ISSN 0968-0446 Bulletin of The Natural History Museum — THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESENTED GENERAL LIBRARY Botany Series THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM VOLUME 25 NUMBER 2 30 NOVEMBER 1995 The Bulletin of The Natural History Museum (formerly: Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)), instituted in 1949, is issued in four scientific series, Botany, Entomology, Geology (incorporating Mineralogy) and Zoology. The Botany Series is edited in the Museum's Department of Botany Keeper of Botany: Dr S. Blackmore Editor of Bulletin: Ms M.J. Short Papers in the Bulletin are primarily the results of research carried out on the unique and ever- growing collections of the Museum, both by the scientific staff and by specialists from elsewhere who make use of the Museum's resources. Many of the papers are works of reference that will remain indispensable for years to come. All papers submitted for publication are subjected to external peer review for acceptance. 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(Bot.) 25(2): 99-122 Issued 30 November 1995 Seaweeds of the western coast of tropical Africa and adjacent islands: a critical assessment. IV. Rhodophyta (Florideae) 5. Genera P GEORGE W. LAWSON Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5j WILLIAM J. WOELKERLING School of Botany, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia JAMES H. PRICE Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD WILLEM F. PRUD'HOMME VAN REINE Research Institute RyksherbariumlHortus Botanicus, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands DAVID M. JOHN Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD CONTENTS THE NATURAL MUSEUM PRESENTED GENERAL LIBRARY Introduction 99 Species list 100 Numerical list of references 115 References . .117 SYNOPSIS. This paper assembles and, so far as is possible without extended field and herbarium studies, examines critically the validity of records of marine and brackish-water Rhodophyta (Florideae) for the western coast of tropical Africa. The mainland coastline from the northern boundary of Western Sahara southwards to the southern boundary of Namibia, the oceanic islands from the Salvage Islands southwards to Ascension and St Helena, and all islands close to the African mainland coast are included in the area covered. Each species entry includes all traced records, the names which have previously been applied to it for the area, and additional comments or evaluation, as necessary. INTRODUCTION The area dealt with in this part is identical with that covered in parts published previously (Lawson & Price, 1969; John, Lawson, Price, Prud'homme van Reine & Woelkerling, 1994; Price, John & Lawson, 1978, 1986, 1988, 1992; John, Price, Maggs & Lawson, 1979). Country names employed and their earlier equivalents, and the names of island groups included, are listed in the legend for the map in Fig. 1. Genera with the initial letter P and constituent species are listed in alphabeti- cal order. Each main species entry consists of: (i) The major bold heading, representing the currently accepted name and authorities, (ii) Subsidiary italicized headings at intervals within the entry. These are in square brackets and essentially subdivide the overall entry. They represent the different ways in which the species has been referred to in literature for the area. Incorrect citations have been maintained in these subsidiary headings so that there shall be no doubt as to which record we attribute to which taxon; only when clarification was required have changes been made in subhead citation, in which case an explanation is given in intermediary or terminal notes, (iii) The distributional data, with countries and island groups arranged in alphabetical order. More generalized statements of distribution follow the specific country list. Complete distribution patterns require a scan of records under all names by which a species is known for this or adjacent areas. Hence, generalized distribution statements are included ver- batim since it is not always clear for precisely which countries within the area they establish records. In all these cases, ©The Natural History Museum, 1995 100 numbers within parentheses after the names refer to corre- sponding numbers in the references. A question mark follow- ing the number indicates that doubt is attached to the record. In the present reference list, for agreement with previous parts, references have not been renumbered but simply omitted or added and additionally numbered as appropriate for the present part. Reference numbers are therefore only partially interchangeable between different parts of the over- all list. Presentation of the references follows that from the previous part in having first a numerical sequence giving only authors and dates, followed by a separate listing of the full references in alphabetical order. 'References' also include manuscript and expeditionary sources, as well as works currently in press. (iv) Additional qualifying notes, were required in many cases. These notes appear below whole entries or individual parts of entries to which they specifically refer. References in the notes are cited by the reference number (see pp. 115-116) when they contain species records, and by authors' name and publication date when they do not. Species nomenclature has been revised as far as possible and the complete author citation is given for each currently accepted combination. The subsidiary italicized headings and any other discarded combinations that require reference are included as cross-referencing entries to the currently accepted names in the overall list. The necessarily preliminary nature of this treatment has been emphasized for each previously- published part and applies no less here. Critical updating of the overall text is kept firmly in mind for the whole work. We would appreciate notification of any detected errors and omissions from any of the parts. SPECIES LIST Pachymenia carnosa (J. Agardh) J. Agardh Angola (312A). Namibia (36B;312A;348;523;525). [As Pachymenia carnosa J. Ag.] Namibia (166;500). Pachymenia cornea (Kiitzing) Chiang Namibia (525). Palmaria palmata (Linnaeus) O. Kuntze ?Ghana (350;586). [As Fucus sobiliferus fl. dan. cum varietatibus] Ghana (271?). Note. It is most unlikely that this nomenclatural equivalence repre- sents the presence of the cold water species Palmaria palmata in the Gulf of Guinea. Clarification of the record would require examina- tion of material from the original collection which may be in Copenhagen (C: University Herbarium), but it is possible (see Lawson & John, 1982) that the Isert specimens from 'Danish Guinea' (now Ghana), on which Hornemann's (271) record is based, may have been lost when part of the collection was destroyed by fire in 1807. Paragoniolithon Adey, Townsend & Boykins See notes to Spongites. Petrocelis cruenta J. Agardh See the note under Mastocarpus stellatus (Stackhouse) Guiry. G.W. LAWSON ET AL. Peyssonnelia armorica (P. & H. Crouan) Weber-van Bosse Canaries (568). [As Cruoriella armorica P. & H. Crouan] Canaries (13;108;113;130;227). [As Cruoriopsis rosenvingii B0rgesen] Canaries (70;188;191;375). Note. See the entry for Cruoriopsis sp. Peyssonnelia capensis Montagne Angola (98;108;130;352;393;394;424;426;427). Note. For comments on this species see (431), (434), and (693). Palminha (426) attributes the existence in Angola of this hitherto South African form to its being carried northwards by the Benguela Current. According to Cordeiro-Marino (108), this taxon is well- characterized as to thallus structure and location/form of calcareous glomeruli. It has been compared by many authors to P. squamaria (S.G. Gmelin) Decaisne which entirely lacks glomeruli. Womersley (712) states that specimens from tropical-subtropical waters that lack cystoliths are doubtfully attributable to P. capensis, and are more similar to P. squamaria. Peyssonnelia coriacea J. Feldmann '. . . norte de Africa' (517). Note. This probably relates only to Mediterranean Africa or Morocco. See also (130). Peyssonnelia dubyi P. & H. Crouan Canaries (598;633;667). Cape Verde Islands (38;38D;145;259;273;598;713). Salvage Islands (38B;38D;375). Note. In view of the misidentifications of Petrocelis cruenta J. Agardh from Portugal under this name, it is possible that similar confusion existed in the establishment of these records (see 33). Peyssonnelia harveyana J. Agardh Canaries (598;664). [As P. harveyana Crouan] Angola (41 ;42;500). Cape Verde Islands (41;42;683). [As P. cf . harveyana Crouan] Cape Verde Islands (652;713). Note. See Marcot & Boudouresque (1976) for further information on the type specimen collected by the Crouan brothers. Peyssonnelia inamoena Pilger Angola (352). Cameroun(139;350;454;500;561;586). Canaries (598 ;633 ;634;635 ,666 ;667) . Ghana (299;300;350;376;377;586). Principe (350;586). Senegal (38D;59). 'Atlantique africain intertropical sous ses forme typique' (130). '. . . atlantique tropicale' (59). 'From the Cameroons' (561). '. . . Golfo da Guine' (108). 'in warm temperate and tropical seas' (350;586;642;712). 'Macaronesia' (653). 'Subtropical Africa [Senegal (N. of Gambia); Mauritania; former W. Sahara]' (598). Tropical Africa (N. Gambia - Congo river)' (598). [As Peyssonnelia rubra J. Agardh] Principe (41 ;42;535). Note. According to Womersley (712), the type (454: 311) is from Gross-Batanga, Cameroons, West Africa. There is some doubt as to whether Peyssonnelia inamoena and P. rubra (Greville) J. Agardh are separate entities. Denizot (130) in his monograph on the non- coralline encrusting red algae states: 'La distinction entre cette RHODOPHYTA (FLORIDEAE) OF TROPICAL AFRICA 101 Fig. 1 The coastline of tropical West Africa and the offshore islands. 1, Salvage Islands; 2, Canary Islands; 3, Western Sahara [=former Spanish Sahara, Spanish West Africa] (includes the often quoted Rio de Oro, the southern region of the country, but excludes Ifni); 4, Mauritanie; 5, Senegal; 6, Gambia; 7, Guinea-Bissau [ = Portuguese Guinea); 8, Guinee; 9, Sierra Leone; 10, Liberia; 11, Cote dTvoire; 12, Ghana; 13, Togo; 14, Benin [ = Dahomey]; 15, Nigeria; 16, Cameroun; 17,* Bioko [ = Macias Nguema Biyogo, Fernando Poo]; 18, Principe; 19, Sao Tome; 20,* Equatorial Guinea [=Spanish Guinea]; 21, Gabon; 22,** Republic of the Congo; 23, Cabinda; 24, Zaire [=Congo Republic]; 25, Angola; 26, Namibia [=South West Africa]; 27, Ascension Island; 28, Saint Helena; 29, Pagalu [=Annobon]. The Cape Verde Islands, which lie immediately to the west of Dakar (Senegal), have been omitted from this map but are included in the species list that follows. * Nos 17 (Bioko) and 20 (Spanish Guinea, = Rio Muni) are now jointly administered as Equatorial Guinea. Bioko is entered separately, where appropriate, in the species list. ** Loango, a name much used by earlier collectors such as Welwitsch, was formerly a coastal region of West Africa. Its application appears to have included much of the coastline of the Republic of the Congo (22), as well as of Cabinda (23) and Zaire (24). Because by far the longest and rockiest part of the Loango coast lies now within the Republic of the Congo we have attributed all marine algal records from Loango to the Congo. 102 espece et P. rubra, la forme la plus voisine, est a peu pres exclusive- ment fondee sur 1'absence de cystolithes'. See also Schneider & Searles (642) for a discussion of these two species in the western Atlantic. A number of collections examined from West Africa have proved to be not P. rubra as reported but P. inamoena (e.g., Welwitsch Herb. Angolense No. 123 Loanda [Angola] with male organs, No. 233 S. Vincenti, No. 256 Principe). Peyssonnelia magna Ercegovic Cape Verde Islands (652;713). Peyssonnelia polymorpha (Zanardini) Schmitz Canaries (13;70;177;188;191;227;379;584;598;694). Cape Verde Islands (652;713). Cote d'lvoire (350;586). Sierra Leone (295?;350;586). '. . . Atlantique (. . . Canaries. . .)' (33). '. . . in warm temperate and tropical seas, probably wide- spread' (350;586). Tropical Africa (N. Gambia - Congo river)' (598). Peyssonnelia rosa-marina Boudouresque & Denizot Cape Verde Islands (652;683;713). Peyssonnelia rosenvingii Schmitz ?Sierra Leone (30;350;586). Note. This single record from West Africa is regarded as very doubtful by (350) and (586). Peyssonnelia rubra (Greville) J. Agardh Angola (500;535). Canaries (38D;70;77;191;226;227;390;392;448;535; 584;598;663). Cape Verde Islands (535;652;683;713). Principe (535). Senegal (535?). '. . . Atlantic Ocean (European, African and American coasts, Canary Islands. . .' (177). 'Probably in most warmer seas. . .' (535). '. . . Sans doute repandu dans toutes les mers chaudes' (188). '. . . Temperate and subtropical shores of the Atlantic. Probably in all warmer seas of the world' (375). [As Peyssonnelia rubra J. Agardh] Angola (41 ;42). Canaries (89). Cape Verde Islands (41;42). Principe (41;42). [As Peyssonnelia rubra Greville] Canaries (493). Note. See comments under Peyssonnelia inamoena Pilger. Peyssonnelia squamaria (S.G. Gmelin) Decaisne '. . .Atlantic Ocean (European and African coasts, Canary Islands). . .' (177). 'Nordwestafrika' (499). '. . . Warmere Teile des Atlantischen Ozeans. . .' (499). Note. See comments under Peyssonnelia capensis Montagne. Peyssonnelia spp. Angola (352). Ascension (37). Canaries (128A;303;306B). Gabon (294). Ghana (299;376;377). Liberia (129). Senegal (529;531). Note. Two species reported (294) for Gabon: sp. A, a sterile crust of assurgent and dichotomously divided filaments arising from an G.W. LAWSON ET AL. ill-defined hypothallus; sp. B, a sterile crust with a two-layered hypothallus of subquadrate cells bearing dichotomously divided rows of cells. Sourie (529) noted that there were perhaps two, neither common, species of Peyssonnelia amongst his Senegal collections, one encrusting, the other foliaceous. Phlebothamnium ellipticum (Montagne) Kiitzing See Callithamnium ellipticum Montagne. Phycophora triangulans (Turner) Kiitzing See Bryothamnion triquetrum (Gmelin) Howe. Phyllophora gelidioides P. & H. Crouan ex Karsakoff Canaries (70;71;139;191;227;490;540;547;598;635;709). 'Endemic for Canaries' (653). Phyllophora palmettoides var. nicaeensis J. Agardh See Schottera nicaeensis (Lamouroux ex Duby) Guiry & Hollenberg. Phyllophora sp. Senegal (282). Note. See Cryptonemia seminervis (C. Agardh) J. Agardh. Jardin (282) stated: 'espece san dout nouvelle', and later (283: 205) 'Aux algues que j'ai indiquees dans mes Herborisations sur la cote occiden- tale d'Afrique, pour la Senegal il faut ajouter le Cryptonemia luxurians J. Ag., que j'avais inscrite sans le nom de Phyllophora et qui vient d'etre determinee par le savant algologue G. Lespinasse, de Bordeaux'. Phyllymenia belangeri (Bory) Setchel & Gardner Namibia (36B;348). Note. See also (102) and (570) for names under which this alga has been recorded in South Africa. I *h Y mat nl it lion Foslie, nom. cons. The concept of Phymatolithon adopted here follows Woelk- erling (1988: 197-203). Historical data on the genus are summarized by Woelkerling & Irvine (1986) and Woelkerling (1988). The relationships of Phymatolithon and Leptophy- tum, a genus of uncertain status (Woelkerling, 1988: 217-281; Wilks & Woelkerling, 1994: 199-201), require brief com- ment. Some authors (Chamberlain, 1990; Chamberlain & Irvine, 1994 [701]: 166; Chamberlain & Keats, 1994) maintain two genera even though the type specimen of Leptophytum is missing and thus the name lacks the nomenclatural founda- tion necessary for stability. Several sets of criteria have been used to separate the two genera, but Wilks & Woelkerling (1994: 199-201) concluded that none of the proposed features could be used reliably for delimiting two such genera. Phymatolithon bisporum (Foslie) Afonso-Carrillo Canaries ( 1 1 ; 1 8 ;582 ;598 ;633 ;634 ;700) . Cape Verde Islands (598). '. . . Lacia el sur tienen su limite en el Golfo di Guinea' (582). 'Subtropical Africa [Senegal (N. of Gambia); Mauritania; former W. Sahara]' (598). 'Macaronesia s.s.' (653). [As Leptophytum bisporum (Foslie) Adey] Canaries (6;70;139;205;212;227;248;363;366;387;493). Cape Verde Islands (366). Mauritanie (349;366). Senegal (248;366). [As Lithophyllum bisporum Foslie] Canaries (191). Note. This species originally was described as Lithothamnion bisporum Foslie (205: 18), based on material from Puerto Orotava, Tenerife, Canary Islands. According to Woelkerling (700: 39), only tiny fragments of the holotype remain in TRH. There has been no RHODOPHYTA (FLORIDEAE) OF TROPICAL AFRICA 103 detailed study of the holotype in a modern context, and thus the status and disposition of the species are uncertain, as are records from the West African region. Phymatolithon calcareum (Pallas) Adey & McKibbin Ascension (474). Canaries (227;582;584;598). Mauritanie (349). [As Lithothamnium calcareum (Pallas) Areschoug] Canaries (188;191 ;226;359;362;363;365;375). Mauritanie (70;188;356;359;360;361;363) [As Lithothamnium crassum Phillippi] Canaries (547). [As Lithothamnium calcareum f. crassa (Philippi) Lemoine] Canaries (363). [As Lythophyllum calcareum (Pallas) Areschoug] Canaries (229). Note. Phymatolithon calcareum is the type species of Phymatoli- thon. Woelkerling & Irvine (1986) neotypified the species with material from Falmouth Harbour, England and provided a detailed account of the collection; the neotype is in BM. Chamberlain & Irvine (701: 212) present further information on the species in Europe, and they list the distribution as Norway to N. Spain, W. Baltic and the Mediterranean but not the West African region. Consequently, all specimens on which published records from the West African region are based need to be checked to determine whether they are conspecific with P. calcareum. Lithothamnion calcareum f. crassa (Philippi) Lemoine is based on Lithothamnion crassum Philippi, the type of which (see 206: 180-184) belongs to Lithophyllum, and John et al. (1994: 61) have noted that Lithophyl- lum duckerii Woelkerling is a nom. nov. for L. crassum Philippi. The specimens upon which Lemoine's (362) report is based need to be re-examined to determine the taxon to which they belong. Phymatolithon lenormandii (Areschoug) Adey Canaries (227 ;582 ;598 ;633 ;634 ;649 ;701) . Cape Verde Islands (713). [As Lithothamnion lenormandii (Areschoug) Foslie] Canaries (6;70;188;191;202;353;356;359;362;363;493;499). [As Lithothamnium lenormandi (Areschoug) Foslie f. squa- mulosa (Foslie) Foslie] Canaries (499). [As Lithothamnium lenormandi (Areschoug) Foslie f . sublae- vis Foslie] Canaries (70;363). [As Lithothamnion lenormandi Foslie] Canaries (109). Note. This species, originally described as Melobesia lenormandii Areschoug (1852: 514), is based on material from Arromanches, France, and was lectotypified by Woelkerling (1988: 219). Chamber- lain & Irvine (701: 224-230), who have seen the lectotype (in LD), provide a detailed account of the species in the British Isles, noting that it is highly variable. The species is recorded from a number of parts of the world (701: 227), but most records, including those from the West African region, need to be verified. Data on the types of Lithothamnium lenormandi f. squamulosa (Foslie) Foslie [basionym: Lithothamnion squamulosum Foslie (1895: 183)] and Lithothamnium lenormandi f. sublaevis Foslie (1895: 179) are provided by Woelker- ling (700: 206, 211); neither has been examined in a modern context, and thus the status and disposition of both and their relationships to Phymatolithon lenormandii f. lenormandii are uncertain. Phymatolithon polymorphum (Linnaeus) Foslie See Phymatolithon purpureum (P. & H. Crouan) Woelker- ling & Irvine. Phymatolithon polymorphum f. sublaevis Foslie Angola (541). Note. According to Woelkerling (700: 211), Phymatolithon poly- morphum f. sublaevis is a superfluous name for P. polymorphum f. papillata Foslie (1895: 115). The lectotype of P. polymorphum f. papillata, designated by Woelkerling (700: 168) and housed in TRH, has not been examined in detail in a modern context. Thus the status and disposition of the taxon is uncertain, as is the record from Angola. Phymatolithon purpureum (P. & H. Crouan) Woelkerling & Irvine [As Phymatolithon polymorphum (Linnaeus) Foslie] Cape Verde Islands (541;598). [As Lithothamnion polymorphum (Linnaeus) Areschoug] Cape Verde Islands (366). [As Lithothamnium polymorphum Areschoug] Cape Verde Islands (38). [As Lithothamnion polymorphum Linnaeus] Cape Verde Islands (145). Note. This species was originally described as Lithothamnion pur- pureum P. & H. Crouan (1867: 150), based on material from Brest, France, and was lectotypified by Woelkerling & Irvine (1986: 71). The lectotype is housed in CO. Chamberlain & Irvine (701: 230-234) provide a detailed account of the species in the British Isles and indicate that it occurs from Arctic Russia to Morocco, Iceland, the Faroes and the western Baltic; no mention is made of tropical West Africa. Misapplication of the specific epithet polymorphum for material referable to purpureum is discussed by Woelkerling & Irvine (1986: 68-69). All specimens on which published records from the West African region are based need to be checked to determine whether they are conspecific with Phymatolithon purpureum. According to Lemoine (366), the specimens that Dickie identified from Moseley's Sao Vicente (Cape Verde Islands) collections are Lithophyllum africanum (= Spongites africanum (Foslie) Afonso- Carrillo). Phymatolithon tenuissimum (Foslie) Adey Canaries (227;582;598). Sao Tome (350;586). 'Gulf of Guinea' (582). '. . . in warm temperate and tropical parts of the eastern Atlantic Ocean' (350;586). '. . . Morocco, West Africa, Canary Islands' (642). '. . . Tropical Africa (N. Gambia - Congo river)' (598). [As Lithothamnion tenuissimum Foslie] Canaries (70;188;191;362;363;535;650). Mauritanie (359). Sao Tome (6;134;188;198;212;359;362;535;650;700). 'Golfe de Guinee: Sao Tome' (70). Note. This species was originally described as Lithothamnion tenuis- simum Foslie (198: 20), based on material from Sao Tome. The holotype in TRH (see 700: 222; 535: 130) has not been examined in detail in a modern context, and thus the status and disposition of the species are uncertain, as are all records from the West African region. Foslie (696: 5) questioned whether Lithothamnion calif orni- cum Foslie was specifically distinct from Phymatolithon tenuissimum, but without a comparative study of the relevant types, the question cannot be resolved. Phymatolithon sp. Canaries (478). Platoma bairdii (Farlow) Kuckuck Canaries (18;598). Note. According to Afonso-Carrillo et al. (18), their material agreed with the description of Dixon & Irvine (1977): '. . . La presencia de P. bairdii en las Islas Canarias incrementa considerable- mente el area de distribuci6n de esta especie'. 104 G.W. LAWSON ET AL. Platoma cyclocolpum (Montagne) Schmitz Canaries (708). [As Platoma cyclocolpa (Montagne) Schmitz] Canaries (17;30;34;70;128A;134;226;227;232B;315;329;375; 379;390;584;598;633;634;635). Sierra Leone (307,350,586). [As Platoma cyclocolpa Schmitz] Canaries (191;375;489;556). Salvage Islands (38B;556). '. . . im wameren atlantischen Ocean' (511). [As Halymenia cyclocolpa Montagne] Canaries (44;318;401;402;403;407). [As Nemastoma (Platoma) multifida (J. Agardh) J. Agardh] Canaries (24). [As Nemastoma multifida J. Agardh] Tropical Atlantic' (410). Note. Lawson & John (350, 586) commented that Aleem's (30) drift record from Sierra Leone is doubtful for a plant not previously recorded from the mainland coast of West Africa. Platoma marginiferum (J. Agardh) Batters Canaries (635). Note. According to Masuda & Guiry (1995), the correct name for this taxon is Itonoa marginifera (J. Agardh) Masuda & Guiry. Platysiphonia B0rgesen For comparative comments on the genus see Ballantine & Wynne (159A). Platysiphonia caribaea Ballantine & Wynne Canaries (646). Platysiphonia delicatula (Clemente) Cremades Canaries (634;635). Cape Verde Islands (652;713). [As Platysiphonia miniata (C. Agardh) B0rgesen] Canaries (38C;598;646). Cape Verde Islands (598;639;683). Cote d'lvoire (287;288;350;586). Ghana (287;292;299;350;375;586). Mauritanie (38C;349;556). Namibia (348). Salvage Islands (38B;556). '. . . widespread in warm temperate and tropical seas' (350;586). '. . . widely distributed . . . reported from . . . western and southern Africa. . .' (159A). [As Sarcomenia miniata C. Agardh] Canaries (547). Platysiphonia intermedia (Grunow) Silva & Cleary See Sarcomedia intermedia Grunow. Platythamnion plumula (Ellis) Boudouresque et al. See Pterothamnion plumula (Ellis) Nageli and the note to Antithamnion plumula (Ellis) Thuret. Pleonosporium borreri (J.R. Smith) Nageli Canaries (633;634;663;665;667). Mauritanie (624). Salvage Islands (38B;38C;556;598). '. . . Atlantique, du Maroc a 1'Angleterre. . .' (196). '. . .Atlantique (de 1'Angleterre au Maroc)' (33). '. . . vonden englich-franzosischen Kuste. . .' (497;499). 'Subtropical Africa [Senegal (N. of Gambia); Mauritania, former W. Sahara]' (598). 'Tropical Africa (N. Gambia - Congo river)' (598). Pleonosporium caribaeum (B0rgesen) R. Norris [As Mesothamnion caribaeum B0rgesen] Canaries (13;227;598;633;634). Pleonosporium harveyanum (J. Agardh) De Toni Namibia (348). Pleonosporium sp. Angola (352). Note. Tentative determination based on vegetative material only. Plocamium Lamouroux Considerable pertinent information on the genus in South Africa is presented by Simons (519). Not all the South African species treated are relevant here but there is a substantial floristic overlap and the individual species entries include some records for Namibia. Plocamium beckeri Simons Angola (298;352;487;524;707). Plocamium biserratum Dickie See Plocamium concinnum Areschoug. Plocamium cartilagineum (Linnaeus) Dixon Canaries ( 13 ;38B ;38D ;227 ;253 ;306B ;392 ;583 ;584;598 ;633 ; 634;635;648;662;663;710). Cape Verde Islands (38B;38D). Mauritanie (38B;38D;349;624). Salvage Islands (38B;38D;598). Senegal (38B;38D;253;350;586). Western Sahara (38B;38D;349;598). '. . . Atlantico oriental (Noruega- Senegal). . .' (253). '. . . Norway (Nordland) to Senegal . . . Canary Isles. . .' (172). 'Subtropical Africa [Senegal (N. of Gambia); Mauritania; former W. Sahara]' (598). 'Tropical Africa (N. Gambia - Congo river)' (598). [As Plocamium coccineum (Hudson) Lyngbye] Ascension (37). Canaries (2;5;70;191;229;252;375;4Q1;499;517). Cape Verde Islands (239;252). Mauritanie (252). Senegal (55 ;56 ;59 ;99 ; 122 ;252 ;350 ;408 ;529 ;586) . '. . . Atlantico (desde las Faeroes a Canarias)' (517). '. . . Atlantique (de la Norvege a la Mauritanie). . .' (33). '. . . Atlantique nord, jusqu'en Mauritanie. . .' (222). '. . . der Westkiiste Afrikas und den Atlantischen Inseln. . .' (239). '. . . Faeroes to the Canary Islands. . .' (70). '. . . in oceano Atlantico a littore Faeroearum usque ad insulas Canarias. . .' (25; 132). 'Nordwestafrika' (499). [As Plocamium coccineum Lyngbye] Canaries (44;439;547). Cape Verde Islands (41;42). Senegal (38). '. . . Des iles Feroe au Senegal. . .' (89). [As Plocamium coccineum (Hudson) Areschoug] Canaries (141 A). [As Plocamium vulgare Lamouroux] Namibia (348). Senegal (99). Plocamium coccineum auct. See Plocamium cartilagineum (Linnaeus) Dixon. RHODOPHYTA (FLORIDEAE) OF TROPICAL AFRICA Plocamium concinnum Areschoug Cape Verde Islands (38;132;141A;191;408;500;597;598;713). [As Plocamium biserratum Dickie] Cape Verde Islands (27;43;145;652). Note. Askenasy (38) commented 'Connu seulement des lies du Cap Vert. . .Les descriptions de Dickie et d' Areschoug concordent par- faitement 1'une avec 1'autre. Le nom de Dickie est tres characteris- tique pour cette algue'. Plocamium condensatum Kiitzing See note under Plocamium rigidum Bory. Plocamium corallorhiza (Turner) Harvey Cape Verde Islands (191;405;598). Namibia (348). [As Plocamium corallorhiza Harvey] Cape Verde Islands (38). '. . . communes aux iles du Cap Vert et a 1'Afrique meridionale. . .' (38). Plocamium cornutum (Turner) Harvey Namibia (36B;348;523). [As Plocamium cornutum Harvey] Namibia (167;453). Note. Simons (519) commented that P. cornutum is comparatively easy to recognize because of its crowded pinnae which appear to arise on all sides of the somewhat terete axis which is sparingly branched. He goes on to say 'Occasionally forms approach the habit of P. rigidum but generally the latter can be distinguished by their terminal arrangement of pinnae in secund groups of three'. Plocamium froelichian Kiitzing 'Senegambia'(25;132;296;318;324). 'aus dem tropischen Atlantischen Ocean' (316). Note. J. Agardh (25) placed this species in 'Species inquirendae' and De Toni (132) in 'Species incertae'. Plocamium glomeratum J. Agardh Namibia (36B;348;519). Plocamium nobile J. Agardh See comments under Plocamium suhrii Kiitzing and P. tel- fairiae (Harvey) Harvey ex Kiitzing. Plocamium raphelisianum P. Dangeard Mauritanie (192;349). Senegal (192;349). Western Sahara (192;349). 'Subtropical Africa [Senegal (N. of Gambia); Mauritania; former W. Sahara]' (598). Note. According to Lawson & John (349) Cap Vert (Senegal) represents the southernmost limit of the species. Plocamium rigidum Bory Namibia (36B;348;519;523). Note. Simons (519) commented: 'This species is very variable and its limits are difficult to establish. Generally, the thallus is fairly rigid. In its more typical form it resembles P. cornutum, but, whereas in the latter species all the pinnae alternate in pairs and are more or less awl-shaped, in P. rigidum the pinnae are somewhat more triangular and in the upper parts occur in threes. There are some rather more delicate forms which seem otherwise to be indistinguishable from the type. It is possible such forms were referred by Grunow (242) to P. rigidum var. tenuior. There is too a rather more membranous form with somewhat more triangular pinnae but attempts to find any distinguishing character from P. rigidum have not succeeded'. According to Delf & Michell (128), South African material named Plocamium condensatum Kutzing is a tetrasporic form of (the cysto- carpic) P. rigidum. 105 Plocamium suhrii Kutzing Angola (298;352;487). Namibia (167;348;500). [As Plocamium nobile J. Agardh] Namibia (500). Note. For a discussion of problems concerning this entity see Simons (519). Plocamium telfairiae (Harvey) Harvey ex Kutzing Ghana (290;350;376;491;590). Tropical Africa (N. Gambia - Congo river)' (598). 'Widespread in many temperate and tropical seas' (350;586). [As Plocamium telfairiae Harvey ex Kutzing] Ghana (299;377). Note. Simons (519: 192) commented that Yendo (1915) suggested this species is synonymous with P. nobile J. Ag. See also note under P. suhrii Kutzing. Plocamium vulgare Lamouroux See Plocamium cartilagineum (Linnaeus) Dixon. Plocamium spp. Angola (298;352). Canaries (5). Senegal (529;531). Plumaria bipinnata (Collins & Hervey) De Toni [As Plumaria bipinnatum (Collins & Hervey) De Toni] Canaries (71). Note. According to Gil-Rodriguez & Afonso-Carrillo (227) this is a synonym of Gymnothamnion elegans (Schousboe ex C. Agardh) J. Agardh. Plumaria schousboei (Bornet) Schmitz See Gymnothamnion elegans (Schousboe ex C. Agardh) J. Agardh. Plumaria sp. Canaries (71). Salvage Islands (38B;231). Pneophyllum Kutzing The concept of Pneophyllum adopted here follows Penrose & Woelkerling (1991) and Penrose & Chamberlain (1993: 303). Chamberlain (702: 131) provides an up-to-date generic description and other data, and Chamberlain (94: 352-355) and Woelkerling (1988: 145-150) provide additional back- ground information on the genus. Pneophyllum amplexifrons (Harvey) Y. Chamberlain & R.E. Norris Cape Verde Islands (598). [As Melobesia amplexifrons Harvey] Cape Verde Islands (38,408). [As Lithophyllum amplexiformis] Cape Verde Islands (598). Note. This species was originally described as Melobesia amplexi- frons Harvey (1849: 110), based on material from Port Natal, South Africa. The lectotype, in TCD, was designated by Woelkerling & Campbell (1992: 98). A detailed account of the species has been presented by Chamberlain & Norris (1994) who confirmed its occur- rence in South Africa, Mozambique and Madagascar, and discussed reports from India, Japan, southern Australia, New Zealand, Indo- nesia, New Guinea, Guadeloupe and California. Foslie (206: 28) suggested that Lithophyllum zostericolum Foslie (199: 5) may be conspecific with Pneophyllum amplexifrons, but this has not been confirmed by a comparative examination of relevant type collections. The type of Lithophyllum zostericolum is in TRH (see 700: 239 for further information). All specimens on which West African records 106 of this species are based need to be checked to determine whether they are conspecific with Pneophyllum amplexifrons. Pneophyllum confervicola (Kiitzing) Y. Chamberlain Canaries (598;663). Salvage Islands (598). [As Pneophyllum confervicolum (Kutzing) Y. Chamberlain f. minuta (Foslie) Chamberlain] Mauritanie (624). [As Fosliella minutula (Foslie) Ganeson] Canaries (38B). [As Melobesia minutula Foslie] Salvage Islands (231;375;556). [As Hapalidium phyllactidium (Kutzing) Kutzing] Canaries (439). Note. This species was originally described as Phyllactidium confer- vicola Kutzing (316: 295), based on material from near Trieste, Italy. The holotype is in L; Woelkerling & Verheij (1995) provide further details. Based on a comparative study of the types and other specimens, Chamberlain (94) concluded that Melobesia minutula Foslie was a heterotypic synonym of Pneophyllum confervicola. Chamberlain (702: 138) reports the species to occur from Norway to the Mediterranean and in Madeira, the southern USSR, India, Pacific Mexico and the central Pacific, but not from tropical West Africa. Consequently, all specimens on which published records from the West African region are based need to be checked to determine whether they are conspecific with Pneophyllum confervicola. Pneophyllum fragile Kutzing Canaries (649;702). [As Fosliella lejolisii (Rosanoff) Howe] Canaries (14;226;227;582;584). Ghana (350;377). 'Gulf of Guinea' (582). '. . . widespread in boreal-antiboreal to tropical seas' (350). [As Melobesia lejolisii Rosenv. (sic!)] Canaries (696). [As Pneophyllum lejolisii (Rosanoff) Y. Chamberlain] Canaries (94;634). Ghana (586). Mauritanie (624). '. . . widespread in boreal-antiboreal to tropical seas' (586). Note. Pneophyllum fragile, the type species of Pneophyllum, is based on material from an unspecified locality in the Mediterranean. The holotype is in L (see Woelkerling & Verheij, 1995) and detailed accounts of it have been provided by Chamberlain (94) and Penrose & Woelkerling (1991). Based on a comparative study of the types, Penrose & Woelkerling (1991: 496) concluded that Melobesia lejolisii Rosanoff (1866: 62) was a heterotypic synonym of Pneophyllum fragile, a conclusion followed by Chamberlain (702: 143). With the exception of Chamberlain (702), all West African records involve the specific epithet lejolisii, and specimens involved need to be checked to determine whether they are conspecific with P. fragile. Pneophyllum lejolisii (Rosanoff) Y. Chamberlain See Pneophyllum fragile Kutzing. Polycavernosa dentata (J. Agardh) G. Lawson & D. John See note under Gracilaria dentata J. Agardh. Polyneura denticulata J. Feldmann Senegal (55;59;290). '. . . ouest africaines..' (59). 'Subtropical Africa [Senegal (N. of Gambia); Mauritania; former W. Sahara]' (598;654). Note. It is not clear if this species has been validly published as it is cited by Bodard (55) as 'Polyneura denticulata Feldm. (nomen)' and by Bodard & Mollion (59) as '. . J. Feldmann mscr.'. G.W. LAWSON ET AL. Polyneura venosa (Harvey) Papenfuss See Hymenema venosa (Linnaeus) Kylin. Polyneura sp. Senegal (531). Note. Most probably the same taxon as that reported under the (ms?) name of Polyneura denticulata J. Feldmann (q.v.). Polyopes constrictus (Turner) J. Agardh Namibia (348). Polysiphonia abscissa Hooker f . & Harvey See the notes to Polysiphonia subtilissima Montagne. Polysiphonia acanthotrichia Kutzing See Polysiphonia flexella (C. Agardh) J. Agardh. Polysiphonia atlantica Kapraun & J . Norris Canaries (598;633;634;635). Salvage Islands (598). 'Subtropical Africa [Senegal (N. of Gambia); Mauritania; former W. Sahara]' (598). '. . . temperate eastern Atlantic. . .' (308). '. . .West Africa,. . .'(642). [As Polysiphonia macrocarpa Harvey] Canaries (2;13;16;38B;38C;71;128A;191;221;225;229; 235 ;237 ; 238 ;253 ;307 ;375 ;379 ;392 ;489 ;547 ;555 ; 556;610). Mauritanie (38C;349;555;556). Salvage Islands (38B;38C;227;231;375;555;556). Western Sahara (38C;349;555;556). '. . . South of England to the Canary Islands. . .' (71). '. . . Atlantico (Inglaterra - Mauritania. . .). . .' (253). 'desde Inglaterra a les islas Canarias. . .' (238). [As Polysiphonia cf . macrocarpa] Canaries (38D). Mauritanie (38D). Salvage Islands (38D). Western Sahara (38D). [As Polysiphonia pulvinata Harvey] Salvage Islands (231). Note. Not the same plant as Polysiphonia pulvinata (Roth) Spren- gel. B0rgesen (71) and Womersley (560) firmly placed P. pulvinata Harvey in synonymy with P. macrocarpa Harvey (now P. atlantica Kapraun & Norris). According to Feldmann (193), P. pulvinata Harvey is not the same as P. pulvinata (C. Agardh) Bornet which latter is a synonym of Polysiphonia hemisphaerica Areschoug. [As Polysiphonia pulvinata Sprengel] Canaries (401). Note. Kapraun et al. (310) commented on the suggested Polysipho- nia atlantica-P. subtilissima relationship as follows: '. . . Womersley (1979)[560] suggested that Polysiphonia atlantica (as P. macrocarpa) and P. subtilissima are closely related. Studies of these taxa in the western Atlantic, however, have shown them to have distinct devel- opmental patterns. Whereas Polysiphonia subtilissima has radial development of branches in prostrate axes, P. atlantica gives rise to unilateral filaments from prostrate axes, producing a dorsiventral habit (Kapraun, 1977[307], 1979)'. Polysiphonia atrorubescens (Dillwyn) Greville See Polysiphonia nigra (Hudson) Batters. Polysiphonia breviarticulata (C. Agardh) Zanardini Canaries (71 ; 191 ;227 ;235 ;634 ;642) . Polysiphonia brodiaei (Dillwyn) Sprengel Salvage Islands (38B). [As Polysiphonia brodiaei (Dillwyn) Greville] Canaries (662). RHODOPHYTA (FLORIDEAE) OF TROPICAL AFRICA Salvage Islands (231;375;598). [As Polysiphonia brodiaei Dillwyn] Salvage Islands (215;216). Polysiphonia camerunensis Pilger Cameroun (139;350;454;586). '. . . so far known only from the tropical parts of the eastern Atlantic Ocean. . .' (350;586). 'Tropical Africa (N. Gambia - Congo river)' (598). Polysiphonia carettia Hollenberg Canaries (698). Polysiphonia ceramiaeformis P. & H. Crouan Canaries (698). Salvage Islands (38B?;556?). Note. Weisscher (556) indicated that the plant from Selvagem Pequena agreed with the description by Lauret (1970), who keyed out characteristic differences between Polysiphonia ceramiaeformis and P. furcellata (C. Agardh) Harvey, though earlier authors such as De Toni (139) considered them synonymous. Absence of fructifica- tion from the Salvage Island plant prevented certainty of identifica- tion. Polysiphonia coarctata Kiitzing See Polysiphonia furcellata (C. Agardh) Harvey. Polysiphonia collabens (C. Agardh) Kiitzing See Streblodadia collabens (C. Agardh) Falkenberg. Polysiphonia complanata (Clemente) J. Agardh See Pterosiphonia complanata (Clemente) Falkenberg. Polysiphonia corymbifera (C. Agardh) Harvey See Polysiphonia urbana Harvey. Polysiphonia dendritica Hooker & Harvey See Dipterosiphonia dendritica (C. Agardh) Falkenberg. Polysiphonia denudata (Dillwyn) Greville ex Harvey Canaries (598;698;699). Cape Verde Islands (652?). Mauritanie (38B;38D;349). Salvage Islands (38B;38D;598). Sao Tome (350;586). Senegal (350;586). Western Sahara (38B;38D;349). '. . . from boreal-antiboreal to tropical parts of the Atlantic Ocean' (350;586). 'Netherlands to Portugal and West Africa;. . .' (711). 'Subtropical Africa [Senegal (N. of Gambia); Mauritania; former W. Sahara]' (598). (Tropical Africa (N. of Gambia - Congo river)' (598). 'West Africa' (310;642). [As Polysiphonia denudata (Dillwyn) Kiitzing] Angola (352). Sao Tome (93). [As Polysiphonia cf. denudata (Dillwyn) Greville ex Harvey] Cape Verde Islands (652). [As Polysiphonia variegata (C. Agardh) Zanardini] Mauritanie (516). Senegal (99). Polysiphonia elongata (Hudson) Sprengel [As Polysiphonia elongata (Hudson) Greville ex Harvey] Canaries (38D;584;598;635;663). Salvage Islands (38D;598). [As Polysiphonia elongata (Hudson) Harvey] 107 Angola (239;500). Canaries (38B ;7 1 ;74 ; 191 ;226 ;227 ;253 ;262 ;375 ;439 ;583) . Salvage Islands (38B). '. . . Atlantic Ocean (. . . African . . . coasts. . .). . .' (177). '. . .Atlantico (Noruega - Canarias. . .). . .'(253). [As Polysiphonia elongata (Hudson) Harvey f. Ruchingeri (Ag.) B0rgesen] Canaries (71). [As Polysiphonia elongata Harvey] Angola (41 ;42). [As Polysiphonia elongata Greville] 'Atlantic (. . .N. Africa). . .' (410). Note. Levring (375) reported the species from deep water (30-70 m) attached to stones and shells on Madeira - '. . .it seems always to be the more or less denuded form, which apparently was also found in the Canaries'. According to Maggs & Hommersand (711) the authorities for this species are (Hudson) Sprengel. Polysiphonia erythraea (Schousboe) J. Agardh Canaries (71;89;133;139;191;227;306B;375;547;598). Salvage Islands (38B;215;231;375;598). '. . . ex ostio fl. "Guadalquivir" usque ad insulas Canarias' (133). '. . . mouth of the Guadelquivir southwards to the Canary Islands . . .' (71). [As Polysiphonia erythraea Schousboe] Salvage Islands (216). Polysiphonia ferulacea Suhr ex J. Agardh Cameroun (337;484;698). Canaries (38B;598;662;698). Cape Verde Islands (38;38B;100;183;213;598;652;713). Cote d'lvoire (287;288;295;350;586). Ghana (153;213;299;338;350;376;377;491;537;586;695;703). Liberia (129;287;350;586). Nigeria (213;350;586). St. Helena (644). Salvage Islands (38B;598). Sierra Leone (295;350;586). Tropical Africa (N. Gambia - Congo river)' (598). '. . . West Africa. . .' (642) '. . . widespread amphi-atlantic species; temperate and tropi- cal' (644). '. . . Widespread in subtropical and tropical seas. . .' (308). '. . . widespread in warm temperate and tropical seas. . .' (350;586). [As Polysiphonia ferulacea J. Agardh] Cape Verde Islands (38). [As Polysiphonia ferulacea (Suhr) J. Agardh] Canaries (38D;375). Cape Verde Islands (38D). Salvage Islands (38D). [As Polysiphonia ferulacea Suhr] Cape Verde Islands (652). Polysiphonia flexella (C. Agardh) J. Agardh Canaries (26;38B;38D;71;128A;133;191;214;584;598;635; 648;662;663;684;699). Salvage Islands (38B;38D;598). [As Polysiphonia flexella var. acanthotrichia (Kiitzing) Pic- cone] Canaries (71 ;439;642). [As Dasya acanthophora Montagne] Canaries (44;401;407). [As Dasya solieri J. Agardh ex Montagne] 108 Canaries (401). [As Dasya solieri Ag.] Canaries (44). [As Polysiphonia acanthotrichia Kiitzing] Canaries (317;318;322). [As Polysiphonia flexella J. Agardh] Canaries (13;226;227). 'Du golfe de Gascogne aux Canaries. . .' (89). '. . . Gulf of Gascogne southwards to the Canary Islands. . .' (71). Polysiphonia flocculosa (C. Agardh) Kiitzing See Polysiphonia subcontinua (C. Agardh) J. Agardh. Polysiphonia cf . foetidissima Cocks ex Bornet Salvage Islands (38B;556;598). Note. Weisscher (556) expressed doubt concerning the identifica- tion of material from the Salvage Islands, but if correct this is a new record for Macaronesia. Polysiphonia fruticulosa (Wulfen) Sprengel Canaries (26;133;191;227;303;401;499;517;633;634;642;648; 684). '. . . Atlantico (de Inglaterra a Canarias. . .' (517). '. . . Atlantique: depuis les cotes anglaises jusqu'au Canar- ies.' (221). '. . . English coast southwards to the Canary Islands. . .' (71). '. . . Im Atlantischen Ozean von den englischen Ku'sten bis zum dem Kanaren. . .' (499). '. . . in oceano Atlantico ab oris Angliae usque ad insulas Canarienses. . .' (133). 'Nordwestafrika' (499). [As Polysiphonia wulfenii (C. Agardh) Kutzing] Cape Verde Islands (38). Senegal (408). [As Polysiphonia fruticosa (Wulfen) Sprengel, orth. error] Canaries (227). [As Polysiphonia nigrescens Harvey] Canaries (401). [As Polysiphonia fruticulosa Sprengel] Canaries (44). [As Rytiphlaea fruticulosa Harvey] Canaries (254;305). [As Polysiphonia fruticulosa Sprengel a. genuina and b. wulfenii, forma pusilla] 'De la Grande-Bretagne aux Canaries. . .' (89). [As Boergeseniella fruticulosa (Wulfen) Kylin] Canaries (38C;38D;232B). '. . . Atlantique (du Portugal aux Canaries). . .' (33). Note. See note under Polysiphonia fucoides (Hudson) Greville. Maggs & Hommersand (711) placed P. fruticulosa (Wulfen) Harvey under Boergeseniella fruticulosa (Wulfen) Kylin and reported it from 'British Isles to Morocco and Canaries'. In the view of the impossibil- ity of transferring these records to an earlier part (Price et al., 1988), they are included here for completeness. Polysiphonia fucoides (Hudson) Greville [As Polysiphonia nigrescens (Greville) Harvey] '. . . De Norvege aux Canaries (Montagne). . .' (89). [As Polysiphonia nigrescens Harvey] ?Canaries (44;227;401). [As Polysiphonia nigrescens (Dillwyn) Greville] Canaries (133). [As Polysiphonia nigrescens (Dillwyn) Greville] Canaries (239). G.W. LAWSON ET AL. Note. According to Borgesen (71), the Montagne/Benitez record (44;401) could not be Polysiphonia nigrescens (now P. fucoides) but possibly relates to P. fruticulosa (Wulfen) Sprengel (now Boerges- eniella fruticulosa (Wulfen) Kylin). Gil-Rodrfgues & Afonso-Carrillo (227) also considered that the material reported by Montagne was actually P. fruticulosa. [As Polysiphonia violacea (Roth) Greville] Canaries (2? ;38D ; 19 1 ;237 ;392 ;598) . [As Polysiphonia violacea (Roth) Greville ex Rosenvinge] Canaries (71). [As Polysiphonia violacea (Roth) Greville var. subulata (Ducluzeau) Hauck] Canaries (38D). Salvage Islands (38D). [As Polysiphonia violacea (Roth) Sprengel] Canaries (8;226;227;238;375). [As Polysiphonia myriococca Montagne] Canaries (439;598). 'Macaronesia s.s.' (653). Note. See comments under Polysiphonia myriococca Montagne. [As Polysiphonia subulata (Ducluzeau) J. Agardh] Canaries (38B;38C;662). Salvage Islands (38B;598). Note. We follow Maggs & Hommersand (711) in assigning records of Polysiphonia violacea auct., non Harvey to synonymy under this species. For discussion on the complexity of the situation, see Maggs & Hommersand (711: 336) and Kapraun & Rueness (309). Polysiphonia funebris De Notaris Canaries (698?). Polysiphonia furcellata (C. Agardh) Harvey Canaries (38B ;38C ;38D ; 128 A ; 1 33 ;227 ;305 ;306B ;3 1 8 ;375 ; 401;584;684). Salvage Islands (38B;38D;598;684). '. . . Atlantique (de 1'Angleterre aux Canaries). . .' (33). '. . . Atlantique nord, de 1'Angleterre aux Canaries' (190). 'British Isles to Canaries. . .' (711). [As Polysiphonia furcellata Harvey] Canaries (44; 191 ;254). '. . . De 1'Angleterre aux Canaries. . .' (89). Note. Kiitzing's (318) species Polysiphonia laevigata and P. coarc- tata were placed by B0rgesen (71) in the synonymy of this species. See also 663, and the note under P. ceramiaeformis P. & H. Crouan. Polysiphonia gonatophora Kutzing Canaries (439;663). Note. According to B0rgesen (71), this record possibly relates to Polysiphonia erythraea (Schousboe) J. Agardh. He had not seen the specimen collected by Liebetruth from Tenerife. Since Kutzing described two different forms under this name at different times, one with four pericentrals (316) and another with six (318) (J. Agardh (26) thought the 4-pericentralled one was close to P. erythraea), B0rgesen could not confirm the identification without seeing Lie- betruth's specimen. According to Prud'homme van Reine et al. (663), Liebetruth's material is neither in the Erbario Patavinum (PAD) nor in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wein (W) and thus is most probably lost. Polysiphonia gorgoniae Harvey ?Cape Verde Islands (38;150;598). Mauritanie (624). Polysiphonia harveyi Bailey ?Canaries (698;699). RHODOPHYTA (FLORIDEAE) OF TROPICAL AFRICA 109 Polysiphonia havanensis Montagne Canaries (38B;556;598). Salvage Islands (38B;556;598). Note. Weisscher (556) commented that the CANCAP plant agreed with the description in B0rgesen (61) except that the sporangia were in a continuous row, terminal on erect axes. Ardre (33) considered the type of P. havanensis Montagne to be very similar to P. macrocarpa Harvey, but reasons for keeping the taxa separate were restated by Womersley (560). Although Kapraun (307) indicated similarities between P. havanensis sensu B0rgesen (62) and P. sertularioides (Grateloup) J. Agardh, Womersley (560) found these species to be clearly distinct since specimens of- the latter from the Mediterranean had rhizoids cut proximally off pericentrals. See also the accounts in Laurel (1967) and Kapraun et al. (310). Prud'homme van Reine et al. (663) deleted this species from records of marine algae in Macaronesia although noting 'not all published records have been checked by us'. Polysiphonia incompta Harvey See Streblodadia comptodada (Montagne) Falkenberg. Polysiphonia irregularis Zanardini mscr. See Herposiphonia? parvula (Suhr ex Kiitzing) De Toni. Polysiphonia laevigata Kiitzing See Polysiphonia furcellata (C. Agardh) Harvey. Polysiphonia lepadicola (Lyngbye) Kiitzing Cape Verde Islands (38). [As Polysiphonia lepadicola Lyngbye] Cape Verde Islands (408;528). Note. According to Viera-Rodriguez et al. (667), this species is a synonym of Polysiphonia urceolata (Lightfoot ex Dillwyn) Greville. Polysiphonia letestui P. Dangeard See notes for Bostrychia radicans (Montagne) Montagne. Polysiphonia macrocarpa Harvey See Polysiphonia atlantica Kapraun & Norris. Note. Kapraun & Norris (308) have reluctantly abandoned the name Polysiphonia macrocarpa Harvey for this taxon. Womersley (560) noted that P. macrocarpa Harvey is a later homonym of P. macrocarpa (C. Agardh) Sprengel (Basionym: Hutchinsia macro- carpa C. Agardh). Pending further studies, they proposed the name P. atlantica Kapraun & Norris for the taxon, which was in any case in great need of taxonomic and nomenclatural revision. Remaining unresolved is the identity of C. Agardh's Hutchinsia macrocarpa from the Antilles that has never been reported again. See Polysipho- nia havanensis Montagne. Polysiphonia mottei Lauret See Polysiphonia nutans Montagne. Polysiphonia myriococca Montagne Canaries (26;44;71;133;191;227;318;321;401;407) Salvage Islands (598). Note. This species was reported by Piccone (439) from the Canaries based on material collected by Liebetruth. Prud'homme van Reine et al. (663) examined this material and consider Polysiphonia violacea auct. (now P. fucoides (Hudson) Greville) the correct name to apply to it, therefore deleting the record of P. myriococca from the marine algae of Macaronesia. Until the material upon which all published records are based is traced and examined P. myriococca is still recognized here. Polysiphonia nigra (Hudson) Batters [As Polysiphonia atrorubescens (Dillwyn) Greville] Namibia (348). Polysiphonia nigrescens (Hudson) Greville ex Harvey See Polysiphonia fucoides (Hudson) Greville. Polysiphonia nutans Montagne Canaries (26;44;71;227;318;321;375;598). Salvage Islands (38B?;231;375;598). '. . . Atlantique (. . .Canaries)' (33). 'Macaronesia' (653). [As Potysiphonia nutans Montagne] Canaries (191). Note. According to an editorial note, presumably by G. Feldmann after J. Feldmann's death and published with the latter's Polysipho- nia key (193), J. Feldmann had added a manuscript note in the margin of his entry step in the key to the effect that P. sanguinea (Agardh) Zanardini includes P. purpurea J. Agardh, P. vestita J. Agardh, P. mottei Lauret and P. nutans Montagne. Montagne (401) indicated in his comments that P. nutans resembles in different ways several others, notably P. violacea, P. elongata and P. polyspora. Polysiphonia obscura (C. Agardh) J. Agardh See Lophosiphonia reptabunda (Suhr) Kylin. Polysiphonia opaca (C. Agardh) Moris & De Notaris Canaries (226;227;634;663;711). [As Polysiphonia opaca (C. Agardh) Zanardini] Canaries (38B;38D;71;110;190;191;375;392;439;490;546;556; 584;598; 610;684). Salvage Islands (38B;38D;231;375;556). [As Polysiphonia opaca (C. Agardh) Zanardini var. (aculeif- era Zanardini?)] Canaries (390). Polysiphonia pacifica Hollenberg See notes to Polysiphonia subtilissima Montagne. Polysiphonia cf . paniculata Montagne Salvage Islands (38B). Note. The Audiffred & Weisscher (38B) record is accompanied by the comment: 'This plant seems to be distinct from P. paniculata as described by Lauret (1970) by its rhizoids cut off from the distal end of pericentral cells, the extreme branches not being placed disti- chously, the straight pericentral siphons and the inward curled apices of the branches'. Polysiphonia parvula Suhr ex Kiitzing [non Zanardini] See Herposiphonia^ parvula (Suhr ex Kiitzing) De Toni. Polysiphonia pennata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh See Pterosiphonia pennata (C. Agardh) Falkenberg. Polysiphonia polyspora (C. Agardh) J. Agardh Canaries (133). Senegambia (138;296). '. . . Atlantique (du golfe de Gascogne au Senegal). . .' (33). 'Subtropical Africa [Senegal (N. of Gambia); Mauritania; former W. Sahara]' (598). Tropical Africa (N. Gambia - Congo river)' (598). [As Polysiphonia polyspora J. Agardh] Canaries (89). Senegal (89). '. . . Du golfe de Gascogne au Senegal. . .' (89). Note. Bornet (89) stated: 'Cette algue n'est peut-etre qu'une varietd du Polysiphonia variegata dont elle se distingue surtant par la grosseur et la rigidit6 de ses branches qui egalent souvant celles du P. elongata. . . elle semble localised dans cette region de 1'Ocean [Biarritz to Canaries and Senegal], d'ou je n'ai pas vue la P. variegata', although Ardre (33), who apparently believed as Feld- mann (193) did that P. denudata and P. variegata were conspecific, considered P. polyspora to be distinguished from P. denudata by its greater robustness. 110 G.W. LAWSON ETAL. Polysiphonia pulvinata (Roth) Sprengel [As Polysiphonia pulvinata (Roth) C. Agardh] Canaries (318). [As Polysiphonia pulvinata Sprengel] Canaries (44;254;401). Note. Sprengel's Polysiphonia pulvinata is not the taxon described under the same name by Harvey (see 560). The application of P. pulvinata (Roth) Sprengel to forms with six (as in Roth's taxon) or four (some subsequent authors) pericentrals has been discussed by Kapraun & Rueness (309). Areschoug had earlier (1850) used the name P. pulvinata Roth for Scandinavian material, but later (1876) applied the new name P. hemisphaerica Areschoug to that material. Kapraun & Rueness (309) were unable to locate a Roth type and therefore could not decide on conspecificities. See also P. sertulari- oides (Grateloup) J. Agardh and comments on P. pulvinata Harvey under P. atlantica Kapraun & J. Norris. Polysiphonia pulvinata Harvey See Polysiphonia atlantica Kapraun & J. Norris. Polysiphonia purpurea J. Agardh See Polysiphonia nutans Montagne. Polysiphonia reptabunda Suhr See Lophosiphonia reptabunda (Suhr) Kylin. Polysiphonia rigens Schousboe ex C. Agardh See Dipterosiphonia rigens (Schousboe ex C. Agardh) Falk- enberg. Polysiphonia sanguinea (C. Agardh) Zanardini See Polysiphonia nutans Montagne. Polysiphonia scopulorum Harvey [As Lophosiphonia scopulorum (Harvey) Womersley] Canaries (38D ;556 ;598 ;633 ;639 ;648) . Salvage Islands (38B;38D;231;375;556;598). Polysiphonia scopulorum var. villum (J. Agardh) Hollenberg '. . . widely recorded from subtropical and temperate countries. . .' (560). [As Polysiphonia villum J. Agardh] Cape Verde Islands (38?;145?;598). Note. Dickie (145) was not certain of the correct identification. Polysiphonia secunda auct. See Herposiphonia secunda f. secunda (C. Agardh) Wynne. Polysiphonia sertularioides (Grateloup) J. Agardh Canaries (226;227;584;598;665). '. . . Im Atlantischen Ozean von englischen Kiisten an sudwarts. . .' (499). 'Nordwestafrika' (499). '. . . probably a widely distributed species. . .' (560). [As Polysiphonia sertularioides auct.?] Angola (261 ;263;264). [As Polysiphonia pulvinata Kiitzing] 'et atlantico usque ad ins Canarias' (318). Note. Papenfuss (434) discusses the status of records of this species from South Africa and concludes, so far as can be ascertained, that it does not occur in that country since all the material concerned is attributable to Polysiphonia incompta. If the Angola record cited above is correct then it represents the southernmost limit of the species along the West African coast. Gil-Rodriguez and Afonso- Carrillo (226) state: 'Especie distribuida por las costos mediterra- neas, citada por primera vez para las Islas Canarias'. This species and Polysiphonia flaccidissima Hollenberg, the latter well-known from the New World, may be conspecific (see 308, 560). Polysiphonia simpliciuscula P. & H. Crouan See Ophiocladus simpliciusculus (P. & H. Crouan) Falken- berg. Polysiphonia souriei, J. Feldmann, nomen nudum Senegal (529). 'Subtropical Africa [Senegal (N. of Gambia); Mauritania; former W. Sahara]' (598). Note. Sourie (529) commented: '. . . espece nommee, mais non encore decrite par J. Feldmann'. Polysiphonia sphaerocarpa B0rgesen Canaries (38B ; 128 A ;556 ;598 ;698) . Salvage Islands (38B;556;598;650). Senegal (38B). '. . . apparently a member of the pan-tropical flora' (307;308). 'Macaronesia s.s.' (653). '. . . widespread in tropical Atlantic. . .' (308). '. . . widespread in tropical seas' (642). Note. For a discussion on P. sphaerocarpa, see Verlaque (650). Polysiphonia stricta (Dillwyn) Greville Canaries (227;401) [As Polysiphonia stricta Greville] Canaries (44;71). [As Polysiphonia urceolata (Lightfoot in Dillwyn) Greville] Canaries (307 ;598 ;633 ;634;635 ;666 ;667) . Cape Verde Islands (598). Note. This species forms an ill-defined complex (see 307) with Kapraun & Rueness (309) commenting that it includes (as P. urceolata) numerous morphological forms throughout the North Atlantic range which has led to different taxonomic treatments by authors and it is 'not known if the physiologically and morphologi- cally distinguishable populations. . .represent ecotypes, genetically related sibling species, or some combination of these'. Gil-Rodriguez & Afonso-Carrillo (227) comment: 'Montagne (1840) menciona esta especie para Canaries; sin embargo, Boergesen (1930) considera dudota esta determinacion'. See also notes under Polysiphonia subtilissima Montagne. Polysiphonia subcontinua (C. Agardh) J. Agardh Canaries (598). '. . . Atlantischer Ozean. . .sudwarts bis zu den Kanaren. . .' (498;499). '. . . eadem ad insulas Canariensis?' (133). [As Polysiphonia flocculosa (C. Agardh) Kiitzing] Canaries (26 ;71 ; 128 A ; 190 ; 191 ;226 ;227 ;584 ;634? ;635 ;662) . [As Polysiphonia flocculosa Kiitzing] Canaries (89). Polysiphonia subtilissima Montagne Angola (352). Annobon (456;457). Ascension (475). Bioko (346;350;586). Cameroun (139;350;454;586). Cape Verde Islands (652;713). Cote d'lvoire (350;586). Gambia (296;350;586). Ghana (350;376;377;491;586). Liberia (129;350;586). St. Helena (644). Sierra Leone (295;350;586). [As Polysiphonia sp.] Cote d'lvoire (288). Liberia (288). RHODOPHYTA (FLORIDEAE) OF TROPICAL AFRICA 111 Note. Womersley (560) commented that this appears to be a widespread species, often found in conditions of reduced salinity. He also stated: '. . .it seems likely that P. abscissa [widely reported from the southern hemisphere] should be united with P. subtilissima and probably with P. pacifica var. pacifica [from the Pacific]', and went on to conclude that these taxa form, with the northern Polysiphonia urceolata (Lightfoot ex Dillwyn) Greville [now P. stricta], 'a complex of closely related taxa and may prove to comprise only one (or two) species'. So far as the relationships between P. subtilissima and P. macrocarpa are concerned these, although closely related, appear to show some consistent differences. Commenting on Womersley's (560) conclusions that P. abscissa, P. subtilissima, P. stricta (as P. urceolata) and P. pacifica Hollenberg comprise a complex of closely related taxa, Kapraun et al. (310) could not assess the matter as regards P. abscissa and P. pacifica but considered the European/N. Atlantic P. stricta (an ill-defined complex) to be distinct from New World P. subtilissima (Kapraun, 1980). See also remarks in Maggs & Hommersand (71 1:358). Polysiphonia subulata (Ducluzeau) J. Agardh See Polysiphonia fucoides (Hudson) Greville. Polysiphonia subulifera (C. Agardh) Harvey Canaries (71 ; 101 ;226 ;227 ;303 ;306B ;493 ;584 ;598 ;633 ;634 ;635) . '. . . Atlantic ocean (from England to Canary Islands)' (177). '. . . Atlantique nord (de 1'Angleterre aux Canaries)' (190). '. . . English coast southwards to the Canary Islands. . .' (71). Note. See Maggs & Hommersand (711: 360) on resemblance to Boergeseniella fruticulosa (Wulfen) Kylin. Polysiphonia tenella J. Agardh See Herposiphonia secunda f. tenella (C. Agardh) Wynne. Polysiphonia tepida Hollenberg Canaries (38D). [As Polysiphonia cf . tepida Hollenberg] Canaries (598). Cape Verde Islands (598). 'Macaronesia' (700). Note. Audiffred & Prud'homme van Reine (38D), who reported this taxon from the Madeiran archipelago and with a question mark from Gran Canada, commented that some of their specimens had only six pericentrals, thus contrasting with the description of Kapraun (307) that gives seven or eight. Polysiphonia tripinnata J. Agardh Canaries (598;662;665;667). Salvage Islands (38B;38D;598). 'Macaronesia' (653). Note. Laurel (1967) regarded this taxon as a variety (var. tripinnata (J. Agardh) Laurel) of Polysiphonia opaca (Agardh) Zanardini. He later (1970) decided to recognize ihe species Polysiphonia tripinnata J. Agardh and gave a lable of distinctive differences between ihe Iwo species. Polysiphonia urbana Harvey Namibia (348). Polysiphonia urceolata (Lightfoot ex Dillwyn) Greville See under Polysiphonia lepadicola (Lyngbye) Kiitzing, P. subtilissima Montagne, and P. stricta (Dillwyn) Greville. Polysiphonia variegata (C. Agardh) Zanardini See Polysiphonia denudata (Dillwyn) Greville ex Harvey. Polysiphonia vestita J. Agardh See Polysiphonia nutans Montagne. Polysiphonia v ilium J . Agardh See Polysiphonia scopulorum var. villum (J. Agardh) Hollen- berg. Polysiphonia violacea auct. See Polysiphonia fucoides (Hudson) Greville. Polysiphonia virgata (C. Agardh) Sprengel Namibia (36B). Note. Wynne (36B), in recording Polysiphonia virgata (C. Agardh) Sprengel from Namibia, commented (pp. 321-322): This name is being used for this taxon with the realization thai il has been assigned lo olher genera in recenl years, for example, Carradoria (Simons, 1976 [524]) and Tayloriella (Seagrief 1984 [570]). However, an assignment of this laxon lo eilher of these genera is inappropriate. . .The absence of trichoblasls seems lo be Ihe sole basis for Papenfuss' (1940b [429]) Iransfer of Ihis species lo Taylori- ella of Kylin (1938). . . Il is clear thai P. virgata is nol congeneric wilh Tayloriella. . . Carradoria musl be regarded as a superfluous subslilule name for Hutchinsia (Farr et al., 1979) and ihus illegiti- male'. Polysiphonia wulfenii (C. Agardh) Kiitzing See Polysiphonia fruticulosa (Wulfen) Sprengel. Polysiphonia spp. Angola (352). Ascension (474). Bioko (346). Benin (293;350;586). Canaries (71;225;301;306B;489;490;634;684;696). Cape Verde Islands (652). Cote d'lvoire (288). Gabon (294). Ghana (290;297;299;342;376;491). Guinee (529). Liberia (288;350;586). Mauritanie (349;624). St Helena (644). Salvage Islands (38B;231;375;556). Togo (293). Polystrata dura Heydrich 'Macaronesia s.s' (653). Polystrata fosliei (Weber-van Bosse) Denizot Cape Verde Islands (130;598). Note. Denizot (130) commented on Ihis record as follows: '. . . echanlillon reconnu par Mme. Lemoine el tres amiablement commu- nique par elle, confie par M. Cadenal'. According lo Lemoine (366) 'Les concrelions draguees a 40-42 melres au Nord de 1'IIe Mai'o par M. Cadenol sonl consliluees par des lhalles superposes de douze especes calcaires; en surface j'ai reconnu une Squamariacee a lhalle calcifie inedile qui sera decrite par M. Denizol. . .' Porolithon Foslie Following Penrose & Woelkerling (1992: 87) and Chamber- lain (702: 114), Porolithon is treated here as a heterotypic synonym of Hydrolithon. Although Hydrolithon was included in an earlier paper in this series (Price et al., 1992: 131), the following taxa were not dealt with at that time and are included here for the sake of completeness. Porolithon aequinoctiale (Foslie) Foslie Sao Tome (139;211;350;586). '. . . in tropical parts of the eastern Atlantic Ocean. . .' (350;586). '. . . oras occidentales Africae (F. Quintas)' (139). Tropical Africa (N. Gambia - Congo river)' (598). 112 G.W. LAWSONETAL. [As Lithophyllum (Porolithon) aequinoctiale Foslie] Sao Tome (6;138;211). '. . . ved Rotas-0en, St. Thomas, ved vestkysten af Afrika (F. Quintas, Jard. Bot. Coimbra, 23 delvio)' (211). [As Lithophyllum aequinoctiale Foslie] Sao Tome (212;535;700). Note. This species was originally described as Lithophyllum aequi- noctiale Foslie (211: 46), based on material from Sao Tome. The holotype in TRH (see 700: 20 for further information) has not been studied in detail in a modern context and thus the status and generic disposition of the species are uncertain, as are all records from the West African region. Porolithon africanum (Foslie) Foslie See Spongites africanum (Foslie) Afonso-Carrillo et al. Porolithon boergesenii (Foslie) Lemoine See Hydrolithon boergesenii (Foslie) Foslie. Porolithon boergesenii var. africana (Foslie) Lemoine See Hydrolithon boergesenii (Foslie) Foslie. Porolithon mamillare (Harvey) Foslie See Neogoniolithon mamillare (Harvey) Setchell & Mason. Porolithon oligocarpum (Foslie) Foslie Canaries (10;128A;139;211;253;367;493;582;583;663). Cape Verde Islands (253;367). '. . . golfe de Guinee. . .' (367). 'Gulf of Guinea' (582). 'Atlantico Oriental (Azores, Canarias y Cabo Verde)' (253) [As Lithophyllum oligocarpum Foslie] Canaries (205;700). [As Porolithon onkodes (Heydrich) Foslie var. oligocarpa (Foslie) Lemoine] Canaries (70;191;362;363;499). Note. This taxon was originally described as Lithophyllum oligocar- pum Foslie (205: 22), based on material from Puerto Orotava, Tenerife, Canary Islands. The holotype in TRH (see 700: 163) has not been studied in detail in a modern context and thus the status and generic disposition of the species are uncertain, as are all records from the West African region. Lemoine (362) treated Porolithon oligocarpum as a variety of P. onkodes, but this has not been confirmed by a comparative analysis of relevant type collections. Porolithon onkodes (Heydrich) Foslie Canaries (366;368;598). Cape Verde Islands (366;368;598). Ghana (350;586). Sao Tome (350;586). Tantropical' (366). '. . . probably pantropical' (350;586). Tropical Africa (N. Gambia-Congo river)' (598). Note. Porolithon onkodes, the type species of Porolithon, was originally described as Lithothamnion onkodes Heydrich (1897: 6), based on material from Tami Island, New Guinea. The lectotype, designated by Adey et al. (1982), is in TRH (see 700: 164 for additional information). Based on a study of the type and other collections, Penrose & Woelkerling (1992: 83) transferred Porolithon onkodes to Hydrolithon as a distinct species (i.e., H. onkodes (Heydrich) Penrose & Woelkerling) and regarded Porolithon to be a heterotypic synonym of Hydrolithon. These conclusions are followed here. All specimens on which the above published records from the West African region are based now need to be checked to determine whether they are conspecific with Hydrolithon onkodes. Porolithon sp. Canaries (17;382). Ghana (129;695). Predaea feldmannii B0rgesen Cape Verde Islands (CANCAP Expedition, pers. com., W. F. Prud'homme van Reine). Ghana (39A;290;299;315;350;376;377;580;586;613;642;644). St. Helena (39A;85;315;580;613;704). '. . .in warm temperate and tropical seas' (350;586). 'Tropical Africa (N. Gambia - Congo river)' (598;654). Note. For background information and details of the two morpho- logically separate forms, one wide and one narrow, see Kraft & John (315). Diagnoses of both P. feldmannii and P. weldii Kraft & Abbott (latter from Hawaii) are based essentially on the narrow form. Predaea huismanii Kraft Canaries (646;699). Predaea masonii (Setchell & Gardner) G. De Toni Canaries (635). Ghana (299;315;350;586;613;642). '. . . in warm temperate and tropical parts of the Atlantic Ocean' (350;586). 'Tropical Africa (N. Gambia - Congo river)' (598). Predaea pusilla (Berthold) J. Feldmann Canaries (648). Pseudobranchioglossum senegalense Bodard Senegal (55;56;59;290). '. . . ouest africaines. . .' (59). 'Subtropical Africa [Senegal (N. of Gambia); Mauritania; former W. Sahara]'. (598). 'Tropical western Africa' (654). Pseudogloiophloea verae (Dickinson) Papenfuss See Scinaia verae (Dickinson) Huisman. Pseudolithophyllum Lemoine Following Woelkerling (1988: 103), the genus Pseudolitho- phyllum is treated here as a heterotypic synonym of Litho- phyllum. Eight species ascribed at some stage to Pseudolithophyllum have been recorded from the western coast of tropical Africa and adjacent islands; seven of these have been dealt with under Lithophyllum and the eighth under Mesophyllum. Pseudolithophyllum esperi Lemoine See Lithophyllum esperi (Lemoine) South & Tittley. One additional reference under the binomial Pseudolithophyllum esperi is Canaries (366). Pseudolithophyllum expansum (Philippi) Lemoine Canaries (359;363). Mauritania (88;363). Senegal (248;365). 'Subtropical Africa [Senegal (N. of Gambia); Mauritania; former W.Sahara]' (598). [As Lithophyllum expansum Philippi] Canaries (211; 493). Mauritania (356?) Salvage Islands (439;448). [As Lithophyllum expansum f. exigua Foslie] Canaries (70). Note. Pseudolithophyllum expansum is treated here as a heterotypic synonym of Mesophyllum lichenoides (q.v.). The above references are additional to those given in the entry for Mesophyllum lichenoides (Ellis) Lemoine. Data on the holotype of Lithophyllum expansum f. exigua are provided by Woelkerling (700: 88) under the correct basionym (Lithothamnion expansum f. exigua Foslie). The RHODOPHYTA (FLORIDEAE) OF TROPICAL AFRICA 113 type has not been examined in a modern context, and thus the status and disposition of this taxon are unknown. Pseudolithophyllum irregulare (Foslie) Adey See Lithophyllum irregulare (Foslie) Huve ex Steentoft. One additional reference under that binomial is Canaries (598). Pseudolithophyllum leptothalloideum (Pilger) De Toni See Lithophyllum leptothalloideum Pilger. Pseudolithophyllum lobatum (Lemoine) Verlaque & Bou- douresque See Lithophyllum lobatum Lemoine. Two additional refer- ences under that binomial are Canaries (79) and Senegal (366). Pseudolithophyllum mildbraedii (Pilger) De Toni See Lithophyllum mildbraedii Pilger. One additional refer- ence under that binomial is Annobon (397). Pseudolithophyllum orbiculatum (Foslie) Lemoine See Lithophyllum orbiculatum (Foslie) Foslie. Pseudolithophyllum vickersiae (Lemoine) Afonso-Carrillo See Lithophyllum vickersiae Lemoine. The following are additional references. Canaries (598). [As Lithophyllum incrustans] Canaries (363). [As Lithophyllum vickersiae Lemoine] Canaries (363). [As Lithothamnion vickersiae Lemoine] Canaries (645). Pterocladia angolensis Welwitsch mss. Note. A diagnoses of this alga was prepared by Welwitsch but is only in manuscript. A specimen in the BM has been variously attributed to Gelidium corneum and G. melanoideum and bears the label 'Iter Benguellense' No. 73. Pterocladia angolensis Welw. in lit. ad Sender. In Porto de Benguella ad Patellas freq. Conf. J. Ag. Spec. Alg. Vol. II Pt I, p. 422, June 1860, leg. Welwitsch'. Pterocladia? benguellensis Welwitsch mss. Note. A specimen in the BM bears the name '(Pterocladial) Benguellensis Wehv. mspt' and 'Iter Benguellense No. 75' from 'ad Patellas ab Oceano all. ejectas prope Benguela. June 1859 leg. Dr. Welwitsch'. The specimen appears to be a species of Gelidium, near to G. corneum sensu B0rgesen. Pterocladia capillacea (S.G. Gmelin) Bornet ex Bornet & Thuret Canaries (2;5;8;9;13;16;38D;67;68;108;128A;141A;188;226; 227;237;306B;375;379;392;439;441;489;490;517;546;584;598; 610;633;702;710). Cameroun(269;288;295;337;344;350;484;586). Cape Verde Islands (38D;100;183;598). Cote d'lvoire (288;350;586). Gabon (294;350;586). Gambia (296;350;586). Ghana (42A;152;288;344;350;586). Guinea-Bissau (529). Liberia (129;288;350;586). Mauritanie (188;344;349;529). Salvage Islands (38B;38D;598). Senegal (38D;121;122;344;513;529;530) Sierra Leone (295;350;586) Western Sahara (349;529) '. . . Atlantico de Noruega a Canarias' (17) '. . . Atlantique (de 1'Angleterre au Rio de Oro). . .' (33). '. . . Atlantique nord (de 1'Angleterre a la Mauritanie). . .' (188). '. . . Atlantique nord: jusqu'au Rio de Oro. . .' (222). 'De Norvege aux Canaries. . .' (89). '. . . from boreal-antiboreal to tropical seas' (350;586). 'Subtropical Africa [Senegal (N. of Gambia); Mauritania; former W. Sahara]' (598). 'Tropical Africa (N. Gambia - Congo river)' (598). 'Widespread in temperate seas, extending into the subtropics' (712). [As Gelidium capillaceum Kiitzing , or (Gmelin) Kiitzing] Canaries (387). Cape Verde Islands (38;483). '. . . De Norvege aux Canaries. . .' (38). [As Gelidium corneum (Hudson) Lamouroux var. capilla- ceum (Gmelin) C. Agardh] Canaries (401). [As Gelidium corneum (Hudson) Lamouroux var. pinnatum (Hudson) Montagne] Canaries (401). [As Pterocladia capillacea Bornet] Canaries (547). Salvage Islands (215). [As Pterocladia capillacea (Gmelin) Bornet] Canaries ( 191 ;441;499). Cape Verde Islands (499). 'Nordwestafrika' (499). [As Pterocladia capillacea f . densa auct] Senegal (121). [As Pterocladia capillacea f. pinnata (Hudson)] Canaries (390;441). [As Pterocladia capillacea (Hudson) Bornet & f. pinnata (Hudson)] [As Pterocladia pinnata (Hudson) Papenfuss] Canaries (303). Cape Verde Islands (423). Cameroun (337;537). [As Pterosiphonia capillacea] Gabon (294). Note. According to Stewart (1968), Pterocladia capillacea reported from the Canaries is conspecific with P. pyramidale, P. complanata, P. mexicana, P. robusta, P. okamurai f. okamurai, and P. okamurai f. densa, P. tenuis and P. densa from the Pacific. Prud'homme van Reine et al. (663) state that Piccone's specimens should have been named Gelidium arbuscula Bory ex B0rgesen. Pterocladia lucida (Turner) J. Agardh [As Pterocladia lucida R. Brown] St Helena (142;260;391). [As Pterocladia lucida (R. Brown) J. Agardh] St Helena (644;704). Note. Considerable uncertainty surrounds the identity of this mate- rial. Akatsuka (1986) divided the species into two groups based on the morphology of surface cells and the shape of the tetrasporangial pinnules. One group was related to all other members of the genus whereas the other was considered sufficiently distinct to warrant the creation of the genus Pterocladiastrum. Without further examination of the minute St Helena plants it is not clear to which group to attach them to. Pterocladia melanoidea (Schousboe ex Bornet) Dawson Canaries (633;634;710). Senegal (710). 114 G.W. LAWSON ET AL. Pterocladia pinnata (Hudson) Papenfuss See Pterocladia capillacea (S.G. Gmelin) Bornet ex Bornet & Thuret. Pterocladia sp. Canaries (5). Ghana (299;376). Senegal (529). Pterosiphonia Falkenberg For comments upon generic relationships in Pterosiphonia, Tayloriella, Symphyocladia and Acrosiphoniella, based on Pacific taxa but including relevant data, see Wynne (1985). Pterosiphonia cloiophylla (C. Agardh) Falkenberg Namibia (348). [As Pterosiphonia gloiophylla] Namibia (487). Pterosiphonia complanata (Clemente) Falkenberg Congo (350;586). Mauritanie (33;349;529). Western Sahara (476). '. . .am der africanischen Nordwestkiiste. . .' (179). '. . . Atlantique (de 1'Angleterre a la Mauritanie)' (33). '. . . Atlantique nord, jusqu'en Mauritanie. . .' (222). 'British Isles to Mauritania' (711). 'Subtropical Africa [Senegal (N. of Gambia); Mauritania; former W. Sahara]' (598). [As Polysiphonia complanata J. Agardh] Congo (Loango) (249;250). Note. Hariot's doubtful record for Congo was given incorrectly in 350 as Gabon. Pterosiphonia gloiophylla (C. Agardh) Falkenberg See Pterosiphonia cloiophylla (C. Agardh) Falkenberg. Pterosiphonia parasitica (Hudson) Falkenberg Angola (352). '. . . [Africa] north of the Gulf of Guinea. . .'(but not within the Gulf of Guinea) (352). '. . . Allan tischen Ozean. . .sudwarts bis zur nordwestafrika- nischen Kuste. . .' (499). [As Pterosiphonia parasitica Schmitz] Canaries (238). '. . . desde las costas de Francia a las islas Canarias. . .' (238). Pterosiphonia pennata (C. Agardh) Falkenberg Canaries (227;392;584;598;633;642). 'Subtropical Senegal (N. of Gambia); Mauritania; former W. Sahara]' (598). 'Tropical Africa (N. Gambia to Congo river)' (598). [As Pterosiphonia pennata (Roth) Falkenberg] Angola (213;352;500). Canaries (71;108;191;334;547). Cameroun (337;350;586). Ghana (154;213;338;344;350;537;586). Mauritanie (349). Nigeria (213;350;586). Western Sahara (349). '. . . Atlantique (. . . Canaries). . .' (33). '. . . de la France aux Canaries' (190). '. . . from the coast of France southwards to the Canary Islands. . .' (71). '. . . widely distributed in the Atlantic. . .but its distribution is difficult to assess at present due to confusion between a group of morphologically similar species.' (711). '. . . widespread in warm temperate and tropical seas..' (350;586). [As Polysiphonia pennata J. Agardh] Angola (41 ;42). Canaries (547). [As Pterosiphonia pennata (Falkenberg) Schmitz] Canaries (174). [As Pterosiphonia pennata (Roth) Falkenberg] Angola (500). Canaries (213;226;303;517;546). '. . . Atlantico (desde las costas de Francia a las islas Canarias). . .' (517). 'Lusit-Africano-Medit.' (529). Pterosiphonia sp. Angola (352). Pterothamnion crispum (Ducluzeau) Nageli Canaries (699). Note. See notes under Pterothamnion plumula (Ellis) Nageli. Pterothamnion plumula (Ellis) Nageli Canaries (598). [As Antithamnion plumula (Ellis) Thuret] '. . . Atlantique (de la Norvege aux Canaries. . .)' (33). '. . . Atlantique: des cotes anglaises jusqu'au Maroc et Canaries. . .' (222). '. . . Atlantischer ozean, von den skandinavischen Kiisten bis zum Kap der Guten Hoffnung. . .' (499). '. . . Atlantischer ozean von den skandinavischen Kiisten sudwarts bis zum Kap' (497). 'Nordwestafrika' (499). [As Antithamnion plumula Thuret] Canaries (236). Note. Gayral (222) recognized Pterothamnion plumula var. crispum (Ducluzeau) Hauck which Athanasiadis (1990) and Maggs & Hom- mersand (711) call P. crispum (Ducluzeau) Nageli. See Schneider & Searles (642) for confusion with Antithamnionella elegans (Berthold) Price & D. John. For discussion on the recognition of the genus Pterothamnion, see Athanasiadis & Kraft (1994) who comment: 'Comparative studies of the type and other species of the genera Pterothamnion Nageli, Platythamnion J. Agardh and Glandothamnus Wollaston state the recognition of a single genus Pterothamnion. . .'. Ptilota gunner! Silva, Maggs & L. Irvine [As Ptilota plumosa (Hudson) C. Agardh] Canaries (71?;90;227?;401). [As Ptilota plumosa C. Agardh] Canaries (44). Note. Montagne (401) stated: 'Nous ne citons cette espece, qui ne se trouve pas dans notre collection, que d'apres Tautorite de M. Bory qui 1'enumere parmi les Thalassiophytes des Canaries'. The Benitez (44) record is taken fron Montagne (401). B0rgesen (71) believed that the record is referable to Spyridia aculeata (Schimper) Kiitzing, and Gil-Rodriguez & Afonso-Carrillo (227) repeat Bory's record mentioning B0rgesen's doubt. Ptilota plumosa (Hudson) C. Agardh See Ptilota gunneri Silva et al. Ptilothamnion micropterum (Montagne) Bornet Canaries (65;71;109;133;401;492;495). '. . . ad insulas canarias. . .' (133). [As Callithamnion micropterum Montagne] Canaries (27;89;109;318;320;402;407). [As Callithamnion micropterum (Montagne) Montagne] Canaries (24;320;407). RHODOPHYTA (FLORIDEAE) OF TROPICAL AFRICA [As Callithamnion pluma (Dillwyn) C. Agardh var. micropterum Montagne] Canaries (109;171;401). [As Ptilothamnion micropterum Bornet (Callithamnion) Montagne] Canaries (492). Note. Boudouresque et al. (1984) synonymize P. micropterum with P. pluma, but Schiffner (1931) regarded the former as a good species strongly differentiated from P. pluma. See also comments under Ptilothamnion pluma (Dillwyn) Thuret. Ptilothamnion pluma (Dillwyn) Thuret Canaries (38B;71;190;191;226;227;303;584;598;698;711). Salvage Islands (38B;598). '. . . Atlantique (de 1'Angleterre aux Canaries). . .' (33; 196). '. . . North Sea southwards to the Canary Islands' (71). [As Callithamnion pluma C. Agardh] Canaries (44;401). Note. In a discussion of the genus Ptilothamnion, Dixon (171) pointed out that Feldmann & Feldmann (188) and Feldmann (190) question the status of P. micropterum (Montagne) Bornet. A figure in Feldmann (190) shows a prostrate axis of several fronds, some with entirely simple, others with a proportion of bifid laterals. As this was the previous basis for distinction between the two species, the 115 implication would be that P. micropterum could be regarded as a synonym of P. pluma. Further examination of the type materials revealed fronds of various types on both species, even though Kiitzing's illustration (320: pi. 1) of Montagne's original Callitham- nion micropterum showed no second order laterals. Bifid laterals are probably more frequent in specimens from the Mediterranean and Canaries than from the British Isles but the wide variation found in all localities does not justify taxonomic discrimination on this basis. Dixon (171) concluded that P. pluma, P. micropterum, and possibly P. lucifugum should be regarded as a single species under the name Ptilothamnion pluma (Dillwyn) Thuret. Pycnothamnion crustaceum P. Dangeard Senegal (122). 'Subtropical Africa [Senegal (N. of Gambia); Mauritania; former W. Sahara]' (598). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We acknowledge with thanks assistance from (i) Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, London, for provision of the necessary research facilities to continue the series of papers of which the present is part; (ii) a grant (for GWL) towards this work from the Systematics Association. 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Hist. Mus. Lond. (Bot.) 25(2): 123-125 Issued 30 November 1995 A new species of Odontorrhynchos (Orchidaceae, Spiranthinae) from Bolivia DARIUSZ L. SZLACHETKO Gdansk University, Department of Plant Ecology and Nature Protection, 80-441 Gdansk, At. Legionow 9, Poland CONTENTS Introduction 123 Odontorrhynchos monstrosis Szlach 123 References . .125 SYNOPSIS. A new species of Odontorrhynchos, O. monstrosis Szlach., is described from Bolivia. INTRODUCTION The genus Odontorrhynchos includes five species found mainly in the subtropical zone of South America and the Andes. It was described by Correa (1953), based on Stenor- rhynchos castillonii Haum. Garay (1982) added a further four species to the genus. Odontorrhynchos is closely related to Brachystele Schltr., from which it differs primarily in the structure of the rostel- lum and viscidium. The rostellum in Odontorrhynchos is ligulate, rounded at the apex, with a large, oval viscidium on its inner surface which, after slipping from the rostellum, leaves three teeth of different size. The central tooth is large and slightly receding in relation to the lateral ones. In Brachystele, the rostellum is small and frequently wedged between the robust lateral stigma lobes. A small viscidium arises on the external surface of the rostellum which is greatly lingually introverted outwards and so appears to arise on the internal surface. The rostellum remnant is notched or reduced to a thin, rapidly drying, membranaceus fovea. Apart from this, Brachystele usually boasts a well formed column foot and oblique bases of the lateral sepals, whereas in Odontorrhynchos, the column foot is reduced and the bases of the lateral sepals are straight. So far, only O. chlorops (Rchb.f.) Garay has been recorded from Bolivia. A new, previously undescribed Boliv- ian species was found among herbarium material of this genus deposited at The Natural History Museum. ODONTORRHYNCHOS MONSTROSIS SZLACH. Planta habitu ad O. chloropsem vergens, sed labello indiviso in formam huic Spiranthidi simili, valde incrassato, in centre e plicis carnosis duobus jam dignoscenda. Type: Bolivia, far © The Natural History Museum, 1995 below Quime, near bridge in gorge, 18 April 1949, Brooke 5498 (BM-holotype). Fig. 1. Stem 54.0 cm high, 7.0 mm in diameter at base, 3.5 mm in diameter below inflorescence, erect, stout, glandular above one-fifth, densely along inflorescence, covered by cauline bracts. Leaves 4, forming a basal rosette, separated from the flowering stems, petiolate; petiole up to 10.0 cm long, narrow; blade up to 15.0 cm long and 4.5 cm wide, oblong- to elliptic-lanceolate, acute. Cauline bracts 10, herbaceous, with hyaline margins, tubular, acute, lower and middle longer than, upper as long as internodes, middle and upper minutely and densely glandular at margins. Inflorescence 18.0 cm long, many-flowered, multi-lateral, dense, cylindric. Floral bracts 14.0 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, herba- ceous, densely glandular along margins, glabrous in the centre, lower longer than, upper shorter than flowers. Flow- ers medium-sized, subsessile, tubular, densely glandular out- side, green. Pedicel 1.0 mm long, twisted. Ovary 9 mm long. Dorsal sepal 8.2 mm long, 5.2 mm wide, triangular-ovate, cuspidate, 3-veined, fleshy, concave in the centre. Lateral sepals 9.0 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, oblong-falcate, cuspidate, 3-veined, fleshy. Petals 8.0 mm long, 2.0 mm wide, spathu- late, acute, single-veined, free from dorsal sepal, fleshy, sparsely glandular along the outside margins. Lip 9.0 mm long, 5.5-6.0 mm wide, sessile, elliptic-oval in general out- line, with no constriction, fleshy, thinner at apex, concave at the base, and with two horn-like appendages near the basal lobules, pleated and crenated in apical part, with two fleshy crests in the centre, completely free from one another or fused together at their apices; lip surface papillate outside and in the centre inside. Column 3.0 mm long, erect, massive; column foot 3.0 mm long, short, massive, oblique, adnate to the ovary. Anther 2.6 mm long, ovate. Rostellum 1.2 mm long, triangular, rounded at apex, 3-dentate after removal of viscidium, the middle tooth the longest, lateral teeth short, reduced. Viscidium 1.5 mm long, oval, massive. ETYMOLOGY, monstrosus (Lat.) - monster; in reference to D.L. SZLACHETKO BROOKE 5498 Fig. 1 Odontorrhynchos monstrosis Szlach. a: flower and floral bract; b: dorsal sepal and petal; c: lateral sepal; d: lip, flattened; e: cross section of lip; f: column, bottom view; g: rostellum remnant. Each scale indicates 1 mm. (Drawn from the holotype, The Natural History Museum). the lip shape, which is reminiscent of the head of a monster. Odontorrhynchos monstrosis is known so far only from the type collection, which was found 1828 m above sea-level, among rocks by a river in a warm gorge. It differs from all other known species in the genus by its lip shape, which is unconstricted, elliptic-oval in general outline, pleated in the apical part, with two fleshy ridges in the centre, which may merge at the apex or remain free. At the base of the lip are two, small, fleshy processes leaning towards the main vein. 0. monstrosis appears to be most closely related to O. chlorops (Rchb.f.) Garay, sharing a very similar habit. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I wish to express my appreciation to the Curator of the General Herbarium at The Natural History Museum for the hospitality during my personal visit. As usual, special thanks are given to Prof. Dr hab. Ryszard Ochyra for the Latin translation. NEW SPECIES OF ODONTORRHYNCHOS FROM BOLIVIA 125 REFERENCES Correa, M. N. 1953. Un nucvo genero y cuatro especies nuevas de Orquideas argentinas. Darwiniana 10(2): 157-160. Garay, L. A. 1982. A generic revision of the Spiranthinae. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 28(4): 278-425. Bull. not. Hist. Mus. Land. (Bot.)25(2): 127-159 Issued 30 November 1995 Linnaeus's interpretation of Prospero Alpino's De plantis exoticis, with special emphasis on the flora of Crete NICHOLAS J. TURLAND Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD CONTENTS Introduction 127 Liber primus 128 Liber secundus 146 Summary of new typifications 157 References . ..158 SYNOPSIS. Prospero Alpino's De plantis exoticis, first published in 1627, describes 135 plants, of which 84 are said to originate from the south Aegean island of Crete. This paper examines the treatment of Alpino's plants by Carolus Linnaeus, and the determinations later offered by Sprengel and later still by Baldacci and Saccardo. As far as is possible, the present author offers determinations based on current knowledge of the Cretan flora for the 84 Cretan plants. Of the 35 Linnaean binomials which include in their protologues a reference to one of Alpino's Cretan plants, 17 are lectotypified here, while 16 have already been typified and the relevant specimen or figure is cited. In addition, Acer sempervirens L. is neotypified here, and Dianthus arboreus L. is lectotypified, as are two names first published by Antonio Turra (Bunias spinosa and Thymus tragoriganum) , which have been wrongly attributed to Linnaeus. It is argued that the names Acer orientale L., Acer creticum L., and Cenchrus frutescens L. should be proposed for rejection, and that the same should be considered for the name Statice echinus L. A summary of the names typified in this paper is provided. INTRODUCTION De plantis exoticis was published in Venice in 1627, ten years after the death of its author, Prospero Alpino, by his son Alpino Alpino, who held a position at the botanic garden at Padua from 1631 to 1637. The work describes 135 plants, of which 84 are said to have come from the south Aegean island of Crete. The book is divided into two sections: Liber primus and Liber secundus, the former incorporating the great majority of the Cretan species. Carolus Linnaeus includes many of Alpino's names in the synonymy of his own species. An Alpino figure can be an original element for a Linnaean binomial only if it is cited in the protologue of that name (cf. Greuter et al., 1994: 11, Art. 9.9 footnote). Some of Alpino's figures are included by Linnaeus in the synonymy of pre-starting point (pre-1753) polynomials, especially in Hortus cliffortianus (Linnaeus, 1738), but do not appear in the protologues of binomials in Species plantarum (Linnaeus, 1753) or later works, although the pre-starting point polynomial may be cited in the syn- onymy of a later binomial. The Alpino figure cannot be an original element for such a binomial. Occasionally, Linnaeus adds to the elements included within his concept of a species. For example, a binomial in the second edition of Species plantarum (Linnaeus, 1762, 1763) may have an Alpino ele- ment included in synonymy which does not appear in the protologue of the same name in the first edition in 1753. Once again, the Alpino figure cannot be an original element for such a name. Another, more indirect way in which Linnaeus's opinion as to the identity of Alpino's plants can be interpreted is by examining his annotations in his own copy of the 1656 reprint of De plantis exoticis, now lodged at the Linnean Society of London. On many of the plates he has written polynomials from Bauhin's Pinax theatri botanici (Bauhin, 1623) and Tournefort's Institutiones rei herbariae and Corollarium insti- tutionum rei herbariae (Tournefort, 1700, 1703). These same polynomials may be cited by Linnaeus in the synonymy of his names, often together with the corresponding Alpino ele- ments. Linnaeus's annotations from De plantis exoticis are quoted in the present paper. After Linnaeus's time, other authors have commented on the identity of Alpino's plants, principally Sprengel (1807: 384-386) and Baldacci & Saccardo (1900). The latter deal only with those 84 plants which are mentioned by Alpino as originating in Crete. The determinations given by these authors are cited. Every effort has been made here to offer determinations for the 84 Cretan plants among Alpino's figures. Taxonomy and nomenclature follow Turland, Chilton & Press (1993). For those Linnaean binomials for which an Alpino figure is ©The Natural History Museum, 1995 128 N.J.TURLAND cited in the protologue and is, therefore, an original element, the type specimen or figure is indicated. If the type has previously been designated, then full details are given; if not, the type is designated here. In cases where a chosen lectotype figure is stylized or simplified to the extent that its taxonomic position is unclear, an epitype specimen is designated to enable precise application of the name (cf. Greuter et al., 1994: 11, Art. 9.7). For all names typified in this paper, the relevant Linnaean protologues are reproduced, and the cho- sen lectotypes, epitypes and neotypes are illustrated. Before designating a type for a previously untypified name, the author has carried out a careful examination of all the extant original visual elements for the name in question. Particular care is necessary when considering, for example, specimens in the Linnaean Herbarium at the Linnean Society of London (LINN). Some of these are often wrongly consid- ered to be original elements for Linnaean names merely because Linnaeus annotated them with the relevant 'nomen triviale' (specific epithet), when in fact they may not have been in his possession until after the publication of that name. Such specimens are not cited here. The numbered sequence of capita in the original 1627 imprint of Alpine's book (1-78 in Liber primus, 1-58 in Liber secundus) has been followed in this paper, with all page numbers and figure captions quoted exactly as they are printed. A currently accepted name is always given in brack- ets following any cited name which is no longer in current use. The following abbreviations are used, in order to minimize excessive repetition: L. : - Linnaeus's annotations from his own copy of De plantis exoticis. The symbol V is used to indicate where Linnaeus begins a separate line in an annotation. S.: = Determinations given by Sprengel (1807). B. & S.: = Determinations given by Baldacci & Saccardo (1900). Of the 84 Cretan plants, 14 are listed in an appendix with no determination offered, and are marked 'indet.' here. LIBER PRIMUS 1. 'Lauro Syluestri Cretica', p. 1, fig. facing p. 1. L.: 'Thymelaea cretica, oleae folio subtus villoso. Tournef. cor. 41.' B. & S.: Daphne sericea Vahl Comments: Neither the Alpino element nor the Tournefort polynomial in Linnaeus's annotation appears to be men- tioned in any of Linnaeus's works. It is not possible to identify the figure with certainty, and Baldacci and Saccar- do's determination seems unlikely. 2. 'Cerasus Idea', p. 3, fig. p. 2. S.: 'Pyrus cretica' (see below). B. & S.: Sorbus graeca (Spach) Kotschy (currently Sorbus aria subsp. cretica (Lindl.) Holmboe). Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The plant depicted is either Sorbus aria subsp. cretica or 5. umbellata (Desf.) Fritsch. Sprengel may have intended to determine the following Alpino element (No. 3) as 'Pyrus cretica\ instead of the present plant, since P. cretica Willd. is the basionym of Amelanchier ovalis subsp. cretica (Willd.) Maire & Petitm. and there does not appear to be any extant name in Pyrus, at the rank of species, for Sorbus aria subsp. cretica. 3. 'Chamecerasus Idea', p. 5, fig. p. 4. L.: 'Mespilus cretica, folio circinato & quasi cordiformi. T. cor. 43.' B. & S.: Amelanchier cretica (Willd.) DC. (cur- rently Amelanchier ovalis subsp. cretica (Willd.) Maire & Petitm.) Comments: Neither the Alpino element nor the Tournefort polynomial in Linnaeus's annotation appears to be men- tioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The figure obviously depicts Amelanchier ovalis subsp. cretica. 4. 'Adrachni, seu Portulaca Theophrasti', p. 7, fig. p. 6. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. It is not possible to identify the plant figured. 5. 'Acer Cretica', p. 9, fig. p. 8. L.: 'Acer cretica. Tournef. cor. 43'. B. & S.: Acer creticum L. (see below). Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Acer monspessulanum in Species plantarum (1753: 1056), under the unnamed var. (3, but in the second edition he transfers it to A. creticum (1763: 1497), which is an illegitimate renaming of A. orientale L., which he first published in Systema naturae 10th ed. (17590: 1310). The Tournefort polynomial in Linnaeus's annotation is not cited in either edition of Species plantarum; another Tournefort name, Acer orientalis, hederae folio, is cited instead. The lectotype of A. monspessulanum is a specimen in Herb. Linn. No. 1225.15 (LINN), designated as such by Murray (1979: 13, as '1225.1'). Alpino's figure appears to be a greatly stylized depiction of the shrub or tree currently called Acer sempervi- rens L., first published in Mantissa plantarum (I761a: 128) and simultaneously in Systema naturae 12th ed. (I161b: 674). His figure is correct in that the species has three-lobed leaves and sometimes pubescent twigs and petioles, but wrong in that the leaves should be opposite, not alternate. tricitttlr. A. A fol. trilobis intcgerrirnis pubcfccntibuj. filill. Jifi, 9. ACER foliis trilobis intrgerrimis pubcfccntibus. Mitt. cr«iou«, tit ft. 10. Acer orientalis, hcderz folio. Tournef. (or. 43. Po- toik orient, jyi. /. g^. Acer cretica. Alp. exot. 9. t. 8. Dubtm. ark. i. />. iS. *. 10, /. 9 Habitat in Orientc- 1j. The typification of Acer orientale is more problematic, since there appear to be no extant original visual elements, the name evidently based on Acer foliis trilobis integerrimis subvillosis Mill., The gardeners dictionary 7th ed.: Acer No. 10 (1759), said by Miller to grow in 'the Levant'. From this and the synonyms added by Linnaeus to the illegitimate A. creticum in 1763, it would seem that A. orientale is a species with pubescent leaves and petioles. Yaltirik (1967: 519) was unable to trace any original material for A. orientale and felt the name could not be applied to the eastern Mediterranean ALPINO, LINNAEUS AND CRETE species which earlier authors had consistently referred to as either A. orientate or A. creticum, on account of that plant always having glabrous leaf-blades, and instead adopted the name A. sempervirens . This treatment has been followed in later works, notably Flora Europaea (Tutin et al., 1968: 239) and the Med-Checklist (Greuter, Burdet & Long, 1984: 42). Temper- n. ACER foliisi ovttij intcgcrrimis fcmperviredtibus. vircns. Mill. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Coronilla argentea in Species plantarum (1753: 743). The only extant original element for this name appears to be the Alpino figure which, although somewhat stylized, is a good likeness of C. valentina, in the synonymy of which C. argentea is currently included. The figure is, therefore, here designated as the lectotype of C. argentea (Fig. 2). 10. M. inum Arboreum', p. 19, fig. p. 18. S.: Linum arboreum L. B. & S.: Linum arboreum L. iz. LINUM foliis cuneifoftnibus, caulibus arborefcenti- Linum arboreum. Alf. exot. 19. /, 13, Habitat in Greta. t> Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Linum arboreum in Species plantarum (1753: 279-280). The only extant original element for this name 130 N.J. TURLAND '« 3 "S 3 I ALPINO, LINNAEUS AND CRETE appears to be the Alpino figure, which is stylized, but because of its Cretan provenance is unlikely to be a depiction of anything other than L. arboreum. Therefore, the figure is here designated as the lectotype (Fig. 3) and in view of its lack of useful diagnostic features, the following specimen as the epitype: Iter Aegaeum VI [Crete], Linum arboreum L., 22 April 1942, Rechinger 12202 (BM) (Fig. 4). 11. 'Lycium Creticum', p. 21, fig. p. 20. L.: 'Berberis cretica, buxi folio. Tournef. cor. 45.' [error for '42'] / 'Rhamnus creticus, buxi folio minori. T. cor. 41 ?' / 'Berberis alpina cretica. CB 454'. B. & S.: Berberis cretica L. i. BERBERIS pedunculis uniflorrs. . Berberis exotica, buxi folio., Tournef. cor. Berberis alpina cretica. Daub. fin. 45-4. Lycium crcticum. 'Alp. cxot. zi. t. zo. Lycium c Candia. Pon. ital. 137. Habitat in Greta. -t> Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Berberis cretica in Species plantarum (1753: 331), together with the first Tournefort and Bauhin polyno- mials in his annotation. The only extant original elements for B. cretica appear to be Alpine's plant and the figure cap- tioned 'Licio I. di Candia ouero Berberi alpina del Belli' in Pona, Monte Baldo descritto: 137 (1617)! Both illustrations obviously depict a species of Berberis in fruit and, since the provenance is Crete, this must be B. cretica, which is the only species known to occur there. The Alpino figure, being the more detailed, is here designated as the lectotype (Fig. 5) and since there are insufficient diagnostic characters shown to distinguish it from other species of Berberis, the following specimen is designated as the epitype: Iter Aegaeum VI [Crete], Berberis cretica L., 7 July 1942, Rechinger 14293 (BM) (Fig. 6), isoepitype at K. 12. 'Spartium Creticum', p. 24, fig. p. 23. B. & S.: Cytisus creticus Boiss. & Heldr. (currently Chamae- cytisus creticus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Rothm. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. Baldacci and Saccardo's determi- nation may well be correct, but the plant depicted could be one of the other leguminous shrubs which occur in Crete. 13. 'Spartium Spinosum', p. 27, fig. p. 26. L.: 'Barba jovis cretica, linariae folio, fl. luteo parvo. T.C. 44.' S.: Anthyllis hermanniae L. B. & S.: Anthyllis hermanniae L. Comments: The Alpino element and the Tournefort polyno- mial in Linnaeus's annotation are included in the synonymy of Anthyllis hermanniae in Species plantarum 2nd ed. (1763: 1014), but are absent from the protologue in the first edition (1753: 720). Linnaeus also includes the Tournefort name with some doubt, indicated by a question mark, in the protologue of Cytisus graecus L. (currently Anthyllis hermanniae) in Species plantarum (1753: 740), as well as in the second edition (1763: 1043). The plant depicted by Alpino is obviously A. hermanniae. 131 14. 'Spartium Spinosum alterum', p. 29, fig. p. 28. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 15. 'Cyanus Arborescens Longifolia', p. 31, fig. p. 30. L.: 'Jacea frutescens, plantaginis folio, fl. albo. T. cor. 32'. B. & S.: Staehelina fruticosa (L.) L. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. However, the Tournefort polyno- mial in Linnaeus's annotation is included in the synonymy of Centaurea fruticosa L. in Species plantarum 2nd ed. (1763: 1286), but not in the protologue of that name in Sy sterna naturae 10th ed. (1759a: 1229). The species was transferred to the genus Staehelina in Sy sterna naturae 12th ed. (17676: 538). The plant depicted by Alpino is a moderately good likeness of 5. fruticosa, except that the leaves are too narrow. 16. 'Cyanus Arborescens altera, Sty racisf olio', p. 33, fig. p. 32. L.: 'Staehelina'. S.: Staehelina arborescens L., nom. illegit. superfl. (currently Staehelina petiolata (L.) Hilliard & Burtt). B. & S.: Staehelina arborescens L. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Staehelina arborescens in Mantissa plantarum (1767 'a: 111). This is an illegitimate superfluous name because a Schreber element cited in the synonymy by Linnaeus is in fact an earlier, validly published binomial with priority over S. arborescens L., namely Staehelina arborea Schreb., Icones et descriptiones plantarum minus cognitarum: 1 (1766). The basionym of the currently accepted name is Gnaphalium petiolatum L., first published by Linnaeus in Species plan- tarum (1753: 854). This was transferred to the genus Staehe- lina by Hilliard & Burtt (1973: 384), as a taxonomic synonym of both 5. arborescens and 5. arborea, over which its epithet has priority at the rank of species. The lectotype of G. petiolatum is a specimen in Herb. Clifford: 402, Gnaphalium No. 16 (BM), designated as such by Hilliard & Burtt (loc. cit.). The plant depicted by Alpino is obviously S. petiolata. 17. 'Scabiosa arborea', p. 35, fig. p. 34. L.: 'Scabiosa cretica frutescens, auriculae ursi folio. T. cor. 34.' S.: Scabiosa limonifolia Vahl (currently Pseudoscabiosa limonifolia (Vahl) Devesa). B. & S.: Scabiosa cretica L. (currently Lomelosia cretica (L.) Greuter & Burdet). Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the synonymy of Scabiosa corollulis quinquefidis, foliis lanceola- tis fere integerrimis in Hortus cliffortianus (1738: 31-32), but does not appear to cite it explicitly in any of his other works, although he includes the Hortus cliffortianus name in the protologue of Scabiosa cretica in Species plantarum (1753: 100). In the same protologue, the Tournefort polynomial in Linnaeus's annotation is included under the unnamed var. (3. The plant depicted by Alpino is obviously Lomelosia minoana (P.H. Davis) Greuter & Burdet, endemic to Crete and a close relative of L. cretica which is, in the current strict sense, endemic to the western Mediterranean region. The oblanceolate-spathulate leaves rule out the only similar spe- 132 N.J.TURLAND ffl •> ^ fe; CJ O § C oo f I ALPINO, LINNAEUS AND CRETE 133 1 MD — ft< *3 O ft< ft« S CJ H f J <3 134 N.J.TURLAND cies in Crete, L. albocincta (Greuter) Greuter & Burdet, which has broader, much more rounded leaf-blades. Pseudo- scabiosa limonifolia is endemic to Sicily. 18. 'Leucoium Spinosum', p. 37, fig. p. 36. L.: 'Verbascum creticum spinosum frutescens. Tourn. cor. 8' / 'Leucojum cret. spinos. incan. luteum. C.B. 201.' B. & S.: Verbascum spinosum L. 124. VERB ASCUM (fpiw/um) caule frutlcofo fplnofo. Verbafcum creticum fpinofurn frutefcens. Lob. iUufl. t/j. Lcucojum creticum fpinofum incanum luteumBaub.pin zoi* Leucojum fpinofum, Afp.exot.j6. Glafttvlda prima e candia. Potubald.u^ Habttat in Creta ft. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Verbascum spinosum in Centuria II (1756: 10), where the Bauhin and Tournefort polynomials in his annota- tion also appear, with the latter incorrectly ascribed to L'Obel. In Species plantarum 2nd ed. (1762: 254), the Tournefort name is correctly ascribed, and L'Obel's name, Verbascum spinosum creticum, is cited separately. The only extant original elements for V. spinosum appear to be Alpi- no's plant and the figure captioned 'Galastivida prima di Candia' in Pona, Monte Baldo descritto: 114 (1617)! Both figures obviously depict V. spinosum. Alpino's plant is here designated as the lectotype (Fig. 7) because it is more detailed and less stylized. In spite of this, it is not an accurate representation of the species and it seems appropriate to designate the following specimen as the epitype: Iter Creti- cum Alterum, Verbascum spinosum L., 11 July 1899, Bal- i 241 (BM) (Fig. 8). 19. 'Caryophylus Syluestris arboreus', p. 39, fig. p. 38. S.: Dianthus juniperinus Sm. B. & S.: Dianthus arboreus L. (currently D. juniperinus subsp. bauhinorum (Greuter) Turland). •J3- DIANTHUS caule fruticofo, fpliis fubulads. Cnryophyllus creticus arboreus, juniper! folio. fur. 13. Caryophyllns arborefccns creticus. Baub. fin. zo8. fro dr. 104. Bcror.ica coronaria arborea ctetitt.'Baub.jbift. 3-/: 318. Habitat in Creta. £ Comments: Linnaeus adds the Alpino element to the syn- onymy of Dianthus arboreus in Mantissa plantarum altera (1771: 385), not having mentioned it in the protologue of that name in Species plantarum (1753: 413). Greuter (1965: 192) referred the Alpino element to his D. aciphyllus var. bauhi- norum Greuter. The figure obviously depicts one of the two shrubby Dianthus species which occur in Crete (D. fruticosus L. and D. juniperinus), and is indeed a good likeness of D. juniperinus subsp. bauhinorum. The name D. arboreus has been misapplied to both D. fruticosus and D. juniperinus, and its typification here seems worthwhile, in order to prevent any further misunderstanding. Greuter (op. cit.) treated it as a 'nomen ambiguum' and included it in the synonymy of his D. aciphyllus var. bauhinorum, but only in the greater part, since the polynomial Caryophyllus creticus arboreus, juniperi folio (Tournefort, 1703: 23), included in the protologue, in fact belongs to D. juniperinus. Indeed, Linnaeus actually excluded this synonym from D. arboreus in Mantissa plan- tarum altera (1771: 385). The only extant original elements for D. arboreus appear to be a specimen in Herb. Burser XI: post 83, b (UPS-microfiche!) and the figure illustrating Betonica coronaria arborea cretica in Bauhin, Cherler & Chabrey, Historia plantarum universalis 3: 328 (1651)!, of which the following specimen is apparently a typotype (cf. Greuter, op. cit.: 192): Benincasa s.n., cultivated at Montbe- liard by J. Bauhin (BAS). The specimen in the Burser Herbarium is sterile and of poor quality, and cannot be identified with any certainty, or be said to agree with the current usage of D. arboreus. Therefore, the Bauhin figure, which is a good likeness of D. juniperinus subsp. bauhi- norum, is here designated as the lectotype of D. arboreus (Fig. 9). 20. 'Casia Latinorum', p. 41, fig. p. 40. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Osyris alba L. in Species plantarum (1753: 1022). The lectotype is a specimen in Herb. Linn. No. 1116.1 (LINN), designated as such by A.G. Miller (1993). The plant depicted by Alpino is greatly stylized and quite unrecogniz- able as O. alba. 21. 'Chamedaphnoides Cretica, idest Laureola Cretica hu mi- lls', p. 44, fig. p. 43. L.: 'Thymelaea cretica, oleae folio utrinque glabro. T. cor. 41.' S.: Daphne oleoides Schreb. B. & S.: Daphne oleoides Schreb. Comments: Neither the Alpino element nor the Tournefort polynomial in Linnaeus's annotation appears to be men- tioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The figure appears to depict a Daphne species, but it is impossible to be sure whether it is intended to represent D. oleoides or another Cretan species, for example D. gnidioides Jaub. & Spach. 22. Toterium', p. 47, fig. p. 46. B. & S.: Astragalus creticus Lam. (currently Astracantha cretica (Lam.) Podlech). Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The figure is somewhat stylized - particularly the two small flowers, which suggest Caryophyl- laceae - but obviously depicts Astracantha cretica. 23. 'Poterium alterum densius ramificatum', p. 51, fig. p. 50. L.: Tragacantha cretica incana, flore parvo lineis purpureis striato. T.C. 29.' B. & S.: Astragalus creticus Lam. (currently Astracantha cretica (Lam.) Podlech). Comments: Neither the Alpino element nor the Tournefort polynomial in Linnaeus's annotation appears to be men- tioned in any of Linnaeus's works. Again, the figure obvi- ously depicts Astracantha cretica, and is a better likeness than that on page 46. 24. 'Tragacantha', p. 53, fig. p. 52. ALPINO, LINNAEUS AND CRETE 135 •c f/y 136 N.J. TURLAND Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 25. 'Tragacantha altera'. p. 55, fig. p. 54. L.: Tragacantha cretica, foliis minimis incanis, fl. majore albo. T. cor. 29.' S.: Astragalus echioides Willd. (currently A. angustifolius Lam.) B. & S.: Astragalus angustifolius Lam. Comments: Neither the Alpino element nor the Tournefort polynomial in Linnaeus's annotation appears to be men- tioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The plant depicted is Astragalus angustifolius, rather than the only other spiny, pinnate-leaved leguminous dwarf shrub in Crete, Astracantha cretica (Lam.) Podlech, on account of its stems lacking a thick layer of wool. This wool is clearly visible in the two preceding figures. 26. 'Echinus, idest Tragacantha altera', p. 57, fig. p. 56. L.: 'Limonium creticum juniperi folio. T. cor. 25'. S.: Statice echinus L. (see below). B. &S.: indet. Eetow, g. STATICE caulc nudo panicujato, foliis fubulatis mu .cronatis. Limonium foliis .caulinis fubulatis pungentibus. Roy. litgdb. 191. Limonium ericntalc fhrtcfcens , caryophylli folio in a- culeum rigididimum abcunte. Tourxef. c»r. 25-. Limonium ccfpicofum, foliis aculeatis. T>u*b. tent. i. j>. 18. /. 10. |3- Limoiiiurn graxrum, juniperi folio.- 7c urncf. cor. if. Echinus f. Tragacantha altera. Alp. exot. -57. t. j-6. HMtat in Grxcix & Mediz deftrtit. Comments: The Alpino element and the Tournefort polyno- mial in Linnaeus's annotation are included in the protologue of Statice echinus in Species plantarum (1753: 276), under the unnamed var. (3 (with Tournefort's name incorrectly cited as 'Limonium graecum ...'). The only extant original elements for 5. echinus appear to be Alpino's plant and the figure illustrating Limonium cespitosum, foliis aculeatis in Bux- baum, Plantarum minus cognitarum centuria II: 18, t. 10 (1728)! There is no specimen in the van Royen Herbarium, Leiden (L), and a specimen in Herb. Linn. No. 395.13 (LINN), which bears the annotation 'Statice Echinus' in Linnaeus's hand, lacks a species number from Species plan- tarum, which almost certainly means that it was not received by Linnaeus until after 1753 and is not, therefore, relevant original material for S. echinus. The plant depicted by Alpino is somewhat stylized but cannot be interpreted as representing any species in Crete other than Acantholimon ulicinum (Willd. ex Schult.) Boiss. Linchevskii (1967: 253) includes the name Statice echinus in the synonymy of the eastern Transcaucasian Acantholimon tenuiflorum Boiss., but only in the part consisting of the Buxbaum element. Buxbaum gives the provenance of his plant as 'desertis Mediae intra Hansem & Schamachiam', i.e. between Kirovabad and Shemakha in present-day Azerbay- dzhan in eastern Transcaucasia. If Buxbaum's figure were designated as the lectotype of 5. echinus, on the basis of Linchevskii's taxonomic opinion, the correct name for A. tenuiflorum would become A. echinus (L.) Boiss., since Linnaeus's specific epithet predates tenuiflorum (1846). More serious nomenclatural disruption would result if the Alpino figure were designated as the lectotype, since the epithet of the more widespread species A. ulicinum (based on Statice ulicina Willd. ex Schult. (1820)) would instead be displaced. Therefore, 5. echinus is not typified here and the option of proposing the name for rejection will be considered. 27. 'Tragacantha quarta, vel Spartium Spinosum alterum', p. 59 ['56'], fig. p. 58 ['20']. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 28. 'Scamonea Macroriza', p. 61, fig. p. 60. B. &S.: indet. L.: 'Periploca orientalis, foliis longioribus et acutioribus. Tournef. cor. 2'. Comments: Neither the Alpino element nor the Tournefort polynomial in Linnaeus's annotation appears to be men- tioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The stylized nature of the figure renders accurate identification impossible, although the rootstock, leaf-shape and flower suggest Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. However, the Convolvulaceae have leaves arranged alternately, whereas in Alpino's figure they are in opposite pairs. The figure may instead depict the opposite- leaved, Calystegia-\ike Cynanchum acutum L. (Asclepia- daceae), although the flower is completely wrong and the stems are too short and are not shown to twine. In Linnaeus's own copy of Alpino's book (the 1656 reprint), the figures on pages 60 and 62 are transposed, so the present figure appears on page 62 under the caption 'Tythymalus Arboreus', together with Linnaeus's annotation. 29. 'Tythymalus Arboreus', p. 63, fig. p. 62 ['46']. B. & S.: Euphorbia dendroides L. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The figure obviously depicts a species of Euphorbia, but if it is intended to be E. dendroides it is greatly stylized. 30. 'Tytymalus Cyparissius' , p. 65, fig. p. 64. L.: 'Euphorbia aleppica.' S.: Euphorbia aleppica L. dtfpiea. 38. EUPHORBIA umbel la qitinqucfida: dichotorna, in- •voluccllis oyutb-lanccolatis mucronatis, foliis infcrio- ribus fctaccis. Diff. eupb. 37. Tithymalus foliis infcrioribus capillaccls; fnpcrioribus rayrto fimilibus. Aforif. biff. 3. p. 338. Tithymalus cypariffius. Alp. exot. 6f. t. 64. Habitat in Greta, Aldppo. Tf Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Euphorbia aleppica in Species plantarum (1753: 458). The only extant original elements for E. aleppica appear to be the Alpino figure, which is a good likeness of the species, and a specimen in Herb. Linn. No. 630.46 (LINN!), which also clearly agrees with the current usage of the name. The specimen exhibits more of the diagnostic characters and is, therefore, here designated as the lectotype (Fig. 10). 31. 'Phylitis ramosa', p. 67, fig. p. 66. ALPINO, LINNAEUS AND CRETE 138 S.: Pteris longifolia L. (currently P. vittata L.) B. & S.: Pteris longifolia L. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Pteris cretica L. in Mantissa plantarum (1767a: 130). However, this species has never been recorded with certainty from Crete and the illustration almost certainly depicts P. vittata, of which it is a good likeness, this being the only Pteris known to occur on the island. The lectotype of P. cretica is Arduino s.n., a specimen in Herb. Linn. No. 1246.7 (LINN), designated as such by Tryon (1964: 192). 32. 'Anchusa Arborea', p. 69, fig. p. 68. L.: 'Buglossum samium frutescens, foliis rosmarini obscure virentibus lividis et hirsutis. Tournef. cor. 6.' S.: Lithospermum fruticosum L. (currently Lithodora fruti- cosa (L.) Griseb.) B. & S.: Lithospermum hispidulum Sm. (currently Lithodora hispidula (Sm.) Griseb.) 6. LITHOSPERMUM fruticofum, JUminibus corol- lam xquantibus. Lithofpermum fruticofum , corollis calycc majoribus , foliis lincaribus hilpidis. Sauv. monff. fo. 63. Anchufa angullitblia. Bank. fin. ify. ft Anchufa arborea. Alp. exot. 67. /. 68. Bugloflum famiurn frutcfcens , fpliis rofmarini obfcure- - virciitibus lucidis & hirfutis. Tournef. cor. 6. , Habitat in Gallia, Samo ^ Europa attjlrali. $ Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Lithospermum fruticosum in Species plantarum (1753: 133), under the unnamed var. (3, together with the Tournef ort polynomial in his annotation. The Alpino figure is stylized, but cannot be interpreted as depicting any species in Crete other than Lithodora hispidula. In choosing a lectotype for Lithospermum fruticosum, the Alpino figure should be avoided, since it clearly disagrees with the current usage of the name (Lithodora fruticosa is endemic to the western Mediterranean region and is not known to occur in Crete). The other three extant original elements appear to be speci- mens in Herb. Linn. No. 181.9 (LINN!), Herb. Linn. No. 68.1 (S-photocopy!) and Herb. Burser XIV(2): 17 (UPS- microfiche!), all of which clearly agree with L. fruticosa as currently understood. The most complete specimen is that at LINN, and it is here designated as the lectotype of Lithosper- mum fruticosum (Fig. 11). 33. 'Solanum somniferum Antiquorum', p. 71, fig. p. 70. B. & S.: Phy sails somnifera L. (currently Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal). Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the synonymy of Physalis caule fruticoso tereti, foliis ovatis inte- gerrimis, floribus confertis in Hortus cliffortianus (1738: 62), but does not appear to cite it explicitly in any of his other works, although he includes the Hortus cliffortianus name in the protologue of Physalis somnifera in Species plantarum (1753: 182). The plant depicted by Alpino is obviously Withania somnifera. 34. 'Dorycnium', p. 74, fig. p. 73. L.: 'Convolvulus arg. angustif. umbellatus. T. coroll. 1.' B. & S.: Convolvulus oleifolius Desr. N.J.TURLAND Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Convolvulus cneorum L. in Species plantarum (1753: 157-158), under the unnamed var. -y, although the Tournefort polynomial in his annotation appears not to be mentioned in any of his works. The plant depicted is almost certainly Convolvulus oleifolius Desr. (C. cneorum is a cen- tral Mediterranean species not known to occur in Crete). The lectotype of C. cneorum is the figure captioned 'Convolvulus Creticus rectus s. Dorycnium quorundam, Ponae' in Morison, Plantarum historiae universalis oxoniensis 2: s. 1, t. 3, f. 1 (1680), designated as such by Sa'ad (1967: 126). 35. 'Chamaepeuce', p. 77, fig. p. 76. L.: 'Jacea cretica frutescens, elichrysi folio, fl. magno pur- purascente. T. cor. 32.' B. & S.: Chamaepeuce mutica DC. (currently Ptilostemon chamaepeuce (L.) Less.) Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Serratula chamaepeuce L. in Species plantarum (1753: 819). The Tournefort polynomial in Linnaeus's anno- tation is included in the synonymy of Centaurea calycibus inermibus: squamis lanceolatis, foliis linearibus confertis inte- gerrimis in Hortus cliffortianus (1738: 4*20-421), but does not appear to be cited explicitly in any of Linnaeus's other works, although the Hortus cliffortianus name is included in the protologue of Serratula chamaepeuce. Linnaeus transferred the species to the genus Staehelina in Systema naturae 12th ed. (17676: 538). The Alpino figure is a good likeness of Ptilostemon chamaepeuce and was designated as the lectotype by Greuter (1975: 417). 36. 'Tragoriganum', p. 79, fig. p. 78. B. & S.: Satureja thymbra L. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the synonymy of Thymus tragoriganum Turra (currently Satureja thymbra) in Mantissa plantarum (1767a: 84). Various authors have wrongly attributed this binomial to Linnaeus. Its first valid publication is by Turra in Farsetia plantae genus: 11 (1765), and not Linnaeus in Mantissa plantarum, where explicit reference to Turra is given. 1. Thymus ( Tragoriganum ) caute fuffruticofo crcflo, floribus verticillatis, foliis hilpidis acuminatis. Tragoriganum crcticum. Bank. pin. 213. Raj. htfl. i. f. S13- * Tragoriganum magnum. Alp. cxot.-jq.t. 78.* Tragoriganum II. altera fpecics. Clus. h'tfl. i. />..J5S- Habitat in Creta. !„ Planta fuaveolens. Caules psdales, ratnofi, hirfuti . Folia oppofita petio- lata , utrinque acuminata , hifpida , rigidiufcula . flares verticillati cxrulc- fcentes. Ufus Tbymi vulgaris Lin. There appear to be two extant original elements for Thymus tragoriganum: the Alpino figure and the figure captioned 'Tragoriganum II. altera species' in Clusius, Rari- orum plantarum historiae 1: 355 (1601)! Both figures are moderately good likenesses of Satureja thymbra, albeit some- what stylized. Alpine's figure, being the less stylized of the two, is here designated as the lectotype of T. tragoriganum (Fig. 12). 37. 'Thymbra', p. 81, fig. p. 80. ALPINO, LINNAEUS AND CRETE ft. ':! g 00 140 N.J. TURLAND Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 38. 'Stratiotes millefolia Cretica', p. 84, fig. p. 83. S.: Achillea cretica L. B. & S.: Achillea cretica L. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The figure is greatly stylized, but most probably does indeed depict Achillea cretica. 39. 'Gaidaro thymum', p. 87, fig. p. 86. L.: 'Stachys spinosa cretica. C.B. 236. T. cor. 11.' B. & S.: Stachys spinosa L. Comments: The Alpino element does not appear to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works, although the Bauhin polynomial in Linnaeus's annotation is included in the proto- logue of Stachys spinosa in Species plantarum (1753: 581-582). Both the Bauhin and Tournefort polynomials in Linnaeus's annotation are included in the synonymy of Stachys ramulis spina terminals in Hortus diffortianus (1738: 310), but do not appear to be cited explicitly in any of Linnaeus's other works, although the Hortus diffortianus name is included in the protologue of Stachys spinosa. The figure is slightly stylized but obviously depicts 5. spinosa. 40. 'Ladanum Creticum', p. 89, fig. p. 88. L.: 'Cistus ladanifera cretica, flore purpureo. T. cor. 19'. S.: Cistus creticus L. B. & S.: Cistus creticus L. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the synonymy of Cistus ladanifera cretica, flore purpureo, which is ascribed to Tournefort, in Materia medica (1749: 92). He also cites it in the synonymy of Cistus creticus in Species plantarum 2nd ed. (1762: 738), together with the Tournefort polynomial from his annotation, but neither name is included in the protologue of that species in Systema naturae 10th ed. (1759a: 1077). The figure almost certainly depicts one of the Cretan species of Cistus, but it is impossible to be certain which one. 41. 'Chamecistus', p. 93, fig. p. 92. B. & S.: Cistus parviflorus Lam. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. Baldacci and Saccardo may indeed be correct in their determination, but it is not possible to be certain whether the figure depicts a species of Cistus, Fumana or Helianthemum. 42. 'Pseudo cistus ledum', p. 95, fig. p. 94. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 43. 'Pseudo cistus ledum alter', p. 97, fig. p. 96. B. &S.: indet. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The figure does not seem to depict any known Cretan plant. 44. 'Hyosciamus Aureus', p. 99, fig. p. 98. L.: 'Hyoscyamus creticus luteus major. C.B. 169. prod. 92. Tournef. cor. 5.' B. & S.: Hyoscyamus aureus L. «•««/. 3. HYOSCYAMUS foliis pctiolatis, floribus pcduncu- latis. Hort. cliff. f6. Roy. lugdb. 411. Hyofcyamus creticus luteus major. Baub. flu. 169. frodr. 91. |3- Hyofcyamus creticus luteus minor. Bank. pin. 169. Hyofcyamus aureus. Alp. exot. 99. t. 98. habitat in Greta. 0 Comments: Both the Alpino element and the Bauhin polyno- mial in Linnaeus's annotation are included in the protologue of Hyoscyamus aureus in Species plantarum (1753: 180), the former under the unnamed variety p. In choosing a lectotype for H. aureus, Alpino's figure should be avoided since it is a stylized and inaccurate depiction of the species. The other five extant original elements for the name appear to be specimens in Herb. Linn. No. 244.4 (LINN!), Herb. Clifford: 56, Hyoscyamus No. 3 (2 sheets: fol. A and fol. B) and No. 33 (BM!), and the figure captioned 'Hyoscyamus Creticus luteus maior' in Bauhin, Prodromus theatri botanici: 92 (1620)! The Bauhin figure does not accurately depict the inflorescence of H. aureus, while the specimen in the Lin- naean Herbarium and No. 3(3 in the Clifford Herbarium both belong to H. albus L. Of the remaining two specimens in the Clifford Herbarium, one (No. 3, fol. B) is sterile and cannot be identified with absolute confidence, whereas the other (No. 3, fol. A) is fertile, clearly belongs to H. aureus as currently understood, and is here designated as the lectotype (Fig. 13). Schonbeck-Temesy (1972: 70) designated a speci- men in Herb. Linn. No. 244.3 (LINN) which indeed repre- sents H. aureus. However, Linnaeus's annotation of this specimen does not include a species number from Species plantarum, which almost certainly means that it was not received by Linnaeus until after 1753 and is not, therefore, relevant original material for H. aureus. For this reason, Schonbeck-Temesy's typification is ineffective. 45. 'Rosmarinuin stecadis facie', p. 103, fig. p. 102. L.: Teucrium frutescens, stoechadis arabicae folio & facie. T. cor. 14.' S.: Teucrium creticum L. B. &S.: indet. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Teucrium creticum in Species plantarum (1753: 563). The Tournefort polynomial in Linnaeus's annotation is included in the synonymy of Teucrium foliis lanceolato- linearibus integerrimis sessilibus, floribus solitariis peduncula- tis in Hortus diffortianus (1738: 302), but does not appear to be cited explicitly in any of Linnaeus's other works, although the Hortus diffortianus name is included in the protologue of Teucrium creticum. The plant depicted by Alpino is some- what stylized, but is obviously a species of Teucrium, although almost certainly not T. creticum, since that species has never reliably been recorded from Crete. Instead, it may be the eastern Mediterranean T. brevifolium Schreb. The lectotype of T. creticum is a specimen in Herb. Linn. No. 722.11 (LINN), designated as such by Ekim (1982: 56). 46. 'Arundo Graminea aculeata', p. 105, fig. p. 104. ALPINO, LINNAEUS AND CRETE 141 L.: 'Cenchrus'. S.: Cenchrus frutescens L. (see below). B. &S.: indet. . CENCHRUS capitulis latcralibus feflilibui,foliismu- cronatis, caule iruticofo. Arundo grain inea aculcata. Alf. exot. ioj". t. 104. Gramcn oricntale fpicatura fruticofum fpinofum, fpici$ cchinatis in capitulum congcftij. Tonrmtf. cor, 39. Habitat in America, b Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Cenchrus frutescens in Species plantarum (1753: 1050). The only extant original element appears to be the Alpino figure, and the only other synonym given by Linnaeus is the unillustrated Gramen orientale spicatum fruticosum spinosum, spicis echinatis in capitulum congestis (Tournefort, 1703: 39). Linnaeus's habitat statement 'America' seems to be at odds with both the Cretan provenance of Alpine's plant and the 'orientale' in Tournefort's name. This is altered to 'Armenia' in Species plantarum 2nd ed. (1763: 1489). The name Cenchrus frutescens is no longer in use, and its taxonomic application is unclear. Sibthorp & Smith (1806-1809: 76) consider it a very obscure species, but nevertheless give it from coastal sands in Crete, as well as southern Greece and the Greek islands. Raulin (1869: 572) also considers it a very doubtful species, gives it from maritime sands in Crete, and cites a note by Sieber (1822) claiming its identity with Arundo donax L. Rechinger (1943: 771) includes the name, with some doubt, in the synonymy of Arundo plinii Turra. Neither Arundo donax nor A. plinii is recognizable in Alpine's plate. Instead, the plant depicted strongly resembles a growth form of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. that occurs in Crete in places which are only seasonally wet, including maritime sands adjoining streams and marshes. Such plants have sprawling, branching stems, short intern- odes and leaves, sharply pointed leaf-apices, and appear never to flower. Cenchrus frutescens could be considered a taxonomic synonym of P. australis, if the Alpino plate were designated as the lectotype and a suitable Cretan specimen exhibiting the sterile growth form were designated as the epitype. However, under these circumstances, a change of name would be necessary for P. australis, which is based on Arundo australis Cav. in Anales de historia natural, Madrid 1: 100 (1799), since the earliest available epithet at the rank of species would be frutescens (1753). (Arundo phragmites L., Sp. pi. 1: 81 (1753) is also a taxonomic synonym of P. australis, but its epithet cannot, of course, be used within the genus Phragmites without forming a tautonym.) In order not to destabilize the nomenclature of P. australis, which is a widespread and well known species, the rejection of the name C. frutescens seems appropriate. A formal proposal has been submitted to Taxon. 47. 'Thlaspi clipeatum arborescens creticum', p. 107, fig. p. 106. B. & S.: Iberis sempervirens L. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The figure seems to depict a plant belonging to the Brassicaceae, but is so stylized that it is not possible to identify it even to the rank of genus. 48. 'Verbasculum saluifolium' , p. 109, fig. p. 108. L.: 'Phlomis cretica fruticosa, folio subrotundo, flore luteo. T.C. 10.' B. & S.: Phlomis lanata Willd. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works, although the Tournefort polyno- mial in Linnaeus's annotation is included in the protologue of Phlomis fruticosa L. in Species plantarum (1753: 584-585), under the unnamed var. p. The figure is a good likeness of P. lanata. 49. 'Rubea arborescens', p. Ill, fig. p. 110. L.: 'Rubia cretica frutescens tenuifolia. Tournef. cor. 4.' B. & S.: Crucianella maritima L. Comments: Neither the Alpino element nor the Tournefort polynomial in Linnaeus's annotation appears to be men- tioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The figure exhibits the whorled leaves and spike-like, terminal inflorescences found in Crucianella, but is not an accurate depiction of C. maritima because it has leaves in whorls of five, not four, and lacks the imbricate, ovate bracts characteristic of that species. C. maritima is a western Mediterranean species and is not known to occur in Crete. 50. 'Horminum Creticum', p. 113, fig. p. 112. B. & S.: Salvia horminum L. (currently 5. viridis L.) Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The plant depicted by Alpino is somewhat stylized, but is obviously Salvia viridis. 51. 'Leontopodium', p. 115 ['113'], fig. p. 114 [?'106']. L.: 'Plantago cretica minima tomentosa, caule adunco. Tour- nef. cor. 5.' / 'Holosteum s. Leontopodium creticum. C.B. 190'. B. &S.: indet. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the synonymy of Plantago foliis linearibus, scapo brevissimo, spica subrotunda nutante, in Hortus cliff ortianus (1738: 36-37), but does not appear to cite it explicitly in any of his other works, although he includes the Hortus cliff ortianus name in the protologue of Plantago cretica L. in Species plantarum (1753: 114). The Bauhin polynomial in Linnaeus's annotation is included in the same protologue, but not that of Tournefort, which is included in the synonymy of the afore- mentioned Hortus cliffortianus name as well as under Plan- tago cretica in Species plantarum 2nd ed. (1762: 165). The plant depicted by Alpino is stylized, but could be interpreted as being P. cretica. 52. 'Argentea', p. 117, fig. p. 116. L.: 'Jacea cretica laciniata argentea, fl. parvo flavescente. T.C. 32'. B. & S.: Centaurea argentea L. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works, although the Tournefort polyno- mial in Linnaeus's annotation is included in the protologue of Centaurea argentea in Species plantarum (1753: 912-913). The 142 N.J.TURLAND plant depicted by Alpino is somewhat stylized, but it seems likely that it is indeed C. argentea. 53. 'Leucoium lutcum vtriculato semine', p. 119 ['117'], fig. p. 118 ['110']. L.: 'Alyssoides fruticosum creticum, leucoji folio incano. T.C. 15.' $.: Alyssum creticum L. (currently Lutzia cretica (L.) Greuter & Burdet). B. & S.: Alyssum creticum L. 9, ALYSSUM caule hcrbacco ere&o , foliis incanis Ian- 1 rttkttm. ccohtis intcgerrrmis, filiculis intiatis. AJyfToides fruticofum creticum, leucoji 'folio incano.. Tournef. cor. If. Lcucojum lutcum, utriculatofemine./f//>.*jroM 17.*.! 18. Habitat in Greta. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Alyssum creticum in Species plantarum (1753: 651), together with the Tournefort polynomial in his annota- tion. There appear to be only one or two extant original elements for A. creticum: the Alpino figure and Loefling 476a, a specimen in Herb. Linn. No. 828.20 (LINN!). The specimen was probably sent to Linnaeus in October 1753 (Lopez Gonzalez, pers. comm., 1994) and cannot, with certainty, be considered relevant material for a name pub- lished in Species plantarum (1 May 1753). Moreover, Lin- naeus has annotated the sheet with '9 creticum', but the material was collected in the Madrid region of Spain and clearly belongs to Aurinia sinuata (L.) Griseb., based on Alyssum sinuatum L., also first published in Species plan- tarum (loc. cit.). The Loefling specimen would make an unfortunate choice of lectotype for Alyssum creticum (if it were accepted as an original element), since this would disrupt the current usage of both this name and A. sinuatum. Therefore, Alpino's figure is here designated as the lectotype of A. creticum (Fig. 14), with the following specimen as the epitype, since the plant depicted is stylized and an inaccurate representation of Lutzia cretica, in that the flowers can clearly be seen to have five petals instead of four: Iter Aegaeum VI [Crete], Alyssum creticum L., 2 March 1944, Bickerich sub Rechinger 15302 (BM) (Fig. 15). The provenance of Loefling's specimen is interesting, since Aurinia sinuata is nowadays known only from south-eastern Italy and the western part of the Balkan peninsula. Clusius (1576: 420-421) may have been the first to record the species from Spain: 'Crescit quibusdam Castellae locis incultis & secus vias', and the later publication of the same description and illustration (Clusius, 1601: 134) is cited by Linnaeus in the protologue of Alyssum sinuatum, and is probably the basis of his habitat statement 'Hispaniae incultis, ad vias'. There is good evidence, therefore, that the species once occurred in Spain. It would appear that when Linnaeus received Loefling's specimen, he misidentified it as A. creti- cum, and accordingly added Spain to his habitat statement for that name in Species plantarum 2nd ed. (1763: 910). 54. 'Leucoium Caeruleum mar-inn m\ p. 121, fig. p. 120. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 55. 'Verbasculum Syluestre Creticum', p. 123, fig. p. 122. S.: Celsia arcturus (L.) L. (currently Verbascum arcturus L.) B. & S.: Celsia arcturus (L.) L. Comments: The Alpino element is included in the synonymy of Verbascum arcturus in Species plantarum 2nd ed. (1762: 254), but not in the protologue of that name in the first edition (1753: 178). The species was transferred to the genus Celsia by Linnaeus in Sy sterna naturae 13th ed. (1774: 469). The plant depicted by Alpino is obviously V. arcturus. 56. 'Cardus pinea Teophrasti cum radice', p. 126, fig. p. 124; 'Cardui pineae Figura altera sine radice', fig. p. 125. L.: 'Cnicus carlinae folio, acaulos, gummifer aculeatus, fl. purpureo. T.C. 33.' / 'Carlina acaulis gummifera. C.B. 380.' [on p. 124]. S.: Acarna gummifera (L.) Willd. (currently Atractylis gum- mifera L.) B. & S.: Carlina gummifera (L.) Less, (currently Atractylis gummifera). Comments: Linnaeus includes both Alpino elements in the protologue of Atractylis gummifera in Species plantarum (1753: 829), together with the Tournefort and Bauhin polyno- mials in his annotation. Alpino's figures are good depictions of the large capitulum of A gummifera, but the linear leaves shown in the figure on page 124 are inaccurate. The lectotype is a specimen in Herb. Linn. No. 971.1 (LINN), designated as such by Petit (1987: 412). 57. 'Echium Creticum', p. 130, fig. p. 129. L.: 'Symphytum creticum, echii folio angustiore, longis villis horrido, flore croceo. Tournef. cor. 6.' S.: Onosma simplicissimum L. B. & S.: Onosma simplicissimum L. fimplicifll- i. ONOSMA foliis confcrtiffimis Imceolato-lincaribui ™». pilofis. Echium creticum. Alp. exot. 130. t. 119. Mtrif. lift, 3, p. 439 / i V *• i?- /• 3 ? Habitat in Sibirift. Gmelim. 1{.. Caulcs fpitbamtci , fimplices, Hgnofi, inter dum ad baft* uno aiterove ramo. Foiia confertijfima at fere bafi imbricata , digiti fere longitudine , attguftijfime lait- ceolata & ftre line art a , bafi atteiiuata. Racemi Jttpiui duo , caule $ terminantes , vix pedunculati. Flores Sympbytl abitjue Palis. Sympbytunt creticum Teurttef. cor. ej/t nequtt , cum folia fills brevi/t- mis adfperfa. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Onosma simplicissimum in Species plantarum 2nd ed. (1762: 196) where, in the description, he comments on the Tournefort polynomial in his annotation: 'Symphytum creticum Tournef. cor. esse nequit, cum folia pilis brevissimis adspersa.' Alpino's plant is obviously a member of the Boraginaceae, but cannot with certainty be referred to any particular Cretan species. In choosing the lectotype for O. simplicissimum, the figure should be avoided, since it is clearly not an Onosma and anyway O. simplicissimum is a mainly Siberian and central Asian species not known to occur in Crete. The only other extant original elements for this name appear to be a specimen in Herb. Linn. No. 187.1 (LINN!) and the figure captioned 'Buglossum creticum, flore luteo minus, Nobis' in Morison, Plantarum historiae universa- lis oxoniensis 3: s. 11, t. 28, f. 12 (1699)! The figure is very stylized, presumably again based on a Cretan plant, and is ALPINO, LINNAEUS AND CRETE 143 5 3 ML .— * : s 5- o 3 O -4 5 i 144 N.J.TURLAND barely recognizable as an Onosma. In contrast, the specimen in the Linnaean Herbarium clearly belongs to O. simplicissi- mum and is, therefore, here designated as the lectotype (Fig. 16). 58. 'Nardus Montana Cretica', 133, fig. p. 132. B. & S.: Valeriana asarifolia Dufr. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The figure obviously depicts Valeriana asarifolia. 59. 'Viscaria maxima Cretica', p. 136, fig. p. 135. B. &S.: indet. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The figure appears to depict a member of the Caryophyllaceae, and the large basal leaf- rosette and whorled inflorescence strongly suggest Silene gigantea (L.) L. 60. 'Anchusa humilis', p. 139, fig. p. 138. B. & S.: Anchusa cespitosa Lam. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The plant depicted may be Anchusa cespitosa but, if so, is inaccurate, since the flowers are clearly those of a member of the Fabaceae. 61. 'Equisetum Montanum Creticum', p. 141, fig. p. 140. S.: Ephedra fragilis Desf. B. & S.: Ephedra campylopoda C.A. Mey. (currently E. foeminea Forssk.) Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The plant depicted is obviously Ephedra foeminea, which is closely related to E. fragilis and is the only representative of the genus known to occur in Crete. 62. 'Marrubium nigrum Creticum', p. 143, fig. p. 142. B. &S.: BallotanigraL. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The figure does not appear to depict Ballota nigra or indeed any other known Cretan plant. 63. 'Saxiphraga', p. 145, fig. p. 144. B. & S.: indet. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The plant depicted may be a member of the Lamiaceae, but there are insufficient diagnos- tic features to enable full identification. 64. 'Folium Gnaphaloides', p. 147, fig. p. 146. B. & S.: Diotis candidissima Desf. (currently Otanthus mariti- mus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link). Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The figure almost certainly depicts Otanthus maritimus, albeit somewhat stylized. 65. 'Santulina flore amplo', p. 149, fig. p. 148. B. & S.: Santolina rosmarinifolia L. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The plant depicted is obviously a member of the Asteraceae, but does not appear to correlate with any known Cretan species. Santolina rosmarinifolia is a western Mediterranean species and is not known to occur in Crete. 66. 'Holosteum', p. 151, fig. p. 150. B. & S.: Plantago cretica L. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The plant depicted may be a Plantago, but it is greatly stylized if it is indeed P. cretica. 67. 'Eringium trifolium', p. 153, fig. p. 152. B. & S.: Eryngium ternatum Poir. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. Baldacci and Saccardo are correct: the figure is somewhat stylized, but obviously depicts Eryngium ternatum. 68. 'Daucus stellatus', p. 155, fig. p. 154. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 69. 'Anthilis', p. 157, fig. p. 156. L.: 'Quamoclit minima humifusa palustris, herniariae folio. Tournef. cor. 4.' B. & S.: Cressa cretica L. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Cressa cretica in Species plantarum (1753: 223), together with the Tournefort polynomial in his annotation. The plant depicted by Alpino is a good likeness of C. cretica, albeit slightly simplified. The lectotype is a specimen in Herb. Linn. No. 317.1 (LINN), designated as such by Verdcourt (1963: 33). 70. 'Carduus Eryngioides capite spinoso', p. 159, fig. p. 158. S.: Centaur ea eryngioides Lam. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 71. 'Cyanus tomentosus', p. 161, fig. p. 160. L.: 'Jacea tomentosa, foliis undulatis. T. inst. 445'. Comments: Neither the Alpino element nor the Tournefort polynomial in Linnaeus's annotation appears to be men- tioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 72. 'Cyanus Spinosus', p. 163, fig. p. 162. L.: 'Jacea cretica aculeata incana. T. inst. 445'. S.: Centaurea spinosa L. B. & S.: Centaurea spinosa L. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Centaurea spinosa in Species plantarum (1753: 912), together with the Tournefort polynomial in his annota- tion. The plant depicted by Alpino is somewhat stylized, but ALPINO, LINNAEUS AND CRETE •- 146 ftintf*. if. CENTAUREA calycc fubciliato, ramis fpinofis. Hort. cliff. 4iz. * Jacca crctica aculcata incana. Tourtief. tnfl. 44$*. Stocbc fpinofa crctica. Morif. bifl. 3. p. 13$. Cyanus fpinofus. Alp. exot. 163. t. 101. Habitat t» Greta is a good likeness of C. spinosa. The three other extant original elements for this name appear to be specimens in Herb. Linn. No. 1030.20 (LINN!), Herb. Clifford: 422, Centaurea No. 15 (BM!) and the figure captioned 'Stoebe spinosa Cretica, Park. Cyanus peren: spinosus Creticus. Ponae' in Morison, Plantamm historiae universalis oxoniensis 3: s. 7, t. 25, f. 2 (1699)! Both of the specimens obviously belong to C. spinosa and show more of the diagnostic characters than either of the two figures. The specimen in the Clifford Herbarium is here designated as the lectotype of C. spinosa (Fig. 17) because, unlike that in the Linnaean Her- barium, it bears numerous capitula, with clearly visible involucral bracts, which are so important in the taxonomy of Centaurea. 73. 'Melanthium odoratum', p. 165, fig. p. 164. B. &S.: indet. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The plant depicted by Alpino is greatly stylized and does not appear to represent any known Cretan plant. 74. 'Gallium Montanum Creticum', p. 167, fig. p. 166. L.: 'Aparine cretica [error for 'graeca'] saxatilis incana tenui- folia. Tournef. cor. 4.' / [deleted:] 'Cruciata cretica, fruti- cosa, flore albo. Tournef. cor. 4.' S.: Galium graecum L. B. & S.: Galium graecum L. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Galium graecum in Mantissa plantarum (11 '61 'a: 38), together with the first, undeleted Tournef ort polynomial in his annotation. The plant depicted by Alpine's is obviously a member of the Rubiaceae and a moderately good likeness of G. graecum, but it is impossible to be sure if it is indeed that species. The lectotype is a specimen in Herb. Linn. No. 129.32 (LINN), designated as such by Ehrendorfer & Schonbeck-Temesy (1982: 826). 75. 'Spica Trifolia', p. 169, fig. p. 168. L.: 'Melilotus cretica humillima humifusa, fl. albo magno. T.C. 28.' S.: Trifolium uniflorum L. B. & S.: Trifolium uniflorum L. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Trifolium uniflorum in Species plantarum (1753: 771), together with the Tournefort polynomial in his annotation. The plant depicted by Alpino is stylized, but a moderately good likeness of T. uniflorum. The lectotype is a specimen in Herb. Linn. No. 930.50 (LINN), designated as such by Jafri (1980: 227). 76. 'Spicae trifoliae altera figura', p. 171, fig. p. 170. B. &S.: indet. N.J. TURLAND Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The figure appears to depict a member of the Fabaceae, but it is impossible to identify it more fully. 77. 'Asciroides', p. 173, fig. p. 172. L.: 'Hypericum creticum amplissimo folio nitido. T. cor. 18.' B. & S.: Hypericum hircinum L. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the synonymy of Hypericum flore pentagyno, foliis ovato- oblongis glabris integerrimis in Hortus cliffortianus (1738: 380), but does not appear to cite it explicitly in any of his other works, although he includes the Hortus cliffortianus name in the protologue of Hypericum ascyron L. in Species plantarum (1753: 783-784). The Tournefort polynomial in Linnaeus's annotation appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The plant depicted by Alpino does not resemble a Hypericum or indeed any other known Cretan plant. 78. 'Cnicus singularis', p. 175, fig. p. 174. B. & S.: Carduncellus caeruleus (L.) C. Presl Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. Baldacci and Saccardo may well be correct in their determination: the plant depicted is a very good likeness of Carduncellus caeruleus. LIBER SECUNDUS 1. No. 1 does not illustrate a plant. 2. 'Ligustrum nigrum', p. 179, fig. p. 178. S.: Syringa persica var. laciniata L. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 3. 'Datura Contarena', p. 182, fig. p. 181 ['167']. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 4. 'Conuoluulus Arabicus', p. 186, fig. p. 185. S.: Convolvulus paniculatus L. (currently Ipomoea mauri- tanica Jacq.) Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 5. 'Rhaponticum', p. 188, fig. p. 187. Comments: Linnaeus includes an Alpino element with the same polynomial but from a different work (Alpino, 1719) in the protologue of Rheum rhaponticum L. in Species plan- tarum (1753: 371-372). 6. 'Hyosciamus albus Aegyptius', p. 193, fig. p. 192. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Hyoscyamus muticus L. in Mantissa plantarum (1767a: 45), but with some doubt, since he cites the reference ALPINO, LINNAEUS AND CRETE 147 muticus. 6. HYOSCYAMUS foliis p€tiolatis ovatis acutangulij, calycibus tnuticis, brafteii indivtfs. Hyofcyamus albus zgyptius. Alp. exit. 193. .-. 191? Habitat in ./Egypto, Arabia, g. Caulis pedalij, crtffitit digiti , tretlm, fere tiufculies , Jnbptibefct as : Ramis axtllanbus, brevioribut. Folia altcrna, fctitlata, evata, obt*)t finuata^ actttim u- tr'mtfue viatig^tlata, acuta, Ittvia, iiitegtrrimt, pai- lefeetitia : Petiolis pttbefcentii>6f. Floralia fvli* fub- pftiolata, ovata f. tvato - o'flong a , integra, alt ernis floribus bin a, *lttr»is folitaria. Raccmus ficundut of ice i»cxrvito. Calyx camfAtt*lat» - inftmdikttii- Jtrmii , fuinfuefidui : l*d*iit Utt*fc*t'n , tainimeqtte ffi no/is, CorolU calyce pan la lo»?tor , MOM vetf ta- titr, fubcampaMulata^ amnqutfrla: laciniis 3 fupe- riorttuj latioribuj ; mfcrtoribm i ntinonbus , fro- fuxdc fffarttif, (oltr corolht frimutn txtut viri- d'ts , demum a\btdut\ tutus atropxrfurcus , laciniis 2 albidij; ultimo corolla tot A alba immacu- Uta evadit. Stamina f dec! in at a. fuffurea, ctrolU fault 'longtora. Piftillnm Jong tut , 'dtcltnatum. H. U. with a question mark. The only extant original element for this name appears to be Alpine's figure, which is indeed recognizable as a species of Hyoscyamus, but is stylized if intended to depict H. muticus. (The calyx is too short in relation to the corolla-tube and the spikes are insufficiently dense.) The figure is here designated as the lectotype of H. muticus (Fig. 18), and the following specimen as the epitype: Plantae Sinaiticae, ex Herb. Postian. apud Colleg. Syriens. Protest., Hyoscyamus muticus L., Suez to Wadi Sudr, 28 February 1883, No. 106 (BM) (Fig. 19). 7. 'Cassabel Darriza', p. 195, fig. p. 194. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 8. 'Mosch, idest, Bamia Muschata', p. 197, fig. p. 196. S.: Hibiscus abelmoschus L. (currently Abelmoschus moscha- tus Medik.) Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the synonymy of Hibiscus foliis peltato-cordatis septemangulari- bus serratis hispidis in Flora zeylanica (1747: 119) and Hortus upsaliensis (1748: 206), but appears not to cite it explicitly in any of his other works, although he includes both the Flora zeylanica and Hortus upsaliensis names in the protologue of Hibiscus abelmoschus in Species plantarum (1753: 696). 9. 'Hypomaratrum spherocephalum', p. 199, fig. p. 198. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 10. 'Brassica Spinosa', p. 201, fig. p. 200. S.: Bunias spinosa Turra (currently Zilla spinosa (Turra) Prantl). Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the synonymy of Bunias spinosa in Mantissa plantarum (11 61 a: 96). Various authors have wrongly attributed this binomial to Linnaeus. Its first valid publication is by Turra in Farsetia plantae genus: 11 (1765), and not Linnaeus in Mantissa plantarum, where explicit reference to Turra is given. There appear to be three extant original elements for Bunias spinosa: the Alpino figure and figures captioned 'Brassica spinosa' in Bauhin, Prodromus theatri botanici: 54 3. Bunias ( fpinofa ) filiculis ovato-acutis, ramis fpinofis florifcris. Braflica fpinofa. Baxh. pin. in. prodr. 54. /. S4-* Bfl"^- h'fl- »-/>-83$-* •Raj. htfl. i. p. 797. Alp. exot. 101. t. zoo. * Habitat in JEgypto^ tn Ethiopia^ in Syria & in Judxa. Celeb. Donati femina ex /Egypto in Italian mifit anno 1761. Planta cubitalis, ramdfa, glabra. Folia petiolata, lanccolata, fubdentata, altcrna , glauca . Rami lubnudi fpinis decompofitis terminal!. Flares fparfi, iari, folitarii, fubrubri. Fruflus ovato-acuminati . Folia comeduntur in jCgypto uti Braflica olcracca. (1620)! and Bauhin, Cherler & Chabrey, Historia plantarum universalis 2: 835 (1651)! The Bauhin figures are identical, though one is reversed, and depict a sterile plant which cannot with any certainty be referred to Zilla spinosa. The Alpino figure is a much better likeness, and is here desig- nated as the lectotype of Bunias spinosa (Fig. 20), with the following specimen as the epitype since the detail shown in the flowers is poor: Egypt, Zilla spinosa (Turra) Prantl, Suez, Wadi Iseili, tributary c. 24 km E. of Katamiya observatory, 13 June 1964, Osborn s.n. [ex Chicago Natural History Museum] (BM) (Fig. 21). 11. 'Sideritis Sambuci folia', p. 203, fig. p. 202. S.: Scrophularia sambucifolia L. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the synonymy of Scrophularia sambucifolia L. in Species plan- tarum 2nd ed. (1763: 865), but not in the protologue of that name in the first edition (1753: 620-621). 12. 'Scabiosa Centauroides', p. 205, fig. p. 204. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the synonymy of Scabiosa corollulis quadrifidis, foliis pinnatis, pinnis lanceolatis serratis in Hortus diffortianus (1738: 30), but appears not to cite it explicitly in any of his other works, although he includes the Hortus diffortianus name in the protologue of Scabiosa alpina L. (currently Cephalaria alpina (L.) Roem. & Schult.) in Species plantarum (1753: 98). 13. 'Linaria semper virens', p. 207, fig. p. 206. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 14. 'Borago echioides', p. 209, fig. p. 208. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 15. 'Laserpitium', p. 211, fig. p. 210. S.: Ferula assa-foetida L. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 16. 'Lotus Aegyptia', p. 214, fig. p. 213; 'Loti Aegyptiae, quatuor prima folia, florem totum claudentia', fig. p. 216; 'Flos Loti Aegyptiae medijs foliolis arcuum modo inflexis', fig. p. 218; 'Flos Loti Aegyptiae folijs expansis ad natu- ralem fere magnitudinem', fig. p. 220; 'Loti Aegyptiae caput, in quo semina continentur', fig. p. 222; 'Loti Aegyptiae folium integrum', fig. p. 224; 'Loti Aegyptiae Radix', fig. p. 226. S.: Nymphaea lotus L. 148 N.J. TURLAND * +* A, - fe O *, S «< 2 o . - on ^ ALPINO, LINNAEUS AND CRETE 149 * ^s ft. § o o 150 N.J.TURLAND Comments: Linnaeus includes all the Alpino elements except the figure captioned 'Loti Aegyptiae folium integrum' (page 224) in the protologue of Nymphaea lotus L. in Species plantarum (1753: 511). The lectotype of N. lotus is the figure captioned 'Lotus Aegyptia' on page 213 of Alpino, desig- nated as such by Verdcourt (1989: 179). 17. 'Colocassia macroriza, idest longae Radicis', p. 231, fig. p. 230. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 18. 'Colocassia Strogyloriza, idest rotundae radlcis', p. 237, fig. p. 236. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 19. 'Sinapi Marinum Aegyptium', p. 251, fig. p. 250. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 20. 'Marum Aegyptiorum', p. 253, fig. p. 252. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 21. 'Cardus minima', p. 255, fig. p. 254. S.: Acarna cancellata (L.) All. (currently Atractylis cancellata L.) B. & S.: Atractylis cancellata L. 4, ATRACTYLIS involucris cancellatis ventricofis li- nearlbus dciuatis, calycibus o van's, tioribus flofcu- lofis. Atra&ylis foliis linearibus dentatis, calycibus conuimi- tibus. Hon. cliff. 395". Roy. lugdb. 137. Acarna capitulis globotis. Baub. pin. 579. Eryngium parvum pal marc, foliis Icrratts. MorifJj'tft. j. p. 1 66. /. 7. t. J6. /. 1 6. Carduus parvus. Baub. bifl. 3. p. 93. Raj. bift. 316. Carduus minimus. Alp. exot. 15-4. Habitat in Hifpanix, Siciliz, Cretsc agris. 0 Rcceptaculum tc&xm palets coalitis. Pappus //*»»«/*/, toft qujifi mtiHopbyllos fub fiorefc entia , eoroUnJis ioit- gior. LaffltHg. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Atractylis cancellata in Species plantarum (1753: 830). The plant depicted is stylized, but may indeed be A. cancellata. The other six extant original elements for the name appear to be specimens in Herb. Linn. No. 971.5 (LINN), Herb. Linn. No. 333.5 (S), Herb. Clifford: 395, Atractylis No. 1 (BM) and Herb, van Royen, Leiden No. 900,143-160 (L), and the figures captioned 'Carduus parvus' in Bauhin, Cherler & Chabrey, Historia plantarum universalis 3: 93 (1651) and 'Eryngium parvum foliis serratis, Nobis. Carduus parvus, I.E.' in Morison, Plantarum historiae univer- salis oxoniensis 3: s. 7, t. 36, f. 16 (1699). The specimen in the Clifford Herbarium agrees with the current usage of A. cancellata, is of good quality, with several capitula, and is here designated as the lectotype (Fig. 22) by Dr D.P. Petit (Universite de Limoges). Alavi (1983: 212) designated a specimen in Herb. Linn. No. 971.4 (LINN). However, this specimen was received by Linnaeus from Allioni in 1757, and cannot, therefore, have any relevance as an original element for a name published in 1753. For this reason, Alavi's typification is ineffective. 22. 'Hysopus Graecorum tempore hyemali', p. 257, fig. p. 256; 'Hyssopus Graecorum, tempore hyemali', fig. p. 258. L.: 'Clinopodium creticum fruticosum, foliis lanceolatis. T. cor. 12' [on p. 256]. Comments: Neither the Alpino element nor the Tournefort polynomial in Linnaeus's annotation appears to be men- tioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 23. 'Nigella alba, flore simplici', p. 261, fig. p. 260. B. & S.: Nigella sativa L. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the synonymy of Nigella petalis subtricuspidatis foliis subpilosis in Hortus upsaliensis (1748: 154), but does not appear to cite it explicitly in any of his other works, although he includes the Hortus upsaliensis name in the protologue of Nigella sativa in Species plantarum (1753: 534). The plant depicted by Alpino certainly appears to a species of Nigella, but there are insufficient diagnostic features shown to enable full identifica- tion. 24. 'Ranunculus creticus, echinatus latifolius', p. 263. fig. p. 262. S.: Ranunculus muricatus L. B. & S.: Ranunculus muricatus L. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the synonymy of Ranunculus seminibus aculeatis, foliis simplici- bus palmatis incisis in Hortus upsaliensis (1748: 157), under the unnamed var. p, and in the synonymy of Ranunculus muricatus L. in Species plantarum 2nd ed. (1762: 780), but not in the protologue of that name in the first edition (1753: 555), although the Hortus upsaliensis name is cited there. The plant depicted by Alpino is somewhat stylized, but the only known Cretan species of Ranunculus it can possibly be is R. muricatus. 25. 'Chinopodium Creticum', p. 265, fig. p. 264. S.: Satureja graeca L. B. & S.: Micromeria graeca (L.) Benth. ex Rchb. (currently Satureja graeca}. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Satureja graeca in Species plantarum (1753: 568). The plant depicted by Alpino may indeed be a species of Satureja, but it shows insufficient diagnostic characters to establish its identity with a particular species, and 5. graeca is anyway only doubtfully present in Crete. The lectotype is a specimen in Herb. Linn. No. 723.4 (LINN), designated as such by Morales Valverde (1991: 143). The Linnaean annota- tion of this specimen is confusing and the relevance of the material as an original element for 5. graeca is not immedi- ately apparent. Linnaeus has written 'Satureja' at the top of the sheet, '10 montana' at the bottom and, on the reverse, 'Clinopodium creticum. Alp. exot. 265' and 'Calamintha cretica, angusto folio oblongo. T. 194'. The number '10' ought to refer to a species of Satureja in Species plantarum, ALPINO, LINNAEUS AND CRETE 151 •a as s ? SlU 152 but evidently does not, since only nine are included there. The inclusion of the Alpino polynomial and reference on the reverse of the sheet provide the link with S. graeca, to which the specimen clearly belongs taxonomically; it is definitely not S. montana L., which was also first published in Species plantarum (loc. cit.). The second polynomial on the reverse of the sheet is from Tournefort (1700: 194), but is not cited by Linnaeus in the protologue of either S. graeca or S. montana, and does not appear to be explicitly cited in any of his other works. 26. 'Rubea Argentea', p. 267, fig. p. 266. B. & S.: indet. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The figure appears to depict a member of the Rubiaceae, but is too stylized to allow identification even to the rank of genus. 27. 'Trifolium Corniculatum Creticum', p. 269, fig. p. 268 ['264']. S.: Lotus edulis L. B. &S.: Lotus edulis L. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the synonymy of Lotus edulis in Systema naturae 12th ed. (17676: 504), but not in the protologue of that name in Species plantarum (1753: 774), or in synonymy in the second edition (1763: 1090). The plant depicted by Alpino is a good likeness of L. edulis. 28. 'Trifolium falcatum', p. 271 ['257'], fig. p. 270 ['256']. B. & S.: Hymenocarpus circinnatus (L.) Savi Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The figure obviously depicts Hymenocarpus circinnatus. 29. 'Melilotus quaedam Cretica', p. 273, fig. p. 272 ['260']. B. &S.: Lotus edulis L. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The figure certainly appears to depict a Lotus, but there are insufficient diagnostic features shown to enable full identification. 30. 'Trifolium Vesicarium', p. 275, fig. p. 274. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 31. 'Scorzonera illirica', p. 277, fig. p. 276. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 32. 'Ebenus Cretica', p. 279, fig. p. 278. S.: Anthyllis cretica (L.) Lam. (currently Ebenus cretica L.) B. & S.: Ebenus cretica L. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Ebenus cretica in Species plantarum (1753: 764). The figure is stylized, but is recognizable as E. cretica. The lectotype is a specimen in Herb. Linn. No. 929.1 N.J. TURLAND (LINN), designated as such by Turland (1993: 44). 33 'lacea maxima', p. 282, fig. p. 281. S.: Centaurea babylonica (L.) L. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the synonymy of Serratula babylonica L. in Species plantarum 2nd ed. (1763: 1148-1149), but not in the protologue of that name in Systema naturae 10th ed. (1759a: 1199). He trans- ferred the species to the genus Centaurea in Mantissa plan- tarum altera (1771: 460). 34. 'Scordotis', p. 284, fig. p. 283. L.: 'Cataria cretica humilis scordioides. Tournef. cor. 13.' / 'Scordium alterum lanuginosius verticillatum. C.B. 248'. S.: Nepeta scordotis L. B. & S.: Scutellaria sieberi Benth. i57.NEPETA(&0rrfo///) foliis cordatls obtufw, floribus verticilUtis. Scordium alterum hnuginofiu* verticillatum. Baub, pin. 24$. Scordotis. Alp, fxot. 284. t. 2$}. C/i//. bifp. 2. p. 312. Habitat in Greta. Miller. 24. Planta p-edalis. Caulis pilofus. Folia oppofita, petiolata, jcordata, obtufa, crenata, rugofa, tomentofa, crafliufcu- la. Floras verticillati. Brattct lanceolatae,ered*,pl- lofos, longitudihe calycis. Calyces pilofi. Lorollc al- bse : Labro conoavo crenato pundis purpurafcenti- bus. Filamenta fubincarnata. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Nepeta scordotis in Centuria II (1756: 20), together with the Bauhin polynomial in his annotation. The plant depicted by Alpino is stylized and a poor likeness of N. scordotis, but is certainly not Scutellaria sieberi, as Baldacci and Saccardo suggest. The only other extant original ele- ments for N. scordotis appear to be specimens in Herb. Linn. No. 726.23 and No. 726.24 (LINN!). The former specimen is in agreement with the current usage of N. scordotis, but is generally smaller and less densely villous than more recent specimens from Crete which have been examined at BM. This is probably a result of its having been grown in cultiva- tion in the botanic garden at Uppsala, as indicated by Linnaeus's annotation 'HU' (for Hortus Upsaliensis) on the sheet. The latter specimen is clearly not N. scordotis, as currently understood, and is most probably referable to either N. italica L. or a species in the N. sibthorpii Benth. complex. Therefore, the specimen in Herb. Linn. No. 726.23 (LINN) is here designated as the lectotype of N. scordotis (Fig. 23). The type indication by Siddiqi (1985: 96) does not constitute valid lectotypification, since both sheets in the Linnaean Herbarium are referred to as 'type'. 35. 'Staebe plantaginis folio', p. 287, fig. p. 286. S.: Catananche lutea L. B. & S.: Catananche lutea L. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Catananche lutea in Species plantarum (1753: 812-813). The figure is a good likeness of C. lutea, and is only slightly stylized in that the capitula are too small. The ALPINO, LINNAEUS AND CRETE lectotype is a specimen in Herb. Linn. No. 961.3 (LINN), designated as such by Alavi (1983: 326). 36. 'Maru Creticum', p. 289, fig. p. 288. L.: 'Majorana cretica, origani folio, villosa, saturejae odore, flore purpurascente. T. cor. 13.' S.: Origanum maru L. (currently O. syriacum L.) B. & S.: indet. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Origanum maru in Species plantarum 2nd ed. (1763: 825), together with the Tournefort polynomial in his annotation. The plant depicted by Alpino indeed appears to be a species of Origanum, but not O. syriacum, which is not known to occur in Crete. Its general appearance and Alpino's statement 'flosculi purpurei' eliminate all Cretan species except O. microphyllum (Benth.) Vogel, of which it is a good likeness. The lectotype of O. maru is a specimen in Herb. Linn. No. 743.12 (LINN), designated as such by letswaart (1980: 88), who simultaneously (op. cit.: 87) designated it as the type of O. syriacum, which was first published by Linnaeus in Species plantarum (1753: 590). The specimen is indeed relevant original material for O. maru, but not for O. syriacum, since Linnaeus's annotation of the sheet merely consists of the name 'Maru'. letswaart's error was pointed out by Harley (1982: 86). 37. 'Saxiphraga altera', p. 292, fig. p. 291. S.: Saponaria cretica L. (currently Petrorhagia cretica (L.) P.W. Ball & Heywood). B. & S.: Tunica cretica (L.) Fisch. & C.A. Mey. (currently Petrorhagia cretica) . Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Saponaria cretica in Species plantarum 2nd ed. (1762: 584-585). The plant depicted is stylized and not clearly recognizable as belonging to the Caryophyllaceae, and any- way Petrorhagia cretica is not known to occur in Crete. The lectotype is a specimen in Herb. Linn. No. 580.4 (LINN), designated as such by Davis (1956: 164). 38. 'Galium Montanum alterum', p. 294, fig. p. 293. L.: 'Cruciata cretica fruticosa, fl. albo. Tournef. cor. 4.' Comments: Neither the Alpino element nor the Tournefort polynomial in Linnaeus's annotation appears to be men- tioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 39. 'Canapis lutea Cretica ex loanne Pona', p. 296, fig. p. 295; 'Cannabis lutea fertiljs Contareni', fig. p. 298; 'Canabis Lutea sterilis Contareni', fig. p. 300. L.: 'Cannabina cretica fructifera. Tourn. cor. 52' [on p. 295]; 'Cannabina cretica fructifera. T. cor. 52.' [on p. 298]; 'Cannabina cretica florifera. T. cor. 52.' [on. p. 300]. S.: Datisca cannabina L. [pp. 295, 298 & 300]. B. & S.: indet. [p. 295]; Datisca cannabina L. [pp. 298 & 300]. Comments: Linnaeus includes all three Alpino elements in the protologue of Datisca cannabina L. in Species plantarum (1753: 1037). He cites the Tournefort polynomial Cannabina cretica florifera, from his annotation, in the synonymy of Cannabina foliis pinnatis in Hortus cliff ortianus (1738: 57), 153 I. DATISCA caule Iscvi. Q**aUn*. Cannabis foliis pinnatis. Hort. cliff. 45-7. R9y. lngdb. in. Cannabis latea fertilis. Alp. exot. 300. t. 108. Morlf. bift. 3. f. 43*- jf. 8. *. if. /. 4. Luteola herba Itenlis. Bank. fi*. 100. Cannabis latea cretica. Alf. exot. 296. t. 19;. Cannabis lutea fterilis. A If. exot. 301 . /. 300. Lutcola herba foliis cannabinis. Batik, fin. 100. Habitat in Greta. * but does not appear to cite it explicitly in any of his other works, although the Hortus cliffortianus name is included in the protologue of D. cannabina. Linnaeus seems accidentally to have transposed the Tournefort polynomials in his annota- tions on pages 298 and 300: in Tournefort (1703: 52), Alpino's Cannabis lutea, fertilis Contareni is cited as a syn- onym of Cannabina cretica florifera, while Alpino's Cannabis lutea, sterilis Contareni is cited under Cannabis cretica fruc- tifera. The plant depicted by Alpino on page 295 is stylized but recognizable as a fruiting female individual of D. canna- bina. That on page 298 is a poor likeness of a flowering shoot of a male plant, while that on page 300 is a much better likeness of a flowering shoot of a female plant. The three other extant original elements for D. cannabina appear to be specimens in Herb. Linn. No. 1196.1 (LINN!) and Herb. Clifford: 457, Cannabis No. 2 (BM!), and the figure cap- tioned 'Cannabis lutea fertilis Contareni Prosp. Alp. de exot.' in Morison, Plantarum historiae universalis oxoniensis 3: s. 11, t. 25, f. 3 (1699)! Morison's figure is clearly copied from that of Alpino on page 300. As potential choices of lectotype, the two specimens not only agree with the current usage of the name, but show more of the diagnostic features than any of the four figures. Each specimen consists of part of a flowering shoot from a male plant: that in the Linnaean Herbarium is a median section, with racemes borne in the axils of pinnate leaves, while that in the Clifford Herbarium is the apical part, with fascicles of flowers borne in the axils of reduced, simple leaves. The specimen in the Linnaean Her- barium is more clearly recognizable as D. cannabina and is, therefore, here designated as the lectotype (Fig. 24). 40. 'Tithymalus Spinosus Creticus', p. 303, fig. p. 302. B. & S.: Euphorbia acanthothamnos Heldr. & Sart. ex Boiss. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The plant depicted is greatly stylized, but is recognizable as Euphorbia acanthothamnos. 41. 'Oenanthe Stellata Cretica', p. 305, fig. p. 304. B. &S.: indet. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The figure may be a greatly stylized depiction of the variable Oenanthe pimpinelloides L. Certainly the leaves and fusiform root-tubers agree with that species. 42. 'Trifolium Clipeatum argenteum', p. 307, fig. p. 306. S.: Trifolium clypeatum L. B. & S.: Trifolium argenteum L. (see below). Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Trifolium clypeatum in Species plantarum (1753: 769-770). The plant depicted is a good likeness of a 154 N.J. TURLAND o u D. ALPINO, LINNAEUS AND CRETE 155 If, TRIFOLIUMfpicis oVatis, cglycibus patulis : ia- cinia infima maxima lanccohta, fojiolis ovatis. H»rt. cliff. 373. * Roy. /*/<#. 377. Trifolium clypeatum argcnteum.^//».*jro/. 307.*. 306. Habitat in Onente. 0 fruiting plant of T. clypeatum, which apparently has not been recorded from Crete since the early nineteenth century (cf. Rechinger, 1943: 365). Baldacci and Saccardo's determina- tion is presumably an error, since there appears to be no such name as Trifolium argenteum L. The only other extant original element for T. clypeatum appears to be a specimen in Herb. Linn. No. 930.41 (LINN!). This material agrees with the current usage of the name and, since it exhibits more characters than the figure, is here designated as the lectotype (Fig. 25). Zohary (1972: 262) stated of the species Typus: Hb. Cliff. 373', an ambiguous statement which could be interpreted as referring to Linnaeus's Trifolium spicis ovatis, calycibus patulis: lacinia infima maxima, foliis petiolatis or Trifolium No. 4 in Hortus cliffortianus (1738: 373). There exists a specimen in the Clifford Herbarium at BM which is purported to correspond to this name, but there is nothing in the annotation on the sheet to form such a link, so it is very doubtful that the specimen has any relevance as an original element for T. clypeatum. For this reason, Zohary's state- ment cannot be regarded as constituting effective typification. Even if the specimen were relevant, it would be a most unfortunate choice of lectotype, since it does not agree with the current usage of the name and belongs instead to the related T. scutatum Boiss. 43. 'Caucalis Lusitanica', p. 309, fig. p. 308. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 44. 'Echium nigrum flore elegant!', p. 311, fig. p. 310. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 45. 'lacea Hispanica', p. 313, fig. p. 312. L.: 'Cyanus hispanicus, fl. dilute caeruleo. T. inst. 446.' Comments: Neither the Alpino element nor the Tournefort polynomial in Linnaeus's annotation appears to be men- tioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 46. 'Hedysarum argenteum', p. 315, fig. p. 314. S.: Coronilla globosa Lam. (currently Securigera globosa (Lam.) Lassen). B. & S.: Coronilla globosa Lam. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. The plant depicted is obviously a member of the Fabaceae, but there are insufficient diagnostic characters shown to enable identification even to the rank of genus. 47. 'Marrubium Hispanicum', p. 317, fig. p. 316. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 48. 'Sisum', p. 319, fig. p. 318. Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 49. 'Buphtalmum peregrinum', p. 321, fig. p. 320. S.: Chrysanthemum trifurcatum Desf. (currently Leucanthe- mopsis trifurcata (Desf.) Alavi). Comments: The Alpino element appears not to be mentioned in any of Linnaeus's works. 50. 'Quinque folium siliquosum', p. 323, fig. p. 322. L.: 'Sinapistrum aegyptiacum heptaphyllum, flore carneo majus spinosum. T. inst. 231.' S.: Cleome pentaphylla L. (currently C. gynandra L.) Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the synonymy of Cleome floribus gynandris in Flora zeylanica (1747: 108), but does not appear to cite it explicitly in any of his other works. He includes the Flora zeylanica name in the protologue of C. gynandra L. in Species plantarum (1753: 671), and in the synonymy of C. pentaphylla in Species plantarum 2nd ed. (1763: 938), but not in the protologue of the latter name in Flora jamaicensis (17596: 18). He includes the polynomial in his annotation, ascribed to Hermann and Sloane but not Tournefort, in the protologue of C. hepta- phylla L. in Species plantarum 2nd ed. (1763: 937-938). 51. 'Hyosciamus Virginianus' , p. 325, fig. p. 324. S.: Oenothera biennis L. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the synonymy of Oenothera biennis in Species plantarum 2nd ed. (1762: 492), but not in the protologue of that name in the first edition (1753: 346). 52. 'Bellis Spinosa', p. 327, fig. p. 326. S.: Balsamita ageratifolia Desf., nom. illegit. (currently Plagius flosculosus (L.) Alavi & Heywood). fiofcuhfar.. I4 CHRYSANTHEMUM flofculis omnibus unifor- mibus hcrv»aphr»ditis. Hon. cliff. 417. Roy.lugdb. 174. Bellis major fpinofa, pctalis carcns f. nuda. Morif. blfl. l.p.Xj.f. 6. /. y. /. 16. Bellis 1'f'inoia, tolas agerati. Baub. ptu. 201. Bellis fpiitofa. Alf. exot. 317. f. 316. Habitat in Atrica. Comments: Linnaeus includes the Alpino element in the protologue of Chrysanthemum flosculosum L. in Species plantarum (1753: 890). The other extant original elements for this name appear to be specimens in Herb. Clifford: 417, Chrysanthemum No. 6 (BM!) and Herb. Burser XIV(2): 81 (UPS-microfiche!), as well as the figure captioned 'Bellis major spinosa petalis carens siue nuda, nobis. Bellis spinosa Prosp. Alp.' in Morison, Plantarum historiae universalis oxoniensis 3: s. 6, t. 9, f. 16 (1699)! Although these elements all agree with the current usage of the name, the specimens exhibit more of the diagnostic features than either of the figures, which are somewhat stylized. The specimen in the Burser Herbarium consists of three separate fragments: two sterile leafy shoots and a single flowering shoot bearing only a few capitula. That in the Clifford Herbarium consists of a flowering shoot with few leaves but several capitula and 156 N.J.TURLAND