1 i mam DIPLECTRUM FORMOSUM (Linnaeus). Squirrel-fish, fMxm mmm mmsm& TAUTOGA ONITIS (Linnaeus). Tautog. Tautog ; Oyster-fish (N. C.), Bull. U. S. F. C. 1891. Fisheries of the South Atlantic States. (To face page 356.) PLATE LXIV Bull. U. S. F. C. 1891. Fisheries of the South Atlantic States. (To face page 356.) Kate LXV. IlpP^ H/EMULON PLUMIERI (Lacepede), Common grunt ; Black grunt. Grunt ; Black grunt (S. C.) ma m % . S . H/EMULON R I MATOR Jordan and Swain. Red-mouthed grunt. Grunt; Flannel-mouthed grunt (Fla.) Bull. U. S. F. C. 1891. Fisheries of the South Atlantic States, (To face page 356.) Plate LXVI. ARCHOSARGUS PROBATOCEPH ALUS (Walbaum). Sheepshead. DIPLODUS HOLBROOKI (Bean). Pinfish , Bream'. Pinfish ; Sailor’s choice; Spot-tailed piniish (N. C.); Ring-tailed bream (S. C.) ; Salt-water bream (S. C.). Bull. U. S. F. C. 1891. Fisheries of the South Atlantic States. (To face page 356.) Plate LXVII. STENOTOMUS C H RYSO PS (Lin naeus). Northern scup ; Porgy. Porgy. ^ STENOTOMUS ACU LEATUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Southern scup ; Porgy. Porgy. Bull. U. S. F. C. 1891. Fisheries of the South Atlantic States. (To face page 356.) Plate LXVIII. LAGODON RHOMBOIDES (Linnaeus). Sailor' s choice ; Bream : Pinfish. Robin (N. C.) : Pinfish (N. C.) ; Salt-water bream (S. C.) ; Squirrel-fish (Ga.) ; Sailor’s choice (Ga., Fla.) ; Scup (Fla.) ; Yellow-tail (Fla.) ; 1’orgy (Fla.). SPARUS PAGRUS Linnaeus. Bastard snapper (S. C.). Bull. U. S. F. C. 1891, Fisheries of the South Atlantic States. (To face page 356.) Plate LXIX. SCI/ENA OCELLATA (Linnaeus). Red drum,; Redfish. Dram; Channel bass; Red drum; Bass; Sea bass; School bass ; Reef bass ; ■ Sr^tterl l,naa ■ T?erl lman ■ Pmiw drum I rmiTif.. N. C.l : Branded drum (S. C-) ; Redhorse (Fla.). Bull. U. S. F. C. 1891. Fisheries of the South Atlantic States. (To face page 356.) Plate LXX. POGONIAS CROM IS (Linnaeus). Drum (adult). Drum; Black drum; Sea drum (N. C.). POGONIAS CROMIS tLinnaeus). Drum (youug). Drum; Striped drum ; Sea drum (N. C.). gull, U. S. F. C. 1891. Fisheries of the South Atlantic States. (To face page 356.) Plate LXXI. CYNOSCION REGALIS (Bloch and Schneider). Squeteague ; Wealcfish. Trout; Sea trout ; Salt-water trout ; Gray trout; Sun trout; Shad trout ; Deep-water trout (S. C.) ; Yellow-finned trout (S. C.) ; Black trout (S. C.). CYNOSCION NEBULOSUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Spotted squeteague ; Spotted wealcfish. Trout; Sea trout; trout (1ST. C.) ; Spotted trout (S- C.). Salmon trout ; Speckled MICROPOGON UNDULATUS (Linnaeus). Croaker. m ml m Bull. U. S. F. C. 1891. Fisheries of the South Atlantic States. (To face page 356.) Plate LXXII. MENTICIRRHUS SAXATI LIS (Bloch). Kingfish. Whiting; Sea-mink (N. C.). w MENTICIRRHUS AMERICANUS (Linnaeus). Whiting; Carolina whiting . Whiting; Sea mullet . 352. 3b2 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. The fascines, freshly prepared during the winter, are by degrees taken out during March, April, and May, and anchored in deeper water, often in clusters marked with buoys. In the early season the outgoing currents are said to be usually the most fruitful in spat, and the culturists arrange their fascines so that they may best be utilized. In May, when the spat is beginning to form in shallower water, the fascines are usually taken up, well rinsed, and, as they are now water-soaked, are suspended in the little parks as shown in the figure. It is here that the fascines get their second crusting with spat, often becoming whitened with accumulated oysters. They are allowed to remain in the better conditions for growth given by the shallower and warmer waters until late in the fall, more often until the following spring. By this time* the oysters have firmly attached themselves to the support, the shells often growing around the slender twigs of the fascine, so that they are apt to be naturally detached, even if the underlying bark has been loosened. It is not until early in the following spring that the fascines are taken ashore and deposited in huge banks, as a preliminary to weaving the ropes. The attendants now proceed to take them apart, chopping each bough with its attached oysters into twigs about 8 inches long (PI. lxxvi, Fig. 1). The oyster twigs are now deposited in baskets and are carried to the next attendant, who splices them ingeniously between the strands of rope, so that when completed the twist of the rope, together with increased weight, keeps the twigs firmly in place. Thus arranged, the rope bristles symmetrically with its oyster -bearing burden. Cargoes of these ropes are then rowed to the parks and put in place. The growing conditions of the oyster now become especially favorable. The heavily burdened ropes swing and vibrate in the currents, allowing each- oyster to escape the accumulating sediment and to secure an equal share of the volume of floating food. Their growth is certainly rapid; an oyster three-fourths of an inch in diameter in March, when suspended to the rope, hasattained by October about four times its original diameter, and has thus become marketable. Two years and a half, however, are generally allowed to pi'oduce an oyster of first grade in the Tareutine market. Another advantage the culturists claim for the rope system of culture is the ease with which the entire product of a park can be overhauled, cleared of attached ascidians, mussels, and bryozoans, and, in general (the oysters being in plain sight), guarded from more dangerous enemies. It is evident that rope culture economizes space to a wonderful degree. A single rope 14 feet in length is said to rear about 2,000 marketable oysters. The baskets, seen in the sketch, p. 360, are an essential part of the Italian method of culture. In these, stray oysters collected from the bottom, as well as grown oysters taken from the ropes during the process of overhauling, are given their final growth. Storage is thus conveniently managed, the capacity of the baskets being more or less accurately known. The baskets vary considerably in shape and size, the most usual form being loosely woven and shaped like a cheese-box. * Tlie length of time that the collections are allowed to remain in position appears to be largely dependent upon the character of the season. The collectors from deeper water that have been rinsed and placed in the parks are often added to, if the season appears promising, by fresh fascines an- chored in series and allowed to rise to within a yard or two from the surface. This degree of sub- mergence appears to have been found most favorable for set. At this depth it is certain that the attendants can most readily give them the necessary care. They are clearly seen from above, are readily secured by a cross-barred staff, brought to tlie surface, rinsed of sediment, and replaced. EUROPEAN METHODS OF OYSTER-CULTURE. 363 Another device used in giving the oysters their linal growth is a net-covered iron ring, which, often having a large diameter (5 feet), may support four or five hundred oysters. An important branch of the industry at Tarente consists in the export of seed oysters and of oysters of nearly marketable size which are intended for fattening in other localities, e. g., Fusaro. Seed from half an inch to 1 inch in diameter sold during April, 1892, for about 30 cents per 1,000. The price of oysters two years old was then about 80 cents per 100. The average number of marketable oysters produced from each fascine is said to be about 500. The total production of the Tarentine industry can hardly be stated. An estimate based upon the production of four single parks would give the annual yield at about 20,000,000. Compared with the industry at Tarente, oyster-culture in the historic parks near Naples is decidedly unimportant. A brief discussion of Fusaro and the Lucrine Lake should, however, be given as representing the best types of private industrial estab- lishments and as illustrating the tidal pond culture of Italy. They are both within a few hours’ drive from Naples, and are not over a couple of miles apart. Fusaro, the more northern, shelters under the promontory of Cumae, while Lucrinus, whose size was greatly reduced by the upheaval of Monte Nuova in 1538, is close to the Roman Bairn. The entire region is one of great interest to strangers, and the inns in the neighborhood of the oyster parks owe not a little- to those who evade Pozzuoli, hunt Roman villas, and are inclined to dine upon oysters, seriola, and falernian. Fusaro, described by Coste in 1859, had its industry destroyed about ten years later, partly from volcanic causes and partly by lack of proper cultural care. Its decadence was caused, according to M. Bouchou Brandely,* who visited Italy in 1879, (1) by the decomposition of organic accumulations which empoisoned the water; (2) by overcultivation of mussels; and (3) by excessive salinity of the water caused by the opening of the second outlet from the lake into the sea. Oyster-culture has, however, been successfully reinstated by Sr. Salvatore Milosa during the past decade. The present conditions of the lake and the methods pursued in its reestablishment are therefore of interest. Fusaro t is crescent shaped, with canals communicating with the sea at either end. It is large, about 2 miles in circumference, but shallow, averaging perhaps about 4 feet. Near the southern end, where the large hotel or Casino Beale is built, the water is deeper, shelving at points to about 2 fathoms. A greater volume of water was secured by dredging out the accumulated sediments, and has proved one of the great causes of recurring success in oyster-culture. The former shallowness of the water allowed its temperature to become excessive. The same process of clearing the basin aided the good results obtained by improving the ingress of a small fresh- water stream at the lake’s northern end. By this means it became possible to reduce the salinity of the entire water volume, a cultural advantage which was recognized even in the time of Pliny.J The water of Fusaro showed (May, 1892) a density § of 1.019 to 1.023, fresher than the neighboring sea by 5° to 9°. The temperature of a # U. S. F. C. Bull. 1890, iu reference list, No. 93, p. 48. t U. S. F. C. Bull. 1890, in reference list, Nos. 96, 236, 42, 50. Also Issel, Ostricoltura, Genova, 1882 ; Philpots’, 1. c. ; Aldieri, Dei Laglii Lucriuo, Fusaro e Mare Morto, Napoli, 1879. t Pliny ( Bk. vi) records that oysters became larger and finer in the neighborhood of river mouths, and that they decrease in size and number in deeper sea water. There can be but little doubt that the value of Lucrinus was not a little dependent upon the less salty character of its water. § Sp. gr. at northern end of lake, generally, 1.021, 79° F. ; at middle of lake, 1.021 to 1.025, 80°; at south bank, 1.019 to 1.021, 79° to 82°; sp. gr. of neighboring sea, 1.028, 78°. 364 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. shallow lake like Fusaro would, in a warm climate, tend to become excessive, but it may readily be tempered by admission of water from tlie sea gate. Warmth in general is not looked upon as a serious stumbling-block to culture;* freshened together with slightly warmer water is said, in these regions, to give the oyster its best conditions for rapid growth. The industry at Fusaro is represented in the branches of seed collecting, oyster- growing, and fattening. The processes are practically those of Tarente. The water surface is broken with projecting stakes, especially numerous in the deeper part of the basin in the neighborhood of the pavilion (PI. lxxv, Fig. 2). These are connected with a web of ropes supporting the fascines and baskets. About a thousand newly made fascines are annually brought into use and suspended in favorable spots for col- lecting, while those of the preceding year are removed and put in place in neighboring parts of the lake. The shallowness of the water renders unnecessary the weaving of the oyster-bearing ropes of Tarente. At points along the bottom may still be seen the little pyramids of stone recorded and figured by Coste. These do not appear to be regarded at the present day as valuable collectors. The management of Fusaro as a closed lake at the time of ' the spawning of the oyster has been only partly suc- cessful. The “mother oysters” are introduced in the early spring in the deeper water, but it has not apparently been possible to retain the spat-laden water in the sense that it had been retained at Breneguy.t Higher temperature has doubtless its effect in rendering it necessary to renew the water frequently,! and during the latter part of May and the commencement of June, 1892, the water supply was renewed twice daily, allowing a large portion of the fry to escape. There can be little doubt that the problem in Fusaro is to study how long the water may be retained without endangering its oysters, the length of time appearing to be in direct propor- tion to the amount of collected spat. The surface area of Fusaro is not a small one, its depth is not great, and in favorable weather it would not be unreasonable to expect that natural aeration would allow the retention of the water for as long a time perhaps as several weeks. Further expriments in this direction appear to be needed. The effects of seasons are extremely varying, and there can be little doubt that the time of fixation of the spat may, under the best conditions, prove as brief as sev- eral hours, although the idea given by Coste that the young tend to settle immediately in the neighborhood of the parent (e. g., attaching to circumarranged stakes) was long since shown to be untenable. Spat-collection is extremely irregular in Fusaro and the Lucrine Lake, and if one is to be guided by the suspicions of rival proprietors, a large part of their industry consists simply in elevage , the seed being brought from Tarente. The rearing of the oyster is conducted economically. The oyster is allowed to remain upon the fascine until it is almost of marketable size, the base of the shell often becondng not a little roughened by its long contact with the wood of the fascine. In PI. lxxviii, Fig. 1, will be seen a rearranged fascine showing oysters of a second year’s growth. Oysters that become attached are usually collected and put for final growth in suspended baskets similar to those of Tarente. The French caisse of wire gauze, which would seem of great advantage here, does not appear to be employed. The Lucrine Lake, although smaller than Fusaro, is of great interest from a cul- tural standpoint. Its establishment is carefully organized and maintained; its sea wall forms the highway to Naples; its heavy floodgate renews the water through a * Bonclion-Brandely, loc. c it., p. 52, wlio records a temperature of 24° C. t U. S. F. C. Bull., 1890, p. 372. f Especially (luring the time of the dreaded hot winds. EUROPEAN METHODS OF OYSTER-CULTURE. 365 massive sluiceway projecting into the sea. (PI. lxxvii, Fig. 2.) The present estab- lishment would rival in quality, if not in size, its predecessor, famous in imperial Borne. Monte Nuova, which sprang up in 1538, is supposed to have greatly reduced the ex- tent of the lake and destroyed its ancient prosperity by volcanic ejections. Lucrinus is rich in its associations, and is even to-day in the possession of the family of Pollio, which has long held the property, and may represent the Roman Pollio, whose villa, with accompanying collections of ceramics and slave-fed murcenas was undoubtedly iu the immediate neighborhood. Like Fusaro, Lucrinus has its waters perceptibly freshened, but its salinity can be better regulated. At one end of the lake a small canal leads a few hundred feet to a cir- cular pond practically of fresh water, fed by bubbling hot springs (temperature as emerg- ing, 104° F., sp. gr. 1.004); this is connected with a second basin of a bubbling spring (sp. gr. 1.010 at 00°) of slightly greater salinity. To these sources of freshened water should be added a deep spring in the neighborhood of the ateliers (PI. lxxvii, Fig. 1). Lucrinus has but a single disadvantage iu that its small size restricts its cultural limits, its extent being but about 10 acres. Proportionately its depth is greater than Fusaro, its basin shelving gradually to about 16 feet, and the bottom is less muddy, consisting mainly of tufa and sand. Its waters have a density of 1.0225 to 1.0245 at 79° to 80° F. Its temperature was the same as that of Fusaro, its greater depth and its constant communication with the outer water tending doubtless to maintain a greater uniform- ity in this respect. In the winter season the influence of the hot springs becomes of great service, favoring the growth both of the oyster and of its vegetable food. The proprietor of the lake, Oav. Domenico Pollio, favors the continuous introduction of sea water. The fall of tide (20 to 30 cm.) is sufficient to allow a proportion of water to pass out and to be replaced. This system has its effect doubtless in preventing the water volume from becoming either too fresh or too warm, and indeed the amount of the incurrent fresh water would render it decidedly dangerous to close the floodgates for any considerable time. It is, therefore, not remarkable that spat-collectiug has never been permanently regulated. The yearly success has remained dependent upon favor- able conditions of season, i. e., a season producing a sudden and complete spawning, shortening the embryo’s swimming stage, and reducing thereby the chances of the escape of the fry through the sluiceway.* Culture is carried on by the usual method. The stakes, seen in PI. lxxvii, Fig. 1, support a mesliwork of ropes bearing fascines and baskets. Collectors of all varieties are brought into play, bunches of tiles roughly fastened together, and flat stones even being often included. Elevage is doubtless the cultural strength of Lucrinus, and the flattened wickerwork trays filled with half and full grown oysters are suspended at every possible point of support. The growth appears to be phenomenally rapid ; a second year is said to be sufficient to produce an oyster 3.1 inches in diameter. The Genoese oyster ( O.plicata ) is occasionally produced, being known here as the Ostra reale , and is exquisite in color and flavor. Other shellfish are naturally abundant in the basin, the vongala [Tapes) being of especial commercial value. The fish supply entering daily from the sluiceway during the falling tide is often of considerable value. The seriola, suggestive of Roman dinners, is especially abundant here. The straw runway which allows fish to enter and not to escape, will be noticed in PI. lxxvii, Fig. 1, photographed from the bridge over the sluiceway. * Granting that an embryo would have a greater chance of escape in 48 hours than in 4 hours. 366 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Before passing from Italy mention should be made of the oyster park in Naples near the Gastello del Ovo, and the Santa Lnccia. The former, checquered off with stakes and ropes, suggests a diminutive Tareute. Neapolitan oysters, however, have been brought to thrive where the water is not of the purest, aud are therefore regarded with suspicion. Several cases of typhoid fever are recorded that appear to have been traced to this source. OYSTER-CULTURE IN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Two difficulties have stood in the way of developing oyster-culture in Spain. An extended seacoast has allowed local demand to be satisfied without recourse to arti- ficial methods, and inconveniences in the matter of transportation into the interior of the country have prevented or retarded the development of regions where culture would naturally have become profitable. There is little in the way of technical devices to be learned from the study of the Spanish oyster-production, and in the present con- nection it will be of little value to discuss the matter at length. The chief localities which carry on production for the market of Madrid are Santander and Coruna. Both are on the northern coast, the latter near the northeastern part of the peninsula in the region of Gape Finisterre. At these points oyster-culture has been introduced after the French method. The oyster industry in Spain is undergoing the same evolution that it has had in France. The northern coast, in its deep cut and rock-built bays, has provided shelter for a large number of small, but very rich natural oyster banks. Such, for example, was that of San Nicolas de Neda, about 20 miles from Coruna, which was recorded in 1870 as having an extent of 2 square miles, or that of San Martin de Noya, 50 miles from Coruna, smaller, but exceedingly rich. These have been little protected by legislative measures and have been ruthlessly dredged, even by those who should have been their guardians. Their condition has finally become such that the market price of the oyster has become high enough (advancing within twenty years from 2 cents to $2 per 100) to insure the profitableness of artificial culture. The only reason, it is said, why the natural banks have not been entirely exterminated has been the rocky nature of the bays, which has hindered dredging. The demand for oysters in the French ports seems to have been the first incentive to overdredging. The present need of Spanish oyster-culture is that of quick and low-priced trans- portation, which will place fresh oysters in the city markets at a not unreasonable price. By this means artificial culture will become more profitable. Spain is not wanting in industrial establishments. One, for example, in the bay of Lloregat, is well appointed and of considerable interest; unique, certainly, in making use of a windmill to renew the water of its high ponds. At Santander there is an establish- ment of the type of Arcachon, where case culture is carried on; in a sheltered part of the harbor the cases are arranged in rows and are rarely exposed, even at low tide; inclosures are not employed, and the cases are stout in build, supported about a yard from the bottom; growth is said to be exceptionally rapid and the oysters are usually marketed at the end of the second season. A similar establishment, about 20 miles to the eastward, has been quite successful in production. The intense saltness of the water,* sp. gr. 1.027 to 1.028 (68° F.), doubtless tends to render general production unprofitable, and the absence of thrifty beds of spawning oysters in the neighborhood U. S. F. C. Bulletin, 1890, ]>. 384. EUROPEAN METHODS OF OYSTER-CULTURE. 367 can not fail to have a similar effect. Seed oysters are accordingly imported, mainly from Arcachon, on account of cheapness. Efforts to regulate the banks after the method of M. Coste were recommended and experimented upon by M. Graells,* by royal commission, unsuccessfully. In the markets of Lisbon the only obtainable oyster is the species known generally as the Portuguese ( Ostrea angulata). This species, introduced into France a quarter of a century ago and a little later into England, has proven of great commercial importance. It is hardy, prolific, and rapid in growth, and in cheapness of produc- tion it makes undoubted amends for its poorness in quality, t As this species has long- been known to be related to the American oyster in sex character, it has seemed of interest to ascertain its native living conditions and to what degree it has been locally cultivated. The Portuguese oyster is described as occurring in river mouths along the west coast of the Spanish peninsula. It appears to attain its best conditions along the southern coast of Portugal, but may be studied not unfavorably near Lisbon in the widened mouth of the Tagus. The harbor of Lisbon is aminiature sea, a mile or more in width and half a dozen miles long, its entrance being formed by a narrows a third of a mile wide and 2 miles long. The southern shore of this sea, opposite the city, is the home of the oyster; it has shallow water, curving beaches, and incurrent freshened streams. It commences at the narrows opposite the city markets, Cacilhas, sweeps southward, then eastward, then northward, where the river begins to take upon it the tawny color of the umer depaille It would naturally seem from the constricted mouth of the river that .the water of the harbor would be considerably freshened, as it doubtless is at certain seasons, but the included water volume is so great and the sea inlet so deep that the incurrent fresh water is not apparently felt within 10 miles of the coast. Eight miles from the mouth of the Tagus the density, on October 1 to 3, 1891, continued as high as 1.0235, at 67° F, while the bulk of the water appears to average 1.0245 to 1.025 (67° F). At the Lisbon custom-house, in the current of the narrows, the density reaches 1.0264 (67° F). A gravelly shoal extends from Cacilhas, fringes the southern shore, and furnishes the site of a natural oyster bed, very favorably conditioned. The water is here shallow for a quarter of a mile off shore; the bottom is a compact crust of sand, gravel, and tawny mud, though it is often exceedingly soft below; it is usually densely carpeted with a fine ulva, not enough to stifle the oyster growth and perhaps contributing to its support as a purveyor of oyster food. From time immemorial the region has been rich in oyster production, and for years has not merely furnished the Lisbon market, but has been the center of active export. The original cargo that gave accidental origin to the Freuch-Portuguese oyster was taken from this neighborhood. The ease with which the angulata could be collected, its cheapness and hardiness during transport, have for a long time made its export considerable. An English company a dozen years ago secured a fishery franchise and supplied the English market with Anglo-Portuguese oysters, shipping them in great quantity to the grounds of the Thames estuary and there fattening them for several months. This export was continued until the company became * U. S. F. C. Bulletin, 1890, reference list, pp. 385-388, Nos. 42 a and />, 12c, p. 200; also Francisco Garcia Sola, Fisheries of Spain, Int. Fish. Exhibition, London, 1883; extract in Philpots’, p. 693; D. F. Balaguer y Primo, Cria de los Peces, de Guesta, Madrid, 1878, pp. 47 et seq. t U. S. F. C. Bull., 1890, p. 366; also in reference list, pp. 385-388, Nos. 7 d, 9 c, d, e, f, 12, 14, 37, 39, 51, 63 a, b, c, 82. 368 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. exceedingly prosperous and was, by the influence of rival merchants, deprived of its franchise. Portuguese companies have since had control of the natural ground and from lack of financial support have, for the past few years, been unable to promote the industry. The crisis in the financial condition of the Portuguese government has been in great measure responsible for this decadence, since money is readily invested at higher rates and with more speedy profits than in oyster-culture. Portuguese cultural methods have always been primitive. Cheapness of product has as yet forbidden the introduction of artificial methods of collecting the young. The spat occurs naturally and in great quantities throughout the shallow water, attaching regularly to gravel, stones, shells, and even to seaweeds, in a way quite unlike that of the more delicate French oyster. The spat growing rapidly is, after several months, collected, together with its abundant “cultch,” roughly sorted over, and sold in baskets as seed for distribution in the tracts of foreshore held in stated rental by fishermen. Culture, therefore, like our own, takes place in waters where the oysters are not seen and in general little attended to. The mean depth of water in culture is about 2 fathoms. The rise and fall of the tide (which becomes as great as 17 feet at lunar tides, averaging about 8 feet) is taken advantage of in the process of collecting the oysters, which is done altogether by hand, as far as the writer could ascertain. In the majority of instances the oysters after being raked are cleaned and taken to the market at Lisbon, where wholesale dealers arrange shipments for export. Locally, as in the United States, oysters are sold either in the shell or removed from it by bulk in fluid measure. The former are sold throughout Lisbon by itinerant venders, most picturesque and characteristic street types, tall, bronzed, bare- legged fishermen, whose cap with tas'seled end hangs down at the side of the head, should- ering a stout pole with dependent salver-like baskets. The shell-less oysters are sold more cheaply, the price averaging about 2 cents per dozen. Oysters are not highly esteemed in Portugal and their use is said to be confined mainly to the lower classes. Like the American and unlike the French oysters they are not infrequently given over to cooking. The living conditions of the Portuguese oysters have in part been already given. The water is slightly fresher* than the normal in the French localities, though by no means as fresh as that of American oyster-bearing waters. The favorable character of the bottom and the general absence of oyster enemies have allowed the culturist to scatter the oysters broadcast, without the expense of the wire-gauze cases, which have proven so necessary a part of the French industry. Some of the Portuguese conditions are curiously similar to those of the “raccoon” oysters of the southern Atlantic coast of the United States. The marginal oysters are not infrequently exposed to the air and sun heat, and the clustered condition is a usual one. This, as in South Carolina, has been largely the result of the muddy and unstable character of the marginal foreshore. The gravel and sand do not appear to be sufficiently consistent to fix the oysters firmly, and accordingly these appear to cluster in clumps of as many as thirty or more individuals. This cluster is apt to gain stability, its weight driving the undermost oyster as a wedge into the softer mud and firmly fixing it; shiftings of bottom and accumulations of gravel are both serviceable in banking around the implanted cluster and rendering its uprootment still more difficult. The individual oysters are, in addition, suited to tlieir surroundings, often becoming, on U. S. F. C. Bull., 1890, p. 366. EUROPEAN METHODS OP OYSTER-CULTURE. 369 account of tlieir crowded situation, fingerlike in shape, with a narrow, knifelike pro- jecting margin. A further advantage gained by clustering is doubtless that of better feeding conditions, not merely in being raised from the stilling seaweeds, but as less disturbed by bottom sediment stirred up by storms. There can be little doubt that the Tagus, if undisturbed, would produce raccoon reefs as remarkable in many regards as those of May Eiver, South Carolina. The comparison with raccoon oysters might even be continued farther than in the irregular shape of shell, in its often thin, watery, and tasteless character caused by its exposed position. The color of the flesh, however, is not that of the southern oyster; it is an opaque blue white, often dark slaty, the fringing edge of the mantle, as already noted, being broad and jet black, the sense papillae long and coarse. It seems extremely significant that these two oysters, the Portuguese* and the Virginian in its raccoon variety, become remarkably similar when' their physical conditions are paralleled. It is likewise noteworthy that the same natural method of culture, transplanting seed from shallow into deeper water, becomes also paralleled. There is apparently less difference between the typical raccoon and the northern oyster of the American coast than between the raccoon and the angulata of Portugal. The taste, the peculiar slaty tint, and broad sensory mantle rim of the Portuguese oyster are not discriminative. These characters appear to become acquired by the American species when introduced into European waters. The original quality of the American oyster appears to deteriorate steadily from the time of its introduction? and this species thus often attains a well-earned reputation for inferiority. The greater saltness of the European localities has been noted as one of the conditions that have rendered unsuccessful the introduction of the American oyster, and it certainly has an effect in checking the spawning habits, for in no instance has a well- authenticated successful spawning been noted in England, France, or the Netherlands. Where the American oyster has been introduced it has invariably lived, but has not succeeded in regaining its original quality. Where the density has been as low as 1.023 to 1.024, it has gained in flesh, but has become (e. g ., Arcachon, Jerseke, and Whitstable) of the opaque, clayey, Portuguese type, rivaling the Portuguese oyster in its peculiar taste. The angulata , moreover, like the raccoon, when given the better conditions of deeper water feeding, and when transplanted in cultural processes, as at Arcachon, develops, as might naturally be expected, a long, regular, and well-shaped shell, almost losing its marginal, involuted angularity. The raccoon oyster becomes by cultivation creamy white, with a flavor not unlike the Whitstable native , but the angulata assumes its slaty color and coarseness in texture and taste that have very naturally rendered it of inferior commercial value. On this account it is not the most thankful task to compare the Portuguese to the American oyster — to suggest, in fact, that it is but a variety of the Virginian species. But it is not improbable, every- thing considered, that the angulata (derived perhaps at no remote age from the more generalized variety-forming American .species), has been produced through the local agencies of feeding conditions and increased water density. It reverts most clearly to the American species through the raccoon variety, its plicated shell rim being not more than a variation of that of the less plicated raccoon. Shell plication, which has been made of such value in specific discrimination, can hardly be given great weight after its variation in this regard has been examined under natural cou- *Cf. Winslow, as to similarity in sex character and development, Rep. Com. of Fish. Md., 1881, p. 68; for edulis should he read angulata. F.C.B. 1891 24 370 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. ditions. For it may be found that (1) many .shells are, if anything, less plicate than in some types of raccoons; (2) the plication may increase in number from three, angularly marked, to a dozen or more, faintly suggested; (3) the younger oysters are often comparatively smooth in shell characters. The oyster industry in Portugal is remarkable, inasmuch as it is prosperous although practically unprotected by law. Oysters are abundant and low in price, a result, however, which could never have been obtained had the demand been great enough to render it profitable to introduce improved dredging apparatus, with perhaps a consequent industry of canning. No canning factory, it is said, exists in Portugal. Lack of demand has also tended to deter innovations in culture. OYSTER-CULTURE IN GERMANY. In Germany, oyster-grounds exist in only a single district, the sheltered corner of the North Sea, where the coast line has almost reached the frontier of Denmark. As this area of natural production is a very restricted one, it may reasonably be inferred that it possesses exceptional characters and conditions which render impracticable the introduction of the French system of oyster-culture. Such a conclusion has been firmly maintained by Prof. Mobius, who, as the state authority in these matters, studied the conditions of the industry when the question of replenishment of the oyster banks was being agitated. His chief works, Ueber Austern- und Miesmusclielzuckt (1870), Die Auster und die Austernwirthshaft (1877),* have become classic in the liter- ature of oyster-culture. If his conclusions be altogether accepted, a number of corol- laries to his proposition seem too important to be allowed to remain undiscussed. Thus, for example, it would follow that the success of the Dutch and French indus- tries was dependent on exceptionally favorable local conditions, and that, therefore, the introduction of artificial methods into a foreign country might not succeed even Avhen large natural oyster-grounds were in the immediate neighborhood, for it is to be remembered that the natural banks of Germany are the largest in associated series, if not the most productive, in all Europe. As to the conditions of the oyster banks : t They occur, as has been noted, in but a single district, a corner of the North Sea which has been cut off and sheltered by a barrier of fringing islands. This included area is about 50 miles long and about 15 miles wide, extending due southward from the Danish frontier to beyond the line of the ancient town of Husum. Its sea wall, protecting not a little the low lying coast of Schleswig-Holstein from the storms of the North Sea, is formed principally of the three long, fringing islands, Eom, Sylt, and Amrum, in whose immediate lee occur the largest and most fertile of the oyster banks. The tranquil conditions which this con- siderable water area offered, with bays and sheltered coves, seem to have been from the earliest times not unfavorable to oyster growth; but doubtless its limits have been shifting and changing, tending to increase shallowness and to reduce the extent and sweep of its currents, and perhaps to make it less and less of an oyster sea. Its waters are not deep, the fall of tide averaging perhaps about 10 feet, at lunar tides becoming as great as 18 or 20 feet, and exposing hard sandy flats over the greater portion of its area. These have given rise to the name Wattenmeer (sea of flats or shoals). The flats occur largely on the side of the mainland, and the outrunning water, having to * Wiegandfc und Heinpel, Berlin, the latter translated in U. S. F. C. Rep., 1880, p. 83. 1 Cf. Mobius, Die Auster und die Austernwirthsohaft, i. EUROPEAN METHODS OF OYSTER-CULTURE. 371 pass from the higher table-lands to the deeper North Sea, has cut wide and often deep channels bending between the islands. In all of these deeper areas are found oyster banks, sheltered as far as possible in the lee of seaward islands. Here the depth, normally between 10 and 30 feet, is sufficient to keep them covered with water even at the lowest spring tides. The location of oyster banks does not appear to be always, as figured by Mobius (Die Auster und die Austernwirthschaft, p. 5), on the steep-sloping side of a channel, but seems to be in every way similar in position to those examined by the writer at Cancale, Auray, and Arcachon, the banks being, in many instances, situated in the widened channel, often upon slightly elevated areas, the irregular limits of which can be determined by the sounding pole. The bottom, especially in the northern portion of the Watteumeer, is firm and stable, a mixture of sand, clay, and mud, and that it is in the main favorable for oyster growth is seen in the lines of natural oyster banks which form almost a diagram of the deeper waters. At points, however, as in the channels of Amrum and throughout the southernmost parts, muddy areas occur; these are soft, often shifting, and are naturally unproductive. The flats have excep- tionally shifting sands; they are in general hard and firm, readily sustaining the weight of a horse and cart. The rapidity with which the rise and fall of tide cover and uncover the extensive flats has been emphasized by Mobius as one of the unfavor- able conditions of the region, causing harmful accumulations of sediment and general shifting of sand and mud. On the other hand, it can hardly be doubted that the sedi- ments continually deposited from the landward shore, e. from the Husum Elver, would accumulate very seriously but for these currents. Where the outgoing currents are the strongest there apparently exist the most favorable conditions of bottom for the location of oyster banks, as Mobius has noted. The water conditions of the Wattenmeer are directly comparable to those of Arcachon in point of saltness, the normal density being about 1.021; this degree has already been noted as possessed by the chief centers of oyster-culture in France* and in Italy, especially in regions that have proven favorable for production, e. y., Auray, Arcachon, and Tarente. A table of densities prepared by the writer during his visit to the Wattenmeer shows, moreover, that the waters from Sylt down almost to the mouth of the Husum canal vary surprisingly little in density, even at different tides, the temperatures remaining almost uniform. This uniformity in the water density was not expected in view of the rapid filling and emptying of the basin, and is somewhat difficult to account for, suggesting a surprising regularity in the incoming volumes of freshened and salt water. It is noteworthy, perhaps, that the small freshened streams that contribute to reduce the density of the entire water volume appear to be distributed very evenly along the landward margin. The oyster banks number about fifty. Their length varies from a few hundred feet to a mile and a half, while the breadth averages hardly more than a few hundred feet. The exact position of each is accurately known by means of ranging sights, and the government, as will later be noted, examines their condition yearly and determines which are sufficiently rich to be dredged from. We may next briefly examine the way in which the oyster banks of the Watten- meer have been managed. They have certainly been retained in productive condition * See table of densities in U. S. F. C. Bulletin, 1890, p. 384. The densities were taken at about the same season of the year. The total difference in densities at various stations in the Wattenmeer during different tides (48 hours) is not greater than sp. gr. 0.001. 372 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. at a time when those of other countries have been destroyed. The policy in their admin- istration has been eminently conservative, aiming (1) to preserve the banks rigidly, to guard the terms of leasehold against overdredging, and (2) to favor in every way maximum productivity in natural areas, rather than to experiment in lines of arti- ficial culture or to allow the tidal lands to be held in favorable leasehold for this purpose. Historically the banks have been, for three centuries, the property of the Crown. The Danish Cronicle, published in Husum in 1652, shows that even at that early date their positions had been determined, and they seem to have been surprisingly similar to those of to-day. Under the late Danish rule the management of this domain was a lenient and apparently a prosperous one, probably in part because unaffected by railroad transportation. The last company under this regime, a Flensburg firm, is said to have rented the fishing franchise for an annual payment of $17,000, and to have been allowed to fish unrestrictedly. The company, strange to say, conservative in its management, feared to injure the prosperity of the grounds and allowed only a stated annual amount to be dredged. When the property was transferred to the Ger- man Empire about 1866, the dredging franchise passed into other hands, and again in 1879 the Prussian administration caused changes to be made in the holding, as well as in the terms of the lease of the fishery, bringing the details of management more than ever under the direction of the state. A reservoir with buildings intended for storage and fattening of oysters, located at the mouth of the Husum Canal, which had been constructed by and formed the headquarters of the former lessees, was now purchased by the government and became a supervising station. A guard or inspector was to be stationed here, under direct supervision of the Baurath at Husum, and two patrol sailing vessels and a small government steamer were to make their headquarters in the neighborhood. The arrangement of this reservoir station is an interesting one and will be discussed later. The leasehold now to be granted was carefully devised to prevent overfishing of the banks, requiring (among other stipulations, which are hereafter given) that each bank be yearly examined by a committee which should include a government author- ity, in this case the Baurath at Husum. No more than the exact number of oysters thus designated should, under heavy penalties, be taken ; all oysters should be brought to the government station at Husum to be counted, and to insure that no undersized oysters had been removed. The lessees, having the exclusive right of fisheries, were to pay the government a percentage on the total number of oysters allowed to be taken. Under the stricter terms, the leaseholder (for twelve years), after two years’ exploitation, declared that the industry was profitless, that the banks were deteriorat- ing and that he wished to cancel his lease. To this, however, the authorities would not consent, but a compromise, aiming to regulate the banks, established a complete close season for ten years (expiring 1891) and allowed the lease to continue from the end of this period. The lessee seems to be little more than a fishery contractor of the government, and it is not surprising that in his management he has resorted to simi- lar contracting methods. He thus contracts to pay the dredging vessels, about ten of which are usually employed, a percentage upon their catch — a price averaging about $1 per ton (700 to 800 oysters). The catch is paid for when delivered at the station at Husum. The governmental tax of about $11 per ton (up to 3,000 tons) is now imposed, and the lessee must pay the freightage to the railroad station at Husum, EUROPEAN METHODS OF OYSTER-CULTURE. 373 which again by contract adds nearly $1 to the price per ton of the oysters. The lessee has finally full liberty as to the selling, the market price being more or less determined by the price and duty of the Dutch and English oysters. The price at the Husum station varies between $3 and $4 per 100 oysters. From a practical standpoint it is to be noted that on the governmental side in this system of leasing oyster property the state is assured that the natural grounds shall not be destroyed and that the single contractor is thus made directly answerable for excesses. On the other hand, it would be seriously questioned by the French or Dutch culturist whether this monopoly in management would be most profitable in the end. It certainly does not tend to reduce the price of oysters, because it does not favor the granting to individuals of concessions for cultural purposes near the natural oyster banks. It is certainly the antithesis of the open competition in oyster - culture which has furnished the coasts of France and Holland with one of their most prosperous industries. The French reserve the natural banks merely as a source of seed oysters artificially collected in the neighborhood. The German industry exists solely upon the annual surplus of its natural supplies. The question why the same system of culture which has proven so successful in France should not have been successfully introduced in the Wattenmeer is thus impor- tant both as a biological consideration and a matter of governmental policy. Prof. Mobius, after a consideration of the matter, has urged the following reasons why all efforts to extend oyster-produciug areas and to introduce artificial culture would be lacking in practical success. He states in summary that the unstable character of the bottom of the Wattenmeer, together with the sediment-bearing water, is the most adverse condition. This restricts the natural limits of the oyster-bearing areas, caus- ing any increments to be temporary at the best, and renders it impracticable, from the point of expense, to solidify areas for the extension of the natural banks. His second reason is that the biological conditions of the Wattenmeer are so exactly poised that the oyster supply can not be permanently and largely increased, mainly on account of failure in quantity of oyster food. And third, the reason which is indorsed by Dr. Hoek, that the coldness of the northern winter, together with the remarkable storm tides, renders cultivation impracticable. As far as the silt-bearing character of the water and the muddiuess of local- ity are concerned, it is certainly of interest to note to what a remarkable degree these natural difficulties have been overcome by French culturists during the past decade. Production as well as elevage is brought to yield practical results in localities which were recently thought to be less than valueless, where neighboring oyster beds not merely did not increase, but were able to exist only by vigorous culture. Even in regions most favorable for production the adverse condition of muddy shore lines is not infrequent, and appears in fact to be far more general than in the neighborhood of the islands Sylt, Amrum, Bom, or Fohr. Prof. Mobius has already commented upon the muddy character of the Arcachon basin.* In the Auray region, in the neighbor- hood of the natural banks, a large part of the tidal shore has so little consistency that * Ueber Austern- mid Miesmuschelzucht, 9-12. The discussion here given of the natural conditions of Arcachon leads one to expect anything hut the development of a prosperous industry. We learn, for example, that “die grossen Ervvartungen, mit welclien die kiinstliche Austernzucht im Bassin von Arcachon in Angritf geuommen wurde, sind leider niclit erfiillt worden. In Bordeaux hdrte ich aus zuverliissigen Munde, dass viel Geld dabei verloren worden sei.” 374 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. if tiles were placed there they would be instantly engulfed. These localities have, however, been reclaimed by a more or less recent process which forms a surface crust, macadam like, to give a suitable support for the collectors and their manipulators. This process, as at Kergurionne, though costly, has proven of practical value, as can be inferred from the extensive continuance of the practice. The very general use of the champignon collectors in the Auray (Morbihan) region is alone significant of the muddy character of the water, which renders of the utmost importauce the question of determining the exact time to put the collectors in place. In fact in all of the French regions of production silt deposit goes on so rapidly that the tile when in position is said to retain its value but little longer than a week; it is to be noted that even during this short time its upper surface has become unproductive and that the undermost tiles in many of the forms of collectors are very slightly, if at all, spat-bearing. Mobius maintains that the size of the banks in a given region can not be mate- rially augmented — a matter which is of great interest even from the standpoint of pure biology. Hot that it is at all to be questioned that a natural bank would under normal conditions remain more or less uniform in size and in the proportion of its component organisms — but it is the theory involved in this question that seems to the writer susceptible of broader interpretation than has been assigned it. Bioccenosis is the term applied by Mobius to express the mutual interdependence of species existing in a colony— a condition of happy- family existence in a natural cage whose limited food supply locks up the chances of permanent numerical increase. In accordance with this keenly poised life-balance Mobius infers that the banks of the Wattenmeer can not be permanently added to, even by artificial means (Auster u. Austernwirthschaft, p. 78). He notes, for example, that a season favorable to oysters, will, per se. cause the oysters during the following seasons to fall back to their normal, inasmuch as food material has thus been prepared for the enemies (crab and starfish) whose increased progeny will restore the balance of life. The important inferences drawn from this doctrine of life-balance, do not, how- ever, seem to be entirely warranted by the premises. We are led, for example, to infer that individuals are dependent upon the colony, and that the colony holds the curb, checking the permanent increase of one form at the expense of another. On the other hand, struggle for survival is undoubtedly the democracy of animal living, and in these days it has been pretty clearly established that the colony is but an incident more or less transient in the survival of the fittest. So the biocoeuose, as we must accordingly admit, becomes but an episode in colonial life, whose duration depends upon the enduring force of its component species, where quickly moving predatory forms have the right of might, where stationary and defenseless forms have become mimics to escape their enemies, or have developed a surprising fecundity to survive the dangers of a compressed living-area or unfavorable environment. It can not at present be doubted that the scale of the struggle may readily be turned in favor of but a single type or species. Artificial devices may thus become the rapid undoing of the slowly struggling biocoenose, for they favor the protected species and would not unreasonably tend to blot out the accompanying enemies of this form. EUROPEAN METHODS OE OYSTER-CULTURE. 375 . Tims, in theory, an oyster protected from crab and starfish by a raised gauze- covered case gets thrifty feeding conditions without danger of becoming engulfed by mud or sand. The amount of spawn produced by the oyster thus favorably reared becomes increased, a far larger proportion of the young are secured by the artificial devices, and this progeny is so situated that their natural enemies may be watched and destroyed. Conversely, the enemies, thus artificially circumvented, find less nourish- ment, spawn less prolifically, and run continued danger of destruction from the traps of culturists. These results destructive of the biocoenose would none the less happen, be it understood, granting that the food quantum, as Mobius states, is an altogether limited one. But in the case of oysters living in what is practically an open sea, the food supply does not appear to be of the strictly limited character that Mobius has assumed. Aud his illustration of the car]) in a small pond producing no more than a definite weight in annual yield, does not seem to be absolutely pertinent. Nor would the comparison be closely applicable even if the number of carp were supposed to be taken from the pond and set free in an open river. Their yield in weight would doubtless be greater, but even then fish food is not to be compared either in quantity or in capacity for exhaustion with the minute oyster food plant-life which is con- tinually transferred through a limitless volume of sea water. The boundaries of a natural bank are certainly not fixed by food quantum. The food stuff may, it is true, vary in quantity in different regions during the same season, or in the one locality at different stations, seasons, or even tides.* But there seems in general to exist a food normal which is recognized as characteristic of a locality. Aside, however, from this question of local variation, the amount of food that is ♦actually brought to an oyster colony seems to the writer to be in direct proportion to the volume of water passing over it. If this volume be infinite, as it is in the Watten- meer, exhaustion of food supply would seem an impossible condition. Barrenness and sterility of water could not occur; general transfusion of floating or of free-swimming micro-organisms is very clearly one of the characters of the open sea. The lower water layers that may have been screened out by a thrifty oyster bank would not remain without organisms, but would immediately be replenished from above by the currents that exhausted the lower layers. The writer had this impressed upon him in its practical aspect while examining the various cultural establishments of the French, Dutch, and Belgian coasts. The test in these instances seems a fairer one, since the side- dependent questions of sediment accumulation and danger from enemies is excluded by the cultural device of wire-gauze cases. In a situation where the water volume becomes an extraordinary one, myriads of oysters are cultivated. At points where this water volume is increased by currents the cultural possibilities are found to become almost limitless. At Ossegor, for exam- ple, near the lower end of the lake, where the water is constantly changing, the cases were arranged in continuous lines, utilizing every available point,! each case contain- ing about a thousand oysters, so tightly packed edgewise that it would seem almost * Cf. however, New York State Report of Oyster Investigation, 1886, p. 72 et seq.; U. S. F. C. Bul- letin, 1890, 344-349. t IT. S. F. C. Bull., 1890, 375, PI. lxxiv, Fig. 2. 376 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. impossible for them to open ; yet growth and fattening under these conditions was in every way noteworthy. In localities where the proportion of normal food organisms is naturally high, a greater quantity of oysters can be raised in a given water volume, e. g., Soudre, Whitstable, Ostend. In such localities the naturally high food normal may be artificially increased by conditions of claire culture, where a given volume of water is retained in ponds and given the best conditions for rapid increase of diatom life. Warmth, richness in plant food (Marennes), and a proper degree of salinity may give the forcing conditions of what might be likened to greenhouse culture. In some instances a remarkable number of oysters may be fattened in a fixed bulk of water. At La Tremblade so favorable are the conditions that in the shallow claires (whose water is renewed but once a fortnight, and whose depth averages less than a foot) fifty oysters are normally fattened to the square yard of bottom. In regions where the waters do not contain a high percentage of food organisms, culture in closed ponds is clearly unprofitable, as the Avater is both low in food normal and limited in volume. In instances of this kind it is understood that the two essen- tial conditions, degree of temperature and salinity, have remained practically com- parable ; otherwise it is evident that from these causes, as much as from actual lack of food, the oysters may be restricted in growth. The instance that Mdbius cites, that of the oyster reservoir at Hayling Island, as demonstrating that the oysters had exhausted the food supply and remained dwarfed in size, may, judging from the character of the locality, not improbably have been the result, and the sole result, of an exceeding saltness of the water. At Auray, in the neighborhood of the natural grounds, Mobius states that far more seed oysters are raised than can ever be grown to marketable size, on account of lack of space and food resources. Judging from what is now being done at Auray, the industry is profitable as purveying seed oysters for the parks in regions (e. I. Glugeidians. Spores ( Capsules 2 No vacuole; capsules •{ II. Myxidians. Form variable ( Capsules 4 III. Ghloromyxans. Vacuole 1, iodinophile. Capsules 1-2 IV. Myxobolans. The three principles mentioned, which form the basis of Thelohan’s classification, are unquestionably sound as far as they go, but to obtain a satisfactory arrangement it will sometimes be necessary to employ additional characters and to arrange them in a different order of rank. Especially will it be necessary in the Phcenocystes to refer constantly to the symmetry and topography of the spore. Further, while there can be no question as to the propriety of drawing a sharp line between the “ Glugeidians ” of the above table and the remaining Myxosporidia , *Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, 1892, iv, pp. 165-178. t While as a general principle this is beyoud question, indications are not wanting to show that in some cases the seat and, to a somewhat less extent, the host, bear some relations to generic lines. One of the most significant facts of organal and zoological distribution is the following: Forms. Total number of species. Gall and uri- nary bladders, bile ducts and urinary tubules. Remaining organs. 9 Very many . . . 8 Adplur 2 (3 ?) 1 All but 2 (or 3). t Pansporoblast : The transparent plasma-sphere formed by the condensation of a portion of the plasma around one of the numerous nuclei of the endoplasm of the myxosporidium; in distinction from the sporoblasts which result from the segmentation of the pansporoblast. ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE MYXOSPORIDIA. 409 the division certainly can not rest upon such a comparatively unimportant character as the shape of the spore. I have regarded this division as of ordinal value and define the two orders thus: I. Cryptocystes ord. nov. Myxosporidia in which the pansporoblast produces many (at the fewest 8) spores; the last minute, without distinct symmetry, with a single capsule; type (and only) family, Glugeidce fam. nov. Etymology: xpunroc;, concealed; z/kn?, capsule. II. Phcenocystes ord. nov. Myxosporidia in which the pansporoblast produces few (at the most 2) spores;* the last relatively large, with distinct symmetry and 2 or more capsules;! type family, Myxobolidce fam. nov. Etymology: ya:Vw, I appear; xuans, capsule. I. CRYPTOCYSTES ord. nov. GLUGEIDiE fam. nov. Glugeidees Thdlohan, 1892, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, pp. 173-174. Definition (provisional as regards negative characters) : Cryptocystes destitute of a bivalve shell; with the capsule at the anterior extremity and with an aniodinophile vacuole; type genus, Glugea Thelohan. This family contains three genera, | whose relations are shown in the following table : Myxosporidium . Spores formed in pansporo- blast. Pansporoblast membrane. Genera. Present Absent Inconstant, numerous Inconstant, numerous Not subpersistent Subpersistent Glugea Thelohan. Pleistopliora gen. nov. Tlielohania Henneguy. GLUGEA Thelohan, 1891. Compt. Rend, hebdom. Soc. Biol. Paris, in, p. 29; ib. Thelohan, 1892, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, p 174. Definition : Glugeidce possessing a myxosporidium, and in which the pansporoblast produces an inconstant but large number (always more than 8) of spores ; pansporo- blast membrane not subpersistent; type, G.microspora Thel. (synonym for G. anomala Moniez). Glugea anomala Moniez, 1887. Nosema anomala, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, civ, p. 1312; Glugea micro sp or a, Th61ohan, 1891, Compt. Rend, hebdom. Soc. Biol. Paris, in, p. 29. Glugea destruens Thelohan, 1892. Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, pp. 165, 174 (footnote). * Three asserted in one species (Leydig, Muller’s Archiv., 1851, p. 229). t Except (at most) two Myxobolus species (one of them perhaps inconstantly), which have suffered reduction to one. t Thelohan recognizes only 2 genera, the distinctions between which are mainly based upon the three characters noted. If (as both he and I believe) these characters are sufficient to determine genera at all, a third genus must be recognized, as Pleistopliora typicalis sp. nov. could not (as the above table shows) well be forced into either of the existing ones. 410 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. PLEISTOPHORA * gen. nov. Definition (provisional as regards negative characters) : Glugeidae destitute of a myxosporidium and in which the pansporoblast produces an inconstant but large number (always more than 8) of spores ; pansporoblast membrane, subpersistent (as a polysporophorous vesicle) ; type (and only) species, P. typicalis sp. nov. Fleistophora typicalis sp. nov. (Corpuscles of Cottus scorpio Thelohan, 1890, Anna!, de Microgr. Paris, ii, pp. 203, 212; ib. Th61o- lian, 1891, Compt. Rend, hebdom. Soc. Biol. Paris, in, pp. 27-8; ib. Henneguy and ThMohan, 1892, Annal. de Microgr., iv, pp. 618-619, 622, 631, 636.) Pansporoblast: Spherical, diameter 15 to 18 pi. Spore: Ovoid; length 3 pi-, breadth 1.5 to 2.0 pr, chromatophile granules adplur. 4. Habitat: Interior of fibrilke of muscles of Cottus scorpio; diseased mass forming white streaks 5 to 6 by 3 mm. ; not leading to muscle degeneration. THELOHANIA Henneguy, 1892. In Th61ohan, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, p. 174 (footnote); ib. Henneguy and Th61ohan, 1892, Annal. de Microgr., iv, p. 639. Definition (provisional as regards negative characters) : Glugeidae destitute of a myxosporidium and in which the pansporoblast produces constantly 8 spores; pan- sporoblast membrane subpersistent (as an octosporophorous vesicle) ; type, T. giardi Henneguy.! Thelohania contejeani Henneguy, 1892. In Thdlolian, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, p. 174 (footnote). Thelohania octospora Henneguy, 1892. In Thelolian, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, p. 174 (footnote). Thelohania giardi Henneguy, 1892. In Thelohan, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, p. 174 (footnote). Thelohania macrocystis sp. nov. (Sarcosporidian of Palcemonetes varians Garbini, 1891, Atti Reale Accad. Lincei Roma, vii, Sem. 1, pp. 151-152, with figs.; myxosporidian of ibid. Th61ohan and Henneguy, 1892, Compt. Rend, hebdom. Soc. Biol. Paris, iv, p. 586). Sporophorous vesicle (subpersistent pansporoblast) elongate-fusiform. Habitat: Muscles of Palcemonetes varians from the Mincio, near Yerona. II. PHiENOCYSTES ord. nov. It is in the classification of this order that the criteria furnished by Tlndohau most need to be supplemented by considerations drawn from the symmetry of the spore. Considering the taxonomic importance of symmetry throughout the animal kingdom, it is strange that no attention has yet been paid to it in the Myxosporidia. But a little study of it shows that, whereas in all fusiform spores the pointed extremities have heretofore been loosely lumped together as “ends,” those of Myxidium lieber- kiihnii Biitschli are not ends ( sens strict. ; = anterior and posterior), but sides; for the * Etymology: 7rAe«urof, very many ; (pepeiv, to carry, tl propose T. giardi Henneguy as the type of the genus. ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE MYXOSPORIDIA. 411 spore is symmetrical on either (right or left) side of the' vertical plane,* but it is asym- metric on either (anterior and posterior) side of the transverse plane. On the other hand, if, as seems probable, the generic reference of G. ? diploxys sp.nov. be correct, then “ends” in Cystodiscus are ends, properly speaking. It is needless to emphasize the taxonomic import of these results, for we are thus enabled to orient the spore aud the results of such orientation may be summed up as follows: 1. Within this order the most important characters are the position and grouping of thecapsules. Compared to this the mere number of these bodies is a character of minor importance; for not only has Myxobolus 1 or 2 aud Cystodiscus 2 or 4, but the number even varies in the same species, Myxidium Ueberkuhnii Biitschli having 2 or 4.t But whether 1 to 2 or 2 to 4, the topographic relations are never varied. Thus in Myxobolus they are always in one group at the anterior end; in Cystodiscus in two groups, anterior and posterior ; and in Myxidium in 2 groups, right and left. Similar results are obtained with relation to the position of the valves, or, in other words, to the orientation of their plane, of junction. The following table shows the relations of these points to generic lines : Comparison of generic characters in the Phcenocystes. [X=present; 0=absent; () =less usual; — = condition not known.] Symmetry. Capsules. Shell. Vac- uole. Tail. Antero- poste- rior. Bilat- eral; perfect. Number. In one group (at the anterior end.) In two groups. Bi- valve. Inclination of plane of junc- tion of valves to longitudinal plane. At the (anterior and pos- terior) ends. In the (right and left) wings. 0°. 90°. X x 2 (or 4) X X X 0 0 x 2 (or 1) X X X X 0 0 x 2 X X x x x 0 X 4 X X (?) 0 0 0 X 2 X 2 0 0 0 X 2 X X 0 0 0 (I) 2 X x x o 0 0 X 2 (or 4) X 0 0 0 'Imperfect. Shell and capsules symmetrical; sporoplasm unilateral. 2 From analogy and general similarity of appearance, this genus can hardly be other than bivalve. *Tke three planes to which symmetry may be referred may be thus defined : Vertical plane: Median, longitudinal and intercapsular in position. Transverse plane: Vertical^, transverse and (in Myxobolus) postcapsular in position. Longitudinal plane: Horizontal, longitudinal and percapsular in position. tBalbiani, 1883, Journ. de Microgr. Paris, vu, p. 274, fig. 64 g. 412 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. From this table we may conclude that — 1. Cystodiscus Lutz is certainly entitled to separate family rank. 2. Henneguya Thelohan agrees with Myxobolus in every respect but one, the pres- ence of a tail. 3. Thelohan’s groups, u Myxidiees ” and 11 Chloromyxees ” must undergo rearrange- ment (see table below); for clearly Gliloromyxum Miugaz, Mixosoma Thel., and Sphcerospora Thel. form a compact group, with which Myxidium has no character of consequence in common except the absence of a vacuole. 4. Sphcemspora and Mixoso ma do not differ at all in the characters given (the distinction between these unispeciflc genera resting solely upon the shape of the spore), and the two taken together present only a single character in contrast to Gliloro- myxum , viz, the number of the capsules. 5. Geratomyxa agrees sufficiently closely with Gliloromyxum to permit its reference to the Cltloromyxidce . 6. Myxidium must form the type of a separate family. The following table shows the relations of Thelohan’s classification to the one now proposed : Thfilohan’s classification. No vacuole, 2 or 4 c a p- sules. Group. ! capsules. ! (II. Myxidians.) Spores. One iodino- phile vac- uole ; 1 or 2 capsules. Fusiform,! capsule at each extremity. Myxidium But- schli. Elongated ; shell, formed of 2hollow- cone valves sol- dered along their bases. Gerato- myxa Thel. Flattened- o v o i d , more or less elon- gate. Myxosoma Thel. Spherical. Sphce- rospora Thel. 4 capsules. Chloromyxum (III. Chloro- Mingaz. myxans.) IV. Myxobolans. f Destitute of a tail ; capsules 1 or 2. Spore-shell. -( Myxobolus B ii t- sehli . With a tail; cap- sules 2. Henne- guya Thel. Proposed classification. Genus. Family. Characters. Myxidium Biitschli. Myxidiidce Bilateral but not antero- Geratomyxa Th'61 . . • Chloromyxidce. posterior symmetry; capsules in 2 groups rmht and left; no bi- valve shell ; no vacuole. Bilateral but not antero- Chloromyxum Min- posterior symmetry; gaz, et sub-gen. Splicer osyor a. capsules in 1 group (at the anterior end) ; a bi- valve shell, with the valve-junction plane per- pendicular ( ?) to the Ion- Myxobolus BiiTBehli. Myxobolidce gitudinal plane; no vac- uole. Bilateral but not antero- posterior symmetry; capsules in 1 group (at the anterior end) ; a bi- valve shell rvith the val ve-j unction plane Cystodiscus Lutz. Cystodiscidce . . parallel to the longitu- dinal plane, an ioaino- phile vacuole. Bilateral and antero-pos- terior symmetry; cap- sules in 2 groups, ante- rior and posterior ; a bi- valve shell with the valve- junction plane perpen- dicular to the longitudi- nal plane; condition of sporoplasm unknown. ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE MYXOSPORIDIA. 413 As a result of this analysis, the order Phcenocystes may be divided into the follow- ing families: CYSTODISCID2E fain. uov. Definition: Phcenocystes whose spores possess antero posterior and bilateral sym- metry; capsules in 2 groups, situated at the (anterior and posterior) ends; a bivalve shell, the plane of junction of whose valves is perpendicular to the longitudinal plane: condition of sporoplasm* * * § unknown; type (and only) genus Cystodiscu^Lutz. CYSTODISCUS Lutz, 1889. Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde., v, p. 88. Definition: Characters those of the family; type, G. immersus Lutz. Cystodiscus immersus Lutz, 1889. Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde., v, pp. 84-88; figs, separately and subsequently. Cystodiscus ? diploxys sp. nov. (Psorosperms of Pyralis viridana Balbiani 1867, Journ. Anat. et Physiol. Paris, p. 335 (foot- note), 1. 12, f. 10-12.) Spore : Parallel- sided fusiform ; ends symmetrically double convex-curved pointed ; plane of junction of valves coincident with the vertical plane; capsules 2 at each end, of equal size. Habitat: Tortrix viridana. MYXOBOLIDiE fain. nov. (Myxosporidiecef Perugia, 1891, Boll. Seientif. Pavia, xm, p. 23; “Myxobofijes ” Thflohan, 1892, Bull. Soo. philomat. Pafis, iv, pp. 173, 176.) Definition: Phcenocystes whose spores are destitute of antero posterior, but pos- sess bilateral, symmetry; f capsules in 1 group at the anterior end; a bivalve shell, the plane of junction of whose valve is parallel to the longitudinal plane; an iodinophile vacuole; type (and only) genus, Myxobolus Biitscldi. MYXOBOLUS Biitschli, 1882. Bronn’s Tkier-Reick, i, t. 38, f. 6-10; Myxosporidium § Perugia, 1891, Boll. Seientif. Pavia, xm, p. 23; Myxobolus et Myxosporidium Weltner, 1892, Sitzgsber. d. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, pp. 34-35; Myxobolus et ffenneg u,ya\\ Thelohan, 1892, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, pp. 176, 177. Definition: Characters those of the family; type M. mulleri Butschli. * Sporoplasm. Protoplasm of the spore. II propose Myxosporidium Perugia (synonym for Myxobolus Butschli) as the type genus of the Fam. Myxosporidiece Perugia. 1 Except species which have suffered reduction of characters (Myxobolus unicapsulatus sp. nov., M. piriformis Tliel.). § I propose M. merlucii Per. as the type species of this genus. || I propose R. psorospermica Thel. as the generic type. No valid generic distinction seems possi- ble between the uutailed and the tailed forms, for which latter Thelohan proposed Henneguya. Apart from the absence or presence of a tail (both of which conditions may, according to good observers, occur in the same species; cf. Weltner, Sitzgsber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, 1892, pp. 28-36) the only character relied upon for their separation is the coustane y of 2 capsules in the tailed forms, but this is also the typical number for Myxobolus aud the presence of two exceptional species does not militate against the rule. I 414 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Myxobolus unicapsulatus sp. nov. (Psorosperm of Labeo niloticns Miiller, Muller’s Archiv., 1841, p. 487, t. 16, f. 5 a-d. ) Spore: Of the form and size of Chloromyxum dujardini Thel. ; capsule only 1, obliquely directed. Habitat: Labeo nilotieus , from the Nile. * Myxobolus piriformis Thdlohan, 1892. Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, p. 177. Myxobolus inequalis sp. nov. (Psorosperms of Pimelodus blochii (Valenc.) Miiller, Miiller’s Archiv., 1841, p. 487, 1. 16, f. 6 a. b.) Spore: Length II r; breadth, 7 pr, capsules 2 of unequal size. Habitat: On Pimelodus clarias Bloch ( =8ilurus elarias Valenc.), from Guiana and Surinam. Myxobolus mugilis Perugia, 1891. Myxosporidium mugilis, Boll. Scientif. Pavia, xm, pp. 23-4; Myxobolus mugilis Thdlohan, 1892, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, p. 166. Myxobolus oviformis Thdlohan, 1892. Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, p. 177. Myxobolus miilleri Biitschli, 1882. Bronn’s Thier-Reich, i, t. 38, f. 6-10. Myxobolus oblongus sp. nov. (Psorosjjerms of Catostomus tuberculatus Miiller, Muller’s Archiv., 1841, pp. 487-90, 1. 16, f. 7-9.) Cyst: Bound or elliptic, 1 mm. or less. Spore: Spatular or round-oblong; length, 14 to 17 r; greatest breadth and greatest thickness at about the junction of the anterior and second fourth of the length; breadth, 8.5 yu; thickness, 5 to 6 /t; width of ridge nearly equal to one-third of thickness; capsules, 2; nuclei 2, and perhaps* more; vacuole not seen. Habitat: Subcutaneous on head of Erimyzon sucetta Lac. (= Catostomus tuber- culatus Le Sueur). Myxobolus ellipsoides Thdlohan, 1892. Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, p. 177. Myxobolus bicostatus sp. nov. (Myxosporid ian sporeof branchiae of Tinea vulgaris Biitschli, 1882; Bronn’s Thier-Reich, i, t. 38, f. 19.) Spore: Shell with 2 oblique ribs over the longitudinal axes of the capsules; cap- sular index 0.50. t Habitat: Branchite of Tinea tinea L. Myxobolus lintoni sp. nov. (Psorosperms of Cyprinodon variegatm Linton, 1891, Bull. U S. Fish Com. for 1889, ix, pp. 99-102, t. 35, f. 1-16.) Spore: Ovate; length, 13.9 /r; breadth, 11 pr, thickness about 8 pr, shell, valves separating rapidly in sulphuric acid (cold, concentrated); capsules, 2, equal; fila- ments extruded under influence of sulphuric acid and of iodine water; nuclei ad plur. 4, 2 of which are the pericornual ; \ vacuole present. *The condition of the material being such as not to exclude the possibility of sporoplasmic degeneration, these results are not entirely decisive. t Capsular index. The ratio of the length of the capsule to the antero-posterior diameter of the shell cavity. 1 Pericornual nuclei. The 2 nuclei ( “ granules” “globules ” ) situated at the antero-lateral angles \Cornua ) of the sporoplasm or on the posterior extremities of the capsules. ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE MYXOSPORIDIA. 415 Habitat: Subcutaneous, on Cyprinodon variegatus , from the Atlantic at Woods Holl, Mass., August 20, 1889. Myxobolus obesus, sp. nor. (Psorosperm of the “ Ablette,” Balbiani, 1883, Journ de Microgr., vn, p. 203, fig. 43.) Spore: Very broadly ovate. Habitat:, On Alburnus alburnus L. Myxobolus cycloides, sp. nov. (Psorosperms of Cyprinus rutilus (pars) Miiller, Miiller’s Archiv., 1841, pp. 481, 486, t. 16, f. 4 d-g.) Spore: Subcircular-ovate to broadly rounded-elliptic. Habitat : Opercle and pseudobran chiie of Leuciscus rutilus L., from German rivers, May and June. Myxobolus spheralis sp. nov. (Psorosperms of Coregonus fera Claparede, 1874, in Lunel’s Hist. Nat. d. Poissons dubassin du L6man, Geneva, pp. 113-4. ) Spore: Untailed; perfectly spherical ; diameter, 9//; containing a single spherical very strongly refringent “nucleus” [? vacuole]. Habitat : Cysts imbedded by thousands in the branchial mucosa of Coregonus fera Jur. Myxobolus globosus, sp. nov. Cyst: Elongate-elliptic or rod-shaped: length ad max., 0.50 mm. Spore: Globose; length, 7 or 8 /.<; breadth, 0 q; thickness, 5 /<; ridge very wide? one-third of thickness; capsular index somewhat more than 0.50. Habitat: Branchial lamellae of Erimyzon sucetta Lac. (= Catostomus tuberculatus Le Sueur), from Kinston, N. C., Columbia, S. C., and from the tributaries of the Fox River, Miss, (collections U. S. National Museum). Myxobolus transovalis, sp. nov. Spore: Transversely elliptic; length, usually 6, occasionally 7 p ; breadth, 8 p; valves separating in sulphuric acid; ridge narrow; capsules 2, equal; capsular index, 0.50 ; filaments extruded under the influence of glycerine aud of sulphuric acid ; nuclei, 2, rarely only 1, pericoruual nuclei apparently absent; vacuole probably present. Habitat: In hollow of under surface of scales of Phoxinus funduloides from Four mile Run (tributary of Potomac River), Carlins, Ya., June 29, 1892. Myxobolus merlucii Perugia, 1891. Myxosporidium merlucii, Boll. Soientif. Pavia, xm, pp. 22, 24, f. 9-14. Myxobolus perlatus, sp. nov. (Psorosperms of Acerina cernua Balbiani, 1883, Journ. de Microgr. Paris, vii, pp. 201, 204, fig. 44.) Spore: Wider than long. Habitat: On Gymnoceplialus cernua L. 416 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Myxobolus?? zschokkei, sp. nov.' (Psorosperms of Corey onus fera Zschokke, 1884, Archiv. de Biol, v, pp. 234-5, t. 10, f. 16.) Cyst: Oval, pea to nut size; multiple (up to 30). Spore: Body lenticular or oval, a little wider in front than behind; often bearing- in front a blunt prolongation; posteriorly one distinguishes two “tails” ( queues ) 6 to 8 times longer than the body, attenuating posteriorly, curved and undulating; the num- ber of two “tails” is constant; at the pole opposite to the “tails” are 2 oval, trans- parent anteriorly converging vesicles; one sometimes sees, however, an extremely fine canal extending from the posterior end of each vesicle to the base of the corresponding “ tail” ; the vesicles then probably play here also the role of receptacles for the “ tails” ; round retractile globules are also seen at the bases of the vesicles ; the remainder of the body is filled by a homogeneous plasmic mass which frequently contracts to the center of the body cavity, forming a clearly distinct round or oval mass. Habitat : Subcutaneous and superficial intermuscular tissue of Coregonus fera Jur. ; April and May. Myxobolus brevis ThMohan, 1892. Henneguya brevis, Bull. Soc. pliilomat. Paris, iv, p. 177. Myxobolus medius Thfilohan, 1892. Henneguya media Bull. Soc. pliilomat. Paris, iv, p. 176. Myxobolus monurus, sp. nov. (Psorosperms of Aphredoderus sayanus Ryder, 1880, Amer. Nat. xiv, pp. 211-212, figs. 1, 2.) Cyst: Lenticular, large, about 20 in number. Spore : Tailed ; body lenticular or slightly obovate ; tail undivided, thick at origin, gradually attenuating, more or less curved, 2 to 3 times as long as body ; capsules 2, equal, subparallel. Habitat: Subcutaneous intermuscular tissue of A. sayanus from near Woodbury, N. J. Myxobolus macrurus, sp. nov. Cyst : 15 to 20 or more, the size of a pinhead. Spore: Plainly dorso-ventrally asymmetric; tailed; body round-elliptic; 10 or 11 pi long; 6 to 8 pi broad; 4 pi thick. Shell insoluble in sulplpiric acid (cold, concen- trated) ; superior valve more convex than inferior ; tail somewhat less transparent than shell, completely dissolved by cold concentrated sulphuric acid; almost or entirely in- visible in balsam; length 30 to 40 pi, usually much less, the attenuate posterior portion being easily, and consequently frequently, broken off; tail separated entirely from shell by iodine water. Capsules 2, equal; nuclei ad plur. 4, 2 of them being the peri- cornual; vacuole present. Habitat: Cysts invariably! embedded in the subcutaneous tissue of some part of the head (especially the under surface of the lower jaw) of Hybognathus nuchalis A g., from the Neelies River, 14 miles east of Palestine, Texas, November 24, 1891. * Dedicated to Dr. F. Zscliokke, of Basel. t Among several hundred cysts, one was seen at the hase of the pectoral fin, say 3 mm. 'behind the head. ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE MYXOSPORIDIA. 4L7 Myxobolus strongylurus, sp. nov. (Psorosperms of Synodontis schal, Miiller, Muller’s Arehiv., 1841, pp. 480-481, t. 16, f. 2.) Spore: Body anteriorly blunter than in M. schizurus ; length of body 9 n ; breadth 5.4 // ; tail single, undivided, very peculiar in being constantly oblique in the longi- tudinal plane. Habitat: Encysted in skin of head of S. schal from the Nile. Myxobolus kolesnikovi, * sp. nov. (Psorosperms of Coregonus fera Kolesnikoff, 1886, Veter. Vestnik Kharkoff.,v, pp. 242-248, f. 1-3.) Cysts: Numerous (up to 80), spherical or oval, 10 to 30 mm. long by 7 to 20 mm. broad. Spore : Bound or oval with a sharp anterior end ; tail single or double, thick at its origin, attenuating gradually. Habitat: Interstitial connective tissue of the thoracic muscles of Coregonus fera Jur. Kolesnikoff ’s figures show the “double” tail to be merely the separated (lat- erally shifted) halves of the really single tail. To this species should probably be approximated one of Claparede’s 3 forms, t viz, the tailed form habitant in the muscles of C. fera. Myxobolus linearis, sp. nov. (Psorosperms of Pimelodus sebw and of Platystoma fasciatum Muller, Muller’s Arehiv., 1841, p. 489, t. 16, f. 10). Spore: Body lanceolate-linear; length 3 to 4 times breadth; capsules 2, equal, entirely parallel-appressed ; tail single, occasionally double. Habitat : Cysts in membrane lining branchial cavity of Bhamdia seb(e Cuv. & V al., and in branchial lamellae of Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum L., both from South American rivers. In cysts at the base of the dorsal fin of Ameiurus melas Baf., from Storm Lake, Iowa, a spore occurs which I strongly suspect to be identical with this species, as it answers in every respect to the above (rather meager) diagnosis. It is peculiarly interesting, as the tail is composed of a dorsal and a ventral half, and is insoluble in sulphuric acid (cf. M. macrurus). Myxobolus schizurus, sp. nov. (Psorosperms of Esox Indus Muller, Muller’s Arehiv., 1841, pp. 477-478, t. 16, f. 1.) Cyst: 0.44 to 1.09 mm. in diameter. Spore: Body oval, length 12 p; breadth 6 p; thickness one-half the breadth; tail stout at origin, 3 to 4 times length of body, very frequently (probably as a rule) more or less bifurcate; capsules 2, equal, diverging posteriorly. Habitat: In cellular tissue of the eye muscles, in that of the sclerotic, and in that between the sclerotic and choroid of Esox Indus in May and June. Miiller failed to find it in North American pikes. * Dedicated to N. F. Kolesnikoff, who first figured this form. tClaparede in Lunel’s Hist. Nat. d. Poissons du bassin du L6man, pp. 113. F. C. B. 1891 27 418 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Myxobolus creplini, * sp. nov. (Psorosperms of Acerina vulgaris Creplm., 1842, Wiegm. Archiv. f. Naturgesch, i, pp. 61-63, t. 1, f. 1 a-e; of. Weltner, 1892, Sitzungs.-Ber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, pp. 29-31, 34). Spore: Body elongate ventricose-elliptic; length 17.3 //; breadth 5.8 //; tail simple, as long as or a little longer than the body; capsules 2, equal. Habitat: On Gymnocephalus cernua L., collected March 14, 1837. Weltner believes the form observed by him in the ovary of Esox Indus to be iden- tical with this form. Weltner’ s species was sometimes tailed and sometimes untailed. Myxobolus psorospermica Thelohan, 1892. Henneguya psorospermica , Bull. Soc. pliilomat. Paris, iv, pp. 167, 176. Myxobolus diplurus, sp. nov. (Psorosperms of kidney of Lota vulgaris Biitschli, 1882, Bronn’s Thier-Reich, i, t. 38, f. 21.) Description (from figure). Spore : Capsules 2, equal, posteriorly situated ; tail double from base, the 2 halves adnate. Habitat: Kidney of Lota lota L. CHLOROMYXIBJE fam. nov. ( “ Chloromyxdes ” et “Myxidi^es” (pars) Thelohan, 1892, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, pp. 173, 176.) Definition: Phatnocystes destitute of antero -posterior, but possessing bilateral, symmetry;! capsules in 1 group at the anterior end; a bivalve shell, the plane of junction of whose valves is perpendicular (*?) to the longitudinal; no vacuole; type genus Chloromyxum Ming. CHLOROMYXUM Mingazzini, 1890. Bull. Soc. Nat. Napoli, iv, p. 160; ib., Sphcerospora, Myxosoma et Mixosoma i Thflohan, 1892, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, pp. 173, 175-6. Definition : Chloromyxidce with subspherical or ovate spores, whose breadth does not exceed their length; valves hemispherical; sporoplasm bilaterally and symmet- rically situated; type G. leydigii. Chloromyxum sens, strict. Definition: Quadricapsulate Chloromyxa; type G. leydigii. Chloromyxum fluviatile Thelohan, 1892. Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, pp. 173, 176, fig. 2. * Dedicated to the discoverer, J. C. L. Creplin. t Imperfect from unilateral position of sporoplasm in Ceratomyxa. (See subgenus Sphcerospora. p. 419. The table on p. 411 shows that Sphcerospora and Mixosoma differ from Chloromyxum by only a single character, viz : the number of the capsules. As shown on p. 411, this character is a subordinate one compared to the grouping and position of the capsules, in which latter all the three genera agree. They may, therefore, all be grouped under one genus. The two unispecific genera Sphcerospora and Mixosoma have (at least as far as the record now shows) absolutely no distinctive character but the shape of the spore. They are therefore fused. Provi- sionally (but with some hesitation) I have recognized Sphcerospora (including Mixosoma) as a sub- genus. Its sole claim to such distinction rests on 2 capsules as against 4 in Chloromyxum proper. It is also worthy of note that the possibility of transitions are by this definition arbitrarily excluded, inasmuch as all our experience shows that increase of capsule number is by duplication and not by addition. So that the possibility of its ultimate entire fusion with Chloromyxum seems by no means remote. ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE MYXOSPORIDIA. 419 Chloromyxum mucronatum sp. nov. (Psorosperms of Gadus lota Lieberkiihn, Muller’s Arcliiv., 1854, pp. 352-3, 368, t. 14, f. 5,6.) Myxosporidium : Measuring 75 /< or less; spherical or ellipsoidal, rarely irregular. Spore: Broadly rounded-oval; concave pointed anteriorly; length ad max., 8 ■//. Habitat : Free in urinary bladder of Lota lota L. Chloromyxum leydigii Mingaz., 1890. Boll. Soc. Nat. Napoli., iv, pp. 160-4 (see also the nest species). Chloromyxum incisum sp. nov. (Psorosperms oi Raja batis Leydig, Muller’s Archiv., 1851, pp. 225-226, 234, t. 8, f. 4a-/.) Myxosporidium: Biliary yellow, roundish or somewhat elongate, 29 to 88 ja in diameter, without or with 1 to 4 pansporoblasts. Spore : Sharply cuneate-oval, posterior border radiate-incised , resembling a radiate- ribbed Lamellibrancli shell. Habitat : Free in gall-bladder of Raja batis L. In face of the striking difference between this spore-form and C. leydigii , the present evidence (which consists of Mingazzini’s opinion* without any detailed evi dence, Perugia’s opinion,! too little explicit, and the probably not independent opinion of TMlohan t) is insufficient to warrant the fusion of the two forms, especially as it does not appear that either Mingazzini or Perugia examined the gall-bladder of Raja batis. Chloromyxum ? ? congri Perugia, 1891. Myxosporidium congri. Boll. Scientif. Pavia, xm, pp. 24-5, f. 15-20. Habitat: Gall-bladder of Leptocephalus conger collected in August, 1890. Subgenus Si'H.krospoka Thdlohan, 1892. Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, p. 175; Mixosoma) et Myxosoma ibid., p. 175. Definition: Bicapsulate Cliloromyxa; type Chloromyxum (8.) elegans Thel. Chloromyxum elegans Thdlohan, 1892. Sphcerospora elegans, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, pp. 167, 175. Chloromyxum dujardini Thdlohan, 1892. (Psorosperms of Cyprinus rutilus (pars) Muller, Miiller’s Arcliiv., 1841, pp. 481, 486, t. 16, f. 4 b, c; psorosperm of Cyprinus erythrophthalmus Dujardin, 1845, Hist. Nat. des Helminthes, p. 644, t. 12, f. 12 N,, 12 No.) Mixosoma dujardini, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, p. 175. Myxosporidium: 1.25 to 1.50 mm. long. Spore : Ovate, pointed anteriorly, broadly rounded posteriorly ; length 10 to 12 p • capsules 2, of equal size. Habitat: Branchial lamellae of Leuciscus ( Scardinius ) erythrophthalmus from the Vilaine, at Rennes, France ; pseudobranchiae of Leuciscus rutilus , from German rivers. Concerning the form observed by him, Muller says : Once there was found on the pseudobranchiae ( Nebenkiemen ) a mass of small yellow cysts. The size of this mass was 4 lines. This time all the cysts contained elongate capsules with pointed ante- rior and bluntly rounded posterior ends (f. 4 b). On the flat border the convex surfaces were exactly equal and the two diverging vesicles were attached interiorly at their points. *Boll. Soc. Nat. Napoli, 1890, iv, pp. 160-161. t Boll. Scientif. Pavia, 1890, xii, p. 138. 1 Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, 1892, iv, p. 176. ) Type Chloromyxum ( Mixosoma ) dujardini. 420 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. Thus this form was never found coexisting in the same cyst with Myxobolus cycloides sp. nov. Considering the great frequency of occurrence of the latter species such coexistence would be expected if they were merely different forms of one species. Their persistent non-association thus strongly reenforces the argument in favor of their specific distinctness, drawn from their different characters. The synonymy is on the authority of Thelohan (letter to the author, 1893). He has found Mixosoma dujardini upon both of the fishes named above and believes that Muller’s and Dujardin’s figures represent the same species. CEKATOMYXA TMlohan, 1892. Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, pp. 169, 175. Definition (provisional) : Chloromyxidce with bilaterally symmetrical, transversely extended, sub-isosceles-triangular spores, whose breadth greatly exceeds the length; valves hollow-conical with solid tips; sporoplasm unilaterally and asymmetrically situated ; type C. sphcerulosa Thel. Ceratomyxa sphserulosa Th61ohan, 1892. Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, pp. 171-3, 175, fig. 1. MYXIDIIDiE fam. nov. (“Myxidiees” (par*) Thdlohan, 1892, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, iv, pp. 173, 175.) Definition (provisional, as regards negative characters) : Pluenocystes destitute of antero-posterior, but possessing bilateral symmetry; capsules in 2 groups in the (right and left) wings; no bivalve shell; no vacuole; type (and only) genus Myxidium Biitschli. MYXIDIUM Biitschli, 1882. Bronn’s Tliier-Reich, I, t. 38. Definition: Characters those of the family; type M. lieberlciihnii Biitschli. Myxidium lieberkiihnii Biitschli, 1882. Bronn’s Tliier-Reich, i, t. 38, f. 12-15. Probably a second species is Leydig’s “ psorosperm ” of the bile-ducts of Baja batis, Miiller’s Arcliiv, 1851, pp. 226, 234, t. 8, f. 4 g. INDEX STREAMS AND LAKES OE WESTERN MONTANA AND NORTHWESTERN WYOMING. Page. Annotated list of fishes obtained in Montana and Wyoming ... 41-52 Aster Creek 20, 21 Atlantic Creek 26,29 Beaver Dam Creek 30 Beaverhead River 31, 32 Big Blackfoot River 14 Bitter Root River 18 Blacktail Deer Creek 31 Bonner 14 Botteler’s Springs 4, 39, 40 Bozeman , 40 Bozeman Creek 33 Bridger Creek 33 BridgerLake 29 Browns Gulch Creek 17, 18 Child's Bed Rock drain 4, 35 Clarke Pork of the Columbia 10, 11 Clarke Fork of the Columbia, streams tributary to 10-19 Classified list of waters examined 9, 10 Climate of the region examined 8 Columbia River basin 10-28 Columbine Creek 30 Cottonwood Creek 4, 14, 36 Crawfish Creek 21 Davies Springs 40 Deer Lodge 36 Deer Lodge River 15 Demersville 12 Dempsey Creek 16, 17 Depew Creek 13,37 Drainage of the region examined 9 Firehole River 32, 54 Fish-cultural station, requirements for 3, 4 Flathead Lake 12 Flathead River 11, 12 Forests in and about Yellowstone Park, preservation of 59, 60 Gardiner River 54 Gardiner River, East Fork 55 Genera and species referred to — Amblystoma tigrinum 11, 57 Antilocapra americana 56 Arctomys 55 Astacus gambelli 21 Bison bison 56 Bufo halophilus 57 Canis latrans 56 Cariacus macrotis 56 Castilleia 17 Castor canadensis 55 Catostomus ardens 22,42 catostomus 11, 14, 17, 18, 36, 42 discobolus 41 macrochilus 42 Page. Genera and species referred to— Continued. Cervus canadensis 55 Coregonus williamsoni 47 Cottus bairdi punctulatus 28, 51, 52 Dibothrium cordiceps 29 Erethizon epixanthus 56 Euttenia sirtalis parietalis 57 Eutatnia vagrans 57 Gulo luscus 56 Lagorny s princeps 55 Leuciscus atrarius 22, 23, 46 gilli 18,44,45 hydrophlox 22,44 Limn® a palustris 14,18 Lota lota maculosa 31, 52 Margaritana margaritifera 15 Mephitis 56 Mylocheilus caurinus 18 Ovis canadensis 56 Ptychocheilus oregonensis , ■. 18,43 Rana pipiens brachycephala 57 Rana pretiosa 58 Ranunculus 31 Ranunculus aquatilis trichophyllus 18, 37 Rhinichtliys dulcis 14, 17,22,36,42, 43 Salrao mykiss 48-50 Salmo irideus 52 Salmo trutta levenensis 52 Salmo fario 52 Salvelinus fontinalis 62 Salvelmus malina 14, 50, 51 Sciurus richardsoni 55 Tamias 55 Taxidea americana 56 Thymallus signifer 47, 48 ITrsus americanus 56 Gibbon River 32, 54 Glenn Creek 38, 39 Hellgate River 39 Horsethief Springs 4, 33, 37, 38 Inness Lake 23 Itinerary, Brief statement of 4, 5 Itinerary, Detailed statement of 6, 7 Jackson Lake 22 Jay Creek 29 Jocko River 11 Lewis fork of the Columbia, Streams tributary to 19, 23 Lewis Lake 20 Little Blackfoot River 14, 35, 36 Location of station, places examined with reference to. 34-41 Lolo Creek 18, 37 McClellan Creek - 34, 35 Madison River 32 Mammals noticed in Montana and Wyoming 55, 56 421 422 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. STREAMS AND LAKES OF WESTERN MONTANA AND NORTHWESTERN WYOMING— Continued. Mission Creek Missoula Missouri River Basin Mount Powell Nez Perce Creek Objects of the expedition Pacific Creek Pelican Creek Persons referred to or quoted : Albee, Mr Anderson, George S Beadle, W. B Bickford, W. M Bielenberg, N. J Bridger, Jim Child, W. C Chisholm, O. P Clapbam, Burnside Conley, Frank Cooper, Walter Cope, E. D Cummins, R. R Davies, W. J Dutton, C. E Gannett, Henry Gill, Theodore Hague, Arnold Harwood, Edward Hayden, F. V Hofer, Elwood Imes, W. A Jenkins, 0. P Jones, W. A Jordan, David Starr Lucas, E. R Merriam, C. Hart Morgan, Thomas Muth, William Pitcher, Lieut Power, T. C Page. 11 36,37 29,41 17 54 5 23,27 30,31 36 6 58 5, 37 5,16,36 25 4, 5, 35 6 ...4,5,12, 31, 39 5,16 6 58 6,33,37,38 40 22,31 20 45 8, 25, 29, 30, 59, 60 4,5,6 7,8,24,26, 33, 34, 59 .4, 21, 23, 25, 26, 32, 54, 55, 56 - 6 .4, 5, 21, 39 . ... 24,25 30,32 ..31, 33. 55 ..20, 55, 58 16 . . . . 4, 5 .... 32,54 Page. Persons referred to or quoted — Continued. Pratt, W. B 58 Reynolds, W. F 24 Sargent, John D 22 Stejneger, Leonhard 57 Test, Frederick C 57-59 Traphagen, Frank 5, 16 Walker, Robert C 5 Winstanley, E. A 5, 18 Physical features of the region examined 7-10 Places examined with reference to location of station 34-41 Polecat Creek 21 President Camp 21, 22 Prickly Pear Creek 34 Pure water required for a station 3 Race-track Creek 17 Rattlesnake Creek 4, 13, 36 Recommendations 60 Red Rock River 31 Reese Creek 39 Reptiles and batrachians collected, annotated list of . . 57-59 Requirements for successful fish-cultural station 3, 4 Rock Creek 16 Senecio Creek 29 Shoshone Lake 19, 20 Shoshone and Lewis lakes 54, 55 Snake River 19, 22 Station, places examined with reference to locating .. . 34-41 Stocking waters of Yellowstone National Park with fish, results of 53-55 Summary of report 3, 6 Swan Lake 13 Swan River 12, 13 Thoroughfare Creek 29 TincupJoe 16 Two-Ocean Pass 24-28 Upper Yellowstone River 29 Waters examined, classified list of 9, 10 Wolverton Spring 40,41 Yount Peak 29 REPORT UPON INVESTIGATIONS MADE IN TEXAS IN 1891. Acknowledgments 62, 63 Big White Oak Bayou 69 Buffalo Bayou 69 Clear Creek 68 Colorado River 73,74 Comal Springs 73 Corpus Christi 71 Crustacea collected, list of 89 Dickinson Bayou 67, 68 Galveston Bay 64. 71 Galveston Packing Company 66 Genera and species referred to — Alpheus heterochaslis 90 Anodonta corpulenta 71 Arenas us cribrarius 89 Callinectes hastatus 89 Cambarus clarkii 90 Campostoma anomalum 75 Chsenobryttus gulosus 68 Cliola vigilax 76 Cyprinodon variegatus 84 Dionda episcopa 75 Genera and species referred to — Continued, Dorosoma cepedianum 68 Fundulus heteroclitus 84 pallidus 84 similis . . 84 xenicus 85 Gambusia patruelis 68, 88 Goniobasis alexandrensis 73 Hippa ererita 89 Hybognathus nuchalis 76 Hybopsis aestivalis marconis 82 Lepomis pallidus 68 Libinia dubia 89 Limnaea desidiosa 20 Lucania parva 87 Micropterus salmoides 70 Mollienesia latipinna 88 Notemigonus chrysoleucus 68,84 Notropis cayuga atrocaudalis 76 delectus 80 deliciosus 77 fumeus 81 INDEX. 423 REPORT UPON INVESTIGATIONS MADE IN TEXAS IN 1891— Continued. Genera and species referred to — Continued. Notropis lutrensis nocomis notemigonoides nux swaini venustus - Opsopoeodus osculus Palaamonetes exilipes vulgaris Paliemon ohionis Penaeus brasiliensis setiferus Panopeus depressus herbstii texanus Petrolistbes armat.us Phenacobius mirabilis Pbysa balei Planorbis bicarinatus lentus '. liedmanni Sesarma oinerea Squilla empusa Tillandsia recurvata usneoides Tozeuma carolinensis Unio undulatus Zygonectes escambiae f unduloides jenkinsi notatus pulvereus Givens Oyster Company Guadalupe River Houston Hunter Creek Instructions as to character of station Itinerary - Kownslar Place Long Lake Neelies River Olmos Creek Page. 79 78 81 77 79 ... 70,79 82 90 90 90 90 90 89 89 89 89 82 72 73 72 72 89 90 72 .68, 69, 72 90 72 87 85 87 85 71 .72.74 68 69,70 61 63 68 70, 71 71 72 Oysters in Galveston Bay Persons referred to or quoted — Bringhurst, George A Church, W. D Dana, F. L Dumble, E. T Earll, R. E Frizell, Joseph P Gilbert, Charles H Grant, John A Gurley, R. R Hay, O. P... Herndon, A. C Hettler, Joseph Jenkins, O. P Jordan and Gilbert Kilper, Jacob Landa, Joseph Looscan, M Lubbock, J. B McDonald, John McDonald, Marshall Nichols, Fred McC Rathbun, Mary J Runge, Julius Russell, R. H Scovell, J. T Singley, J. A Smith, H. M Wilson, Harvey T. D Wilson, Robert E. C Woolman, A. J San Antonio River San Antonio Springs San Jacinto River San Marcos River San Pedro Springs Sims Bayou South Galveston Swan Lake Texan fishes, notes on Trinity River Waters examined Page. 66 62 64 62 63 87 74 83 63 63.76 87 62 62 87 80 68 73 62 63 63 61.63 62 89 62 72 63 63 85, 88 62 62 83 71,72 72 70 73 72 69 67 66 75-88 70 63 REPORT ON THE FISHERIES OF THE GULF STATES. Abbott, W.H 91 Alabama, fisheries of 138-144 Alligator industry 91, 112, 157 Alligator trade 137, 138 Canning industry 136, 154, 171, 184 Common and scientific names of products 99-102 Comparisons with 1880 107,108 Fishermen, nationalities of 91 Fish trade . . .• 135, 144, 154, 167, 184 Florida, fisheries of 108-138 Hall, Ansley 91 Lobsters, planted in Galveston Bay 97 Louisiana, fisheries of 155-171 Mississippi, fisheries of 145-154 Names of fishes, mollusks, etc 99-102 Oyster canning 136, 154, 169 Oyster trade 135, 136, 144, 154, 171, 184 Pound-net fishing, obstacles to . .' * , 95 Race, Edward E 95 Shore industries of — Alabama 144 Florida 135-138 Louisiana 171 Mississippi 153-154 Texas 184 Shrimp canning 154, 171 Shrimp trade 171 Sponge trade 137 Stevenson, Charles H 91 Tabular statements : 1. Value of fish and other products taken with each principal form of apparatus used in Gulf fisheries in 1890 96 2. Rigs of vessels employed in fisheries of Gulf region in 1890 97 3. Number of persons engaged in fisheries of Gulf States in 1890 104 424 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. REPORT ON THE FISHERIES OF THE GULF STATES-Continued. Tabu! 4 15 18 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Page. Ltr statements — Continued. . Nationality of persons engaged in fisheries of Gulf States in 1890 104 Investment in fisheries of Gulf States in 1S90. 104 Products of fisheries of Gulf States in 1890 .. 104-105 . Percentage of quantity and value of each spe- cies taken in fisheries of Gulf States in 1890. 106 Comparative table showing extent of fisheries of Gulf States in 1880 and 1890 106 Comparative table showing by States the oyster yield of Gulf States in 1880 and 1890. 108 . Persons employed in fisheries of west coast of Florida 109 . Nationality of persons engaged in fisheries of west coast of Florida 110 Apparatus and capital employed in fisheries of west coast of Florida 110 Products of fisheries of west coast of Florida. . Ill Showing by counties the number of persons employed in fisheries of west coast of Florida in 1889 and 1890 112 Showing by counties the apparatus and capjital employed in fisheries of west coast of Florida in 1889 and 1890 113-115 Showing by counties and species the yield of fisheries of west coast of Florida in 1889 and 1890 116-118 Showing by counties and species the yield of vessel fisheries of west coast of Florida in 1889 and 1890 119-120 Showing by counties and species the yield of shore fisheries of west coast of Florida in 1889 and 1890 121-123 Summary by customs districts of vessel fish- eries of west coast of Florida in 1889 and 1890 124 Showing by customs districts and species the yield of vessel fisheries of west coast of Florida in 1889 and 1890 125 Showing by counties and apparatus the yield of vessel fisheries of west coast of Florida in 1889 and 1890 126-128 Showing by counties and apparatus the yield of shore fisheries of west coast of Florida in 1889 and 1890 128-134 Wholesale fish trade of west coast of Florida in 1889 and 1890 135 Wholesale oyster trade of west coast of Florida in 1889 and 1890 136 Oyster-canning industry of west coast of Flor- ida in 1889 and 1890. . 136 Wholesale green-turtle trade of west coast of Florida in 1889 and 1890 136 Wholesale sponge trade of west coast of Florida in 1889 and 1890 137 Wholesale alligator trade of west coast of Flor- ida in 1889 and 1890 138 Persons employed in Alabama fisheries 139 Nationality of persons engaged in Alabama fisheries 139 Apparatus and cajiital employed in Alabama fisheries 139 Products of Alabama fisheries 140 Showing by counties thonumber of persons em- ployed in Alabama fisheries in 1889 and 1890.. 140 Tabular statements — Continued. 34. Showing by counties theapparatus and capital employed in Alabama fisheries in 1889 and 1890 35. Showing by counties and species the yield of Alabama fisheries in 1889 and 1890 36. Showing by counties the yield of Alabama ves- sel fisheries in 1889 and 1890 37. Showing by counties and species the yield of Alabama shore fisheries in 1889 and 1890 38. Showing by counties and apparatus the yield of Alabama shore fisheries in 1889 and 1890 39. Wholesale oyster trade of Alabama in 1889 and 1890 40. Wholesale fishtrade of Alabama in 1889 and 1890 41. Persons employed in Mississippi fisheries 42. Nationality of persons employed in Mississippi fisheries 43. Apparatus and capital employed in Mississippi fisheries 44. Products of Mississippi fisheries 45. Showing by counties the number of persons employed in Mississippi fisheries in 1889 and 1890 141 141 142 142 143 144 144 146 146 146 147 147 46. Showing by counties the number and value of vessels, boats, apparatus, etc., employed in Mississippi fisheries in 1889 and 1890 148 47. Showing by connties the yield of Mississippi fisheries in 1889 and 1890 149 48. Showing by species and counties the yield of Mississippi vessel fisheries in 1889 and 1890. . 150 49. Showing by counties and species the yield of Mississippi shore fisheries in 1889 and 1890. . . 151 50. Showing by apparatus and species the yield of Mississippi shore fisheries in 1889 and 1890. .152-153 51. Canning industry of Mississippi 154 52. Showing by counties tbe wholesale oyster- packing trade of Mississippi in 1889 and 1890. 154 53. "Wholesale fish trade of Mississippi in 1889 and 1890 154 54. Persons employed in Louisiana fisheries 156 55. Showing the nationality of persons engaged in Louisiana fisheries in 1889 and 1890 156 56. Apparatus and capital employed in Louisiana fisheries 157 57. Products of Louisiana fisheries 157 58. Showing by parishes the number of personsem- ployed in Louisiana fisheries in 1889 and 1890 . 158 59. Showing by parishes the apparatus and capital employed in Louisiana fisheries in 1889 and 1890 158-160 60. Showing by parishes and species the yield of Louisiana fisheries in 1889 and 1890 160-162 61. Showing by parishes and species the yield of Louisiana vessel fisheries in 1889 and 1890. . . 163 62. Showing by parishes and species the yield of Louisiana shore fisheries in 1889 and 1890 .. . 163-165 63. Showing by parishes and apparatus the yield of Louisiana vessel fisheries iu 1889 and 1890 . .166-167 64. Showing by parishes and apparatus the yield of Louisiana shore fisheries in 1889 and 1890 . . 167-170 65. Wholesale oyster trade and the canning of oys- ters and shrimp in Louisiana in 1889 and 1890. 171 66. Wholesale fresh-fish and shrimp trades of Louisiana in 1889 and 1890 171 67. Persons employed in Texas fisheries 173 INDEX. 425 Tabular statements — Continued. 68. Nationality of persons engaged in the fisheries of Texas 69. Apparatus and capital employed in Texas fish- eries 70. Products of Texas fisheries 71. Showing by counties the number of persons em- ployed in Texas fisheries in 1889 and 1890 72. Showing by counties the apparatus and capi- tal employed in Texas fisheries in 1889 and 1890 73. Showing by counties and species the yield of Texas fisheries in 1889 and 1890 176-177 Page. Tabular statements — Continued. 74. Showing by counties and species the yield of Texas vessel fisheries in 1889 and 1890 178 75. Showing by counties and species the yield of Texas shore fisheries in 1889 and 1890 179-180 76. Showing by counties and apparatus the yield of Texas shore fisheries in 1889 and 1890 181-184 77. Wholesale oyster and fish trades and turtle can- ning of Texas in 1889 and 1890 184 Texas, fisheries of 170, 184 Turtle, canning 184 Turtle trade 136 Vessels, rigs of, represented in Gulf fisheries 96,07 REPORT ON THE FISHERIES OF THE GTJLF STATES— Continued. Page. 173 173 174 174 175 REPORT ON A COLLECTION OF FISHES FROM THE ALBEMARLE REGION OF NORTH CAROLINA. Albemarle Sound 186 Common names of fishes of the Albemarle region, list of 188 Davis Bay 189 Economic fishes taken in 1890, tabular statement of . . . 186 Edenton 193 Edenton Bay 193-196 Elizabeth City 189 Genera and species referred to : Achirus fasciatus 196 Acipenser sturio oxyrhynchus 190, 193, 198 Amia calva 190, 193, 198 Ameiurus albidus 190,193,198 nebulosus 190, 194, 198 iElurichthys marinus 194 Anguilla chrysypa 191, 195, 199 Apliredoderus sayanus 199 Brevoortiatyr annus 191, 195 Cambarus blandingii 193 acuta 197 Centrarcliidas 197 Centrarchus macropterus 199, 200 Chagnobryttus gulosus 196, 199, 200 Clupea aestivalis 191, 195, 199 mediocris 195, 199 pseudoharengus 191, 195, 199 sapidissima 191, 195, 199 Cyprinus carpio 190, 199 Dorosoma cepedianum 191, 195, 199 Enneacanthus obesus 199 simulans 196 Erimyzon sucetta 194 Etheostoma nigrum olmstedi 192, 196. 200 Fundulus diaplianus 191, 195, 199 Gambusia patruelis 191, 193, 195, 199 Hybognathus nuchalis 190, 194, 199 Lepomis auritus 196 gibbosus 192, 196, 200 pallidus 196, 200 Lucius americanus 195, 199 Genera and species referred to — Continued. Lucius reticulatus 191,195,199 Menidia beryllina 192, 195 Micropterus salmoides 192, 196. 200 Morone americana 192, 196, 200 Moxostoma anisurum 198 crassilabre 194, 198 Myriophyllum 193, 196 Notemigonus chrysoleucus 191, 195, 199 Notropis hudsonius ... 190, 194 niveus 194 wliipplei 194 Pakemonetes exilipes 189, 193 Paralichthys lethostigma 196, 200 Perea flavescens 192, 196, 200 Pomoxis sparoides 192, 196, 199 Querimana gyrans 192, 195, 199 Roccus lineatus 192, 196, 200 Semotilus atromaculatus 199 Stizostedion vitreum 192, 196,200 Tylosurus marinus 191, 195 Introductory note 185-187 Pasquotank River 189-192 Persons referred to or quoted : Evermann, Barton W 194 Gilbert. Charles H 194 Jordan, David Starr 185, 187, 192, 194, 198 Kendall, W. C 192 Leary, J. L 194, 155 Rathbun, Richard 185 Skinner, H. G 195 Worth, S.G 198, 199,200 W aters, George 190 Plymouth and vicinity 197 Reedy Point 193 Roanoke River 197-200 Specific names of fishes of the Albemarle region, list of. 187 Tabular statement of economic fishes taken iu 1890 186 Weldon 197 OBSERVATIONS ON THE SPAWNING HABITS OF THE SHAD. Albemarle production 206 Chapman Point 204 Daily average temperature, influence of 206 Delaware River production 204, 205 Ferry Landing 204 Fort Washington seine production for 1887 and 1888. . . 205 Fort W ashington seine, record of operations, 1887-1891 . 202 Inequalities in production 202 Movements of shad controlled by temperature 205 Potency of creeks 205 Potomac River production 203 Shad-egg production of the Potomac River, 1888-1891 . . 204 Shad ova on Potomac River, cost of 201 Spawning region of the shad 201 Stony Point 203 Sutton Beach fishery 203 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 42 G AQUATIC INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, WYOMING, AND THE FLATHEAD REGION OF MONTANA. Page. Aerial sound, note on 215 Bridge Creek 227 Bridge Bay 228 Discussion of the collections 213-214 Descriptions of species and varieties 240-256 Duck Lake 230 Explanation of plates 258 Flathead Lake 236-238 Flathead River system 236-239 Genera and species referred to : Acroperus leucoceplialus 222, 230, 232 Agabus 233, 234 Agrion 218, 220, 232, 233, 239 Agrioninax 219, 230 Alona 225, 230, 232, 239 Allorchestes 216, 219, 221, 227, 235 dentata 214, 218, 219, 220, 225, 230, 232, 233, 238, 239 inermis 225, 227, 228, 229 Amnieola 220, 229 Amphipoda 218 Annelida 233 Aulostoma lacustris ’ 2i8 Bosmina 216, 227, 238 longirostris 222 Cfenis 222 Candona 230 Ceriodaphnia 214, 227, 232, 233 reticulata 232. 233 Chietogaster 233 Chara 226,231 Chironomus 214, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 225, 226, 227, 228, ■ 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 238, 239 Chydorus 216,218,231,232 sphaericus 225, 227, 229, 232, 233 Cladocera 225, 233, 240, 244 Cladophora 215, 222 Clepsine 220, 225, 226, 227, 231, 234, 235, 239 elegans 220 ornata 232 Crelambus 219 Coleoptera 227, 239 Colymhetes 233 Conochilus 219, 220, 225, 227 leptopus 225,229,256 volvox 219 Copepoda 233,247,255 Corethra 214, 220, 228, 230, 233, 234 Corisa . . .214, 217, 218, 219, 220, 226, 227, 228, 232, 233, 235, 239 Crustacea 238 Culex 218 Culicidse 227 Cyclops 214, 216, 220. 225, 227, 231. 232, 233, 235, 238 capilliferus 248-249 gyrinus 216, 218, 222, 225, 230, 238, 239 minnilus 216. 225, 230, 247 serratus - 247, 248 serrulatus 216,218,225,229 tbomasi 238, 249-259 Cypris barbatus grandis Daphuella bracliyura 216, 218, 225, 226, 227, 228, 232, 239 227, 228, 244-246 246 220. 227 221,222 Page. Genera and species referred to— Continued. Daplmia 214,218,227,231 angulifera 218, 220 arcuata 222 clathrata 235, 240-241 dentata 244 dentifera 240, 243-244 pulex . . . 214, 216, 218, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 232, 233, 237, 238, 242, 243 pulex var. pulicaria 242-243 schoedleri 231, 232, 233, 234 thorata 237, 238, 239, 241, 242 Daphniidse 235 Deronectes 226, 228, 233 griseostriatus 234 Diptexa 218 Diaptomus. - .216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 225, 227, 228, 229 233, 235, 238 leptopus 253 lintoni 216. 225, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 252, 253 piscinae 232, 253, 254 Shoshone .214, 216, 219, 221, 225, 229, 232, 233, 235, 251-252 sicilis 216, 219, 222, 225, 226, 229, 232 stagnalis 251, 253 Difflugia 222 globulosa 230 Dytiscidae 218, 232, 233, 238, 239 Echinopyxis 222 Ephemera 2-20 Ephemeral* 227, 239 Episclnxra 220 tluviatilis 254 lacustris 254,255 nevadensis Columbia1. 238, 239, 254-255 nordenskicehlii 254 Eurycercus 232,238 lamellatus 218, 222, 227, 239 Gammarus 216. 217, 219, 221, 225, 226, 227, 230, 232, 233, 235, 238 robust, us 216, 218, 219, 228, 229, 239 Graphoderes fasc.iaticollis 230 Gregarinae 216 Haliplus 228,230,235 Holopedium gibberum 219, 222, 234 Hydaticus 232 Hydrachnidax 218, 220, 228, 239 Hydra fusca - 220,222 Hydropbilidae 238, 239 Hydx-ophilus 217, 220 Hydroporus 232, 233 Hygrotrechus 228, 231 Lacinularia socialis 214 Leptodora hyalina . Libellula Libellxxlida Libellulinae Limnaxa Macrothrix Melaniidae Monostyla cornuta 238 222, 239 232 217 230 227, 228, 229, 232, 233, 238, 239 227, 232 220 228 229 INDEX. 427 AQUATIC INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF WYOMING AND MONTANA— Continued. Page. Genera and species referred to — Continued. Monostyla o vata 256 Naidomorpha 230 Nelumbium 256 Nephelis 226, 235, 230 4 striata 219, 220 maculata. . . .218, 220, 221, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 239 obscura 216 Neuronia 217, 221 Notonecta 217, 218, 219, 231, 232, 233 Nuphar 218, 220 Oligochmta 219, 226 Oscillaria 229 Ostracoda - .244-246 Paludinidse 220 Physa 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 226, 227, 228, 229, 233, 235, 238, 239 Phryganeidai 216, 233 Pisidium. . . .217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 226, 229, 231, 232, 234, 235, 238, 239 Planorbis 220, 229, 232, 233, 238, 239 exacutus 227 Plumatella 238, 239 Poduridse 228,230 Polyphemus 218, 227, 228 pediculus 216, 220, 222, 225, 228, 229, 232 Polyzoa 220 Potamogeton 215, 222 Pristina lacnstris 238 Protozoa 256 Rotifera 256 Salmo mykiss 228 Scapholeberis 238 mucronatus 218, 225, 229, 230, 232 Sid a 238 crystallina Simocephalus vetulus Simuliuin Sphaerium Spongilla fragilis .220, 230, 231,238, 239 220 227, 230,231,233 228, 229 232 217, 226, 232, 234 239 Page. Genera and species referred to— Continued. Stentor 230 igneus 230 var. fuliginosus 256 Stylarialacustris 222 Tabanidse 227 Turbellaria 233 Unionidae 220 Valvar* 220, 228 Vaucheria 222 Gardiner Lakelet 232 Gardiner River System 231-233 Grebe Lake 234-235 Heart Lake 220-222 Introductory 207 Lake of the Woods 230 Lewis Lake 218-220 Madison River System 234-235 Mary Lake 234 Persons referred to : Birge, E. A 244 Boutelle, F. A 210,211 Brode, H. S 212 Evermann, B. W 207,212,213 Harwood, E. L 207 Hofer, Elwood 208, 211 Jordan, David S 207 Linton, Edwin 207, 208, 209, 218 Lucas, E. R 210, 231 McDonald, Marshall 207 Parchen,W.H 212 Pelican Creek - 227 Shoshone Lake 2LD218 Small ponds, collections from 232-233 Snake River System 214-222 Soda Butte Creek 229 Swan Lake 231-232, 239 Trip of 1890 208-211 Trip of 1891 212-213 Twin Lakes 231 Yellowstone River System 223-230 Yellowstone Lake 223-229 NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF FISHES FROM THE SOUTHERN TRIBUTARIES OF THE CUMBERLAND RIVER IN KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE. Beaver Creek 266 Big South Fork of the Cumberland River 266-268 Brimstone Creek 267 Canada Creek 267 Caney Fork River 262 Cumberland River 265 Eagle Creek 263 Little South Fork of the Cumberland River 266 New River 267 Obeys River 263-265 Otter Creek 266 Roaring River 263 Rock Creek 267 Round Lick Creek 261 Species enumerated in lists: Ambloplites rupestris 262, 263, 264, 268 Amblystoma. punctatum 268 Ameiurus natalis 260, 261 nebulosus 264, 266 Aplodinotus grunniens 262, 265 Campostomaanomalum. .260, 261, 232, 263. 264, 265, 266, 267 Species enumerated in lists — Continued. Chrosomus erythrogaster 263, 266 Catostomus nigricans 260, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267 teres 326 Clupea chrysocliloris. 264, 265 Cottus bairdi 261, 263, 265, 268 Etheostoma. aspro 262, 265, 268 blennioides 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266, 268 camurum 268 caprodes 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 266, 268 cinereum 264, 268 coeruleum 263, 265, 266, 268 copelandi 265 evides 262, 264 macrocephalum 264, 268 obeyense : — 265, 266, 268 rufolineatum 260, 261, 262, 264, 268 simoterum atripinnis ...260,261,262,264,268 squamiceps 260, 261 stigmaeum 262, 265, 268 zonale 265 428 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION- NOTES ON FISHES FROM THE SOUTHERN TRIBUTARIES OF THE CUMBERLAND RIVER— Continued. . Page. Species enumerated in lists— Continued. Fundulus catenatus 261, 264, 2C5, 266, 268 Hybognathus nuchalis 262 Hybopsis amblops 260, 261, 262, 264, 266, 267 kentuckiensis 2G0, 261, 262, 264, 266, 267 storerianus 262 watauga 262, 264 Ictalurus punctatus 262,264 Ictiobus ditformis 262, 265 Labidesthes sicculus 260, 261, 264 Lagoehila lacera 260, 267 Lepisosteus osseus 262, 264, 265 Leptops olivaris 262 Lepomis cyanellus 266 megalotis 260, 261, 262, 263, 266, 268 pallidus 260,261 Micropterus dolomieu 260, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 268 salmoides 261, 265, 268 Macrolepidotum duquesnei 260,262,264,205,266,267 Notropis ariommus 261, 264, 267 atherinoides 261, 262, 264, 265, 267 REPORT ON THE FISHERIES OF Alewife fishery 274, 355 Alligator industry 335, 343-345 Apparatus in South Atlantic fisheries 274-275, 277, 278, 295-304, 314-317, 326-330, 339-343, 350-353 Character of fisheries 274-275, 308-309, 334 Comparisons between 1880 and 1890 279-281 Fishery resources - 272 Fishing-grounds 282-284, 307-308, 319, 333-334 Fish trade 305, 306, 331-332 Florida alligator industry 335, 343-345 description of coast and rivers 333-334 fisheries 333-345 by apparatus 339-343 counties 336-338 general statistics 335, 336 importance of fisheries 334 increase of fisheries 334 nature of fisheries 334 oyster canning 345 shore industries 345 Fresh-water fisheries - - - - .278, 320. 346-355 Geography of region 271, 282, 307, 319, 333-334 Georgia fisheries 319-332 by apparatus 326 330 counties 322-326 development of 319-321 importance of 319-321 fishing-grounds 319 general statistics 321-322 oyster canning 332 cultivation 320 investigations 320 surveys 320 trade 331, 332 shore industries 331-332 Importance of South Atlantic fisheries. . .274-275, 284, 308-309 319-321, 334 List of fishes figured 356 Menhaden industry 305, 306 North Carolina fisheries 282-306 by apparatus 295-305 Page. Species enumerated in lists — Continued. Notropis hoops 258, 262 galacturus 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267 heterodon 267 megalops 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 266, 207 telescopus 260, 264, 265, 267 cyanocephalus 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267 wliipplei 260, 262, 264, 265, 266, 267 Noturus flavus 262,265 Phenacobius uranops 264, 265 Pimepliales notatus 260, 261, 262, 264, 266, 267 Rliinichthys atronasus 263,265 Semotilus atromaculatus 261, 263, 266, 268 Stizostedion vitreum 262 Zygonectes notatus 260. 261 Spring Creek 260,261,263 Streams examined, list of 259 Stone River 259, 260 West Fork of the Stone River , 259, 260 Willis Creek 265 Wolf River 263 THE SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES. North Carolina fisheries, by counties 287-295 importance of 284 fishing-grounds 282 fish trade 305,306 general statistics 285-286 geography of coast 228 importance of fisheries 284 menhaden industry 305, 306 oyster canning 305,306 industry 305, 306 packing 305, 306 trade 305,306 porpoise industry 305, 306 rank as fishing State 285 shore fishing industries 305-306 Oyster canning 305, 306, 318, 320, 332, 345 fishery 274, 287, 318, 320 investigations 320 packing 305, 306 planting 318, 320 surveys 284, 320 trade 305, 306, 318, 332, 345 Persons referred to or quoted— Abbott, W. H 270 Drake, James C 320 Earll, R. Edward 271, 334 Hall, Ansley 270 McDonald, Marshall 271 Race, E.E 270 Ravenel, W. de C 270, 318 Smith, Hugh M 269 Stevenson, Charles H 270 Winslow, Francis 284 Worth, S. G 270 Porpoise fishery 274, 305 industry 305, 306 River basins, fisheries of 346-355 Salt-water fisheries 278, 320, 346 Shad fishery 274, 287, 295, 353-354 Shore fishing industries 305-306, 331-332, 345 INDEX. 429 "REPORT ON THE FISHERIES OF THE SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES— Continued. Page. South Carolina fisheries 307-318 by apparatus 314-317 counties 310-313 general statistics 309-310 oyster canning 318 planting 318 Sturgeon fishery 279, 355 Tabular statements : 1. Persons employed in fisheries of South Atlantic States in 1890 276 2. Vessels, boats, apparatus, shore property, and cash capital employed in fisheries of South At- lantic States in 1890 276 3. Products of fisheries of South Atlantic States in 1890 277 -1 . Products, by apparatus, of fisheries of South At- lantic States in 1890 277 5. Values of different fisheries of South Atlantic States in 1890 278 6. Value of the salt-water and fresh-waterfisheries of South Atlantic States in 1890 278 7. Comparative statement of number of persons engaged in fisheries of South Atlantic States in 1880 and 1890 280 8. Comparative statement of vessels, boats, appa- ratus, and property employed in fisheries of South Atlantic States in 1880 and 1890 280 9. Comparative statement of values of principal products of fisheries of South Atlantic States in 1880 and 1890 281 10. Persons employed in North Carolina fisheries in 1889 and 1890 286 11. Apparatus and capital employed in North Car- olina fisheries in 1889 and 1890 286 12. Products of North Carolina fisheries in 1889 and 1890 286 13. Showing by counties the persons employed in North Carolina fisheries in 1889 and 1890 288 14. Showing by counties the apparatus and capital employed in North Carolina fisheries in 1889 and 1890 288-290 15. Showing by counties the yield of North Caro- lina shore fisheries in 1889 and 1S90 291-294 16. Showing by counties and species the yield of North Carolina vessel fisheries in 1889andl890 295 17. Number of shad taken in each county in North Carolina in 1889 and 1890 295 18. Showing by counties, apparatus, and species the yield of North Carolina shore fisheries in 1889 and 1890 297-304 19. Porpoise industry of North Carolina in 1889 and 1890 306 20. Menhaden industry of North Carolina in 1889 and 1890 - 306 21. Wholesale fish trade of North Carolina in 1889 and 1890 306 22. Oyster industry of North Carolina in 1889 and 1890 306 23. Persons employed in South Carolina fisheries in 1889 and 1890 309 24. Apparatus and capital employed in South Caro- lina fisheries in 1889 and 1890 309 25. Products of South Carolina fisheries in 1889 and 1890 310 26. Showing by counties the persons employed in South Carolina fisheries in 1889 and 1890. . _ . 310 Page. Tabular statements — Continued. 27. Showing by counties the apparatus and capital employed in South Carolina fisheries in 1889 and 1890.'. , 311-312 28. Showing by counties and species the yield of South Carolina fisheries in 1889 and 1890 . . .312-313 29. Showing tiy counties, apparatus, and species the yield of South Carolina shore fisheries in 1889 and 1890 314-317 30. Oyster canning industry of South Carolina in 1890 318 31. Persons employed in Georgia fisheries in 1889 and 1890 321 32. Apparatus and capital employed in Georgia fisheries in 1889 and 1890 322 33. ProductsofGeorgiafisheriesinl889andl890 322 34. Showing hy counties the number of persons em- ployed in Georgia fisheries in 1889 and 1890. . 323 35. Showing hy counties the apparatus and capital used in Georgia fisheries in 1889 and 1890 323-324 36. Showing by counties and species the yield of Georgia fisheries in 1889 and 1890 325-326 37. Showing by apparatus the yield of Georgia ves- selfisheries in 1S89 and 1890 326 38. Showing by counties, apparatus, and species the yield of Georgia shore fisheries in 1889 and 1890 327-330 39. Wholesale fish trade of Chatham County, Georgia, in 1890 331 40. Retail fish trade of Savannah, Ga., in 1890 332 41. Oyster-canning industry of Georgia in 1889 and 1890 332 42. Persons employed in fisheries of eastern Florida in 1889 and 1890 335 43. Apparatus and capital employed in fisheries of eastern Floi'ida in 1889 and 1890 335 44. Products of fisheries of eastern Florida in 1889 and 1890 336 45. Showing hy counties the number of persons em- ployed in fisheries of eastern Florida in 1889 and 1890 336 46. Showing by counties the apparatus and capital employed in fisheries of eastern Florida in 1889 and 1890 337 47. Showing by counties and species the yield of fisheries of eastern Florida in 1889 and 1890 . 338 48. Showing by counties, apparatus, and species the yield of fisheries of eastern Florida in 1 889 and 1890 339-343 49. Oyster-canning industry of Florida in 1889 and 1890 345 50. Showing by river basins the number of persons employed in fresh-water fisheries of South Atlantic States in 1889 and 1890 347 51. Showing hy river basins the vessels, boats, apparatus, etc., employed in fresh- water fisheries of South Atlantic States in 1889 and 1890 347-348 52. Showing by river basins the products of fresh- water fisheries of South Atlantic States in 1889 and 1890 348-349 53. Showing hy river basins and apparatus the products of fresh water fisheries of South At- lantic States in 1889 and 1890 350-353 Vessel fisheries - 274, 295 unimportance of 274,287 430 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. REPORT ON THE EUROPEAN METHODS OP OYSTER-CULTURE. Page. Amphipleura (Navicula) fusiformis ostreana 390 Amruin 370, 373 Anderson, A 405 ArcaChon Auray Austin, G. L Belgium, oyster-culture in Bergen-op-Zoom Berrington, A. P Blackwater River Blankenberglie Bottemanne, C. J Bouchon-Brandely, M Br£n5guy Brightlingsea Brindisi Bruges Burnliam 369, 371, 382, 384, 385, 394, 395 .371, 376, 379, 382, 385, 394, 395, 398 v 405 389-392 384 405 394, 400 391 382, 387, 405 363 364 394, 400 359 389 394 Cacilhas 367 Cancale 371, 399 Cape Pinisterre 366 Castello del Ovo 366 Colne River 394,400 Conclusion - 402-405 Coruna 366 Coste, M 358,364,367 Crouch River 394, 400 Cultural processes in England - 398-401 Danish Cronicle 372 Elbe River 380 Elevage in Holland 386, 387, 388 England, oyster-culture in 393-401 English oysters, grades of 400 European system, summary of 406 Falmouth 400 Faversham 399, 400 Feddersen, Messrs 405 Fishery orders in England 396 Fdhr 373 Fryer, "W" 405 Fusaro, Lake 358, 363, 364, 365 Genoa, Gulf 358 Germany, oyster-culture in 370-380 Goes 385, 386 Grades of English oysters 400 Graells, M 367 Hamman. M 405 Havesliam 393 Hayling Island 376, 395 Herne Bay 399 Hoek, Dr 373, 387, 395 Holland, oyster-culture in 381-388 Holstein Bank 377 Hubrecht, Prof 404 Hnsum 370, 371, 372, 373, 377, 378, 379 Huxley, Prof 394, 395, 401, 404 Introduction - - 357 Italy, oyster-culture in 358, 366 .Terseke 369, 379 Kentish Flats - 393, 397 Kergurionn6 374 Kiel 379, 380 La Tremblade 376, 377, 378 Lease of oyster-cultural property in Germany, abstract 380 Leasin’g oyster lands in Holland 387, 388 Page. Leroux, Mr 390 Lijmfjord 379 Lisbon 367, 368 Lloregat Bay 366 Lucrine Lake 358, 364, 365 Marennes 376, 378, 385, 389, 390, 399 Mare Piccolo 359, 360 Margate 393 McDonald, Marshall 357 Meinesz & Co 391 Milosa, Salvatore 363, 405 Mobius, Prof 370, 371, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 402, 405 Natural supply of oysters in England 393 Newman, J 405 Newman, Mr 394, 400 Nieuport 391 Ochtmann, Mr 384, 385, 386, 405 Origin of oyster-culture 358 Ossegor 375 Ostend 376, 386, 389. 390, 391, 392 Oyster-culture in Belgium 389-392 England 393-401 Germany 370-380 Holland 381-388 Italy 358-366 Spain and Portugal 366-370 Ostrea augulata 367, 369, 402 edulis 358, 402 edulis Venetian* 358 plicata 358 Oyster-land concessions in England 396,39" Pollio, Domenico 365, 405 Portugal and Spain, oyster-culture in 366-370 Production in Holland 384,385 Rom 370, 373 Sables d’Olonne 359 San Martin de Noya Bay 366 San Nicolas de Neda Bay 366 Santa Luccia 366 Santander 366 Schelde 381, 382, 383, 384, 386 Schleswig 379, 380 Sheppey, isle of 393 Smith, J • 405 Soudre 376 Spain and Portugal, oyster-culture in 366-370 Stichert & Strache 389 Storm, E 405 Summary of European system 406 Sylt 370, 373 Tagus River 367, 369 Tareute 358, 359, 363, 364, 371, 394 Tarentine Gulf 358, 363 Towse, T. Wrench 405 Trieste 358 VanZoelan, Baron Grceninx 386, 405 Van Nisse, Mr 387 Venice 358 Ver Nieuwe, Dr. Anselme - 391 Wanklyn, A. C - 405 Wattenmeer 370, 371, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377 Weinreich, Baurath 405 Whitstable 369, 376, 393, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399 Yvres River 389 Zuyder Zee 381,382 INDEX. 431 ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE MYXOSPORIDIA. Page. Acerina cernua. (See Gymnocephalus cernua.) vulgaris. (See Gymnocephalus cernua.) Alburnus alburnus, Myxobolus obesus in 415 Ameiurus melas, Myxobolus sp. ad linearis affin. in .. 417 Aphredoderus sayanus, Myxobolus monurus in 41G Catostomus tuberculatus. (See Erimyzon sucetta.) Ceratomyxa 411, 412. 420 sphsrulosa 420 Chloromyxidse 412, 418 Chloromyxum 411, 412, 418 ?? congri 419 dujardini 419 elegans 419 fluviatile 418 incisum 419 leydigii 418, 419 mucronatum 419 Coregonus l'era, Myxobolus kolesnikovi in 417 Myxobolus spheralis in 415 Myxobolus ?? zscliokkei in 416 Cottus Scorpio, Pleistophora typicalis in 410 Cryptocystes 409 Cystodiscida; 412, 413 Cystodiscus 411, 412, 413 ? diploxys 411, 413 immersus 413 Cyprinodon variegatus, Myxobolus lintoni in 414 Cyprinus erythroplitlialmus. (See Leuciscns (S.) ery- throphthalmus.) rutilus. (See Leuciscns rutilus.) Erimyzon sucetta, Myxobolus oblongus in 414 Myxobolus globosus in 415 Esox lucius, Myxobolus schizurus in 417 Gadus lota. (See Lota lota.) Glugea 40g anomala 409 destruens 409 mierospora (synonym for anomala) 409 Glugeidm 409 Gy mnocephalus cernua, Myxobolus creplini in 418 Myxobolus perlatusin 418 Henneguya (synonym for Myxobolus) 411,412,413 Hybognatkus nuchalis, Myxobolus macrurus in 416 Labeo niloticns, Myxobolus unicapsulatus in 414 Leptocephalus conger, Chloromyxum ?? congri in 419 Lota lota, Myxobolus diplurus in 418 Chloromyxum mucronatum in 419 Lota vulgaris. (See L. lota.) Leuciscns rutilus, Chloromyxum dujardini in 419 Myxobolus cycloides in 415 erythrophthalmus, Chloromyxum dujardini in 419 Mixosoma (synonym for Chloromyxum) 411, 412, 418, 419 Myxidiidse 412, 420 Myxidium 411, 412, 420 lieberkiihnii 410, 420 1 sp 420 Myxobolidfe 412 Myxobolus 411, 412, 413 bicostatus 41 4 Page. Myxobolus brevis 416 creplini 418 cycloides 415 diplurus 418 ellipsoides 414 globosus 415 inequalis 414 kolesnikovi 417 linearis 417 lintoni 414 macrnrus 416 medius 416 merlncii 415 monurus 416 mugilis 414 miilleri 414 obesus 415 oblongus 414 oviformis 414 perlatus 415 piriformis 414 psorospermica 418 schizurus 417 spheralis 415 strongylurus 417 transovalis 415 unicapsulatus 414 ?? zschokkei 416 Myxosoma. (See Mixosoma.) Myxosporidiese, synonym for Myxobolidae 413 Myxosporidium, synonym for Myxobolus 413 merlncii (see Myxobolus merlncii) . . 415 mugilis (see Myxobolus mugilis) 414 Palsemonetes varians, Thdlohania macrocyst.is in 410 Phmnocystes 409, 410 Plioxinus funduloides, Myxobolus transovalis in 415 Pimelodus blocliii. (See P. clarias.) clarias, Myxobolus inequajis in 414 seba?. (See Rhamdia sebpe.) Platystoma fasciatum. (See Pseudoplatystoma fascia- turn.) Pleistophora 409, 410 typicalis 410 Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum, Myxobolus linearis in.. 417 Pyralis viridana. (See Tortrix viridana.) Rajabatis, Chloromyxum incisum in 419 Rhamdia seba;, Myxobolus linearis in 417 Silurus clarias. (See Pimelodus clarias.) Spliserospora, snbgenus of Chloromyxum 411, 412, 418, 419 Synodon hal, Myxobolus strongylurus in 417 Theloli 409,410 contejeani 410 giardi 410 macrocystis 410 octospora 410 Tinea tinea, Myxobolus bicostatus in 414 vulgaris. (See T. tinea.) 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