Rica: [Cartago Province:]
Juan Vinas, xi (Type No. 17730; USNM).

Costa Rica: [Cartago Province:| Cachi
(BMNH); 2 km E. of Moravia de Chirripo, 1150
m (CMNH); Orosi, 1200 m (BMNH); Tuis, c.
750 m (BMNH); San José Province: 16 km N. of
San Isidro del General, 1700 m (CMNH).

Nemoria isabelae sp. n.
(Figs 54, 127, 195, 256)

ADULT (Fig. 54). The sole specimen examined
(male) is smaller than average for Nemoria; fore
wing length: 12 mm.

Front of head reddish brown with a trace of

92

green in upper half; interantennal fillet with
reddish brown band at hind edge, and green area
behind. Wing pattern plain with slightly waved
white antemedial and postmedial lines. Hind
wing with veins M3 and CuA1 on common stalk.
Front of fore tibia pale brown with only a trace of
white bar. Abdomen with 3 white dorsal spots
ringed with reddish brown.

GENITALIA OC (Figs 127, 195, 256). Basal costal
process of valva slender and rod-like with
pointed denticulate tip, about four-fifths length
of valva; costa broadened at free end of valva,
forming irregular bowl-shape with edges and
slightly bilobed distal process projecting from
valva. Juxta with papilla. Corematal sacs slightly
developed; no hair-like tufts discernible. Aedea-
gus with slender sharply pointed apical half; with
a few just discernible spines. Anellar plate
broadly truncate. Sternite 8 with U-shaped poste-
rior notch.

Q. Unknown.

DIAGNOsIs. N. isabelae resembles several other
species but it can be distinguished by characters
including front of head colour, hind wing vena-
tion and the weak bar on the front tibia. The
distal process of the male valva (Fig. 195) is
unique in form.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Maria Isabel Ortiz Campos, member of the first
female parataxonomist class at INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. The moth was found at an
altitude of 1350 m, in January.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from one locality in
central Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (1 OC, including genitalia
preparation)

Holotype ©’, Costa Rica: Heredia Province,
8.2 km downhill Vara Blanca, El Angel water-
fall, 1350 m, 3.1.1981 (Janzen & Hallwachs)
(genitalia slide no. LMP 265; INBio).

Nemoria marianellae sp. n.
(Figs 53, 128, 196, 257

ADULT (Fig. 53). Known from just a single male
specimen. Front of head tan with a few green
scales near antennal scape, 2 white marks in
lower corners. White interantennal fillet with
green area behind. Wing pattern plain; anteme-
dial and postmedial lines only just discernible.
Hind wing with veins M3 and CuA1 on extremely
short common stalk. Front of fore tibia pale
brown without distinct white bar. Abdomen with

LINDA M. PITKIN

3 white dorsal spots: middle spot plain, others
weakly ringed with reddish brown.

GENITALIA O' (Figs 128, 196, 257). Socii long.
Valva fairly broad; basal costal process blade-
like with finely serrated edges; about two-thirds
length of valva, bent at base. Costal margin of
valva straight, with distal end of sclerotization
slightly produced. Juxta broadly funnel-shaped
with papilla. Anellar plate consisting of a projec-
tion on each side of aedeagus. Sternite 8 very
weakly notched between posterior lobes.

Q. Unknown.

DIAGNOsIs. N. marianellae resembles several
other species but can be distinguished by the
colour of the front of the head, the hind wing
venation and the indistinct postmedial lines on
the wings. The male genitalia have a characteris-
tic ragged-edged basal costal process (Fig. 196);
that of saryae (Fig. 163), which has a serrated tip,
is more obviously bent and with the point of the
bend more distal than in marianellae.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Marianella Segura Castillo, member of the first
female parataxonomist class at INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. The moth was found in
February.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from one locality, in
lower montane wet forest, in central Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (1 CO’, including genitalia
preparation)

Holotype ©’, Costa Rica: [Cartago Province,]
Juan Vinas, ii (genitalia slide LMP 235; CM).

Nemoria nympharia (Schaus) comb. n.
(Figs 57, 129, 197, 258, 320)

Racheospila nympharia Schaus, 1912: 290. LEC-
TOTYPE 2, COSTA RICA (USNM), here
designated [examined].

ADULT (Fig. 57). Front of head mid brown with
reddish tinge, sometimes flecked with green.
Hind edge of interantennal fillet sometimes with
a few tan scales, rarely a very narrow band; area
behind fillet green. Wing pattern plain with fairly
smooth (or very slightly waved) white antemedial
and postmedial lines; without reddish brown
terminal line or occasionally with very weak line.
Hind wing with veins M3 and CuA1 on short
(occasionally extremely short) common stalk.
Front of fore tibia golden to darkish brown.
Abdomen with 3 white dorsal spots ringed with
reddish brown.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 93

GENITALIA © (Figs 129, 197, 258). Basal costal
process of valva a slender rod tapered to a fine
point; at least three-quarters length of valva;
costal margin of valva broadly rounded and
spinulose at tip. Juxta with broad papilla. Stern-
ite 8 occasionally with only slight posterior notch.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 320). Apophyses anteriores
about half length of apophyses posteriores.
Pouch joining ostium and sternite 7 large and
crescent-shaped, bisected by notch in sternite;
with semicircular wrinkles in preostial region.
Ductus bursae extending almost to anterior edge
of segment 7 or somewhat shorter.

DIAGNOsIS. N. nympharia is recognisable by its
lack of a terminal line on the wings, unusual in a
plain green species. The few other plain species
in Costa Rica without a distinct terminal line
have plain white or dark brown spots on the
abdomen, whereas in nympharia these are white
ringed with reddish brown. The broad spinulose
tip of the male valva (Fig. 197) and the shape of
the pouch joining the ostium and sternite 7 in the
female are diagnostic.

REMARKS. R. nympharia was described from an
unspecified number of males and females from
Costa Rica: Juan Vinas, Sitio and Tuis. I have
examined two specimens and designate the
female labelled ‘9 type’ as the lectotype since the
male (“Type No. 17727’) from Tuis is conspecific
with acutularia.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 1200-1700 m, in January, April to
June and October to December (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Guatemala and Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (18 specimens; including
2 0, 4 Q genitalia preparations)

Lectotype 9, Costa Rica: [Cartago Province:|
Juan Vinas, vi (genitalia slide no. 57,575;
USNM).

Guatemala: S. Geronimo (BMNH). Costa
Rica: [Cartago Province:] Orosi, 1200 m; Rio
Grande de Orosi, Tapanti, 1300-1400 m, 9° 46’ x
83° 50’; Tapanti, Campamiento Pejibaye, 1400
m; Guanacaste Province: Sitio, c. 1250 m; 9 km
NW. of Turrialba, near Sta Cruz, Rio Aquiares,
1500 m (UCB); Puntarenas Province: Mon-
teverde; San José Province: Braulio Carrillo
National Park, Estacion Zurqui (el Tunel), 1500
m, 10° 04’N, 84° 01’W; 16 km N. of San Isidro del
General, 1700 m, O9° 25'N, 83° 43’W (CMNH);
(INBio and BMNH unless stated otherwise).

Nemoria pescadora (Beutelspacher) comb.
n.

(Figs, 47, 130, 198, 259, 321)

Phrudocentra pescadora Beutelspacher, 1984:
141. Holotype co’, MEXICO: Jalisco, Estacion
de Biologia Chamela, 17—18.xi.1981 (Pesca-
dor) (Universidad Nacional Aut6noma de
México) [not examined].

ADULT (Fig. 47). Front of head predominantly
reddish brown with 4 diffuse straw mottled
patches (Mexican); golden straw mainly in centre
shading to reddish brown mainly at edges (Costa
Rican); area behind interantennal fillet green.
Wing pattern: hind wing with very large discal
spot; with white antemedial and postmedial lines
smooth; without reddish brown terminal line,
other than a trace on some Mexican moths. Hind
wing distinctly angled at M3; veins M3 and CuA1
on very short common stalk. Front of fore tibia:
lower half mid to dark brown, occasionally with
green patch at outer edge; upper half white;
upper edge of oblique white bar not always
defined. Abdomen with 2 white dorsal spots,
anterior spot ringed with reddish brown (Mexi-
can form); without spots (Costa Rican form).

GENITALIA CO (Figs 130, 198, 259). Socii trian-
gular, pointed at apices. Basal costal process of
valva with long thin extension; about half length
of valva or more; costal margin of valva straight
or very slightly curved, with pointed, somewhat
hook-like distal process. Juxta without papilla.
Corematal sac weakly developed with few hair-
like coremata apparent. Saccus truncate or
slightly notched. Anellar plate usually with two
projections, extending nearly to apex of aedea-
gus. Sternite 8 with fairly shallow posterior
notch.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 321). Apophyses anteriores
half length of apophyses posteriores or less.
Without pouch joining ostium and sternite 7;
postostial plate much broader than ostium; ostial
region with parallel curved wrinkles. Ductus bur-
sae much shorter than segment 7.

DIAGNOsIs. N. pescadora is easily recognised by
the large discal spots on the hind wing (Fig. 47).
It was previously placed in Phrudocentra where
one or two species have similar large spots but
the angular white postmedial line of the hind
wing, and genitalic features, are characteristic of
Nemoria.

VARIATION. Costa Rican specimens differ from
Mexican ones mainly in lacking spots on the
abdomen.

94

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 280—c. 1250 m in Costa Rica (to 1350
m in Mexico), in January, March, May to
August, November and December (in Costa
Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Known from central Mexico and
Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (43 specimens; including
5 0, 1 Q genitalia preparations)

Mexico: Guerrero, 16 km NW. of Iguala, 1160
m; Guerrero, 32 km W. of Iguala, 1350 m;
Jalisco, Estacion Biologia Chamela; Sinaloa, 5
miles N. of Mazatlan; (UCB). Costa Rica: [Car-
tago Province:| Orosi; Guanacaste Province:
Orosi, La Mariksa Hda, 550 m; Santa Rosa
National Park, [ 1 2, H.Q. area, 280 m (UCB)];
W. of Carmona Nicoya, 600-700 m; Puntarenas
Province: Monteverde, c. 1250 m (CVCJ; INBio/
BMNH); (INBio and BMNH unless stated other-
wise).

Nemoria priscillae sp. n.
(Figs 66, 131, 199, 260)

ADULT (Fig. 66). Front of head green, rarely
mixed with straw, usually with brown traces
towards lower edge and occasionally towards
upper edge. Interantennal fillet sometimes with a
few scattered reddish brown scales at hind edge,
rarely a diffuse band; area behind fillet green.
Wing pattern plain with waved white antemedial
and postmedial lines. Hind wing with veins M3
and CuA1 on common stalk. Front of fore tibia
straw to mid brown; oblique white bar often
indistinct. Abdomen with 3 small plain white
dorsal spots, sometimes plus 2 traces.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 131, 199, 260). Uncus with
notched tip. Basal costal process of valva very
short; costal side of valva broadened; distal pro-
cess of valva large and finger-like, curved out-
wards, extending beyond tips of valva and socii.
Distal process and costal side of valva spinulose.
Juxta with papilla; juxta giving rise to rounded
lobe where it meets base of each valva. Tufts of
fine and thick coremata clearly differentiated.
Saccus deeply notched. Aedeagus slender and
linear with a row of tiny spines. Tergite 8 with
small notch.

©. Unknown.

DIAGNOsIS. There are few Nemoria species in
Costa Rica with plain white abdominal spots
without any reddish surround. N. priscillae is
unlikely to be confused with callirrhoe, which
lacks a distinct terminal line on the wings, and

LINDA M. PITKIN

males of priscillae are readily distinguished by
their large dark brown distal process of the valva
which can be seen without dissection (Fig. 199).

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Priscilla Campos Sanabria, member of the first
female parataxonomist class at INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 600-750 m, in February, April to
June.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from two localities
in northern Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (5 CG, including 3 genita-
lia preparations)

Holotype ©’, Costa Rica: Guanacaste Prov-
ince, Rincon National Park, 4 km E. of Casetilla,
750 m, 11.iv.1983 (genitalia slide no. LMP 266;
INBio).

Paratypes. Costa Rica: Alajuela Province, 4
Oo, 2 km SW. of Dos Rios, Finca San Gabriel,
600 m (UTM 318800, 383500), 630 m, 8.1i.1983,
vi.1988, v.1989 (Janzen & Hallwachs; GNP
Biodiversity Survey) (INBio and BMNH).

Nemoria rectilinea (Warren) comb. n.
(Figs 33, 75, 132, 200, 261, 322)

Miantonota rectilinea Warren, 1906: 420. Holo-
type 2, CUBA (USNM) [examined].
Racheospila rectilinea (Warren); Prout, 1932: 28.

ADULT (Fig. 33). Front of head with reddish
brown edges, usually duller brown in centre; area
behind interantennal fillet green. Wing pattern
plain with fairly smooth white antemedial and
postmedial lines. Hind wing with veins M3 and
CuA1 on common stalk. Front of fore tibia straw
to tan; oblique white bar sometimes indistinct.
Abdomen (Fig. 75) with 2 dark brown dorsal
spots: anterior spot large, median spot smaller.

GENITALIA C' (Figs 132, 200, 261). Basal costal
process of valva very short (less than one-quarter
length of valva); costal margin of valva with
dense patch of spinules at tip. Juxta with papilla.
Tufts of fine and thick coremata clearly differen-
tiated.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 322). Apophyses anteriores
half, or slightly more than half, length of apophy-
ses posteriores. Pouch joining ostium and stern-
ite 7 semicircular; with semicircular wrinkles in
preostial region; ostium flanked by pair of small
circular or ring-shaped folds. Ductus bursae
fairly long but not usually extending to anterior
edge of segment 7. Sternite 7 with somewhat

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 95

sclerotized central area reminiscent of lizard skin
in texture.

DIAGNOSIS. N. rectilinea can be distinguished
from the externally similar karlae by the relative
size of the spots on the abdomen; the anterior
spot is larger than the more posterior (median)
spot in rectilinea (Fig. 75) whereas the reverse is
seen in karlae (Fig. 74) and also in remota. N.
rectilinea has a distinctive clump of spinules at
the tip of the male valva (Fig. 200) and the
texture of sternite 7 in the female (Fig. 322) is
also characteristic.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 300 — c. 1250 m, in February, March,
May, July, August and November (in Costa
Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. From Mexico to Panama; Cuba
and Dominica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (45 specimens; including
3 0, 4 @ genitalia preparations)

Holotype 9, Cuba: [Oriente,] Baracoa,
xii.1902 (genitalia slide no. 57,567; Type No.
9185; USNM).

Mexico: Jalapa (BMNH); Jalisco, Estacion
Biologia Chamela (UCB). Guatemala (BMNH).
Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 2 km SW. of Dos
Rios, Finca San Gabriel, 600 m (UTM
318800,383500), 630 m, 650 m; [Cartago Prov-
ince:| Cachi; Orosi, 1200 m; Sitio (CMNH);
Guanacaste Province: 4 km W. of Santa Cecilia,
300 m; Rincon National Park, 4 km E. of
Casetilla, 750 m; Santa Rosa National Park;
Volcan Cacao, SW. side, Estacion Cacao
(‘Mengo’), 1100 m, W85° 28’10", N10° 55’43”;
Puntarenas Province: Monteverde; Monteverde,
c. 1250 m (CVCJ); San Vito, Las Cruces Biol.
Station, 1200 m; (INBio and BMNH unless
stated otherwise). Panama: La _ Chorrera
(BMNH). Dominica (BMNH).

Nemoria remota (Warren) comb. n.
(Figs 49, 133, 201, 262, 323)

Racheospila remota Warren, 1900: 139. Holotype
o', COSTA RICA (BMNH) [examined].

ADULT (Fig. 49). Front of head and area behind
interantennal fillet green. Wing pattern plain
with slightly waved white antemedial and post-
medial lines; without reddish brown terminal line
except (rarely) a trace on hind wing. Hind wing
with veins M3 and CuA1 on short common stalk
or occasionally meeting. Front of fore tibia straw
often mixed with dark brown; oblique white bar
occasionally indistinct. Abdomen with dark

brown or blackish dorsal spots: tiny trace at
anterior end; median spot large in females and
usually small in males; spots sometimes absent in
males.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 133, 201, 262). Basal costal
process of valva short (one-quarter length of
valva or less), usually rounded, never sharply
pointed; distal margin of sclerotization of valva
forming ridge across small rounded distal process
of valva [except one specimen]. Juxta with
papilla. Saccus sometimes only weakly notched.
Tergite 8 sometimes with very slight excision.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 323). Apophyses anteriores
more than half length of apophyses posteriores.
Pouch joining ostium and sternite 7 large and
crescent-shaped to semicircular. Ductus bursae
shorter than segment 7.

DIAGNOsIs. A few other plain-winged Costa
Rican species lack white spots on the abdomen
but remota is distinguished from these by its
green front of head, together with the slightly
waved white postmedial line and weak or absent
terminal line of its wings. The male genitalia
(Fig. 201) are similar to those of acutularia (Fig.
179), which has white abdominal spots, and
consimilis, which does not occur in Costa Rica,
but neither of those two species have the distal
margin of sclerotization of the valva forming a
ridge across the distal process. The female geni-
talia of remota and acutularia are extremely
similar.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 600 —c. 1850 m, in January to March,
May to August, November and December (in
Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Widespread from Mexico to
Colombia. Literature records by Prout (1932: 28)
from Venezuela and Brazil require confirmation.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (185 specimens; including
7 0, 2 Q genitalia preparations)

Holotype ©’, Costa Rica: Azahar de Cartago,
c. 1550-1850 m (‘5000-6000 ft’) (Underwood)
(genitalia slide Geom. 12861; BMNH).

Mexico: Misantla (BMNH); Veracruz, 5 km
W. Jalapa, near San Andrés, 1600 m (UCB).
Guatemala: Huehuetenango, Municipio Santa
Cruz, Barillas, Chiblac, c. 1000 m (BMNH).
Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 8 km W. of
Atenas, 1000 m (UCB); 7 km NW. of Dos Rios,
El Ensayo, Finca La Campana, 700 m; 5 km NW.
of Dos Rios, Finca Campana, 750 m; 2 km SW.
of Dos Rios, Finca San Gabriel, 600 m (UTM
318800,383500), 630 m, 650 m; 6 km NW. of Dos

96

Rios, E. side Volcan Cacao, Cerro Campana,
650 m; Rio Sarapiqui, 6 km S. of San Miguel, 800
m (UCB); 9 km S. of Santa Cecilia, Estacion
Pitilla, 700 m, UIM 330200,380200; Volcan
Pods, N/NE. slope, 8 km N. of Vara Blanca, 1400
m (UCB), 1450 m (UCB), 1300 m; [Cartago
Province:| Juan Vinas, c. 750 m; Moravia de
Chirripo, 1000 m, 1114 m; 2 km E. of Moravia de
Chirripo, 1150 m (CMNH); Orosi, 1200 m; Rio
Grande de Orosi, Tapanti, 1300-1400 m, 9° 46’ x
83° 50’; Sitio, c. 1250 m; Tuis; Guanacaste Prov-
ince: Rincon National Park, 4 km E. of Casetilla,
750m; Rincon National Park, Mirador Ad., 900
m; Volcan Cacao, SW. side, Estacion Cacao
(‘Mengo’), 1100 m, W85o, 28'10”", N100, 55’43”;
Puntarenas Province: Monteverde, 1300-1400 m;
San Vito, Las Cruces Biol. Station, 1200 m; Z.P.
Las Tablas, Tajo Cafrosa, 1300 m; San José
Province: Braulio Carrillo National Park, Esta-
cion Carrillo, 700 m; Braulio Carrillo National
Park, La Montura, 1100 m; 14 km N. of San
Isidro del General Pan American Highway, 1600
m; [S. of San José,] Candelaria Mts. (INBio and
BMNH unless stated otherwise) UCB). Panama:
Volcan de Chiriqui (BMNH). Colombia: Muzo,
400-800 m (BMNH).

Nemoria rosae sp. n.
(Figs 45, 279, 324, 342)

ADULT (Fig. 45). Known from just a single
female specimen. Front of head and area behind
interantennal fillet reddish brown. Wing pattern
plain but with pronounced reddish terminal line
with yellowish border and fringes; terminal line
somewhat scalloped, giving outer margins of
wings a chequered appearance; with white ante-
medial and postmedial lines smooth. Discal spot
of hind wing well developed. Hind wing with
veins M3 and CuA1 on short common stalk.
Front of fore tibia reddish brown with white
upper tip. Abdomen mottled reddish brown and
yellow ochre dorsally with diffuse whitish traces.

oO. Unknown.

GENITALIA Q (Figs 279, 324, 342). Apophyses
anteriores more than half length of apophyses
posteriores. Without pouch joining ostium and
sternite 7; ostium surrounded by small ridges and
wrinkles. Ductus bursae much shorter than seg-
ment 7; corpus bursae very slender with only
small bulbous tip. Signum with V-shaped line at
opening to narrow pouch.

DIAGNOsIs. The chequered reddish brown and
yellow wing margins of rosae are highly distinc-

LINDA M. PITKIN

tive and the species is unlikely to be confused
with any other.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Rosa Maria Guzman Adanis, member of the first
female parataxonomist class at INBio.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. The moth was found at an
altitude of 1300 m, in May.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from one locality in
Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (1 Q, including genitalia
preparation)

Holotype 2, Costa Rica: Puntarenas Province,
Monteverde, 1300 m, 17-20.v.1985 (Chemsak &
Opler) (genitalia slide no. LMP 230; CAL).

Nemoria toxeres (Prout)
(Figs 56, 81, 134, 202, 263, 325)

Racheospila lixaria toxeres Prout, 1932: 25. Holo-
type O', COSTA RICA (BMNH) [examined].
Nemoria toxeres (Prout); Ferguson, 1969: 78.

ADULT (Fig. 56). Front of head reddish brown
usually with duller brown centre. Interantennal
fillet with reddish or orange tan band or at least
scattered scales at hind edge, and green area
behind. Wing pattern plain with very slightly
waved white antemedial and postmedial lines.
Hind wing with veins M3 and CuA1 on short
common stalk. Front of fore tibia golden, red-
dish, or mid brown with white upper tip with
white bar distinct and complete. Abdomen (Fig.
81) with 3 white dorsal spots strongly ringed with
reddish or dark brown; often with tan patch
joining posterior two spots and extending
towards posterior end of abdomen or sometimes
towards both ends, particularly in females.

GENITALIA O' (Figs 134, 202, 263). Basal costal
process of valva short (about one-quarter length
of valva); distal process rounded and extending
across costal side of valva as a fin-like ridge, near
free end of valva. Juxta with papilla. Tufts of fine
and thick coremata clearly differentiated. Aedea-
gus with a prominent sinuous row of small spines
along well sclerotized strip.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 325). Apophyses anteriores
slightly more than half length of apophyses pos-
teriores. Pouch joining ostium and sternite 7
shallow, bisected by notch in sternite; ostial
region with parallel rows of deep wrinkles;
ostium with broad straight lip. Ductus bursae
sclerotized progressively towards ostium and
smooth apart from a few longitudinal folds;
longer than segment 7.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 97

DIAGNOSIS. Specimens of toxeres with particu-
larly strongly ringed spots on the abdomen are
only likely to be confused with vinocincta, which
differs in having more strongly waved postmedial
lines and separate hind wing veins M3 and CuA1.
More weakly marked moths resemble acutularia
but that species has green patches on the upper
part of the front of its head. In the male genitalia
the distal process extends as a fin-like ridge
across the valva (Fig. 202), and the spines of the
aedeagus (Fig. 263) are characteristic. N. mod-
esta (from Mexico and Guatemala) and the
North American species zelotes Ferguson (from
southern Arizona and New Mexico) have similar
genitalia and appear to be closely related to
toxeres but the shapes of the processes of the
male valva differ. The smoothly sclerotized
ostium and its lip in female toxeres differ from
those of other species occurring in Costa Rica.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 650-1500 m, in December to March
and May to September (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. Literature records:
Jamaica (Prout, 1932: 25); Mexico (Ferguson,
1969: 78).

MATERIAL EXAMINED (64 specimens; including
40’, 1 9 genitalia preparations)

Holotype ©’, Costa Rica: [Cartago Province, ]
Juan Vinas, ii (genitalia slide Geom. 5697;
BMNH).

Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 16 km, ENE. of
Quebrada Grande, Finca San Gabriel, 650 m;
NE. slope Volcan Pods, 8 km N. of Vara Blanca,
1400 m (UCB); [Cartago Province:] Las Cénca-
vas; Juan Vinas (BMNH; CMNH); Orosi, 1200
m; 9 km NW. of Turrialba, near Sta Cruz, Rio
Aquiares, 1500 m (UCB); Guanacaste Province:
Rincon National Park, 4 km E. of Casetilla, 750
m; Volcan Cacao, SW. side, Estacion Cacao
(‘Mengo’), 1100 m, W85° 2810” N10° 55’43”;
Volcan Cacao, W. side, Estacion Cacao, Der-
rumbe, 1400 m; Puntarenas Province: Mon-
teverde, c. 1250 m, 1350-1400 m (INBio;
BMNH; CVCJ; UCB); San José Province:
Braulio Carrillo National Park, Estacion Car-
rillo, 700 m; Braulio Carrillo National Park,
Estacion Zurqui (el Tunel), 1500 m, 10° 04’N,
84° 01’W. (INBio and BMNH unless stated oth-
erwise).

Nemoria venezuelae (Prout) comb. n., stat.
n.
(Figs 58, 135, 203-205, 266, 326)

Racheospila fontalis venezuelae Prout, 1932: 27.

LECTOTYPE co’, VENEZUELA (BMNH),
here designated [examined].

Racheospila sectifimbria Prout, 1932: 27. Holo-
type O', PERU (BMNH) [examined]. Syn. n.

ADULT (Fig. 58). Front of head green; interan-
tennal fillet with narrow tan band at hind edge,
and green area behind. Wing pattern plain with
waved white antemedial and postmedial lines,
sometimes faint except for dots on veins. Outer
margin of fore wing very slightly curved. Hind
wing with veins M3 and CuA1 on short common
stalk. Front of fore tibia straw or pale brown
without white bar. Abdomen with 3 white dorsal
spots ringed with reddish brown; posterior spot
small, often with only trace of a ring.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 135, 203-205, 266). Uncus
slightly spatulate or with notched tip; socii fairly
narrow. Costal side of valva broadened, increas-
ing distally, but without separate basal process.
Distal processes of valva consisting of finely
spinulose lobe (continuation of broadened costa)
and smooth lobe. Juxta with papilla. Corematal
sac not long. Saccus sometimes only weakly
notched. Aedeagus with single large triangular
spine, serrated at edges, situated at about one-
quarter from apex of aedeagus. Sternite 8 with
very long triangularly pointed posterior lobes
converging; tergite 8 with excision between
rounded lobes.

GENITALIA @ (Fig. 326). Apophyses anteriores
less (usually slightly) than half length of apophy-
ses posteriores. Pouch joining ostium and stern-
ite 7 an extremely large crescent; postostial plate
large; ostium with lip tapered to one or two slight
peaks, flanked by pair of small sclerotized lobes.
Ductus bursae sclerotized progressively towards
ostium, with some transverse wrinkling on one
side; curved or sinuous, longer than segment 7.

DIAGNOSIS. N. venezuelae is one of many spe-
cies that have waved postmedial lines and three
white abdominal spots ringed with reddish
brown. The green front of head and tan band
behind the interantennal fillet help to distinguish
it. In males of this species the pointed projections
of sternite 8 are distinctive (Fig. 135) and can
usually be seen without dissection, if a few scales
are carefully brushed away. The pointed tips are
close together, not wide apart as in winniae (Fig.
138). In the female of venezuelae the ostial area
and sclerotization of the ductus bursae are char-
acteristic (Fig. 326).

VARIATION. There is considerable variation in
the male genitalia. In form A, rare in Costa Rica,
the distal processes of the valva are narrow and

98

the finger-like spinulose lobe extends to the tip of
the valva or slightly beyond (Figs 203, 204). The
distal processes are broader in the form common
in Costa Rica (form B), and the squat spinulose
lobe does not extend to the tip of the valva (Fig.
205). Females show no significant variation.

REMARKS. The basal costal process of the male
valva must have been secondarily lost or modi-
fied if this species is correctly assigned to Nemo-
ria.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 40-1700 m, in January, July to Sep-
tember and November (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Form A extends from Guate-
mala and Belize to French Guiana, Brazil and
Peru but appears to be rare in Costa Rica. Form
B is known only from Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED Form A (66 specimens;
including 5 CO’, 1 Q genitalia preparations)

Lectotype CO’ (venezuelae), Venezuela: San
Esteban, vi.1909 (Klages) (genitalia slide Geom.
13979; BMNH). Holotype O (sectifimbria), SE.
Peru: Rio Inambari, La Oroya, c. 950 m (‘3100
ft’) (genitalia slide Geom. 13983; BMNH).

Guatemala: (USNM). Belize: Punta Gorda.
Costa Rica: Heredia Province: Chilamate, 100 m
(CVCJ); Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, La Selva
Biological Station, 40 m (INBio). French Gui-
ana: 1 CO (fontalis venezuelae paralectotype), St
Jean du Maroni (BMNH). Venezuela: including 9
O', 2 Q (fontalis venezuelae paralectotypes), San
Esteban (BMNH). Colombia: Gorgona I., c. 60
m; including 4 CO (fontalis venezuelae paralecto-
types), upper (‘Ob.’) Rio Negro, 800 m;
(BMNH). Peru: Rio Inambari, La Oroya, c. m,
900, 950 m; Yahuarmayo, c. 250 m; (BMNH).
Brazil: Para (BMNH).

Form B (9 specimens; including 4 0’, 2 2 genita-
lia preparations)

Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: 9 km S. of
Santa Cecilia, Estacion Pitilla, 700 m; [Cartago
Province:| Tuis; Heredia Province: Braulio Car-
rillo National Park, Estacion El Ceibo, 400-600
m, UTM 527700,256500; Puerto Viejo de
Sarapiqui, La Selva Biological Station, 40 m; San
José Province: Braulio Carrillo National Park,
Estacion Carrillo, 700 m; 16 km N. of San Isidro
del General, 1700 m, 09° 25’N, 83° 43’W
(CMNH); (INBio and BMNH unless stated oth-
erwise).

LINDA M. PITKIN

Nemoria vermiculata (Dognin) comb. n.,
Stat. rev.

(Figs 43, 44, 136, 206, 264, 327)

Lissochlora vermiculata Dognin, 1914: 380.
LECTOTYPE ©, COLOMBIA (USNM),
here designated [examined].

Nemoria mustela monostigma Prout, 1916: 166.
Holotype oc’, COLOMBIA (BMNH) [exam-
ined]. [Synonymy cited by Prout, 1932: 36.].

Racheospila | mustela_ vermiculata (Dognin);
Prout, 1932: 36.

ADULT (Figs 43, 44). Fairly small moths, fore
wing length: CO’, 12 mm; 9, 13 mm.

Front of head salmon-coloured; interantennal
fillet with salmon area behind; hind edge of head
sometimes green. Wing pattern: striated with
white and colourless flecks; with white anteme-
dial and postmedial lines smooth, postmedials
pronounced and almost straight; discal spot
absent from hind wing; costa brown; fringe yel-
lowish, particularly obvious in male. Mottled
brown and pink spot on inner side of each line, at
inner margin of fore wing; occasionally almost
run together in female; spots tiny and antemedial
spot sometimes absent in male. Female with
pinkish brown blotch at dorsal margin of hind
wing, stretching between lines or broken in
middle, and smaller blotch at anal angle. Hind
wing with veins M3 and CuA1 on very short
common stalk. Front of fore tibia salmon-
coloured. Male with dark brown dorsal spot at
anterior end of green abdomen; female abdomen
mottled brown and salmon pink dorsally, paler
on middle two segments, sometimes with 3-5 tiny
white spots.

GENITALIA OC’ (Figs 136, 206, 264). Uncus spatu-
late; socii triangular. Basal costal process of
valva short (one-quarter to one-third length of
valva), tapered. Costal side of valva particularly
heavily sclerotized; costal margin curved,
pointed at free end but without distinct distal
process. Juxta without papilla. Coremata not
discernible. Saccus without distinct notch. Anel-
lar plate tapered, extending nearly to apex of
aedeagus. Sternite 8 very weakly notched
between posterior lobes.

GENITALIA Q (Fig. 327). Apophyses anteriores
half length of apophyses posteriores. Pouch join-
ing ostium and sternite 7 a very shallow crescent,
bisected by deep notch in sternite. Ductus bursae
extending almost to anterior edge of segment 7.
Signum very small and weak. DIAGNOSIS.

Both sexes of N. vermiculata can be distin-
guished from other species by external features:

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 99

the brown markings on the wings, straight post-
medial lines and the dorsal markings of the
abdomen.

VARIATION. There is pronounced sexual dimor-
phism in the colour pattern of the wings and
abdomen (Figs 43, 44). Females (Fig. 44) have
far more brown markings on the wings including
a more pronounced terminal line, and the abdo-
men is brown dorsally.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 1200-3100 m, in May, August and
December (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Central Costa Rica and Colom-
bia.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (12 CO’, 16 Q; including 3
CO’, 1 2 genitalia preparations)

Lectotype C’ (vermiculata), Colombia: Cordil-
lera Oriental, Pacho, 2200 m (Fass/) (genitalia
slide no. 57,563; Type No. 32587; USNM). Holo-
type O' (monostigma), Colombia: San Cajetano,
c. 2450 m (‘8000 ft’), ix.1902 (genitalia slide
Geom. 14089; BMNH).

Costa Rica: Cartago Province: Cerro de la
Muerte, 1 km NE. of Cerro Asuncion, 3100 m;
Cerro de [la] Muerte, Pension La Georgina, 3000
m (UCB); Orosi, 1200 m; Volcan Irazu, 2400 m;
San José Province: Cerro de la Muerte, San
Gerardo de Dota, 2430 m. (INBio and BMNH
unless stated otherwise). Colombia: 1 © (ver-
miculata paralectotype), Pacho, 2200 m (Fass/)
(USNM).

Nemoria vinocincta (Warren) comb. n.
(Figs 50, 51, 137, 207, 208, 265, 328, 343)

Racheospila vinocincta Warren, 1901: 450. Holo-
type 9, PANAMA (BMNH) [examined].

ADULT (Figs 50, 51). Front of head reddish
brown, 2 large white marks in lower corners.
Interantennal fillet with reddish brown area
behind; hind edge of head sometimes green.
Length of longest male antennal branches up to
three times width of flagellum at same point.
Wing pattern plain with faint waved white ante-
medial and postmedial lines; wings pale green
with pronounced reddish brown broken terminal
line and reddish brown costa of fore wing in high
altitude form. Hind wing with veins M3 and
CuA1 separate. Front of fore tibia darkish brown
(usually reddish in high altitude form); oblique
white or cream bar sometimes weak. Abdomen
with 3 white dorsal spots strongly ringed with
reddish or dark brown (middle spot slightly elon-
gated in high altitude form); dorsal ground

colour sometimes predominantly brown (reddish
brown in high altitude form) with green confined
to side edges, otherwise with a tan patch sur-
rounding posterior two spots.

GENITALIA CO (Figs 137, 207, 208, 265). Socii
somewhat tapered. Basal costal process of valva
a tapered blade curved near base; less than
one-third length of valva to nearly as long as
valva. Valva with distal end of costal sclerotiza-
tion slightly produced or forming a distinct lobe.
Juxta with papilla. Coremata weakly developed.
Sternite 8 slightly notched between posterior
lobes.

GENITALIA 9 (Fig. 328, 343). Apophyses anteri-
ores slightly less than half length of apophyses
posteriores. Without pouch joining ostium and
sternite 7; ostium surrounded by concentric rings
of wrinkles. Ductus bursae extending almost to
anterior edge of segment 7 or much shorter.
Signum with small irregularly U-shaped line and
a couple of short adjoining lines at opening to
pouch.

DIAGNOSIS. The costal band and terminal line of
the high altitude form is distinctive. Weakly
marked forms may be confused with toxeres
which has similar abdominal markings (differ-
ences are discussed under that species). The
genitalia of the two species are dissimilar.

VARIATION. N. vinocincta ranges from a con-
spicuously marked form with pale green wings, a
strong reddish brown costal band and a pro-
nounced though broken terminal line, occurring
at an altitude of about 3000 m, to a weakly
marked (standard Nemoria) form at lower alti-
tudes. The male basal costal process ranges from
shortest at the highest altitude to long and of
variable shape at lower altitudes. Although the
extremes are highly disparate I consider that they
should probably be regarded as conspecific since
intermediate forms exist both in external mark-
ings and in the genitalic character.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 1100-3100 m; in March to June (high
altitude form, at 3000-3100 m); January, Febru-
ary, July, August, October and December (other
forms, at 1100-2430 m) (in Costa Rica).

DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica and Panama.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (26 specimens; including
10 &’, 2 2 genitalia preparations)
Holotype 2, Panama: Chiriqui (BMNH).
Costa Rica: Alajuela Province: Volcan Poas,
2350 m; Guanacaste Province: Volcan Cacao,
SW. side, Estacion Cacao (‘Mengo’), 1100 m,

100

W835° 28'10”, N10° 55’43”; San José Province:
Braulio Carrillo National Park, Estacion Zurqui
(el Tunel) 1500 m, 10° 04’N, 84° 01’W; Cerro de
la Muerte, San Gerardo de Dota, 2430 m;
(INBio and BMNH.)

High altitude form

Costa Rica: Cartago Province: Cerro de la
Muerte, 1 km NE. of Cerro Asuncion, 3100 m;
Cerro de [la] Muerte, Pension La Georgina, 3000
m (UCB); San José Province: Villa Mills, 3100
m. (INBio and BMNH unless stated otherwise.)

Nemoria winniae sp. n.
(Figs 52, 82, 138, 209, 267, 329, 344)

ADULT (Fig. 52). Medium-sized to large, fore
wing length: 0’, 17-18 mm; @, 20 mm.

Front of head reddish brown, 4 large cream
marks. Broad interantennal fillet with reddish
brown area behind; hind edge of head green.
Length of longest male antennal branches up to
or exceeding four times width of flagellum at
same point; female antennae also bipectinate
though with shorter branches than in male. Wing
pattern plain apart from pronounced unbroken
dark reddish brown terminal line. Antemedial
and postmedial lines just discernible as pale
traces. Hind wing distinctly angled at M3; veins
M3 and CuA1 separate. Front of fore tibia mid
brown with white upper tip. Abdomen (Fig. 82)
with 3 pronounced elongate white dorsal spots
ringed with chestnut brown, 2nd & 3rd spots
sometimes fused; brown markings continued to
form diffuse longitudinal stripe; few green mark-
ings, those present are pale green.

GENITALIA O (Figs 138, 209, 267). Uncus
slightly spatulate; socii small. Basal costal pro-
cess of valva short (about one-quarter length of
valva), rounded; costal margin of valva curved,
with slight distal swelling. Juxta without papilla.
Saccus weakly notched. Anellar plate with two
long projections (reminiscent of coat tails). Ster-
nite 8 with pronounced triangularly pointed pos-
terior lobes diverging.

GENITALIA Q (Figs 329, 344). Apophyses anteri-
ores more than half length of apophyses posteri-
ores. Pouch joining ostium and sternite 7
crescent-shaped; postostial plate continuous with
cup-shaped sclerotization of ostial opening. Duc-
tus bursae much shorter than segment 7. Signum
with ring shaped opening to very small pouch.

DIAGNOSIS. The highly pronounced terminal
line together with the distinctly angulate hind
wing distinguish winniae at a glance. This striking

LINDA M. PITKIN

species differs also from all other Nemoria spe-
cies in having bipectinate antennae in the female,
and in the elongate abdominal spots. The male
genitalia, rather simple and with small socii (Fig.
209), are similar to those of gerardinae (Fig. 193)
although that species has a smaller, more
pointed, basal costal process.

REMARKS. This species is named in honour of
Winnie Hallwachs, technical advisor to INBio
and faculty member of the INBio parataxono-
mists’ courses.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Moths have been found at
altitudes of 1400-1500 m, in July, November and
December.

DISTRIBUTION. Known only from two localities
in Costa Rica.

MATERIAL EXAMINED (2 0’, 1 Q; including 1 0’,
1 2 genitalia preparations)

Holotype ©’, Costa Rica: San José Province,
Braulio Carrillo National Park, Estacion Zurqui
(el Tunel), 1500 m, 10° 04’N, 84° 01’W, x1.1985
(I. & A. Chacon) (genitalia slide no. LMP 267;
INBio).

Paratypes. Costa Rica: 1 ©’, Puntarenas Prov-
ince, Monteverde, 1300-1400 m, 20—21.vii.1982
(Janzen & Hallwachs); San José Province, 1 9,
same locality as holotype, x.1985 (Ul. & A.
Chacon) (BMNH/INBio).

CATALOGUE OF EXTRALIMITAL
NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF
NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND
CHAVARRIELLA

Distribution records are based on specimens
examined in the BMNH collection, or on the
type-specimens, unless stated otherwise. Records
not confirmed by dissection or by distinctive
external features are queried.

CHAVARRIELLA gen. n.

Chavarriella brunneilinea (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila brunneilinea Prout, 1912: 109. Holo-
type O', PERU: [Puno,] Rio Inambari, La
Oroya, c. 950 m (‘3100 ft’), iti.1905 (Ock-
enden) (BMNH) [examined].

Racheospila semiornata ab. brunneilinea Warren,
1907: 209. [Infrasubspecific name. ]

DISTRIBUTION. French
Peru; Bolivia; Brazil.

Guiana; Colombia;

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 101

Chavarriella excelsa (Dognin) comb. n.

Racheospila excelsa Dognin, 1910: 19. LECTO-
TYPE o&', COLOMBIA: [Valle,] Alto de las
Cruces, 2200 [2700?] m, iti.1909 (Type No.
32602; USNM), here designated [examined].

REMARKS. Described from 2 C’; the paralecto-
type is from San Antonio, near Cali.

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia.

Chavarriella lafayaria lafayaria (Dognin) comb.
n.

Comibaena lafayaria Dognin, 1892: 206. Holo-
type &', ECUADOR: Loja area, 1891 (Type
No. 32600; USNM) [examined].

Racheospila lafayaria (Dognin); Prout, 1932: 37.

DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador.

Chavarriella lafayaria promontoria (Warren)
comb. n.

Racheospila promontoria Warren, 1904a: 26.
PECIOTYPE...C,, »SE.,“PERU:, ,Carabaya,
Santo Domingo, c. 1850 m (‘6000 ft’), xii.1901
(Ockenden) (genitalia slide no. 14013;
BMNH), here designated [examined].

Racheospila promontoria dilata Prout, 1916: 164.
Holotype 0’, NE. PERU: near Cerro de
Pasco, Huancabamba (Boettger) (BMNH)
[examined]. Syn. n.

Racheospila_ lafayaria promontoria Warren;
Prout, 1932: 37.

REMARKS. R. promontoria is possibly a syn-
onym of lafayaria.

DISTRIBUTION. Peru. Literature record: Bolivia
(Prout, 1932: 37).

Chavarriella lugentiscripta lugentiscripta (Prout)
comb. n.

Racheospila lugentiscripta Prout, 1917a: 117.
LECTOTYPE oc’, W. COLOMBIA: San
Antonio, c. 1550 m (‘5800 ft’), xii.1907
(Palmer) (BMNH), here designated [exam-
ined].

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia.

REMARKS. C. lugentiscripta is related to lafa-
yaria.

Chavarriella lugentiscripta dubia (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila lugentiscripta dubia Prout, 1917a:
117. Holotype c&’, ECUADOR: Intaj (Buck-
ley) (BMNH) [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador.

Chavarriella luteifimbria (Dognin) comb. n.
Racheospila luteifimbria Dognin, 1901: 309.
Holotype oO, COLOMBIA: — [Cauca,]

Popayan, 1896 (Type No. 32601; USNM)
[examined]. DISTRIBUTION. Colombia.

Chavarriella pelops (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila pelops Prout, 1932: 37. Holotype,
BRAZIL: Espiritu Santo, 3.ix.1920 (Zikan)
(Seit) [not examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Brazil.

Chavarriella psittacina (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila psittacina Prout, 1910: 237. Holo-
type O’, E. PERU: Huancabamba, Cerro del
Pasco (BMNH) [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Peru.

Chavarriella sophrosyne (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila sophrosyne Prout, 1932: 36. Holo-
type O', BRAZIL: Rio Janeiro (BMNH)
[examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Brazil.

Chavarriella syncrasis (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila conflua Warren, 1904b: 506. Holo-
type O', PERU: Cerro de Pasco, Huan-
cabamba, c. 1850-3100 m (‘6—10000 ft’)
(Bottger) (genitalia slide Geom. 14069)
(BMNH) [examined]. [Junior homonym of
Racheospila conflua Warren, 1904b: 502.]

Racheospila syncrasis Prout, 1912: 108. [Replace-
ment name. |

DISTRIBUTION. Peru.

Chavarriella trianteris (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila trianteris Prout, 1932: 36. Holotype
CO, BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Alto da Serra,
29-30.x.1927 (Zerny) (NM) [not examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Literature record: Brazil

(Prout).

Chavarriella urania (Herbulot) comb. n.

Nemoria urania Herbulot, 1988b: 121; fig. 9.
Holotype CO’, PERU: San Martin, 386 km on
route Olmos-Tarapoto, 1800 m, 14—15.1i1.1982
(Porion) (HERB) [not examined].

REMARKS. Herbulot (1988b: 121) rightly stated
that urania is related to psittacina; I suspect that
it may be a synonym.

DISTRIBUTION. Literature record: Peru (Herbu-
lot).

102
LISSOCHLORA Warren, 1900

The albociliaria-group

Lissochlora paegnia (Prout) comb. n., stat. n.

Racheospila hoffmannsi paegnia Prout, 1932: 33.
LECTOTYPE OC, SE.oRERU»,Carabaya,
Oconeque, c. 2150 m (‘7000 ft’), vii. 1904 (geni-
talia slide Geom. 14008; BMNH), here desig-
nated [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Peru; Bolivia?.

Lissochlora pectinifera (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila pectinifera Prout, 1916: 158. Holo-
type 0’, PERU: Carabaya, Santo Domingo, c.
2000 m (‘6500 ft’), x.1902 (Ockenden) (genita-
lia slide Geom. 14003; BMNH) [examined].

REMARKS. Variation occurs in the female geni-
talia.

DISTRIBUTION. Peru; Bolivia?. Literature
record: Panama (Prout, 1932: 33) requires con-
firmation.

Lissochlora purpureotincta (Warren) comb. n.

Racheospila purpureotincta Warren, 1900: 138.
LECTOTYPE o, VENEZUELA: Palma Sola
(genitalia slide no. 14022; BMNH), here desig-
nated [examined].

Racheospila purpureoviridis Warren, 1904a: 26.
[Incorrect subsequent spelling of purpu-
reotincta Warren. |

DISTRIBUTION. French Guiana; Guyana?; Trin-
idad?; Venezuela; Colombia; Bolivia; Paraguay;
Brazil. Literature record: Ecuador (Warren,
1900: 139).

Lissochlora quotidiana (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila quotidiana Prout, 1932: 33. Holo-
type O', SE. BRAZIL: Novo Friburgo (genita-
lia slide Geom. 14021; BMNH) [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Peru?; Bolivia?; Brazil.

The diarita-group

Lissochlora bryata (Felder & Rogenhofer) comb.
n.

Nemoria bryata Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875: pl.
127, fig. 12. “Lectotype, ©, jetted) as el.
COLOMBIA: Bogota, 1854 (Lindig)
(BMNH), designated [as ‘the type’] by Prout
(1932: 30) [examined].

Aplodes flavifimbria Warren, 1897: 423. Holo-
type 0’, COLOMBIA: Bogota (genitalia slide
Geom. 15017; BMNH) [examined]. Syn. n.

Geometra iguala Dognin, 1898: 214. Holotype
oO, ECUADOR: Loja (genitalia slide no.

LINDA M. PITKIN

57,580; Type No. 32584; USNM) [examined].
Syn. n.

Lissochlora albifimbriata Dognin, 1913: 8. Holo-
type oO, COLOMBIA: § [Cundinamarca,]
Bogota, 2800-3200 m (Fass!) (genitalia slide
no. 57,561; Type No. 32585; USNM) [exam-
ined]. Syn. n.

Racheospila bryata resurgens Prout, 1932: 30.
Holotype &, COLOMBIA: Central Cordil-
lera, Paso del Quindiu, 3500m (Fass/) (genita-
lia slide no. Geom. 15016; BMNH)
[examined]. Syn. n.

REMARKS. Prout (1932: 30) viewed flavifim-
briata and albifimbriata as probable aberrations
of bryata.

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia; Ecuador. Literature
record: Mexico (Delfin-Gonzdlez & Beutel-
spacher, 1986b: 426 as flavifimbria) needs confir-
mation.

Lissochlora cecilia (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila cecilia Prout, 1912: 106. Holotype
OC, E. PERU: Cushi, 1820 m (genitalia slide
Geom. 15096; BMNH) [examined].

Racheospila carmen Prout, 1916: 161. Holotype
oO, PERU: Prov. Huanuco, Cushi, 1900 m
(Hoffmanns) (genitalia slide Geom. 14814;
BMNH) [examined]. Syn. n.

Racheospila montana Prout, 1916: 161. LECTO-
TYPE ©’, PERU: Carabaya, Agualani, c. 2700
m (‘9000 ft’), viii.1905 (Ockenden) (genitalia
slide Geom. 15093; BMNH), here designated
[examined]. Syn. n.

Racheospila montana tenuilinea Prout, 1916: 162.
LECTOTYPE —C', PERU: =8@arabaya;
Oconeque, c. 2150 m (‘7000 ft’), vii. 1904 (Ock-
enden) (genitalia slide Geom. 15094; BMNH),
here designated [examined]. [Junior homonym
of Oenospila tenuilinea Kaye, 1901: 147.]

Racheospila montana smaragdina Prout, 1916:
162, LECTOTYPE, GC; PERU, Huan-
cabamba, Cerro de Pasco (Boettger) (genitalia
slide Geom. 15095; BMNH), here designated
[examined]. Syn. n.

Racheospila montana araeomita Prout, 1932: 31
[examined]. [Replacement name for tenuilinea
Prout.] Syn. n.

REMARKS. L. cecilia has similar male genitalia
to nigricornis. R. montana, tenuilinea and sma-
ragdina were all described from an unspecified
number of specimens.

DISTRIBUTION. Peru.

Lissochlora diarita (Dognin) comb. n.
Geometra diarita Dognin, 1898: 214. LECTO-

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 103

TYPE 0’, ECUADOR: Loja area, 1891 (geni-

talia slide no. 57,598; Type No. 32589;

USNM), here designated [examined].
Racheospila diarita (Dognin); Prout, 1932: 30.

REMARKS. Described from 2 CG’; the paralecto-
type is not conspecific with the lectotype.

DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador. Literature records:
Mexico (Delfin-Gonzdlez & Beutelspacher,
1986b: 427); Costa Rica to Bolivia; Argentina;
Brazil; (Prout, 1932: 30). The record from Costa
Rica is probably based on a misidentification; the
other literature records may also be unreliable
since the identity of diarita has been confused in
the past.

Lissochlora eugethes (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila eugethes Prout, 1912: 106. Holotype
Oo’, E. PERU: Huancabamba, Cerro del Pasco
(genitalia slide Geom. 15097; BMNH) [exam-
ined].

Racheospila neodmes Prout, 1916: 160. Holotype
O', PERU: Carabaya, Agualani, c. 2700 m
(9000 ft’), x.1905 (Ockenden) (genitalia slide
Geom. 14000; BMNH) [examined]. Syn. n.

REMARKS. Closely related to diarita or possibly
a synonym.

DISTRIBUTION. Peru; Bolivia?.

Lissochlora mollissima (Dognin) comb. n.

Nemoria mollissima Dognin, 1892: 186. LECTO-
TYPE 0’, ECUADOR: Loja area, 1891 (geni-
talia slide no. 57,596; Type No. 32583;
USNM), here designated [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador.

Lissochlora nigricornis Warren comb. rev.

Lissochlora? nigricornis Warren, 1907: 204.
Holotype O', PERU: Province Huanuco,
Cushi, 1900 m (Hoffmanns) (genitalia slide
Geom. 14002; BMNH) [examined].

Racheospila nigricornis Warren; Prout, 1932: 30.

DISTRIBUTION. Peru.

Lissochlora nortia (Druce) comb. rev.

Synchlora (?) nortia Druce, 1892: 93. Holotype
oO, MEXICO: Veracruz, Paso de San Juan
(coll. Schaus) (genitalia slide no. 57,592; Type
No. 11897; USNM) [examined].

Racheospila nortia Druce; Prout, 1932: 30.

REMARKS. Warren (1900: 135) cited nortia as
probably belonging in Lissochlora.

DISTRIBUTION. Mexico.

Lissochlora pasama (Dognin) comb. n.
Geometra pasama Dognin, 1898: 214. LECTO-

TYPE O&, ECUADOR: near Loja, El Monje,

1893 (genitalia slide no. 57,597; Type No.

32586; USNM), here designated [examined].
Racheospila pasama (Dognin); Prout, 1932: 30.

REMARKS. L. pasama has similar male genitalia
to latuta.

DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador. The literature record
by Prout (1932: 30) from Peru is unconfirmed;
several specimens that I have examined are not
conspecific with pasama.

Lissochlora viridifimbria Dognin comb. rev.

Lissochlora viridifimbria Dognin, 1911b: 161.
LECTOTYPE ©’, COLOMBIA: [Valle,] San
Antonio, 1700 m, iii.1909 (Fass) (genitalia
slide no. 57,581; Type No. 32588; USNM),
here designated [examined].

Racheospila viridifimbria (Dognin); Prout, 1932:
25.

REMARKS. The male genitalia resemble those of
bryata.

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia; Ecuador?.

Lissochlora viridilinea viridilinea (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila viridilinea Prout, 1916: 162. LEC-
TOTYPE ©, PERU: Carabaya, Santo Dom-
ingo, c. 1850 m (‘6000 ft’), v.1902 (Ockenden)
(genitalia slide Geom. 15091; BMNH), here
designated [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Peru.

Lissochlora viridilinea cushiensis (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila viridilinea cushiensis Prout, 1932:
31. Holotype &’, E. PERU: Huanuco, Cushi,
1900 m (Hoffmanns) (genitalia slide Geom.
15092; BMNH) [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Peru.

Lissochlora vividata (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila vividata Prout, 1932: 30. LECTO-
TYPE ©, SE.. PERU: Carabaya, Rio
Inambari, La Oroya, c. 950 m (‘3100 ft’),
ix.1904 (Ockenden) (genitalia slide Geom.
13758; BMNH), here designated [examined].

REMARKS. The male genitalia resemble those of
viridilinea.

DISTRIBUTION. Peru; Bolivia?.

Other species in the genus

Lissochlora alboseriata (Warren) sp. rev., comb.
n.

Racheospila alboseriata Warren, 1900: 138. LEC-

TOTYPE Oo, VENEZUELA: Merida (Bri-

104

ceno) (genitalia slide Geom. 14812; BMNH),
here designated [examined].

Racheospila dispilata Dognin, 1914: 380. Holo-
type O', E. COLOMBIA: Medina, 500 m
(genitalia slide no. 57,571; Type No. 32579;
USNM) [examined]. Syn. n.

REMARKS. R. alboseriata was incorrectly cited as
a synonym of liriata by Prout (1932: 32).

DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela; Colombia.

Lissochlora calida (Dognin) comb. n.

Geometra calida Dognin, 1898: 216. Holotype
oO’, ECUADOR: Loja area, 1891 (genitalia
slide no. 57,570; Type No. ‘325702’; USNM)
[examined].

Racheospila calida (Dognin); Prout, 1932: 34.

DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador.

Lissochlora discipuncta (Warren) comb. n.

Rhodochlora discipuncta Warren, 1900: 140.
Holotype CO’, BOLIVIA: La Paz, x.1895 (Stu-
art) (genitalia slide Geom. 14811; BMNH)
[examined].

Racheospila discipuncta (Warren); Prout, 1932:
32:

DISTRIBUTION. Bolivia.

Lissochlora hena (Dognin) comb. n.

Racheospila hena Dognin, 1898: 217. Lectotype
oO’, ECUADOR: Loja area, 1892 (genitalia
slide no. 57,574; Type No. 32590; USNM),
designated [as ‘the type’] by Prout (1932: 34)
[examined].

Racheospila plenifimbria Dognin, 1910: 20. LEC-
TOTYPE ©C’, [Valle,] COLOMBIA: near
Cali, San Antonio, (Fassel) (genitalia slide no.
57,578; Type No. 32581; USNM), here desig-
nated [examined]. Syn. n.

Racheospila hena ab. duplex Prout, 1932: 34.
[Infrasubspecific name. ]

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia; Ecuador; Peru.

Lissochlora hoffmannsi (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila hoffmannsi Prout, 1932: 33. LEC-
TOTYPE oC, E. PERU: Prov. Huanuco,
Cushi, 1900 m (Hoffmanns) (genitalia slide
Geom. 14009; BMNH), here designated
[examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Peru.

Lissochlora jenna jenna (Dognin) comb. n.

Racheospila jenna Dognin, 1898: 216. LECTO-
TYPE o&, ECUADOR: Loja area, 1890 (Type
No. 32577; USNM), here designated [exam-
ined].

LINDA M. PITKIN

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia; Ecuador; Peru.

Lissochlora jenna salubris (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila jenna salubris Prout, 1932: 34. Holo-
type O&, COLOMBIA: Central Cordillera,
Paso del Quindiu, 3500 m (Fass!) (BMNH)
[examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia.

Lissochlora jocularia (Dognin) comb. n.

Racheospila jocularia Dognin, 1923: 15. LECTO-
TYPE O&, ECUADOR: Loja area, 1890 (geni-
talia slide no. 57,587; Type No. 32580;
USNM), here designated [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador.

Lissochlora licada (Dognin) comb. n.

Geometra licada Dognin, 1898: 215. LECTO-
TYPE oO, ECUADOR: Loja area, 1890 (geni-
talia slide no. 57,564; Type No. 32575;
USNM), here designated [examined].

Racheospila licada (Dognin); Prout, 1932: 34.

DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador.

Lissochlora liriata (Dognin) comb. n.

Geometra liriata Dognin, 1898: 213. LECTO-
TYPE o&', ECUADOR: Loja area, 1891 (geni-
talia slide no. 57,573; Type No. 32578;
USNM), here designated [examined].

Racheospila liriata (Dognin); Prout, 1932: 32.

DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador. Literature records by
Prout (1932: 32) from Venezuela and Colombia
refer to L. alboseriata which I have now removed
from synonymy with /iriata. Prout’s records from
Mexico and Peru may also be based on misiden-
tifications.

Lissochlora molliculata (Warren) comb. n.

Racheospila molliculata| Warren, 1904a: 26.
LECTOTYPE oC, SE. PERU: Carabaya,
Santo Domingo, c. 1850 m (‘6000 ft’), i.1902
(Ockenden) (genitalia slide Geom. 14010;
BMNH), here designated [examined].

REMARKS. L. molliculata has similar male geni-
talia to calida.

DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador?; Peru.

Lissochlora monospilonota (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila monospilonota Prout, 1916: 160.
Holotype o&', COLOMBIA: Monte Tolima,
3200 m, ii.1910 (Fass!) (BMNH) [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia.

Lissochlora multiseriata (Dognin) comb. n.

Racheospila multiseriata Dognin, 1923: 16. LEC-
TOTYPE oO, BOLIVIA: Rio Songo, 750 m
(Fassl) (genitalia slide no. 57,595; Type No.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 105

32599; USNM), here designated [examined].

REMARKS. L. multiseriata is similar to punctis-
eriata but has an extra row of dots towards the
outer margins of the wings.

DISTRIBUTION. Bolivia.

Lissochlora nigripes (Dognin) comb. n.

?Prasinocyma nigripes Dognin, 1911a: 23. LEC-
TOTYPE oO’, COLOMBIA: Paramo del Quin-
din, 3800 m, ix.1909 (Fass/) (genitalia slide no.
57,572; Type No. 32597; USNM), here desig-
nated [examined].

Racheospila nigripes (Dognin); Prout, 1932: 32).

REMARKS. L. nigripes has similar male genitalia
to licada.

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia.

Lissochlora punctiseriata (Dognin) comb. n.

Blechroma punctiseriata Dognin, 1910: 18. LEC-
TOTYPE ©’, COLOMBIA: near Cali, Alto de
las Cruces/‘Andes’, 2300 m, i.1909 (Fass/)
(genitalia slide no. 57,594; Type No. 32598;
USNM), here designated [examined].

Blechroma florifera Prout, 1910: 232. LECTO-
TYPE Oo, W. COLOMBIA: San Antonio, c.
1550 m (‘5800 ft’), xii.1907 (Palmer) (genitalia
slide Geom. 15609; BMNH), here designated
[examined]. Syn. n.

Racheospila punctiseriata (Dognin); Prout, 1932:
34.

REMARKS. In describing B. florifera, Prout
referred to it as a close relative, possibly a form,
of punctiseriata. L. punctiseriata has similar male
genitalia to licada.

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia.

Lissochlora rhodonota (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila rhodonota Prout, 1916: 159. Holo-
type O', PERU: Carabaya, Limbani, c. 2900 m
(‘9500 ft’), v.1904 (Ockenden) (genitalia slide
Geom. 15018; BMNH) [examined].

REMARKS. The male genitalia resemble those of
licada.

DISTRIBUTION. Peru.

Lissochlora rufiguttata (Warren) comb. n.

Racheospila rufiguttata Warren, 1900: 139. Holo-
type 9, VENEZUELA: Merida (Briceno)
(genitalia slide Geom. 15612; BMNH) [exam-
ined].

REMARKS. The female genitalia are similar to
those of the albociliaria-group but the male geni-
talia differ from those of that group.

DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela; Colombia?; Peru?;
Bolivia?.

Lissochlora rufipicta (Prout) comb. n.

Blechroma rufipicta Prout, 1910: 233. LECTO-
TYPE oO’, E. PERU: Huancabamba, Cerro del
Pasco (genitalia slide Geom. 15608; BMNH),
here designated [examined].

Racheospila rufipicta (Prout); Prout, 1932: 34).

REMARKS. L. rufipicta is related to punctiseri-
ata.

DISTRIBUTION. Peru; Bolivia.

Lissochlora rufoseriata (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila rufoseriata Prout, 1917b: 376. Holo-
type O&', NE. PERU: Cerro de Pasco, Huan-
cabamba, c. 2100 m (‘6800 ft’) (genitalia slide
Geom. 14007; BMNH) [examined].

REMARKS. The male genitalia resemble those of
liriata.

DISTRIBUTION. Peru.

Lissochlora stacta (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila stacta Prout, 1932: 34. Holotype ©’,
COLOMBIA: E. Cordillera, Pacho, 2200 m
(Fassl) (genitalia slide Geom. 15610; BMNH)
[examined].

REMARKS. The male genitalia resemble those of
calida.

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia.

Lissochlora venilineata Warren comb. rev.

Lissochlora venilineata Warren, 1907: 205. Holo-
type oO’, PERU: Carabaya, Limbani, c. 2900 m
(9500 ft’), iv.1904 (Ockenden) (BMNH)
[examined].

Racheospila venilineata (Warren); Prout, 1932:
32.

DISTRIBUTION. Peru; Bolivia (USNM).
NEMORIA Hubner, 1818

The pulveraria-group

Nemoria characta (Prout) comb. n.

Dryadopsis characta Prout, 1932: 40. Holotype
oO’, E. COLOMBIA: upper (‘Ob.’) Rio Negro,
800 m (Fassl) (genitalia slide Geom. 14157;
BMNH) [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia; Bolivia.

Nemoria pulveraria (Schaus) comb. n.
Racheospila pulveraria Schaus, 1901: 251. LEC-
TOTYPE oO, BOLIVIA: Songo (genitalia

106

slide no. 57,560; [Type No. A12602]; USNM),
here designated [examined].
Dryadopsis pulveraria (Schaus); Prout, 1932: 40.

REMARKS. N. pulveraria is variable in size.

DISTRIBUTION. French Guiana;
Colombia; Peru; Bolivia; Brazil.

Guyana;

The erina-group

Nemoria parcipuncta (Dognin) comb. n.

Blechroma parcipuncta Dognin, 1908b: 264.
LECTOTYPE 9, FRENCH GUIANA: St
Laurent du Maroni (USNM), here designated
[examined].

Racheospila parcipuncta (Dognin); Prout, 1932:
29.

DISTRIBUTION. French Guiana; Venezuela;

Colombia; Brazil.

REMARKS. This species was described from 3 O’,
3 , of which all but one are misidentifications of
the closely related species punctilinea. In order to
retain the identity of parcipuncta I have selected
as lectotype the sole syntype that is not puncti-
linea, even though this was labelled merely as
‘cotype’ and not as ‘type’. The specimen bearing
the USNM Type No. 32593 is thus a paralecto-

type.

Nemoria spatha (Debauche) comb. n.

Racheospila spatha Debauche, 1937: 5; fig. 4.
Holotype 0’, BRAZIL: Amazones, Sao Paulo
de Olivencga, Rio Solimoes (Debauche) [not
examined].

REMARKS. I have examined a photograph of the
paratype (a CO bearing the same data as the
holotype) which is in the IRSNB, Brussels.
Debauche placed this species in the exertata-
group but, the paratype at any rate, belongs in
the erina-group and is probably conspecific with
parcipuncta.

DISTRIBUTION. Literature record: Brazil

(Debauche).

Nemoria unipunctata (Prout) comb. n., stat. rev.

Racheospila unipunctata Prout, 1912: 107. Holo-
type O', BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul (prob-
ably Porto Alegre) (genitalia slide Geom.
14197; BMNH) [examined].

Miantonota erina ab. disjuncta Warren, 1909: 81.
[Unavailable, infrasubspecific name. ]

Racheospila disjuncta Prout, 1932: 28. LECTO-
TYPE 0, ARGENTINA: Tucuman, 1100 m,
i-11.1905 (Steinbach) (BMNH), here desig-
nated [examined]. Syn. n.

LINDA M. PITKIN

REMARKS. Prout’s description of disjuncta was
based on Warren’s specimens (1 0’, 1 9 ‘types’)
referred to under ab. disjuncta; Prout cited uni-
punctata as an aberration or race of disjuncta.

DISTRIBUTION. Argentina; Paraguay; Brazil.

The exertata-group

Nemoria aturia scotocephala (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila tisstigmaria scotocephala Prout,
1916: 163. Holotype 0’, NE. PERU: Hua-
nuco, Cushi, 1900 m (Hoffmanns) (genitalia
slide Geom. 14233; BMNH) [examined].

REMARKS. N. a. scotocephala appears to be
merely a dark geographic variety of aturia.

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia; Peru.

Nemoria conflua (Warren) comb. n.

Blechroma conflua Warren, 1904b: 502. Holo-
type O', SE. PERU: Carabaya, Santo Dom-
ingo, c. 1850 m (‘6000 ft’), iv.1902 (Ockenden)
(BMNH) [examined].

Racheospila conflua (Warren); Prout, 1932: 35.

REMARKS. N. conflua appears to be closely
related to oppleta and pulverata which have a
similar wing pattern.

DISTRIBUTION. Peru.

Nemoria conspersa (Warren) comb. n.

Blechroma conspersa Warren, 1904b: 502. Holo-
type O', SE. PERU: Carabaya, Santo Dom-
ingo, c. 2000 m (‘6500 ft’), xii. 1902 (Ockenden)
(genitalia slide Geom. 15600; BMNH) [exam-
ined].

Racheospila conspersa (Warren); Prout, 1932:
40.

DISTRIBUTION. Peru.

Nemoria hypotiches (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila hypotiches Prout, 1932: 35. LECTO-
TYPE O&, ECUADOR: Bolivar, Balzapamba,
ix.1893-41.1894 (de Mathan) (genitalia slide
Geom. 15690; BMNH), here designated
[examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador.

Nemoria nigricincta nigricincta (Warren) comb.
n.

Blechroma nigricincta Warren, 1904b: 503. LEC-
TOTYPE oO, SE. PERU: Carabaya, Santo
Domingo, c. 1850 m (‘6000 ft’), vi.1902 (Ock-
enden) (BMNH), here designated [examined].

Racheospila nigricincta (Warren); Prout, 1932:
35:

DISTRIBUTION. Peru.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 107

Nemoria nigricincta fassli (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila nigricincta fassli Prout, 1932: 35.
Holotype o', E. COLOMBIA: upper (‘Ob.’)
Rio Negro, 800 m (Fass/) (genitalia slide
Geom. 14061; BMNH) [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia.

Nemoria nigricincta ligata (Debauche) comb. n.

Racheospila nigricinctata [sic] ligata Debauche,
1937: 4; fig. 3. Holotype 0, BRAZIL: Ama-
zones, Sao Paulo de Olivenga (Rio Solimoes)
(Debauche) [not examined].

REMARKS. I have examined a photograph of the
paratype (C’, cited in the original description as
2) which bears the same data as the holotype
and is in the IRSNB, Brussels.

DISTRIBUTION. Literature record: Brazil

(Debauche).

Nemoria oppleta (Warren) comb. n.

Blechroma oppleta Warren, 1907: 201. LECTO-
TYPE CO, PERU: R. Inambari, La Oroya,
3100ft, ix.1904 (Ockenden) (genitalia slide
Geom. 14109; BMNH), here designated
[examined].

Racheospila oppleta (Warren); Prout, 1932: 35.

REMARKS. B. oppleta has a similar wing pattern
to conflua and pulverata.

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia; Peru.

Nemoria penthica (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila penthica Prout, 1917a: 115. Lecto-
type O', E. PERU: Huancabamba, Cerro de
Pasco, c. 2100 m (‘6800 ft’) (BMNH), desig-
nated [as ‘type’] by Prout, 1932: 35 [exam-
ined].

DISTRIBUTION. Peru.

Nemoria pulverata (Dognin) comb. n.

Blechroma pulverata Dognin, 1914: 381. Holo-
type O', E. COLOMBIA: Medina, 500 m
(Fassl) (Type No. 32596; USNM) [examined].

Racheospila pulverata (Dognin); Prout, 1932: 35.

REMARKS. This species has a similar wing pat-
tern to conflua and oppleta.

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia; Ecuador.

Nemoria spurca Herbulot

Nemoria spurca Herbulot, 1982: 59; fig. 3; pl. 3,
fig.13. Holotype 0’, ECUADOR: 77 km on
old route from Quito to Santo Domingo de los
Colorados, 1620 m, 15-16.ii.1975 (Herbulot)
(HERB) [not examined].

REMARKS. Herbulot rightly places this species
near conspersa.

DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador.

The cosmeta-group

Nemoria imitans (Warren) comb. n., sp. rev.

Miantonota imitans Warren, 1907: 206. Holotype
oO, SE. PERU: Carabaya, Tinguri, c. 1050 m
(‘3400 ft’), vili.1904 (Ockenden) (genitalia
slide Geom. 13316; BMNH) [examined].

Miantonota imitans ab. versiplaga Dognin,
1911b: 161. [Infrasubspecific name. |

REMARKS. N. imitans was incorrectly cited as a
synonym of integra by Prout (1932: 28). One of
Dognin’s two specimens of M. i. ab. versiplaga is
not conspecific with imitans; the identity of the
other specimen is unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela; Colombia; Ecuador;
Peru; Bolivia.

Nemoria integra (Warren) comb. n.

Miantonota integra Warren, 1897: 425. LECTO-
TYPE 2, BRAZIL: Petropolis (genitalia slide
Geom. 14271; BMNH), here designated
[examined].

Racheospila integra (Warren); Prout, 1932: 28.

REMARKS. Described from an unspecified num-
ber of O', 9, from Petropolis, Novo Friborgo
and elsewhere (unspecified).

DISTRIBUTION. Paraguay?; Brazil. Literature
records by Prout (1932: 28) from Colombia (as
ab. versiplaga, see imitans) and from Mexico are
based on misidentifications.

Other species in the genus

Nemoria acora (Dognin) comb. n.

Geometra acora Dognin, 1898: 215. LECTO-
TYPE &, ECUADOR: Loja area, 1891 (Type
No. 32574; USNM), here designated [exam-
ined].

Racheospila acora (Dognin); Prout, 1932: 29.

DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador.

Nemoria albilineata (Warren) comb. n.

Lissochlora albilineata Warren, 1909: 79. Holo-
type 2, PERU: Carabaya, Limbani, c. 2900 m
(9500 ft’), v.1904 (Ockenden) (BMNH)
[examined].

Racheospila albilineata (Warren); Prout, 1932:
a2:

REMARKS. The generic placement of albilineata
is uncertain.

108

DISTRIBUTION. Peru.

Nemoria anchistropha (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila anchistropha Prout, 1932: 28. Holo-
type, BRAZIL: near Santarem, Taperinha,
21-23. viii. 1927 (Zerny) (NM) [not examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Literature record: Brazil

(Prout).

Nemoria antipala (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila antipala Prout, 1932: 27. Holotype
oO’, SE. PERU: Carabaya, La Oroya, Rio
Inambari, c. 950 m (‘3100 ft’), xii.1905 (Ock-
enden) (genitalia slide Geom. 13981; BMNH)
[examined].

Racheospila antipala purifimbria Prout, 1932: 27.
Holotype ©, French Guiana: St Jean du
Maroni (genitalia slide Geom. 13982; BMNH)
[examined]. Syn. n.

DISTRIBUTION. French Guiana; Peru.

Nemoria capys (Druce)

Racheospila capys Druce, 1892: 90. Holotype C’,
MEXICO: Las Vigas (coll. Schaus) (Type No.
17516; USNM) [examined].

Nemoria capys (Druce); Prout, 1912: 112; 1932:
D2.

DISTRIBUTION. Mexico.

Nemoria capysoides (Schaus)

Racheospila capysoides Schaus, 1901: 251. LEC-
TOTYPE oo’, MEXICO: Jalapa (Type No.
11889; USNM), here designated [examined].

Nemoria capysoides (Schaus); Delfin-Gonzalez
& Beutelspacher, 1986b: 427).

DISTRIBUTION. Mexico.

Nemoria cara (Dyar) comb. n.

Racheospila cara Dyar, 1918: 362. Holotype CO’,
MEXICO: Zacualpan, 111.1915 (Miiller) (geni-
talia slide no. 57,562; Type No. 21295; USNM)
[examined].

REMARKS. N. cara is closely related to mustela
(Dyar, 1918: 363); they may be synonymous.

DISTRIBUTION. Mexico.

Nemoria carbina (Druce) comb. n.

Geometra carbina Druce, 1892: 84. Holotype 9,
MEXICO: Las Vigas (coll. Schaus) (Type No.
33214; USNM) [examined].

Racheospila carbina (Druce); Prout, 1932: 28.

DISTRIBUTION. Mexico.

Nemoria consimilis (Warren) comb. n.

Miantonota consimilis Warren, 1909: 81. LEC-
TOTYPE ©’, PERU: Carabaya, R. Inambari,
La Oroya, c. 950 m (‘3100 ft’), ix.1904 (Ock-

LINDA M. PITKIN

enden) (genitalia slide Geom. 13425; BMNH),
here designated [examined].

Racheospila consimilis (Warren); Prout, 1932:
28.

REMARKS. N. consimilis resembles defectiva in
external features and male genitalia.

DISTRIBUTION. Peru; Bolivia; Brazil.

Nemoria delicataria Moschler

Nemoria delicataria Moschler, 1881: 402. Holo-
type 2, SURINAM: Paramaribo (genitalia
slide no. LMP 242; MNHU) [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Surinam.

Nemoria dentilinea paurocaula (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila dentilinea paurocaula Prout, 1932:
27. LECTOTYPE ©’, ARGENTINA: Mis-
iones, ii (Wagner) ‘Missions’ (genitalia slide
Geom. 13302; BMNH), here designated
[examined].

REMARKS. R. d. paurocaula and tenuilinea may
be conspecific but both may be distinct from
dentilinea.

DISTRIBUTION. Argentina; Paraguay; Brazil?.

Nemoria dentilinea tenuilinea (Kaye) comb. n.

Oenospila tenuilinea Kaye, 1901: 147; pl. 6, fig.
16. LECTOTYPE 2, TRINIDAD: Tabaquite
(Kaye) (genitalia slide Geom. 15577; BMNH),
here designated [examined].

Racheospila dentilinea tenuilinea (Kaye); Prout,
1932227.

DISTRIBUTION. French Guiana?; Guyana; Trin-
idad.

Nemoria fontalis (Warren) comb. n.

Racheospila fontalis Warren, 1909: 86. Holotype
CO’, BRAZIL: UA, Fonte Boa, v.1906 (Klages)
(genitalia slide Geom. 13293; BMNH) [exam-
ined].

DISTRIBUTION. Brazil. Literature records by
Prout (1932: 27) from Costa Rica and Peru are
probably based on misidentifications.

Nemoria gortaria (Schaus) comb. n.

Racheospila gortaria Schaus, 1901: 252. LECTO-
TYPE 9, BRAZIL: Parana, Castro (genitalia
slide no. LMP 236; Type No. 11893; USNM),
here designated [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Paraguay?; Brazil.

Nemoria haematospila (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila haematospila Prout, 1912: 107.
Holotype oO’, BRAZIL: Preto (BMNH)
[examined].

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 109

DISTRIBUTION. Brazil.

Nemoria inaequalis (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila inaequalis Prout, 1917a: 116. Lecto-
type O', SE. PERU: Carabaya, Santo Dom-
ingo, c. 1850 m (‘6000 ft’), xi. 1904 (Ockenden)
(genitalia slide Geom. 15613; BMNH), desig-
nated [as ‘type’] by Prout, 1932: 31) [exam-
ined].

DISTRIBUTION. Peru.

Nemoria incognita (Warren) comb. n.

Lissochlora incognita Warren, 1900: 135. Holo-
type 2, S. AMERICA? (BMNH) [examined].

Racheospila incognita (Warren); Prout, 1932: 29.

REMARKS. The generic placement of the aptly
named incognita is uncertain; it may belong in
Lissochlora. The unique specimen has a glued
abdomen that does not seem likely to belong to
this species.

DISTRIBUTION. Unknown.

Nemoria latimarginaria (Maassen) comb. n.

Phorodesma latimarginaria Maassen, 1890: 75,
160; pl. 8, fig. 12. Holotype 0’, PERU:
Pucatambo to Rio negro, 860—1470m, vi.1868-
1877 (Sttibel) (MNHU) [examined].

Racheospila latimarginaria (Maassen); Prout,
HO52: 37.

DISTRIBUTION. Peru.

Nemoria modesta (Dognin) comb. n.

Miantonota modesta Dognin, 1911a: 22. Holo-
type O', MEXICO: [Veracruz,] Jalapa (Type
No. 33213; USNM) [examined].

Racheospila modesta (Dognin); Prout, 1932: 25.

REMARKS. This species resembles zelotes (a
North American species).

DISTRIBUTION. Mexico; Guatemala.

Nemoria morbilliata (Felder & Rogenhofer)
comb. n.

Racheospila morbilliata Felder & Rogenhofer,
1875: pl. 127, fig. 16. Lectotype co’, BRAZIL
(BMNH), designated as [‘the type’] by Prout,
1932: 40 [examined].

Dryadopsis morbilliata (Felder & Rogenhofer);
Prout, 1932: 40.

REMARKS. An abdomen belonging to a member
of another subfamily had been glued to the
lectotype.

DISTRIBUTION. Brazil.

Nemoria mustela (Druce)
Racheospila mustela Druce, 1892: 90. Holotype

CO, MEXICO: Orizaba, ili. 1888 (Elwes) (geni-
talia slide Geom. 14094; BMNH) [examined].

Nemoria mustela (Druce); Delfin-Gonzalez &
Beutelspacher, 1986a: 180.

DISTRIBUTION. Mexico. The literature record
from Costa Rica (Prout, 1932: 36) is erroneous
and probably refers to vermiculata.

Nemoria nigrisquama (Dognin) comb. n.

Miantonota nigrisquama Dognin, 1904: 119.
Holotype oO’, SE. PERU: Santo Domingo,
Carabaya (Type No. 32608; USNM) [exam-
ined].

Racheospila nigrisquama (Dognin); Prout, 1932:
28.

REMARKS. The generic placement of nigris-
quama is uncertain and it may belong in Lissoch-
lora.

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia?; Peru; Bolivia?.

Nemoria parvipuncta (Warren) comb. n.

Racheospila parvipuncta Warren, 1900: 138.
LECTOTYPE 9°, GUYANA: Rio Demerara,
E. coast (BMNH), here designated [exam-
ined].

DISTRIBUTION. French Guiana, Guyana.

Nemoria peruviana (Prout) comb. n.; stat. n.

Racheospila cosmeta peruviana Prout, 1916: 162.
Holotype O', PERU: Carabaya, Santo Dom-
ingo, c. 1850-2000 m (‘6000-6500 ft’), 111.1902
(Ockenden) (genitalia slide Geom. 13319;
BMNH) [examined].

REMARKS. This species resembles acutularia and
remota in the male genitalia.

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia?; Peru; Bolivia?.

Nemoria prava (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila prava Prout, 1932: 31. Holotype C’,
BOLIVIA: Prov. del Sara, Dep. Sta. Cruz,
450 m, 1 (Steinbach) (BMNH) [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Bolivia; Brazil.

Nemoria roseilinearia (Dognin) comb. n.

Racheospila roseilinearia Dognin, 1892: 206.
LECTOTYPE ©, ECUADOR: Loja area,
1891 [1890 on specimen label] (Type No.
32573; USNM), here designated [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (CMNH).

Nemoria sanguinipunctata (Dognin) comb. n.

Lissochlora sanguinipunctata Dognin, 1906a:
204. Holotype 9, ARGENTINA: Tucuman
(Type No. 33212; USNM) [examined].

110

Racheospila sanguinipunctata (Dognin); Prout,
1932232:

REMARKS. The generic placement of san-
guinipunctata is uncertain and it may belong in
Lissochlora.

DISTRIBUTION. Argentina.

Nemoria sellata (Warren) comb. n.

Miantonota sellata Warren, 1907: 206. LECTO-
TYPE OC, SE. PERU: R. Inambari, La Oroya,
c. 950 m (‘3100 ft’), iii. 1905 (Ockenden) (geni-
talia slide Geom. 13477; BMNH), here desig-
nated [examined].

Racheospila sellata (Warren); Prout, 1932: 28.

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia?; Peru.

Nemoria sigillaria Guenée comb. rev.

Nemoria sigillaria Guenée, 1857: 375. Holotype
oO’, URUGUAY: Montevideo (Coll. Guenée)
(BMNH) [examined].

Racheospila degener Prout, 1916: 163. LECTO-
TYPE Oo, ARGENTINA: Entre Rios, near
Uruguay frontier, La Soledad, 14, 30.xii.1909
(Britton) (BMNH), here designated [exam-
ined]. [Synonymy cited by Prout, 1932: 25.].

Racheospila sigillaria (Guenée); Prout, 1932: 25.

DISTRIBUTION. Argentina; Uruguay. The litera-
ture record by Delfin-Gonzalez & Beutel-
spacher, (1986b: 426) from Mexico is highly
dubious.

Nemoria sordifrons (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila sordifrons Prout, 1932: 26. Holotype
CO, BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Alto da Serra,
iv.1923 (Spitz) (BMNH) [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Brazil.

Nemoria tarachodes (Dyar) comb. n.

Racheospila tarachodes Dyar, 1922: 14. Holotype
CO, MEXICO: near Mexico City, vi.1921
(Miller) (Type No. 24941; USNM) [exam-
ined].

Nemoria coruscula Ferguson, 1969: 37 [non
binominal], 55. Holotype &’, MEXICO: near
Mexico City, vi.1921 (Miiller) (Type No.
24941; USNM) [examined]. Syn. n.

REMARKS. The holotype of tarachodes, identifi-
able by its Type No. 24941, is referred to by the
manuscript name of Racheospila caruscula Dyar
in the USNM type collection and Ferguson’s
references to coruscula are based on that manu-
script name and, it is inferred, on that holotype.
N. tarachodes resembles mutaticolor (a species in
Nearctic Mexico and Arizona).

DISTRIBUTION. Mexico.

LINDA M. PITKIN

Nemoria thelys (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila thelys Prout, 1932: 32. Holotype C’,
GUATEMALA: Quiche Mountains, c.
2700-3100 m (‘9000-10000 ft’) [7-9000 ft on
label] (Champion) (genitalia slide Geom.
13816; BMNH) [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Guatemala.

Nemoria torsilinea (Warren)

Mixocera torsilinea Warren, 1905a: 44. Holotype
CO’, Paraguay: Palino cué, ii (Montforts) (geni-
talia slide Geom. 15607; BMNH) [examined].

Racheospila torsilinea (Warren); Prout, 1932: 34.

DISTRIBUTION. Paraguay.

Nemoria viridicincta (Schaus) comb. n.

Racheospila viridicincta Schaus, 1901: 252. LEC-
TOTYPE 9°, BRAZIL: Parana, Castro (geni-
talia slide no. 57,590; Type No. 11894;
USNM), here designated [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Brazil.

Nemoria viridiscata (Dognin) comb. n.

Racheospila viridiscata Dognin, 1923: 16. Holo-
type 2, VENEZUELA: Merida (genitalia
slide no. 57,589; Type No. 32606; USNM)
[examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela.

Nemoria xaliria (Dognin) comb. n.

Geometra xaliria Dognin, 1898: 212. LECTO-
TYPE &, ECUADOR: Loja area, 1888 (geni-
talia slide no. 57,566; Type No. 32610;
USNM), here designated [examined].

Racheospila xaliria (Dognin); Prout, 1932: 27.

DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador. Literature records by
Prout (1932: 28) from French Guiana and Brazil
are probably based on misidentifications.

Nemoria zernyi (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila zernyi Prout, 1932: 36. Holotype C’,
BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Alto da_ Serra,
29-30.x.1927 (Zerny) (NM) [not examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Brazil.

SPECIES TRANSFERRED TO
SYNCHLORA

The following Neotropical species, including
some from Costa Rica, were cited in
Racheospila, mostly by Prout (1932: 38-39), and
are here transferred to Synchlora.

Synchlora amplimaculata (Herbulot) comb. n.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 111

Racheospila amplimaculata Herbulot, 1991: 108.
Holotype 0’, ECUADOR: 77 km from Quito
to Santo Domingo (old route), 1620 m,
15-16.i.1975 (Herbulot) (HERB) [not exam-
ined].

REMARKS. Related to astraeoides (Herbulot,
1991: 108). DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador.

Synchlora atrapes (Druce) comb. n.

Racheospila atrapes Druce, 1892: 91. Holotype
©, PANAMA: Chiriqui (Ribbe) (MNHU)
[examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Honduras?; Panama. Literature
record: Mexico (Delfin-Gonzdlez & Beutel-
spacher, 1986b: 426) is more likely to be based
on atrapes trujilloi.

Synchlora atrapes trujilloi (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila atrapes trujilloi Prout, 1932: 39.
Holotype 9, MEXICO: Jalapa (Trujillo)
(BMNH) [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Mexico.

Synchlora bidentifera (Warren) comb. n.
Racheospila bidentifera Warren, 1901: 449. Holo-
type 0&', COLOMBIA (BMNH) [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia; Ecuador; Peru.

Synchlora concinnaria (Schaus) comb. n.

Racheospila concinnaria Schaus, 1912: 290. LEC-
TOTYPE ©, COSTA RICA: Sixaola R., iii
(genitalia slide no. 57,593; Type No. 17729;
USNM), here designated [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Mexico?; Guatemala?; Hondu-
ras?; Belize?; Costa Rica.

Synchlora decorata (Warren) comb. n.

Racheospila decorata Warren, 1901: 449. Holo-
type &', ECUADOR: Chimbo, c. 310 m (‘1000
ft’), vii.1897 (Rosenberg) (BMNH) [exam-
ined].

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia?; Ecuador; Peru? Lit-
erature record: Mexico (Delfin-Gonzalez & Beu-
telspacher, 1986b: 426) requires confirmation.

Synchlora dependens dependens (Warren) comb.
n.

Racheospila dependens Warren, 1904a: 25. LEC-

TOTYPE oO, SE. PERU: Carabaya, Santo

Domingo, c. 1850 m (‘6000 ft’), xi.1901 (Ock-

enden) (BMNH), here designated [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Peru; Bolivia?.

Synchlora dependens independens (Prout) comb.
n.

Racheospila dependens independens Prout, 1916:

166. Holotype oO, PERU: Carabaya,

Oconeque, c. 2150 m (‘7000 ft’), vii.1904 (Ock-
enden) (BMNH) [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Peru.

Synchlora dependens megastigma (Warren) comb.
n.

Racheospila megastigma Warren, 1905a: 45.

Holotype 2, COSTA RICA: Tuis (BMNH)

[examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica.

Synchlora dependens tumefacta (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila tumefacta Prout, 1910: 236. Holo-
type oO, COLOMBIA: Torne, viii.1907
(BMNH) [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Panama?; Venezuela; Colom-
bia; Ecuador?.

Synchlora despicata (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila despicata Prout, 1932: 27. Holotype
Oo’, FRENCH GUIANA: St Jean du Maroni
(genitalia slide Geom. 13984; BMNH) [exam-
ined].

REMARKS. This species is anomalous in many
respects but it is more suitably placed in Syn-
chlora than in any other existing genus. The male
socii are developed as in Synchlora although a
very short uncus is also present. The gnathos is
peculiar in having two prongs instead of the usual
single hook. The notched saccus and papillate
juxta are reminiscent of Nemoria; however, a
structure which I initially thought to be a basal
process of the valva does not appear to be
homologous with that feature of Nemoria.
Although this structure joins the base of the
valva it does not arise from the costa and it
appears to be attached to the tegumen. The male
antennae have short branches, unlike any other
species of Synchlora.

DISTRIBUTION. French Guiana; Brazil?.

Synchlora ephippiaria (Méschler) comb. n.

Cambogia ephippiaria Méschler, 1886: 68. LEC-
TOTYPE Oo, JAMAICA (MNHU), here des-
ignated [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Jamaica.

Synchlora expulsata atrapoides (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila expulsata atrapoides Prout, 1932: 39.
Holotype 0’, MEXICO: [Veracruz,] Orizaba
[stated as Jalapa], iv.1896 (Schaus) (genitalia
slide Geom. 13306; BMNH) [examined].

REMARKS. The specimen labelled as ‘type’, in
the BMNH collection, seems likely to be the
holotype even though it is from Orizaba and not

112

from Jalapa; no specimens from Jalapa were
traced.

DISTRIBUTION. Mexico; Guatemala?; Hondu-
ras?; Costa Rica?.

Synchlora isolata (Warren) comb. n.

Racheospila isolata Warren, 1900: 138. LECTO-
TYPE 9, GRENADA (BMNBH), here desig-
nated [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Puerto Rico?; Guadeloupe?; St
Vincent?; Grenada.

Synchlora leucoceraria (Snellen) comb. n.

Geometra leucoceraria Snellen, 1874: 41. Syn-
types 2 oO, COLOMBIA: Bogota, 6.vi.
(RNHL) [photograph of one syntype exam-
ined].

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia.

Synchlora magnaria (Bastelberger) comb. n.

Racheospila magnaria Bastelberger, 1911b: 149.
Lectotype 9, MEXICO: [Veracruz,] Jalapa
(SMF), designated by Prout, 1932: 39 [as ‘the
type’] [transparency examined].

REMARKS. Closely related to or conspecific with
atrapes trujilloi; Prout stated in his description of
magnaria that it might prove to be a giant form of
that.

DISTRIBUTION. Guatemala?; Colombia?. Litera-
ture record: Mexico (Bastelberger, 1911: 149).

Synchlora merlinaria (Schaus) comb. n.

Racheospila merlinaria Schaus, 1940: 306. Holo-
type Oo’, PUERTO RICO: Vieques I., Puerto
Real (Cornell) [examined].

REMARKS. Schaus (1940: 306) cites merlinaria as
near herbaria which was placed in Racheospila at
that time but now belongs in Synchlora.

DISTRIBUTION. Puerto Rico.

Synchlora pomposa (Dognin) comb. n.

Racheospila pomposa Dognin, 1898: 217. LEC-
TOTYPE Oo, ECUADOR: Loja area, 1892
(genitalia slide no. 57,577; Type No. 32613;
USNM), here designated [examined].

Racheospila diaphana Warren, 1901: 450. LEC-
TOTYPE 9, PERU: Marca, 3000 m [pub-
lished as ftj, 22.xii.1899 (Simons) (BMNH),
here designated [examined]. [Synonymized by
Prout, 1916: 166.].

DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador; Peru. Literature
record: Mexico (Delfin-Gonzdlez & Beutel-
spacher, 1986b: 426, as diaphana).

LINDA M. PITKIN

Synchlora rufilineata rufilineata (Warren) comb.
n.

Aplodes rufilineata Warren, 1897: 423. Holotype
CO, SURINAM: Berg-en-Daal, v.1892 (Ella-
combe) (genitalia slide Geom. 13434; BMNH)
[examined].

Racheospila undulosa Kaye, 1901: 148; pl. 6, fig.
23. LECTOTYPE o, TRINIDAD: Tabaquite
(Kaye) (BMNH), here designated [examined].
[Synonymized by Prout, 1912: 110.].

DISTRIBUTION. French Guiana?; Surinam;
Guyana?; Trinidad; Venezuela?; Colombia?;
Bolivia?; Paraguay?; Brazil?. Literature record:
Mexico (Delfin-Gonzalez & Beutelspacher,
1986b: 426) requires confirmation.

Synchlora rufilineata albimargo (Prout) comb. n.
Racheospila rufilineata albimargo Prout, 1932:
39. LECTOTYPE oc, COLOMBIA: Muzo,
400-800 m (Fassl) (genitalia slide Geom.
13433; BMNH), here designated [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Colombia.

Synchlora superaddita (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila superaddita Prout, 1913a: 416. Holo-
type o&', W. COLOMBIA: Jimenez, c. 500 m
(1600 ft’), vii.1907 (genitalia slide Geom.
13432; BMNH) [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Mexico?; Guatemala?; French
Guiana?; Surinam?; Guyana?; Trinidad?;
Colombia; Ecuador?; Peru?; Bolivia?; Brazil?.

Synchlora suppomposa (Prout) comb. n.

Racheospila suppomposa Prout, 1916: 165. LEC-
TOTYPE Q [cited as O'], ARGENTINA:
Tucuman, 1100 m, i-ii.1905 (Steinbach)
(BMNH), here designated [examined].

REMARKS. Described from 3 specimens cited as
CO’; I have traced no male types but have exam-
ined 1 Q labelled as ‘type’.

DISTRIBUTION. Argentina.

Synchlora (Warren)
comb. n.

Racheospila tenuimargo Warren, 1905b: 319.
Lectotype O, BRAZIL: Organ Mts, near
Tijuco (BMNH), designated [as ‘the type’] by
Prout, 1932: 39 [examined].

tenuimargo tenuimargo

DISTRIBUTION. Mexico?; Guyana?; Trinidad?;
Venezuela?; Colombia?; Argentina?; Brazil. Lit-
erature record: U.S.A. (Kimball, 1965: 162).

Synchlora tenuimargo lineimargo (Prout) comb.
n.

Racheospila tenuimargo lineimargo Prout, 1932:

39. Holotype O’, BRAZIL: Sao Paulo (genita-

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 113

lia slide Geom. 13263; BMNH) [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. Mexico?; Costa Rica?; French
Guiana?; Venezuela?; Colombia?; Bolivia?;
Brazil.

Synchlora venustula (Dognin) comb. n.

Racheospila venustula Dognin, 1910: 19. Holo-
type O& , ECUADOR: near Loja, El Monje,
1893 (Type No. 32611; USNM) [examined].

DISTRIBUTION. French Guiana?; Trinidad; Ven-
ezuela?; Colombia?; Ecuador; Peru?.

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— 1904b. New American Thyrididae, Urantidae, and
Geometridae. Novitates Zoologicae 11: 493-582.

— 1905a. New Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae
from South and Central America. Novitates Zoologicae 12:
41-72.

— 1905b. New American Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and
Geometridae. Novitates Zoologicae 12: 307-379.

— 1906. Descriptions of new genera and species of American
geometrid moths. Proceedings of the United States National
Museum 30: 399-557.

— 1907. American Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae
in the Tring Museum. Novitates Zoologicae 14: 187-323.

— 1909. New American Uraniidae and Geometridae in the
Tring Museum. Novitates Zoologicae 16: 69-109.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 115

Figs 1-13. Chavarriella and Lissochlora species. 1, Ch. fallax (typical form: Peru). 2, C. fallax (typical form).
3, C. fallax (narrow blotched form). 4, C. semiornata. 5, C. semiornata, 2. 6, C. porcius. 7, L. albociliaria.
8, L. manostigma, 2.9, L. inconspicua. 10, L. daniloi, 2. 11, L. freddyi. 12, L. latuta. 13, L. ronaldi. Moths
are Costa Rican males unless stated otherwise. Scale line = 10 mm.

116

LINDA M. PITKIN

Figs 14-28 Nemoria species. 14, N. aturia aturia. 15, elbae. 16, N. scriptaria. 17, N. eugeniae. 18, N. eugeniae.
19, N. hazelae. 20, N. anae. 21, N. epaphras. 22, N. adjunctaria. 23, N. tickelli. 24, N. saryae. 25, N. strigaria
(blotched form). 26, N. strigaria (speckled form). 27, N. strigaria (typical form), 9. 28, N. duniae. Moths are

Costa Rican males unless stated otherwise. Scale line = 10 mm.

0 =’

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 1i7

Figs 29-39 Nemoria species. 29, N. marielosae. 30, N. lorenae. 31, N. sarukhani (Mexico). 32, N. cosmeta
(Mexico). 33, N. rectilinea. 34, N. karlae. 35, N. carolinae (Trinidad). 36, N. pacificaria. 37, N. tutala, 2. 38, N.
punctilinea. 39, N. erina. Moths are Costa Rican males unless stated otherwise. Scale line = 10 mm.

118 LINDA M. PITKIN

Figs 40-52 Nemoria species. 40, N. astraea. 41, N. interlucens. 42, N. ozalea. 43, N. vermiculata. 44, N.
vermiculata, 9. 45, N. rosae, 2. 46, N. gerardinae. 47, N. pescadora. 48, N. dorsilinea. 49, N. remota. 50, N.

vinocincta. 51, N. vinocincta. 52, N. winniae. Moths are Costa Rican males unless stated otherwiss. Scale line =
10 mm.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 119

Figs 53-67 Nemoria species. 53, N. marianellae. 54, N. isabelae. 55, N. dentilinea dentilinea. 56, N. toxeres, 2.
57, N. nympharia. 58, N. venezuelae (form B). 59, N. florae, 2. 60, N. defectiva. 61, N. acutularia. 62, N.
gladysae. 63, N. franciscae. 64, N. agenoria. 65, N. callirrhoe. 66, N. priscillae. 67, N. adaluzae. Moths are
Costa Rican males unless stated otherwise. Scale line = 10 mm.

120 LINDA M. PITKIN

LZ Sc+R]

Figs 68-71 68, 69, wing venation of Nemoria species. (68) N. remota. (69) hind wing of N. astraea. 70, 71, dorsal

markings of abdomen, based on males. (70) Chavarriella porcius. (71) Lissochlora ronaldi. The markings are
shown on a standardised abdomen plus metathorax.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 121

Figs 72-77 Dorsal markings of abdomen of Nemoria species, based on males. 72, N. adjunctaria. 73, N. tickelli.
74, N. karlae. 75, N. rectilinea. 76, N. pacificaria. 77, N. carolinae. The markings are shown on a standardised

abdomen plus metathorax.

122 LINDA M. PITKIN

Figs 78-82 Dorsal markings of abdomen of Nemoria species, based on males. 78, N. punctilinea. 79, N. defectiva.
80, N. dorsilinea. 81, N. toxeres. 82, N. winniae. The markings are shown on a standardised abdomen plus
metathorax.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHA VARRIELLA 123

Figs 83-92 Male eighth abdominal segment. 83, Chavarriella semiornata (Panama). 84, Lissochlora albociliaria.
85, Lissochlora inconspicua. 86, Lissochlora manostigma. 87, Lissochlora daniloi. 88, Lissochlora freddyi.
89, Lissochlora latuta (Colombia). 90, Lissochlora ronaldi. 91, Nemoria adjunctaria (Colombia). 92, Nemoria
anae. Costa Rican examples unless stated otherwise.

124 LINDA M. PITKIN

102

Figs 93-102 Male eighth abdominal segments of Nemoria species. 93, N. epaphras (Panama). 94, N. eugeniae.
95, N. tickelli. 96, N. erina. 97, N. punctilinea. 98, N. aturia aturia (Mexico). 99, N. aturia aturia (Guatemala).
100, elbae. 101, N. hazelae. 102, N. ozalea. Costa Rican examples unless stated otherwise.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 125

Figs 103-112 Male eighth abdominal segments of Nemoria species. 103, N. scriptaria. 104, N. saryae. 105, N.
strigaria (typical form). 106, N. franciscae. 107, N. gladysae. 108, N. karlae. 109, N. lorenae (Guatemala).
110, N. marielosae. 111, N. sarukhani (Mexico). 112, N. pacificaria (northern form). Costa Rican examples
unless stated otherwise.

126

LINDA M. PITKIN

x

121 |

Figs 113-122 Male eighth abdominal se

acutularia. 115, N. adaluzae. 116, N. agenoria. 117, N. astraea. 118, N. callirrhoe

119, N. carolinae . 120, N. defectiva. 121, N. dentilinea dentilinea.
unless stated otherwise.

gments of Nemoria species. 113, N. tutala (northern form). 114, N.

(western form: Colombia).
122, N. dorsilinea. Costa Rican examples

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 127

Figs 123-132 Male eighth abdominal segments of Nemoria species. 123, N. duniae. 124, N. florae. 125, N.
gerardinae. 126, N. interlucens. 127, N. isabelae. 128, N. marianellae. 129, N. nympharia. 130, N. pescadora.
131, N. priscillae. 132, N. rectilinea (Mexico). Costa Rican examples unless stated otherwise.

128

LINDA M. PITKIN

uncus

socius

distal a
process |

valva

basal
costal
process

transtilla

juxta
corema

139

saccus

140

Figs 133-140 133-138, male eighth abdominal segments of Nemoria species. (133) N. remota. (134) N. toxeres.
(135) N. venezuelae (form B). (136) N. vermiculata. (137) N. vinocincta. (138) N. winniae. Costa Rican

examples. 139, 140, male genitalia of Nemoria species. (139) N. strigaria (blotched form). (140) aedeagus of N.
tutala.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 129

Figs 141-146 Male genitalia of Chavarriella and Lissochlora species. 141, C. semiornata (Panama). 142, L.

albociliaria. 143, L. sp. near albociliaria. 144, L. inconspicua. 145, L. manostigma. 146, L. daniloi. Costa Rican
examples unless stated otherwise.

130 LINDA M. PITKIN

Figs 147-152 Male genitalia of Lissochlora and Nemoria species. 147, L. freddyi. 148, L. latuta (Colombia).
149, L. ronaldi. 150, N. adjunctaria (Colombia). 151, N. anae. 152, N. epaphras (Panama). Costa Rican
examples unless stated otherwise.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA

153

155

Figs 153-158 Male genitalia of Nemoria species. 153, N. eugeniae. 154, N. tickelli. 155, N. erina. 156, N.
punctilinea. 157, N. aturia aturia (Mexico). 158, N. aturia aturia (Guatemala). Costa Rican examples unless
stated otherwise.

131

132 LINDA M. PITKIN

164

Figs 159-164 Male genitalia of Nemoria species. 159, N. elbae. 160, N. hazelae. 161, N. ozalea. 162, N.
scriptaria. 163, N. saryae. 164, N. strigaria (typical form). Costa Rican examples.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 133

Figs 165-170 Male genitalia of Nemoria species. 165, N. strigaria (typical form). 166, N. franciscae. 167, N.
gladysae. 168, N. cosmeta (Mexico). 169, N. karlae. 170, N. lorenae (Guatemala). Costa Rican examples unless
stated otherwise.

134 LINDA M. PITKIN

175 ~ 176 >

Figs 171-176 Male genitalia of Nemoria species. 171, N. marielosae. 172, N. sarukhani (Mexico). 173, N.
pacificaria (typical form). 174, N. pacificaria (northern form). 175, N. pacificaria (northern form). 176, N. tutala
(form A: French Guiana). Costa Rican examples unless stated otherwise.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 135

Figs 177-180 Male genitalia of Nemoria species. 177, N. tutala (form B). 178, N. tutala (form C: Mexico).
179, N. acutularia and basal process of valva. 180, N. adaluzae and variation in basal process of valva. Costa
Rican examples unless stated otherwise.

136 LINDA M. PITKIN

Figs 181-186 Male genitalia of Nemoria species. 181, N. agenoria. 182, N. astraea. 183, N. callirrhoe (eastern
form: French Guiana). 184, N. callirrhoe (western form). 185, N. carolinae. 186, N. defectiva. Costa Rican
examples unless stated otherwise.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 137

Figs 187-192 Male genitalia of Nemoria species. 187, N. dentilinea dentilinea. 188, N. dentilinea dentilinea
(Venezuela). 189, N. dentilinea dentilinea (Colombia). 190, N. dorsilinea. 191, N. duniae. 192, N. florae. Costa
Rican examples unless stated otherwise.

138 LINDA M. PITKIN

193

198

Figs 193-198 Male genitalia of Nemoria species. 193, N. gerardinae. 194, N. interlucens. 195, N. isabelae. 196, N.
marianellae. 197, N. nympharia. 198, N. pescadora. Costa Rican examples.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 139

Figs 199-204 Male genitalia of Nemoria species. 199, N. priscillae. 200, N. rectilinea. 201, N. remota. 202, N.
toxeres. 203, N. venezuelae (form A: Peru). 204, N. venezuelae (form A: Venezuela). Costa Rican examples
unless stated otherwise.

140 LINDA M. PITKIN

Figs 205-209 Male genitalia of Nemoria species. 205, N. venezuelae (form B). 206, N. vermiculata. 207, N.
vinocincta. 208, N. vinocincta. 209, N. winniae. Costa Rican examples.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 141

Figs 210-221 Male genitalia: aedeagus. 210, Chavarriella semiornata (Panama). 211, Lissochlora albociliaria.
212, Lissochlora inconspicua. 213, Lissochlora manostigma. 214, Lissochlora daniloi. 215, Lissochlora freddyi.
216, Lissochlora latuta (Colombia). 217, Lissochlora ronaldi. 218, Nemoria adjunctaria (Colombia).

219, Nemoria anae. 220, Nemoria epaphras (Panama). 221, Nemoria eugeniae. Costa Rican examples unless
stated otherwise.

142 LINDA M. PITKIN

231 232 233 NN

Figs 222-233 Male genitalia (aedeagus) of Nemoria species. 222, N. tickelli. 223, N. erina. 224, N. punctilinea.
225, N. aturia aturia (Mexico). 226, N. aturia aturia (Guatemala). 227, elbae. 228, N. hazelae. 229, N. ozalea.

230, N. scriptaria. 231, N. saryae. 232, N. strigaria (typical form). 233, N. franciscae. Costa Rican examples
unless stated otherwise.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHA VARRIELLA 143

242 O. 243

Figs 234-245 Male genitalia (aedeagus) of Nemoria species. 234, N. gladysae. 235, N. cosmeta (Mexico). 236, N.
karlae. 237, N. lorenae (Guatemala). 238, N. marielosae. 239, N. sarukhani (Mexico). 240, N. pacificaria
(northern form). 241, N. tutala (form B). 242, N. acutularia. 243, N. adaluzae. 244, N. agenoria. 245, N. astraea.
Costa Rican examples unless stated otherwise.

LINDA M. PITKIN

a

144

247

251

SS re, ames

Pres te

Figs 246-257 Male genitalia (aedeagus) of Nemoria species. 246, N. callirrhoe (eastern form: French Guiana).
247, N. callirrhoe (western form). 248, N. carolinae. 249, N. defectiva. 250, N. dentilinea dentilinea. 251, N.
dorsilinea. 252, N. duniae. 253, N. florae. 254, N. gerardinae. 255, N. interlucens. 256, N. isabelae. 257, N.

marianellae. Costa Rican examples unless stated otherwise.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 145

Figs 258-267 Male genitalia (aedeagus) of Nemoria species. 258, N. nympharia. 259, N. pescadora. 260, N.
priscillae. 261, N. rectilinea. 262, N. remota. 263, N. toxeres. 264, N. vermiculata. 265, N. vinocincta. 266, N.
venezuelae (form A). 267, N. winniae. Costa Rican examples.

146 LINDA M. PITKIN

271

Figs 268-273 Female genitalia of Lissochlora and Nemoria species. 268, L. albociliaria (Venezuela). 269, L.

albociliaria. 270, L. freddyi. 271, L. ronaldi. 272, N. adjunctaria (Guatemala). 273, N. erina. Costa Rican
examples unless stated otherwise.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 147

Figs 274-279 Female genitalia of Nemoria species. 274, N. punctilinea. 275, N. scriptaria. 276, N. adaluzae.
277, N. carolinae. 278, N. florae. 279, N. rosae. Costa Rican examples.

148 LINDA M. PITKIN

a

Figs 280-285 Female genitalia of Chavarriella and Lissochlora species. 280, C. fallax. 281, L. albociliaria
(Venezuela). 282, L. albociliaria. 283, L. inconspicua. 284, L. manostigma (Mexico). 285, L. sp. Costa Rican
examples unless stated otherwise.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHA VARRIELLA 149

Figs 286-291 Female genitalia of Lissochlora and Nemoria species. 286, L. daniloi. 287, L. freddyi. 288, L. latuta
(Colombia). 289, L. ronaldi. 290, N. adjunctaria (Guatemala). 291, N. tickelli. Costa Rican examples unless

stated otherwise.

150

LINDA M. PITKIN

mar Ae hme me

Ys,

; dae | 297

Figs 292-297 Female genitalia of Nemoria species. 292, N. erina. 293, N. punctilinea. 294, N. aturia aturia

(Mexico). 295, N. aturia aturia (Panama). 296, N. scriptaria. 297, N. strigaria. Costa Rican examples unless
stated otherwise.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 151

Figs 298-303 Female genitalia of Nemoria species. 298, N. cosmeta. 299, N. karlae. 300, N. lorenae (Guatemala).
301, N. marielosae (Mexico). 302, N. pacificaria (typical form: Surinam). 303, N. pacificaria (northern form).
Costa Rican examples unless stated otherwise.

152 LINDA M. PITKIN

Figs 304-309 Female genitalia of Nemoria species. 304, N. pacificaria (northern form). 305, N. tutala (form A:

Brazil). 306, N. tutala (form B). 307, N. tutala (form C: Mexico). 308, N. acutularia. 309, N. adaluzae. Costa
Rican examples unless stated otherwise.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 153

Figs 310-315 Female genitalia of Nemoria species. 310, N. agenoria. 311, N. astraea. 312, N. callirrhoe. 313, N.
carolinae. 314, N. defectiva. 315, N. dentilinea dentilinea (Guyana). Costa Rican examples unless stated
otherwise.

154 LINDA M. PITKIN

Figs 316-321 Female genitalia of Nemoria species. 316, N. dorsilinea. 317, N. duniae. 318, N. florae. 319, N.
interlucens. 320, N. nympharia. 321, N. pescadora. Costa Rican examples.

»

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 155

Figs 322-327 Female genitalia of Nemoria species. 322, N. rectilinea. 323, N. remota. 324, N. rosae. 325, N.
toxeres. 326, N. venezuelae (form B). 327, N. vermiculata. Costa Rican examples.

156 LINDA M. PITKIN

Figs 328-333 Female genitalia of Nemoria and Lissochlora species. 328, N. vinocincta. 329, N. winniae. 330-333,

signum. (330) L. albociliaria (Venezuela). (331) L. inconspicua. (332) L. sp. (333) N. adjunctaria (Guatemala).
Costa Rican examples unless stated otherwise.

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHAVARRIELLA 157

Figs 334-344 Female genitalia (signum) of Nemoria species. 334, N. tickelli. 335, N. aturia aturia (Panama).
336, N. scriptaria. 337, N. strigaria. 338, N. adaluzae. 339, N. agenoria. 340, N. dorsilinea. 341, N. duniae.
342, N. rosae. 343, N. vinocincta. 344, N. winniae. Costa Rican examples unless stated otherwise.

158

INDEX

LINDA M. PITKIN

Principal references are indicated by bold page numbers. Synonyms and unavailable names are in italics.

abornata 54

acora 107

acutularia 51, 83, 84, 87, 88, 93, 95, 109
adaluzae 51, 83, 84
adjunctaria 50, 65, 66
agenoria 51, 84, 90
albifimbriata 102
albilineata 107
albimargo 112
albociliaria 44, 49, 57, 58
alboseriata 103

allotaxis 53
amplimaculata 110

anae 50, 66

Anaplodes 62
anchistropha 108
antipala 86, 108
Annemoria 62

Aplodes 62

araeomita 102

arizonaria 43, 47, 64
astraea 49, 63, 85, 91
astraeoides 111

atrapes 111

aturia 43, 45, 50, 64, 70, 74, 106

bidentifera 111
bifilata 89
bipunctata 68
bistriaria 62
Blechroma 62
brunneilinea 100
bryata 102, 103

calida 104, 105

callirrhoe 43, 51, 63, 84, 86, 94
capys 85, 108

capysoides 85, 108

cara 108

carbina 108

carmen 102

carolinae 51, 81, 86

cecilia 102

characta 105

Chavarriella 40-45, 48, 49, 52, 63, 100
Cheteoscelis 44

Chlorosea 44, 63

cohibita 53

concinnaria 111

conflua 70, 106, 107

conflua [junior homonym] 101
consimilis 83, 95, 108
conspersa 72, 106, 107
coruscula 110

cosmeta 51, 77, 79

cushiensis 103

daedalea 47

daniloi 49, 59, 60
darwiniata punctularia 47
decorata Warren, 1901 111
decorata Warren, 1904a 77
defectiva 51, 83, 84, 87, 108

degener 110

delicataria 108

dentilinea 43, 51, 63, 87, 88, 108
dependens 111

despicata 45, 49, 111

diaphana 112

diarita 102, 103

Dichorda 44, 48

dilata 101

diminuta 54

discipuncta 104

disjuncta 106

dispilata 104

distinguenda 53

dorsilinea 44, 50, 63, 75, 89, 91
Dryadopsis 45, 62

dubia 101

dubiaria 57

duniae 50, 51, 75, 89

duplex 104

elbae 50, 70, 71

ella 60

epaphras 50, 65, 66, 67
ephippiaria 111

erina 50, 68, 69, 70
eugeniae 50, 67, 68
eugethes 103

excelsa 101

exertata 45, 62, 73
expulsata atrapoides 111

fallax 43, 49, 52, 53, 54
fassli 107

flavifimbria 55, 102
florae 51, 85, 90
florifera 105

fontalis 108

franciscae 51, 76, 77
freddyi 49, 59, 60

gerardinae 50, 90, 100
gladysae 76
gortaria 108

haematospila 108
hazelae 50, 70, 72, 74
hena 104
Hipparchiscus 62
hoffmannsi 104
hypotiches 106

iguala 102

imitans 78, 107
inaequalis 63, 109
incognita 109
inconspicua 49, 57, 58
independens 111

integra 62, 78, 107
interlucens 44, 49, 85, 91
isabelae 51, 92

isolata 112

jenna 104
jocularia 104

karlae 50, 78, 95

lafayaria 52, 101

latimarginaria 109

latuta 49, 60

leptalea 47

Leptographa 62

leucaspis 65

leucoceraria 112

licada 104, 105

ligata 107

lineimargo 112

liriata 104, 105

Lissochlora 40-45, 48, 49, 52, 55, 63,
102, 109

lixaria 62, 64

lorenae 45, 51, 63, 77, 78, 79, 80

lugentiscripta 101

luteifimbria 101

magnaria 112
magnidiscata 71
manostigma 49, 57, 58
marianellae 51, 92
marielosae 42, 45, 51, 77, 78, 79, 80
megastigma 111
merlinaria 112
Miantonota 62
mimosaria 62, 64
modesta 97, 109
molliculata 104
mollissima 103
monospilonota 104
monostigma 98
montana 102
morbilliata 62, 109
multiseriata 104
mustela 108, 109
mutaticolor 47, 110

Nemoria 40-45, 48, 49, 52, 55, 56, 62,
105

neodmes 59, 103

nigricincta 74, 106

nigricornis 102, 103

nigripes 105

nigrisquama 109

nortia 103

nympharia 51, 92

obliqua 47

Oospila 40, 52, 64
oppleta 70, 106, 107
oroyana 54

ozalea 50, 70, 73

pacificaria 51, 81, 82
paegnia 56, 102
parcipuncta 69, 70, 106
Paromphacodes 44

NEOTROPICAL MOTHS OF THE GENERA NEMORIA, LISSOCHLORA AND CHA VARRIELLA

parvipuncta 109

pasama 103

paurocaula 88, 108
pectinifera 102

pelops 52, 101

penthica 70, 107
peruviana 109
pescadora 43, 49, 63, 64, 93
Phrudocentra 48, 63, 94
Phrygionis 64

Phyle 48

pistaciaria 62

Pityeja 64

plenifimbria 104
pomposa 112

porcius 49, 53, 54
povera, Prohydata 44
prava 109

priscillae 51, 84, 94
Prohydata 44
promontoria 101
propinqua, Prohydata 44
psittacina 63

pulveraria 105

pulverata 70, 106, 107
punctilinea 43, 50, 63, 69, 106
punctiseriata 105
puntillada 70
purifimbria 108
purpureotincta 56, 58, 102
purpureoviridis 102

quotidiana 102

Racheospila 41, 44, 45, 55, 62
radiolinea 73

rectilinea 50, 78, 94

remota 51, 83, 95, 109
resurgens 102

Rhodochlora 44, 48
rhodonota 105
ronaldi 49, 61

rosae 51, 96
roseilinearia 109
rufiguttata 105
rufilineata 112
rufipicta 105
rufoseriata 105

salubris 104
sanguinipunctata 109
sarukhani 45, 80

saryae 50, 74, 75, 92
scotocephala 71, 106
scriptaria 43, 45, 50, 62, 71, 73
sectifimbria 97

sellata 110

semiornata 49, 52, 53, 54
Semiothisa 64

sigillaria 110
smaragdina 102
sophrosyne 101
sordifrons 110

spasma 54

spatha 106

splendidaria 47

spurca 107

stacta 105

strigaria 43, 45, 50, 75, 90
superaddita 112
suppomposa 112

Synchlora 41, 44, 48, 49, 56, 63, 89, 110

syncrasis 101

tarachodes 110
tenuilinea Kaye, 1901 88, 108
tenuilinea Prout, 1916 102

tenuimargo 45, 112
thelys 110
thymele 83
tickelli 50, 67
tisstigmaria 70
torsilinea 63, 110
toxeres 51, 96, 99
trianteris 101
trujilloi 111
tumefacta 111
tutala 51, 81, 82

undulosa 112
unipunctata 106
unitaria 47, 62
urania 44, 101

venezuelae 43, 51, 63, 77, 97
venilineata 105

venustula 113

venustus 62

vermiculata 43, 44, 49, 50, 75, 91, 98,

109
versiplaga 107
vinocincta 43, 51, 97, 99
viridaria 73
viridicincta 110
viridifimbria 103
viridilinea 103
viridiscata 110
vividata 103

winniae 43, 51, 62, 63, 98, 100
xaliria 110

zelotes 97, 109
zernyi 110

—~

Bulletin of The Natural History Museum

Entomology Series

Earlier Entomology Bulletins are still in print. The following can be ordered from Intercept (address on inside
front cover). Where the complete backlist is not shown, this may also be obtained from the same address.

Volume 42

No. 1

A revision of Pompilus Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), with further nomenclatural and
biological considerations. M.C. Day. 1981. Pp. 1-42, 38 figs, 2 maps. £6.30

No. 2 A revision of the ant genera Melanophus F. Smith. Dicroaspis Emery and Calyptomyrmex Emery
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian zoogeographical region. B. Bolton. 1981.
Pp. 43-81, 44 figs. £5.60
No. 3 A taxonomic revision of the genus Oedaleus Fieber. J.M. Ritchie. 1981. Pp. 83-183,
166 figs. £17.10
No. 4 A revision of the Old World species of Scirpophaga (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). A. Lewvanich.
1981. Pp. 185-298, 188 figs, 14 maps. £17.10
Volume 43
No. 1 A revision of the genus Usambilla Sj6stedt (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) and its allies. N.D. Jago.
1981. Pp. 1-38, 161 figs. £5.50
No. 2 The Asian, Australasian and Pacific Paraboloponinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). A taxonomic
revision with a key to all the known genera of the subfamily. M.D. Webb. 1981. Pp. 39-76,
178 figs. £6.00
No. 3 A revision of Phyciodes Hiibner and related genera, with a review of the classification of the
Melitacinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). L.G. Higgins. 1981. Pp. 77-243, 490 figs. £24.00
No. 4 A revision of six minor genera of Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Ethiopian
zoogeographical region. B. Bolton. 1981. Pp. 245-307, 55 figs. £9.50
Volume 44 :
No. 1 The taxonomy, biology and medical importance of Simulium amazonicum Goeldi (Diptera:
Simuliidae), with a review of related species. A.J. Shelley, R.R. Pinger & M.A.P. Moraes. 1982.
Pp. 1-30, 96 figs, 2 tables. £4.50
No. 2 A revision of the genus Belonogaster de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). O.W. Richards.
1982. Pp. 31-114, 92 figs. £12.50
No. 3 The taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Polyura Billberg (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). R.L.
Smiles. 1982. Pp. 115-237, 159 figs, including 2 colour plates, 2 maps. £19.00
No. 4 A taxonomic revision of the genus Gastrimargus Saussure (Orthoptera: Acrididae). J.M. Ritchie.
1982. Pp. 239-329, 152 figs. £14.00
Volume 45
No. 1 A catalogue and reclassification of the Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) described by C.G.
Thomson. M.G. Fitton. 1982. Pp. 1-119, 1 map. £16.50
No. 2 A taxonomic review of the genus Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae). D.J. Lewis. 1982.
Pp. 121-209, 38 figs, 13 maps. £12.60
No. 3 Stenomine moths of the neotropical genus Timocratica (Oecophoridae). V.O. Becker. 1982.
Pp. 211-306, 179 figs, 2 tables. £13.50
No. 4 Afrotropical species of the myrmicine ant genera Cardiocondyla, Leptothorax, Melissotarsus,
Messor and Cataulacus (Formicidae). B. Bolton. 1982. Pp. 307-370, 43 figs. £8.40
Volume 46
No. 1 The generic and tribal classification of spore-feeding Thysanoptera (Phlaeothripidae:
Idolothripinae). L.A. Mound & J.M. Palmer. 1983. Pp. 1-174, 413 figs, 14 tables. £24.50
No. 2 A revision of the Afrotropical mole-crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). B.C. Townsend. 1982.
Pp. 175-203, 63 figs. £4.20
No. 3 Key to the genera of galerucine beetles of New Guinea, with a review of Sastra and related new
taxa (Chrysomelidae). S.L. Shute. 1983. Pp. 205-266, 150 figs, 10 maps. £9.00
No. 4 The Afrotropical dacetine ants (Formicidae). B. Bolton. 1983. Pp. 267-416, 81 figs. £21.00

Volume 47

No. 1 A new genus of oriental lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). S.J. Brooks. 1983. Pp. 1-26,
95 figs. £4.00
No. 2 The leafhopper genus Batracomorphus (Cicadellidae: Iassinae) in the eastern Oriental and
Australian regions. W.J. Knight. 1983. Pp. 27-210, 977 figs. E2575
No. 3 The Afrotropical idiocerine leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). M.D. Webb. 1983.
Pp. 211-257, 146 figs, 2 tables. £7.00
Volume 48
No. 1 Gelechiid moths of the genus Mirificarma. L.M. Pitkin. 1984. Pp. 1-70, 112 figs, 2 tables. £10.00
No. 2 Macronematine caddisflies of the genus Amphipsyche (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). P.C.
Barnard. 1984. Pp. 71-130, 182 figs. £9.00
No. 3 A review of the genera of Indo-Pacific Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). J.S. Noyes &
M. Hayat. 1984. Pp. 131-395, 450 figs. £39.75
Volume 49
No. 1 Afrotropical jumping plant lice of the family Triozidae (Homoptera: Psylloidea—. D. Hollis. 1984.
Pp. 1-102, 324 figs. £15.30
No. 2 The taxonomy of the western European grasshoppers of the genus Euchorthippus, with special
reference to their songs (Orthoptera: Acrididae). D.R. Ragge & W.J. Reynolds. 1984.
Pp. 103-151, 88 figs. £7.20
No. 3 An historical review of the higher classification of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera). I.J. Kitching.
1984. Pp. 153-234, 4 figs. £12.00
No. 4 The Pimplinae, Xoridinae, Acaenitinae and Lycorininae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of
Australia. I.D. Gauld. 1984. Pp. 235-339, 100 figs, 18 maps. £15.75
No. 5 The Palaearctic species of Ascogaster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). T. Huddleston. 1984.
Pp. 341-392, 79 figs. £7.80
Volume 50
No. 1 Taxonomy of Neotropical Derbidae in the new tribe Mysidiini (Homoptera). P.S. Broomfield.
1985. Pp. 1-152, 501 figs. £22.80
No. 2 Nymphal taxonomy and systematics of the Psylloidea (Homoptera). I.M. White & I.D.
Hodkinson. 1985. Pp. 153-301, 201 figs, 18 tables. £23.00
No. 3 The Whitefly of New Guinea (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). J.H. Martin. 1985. Pp. 303-351,
48 figs. £8.00
Volume 51
No. 1 The ichneumon-fly genus Banchus (Hymenoptera) in the Old World. M.G. Fitton. 1985.
Pp. 1-60, 129 figs. £10.80
No. 2 The phylogeny, classification and evolution of parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae
(Ichneumonidae). I.D. Gauld. 1985. Pp. 61-185, 52 figs. £21.00
No. 3 A cladistic analysis and classification of trichodectid mammal lice (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera).
C.H.C. Lyal. 1985. Pp. 187-346, 250 figs. £26.00
No. 4 The British and some other European Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). D.J. Williams.
1985. Pp. 347-393, 18 figs. £8.00
Volume 52
No. 1 The sandflies of Egypt (Diptera: Phlebotominae). R.P. Lane. 1986. Pp. 1-35, 80 figs,
4 tables. £5.60
No. 2 Fungus moths: a review of the Scardiinae (Lepidoptera: Tineidae). G.S. Robinson. 1986.
Pp. 37-181, 200 figs. £24.00
No. 3 A revision of the European Agathidinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). G.E.J. Nixon. 1986.
Pp. 183-242, 68 figs. £11.00
No. 4 A key to the Afrotropical genera of Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera) with a revision of certain genera.
J. Quinlan. 1986. Pp. 243-366, 359 figs. £21.00
Volume 53
No. 1 A review of Miletini (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). J.N. Eliot. 1986. Pp. 1-105, 108 figs. £18.00
No. 2 Australian ichneumonids of the tribes Labenini and Poecilocryptini. I1.D. Gauld & G.A.
Holloway. 1986. Pp. 107-149, 65 figs. £8.40
No. 3 The tribe Pseudophloeini (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in the Old World tropics with a discussion on
the distribution of the Pseudophloeinae. W.R. Dolling. 1986. Pp. 151-212, 121 figs. £11.50
No. 4 The songs of the western European grasshoppers of the genus Omocestus in relation to their

5

taxonomy (Orthoptera: Acrididae). D.R. Ragge. 1986. Pp. 213-249, 128 figs. £7.50
No. 5 The structure and affinities of the Hedyloidea: a new concept of the butterflies. M.J. Scoble.

1986. Pp. 251-286, 102 figs. £7.00
Volume 54
No. 1 Studies on the Old World species of Holothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae). S. Okajima.
1987. Pp. 1-74, 207 figs. £14.00
No. 2 Spectacles and Silver Ys: a synthesis of the systematics, cladistics and biology of the Plusiinae
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). I.J. Kitching. 1987. Pp. 75-261, 465 figs. £36.00
No. 3 A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae). B. Bolton. 1987. Pp. 263-452, 100 figs. £36.50
Volume 55
No. 1 A reclassification of the European Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with a revision of
certain genera. M.W.R. de V. Graham. 1987. Pp. 1-392, 744 figs. £75.00
No. 2 The songs of the western European grasshoppers of the genus Stenobothrus in relation to their
taxonomy (Orthoptera: Acrididae). D.R. Ragge. 1987. Pp. 393-424, 116 figs. £6.00
Volume 56
No. 1 The legume-feeding psyllids (Homoptera) of the wet Palaearctic Region. I1.D. Hodkinson & D.
Hollis. 1987. Pp. 1-86, 294 figs. £16.00
No. 2 A review of the Malvales-feeding psyllid family Carsidaridae (Homoptera). D. Hollis. 1987.
Pp. 87-127, 94 figs. £6.00
No. 3 A review of the Rhadalinae (=Aplocneminae) (Coleoptera: Melyridae). E.R. Peacock. 1987.
Pp. 129-170, 59 figs. £8.00
No. 4 A revision of some Afrotropical genera of Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera). J. Quinlan. 1988.
Pp. 171-229, 199 figs. £11.00
Volume 57

No. 1 A survey of the Ophioninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of tropical Mesoamerica with
special reference to the fauna of Costa Rica. 1.D. Gauld. 1988. Pp. 1-309, 352 figs,

32 maps. £52.00
No. 2 A taxonomic revision of Alabagrus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). M.J. Sharkey. 1988.

Pp. 311-437, 28 figs, 22 maps. £24.50
No. 3 A taxonomic revision of Caryocolum (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). P. Huemer. 1988. Pp. 439-571,

221 figs. £25.00
Volume 58
No. 1 The mealybug genus Planococcus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). J.M. Cox. 1989. Pp. 1-78,

40 figs.

No. 2 The Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Santiago onchocerciasis focus of Ecuador. A.J. Shelley, M.
Arzube & C.A. Couch. 1989. Pp. 79-130, 153 figs (including 2 plates in colour).

Volume 59

No. 1 The songs of the western European bush-crickets of the genus Platycleis in relation to their
taxonomy (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). D.R. Ragge. 1990. Pp. 1-35.
A reclassification of the Melanotus group of genera (Coleoptera: Elateridae). C.M.F. von Hayek.
1990. Pp. 37-115.

No. 2 The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). S.J. Brooks &
P.C. Barnard. 1990. Pp. 117-286.

Volume 60

No. 1 The bumble bees of the Kashmir Himalaya (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini). P.H. Williams.
1991. Pp. 1-204.

No. 2 Sattleria: a European genus of brachypterous alpine moths (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). L.M.
Pitkin & K. Sattler. 1991. Pp. 205-241.
A review of wing reduction in Lepidoptera. K. Sattler. 1991. Pp. 243-288.

Volume 61

No. 1 Thrips (Thysanoptera) from Pakistan to the Pacific: a review. J.M. Palmer. 1992. Pp. 1-76.

No. 2 Neotropical red-brown Ennominae in the genera Thysanopyga Herrich-Scaffer and Perissopteryx
Warren (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). M. Kruger & M.J. Scoble. 1992. Pp. 77-148.

39 Neotropical Emerald moths of the genera Nemoria, Lissochlora and
Chavarriella, with particular reference to the species of Costa Rica
(Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Geometrinae)

L.M. Pitkin

ENTOMOLOGY SERIES
Vol. 62, No. 2, November 1993