BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCIENCE SERIES LIBRARY NEW YORK VOLUME I BOTANICAL (1894-1896) ^^'^"*^'^- WILLIAM HERBERT HOBBS, PH. D., Editor Assistant Professor of Mineralogy and Petrology, PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF LAW AND WITH THE APPROVAL OF THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY MADISON, WIS. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 1896 COMMITTEE OF PUBLICATION OF THE BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. CHARLES KENDALL ADAMS, LL. D.. President of the University WILLIAM H. HOBBS, Ph. D., Editor-in-Chief EDITORS George L. Hendrickson, B, A., Professor of Latin Editor of the Philology and Literature Series William H. Hobbs, Ph. D., Assistant Professor of Mineralogy and Petrology Editor of the Science Series Frederick J. Turner, Ph. D., Professor of American History Editor of the Economics, Political Science, and History Series DUGALD C. Jackson, C. E., Professor of Electrical Engineering ^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^jg^^^j.^gg^. Nelson O. Whitney, C. E., Professor of Railway Engineering) DEMOCRAT PRINTING CO. State Printer Madison, Wis. CONTENTS OF VOLUME I. Page No. 1. On the speed of liberation of iodine in solutions of hydro- chloric acid, potassium chlorate, and potassium iodide, by Herman Schlundt, Assistant in Chemistry 1 No. 2. On the quartz keratophyre and associated rocks of the North Range of the Baraboo Bluffs, by Samuel Weidman 34 No. 3. Studies in spherical and practical astronomy, by George C. Comstock, Director of the Washburn Observatory 57 No. 4. A contribution to the mineralogy of Wisconsin, by William Herbert Hobbs, Assistant Professor of Mineralogy and Petrology 109 No. 5. Analytic keys to the genera and species of North American mosses, by Charles R. Barnes, Professor of Botany 157 INDEX TO PLATES. Opposite page Plate 1. Geological map of a portion of the North Range of the Baraboo Bluffs 35 Plates 2 and 3. Photographs of thin sections of volcanic rocks from the North Range of the Baraboo Bluffs 56 Plates 4-8. Drawings of crystals from Wisconsin 156 NEW YOR!< BOTANICA'. GAKUf-.lM. BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN Science Series, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1—33. ON THE SPEED OF THE LIBERATION OF IODINE IN MIXED SOLUTIONS OF POTASSIUM CHLORATE. POTASSIUM IODIDE. AND HYDRO- CHLORIC ACID BY HERMAN SCHLUNDT Assistant in Chemistry. PUBLISHED BY AUTHORtTY OF LAW AND WITH THE APPROVAL OF THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY MADISON, WIS. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY December, 1894 PKICE 3S CENTS e,ovxtnUiee of ^^ublicaUon CHARLES KENDALL ADAMS, President of the University EDITORS George L. HendricKSON, Philology and Literaturt William H. Hobbs (Chairman), Science DUGALD C. Jackson, Engineering Frederick J. Turner, Economicsy Folitical Science, and History Democrat Prioting Company, State Printer BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN Science Series, Vol. i, No. i, pp. 1-33, December, I894 ON THE SPEED OF THE LIBERATION OF IODINE IN MIXED SOLUTIONS OP POTASSIUM CHLORATE, POTASSIUM IODIDE, AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID. BY HERMAN SCHLUNDT,' Assistant in Chemistry. A systematic study of the conditions of experimentation that determine the progress of a reaction has until of late years received very little attention. During the last two decades, the speed of various reactions as dependent upon modifying influences has been specially investigated, and to-day the subject of chemical dynamics furnishes many interesting problems for investigation. The present work has been undertaken with the view of collecting data for the solving of some of these problems. Burchard- studied the speed of the liberation of iodine in mixtures of hydriodic and iodic acids in very dilute so- lutions. Similarly he investigated mixtures of hydriodic acid with bromic or chloric acids. Mixtures of the salts of hydriodic and chloric acids with hydrochloric acid, however, have never to my knowledge been investigated in this way. It is the purpose of this paper to study the speed of the liberation of iodine in such mixtures as are influenced: first, by temperature; second, by degree of concentration; third, by the presence of an excess of one or more of the components; and fourth, by the addition of an excess of other acids. 1 A thesis submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Science in the General Science Course, University of Wisconsin, June, 1894. 2 Ueber die Oxydatioa des Jodwasserstoffes durch die Sauerstofifsaiiren der Salzbilder, Zeitschr. physik. Cham., 2; p. 796. (1888.) BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITF OF WISCONSIN Preliminary Experiments. — It is well known that when po- tassium iodide, potassium chlorate, and hydrochloric acid are mixed in solution, iodine is liberated according to this reaction, — K CI O3 + 6 H CI + 6 K I = 7 K CI + 3 H, O + lo. In order to ascertain the conditions favorable for study- ing the speed of the liberation of iodine in such mixtures, several preliminary experiments on the effects of tempera- ture and concentration became necessary. It was found that in mixtures containing equivalents^ of the salts according to the foregoing reaction as deci-nor- mal solutions at 0° C, iodine is liberated very slowly, a sample of twenty cubic centimeters of the mixture after twenty-four hours requiring only one-tenth cubic centime- ter of a deci-normal solution of sodium thiosulphate to destroy the blue color produced by the addition of starch paste. The same mixture at 100" C. proved well adajDted for investigation, as the following table shows: — Cubic centimeters Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken. ofnNa,S,03 used in each titration. Per cent, of Iodine liberated 15 20 1.45 3.6 35 20 3.1 7.8 GO 20 4.3 10.8 90 20 6.0 15.0 Preparation of Solutions. — The solutions used were pre- pared as follows: A normal solution of potassium iodide free from iodate served throughout the investigation. It 1 Whenever this term is used it is understood to mean equivalents according to the reac- tion already given. SCIILUNDT SPEED OF THE LIBERATION OF IODINE 6 was prepared by dissolving 165.54 g. of the pulverized salt, dried at 100" C, and making it up to one liter. The normal hydrochloric acid was standardized on calcite. The potassium chlorate was tested for sulphates, nitrates, chlorides, the heavy metals, and the alkaline earths, and found to be j3ure. The solution of this salt was three times normal and was prepared by taking 61.25 g. of the dry crys- tallized salt to a liter. A twentieth normal solution of so- dium thiosulphate served for titration. It was prepared by dissolving 12.4 g. of the pure crystallized salt per liter of water. The strength of this solution was verified by test- ing with deci-normal iodine solution. The starch paste used was quite dilute and was prepared by stirring up two to three grams of the fine starch with cold water. Three to four hundred cubic centimeters of boiling hot water were then added and the mixture well stirred. This paste was then filtered, and the filtrate used as indicator. A fresh solution was frequently prepared. Conduct of Experiments. — The entire series of investiga- tions was conducted at 100° C. The mixtures were pre- pared by measuring out the desired equivalents of the dif- ferent components, cooling them to 0°C. in ice water, and then mixing them. Samples of 20 cc. of the mixture were then quickly taken out and put into ordinary six- inch test tubes. The tubes were quickly sealed, but all the time kept as cool as possible. The samples were then plunged into a large kettle of boiling water and kept at this temperature. At definite intervals samples were taken out and plunged into ice water, thus quickly check- ing the reaction. After one minute the test tubes were broken, washed with cold water, and the iodine determined by means of a twentieth normal solution of sodium thio- sulphate. The test tubes were sealed at about the same distance from the end, thus keeping the pressure nearly constant. Whenever it was found expedient to work with samples. 4 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN of 10 CO., the tubes were used over again. As the test tubes were new, special precautions in cleaning had to be exer- cised. To remove the alkalies that are given off by new glassware, I followed the advice of Professor Ostwald and steamed the tubes for about five minutes by means of an apparatus figured on p. 295 of his "Hand- und Hilfsbuch zur Ausftihrung physico-chemischer Messungen. " In mixtures where the components enter in equivalent pro- portions it was found that the free iodine began to crystal- lize out when about 40 per cent, had been liberated. To get this iodine into solution a few cubic centimeters of a strong potassium iodide solution were added. But as this excess of potassium iodide might possibly enter into the reaction and so slightly increase the amount of sodium thiosulphate used, the iodine of several samples was shaken out with carbon bisulphide and determined. A comparison of re- sults obtained by these two methods,^ shows that the ad- dition of a few cubic centimeters of cold potassium iodide during titration has little or no effect on the result. The equation expressing the reaction shows that for every molecule of potassium iodide present one atom of iodine is liberated. In titrating the iodine with sodium thiosulphate the following reaction takes place, — 2 Na, Sa O3 + I, = Na, S, O, -f 2 Na I. Hence the per cent, of iodine liberated at any time from the given sample, originally containing 20 cc. of potassium iodide in deci-normal solution, is obtained by dividing by forty the number of cubic centimeters of sodium thiosul- phate used, the thiosulphate being twentieth-normal. Presentation of Results. — The results obtained are divided into five sections. Section A includes the results obtained from a mixture containing equivalents of the salts as deci- normal solutions. The effect of a definite excess of one of the several comjDonents upon the speed of the reaction 1 Sec. B, UL series (1) and (3), and Sec. C, series (4). SCHLUNDT — SPEED OP THE LIBERATION OF IODINE 5 is shown in section B. Sectioa C, similar to B, gives the effect upon the speed when definite excesses of both potas- sium iodide and hydrochloric acid are used. Section D gives the results obtained from mixtures containing equiv- alents of the components in fifth normal and two-fifth nor- mal solutions respectively. The acceleration in the speed by various organic and inorganic acids forms the fifth and last section of the results. To facilitate comparison, the results obtained in similar series are graphically represented in the same figure. In plotting the curves the axis of abscissas was chosen to denote the time of the reaction, each space representing one hun- dred minutes, while the percentages of iodine liberated are plotted on the axis of ordinates. SECTION A. Series in ivhicJi equivalents of K CI O3, H CI, and K I enter in deci-novTrml solutions,^ according to the reaction, — K CI O3 + 6 H CI + 6 K I = 7 K CI + 3 H, O + Ig. A sample of 400 cc. of the mixture was prepared as fol- lows: Normal Hydrochloric Acid 40 . 0 cc. Normal Potassium Iodide 40 . 0 cc. Three times normal Potassium Chlorate 13 . 3 cc. Water 306.7 cc. 400.0 cc. 1 Curve A, Figures 1, 2, 3, 5. 6 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN Cubic centimeters Duration of re- action in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken. ofnNa,S,03 used in each titration.' Per cent, of Iodine liberated 15 20 1.45 3.6 35 20 3.1 7.8 35 20 3.0 7.5 60 20 4.3 10.8 70 20 4.6 11.5 90 20 6.0 15.0 110 20 6.6 16.5 150 20 7.85 19.6 210 20 9.4 23.5 300 20 12.05 30.1 300 20 12.25 30.6 360 20 13.55 33.9 iiO 20 14.55 86.4 520 20 15.55 38.9 585 20 16.0 40.0 730 20 17.0 42.5 830 20 18.4 46.0 1250 20 21.3 53.3 1400 20 21.7 54 3 1830 20 23.2 58.0 2000 20 24.1 60.3 SCHLUNDT — SPEED OF THE LIBERATION OF IODINE SECTION B. Series in loMcli an excess of one of the three components enters, both of the other components remaining tenth normal. I. Potassium chlorate in excess. (1) An excess of one mole- cule of K CI O3 enters,' — K CI O3 + 6 H CI + 6 K I + K CI O3 Excess. A sample of 400 cc. of the mixture was prepared as fol- lows: Normal Hydrochloric Acid 40.0 cc. Normal Potassium Iodide 40.0 cc- Three times normal Potassium Chlorate 26. 7 cc. Water 293.3 cc. 400.0 cc. Cubic centimeters Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken . ofn Na^S, O3 used in each titration. Per cent, of Iodine liberated. 10 20 1.35 3.4 20 20 2.85 7.1 30 20 3.95 9.9 30 20 3.9 9.8 60 20 6.6 16.5 60 20 6.7 16.8 100 20 9.9 24.8 170 20 13.0 32.5 270 20 16.9 42.3 420 20 18.95 47.4 590 20 21.2 53.0 1320 20 25.85 64.6 > Curve B, Figure 1. SCHLUNDT — SPEED OP THE LIBERATION OF IODINE (2) An excess of tivo molecules of K CI O3 enters,'— K CI O3 + 6 H CI + 6 K I + 2 K CI O3 Excess. A sample of 400 cc. of the mixture was prepared as follows : Normal Hydrochloric Acid 40 cc. Normal Potassium Iodide 40 cc. Three times normal Potassium Chlorate 40 cc. Water 280 cc. 400 cc. Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken. Cubic centimeters of ^ Xa, Sg Oj used in each titration. Per cent, of Iodine liberated. 15 20 2.8 7.0 30 20 5.0 12.5 55 20 8.0 20.0 85 20 10.95 27.4 120 20 12.7 31.8 150 20 14.25 35.6 210 20 16.65 41.6 400 20 21.45 53.6 590 20 23.9 59.8 1320 20 28.95 72.4 After keeping 48 hours at the ordinary temperature of the laboratory 20 cc. of this mixture required 0.4 cc. of twentieth normal sodium thiosulphate solution. 1 Curve C, Figure 1. 10 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN (3) An excess of three molecules of K CI O3 enters,' — K CI O3 + 6 H CI + 6 K I + 3 K CI O3 Excess. A sample of 400 cc. of the solution was made up as fol- lows: Normal Hydrochloric Acid 40.0 cc. Normal Potassium Iodide 40.0 cc. Three times normal Potassium Chlorate 53 . 3 cc. Water -66.7 cc. 400.0 cc. Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken. 10 20 40 60 85 110 150 180 210 230 290 440 510 590 830 900 1320 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Cubic centimeters of^NaaSsOa used in each titration. 2.8 5.0 8.25 10.6 13.5 15.4 17.35 19.25 20.25 Per cent, of Iodine liberated. 7.0 12.5 20.6 26.5 33.8 38.5 43.4 48.1 50.6 21.4 53.5 21.85 54.6 24.2 60.5 24.75 61.9 25.6 64.0 27.4 68.5 27.8 69.5 31.3 78.3 1 Curve D, Figure 1. SCHLUNDT — SPEED OF THE LIBERATION OP IODINE 11 II. Potassium iodide enters in an excess, both the hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate remaining constant and tenth normal. (1) Series in which the KI is douUed,'— KCIO3 + 6HCI + 6KI + 6KI Excess. A sample of 400 cc. was prepared as follows : Normal Hydrochloric Acid 40.0 cc. Normal Potassium Iodide 80 . 0 cc. Three times normal Potassium Chlorate 13 . 3 cc. Water 266.7 cc. 400.0 cc. Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken. Cubic centimeters of ^_ Na^ S3 O3 used in each titration. Per cent, of Iodine liberated. 15 20 2.4 oO 30 20 4.7 11.8 50 20 6.35 15.9 85 20 9.65 24.1 110 20 11.45 28.6 160 20 13.85 34.6 230 20 16.7 41.8 315 20 . 18.55 46.4 430 20 19.9 49.8 530 20 21.4 53.5 640 20 22.9 57.3 760 20 23.65 59.1 1360 20 27.2 68.0 iCurveB, Figure 2. 12 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN (2) Series in which K I is tripled,^ — KCIO3 + 6HCI + 6KI + I2KI Excess. A sample of 400 cc. was made up as follows : Normal Hydrochloric Acid 40 . 0 cc. Normal Potassium Iodide 120 . 0 cc. Three times normal Potassium chlorate 13 .3 cc. Water 226.7 cc. 400.0 cc. Cubic centimeters Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken. of nxa, S.Oa used in each titration. Per cent, of Iodine liberated. 10 20 1.8 4.5 20 20 3.25 8.1 40 20 5.9 14.8 65 20 8.25 20.6 100 20 11.05 27.6 150 20 14.6 36.5 225 20 17.8 44.5 370 20 21.7 54.3 470 20 24.0 60.0 585 20 25.35 63.4 720 20 26.65 66.6 1 Curve C, Figure 8. (13) 14 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN (3) Series in which the K I is quadrupled,^ — K CI 0,, + 6 H CI + 6 K 1+ 18 K I Excess. A sample of 400 cc. was prepared as follows: Normal Hydrochloric Acid -10.0 cc. Normal Potassium Iodide 160.0 cc. Three times normal Potassium Chlorate 13.3 cc. Water 186.7 cc. 400.0 cc. Cubic centimeters Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken. of^^ Na.S.O, used in each titration. Per cent, of Iodine liberated. 10 20 1.9 4.8 25 20 4.6 11.5 40 20 0.7 16.8 60 20 9.5 23.8 85 20 11.5 28.8 115 20 13.75 34.4 150 20 17.1 42.8 175 20 17.4 43.5 215 20 18.3 45.8 275 20 21.15 52.9 340 20 22.6 56.5 450 20 24.2 60.5 600 20 26.3 65.8 720 20 28.0 70.0 1320 20 31.0 77.5 ' Curve D, Figrure 2. SCHLUNDT — SPEED OF THE LIBERATION OF IODINE 15 HI. Hydrochloric acid enters in an excess, both the other com- ponents remaining constant and tenth normal. (1) Series in which the original amount of H CI is dou- bled,'— K CI O, + 6 H CI + 6 K I + 6 H CI Excess. A sample of 400 cc. was prepared as follows : Normal Hydrochloric Acid SO .0 cc. Normal Potassium Iodide 40.0 cc. Three times normal Potassium Chlorate 13 . 3 cc. Water 266.7 cc. 400.0 cc. ' Cubic centimeters Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken. of^^ Na3 S3 O3 used in each titration. Per cent, of Iodine liberated. 17 20 4.3 10.8 30 20 7.25 18.1 50 20 10.45 26.1 70 2) 12.7 31.8 105 20 16.2 40.5 105 20(CS3) 16.35 40.9 150 20 18.95 47.4 220 20 22.3 57.5 300 20 24.85 62.1 450 20 27.55 68.9 720 20 30.95 77.4 1 Curve B, Figure 3. 16 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN (2) Series in whicli the original amount of HC is tri- pled,^— K CI O3 + 6 H CI + 6 K I + 12 H CI Excess. A sample of 400 cc. was prepared as follows : Normal Hydrochloric Acid 120 .0 cc. Normal Potassium Iodide 40.0 cc. Three times normal Potassium Chlorate 12 .3 cc. Water 226.7 cc. 400.0 cc. Cubic centimeters Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken. of n^NaoSoOg used in each titration. Per cent, of Iodine liberated. 10 20 4.6 11.5 20 20 9.05 22.6 40 20 14.75 36.9 60 20 18.75 46.4 100 20 23.6 59.0 130 20 25.35 63.4 210 20 30.1 75.3 295 20 34.95 87.4 525 20 37.5 93.8 1 Curve C, Figure 3. (17) 18 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN (3) Series in which the original amount of H CI is quad- rupled, ' — K CI O3 + 6 H CI + 6 K I + 18 H CI Excess. A sample of 400 cc. was prepared as follows : Normal Hydrochloric Acid 160 .0 cc. Normal Potassium Iodide 40.0 cc. Three times normal Potassium Chlorate 13.3 cc. Water 186.7 cc. 400.0 cc. Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken. Cubic centimeters of n^ Na3 S, O3 used in each titration. Per cent, of Iodine liberated. 20 20 15.3 38.3 50 20 24.55 61.4 100 20 (C Ss) 31.7 79.3 100 20 31.8 79.5 200 20 37.15 92.9 300 20 38.85 97.1 460 20 39.55 98.9 After 24 hours 20 cc. of this mixture kept at the ordinary- temperature of the laboratory required 0. 5 cc. of twentieth normal sodium thiosulphate. > Curve D, Figure 3. SCHLUNDT SPEED OP THE LIBERATION OF IODINE 19 SECTION C. This section embraces a series of experiments in which excesses of both the hydrochloric acid and potassium iodide enter, the amount of potassium chlorate remaining constant. The results obtained have a direct bearing upon analytical methods as these are the conditions under which chlorates are estimated. (1) Series in which both the H CI and K I are doubled^ the K CI O3 remaining constant and tenth normal, ' — Excess K CI O3 + 6 KI + 6 HC1+ 6HC1 + 6KL A sample of 400 cc. was made up as follows : Xormal Hydrochloric Acid 80.0 cc. Normal Potassium Iodide 80.0 cc. Three times normal Potassium Chlorate 13.3 cc. Water 226.7 cc. 400.0 cc. Cubic centimeters Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken. ofHNa, S, O3 used in each titration. Per cent, of Iodine liberated. 10 20 3.75 9.4 35 20 11.35 28.4 60 20 16.5 41.3 100 20 21.3 53.3 170 20 25.75 64.4 280 20 30.4 76.0 415 20 33.6 84.0 1 Curve A, Figure 4. 20 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN (2) Series in which Jiotli the H CI and K I are tripled,- Excess. . KC103+6HC1 + 6KI + 5kI + 12 H"cr. A sample of 200 cc. was prepared as follows: Normal Hydrochloric Acid 60 .0 cc. Normal Potassium Iodide 60 .0 cc. Three times normal Potassium Chlorate 6.7 cc. Water 73.3 cc. 200.0 cc. Cubic centimeters Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken. of|LNao So O3 used in each titration. Per cent, of Iodine liberated. 5 10 2.6 13.0 10 10 5.05 25.3 20 10 8.75 43.8 35 10 12.0 60.0 50 10 14.15 70.8 70 10 16.25 81.3 95 10 17.85 89.3 160 10 19.8 99.0 1 Curve B, Figure 4. SCHLUNDT — SPEED OP THE LIBERATION OF IODINE 21 (3) Series in which both the H CI and K I are quadru- pled, — Excess A. K CI O3 + 6 H CI + 6 K I + 18 H CI + 18 KL A sample of 200 cc. was prepared thus: Normal Hydrochloric Acid 80.0 cc. Normal Potassium Iodide 80.0 cc. Three times normal Potassium Chlorate 6 . 7 cc. Water 33.3 cc. 200.0 cc. • - Cubic centimeters Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken. ofnNa,S,03 used in each titration. Per cent, of Iodide liberated. 5 10 5.4 27.0 10 10 9.4 47.0 15 10 12.0 60.0 20 10 13.7 68.5 25 10 15.3 76.5 30 10 16.5 82.5 35 10 17.3 86.5 45 10 18.6 93.0 55 10 19.75 98.8 60 10 19.95 99.8 80 10 19.9 99.5 105 10 20.1 100.5 . It is to be observed here that the entire amount of iodine is liberated in an hour. ' Curve C, Figure 4. 22 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN IV. too / ■iftfl / ^-^""^ X €0 Jc|B / ^ h AO 7 ' 1 < 1 1 1 2 -i 6 8 (4) Series in which the K I is doubled and tlie H CI sex tujHed. Excess, , ^ , K CI 0.3 + 6 K I + 6 H CI + 6 K I + 30 H CI. A sample of 200 cc. was made uj) as follows : Normal Hydrochloric Acid 120.0 cc. Normal Potassium Iodide 40.0 cc. Three times normal Potassium Chloi-ate 6 7 cc. Water 33.3 cc. 200.0 cc. 10 SCHLUNDT SPEED OF THE LIBERATION OP IODINE 23 1 Cubic centimeters Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cvibic centimeters of solution taken. of ^^ Na, S, O3 used in each titration. Per cent, of Iodine liberated. 5 10 (C Sg) 7.3 36.5 10 10 11.6 58.0 20 10 (C So) 15.4 77.0 20 10 15.45 77.3 31 10 17.65 88.3 35 10 (C S,) 18.1 90.5 45 10 19.0 95.0 60 10(CS,J 19.9 99.5 85 10 19.9 99.5 Here too it is to be noticed that the entire amount of iodine is liberated at the end of an hour. SECTION D. Effect of Concentration on the Speed. A comparison of the results in section B with those in A shows that there is an increase in the speed of the iodine liberation as one of the components enters in an ex- cess; i. e., there is an increase in speed when one of the components exists in the mixture in a more concentrated form than the others. The results in section C show that there is a greater increase in the speed of the reaction when lioth the hydrochloric acid and potassium iodide enter in an excess. One would also expect an increase in speed as the component solutions became more concentrated, al- though none of the components entered in an excess. A mixture containing equivalents of the salts as fifth normal solutions, and another containing them as two-fifths nor- mal were investigated. The results are graphically repre- sented by curves B and C, Figure 5. The curve marked A represents the speed in a mixture containing the salts as tenth normal solutions. SCHLUNDT — SPEED OF THE LIBERATION OP IODINE 25 (1) Series containing equivalents of the components as fifth normal solutions,' — K CI O3 + 6 K I + 6 H CI. A sample of 200 cc. was made up as follows: Normal Hydrochloric Acid 40.0 cc. Normal Potassium Iodide 40.0 cc. Three times normal Potassium Chlorate 13 . 3 cc. Water 106 . 7 cc. 200.0 cc. Cubic centimeters Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken. of n Ka3 S3O3 used in each titration. Per cent, of Iodine liberated 10 10 4.45 11.1 20 10 6.7 16.8 50 10 11.95 29.9 115 10 17.3 43.3 190 10 20.1 50.3 310 10 22.5 56.3 410 10 23.9 59.8 530 10 25.15 62.9 780 10 26.65 66.6 1380 10 29.2 73.0 1980 10 30.4 76.0 1 Curve B, Figure 5. 26 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN (2) Series containing equivalents of the components as two- fifth normal solutions,' — A sample of 100 cc. was made up as follows; Normal Hydrochloric Acid 40.0 cc. Normal Potassium Iodide 40.0 cc. Three times normal Potassium Chlorate 13.3 cc. Water 6.7 cc. 100.0 cc. Cubic centimeters Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken. ofnNa,S,03 used in each titration. Per cent, of Iodine liberated. 10 10 24.25 30.3 20 10 33.7 42.1 30 10 38.4 48.0 50 10 43.3 54.1 100 10- 50.55 63.2 180 10 55.6 69.5 280 10 58.7 73.4 410 10 61.75 77.2 660 10 65.0 81.25 ^ Curve C, Figure 5. SCHLUNDT SPEED OF THE LIBERATION OF IODINE 27 SECTION E. Accelei-ation of Speed Jjy Other Acids. The presence of an excess of hydrochloric acid accelerates the reaction. Will the presence of other acids have a sim- ilar influence, and if so what is their comparative influence on the speed of the reaction? Various acids, organic and in- organic, were tested. Normal solutions of the following acids were prepared,— hydrobromic, nitric, sulphuric, boric, formic, acetic, pro- pionic, butyric, tartaric, malic, lactic, succinic, and oxalic. A mixture containing equivalents of the components as fifth normal solutions served as a basis throughout the in- vestigations. The following is a general sample mixture of 200 cc— Normal Hydrochloric Acid 40.0 cc. Normal Potassium Iodide 40 . 0 cc. Three times normal Potassium Chlorate 13.3 cc. Normal acid used as accelerator 20.0 cc. Water 86.7 cc. 200.0 cc. It was found that none of the organic acids mentioned increased the speed of the reaction. On the contrary they all slightly retarded the liberation of iodine. [Boric acid also shows a slight retardation of the speed.] This is easily accounted for by the fact that some of the acids are oxidized by potassium chlorate. It is also possible that some of the halogens present go to form substitution products of the acid. The results obtained by using hydrobromic, hydrochloric, nitric, and sulphuric acids respectively as accelerators are graphically represented in figure 6. Curve A represents the speed when no accelerating acid is present. 28 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN (1) Hydrobromic acid is the accelerator. ' Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken. Cubic centimeters of ^ Na^ So O3 used in each titration Per cent, of Iodine liberated. 10 10 8.0 20.0 20 10 12.6 31.5 50 10 19.6 49.0 110 10 26.1 65.3 185 10 28.9 72.3 360 10 32.1 80.3 430 10 33.15 82.9 690 10 35.3 88.3 (2) Hydrochloric acid serves as the accelerator,' Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken. Cubic centimeters ofnNa^S^Og used in each titration. Per cent, of Iodine liberated. 10 10 7.2 18.0 20 10 11.5 28.8 30 10 14.4 36.0 55 10 19.1 47.8 80 10 21.6 54.0 160 10 26.1 65.3 260 10 29.15 72.9 430 10 32.15 80.4 690 10 34.55 86.4 1 Curve E, Figure 6. 2 Curve D, Figure 6. SCHLUNDT — SPEED OP THE LIBERATION OP IODINE 29 VI. 100 30 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN (3) Nitric acid is the accelerator.' (4) Sulphuric acid is the accelerator.- Cubic centimeters Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken. of n Na. S0O3 used in each titration. Per cent, of Iodine liberated. 10 10 6.1 15.3 25 10 10.55 26.4 45 10 14.4 36.0 80 10 18.25 45.6 120 10 20.8 52.0 2G0 10 25.2 63.0 330 10 26.5 66.3 360 10 26.65 66.6 430 10 28.3 70.8 690 10 30.5 76.3 840 10 32.0 80.0 ' Curve C, Figure 6. '■' Curve B, Figure 6. 8CHLUNDT — SPEED OP THE LIBERATION OF IODINE 31 (5) Boric acid was also investigated. A comparison of the following results with series (1), section D, shows that the speed of iodine liberation is very slightly retarded in- stead of accelerated by the presence of this acid. Cubic centimeters Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken. ofn^Na^S. O3 used in each titration. Per cent, of Iodine liberated. 10 10 3.65 9.1 20 10 6.4 16.0 25 10 7.4 18.5 50 10 11-1 27.8 80 10 14.7 36.8 200 10 19.35 48.4 400 10 23.6 59.0 740 10 25.85 64.6 (6) Ten normal organic acids were also investigated. With the exception of formic acid, the results from these acids vary but slightly, so that to give any one series will be sufficient. A comparison with series (1), section D, shows a slight retardation in the speed of iodine libera- tion. 32 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN Cubic centimeters Duration of reac- tion in minutes. Cubic centimeters of solution taken. ofnNa,S,03 used in each titration. Per cent, of Iodine liberated. 10 10 3.7 9.3 25 10 7.6 19.0 45 10 10.9 27.3 80 10 U.3 35.8 120 10 16.5 41.3 330 10 22.05 55.1 8i0 10 25.6 64.0 (7) Formic acid being a good reducing agent retards the speed of iodine liberation to a remarkable degree, as the following results show: Duration of reac- in minutes. 10 20 80 120 Cubic centimeters of solution taken. 10 10 10 10 Cubic centimeters of ^ Na„ So O3 used in each titration. 3.7 5.6 8.35 8.7 Per cent, of Iodine liberated. 9.3 14.0 20.9 21.8 g 8CHLUNDT SPEED OP THE LIBERATION OF IODINE 33 CONCLUSIONS. The foregoing results lead to the following conclusions: 1. The speed of the reaction is influenced to a marked de- ree by the temperature, the speed increasing with the rise of temperature. 2. The presence in the mixture of an excess of one or more of the components increases the speed. The effect of an excess of potassium iodide is about the same as an equivalent excess of potassium chlorate. But a corre- sponding excess of acid causes a greater increase of speed. 3. Other things being equal the speed of the reaction is modified by degree of concentration of the mixtures, the speed increasing with the concentration. 4. To obtain the complete reduction of potassium chlo- rate by potassium iodide and hydrochloric acid in a com- paratively short time, the solutions must be concentrated, there must be present quite an excess of both potassium iodide and hydrochloric acid, and the mixture must be strongly heated. 5. The presence of an excess of the ordinary inorganic acids accelerates the reaction. Assuming their respective influences as indicating their relative strengths,' the results on acceleration show the following order of strength: (1) hydrobromic, (2) hydrochloric, (3) nitric, and (4) sul- phuric. 6. Organic acids and boric acid do not increase the speed. This work was undertaken at the suggestion of Mr. Louis Kahlenberg, instructor in chemistry at the Univer- sity of Wisconsin, and was carried out under his immediate direction. For the kindly interest he has always taken in my work I here desire to express my sincere thanks. 1 These acids are arranged in the same order by Ostwald, who investigated the influence of their presence on the speed of the reduction of bromic acid bj' hydriodic acid. Zeitsch. physik. Chem., 2. p. 135. (1888) ■ The Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin is issued at irregular intervals and contains original papers by persons connected with the university. The following numbers have already appeared:— Engineering Series, Volume I: No. 1. Track, by L. F. Loree, M. Am. Soc. C. E., Special University Lecturer. Pp. 24, April, 1894. Price 25 cents. No. 2. Some Practical Hints in Dynamo Design, by Gilbert Wilkes, M. Am. Inst. E. E., Special University Lecturer. Pp. 16, May, 1894. Price 25 cents. No. 3. The Steel Construction of Buildings, by C. T. Purdy, C. E., Special University Lecturer. Pp. 27, October, 1894. Price 25 cents. No. 4. The Evolution of a Switchboard, by A. V. Abbott, C. E., Special University Lecturer. Pp. 32, pis. 4, October, 1894. Price 35 cents. Economics, Political Science, and History Series, Volume 1: No. 1. The Geographical Distribution of the Vote of the Thirteen States on the Federal Constitution, 1787-8, by Orin Grant Libby, A. M., Fellow in History, with an introduction by Frederick J. Turner. Pp. 116. pis. 2, July, 1894. Price 75 cents. Science Series, Volume 1: No. 1. On the Speed of Liberation of Iodine in Solutions of Hydro- chloric Acid, Potassium Chlorate, and Potassium Iodide, by Herman Sohlundt, Assistant in Chemistry. Pp. 33, December, 1894. Price 35 cents. Copies of the Bulletin will be forwarded post free from the office of the State Superintendent of Public Property to all colleges, high schools, normal schools, and public libraries of the state which have a collection of 300 or more volumes, on making proper application at the Superin- tendent's office. Persons who reside in the state of Wiscoasin can receive copies of the Bulletin free by applying to the University Librarian and paying the cost of transportation. The postage required for the numbers thus far issued, is as follows: Eng. Ser., No. 1, 2c; No. 2, 2c; No. 3, 2c; No. 4, 3c. Hist. Ser., No. 1, 6c. Sci. S^r., No. 1, 3c. All the above are sent in one package by express for 10 cents. The But,letin may be obtained at Brentano's, 31 Union Sq., New York and 204-206 Wabash Ave., Chicago; and at A. C. McClurg & Co.'s, 117, 119 and 121 Wabash Ave., Chicago. Communications having reference to an exchange of publication.s should be addressed to Professor Wm. H. Hobbs of the board of editors, or to Mr. Walter M. Smith, University Librarian. NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN Science Series, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 35-56, pls. 1-3. ON THE QUARTZ KERATOPHYRE AND ASSOCI- ATED ROCKS OF THE NORTH RANGE OF THE BARABOO BLUFFS. BY SAMUEL WEIDMAN PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF IJVW AND WITH THE APPROVAL OF THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY MADISON, WIS. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY January, 1895 PRICE 23 CENTS ©unttrtittec of 3?wbUcatii:»n CHARLES KENDALL ADAMS, President of the University EDITORS George L. Hendrickson, Philology and Literature William H. Hobbs (Chairman), Science DuGALD C. Jackson, Engineering Frederick J. Turner, Economics, Political Science, and History Dtmocrat Fimting Company, State PricUr in ■j: -\ •J BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN Science Series, Vol. i, No. 2, pp. 35-56, pls. 1-3, January, 1895 ON THE QUARTZ KERATOPHYRE AND ASSOCIATED ROCKS OP THE NORTH RANGE OF THE BARABOO BLUFFS.' BY SAMUEL WEIDMAN." CON TENTS. I. Introduction. II. Field Geology. Limestone. Sandstone and conglomerate. Quartzite. Quartz keratophyre eruption: its areal extent, contact, absence of bedding. Types of the quartz keratophyre: quartz kerato- phyre, sericite schist, volcanic breccia. Conclusions from field study. III. Microscoi)ic Geology. Feldspar phenocrysts, quartz phenocrysts, ac- cessory minerals. Groundmass: fluxion, poikilitic, and spherulitic structures. General conclusions. In the south central part of Wisconsin, extending across the middle portions of the county of Sauk and for a short distance into that of Columbia, there arises above the surface of the surrounding area two long ranges of hills or ridges. These ranges trend across the country in an east and west 1 A thesis submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Science in the Geology Group of the General Science Course, University of Wisconsin, June, 1894. Read before the Geological Society of America at the Baltimore meeting, December, 1894. 2 This paper is the result of work undertaken and executed under the du-ection of Pro- fessors W. H. Hobbs and C. R. Van Hise. To the former I desire to express my thanks for superintending the work in the laboratory, for preparing the photo-micrographs, and for other valuable help, and to the latter for giving me aid and suggestions in the field study. I also desire to express my obligation to Mr. C. F. Austin who kindly furnished the chemical analysis for this paper. 36 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN direction for a distance of nearly thirty miles, and are known as the north and south ranges of the Baraboo Bluffs. In altitude they vary from a mere rise above the surrounding country to a height of five and even six hundred feet. The north range, which is not so prominent as the south range, is joined to the latter at the eastern and western ex- tremities, forming thus a canoe-shaped chain of bluffs, en- closing within a depressed area three or four miles broad at its widest part. Near the western end, where the Baraboo River enters the area, and also near the eastern end, where it emerges again, the north range is broken down by deep gorges known respectively as the Upper and the Lower Narrows. The rock material of the Baraboo Bluffs is mainly of bedded quartzite, over whose upturned edges lie horizontal beds of sandstone and conglomerate, capping and flanking the ranges. Besides these sedimentary rocks there occurs in the vicinity of the Lower Narrows a considerable area of eruptive material. The geology of the sedimentary rocks ' has already been quite well worked out. The quartzite, which belongs to the Upper Huronian formation, is usually hard and massive, but in a few places there occur beds and zones of quartzite schists and slates. The dip of the quartzites is always to the north, and varies from 15" at Devil's Lake in the south range, to 60° at the Upper Narrows and even 90"^ at the Lower Narrows in the north range. This ever increasing dip from the south toward the north in- dicates, as shown by the Wisconsin geologists,- that the two ranges are the remnants of the north half of a great anticlinal fold. The sandstone and conglomerate, as well as a few small areas of limestone, all of which are of Up- per Cambrian age, lie in horizontal beds capping the ranges. 1 Correlation Papers — Archean and Algonkian, by C. R. Van Hise. Bulletin 86, U. S. Geological Survej- ; pp. 105-107, 111, 140, 148. The Baraboo Quartzite Ranges, by E. D. Irving. Geol. of Wis., Vol. II; pp. 50G, 507. WEIDMAN — QUARTZ KERATOPHYRE OF BARABOO BLUFFS 37 The eruptive rock, which was described as quartz por- phyry by the state geologists, is a quartz keratophyre, and occurs in contact with the quartzite along the north side of the north riange in the vicinity of the Lower Nar- rows. This rock was not discovered until 1874 or 1875 by Irving and his co-workers upon the Wisconsin Geological Survey, and all results of work done upon this formation are embodied in the state geological reports. Irving ' in 1877 described the porphyry as occurring on the west side of the Baraboo River at the Lower Narrows. He considered the porphyry to be very distinctly bedded, with an east and west strike and a dip of 58° to 60° to the north. He also found that near the quartzite it changes to a distinct schist, which he thought to be allied to the greasy quartz schists at Devil's Lake. Farther west at the northern limit of the porphyry, he found the much fractured area. A schistose structure, which is apparent in places, was taken as bedding and as evidence of the clastic origin of the rock. A specimen w^as analyzed and found to contain 71.24 per cent, of silica and a notably large quantity of soda as compared with potash. Chamberlin,' in 1882, mentioned the massive quartz por- phyries which overlie the Baraboo quartzites and referred to their origin as yet in doubt. According to him they might be either a metamorphosed silt-like sedimentary rock; or they might be of eruptive origin, in which case they must have constituted immense overflows of molten rock closely allied in chemical composition to rhyolite. Irving," in 1886, in referring to the Baraboo quartzites, stated that " the bedding structure of the quartzite of these ranges and of its associated schists and felsitic porphy- ries, which are taken to have been great eruptive flows, I studied with a great deal of care a number of years since * * *." It is evident from this that he was inclined to 1 The Baraboo Quartzite Ranges, by R. U. Irving. Geoi. of Wis., Vol. II; pp. 513-515. - General Geology of Wisconsin, by T. C. Chamberlin. Geol. of Wis., Vol. I; p. 87. 3 On the Classification of the early Cambrian and pre-Cambrian Formations, by R. D. Irving. Tth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1885-6; p. 407. 38 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN change his opinion as to the origin of the quartz por- phyry. He, however, made no re-examination of the area, and it must be supposed that he was led to change his views on account of his knowledge of the extensive eruptive areas in the Lake Superior region. II Field Geology. The accompanying map, Plate 1, shows the relations and extent of the different rock formations which occur in the vicinity of the Lower Narrows. Four distinct types of rock are seen to outcrop, representing the quartz kerato- phyre, Upper Huronian quartzite, Potsdam sandstone and conglomerate, and the Lower Magnesian limestone. The cross sections of Fig. 1 cross the range, and in a meas- ure show the structural relations and vertical extent of these formations. For the purpose of convenience the reverse order will betaken in describing these formations. LIMESTONE. On the south side of the range, and near its summit, in the northwest i of Sec. 25, is a ledge of dolomitic lime- stone overlying the sandstone. It is non-arenaceous, and contains many small cavities lined with calcite. In determin- ing its stratigraphical position, one is met with difficulties owing to the peculiar fluctuations in level of the horizontal formations in the Baraboo region, but from the Dikello- cephalus fauna which it carries, and from its lithological characters, it has been considered ' as being at least not below the Lower Magnesian. ■ SANDSTONE AND CONGLOMERATE. Overlying both the older formations of quartzite and quartz keratophyre there occur capping and flanking the 1 Geol. o£ Wis., Vol. II; pp. 594, 595. WEIDMAN — QUARTZ KERATOPHYRE OF BARABOO BLUFFS 39 range horizontal beds of sandstone and conglomerate of the Upper Cambrian epoch. The conglomerate is composed of pebbles and boulders, varying in size from a fraction of an inch to more than a foot in diameter, imbedded in a matrix of quartz grains, stained more or less with ferruginous material. The conglomerate is found in great abundance in the ravines. The sandstone which carries the Dikelloceplialus fauna is interbedded with and overlies the conglomerate. It is com- posed of rounded quartz crystals in a matrix of silica, con- taining considerable oxide of iron. The sandstone caps the ridges in thin beds, but along the sides of the range, as in the area of cross-section V of Fig. 1 (see also Plate 1), it reaches a thickness of forty-five or fifty feet. QUARTZITE. The quartzite is a hard compact rock, and has a reddish purple hue, with a tendency to granular texture. The bedding is not everywhere distinct, but in places it is quite plain. At the contact of the quartz keratophyre along the ridge the bedding dip conforms to the dip of the overlying keratophyre schists, but farther south, at the top of the ridge, the dip is increased to 90°, and some- times apparently dips to the south. On the south side of the range, however, it again dips 75" or 80° to the north. Everywhere the quartzite is jointed, and in many places the rock is seamed with reticulating veins of pure quartz, in which, at times, are to be seen small particles of spec- ular iron ore. QUARTZ KERATOPHYRE. Areal Extent. — From the map it is seen that quartz kera- tophyre extends along the north face of the range for a dis- tance of over three and one-half miles. Its most eastern limit is in the northeast corner of the southeast i of Sec. 23, and its most western is found in the northeast i of the northwest \ of Sec. 20, thus extending along the range 40 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN in a slightly north of west direction. In Sections 16 and 21 the thickest portion of the eruptive mass is found, for its contact with the quartzite at this place is distinctly- shown near the northern boundary of the southeast i of Sec. 21, from whence it extends north forming a broad ridge cut by ravines, with its northern limit near the middle of the southeast i of the southeast i of Sec. 16. It is apparent that Irving did not find the keratophyre extending as far east or as far west as a closer study of the area reveals^ for it is described as only reaching from the Narrows to the south side of Sec. 16. The Contact. — The contact between the eruptive rock and the quartzite is well defined, except where a bed of soil overlies it. At the eastern end of the area in Sees. 22 and 23, where the keratophyre occurs as a narrow strip, the quartzite is of a higher altitude than the keratophyre, and stands out as a vertical cliff from ten to thirty feet high. In the region from the center of Sec. 21 eastward, the con- tact is easily made out, and ib is seen that its direction conforms very closely with the strike of the underlying quartzite, which is slightly south of east. From the cen- ter of Sec. 21 across the greater part of the northwest i of this section, the contact was not seen, but it was clearly made out at the boundary of Sees. 20 and 21, near the southwest corner of the northwest i of the northwest I of Sec. 21. From this place eastward the actual con- tact was not seen, but many schistose blocks of keratophyre were found near the outcropping quartzite, and as the keratophyre was found in situ in the northwest i of the northwest i of Sec. 20, the contact is thought to be very near the line indicated upon the map. The eruptive rock at the contact occurs as schist, but the quartzite forms massive beds, and is fresh and unaltered. Dikes and veins from the eruptive rock were closely searched for the whole length of the ridge at the contact, with the thought that the eruptive mass might be intrusive and not extrusive, but no such phenomena were found to occur. WEIDMAiV QUARTZ KERATOPHTRE OF BARABOO BLUFFS 41 < s (i o a> o n < re P 2- Si > a O in re <; ~ p ^ ?? re Q ►-J ^ 5 re a re C3 O i re o ?3 o o re_ i-Tj •ffp' 'jz p cr o < re 42 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN The contact between the quartz keratophyre and the Cambrian sandstone and conglomerate is well shown in the northwest i of Sec. 21. At this place a narrow strip of the conglomerate projecting from the large sandstone area to the west, lies in horizontal beds upon the dipping edges of the sericite schist (Fig. 1, Sec. IV). These schists dip to the north at an angle of 75° or SO'', essentially the same as those farther south at the contact with the quartzite. Farther west from this tongue of conglomerate, in a ravine which marks the eastern boundary of the massive sand- stone area, the contact is again well shown, the horizontal sandstone lying upon the upturned edges of the sericite schist. Absence of Bedding.— This rock does not, like the quartz- ite, exhibit stratification, but on the contrary all traces of bedding are entirely wanting. It does, however, at the contact form a zone of schists from 150 to 200 feet in width, and also in a considerable area in the north- west i of Sec. 21, schists are foand. The cleavage planes of these schists always dip to the north at an angle of 75° or 80°. Irving ' in describing this area, speaks of the schists, and whenever he does so he invariably men- tions the clearly defined bedding which the rocks show. Although he was one of the first geologists who later learned to recognize the importance of distinguishing schistosity from stratification, it is evident that he com- mitted the common error of taking the one for the other in this region. Tyjjes of Rock.— The eruptive rock as it appears in the field exhibits marked local variations, due both to condi- tions in the eruptions of the magma and to dynamic action since the general outflow. These differences allow a classi- fication of the rock into three distinct types, which will be- described separately. These types are normal quartz kerat- ophyre, sericite schist, and volcanic breccia. 1 Geol. of Wis , Vol. II; pp. 513 515. WEIDMAN — QUARTZ KERATOPIIYRE OF BARABOO BLUFFS 43 Quartz keratopJnjre.— The quartz keratophyre, which forms the normal rock type of the whole eruptive area, as it oc- curs in the narrow strip at tbe eastern extension of the area is not much fissured, but is jointed and cut by reticulat- ing veins of quartz. It forms rounded ledges and grades into the sericite schist zone, which lies to the south of it. The rock' is very fresh, and breaks with a conchoidal frac- ture. It is red in color, containing in about equal num- bers many beautiful red and white feldspar phenocrysts, some of which are three-eighths inches in diameter. These are imbedded in a brownish red matrix. The rock on the eastern side of the Lower Narrows contains fewer pheno- crysts than that on the western side. Both phenocrysts and groundmass become red on weathering. Farther west, at the large northward projecting ridge which occurs in the northeast i of Sec. 21 (Fig. 1, Sec. Ill), the keratophyre ' is found to be unlike that farther east, in that it is much fractured, and the feldspar crystals are rarely apparent in the hand specimen. Reticulating quartz veins from a fraction of an inch to three or four inches in thickness are quite numerous. The fractures which cut the rock run in all directions, so that it breaks and weathers in small fragments, bounded on all sides by plane surfaces. On the weathered surface the rock is a reddish brown, but within it is of a darker hue. Within the eruptive area are many detached blocks of quartz keratophyre. Some of these blocks are quite differ- ent from the quartz keratophyre found in place. A de- tached block ' which was found upon the summit of the range in the northwest i of Sec. 21, unlike the quartz keratophyre found m situ, is black in color, and on close examination it shows fluxion structure. Several blocks of similar black colored quartz keratophyre were found near 1 Specimens 3089 and 3090. The specimen and thin section numbers referred to in this paper are those of the University of Wisconsin Collection. 2 Specimens 3075 and 3002. s Specimen 3080. 44 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN the exposure of volcanic breccia at Mr. Hewitt's place in the northeast i of the northwest i of Sec. 21. Specimens from some of these blocks have a large num- ber of small pheuocrysts while others show but few. These phenocrysts are a light colored feldspar and usually plagioclase. It is possible that this black quartz kerato- phyre has its origin in the porphyry areas to the northeast, but it may be that a closer examination of the area would re- veal it in place. Sericite Schist.— Wherever the quartz keratophyre comes in contact with the quartzite, there occurs a zone of sericite schist from 150 to 200 feet wide. These schists are a dy- namic alteration of the quartz keratophyre and they grad- ually pass into the latter, and hence are not, as Irving ' supposed, closely related to the magnesian schists which occur at Devil's Lake. The schists vary in color from the reddish brown of the quartz keratophyre to a grayish white. In texture they are quite friable and are easily cleaved. They carry a considerable number of feldspar crystals, some of which have weathered out leaving cavities that are usually lined with iron oxide. In some specimens iron pyrite is seen. Some of the grayish white schists contain many greenish brown areas of cherty-like material, which the microscopic examination shows to be secondary quartz, the rock being a pseudo-breccia. Besides the schists at the contact, there occurs within the area of quartz keratophyre in the north half of the northw^est i of Sec. 21, a large area of schist (Fig.l, Sec. IV), which is capped by sandstone and conglomerate, and which, like the schist at the contact, has a dip of 75° or 80° to the north. In all respects it is like the schist at the contact, except that feldspar crystals in the hand speci- men are rare. Volcanic Breccia.— There occur within the eruptive area several good examples of volcanic breccia. Within the iGeol. of Wis.. Vol. II: page 513. M'EIDilAN — QUARTZ KERATOPIIYRE OF BARABOO BLUFFS 45 contact zone of schists in the southwest i- of the northeast i of Sec. 22, there is an outcrop of volcanic breccia ' frag- ments in which usually have the typical flow structure about them. A similar exposure '^ occurs at the contact near the center of Sec. 22. The included fragments in the rock of both the above localities are of a hard pink rock, and unlike the schist in which they are imbedded they are rel- atively unaltered. In the field these fragments were taken to be a pink quartzite, but the microscopic slides show them to be an acid porphyry. The best exposures of breccia,' however, were found on the north side of the road opposite Mr. Hewitt's house, in the northeast i of the northwest i of Section 21. This outcrop exhibits a schistosity, the dip of the cleavage planes being 75° to the north and the strike a little north of east. The fragments forming this breccia are much larger than those found in the other schists and are usually angular and elongated in the plane of schistosity. They vary in size from an inch to a foot in diameter, and were at once taken to be of eruptive origin. The fragments of this breccia represent several rock varieties. One is brownish pink in color and is composed almost wholly of secondary spherulites which are from two-eighths inch to three-eighths inch across. On the surface of the exposure these secondary spherulites have weathered out, leaving cavities lined with quartz, which makes them appear much like amygdaloidal cavities. An other variety is a brownish gray schistose rock which contains many feldspar phenocrysts, some of which have weathered out leaving cavities filled with black ferruginous material. Other fragments are composed of a dull lead colored rock, slightly schistose and having no phenocrysts. A large number of loose blocks * was found in the road 1 Specimens 3084 and 3085. 2 Specimen 3081. 3 Specimens 309 J, 3094. ■* Specimen 3096 . 46 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN near the house of Mr. Montgomery, in the southeast i of the southeast i of Section 17. This rock on its weath- ered surface shows very clearly the flow structure about the included fragments. Unlike the fragment-bearing rock in situ this is not markedly schistose, is not much altered, and the included fragments are few. The weathered sur- faces seem to give evidence of a few large and widely sep- arated spherulites, but none of these were included in the sections which were prepared. An outcrop of fresh brec- cia ' in the northwest i of the northwest i of Sec. 21, shows numerous phenocrysts of feldspar intermingled with small rock fragments. Conclusions Drawn from Field Study.— The work in the field shows the areal extent of the eruptive rock to be some- what greater than was formerly supposed. A marked difference is found in the rock as it outcrops ia various places. The contact closely conforms in direction for the greater part of the distance, with the strike of the under- lying quartzite beds and the dip of the cleavage planes of the contact schists agrees with the dip of the quartzite. Volcanic breccia occurs in considerable quantity in various localities. All the phenomena observed during the field study are evidence that the porphyry in its several phases represents a volcanic outflow which took place over beds of quartzite. During the elevation which followed, the overlying eruptive rock was in j^art metamorphosed into schist. III. Microscopic Geology. The structure of the rock, as it is presented by the microscopic sections in the laboratory confirms the evidence gathered in the field for the extrusive character of the quartz keratophyre. The porphyritic structure is developed in all the types of rock, being well shown in the volcanic 1 Specimen 3079. WEIDMAN QUARTZ KERATOPHYRE OF BARABOO BLUFFS 47 breccia and sericite schist as well as in the unaltered quartz keratophyre. The porphyritic minerals are chiefly the feldspars, quartz occurring very rarely in phenocrysts. The few that are found are intensely corroded, and the in- dications are that they were once much more numerous, the rock being at this earlier period mineralogically as it is now chemically a quartz keratophyre. Two analyses of the rock have been made, one by Prof. W. W. Daniells for the State Geological Survey, the other by Mr. C. P. Austin during the preparation of this paper. Below are given the analyses of the Baraboo rock in com- parison with quartz keratophyres from other localities. I. II. III. IV, V. SiOo 70.97 71 .24 72.42 73.00 71.9 A], O3 13 .84 12 .20 13. r4 15.61 13.4 Feo O3 FeO 3 .21 .78 1 5 .71 .44 .68 2.49 1.95 !• CaO 1 .26 .98 .06 .79 .2 MgO .20 .13 .58 — 1.0 K., 0 1 .57 1 .80 4.97 .88 .2 Nag 0 6 .27 4 .29 3.44 4.95 12.6 H., 0 .74 .81 1.21 1.06 .5 GO, .79 — — — — r, 0, .08 — — — — TiO^ .25 — .40 — — MnO — .97 .09 — — BaO — — .15 — — LioO — — tr. — — SO3 — — — .76 — Total 99 .93 99 .63 100. 33 99.00 100.00 Sp. Gr. — — 2.62 2.63 — 48 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN I, Quartz keratophyre from Miihlenthal zw. Elbingerodeand Riibeland, Harz. (Jacobs ) ' II. Quartz kerat(){)hyre from Baraboo, Wis (Daniells.) - in. Quartz keratophyre from Pigeon Pt., Mian. (Bay)ey )' IV. Quartz keratophyre from Baraboo, Wis. (Austin ) V. Quartz keratophj re from Mb. Elizabeth, Australia. (Howitt.)^ It is seen that the Baraboo rock compares very well in composition with the quartz keratophyre of other regions. The large amount of soda as compared with potash in this rock, as shown by the analyses, indicates the presence of a feldspar whose composition corresponds with a soda- orthoclase. The excess of soda over lime in the Baraboo rock also indicates that the plagioclase present contains a large per cent, of the Ab. molecule. The specific gravity of the orthoclase and plagioclase as determined by the Thoulet solution was found to be about 2.63, both varieties being apparently the same. This high specific gravity of the feldspars is explained by the large amount of soda in their composition, and in part, also, by the particles of oxide of iron which they contain. A macroscopic description of the several types of rock as they appear in the different parts of the eruptive area has already been given. As the microscope shows the structure of these types to be essentially the same both as regards the minerals of the first generation and the ground- mass, the phenocrysts and accessory minerals will first be described, and then the various structures of the ground- mass. Feldspar Phenocrysts. — Feldspar constitutes almost the only porphyritic mineral. Soda-orthoclase and plagio- clase are about equally abundant. Sometimes both va- rieties are equally distributed in the same slide, and at other times a single variety only is present. Microcline 1 Quoted by Zirkel, Lehrb. d. Petrog , 2te Aufl , Vol. II; p. 334. 2 Irving, Geo), of Wis., VoK II; p. 515. SBayley, Am. Jour. Sci , (3) Vol. XXXVII; p Gl. ■« Howitt, Roy. Soc. Victoria, 18S3, p. 25. Quoted by Rosenbusch, Min. u. petrog. Mitth. VoL XI; p. irr. WEIDMAN — QUARTZ KERATOPHYRE OP BARABOO BLUFFS 49 is found to some extent as both large and small pheno- crysts. The phenocrysts vary in size from two-tenths millimeter to four millimeters across. The crystals are more or less altered to sericite, sometimes completely, but at other times only slightly. The alteration takes place very often at the boundary of the feldspar, and forms zones of sericite surrounding the crystal. At other times the fine sericite needles are promiscuously scattered throughout the phen- ocryst. Very often the feldspar is replaced by secondary quartz. At times ' it is only partly replaced, but very often the angular shape which the secondary quartz as- sumes indicates that there has been a complete replace- ment of the feldspar. Numerous beautiful examples were observed of bent and broken crystals due to the motion of the magma after the crystallization o£ the phenocrysts (Plate 2, Figs. 1 and 2). Broken phenocrysts are not uncommon phe- nomena of effusive rocks. As the viscous streams of lava, including the crystals of feldspar, flowed over the surface, the motion within the mass bent and broke the pheno- crysts. Sometimes they are merely cracked or broken, but very often the broken parts are separated from each other (Plate 2, Fig. 2), allowing a thin stream of ground- mass to flow between the dismembered parts. It very often happens that the crystals of feldspar, both the broken and unbroken ones, have their corners rounded by corrosion. The embayments in the feldspar shown by some of the slides ^ show plainly this resorption. Quartz phenocrysts. — This usually abundant mineral as a primary constituent of the acid rocks, occurs very rarely as phenocrysts in the Baraboo quartz keratophyre. In a total of thirty-two slides examined from this region only four were found to contain porphyritic quartz, and these showed only a few crystals, all of which were of small 1 Section 3084.1 » Sections 3079 and 3089. 50 BULLETIX OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN size. All, however, show by their rounded appearance and embayments, the resorption effects of a corroding magma, and thus they indicate that they were once of larger size and probably more numerous. Some' of the quartz-pheno- crysts, like those of feldspar, show the effect of a moving magma by being cracked and broken. The small number of quartz phenocrj^sts present would apparently indicate that this rock is a keratophyre rather than a quartz keratophyre. Mineralogically it is a kerato- phyre; but the analyses show it to compare very closely to quartz keratophyre in the amount of silica contained, and the few corroded quartz crystals seem to indicate that the rock was originally a typical quartz keratophyre, though the silica per cent, has been somewhat increased by the secondary quartz present. Accessory il/me7T(7s.— Ilmenite is an abundant accessory constituent occurring in small and large crystals. It is commonly either partially or completely altered to leu- coxene. The alteration to leucoxene along the gliding planes of the ilmenite is well shown in one section.^ Some- times the ilmenite has gone over to well crystallized sphene, which is commonly mingled with more or less of the im- pure variety. In some cases (Plate 3, Fig. 1) the crystals of ilmenite are partly replaced by secondary quartz, the latter occupying the space of the former, as in the replace- ment of the feldspar crystals. Biotite occurs in considerable abundance in a few of the sections. It is crystallized into small blades which are scattered promiscuously throughout the groundmass and in longer blades ^ arranged in sheaves, or in aggregates which seem to be about small cavities in the rock. Zircon occurs to a small extent, sometimes being bounded by its usual crystal planes. It is frequently associated with the ilmenite. 1 Section 3073. ' Section 3080. 3 Sections 3079 and 3080. ■\VEIDMAN — QUARTZ KERATOPHYRE OF BARABOO BLUFFS 51 Magnetite occurs in considerable quantity as shown by the action of the magnet on the powdered rock, and the microscopic sections show it disseminated in small particles throughout the groundmass. Besides the magnetite there is considerable amorphous iron oxide or ferrite present, which appears as a red substance about cavities ^ and in streaks through the groundmass. Tlie Ch'oundmass. — The groundmass of the quartz kerato- phyre is holo-crystalline and composed of quartz and feld- spar, stained more or less with oxide of iron. It is crys- tallized in at least three structures which are common to volcanic rocks, viz. ; the fluxion structure, the poikilitic structure, and the spherulitic structure. Fluxion structure. — In all the sections examined under the microscope the rock shows clearly sinuous lines of flow in the groundmass. Tbese lines of flow curve and wind about phenocrysts, and give them the appearance of eyes. They also curve about the fragments and between the broken parts of fragments and phenocrysts. The frag- ments about which flowage is apjoarent in the hand speci- men have also a flow structure of their own and in one case - a fragment within a fragment showed the typical flow lines under the microscope. One section ' (Plate 3, Fig. 2), shows quite well the flow structure in a volcanic breccia, in which the lines of flow in the fragments are at right angles to those in the surrounding mass. In the sericite schists the fluxion structure is clearly defined, which as well as the field relations proves them to be the metamorphosed equivalents of the quartz keratophyre. Poikilitic Structu7-e.— This structure, which has recently been described by Haworth,' Williams,' and others, is quite 1 Section 30r6. 2 Section 3084.1 3 Section 3096. * A Contribution to the Archean Geology of Missouri, by Erasmus Haworth. Am Geol., Vol. l;p. 368. s On the use of the terms Poikilitic and Micropoikilitic in Petrography, by G. H. Wil- liams. Jour, of Geol., Vol. I; pp. 170-179. 52 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN common in acid volcanic rocks, and occurs to some extent in these rocks. This structure is not apparent in ordi- nary light, but in polarized light on revolving the stage, small areas in the groundmass appear alternately dark and light in patches, giving a mottled appearance. These areas are composed of irregular grains of quartz in close contact with feldspar. They do not have sharp extinction individually, but gradually pass into one another as the stage is revolved. Sections' taken from the fractured rock show this structure better than the others. Spherulitic Structure. — The spherulitic structure is well developed in many of the sections examined. Some of the spherulites are a primary crystallization and are composed of radial fibres of feldspar associated with quartz, and occur in small circular and semicircular areas,- and in larger fan-shaped forms' (Plate 2, Pig. 2), like those described by Iddings* from the Yellowstone Park rhyolites. They are scarcely perceptible in ordinary light, but in polarized light the usual distinct dark cross is seen. Besides those showing the radiating structure there also occur some spherulites which have a granular texture, and are of secondary origin. Similar secondary spherulites have recen ly been described ' from the acid volcanic rocks of South Mountain. In the Baraboo quartz keratophyre these secondary spherulites as they appear in the thin section are much larger than those of primary origin. In the hand specimen, too, the only spherulites found are the secon- dary ones. One of the specimens'' shows many such spher- ulites one-fourth inch across, with lines of llowage passing around them. Under the microscope these spherulites' ap- 1 Section 3075, " Section 3074. 3 Section 3080. < Obsidian Cliff, Yellowstone National Park, by J. P Iddings. 5th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geological Survey; pp. 276-279. ^The Structures. Origin, and Nomenclature of the Acid Volcanic Rocks of South Bloun- tain, bj' F. Basconi. Jour, of Geol., Vol. I; pp 817-819. « Specimen 3094. ' Stctions 30S5, .S094a and 3094b. WEIDMAN — QUARTZ KERATOPHTRE OF BARABOO BLUFFS 53 pear to be composed of grains of quartz of smaller size than that which replaces the feldspar, and which is otherwise aggregated in the groundmass. Within the secondary spherulite, too, the quartz seems to be associated with sericite and iron oxide, whereas the secondary quartz other- wise aggregated is free from these minerals. One section^ which contains secondary quartz partly surrounding one of the secondary spherulites shows very plainly both in or- dinary and polarized light the difference between the two structures. The aggregations and general appearance of the second- ary quartz in the groundmass is of considerable interest in these rocks. The secondary quartz of the groundmass most generally forms interlocking areas of grains of var- ious sizes, and it is possible that much of it may be chal cedony. Large reticulating veins of quartz up to two inches in width have been described as occurring in large numbers In the eruptive rock in the field. The thin sections like- wise show many minute veins of secondary quartz ramify- ing throughout the rock. The quartz often occurs in an- gular forms, when it very probably is a replacement of ilmenite and feldspar. The spherical shape which the sec- ondary quartz assumes is a very noticeable and interest- ing feature (Plate 3, Fig. 1). These spheres vary in size from one-tenth of a millimeter to one and five-tenths mil- limeters across, and usually have an elliptical outline, with the boundary sometimes slightly crenulated. The quartz in these spheres differs from that in the secondary spher- ulites in being of coarser grain, and in being also unasso- ciated with sericite and iron oxide. Some of the sec- tions,- show very large areas of secondary quartz. This secondary quai^tz is also apparent in the hand specimen, where it appears in areas about an inch in diameter resem- bling greenish brown chert, and the rock is considered a 1 Section 3085. 2 Section 3077. 54 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN pseudo- breccia. These secondary quartz areas, as seen under the microscope, appear to be composed of much finer grains of quartz than that which is aggregated in spheres and angular shapes. The groundmass outside of these areas shows the fluxion structure, is not mingled with the fine-grained secondary quartz, and there is no character- istic arrangement of the minerals at the boundary between the two. CONCLUSION. The eruptive rock of the Baraboo region is thus shown by chemical analysis to be a quartz keratophyre, whereas its mineralogical composition alone would class it rather as a keratophyre. Typical volcanic structures of the ground- mass are clearly shown. The broken phenocrysts and the marked fluxion structure indicate the usual motion of a lava flow. In the field are found outcrops of volcanic brec- cia, some of the fragments of which are likewise volcanic breccia. The quartz keratophyre, like the bedded quartz- ite, lies unconformably below the horizontal formations of the Upper Cambrian. The dip of the cleavage planes of the schists conforms to the dip of the underlying quartz- ite beds, which is at a high angle to the north, and the general direction of the contact agrees with the strike of the quartzite beds and the strike of the schists of eruptive origin. The changes in the general direction of the con- tact in the western portion of the area indicates that the quartzite beds were eroded previous to the deposition of the porphyry. It may be that the quartz keratophyre eruption took place when the underlying quartzite beds were hori- zontal, in which case the eruptive material must have had the enormous thickness of 3,300 feet, as shown by its areal extent from north to south. Or it may be that one or more elevations had taken place in the quartzite previous to the eruptive flow, in which case its actual thickness cannot be estimated. Since no quartzite lies to the north of the WEIDMAN — QUARTZ KERATOPHYRE OP BARABOO BLUFFS 55 eruptive area, the quartz keratophyre is probably the top- most member of the Huronian rocks in this region, and was upturned by the orographic movement which tilted the quartzite beds into their present i)Osition. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE 1. Geological Map of a Portion of the North Range of the Bara- boo Bluffs. The scale is one and one-half inches to the mile. PLATE 2. Photographs of Thin Sections. Fig. 1. Volcanic Breccia. Section 3079. Polarized light, x 25. This figure shows a large number of fractured soda-orthoclase phenocrysts. Near the lower side is a fragment of for- eign rock. The figure also shows crystals of ilmenite partly altered to leucoxene. The groundmass of this slide shows the fluxion structure, though less plainly than many of the others. Fig. 2. Black Quartz Keratophyre. Section 3080. Polarized light, X 25. This section was prepared from a block and shows a large broken phenocryst of soda-orthoclase. In the lower left-hand corner are several small crystals of soda-ortho- clase, belonging to a younger generation than the large broken one. Quite near the large phenocryst in the upper part of the figure are a few radial fibres of biotite. The groundmass shows clearly the lines of flow passing between the parts of the phenocryst. The groundmass 56 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN also contains spherulites, a large fan-shaped one being quite well defined in the upper right-hand corner of the figure. PLATE 3. Photographs of Thin Sections. Fig. 1. Fragment of Volcanic Breccia. Section 3085. Polarized light, X 25. In the upper part of the figure is seen a crystal of ilmenite, partly replaced by quartz. Through the groundmass, which shows fluxion structure, are ellip- tical areas of secondary quartz. Fig. 2. Volcanic Breccia. Section 3096.1. Ordinary light, X 25. This section was prepared from a block and shows in the figure a fractured rock fragment, which has flow lines at right angles to the flow structure of the groundmass. The spaoe between the broken parts of the fragment is filled with secondary quartz. The groundmass of the rock and that of its imbedded fragment are essentially the same. Bull. Univ. Wis., Sci. Ser.. Vol. I, PI. 2. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Bull. Univ. Wis.. Sci. Set., Vol. 1, PI. 3. Fig. 1. Fig. The Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin is printed by the state and is issued at irregular intervals. It contains original papers by persons connected with the university. The following numbers have already appeared:— Engineering Series, Volume I: No. 1. Track, by L. F. Loree, M. Am. Soc. C. E., Special University Lecturer. Pp. 24, April, 1894. Price 25 cents. No. 2. Some Practical Hints in Dynamo Design, by Gilbert Wilkes, M. Am. Inst. E. E., Special University Lecturer. Pp. 16, May, 1894. Price 25 cents. No. .3. The Steel Construction of Buildings, by C. T. Purdy, C. E., Special University Lecturer. Pp. 27, October, 1894. Price -25 cents. No. 4. The Evolution of a Switchboard, by A. V. Abbott, C. E., Special University Lecturer. Pp. 32, pis. 4, October, 1894. Price 35 cents. Economics, Political Science, and History Series, Volume 1: No. 1. The Geographical Distribution of the Vote of the Thirteen States on the Federal Constitution, 1787-8, by Orin Grant Libby, A. M., Fellow in History, with an introduction by Frederick J. Turner. Pp. 116, pis. 2, July, 1894. Price 75 cents. Science Series, Volume 1: No. 1. 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Hobbs (Chairman), Science DUGALD C. Jackson, Engineering Frederick J. Turner, Economics, Political Science, and History I>«meonit Printing Comp&ny, State Printer BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN Science Series, Vol 1, No. 3, pp. 57-107, June, 1895 STUDIES IN SPHERICAL AND PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY. BY GEORGE C. COMSTOCK, Director of the Washburn Observatory. The following pages contain an exposition of methods for the treatment of certain problems in spherical and prac- tical astronomy, which, from his own experience, the author has found to be advantageous in practice. For the most part these methods are original and hitherto unpub- lished, but in part they are due to others, whose published exposition of them is not readily accessible to American students. In cases of the latter kind due acknowledgement is made in connection with the presentation of the subject matter, but I have not scrupled to modify or to completely alter the mode of presentation of those subjects which have been treated by others, adopting in each case that method which has seemed to me simplest and most easily followed. MINOR SUGGESTINOS. The Reduction of Level Readings:. — To determine the incli- nation of a nearly horizontal line or plane by use of a spirit level, Chauvenet ' gives rules which in all cases require the same operations to be performed with the level, but in which the mode of treatment of the level readings depends upon the manner in which the scale is graduated, one method when the zero is at the end of the scale and another when it is in the middle of the scale. The modes of re- duction are sufficiently illustrated in the following ex- amples given by Chauvenet.^ 1 Spherical and Practical Astronomy, Vol. U, §§ 52, 55. * Loc. cit. 58 BULLETIN or THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN Zero at end. W. E. 29.1 31.2 35.4 24.9 Zero in middle. W. E. + 64.0 +13.5 - 10.1 - 60.7 64.5 56.1 56.1 + 77.5 - 70.8 z= 8.4—4 = 2.1 div. z ■= + 6.7 -^ 4 = + 1.675 diu. A method of reduction which is the same for both types of level, and which is in most cases more convenient than the above, is as follows: In the square array of numbers which constitute the observed readings of the level, take the diagonal differences. The mean of the two diagonal differences is the inclination of the line in half divisions of the level. That end of the line is the higher which is ad- jacent to the greatest single reading. If the level readings have been correctly made the two diagonal differences will be the same, and the reduction thus serves as a check upon the accuracy of the record. Thus, from the readings given above, we see at a glance that in the first case 2 = 4.2 half divisions and the readings have been correctly made. In the second case z = 3.35 half divisions and there is a discrepancy of 0.1 div. in the readings. Although I cannot doubt that this simple mode of reduc- ing level readings has been employed by others, I do not find it in any of the treatises upon practical astronomy to which I have access. To Focus a Telescope. — Let the telescope be directed to a circum-polar star near culmination and introduce between the objective and the star an opaque screen pierced with a circular aperture from 10 to 20 mm in diameter. As the aperture is moved about in front of the objective an image of the star will be formed by different parts of the objec- tive, and if the telescope is not perfectly focused these im- ages will fall at slightly different parts of the field; e. g., let the aperture be held opposite the upper part of the objective and the star's image be bisected with a horizontal C0M8T0CK — STUDIES IN ASTRONOMY 59 thread. Then shift the aperture to the lowest part of the objective and note whether the image of the star is sensibly displaced from the thread. If the image moves in the same direction with the aperture in the screen, the eye end should be drawn out; if in the opposite direction it should be pushed in until a position is found at which there is no displacement of the star image. By this process the telescope may be so adjusted that the error of focusing shall not exceed 1 : 10000 part of the focal length, provided it is so firmly supported as to be free from the eifect of accidental tremors and vibrations, e. g. the telescope of a transit instrument. 60 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN I. -A SIMPLE BUT ACCURATE EXPRESSION FOR THE ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION. Bessel's expression for the refraction ' A A R = a ft y tan z is commonly employed for all accurate computations of the refraction, and when so employed requires that the five quantities, oc, ft, r. A, A, shall be interpolated from specially prepared refraction tables. It is the purpose of the present paper to so transform this expression that the refraction may be computed without recourse to these tables. Since the refraction admits of development in terms of the odd powers of tan z, we may write for the mean re- fraction : R,^ = a tan z = a^ tan z — a^ tan^ z etc. o"! f 1 ^ tan'*z\ tan z (approximately The Pulkowa Refraction Tables are presumably the most accurate ones available at the present time, and from these tables I find: a^ = 57.584 a, = 0.0640 If with these values we compute tan^z and compare it with the tabular values of « we shall find the following satisfactory agreement: z 0° 20° 40° 60° 75" W B » M M Tabular a 57.586 57.577 57.538 57.386 56.694 Formula 57.584 57.576 57.537 57.391 56.693 The quantity a is a complicated function of the zenith •' Tab. Reg., LXII. COMSTOCK — STUDIES IN ASTRONOMY 61 distance, z, but for values of z less than 75° it may be rep- resented by the empirical formula : A = 1 4- /i tan-z h -= 0.001362 The following comparison shows the degree of accuracy with which this formula represents the tabular numbers: z 7)0' CO' • 70' 75' Tabular A 1.0022 1.00-14 1.0103 1.018S Formula 1.0019 1.0010 1.0103 1.0190 If we represent by e the adopted coefficient of expansion of air per degree C, by r^, the normal temperature of the refraction tables, and by r any other temperature, we shall have : ' A - - -^ r^ = [l + f(r- r^)] Developing this expression by means of the exponential series it becomes, when the terms of the order £» are neg- lected. A r £-' 4- r„ ^ ^ = .; il- eh tan^z (r - rj )■ £-'-t-r [ "'J For zenith distances less than 75° the exponent A does not sensibly differ from unity, and we have Bo where ^o is the normal barometric pressure of the tables and B is the actual pressure at any time, /. e. the reading of the barometer " reduced to the freezing point. " Collecting the expressions for the several factors above developed, we obtain: ' Chauvenet, V"ol, II, p. 165. 62 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN From the Pulkowa Tables we find : B, 751.5 mm. 9.31 C. f-' =271.05 C. R = r 1.332071 „,, ^^/ tanz Denoting the quantity enclosed in brackets by F and in- troducing numerical values, we obtain : B F —_ tan z (A) log F = - (46.2 + 0.22 r) tan^z In the use of these formulfB B and r must be expressed m millimeters and degrees C The formula gives log F in units of the fifth decimal place. The number enclosed in brackets is a logarithm. The corresponding formulae, when the pressures are ex- pressed in English inches and the temperatures in degrees F., are: B F —^ fan z (B) R = [2.992151 455.9 -[- r log F = - (42.3 + 0.12 r) ian-z The computation by these formulse is not more laborious than the direct computation from the tables, and the fol- lowing comparison shows that the differences between the formulas and the tables are far less than the uncertainty in the tabular numbers themselves. For zenith distances not much exceeding 75° the formulse may be considered for most purposes a complete equivalent for the tables: COMPARISON OF THE REFRACTIONS FURNISHED BY THE FORMUL.^ AND BY THE PULKOWA TABLES. Barometer 765.0 mm 28.500 m 765 . 0 mm ■ 28.500 m Alt. Thermom. 0.0 C 70.0 F 0.0 C 70.0 F Ext. Thermom. - 25.0 C 75.0 F - 25.0 C 75.0 F z 75° M 246.02 75° ft 192.83 60° 115.36 60° 90.65 Tabular Ref... Formula A 246.03 192.84 115.36 90.66 Formula B 246.02 192.84 115.35 90.66 COMSTOCK — STUDIES IN ASTRONOMY 63 The coefficients in equations A and B have been so de- termined as to reproduce with all possible fidelity the re- fractions of the Pulkowa Tables, but they may be made to represent the actual refractions -with greater pre- cision by the application to the constant coefficients of the formulae of certain'corrections depending upon the latitude of the place at which the refraction is required, the amount of moisture in the air and the wave length of the light whose refraction is to be computed. These corrections are developed in Vol. IX, Publications of the Washburn Ob- servatory. The most important of them, and the only one which need be considered here, is that depending upon the latitude. Its effect will be sufficiently taken into account by adding to the bracketed coefficient in the equations A and B, the quantity C = 225 sin {q> - GO^) sin (9 + 60^) where cp denotes the latitude and C is given in units of the fifth decimal place. 64 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN II.-TO CORRECT THE SUN'S DECLINATION FOR THE EFFECT OF REFRACTION. A useful application of the formulaB of the preceding section occurs in connection with the use of the solar com- pass. It is here required to set off upon a certain divided arc the apparent declination of the sun, i. e. the true de- clination corrected for the effect of refraction. This cor- rection is usually interpolated from rather cumbrous tables of double entry.' Denoting the refraction in declination by d and represent- ing by q the parallactic angle of the sun, we have : d = Rcosq = [2.992151 ^^g , , tan z cos q (1) By applying the fundamental formulae of spherical trig- onometry to the spherical triangle, Pole — Zenith — Sun, and differentiating the equations, we find: — — = cos 8 cos q cosec z (2 ) Eliminating cos q between these equations, we obtain d = 12. 99215 1 -— sec S sin z tan z -r- (3) L J 4:5b -(- r at where z, A, s and t represent respectively the zenith dis- tance, azimuth, declination, and hour angle of the sun. The numerical value of -^ varies with the position of dt the sun in the heavens, but may be readily determined at any time as follows : Let the horizontal circle of the solar compass or transit be set to read some integral 10' and the telescope be then pointed upon the sun by rotating the in- strument about the lower motion. The sun having been brought into the field of view, the^ earth's diurnal motion 1 See Johnson's Theory and Practice of Surveying, pp. 47, 48. COMSTOCK — STUDIES IN ASTRONOMY 65 will carry the sun across the vertical thread of the instru- ment, and the time at which one edge of the sun is just tangent to the thread should be noted to the nearest sec- ond upon a watch. Let the instrument be now turned upon the upper motion, keeping the lower motion clamped, in the direction of the sun's movement, and the vernier set at the next integral 10'. The time at which the sun's edge again becomes tangent to the vertical thread should be noted as before. If we represent by u. the interval, in seconds, between the two observed times, we shall have: (JA __ 40 sin l(A — A ) L -L /q sin 1 0—0 In this equation cos-p may usually be put equal to 1, or its actual value may be found from the average value of p given by equation (1). Every other factor in the second member of this equation is known with exception of tan r, and the determination of y will determine d. COMSTOCK — STUDIES IN ASTRONOMY 71 For this purpose the instrument should be carefully lev- elled at the beginning of the work and the telescope di- rected at some object, approximately at right angles to the line joining two of the leveling screws of the instrument. Let the zenith distance, 2', of this object be determined from readings of the vertical circle taken Circle Right and Circle Left. The vertical axis is now to be deflected toward the object by turning the leveling screws, and the zenith distance of the object, reckoned from the vertical axis of the instrument, 2", is to be determined from circle readings in the same manner as z' . We then have, ob- viously, y = z - z" To make sure that the deflection of the axis lies in the plane passing through the object sighted upon, it is well to note the position of the bubble of that level of the in- strument which is at right angles to the telescope tube. The leveling screws must be so turned that the reading of the bubble of this level on its scale is approximately the same after deflection as before. By comparison with micrometric apparatus, this deter- mination of r and the resulting value of d may seem crude, but with a vertical circle reading to minutes only, the values of z' and z" can be determined within 30", and if y be made 3", d will be determined with a probable error of one part in four hundred, an accuracy quite sufficient for even the most delicate level. The value of r should be between V and 3", a coarse vertical circle and fine hori- zontal circle corresponding to the larger limit, and the reverse conditions to the smaller one. To illustrate the method, I select the following partial investigation of the microscope level of a small universal instrument, Bamberg No. 2598. The level was investigated by means of the circles of the instrument to which it was attached, without removing or in any way disturbing it: 72 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 91° 11' 18'. 90 11 37.5 DETERMINATION OF V . Instrument. Circle E, Circle L. Levelled 180° 26' 49' 358° 4' 13" Deflected 179 27 3 359 3 48 r ^ 0° 59' 40.5" After the level readings which follow were completed, these circle readings were repeated with the instrument deflected and subsequently leveled, giving a second deter- mination of r = 0° 59' 42". I adopt : ;k = 0° 59' 41" The following are the bubble observations in the de- flected position of the instrument: Bubble. ClBCLE. Bubble. Bubble. Circle. Bubble. 25.3 - 0.8 lll'^34' - 0.7 25.6 26.3 0.2 291° 6' 0.4 26.0 27.7 1.6 2i 1.8 28.1 28.1 2 3 16 1.9 27.7 30.2 4.1 14 3.9 30.1 30.2 4.2 26 3.9 29.7 32.6 6.5 111 4 6.4 32.6 32.3 6.4 36 6.2 32.1 34.8 8.6 110 54 8.7 35.0 34.0 8.1 46 8.5 34.2 37.0 10.9 44 10.8 37.0 36. 2 10.2 56 10.6 36.5 The observations began with the level bubble at one end of its scale, circle reading 111" 34', and the instrument was turned through successive intervals of 10' until the bubble reached the opposite end, when the settings were repeated in the inverse order to eliminate the effect of any slight change in the instrument or level. The instrument was then turned into the position corresponding to the second set of circle readings which were taken with the bubble running from one end of the tube to the other, in both directions. The mean of the four readings of the ends of the bubble corresponding to any circle reading may be adopted as the COMSTOCK STUDIES IN ASTRONOMY 73 corresponding reading of the middle of the bubble, and these mean readings are given in the following table : Circle. Bubble. Circle. Bubble. r 26 DiFF. lll°3i' 12.35 291° 6' 13.22 89°46' 25.57 4.23 24 14.80 IG 15.00 89 56 29 80 4.28 U 17. U8 26 17.00 90 6 34.08 4.72 111 4 19.55 36 19.25 90 16 38.80 4.18 ]10 54 21.78 46 21.20 90 26 42.98 4.32 44 23.92 56 23.38 90 36 47.30 Since the bubble readings which stand on the same line in the second and fourth columns of the table are approxi- mately equal, it is apparent that the corresponding circle readings lie on opposite sides of A^ and equally distant from it. ^0 may, therefore, be determined by taking the mean of any pair of circle readings which stand in the same line, and the angles A,, — A\ A" — A(„ which we shall designate by r, may be found by taking half the difference of corresponding circle readings. Values of r are given in the fifth column of the table. The quantities 2b are the sums of the numbers in the second and fourth columns, and their differences given in the last column show that any irregularities which may exist in the curvature of the level tube are very small, and we may determine a mean value of d to be used over the whole extent of the level tube. Since the values of '' dif- fer so little from 90^ we may assume in equation (3) cos^p = 1 sin r.lo - i (A' + ^-i")] =1 and taking the diiferences between the first and fourth, sec- ond and fifth, third and sixth lines of the table, we shall have A' — A" constantly equal to 30', and equation (3) be- comes 74 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN _ A tan r sin 15' _ [1.7959] c* — 2 {b' - h") sin 1" 26' - 26 from which we obtain the following three values: It p tf d = 4.72 = 4.74 = 4.73 the mean of which may be adopted. COMSTOCK — STUDIES IN' ASTRONOMY 75 IV. — THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF FLEXURE, INEQUALITY OF PIVOTS, AND VALUE OF A LEVEL DIVISION FOR A "BROKEN" IRANSIT. In a " broken " transit, i. e. one in which the rays of light are bent at right angles by a reflecting prism placed in the axis, it is well known that the bending of the axis under the weight which it has to carrj" produces an effect upon the observed times of transit of a star, which may be represented by the expression /.cos 2 sec 5, where / is a con- stant peculiar to each instrument, and z and 5 denote the zenith distance and declination of the star. Since this ex- pression has the same algebraic form as the corrections for inclination of the axis, and for inequality of pivots, they may all be united into a single term : (h' -\- i -\- f) cos z sec d where ±{i+f) is a constant correction which must be ap- plied to the value of h' directly determined with the spirit level. If i+f is positive for Ocular West it will be nega- tive for Ocular East, and the sign ± is, therefore, prefixed to it. Since it is not necessary in the use of a broken transit to separate the constant correction i +/ into its constituent parts, it will for the present be treated as a single unknown quantity whose value ^ is to be determined in connection with r, the angular value of a half division of the level used for measuring h. In a straight transit/ is zero, but i has usually an appreciable value and the cor- rection /? must, therefore, be determined, and may be con- veniently determined by the method here developed for a broken transit. If from the general equation of the transit instrument ' sin c + sin S sin n — cos d cos n sin (r — vi) = 0 (1) 1 Chauvenet, Spherical and Practical Astronomy, Vol. II, § 123. 76 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN the quantities m and n be eliminated by means of the rela- tions (78),' we have the following: sin c-{-cos z sin b — sin z cos b sin (a + .4) =0 (2) where 90'^ — a and b represent the azimuth and altitude of the point in which the rotation axis of the instrument, produced toward the west, intersects the celestial sphere. A and z are the azimuth (reckoned from the north toward east) and zenith distance of a star at the instant of its transit over a thread whose colli mation is c, i. e. the point 90^ a, l) is the pole of the small circle traced upon the celestial sphere by the thread in question when the instru- ment is rotated about its axis, and the distance of this circle from its pole equals 90'' + c. Since in practice & and c are nearer so great as 10', equa- tion (2) may be written without sensible loss of accuracy : c + cos z.b = (rt 4- --i) siii z (3) Substituting in this equation for h its value as given by the spirit level, and writing a similar equation for the case in which the object observed is not the star, but its image reflected from mercury or some other level surface, we have: Dir. c + COS z in' r A- (i) — (a + .4 ) sin z' (4) Ref. c" - cos z" (n" r + fi) = (a + A') siu z' where n' and n" are the measured inclinations of the axis expressed in half divisions of the level scale. We now put z! — z -{■ X z" = z — X and introducing these values into (4) find by subtraction: c — c" + {n + n") cos x cos z.v -\- 2 cos x cos z (i = {A' — A") cos X sin ^ + (2a -f- A' + A") sin x cos z (5) In practice the object observed will usually be a circum- polar star, and owing to its slow motion the quantity x = ^(z' — z") will be so small that we may assume cos X = 1 sill X =- cos d sin t sin ^ {T — T") where T' and T are the observed times and t is the hour angle of the star at the instant i (2" + T"). 1 Loc. cit. COM STOCK — STUDIES IN ASTRONOMY 77 For the coefficient of the last term in equation (J) we ob- tain from (i) with sufficient precision 2a -{- A' -^ A" = {& -\- c") cosec z and introducing these values into (J) we have (n' + n") r + lli = [A' - .4") tan z - (c' - c') sec z + (c' + c") cos 5 Bin t cosec zsin i {T — T") {6) If the Star is near the meridian or is observed near the collimation axis of the instrument, the last term in this ex- pression will be very small and may frequently be neg- lected. Putting P = {A' - A')tanz Q = (c '+ e") cos S sin t cosec z sin ^ {T — T ) we obtain from the equations sin z sin A = — cos 5 sin t sin z cos A =■ cos cp sin S — sin cp cos d cos t (7) reduced by means of the relations furnished by the as- tronomical triangle, the equation P = cos 6 cos qsecz .2 sin i {T — T) 206265 where q is the parallactic angle of the star. Introducing Bessel's auxiliary ^into this equation, substituting in the last term of {6} in place of cos 8 sin t cosec z its equivalent, sin A, and collecting in a form convenient for computation the equations necessary for the reduction of a series of ob- servations, we have the following: tan N r= cot

— sin in cot q> {2) cos a tan m = tan b cos (p -\- sin q) sin a (5) furnished by the spherical triangle, P Z A, formed by the pole, the zenith and the point in which the rotation axis of the instrument, produced toward the west, intersects the celestial sphere. The sides and angles of this triangle have the following values: PZ = m^ -

^ 6\ tan S, sin 2r 1 — cot d'l to7i So COS 2r In equations (8) jT+ m is now the only unknown quantity, and to determine m we apply (i) to the polar star and sub- stitute in it the value of tan n given by {2) and the value of Tj — m given by (^) and [S), and find sin m = — cot S^ tan (p sin (2r -f C7 + 5) + sin b sec (p -\- sin c tail tp in which terms of the order en- are neglected. Subtract- ing from each member of the equation the auxiliary quantity sin m' = — cot S^ tan (p sin (2r -f- U) {10) we obtain to the same degree of approximation 7n = in' -{- b sec cp '\- c tan cp — ^ cot d\ tan (p cos (2r + U) Substituting for ^ its value in terms of c, and introduc- ing into {8) the resulting value of m, we obtain /IT+Cc = ao - (S+ U+ m' -f b sec cp) (11) COMSTOCK — STUDIES IN ASTRONOMY 85 where the coefficient C has the value C = tan qi + tan \ p.. -| 1 + {tan 5, — tan cp) cot d^ cos (2r + U) |- (12) If at the time of observation the southern star was near the zenith, or Polaris was near elongation, or the collima- tion constant, c, was very small, the bracketed factor may be put equal to 1, giving C = tan (p + tan hp^ For a determination of azimuth we write equation (3) in the form ' tafi a = tan m cosec

and assuming the equation tan a' = tan in cosec (p {13) find by subtraction a = a' -\- b tan (p -\- c sec cp - 1 — cot ^j tan ^ p^ cos (2r -f U) I {14) If K and J/ denote respectively the reading of the azi- muth circle corresponding to the star observations, and to that position of the instrument in which the rotation axis lies in the plane of the prime vertical (collimation axis in the meridian), we have, obviously, M = K-]- a' -\-b tan (p + C'c {15) where C is an abbreviation for the coefficient of c given in the preceding equation. Since the collimation constant, c, changes sign when the instrument is reversed, an observation of Polaris and a southern star in each position of the instrument, "W. and E., will suffice for the determination of ^ 2" and c from the observed times of transit, and also, if the instrument is provided with an azimuth circle, for the determination of 31 and c, from the circle readings. The agreement between the two values of c thus determined furnishes a valuable control upon the accuracy of the observations and their reduction. In the preceding investigation the effect of flexure, ine- 86 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN quality of pivots and diurnal aberration has been neg- lected. These quantities may, however, be taken into ac- count, as in the case of meridian observations, by applying to the observed level constant, b, a correction, ± /i, for the first two sources of error, and by applying to S a cor- rection, s. - 0.021 coscp .C for the aberration. The formulae requisite for the reduction of observations in the vertical of the pole star may now be collected, slightly simplified and arranged as follows : Data known independently of the observations: s. q), a^, a.,, 5,, do, yi = 0.031 cos (p, p., = 90'^ - 8.^ Data given by the observations: -S", S, b, K. t = (cTi - n:,) + (S - S) /i = 1 -)- tan (5g cot S^ cos t 1 = 1 — tan I P2 cot S^ cos t C = h tan i Po + i tan q) C = 15 / sec q> cot 8. tan '?.> sin t tan U = ~ — ; — ^ T 1 — cot d J tan 0 ., cus t — sin m' = tan q) cot 8^ sin {t -\- U) tan a' = tan m' cosec

and p' are functions of the latitude which differ from tan

) Jog p = loj (15 sec cp) -\- '6 6 {N'tan cp) — 1 6 {N sec cp) 88 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN The values of p and p' may be conveniently tabulated for a given latitude with log N as the argument, and for this purpose log p' is best expressed in the form log p' = log (15 sec (p) -\- 6 {N V tan'^gj — 2) where the two 6 terms given above have been united into a single term whose numerical value is to be obtained re- gardless of the sign of the quantity under the radical, and then to be added or subtracted as this quantity is positive or negative. The following is such a table for the latitude of the Washburn Observatory, 'P = 43° 4' 37", and it should also be noted that the values of log N are limiting values at which the tabular p, p' changes from one value to the next: P 9.97083 .97081 .97085 .97086 .97087 .97088 logN 2.238 2.381 2.176 2.539 2.587 P' 1.31251 .31250 .31219 .31218 .31217 .31216 log N 1.921 2.239 2.363 2.112 2.499 The construction of such a table is the only point at which the d terms are required in the application of Dol- len's ephemerides. In general the coordinates of the stars and the observed interval *S' — S' will differ from that assumed in the compu- tation of a^o and. N^ and it will be convenient to pass from these latter quantities to the values x, iV corresponding to the actual observation by means of diiferential formula. It is evident from an inspection of equations (16) that these differential formulas will contain some terms which involve only the coordinates of the stars and are, therefore, the same for all parts of the earth's surface, while other terms will involve functions of the latitude, and only that part of these terms which is independent of the latitude can conveniently be tabulated. Leaving the reader to dif- COMSTOCK — STUDIES IN ASTRONOMY 89 ferentiate for himself equations (16), we reproduce here the form in which Dollen expresses the differential coefli- cients and the correction terms involving them: X + pX = to + Qk -i- RG+ DJ d a' = pA' =-. jjA'o + Qk-^ RG where 7i, G and j s represent variations in the elements with which x^ and N^ were computed, and Q, Q', 11, R', D are differential coefficients having the following values: Q = pX + fi R = pu + r Q' = i/A R = Pit The values of /^. r, ^, m and D involve only the coordinates of the stars and are given among the general constants for each star of Dollen's list. The values of k, G and js are as follows: J ex = a. - (cx.,)^ g = -Ur^- (cri)o ^ d } G - g + ^ a (5o)o k = --j^i -(, AT,. These assumed values are given as a part of the table of constants for each star, and an ephemeris of g and log k precedes the table of con- stants. The actual reduction of a set of observations by means of these general constants will not often be made, but recourse will be had to the General Ephemerides constructed from them for 93 of the 180 stars. These ephemerides give at intervals of ten days throughout the year the instantaneous values of N and T, T = a^ 4- a-, and from them the observer should construct a local ephemeris of the values of 6 and a' for a few of the tabular dates near the epoch of his ob- servations, using the relations e =: T-{-pX a' = pN Values of 9 and a' interpolated from the local ephemeris will be immediately available for the reduction of observa- tions in which the observed interval S — S' equals the 90 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN value li^^ assumed in the computation of x^ and A'^o The ob- servations should be so arranged as to secure at least a rough approximation to this interval between the observa- tion of Polaris and the clock star, but a deviation of even several minutes from the prescribed amount may be very simply corrected. Since the interval S — 6" affects TJ, m' and «' precisely as does a^ — ag whose effect is represented in the term EGy we apply to >S' and K the corrections i2 -j S - (S" + 4»0 I i2' I 5f - (S' + 4"i) and the reduction of the observations takes the very sim- ple form: '' = lUo ] ^' - ^^' + '^"^^ S^ = S -\- R^r ■\- Bh - Ch ^T ± Cc = ^ - So Ko = K -^ R\r + B'b - C'h M t Cc = A'o - a' The level corrections Bb, B'b are most conveniently taken from a table of multiples of -— sec Q) = Bv 5 tan qi -- Br where r represents the angular value of one division of the level scale. The factor i?o equals 100 R and its value together with that of the coUimation factors C, C are to be derived from the data given with each star in the ephemeris ^0 == P"o + Xo G ^^ pCi + Co R'o = P>o C' = p'Cj These values when once computed should be preserved for future use. The reduction to the middle thread of transits of a clock star observed over the side threads must not be made, as in the meridian, by the use of the factor C, but by a special factor F whose logarithm is given in the ephemeris and among the general constants for each star. F = sec So sec n sec r COMSTOCK — STUDIES IX ASTRONOMY 91 Certain auxiliary quantities to be used in setting the in- strument so as to find the stars to be observed are also given in the tables. Their use will be understood from the following precept: "At the sidereal time 6—^"' point upon the pole star by means of its azimuth a' and zenith distance z = H - {cp-\- y tan cp) and without changing the azimuth of the instrument await the clock star at the zenith distance z = p — z'-" The following two examples illustrate, respectively, the application of the trigonometric formulas, equations (16) and (27), and of Dollens ephemerides, to the reduction of observations made with a very small universal instrument, having an objective with a clear aperture of 35 mm, focal length 373 mm, magnifying power of ocular 36 diameters, azi- muth circle read by estimation to single seconds. In view of the small dimensions and feeble power of the instru- ment the agreement between the values of the collimation constant c given by the observed times and the circle read- ings is sufficiently satisfactory. The computation by the trigonometric formulse is so ar- ranged that the values of U, m\ etc., may be obtained either with or without the use of the " a-, == 1 19 33 (Jj = 88 43 84.7 log cosec cp = 0.16559 log cot d^ = S.34702 Star. Oc. E Cygni W. ^ Cygni E. a, - a. 4 37 43 4 11 13 «^2 20 41 50.19 21 8 20.00 S - S' 4 28 4 35 d. + 33 33 57 + 29 47 1 t 70 32 45 63 57 0 C C 1.47 20.7 1.51 20.7 cos t 9.52251 9.61262 S' 20 38 56 21 5 39 tan 8^ 9.82187 9.75764 S 20 43 23.59 21 10 14.03 " o sin t 9.97447 t 9.95348 b . b sec qj s. - 7.2 - 0.65 s. 4- 5.1 -f 0.46j (cot (5i tan do cos t) 7.69140 7.74738 U + 3 12.22 + 2 38.08 l-( ) 9.997S6 9.99757 m' - 4 30.87 - 4 18.27 : cot S^ tan So sin t 8.14336 8.05814 Ch C'k s. 0.03 0.3 s, 0.02 0.3 tan U 8.14550 8.06057 K 344 38 31.5 154 33 44.0 26 3 2 a' - 1 39 8.1 - 1 34 31.6 sin {t +■ U) 9.97656 9.95588 b tan (p - 6.7 + 4.8 — S171 m 8.29440 8.27372 AT ± Cc - 14.08 - 14.28 d 3 3 M^ Cc 332 59 16.4 152 59 16.9 tan a' 8.46008 8.43939 s. JT-\-\Al c = - 14 08 iW - 20 7 c 16.4 AT - 1.51 c = - 14.28 M-\- 20.7 c = 16 9 //r = - 14.18 c= 4- 0.07 M == 16.6 s. c = + 0,01 COMSTOCK — STUDIES IX ASTRONOMY 93 1891, September 4. logp == 9.97085 log p' = 1.31247 Star Oc. s Cygni W. ; Cygni E. Equations: R R -0.19G -14.85 -0.350 -19.85 8. C C 1.471 20.46 1.513 20.42 Jr+ 1.47 c = - 14.08 Q 20 43 8.79 21 10 0.06 T- 1.51c = - 14.29 b - 7.2 9 + 5.1 • AT = - 14.18 S' + 4"^ 20 42 56 21 9 39 c = + 0.C7 S 20 43 23.59 21 10 14.03 M" - 20.5 c = 16.3 Ck. R^r - 0.02 - 0.05 - 0.03 - 0.12 M" + 20.4 c = 16.7 h sec (p - 0.65 + 0.46 M = 16'. 5 AT ± Cc - 14.08 - 14.29 e = +0.01 O ' » o / » O ' » a' 1 39 4.1 1 34 24.8 M = 332 57 16.5 K 334 38 31.5 154 33 44.0 C'h R'r - 0.3 - 4.1 - 0.3 - 7.0 b tan

^^ ^ sec (p (&2 — ft,)r ,. .^ Level Corr. = — — ^ z = —. — f- • —^ ^-^ — (14) dz sill J-2 lo ^ ^ where h, and h^ are the level readings, r the value of a level division in seconds of arc, and Ao the azimuth of the star. The factor h. — &i is to be considered positive when the bubble runs from its initial position toward the objec- tive end of the telescope. The factor ^^^ '^ in the preceding equation may be re- placed by an expression which is most conveniently treated in connection with the thread intervals. 98 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN The southern star, and occasionally the polar star, will be observed on several threads, and from the several ob- served times the time of transit over the middle thread may be found by Bessel's method," or as follows: The re- duction of any thread to the middle thread is given by the equation ^' - -^^^ dz ^ 2 dz- ^ •■■■ = T -\- 1 see (p cosec A^ -\- -^ c..„ -, /..." ^ ' 0-^) i' sec

sin A 1 Chauvenet, Table VIII. COMSTOCK — STUDIES IN ASTRONOMY 99 where j is the angular distance of the star from the east point. If in the quadrantal triangle formed hy the star, the zenith and the east point we represent the angle at the star by ^ we shall have for the effect of the diurnal aber- ration upon the time of the star's transit over an almu- c an tar s. w = 0 . 021 con q> sin ^ . cos ip . sec (p cosec A which reduces to s. K = 0.021 COS z or for an observation made near the almucantar passing through the pole s. K = 0.021 sin

9.96091 9.98464 9.94682 9.98283 log cos t 9.89692 „ 9.87292 9.94689 9.77099 „ log a 8.29400 8.27027 8.30809 8.27208 log sin t 9.78871 n 9.82321 n 9.66318 n 9.90702 „ CO log (1 — a cost) 9.9933111 0.0060815 0.0078831 9.9952305 log cos M 9.9999692 9.9999657 9.9999798 9.9999516 M -0 40 57.1 -0 43 13.9 -0 33 8.7 -0 51 21.2 X 51.3 43.6 55.3 44.3 log tan i (p — x) 9.8128460 9.8837244 9.7805448 9.8769541 log \ cos M -T- {I — a cos t) I 9.9932803 0.0060472 0.0078629 9.9951821 log cos N 9.7770484 9.8606937 9.7593298 9.8430583 N +53 U 20.4 -43 28 54.2 -54 55 54.1 +45 50 8.0 M^N + 3 30 13.55 - 2 56 48.54 - 3 41 56.19 + 2 59 55.12 log cot N 9.8733 0.0230 n 9.8463 n 9.9873 C +1.497 -2.113 -1.407 +1.946 s. s. s. s. ^T-\-C ^ (p +18.56 +24.33 +22.87 +17.80 C ^ cp - 2.32 + 3.27 + 2.18 - 3.02 AT +20.88 +21.06 +20.69 +20.82 102 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN From the equations jr+ 1.50 Jcp = 18.56 V = -\- 0.02 /IT- 2.11 /Icp = 24.33 + .20 JT- 1.41 J(p = 22.87 - .17 jr+ 1.95 Jcp = 17.80 - .04 we obtain ^r = + 20.86 J^ = - 1.55 = - 23.3 with the residuals placed opposite the several equations. In the above reduction the computations have been car- ried to tenths of a second of arc and hundredths of a second of time, but it is evident that quantities of this order are imperceptible in so small an instrument, a second of arc being approximately the limit of what can be seen in its telescope or measured by its level. The internal agree- ment of the observations as shown by the residuals is, therefore, satisfactory, and the absolute values of the lat- itude and clock correction furnished by the observations are also in excellent agreement with the data furnished by a geodetic connection with the Washburn Observatory and a comparison of the chronometer with the normal clock. Thus after correcting jT for diurnal aberration we have S. o • " From Observation JT = +20.88 tp = iB 4 36.7 From Comparisons =+20.80 = 43 4 36.5 This excellent agreement is due, at least in part, to the reversal of the instrument, one-half of the observations having been made Circle Right and one-half Circle Left, thus eliminating the effect of error in the assumed thread intervals. In order to secure the convenient observation of stars it will be advantageous to prepare in advance an observing programme showing the time at which the several clock stars cross the almucantar of the polar star, and their cor- responding azimuths. If only a few stars are to be in- cluded in the programme this can be most conveniently done by putting T,= T^ in equations (13) and solving with Q COMSTOCK — STUDIES IX ASTRONOMY 10 four place logarithms the following approximate equiva- lents of those equations: t = cr., — a, tan M = '■ 1 — a cos t a ^ sin n cosec p cos N = (18) 1 — tt cos t T, = T., = cT, - JT-\- M-^- N When the sidereal times T^ and T. are known the zenith distances and azimuths of the stars may be directly com- puted from the fundamental formulte for the transforma- tion of coordinates, but the following method will usually be found more convenient : In the spherical triangle formed by the polar star, the zenith and the pole, we represent the east hour angle of the star by r and find cos z = sin (p sin (5j -f" cos q> cos 5^ cos r = cos ((5j — (p) — cos (p cos (5j 2 sin^ i r and applying to this the development into series of cos X = cos y -\- h find when terms of the order r^ are neglected z = H-

sure, of crystalline structure, with two sets of strife very distinct, crossing each other at right angles; and the ore from a quartering fis- sure crystalline, with many sets of strias crossing each other obliquely; and to some ex- tent I had opportunity of proving their observations correct." Supposing this idea of the smelters to be correct, it is difficult to account for this differ- ence unless the crystals of galena have a uniform orientation with reference to the walls of the fissure. HOBBS — MINERALOGY OF WISCONSIN. 127 crystal is an unstriated nucleus whose former crystal boundaries are indicated by a line of tarnished mineral. The nucleus contains irregular-shaped' cavities in which cerussite has crystallized. The striations in the outer por- tion of the crystal are high ridges near the periphery, but these diminish in prominence as they take their course to- ward the nucleus, dying out completely before they reach it, and as they do so often taking a sharp curve to a di- rection which suggests a sudden change to the law of Sadebeck. It is evident that this structure has not been produced by any stress to which the crystal has been sub- jected since its formation, but it is in some way to be con- nected with the strains induced in the outer portion of the crystal, as it accommodated itself to the nucleal crystal in growing about this and being oriented by it. Lamellas have also been observed on crystals from Platteville, Wis. Some very interesting forms of galena come from Galena, 111. Many specimens indicate that there have been for the limestone cavities at least two periods in which galena crys- tallized out, separated by a period when crystallized marca- site was deposited. Cubes of galena, having an edge of three to five centimeters, are found coated with marcasite and studded with numerous nearly perfect octahedrons of galena, having a diameter of about two millimeters. The octahedron is usually absent from the crystals of the first separation of galena though it sometimes appears as a very minute truncation of the solid angles; while the cube, though always very small, is usuallj^ present on the octa- hedral crystals of the later generation. One crystal in the collection has some interest from its twisted form. It is a simple cube elongated in the direc- tion of a principal axis so that its length is about six inches and its breadth and thickness only about two inches. One end of the crystal is nearly or quite parallel to the other but occupies the position it would have if it had been rotated thirty degrees from its normal position about the long 128 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. axis of the crystal. The long faces of the crystal present a nearly perfect warped surface with only a single impor- tant interruption near one end. On closer examination very slight interruptions are no- ticed at intervals of three or four centimeters, which indi- cate that the apparent individual is an aggregate of sev- eral individuals nearly, though not quite, parallel. Each individual is rotated through a small angle from its nearest neighbors about the axis of the aggregate, the rotation being always in the same direction. But this is not the only attempt which the crystal has made to assume a spiral form, for the faces of the sub-individuals are warped, and though the greater part of the aggregate is coated with marcasite, a cleavage surface is exposed at one point and exhibits the poly synthetic twin lamellae. It is thus prob- able that the crystal has been subjected to some force from without which has inclined it to the direction it has taken. CERUSSITE FROM HIGHLAND, MINERAL POINT, AND GALENA. This mineral always appears on the surface of Galena crystals where it has doubtless been formed through the action of carbonated waters. The best specimens in the University Collection were found at Highland and Mineral Point. Larger but less perfect crystals are common on specimens from Mineral Point and from Galena, 111., the latter place being located but a few miles from the state boundary. The Galena to which the Highland cerussite is attached occurs on the hopper-faced octahedrons composed of a great number of sub-individuals, which have been de- scribed under Galena (Pig. 5). Two strikingly dif- ferent types of Cerussite crystals are found upon the same specimens, the one being long columnar in the direc- tion of the brachydiagonal axis, and the other pseudo- hexagonal in habit, from the nearly equal development of pyramid and brachydome. Both types are to be found in HOBBS — MINERALOGY OF WISCONSIN, 129 twins according to the common law, the twinning plane a face of the fundamental prism. Stellate forms of the sec- ond type are frequently only to be distinguished from the individual crystals by a search for the twinning lines, or by measurement of the angles on the goniometer. Type 1. Crystals columnar in the direction of the brachy- diagonal axis: Crystals of this type usually have a length several times their breadth, and have their habit condi- tioned by the brachydomes i (021) and x (012), and the pyra* mid 2J (111) (see plate 7, fig. 1). They vary from four to eight millimetres in length. The forms observed upon them are the following, r being new to the species: i, 2Pao (021). X, ^Pao (012). r, VPx (0.25.4).* P, P (111). &, ocPoo (010). m, QoP (110). r, odP3 (130). The above enumerated forms were determined by means of the following measurements : Measured. Calculated m ; : m', 110 : 110 62^ 46' 62^ 46' r ; ; r\ 130 : 130 57 35 57 19 m : ; 6, 110 : OiO 58 37 58 42 m : P, 110 : 111 35 46 35 46 i : i', 021 : 02l 69 13 69 20 X : x\ 012 : 012 39 51 39 45 b 010 : 021 34 31 34 40 h : r, 010 : : 0.25.4 12 30^ 12 29 130 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN The face r is certainly (0.25.4) and not the known form (061), as the face is a large one and quite perfect. Both r and h reflect finely, giving single sharp images of the signal. The calculated angle & : t (010 : 061), is 12'=' 59', which differs from the value obtained by over 18', whereas it is impossible that an error of more than a very few min- utes should be made in the reading. With the exception of r, which is small and gives only a faint reflection of the signal, all the faces afford excellent readings. Tyjie 2. Crystals with pseudo-hexagonal habit due to the nearly equal development of the pyramid and brachydome: The individuals of this type (plate 7, fig. 2) are generally larger than the crystals of the first type and have the habit of the crystals from Berezov figured by Dana, ' but they are more modified. Their habit is conditioned chiefly by the forms p, i, and b. They may be easily confused with stellate twins, which occur with theoa and from which they can often only be distinguished by a measurement of the angles in the prismatic zone, the angle m : m being either 54° 28' or 62^ 46', while that of 972 : & is 58^ 37'. Most of the crystals are twinned at least once, the twinning line taking usually a somewhat irregular course over the faces and frequently bringing p and i nearly into coincidence. On single individuals the faces are all remarkably perfect and give each a single sharp bright image of the signal. The forms are as follows : P, P (111). m, ocP (110). a, ocPoo (100). b, QcPoo (010). I, 2Pqo (021). /.-, Poo (Oil). X, iPoo (012). "- System, 6th ed., p. S87, fig. 8. nOBBS — MINERALOGY OF WISCONSIN. 131 The following measurements were made to identify the above forms: Measured. Calculated. m : m', 110 : 110 62° 47' 62<^ 46' m : &, 110 : 010 58 36 58 37 m : a, 110 : 100 31 24i 31 23 m' : a, llO" : 100 31 22i 31 23 m : 1), 110 : 111 35 48 35 46 i : k, 021 : Oil 19 29 19 28 i : X, 021 : 012 35 28 35 28 On twinned individuals: m : m, 110 : 110 54 23 54 28 Many of the crystals have their faces studded with nu- merous small lenticular yellow crystals with much rounded faces, which are probably siderite. The best cerussites which I have examined from Mineral Point are found, like the Highland crystals, on skeleton octahedrons of galena. Some of the smaller crystals have very sharp faces, and so far as examined they appear to have the same forms and habits as the Highland crystals. Type 3. Crystals ivith domed liabit. The large gray cer- ussites which come from Galena and Mineral Point, are less perfect and less highly modified than the types just described. The faces reflect poorly, but the following goniometer readings were made on crystals bounded by the forms i, x, m, and subordinate p, this being apparently the usual habit. (See plate 7, figure 3.) i : i', 021 : 021 X : x\ 012 : 012 m : m', 110 : 110 Measured. Calculated 111*^ 2' 110° 40' 40 6 39 51 62 35 62 46 50 50 30 p : i>, (with front lens) These crystals are as frequently simply twinned as the Highland crystals. Their form is represented in plate 7, 132 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCOXSIX. fig, 3. An analysis of such crystals on selected material from Galena yielded Mr. R. B. Green the following results: Calculated. PbO 83.42 83.52 CO, 16.45 16.48 99.87 100.00 The material was specially examined for zinc with nega- tive results. SPHALERITE FROM SHULLSBURG, MINERAL POINT, AND GALENA. Although sphalerite is one of the most common minerals in the crevices of the Galena Limestone, it is usually found in the massive form or in small and imperfect crystals. ^ It usually contains a small amount of iron sulphide, as is indi- cated by its dark color. I recently collected at the Wis- consin Zinc and Lead Company's mine at Shullsburg, some specimens of this mineral on which the crystal forms can be made out. These sphalerite crystals occur in an elon- gated roughly cylindrical cavity, which has been formed by the solution and removal of a fossil, probably an ortho- ceras. The largest crystal is over a centimeter in diame- ter and is a much distorted simple individual on which are found the following forms: o, +5 (HI). o„ 2 _ O 2 (111). d, ooO (110). m, -f ??? (311). , mOn + — ^-(hkl). HOBBS — MINERALOGY OF WISCONSIN. 133 All the faces with the exception of m are dull and conse- quently give no image of the signal. The face m is very bright but is rounded through bevelment by a considerable number of hexoctahedrons having large indices. The angle m : m (over «), was measured by reflection and found to be 50° 53', the theoretical value being 50^^ 28'. The angle d : d, (101 : Oil) was roughly measured with a hand goniometer as 61°, the calculated angle being 60°. A hexoctahedron which has a development about equal to m, and whose faces occur on either side of the m face, could not be determined owing to the lustreless character of its faces. A smaller crystal from the same specimen is bounded by the forms o (111) and d (110) and is twinned according to the common law for this mineral, the twinning plane a face of 0. Other specimens from Shullsburg are light wine yel- low in color to nearly colorless and transparent. An analysis by Mr. E. B. Skinner of the darker crys- tals first described gave the following : Zn 66.67 S 32.48 Fe 37 99.52 Sphalerite also occurs in crystals at Platteville and at Mineral Point, the individuals obtained from the former locality being a centimeter or more in diameter, while those from the latter locality are small though often with toler- ably bright faces. The forms d, o, and m were observed upon both. Frequently, however, those found at Mineral Point are coated with a layer of white mineral which is probably smithsonite. Dana' states that crystals of this mineral three inches or more in diameter are found altered to smithsonite at Mineral Point. No such specimens are included in the University collection, though spheroidal ag- gregates of crystals as large as that are not uncommon, and these are sometimes altered to smithsonite. No crystals 1 System, 6th Ed., p. G'i. 134 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. of sphalerite much over a centimeter in diameter have been observed by the writer on Wisconsiu specimens. Si^halerite is found in exactly the same association at Galena. These crystals have much the same form, but some have been found on which the faces are much more perfect. They nearly always exhibit one form in addi- tion to those observed on crystals from the other localities. ITV- Fig. 7. — Sphalerite from Galena, III. This is the tetragonal tristetrahedron or hemi-trisoctahe- dron A, 10 (775) which has not, I believe, been before ob- served on this mineral. On one crystal in particular the faces d, o, and A are very perfect and give excellent reflec- tions of the signal (Fig. 7). On this crystal the following measurements were made: Measured. Calculated 0 : d, 111 : 110 35* 18' 35* 16' d : A, 110 : 775 26 49 26 48 On the same crystal the faces of the icositetrahedron (probably m) and the hexoctahedron are too much rounded to admit of measurement. On less perfect crystals the face A was measured with results varying 11' to 12' from those obtained on the most perfect crystal. HOBBS — MINERALOGY OF WISCONSIN. 135 GYPSUM FROM MINERAL POINT. The specimen about to be described was presented to the University Mineral Collection by a friend, who obtained it from a local collector at Mineral Point. It was sup- posed to be anglesite by the person who collected it, pos- sibly because it occurs on crystals of galena. The crys- tals referred to are long columnar in habit, colorless, and perfectly transparent. Their greatest length is 10™". and their greatest breadth about 2""". They are attached to small cubes of galena which are covered by a layer of red cryptocrystalline smithsonite. As this is an unusual ap- pearance for the local smithsonite, it was determined to be that mineral by its reacting for zinc on charcoal and being completely soluble with effervescence in hydrochloric acid. The red color of the mineral is superficial, the under por- tions having the usual gray color. Fig. 8. — Selenite from Mineral Point. The transparent colorless crystals which are attached to the smithsonite and galena, are not anglesite as supposed, but gypsum or selenite. They have the usual habit of gypsum crystals, being bounded by the prism and clino- pinacoid and the rounded terminal planes, I, (111) and occa- sionally e, (103) (see fig. 8). The following measurements 136 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. are the average of a number which were made with the re- flecting goniometer on several crystals, the rounded char- acter of the faces sometimes introducing errors of as much as 30': Measured. Calculated. m : m (front) 110 : 110 68^^ 49' 68° 30' m : m (back) 110 : lIO 68 41 68 30 rilO : 010) m : h (front) \ _ _ \ 55 40 55 45 (no : 010 ) rilO : 010) m : h (back) \ __ _ [■ 55 50 55 45 (_liO : 010) The terminal faces were too much rounded to permit of measurement. The clino-pinacoidal cleavage is almost micaceous in perfection and the pyramidal cleavage (n) is well developed. There was no case of twinning observed. The hardness is 2. Ignited on charcoal in RF the powder of the mineral glows and yields an alkaline residue. Moistened with hydrochloric acid and introduced into the flame of the Bunsen burner it shows the calcium flame. The optical orientation of the mineral was found to agree in every respect with that of gypsum. Since the examina- tion of this mineral was made, Prof. Kremers of this uni- versity has shown me a very similar specimen from Mineral Point which was brought to him labelled "anglesite. " It is therefore almost certain that the mineral which has been referred to as "anglesite" from Mineral Point in the state reports is really gypsum. These references are al- ways very indefinite, and usually state that the mineral is "reported" or is "said to occur" at the locality. No de- termination of the supposed anglesite seems to have been made. HOBBS — MINERALOGY OF WISCONSIN. 137 BARITE FROM THE LINDEN MINE. Barite or barytes, as it is called at the mines, has been found massive in considerable abundance at a number of localities in the eastern portion of the mining region. Specimens from Mineral Point, Crow Branch Mine, the Welsh Settlement in Iowa county, and the Linden Mine, are included in the University Collection. The mineral is almost invariably crystalline, as is shown by its cleavage and by the projection of indeterminable crystal edges from its knobby surfaces. Crystals have been reported from Scale's Mound just over the interstate boundary in Illinois. I have not been able to examine any specimens from this locality. A few crystals of the mineral were, however, found attached to one of the faces of the larger twinned crystal of calcite from the Linden Mine, which has already been referred to in this paper. These crystals of barite are represented in plate 7, figure 4. They have a maximum length of about a centimeter and a half, are of a light gray or brown color, and possess a rather unusual habit. They are lath-shaped, approaching acicular, with the direction of principal development the macro-diagonal axis. This fact is easily determined, since the acute angle of the perfect prismatic cleavage is found at the extremities of the crys- tals. The narrow tabular plane which forms the top of the laths is the basal pinacoid, since it is parallel to the best cleavage. The other planes present are m, ooP (110) and d, ^Poo (102). The former can be seen to be parallel to the second cleavage, and the latter has been determined with sufficient accuracy by the following measurement made upon the reflecting goniometer, the face c affording a fair and d a much blurred image of the signal: Measured. Calculated, c : d, 001 : 101 37° 45' 38° 51'. Most of the faces are dull and reflect poorly, but poor as the measurements are they are the best that were pos- 138 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. sible under the circumstances. Some very imperfect crystals of barite, in part colored brown by oxide of iron, have been collected by Mr. L. S. Cheney from Belmont, Wisconsin. MARCASITE FROM LINDEN MINE, CROW BRANCH MINE, MINERAL POINT, DIAMOND GROVE, HAZEL GREEN, AND GALENA. The mineral marcasite is found at many localities in the Galena limestone, and seems to be of much more common oc- currence there than pyrite. It appears under a variety of forms. It is sometimes found as a cryptocrystalline to crys- talline coating on the surface of galena or blende, and it also occurs in well formed crystals, the University Collection in- cluding a good suite of specimens from the several locali- ties These crystals of marcasite show as great variety in habit and combination as the massive and cryptocrystal- line varieties show in their shapes. At least seven differ- ent types of crystals have been observed on the specimens in the University Collection. These will be described in detail below. Their distribution is indicated in the follow- Branch Mine, and ing list: Type 1. Linden Mine, Crow Mineral Point. Type 2. Linden Mine. Type 3. Diamond Grove. Type Jf. Hazel Green. Type 5. Hazel Green. Type 6. Galena. Type 7. Galena. Type 1. Crystals of this type have a thin tabular habit and are bounded by the forms c, OP (001); m, goP (110) ; I, Poo (Oil), and v, iPoo (013). (See plate 8, fig. 1.) The base is as usual the plane of tabular development, and the edge Z : Z at the extremity of the & axis is about as long as the HOBBS — MINERALOGY OF WISCONSIN. 139 face m , so that crystals have a hexagonal appearance when observed in the direction of the c axis. The specimen which shows the most perfect crystals of this type is without a label, but it was obtained from the W. T. Henry Collection with material from the Linden Mine, and was probably found at that locality. These crystals have a diameter of 5-8'""". The following measurements were made upon them : Measured. Calculated. m : m, 110 : 110, 75^ 22' 74^^ 55' I : I, Oil : Oil, 100 5 101 58 The prism m is sometimes beveled for a short distance by a prism which gives a reading of 78^^ 1', the reflection of the signal being as sharp and bright as that from m. In one instance also a brachyprism gave a reading of 99^^ 52'. These two forms would correspond to the symbols of the brachyprisms UPoo and f JPco , but in view of the wide variations of the angles exhibited by crystals of marcasite, the correctness of these symbols can not be relied upon. The face I furnishes but poor images of the signal and c and v are altogether unsuited to measurement. The greater number of specimens of this type are parallel growths, each individual varying slightly from perfect parallelism with the individuals adjacent. This produces the usual "cockscomb" forms. Twins, with the twinning plane the prism m are quite common, but so far as observed they are composed of but two individuals (plate 8, fig. la). On one such twin the angle between adjacent prism faces lying on either side of the twinning plane was measured with the following result : "-n Measured. Calculated. m : m, 110 : 110, 30° 1' 30° 10' Pseudomorphs of limonite after marcasite have been found at Mineral Point as well as at other localities. Ex- 140 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. cellent specimens from Mineral Point are included in the University Collection. Type 2. On some specimens from the Linden Mine the marcasite crystals have a lath- shaped habit due to their un- usual development in the direction of the h axis, the macro- pinacoid forming the edge of the lath, c the fairly broad top, while the brachy domes at the top and bottom and m from the vertical faces, produce a slight sharpening of the laths at the ends (plate 8, fig. 2). All the faces are very much curved and can not be measured. It is noticeable that the prism is connected to the macropinacoid by a uniformly curved surface. Type 3. This type of crystals is common on specimens from Diamond Grove. The crystals are invariably stellate twins, the individuals composing which have a thick tabu- lar liabit w^ith c small and I large, and are but little striated or rounded (plate 8, fig. 3). No simple twins were ob- served, the groups being apparently cyclic fivelings though the fifth individual is not made out owing to the broad at- tachment of the twin by one of its edges. The reentrant angles formed by m appear between individuals, but they are very small. The face c is striated by oscillatory com- bination with either I or i'. Unlike the crystals of type 1, which have a brassy lustre, or those of type 2, which have a greenish color, the surface of these individuals has a reddish brown color and an iridescence which is ascribed to incipient alteration to the hydrated oxide. The stellate groups have a diameter of 3-4 ""'. and are attached to green- ish marcasite which forms a surface layer over blende, its tabular crystals being oriented normal to the surface of the blende and crowded so closely that only the edges of I can be seen. Type Jf. This type represents the simplest combination, the only forms developed being c and m (plate 8, fig, 4.). The individuals are quite thick so that they have rather the appearance of short prisms with diamond cross sec- IIOBBS — MINERALOGY OF WISCONSIN. 141 tion. than of tabular plates. Simple twins with twinning plane the prism are common on these specimens. The prism was determined as ni by the following measure- ments : Measured. Calculated. m : m, 110 : 110, 105° 2' 105° 5' On twinned crystals, m : in, 110 : 110, 30° 34' 30° 10' The face c is striated jiarallel to the brachy diagonal axis, which causes a slight rounding of the face near the edge 110 : 110. The color of this type of crystals is brown. Parallel growths of a simple character produce the "cockscomb" aggregates. Type 5. The second type of crystals from Hazel Green (plate 8, fig. 5) is quite different from the first, but al- most identical with a marcasite from Schemnitz which is figured by Dana.' These crystals have a diameter of 4-5 '°"'. and are quite symmetrically developed. They are bounded by the following forms: m, ooP (110). I, Poo (Oil), e, Poo (101). s, P (111). X, mPoo (Olh). The faces are bright with a brassy lustre and in most cases reflect but a single image of the signal, so that the probable error of reading is very small. Notwithstanding this fact the measurements of corresponding angles not only vary much from the values determined by Sadebeck for this mineral but they vary much from one another. This variation must therefore be explained by actual vari- ations in the angles themselves, though the faces do not 1 System, 6th Ed., p. 95, fig. 2. 142 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. show vicinal planes, and with the exception of I and x are not striated. The variation in the angles of marcasite is well known and the values obtained by Sadebeck are not supposed to be very accurate. The measurements made on the crystals from Hazel Green are as follows, the gen- eral correctness of the average determination being con- firmed by the zone relations: Measured. Calculated. s : s (over /) 111 : 111 88° 57' 90° 48' s : s (over e) 111 : 111 65 35 66 7 s : s (over w) 111 : 111 56 7 52 28 I : I, Oil : Oil 99 56 ) 99 13 [ 100° 26' 101 58 102 9 3 e : e, 101 : 101 113 48 \ 112 30 M12 47 116 20 112 3 3 I : X, . Oil : Oih 54 16 54 25 X : V, Oih : Oil 44 38 44 48 Beside the form x, which occurs with only half its planes on these crystals, the edge IV is occupied by a large number of indeterminate brachydomes, so that the edges Ix and xV are well rounded. If the readings Ix and I'x could be relied upon the form x would have the sym- bol tVPqo , and it is in any case a very flat dome. That it is not the basal pinacoid, which occurs on the Schemnitz crystals, is apparent even by examination with the naked eye. A number of simple twins and several polysyn- thetic trillings were observed on these specimens (plate 8, fig. 5a). The twinning plane is shown to be m, the unit prism, by the twinning line following the edge le and then traversing the face m parallel to the edge mm. Trillings are easily determined from the zigzag forms assumed by the X plane. nOBBS — MINERALOGV OF WISCONSIN, 148 Type 6. The crystals of marcasite from Galena which are in the Universitj'^ Collection bear most resemblance to the crystals of type 5 from Hazel Green. One variety has a distinctly prismatic habit conditioned by the large devel- opment of the prism m, the nearly equal development of the domes I and e, and the absence of the base c, the dome X, and the pyramid .. = =: Calyptra not plicate. Aquatic, floating. Leaves distichous . . . Fissidens (§ Octodiceras), 89. 186. Leaves pluriseriate Cinclidotus, 134. Terrestrial. Very small, gregarious. Teeth broad, erose-truncate, hyaline . . Bracliyodus, 98. Teeth linear-lanceolate, deeply bifid . . Caiupylostelium, 99. Larger, above 1 cm. in height. Leaf-cells small, quadrate or punctate, obscure. Beak long-clavate . . . . . Encalypta, 180. 206. Beak long or short, not clavate. Teeth lanceolate, flat, subentire or cribrose or 2— 3-fid to the middle .... Orimmia, 134. 197. Teeth linear-lanceolate, 2— 3-fid to below middle, or cleft to base into filiform segments Rhacomitriuin, 147. 199. Leaf-cells large, very distinct, pedicel with a prominent apophysis. Apophysis smaller than the capsule. Leaves entire, obtuse Dissodon, 189. 207. Leaves serrate, acute or acuminate . . Tayloria, 190. 208. Apophysis exceeding the capsule . . Splachnuui, 193. 208. ++ 4^ 4H. Teeth sixteen, calyptra cucullate. (in- -m- -m- -m- on p. 163.) = Leaves distichous. (= = on p. 161.) Leaves subulate Distichium, 93. 187. Leaves broader, with a prominent vertical wing . Fissidens, 81. 185. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 161 = = Leaves pluriseriate. Tf Capsule unsymmetrie, cernuous-inclined or arcuate. Teeth filiform-bifid from a membranous base . Desmatodoii, 110. 190. Teeth irregularly lacerate or bifid to the middle or below. Leaf cells not enlarged at the basal angles, roundish or quadrate above. Lid long-beaked, leaves serrulate, peristome equaling half the capsule Dichodontium, 61. 180. Lid long-beaked, leaves crenulate or denticulate, peristome shorter Cynodontiura, 59. 179. Lid short-beaked Oreoweisia, 58. Leaf-cells not enlarged at the basal angles, oblong above, rectangular at base Leaf -cells enlarged-quadrate at the basal angles. Linear at base, capsule not strumose, dioicous Rectangular at base, capsule strumose, monoicous Leaf-cells of two kinds, in two or three layers Teeth bifid to near the base. Lid conic, leaves subulate .... Lid conic, leaves lanceolate .... Lid aristate, neck very long .... Teeth not cleft, short, irregular .... Teeth not cleft, cohering by their tips Teeth not cleft, perforate. Neck long, exceeding the capsule Neck inconspicuous, plants small Neck inconspicuous, plants large Teeth not cleft nor perforate. Lid with a short thick oblique beak Lid with a short slender oblique beak Dicranella, 64. 180. Dicraniim,! 67. 181. Cynodontium, 59. Leucobryum, 90. . Trichodon, 92. Ceratodoii, 92. Trematodon, 62. Catoscopium, 211. Conostomum, 207. Trematodon, 62. . Discelium, 188. Oreoweisia, 58. . Oreoweisia, 58. Cynodontium, 59. 179. 187. 187. 187. 180. 180. 179. [Mielichhoferia and Funaria may be sought here.] ^ ^ Capsule symmetric^ pendulous on a flexuous pedicel. a 1[ II on p. 162.) Teeth bifid to the middle .... Teeth bifid to the base, free Teeth bifid to the common membranous base. Connivent and slightly twisted . Erect, not twisted Teeth entire, short, plants minute Campylopus, 77. 184. Dicranodontium, 77. 184. . Desmatodon, 110. 190. . Trichostomum, 108. 190. . Seligeria, 96. 188. 1 The genus Monocranum C. MtilL is not included in the key on account of its doubtful nature. 162 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. ^ f 1 Capsule symmetric, erect. Teeth bifid to the common membranous base. Leaves subulate to lance-subulate from a broader base Ditiichum, 105. 189. Leaves broader. Lid short, conic or beaked . - . . Desmatodon, 110. 190. Lid elongated, conic ... . Trichostomnm, 108. 190. [Barbtila may be sought here.] Teeth deeply bifid or cleft to the base, free. Leaf -cells small, not enlarged at the angles, oblong above Dicranella, 64. 180. Leaf-cells small, not enlarged at the angles, roundish or quadrate above. Lid oblique Cyuodontiuin, 59. 179. Lid straight Leptodoiitiiim, 116, 117. Leaf-cells small, enlarged-quadrate at the angles Dicranum, 67. 181. Leaf-cells large, distinct .... Aongstroemia, 63. Teeth cribrose, perforate or slightly cleft. Leaf-cells enlarged-quadrate at the angles. Capsule broad-pyriform Blindia, 98. 108. Capsule oval to sub-cylindric . . . Dicranoweisia, 57. 1 79. Leaf-cells not enlarged at the angles. Teeth large, mostly cribrose. Pedicel little exceeding the often hair-pointed leaves Grriinraia, 134. 197. Pedicel long, leaves hair-pointed . . Desinatodon, 110. 190. Pedicel long, leaves not hair-pointed. Leaves serrate just above sheathing base Eucladium, 46, 47. Leaves entire or crenulate above . . Didymodoii, 104. 189. Teeth small, often truncate or rudimentary. Leaf-margins involute above .... Weisia, 55. 179. Leaf-margins revolute or plane. Leaves densely papillose in the upper part Didyniodon, 104. 189. Leaves not papillose. Capsule long exserted, lid completely deciduous Pottia, 100. 188. Capsule subimmersed, lid adhering to colu- mella Scouleria, 137. 197. Teeth entire. [t'ynodontinm and Eucladium may also be sought here.] Capsule with a long, thick apophysis . . Tetraplodou, 191. 208. Capsule oval to subcylindric. Not ribbed when dry. Teeth short, leaves entire, narrow . . . Weisia, 55. 179. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 163 Teeth short, leaves serrate, broad . . Syrrliopodon. 185. 207. Teeth linear-filiform, connate at base Didymodou, lOi. 180. Teeth narrowly lanceolate, free . . Dicranoweisia, 57. 179. Ribbed when dry Rhabdoweisia, 58. 179. Capsule short-pyriform, turbinate when dry. Teeth blunt Seligeria, 96. 188. Teeth acute Blindia, 98. 108. Capsule pyriform, not turbinate when dry. Plants gregarious or subcespitose . . Eutosthodon, 199. 209. Plants in deep compact tufts . . Mielichlioferia, 2U. 211. Capsule ovate-globose, lid obliquely long-beaked Drummoiidia, 160. 209. Capsule globose, lid beakless, small . . Bartramia, 203. 210. ^^- ++ -M- •»-+ Teeth thirfy-tivo. Teeth cancellate Barbula. 115. 191. Teeth filiform or linear, almost terete, arising from a long or short basilar membrane. Short, slightly, if at all, twisted. Leaves (upper) convolute-sheathing at base Leptobarbula, 123, 124 Leaves not sheathing at base. Subulate or lance-subulate from a broader base Ditriclium, 105. 189. Broader, lid elongated-conic . . Trichostomum, 108. 190. [Barbula rigidula will be sought here.] Broader, lid short-conic or short-beaked Desniatodon, 110. 190. Long, twisted to the left Barbula, 115. 191. Teeth flat, not from a distinct basilar membrane. Cells of capsule linear-oblong . . . Dicranodontium, 77. 184. Cells of capsule irregularly polygonal . . Didymodou, 104. 189. -1— -1— Teeth not articulate. •f-+ Teeth four, solid. Capsule linear-oblong, stems long, conspicuous . Telraphis, 186. 207. Capsule ovate, stems very short . . . Tetrodoutium, 187. ■M- -M- Teeth thirty-two or sixty-four. [Leptobarbula may be sought here.] Calyptra cucuUate, capsule symmetric or nearly so. Leaves undulate-crisped when dry, lamellae few (2—8), straight Atrichum, 255. 221. 164 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN. Leaves sub-tubulose at apex, lamellae undulate or numerous Oligotrichura, 258. 222. Calyptra cucullate, capsule unsymmetric, arcuate in- curved Psilopilum, 259. Calyptra mitrate, densely hairy. Capsule not angular, teeth 32 . . . . Pogronatiim, 260. 222. Capsule 4—6 angled, teeth 64 . . . . Polytrichnm, 263. 223. * * Peristome double. ■i- Capsule symmetric, erect {som,etimes inclined in age). Teeth almost 0, imperfect or rudimentary , Macromitrium, 178. 206. Teeth perfect, linear or filiform. Capsule smooth. Teeth revolute Schlotheimia, 179. Teeth not revolute. Leaves ecostate Fontinalis, 268. 224. Leaves costate. Leaf-cells oval hexagonal, capsule long exserted Leptotheca, 251. Leaf-cells hexagonal-rhombic, capsule immersed Bracbelyma.^ Leaf-cells linear-attenuate, capsule immersed or emergent Diclielyma, 272. 225. Capsule ribbed and twisted. Costa with loose cells in center of section . Encalypta, 180. 206. Costa with central stereide band . . . Merceya,^ ^4£. Teeth broadly or narrowly triangular-lanceolate, pale, capsule ribbed, not twisted. Leaf-cells at base linear, chlorophyllose . . . Ulota, 160. 202. Leaf-cells at base hexagono-rectangular, hyaline. Lid straight, conical or acuminate . Orthotrichum, 164. 203. Lid obliquely rostrate Zjgodon, 206. 201. ■)— -t- Capside unsymmetric, inclined or oblique or pendidous. ++ Inner peristome a plaited cone, (-m- -m- on p. 165.) Pedicel thick, red, densely verrucose . . Bnxbanmia, 267. 223. Pedicel very short, almost none .... Diphysciuin, 266. 1 Including one species, B. subulatum Sell. {Diehelyma subulatuin Myrin; Cryphcea inundata Nees. L. and J. Manual, pp. 274 and 413.) =" See footnotelp. 159. BARNES NORTH AMERICAN 3I0SSES. 165 ++ -M- Inner peristome a membrane, carinate or cut into sixteen segments; these sometimes separated hy cilia. = Cilia very short, rudimentary or none. Membrane entire, 16-carinate .... Cinclidinm, 249. 221. Membrane cleft into segments. Segments entire or interruptedly cleft along the middle line. Shorter than the teeth or rudimentary . . Fiinaria, 200. 210, Equaling the teeth in length. Leaves squarrose-recurved from the middle . Paludella, 213. Leaves not squarrose. Pedicel long. Leaf-cells narrowly rhombic-hexagonal, tending to linear, leaves narrow . . . Webera, 215. 211. Leaf -cells and leaves broader . . . Bryurn, 223. 214. Pedicel short, neck long .... Zieria, 240. 219. Far exceeding the teeth in length. Pedicel long, leaf-cells large, pellucid . Amblyodon, 211. Pedicel long, leaf-cells small, rectangular, chloro- phyllose Meesia, 212. 211. Pedicel short, neck long .... Zieria, 240. 219. Segments bifid, divisions divaricate. Leaves lanceolate to subulate, large . . Bartrainia, 203. 210. Leaves lanceolate or broader, smaller . Pliilonotis, 208. 211. Segments filiform, united by fours at their tips . Tiinmia, 254. 221. = := Cilia present. Appendiculate. Leaves lance-subulate, cells linear . . . Leptobryum, 215. Leaves broader, cells rhombic-hexagonal . . Bryum, 223. 214. Inappendiculate. Capsule not ribbed when dry. Leaves lanceolate, glossy, cells narrowly rhombic- hexagonal, inclining to linear . . . Webera, 215. 211. Leaves ample, soft, oblong, ovate to obovate or broader, cells round-hexagonal . . . Mnium, 241. 219. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, rigid , . Rhizogonium, 250. Capsule ribbed when dry. Oblong or elongated pyriform . . . Aulacomnium, 252. 221. Sub-globose • Philonotis, 208. 211. 166 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OP "WISCONSIN. B. Pleurocarpi. Capsule on a very short lateral branch. [Fontinalis, TUchelynia and Anoectangium may be sought here.] I. Peristome single {rarely none), teeth eight or sixteen. [Species belonging to genera under "2 *" infra may be sought here.] Leaves distichous, with broad vertical wing . . Fissidens, 81. 186. Leaves pluriseriate. Entire (except perhaps at the apex) and ecostate. Perichaetial leaves erose-dentate at apex . Habrodon, 296. Perichaetial leaves entire .... Leucodou, 287. 227. Entire and costate. Short acuminate, teeth 16, yellowish . Clasmatodon, 297. Obtuse, teeth 8, red Cryphaea, 275. 226, Serrate, capsule emergent .... Leptodon, 278. 226. Serrate to ciliate-dentate, capsule long pedicelled Fabronia, 291. 228. 2. Peristome double, the inner often imperfect. * Segtnents none or short, or obscured by adhering to teeth. (* * on p. 167.) -1— Leaves papillose. Entire, ovate to ovate-lanceolate. Teeth ciliate-papillose Leskea, 301. 229. Teeth not papillose Anomodon, 304. 230. Entire or cristate-serrate, obovate or spatulate Pterigyiiandrum, 288. 228. Spinulose-dentate to fimbriate (rarely entire) deltoid or round-ovate Thelia, 298. 229. Serrate, broadly ovate .... Pterogouium, 289. 228. H— -1— Leaves not papillose. Capsule straight. Segments bifid or adherent to the teeth. Plants small (1-2 cm.), capsules about 2 mm. . Pylaisaea, 308. 230. Plants large (1-6 cm.), capsules about 1 mm.Cy lindrothecium, 310. 231. Segments not bifid nor adherent. Leaves ecostate or obscurely bicostate . . Neckera, 281. 226. Leaves costate Antitrichia, 290. 228. Capsule curved or arcuate . . - Homalotliecium, 309. 230. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 167 * * Segments not distinctly keeled, narrow. (* * *) •<— Leaves costate. Cells isodiametric to oval-rhombic. Papillose. Stem and branch-leaves similar . . . Leskea, 301. 229. Stem-leaves much smaller than branch-leaves Anomodoii, 30i. 230. Not papillose. Annulus large, compound, perichaetial leaves costate Cryphseii, 275. 226. Annul as simple, perichaetial leaves ecostate Lescursea, 4/4. 416. Annulus none. Endostome with cilia Alsia, 279. 226. Endostome without cilia. Teeth erect or incurved when dry. Leaf-cells minute, obscure, alar cells elon- gated Neckera, 281. 226. Leaf-cells distinct, alar cells quadrate Myriiiia, 410, 411- Teeth reflexed when dry . . . Aiiacamptodon, 296. Cells linear or vermicular. Annulus none Neckera, 281. 226. Annulus present Aiititrichia, 290. 228. [Cylindrotheciuni, with leaves obscurely costate, may be sought here.] -)— -h- Leaves ecostate.^ Annulus none Neckera, 281. 226. Annulus present. Leaf -cells quadrate at basal angles. Plants small, capsules about 2 mm. long Platy^yriuni,^ 307. Plants large, capsule about 4 mm. long Cylindrotheciiim, 310. 231. Leaf-cells not quadrate at the basal angles Orthotheciuiu, 315. 232. * * * Segments distinctly keeled, often broad. •i— Capsule symmetric, erect, (-t— h— on p. 168.) [Species of Hypnwn with erect or sub-eiect capsules will be sought here.] •M- Leaves papillose. (•*-+ -m- on p. 168.) Plants large; branches erect, dendroid . . . Alsia, 279. 226. Plants long, pendent from trees, branches filiform Meteorium, 286. 227. Plants small, branches erect, julaceous . . Myurella, 300. 229. 1 Xaxithelium planum {=Hyvnum planum Brid., L. & J. Man. 411) falls here, but ■on account of lack of data in regard to the annulus it can not be exactly located. See also Appendix, no. 416. 168 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. ■M- ++ Leaves not papillose. Leaves costate or ecostate, complanate, pseudo-distichous. Middle leaf-cells linear, cilia none or very short Homalia, 285. 227.. Middle leaf-cells rhomboidal, cilia solitary, % length of the segments .... Stereophylluni/ 411. Leaves costate, plants dendroid .... Climacium, 313. 231. Leaves ecostate, annulus large (none in Cyl. Drummondii). Cells quadrate at basal angles. Teeth hyaline margined .... Platy^yrium, 307. Teeth not hyaline margined . . Cylindrotliecium, 310. 231. Cells not quadrate at basal angles . . Orthothecium, 315. 232. Leaves ecostate, annulus small, narrow . . . Pylaisaea, 308. 230^ -H- -)— Capsule unsymmetric, often arcuate. •M- Leaf-cells large, calyptra mitrate. Leaves mucronate or acute or acuminate . . Hookeria, 292. 228. Leaves obtuse Pterigopliyllum, 293. ■M- ++ Leaf-cells small, calyptra cucullate. [Cliniacium Ruthenicum will be sought here.l Tf Leaf -cells short (1 : 3 or less). (Tf Tf on page 169.) [Isothecium Brewerianum may be sought here.] Leaves papillose. Paraphyllia present. Costa short or none or double . . Heterocladium, 320. 232. [JPseudoleskea nialacoclada wDl be sought here.] Costa strong. Capsule oval or oblong, lid convex-conic Pseudoleskea, 319. 232. Capsule cylindric or if oval oblong then lid long rostrate Thuidium, 321. 233. Paraphyllia none Claopodium, 327. 234. Leaves not papillose. Shortly bicostate. Stem leaves filiform pointed . . . Heterocladium, 320. 232. Stem leaves not filiform pointed . . Tripterocladinm, 330. 234. Unicostate or ecostate. {Tripterocladiuni rupestre will be sought here.] Plants dendroid, leaves coarsely serrate Tliamniuiu, 361. 240. Plants creeping, leaves entire or denticulate above Amblystegrium, 371. 242. 1 Stereophyllum Wrightii R. and C. Rev. Bryol. 20: 23. 1893. (Hypnum Wrightii Sull. L. and J. Man. 411.) BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES, 169 T[ T[ Leaf-cells long (1 : 5 or more)^ Lieaves unicostate half way or more. Seta rough. - Leaves deeply plicate lengthwise . . Camptotheciuin, 331. 234. Leaves not deeply plicate. Lid convex conic to long conic (rostellate in Seler. ccesjntosum). Leaf-cells not abruptly enlarged at base, upper usually distinct, elongated rhombic Bracliytliecinm, 334. 235. Leaf -cells abruptly enlarged at the base, indistinct, linear-vermicular* . . . Scleropodium, 3-16. 237. Lid more or less long rostrate . . Eurhyneliium, 351. 238. Seta smooth.* Lid more or less long rostrate. Leaves ovate or ovate lanceolate Rliynehostegium, 358. 240. Leaves deltoid Eurhyiichium, 351. 238. Lid convex to conic or apiculate. Branches fasciculate, stoloniferous, leaves generally papillose, not plicate . . . Isotiiecium, 317. 238. Branches irregularly pinnate, leaves not pap- illose Brachythecium, 334. 235. Branches regularly or irregularly pinnate, leaves not papillose, when plicate also falcate-secund . Hypiium,^ .'J44. Leaves ecostate, or costa very short or double. Leaves secund. Paraphyllia none Hylocomium," 409. 250. Paraphyllia few or abundant .... Hypnuin. 244. Leaves complanate spreading. Lid rostrate. Leaves serrulate to the base . . Rhyiichostegium, 358. 240. Leaves entire or serrulate at the apes Plagiotliecium, 362. 241. Lid convex or conic .... Plagiothecium, 362. 241. Leaves equally spreading [also Hylocoiniuiu 185-188]. Lid long subulate-rostrate . . Raphidostegium, 355. 239. Lid conic or short rostrate. Capsule symmetric, erect or cernuous Plagiotbecium, 362. 241. Capsule unsymmetric, arcuate . . . Hypiium,^ 244. 1 Amhlystegiutn species, especially riparium and vacillans, may be sought here. "i Isothecium lentum, Rhynchostegium, curvisetum, and Hypnum chloropterum will be sought here, s Srachytheeium populeum will be sought here. * Camptotheciuin nitens wiU be sought here. 6 Including the subgenera XVII to XXVI of L. & J. Man. 407. ' Including Pleuroziwtn of L. & J. Man. 407. ANALYTIC KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MOSSES, SPHAGNUM, p. 12. I. Cortical cells of stem and branch without spiral fibrils; branch leaves mostly blunt and toothed, rarely acute. Branches 7— 13 in a fascicle ... § IV. Polyclada, p. 173. Branches 3 — 6 in a fascicle, or fewer. Hyaline cells of stem leaves fibrillose. Cortical cells thin walled. Border of stem leaves much broader at base, chloro- phyllose cells exposed on the inner face §1. Acutifolia, p. 171, Border of stem leaves not or slightly broader at the base §VI. Subsecunda, p. 173. Cortical cells thick walled . . . . §1X1. Cuspidata, p. 172, Hyaline cells of stem leaves without fibrils. Chlorophyllose cells of branch leaves exposed on inner face §1. Acutifolia, p. 171. [S. subsecundum and S. contortum may be sought here.] Chlorophyllose cells exposed on both faces, only on outer face, or in- cluded. Cell membranes of stem leaves resorbed. Hyaline cells of branch leaves with few pores on the outer surface (4-6) . . §11. Sqnarrosa, p. 172. Hyaline cells of branch leaves with numerous pores on outer surface (12-16+) . . §V. Rigida, p. 173, Cell membranes of stem leaves not resorbed, cortex thick walled .... §111. Cuspidata, p. 172, BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 171 II. Cortical cells of stem and pendent branches al- tvays with fibrils and pores; branch leaves not blunt and toothed but eucullate and hyaline bordered §Y1I. Cjmbifolia, p. 176. I. Acutifolia. A. Branch leaves toothed only at blunt apex, without resorption furrows on margined border. I. Stem leaves lacerate-fringed at apex. a. Stem leaves with completely resorbed cell membranes in upper part, without fibrils. Stem leaves widening upward, spatulate, apex and upper margins lacerate-fringed . . . S. ftmbriatum, 14. Stem leaves not widening upward, linguiform and lacer- ate fringed only at broad round apex . S. Girgensohnii/ 13. b. Stem leaves ivith resorbed membranes only at apex, upper }4 to % with fibrils .... S. Bolanderi, i. 2. Stem leaves usually dentate at apex, nowhere with completely resorbed cell membranes. a. Stem leaves slightly or not at all narrowed upward, linguiform. Outer wall of cortical cells always porose . . S. RDSSOivii, £. Outer wall of cortical cells without pores. Branch leaves curved when dry, erect-spreading, stem leaves without fibrils. Pores of branch leaves very small, near apex, S. Warnstorfli, 3. Pores of branch leaves of medium size or large S. Tancouveriense, 4. Branch leaves frequently secund, stem leaves frequently with fibrils, wood-cylinder never brown . . S. tenelluiii, 5. Branch leaves densely imbricate, stem leaves without fibrils, wood-cylinder always brown . . . S. fuscum, 6. b. Stem leaves distinctly narrowed above. Branch leaves when dry plainly 5 ranked . . S. quinquefarium. 7. 1 S. strictum Lindb. 172 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN. Branch leaves when dry not 5 ranked. Branch leaves with isolated pores on inner face toward apex. Hyaline cells of stem leaves mostly with fibrils, branch leaves not shining. Stem leaves extended into a blunt point with invo- lute margins ...... S. tenerum, 8. Stem leaves scarcely pointed, not involute S. aciitifolium, 13. Hyaline cells of stem leaves mostly with fibrils, branch leaves silky shining S. subuitens, 9. Branch leaves with numerous pores upon entire inner face S. inicropliyllum, 10. B. Branch leaves toothed at apex and upper margins; border with resorption-furrows. Stem leaves small (1.14-1.28 mm.), narrow border plainly broadened near the base . . . . S. Labradorense, 11. Stem leaves larger (2-2.10 mm.), narrow border scarcely broader at the base S. molle,i 18. II. Squarrosa. Dioicous, perigonial leaves scarcely different from the leaves of the sterile branches S. teres, 16. Monoicous, perigonial leaves smaller, curved, erect spreading S. sfiuarrosum, 16. III. Cuspidata. A. Branch leaves without fibrils. Pits on the outer surface large (10-12// diam.), 5-16 in a single row in the middle of cell . . . S. inacropliyllum, 24. Pits on the outer surface smaller (4-5// diam.), 40-60 in each hyaline cell S. Florid anum, 12. B, Branch leaves always with fibrils. I. Branch leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate to almost long linear. a. Stem leaves lacerate-fimbriate in the upper part. Stem leaves widened upward, spatulate, fringed at apex S. Lindbergii, 15. Stem leaves triangular linguiform, lacerate two-cleft at the apex S. riparium, i5. 1 Including S. Muelleri Sch., L. & J. Man. 17. BAENE8 — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 173 b. Stem leaves entire or with isolated gaps at the tip only. Chlorophyllose cells on the outer face of the leaf, triangu- lar in cross section. Cortex plainly distinct from wood-cylinder, branch leaves almost always without pores on the inner face S. Mendocinum, 20. Cortex indistinct, branch leaves with numerous rounded pores on the inner face S. recurvum,! 15. Chlorophyllose cells exposed on both faces, quadrate or trapezoidal. Borders of the branch leaves involute, pores of the outer face very small, in the upper cell corners . S. cuspidatum, 14. Borders of the branch leaves not involute, pores of the outer face large (6«), in 1 or 2 rows . . . S. Dusenii, I4. Borders of the branch leaves not involute, pores gener- ally absent S. Fitzgeraldii, 23. 2. Branch leaves tmall, oval or long ovate . S. molluscum,- 20. IV. Polyclada. This section has only one species . . . . S. Wulflanum, 16. V. Rigida. Chlorophyllose cells of the branch leaves spindle-shaped in cross section, hyaline cells with papillae on the wall bordering the chlorophyllose cells . . . S. Garberi, 18. Chlorophyllose cells elliptical in cross section, smooth on the wall bordering the chlorophyllose cells . S. compactum,^ 17. VI. Subsecunda. A. Stem and branch leaves without pores . . S. Pylaiei,"^ 26. B. Branch leaves always porose. I. Branch leaves with few p)ores on both faces, never in uninterrupted rows. Stem leaves enlarged from base upwards, upper margins involute, slightly toothed .... S. Mohriauum, 15. ^ >Si. interynedium Hoffm., L. & J. Man. 15. 2 S. tenellum Ehrh., L. & J. Man. 20. 3 S. rigidum Sch., L. & J. Man. 17. ■« Including 8, sedoides Brid., L. & J. Man. 23. 2 174 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. Stem leaves not enlarged from the base upwards, apex frequently cucullate and fringed. Hyaline cells not divided S. obesuin, 16. Hyaline cells with 1-2 cross walls . . . S. dasyphyllum, 17. 2. Branch leaves with few pores on the inside, outside with numer- ous pores in head-like roivs. (3) a. Chlorophyllose cells of branch leaves isosceles-triangular, or trapezoidal in cross section; mostly exposed on the inner face S. microcarpum, 18. b. Chlorophyllose cells of branch leaves quadrate or barrel-shaped, central and exposed on both faces, (c) Stem mostly simple, rarely a single divergent branch S. cyclophyllum, 22. Stem fasciculate-branched. Cortex of one or (in part) two cell layers . S. subsecundum, 19. Cortex of two to several cell layers. Hyaline cells with abundant fibrils, stem leaves large (1.3-1.4 mm. long) .... S. platyphyllnm, 19. Hyaline cells without fibrils, or with fibrils only at apex, stem leaves smaller (.86 mm. long) . . S. contortum,i 19. Chlorophyllose cells triangular or trapezoidal, exposed on the outer face. Branch leaves ovate-lanceolate, plicate . . . S. plicatum, 20. Branch leaves round ovate, not plicate . . . S. Orlandense, SI. 3. Branch leaves with abundant pores on both faces. Chlorophyllose cells triangular or trapezoidal in cross section, mostly exposed on outer face (sometimes on both). Hyaline cells much divided, chlorophyllose cells triangular S. Mobilense, 2£. Hyaline cells once divided, chlorophyllose cells trapezoidal, free on both faces . . . . S. simile, 23. Chlorophyllose cells quadrate or barrel-shaped, central or exposed on both faces S- rufescens, 24. 1 8, laricinum Spruce, L. & J. Man. 19. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 175 VII. Cymbifolia. A. Chlorophyllose cells of branch leaves exposed on the inner face. Branch leaves minutely fringed all around . S. Portoricense, 22. Branch leaves not fringed. Walls of the hyaline cells adjoining the chlorophyllose cells furnished with a fringe of fibrils . S. imbricatum,^ 21. Walls of the hyaline cells adjoining the chlorophyllose cells thickly papillose S. papillosum, 21. Walls smooth S. cymbifolium, 21. B. Chlorophyllose cells of branch leaves exposed on both faces or included. [8, cymbifolium may be sought here.] Cortical cells with fibrils. Chlorophyllose cells free on both faces, wood-cylinder dark-brown to black S. Waghornei, £3a. Chlorophyllose cells included, wood cylinder red . S. medium, £4a. Cortical cells not fibrillose .... S. Ludovicianum, 25. ANDREiEA, p. 25. I. Leaves ecostate. Leaves papillose beneath. Margin hyaline. Leaves incurved, minute, rotund obtuse, bi-ventri- cose A. parvifolia, 36. Leaves spreading or secund, acuminate, not ventri- cose ...... Leaves spreading, obtuse, short-pointed . Margin not hyaline .... Leaves not papillose, upper leaf-cells rhomboid II. Leaves costate. Perichaetial and comal leaves different. Costa vanishing below apex Costa excurrent. Subula papillose. Costa filling all the subula Costa filling half the subula Subula smooth A. petrophila, 25. A. papillosa, 27. A. alpestris, 28. . A. obovata, 29. A. rupestris, 25. A. crassinervia, 25. A. Huntii, 30. A. Blyttii, 31. I S. Austini Sull., L. & J. Man. 21. 176 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN. Perichaetial and comal leaves similar. Leaves faintly papillose, costa narrow, sometimes ex- current A. Maconnii, SS. Leaves strongly papillose, costa 30-40/^ wide, percurrent A. niralis, SS. ARCHIDIUM, p. 49. Autoicous. Costa reaching to point of leaf . . . . A. Ohioense, 50. Costa often long excurrent ..... A. Hallii, 51.^ Paroicous. Leaves serrulate A. tenerrimum, 50. Leaves quite entire. Cells oval or rhombic A. Ravenelii, 50 Cells quadrangular or quadrate ... A. longifolium, 50. MICROMITRIUM, p. 37. Spores 63// diameter, leaves serrate . . M. megalosporum, 37. Spores 25// diameter, nearly smooth, leaves serrate above M. Austini, 37. Spores a little smaller, papillose, leaves nearly entire M. synoicum, 37. EPHEMERUM, p. 37. Leaves not costate E. serratum, 37. Leaves costate. Costa ending below or at apex .... E. cohaerens, 39. Costa excurrent. Seta short, capsule acutely beaked . . E. stenopliyllum, 39. Seta wanting, capsule blunt pointed. Leaves gradually long-accuminate, slightly and irregularly serrate at apex . . . E. crassinervium, 38, Leaves with a long hyaline spinulose arista E. spinulosum, 38. Leaves papillose both sides ... E. papillosum, 38 . Leaves long-spinulose on both sides , . . E. hystrix, 38. SPHiERANGIUM, p. 40. Leaves papillose on both faces . . . S. Scliimperianum, 41. Leaves smooth, or papillose on back. Margins reflexed, plants triquetrous . . . S. triquetrum, 41. Margins almost plane, plants round or tetragonal. Lower leaves ecostate S. riifescens, 40. Lower leaves costate S. muticuin, 40. iSee also Appendix, no. 34. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 177 PHASCUM, p. 41. Capsule sub-globose, apiculate. Leaf margins plane or incurved, denticulate Leaf margins reflexed, quite entire. Capsule immersed ..... Capsule sub-exserted .... Capsule ovate- or oblong-lanceolate PLEURIDIUM, p. 43. Inflorescence paroicous. Costa reaching the obscurely serrate apex Costa excurrent into a smooth awl-shaped point Inflorescence autocious. Upper leaves long subulate. Entire or apex denticulate or serrulate Serrulate from middle upward . Upper leaves abruptly short pointed . P. Carniolicnm, i2. P. cnspidatum, 42. P. snbexsertum, So. P. bryoides, 42. P. snbnlatnm, 43, P. Rarenelii, 43. P. alternifolium, 44. ^ P. Bolanderi, 44. P. Sullivantii, 44. B. palustris, 45. BRUCHIA, p. 45." I. Colluni none II. Collum present. A. Exceeding the sporangium . . . . B. longicollis, 38. B. Shorter than or equaling sporangium. I. Capsule exserted. Leaves short, not subulate. Spores papillose B. Hallii, 47. Spores pitted, Costa percurrent ..... Costa vanishing below apex Leaves subulate. Smooth or sub-papillose. Costa filling point ..... Costa not filling point, apex serrulate. Spores spinose. Capsule ovoid, neck short Capsule elongated, neck long B, brevifolia, 48. B, fusca, 39. B. curviseta, 47. B. flexuosa,! 46. B, Sullivantii, 46. 1 See also Appendix, no. 36. 2 Bee revision by Eliz. G. Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot, Club 21: 243. 1894. 178 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. Spores reticulate B. Texana, 48. Spores papillose B. Bolanderi, 46. Distinctly papillose B. Donnellii, 48. 2. Ca^isule immersed. Spores pitted B. Carolinae,* 40. Spores reticulate. Calyptra popillose B. Ravenelii, 49. Calyptra smooth B. Druiumondii,* 48. B. Beyrichiana Mxill. is rejected as mixed and uncertain; B. Hamp- eana Mtlll. is a Chilian species. ASTOMUM, p. 51. Leaves not crispate when dry. Capsule chestnut-brown, ovoid .... A. nitidulum, 52. Capsule orange, oval .... A. nitidulum, var., 52. Leaves crispate when dry. Capsules often clustered (2-3), oblong oval . A. Ludoviciauum, 52. Capsule solitary. Brown globose, capsule immersed ... A. crispum, 51. Brown globose, capsule exserted ... A. Drummondii, 4I. Orange, sub-globose, immersed . . .A. Sullivantii,* 52. GYMNOSTOMUM, p. 52. Lid long remaining attached to columella, capsule thick- walled, with 6-8 rows of transversely elongated cells at the mouth (x. curvirostre, 53. Lid falling early, capsule thin-walled, with 3-4 rows of transversely elon- gated cells at mouth. Plants 1-2 mm. high, lid conic G. tenue, 54. Plants 5-10 mm. high, lid subulate, costa 24 — 35/< wide at base with 2 guides^ G. calcareum,^ 53. Plants 1-7 cm. high, costa IQfi wide at base, with 4-6 guides « G. rupestre, 53. ' Incl. B, brevicollis L. & J. Man. 47. " B. Ravenelii mollis L. & J. Man. 49. Fuller description, Appendix no. 40. * B. brevipes L. & J. Man. 48. B. brevipes Hook, is African. * A. Sullivantii is probably a variety of A. crispum. Most American specimens seem to be referable to A. Sullivantii. (Ren. & Card.) * As far as can be determined G. platyphyllum Kindb. (Appendix no. 44) falls here. * See explanation under Dicranum, p. 181. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 179 ANCECTANGIUM, p. 54. Leaves long-lanceolate, subulate pointed Leaves lanceolate, acute ..... A. Peckii, 55. A. compactum, 45. WEISIA, p. 55. Inflorescence autoicous. Leaf margins involute, costa stout, excurrent . W. viridala, 55.^ Leaf margins not involute, costa thin, vanishing in the acumen W. convoluta, 48. Inflorescence dioicous. Teeth large, lacunose and bifid, capsule 8-suIcate W. longiseta,^ 56. Teeth truncate, capsule not sulcate . . . . W. Wolfti, 57. DICRANOWEISIA,» p. 57. Leaf cells at base thick-walled, linear (1 : 6-10) Leaf cells at base thin-walled, rectangular (1:2-3) . D. crispula, 57 D. cirrhata, 57. RHABDOWEISIA, p. 58. Leaves minutely denticulate or entire; teeth filiform, smooth, fugacious ....... R. fugax, 59. Leaves coarsely dentate; teeth linear, obliquely crossed- striate R. deuticulata, 59. CYNODONTIUM, p. 59. Annulus very narrow and persistent or none. Teeth bifid or trifid, pale .... Teeth bifid, red to purple. Collum indistinct or none .... Collum short, inflated and strumose Teeth not bifid, purple ..... Annulus distinct. Leaves long taper-pointed, apex serrate Leaves more obtuse, apex crenulate C. subalpestre, 51. C. gracilescens, 60. C. Tirens, 61. C. Schisti, 59. C. polycarpum, 60. C. striiinulosum, 52. 1 See also Appendix, nos. 49, 50. 'From the examination of specimens of this species from Florida and Louisiana, Renauld & Cardot conclude that it is only a variety of the most variable and polymor- phous W. viridula. ^ D, obliqua Eindb. Mac. Cat. 256 is nomen nudum. 180 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. DICHODONTIUM, p. 6i. Capsule strumose D. Olympicum, 54. Capsule not strumose. Costa vanishing below apex, seta yellow . . D, pellucidum ^ 62. Costa percurrent, seta red 1). Canadense, 62. TREMATODON, p. 62. Leaves lance-subulate. Collum equaling or somewhat exceeding the oval oblong sporangium, teeth deeply bifid . . . T. ainbiguum, 63. Collum greatly exceeding the cylindric sporangium, teeth perforate T. longicollis, 63. Leaves ovate, short pointed, teeth entire or perforate T. brevicollis, 55. DICRANELLA, p. 64. I. CelU of the exothecium rectangular quadrate; seta red; costa usually narrow and well defined below. A. Leaves not sheathing, erect-spreading. Costa percurrent or excvurent. Annulus none, peristome papillose. Leaves short acuminate, blunt, costa 34 width of leaf at base D. Langloisii, 58. Leaves long acuminate, costa 1^ width of leaf at base D. Howei, 61. Leaves long acuminate, acute, costa } width of leaf at base. Capsule cernuous D. varia, 65. Capsule erect, symmetric .... D. rufescens, 66. Annulus present, peristome not papillose. Teeth orange, pale at the apex, costa excurrent . D. parvula, 57. Teeth purple, costa percurrent . . D. leptotrichoides, 59. Costa ceasing within the apex, annulus large, simple ^ D. debilis, 66. B. Leaves from a sheathing base, squarrose. Broad, obtuse D. squarrosa, 65. Abruptly subulate. Capsule striate, substrumose, leaf apex entire . D. Grevilleana, 64. Capsule not striate nor strumose, leaf apex serrulate D. Sclireberi, 64.* ' See also Appendix, no, 53. 'As near as can be determined Z>, laziretis R. & C. falls here. See Appendix, no. 62, 63. * See Appendix, no. 56. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 18t II. Cells of the exothecium prosenchymatous; seta often yellowy casta usually broad and indistinct below. A. Seta red. Leaves from a sheathing base, squarrose Leaves not sheathing nor squarrose. Mostly erect, capsule cernuous Secund, capsule erect . . • . D. crispa, 64. D. subulata, 66. D. curvata, 67. B. Seta yellowish. Capsule symmetric, erect Capsule cernuous. Strumose Not strumose D. Fitzgeraldi, 60. D. cerviculata, 65. D. heteromalla, 66. DICRANUM, p. 67.1 In this genus the structure of the costa is of diagnostic value. It is either composed of similar cells {homogeneous), or composed of large parenchyma cells and small sclerenchyma cells {stereids). The large pa- renchyma cells {guides = ''Deuter" of Lorentz«) form a row (seldom double) in the middle of the costa touching each other tangentially. They are comparatively large, but little thickened and either empty or starch-bear- ing. ^ Monoicous, stems radiculose only at base, costa long excurrent, homogeneous. D. hyperboreum,* 64. D. fulTellum, 68. Capsule erect, not strumose. Striate and furrowed when dry Neither striate nor furrowed when dry Capsule cernuous, strumose. Leaf cells not papillose, capsule oblong-cylindric D. Starkii, 68. Leaf cells with papillae over partitions, capsule short-ovate. Leaves falcate-secund D. falcatum,^ 68. Leaves spreading ...... D. Blytii, 68. 1 Arranged by Dk. Rodney H. Tkije. ^Pringsheim's Jahrb. f. wissensch. Bot. 6: 374. 3 Limpricht: Die Laubmoose 23. •• See Appendix, no. 65. ^ See Appendix, no. 65a. 182 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. II. Monoicous, eradiculose, costa vanishing, guides present. (Ill) D. inolle, 66. III. Dioicous, stems subradieulose above, costa very broad, 2-4-strat- ose, su^^erficial cells thin, without chlorophyll, capsule erect, regular. (IV.) Costa one-half leaf-width at base. Costa not furrowed at back, smooth . . . D. albicans, 71. Costa furrowed and toothed at back . . . D. longifolium, 70.^ Costa one-fifth to one-fourth leaf-width at base . . D. Sauteri, 65. ' IV. Dioicous, steins radiculose, often densely so, costa with median guides. A. Capsule cernuous, more or less arcuate. I. Leaf cells pitted. a. Costa not reaching apex, leaves mostly transversely undulate. Leaf cells above elongated. Costa serrate at back, not lamellose . . . D. Bonjeani, 74.* Costa with serrate lamellaB. Capsules clustered, perichaetial leaves differentiated D. iindulatum, 76. Capsules solitary (?), perichaetial leaves like others D. dipteroneuron, 75.* Capsules solitary, perichaetial leaves tubulose, abruptly narrowed ....... D. Bonjeani, 74. ' Leaf cells above isodiametric. Margin smooth to near tip .... D. brachycaulon, 88. Margin serrate or denticulate. Upper costa and lamina rough at back. Capsules clustered, leaf margins sharply serrate D. Drummondii, 76. Capsules solitary, leaf margins finely denticu- late above widened base . . . . D. spurium, 75. Costa and lamina smooth at back, capsules solitary, margins irregularly denticulate in upper half D. Bergeri, 75.^ 1 See Appendix, no. 67. ' See Appendix, no. 68. ' D. palustre La Pyl., L. & J. Man. See Appendix, nos. 85-87. * Ex descr. probably =!>. Bonjeani DeNot. »i>. 8chraderi W. & M., L. & J. Man. 75. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 183 b. Costa per current or excurrent, leaves not undulate. [D. Bonjeani may be sought here.] Guides in two rows D. majus, 74. Guides in one row. Margin serrulate to middle of leaf, back of costa lamellose. Seta yellow, capsule long and narrow (1 : 5-6) D. consobrinum, 84- Seta red, capsule broader (1 : 4) . . D. scoparium, 73.i Margin entire to near apex, back of costa not lamellose. Cells above narrow (1 : 5-6) leaves brittle . . D. neglectum, 73. Cells above isodiametric, leaves not brittle D. brachycaulon, 88. 2. Leaf cells not pitted or faintly so. Leaves quite entire or denticulate, subulate. Points very brittle, mostly broken . . . D. fragilifolium, 73. Points not broken 1>. elongatum, 71. Leaves entire, upper obtuse. Cells throughout elongated, thickened, pitted D. Groenlandicum, 89. Cells short, quadrate above, not pitted . . D. Miquelonense, 72. Leaves serrulate. Upper cells very irregular. Capsules cylindrical, striped or striated. Costa at point of greatest leaf -width one-sixth or more !>• Muhlenbeckii, 72.3 Costa at point of greatest leaf-width one-tenth or less. Cells of upper third of lamina short (8-10 X 10-17/0 D. pallidum, 76. Cells of upper third of lamina narrower, larger, (15 X 50//) D- rhabdocarpum, 73. Capsules ovate-oblong, not striped or but faintly D. congestum, 72. * Upper cells regular, capsule obovate-oblong, striped D. fuscescens, 72. B. Capsule erect, symmetric. Costa without stereids D- strictum, 69. iSee Appendix, nos. 77-83. * See Appendix, no. 74. s D. fuscescens L. & J. Man. 72 in part. * D. fuscescens longirostre and ayigustifoliumlLi. & J. Man. 72. See Appendix, nos. 70, 71. 184 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. Costa with two stereid bands. Lamina above more or less bi-stratose. Margin and costa serrulate Margin entire, apex usually broken Lamina throughout uni-stratose. Upper cells rectangular and mamillose Upper cells less regular, not mamillose D. fulTum, 70. D. Tiride, 69. D. montanum, 69.. . D. flagellare, 70. DICRANODONTIUM, p. 77. Cells at the basal angles enlarged. Quadrate, teeth deeply bifid Rectangular, teeth bifid to base Cells at the basal angles not enlarged D. Millspaughi,! 90. D. longirostre, 77. D. Virginicum, 89.- CAMPYLOPUS, p. 77. I. Costa smooth at back. A. Auricles none. [C. gracilicaulis may belong here.] Cells of the costa uniform in transverse section . . C. Leanus, 78.. Cells of the costa unlike in transverse section, stereids forming 2-3 dorsal layers. Hyaline cells superior, in one row . . . C. Schimperi, 91. Hyaline cells superior, in two rows . . . C. Henrici, 92. B. Auricles present. No lamina except small colored auricles ... C. Hallii, 79. Lamina distinct. Perichaetial leaves concolorous. Auricles brown, plane, decurrent . . . C. Tallulensis, 78. Auricles whitish, large. Leaves serrulate at apex . . . . C. subleucogaster, 79. Leaves spinulose serrate at apex ... C. Donnellii, 79. Auricles dirty red C. angustiretis, 80. Perichaetial leaves with hyaline points (may include C. Don- nellii ?kn.(\ C . angustiretis) . . . C. gracilicaulis, 80. 1 Campylopus flexuosus L. & J. Man. 78, not of BrideL C. flexuosus Brid. is not found in America. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 185 II. Costa scabrous or lameUose at hack. Leaves with pellucid hair points .... C. introflexus, 78. Leaves not hair pointed. Alar cells round, lamina wanting .... C. frigidus, 79. No auricles C. Virgi ulcus, 80. FISSIDENS, p. 8i {incl. Conomitrium, p. 89.^) 1. (EUFISSIDENS.) Plants terrestrial or submersed but not float- ing; leaves soft, one layer of cells. A. Fruit terminal. I. Monoicous, male flowers axillary. [F. falcatulus may be sought here.] Leaf-cells small, densely chlorophyllose, in distinct rows F. limbatus, 82. Leaf-cells large, not densely chlorophyllose, nor in dis- tinct rows F. bryoides, 81. 2. Dioicous or monoicous with the male flowers terminal on a root- ing branch at the base of the female stem. a. Leaf-cells 1^-2 times as long as wide, large, distinct. Plants less than 1 mm, high, leaves two or three pairs F. Closteri, 81. Plants 2-4 mm. high, wholly hyaline, leaves 3-5 pairs F. hyaliuus, Si. b. Leaf-cells almost or quite isodiametric, often obscure. [F. linibatns may be sought here.J Leaves with a narrow border, at least on vaginant lamina. Marginal leaf -cells not papillose. Leaves acute, costa percurrent. Vaginant lamina not reaching middle of leaf, peris- tome arising below the mouth . . . F. pusillus, 94. Vaginant lamina reaching middle of leaf, peristome not arising below the mouth . . . F. incurYUS,^ 82. Leaves obtuse, costa vanishing below apex F. obtnsifolius, var. 95. 1 See Barnes: Bot. Gaz. 12: 1. 1882. ' See Appendix, no. 93. 186 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. Marginal leaf-cells papillose. Costa percurrent F. Ravenelii, 85. Costa ceasing below apex F. Garberi, 86^ Leaves without a border. Acute, cells densely chlorophyllose, obscurely papillose F. Donnellii, 85, Acute, almost hyaline, smooth . . . F. panperculus, 99. Obtuse, cells pellucid, operculum conic . . F. obtusifolius, 86. Apiculate, operculum with acicular beak . F. osmundoides, 87. Leaves with a thick reddish border. Plants submersed, rigid F. rufulns, 84.^ B. Fruit lateral. I. Leaves without a border. Obtuse, entire, plants 2-5 cm. high, fruit sub-terminal F. polypodioides, 88. Rounded at apex, irregularly serrate, 1-2 cm. high, fruit sub-basal F. sub-basilaris, 88. Mucronate, regularly serrulate, fruit basal or sub-basal F. taxifolius,^ 87. 2. Leaves bordered by several roivs of paler, often incrassate, cells. Leaf margin serrulate. Leaf cells obscure (6-9 X 6-12//) . . F, cristatus, Wils.,^ 87. Leaf cells distinct (12-15 X 18-24//) . . . F. adiantoides,* 88. Leaves entire or slightly denticulate at the apex. Inferior lamina bordered, ceasing abruptly at base F. Floridanus, 83. Inferior lamina not bordered, tapering below . F. falcatulns, 98.. II. (PACHYFISSIDENS.) Leaves rigid, composed of more than one layer of cells, opaque. Plants growing in water or very wet places . . F. gradifrons, 89.. III. (OCTODICERAS.)^ Plants aquatic, filiform, floating. Plants large, much branched, pedicel shorter than the capsule F. Julianas, 89. Plants small, little branched, pedicel longer than the capsule F. Hallianus, 90. 1 F. ventricosus of L. & J. Man. ^ See Appendix, no. 96. 'F, decipiens De Not., L. & J. Man. * See Appendix, no. 97. • Conomitrium of Manual. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 187 In the Revision of N. A. species of Fissidens,i FF. inconstans, cxigwis and minutulus were reduced to F. incurvus, the latter two forming va- rieties. FF. hryoides ccespitans, crassipes, HaUii and Texanus are relegated to the list of doubtful species. FF. Bambergeri Schimp. I regard as a form of F. incurvus; F. viridulus is a form, possibly a sub- species, of the same. It may be known by its thin-walled capsule, with the peristome inserted below the mouth. Neither are worthy of a distinct place in the key. "i^. tamarindifollus Don" (Mac. Cat. 36), seems to be F. tamarindifoUus Brid. which is a variety of F. incurvus. LEUC0BRYUM,2 p. 90. Capsule apparently lateral (by innovations), leaves ovate lanceolate. Robust, tufts 4-6 cm. deep . . . L. glaucnm (L.) Sch.,^ 90. Smaller tufts scarcely 2 cm. deep . L. glancum albidura,* 91. Capsule exactly terminal, leaves squarrose, very short and very broad L. minus, '^ 91. CERATODON, p. 92. Costa percurrent or vanishing below apex. Capsule distinctly strumose, articulations of teeth few C. heterophyllus, 101. Capsule not distinctly strumose, articulations of teeth many C purpareus, 92. Costa long excurrent, teeth articulate to the middle. Leaf margin entire C. conicns, 100. Leaf margin serrulate toward apex . . . . C. minor, 92. TRICHODON, p. 92. Cells of the leaf base linear, above rectangular or in- distinct T. cylindricus, 93. Cells of leaf base rectangular (1 : 2-4), above quadrate T. flexifolius, 102. DISTICHIUM, p. 93. Costa long excurrent. Capsule erect, spores 17-20// . . . . D. capiilaceum, 93. Capsule cernuous, spores 30-44/i . . . D. inclinatum, 94. Costa percurrent or vanishing below the apex . D. Macounii, 106. 1 See Barnes : Bot. Gaz. 12: 1. 1889. 2 See E. G. Britton, BuU. Torr. Bot. Club 19: 189. 1892. 8 L. vulgare L. & J. Man. 90. ■* L. albidum (Brid.) Lindb. L. minus Sulliv. non Hampe. 6 L. sediforme L, & J . Man. 91. 188 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. SELIGERIA, p. 96. Seta straight when moist. Leaves sharp pointed, cells above rectangular, spores 10-U/i S. pusilla, 96. Leaves blunt-pointed, cells above quadratic, spores 14-18// S. calcarea, 97. Leaves mostly blunt-pointed, cells rectangular, spores 24-32// S. tristicha, 97. -Seta arcuate when moist. Leaves long-subulate, costa excurrent . , . S. recurrata, 97. Leaves sub-linear, obtuse, costa not excurrent S. campylopoda, 107. POTTIA, p. 100. I. Peristome wanting or rudimentary. Costa with 2-4 lamellge above P. cavifolia, 101. Costa not lamellate. Leaf margins more or less re volute. Lid conic obtuse, spores echinate ... P. minatula, 101. Lid rostellate, spores papillose. Calyptra smooth. Capsule obovate spherical (1 : 1) or sub-hemi- spherical P. truiicata, 101. Capsule oblong-oval (1:2). Leaves minutely papillose toward apex, basal cells 1:4 P. intermedia, 110. Leaves smooth, basal cells 1 : 5-6 . . P. littoralis, 111. Calyptra scabrous P. Wilsoni, 101. Leaf margins plane or involute. Lid abruptly rostrate, leaves sharply serrate above P. Heiinii,^ 102. Lid conic, leaves distantly denticulate above . P. riparia, 102. Lid conic-subulate, leaves slightly crenulate above P. Barbula, 102. II. Peristome distinct. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, margins revolute . . P. Starkeana, 103. Leaves rounded or round-spatutate, margins plane P. latifolia, 103. iP. heimioides Kindb. (Appendix, no. 109), evidently falls here. The great resem- blance of the two makes the specific value of P. heimioides extremely doubtful. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 189 DIDYMODON, p. 104. Leaf cells throughout quadratic Leaf cells below rectangular. Inflorescence synoicous .... Inflorescence dioicous. Lid conic, leaves denticulate Lid rostrate. Basal cells thick-walled. Lamina and costa long papillose Lamina and costa minutely papillose Basal cells thin walled. Perichaetial leaves gradually narrowed Perichaetial leaves abruptly attenuate D. luridus, 104. . D. rubellus, 104. D. Baden-Powellii, 113. D. rufus, 115. D. Henderson!, II4. D. cylindricus, 105. 1). Canadensis, 112. DITRICHUM, p. 105.1 Dioicous. Leaves slightly twisted. Stem leaves spreading, perichastial leaves hardly sheathing . . . . . . Stem leaves imbricate, perichcetial leaves long sheath- D. tortile, 105. ing ....... Leaves not twisted. Plants short (1-2 cm.), not radiculose. Teeth without a basilar membrane Teeth with a broad basilar membrane Plants long (to 10 cm.), densely radiculose. Monoicous. Plants short (5-10 mm.). Teeth cylindric, legs unequal, nodose-articulate, leaves spreading ..... Teeth cylindric, legs equal, obscurely and dis- tantly articulate, leaves spreading Teeth flattened, linear, trabeculate, perforate, leaves secund ...... Plants longer (2-3 cm.), glaucous D. yaginans, 106. D. Iiomomallum, 107. D. ambignum, 104. D. flexicaule, 107. » D. pallidum, 107. D. montanum, 103. D. Schimperi, 108. D. glaucescens, 108, 1 Leptotrichum Hampe, L. & J. Man. 105. "^ Leptotrichum brevifolium Kindb., Mac. Cat. 46, is described as a subspecies of £. flexicaule Hampe. The characters given however are not suflBcient to justify a place in this key. See Appendix, no. 105. 3 190 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN. TRICHOSTOMUM, p. io8. I. Lamina composed of one layer of cells, papillose. Margin reflexed or undulate, entire. Annulus wanting T. tophaceum, 109. Annulus large, compound .... T. pyriforme, 109. Margin plane or incurved. Costa reaching apex or excurrent; serrate above. Base of leaf yellowish, with thick walled rectangular cells T. crispalnm, 109. Base of leaf hyaline. Abruptly mucronate or obtuse, with long papillae T. flavo-virens, 109. Gradually acuminate, papillae low . . . T. nitidnm, 118. Costa ceasing far below apex; entire . . T. Coloradense, 413. II. Lam.ina of two layers, upper surface mam.illose, lower smooth. Costa excurrent, leaves denticulate above . T. Tancouveriense, 119. Costa percurrent or vanishing below apex, serrate above. Peristome not twisted, seta arcuate or variously bent T. flexipes, 110. Peristome twisted, seta subflexuous . . . T. anomalum, 110. DESMATODON, p. no. I. Capsule erect or nearly so. A. Leaves without a hyaline or thickened border. I. Costa excurrent into a hair. a. Papillose. Capsule oblong (1:2 or 1:3 excl. lid), 16 teeth divided nearly or quite to base. Plants of mountainous regions; calyptra reaching base of capsule D. latifolius, 111. Plants of lowlands; calyptra reaching half way to base of capsule D. Guepini, 114. Capsule cylindric (1 :5-6); teeth divided half way or entire. [D. obliquus may be sought here.] Dioicous D. plinthobius, 112. Monoicous D. Neo-Mexicanus, 113. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 191 b. Not papillose . . D. Systilius, 111, 2. Costa vanishing at apex or forming a short point. Lieaves hyaline % of their length ... D. obtusifolins, 114, Leaves hyaline only at base. Margins revolute. Capsule long cylindric, leaves crenulate . . D. arenacens, 111. Capsule elliptic, leaves entire . . . . D. nervosus/ 113. Margins inflexed above D. Garberi, 112. B. Leaves with a pellucid border D. Porteri, 112. II. Capsule nodding, or pendent, or arcuate. Leaves with a thickened border below. Seta straight, capsule nodding or horizontal . D. cernuns,* 114. Seta reflexed, capsule pendent .... D. Laureri, 115. Seta flexuous, capsule arcuate ... D. camptothecius, 121. Leaves without a border D. obliquns, 115. BARBULA, p. IIS. I. Leaves with jointed dichotomous filaments on the costa. Costa broad (i^ leaf), flattened, leaves thick, rigid §1. Aloidellee, p. 192. Costa narrow, round, leaves thin, broad . §11. Chlorouotae, p. 192. II. Leaves not filamentose. Teeth from a low membrane, scarcely projecting from the mouth [excl. B. brevipes]. Plants small. Leaf cells distinct §IIT. Cuneifoliae, p. 192. Leaf cells small. Perichaetial leaves little different from the foliage. §IT. Ungniculatse, p. 193. Perichaetial leaves long sheathing or convolute § Y. ConTolutse, p. 195. Plants robust [excl. B. ccespitosa]. Leaves entire; stems radiculose . . §VI. Tortuosae, p. 195. Leaves serrate, stems not radiculose . §VII. Squarrosae, p. 195. Teeth from a high tesselated membrane §VIII. Syntrichiae, p. 195. 1 D. subtorquescens C. M. & Kindb. (Appendix, no. 120) appears to be identical with D. nervosus B. & S. ' See Appendix, no. 122. 192 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. §1. Aloidellae. Synoicous B. brevirostris, 115. Dioicous. Annulus broad, revoluble, lid J^ to % length of capsule. Peristome twice twisted. Leaves round-ovate, obtuse . . . B. macrorhyncha, 125. Leaves oblong, obtuse or apiculate . . . B. rigida, 116. Peristome straight or slightly twisted . . B. aloides, 162. Aanulus small, persistent, lid Yq length of capsule B. ambigua, 116. §11. Chloronotae. Leaves with hair points. Tip of leaf hyaline B. membranifolia, 116. Tip of leaf concolorous. Hair smooth, leaves acute or somewhat obtuse B. chloronotos, 116. Hair serrate, leaves rounded obtuse . . . B. Henrici, 136. Leaves without hair points B. Mannise, 127. §111. Cuneifoliae. Leaves bordered by 2-4 rows of thickened cells . B. mai^inata, 118. Leaves bordered by 1 row of round yellowish cells with prominent papillae, aristate .... B. Tahliana, 117. Leaves with a broad yellowish border, not pointed B. Egelingi, 128. Leaves without a border. Costa excurrent into a hoary hair . . . . B. muralis, 119. Costa forming a short point or ceasing below apex. Leaf cells smooth. Margins plane. Upper leaves opaque at the margins . B. caneifolia, 117. Upper leaves pellucid at the margins B. snbcarnifolia, 130. Margins recurved above and below the middle at one side B. carnifolia, 129. Leaf cells papillose [incl. B. amplexaf] Peristome membrane long .... B. breripes, 119. Peristome membrane short. Inner perichaetial leaves short . . B. Bolanderi, 118. Inner perichaetial leaves long-sheathing, abruptly reflexed B. amplexa, 118. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 193 §IV. Unguiculatae. [B. ctespitosa may be sought here.] I. Peristome ivanting B. rnbiginosa, 126. II. Peristome present. A. Teeth straight or scarcely twisted. Easal leaf cells rectangular. Teeth cancellate B. cancellata, 122. Teeth nodose, separate. Leaves long lanceolate, costa dark . . . B. rigidnla, 123. Leaves ovate lanceolate, costa pale . . B. sparsidens, 133. Basal leaf cells elongate-oval B. spadicea, 139. B. Teeth plainly twisted. I. Leaves blunt or m,ucronate by the excurrent costa. Leaves short, ovate, the very apex obtuse. Capsule cylindric, calyptra reaching middle . B. brachyphylla,^ 123. Capsule ovate, calyptra reaching base . . B. purpurea, 123. Leaves longer, narrower, sharp pointed. Cells at base rectangular and pellucid. Teeth twisted 2-3 times, purple or red. Capsule oblong-elliptic to subcylindrical, sub-in- curved ...... B. ungniculata, 120. Capsule oblong, small, erect ... B. Jooriana, 120. Teeth once loosely twisted, pale . . B. tortellifolia, I44. Cells at the base quadrate, chlorophyllose . B. Cruegeri, 122. 2. Leaves gradually pointed. a. Leaves not papillose [incl. B. artocarpaf] Leaf border plane. Annulus none, teeth reddish B. gracilis, 127. Annulus large, simple, persistent, teeth whitish B. artocarpa, 126. Leaf border reflexed all around or revolute below. Leaves long-subulate, costa percurrent or excurrent, red B. suftgracilis,^ 135, 1 See Api)endix, no. 131. ' See Appendix, no. 136. 194 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. Leaves long lanceolate, costa filling the acumen, brown B. pseudo-ri^idala, I40. b. Leaves papillose. i. Cells at base roundish, quadrate, or short-rectangular. Annulus none or indistinct. Leaves twisted when dry. Costa 70// wide at base and tapering gradually . B. fallax, 121. Costa 50// wide, of equal breadth to middle B. recuryi folia, 122. Leaves not twisted when dry. Costa pale, percurrent . . . . B. subieiuadophila, 137. Costa brown, short excurrent . . . B. melaiiocarpa, 138. Annulus pale, compound ...... B. elata, 125. ii. Cells at base reetangidar, often elongated. [-B. fallax may be sought here.] Leaves erect-incurved, imbricate when dry. Cells (above) 5-7// diameter B. vinealis, 124. Cells twice as large B. Tirescens, 124. Leaves squarrose-spreading or reflexed, twisted when dry. Perichsetial leaves open, sheathing only at base, revolute on edges B. sul) fallax, 121. Perichaetial leaves half sheathing. Annulus simple, narrow, persistent. Leaves erect, half clasping at base . . B. semitorta,^ 126. Leaves recurved, deeply concave . . B. circinnatula, I4I' Annulus double or triple. /-, 11 c r, • J- 2. ( B. cylindrica, 125. Cells 5-7// in diameter .... J B. flexifolia, 124. Cells twice as large B. Tirescens, 124. BB. vinealis, flexifolia, vireseens, cylindrica, with possibly semi- torta and circinnatula, are doubtless forms of one species, so that the key will probably break down here. BB. decursivula, Dieckii, horridifolia, robusfi/olia, and suhcylin- drica, belonging to this section, are described from sterile specimens and therefore cannot be included in the key, but descriptions will be found in the Appendix nos. 132, 134, 142, 143, and 145. iln L. & J. Man. 126, in note under B. semitorta, read "Comparable to B. vinealis" instead of B. brachyphylla. See Pacif. K. R. Rept. 4: 186. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 195 §V. Convolutae. Leaves involute on margin. Aristulate by excurrent costa .... ' Acute or submucronate ..... Leaves plane on margin or recurved. ^ Capsule costate when dry .... Capsule smooth. Leaves acute, costa percurrent Leaves with hyaline point .... Leaves obtuse. Perichsetial leaves rounded or truncate at apex B. chrysopoda, I48. Perichaetial leaves obtuse or short apiculate B. convoliita var. I47. B. agraria, 128. B. Donnellii, 128. . B. Raui, 128. B. convoluta, 127. B. Closteri, 127. B. csespitosa, 129. §VI. Tortuosae. Leaf margin plane or undulate when moist. Leaves long linear, acute, abruptly mucronate Leaves very long acuminate, cuspidate. Twisted crispate when dry, above of one layer of cells B. tortuosa, 129. Not crispate, brittle, two layers of cells above . B. fragilis, 129. Leaf margin involute, cucuUate above . . . B. iucliuatnla, 149. §VII. Squarrosae. Includes but one species B. squarrosa, 130. §VIII. Syntrichiae. [B. brevipes may be sought here.] I. Leaves with a border of thickened cells. Leaves with a distinct border, sometimes absent at the apex, plane. Marginal cells elongated B. subulata,^ 130. Marginal cells roundish B. Isevipila, 132. Leaves with a narrow border at the base only. Basal cells faintly chlorophyllose . . . B. lato-excisa, 160. Basal cells strongly chlorophyllose . . B. papillinervis, 156. 1 B. platyneura C. M. & Kindb., described from barren specimens falls here. See Ap- pendix, no. 146. ''See Appendix, no. 150. 196 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. II. Leaves not bordered. Cells smooth B. macronifolia, 131. Cells papillose. Monoicous. Costa percurrent .... S « . k i ^Z '"®T'^' iqI' ^ ( B. sabnlata matica, 130. Costa excurrent into a long (mostly smooth) hyaline hair; on trees B. laeripila, 132. Costa excurrent into a short point; on rocks . B. alpina, 151. Polygamous, costa excurrent into a hyaline spinulose hair B. Muelleri, 133. Dioicous. Costa percurrent or ceasing below apex . . B. latifolia, 132. Costa short-excurrent, clothed above with gemmae B. papillosa, 133. Costa naked, excurrent into a hyaline, spinulose hair. Hair white throughout. Tube of peristome nearly equaling purple teeth in length. Peristome twice twisted. Costa abruptly excurrent. Hair point spinulose . . . . B. ruralis/ 132. Hair point nearly smooth . . . B. leptotricha, 159. Costa gradually excurrent . . . B. ruraliformis, 153. Peristome once twisted . . . . B. intermedia, 157, Tube of peristome much shorter than the pale teeth B. lasTiuscula, 155. Hair red at the base or throughout. Leaves not sheathing, patent when moist B. rotundo-emarginata, 161. Leaves sheathing, squarrose-spreading, all the margin recurved B. aciphylla, 158. Leaves sheathing, curved, margin slightly re- curved in the middle . . . B. brachjangia, 154. The very great similarity of BB. ruraliformis^ branchy angia, Icevi- usGula, papillinervis, intermedia, aciphylla, leptotricha and lato-ex- cisa renders it more than probable that they are all forms of the extremely variable and polymorphic B. ruralis, as B. megalocarjja Kindb. is; wherefore the key is likely to prove useless in distinguishing them. 1 See Appendix, no. 152. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 197 SCOULERIA, p. 137-^ Leaves bordered by slightly larger, thick walled cells, pe- ristome present S. aquatica,* 137.. Leaves bordered by larger denser cells, peristome absent S. marginata, I64. GRIMMIA, p. 134- Capsule longer than the seta. Straight, capsule symmetric Crooked, capsule ventricose Capsule shorter than the seta. Seta arcuate Seta straight . §1. Schistidium. §11. Gasterogrimmia. §111. Eugrimmia. §IV. Guembelia. §1. Schistidium. Leaves with hyaline points. Capsule oblong ...... Capsule ovate-globose. Leaves erect or appressed when dry. In small, dense cushions, soft lurid green In lax cushions, coarse, fuscescent. Peristome distinct, orifice dilated Peristome rudimentary, orifice not dilated Leaves spreading when dry Leaves muticous. Margin plane. Entire or slightly serrate at the apex. Ovate-oblong, short .... Linear lanceolate ..... Coarsely dentate at the apex Margins recurved or revolute G. ambigua, 135. G. conferta,' 135. G. sphaerica, 191. G. apocarpa, 136. G. heterophylla, 168. G. atricha, 169. G. maritima, 137. G. Agassizii, 136. G. conferta ) * G. apocarpa ) 1 Orimmia %8couleria, L. & J. Man. 137, This genus has lately been revised by Mrs. Elizabeth G. Britton, BuU. Torr. Bot. Club 23: 36. 1895. 8. Muelleri Kindb. and 8. aquatica catilliformis Miill. are reduced to 8. aquatica Hook. 8. Nevii is referred to 8. aquatica nigrescens Kindb. " Grimmia 8couleri Miill. See Appendix, no. 163. « G. chloroblasta Kindb. (Appendix, no. 167) falls here. See also no. 166. * See Appendix, nos. 165, 166. O. platyphyUa Mitt. (L. & J. Man. 136) = O. apocarpa latifolia Zett. sec. Ren. & Card. Rev. Bryol. 19: 85. 1892. A barren species, G. pachy- neurula C. M. & Kindb., Mac. Cat. 65 (see Appendix^ no. 170), evidently belongs to this eection . 198 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN. §11. Gasterogrimmia. Peristome wanting, lamina bistratose near apex Peristome present, lamina unistratose throughout Q. anodon, 138. G. plagiopoda, 138. §111. Eugrimmia. Capsule costate when dry. Leaves homomallous-falcate when dry . . , G. hamulosa, 139. Leaves spirally twisted on stem when dry . . Gr. torquata, 140. Leaves incurved-cirrhate when dry . . . . G. contorts, 139. Leaves imbricate or slightly twisted when dry, hair pointed. Lamina of one layer of cells . . . . G. pachyphylla, 181. Lamina 2-4-stratose in the upper part or at the margin. Hair point rough G. Muhlenbeckii, 140. Hair point smooth. Annulus simple, monoicous . . , G. pulrinata, 138. Annulus compound (3^), dioicous. Costa narrow, capsule 8-striate or costate. Lid short . . . . . Lid long, straight Costa strong, capsule 10-striate Capsule not costate (or obscurely) when dry. Leaves falcate-reflexed when moist Leaves not refiexed. Margin plane, capsule elliptic, coUum none [Gf. Mtihlenhechli may be sought here.] G. funalis, 179. G. trichophylla, 141. G. elatior, 172. G. Watsoni, 141. G. Olneyi, 142. Margin reflexed. Leaves gemmiferous, capsule oval-oblong. Teeth papillose, leaf cells at base scarcely sinuous G. Philbertiana, 171. Teeth smooth, leaf cells at base strongly sinuous Leaves not gemmiferous. Open, erect, lanceolate Arcuate, ovate-lanceolate G. Hartmanii, 174' G. Californica, 142. . G. depilata, 175. Only incomplete descriptions of the following species can be obtained and they are therefore not included in the key: OG. arcuatifoUa Kindb., Arizonce Ren. & Card., i^roUfera C. M. & Kindb., tortifoUa Kindb., and Hendersonii Ren. & Card. See descriptions in Appendix, nos. 173, 176, 177, 178, 180. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 199 §IV. Guembelia. Lamina above 2-4-stratose. Calyptra cucullate. Leaves hair pointed. Basal cells quadrate G. tenerriina, 188. Basal cells rectangular .... O. comiiiutata, U5. Leaves not hair-pointed, blunt or hyaline apiculate. Teeth entire, annulus simple, indistinct . . G. sulcata, 186. Teeth irregularly lacerate or bifid, annulus com- pound, triple G. unicolor, 146. Calyptra mitrate. Leaf margins plane. Hair point very rough, lid straight beaked G. leucopliaea, 144. Hair point faintly denticulate, lid obliquely beaked G. sarcocalyx, 190. Leaf margins recurved. Walls of basal cells sinuate Walls of basal cells smooth . Lamina having only the margin 2-4-stratose. Leaves muticous or hyaline, apiculate. Costa reaching the hyaline apex, dioicous . Costa vanishing far below apex, monoicous Leaves hair-pointed. Annulus wanting. Calyptra mitrate, covering whole capsule Calyptra cucullate ..... Annulus present. Cells of leaf base elongated (1 : 4 to 1 : 8) Cells of leaf base short (1:2), borders plane Cells of leaf base short, borders recurved Lamina of a single layer of cells The descriptions of OG. cinclidodontea C. Mull., crassinervis C. Mtill., tenella C. MlilL, and Mannice. C. Miill. are incomplete and as no authentic material is at hand they are not included in the key. See Ap- pendix, nos. 182, 183, 184, 184a. G. Pennsylranica, 144. G. orata, 143. G. elongata, 185. G. Coloradensis, 143. G. calyptrata, 144. . G. montana, 145. G. Doniiiana, 142. G. alpestris, 146. G. microtricha, 187. . G. mollis, 189. RHACOMITRIUM, p. 147. I. Branches fastigiate. Leaves with a short hyaline point Leaves muticous. Costa with 2-4 lamellse at back R. Sudeticiim, 149. R. patens, 147. 200 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. Costa not lamellose. Leaves with quadrate cells at the base, decurrent and semi-auricled R. depressum, 148» Leaves with linear cells at the base, neither decvirrent nor auricled. Obtuse. Perichaetial leaves costate, seta long , . R. acicalare, 148. Perichaetial leaves ecostate, seta short . . R. Nevii, 148. Acute. Capsule oblong, not striate, teeth orange R. Macounii,^ 193, Capsule oval, striate or plicate when dry, teeth purple R. robustifolium, 195. II. Branches fasciculate. A. Leaves muticous. Cells elongated above R. fascicnlare, 150. Cells quadratic above, Costa percurrent. Leaf cells smooth R. varium,* 150. Leaf cells rough, simple papilla over the lumen R. canescens, 151. Costa vanishing below apex, cells with geminate pa- pilla over the partitions . . . . R. protensum, 19S. B. Leaves with a hyaline point. Cells linear at least above. Hyaline point not papillose . . . . R. microcarpuin,^ 150. Hyaline point strongly erose-serrate and papillose R. lannginosnm,^ 151. Cells quadratic above. [It. micropua may be sought here. J Strongly papillose on both sides .... R. canescens,* 151. Smooth or nearly so. Annulus broad. Alar cells of leaf linear . . . R. heterostichnm,« 149. 1 R. alternatum C. M. & Kindb., described from barren specimens, seems to be refera- ble to this species. See Appendix, no. 194. « J2. Oreganum Ren. & Card., Bot. Gaz. 13: 198. pi. 15. 1888, is this species {fide J. Car- dot in litt.) which seems to be iJ. canescens lutescens L. & J. ; fide Mrs. E. G. Britton in litt. ' See Appendix, no. 200. * See Appendix, no. 202. » See Appendix, nos. 203, 204. • See Appendix, nos. 196-198. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 201 Alar cells of leaf quadrate . . . . R. micropus, 199. Annulusnone R. speciosum, ^Oi. COSCINODON, p. 154- Costa not entering the hyaline point, which is less than the leaf in length. Dioicous, leaves oblong lanceolate . . . C. pulvinatns, 154. Autoicous, leaves obovate C. Raui/ 155. Costa forming a rough hyaline point twice as long as the leaf C. Wrightii, 155. PTYCHOMITRIUM, p. 156. Plants large (3 cm. +), leaves acuminate, sharply dentate P. Gardner!, 156. Plants small (1 cm. — ), leaves not acuminate, nearly or quite entire. CoUum none. Teeth subulate (1 : 10), entire .... P. incurvum, 157. Teeth lanceolate (1 : 4), bi- or trifid . . . P. Drummondii, 157. CoUum equalling one-third sporangium . . .P. pygiuaeum, 157. AMPHORIDIUM, p. 158. Leaf margins plane, entire A. Lappouicam, 158. Leaf margins recurved or revolute. Leaves remote, recurved-spreading, serrate . A. SuUiTantii, 159. Leaves close. Costa excurrent, seta arcuate ... A. Californicum, 159. Costa vanishing below apex. Entire A. Mougeotii, 159. Serrulate A. csespitosum, 160. ZYGODON.a Capsule without a peristome . . . . Z. Tiridissimus, S07. Capsule with double peristome . . . . Z. conoideus, 208. 1 Including C. Renauldi Card., Bot. Gaz. 15: 41. 1890. s See appendix, no. 206. 202 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. ULOTA,! p. i6o. I. Leaves rigid, not crispate when dry. [TT. Xtrummondii may be sought here.] Costa percurrent U. Hutcbinsiae,^ 163. Costa ceasing below apex U. Barclay!, 164. II. Leaves crispate when dry. Capsule not constricted below the mouth when dry. Costate only at the mouth U. Ludwigii, 161. Costate for its whole length. Stems creeping, leaves slightly crispate, cilia 0 U. Drummondii, 161. Stems not creeping, leaves strongly crispate, cilia present. Capsule short oval, neck short. Upper leaves tipped with gemmae . . U. phyllantha, 163. Upper leaves not tipped with gemmae . . U. Bruchii,' 162. Capsule cylindric, neck long . . . U. maritinia,t 211' Capsule constricted below the mouth when dry. Cells uniform throughout the leaf . . U. megalospora,^ 210. Cells different at the angles. Teeth lacunose at the apex .... U. curvifolia,* 161. Teeth not lacunose. Neck very long, teeth confluent ... TJ. crispa,' 162. Neck shorter, teeth separated at apex . . . U. crispula, 163. 1 It seems best, while retaining for convenience the generic name Ulota (without ex- pressing any opinion as to its validity), to utilize Mrs. Britton's careful study of our American species. The nomenclature used is also derived in part from her paper in BuU. Torr. Hot. Club 21: 65-76. 1894. * See Appendix, no. 2ia. s From the description given (Mac. Cat. 82) I am unable to separate U, obtusiuscula C. M. & Kindb. * Renauld and Cardot think that U. maritima and Z7. phyllantha resemble each other so closely that TJ. maritima should not stand as a distinct species. 6 Including U. subulata and U. subulifolia C. M. & Kindb., Mac. Cat. 82, sec. Eliz. G* Britton. 'Including U. Americana Mitt., Man. 162, and probably U. scahrida Kindb., Mac. Cat. 83. (E. G. B.) ' Including U. camptopoda and U. conneclens Kindb., Mac. Cat. 85. (E. G. B.) BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES, 203 ORTHOTRICHUM, p. 164. I. Stomata superficial. I. Peristome simple. Capsule entirely smooth. Wholly exserted 0. laevigatum, 165. Immersed 0. Schlotthaueri, 218. Capsule strongly costate. Leaves densely papillose. Capsule wholly exserted, abrupt at base, teeth 8 0. Douglasii, 167. Capsule immersed or emergent, defluent into seta, teeth 16. Leaf bistratose in the upper part ... 0. Sturmii, 166. Leaf unistratose 0. rhabdophorum, 227. Leaves almost smooth 0. bullatum, 222. Capsule ribbed only near the mouth. Teeth striolate, capsule exserted .... 0. Roellii, 217, Teeth papillose, capsule immersed , . . .0. Shawii, 213. 2. Peristome double. [OO. IcBvigatuni, Sturmii, Jtoellii and Schlotthaueri may be sought here.] a. Capsule entirely smooth. Immersed, papillae simple ..... 0. striatum,^ 174. Exserted, papillae bifurcate. Alar cells thick walled, quadrate to hexagonal 0. arcticum, 228. Alar cells not thickened, rectangular. Leaf margin revolute, capsule cylindrical when moist 0. Macounii, 228a. Leaf margin reflexed, capsule obovate when moist 0. Kingianum, 170. b. Capsule strongly costate. (c) Leaves beset with clavate gemmae, teeth reflexed, cilia 16 0. Lyellii,^ 177. Leaves not gemmiferous. Teeth erect when dry, cilia 16 .... 0. Texanum, 166. Teeth reflexed when dry, cilia 8. Cilia of two rows of cells, broad. Leaf margins plane, cilia broad throughout 0. obtusifolium, 177. Leaf margins revolute, cilia broad at base . 0. sordidnm, 170. 1 O. leiocarpum B. & S. ^ See Appendix, no. 221. 204 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN. Cilia of a single row of cells or double at the base. Capsule immersed or emergent. Teeth papillose, not vermicular striate Teeth vermicular striate, not papillose Capsule exserted. Teeth not papillose ..... Teeth minutely papillose . 0. affine, 168. 0. fasti^iatum, 3U. 0. Blyttii, 229. 0. praemorsuin, 226. c. Co-i^sule ribbed only near the mouth. 0. rupestre, 167. 0. Killiasii, 225. 0. Bolanderi, 167. 0. elegans, 224. 0. speciosum,^ 169. Teeth erect when dry. Papillae of leaves simple, minute Papillae of leaves bifurcate, salient Teeth reflexed when dry. Upper part of leaf bistratose, teeth transversely lin- eolate . . ....•• Upper part of leaf unistratose, teeth very papillose. Teeth when dry reflexed and applied to capsule Teeth when dry touching capsule only with tip Three little known and unimportant species from Greenland (Mac. Cat. 88): 00. Breutelii Hpe., Barthii Sendtn., and Groenlandicum Bergg., belonging to the division with superficial stomata are not included in the key. According to Venturi in Husn, Muse. Gall. 175, the first two are only forms of O. Blyttii. II. Stomata immersed. I. Peristome simple, capsule costate. 0. Jamesianum, 177. 0. anoiualum, 164. 0. cupulatum, 165. Leaves obtuse, capsule immersed or emergent Leaves acute or acuminate. Capsule long exserted, teeth erect when dry Capsule half-emergent, teeth spreading when dry [O. Maim may be sought here.] 2. Peristome double. a. Capsule smooth when dry. Cilia wider than teeth ...... Cilia narrow. Capsule gradually narrowed to seta .... 0. pallens, 175. Capsule abruptly contracted to seta . . 0. pusillum Mitt.^ 173. 0. exi^uum, 174. 1 See Appendix, no. 223. * O. psilocarpum James. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN M088E8. 205 b. Capsule costate when dry. * Leaves hyaline pointed. Cilia of a single row of cells, teeth equidistant . 0. diaphannm, 176. Cilia of two rows of cells, teeth bigeminate . . .0. canum, 176. * * Leaves obtuse. (* * *) [OO. tenellunt, puniilutn, pallens and strangulatum may also be sought here.] Capsule exserted 0. cylindrocarpum, 173. Capsule immersed. Abruptly contracted to the seta, collum not evident. Teeth papillose 0. enryphyllum, 319. Teeth vermicular striate 0. Hallii, 170. Gradually narrowed to seta with evident collum. Teeth 8, bigeminate, reflexed when dry. Punctulate, cilia of 2 rows of cells . . .0. Ohioense, 170. Papillose, cilia double at the base only. Cilia 8, shorter than the teeth ... 0. Sprucei, 215. Cilia 16, eight as long, eight shorter than the teeth 0. rivulare, 176. Teeth 16, separate, erect when dry ... 0. nudum, S20. * * * Leaves acute. Capsule exserted. Abruptly contracted to seta, collum not evident. Cilia 16, single series of cells ... 0. ulotseforme, 2S5. Cilia 8, double row of cells .... 0. consimile, 173. Gradually narrowed to the seta with evident collum, cilia 16, appendiculate .... 0. pulchellum,i 175. Capsule immersed or nearly. Leaves with salient furcate papillae. Teeth 16, separate 0. urnigerum, 216. Teeth 8, bigeminate. Cilia of a double row of cells. Teeth papillose throughout, split along the median line 0. pumilum Americannm, 2S0. Teeth punctate, yellowish white . . . 0. Watsoni, 168. Teeth finely papillose below, paler above with long- itudinal sinuous lines, somewhat perforate 0. alpestre, 168. Cilia double at the base, single above . 0. Schimperi,^ 171. 1 See Appendix, nos. 233, 234. * O. fallaz Schimp. 4 206 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. Leaves with simple often weak papillae. [OO. Schiniperi smd pwniiluni may be sought here.] Cilia of a single row of cells . . . .0. Hendersoni, 332. Cilia of a double row of cells. Teeth granulose, not papillose, capsule obovate, con- tracted below the mouth when dry 0. strangulatam, 172. Teeth papillose, capsule sub-cylindric, little con- tracted below mouth when dry. Calyptra hairy, teeth pale brown . . 0. tenellum, 172. Calyptra naked, teeth reddish ... 0. Rogeri, 231. "Notes on North American Species of Orthotrichum" by E. G. Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 393. 1893 and 21: 1, 137. 1894, have been followed in many points. O. psilothecium C. M. & Kind, is reduced to O. strang- ulatum; O. Pringlei C. Miill. to O. Lyellii; O. hrachytrichum Schimp. to O. Schimperi; O. stenocarpum Vent, to O. Macounii Aust. O. stellatum Brid. and O, anomalum Americanum are rejected as doubtful. MACROMITRIUM, p. 178. Capsule plicate at mouth and base only . . M. SuUivantii, 178. Capsule costate its whole length. Lid conic, blunt, peristome wanting . . . M. Fitzgeraldi, 178. Lid subulate, peristome present . . . M. rhabdocarpum, 179. Capsule smooth M. luucronifolium, 179. ENCALYPTA, p. 180. I. Capsule spirally striate and sulcate when dry. Capsule twisted to the right when dry, leaves with hya- line hair points, teeth glabrous . . . . E. Selwyni, 183. Capsule twisted to the left when dry. Leaves cucullate E. cucullata, ^55. Leaves not cucullate. Leaves acute or apiculate, teeth papillose, with a me- dian line E. procera, 182. Leaves muticous, usually obtuse, teeth filiform, no- dose, minutely papillose , . . E. streptocarpa, 183. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 207 II. Capsule vertically striate and sulcate when dry, or smooth. Distinctly striate. Leaves plane or slightly concave. Oblong or lanceolate above, calyptra scabrous E. rhabdocarpa, 181. Short, often subspatulate, calyptra not scabrous E. leiomitra, 337. Leaves revolute all around, narrow . . . E. Alasksiua, 24O. Smooth or faintly striate. Calyptra entire or lacerate at the base. Smooth at the apex .... Papillose or spinose at the apex. Costa long excurrent .... Costa percurrent or vanishing. Capsule minutely wrinkled lengthwise Capsule smooth when dry Calyptra fringed at base, peristome present. Leaves apiculate-acuminate E. commutata, 180. E. subspathulata, 236. E. Tul^aris, 181. E. leiocarpa, 239. . E. ciliata, 183. Leaves muticous E. Macounii, 182. :E. apophysata N. & H., sec. Schimper Synop. Muse. Europ. 345 [ed. 2] collected by Drummond is probably an error. See Appendix, no. 241. CALYMPERES, p. 184. Leaves oblong or broad-ovate. Upper leaves very obtuse, often filamentose at apex C. Richardi, 184. Upper leaves acute, often filamentose in middle C. disciforme, 184. Leaves narrowly panduriform, obtuse or retuse C. (2) crispuin, 184. SYRRHOPODON, p. 185. Leaf margins bilamellate upwards Leaf margins single throughout S, Floridanus, 185. S. Texanus, 185. TETRAPHIS, p. 186. Pedicel straight Pedicel geniculate at middle T. pellucida, 186. T. geniculata, 187. DISSODON, p. 189. Seta short (5 mm.), thick, capsule erect, chestnut bro^n D. Horuschuchii, 189. 208 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. Seta longer (1.5 cm.), plants 1-2 cm. high, capsule often inclined, orange D. Froelichianns, 190. Seta longer (3-4 cm.), plants 4-12 cm., capsule erect, orange ^- splachnoides, 190. TAYLORIA, p. 190. Teeth cleft along the middle line or split to the base. Columella long exserted, lid long conic . T. splachnoides, 191. Columella scarcely exserted, lid suddenly obliquely beaked T. acaminata, 843, Teeth neither cleft nor split but sometimes lacunose. Columella scarcely exserted, rhizoids with gemmae T. serrata, 191. Columella long exserted, rhizoids without gemmae T. tennis, 191. TETRAPLODON, p. 191. Leaves sharply serrate, narrowed to filiform point Leaves distantly incised-serrate, gradually acuminate Leaves entire, more or less abruptly filiform-apiculate. Costa sub-excurrent, empty sporangium constricted in middle ....... Costa ceasing below point, empty sporangium not constricted in middle ..... T. angnstatns, 192. T. australis, 192. T. mnioides, 192. T. nrceolatus, 193. SPLACHNUM, p. 193. Apophysis ovate or subglobose. About the size of the sporangium. Costa excurrent, apophysis red Costa ceasing below apex, apophysis at first green then brown ..... S. Greatly exceeding the sporangium Apophysis pyriform, exceeding the sporangium S. Apophysis campanulate. Purple S. rubrnm, 195. Yellow S. luteum,! 195. S. sphaericnm, 194. Wormslcioldii, 194. S. vascnlosnm, 194. ampuilacenm, 194. 1 See also Appendix, no. 254. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 209 P. immersum, 196. P. Coloradense, 250. P. Hookeri, 198. acnminatum, 198. PHYSCOMITRIUM, p. 196. Capsule or seta immersed. [P. Hookeri may be sought here.] Capsule subglobose ...... Capsule pyriform when fresh .... Capsule and seta exserted. Leaves entire or nearly so. Seta short, but little exceeding leaves Seta much longer (5-20 mm.). Leaves very acute, bordered Leaves oblong-lanceolate, more obtuse, not bor- dered P. Californicum, 25S. Leaves serrate at least above the middle. Mouth of capsule bordered by 4-8 rows of cells. Seta straight. Leaves oblong acuminate, annulus double P. pygmaeum, 197. Leaves lanceolate, annulus apparently single P. Drummondii, 251. Leaves ovate-acuminate, annulus apparently single P. Kellermanii, 249. Seta curved P. australe, 252. Mouth of capsule bordered by 8-12 rows of cells. Capsule turbinate, 1-2 mm., mouth flaring P. tnrbinatuiii,i 198. Capsule pyriform, 2-3 mm. mouth not flaring P. megalocarpum, 248. The revision of the genus by Mrs. E. G. Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 21: 189. 1894, has been followed. P. pyriforme Brid. is a European species and does not occur in America; American specimens called pyri- forme are referable to P. turhinatum Miill. P. strangulatum Kindb., Ott. Nat. 4: 62, is reduced to P. turhinatum. P. 2')latyphyllum Kindb., Mac. Cat. 269, is rejected, as the species is founded upon such very imma- ture specimens that it probably can not stand. ENTOSTHODON, p. 199. Leaves acute, capsule short-pyriform. Costa percurrent, teeth dark red, striolate Leaves acuminate, capsule long-pyriform. Costa reaching middle, teeth whitish, granulose Costa subper current, teeth red, nodose, papillose E. Drummondii, 199. B. Bolanderi, 199. E. Templetoni, 200. 1 See also Appendix, nos. 245-247, 210 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN. FUNARIA, p. 200. Annulus wanting. Leaves entire or nearly. Capsule arcuate, leaves acuminate. Costa excurrent . . . . . Costa vanishing .... Capsule erect, leaves acute Leaves sharply serrate. Short-pointed, lid convex, mamillate Long acuminate, lid short conic Annulus large, revoluble. Capsule irregularly plicate and furrowed. Leaves with involute margins Leaves with plane margins Capsule distinctly striate-costate. Leaves short-acuminate, lid large, spores 12- Leaves long-acuminate, lid small, spores 24- . F. Americana, 201. F. Mediterranea, 201. . F. Californica, 201. . F. serrata,! 201. . F. calcarea, 201. . F. convoluta, 202. F. flavicaus, 202. -11m F. hygrometrica, 202. 28// F. microstoma, 203. BARTRAMIA, p. 203. Capsule erect, peristome simple or none. Leaves lance-subulate, ovate at the base. Margin reflexed, capsule rugose when dry Margin plane, capsule furrowed when dry. Capsule exserted, basal cells alike Capsule immersed, basal cells shorter towards the margin ...... Leaves linear, gradually tapering to subulate apex, capsule ribbed ...... Capsule curved, lid oblique, peristome double. Seta short (= capsule), fruit pseudo-lateral Seta exceeding stems. Leaves smooth ...... Leaves papillose only on upper surface Leaves papillose on both surfaces. Abruptly narrowed and bent above the hyaline base ....... Gradually tapering to apex, not hyaline at base. Leaves straight, autoicous. Margined, borders revolute B. Menziesii, 204. . B. subulata, 204. B. breviseta, ^56. . B. stricta, 205. B. Halleriana, 206. B. (Ederiana,^ 205, B. radicalis, 206. B. itliyphylla, 205. B. pomiformis, 206. J See also Appendix, no. 255. ^£. CEderiuna minor Kindb., Mac. Cat. 105, is nomen nudum. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 211 Not margined, sheathing . . . B. glauco-viridis, 251. Leaves circinate, long sheathing . B. circinnulata, 258. PHILONOTIS, p. 208. Leaves plicate lengthwise. Leaf cells linear, costa excurrent ... P. Moliriana, 210. Leaf cells rectangular or oval, costa percurrent or vanishing P. seriata, 262. Leaves not plicate lengthwise. Leaf cells quadrate, slightly papillose . . .P. Macounii, 208. Leaf cells oblong hexagonal, slightly papillose P. glabriuscula, 263. Leaf cells rectangular to linear. Cilia two, rudimentary .... P. Muhlenbeckii, 208. Cilia two, half as long as or equaling segments. Mouth of capsule with 8 rows of transversely elongated cells P. fontana,i 209. Mouth of capsule with 4 rows of transversely elongated cells P. calcarea, 209. MEESIA, p. 212. Leaves entire, margins reflexed or revolute. Synoicous, costa very thick (i leaf base) . . M. uliginosa, 212. Autoicous, costa narrow (| leaf base) . . M. Albertinii, 213. Leaves entire, margins plane M. longiseta, 212. Leaves serrate M. tristiclia, 213. MIELICHHOFERIA, p. 214. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate at apex . . . M. uitida, 214. Leaves broad ovate, entire, or slightly crenulate above M. cuspid ifera, 264. WEBERA, p. 215. [-Brj/Mwi Froudei and -B. angustirete will be sought here.] L Leaves with a reddish border, distinct to apex W. Tozeri, 222. II. Leaves not bordered, or indistinctly. 1 See Appendix, nos. 259-261. 212 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. A. Annulus present . (B on p. 213.) 1. Segments and cilia of endostome imperfect, often only a laciniate membrane . . W. camptotrachela, 278. 2. Segments of endostome not widely open along the keel, cilia none or short ( excl. W. longicolla). (3) Inflorescence autoicous W. acuminata, 216. Inflorescence synoicous or dioicous. Costa very broad, Yq-^ of leaf base ... W. Cardoti, 265. Costa narrow. Plants less than 1 cm., seta 5-8 mm., capsule wide mouthed when dry W. nudicaulis, 220. Plants small, seta longer, mouth of capsule con- stricted when dry W. Bolanderi, 220. Inflorescence paroicous. [ W. nudicaulis may be sought here.] Neck shorter than sporangium, cilia none . W. polymorpha, 216. Neck equaling sporangium, cilia more or less developed. Tufts low, 1 mm.-2 cm. high . . . . W. elongata, 216. Tufts higher, 2-5 cm W. longicolla, 217. 3. Segments of endostom,e split and gaping along keel, cilia well developed. Inflorescence paroicous or polygamous. Capsule pendent, touching seta, not contracted under mouth W. cucuUata, 218. Capsule horizontal or pendent, not touching seta, con- tracted below mouth. Costa excurrent, comal leaves revolute on the bord- ers W. canaliculata, 211. Costa vanishing below apex, comal leaves plane on the borders. Tufts 1-2 cm. high, basal membrane of the endo- stome 1^ to 3^ height of teeth . . . W. nutans, 1 217. Tufts 2-4 cm. high, basal membrane of the endo- stome 14 height of teeth .... W. cruda,^ 218. 1 See Appendix, nos. 269, 270. "^ See Appendix, no. 267. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 213 Inflorescence dioicous. Leaves with plane or slightly curved borders. Antheridia in the axils of the perigonial leaves. Upper leaves lance linear (1 : 8-50) seta 3-4 cm. W. sphagnicola, 219. Upper leaves lanceolate (1 : 4-5) seta 1-2 cm. W. gracilis, 215. Antheridia in a terminal cluster . . . >V. Lescuriana, 221. Xieaves with mostly revolute borders. Costa vanishing below apex. Leaves of sterile shoots ovate, obtuse; comal leaves broad pointed, margin entire . . W. Ludivigii, 214. Leaves narrow, linear lanceolate, sharp pointed, plainly toothed near the apex. Seta twisted to right, membrane of the inner peristome 3^ length of teeth, capsule oval, short necked. Annulus re voluble, costa red . . \V. Coliimbica, 219. Annulus remaining attached to lid, costa green W. pulchella, 222. Seta twisted to left, membrane y^ length of teeth, capsule pyriform, longer necked . W. commutata, 220. ■Costa reaching the apex. Capsule oval, long necked, leaves serrate at apex TV. annotiiia, 219. Capsule obovate, short-necked, leaves denticulate above W. pycnodecurrens, 211. B. Annulus none. Xieaves nearly entire, cilia very short . . W. Druiumondii, 219. Leaves nearly entire, cilia 3 ..... W. Bigelovii, 223. Leaves sharply serrate. Stem red, leaves glaucous-green .... VV. albicans, ^ 222. Stem and leaves green W. carnea, 221. [W, pulchella may be sought here.] A number of species have been described from sterile and immature specimens, whence it is impossible to determine their place in the key. They are W. longihracteata Broth., 268; W. microapiculata C. M. & Kindb., 281; W. Tpolymorphoides Kindb., 266; W. microcaulon C. M. & Kindb., 272; W. suheucullata CM. & Kindb., 273; W. microdenticu- lata C. M. & Kindb., 276. The first two are sterile, the remaining four are immature. The numbers attached refer to corresponding descriptions in the Appendix. 1 See Appendix, no. 280. 214 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. BRYUM, p. 223. Upper leaf cells rhombic to hexagonal (sublinear in BB. Froudei and angustirete). Plants not from stolons. Cilia none, or inappendiculate .... §1. Cladodinm. Cilia 2-4, appendiculate §11. Eubryum. Plants from stolons §111. Rhodobryum.. Upper leaf cells linear (1 : 10-15), branches julaceous §IY. Anomobryuni. §1. Cladodium. A. Autoicous. Leaves broad (1 : 2) costa vanishing . . . B. calophylluin, 227^ Leaves ovate-lanceolate or long acuminate. Cilia 2, long, smooth B. Brownii, 224. Cilia 3, short B. mamillatum, 288.. Cilia none, or rudimentary. Capsule symmetric, pyriform, coUum J^ sporangium. Leaves faintly bordered, serrate above, slightly revolute B. Warneum, 226. Leaves faintly bordered, margin entire, distinctly revolute B. EdwardsiaDnm, 291. Leaves very distinctly bordered, broadly revo- lute B. Biddlecomiae, 226. Capsule usually unsymmetric, elongate, collum = sporangium B. uliginosum, 227. B. Synoicous, or heteroicous. (C) Costa long excurrent. Endostome attached to peristome. Spores verruculose B. arcticnm, 224. Spores smooth, about 30/^ . . . . B. pendulum, 225. Spores smooth, 20-25/^. Teeth orange red B. angustirete, 284. Teeth pale B. Roellii, £8S. Endostome free, or slightly attached. Seta 3-4 cm. long, capsule 1 : 2.5-3. Upper leaf cells long hexagonal . . B. inclinatura,i 225. 1 B. stenotrichum C. MiiU. will be sought here ; and I am unable from the description alone to discover any essential difference between it and B. inclinatum. See Appendix^ no. 290. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 215 Upper leaf cells sublinear Seta 1 cm. long, capsule 1.2 : 2 Costa short excurrent or percurrent. Leaves not bordered .... Leaves bordered. Decurrent, seta 1 cm. long Decurrent, seta 2-3 cm. long Not decurrent. Costa excurrent, leaves reddish, margin revolute ..... Costa vanishing or barely excurrent, strongly revolute .... [B. flexuosiim, may be sought here.] B. Froudei, ^28^. B. Archangel icum, 287. . B. KnOTvltoni, 292. B. brachy neuron, 286. B. Labradorense, 289. scarcely B. purpurascens, 224. margin B. lacustre, 226. C. Dioicous. Collum smooth or rugose when dry. Endostome adherent to peristome, cilia none Endostome free, cilia present. Costa percurrent, teeth bright purple Costa short excurrent, teeth orange Collum longitudinally sulcate when dry. Leaf cells pitted, perichaetial leaves costate, Leaf cells not pitted, inner perichastial leaves ecostate B. flexuosum, 227. B. Californicum, 237. B. subpurpurascens, B. oeneum, 294. B. fallax, 293. §IL Eubryum. A. Synolcous. Costa not excurrent. Leaf margin serrate above, apex straight Leaf margin entire, apex recurved Costa excurrent into a smooth point. Margins recurved ..... Margins plane ...... Costa excurrent into a serrate point. Leaves not decurrent, long cuspidate. Not bordered, entire .... Not bordered, serrate or denticulate above B. Bordered ...... . B. Oreganum, 230. B. nitidulum, 305. B. torquescens,^ 230. B. microstegium, 302. . B. intermedium,^ 228. synoico-caespiticium, 316. B. eirrhatnm,* 228. 1 See Appendix, no. 344. On account of the imperfect description I cannot place S. sanguilentum in the Key. ' See Appendix, no. 295. s See Appendix, no, 296. 216 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN, Leaves decurrent. With a broad border. Leaves short-pointed ..... B. bimum,^ 229. Leaves long-cuspidate .... B. cnspidatam, f.97. Without a border B. lonchocaulon, 229. B. Polygamous, (C) Leaves long cuspidate by excurrent costa, not bordered B. provinciale, 230. C. Autoicous. (D) Leaves bordered, costa percurrent or excurrent. Border wide, 5-6 rows of cells, distinctly revolute B. pallescens,*^ 231. Border narrow, faintly revolute . . B. ancectangiacenm, 328. Leaves not bordered, Costa excurrent . . . ' . . . B. subrotundum, 231. Costa vanishing below the apex ..... B. teres, 306. D. Dioicous. I. Costa not excurrent, or when excurrent forming a short point only (2 on p. 218.) a. Leaves obtuse. Distant, broadly ovate or oblong, rounded . B. cyclophyllain, 237. Thickly clothing stem, generally imbricate, narrower. Not bordered. Leaves strongly decurrent ... B. Obtusifolinm, 325. Leaves not decurrent B. capitellatam, 313. Bordered, sometimes indistinctly. Dull olive-green, margins strongly revolute. Membrane of endostome J^ length of peristome B. Mnhlenbeckii, 233. Membrane of endostome low . . B. rubicundulum, 314. Yellowish or dull green or purplish. Costa vanishing below apex, tips of branches crimsoned. Cells polygonal, thick walled . . . B. miniatum, 233. Cells rhombic, sub-quadrate below . B. Atwateriaj, 234. Costa percurrent, red, branch tips green B. percurrentinerve, 312. > See Appendix, nos. 298, 299. ' See Appendix, nos. 303, 304. BAENE8 — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 217 b. Leaves pointed, costa percurrent or excurrent. (c) i. Capsule short (1:2), abrupt at base. Capsule blood-red or dark purple, teeth red at base B. atropurpureum, 232. Capsule pale, teeth pale throughout . . B. microglobum, 307. ii. Capsule longer {l:3-\-), tapering at base. * Blood red to dark purple. Plants short (5-15 mm.) in small lax, yellowish-green tufts. Collum half length of sporangium . . B. erythrocarpum, 232. Collum equaling or exceeding the sporangium in length B. micro-erythrocarpum, 308. Plants larger (3-5 cm.), in large tufts. Tufts shining red or purplish . . . . B. alpinum, 233. Tufts greenish, costa yellow, percurrent or excur- rent B. haematocarpum, 311. * * Yellowish-brown. Slightly incurved. Constricted below mouth .... Not constricted ..... Symmetric. Strongly constricted below mouth. Stems about 1 cm. high Stems 4-10 cm. high .... Slightly constricted below mouth. Leaves long decurrent .... Leaves not decurrent or only slightly. Leaf margin plane. Pale on the borders .... Red on the borders Leaf margins revolute. Margin serrate at the apex Margin quite entire. Cilia single .... Cilia 2-3 .... B. meesioides, 336. . B. pallens, 237 B. turbinatum, 238. B. Schleicheri, 239. B. extenuatnm, 323. B. Sawyeri, B. erubescens, 324. B. pseudotriquetrum,! 238. B. acutiusculum, 321. . B. crassirnmeum, 329. c. Leaves pointed, costa vanishing. [B. extenuatutn and £. crassiranieum may be sought here.] Leaves distinctly margined B. capillare,* 235. 1 See Appendix, nos. 330-332. * See Appendix, nos. 317, 318, 344. 218 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. Leaves not margined or only indistinctly. Closely appressed, imbricate. Broadly ovate or obovate, abruptly apiculate B. .argenteum, 234. Ovate or lanceolate, not abruptly pointed . . B. Blindii, 309. Spreading, distant B. Duvalii,^ 238. 2. Cosfa excurrent, leaves long-cuspidate. a. Cax>sule short (1:3 or less). Constricted between sporangium and collum . . B. versicolor, 233. Not constricted between sporangium and collum B. coronatum, 232. b. Capsule longer (1: 3-\-). i. Collum long, 3^ sporangium or more. Leaves bordered with two or more rows of cells. Strongly twisted when dry, revolute . . . B. capillare,^ 235. Erect and straight when dry. Capsule scarcely constricted under the mouth, collum costate, leaf margin revolute. . . . B. obconicuin, 236. Capsule constricted under the mouth, collum smooth, leaf margin plane B. ele^ans, 319. Leaves not or very indistinctly bordered. Abruptly cuspidate, oblong spatulate or obovate lance- olate B. Hendersoni, 301. Gradually cuspidate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. Capsule constricted below the mouth . . B. caespiticium, 235. Capsule not constricted ... B. Vancouveriense, 315. ii. Collum short {}i sporangium or less) . B. occidentale, 236. §111. Rhodobryum. Costa stout, excurrent, leaf margins revolute % to % length B' Ontariense, 337. Costa vanishing, leaves plane B. lucidiim, 338. §IV. Anomobryum. Costa subexcurrent B. concinnatuin, 240. Costa vanishing below apex B. buUatum, 339. The following species, described from sterile or immature specimens, are not included in the key, since the meager descriptions render it impossible ' See Appendix, nos. 334, 335. " See Appendix, no. 317, 318, 344. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 219 to determine their position. B. leucolomatum C. M. & Kindb., 300; B. alpiniforme Kindb., 310; B. Floridanum, R. & C, 320; B. erythro- phyllum Kindb., 326; B. erythrophrjlloides Kindb., 327; B. denticula- tum Kindb., 332; B. hydrophyllum Kindb., 333; B. hcematoi^hyllum Kindb., 340; B. oligochloron C. M. and Kindb., 341; B. mierocephaluni C. M. & Kindb., 342; B. pygmceo-alpinum C. M. & Kindb., 343. Two other species, B. Baueri Hampe (CaUfornia) and B. Wrightii Sull. (Behring Straits) are listed by Ren. & Card. ZIERIA, p. 240. Costa vanishing, collum twice sporangium Costa excurrent, collum = sporangium Z. julacea, 240. Z. deniissa, 241. MNIUM, p. 241. I. Leaves serrate. Teeth of leaves single. M. Menziesii, 249. Stems dendroid ...... Stems simple or branched, not dendroid. Basilar branches stoloniform. Leaves acuminate, serrate to middle, lid convex or mamillate, membrane of endostome lacunose M. cuspidatum,^ 242. Leaves acuminate, serrate to base. Lid apiculate M. medium, 242. Lid mammiform M. affliie, 244. Leaves rounded at apex, mucronate, lid rostrate M. rostratum, 243. Basilar branches erect, or stems simple. Capsule warty-papillose at base Capsule smooth at base. Leaves nearly entire not decurrent Leaves serrate to base, long decurrent Leaves serrate above, entire below. Border distinct, yellowish-brown or red. Capsules clustered (2-3), leaf cells large and rect- angular at the base . . . M. Drummondii, 243. Capsules solitary, leaf cells uniform . . M. BIyttii, 353. Border none or faint M. stellare, 247. M. venustum,- 242. M. affine rugicum, 244. M. insigne,* 244. 1 See Appendix, no. 345. "^ Mi macrociliare is insufficiently distinguished by Miiller from this species. pendix, no. 346. 3 See Appendix, no. 347. See Ap- 220 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVEE8ITY OF WISCONSIN, B. Teeth of the leaves in pairs. [M. Blyttii may be sought here.] Costa vanishing below the apex .... M. hornam, 245^ Costa percurrent or excurrent. Capsules solitary. Synoicous. Leaves deeurrent M. serratum,^ 245. Leaves not deeurrent or only indistinctly so . M. Niag'arae, S52, Dioicous. Costa excurrent in upper leaves, leaf cells 18-30//,* plants 1.5-2 cm. high . . M. pseudolycopodioides, 351. Costa percurrent. Lid not rostrate. Capsule with long neck, wide mouthed M. inclinatam, 350. Capsule oval, inclined . . . . M. decurrens, 349. Lid rostrate. Leaf cells small, about 15//' . . M. orthorrliynchum, 246. Leaf cells very large, 50-60//* . . . M. umbratile, 246. Capsules clustered. "^ Dioicous, leaves strongly crispate, capsule horizontal or inclined M. gpinosnm, 246. Synoicous, leaves not crispate, capsule pendent M. spinulosum, 247. II. Leaves entire. Upper leaf-cells with long diameter oblique to costa. Leaves bordered. Costate to apex, dioicous, capsule oblong . M. punctatain, 248. Costa vanishing, synoicous, capsule subglobose, leaves distinct and few M. subglobosuni, 248. Costa vanishing, dioicous, leaves more abundant and closer M. hymenophyllum, 354. Leaves not bordered, costa vanishing, dioicous, capsule ovate-oblong M. cinclidioides, 248. Upper leaf -cells isodiametric, costa vanishing M. hymenopliylloides, 249. M. heterophyllum Schw. is mentioned as occurring in America (Bryol. Eur. Mnium, p. 24), but no locality is given and for this reason it is not included in the key and descriptions. I See Appendix, no. 348. ' As determined from Can. Musci, no. 197. * Fide Husnot : Muscol. Gall. 255. * Cells four times as large as M. orthorrhi/nchum, fide Mitten, Journ. Linn. See. 8: 30. * Jkf. macrocilia7-e may be sought here See footnote 2, p. 219. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 221 CINCLIDIUM, p. 249. L/eaf margin of 4-5 rows of cells, laminal cells irregularly disposed C. stygium, 250. Leaf margin of 2 rows of red cells, laminal cells in rows oblique to costa C. subrotundum, 250. AULACOMNIUM, p. 252. Leaves coarsely serrate to middle, autoicous . A. heterostichum, 253. Leaves serrulate near apex, acute or acuminate, dioicous. Stem leaves long acuminate, very roughly papillose A. papillosum, 253. Stem leaves acute. Stems commonly prolonged and gemmiferous, male flowers terminal, gemmiform . . A. androg^ynum, 252. Stems commonly not gemmiferous, male flowers dis- coid A. palustre,^ 252. Leaves entire, obtuse A. turgidum, 253. [The leaves of A. palustre are entire when young, but soon become erose crenulate.) TIMMIA, p. 254. Leaves larger above, sheath papillose on the back. Not hyaline at the insertion, monoicous . T. Megapolitana, 254. Hyaline at the insertion, dioicous ... T. Norvegica, S5S. Leaves uniform, sheath smooth on the back. Base hyaline, costa not toothed on back T. Megapolitana Bavarica, 5.57. Base orange, costa toothed above on the back . T. Aiistrlaca,^ 254. ATRICHUM, p. 255. Leaves margined, costa lamellose on upper side only. Lamellae 2-6, entire, lamina with teeth on surface.* Lamellse 4-6 cells high. Leaves serrate for % length . . . A. undulatuin,* 256. Leaves serrate above middle only. Teeth double, aculeate . . . .A. augustatiiin, 2.56. Teeth single, short .... A. xaulhopelma, 257. 1 See Appendix, nos. 355, 356. ^ See Appendix, no. 359. ' Excluding A . xanthopelma f * See Appendix, no. 360. 5 222 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. Lamellae 9-13 cells high A. Selwyni, 256. Lamellse 4-8, serrate A. Lescurii, 257. Lamellae 1-3, 1-3 cells high, lamina smooth . A. crispum, 257. Leaves not margined. Costa lamellose on both sides .... A. parallelum, 258. Costa lamellose on upper side only ... A. leiophyllum, S61. Costa nearly smooth A. rosulatum, 368. OLIGOTRICHUM, p. 258. Costa lamellose on both surfaces. Capsule rough when dry, leaf margin plane . 0. aligerum, 258. Capsule furrowed when dry, leaves nearly tubular by the incurved margin .... 0. hercynicum,i 363. Costa only lamellose on upper surface ... 0. Lyallii, 259. POGONATUM, p. 260. I. Plants simple, mostly short, leaves straight when dry. [P. alpinutn simplex will be sought here.] Lamellae with marginal cells smooth. Leaves entire P. brachyphyllum, 261. Leaves serrate P. brevicanle, 260. Lamellae with marginal cells papillose. Teeth of leaves very long, often reflexed, marginal cells of lamellae subquadrate .... P. dentatum, 261. Teeth moderate, 2 rows of marginal cells of lamellae transversely rectangular .... P. capillare, 261. IL Plants large (4-15 cm.), leaves twisted when dry. (Ill) Leaves strongly contorted when dry, lamellae 20-30. Less than 1 cm. long, short sheathing, capsule smooth. Leaves scarcely enlarged at the base, acute P. contortum, 262. Leaves enlarged at the base, abruptly pointed P. atrorirens, 262. More than 1 cm. long, not sheathing, capsule pap- illose P- erythrodontium, 365. Leaves spreading or patulose when dry, lamellae about 60 P. Macounii, 367. ' See Appendix, no. 364. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 223 III. Plants usually robust {4-15 cm.), rarely small, often much branched above, leaves straight when dry. * Capsule papillose, marginal cells of lamellas round in section P. urnigerum, 26a. Capsule smooth, marginal cells of lamellae ovate in section P. alpinnm,^ 263, POLYTRICHUM, p. 263. Leaves entire, margins inflexed. Obtuse at apex Aristate at apex. Awn colored, short. Leaves spreading when moist, subrecurved Leaves erect-open, strict .... Awn hyaline, long Leaves serrate. Marginal cells of lamellte like rest, oval, higher than broad in section. Capsule ovate, obscurely angled, lid rostrate Capsule oblong, 4-6 angled, lid acutely conic Marginal cells of lamellas enlarged, broader than high (2:1) P. sexangulare, S69. P. juniperinum,* 265. P. strictum, 265. . P. piliferum, 264. P. gracile, 264. P. formosum,' 264. P. Ohioense, S70. Marginal cells of lamellae semilunar, with two promi- nent papillae at corners P. commune,* 266. P. polare C. Mull., 373; P. hyperboreum R. Br.; P. boreale Kindb.; P. Icevipilum. Hpe., are not included in the key since no authentic ma- terial is at hand, and the descriptions are not sufficient to determine their position. The first three are arctic species and their omission is compara- tively unimportant. BUXBAUMIA, p. 267. Outer peristome simple, spores 5-9//. Capsule little longer than broad Capsule much longer than broad (1 : 2-2.5) . Outer peristome quadruple or triple, spores 10-16yW B. aphylla, 268. . B. Piperi, 376. B. indnsiata, 375. 1 See Appendix, no. 366. * See Appendix, no. 374. ' P. conorhynchum Kindb., evidently falls here. See Appendix, no. 368. * See Appendix, nos. 371, 372. 224 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, FONTINALIS, p. 268.1 I. Leaves of branches unlike stem leaves {dimorphous). Branch leaves 8-16 times as long as broad Branch leaves 2.5-5 times as long as broad F. chrysophylla, S83. F. Kindbergii," 381. II. Leaves homomorphous.^ A. Leaf cells rhomhic-hexagonal {1: 6 or less). Plants shining with golden or copper luster. Stem robust, little branched . F. antipyretica gigantea,* 269. Stem soft, much branched .... F. Californica, 269. Plants dull, yellowish to dirty green. Leaves with one edge reflexed near base . F. antipyretica, 268. Leaves with margin plane. Female flowers abundant, in most leaf axils F. Novae- Angliae,^ 270. Female flowers rare, at base of stems . . F. biformis, 270. B Leaf cells long linear {1 : 7-30). I. Leaves auricled. [F. Xescurii and F. Neo~Mexicana may be sought here.] Alar cells very large ..... Alar cells moderately enlarged. Leaves inflexed on the borders. Gradually acuminate .... Cucullate and terminated by an acumen Obtuse, neither acuminate nor cucullate Leaves plane on the borders, acuminate. Transverse bars of the endostome complete . Transverse bars of the endostome incomplete F. flaccida, F, dichelymoides, 395. F. involuta, 389. F. Cardoti, 388. F. tenella, 391. . F. nitida, 390. 1 Revised by Cardot, Mem. Soc. Nat. d. Sci. Nat. et Math, de Cherbourg 28: 1-152. 1892. ^ It has not been deemed advisable to maintain F, Howellii as a distinct species. Following the suggestion of Cardot, Monog. Fontin. 67, it is ranked as a variety of F. Kindbergii, See also Appendix, no. 382, ^ In F. biformis the summer leaves are unlike the vernal, so that specimens collected just as the vernal are falling might deceive. * See Appendix, nos. 377, 378. •* See Appendix, nos. 386, 387, BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 225 2. Leaves not auricled. * Tubulose or sub-tubulose. Apex obtuse and cucullate F. Langloisii, 397. Apex acute and not cucullate .... F. flliformis/ 271. * * Concave and incurved on the borders. (* * *) Perichtetial leaves round-obtuse, entire or lacerate. Teeth of 14-20 articulations, leaves oblong lanceolate F. Delamarei, S84. Teeth of 28-32 articulations, leaves broadly oval . F. mollis, 385. PerichEetial leaves abruptly pointed, entire . . F. Dalecarlica, 270. * * * Plane or concave but not incurved. Alar cells very large F. SulliYantii, 271. Alar cells scarcely enlarged or only moderately. Transverse bars of the endostome complete throughout. Leaves decurrent, teeth not lacunose . F. Neo-Mexicana,^ 269. Leaves not decurrent, teeth generally lacunose. Capsule contracted below mouth when dry F. hypiioides, 272. Capsule not contracted below mouth when dry F. Duriroi, 392. Transverse bars of the endostome not complete. Articulations of the teeth 12-20. Endostome rudimentary, transverse bars not com- plete at any point .... F. inicrodonta, 59^. Endostome better developed, transverse bars com- plete above F. disticha, 272. Articulations of the teeth 20-25 . . . . F. Lescurli, 271. DICHELYMA, p. 272.3 Costa percurrent or vanishing. Capsule exceeding perichsetium . . . . D. falcatum, 273. Capsule not exceeding perichaetium . . D. pallescens,* 274. 1 See Appendix, no. 396. 'if. maritima C. Miill., falls here, and is probably only a variety of F. Neo-Mexicana. See Appendix, no. 380; also no. 379. ' Revised by Cardot, I. c. *lnc\nding D. Novae■Bruns^viciae Kindh., and D. obtusulum Kindh. (Mac. Cat. 159), sec. Cardot, ibid. 143. 226 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. Costa excurrent. Endostome a cancellate cone . . . . D. nncinatnm/ 273. Endostome of appendiculate cilia, united only at the tips D. capillaceum,* 273. D. suhulatum Myrin is Braehelyma subulata Sch. of which Cryphcea inundata Nees is also a synonym, sec. Cardot, ibid. 131. CRYPHiEA, p. 275. Costa percurrent or excurrent ..... C. nervosa, 277. Costa vanishing near middle. Costa of perichaetial leaves excurrent into a thick point C. glomerata, 276. Costa of perichaetial leaves vanishing in or below apex C. pendula, 276. Costa of perichaetial leaves vanishing far below apex C. Ravenelii, 277. LEPTODON, p. 278. Leaves ecostate. Leaf cells not pitted, capsule 2 mm. long . L. tricliomitrion, 278. Leaf cells pitted, capsule 1 mm. long . . L. Floridanus, 414. Leaves costate. Leaf cells round-oval, capsule exserted, oblong-oval L. Ohioensis, 278. Leaf cells narrowly rhomboidal, capsule immersed, sub- globose L. uitidus, 279. ALSIA, p. 279. Annulus none. Costa vanishing at middle, smooth(?), margins re- flexed A. Californica, 280. Costa vanishing near apex, dentate on back, margins plane A. longipes, 280. Annulus compound, revoluble, leaves papillose at back A. abietina, 280. NECKERA, p. 281. Leaves very obtuse. Plants slender (shoots 2 mm. wide), leaves loosely imbri- cate, rounded, concave ..... N. disticha, 281. Plants robust (shoots 4 mm. wide), leaves densely im- bricate, truncate, not concave . . . N. nndalata, 281. J Including D. cylindricarpum Aust. as a variety sec. Cardot, ibid, 139. " See Appendix, no. 398. BAENES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 227 Leaves rounded, abruptly apiculate. Revolute at base on one side, capsule immersed . N. Menziesii/ 282. Not revolute, capsule exseried . . . • N. complanata, 283. Leaves acute or acuminate. Ecostate or nearly so. Capsule immersed or half exserted. Shoots obtuse N. pennata, 282. Shoots attenuate to apex ... N. oligocarpa,- 283. Capsule exserted. Segments as long as the teeth and similar . N. Douglasii,* 283. Segments shorter, abruptly narrowed from a broad carinate plicate base .... N. pumila, 284. Costate to the middle or beyond. Margins broadly revolute .... N. Floridana, 284. Margins not revolute. Alar cells fawn-color, costa thin, percurrent N. Ludorieiae, 284. Alar cells opaque, costa vanishing . . N. cymbifolia, 284. HOMALIA, p. 285. . , . , ,, .jj, , i. (H.Maconnii, 403. Costa single,vanishmg above the middle, leaves serrate | ^ Jamesii,* 285. Costa double, very short or none, leaves entire . H. gracilis, 286. METEORIUM, p. 286. Leaves serrulate M. pendulum, 286. Leaves minutely crenulate M. nigresceus, 287. LEUCODON, p. 287. Capsule exserted. Leaves entire, open-erect, lid exactly conic . L. sciuroides, 288. Leaves serrulate at apex, squarrose, lid obliquely ros- trate L. julaceus, 288. Capsule surpassed by perichaetial leaves, leaves secund L. brachypus, 288. 1 See Appendix, nos. 399, 400. " See Appendix, no. 401. ' See Appendix, no. 402. * Including H. trichomanoides L. & J. Man. 285 (not Bruch. & Schimper), H. obtusata L. & J. (not Mitten). I am unable to detect from the descriptions alone any character which wUl separate H. Jamesii from H. Macounii. If type specimens show H. Jamesii to be the same its priority will make it the name for the type instead of H. Macounii. 228 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. PTERIGYNANDRUM, p. 288. Branch leaves acute, serrate or denticulate at the apex only P. flliforme,! 280. Branch leaves acute or acuminate, denticulate nearly all around P. papillosulum, 405. PTEROGONIUM, p. 289. Leaves broadly oblong-ovate or obovate, acute, smooth P. gracile, 290. Leaves broadly deltoid-ovate, narrowly acuminate, papil- lose P. brachypterum, 290. ANTITRICHIA,2 p. 290. Capsule oval (1 : 2-2.5), leaf cells fusiform . A. cartipendula, 291. Capsule cylindric (1 : 6), leaf cells oval . . A. Californica,' 291. HOOKERIA, p. 292. Leaves bicostate to middle (not papillose?) . . H. varians, 292, Leaves bicostate to apex, papillose . . . . H. crnceana, 292. Leaves ecostate, entire (not papillose?) . . . H. SuUiTautii,* 293. FABRONIA, p. 294. Leaves ciliate-dentate. Peristome of 16 teeth, costa none or very short . F. piisilla, 294. Peristome none, leaves costate to middle . F. gyninostoma, 294. Peristome of 8 geminate teeth, leaves costate nearly to middle F. octoblepliaris, 295. Leaves serrate to subentire. Sharply serrate, teeth orange, spores about 11// . F. Wrightii, 295. Obscurely serrate, teeth brown, spores about 17// F. Ravenelii, 295. Obscurely serrate, teeth with prominent articulations on back F. Donnellii, 295. 1 See Appandix, no. 404. ^ A sterile species, A, tenella, Appendix, no. 406a, is probably referrable to one of the two species here given. ^ See Appendix, no. 406. * "Die Hookeria Sullivantii mihi unterscheide ich auch heute noch von H. lucens und ebenso von H. acuti/olia aus Indien."— C. MuUer, in litt. ad E, G. Britton, 18 Jul. 1888. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 229 THELIA, p. 298. Papillae of leaves simple. Horn shaped, curved .... Globose ....... PapillfB 2-4 furcate. Usually bifurcate, leaves ciliate Usually l-furcate, leaves not ciliate Usually 3-4 furcate,* leaves ciliate T. hirtella, 299. T. robusta, 299. T. asprella, 299. T. Lescurii, 299. T. compacta, 407. MYURELLA, p. 300. Leaves serrulate, obtuse (rarely short apiculate) Leaves serrulate, abrujjtly apiculate-acuminate Leaves spinulose-dentate, abruptly long-acuminate M. julacea, 300. M. apicnlata, 300. M. Careyana, 300. LESKEA, p. 302. L Costa reaching to or beyond the middle. Percurrent ....... Not percurrent. Leaves entire. Endostome divided into segments. Cleft between articulations, leaves bluntish. Leaves ovate at base, and narrowed above Leaves oblong or broadly ovate Not cleft, leaves acute .... Endostome a short undivided membrane Leaves crenulate ...... L. nervosa, 302. L. obscura, 301. L. siibobtusifolia, 4O8. L. polycarpa, 301. L. Austini, 303. L. tristis, 303. H. Costa very short or none. Leaf cells linear oblong Leaf cells rotundate L. denticulata, 302. L. cyrtophylla, 409. MYRINIA, App., no. 410. Leaves with faint traces of a costa at the base . M. pulviuata,^ 303. Leaves with broad costa, sometimes bifurcate, ceasing below apex M. (2) Dieckii, 4II. 1 No. 248 Canadian Musci shows this character, 'i. pulvinata Wahl., L. & J. Man. 303. 230 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. ANOMODON, p. 304. Leaves not papillose A. Toccoae, 306. Leaves papillose. Base with large fimbriate-papillose auricles. Margins reflexed near apex, replicate below middle A. Californicus, 306. Margins not at all reflexed .... A. apicalatus, 306. Base not auriculate. Leaves filiform acuminate. Decurrent, paraphyllia broad ... A. heteroideus, 413. Not decurrent, paraphyllia none ... A. rostratus, 305. Leaves obtuse or apiculate. Branches attenuate . . . . .A. attenuatus,^ 305. Branches not attenuate. Leaves open-erect, teeth nodose . . A. obtiisifolius, 305. Leaves secund, teeth not nodose . . A. viticnlosus, 306. PYLAIS-'>'Ostrate or with ascending branches. Leaves squarrose, acuminate. Sub-serrulate all around, lid apiculate . . H. hispiduhim, 378. Entire except the acumen, lid obtuse . . . H. Macouuii, 539. Leaves loosely imbricate, obtuse or acute. Serrulate, at least above. Nearly as broad as long, obtuse or apiculate. Alar cells small, not forming distinct auricles, others 1 : 8-10 H. molle, 399. Alar cells large, forming distinct auricles, others much longer than preceding . . H. (iilatatum,^ 601. Nearly twice as long as broad, acute, point often half twisted H. alpestre, 399. Entire. Leaves close set, ovate (1:2). . . . H. Norvegicum, 581. Leaves more distant, rotund .... H. Ooulardi, 585. * * Leaves firm; plants very large, mostly 1-2 pinnate, erect or ascending. Paraphyllia none. Capsule smooth when dry. Leaves obtuse. Olive or grayish green, 1-2-pinnate, leaves open H. Schreberi, 404. Dirty green to dark brown, almost simple, leaves closely appressed H. trifarium, 405, Leaves abruptly apiculate, plants pale green . . H. piirum, 594. Capsule plicate when dry, plants dark green to reddish brown ....... H. scoi'pioides,^ 406. Capsule unknown; plants dark yellow and greenish, branches julaceous, few, fastigiate, leaves short apiculate H. turgescens, 406. Paraphyllia present ...... H. Alaskanuiu, 405. 1 iif. circuUfoUum C. M. & Kindb., Appendix, uo. 583, belonging to this division and de- scribed from sterile specimens, is related to H. dilatatum Wils. 'See Appendix, no. 599. BARNES NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES, 247 II. Leaves secund. A. Costa single, reaching to the middle or heyond. (B on p. 248.) I, Leaves transversely rugose and longitudinally plicate H. aduncum gracilescens, 381. 2. Leaves not rugose, often plicate. * Paraphyllia abundant {rarely few). Leaves plicate H. commutatiim, 387. Leaves not plicate. Smooth H. filicininn/ 386. Very papillose H. decipiens, 561. * * Parajihyllia none.^ ■J— Annulus none. Leaves quite entire, short acuminate . . . H. palustre, 398. Leaves denticulate, subulate acuminate . . . H. fluitans,' 383. +- -1— Anmdus present, often large. Leaves acute or bluntish H. ochraceum, 401. Leaves subulate by the long excurrent costa . H. capillifoliuin, 551. Leaves gradually long acuminate, costa often entering point but not long excurrent. Broad (1-2 mm.), crumpled and plicate when dry H.lycopodioides,*385. Narrower (0.5-1 mm.), not crumpled when dry. Auricles none or indistinct. Leaves usually plicate and denticulate. Capsule oblique, incurved, subcylindric H. uncinatura, 382. Capsule symmetric, erect, cylin- dric , , . . H. uiicinatum syiumetriciim, 552. Leaves entire. Plicate, plants pale green or shining yellow H. yernicosum, 385, Smooth, plants brown or purple or blackish H. revolvens, 384. 1 See Appendix, no. 560. ^ H. conflatum C. M. & Kindb., Appendix, no. 558, belonging to this division, is not sufficiently described to enable me to determine its position. s Including H. exannulatum Guemb., sec. Kenauld in Husnot's Muscol. Gall. 379. See also Appendix, nos. 553-557. * Including H. Wilsoni Sch. (H. Sendtneri Wilsoni Sch.) as a sub-species, sec. Ren- auld, ibid. 375. 248 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN. Auricles distinct. Leaves usually denticulate . . . . H. unciuatum, 382. Leaves entire or obtusely sinuolate. Falciform, costa 60-120/i broad, capsule cylindric H. Sendtneri,381. Various, costa 30-60/^ broad, capsule oblong H. aduiicum,^ 380. B. Costa double and short, or none. I. Plants regularly pinnate. (2 on p. 249.) * Capsule costate and arcuate when dry. Alar cells short, yellow, thick walled . . . H. cnrvifolium, 396. Alar cells inflated, hyaline, thin walled . . H. Patientiee,* 572. * * Cajosule not eostate when dry. ■I— Leaves quite entire. [H. imponens and B. subimponens may be sought here.] Alar cells dilated, hyaline or yellowish. ^ Cilia 2, nodulose H, Dieckii, 577. Cilia 3 H. callichroum, 393. Alar cells not dilated. Cells uniform throughout leaf . . . . H. AVatsoni, 386. Alar cells subquadrate, rest elongated . . H. complexum, 396. -1— -i- Leaves serrate or denticulate all around. (•)— -h- -i-) Capsule long cylindric, suberect or slightly incurved H. imponens, 393. Capsule ovate, oblong or obovate, inclined or arcuate. Paraphyllia subulate, cilia short . . . H. Canadense, 568. Paraphyllia ovate- lanceolate, cilia equaling the seg- ments H. molluscnm, 389. -)—-)- -1— Leaves serrate or denticulate only above the middle. Capsule arcuate or incurved cernuous, stem leaves plicate, plants large (to 15 cm.) . . . . H. Crista-castrensis, 389. Capsule incurved cernuous, stem leaves not plicate. Plants large (to 10 cm.) . . H. cupressiforme tectorum, 395. J See Appendix, nos. 546-550. ^ See Appendix, nos. 573-575. ^ H. Renauldii Kindb., Appendix, no. 571, falls here, but characters given do not allow it to be separated in the key. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 249 Plants small (usually less than 5 cm.). PerichiBtial leaves plicate. Inner perichaetial leaves costate. Alar cells not distinct i . . . . ' . H. fertile, 391. Alar cells large, hyaline . . . H. Wagliomei, 565. Inner perichaetial leaves ecostate . . . H. hamiilosiim, 391. Perichaetial leaves not plicate. Alar cells not enlarged . . . . H. subimpouens, 393. Alar cells quadrate or vesicular, enlarged. Leaves narrowly acuminate, faintly bicostate H. depressulum, 391. Leaves long subulate, ecostate . . . H. circinale, 392. 2. Plants irregularly branched. [H, callicJivount may be sought here] * Leaves quite entire. Alar cells not different H. pseudoarcticum, 5S4. Alar cells enlarged, oblong rectangular. Teeth hyaline margined, cilia appendiculate H. arcuatiforme, 576. Teeth not hyaline margined, cilia nodose . . H. prateiise,- 397. Alar cells quadrate. Plants erect, fastigiately branched . . . H. Bambergeri, 397. Plants prostrate, irregularly pinnate . . H. incurvatuin, 600. * * Leaves serrulate or denticulate above. [H. pseudo-arcticuni and H. iticurvatutn may be sought here.] Perichaetial leaves costate, and plicate or sulcate. Costa geminate, reaching middle . . . . H. reptile, 390. Costa geminate, short. Middle leaf cells long (1 : 12-15) . . H. cupressiforme,^ 394. Middle leaf cells shorter (1 : 6-8) . . . H. Vauclieri,* 570. Costa single, or wanting. Inner perichaetial leaves long subulate (1 : 12) . H. Moseri, 559. Inner perichfetial leaves lanceolate (1:5) . H. fastig-iatum, 564. 1 "Blattflugelzellen sehr gross, aufgeblasen, wasserhell bis gold gelb," sec. Milde, Bry. Siles. 359. Not according to Bryol. Eur. pi. 591, from which this character is taken. ^ See Appendix, no. 578. ' See Appendix, no. 569. * The character of the perichaetial leaves is unknown to me, but since the species is so closely related to H. cupressi/orme, it is placed in this position. 250 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN. Perichaetial leaves ecostate.^ Plicate ..... Not plicate. Foliage leaves strongly revolute Foliage leaves concave H. plicatile, 394. H. revolntum,* 566. H. Sequoieti, 392. H. rngosum, 388. H. robustum, 388. H. loreum, 410. H. triquetruni," 409. H. squarrosum,^ 409. HYLOCOMIUM,* p. 409. Leaves secund. Sharply serrate at apex, alar cells quadrate Subserrate at apex, alar cells scarcely diflferent Leaves equally spreading. Paraphyllia none. Leaves sulcata. Ecostate, leaf cells all alike Bicostate, leaf cells enlarged at the base Leaves not sulcate ..... Paraphyllia present. Leaves with a long double costa and deeply sulcate H. umbratum, 407. Leaves obscurely bicostate. Paraphyllia pinnate, branches 2-3 pinnate H. splendens, 407. Paraphyllia minute, branching irregularly pin- nate H. brevirostre, 408. Leaves unicostate to middle, coarsely serrate . H. Oakesii, 408. ^ H. pseudo-fastigiatum C. M. & Kindb., Appendix, no. 563, and H. pseudo-pratenae Kindb., Appendix no. 578, both described from sterile specimens, fall here. ° See also Appendix, no. 567. 2 Including Pleurozium L. & J. Man. 407. ^ See Appendix, no. 603. * See Appendix, no. 602. H. calvescens (Wils.) Lindb. is closely related to H. squar- osum and is ranked as a variety by Husnot: Muscol. Gall. 425. APPENDIX. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES AND VARIETIES published since the issue of Lesquereuz and James' Manual of the Mosses of North America in ISSi, and before JarAiary 1, ISM. 1. Sphagnum Bolanderi Warnst.— Plants resembling delicate forms of S.fimbriafum: stem leaves small, Ungulate, mostly delicately fimbriate by resorbed cell membranes; border narrow, equal throughout or broader at base: hyaline cells of upper part abundantly fibrillose, with half-elliptic pores along commissures: branches 3 in a fascicle, two divergent, one pen- dent: branch leaves very small, ovate lanceolate, narrowly bordered, apex obtuse and toothed, margins involute, densely imbricate and when dry not shining; hyaline cells fibrillose, inner surface in superior half with single large round pores becoming more numerous in marginal regions, outer surface near apex with medium sized round or semi-elliptic pores gradually increasing in size towards base and arranged along commissures; chloro- phyllose cells exposed on inner side and not on outside, or only occasion- ally. Hedwigia 30: 173. 1891.— California. 2. Sphagnum Russowii Warnst.— Plants usually tall and strong; tufts loose and high or compact and low: stem leaves large, broad linguiform, with somewhat undulate margins, only in middle of broad rounded apex dentate or somewhat fimbriate; border much widened below; hyaline cells in upper part of leaf large, broad, rhombic, mostly without cross partitions, but with delicate membrane plaits, all with membrane thinnings, which rarely at edges towards apex change into isolated pores, mostly without fibers and pores but rarely fibrillose near apex: fascicles 4 or 5 branched, distant or crowded; 2 or 3 stouter branches spreading, recurved horizontal, curving upward or erect, longer or shorter; pendent branches very long and closely appressed to stem: branch leaves closely or loosely imbricated, mostly with a somewhat spreading (more rarely nearly squarrose) tip, very seldom almost secund, lanceolate, narrow bordered, the upper margins in- volute, and at the transversely or roundly truncate apex dentate, two or 251 252 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. three plaits near the base: dioicous, rarely monoicous: perigonial leaves resembling the branch leaves; perichsetial leaves as in S. Girgensohnii; fruit rare. Bot. Gaz. 15: 130. 1890. Hedwigia 25: 225. 1886.— Newfound- land; Labrador; Canada; New Brunswick; Maine; New Hampshire; Rocky Mountains; Washington. 3. Sphagnum Warnstorfii Russ. — Tufts mostly loose; plants usually delicate, slender and graceful, and at the same time firmly erect: stem leaves small to medium sized, mostly linguiform, from base very gradually narrowed and then rather abruptly contracted into a roundish pointed dentate or entire apex; border narrow, much widened downwards; hyaline cells of upper half of leaf rhombic to elongate rhombic, mostly divided but nonfibrillose: fascicle of 3-5 branches of which 2-3 are spreading: leaves of the latter ovate in basal half, involute above and subulate, truncate and 3-5 toothed, often regularly 5 ranked, sometimes secund, always with their points diverging from each other; hyaline cells from basal half of spread- ing branches with numerous pores on outer surface: dioicous: perichaetial leaves large, ovate-lanceolate, in lower part consisting of chlorophyllose cells only; hyaline cells of upper part uon-fibrillose: capsule comparatively large, dark reddish brown. Bot. Gaz. 15: 138. 1890. — Damp or wet birch swamps, margins of elevated bogs when adjacent to birch-covered wet meadows, or in springy swamps: Newfoundland; Labrador; Massachu- setts; New Hampshire; Connecticut; Minnesota; Montana; Rocky Moun- tains; Alaska. 4. Spliagniim Vancouveriense Warnst. — Stem leaves without fibrils and pores, rounded apex suddenly narrowed to a short often obtuse and toothed acumen, border up to 10 cells bi'oad and very much broadened toward base; membrane of hyaline cells sometimes very thin or (par- ticularly in upper part) resorbed on both sides: branch leaves when dry curved, erect spreading, on inside in region of margins with many large round pores, on outer face with medium sized to large pores along com- missures. Hedwigia 33: 308. 1891, — Vancouver Island. 5. Sphagnum tenellum Klingg. — Tufts soft; plants generally quite slender: stem leaves larger or smaller, linguiform, usually cucullate in- curved at apex, and sometimes at sides, and afterwards by spreading out flat becoming lacerate dentate or delicately fimbriate; hyaline cells with or without fibrils in upper part of leaf: fascicles of 3-4 branches, 2 diverg- ing: branch leaves loosely or densely imbricate, frequently secund, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, small, dentate at broad rounded apex, margin involute, apical half of inner surface with numerous small pores, especially in upper and lower cell angles, and larger ones in broader part of leaf, especially near margins, outer surface of leaf very porose, pores strongly ringed near apex: dioicous, rarely monoicous: perichaetial leaves large, ovate, above abruptly contracted to a narrow truncate emarginate involute point; hyaline cells BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 253 without fibrils or pores. Bot. Gaz. 15: 135. 1890.— In elevated bogs: N. E. United States; Newfoundland; eastern Canada. 6. Sphagnum fuscum Klingg. — In extensive, dense or loose, often cush- ion-shaped patches; stems usually slender and delicate: stem leaves usually- small, linguiform, often at rounded apex abruptly contracted to a small cucuUate point, which is generally somewhat fimbriate, border broader below; hyaline cells nearly always without fibrils and pores, 2-4-divided by obliquely transverse walls, and with delicate longitudinal plaits in membrane: fascicles of 3-4 branches: leaves small, nearly lusterless when dry, densely or loosely imbricated, from an ovate base extending to a comparatively short round-ti-uncate dentate involute tip; border 3-4 cells wide; hyaline cells on inner side of leaf in upper part with numerous usually ringless pores, especially in upper and lower cell angles, pores in middle of cell, near margin and base, outer surface with numerous pores: dioicous: perichajtial leaves large, ovate, slightly emarginate at rounded apex, hyaline cells without fibrils and pores: fruit rare. Bot. Gaz. 15: 133. 1890.— In elevated bogs: N. United States; Newfoundland; Canada. 7. Sphagnum quiuquefarium Warnst.— Plants slender and dehcate like S. Warnstorfli or strong and robust like S. Russowii: stem leaves from a broad base deltoid, not linguiform, above at often abruptly contracted apex truncate, dentate, usually involute and bordered at edge, border wider below: hyaline cells in whole middle part of leaf broad, in upper half al- most rhombic, often once or several times divided by oblique transverse walls and with membrane plaits, without fibrils and pores oftener than with them: fascicles of 5 branches, 3 spreading; branches 5-angled by 5-ranked leaves: branch leaves loosely or closely imbricate, never secund, small, ovate-lanceolate, at usually round-truncate involute-edged and den- tate apex bordered by 2-3 rows of narrow cells, upper part of inner surface porose, pores small, ringed, in upper and lower cell angles, in broader part of leaf and near margins pores larger and not ringed, outer surface with numerous pores along commissures: commonly monoicous, more rarely dioicous: perichsetial leaves large, ovate, above drawn out to a longer or shorter emarginate involute-edged apex: fruit not rare: spores fine, smooth. Bot. Gaz. 15: 189. 1890.— Newfoundland: Canada; E. United States. 8. Spliagnum teuerum (Aust.) Warnst.— Stem leaves large, isosceles- triangular, mostly with cut edges and a quite long obtuse toothed acumen with incurved edges; border suddenly broadened at base; hyaline cells often divided by oblique walls and mostly fibrillose to base, inner side porose, pores large, round, outer side with half elliptic pores along com- missures: fascicles generally 4-branched: branch leaves quite large, ovate- lanceolate, regularly imbricate; apex obtuse, toothed, margins involute; hyaline cells on inside with large round pores near sides and small pores 7 254 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF -WISCONSIN. near apex in upper and lower cell angles, pores of outside half-elliptic, in rows on commissures. Hedwigia 29:194. 1890.— New Jersey; Connecticut. 9. Spliag'nuin subnitens Euss. & Warnst.— Plants when dry very soft and with more or less of a metallic luster: stem leaves large, elongated, isosceles-triangular, broad at base, not rarely with undulate margins in middle, above abruptly narrowed into a longer or shorter broad-truncate dentate and involute-edged point; border broad, much widened downwards and formed of very narrow pitted tubular cells; hyaline cells in middle of base wide and large, above rather shorter, rhomboidal, at margins narrow, mostly without fibrils and pores, rarely with rudiments of fibrils and pores at apex, longitudinally plaited: branches 3-4 in a fascicle, one or two pen- dent: leaves of spreading branches larger or smaller, densely or loosely im- bricate, often curved, erect-spreading, seldom somewhat secund or squar- rose, never distinctly 5-ranked, from an ovate base narrowed upward to a rather long dentate transversely or roundly-truncate involute-edged apex; hyaline cells with numerous fibrils, pores on inner surface almost all near margins, on outer surface more numerous: mostly monoicous, more rarely dioicous: perichjetial leaves large, ovate, edge very broadly bordered in upper part and emarginate at rounded truncate apex: fruit very common, Bot. Gaz. 15: 194. 1890.— Newfoundland; Labrador; Miquelon Is.; Nova Scotia; Maine; New Hampshire; Massachusetts; New Jersey; Connecticut; Virginia; Indiana; California. 10. Sphagnum microphyllnm Warnst.— Plants very delicate, very similar to small slender forms of «S'. fimhriatum Wils.: stem leaves large, about 23^ times as long as broad, above narrowed into a distinctly truncate toothed apex; border narrow and broadened slightly below; hyaline cells elongated-rhomboidal, without cross walls in apical half, in upper % to % abundantly fibrillose, on inner side with many large round ringless pores in middle of cell, on outside with half-elliptic pores along commissures: fascicles 3-branched, 1 pendent: leaves of spreading branches small, ovate lanceolate, densely imbricate or with apes erect-spreading or almost squar- rose, apex obtuse, toothed, in upper part margin involute, narrowly bor- dered, when dry not shining; hyaline cells fibrillose, abundantly porose on inside, pores round, ringless, outside with half-elliptic ringed pores in rows along commissures. Hedwigia 30: 172. 1891.— California. 11. Spliagnuiu Labradorense Warnst.— Stem leaves medium sized, Un- gulate spatulate from a narrowed base, border narrow, broadened at base, margin broadly involute on one or both sides, finely toothed at obtuse apex; hyaline cells broadly rhombic, near base narrower and longer, divided with one to four oblique walls, inner surface with large pores, outer surface with very thin membranes, resorbed in apical part, without fibrils or in apical part just the beginnings: fascicle of 3-4 branches, two spreading: branch leaves ovate, about as large as stem leaves, apex broad, obtuse. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 255 with 4-C lar^e teeth; margin faintly bordered, toothed above, involute far down, loosely erect spreadintj; hyaline cells broad rhombic to rhomboidal, inner surface near apex with small faintly ringed pores, towards middle in side regions with few large pores, outer surface with numerous narrow elliptic pores gradually larger towards the leaf base and margins, fibrils very numerous. Hedwigia 31: 174. 1892.— Newfoundland; New Jersey. 12. Sphagnnm Floriduiiuiu Card.— Differs from S. macrophifllum by more numerous pores of stem leaves (4-10 in each cell); shorter pointed branch leaves, rounded obtuse, not tubulose, canaliculate and cucuUate at summit; hyaline cells narrower, pores small and very numerous, 40-60 upon each face in large cells of middle, biseriate, entirely at'one end of the cell, or uniseriate: fruit unknown. Cardot, Rev. des Sphaignes de i' Ameri- que du Nord 22. 1887. — Florida; Louisiana. 13. Sphagnum riparium Aongstr. — Cortex of stem wanting: stem leaves very large, refloxcd, triangular lingulate, apex rounded, deeply two cleft by resorption of membranes, always without fibrils, borders entirely of green cells with pits: fascicle of 4-5 branches: leaves narrowly bordered, when dry somewhat crispate, middle ones with squarrosely reflexed points, chlorophyllose cells exposed on both faces, pores on concave leaf surface quite large and numerous along the commissures, membranes resorbed at upper end of cells on convex surface for entire breadth of leaf in middle or side regions, in other cases with 2-4 large pores instead: perichsetial leaves with the lower % composed mostly of pitted chlorophyllose cells. Limpr. Laubm. 1: 133. — New Hampshire; New Jersey; Canada; Greenland; Alaska; Behring Sea. 14. Spliagnum Diisenii Jensen. — Strong to robust, green or yellowish- green: wood body green or yellow, formed of quite thick-walled cells; cor- tex of 5 layers of cells with weakly thickened walls: stem leaves triangular lingulate, apex with few large teeth, generally fibrous in upper half, border broad: branches 4 in each fascicle, 2 divergent often long and attenuate: leaves crowded or loosely imbricate, seldom secund, large (2X1 mm.), broad oval lanceolate, above with incurved margin; hyaline cells long and narrow, below 15-20 X 2.5-3/^, strongly fibrous, on convex side with num- erous round or oval pores (5-7// diam.) with weakly thickened edges, on concave side with single rather distant round pores along sides of broad part, all pores somewhat distant from chlorophyll cells, often forming 1 or 2 rows: dioicous; 5 branches acute, with yellowish brown bracts, 9 branches short or elongated, their leaves broadly oval with hyaline cells at base and fibrous in upper half: capsule brown; spores 2// diam., yellow and finely papillose: seldom fruiting. *S'. majus Russow; Jensen in De danske Sphag- num-Arter, Festskrift bot. Foren. Copenh. 50-aarsfest 106. 1890. Anti- costi; Maine; New Hampshire; New York; Wisconsin. 15. Sphagnum Mohrianniu Warnst. — Stem leaves large, narrow at 256 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. base, broadening towards middle and then narrowing into an obtuse fine toothed point with involute margins, accordingly nearly lanceolate; border narrow; hyaline cells mostly divided by an oblique wall, abundantly fibril- lose to base, inner surface of basal half with large round ringless pores in middle of cell wall, basal cells with a very large opening, in upper half with single pores in the cell angles: fascicle 3-branched: branch leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, apex broadly obtuse and toothed, narrowly bor- dered margins broadly involute; hyaline cells on inner surface abundantly fibrillose, sparingly porose on both sides, only with single pores in cell angles. Hedwigia 31: 179. 1892.— Mobile, Alabama. 16. Sphagnum obesuiu Wils.— Stem leaves large, reflexed, oblong tri- angular, apex cucullate or simply obtuse, fringed, border narrow, without fibrils below: branches swollen, curving downward, never twisted: leaves soft and loosely placed, in water somewhat pinnately spreading, broad to narrow ovate-lanceolate, broader bordered, apex several toothed, both sides of apical half with small pores in almost all cell angles, especially in upper and lower, rarely almost wanting. Sphagnum contorfum obesum (Wils.) Limpr. Limpr. Laubm. 1: 121.— New Hampshire; Massachusetts; Vir- ginia; Connecticut. 17. Spliagnum dasypliyllum Warnst.— Stem leaves quite large. Ungu- late, concave, border narrow, involute for greater part, apex cucullate, split when spread out; hyaline cells below narrow and long, towards apex rhom- boidal, all divided by 1 or 2 oblique walls, upper % abundantly fibrillose, then a space without fibrils and again fibrillose at base; inner surface rarely porose, outer surface with pores at apex only: fascicles of 2-3 spread- ing and 2 pendent branches: branch leaves quite large, base narrow and greatly broadened towards middle, then suddenly narrowed into a short obtuse finely toothed point, accordingly round-ovate, very concave, border narrow and involute to base; hyaline cells broad rhomboidal, upper half of inner surface with single large pseudo-pores, outer surface with more num- erous pseudo-pores and single very small strongly ringed pores in the cell angles. Hedwigia 31: 176. 1892.— New Haven, Connecticut. 18. Sphagnura luicrocarpuiii Warnst.— Stem leaves crowded, very large, broad ovate, apex broadly rounded obtuse, finely toothed; margin broadly involute and narrowly and equally bordered to base; hyaline cells narrow, rhomboidal, abundantly fibrillose to base; pores almost wanting on inner surface, outer surface with very numerous small pores in uninterrupted chains along commissures, decreasing in number towards base: branches single, not fasciculate: branch leaves loosely placed, quite large, ovate to oblong-oval, border narrow, involute for greater part; areolation very similiarto that of stem leaves. Hedwigia 30: 170. 1891. New Jersey; Florida; Alabama; Mississippi; Louisiana. 19. Sphagnum platyphyllum Sulliv.— Stems lax, quite robust, irregu- BARNES NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 257 larly branched, sometimes without branches; branches 1-3 in a fascicle, mostly short and thick: stem and branch leaves very similar in form, stem leaves large, oval to obovate, very concave, apex rounded, slightly fringed, below narrowly bordered, fibrillose to base but with very small pores along commissures only in upper half; branch leaves appressed, loosely placed, large, very concave, ovate, rounded above, scarcely toothed, narrowly bordered all around, strongly fibrillose to base, upper ^3 of outer surface with very small pores along commissures. Limpr. Laubm. 1: 122. 1890. — Massachusetts; New Jersey; Virginia, 20. Spha!?iium plicatnm Warnst. — Stam leaves quite large. Ungulate, upper margins frequently involute, apex hyaline margined, bordered, border weak, of 4-6 rows of cells, equally broad to base; hyaline cells in apical half about rhombic, in basal portion broader and longer, frequently divided by one or two oblique walls, abundantly fibrillose in upper <%; pores on inner surface in upper part of leaf in all cell angles, towards margins more numerous; outer surface with pores in often interrupted rows along commissures, towards base almost exclusively in upper cell angles: fascicles mostly 4-branched, 2 spreading: leaves of spreading branches quite large, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed at narrowly obtuse apex, border narrow, involute at apex only or sometimes farther down; hyaline cells broad, rhom- boidal, not divided, pores on inner surface only in side regions, outer sur- face with numerous pores in rows along commissures. Hedwigia 30: 169. 1891.— Granville, Mass. 21. Sphagnum Orlaudense Warnst. — Stem leaves relatively small, Ung- ulate, apex rounded, scarcely toothed, not cucullate, border narrow, involute on one side nearly to base; hyaline cells generally divided by an oblique wall, fibrillose to base, outer surface with small faintly ringed pores in interrupted rows along commissures: fascicles mostly four-branched, 2 spreading: leaves of spreading branches quite large, roundish-oval, finely toothed at obtuse apex, very concave, border narrow, margins broadly in- volute; hyaline cells broad rhomboidal, abundantly fibrillose, outer sur- face towards apex with pores in cell angles, in middle side regions with small pores in rows, outer surface with numerous pores in interrupted rows along commissures. Hedwigia 31: 177. 1892. — Florida; New Jersey. 22. Sphagnum Mobilense Warnst. — Stem leaves relatively small, Ung- ulate, narrowly bordered to base, in upper half one margin sometimes in- volute; hyaline cells of lower part of leaf not divided or with a single oblique wall, without fibrils or only basal cells with few delicate fibrils, in upper part with parallel oblique cross walls and abundantly fibrillose and porose, towards apex chlorophyll cells ceasing and hyaline cells form- ing a broad border which is sometimes resorbed: fascicles 4-5-branched, 2 spreading: leaves of spreading branches large, round-ovate, finely toothed on scarcely obtuse apex, narrow bordered, very concave, margins broadly 258 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. involute; hyaline cells abundantly fibrillose, not divided or somewhat divided towards margins, inner surface with small pores in almost all cell angles particularly in upper half, outer surface with pores in rows along commissures, less numerous towards base. Hedwigia 31: 180. 1892.— Mo- bile, Alabama. 23. Sphagnum simile Warnst. — Stem leaves small, lingulate; hyaline cells at apex only occasionally divided by a cross wall, hyaline border of apex partly resorbed and fimbriate, upper part of leaf fibrillose; branch leaves oval to oblong-ovate, both sides abundantly porose, inner surface with small pores in almost all cell angles, outer surface with pores along commissures; chlorophyll cells in cross section parallel-trapezoidal and free on both faces. Hedwigia 33: 326. 1894.— Madison, Wisconsin. 23a. Sphag^num Waghornei Warnst. — Chlorophyll cells of the branch leaves in cross section broadly isosceles-trapezoidal, the longer side on the inner face, exposed on both faces, walls uniformly thickened; hyaline cells smooth within where they adjoin green cells: wood body dark brown to almost black: cortical cells with spiral fibrils and outer wall with 1 (rarely 2) large pores: otherwise as in all Cymbifolia. Hedwigia 33: 329. 1894. — Newfoundland. 24. Sphagnum rufesceiis Bryol. Germ. — Seldom completely submersed: stem leaves large, triangular-linguiform, lateral margins narrowly and uni- formly bordered down to base; hyaline cells fibrillose from apex far down- ward, often quite to base, and with small pores on both sides, on inner side especially in cell angles, on outer side mostly in interrupted rows on commissures: branch leaves large to very large, ovate-lanceolate with nu- merous small pores on inner side, sometimes in rows near margins, still more numerous on outer side, in rows, like strings of pearls, on commissures; rings strong. Bot. Gaz. 15: 246. 1890. Hedwigia 33: 326. 1894.— From Newfoundland, Labrador and Canada to Connecticut; also Washington and California. 24a. Sphagnum medium Limpr. — Stem leaves as in ^S*. cymhifolium, larger, plicate, rarely in upper half with a few fibrils and few large pores; branch leaves involute all around, pores more numerous on the outer sur- face, especially in cell angles: dioicous. Laubm. 1: 104. 1890. — From New- foundland and Labrador through Canada to Florida. 25. Sphagnum Ludovicianum (Ren. & Card.) Warnst.— Stem leaves very large, broad-lingulate, apex cucullate and the margins there invo- lute, narrowly bordered all around; fibrillose to base, inner surface with pseudo-pores where three cell angles meet, near margin with large or small pores, outer surface with narrow elliptic pores along commissures, larger below; or stem leaves narrow at base and broadened to middle, then nar- rowed into a broad rounded cucullate apex with involute margins: fasci- cles 3-4-bnanched 2 spreading: branch leaves large, ovate, apex hyaline BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 259 bordered, cucullate, margins more or less involute; hyaline cells abund- antly fibrillose, pores few on inner surface, on outer surface more numer- ous especially towards apex. Hedwigia 30: 161. 1891. — New Jersey; Flor- ida; Mississippi; Louisiana. 26. Andreaea parvifolia Miill.— Dioicous: small, slender, filiform, spar- ingly dichotomous: stem leaves erect-imbricate or slightly secund, minute, when moist from an erect deeply ventricose oval base extended into a spreading oblong more or less roundish-obtuse and recurved more deeply ventricose lamina; ecostate; cells angular, thick walled, fuscous, strongly hyaline-papillose; perichsetial leaves convolute into a very narrow-short cylinder, larger, broader, rather broadly oblong from a narrow base, ligu- late- acuminate, somewhat obtuse, strongly papillose: capsule short pedi- cellate, minute. Flora 70: 219. 1887.— Alaska. 27. Andrea3a papillosa Lindb. — Plants elongate (1-2 in. high) rather stout, branched, slightly tufted, dark brown to black: leaves crowded, spreading in all directions, somewhat shining, ovate with short narrow acute point, cells large (3 times as large as in vl. petrophila^ while leaves are as short as in that species), coarsely papillose. Hartman, Skand. Flora 122. 1871. 28. Andrejea alpestris Sch. — Monoicous: leaves much smaller than in A. j^etrophila, crowded, spreading from the sheathing base when moist, ovate, oblique, obtuse, margin hyaline, faintly papillose on the back, ecos- tate; perichfetial leaves with long papillas, cells smaller than in A. petro- phila, round-hexagonal to oval in upper part of leaf, basal cells elongated rectangular, pits few or absent. Limpr. Laubm. 1: 142. — On damp rocks: Nova Scotia, near Halifax: Greenland. 29. Andreaea obovata Thed. — Densely pulvinate-cespitose, tufts black- ish above, fuscous below: plants tall, robust, much branched, branches fastigiate: leaves densely crowded, spreading from the imbricate base, apex inclined upward, when dry closely imbricate; from ovate-panduriform gradually lanceolate, rather obtuse; minutely papillose or almost smooth; shining, margin very entire; blackish, under a lens golden yellow; cells very thick w^alled, rhombic above, sinuate-elongate below, the cell cavities really roundish above, rectangular-hexagonal below: male fls. numerous, on special slender branches; autheridia large, paraphyses long: perichsetial leaves surpassing the upper cauline leaves, convolute, the outer broadly ovate-lanceolate, internal broadly elongate; apex obtuse, not rarely hyaline or premorse. Schimper Syn. Muse. Eur. 814. 1876. — Disco Is., Greenland. 30. Andreaia Hiintii Limpr. — Monoicous: tufts dark, somewhat glossy: leaves strongly falcate-secund, short, broadly ovate, strongly concave base gradually narrowing into a long subulate point; base of lamina made up 1 -4. pe/i(7a has cells 10-14-17^ in diameter sec. Limpricht, Die Laubmoose 1: 140, 260 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN, of one layer of cells, upper part of leaf two-layered; costa strong, about one-third width leaf; leaf cells in the lower part round-quadrate, at the base near costa rectangular: conial leaves shorter with the costa often dis- appearing below apex, margin sometimes irregularly toothed: inner peri- gonial and perichastial leaves ecostate, margin erenulate, convex surface strongly papillose. Limpr. Laubm. 1: 145. On rocks, altitude 5,500 ft.— Vancouver Island. 31. Andreeea IJlyttii Schimp. — Very small slender and densely pulvi- nate, brownish black to deep black: stem very slender, rather rigid, brittle, fastigiate-branched, rooting: leaves divaricate homomallous, those near the tips falcate-secund, from an oval or ovate base suddenly subulate, nearly smooth, shining, brittle; costa semi-terete, occupying almost all the subula, terete at apex; cells near apex round, at base all rectangular: 5 plants gregarious, more slender than ?, perigonial Ivs. 6, the 3 inner united into a bud, acuminate, ecostate; antheridia 5-6, long pedicellate, with longer filiform flexuous paraphyses: perichjetium large, far exceeding stem leaves, external leaves erect, costate to apex, internal subcon volute, elongate-obovate, short apiculate, ecostate: capsule very small, conic-ovate. Sch. Syn. Muse. Eur. 821. ] 876.— Greenland. 33. Andrea^a Macoiiiiii Kindb. — Dioicous: tufts soft, dark brown or brick red, not glossy: stems about 5 cm. high: leaves narrow, suddenly long acuminate from broader base, distinctly but faintly papillose, more or less curved, uppermost falcate, when dry sub-crispate; cells uniform sub- quadrate; costa narrow, linear, nearly smooth, in the upper leaves long excurrent and denticulate, sometimes to middle. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 17: 82. 1890. — In cushions and fiat mats on inclined faces of rocks on mountains and by brooks flowing from perpetual snow. Gold Range, B. C. 33. Andreaea nivalis Hook. — Dioicous: tufts broad, thicK, soft, dirty greenish brown, reddish brown or black, not glossy: stem 4-10 cm. long: leaves more or less falcate, crispate when dry, uniformly elongated into a sharp point from a somewhat enlarged or auricled base; lamina 1-layered, papillose on both surfaces, irregularly toothed near apex; costa quite strong, uniform in width even to apex; leaf cells quadrate or short rectan- gular: perigonial leaves ecostate, broadly oval, suddenly long pointed; peri- chaetial leaves quite similar to stem leaves. Limpr. Laubm. 1: 152. — Mt. Hood, Oregon. 34. Arcliidinm HalHi luiuus R. & O. — Smaller, leaves shorter, costa percurrent or short excurrent. Bot. Gaz. 19: 237. 1894. — Louisiana. 35. Pliascum subexsertum Hook.i— Stemless, cespitose: leaves Ungu- late oblong, spreading, apiculate: capsule spherical, sub-exserted, lid acuminate. Mac. Cat. 12. — Northwest Territory. 1 This species is not suflBciently known (Ren. & Card). Wilson states that this is per- haps only a remarkable variety of P. cusp idatum.— Hook, Journal Bot. 3: 433. 1841. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 261 30. rienridium alternifolinm Howei Ren. & Card.— Differs from the typical form in the leaves being entire or slightly denticulate at the apex. Revue. Bryol. 19: 64. 1892.— California. 37. Microbryum Floerkeanum Heiirici R. & C— Differs from the typical form in the green color of the plant, and the excurrent costa often hyaline at the point. Bot. Gaz. 14: 91. 1889.— Sandy ground: Saline Co., Kansas. 38. Briicbia lougicollis Eaton.— Plants densely clustered, 7-10 mm. high: stem leaves with a broadly ovate clasping base suddenly narrowed a into long excurrent awn like costa, which is bordered below by leaf mar- gin: perichEetial leaves lanceolate, somewhat tubulose, gradually acumi- nate, costa excurrent: flowers monoicous: capsule exserted on a stout seta, orange yellow, collum very long, exceeding sporangium, stomatose beak slender. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 17: 100. pi. 101. 1890.— Decayed logs in swamp: New Hampshire. 39. Bruchia fusca Britt.— Plants gregarious, 2-3 mm. high: leaves few, three to six, erect appressed, short, clasping, often broader than long and tricuspidate, entire or subserrulate, with a narrow border of small retuse cells, apex obtuse, acute or cucullate; costa faint, vanishing below apex or absent in lower leaves, basal cells lax: seta immersed or slightly exserted, straight or curved; capsule large and broad, 1-1.5 mm. long, entirely exserted, ovoid-pyriform, suddenly apiculate; collum shorter than but occasionally equaling the sporangium; calyptra smooth, deeply lobed, half covering the capsule; spores small, brown, angled and pitted. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 21: 361. 1894.— Growing around quartz pebbles in sandy soil: Maryland; North Carolina. 40. Bruchia Caroliuje Aust. — Plants gregarious, in brown patches, 1-2 mm. high: stems naked and radiculose at base, leaves crowded at the summit, more or less secund, subulate from a broader base; costa chan- neled, filling the entire or serrulate apex, faintly papillose on the back; basal cells smooth, irregular, upper with thickened walls: seta shorter than the capsule, both immersed, or the capsule occasionally exserted later- ally, pyriform, yellow or brown, conic apiculate; collum large, truncate, stomata immersed; calyptra broad, lobed, papillose at the apex; spores small, pitted: flowers monoicous. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 21: 365. 1894. Bruchia Ravenelii Wils., var. mollis, L. & J. Man. 49.— South Carolina. 41. Astomum Drummondii Kindb. — Plants cespitose, almost stem- less: leaves linear subulate, very entire: seta as long as leaves: capsule globose, lid conic rostrate. Mac. Cat. 12.— Plains of the Saskatchewan. 42. Voitia Hsch. — Tufts thick, densely cespitose, below brown tomeu- tose: stems simple or dichotomously branched: leaves somewhat separated, or densely imbricate, long or short, ovate or elongated elliptical, cuspidate; costa thin and weak; cells large, thin-walled, hexagonal or sub-quadrate, 262 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN. hyaline near the base, chlorophyllose above: flowers monoicous: capsule erect, oval or ovate; apiculate lid not deciduous; calyptra large, cucullate, nearly covering the capsule. Muse. Gall. 69. 43. Yoitia hyperborea Grev. & Arnott.— Smaller and more slender than the European T^. nivalis: leaves densely imbricate, erect-appressed, broadly oval or sub-rotund, short acuminate, strongly concave, margin entire; costa vanishing in apex: perichjetial leaves long cuspidate, costa excur- rent: vaginule long, membranaceous: pedicel short; capsule oval-globose, base subangulate, apex slightly curved; spores minute, smooth. Muller Syn. Muse. Frond. 1: 35.— Greenland. 44. Oymnostomum platyyhyllum Kindb.— Dioicous: plants green, not glossy: stem not papillose, sparingly radiculose: leaves decurrent, distinctly papillose, short, obtuse, oblong, lanceolate, the comal greater, one border often recurved all around; costa greenish yellow, very papillose. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 17: 84. 1890.— On the face of a small waterfall, near Kam- loops, B. C. 45. Anoectangiuni compactuiii Schw.— Dioicous: stem fragile, red to- mentose: leaves erect spreading, when dry appressed, spirally arranged or with the twisted points incurved, linear-lanceolate, margin plane, faintly crenulate; costa strong, percurrent or vanishing below apex; basal cells short rectangular, the remainder round-hexagonal, papillose on both sides: perichgetial leaves sheathing, outer ones small, inner larger, smooth, costa vanishing far below apex: seta straw-colored, twisted to the right; capsule obovate, smooth, neck short, indistinct: two rows of quadrate annular cells which sometimes remain with the capsule and sometimes with the lid. Limpr. Laubm. 1: 214. fig. 95.— Greenland. 46. Eucladium B. & S.— Genus closely related to Trichostomum and Oymnostomum: plants cespitose, erect, dichotomously branched, base of the old innovations radiculose: leaves erect-spreading, when dry straight or slightly curved, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, margin plane, toothed near the middle; costa strong, round: dioicous: capsule generally erect, oval or long oval, with a short indistinct neck; lid obliquely rostrate; an- nulus simple; peristome of sixteen lanceolate or linear-lanceolate teeth, entire, lacerate or perforated; spores small, smooth.— Bryol. Eur. 47. Eucladium verticillatum B. & S.— Tufts thick, 1-4 cm. rarely 14 cm. long, bluish-green, below light or yellowish brown: leaves linear-lan- ceolate; costa percurrent or rarely excurrent; cells of the lower part of leaf thin-walled, hyaline, long rectangular, marginal cells smaller, the remain- der richly chlorophyllose, round quadrate and also rectangular, papillose on both sides: perichajtial leaves scarcely different: calyptra cucullate, covering Yq the capsule. MoUia verticillata Lindb., Braith. Brit. Moss Flora 1: 241. — Santa Ana Caiion, California. 48. Weisia convoluta C. M. & Kindb.— Tufts dense, dark green: stem BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 263 Blender, branching, densely foliate: leaves very patent when moist, flexu- ous, from a broader oblong base narrowed into the very narrow and long often piliform acumen, margins entire and erect; cells small, quadrate, chlorophyllose, opaque; costa very thin, vanishing in the acumen: perichse- tial leaves broader, vaginant at base, shorter than the others, densely appressed involving the pedicel: capsule cylindric, very narrow, faintly curved; lid obliquely restorate; pedicel yellowish, elongate, slender, spirally twisted, narrowed to the capsule. Mac. Cat. 14. — Mountains near Silver City, N. W. T., altitude 7,700 ft. 4:9. Weisia viridula iiitida Ren. & Card. — Leaves shorter, capsule nar- row, sub-cylindrical, shining as though varnished and distinctly sulcate when dry. Bot. Gaz. 14: 91. 1889. — On sandy ground: Florida; Louisana. 50. Weisia viridula Rugeliana Ren. & Card. — Calyptra larger, oper- culum longer rostrate. Revue Bryol. 19: 73. 1892. — Georgia. 51. Cynodontium siibalpestre Kindb. — Tufts green, about 1 cm. high or lower: leaves crisped, from the narrowly ovate-oblong base attenuate- subulate, acute, nearly smooth as also on the costa, entire or distinctly denticulate above; borders recurved to middle at one side; cells pellucid, mostly quadrate, alar much wider, rectangular, hyaline: perichsetial leaves with a broader base, inner ones much shorter: capsule small, subcylindric- clavate, wide-mouthed, faintly striate when dry; teeth pale, bifid, not pa- pillose; annulus wanting; lid conic, short rostrate; pedicel yellow, finely bright red. Mac. Cat. 17, 257. — Rocks near water: Labrador; Quebec; Lake Huron; Lake Superior; Lake Nepigon. 52. Cynodoutium strumulosum C. M. & Kindb. — Tufts bright green, 1-2 cm. high: leaves crisped, sub-linear, blunt or sub-acute, recurved at the basal margins, crenulate above, nearly pellucid; basal cells linear, the others short, angular; costa very papillose at the back, not percurrent: perichaetial leaves short acuminate: capsule small, oblique, oblong-ovate, inclined, when dry furrowed, distinctly strumose; teeth not papillose, cleft to the middle, reddish also in the upper part; annulus distinct; pedicel light red or yellow, straight, 1 cm. long. Mac. Cat. 16. — Limestone rock along a torrent near Hector, B.C. 53. Dichodoutium pellucid urn fag:imontaiium Sch. — Plants shorter, more dense, with shorter branches: leaves shorter, more obtuse, scarcely recurved; capsule smaller, less inclined. Braithw. Brit. Moss Flora 1: 163.— Hector, B. O. 54. Dicliodontium Olympicum Ren. & Card. — Differs from much more robust D. x)elluGidum thus: leaves strongly papillose, minutely den- ticulate almost all around: capsule strumose at base: plants delicate, scarcely 1 cm. high. Bot. Gaz. 17: 296. 1892.— Olympic Mts., Wash. 55. Trematodon brevicoUis Hsch.— Monoicous: tufts small, stems 2-4 cm. high: leaves imbricate, lower smaller and loosely appressed, long and 264 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. pointed, upper aggregated, larger, broad ovate, concave, margins plane, netire, suddenly narrowed into a short lance-like point; costa percurrent, broad and flat; cells thin walled, densely chlorophyllose, below rectangu- lar, above rhombic or rhomboidal: perichtetial leaves larger, sheathing, short-pointed, costa narrower, vanishing near apex: seta twisted to right when dry; capsule long, neck equaling sporangium, slightly curved, gradu- ally narrowed into seta, when dry faintly costate; calyptra inflated, cucul- late; lid 3^ as long as capsule, obliquely long rostrate from a broad base; annulus compound, of two rows of cells; teeth lanceolate, undivided, often perforated along middle; spores large, round or oval, papillose. Limpr. Laubm. 1: il6. figs. 139, i^O.— Greenland. 56. Dicranella Schreberi leiita (Wils.) Limpr. — Tufts thick, about 4 cm. high: leaves larger and broader, plainly toothed on margin. Limpr. Laubm. 1: 318. — Moist earth, Washington. 57. Dicranella parvula Kindb. — Allied to D. varia: dioicous: plants very short, densely cespitose in small tufts, dark green: leaves crenulate all around, sub-ovate; cells short, oblong quadrate, basal linear; costa very thick and brown, excurrent, denticulate above, forming at least half acumen: perichtetial leaves denticulate above: capsule obovate, sub-erect or inclined, without a neck, not striate; beak very short and thick; an- nulus scarcely loosed; teeth orange, pale at apex, partite, without basilar membrane, not papillose; pedicel pale red yellow, 1 cm. long or shorter, straight or curved only at apex. Mac. (Jat. 21. — On the earth: Cathedral Mountain, B. C 58. Dicranella Langloisii Ren. & Card. — Cespitose, pale or yellowish green: stems short, 4-7 mm. long: leaves small, crowded, erect spreading when moist, appressed when dry, from an oblong base shortly acuminate, blunt at denticulate apex, strongly revolute on one side, slightly reflexed or almost plane on other; costa stout, broad, percurrent, rounded at back; leaf cells short, rectangular or sub-rectangular below, elongated, 4-7 times longer than broad above: perichaitial bracts longer, longer acuminate; costa short excurrent: pedicel purple; capsule suberect, oblong, incurved, red- dish-brown, constricted under orifice when dry; lid large, highly convex- conic, with an oblique beak; peristome purple, high, teeth bifid to above middle: annulus none. Bot. Gaz. 15: 39. j??. 5. 1890. — On the ground: Saint Martinville, Louisiana. 59. Dicranella leptotriclioides Ren. & Card. — Resembling in habit Leptotrichum tortile: dioicous, small, loosely cespitose, green: stems short, erect, simple: leaves erect or sub-secund, lanceolate, acuminate, sub-acute or rather obtuse at the apex, quite entire, borders plane or partly revolute; costa stout, percurrent; leaf cells oblong or sub-linear, shorter, looser, and sub-rectangular below: perichastial bracts scarcely dif- ferent, a little longer: seta long, yellowish when young, afterwards red- BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 265 dish; capsule small, erect, symmetric, ovate-oblong, scarcely constricted under the orifice when dry; lid equaling sporangium, long and obliquely subulate rostrate; peristome purple, teeth trabeculate, striolate lengthwise, cleft to below the middle into 2-3 subulate legs, granulose and partly con- nected; annulus very broad, deciduous, 2-3 rows of cells: male plants un- known. Bot. Gaz. 19: 237. 2^l-21- 189i.— On the ground: Louisiana: Mo- bile, Alabama. 60. Dicranella Fitzgeraldi Ren. & Card.— Cespitose; yellowish or dirty green: stems long, simple or bipartite: leaves crowded, sub-secund, from a lanceolate base gradually narrowed into a long subulate canalicu- late point, denticulate at the apex; costa broad, occupying }/q of leaf-base and nearly all of point; cells rectangular or sub-rectangular, firm, more or less elongated: perichajtial leaves from a dilated, sinuate-denticulate base abruptly subulate, denticulate at apex: seta yellowish, long, twisted; cap- sule erect, symmetric, oblong, not constricted under orifice, when dry slightly plicate, brown or yellowish; lid convex, obliquely long rostrate; teeth purple or orange, densely trabeculate, striolate lengthwise, faintly granulose, cleft to below middle into two very long subulate legs, quite free or partly connected: male flowers unknown. Bot. Gaz. 13: 197. w^. is. 1888. — On sandy ground: Palatka, Florida. 61. Dicrauella Howei Ren. & Card.--Closely related to D. varia: stem longer: leaves more lax, longer, more flexuous, margin plane through- out; costa broader, cells narrower: capsule longer and more slender, shin- ing green. Revue Bryol. 20: 30. 1893.— California. 62. Dicrauella laxiretis Ren. & Card.— Closely related to D. debilis: capsule narrower: leaves narrower and more flexuous, with a denticulate apex; cells larger and shorter. Revue Bryol. 20: 30. 1893.— Louisiana. 63. Dicranella cerviculatula Kindb. (Labrador) and D. jyolaris Kindb. (Alaska) are nomina nuda. 64. Dicranum hyperboreum (Gunn.) Smith.— Resembling D. fulvel- lum but more robust, cespitose: leaves patent and sub-secund, when dry incurved, subflexuous, lanceolate and lanceolate-subulate from the lanceo- late base, acumen nearly smooth; areolation dense: pericheetial leaves nar- rowly aristate from the long sheathing base: capsule erect or subcernuous, ovate or oval, neck inflated, substriate, when dry and empty cyathiform and plicate; teeth of the peristome broader, short subulate, distinctly stri- gose, 2-3 divided and perforated to the middle. Mtill. Syn. Muse. 1: 372, — On rocks: Mt. Hood, Oregon. 65. Dicranum liyperboreum papillosum Ren. & Card.— Leaves shorter, deeply canaliculate, papillose on back; costa strongly rugose. Bot, Gaz, 14: 91, 1889.— Disco, Greenland. 65a, Dicranum falcatum Hendersoni Ren, & Card,— Pedicel purple 266 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. below, yellow above. Bot. Gaz. 15: 39. 1890.— Moist sunny rocks: Mt. Hood, Oregon. 66. Dicranum iiiolle Wils. — Tufts large, dense, 6-15 cm. high, yellow green or olivaceous above, fuscescent below: stem eradiculose: leaves erect- patent, straight, oblong lanceolate, subulate, entire, very concave or semi- tubulose above by incurved margin, auricled at base; costa narrow, per- current or excurrent; alar cells large, orange, quadrate, remainder narrow linear: perichgetial leaves oval-oblong, sheathing, suddenly subulate, im- perfectly denticulate at apex: capsule oblong-cylindric, cernuous incurved, substrumose, not striate, fuscescent; annulus simple; lid short beaked; peristome purple: monoicous, male inflorescence close to perichaetium. Braithw. British Moss Flora 1: 144. pZ. ,?0.— Greenland. 67. Dicranum longifolium compactiim Ren. and Card. — Plants small, in very compact tufts: stems 1-2 cm. long: leaves half as large as type, erect, straight or slightly flexuous; costa very large, J^ or % the width of leaf at base, canaliculate and very rough on back: sterile. Fl. Miq. 42. — Miquelon. 68. Dicranum Sauteri pacliytrichnm Kindb. — Stem very tomentose in its whole length: leaves nearly entire; costa very much narrower than type: pedicel short, about 1 cm. long. Mac. Cat. 260. — On sticks in a brook: Selkirk Mountains. 69. Dicranum Groenlandicum Brid. — Dioicous, male plants unknown: appearance of D. elongatum: tufts thick, about 6 cm. high, bright yel- lowish green, slightly radiculose: leaves rigid, when dry densely appressed with slightly bent points, never secund, linear-lanceolate, tubulose near apex, blunt, margins entire; costa weak, -^ greatest width of leaf, percur- rent or vanishing below apex; alar cells large, distinct, the remainder elongated, thick walled, pitted: inner perichastial leaves ecostate or with a weak costa: capsule erect, small, about cylindrical, somewhat curved, short and narrow-necked, faintly striate; annulus of one or two rows of cells; lid longer than capsule, obliquely rostrate; peristome orange, teeth divided to below middle, above pale and almost smooth. Limpr. Laubm. 1: 364. — Miquelon Island; Mansfield Island, Hudson strait; Jupiter River, Anticosti; Labrador; Greenland. 70. Dicranum fuscescens Turn. — Dioicous: tufts dense, 1-6 cm. high, mostly brownish green, rarely dark green, not shining, more or less brown- ish radiculose: stem erect, fasciculately branched, leaves irregularly spread- ing, rarely secund, when dry somewhat crispate, very long, concave subu- late from a narrow lanceolate base, margin toothed above; costa strong, |-^ leaf base; leaf cells not or only sparingly pitted, mamillose on under side, elongated rectangular below, rectangular in middle and quadrate above: inner perichEetial leaves suddenly narrowed above middle into a BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 267 long bristle point: seta straw colored, finally red, twisted to right below and to left above: capsvtle slightly inclined, obovate, curved, six costate, neck distinct, inflated; annulus compound, of 2-3 rows of cells; lid often longer than capsule, obliquely long rostrate from a broad base; peristome teeth dark purple with yellow thickly papillose points, broad and approxi- mate, bi- or trifid for one-third length; spores brown, papillose. Limpr. Laubm. 1: 359. D. fuscescens longirostre Schimp., and angustifoUum Schimp., Lesq. and James Man. 72. — Common on old logs across the con- tinent: United States; Canada; Greenland. 71. Dicranum fuscescens falcifolinm Braith. -Densely tufted, deep green, fastigiate; leaves all falcate-secund, flexuous-cirrhate toward apex, shorter and less attenuated to point. Braith. Brit. Moss Flora 1: 153. — Washington. 72. Dicrauiim Miqueloncnse Ren. and Card. — In small, compact, yel- lowish-green tufts: stems dichotomous, radiculose below, 1-3 cm. long: leaves small, short, erect imbricate or slightly incurved, oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, concave, entire or minutely sinuate denticulate at apex, 2-3 mm. long; costa vanishing near apex, smooth or scarcely rugose at back; cells smooth, small, short, quadrate or irregularly angular in upper half, rectangular, 1-3 times longer than broad and thin walled towards base, alar lax, large quadrate or sub-hexagonal, brown or yellowish: fruit unknown. Bot. Gaz. 14: 93. 1889. — On the ground and on rocks, Mique- lon Island. 73. Dicraiium ueglectiim Juratz. — Dioicous, male plants small and delicate, densely tomentose: intermediate in habit and characters between D. sGopai'ium and D. Muehlenheckii : tufts thick, 5 cm, high, faintly shining, sparingly radiculose: stem densely foliate, leaves erect spreading, when dry somewhat curved and twisted, scarcely crispate, brittle, from ovate concave base lanceolate-subulate and tubulose, margin entire, ob- scurely toothed at apex; costa weak, \ leaf base, percurrent or excurrent, smooth on under side; cells smooth, nearly as in D. seoparium but very thick-walled and profusely pitted, lower elongated-rectangular or linear, upper elongated mixed with quadrate cells: perichsetial leaves tubulose, abruptly narrowed into a subulate point: capsule, lid, annulus, and peri- stome as in D. Muehlenheckii. Limpr. Laubm. 1:353. — On rocks: Ore- gon; Mt. Niblock, Mt. Aylmer and near Hector, B. C. 74. Dicranum Muehlenbeckii cirrhatum (Sch.) B. & T. MS.— Similar in appearance to the deep tufted forms of D. congestum, : tufts to 10 cm. high slightly radiculose, easily falling apart: leaves notse cund, erect-spre ading strongly curved; costa ^ greatest width of leaf; lamina continued to apex, margin and under side of costa toothed; alar cells very small, well-defined, all leaf cells smaller than in D. Muehlenheckii, slightly thickened, lower rectangular, somewhat porose, above very irregular: seta shorter than in 268 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. D. MuehlenhecMi ; capsule shorter, cernuous; peristome very low, pale purple, within scarcely barred; teeth divided to middle, legs narrowed. D. MuehlenhecMi hrevifoUum Lindb., Limpr. Laubm. 1: 355.— God- havn, Greenland; Digges Island, Hudson Bay. 75. Dicranum dipteroneiiron C. Mull. — Tufts rather dense, radiculose, an inch high: stems dichotomous, flexuous: leaves laxly erect, rather broad, small, yellowish green, shining, stiffish, smooth, flexuous, when moist rather strict, broadly lanceolate, stoutly acuminate, involute, coarsely and unequally serrate near apex; costa thicker at base, gradually narrowed, with two parallel serrulate low wings on back above; cells large, elliptical above, longer at base, walls thick, pitted, alar cells numerous, brownish: perichsetial leaves similar: seta erect, scarcely an inch long, slender, slightly twisted, red at base, yellowish above; capsule arcuate, very narrow, small, obliquely long rostrate; calyptra very narrow, smooth. Flora 70: 219. 1887. — Alaska. 7G. Dicranum pallidum Bry. Eu. (not Mull.).— In compact green or yellowish tufts: stems 2-4 cm. long, simple or dichotomous, covered below with ferruginous tomentum: leaves erect-patent or subsecund above when moist, flexuous and somewhat crispate when dry, oblong-lanceolate, long narrowed acuminate, generally somewhat inflexed at margins, subcanali- culate, smooth or papillose at back, serrulate above; costa percurrent or excurrent, generally papillose and denticulate at back above, sometimes nearly smooth; cells short, angular, irregular in the upper part, linear, elongated towards base, the alar, large, lax, quadrate or sub-hexagonal, orange brown: outer perichtetial leaves from a broad base suddenly con- stricted into a more or less elongated denticulate point, the inner convolute sheathing, abruptly subulate from the rounded apex: seta yellowish; cap- sule pale, cernuous or sub-erect, oblong or subcylindric, arcuate, slightly plicate when old, neck small, strumose; lid conic, long subulate rostrate; annulus distinct; teeth purple, cleft to the middle or below into 2-3 free or coherent legs. D. sabuletorum R. & C, Bot. Gaz. 14: 91. 1889. D. spurium var. condensatum L. & J., not D. condensatum Hedw., L. & J. Man. 76. In dry sandy places on hills especially in southern district: Florida; S. Carolina. 7 7. Dicranum scoparinm compactuni Ren.— Tufts very compact: leaves slightly homotropous, often broken at point, dentate, acumen short: ster- ile. Fl. Miq. 44.— Miquelon Island. 78. Dicranum scoparium flexicaule Ren. & Card.— Stems long, slender, decumbent, then erect, flexuous, innovations slender, reaching or exceed- ing the capsule: leaves erect incurved, slightly flexuous, somewhat long acuminate, entire or sinuolate-crenulate; costa vanishing below apex; cells with delicate sinuate walls not or but slightly pitted: capsule reddish, irregularly rugose-plicate when dry. Fl. Miq. 44.— Miquelon Island. BARNES NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 269 79. Dicrantim scoparium sulcatum Ren. & Card. — Tufts yellowish, habit more slender: leaves erect or spreading, sometimes flexuous or even a little twisted, narrower, longer and more slenderly subulate, teeth more salient and pointed; cells delicate, generally chlorophyllose, less pitted: seta slenderer, strongly twisted to the right, ymle; capsule dark red, distinctly plicate when dry. Fl. Miq. M. — Miquelon Island. 80. Dicranuui scoparium spadiceum Boul. — Nearly identical with European plant: leaves erect, entire or sub-entire, acumen smaller, sub- obtuse, costa vanishing below apex; cells sinuous and pitted. Fl. Miq. 44. D. spadiceum Zett. — Miquelon Is.; Rocky Mountains. 81. Dicranum scoparium orthoplijilum Brid.— Leaves rigidly erect, when dry appressed, coarsely dentate. Limpr. Laubm. 1: 352. — Vancouver. 82. Dicrauum scoparium curvulum Brid. — Stems arcuate ascendent; leaves falcate-secund, narrower, yellowish-green; capsule shorter. Husn. Muscol. Gall. 35. — Oregon and Washington. 83. Dicranum scoparium crispulum De Not. — Plants low: leaves crisp- ate when dry. — Washington. 84. Dicranum cousobriniim Ren. & Card. — Densely cespitose, yellow- ish green: stems erect, simple or dichotomous, tomentose, 5-8 cm. long: leaves rather crowded, secund or erect spreading, narrowly lanceolate-sub- ulate, serrate in the upper half; costa serrate at the back toward the apex; cell-walls porose, scarcely thickened: perichfetial bracts sheathing, trun- cate or emarginate at the apex, sometimes muticous, generally tipped with a short or little elongated subula: seta yellow, sub-flexuous; capsule cernu- ous or horizontal, narrowly cylindraceous, curved, not sulcate, long attenu- ate below, rufescent when old; lid long subulate: male plants gemmaceous, nidulant in the tomentum of the female stems. Bot. Gaz. 15: 39. 1890. — Minnesota. 85. Dicranum Bonjeani Schlotthaueri Barnes. — Mostly olive green: stem very short, 1-2 cm. high: leaves shorter and broader, margin entire or with a few indistinct teeth at the apex, often somewhat revolute. Bot Centralbl. 44: 386. 1890.— Oregon; Washington; Idaho; Wyoming. 86. Dicranum Bonjeani Roellii Barnes. — Plants robust, in deep ex- tended quite lax tufts, 4-8 cm. high, below pale, above yellowish green: leaves crowded, not undulate, lanceolate, entire, acuminate; costa vanish- ing in the acumen, only faintly canaliculate on the back and not toothed. Log. cit. — Vancouver. 87. Dicranum Bonjeani alatum Barnes. — Dark green, 4-6 cm. high: leaves lanceolate, very sharply toothed; costa 2-3 cells thick, with 2-3 sharply toothed lamellte; laminal cells shorter and broader, less thickened and less strongly pitted. Loc. cit. — Chicago, Ills. 88. Dicranum bracliycaulon Kindb. — Allied to D. spurium: stems short, only 1 cm. high: the leaves smaller and shorter, oblong-ovate, acute, 8 270 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. not acuminate, entire, not papillose at the back; costa elevate, percurrent and smooth, alar cells brown: capsule small, pedicel 1 cm. long. Mac- Cat. 34. — On dry rocks in the open woods: Yarmouth, N. S. 89. Dicraaoduntium Yirginicum Britt. — Dioicous: plants bright glossy green: stems matted below by a red tomentum, leafy nearly to apex, de- nudate roughened above, with a few leaves at summit: leaves erect or se- cund, straight or curled and twisted, narrowly subulate from a short thick base; caducous ones with a long slender smooth point; persistent ones ser- rate, blade inflexed, cells densely chlorophyllose, filled with oil globules, those of basal angles clear: perichsetial leaves from a short base suddenly subulate, dentate at apex: pedicels lateral by innovations, pale, glossy yellow, twisted in two directions, very slender, arcuate when young, becom- ing erect before mature; capsules cylindric, ribbed only at mouth, beak straight or curved, shorter than capsule; peristome bright red, not deep set, teeth split unequally to middle, striolate at base, pale and granulose above; annulus none, spores small, calyptra cucullate. Prelim. Cat. Flora W. V. 488. — On sandstone boulders: Monongalia, W. Va. 90. Dicrauodontiiim Millspanghi Britt.— Dioicous: plants light yel- lowish green, silky, cespitose: stems matted with rufous tomentum at the base, a few denudate-roughened by fragments of slightly caducous leaves: leaves secund or erect-spreading, narrowly subulate from a broad base, becoming tubular above by inroUed margins, basal angles not auricled, filled by large hyaline cells to base of broad brown vein, those of blade oblong or square next the vein, becoming spindle shaped and prosenchy- matous towards margin; costa thick, excurrent into a slender dentate tip, rough on back: perichsetial leaves sheathing half their length, tapering to a long slender obscurely serrate tip, outer shorter, abruptly subulate, more sharply serrate: pedicels recurved, burying capsule among leaves, erect when old, stout and twisted in two directions; capsules pyriform- cylindric w^ith a distinct neck; lid as long as capsule, straight beaked; calyptra cucullate, entire; peristome red, connivent, teeth deep set, slender, split to middle or perforate, striolate below, granulose above; annulus none. Prelim. Cat. Floi-a W. Va. 488. — On sandstone boulders in deep woods: Tibbs Run, W. Va. 91. Camyylopus Sciiimperi Milde.— Dioicous: tufts dense, compact, interwoven with rufous tomentum, fastigiate: stems slender, cuspidate, light silky green above, fuscous below, dichotomous with alternate inno- vations which are easily detached: leaves appressed w^hen dry, erect-spread- ing, straight, rigid, narrowly lanceolate subulate, slightly toothed at apex, channelled in lower part, becoming tubulose above from incurved wings; costa broad, % width of leaf base; cells of the extreme base brown and vesicular, above hyaline, very narrow at margin, elongate rectangular towards the nerve, upper small and elliptic: perichEctial leaves sheathing. BARiNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 271 suddenly narrowed into a long subula: capsules pale, ovate, striate; annu- lus broad; lid half length of capsule, beaked; peristome small; teeth cleft to middle; spores large. Braithw. Brit. Moss Flora 1: 130. — Greenland. 92. Caiupyopus Henrici Ren. & Card. — Cespitose, yellowish green: stems very short, without tomentum: leaves slightly secund, lanceolate- subulate and semitubulose from an oblong base, upper generally tipped with a short hyaline denticulate and often broken point; basilar cells rect- angular (3-4 : 1), those of angles sometimes rather soft and yellowish, not forming distinct auricles, upper elongated, straight, linear; costa broad, ^ width of leaf: male flowers small, gemmiform, placed near tips of stems: female flowers and capsule unknown. Bot. Gaz. 13: 198. 1888. — Sandy ground: Saline county, Kansas. 93. Fissidens incarvus brevifolius Ren. & Card. — Leaves broader and shorter: border of the vaginant lamina widening less at the base. Bot. Gaz. 14: 94. 1889. — On the ground in woods: Baton Rouge, La. 94. Fissidens pusillus Wils. — Heteroicous: plants very small, simple or branched at base: stems short, inclined: lower leaves very small, larger above and mostly secund, narrow lanceolate, becoming smaller towards apex, sharp pointed, margin quite entire, border narrow, vanishing below apiculus, costa lost at point; vaginant lamina not reaching middle of leaf, inferior lamina semi-lanceolate, rapidly narrowed at base and lost before reaching stem; cells oval or rounded: capsule on a pale seta, very small, erect or inclined, oval-cylindric, strongly contracted below mouth when dry; lid conic, somewhat obliquely rostrate; peristome deep red, arising below orifice, teeth deeply cleft, legs subulate, filiform, rough; spores brown, smooth. Braithw. Brit. Moss. Flora 1: 68. — Abundant on damp flat limestone rocks in woods: Ontario. 95. Fissidens obtusifolius Kansanus Ren. & Card. — Leaves with a broad border of elongated cells on the margins of vaginant lamina, and a narrow more or less distinct border on dorsal wing. Bot. Gaz. 15: 40. 1890. — Saline county, Kans. 96. Fissidens taxifolius Langloisii Ren. & Card.— Habit a little more robust, leaves subobtuse, apiculate, dorsal lamina suddenly rounded at base as if auriculate. Revue Bryol. 19: 78. 1892. — Louisiana. 97. Fissidens adiantoides brachyphyllus Kindb.— Leaves very short. Mac. Cat. 37.— On boulders: Belleville, Ont. 98. Fissidens falcatulus Ren. & Card.— Very small, gregarious, yellow- ish green: stems rather rigid, plumulose: leaves 4-8 pairs, falcate secund and rigid when dry, linear lanceolate, acute or sub-apiculate; vaginant lam- ina about one-half length, narrowly bordered, dorsal lamina not bordered, tapering below, apical lamina without a border, subentire or minutely crenulate at apex; costa pale, subpercurrent; cells hexagonal, pellucid: fruit unknown. Bot. Gaz. 19: 237. 1894. — On the bark of traes: Louisiana. 272 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, 99. Fissidens pauperculns Howe. — Dioicous: minute, loosely gregari- ous, flavescent: stems decumbent or ascending: leaves 3-5 pairs, increas- ing in size upward, lowest minute, upper oblong to obliquely spatulate-ob- long, acute or shortly acuminate, margin slightly serrulate crenulate; bor- der none; costa stout, vanishing below apex; vaginant lamina Ys to y^ length of leaf, unequal; inferior lamina ending at about middle of vaginant lamina in upper leaves or reaching base in lower; cells of vertical lamina mostly hexagonal, smaller and oval at margin, enlarged and oblong rect- angular next to costa, those of vaginant lamina becoming longer and nar- rower towards base: seta terminal, flexuous, pale yellow; capsule yellowish, oval or oval-oblong, inclined or cernuous, slightly arcuate when dry; lid conic-rostellate, about equaling capsule; peristome red, normal; annulus pale, of 2-3 rows of deciduous cells. Erythea 2: 97. 1894.— On moist banks in company with F. Umbatus SuUiv., Marathon county, Cal. 100. Ceratodou couicus Hpe. — Dioicous: tufts cespitose, dull yellow green above, fuscous below: stems short, rather slender, dichotomously branched: leaves erect appressed, deep green, smooth, crowded at tip into a small closed coma, straight wet or dry, rather broadly ovate lanceolate, margin quite entire, revolute to apex, nerve thick, excurrent into a long point; cells all small, regularly quadrate, basal larger and pellucid: peri- chsetial leaves convolute-vaginant, obtusate with an excurrent nerve, laxly areolate: capsule on a pale red seta, erect, ovate-elliptic, rather wide, fus- cous, when dry and empty but little altered, sulcate in upper part, not strumulose; lid purple, short conic; teeth pale, red at base, yellowish above, erect with fewer articulations, scarcely bordered externally. Braithw. Brit. Moss. Flora 1: 175.— At the base of a stump, Spence's Bridge, B. C. 101. Ceratodon heterophyllus Kindb.— Agrees with C. purpureus, in shape of capsule, stem leaves, not excurrent costa and revoluble annulus, but capsule often more curved and distinctly strumose; agrees with C. conicus in peristomial teeth having few articulations: differs from both in blunt perichfetial leaves, and is also very peculiar in short concave sub- oval leaves of long shoots. Ott. Nat. 5: 179.— On earth: St. Paul Island, Behring Sea. 102. Tricliodoii flexifolius Een. & Card, i— Loosely cespitose, green: stems erect, simple, short: lower leaves small, lanceolate subulate, upper larger, patulous, very flexuous, from an oblong base gradually narrowed into a long linear subulate canaliculate subtubulose point, sinuate at margins, toothed at apex, and with a broad obscurely excurrent costa; basal cells rectangular, elongated (1:2-4), others small, quadrate, very chlorophyllose, with transverse walls slightly prominent: perichastial leaves similar, but dilated and sub-sheathing at base: male flowers on same plant, 1 The authors of this species are not certain as to its generic positiot , but state that by its vegetative system it is somewhat allied to T. cylindricus. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 273 below female, small, gemmiform. Bot. Gaz. 14: 94. 1889.— Sandy ground: Florida. 103. Ditrichnmi montauum Leiberg. — Plants cespitulose, fastigiately branching, above more or less dichotomous: stem leaves erect or slightly curved, channeled and subulate above with a narrow lamina of two to three rows of cells, subserrulate, margin inflexed, apex coarsely toothed; costa broad, strong, vanishing below apex; leaf cells above and in middle hyaline or chlorophyllose, thick walled, quadrate rectangular below: plants monoi- cous, seldom synoicous: outer perichsetial leaves similar, inner broadly sheathing: seta pale yellow, slightly twisted when dry; capsule narrowed at mouth, erect, ellipitical; when dry laterally compressed and longitudi- nally wrinkled; teeth cleft to base, legs equal, semiterete, minutely papil- lose, obscurely and distantly articulate, attached to a short basilar mem- brane; annulus double, narrow, dehiscent; lid long, conical. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 112. 1893.— On the broken soil, upturned tree roots, etc in mountain regions, at all elevations up to 8,000 feet, Idaho. 104. Ditrichum ambij^uum Best.— Dioicous: tufts loosely cespitose, stem rather stout, arcuate-erect with one or more innovations: leaves pale yellow, shining, crispate when dry, accrescent upwards, lanceolate-subu- late, patent-subsecund, fiexuose; lower erect at half clasping short base, lanceolate; upper with oblong erect bases, long lanceolate subulate, con- cave, the slightly thickened involute margins sinuate dentate; cells linear, oblong, indistinct above; walls thick, tortuous, striate; costa percurrent and dentate on back: perichgetial leaves with longer sheathing bases not abruptly narrowed: seta long flexuous; capsule cylindrical, narrow, straight or slightly curved; lid conical-rostrate, blunt, nearly or quite erect, about 1^ length of capsule; teeth reddish, long, straight, papillose, nearly or quite split to broad basal membrane; legs filiform except at slightly flat- tened connate bases, equal and regular: annulus large, adherent. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 117. 1893.— Moist banks: Mason co., Washington. 105. Ditriclmm flexicaule brevifolium Kindb.— Leaves very small, from an ovate oblong base, contracted to a short point; costa not excur- rent: barren. Mac. Cat. 46. — On rocks: National Park; Rocky mountains. 106. Distichiuin Macounii C. M. & Kindb.— Tufts dusky green, very dense, compact, radiculose below: stems 2-3 cm. high: leaves patent or subfalcate from a short, suddenly narrowed, sheathing base, entire or with a few small teeth at apex; cells short subquadrate; costa sub-percurrent: barren. Mac. Cat. 40. — On banks subject to inundation: Columbia river, B. C. 107. Seligeria campylopoda Kindb.— Agrees with ^S*. recurvata in shape of capsule and arcuate pedicel: differs in leaves broader, very much shorter, sub-linear obtuse, rarely short acuminate and subacute; costa not iLeptotrichuni of L. & J. Man. 105. 274 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. excurrent: perichsetial leaves not ovate-oblong, thin costate: peristome darker red: male flower fixed on side of female. Mac. Cat. 41.— Damp and shaded limestone rocks: Owen Sound, Ont. 108. Blindia acuta flexii>es Ren. & Card.— Pedicel flesuous, distinctly geniculate. Revue Bryol. 19: 79. 1892.— Oregon. 109. Pottia heimioides Kindb.— Nearly allied to P. Heimii: differs in leaves shorter, the lower obtuse; costa sometimes excurrent: capsule longer and narrower, cylindric; seta golden yellow; peristome present but rudimentary. Mac. Cat. 43.— On earth: National Park; Rocky mountains. 110. Pottia intermedia Film.— Scarcely distinguished from P. trun- catula with which it agrees in inflorescence, structure of stem and costa: plants larger, stem erect, longer, lax leaved below, dense above: leaves pale green, accrescent upwards, upper leaves long lanceolate, acuminate, margin re volute from base to middle; costa excurrent into a long yellowish-green point; cells in upper half quadrate or hexagonal, faintly papillose or per- fectly smooth: capsule obovate to almost cylindrical, constricted below mouth when dry and with short, irregular folds; calyptra smooth, cucul- late, covering half of capsule; lid about equaling capsule, obliquely rostel- late; annulus compound, 2-3 rows of cells; peristome rudimentary; spores finely papillose. Limpr. Laubm. 1: 531.— On earth: North West Territory. 111. Pottia littoralis Mitt.— Autoicous; resembling P. intermedia, pale below, green or bluish green above: leaves much longer, more erect, sheathing at base, more obtuse, with nerve excurrent in a short point, lower smaller with a long excurrent costa; upper cells smaller, quite smooth, with wall much more incrassate, basal pellucid, very narrow and elongated: seta pale orange red, elongated: capsule oblong oval, slightly narrowed at mouth, ferruginous; calyptra smooth, annulus adherent, of one row of cells; lid rostrate, slightly twisted, oblique; spores ferruginous, scarcely rough. Braithw. Brit. Moss Flora 1: 198.— On earth: Yale, B, C. 112. Didyniodon Cauadeusis Kindb,— Differs fromZ). rubellus princi- pally in perichsetial leaves thinner, from the ovate base abruptly attenuate to a short subulate acumen; borders not reflexed; basal cells very long; costa thinner: dioicous. Mac. Cat. 44.— On perpendicular rocks: Rocky mountains. 113. Di6. trrimmia conferta i)ruinosa Braith. — More robust, in blackish tufts: leaves broader, upper gradually ending in long smoothish hairs: perichfetial bracts larger, distinctly papillose: teeth of peristome rufous- orange, more lanceolate, often reflexed against capsule. Braithw. Brit. Moss Flora 2: 7. — Cape Horn Mountains, Idaho. 167. (xriinmia chloroblasta Kindb. — Differs from G. conferta princi- pally in long hair pointed leaves: perichsetial leaves larger and greener: lid of capsule short, conic apiculate; teeth very cribrose, nearly as in Coscino- don pulvinatus. Mac. Cat. 6i. — On dry rocks: Spence's Bridge, B. C. 168. Grimmia heteropliylla Kindb. — Differs from G.confet-ta in stem nearly simple: leaves patent when dry, upper caniculate; margins involute above: perichastial leaves very much longer: the peristome reddish, not papillose: tufts about 2 cm. high, when dry dark green above. Mac. Cat. 64. — On rocks: Spence's Bridge, B. C. 169. Grimmia atrieha C. M. & Kindb. — Differs considerably from G. conferta in tufts densely cohering: leaves small and when dry appressed, muticous, short, ordinarily ovate-oblong, not recuiwed at the margins; cells not incrassate: perichtetial leaves very much larger and broader than the others: capsule more wide-mouthed, teeth of peristome orange only below, yellow or hyaline above, entire, not rimose nor papillose; lid longer ros- trate. Mac. Cat. 65, — On rocks: Sproat, B. C. 170. Grimmia pachyneuriila C. M. & Kindb. — Tufts small, green: leaves small, when dry appressed, not twisted, when moist spreading, short ovate lanceolate, recurved on both sides, hairless and obtuse; cells uniform, subquadrate, not erose, the alar scarcely distinct; costa percurreut, thick, smooth at back: barren. Mac. Cat. 65. — On rocks: Revelstoke, B. C. 171. Grimmia Philibertiaiia Britt. — Dioicous: plants pulvinate, in small dark green cushions: stems naked and decumbent below, branching and spreading above; leaves erect incumbent when dry, not secund, spread- ing when moist, lanceolate, carinate, with recurved margins and toothed hair points, generally deformed and bearing globose propagula, or retuse and bifid along midvein; cells above rounded, hexagonal, faintly sinuous and oblong at base, discolored, with slight enlargement at basal angles; costa heavy, rounded at back, sulcate above: perichsetial leaves broader, inner short, triangular and hyaline at base: pedicels one or two from same perichfetium, twisted, variously bent; capsule broadest at mouth, smooth when dry, pale with a red rim; teeth recurved, red, undivided, segments broad below, slender and papillose above; lid straight or oblique; calyptra mitrate; annulus delicate,— Bull, Torr, Bot. Club 18: 51. 1891. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 285 172. Griinmia elatior B. &S. — Dioicous: robust, 4-6 cm.: stems erect, naked at base, slightly branching, in broad lax tufts of a yellowish green color, brown in interior: leaves erect, lanceolate, concave carinate, borders revolute. hair point long and nearly smooth; basal cells rectangular, marg- inal scarcely distinct, upper round quadrate, more or less papillose; costa strong: perichaetial leaves large, erect, laxly areolate: seta arcuate; cap- sule oval, striate, when dry sulcate; lid conic, straight; annulus large, com- pound (3); teeth broadly subulate, purple, densely articulate, irregularly cleft and perforated. Braithw. Brit. Moss Flora 2: 23.— Godhavn, Green- land. On rocks: Rocky Mountains. 173. Grimmia arcualifolia Kindb.— Loosely tufted, tufts blackish, dark green above: stems 5 cm. long, denudate at base: lower leaves small, upper long and not crisped, hooked-curved when moist, ovate lanceolate, long acuminate and acute, reflexed at least at one border, with a short denticulate hair point; most basal cells pellucid, long, narrow, upper basal cells sinuous, marginal uniseriate, hyaline or not distinct; other cells chlorophyllose, quadrate, not sinuous; costa percurrent, canaliculate, pel- lucid in the middle. Mac. Cat. 69.— On dry rocks: Vancouver Island. 174. Grimmia Hartmani Sch.— Dioicous: tufts large, lax, dense- leaved, yellowish or olive green above, dark at base: stems 3-10 cm., pro- cumbent, naked at base: leaves often more or less secund, erect spreading when moist, slightly crispate when dry, oblong lanceolate, upper ending in a slightly denticulate hair, carinate, revolute at border, sometimes only on one side; lower marginal cells quadrate, distinct, cells near costa rec- tangular, upper roundish-quadrate; young terminal leaves tipped with globose propagula, formed of quite a number of cells, or occasionally bifur- cate: perichastial leaves shorter, from a longish concave base, lanceolate, pointed, with laxer more transparent cells: capsule longish oval-oblong, smooth; seta erect or curved; annulus of three to four rows of small cells; calyptra mitriform, lobed; teeth lanceolate, entire or slightly perforated, orange red, smooth at the base. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 135.— Summits of Chilco Range, Idaho. 175. Grimmia depilata Kindb. — Tufts large and compact, brown or green above: stem elongate: leaves when moist arcuate, ovate lanceolate, recurved on both sides, generally hairless and obtuse, sometimes with a short hair point; alar cells hyaline, elongate, in 4-5 rows, the others more or less erose: perichastial leaves from a sheathing base narrowed into a large canaliculate sublinear and obtuse acumen: capsule nearly smooth, when dry finally rugose, not distinctly costate; teeth red, deeply cleft be- low middle, when dry spreading, connivent when moist; beak more or less oblique; pedicel arcuate when dry. Mac. Cat. 69.— Vancouver Isl., alt. 3,000 feet. 176. Grimmia Arizonse Ren. & Card.— Differs from O. trichophylla 9 286 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. and O. Calif ornica in broader leaf base, upper % bistratose, more dense, more obscure, hair point longer, striate and coarsely denticulate; from G. Olneyi in more robust habit, longer hair point and incrassate inferior leaf cells. Revue Bryol. 19: 85. 1892. — Arizona. 177. Grimmia prolifera C. M. & Kindb. — Tufts soft, coherent and very radiculose, when dry blackish below, proliferous with long green shoots: stem slender, naked below, 3-4 cm. long: leaves when dry incurved or crisped, upper often falcate when moist, narrow, from the oblong ap- pressed subvaginant base attenuate to a short acute acumen, muticous or rarely furnished with an apical hair-point-like cell, margins recurved at least at one side; lower basal cells narrow rectangular, others and upper subquadrate, all thin walled, faintly yellowish and pellucid; costa yellow brown, percurrent. — Differs from allied G. contorta principally in the leaves shorter, muticous, upper more distant than lower. Mac. Cat. 67. • — British Columbia. 178. Grinimia tortifolia Kindb.— Nearly allied to G. torquata: differs principally in shorter leaves and leaf cells. Mac. Cat. 68. — On rocks: Revelstoke, B. C. 179. Grriiumia funalis Sch. — Dioicous: densely cespitose, greenish above, brown below: stems 1-5 cm., branching, eradiculose: leaves when dry erect and spirally incumbent, when moist erect spreading, small, lanceolate, upper with hyaline points or extended into a smooth hair, margin recurved, costa narrow, vanishing at apex; basal cells rectangular, upper quadrate: perichsetial leaves broader at base, concave, piliferous: seta arcuate, cap- sule small, oval, slightly striate; lid conic, beak short; annulus large, com- pound (3-4); teeth purple, lacunose or torn at apex into two papillose legs. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 132. — Smith's Sound, Greenland. 180. Griinmia Henderson! Ren. & Card. — Closely related to G. deci- piens: seta longer, capsule subcylindric and narrower, lid longer rostrate, basal areolation looser. Revue Bryol 19: 86. 1892. — Oregon. 181. Grimmia pachyphylla Leiberg. — Mats wide, dense, inflated: stems 5-12 cm. high, repeatedly dichotomous, subsimple, plants intermixed, erect or ascending from a decumbent base, radiculose: leaves imbricate when dry, spreading when moist, upper portion more or less recurved, ob- long or broadly lanceolate, shortly decurrent, carinate above and reflexed on margins, strongly costate, nerve more or less channeled, above becom- ing laminoid, gradually narrowing into a sparingly toothed hair; cells long rectangular below, subquadrate in middle, small quadrate above, all sinu- ous; margin of 2-3 rows of quadrate cells; extreme base and angles of irregular oblong or subrhombic cells: dioicous: capsule oval or oblongs pendent on a twisted seta, red, narrowed at mouth, collum distinct, sub- strumose, when dry erect and irregularly 4-8 costate; teeth 2-cleft to below middle, sometimes merely lacunose along middle line, papillose above, ar- BARNES NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 287 ticulations few; annulus compound (2). Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 113. 1893. — Granite, gneissoid and slate rocks: Idaho. 182. Griiumia cinclidodoutea C. Miill. — Monoicous, male flower termi- nal on a special branch: branches fasciculate: leaves subsquarrose-spread- ing, loose, strict when moist, rather long and narrow, regularly concave, from an oblong bass gradually attenuate, apex rather obtuse, margin quite entire, flat or a little curved; costa thick, occupying whole point; cells minute, round, their walls smooth, shining: pericha^tial leaves larger: cap- sules short pedicellate, immersed, hemispherical, macrostome, exannulate, often aggregated; operculum obliquely rostellate; peristome teeth broad, lanceolate, intense red, broadly trabeculate. apex perforate and irregularly cleft. Bot. Centrahbl. 44: 388. 1890.— On wet rocks: Ellensburgh, Wash. 183. Grimniia crassinervia C. Milll. — Monoicous; habit of G. conferta but leaves wholly pointless, slightly papillose; costa rather thick, occupy- ing almost all tne acumen: perichsetial leaves long acuminate from a broad base, quite entire: capsule immersed, pyriform-cyathiform, macrostome; seta short; operculum very obliquely rostrate; calyptra long persistent, cucullate, smooth; teeth lanceolate, rather short, somewhat perforate at apex. Bot. Centralbl. 44: 389. 1890.— Victoria, Vancouver Is. 184. Grimniia teuella C. Mull. — Dioicous: tufts small, dirty green: stem slender, fasciculateiy branched below, branches parallel, somewhat flexuous slender: leaves erect spreading, scarcely crispate, subulate, nar- rowly oblong-acuminate; hair point rather short, hyaline, straight or slightly flexuous, slender, sharp, sharply denticulate; margin quite entire, scarcely involute; costa rather broad for the leaf, excurrent: cells all chlo- rophyllose, thick walled, a few at base quadrate, toward apex round: perichaetial leaves larger, broader: seta slender, short; capsule scarcely sur- passing leaves, erect, small, oblong, truncate, leptodermous, pale with age, smooth; lid minute, obliquely rostrate; teeth small, slender; calyptra nar- row, cucullate. Bot. Centralbl. 44: 388. 1890.— Coeur d' Alene, Idaho. 184a. Grimmia Manniae C. Miill. — Dioicous: tufts slender, compressed, intensely green; stems fastigiately branched, very small, densely foliate, loosely coherent: stem leaves densely imbricate, small, from a broad trun- cate base deeply carinate, open, obtusely short acuminate; margin plane, quite entire; costa slender, green, excurrent; cells at base small, green, empty, hexagonal, rather thick walled, above minute and obscure: peri- chastial leaves very closely imbricate, much larger, more obtuse, cells larger, more involute, all rather fleshy: seta long exserted, slender, reddish, some- what spirally twisted; capsule erect, globose-urn-shaped, thick walled, rufous; lid conic; peristome teeth short, red, more or less split and perfor- ate. Flora 70: 233. 1887.— Napa Springs, Calif. 185. Grimmia eloiigata Klf.— Dioicous: tufts lax, pulvinate, dark be- low, olive green and shortly canescent at apex: stems slender, elongated, 288 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. dichotoinous, sparingly branched, naked and decumbent at base: leaves divergent from an erect oblong base, rather rigid, elongate-lanceolate, lightly recurved at margin, subcomplicate-carinate, muticous, wings asym- metric; costa stout, excurrent, uppermost leaves with short hyaline points; basal cells linear-rectangular, dilated towards margin, upper quadrate, sinuose, apical minute: perichsetial leaves oblong lanceolate, acuminate with short hair points: capsule exserted on a short straight seta, small, ovate, smooth ; lid conic, obtuse ; annulus of 2-3 rows of cells; calyptra cucullate; teeth yellow, broad, cleft or perforate only at the apex. Braithw. Brit. Moss Flora 2: 30.— Greenland. 186. Grimmia sulcata Sauter.— Stems erect, branching, in olive green tufts: lower leaves inuticous and obtuse, upper oblong lanceolate, with a short hyaline point, bistratose in upper part, longitudinally trisulcate especially above the middle; lower cells short rectangular : dioicous: peri- chEetial leaves shorter and less sheathing than in G. alpestris: capsule exserted, oblong sub-cylindric; lid convex, beak a little longer than in G. aljiesfris; annulus persistent, scarcely distinct; teeth of peristome entire, red: calyptra cucullate, covering M-Js the capsule. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 129.— Franz Joseph Fjord, Greenland. 187. Grimmia mlcrotricha C. M. & Kindb.— Plants in small blackish pulvinate tufts with greenish tops: leaves when moist sub-erect, short ovate lanceolate, margins recurved, plane only at the short base; cells short, alar narrow and hyaline: perichaetial leaves ovate obtuse: capsule oblong, smooth; teeth dark red; pedicel flexuous: dioicous, or monoicous on distinct branches.- Differs from G. alpestris principally in longer emergent capsules, recurved leaf margins, and short perichaetial leaves. Mac. Cat. 70.— On rocks : Revelstoke, B. C. 188. Grimmia tenerrima Ren. & Card.— In small, compact, gray tufts: leaves small, oblong-lanceolate, lower muticous or with a short hyaline point, upper prolonged into a smoothish hair; borders generally reflexed in the upper part; costa canaliculate; basilar cells lax, quadrate, pellucid, thin walled, upper bistratose, subquadrate, with scarcely thickened walls : capsule exserted on a short pale pedicel, small, leptodermous, smooth, yellow or pale brown : lid convex apiculate; peristome orange red, teeth patulous when dry, papillose, perforated, more or less lacerate at the apex; calyptra cucullate: male flowers unknown. Bot. Gaz. 15: 40. 1890.— Moist bluff towards the snow line: Mt. Hood, Oregon. 189. Griminia mollis B. and S.— Dioicous: tufts lax, soft, dark green: plants robust, stem bifurcating: middle leaves erect spreading when moist, very soft, oval-lanceolate or oblong, obtusely rounded, concave cochleari- form, plane on the border, unistratose; costa narrow, vanishing below the apex; lower cells rectangular, upper roundish-quadrate: perichaetial leaves acuminate, with hyaline points: capsule short exserted, not passing be- BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 289 youtl the summit of the pericha?tial leaves, elliptic; annulus simple; teeth of the peristome linear lanceolate, lacunose, Husnot, Muse. Gall. 127. — Greenland. 190. (lii-immia sarcocalyx Kindb. — Differs from the allied O. leiico- phcea principally in leaves with a faintly denticulate hair point: capsule short oval; lid obliquely beaked: pedicel doubly longer than the capsule ; vaginule pale red, inflated and fleshy. — Leaves short, very broad at base as in O. leuco2ih(ea; cells nearly all quadrate. Mac. Cat. 66. — On rocks : Spence's Bridge, B. C. 191. Gi'immia sphaerica Schimp. — Stems erect, with inflated branches, tufts compact, grayish green: leaves erect, lower small, muticous; upper gradually larger, oval-lanceolate, concave, acute, slightly revolute at the borders, bistratose, apex hyaline, large and dentate above in the perichajtial leaves; lower cells rectangular, upper quadrate or rounded with thickened walls : seta straight, very short ; capsule sub-globose, symmetric, enlarged at mouth; lid convex, small, apiculate; annulus compound (2), persistent; peristome very rudimentary, scarcely reaching beyond the annulus, so that capsule appears gymnostomous ; calyptra mitriform. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 124.— Canada. 192. Ilhncoiuitriiiiu proteiisnm Braun. — Allied to J?, acieulare: differs in stems longer, less denudate, branched many times, inclined, erect above, in depressed tufts of a yellowish green color: leaves crowded, when dry imbricate, when moist recurved and erect spreading, rarely secund, linear lanceolate from a long base, wi*h obtuse entire apex, con- cave; margins revolute beyond middle or only on one side, unistratose; costa distinct, vanishing below apex; cells round-quadrate or short rec- tangular near apex, in the middle rectangular, and below linear, papillose, sinuous: inner perichaetial leaves shorter, plicate, sheathing: capsule erect, long to about cylindric: lid rostrate, beak straight; annulus com- pound, 2-3 rows; teeth of peristome split to base into two unequal papillose free or occasionally united legs; spores yellowish brown, punctate. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 139. — On rocks : Victoria, Vancouver Island; Greenland. 193. Rhacomitriuiu Slacounii Kindb. — Plants fastigiately branching, innovations without lateral fasiculate branchlets: tufts loosely cespitose, naked at base, brown, with green tips : leaves loose, crispate when dry, patent or squarrose when moist, ovate-lanceolate, acute, muticous, smooth, and entire, at one side slightly reflexed or erect, on other always erect ; upper cells quadrate and obscure, scarcely or not erose, lower linear and sinuose, marginal cells uniseriate, quadrate-rectangular, hyaline, basal cells yellow ; costa brown, percurrent: capsule oblong, dark brown, not striate; teeth orange, pertuse or cleft to below middle, smooth; pedicel straight or sub-erect and contorquate. Mac. Cat. 73. — In large masses en boulders : Rocky and Selkirk Mts. and Gold Range, B. C. 290 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. 194. Rhacomitrium alternatum C. M. & Kindb.— Allied to R. Ma- counii: stem lower, more branched above: tufts loose, not naked at base, brown with green tips: leaves not crisped, when moist sub-erect or sub- patent, nearly straight, ovate lanceolate, acuminate-acute, often furnished with a short dentate hair point, smooth, reflesed at the base at least on one side; all cells erose, lower linear, upper short angular; costa greenish, stout, percurrent: perigonial leaves sub-ovate or short acuminate, acute or sub-obtuse: female plants not found. Mac. Cat. 73.— On boulders : Sel- kirk Mountains, B. C. 195. Rhaconiitrinm robustifolium Kindb,— Differs from R. Ma- counii in leaves less crispate, pellucid, very squarrose when moist, more reflexed on borders, often furnished with a short hair point: capsule oval, striate or plicate when dry; teeth dark purple brown, deeper cleft, papillose; beak oblique, needle shaped, very much shorter than capsule; pedicel slightly curved. Mac. Cat. 73.— On rocks : Lake Griffin, B. C; Vancouver Island. 196. Rliacomitrinin obtusum (Lindb.) R. & C— Dioicous : short, densely pulvinate: leaves quite hairless, ovate oblong, gradually acuminate, obtuse at point, nerve lost far below apex, margin narrowly revolute: cap- sule oblong, narrowed at mouth; lid acicular; peristome fugacious, irreg- ular, teeth with two unequal legs. Mac. Cat. 74.— On rocks: Lake Superior. 197. Rhacomitrium heterosticlium alopecurum Hiib.— Dioicous: yel- lowish green, scarcely hoary: stem slender, elongate, fasciculate branched: leaves lanceolate acuminate, acute with a short or obsolete hair point: cap- sule elliptic-oblong, narrow at mouth; lid conic rostrate; teeth short, pale, cleft to base. Mac. Cat. 74.--On dry rocks: Halifax, N. S.; Selkirk Mountains and McLeod's Lake, B. C. 198. Rhacomitrium heterostichum occidentale R. & C— Stems often nearly simple: pedicel very short; capsule small, pale, not shining; peri- stome pale. Bot. Gaz. 15: 41. 1890.— On rocks: Lost Lake, Oregon. 199. Rhacomitrium micropus Kindb.— Habit of R. heterostichum or R. caneseens: plants dirty green, branches nodose with numerous short branchlets: leaves very faintly papillose, ovate-lanceolate, long-acummate, more or less revolute, hair point long and rough; cells yellow, upper short or elongate, alar distinctly quadrate: capsule small, oblong-cylindric; beak short, oblique; pedicel short. Mac. Cat. 77.— On rocks: Gold Range, B. C; Hector, N. W. T. 200. Rhacomitrium microcarpum Talmeri Kindb.— Leaves long subulate, hairless, upper cells longer and more confluent, alar large and rectangular: capsule shorter pedicellate. Differs from related R. Sudeti- cuni in deeply cleft peristome teeth and narrow leaf cells. Mac. Cat. 267.— St. Paul Island, Behring Sea. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 291 201. Rliacomitrium speciosum C. Miill.— Dioicous: tufts very broad and lax, plants intricate, robust, green: stems dichotomously branched, elongate: leaves crowded, when wet quickly and very distinctly squarrose- recurved, dimorphous; the lower (older) ovate from a broad base, many times lightly plicate, rather long decurrent, acuminate, obtusate, cucul- late; upper (younger) hair pointed, the hair stout, rather long, hyaline, denticulate-serrate; margin quite entire, below (up to middle or beyond) broadly revolute; costa broad, deeply canaliculate, excurrent; cells at decurrent angles loosely parenchymatous, basilar longer: pericha^tia' leaves involute, erose truncate at apex: capsule cylindric, erect, narrowed below mouth, smooth, plicate with age; seta short, smooth, twisted; lid conic, long rostrate; calyptra long subulate, apex slightly rough, persistent, laciniate at base wnth 16 lobes; teeth very long and narrow, dirty red, smooth, bifid almost to base; annulus none. Bot. Centralbl. 44: 388. 1890.— Victoria, Vancouver Is. 202. Rliacomitrium languinosum subimberbe Hartman. — Tufts extended, stems long, erect, a little flexuous, delicate, slightly nodulose, branches distant, short; leaf point shorter, sometimes almost disappearing. Fl. Miq. 46.— Miquelon Is. 203. Rliacomitrium canescens mntieum Kindb.— Leaves without a hair-point; cells yellow; costa percurrent: barren. Mac. Cat. 77.— Gold Range, B. C. 204. Rliacomitrium cauescens Delamarei Ren. & Card.— Tufts yel- lowish, stems long, nodulose, branches short, erect, leaves erect when dry, rigid, often broken at point, without a hair, almost smooth, costa percur- rent: sterile, but very distinct from var. lufeseens Lesq. & James. Fl. Miq. 46.— In extended mats on earth: Miquelon Island. 205. Hedwigia ciliata subnuda Kindb.— Leaves nearly hairless, the greater number broadly ovate, borders reflexed, cells larger, subquadrate. Mac. Cat. 78.— On rocks in woods: Ottawa; also near Wooler, Ont. 206. Zygodon H. & T.— Plants dichotomous, fastigiately branched, crowded and interwoven with radicles: leaves spatulate lanceolate, very chlorophyllose above, hyaline at base: capsule on an elongated pedicel, oval-oblong, with a soft swelling neck, less distinctly striate; peristome single or double, rarely none, the teeth resembling those of Orthotrichum; calyptra smooth, cucullate. 207. Zygodon viridissimus Brid. —Dioicous; tufts small, cushion like, bright green above, brownish at base: stems sparingly branched, fastigiate, brown radiculose at base: leaves dense, when moist recurved squarrose, when dry erect-appressed, or slightly twisted, toward apex complicate, oblong or linear-lanceolate, acutely acuminate, deeply carinate above, expanded below, minutely papillose, margins plane; costa pellucid, end- ing abruptly below apex; cells at base thin, quadrate hexagonal, above 292 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. small hexagonal rotundate: capsule erect, oval-oblong, neck short, oliva- ceous, when dry pyriform, obscurely 8-costate; lid obliquely rostrate; calyptra fugacious, rostrate; peristome none. Braithw. Brit. Moss Flora 2: 61. — On trees: White Falls, between Norway House and Hudson Bay at York Factory. 208. Zygodon conoideus H. & T. Dioicous; tufts lax, light yellow green: stems nearly simple or sparingly branched, slender, beset with ferruginous radicles at base: leaves less dense, patent, curving upward, imbricated when dry, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flat and slightly keeled, more papillose, nerve narrow, vanishing below apex; cells larger and more incrassate: capsule oval, tapering into a neck of equal length, narrower, striate towards mouth when dry and empty, leptodermous, pale fuscous; lid subulately beaked; peristome of 8 bigeminate pale yellowish teeth, reflexed when dry, truncate at apex, fugacious, endostome of 8 yellowish cilia, fugacious, often abortive. Braithw. Brit. Moss Flora 2: 62. — East- ern States and Virginia. 209. Drumtnondia clavellata Canadensis Kindb. — Leaves larger and longer: inflorescence monoicous. Mac. Cat. 81. — On trees: Pelee Island, Lake Erie. 210. Ulota meg'alospora Vent. — Primary stems creeping, tomentose; tufts dense, bright green: all leaves when dry cirrhate-crispate; those of primary stem small (1 mm.), narrowly long subulate from" a broadly ovate concave base; apex of one row of cells; base cochleariform, cells narrow, thick-walled; upper cells roundish angular, 7-8/< broad, walls thickened, each with a thick round papilla; margin irregularly crenulate by projecting cell walls; upper leaves of branches broader with a shorter subula: peri- chaetial leaves longer, from a longer base, short subulate: autoicous spor- ophyteSmm. high: capsule small, ovate, when dry sulcate and urceolate, constricted below mouth; striae 8, extending to middle or beyond, of 4 rows of cells, neck long, defluent; stomata superficial; external teeth 8, pale, bigeminate, minutely papillose, above almost smooth, lineolate, split along divisural line i^, otherwise entire; cilia 8, subulate, smooth, below of 2 rows of cells; annulus double; operculum apiculate from a conic base; calyptra sparsely hairy; spores very large, 55-61/W diam., green,' minutely papillose, mixed with small spores scarcely 15/i diam. Bot. Centralb. 44: 389. 1890.— Cascade Mts., Wash. 211. Ulota maritima C. M. & Kindb.— Differs from Ulota phyllan- tha in plants smaller, darker, green or black, not yellow: leaves shorter and less circinate when dry, long attenuate to subulate apex, dis- tinctly papillose, costa narrower, rough at back: capsule short oval with short collum, pedicel shorter, thicker, curved when moist: peristome re- flexed, teeth trabeculate, cilia long, carinate, of two rows of cells, finely granulate and striolate in both. Mac. Cat. 84. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 21: BARNES — NORTU AMERICAN MOSSES. 29d 72. 189J .— On'rocks: British Columbia; Vancouver; Alaska Behring Sea; Miquelon Island. 212. Ulota Hiitcliinsiae rnfescens Britt.— Plants more slender than the species, green or brown, not black: stems rufous tomentose: leaves less crowded, longer, acuminate; cells more dense and obscure, lower golden brown, rectangular, not linear or sinuous, marginal "shorter, not hyaline: capsule pjTiform, inflated, narrower at mouth; peristome double, teeth reflexed when dry, white, granulose, not trabeculate at apex: cilia 8, of two rows of cells, fugacious. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 12: 69. 189i.— On trees in dense woods. 213. Orthotrichuiu Sliawii Wils.— Monoicous: tufts lax, 1-2 cm. high, brownish radiculose at the base, green, olive-green or brownish above: leaves loosely imbricate when dry, when moist reflexed and spreading from an erect base, lanceolate from an ovate base, long and narrowly pointed, margins more or less revolute; costa vanishing below apex, lamina uni- stratose; cells papillose, thick walled, round-hexagonal, above larger and oval, near base elongated rectangular, at angles shorter and broader: perichastial leaves erect, less keeled, inner often smaller: capsule ovate, immersed, neck half length of capsule, gradually narrowed into seta, when dry and empty almost urnshaped, light weak folds above; lid short, bor- dered with orange colored cells; annulus persistent, 2-3 rows of cells; per- istome simple, teeth 16, when dry reflexed, linear lanceolate, pale, split in middle here and there along middle line, thickly papillose. Limpr. Laubm. 1: 90. Bry. Eu. Suppl. Orthotrichum, i??. ^.—California. 214. Ortliotrichnm fastigiatnm Bruch.— Closely allied to O. affine^ but generally smaller, tufts only 1 cm. high: stem reddish radiculose, fasciculately branched: leaves more rigid, when dry appressed, when moist reflexed and erect spreading, shorter and broader, long lanceolate, mostly short pointed, keeled, plicate at base, margin revolute; costa percurrent; cells on both sides with simple or furcate papillte, the upper thick-walled, roundish, in point larger, oval or oblong, at base linear (1:6), more trans- parent, at angles much shorter: perichastial leaves larger and broader, the inner with plane margins: capsule immersed, somewhat thicker, long pyriform, 8 costate; neck furrowed and gradually narrowed to seta; annulus of one or two rows of cells: peristome double, light yellow, teeth eight, when dry reflexed, trabeculate at apex, vermicular striate; cilia 8, robust, shorter than teeth. Limpr. Laubm. 1: 82. — Lake Superior. 215. Orthotrichuiu Sprucei Mont. — Autoicous: in dark green, spar- ingly branched tufts: leaves erect, loosely imbricate when dry, erect spreading when moist, ovate-spatulate, rounded at point and muticous or with a small apiculus; margin revolute at base, then recurved to some dis- tance below summit; cells at base quadrangular, elongated near nerve, pass- ing gradually into large, rounded or angular, smooth or faintly papillose 294 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. ones; costa slender, vanishing below apex: perichsetial leaves longer, nar- rower, sulcate, with a short nerve; sometimes with a long filiform point: capsule immersed, oval-pyriform with a long sulcate neck, broadly 8-stri- ate; annulus compound (2); teeth 8, bigeminate, yellowish, reflexed when dry, densely and finely papillose; cilia 8, shorter than teeth, sometimes 16; lid conic, rostellate. Braithw. Brit. Moss Flora 2: 81. 1889.— On willows: Clark's Fork of Coumbia River. 216. Orthotrichum uriiigerniu MjTin.— Monoicous: tufts lax, bright green to yellowish brown, reddish-brown radiculose at base: stems pros- trate or in thick tufts, erect, 2-5 cm. long: leaves when dry loosely ap- pressed, when moist becoming recurved and falcate spreading, lower lax upper larger and tufted, lanceolate from an ovate base, long pointed, keeled; margins strongly revolute as far as middle; costa vanishing below apex; cells uniform throughout in size, roundish quadrate or hexagonal, thick walled, papillose on both sides with simple or furcate papillae, short rectangular at leaf base: perichsetial leaves somewhat larger, erect, longi- tudinally furrowed at the base: capsule half immersed, thick oval, 8-stri- ate; neck short, when dry suddenly contracted into seta; lid short, annu- lus persistent, compound; peristome double; teeth 16, papillose below, vermicular and longitudinally striate above; cilia 16. Limpr. Laubm. 2: 46.— Yellowstone National Park. 217. Orthotrichum Roellii Vent.— Tufts pulvinate cespitose, closely radiculose: stems erect, branching: leaves from ovate lanceolate to lanceo- late acuminate, cells below incrassate, rotund, papillose with simple or furcate papillae; cells above quadrangular, elongated, smooth; margin revo- lute nearly to apex: autoicous: capsule cylindric ovate, scarcely exserted, when dry faintly sulcate to middle, striae of 2 short rows of cells, other cells quadrangular; stomata superficial; collum short, defluent into seta; peristome teeth 16, simple, approximate in pairs, when dry erect or spread- ing, above longitudinally striate, striae below inclined, rarely mixed with papillaB; scarcely a vestige of cilia found, but when present shorter than teeth; spores 16-18/<, minutely papillose. Bot. Centralbl. 44: 360. 1890. O. lonchothecium C. M. & Kindb., Mac. Cat. 90.— Rocks: Ellensburgh, Washington; trees: Krao Creek, Kootenai Lake, B. C; Banff, Rocky Mountains. 218. Orthotrichum Schlotthaueri Vent.— Tufts dense, pulvinate, fus- cous-green: stems erect, branched, 1.5-3 cm. high: leaves when dry closely appressed, when moist apex quickly recurved, then erect spreading, lanceo- late from an oblong base, acute, 2-3 mm. long; upper cells rotund-angular, walls thick, papillee thick, often furcate; margin reflexed: autoicous: cap- sule immersed, elongate-ovate and cylindrical, smooth when dry, not con- stricted under the mouth, not sulcate, more or less long pedicellate from defluent collum, all together 3-4 mm. high; stomata superficial; annulus BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 295 double or triple; teeth of the peristome eight, yellowish, each divided to the base into two legs slightly split at the apex and marked with a median line, when dry erect or spreading, distinctly articulate, more or less densely papillose, especially below middle; cilia more or less perfect, smooth, fuga- cious, sometimes wanting. Bot. Centralb. 44: 390. 1890.— Garrison and Sun River Caiion, Montana. 219. Orthotrichum euryphyllum Vent.— Loosely cespitose, 2-3 cm. high, dark green, rufescent: stem erect, branching: upper leaves 4 mm. long, 1.5+ mm. broad, lower smaller, lanceolate from a broadly ovate base, apex roundish, entire, or obtuse and slightly toothed, margin revo- •lute nearly to apex, so that apex is sometimes cucullate; costa ending far below apex; cells hexagonal, 12-13 /< diam., walls not thickened, reddish, papillae single, minute, or wanting: autoicous: capsule immersed, thick, broadly ovate, when dry constricted under the mouth, deeply sulcate to the middle, striae 8, broad, of 4-6 rows of cells; column short, abruptly narrowed into the pedicel; annulus double or triple; peristome double, teeth 16, reddish, approximate in pairs, when dry radially spreading, each interruptedly cleft almost to the base in the middle line, papillae minute, and arranged in more or less regular lines; cilia 16, eight robust, equaling teeth, papillose below, the intermediate eight rudimentary or abortive.— Bot. Centrabl. 44: 417. 1890. On stones: Ellensburgh, Wash- ington. 220. Orthotrichum nudum Dicks.— Monoicous: tufts lax, soft, green or dirty green, 1-2 cm. high, brown radiculose at base: leaves broader and softer than in O. euj^ulatum, obtuse, longtitudinally furrowed at the base; cells quite uniform: perichaetial leaves longer and broader and some- what sheathing at base: capsule emergent or exserted, larger and thicker than in O. cupulatum, pyriform with a long neck abruptly contracted into seta, with alternately long and short stria; , lid red margined, beak short; annulus compound (2-3), persistent; peristome double, teeth 16, when dry erect, longtitudinally striate or slightly papillose; cilia often rudi- mentary, 8 or 16, scarcely half as high as the teeth.— Limpr. Laubm. 2: 42. O. cupulatum nudum, Braithw. Brit. Moss. Flora 2; 78. On lime- stone rocks: Rockcliffe, Ottawa river. 221. Orthotrichum strictum Vent.— Sub-species of O. Lyellii. Leaves without gemmffi, rigid, lanceolate; capsule with short seta; otherwise as in O. Lyellii. Bot. Centralbl. 44; 419. 1890.— Cascades, Enumclaw, Wash- ington. 222. Orthotrichum hullatnm C. Miill.— Monoicous: tufts lax, yellow- ish green: stems slender, dichotomously branched, fastigiate, 2 cm. high, flexuose: leaves not crowded, crispate or secund-twisted, when moist re- curved from an erect base, rather broadly oblong, bluntly acuminate, quite entire, almost smooth; margin strongly revolute; here and there 296 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. plicatulate below, concave; costa thickish, carinate, glabrous, yellowish at base, vanishing below apex; cells small, elliptical, not thickened, larger and yellowish or orange at base: perichaetial leaves larger, secund at apex; capsule immersed, inflated-oval, thin, pale yellow, strongly bullate, slightly plicate; operculum flat, erect rostrate; peristome simple, teeth 16, solitary, cupulate or erect, never reflexed, pale, narrowly lanceolate; calyptra slightly plicate, pale, shining, with few hairs.— Flora 70; 223. 1887. California. 223. Orthotrichum speciosum Rocllii Vent.— Densely pulvinate, black- ish green: leaves nearly smooth, papillae very minute, cells large as in O. Killiasii; margin revolute: capsule emergent, oblong-ovate, smooth; peristome normal. Bot. Centralbl. 44; 419. 1890. Chicago, Argyle, 111. 224. Orthotrichum elegans Schwaggr. — Tufts dark green, 1-2 cm. high, softer and smaller than in O. speciosum: leaves lanceolate acuminate, re- curved at border; cells at base colorless, thin walled, quadrangular, elon- gated, passing gradually into rounded-hexagonal cells above, with one or two small simple papillae: monoicous: capsule small, thin walled, sub-cylindric, green and smooth before emptying, afterwards pale and slight- ly costate in upper part; collum distinct, more or less elongated; peristome double, 8 bigeminate teeth densely papillose, pale yellow, when dry re- flexed against capsule but not revolute; cilia 8, filiform or linear, of rows of cells, papillose, convergent but not touching at points; operculum conic, apiculate, border pale red; hood conic-campanulate. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 169. — On ledges at Lake Pend d'Oreille, Idaho, to Kootenay River, B. C. 225. Orthotrichum Killiasii C. Mull.— Closely related to O. sioecio- sum but generally smaller, tufts pulvinate or sometimes flat, rigid, dirty green: stem erect, branched, densely foliate: leaves appressed, when moist erect-spreading, narrow lanceolate, obtuse, younger leaves acute; margin revolute nearly to apex; cells thick walled, densely papillose with simple and furcate papillae, above roundish or oval, at the base yellowish red, rectangular, towards margin quadrate: inner perich^tial leaves larger, longitudinally furrowed at base: capsule immersed or emergent, long cylindric, with short 8-costate neck, when empty narrow cylindric, not furrowed and somewhat constricted at mouth; lid red margined, beak equal to diameter of base; annulus simple or compound (1-2); peristome double, teeth when dry erect, originally united in pairs but soon separated, densely papillose; cilia 8 (according to Schimper; to Venturi 16) robust, papillose, margins sinuous. Limpr. Laubm. 2; 92. — Disco Is., Greenland. 226. Orthotrichum praemorsum Vent. — Densely pulvinate, 2-3 cm. high, bright yellowish green, below reddish yellow: leaves long acuminate from an ovate base, often apiculate, when dry often curved into a cone, when moist becoming suddenly recurved, then erect spreading, BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 297 costa ending in apex or apiculus: margin narrowly revolute; cells ovate or rotund above, chlorophyllose, walls thickened below (especially near nerve), elongated, narrow walls irregularly thickened, papillae in upper part of leaf salient, simple or furcate: inflorescence autoicous: capsule emergent, ovate, collum equaling it in length, defluent into seta, when dry slightly constricted under mouth and sulcate, strise 8, indistinct; stomata immers- ed; annulus simple; peristome double, teeth pale yellow, 8, when dry re- flexed against wall of capsule apex truncate and fimbriate, remainder en- tire, or rarely apex lacunose, papillae minute, distinct; cilia irregular, 8, fugacious, sometimes fragmentary; spores 15-18/1. Bot. Centrabl. 44: 418. 1890.— Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. 227. Orthotrichuiu rhabaophoriim Vent.— Densely pulvinate, dark green: stems erect, somewhat branched, 1.5-2 cm. long, below tomentose radiculose: leaves when dry imbricate, when moist becoming suddenly re- curved, then erect spreading, lanceolate, or lanceolate from an ovate base, acuminate, margin strongly revolute nearly to apex; cells above rotundate, walls thickened, papilte bi- or tri-furcate, salient; inflorescence autoicous: perichffitial leaves for most part reaching middle of capsule, sometimes cap- sule entirely exserted: capsule when dry and operculate ovate-cylindrical, with faint reddish stride, when moist ovate-elongate, constricted below mouth, collum short, passing abruptly into seta, old capsules sulcate at least to middle; annulus double or triple; peristome simple or rarely double, teeth 16, when dry recurved, sparsely papillose; cilia if present more or less perfect, erect, spores 8-11-14//. Bot. Centrabl. 44: 418. 1890.— Cas- cades, Thorp, Washington. 228. Orthotrichum arcticum Schpr.— Tufts dense, more or less de- pressed, dark green or blackish, 1-2 cm. long; stems branched, rigid: leaves densely imbricate when dry, when moist becoming recurved and then erect- spreading, obovate or oval-lanceolate and more or less pointed, recurved at margin and revolute in lower half; costa vanishing below apex in lower leaves and almost at point in upper leaves; cells at base quadrangular, smooth and with unequally thickened walls, passing gradually above into relatively large rounded or subhexagonal cells with thick walls and pro- vided with salient bi or tri-furcate papillse: perichfetial leaves larger at base, more or less acuminate and a little longer than others: inflorescence autoi- cous: capsule emergent and sometimes exerted, oval or oval oblong, when dry sub-urceolate and faintly furrowed; collum straight and abruptly con- tracted; annulus triple; peristome double, teeth 8, bigeminate, split to middle and more or less lacunose along the middle line, finely and densely papillose, reflexed when dry; cilia often fragmentary, not passing half height of teeth, of one or two rows of cells. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 172. — Greenland. 228a. Orthotrichum Macouuii Aust. — Autoicous: robust, in broad 298 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. dense yellowish tufts fuscous below: stem 1 cm. long, sparingly branched: leaves when dry erect, when moist rather strict sub-patent, ovate lanceo- late, very acute, sub-carinate, minutely papillose, apex entire, margin revo- lute; costa sub-percurrent; cells very minute, obscure, basal a little broader, scarcely more pellucid: capsule very narrow cylindric, smooth, pale straw-yellow, long exserted, defiuent when dry, into a long a strongly sulcate collum; peristome teeth 16, short, subulate, when dry erect- incurved, pale, hyaline, distinctly 8-10-articulate, minutely granulosa papillose; cilia 8, half shorter than teeth, narrow; lid long apiculate; calyptra sparsely hairy. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 6: 343. 1879. — Eocks: Cascades, B. C; Washington; Idaho. 229. Orthotrichum Blyttii Schpr. — Tufts dense, wide, 1-3 cm. high, brownish or olive-colored: leaves erect spreading, imbricate when dry, re- curved when moist, obovate-lanceolate, revolute at border almost to sum- mit; cells at base quadrangular, smooth, passing gradually into rounded or sub-hexagonal cells above, with thickened walls, papilte simple or bi- or- tri-furcate, sometimes salient but variable, older leaves not papillose: peri- chsetial leaves a little larger at base: capsule emergent, oval or oval-oblong, when dry 8 costate; collum straight and suddenly contracted at base, mak- ing fruit more or less pyriform; annulus persistent, compound (3-4); per- istome double, teeth 8, split more or less along middle line, finely and densely papillose, reflexed when dry; cilia 8, more or less complete, sometimes very small or half height of teeth, of 1-2 series of cells. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 174. — Greenland. 230. Orthotrichum piimilum Americanum Vent. — Tufts small, lax, soft: leaves almost without papillae: capsule with 8 bands composed of 2 series of rectangular cells faintly marked; teeth 8, obtuse at point, split along middle line, finely papillose. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 180. — On trees, locality unknown. 231. Orthotrichum Rogeri Brid. — Tufts lax and irregular, 1-1.5 cm. long, green or dark green: leaves more or less flexuous when dry or loosely imbricate, when moist erect-spreading or only upper lanceolate half of leaf spreading, carinate, lanceolate from oblong base sometimes concave or even cochleariform, frequently rounded at point, obtuse, acuminate or short apiculate, entire on border or denticulate near apex; border more or less revolute; costa ceasing below apex; cells elongated quadrangular at base, smooth, walls slightly thickened, passing gradually into rounded cells with thickened walls above, papilla very small, simple, rarely more pronounced: inflorescence autoicous: capsule more or less emergent, costate when dry and empty, contracted below mouth before empty, oval oblong with collum slightly defluent into seta, sometimes longer than sporangium; annulus double, persistent; peristome double, teeth 8, bigeminate, reflexed when dry, yellowish orange or darker, more or less split or lacunose at points, BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 299 densely and finely papillose or slightly lineolate above; cilia 8, weakly papillose or lineolate, of 1 or 2 series of cells. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 186. — Idaho. 232. Orthotrichum Hendersoui Ren. & Card. — Pulvinate, yellow green: stems dichotomous, 1-2 cm. long: leaves patulous, flexuose when moist, slightly crispate when dry, from an oblong base linear lanceolate, acuminate, carinate, borders strongly revolute; costa vanishing below apex; cells thick walled, elongated, sub-iectangular below, in upper part: roundish or angular, papillose capsule subexserted on a short pedicel, oval oblong, suddenly constricted to pedicel, 8 striate, becoming cylindra- ceous and contracted below mouth when old and empty; lid convex, apicu- late; teeth 8, bigeminate, yellow, minutely granulose, not striolate length- wise, reflexed when dry, split at apex; cilia 8, smooth; spores papillose. Bot. Gaz. 15: 42. 1890.— On bushes: Coast Mts., Oregon. 233. Orthotrichum pulchelluin prodiictipes Een. & Card, — Much more robust than type, with larger leaves, a longer pedicel, and teeth of peristome larger and paler. Bot. Gaz. 15: 43. 1890. — On trees and shrubs: Portland, Oregon. 234. Orthotrichum pulchellum leiicodon Vent.— Tufts cespitose, bright or pale green: peristome pale, becoming white. — Bot. Centralbl. M: 419. 1890. Vancouver Is., Washington. 235. Orthotrichum ulotaeforme Ren. & Card.— Pulvinate, yellow green: stems dichotomous, 1-2 cm. long: leaves patulous, flexuous when moist, slightly crispate when dry, carinate; borders strongly revolute, sometimes sinuate at apex; costa vanishing below apex; cells thick walled, lower elongated, narrow, sub-sinuous, upper roundish or sub-hexagonal, slightly papillose: capsule exserted on a long pedicel, oblong, 8 striate when dry, suddenly contracted to pedicel; lid depressed, rostrate; teeth 8, bigeminate, or 16 more or less connected in pairs, pale yellow, minutely granulose, striolate lengthwise, truncate and split at apex, refiexed ifhen dry; cilia 16, long, nodulose, nearly smooth; spores papillose: inflorescence monoicous. Bot. Gaz. 15: 42. 1890.— On bushes with O. Hendersoni: Coast Mts., Oregon. 236. Eucalypta suhspathulata C. M. & Kindb. — Monoicous: stem very short, about 0.5 cm. high: leaves bright green, spathulate or Ungulate, twisting when dry, upper spreading when moist; inner basal cells short rectangular, smooth and hyaline, finally red-brown, outer ones much lon- ger, narrower, and yellowish; costa faintly reddish below, yellow above, long excurrent: capsule cylindrical, short necked, smooth or finally fur- rowed when dry; peristome pale, partly incomplete and membranous, but distinct and high; calyptra small, papillose in narrower part, yellowish green, not covering whole capsule, not fringed; pedicel red. Mac. Cat. 93.— On rocks, Frazer River, B. C; on earth: McLeod's Lake, B. C. 300 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, 237. Encalypta leiomitra Kindb. — Nearly allied to j&. rhahdocarpa, but leaves shorter, often subspathulate, costa vanishing at apex: peristome teeth nearly blunt; calyptra not papillose; spores larger. Mac. Cat. 94. — On rocks: Clearwater River, Athabasca. 238. Encalypta cucullata C. M. & Kindb. — Monoicous: leaves cucul- late, perichfetial ones long acuminate acute, with a long hair point; costa percurrent, red at base: calyptra papillose all around. Mac. Cat. 96. — On earth: Columbia river, near Revelstoke, B. C. 239. Eucalypta leiocarpa Kindb. — Monoicous: stem 3-4 cm. high, dichotomously branched, radiculose: leaves erect-patent, Ungulate, faintly revolute nearly all around, without a hair point; lower decolorate brown, sub-acute, incurved; comal larger, green, obtuse, slightly twisted; basal cells hyaline, marginal very papillose; costa faintly papillose, not excur- rent, in lower leaves brown, in comal green or reddish at base; perigonial leaves with a short thick tip: capsule straight, smooth, cylindric with an apophysis; peristome simple, orange; pedicel red; calyptra papillose all around, not fringed. Mac. Cat. 95. — Crevices of rocks: summit of Mount Queest, B.C. 240. Encalypta Alaskana Kindb. — Differs from E. longipes Mitt. principally in capsule striate and not apophysate, peristome brown red, ap- pressed to mouth when moist, costa nearly smooth: monoicous: lid of capsule obliquely rostrate. Mac. Cat. 269. — Mixed with a Bryurtx on earth: Ounalaska Island, Behring Sea. 241. Encalypta apopliysata N. & H. — Stems 5-20 mm. high, erect, branching, in compact dark green tufts: leaves erect spreading when moist, crispate when dry, undulate, lanceolate elongate, apiculate by excurrent costa, revolute at base: seta rough at base, yellow above; capsule cylindric, thin-walled, smooth; coUum thick and distinct; lid conic, long beaked; teeth of peristome long, linear, entire or lacunose along middle line, articulations quite numerous, orange, papillose; hood irregularly lobed and laciniate at base; spores papillose. Husnot,Musc. Gall. 198. — Rocky Mountains. 242. Merceya latifolia Kindb.— Densely cespitose: plants 1-2 cm. high, brown-ferruginous below, green at tips, divided, at base radiculose: leaves quite smooth, spathulate-lingulate, obtusate or subacute, entire, slightly reflexed at base, plane above, broad-bordered with larger, orange-colored cells; basal cells narrow, upper small and round; costa percurrent or scarcely excurrent. Habit of Barhula ruralis. Mac. Cat. 97. — On upper slopes of Mount Finlayson near Goldstream, Vancouver Island; California. 243. Tayloria acuminata Hsch. — Monoicous: tufts more lax and gen- erally shorter than in T. splachnoides : stem reddish tomentose, with numerous gemmae: leaves soft, loosely appressed or spreading, with re- flexed point, when dry falcate, rhombic-lanceolate, long pointed; margins BARNES— NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 301 of lower half of leaf reflexed and entire, above plane and toothed, apex not concave; costa longer and vanishing in point; cells somewhat smaller: seta 1-1.5 cm. high, capsule erect, smaller, oval or elliptic, when dry almost globose, suddenly contracted into the long thin neck; columella generally only slightly excurrent; lid suddenly obliquely beaked; peristome inserted deeply, separated by a layer of epidermis, teeth 16, hygroscopic, when moist involute, when dry appressed against the capsule wall, or somewhat irregu- lar, warty-papillose on the outside, cross walls quite prominent. Limpr. Laubm. 2: 151.— On damp rocks: Dry Canon, near Devils Lake, Rocky Mountains. 244. (Edipodium Schw. — Plants small: leaves succulent, upper cells rounded quadrate, chlorophyllose: some flowers bisexual, others male: seta thick; capsule sub-spherical with a long collum; columella included; peristome absent; hood conic, cucullate; spores large. 244:a. (Edipodiuiu Griffithianum Schw. — Stems 5-15 mm. high, erect, in soft, dark green tufts: leaves succulent, forming a rosette at summit of stem, obovate-spatulate, large and rounded at summit, entire, ciliate at base; costate to below apex; lower cells rectangular, hyaline; upper round- ed-quadrate, chlorophyllose: seta pale green, thick, passing gradually into the very long collum; capsule sub-spherical, orange; lid convex-conic or shortly apiculate; peristome absent, hood fugacious, conic-cucullate; spores large, papillose. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 201. — Greenland. 245. Physcomitrinm turbiiiatuin (Michx.) Brid.— Plants light green, gregarious, 8-20 mm. high; autoicous: stems short and simple, or taller and branching: leaves oblanceolate or obovate from an oblong base, serrate above middle ; costa vanishing below apex or occasionally excurrent into an acu- minate apex; lower cells oblong, upper rhomboidal or hexagonal, marginal longer and narrower, often yellow and inflated at their upper ends : seta erect or twisted and occasionally arcuate: capsule erect, globose pyriform when fresh, becoming tvirbinate and contracted bslow mouth and spore sac when dry, dark brown and often urceolate when empty ; lid convex or mamillate, occasionally apiculate when dry, blunt ; mouth bordered by 8-12 rows of cells and a narrow row of oiange colored cells, with a hyaline vesicular persistent annulus incurved after falling of lid; calyptra cucul- late, oblique and split unequally, 5-8 lobed and beaked ; spores rough. — Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 21:199. 1894. A common but variable species in old fields, grassy open places in gardens, etc., from Florida to Ontario, west to the Rocky Mountains and California (?). 246. Physcoiuitrium tiirbinatuin Lan^loisii (R. & C.) Britt. — Plants pale yellow ; stems usually short and simple, slender, occasionally tall and branching to 2 cm.: leaves narrow, acuminate : seta filiform; capsule small, almost campanulate, not contracted below mouth when dry : neck tapering, 10 302 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. often contracted below spore sac when dry. Bull Torr. Bot. Club 21: 200. 1894. — Low swampy ground and in gardens, probably only in the South- ern states. 247. Physcoinitrium turbinatuiu Floridanum (R. & C.).— Leaves longer, long acuminate, coarsely serrate: capsule strongly dilated at mouth, when empty cup shaped, varying. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 21: 200. 1894.— Florida. 248. Physcomitrluin me^alocarpnm Kindb.— The largest one of the genus, plants often 3-4 cm. high, light yellow or brown when old : stems short, simple : leaves spreading, flat and open when dry, not much twisted or shriveled, lanceolate from a lax oblong base ; lower cells large, inflated at the angles, marginal longer and narrower in two rows, yellow, entire or serrulate ; costa ending in acute or acuminate apex : seta erect or twisted and bent ; capsule large, globose pyriform, nearly as broad as long, usually urceolate when dry, contracted at neck and below mouth when dry ; lid conic, bluntly apiculate : mouth small, not flaring, bordered by a narrow orange-colored annulus with a second hyaline row and 8-12 rows of denser but slightly elongated cells : neck short, stomatose ; spores rusty brown, spinose. Bull. Torr Bot. Club 21: 200. 1894.— Pacific slope. 249. Physcoinitrium Kellermani Britt.— Autoicous, antheridia ter- minal in basal buds : plants scattered or gregarious, dark brow^n when mature, small, seldom more than 3-5 mm. high : stems simple, with basal innovations : leaves few, rosulate, ovate acuminate ; costa excurrent into subulate apex or ending below it ; margins coarsely serrate ; cells inflated, basal lax, scarcely elongated : seta short, scarcely exceeding perichaatial leaves, occasionally long and exserted ; capsule short pyriform or broadly flaring, bright brown when old; neck short, tapering or swollen into an hypophysis, stomatose, rugose ; mouth bordered with 4-7 rows of cells and a narrow, persistent annulus of darker cells with a hyaline incurved row almost invisible ; lid small, conic rostrate ; calyptra large, three lobed ; spores large, rough, warty, but not spinose. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 21: 204. 1894.— Kansas; Nebraska. 250. Physcoinitrium Coloradense Britt.— Autoicous, antheridia in basal buds, few, large, without paraphyses; plants small, 3^ mm. high, scattered or gregarious; stems short, simple or with basal buds; leaves few, radical, erect, concave, base shorr, auriculate; cells lax, upper cells shorter, marginal serrate or inflated above middle, with large u-regular teeth, occasionally entu-e or serrulate only at apex; vein narrow, percur- rent into a cuspidate apex or ending below it in lower leaves: seta short, immersed or partly exserted; capsule exserted, large for size of plants, nearly 2 mm. long, pyriform when fresh, becoming turbinate and con- tracted below mouth and spore sac when dry, bright orange or brown when mature; mouth bordered by 4-5 rows of narrow, elongated cells, and a BARNES NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 303 double annulas, the outer orange colored, inner vesicular, hyaline; lid large, conic, rostrate when dry, also bordered with orange cells; spores warty, not spinose. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 21: 206. 1894.— Colorado; on muddy banks of the Missouri River, Great Falls, Montana. 251. Physcomitrium Driimmondii Britt.— Plants gregarious or scat- tered, 3-10 mm. high; stems with short basal branches; leaves narrow, strictly erect, lanceolate-acuminate, serrate above middle, marginal cells longer and broader, inflated or yellow, basal cells lax; vein thick, ending below the apex or excurrent into a cuspidate point: seta stout, straw-col- ored or brown when old, short, erect, slightly twisted; capsules pyriform turbinate, not contracted below flaring mouth when dry, bordered by 6-8 rows of narrow elongated thick brown cells very distinct from cells with sinuous walls of rest of capsule; annulus narrow, orange-colored, persist- ent, with a second incurved hyaline row; lid conic-rostrate, bordered by orange, beak as long as spore sac, which is shallow and broad; neck contracted below spore sac, stomatose; spores large, warty. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 21: 205. 1894. Physcomitrium acuminatum L. & J. Man. 198. 1884 in part. — Louisiana; Canada; Missouri; Oregon. 252. Physcomitrium australe Britt. — Autoicous, antheridia terminal and cotemporaneous with fruiting axis: plants gregarious, tall, slender, 3-4 cm. high; stems branching repeatedly and rooting at joints: lower leaves short, distant, with vein ending below the apex, upper crowded around base of seta, all narrow, oblong lanceolate, serrate above middle, marginal cells narrower and longer, teeth small, appressed; vein ending below acute apex: seta short, pale, twisted and curved; capsules often cernuous, sub- globose becoming turbinate and flaring at mouth when dry and empty, small, often broader than long; neck tapering, contracted and stomatose; lid flat and apiculate when dry, conic when moist, bordered with brown; mouth bordered by 5-8 rows of large clear cells and a darker annulus, with a second row of hyaline cells incurved and almost invisible; surface cells irregular with thick walls; spores brown, rough, warty. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 21: 201, 1894.— Apalachicola, Fla. 253. Physcomitrium Californicum Britt.— Autoicous, antheridia ter- minal, becoming lateral by innovations: plants gregarious, 10-15 mm. high: leaves few, basal, oblong-lanceolate, bordered by a double row of elongated cells, entire or occasionally serrulate above middle; vein thick, ending below acute apex; cells lax, oblong, marginal obliquely septate: seta slender, twisted, often brown; capsules small, globose when mature and empty, more or less cylindrical when young; lid conic, short, blunt; neck short, wrinkled, and contracted below spore sac when dry, stomatose; mouth bordered by a narrow orange-colored annulus and 5-11 rows of slightly denser scarcely differentiated cells; calyptra cucuUate, lobed and 304 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN. long beaked: spores brown, warty, not spinose. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 21: 206. 1894.— On the ground: Calfornia. 254r. Physcomitrium acuminatum (Schleich.) Br. & Sch.i Autoicous, antheridia terminal on basal branches: plants gregarious, pale green, slender, 10-15 mm. high: stems short, leaves almost radical, rosulate, ob- long-lanceolate, acuminate; vein thick, ending below apex or excurrent into a cuspidate point; marginal cells elongated, in two rows, entire or subser- rulate at apex, lower cells elongated, often brown at angles: seta pale, slen- der, twisted, often bent; capsules small, pyriform, becoming turbinate when dry, with a broad flaring mouth, not contracted below it; neck tapering, often abruptly contracted when dry; mouth bordered by 4-7 rows of nar- row cells, but slightly elongated or thickened, those of walls smaller than in P. turUnatum and rounded; annulus double, outer row orange colored, inner hyaline, vesicular, falling in fragments with lid or persistent; lid blunt, conic' or apiculate, bordered with orange; spores small, yellow, spinose. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 21: 203. 1894. L. & J. Man. 198 in part.— Not 'common: Central states west to Nebraska. 255. Fnnaria calcarea occidentalis Ken. & Card.- Differs from the type in the leaves more shortly and broadly acuminate, and the longer pedicel. Bot. Gaz. 15: 43. 1890.— Wet mud banks: Oregon City, Oregon. 256. Bartramia brevisetaLindb.— Tufts 1.5-3 cm. high, very thick, brownish green above, brownish tomentose below: stem dichasially branched, densely foliate: leaves obovate, half sheathing, appressed, pale yellow green, from a slightly shining base gradually narrowed into an erect-spreading narrow somewhat twisted brittle very sharp subulate point, margin plane, acumen toothed; cells of the sheathing part of leaf smooth, elongated rectangular, towards the margins narrower and colored, cells of the acumen much smaller, rectangular to quadrate, sharply mamillose in the corners; costa percurrent, filling the entire acumen: perichjetial leaves more Fsheathing, mostly exceeding the capsule in length: seta rigid, thick, brown; capsule large, erect, symmetric, almost globular, brownish, longitudinally furrowed, thin walled, small mouthed, when empty wide mouthed; lid small, convex, in the middle somewhat elevated; annulus none; peristome none or simple and rudimantary, formed of pale short obtuse irregular teeth. Limpr. Laubm. 2: 538.— Crevices of rocks: Ounalaska, Behring Sea. 257. Bartramia glaucoviridis C. M. & Kindb.— Differs from B. pomiformis in its glaucous green color, sheathing leaves not margined, suddenly short cuspidate, costa often excurrent: monoicous. Mac. Cat. 105. — On damp rocks: Columbia River, Revelstoke, B. C. 1 This description is given here because that in L. & J. Manual 198 is incomplete. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 305 258. Bartraiiiia circinnatula C. M. & Kindb.— Also allied to B. pomi- formis but still more distinct than B. glaucoviridis : leaves green, loosely- disposed, circinate, long sheathing, very long cuspidate: costa longer ex- current: probably dioicous. Mac. Cat. 105. — On rocks: Hastings, Burrard Inlet, B. C. 259. Philonotis foutana caispitosa Sch.— Stems usually simple, leaves more distant than those of P. fontaiia, more or less secund, oval, short acuminate, toothed, plane on border, not plicate: perigonial leaves broader than long, triangular, subulate, costa reaching apex. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 269.— Indiana; Illinois, 260. Philonotis lontana microblasta C. M. & Kindb.— Male flowers very small, brown; perigonial leaves all acute, strongly costate. Mac. Cat. 107.— On damp earth: Rogers Pass, Selkirk Mts., B. C. 261. Philonotis fontana Columbia Kindb. — Lower leaves narrow, costa long excurrent, perigonial leaves acute or subacute. Mac. Cat. 107. — On wet rocks: Revelstoke, B. C. P. fontana hrachij2)hylla Kindb., Prince Edward Is., and P. fontana serrata Kindb., Selkirk Mts. and Islands of Behring Sea, are nomina nuda. Mac. Cat. 107. 262. Philonotis seriata Mitt.— Dioicous: in stiflBsh yellow-green tufts with rufous tomentum, readily falling asunder, and with habit of P. fon- tana: leaves in spiral rows, imbricated when dry, erect or sub-falcate, di- morphous, those of male innovations ovate, bluntish, nerve vanishing, the rest deltoid ovate, acutely pointed: nerve thick, reaching apex or vanish- ing, ail somewhat decurrent, concave, with two deep plaits at base on each side, margin revolute in lower third, bluntly toothed by single or double papillae; nerve very strong, rough at back, reaching to apex; cells above small and rectangular, with a papilla at lower and often at upper end, be- low laxer, oval, and longish with a central papilla on both sides: perichge- tial leaves with nerve excurrent: capsule on a long straight seta, cernu- ous striate and furrowed; lid conic obtuse; peristome rufous, endostome orange, finely papillose. Braithw. Brit. Moss Flora 2: 212.— Washington. 263. Philonotis glabriuscula Kindb.— Tufts radiculose below, 4 cm. high: stem slender: leaves small, green, distant, spreading and straight when moist, indistinctly decurrent, short ovate-lanceolate, short acumi- nate, acute, slightly papillose, pellucid, plane at margins, not plicate, min- utely serrulate principally above; cells oblong hexagonal, the lower nar- rower, less chlorophyllose; costa sub-percurrent: barren. Mac. Cat. 107. — By springs; Canaan Forks, N. B. 264. Mielichhoferia cuspidifera Kindb.— Differs from M. yiitida in leaves broad-ovate, suddenly cuspidate, entire or slightly crenulate above, cells a little wider and costa often percurrent. Mac. Cat. 110. — On damp rocks: Hector, Rocky Mountains. 306 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN. 265. VVebera Canloti Ren.— Loosely cespitose, pale green or yellowish: stems simple, erect, slender, rigid and brittle: leaves small, erect, imbri- cate, oblong-lanceolate, decurrent, strongly revolute on borders, obtuse or sub-obtuse, rarely sub-acute, generally sinuate denticulate at apex; costa very broad, green, percurrent or vanishing very near apex, widening below and occupying one-third of base; cells lax, truncate or sub-attenuate, 2-3 times longer than broad: seta reddish, flexuous, often geniculate at base; capsule oblong-sub-pyriform, symmetric, erect, yellowish or brownish, tap- ering to an attenuate neck; lid conic; peristome small, pale yellow, pellu- cid, very minutely papillose; teeth triangular-lanceolate, long acuminate, latnelte 15-20; endostome more or less perfect, with split segments and cilia, or reduced to a variously raised and lacerate membrane: annulus compound (2-3). Bot. Gaz. 14: 95. 1889.— On wet sandy rill-banks: Mt. Hood, Oregon. 266. Webera polymorphoides Kindb.— Tufts large, dense, dull green above, rufescent below, 4-5 cm. high: stem finally denudate at base, radic- ulose in middle: leaves crowded, not decurrent, ovate-oblong, acute or sub- obtuse, widely areolate, nearly entire and flat on borders, costa vanishing below apex; comal ones longer, sub-linear-lanceolate, short-acuminate, up- per cells narrow, borders reflexed for greater part, costa thick, sub-percur- rent: capsule oblong, short-necked, pendent; peristome pale yellow, seg- ments with narrow basal membrane, cilia short, rudimentary; annulus narrow; lid mammillate; spores brown: dioicous. Mac. Cat. 111. — Hermit Mountain, Rogers Pass, Selkirk Mountains, B. C. 267. Webera cruda minor Ren. & Card.— Much smaller, capsule nar- rower, lid conic. Bot. Gaz. 15: 43. 1890.— Oregon. 268. Webera longibracteafa (Broth.) R. & C— Dioicous: loosely ces- pitose, light glaucous green, shining: stem about 2 cm. high, reddish, deli- cate, erect, flexuous, simple, somewhat brownish radiculose near base, laxly foliate: leaves spreading, long decurrent, nearly plane, linear-lanceo" late, short acuminate, acute, margin slightly revolute from base to middle, or nearly plane, serrate from apex to middle, not bordered; costa pale vanishing below apex; all cells elongated, narrow, scarcely chlorophyllose, smooth: barren. Fohlia longihracteata Broth. Bot. Centralbl. M: 419. 1890. — Argillaceous earth: Astoria, Oregon. 269. Webera nutans subdenticulata B. & S.— Stem simple: stem leaves narrower, longer pointed, plainly toothed; branch leaves ovate-lanceolate and loosely imbricate: capsule pendent, shortened, color uniform. Limpr. Laubm. 2: 251.— Miquelon Island. 270. Webera nutans niacrospora Kindb.— Leaves denticulate to the middle; costa excurrent: spores large. Mac. Cat. 113.— Summit of Gold Range, B. C. 271. Webera canalicnlata C. M. & Kindb.— Allied to W. nutans: BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 307 median and comal leaves longer attenuate, denticulate sometimes below middle, narrowly areolate, costa thick, canaliculate and excurrent, comal revolute at borders, only lowest shorter and short-decurrent: peristome pale: lid low and flat. Mac. Cat. 113. — On rocks: Vesuvius Bay, Salt Spring Island, Gulf of Georgia, B. C. 272. Webera microcanlon C. M. & Kindb. — Resembling a small form of W. polymorpha in the very short stem and acute leaves agglomerate in small buds: differs principally in dioicous inflorescence and very large spores, when unripe about 0.03 mm. Capsules (not ripe) short obovate, an- nulate; neck short; lid low mamillate; pedicel straight, arcuate at apex: comal leaves scarcely revolute at borders, inner perichsetial much shorter: tufts very compact; leaves green or finally blackish. Mac. Cat. 114. — Digges Island, Hudson Strait. 273. Webera subcncullata C. M. & Kindb.— Habit of MieUchhoferia nitida: intermediate between TF. cucullata and IF. pycnodecurrens : resembles the last in small compact tufts, small (unripe) short-necked cap- sule, and mamillate lid; but stems subjulacous, leaves dull green, densely crowded, not decurrent; lower leaves short, sub-obtuse, nearly as in W. cucullata but leaf cells narrower. Mac. Cat. 113. — Crevices of rocks: Mount Queest, Gold Range, B. C. 274. Webera Ludwi^ii Sch.— Dioicous: soft, laxly cespitose, red or blackish at the base, dark green above, scarcely glossy when dry: stem and branches purple, erect, slender, sparingly radiculose: lower leaves remote, broadly ovate, obtuse, entire, more crowded upward, erect spreading, long decurrent, not carinate; comal leaves densely crowded, oblong-lanceolate, serrulate at apex; margin narrowly recurved, nerve purple, vanishing be- low apex, thick at base; cells rather lax, thin, rhombo-hexagonal above, more rectangular at base: capsule on a flexuose reddish seta suddenly bent below capsule, sub-pendulous, oval-pyriform, brownish, annulate, slightly constricted below mouth; lid conical, obtuse, apiculate; peristome pale yellow, teeth linear-lanceolate, basal membrane of endostome reaching middle of teeth, processes gaping at keel, cilia 2-3. Brit. Moss Flora 2: 154 as Pohlia.— Oregon; Cascade Mts. and Gold Range, B. C; Greenland. 275. Webera gracilis De Not. — Dioicous: much more slender than W. commutata, in loose, yellow green, glossy tufts, blackish at base, with many rigid filiform shoots, short in fertile plants, elongated and often with red [axillary gemmae in sterile: leaves erect, appressed when dry, rigid, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, short-pointed, without chlorophyll; margin plane, faintly serrate at apex; nerve thinner, lost at or below point: capsule turgidly ovate, cernuous, small, reddish brown; lid orange, hem- ispherical, apiculate. Braithw. Brit. Moss Flora 2: 154. — Oregon. 276. Webera inicro-denticulata C. M. & Kindb.— Tufts dense, glossy 308 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. green, about 3 cm. high: leaves small, loose when dry, open erect, decur- rent, short, ovate oblong, nearly entire, more widely areolate with a red and not percurrent costa; comal ones longer, lanceolate, acute or sub-obtuse, narrow areolate, revolute at borders nearly all around, faintly denticulate above, costa pale and sub-percurrent: capsules (not ripe), small obovate^ short-necked; lid low, mamillate: dioicous. Mac. Cat. 114. — Close to per- petual snow on Gold Range, B. C. 277. Webera pycno-decurreiis C. M. & Kindb. — Tufts dense, glossy, bright green, 1-1.5 cm. high: leaves small, acute; lower ovate-oblong, crowded but short decurrent; comal very much longer sublanceolate, revo- lute at borders for greater part, denticulate above; inner perichgetial leaves very much shorter, looser areolate; costa not excurrent: capsule obo- vate, red-brown, distinctly short-necked, annulate, orange-margined at the mouth: cilia sometimes appendiculate, inner membrane broad, teeth finally dark yellow; lid convex, orange-margined, mamillate; pedicel genicu- late at middle: dioicous. Mac. Cat. 114. — On earth near perpetual snow on the Gold Range, B. C. 278. Webera camptotrachela Ren. & Card. — Stems erect, slender, simple or with few branches: leaves little crowded, erect, narrowly oblong lanceolate; acuminate, acute; borders plane or slightly revolute below, dis- tinctly denticulate in upper part; costa strong, percurrent; cells elongated, sub-hexagonal or rhomboidal, 6-10 times longer than broad: external perichsetial leaves more elongated, long narrowed-acuminate, more or less revolute on borders, serrulate with costa generally excurrent, 2 or 3 inner bracts smaller and shorter: seta reddish, flexuous, often geniculate at base: capsule small, subhorizontal or cernuous, oblong sub-pyriform, tawny- brown, with a long attenuated curved collum; lid convex, apiculate; an- nulus double; teeth yellowish, densely trabeeulate; segments of endo- stome generally imperfect; cilia variable in length. Bot. Gaz. 13: 199. 1888.— California, 279. Webera Colximbica Kindb. — Differs from W. j^ulchella princi- pally in leaves more denticulate at least in the middle, costa red, annulus detached, revoluble. Leaves small, slightly reflexed, not glossy: capsule small, segments with 2 cilia. Mac. Cat. 115. — Moist banks: British Co- lumbia and North West Territory, 280. Webera albicans iirceolata Ren. & Card. — Capsule very short. Eevue Bryol. 20: 1. 1893.— Oregon. 281. Webera micro-apicnlata C. M. & Kindb. — Tufts small, dense and shining, bright green above, decolorate below, about 2 cm. high: leaves small, narrow areolate, densely imbricate and appressed when dry, when moistened sub-erect, not decurrent, ovate-lanceolate with a needle- shaped often incurved point, lower nearly entire, comal a little longer, BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 309 faintly and distantly sinuolate-denticulate above, borders not revolute, costa not excurrent: barren. Mac. Cat. 115. — Damp rocks: Revelstoke, B. C: Hector, Rocky Mountains. 282. Ilrynm Frondei Kindb.— Habit of Wehera nutans. Agrees with Bryum inclinatum in synoicous inflorescence, symmetric capsule, etc.; differs in leaves long acuminate, cells long and narrow, upper sub- linear, costa very long excurrent, peristomial segments quite free from teeth, spores smaller, cilia wanting. Mac. Cat. 120.— St. Paul Island, Behring Sea. 283. Bryum sub-purpiirascens Kindb. — Agrees with B. 2nir2ourascens in red tufts, elongate shoots, costa scarcely or faintly excurrent, capsule long-necked, constricted below mouth, teeth orange colored, segments free, cilia smooth, spores small, lid large and mamillate, pedicel red: differs in inflorescence dioicous, all leaves red margined, costa long excurrent, and principally in curved sub-clavate capsule, resembling that of B. meeseoides. Mac. Cat. 119.— On wet earth: Port Moody, B. C. 284. Bryum an^ustirete Kindb.— Differs from B. pendulum in leaves narrow, ovate-lanceolate, reflexed all around; upper cells very narrow, sub- linear, basal cells reddish; costa red: capsule sub-cylindric; pedicel arcuate above; teeth paler; spores small: synoicous. Mac. Cat. 119. — Damp earth: Rocky Mountains; Revelstoke, B. C. 285. Bryum Roellii Philib.— Polygamous: yellowish green: leaves ag- gregated on upper part of stem, ovate, or elongate-lanceolate, acuminate, almost perfectly entire; cells small; costa long excurrent into a rigid scarcely denticulate point; margin slightly thickened, rather distinct, not colored, in lower part sub-plane, above broadly reflexed: seta 2-A cm. long; capsule oblong, about 3.5 mm, long, becoming pale; lid conic, often darker colored; annulus broad, pale; peristome from a red base very pale, internal closely adherent to outer throughout its whole length, segments irregular, laterally affixed to teeth or obsolete, cilia none; dorsal lamina of teeth very slender, scarcely visible; ventral lamina pale, divided and excavate, with the vertical dissepiments of the internal membrane adnate in 3-4 rows of cells; spores 20-25/<. Revue Bryol. 17: 56. 1890.— Cascades, Washington. 286. Bryum bracliyneuron Kindb.— Agrees with B. j^efidtdum in inflorescence synoicous, peristome orange, spores large: differs in leaves decurrent, short ovate, costa broad, abbreviate, not excurrent, shoots bearing globose gemmse, peristomial teeth very much broader: stem red, very short: pedicel 1 cm. long or shorter, often scarcely emerging from tufts: costa of lowest leaves red, percurrent only in leaves of shoots and perichsetial ones: capsules ventricose, short-necked, constricted below mouth. Mac. Cat. 120.— St. Paul Island, Behring Sea. 287. Bryum Archangelicum Schimp. — Synoicous, also with male and 310 BULLETIN OF THE UNI V^ERSITY OF WISCONSIN, more rarely with female flowers; tufts low, thick, pale green, reddish radiculose within: leaves not decvirrent; lower ovate-lanceolate, comal leaves loosely imbricate, lanceolate from an ovate base, concave, narrowly margined, generally somewhat revolute, more rarely plane; costa strong, excurrent into a long yellow faintly toothed hair; cells above rhombic, be- low rectangular, at the insertion red, and quadrate or rectangular: seta arcuate above; capsule nodding or pendent, obovate, not constricted under mouth; peristome yellowish, pale above, narrowly bordered, inner peri- stome same height, free or slightly adherent, cilia none or rudimentary. — Limpr. Laubm. 2: 308. — On earth: Gaspe Co., Quebec; on damp rocks: Hector, Rocky Mountains; Sabine Island, Greenland. 288. Bryum mamillatum Lindb. — Autoicous: tufts very thick and low: lower leaves small and distant, comal leaves crowded, not decurrent, long lanceolate, pointed, margin with a thick yellow border; costa very thick, excurrent into a short faintly toothed point; cells thin walled, rhombic above: capsule pendent, symmetric, globose-pyriform, neck short, rarely somewhat curved, longitudinally furrowed when dry; teeth of peris- tome orange, insertion red, yellow above, bordered; inner peristome free, yellow, basal membrane one-third length of teeth, cilia short, three. Limpr. Laubm. 2: 328. — Greenland. ,^89. Bryum Labnidorense Philib. — Plants branching, in compact tufts, radiculose: leaves pale green, reddish at the base, oval-lanceolate, with a large sheathing base, decurrent, acuminate with a short point formed by costa, which is flexuose and somewhat toothed; otherwise mar- gin entire; lower leaves plane and nearly emarginate; upper leaves faintly marginate with two rows of elongated cells; border slightly reflexed at base; cells distinct, compact, rhomboidal: polygamous: capsule oval, nar- rowed slightly at the base to form a short collum; lid convex with a scarcely salient beak; teeth of peristome very short, regularly attenuate, nearly triangular; inner peristome adherent and imperfect, segments linear, lacu- nose between articulations; cilia none; annulus very large; spores very large. Rev. Bryol. 14:55. 1887. — Labrador. 290. Bryum steiiotrichum C. Mtill.— Synoicous: tufts slender, low, yellowish: fertile stems short, surrounded by a few slender very short ros- ulate stipitate innovations: perichtetial leaves erect-imbricate, spreading when moist, small, concave, from a broad-ovate purpurascent base longish acuminate; costa yellowish, thick, percurrent into an elongate slender scarcely dentate sharp point; margin strongly revolute from base to plane point, quite entire, broadly yellowish bordered; lamina confluent with subula; cells regular, small, yellowish, scarcely granulose: stem leaves smaller, shorter aristate: seta slfender, pale red, 1 inch long, cernuous ar- cuate above; capsule small, from a slender neck narrowly oblong, ochra- ceous brown; lid small, conic, short pointed; annulus broad, revoluble; BARNES NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 311 peristome small, outer teeth short, densely trabeculate, inner ones slender, short, sulcate, split to the short shallow sulcus, short cuspidate, cilia very short, single, rudimentary. Flora 70: 219. 1887. — Alaska. 291. Bryum Edwardsianum C. & M. Kindb.— Nearly allied to B. War- neum, agreeing in peculiar peristome and very large spores (about .05 mm. ), but differing principally in leaves longer acuminate, entire, revolute at borders; costa long excurrent: capsule narrower and lid lower: flagelli- form branches absent: monoicous. Mac. (JJat. 120.— On damp sandy soil: Prince Edward Island. 292. Bryum Kuowltoni Barnes. — Plants densely cespitose, inter- woven with red and brown rhizoids: stems copiously branched by innova- tions, reddish: leaves closely imbricated in bud like tufts at top of innova- tions, not twisted when dry, youngest bright green, older dirty yellow, carinate, concave, ovate to obovate-lanceolate, lower shorter, upper nar- rower, all abruptly and shortly acuminate; costa shortly excurrent, or dis- solving in or ceasing below apex; margin entire, or rarely slightly denticu- late here and there, slightly revolute or plane, border usually indistinct; cells rectangular and hyaline below, rhomboidal and densely chlorophyl- lose above: polygamous: capsule red brown or paler, rugose, pendent, ob- long-pyriform; operculum small, strongly convex, apiculate, long persist- ent; annulus triple, revoluble; teeth linear lanceolate, strongly barred within, smooth above; segments of endostome free, strongly nodose, split between along keel, cilia two, rudimentary. Bot. Gaz. 14. 44. 1889. — Crevices in rocks: Funk Island, Newfoundland. 293. Bryum fallax Milde. — Stems 5-10 mm., branching: tufts yellow- ish : leaves erect spreading, oval, decurrent, concave carinate, very shortly mucronate by excurrent costa, entire, marginate, revolute at border, upper cells hexagonal : dioicous : capsule pendent, symmetric or arcuate, oblong pyriform, contracted at mouth ; collum as long as sporangium ; lid conic, apiculate ; annulus large ; teeth yellow, segments of endostome split along keel, cilia rudimentary. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 238. — St. Mat- thew Island, Behring Sea. 294. Bryum oeueum Blytt. — Dioicous : tufts thick, olive color and reddish green, when old almost copper colored, reddish radiculose within : leaves spreading, rigid, when dry falcate incurved and somewhat twisted, narrowed at base and decurrent ; lower leaves small and distant, ovate or obovate, sharp pointed, upper leaves oblong lanceolate or broad lanceo- late, long pointed, red marginate ; margin revolute, entire ; costa thick, red, generally excurrent; cells thick-walled, pitted, above rhombic- hexagonal, the basal rectangular : perichaetial leaves lanceolate, much smaller, rigid : capsule pendent or nodding, club pyriform, some- what curved, reddish brown : neck one-half sporangium, when dry fur- rowed ; lid small, yellow, convex ; annulus compound (2) ; teeth narrow, 512 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN. linear lanceolate, yellow, orange at insertion, yellowish above, broad hyaline margined, finely punctate ; endostome adherent, yellow, papillose, segments narrow, free, split, cilia 2-3, broad, short. Limpr. Laubm. 2: 332.— Greenland : Smith Sound, Clavering and Sabine Island. 295. Brymn mamilligenim Kindb.— Subspecies of B. intermed- ium, differing in leaves distinctly margined, nearly flat on borders: capsule oblique, distinctly constricted below mouth, often horizontally patent; lid mamillate, not apiculate; spores larger: stem very short. Mac. Cat. 122.— On damp rocks: Devils Lake, Rocky Mountains. 296. Bryum cirrliatum meg-alosporum Kindb,— Differs principally in large spores, about .03 mm. Mac. Cat. 122. On wet soil on rocks: Bur- rard Inlet, B. C. 297. Bryum cuspidatum Sch.— Synoicous : tufts low, rarely 2 cm. high, dense, radiculose within : leaves decurrent, narrower than in B. biinum, and longer pointed ; lower leaves small, oval, short pointed, upper larger, oval-lanceolate, pointed by excurrent costa, uppermost crowded in a coma, and over twice as large, with a very long acumen ; margin recurved, yellow marginate, entire: costa excurrent as a toothed acumen; cells thin walled, faintly pitted, below rectangular, red, at decurrent angles somewhat elongated : capsule inclined to almost pendent, obovate, when deoperculate constricted below the mouth, lid short conic ; per- istome and endostome of equal length, teeth gradually narrowed, papillose, broadly bordered ; endostome free, pale yellow, segments half length of teeth, split^along keel; cilia three, appendiculate. Limpr. Laubm. 2: 343. — Illinois; Wisconsin; Idaho; Montana; Oregon; Washington; Vancouver Island. 298. Bryum bimum angustifolium Kindb. — Leaves narrow, loosely disposed : pedicel shortly emerging above innovations : stem 4 cm. high. Mac. Cat. 123. — On wet rocks: Cape Vincent, Ont. 299. Brynm bimum atrotheea Ren. & Card.— Capsule black red: leaves scarcely denticulate or quite entire at the point. Bot. Gaz. 19: 238. 1894.— Newfoundland. 300. Bryum leucolomatum C. M. & Kindb.— Nearly allied to B. bimum ; differs principally in stem more robust and elevate, above 8 cm. high : leaves pale bordered, inner perich^tial ones cuspidate : capsules not ripe, lid apiculate : synoicous. Mac. Cat. 123. — In a marsh: Revel- stoke, B. C. 301. Bryum Hendersoni Ren. & Card. — In robust, yellowish green tufts: stems robust, purple, tomentose, erect, dichotomous, 2-4 cm. long, lower leaves distant, smaller, then becoming gradually larger, upper crowded, erect spreading when moist, loosely appressed when dry, con- cave, cucullate at apex, broadly obovate-lanceolate, or oblong sub-spatulate, short acuminate and reflexed apiculate by excurrent costa; generally dentic - BARNES NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 313 ulate above on the back by the prominence of cell-apices; margin narrowly revolute but flat toward point, strongly serrate above; cells reddish and rectangular at base, oblong-hexagonal in middle, ovate-hexagonal or rhom- boidal in upper part, the marginal elongated, linear flexuose, forming a more or less distinct border; capsule inclined or pendulous, narrowly cylin- drical, incurved, constricted below mouth and tapering to a long attenuate neck; lid convex or sub-conic, apiculate; teeth yellow, densely trabeculate, segments split, cilia 1-3, appendiculate; aunulus of 3-4 rows of cells, very broad: dioicous. Bot. Gaz. 19: 44. 1894. — Moist sunny bluffs: Portland, Oregon; California. 302. Bryuiu microstefrium Sch.— Synoicous: aspect of B. sub-rotun- dum: tufts very low, thick, green: lower leaves small, distant, oval-lance- olate, costa ending below the point; comal leaves numerous, crowded, almost imbricate, when moist erect spreading, outer oval-lanceolate; inner larger, oblong lanceolate, long acuminate, costa excurrent, marginate, border plane, entire, sometimes slightly recurved; cells thin walled, above narrowly rhombic, at base violet purple, rectangular: seta twisted, curved above; capsule nodding, with narrower and shorter neck, oblong-pyriform, mouth symmetric, small: when dry neck furrowed and capsule rugose; lid conic, apiculate; teeth faintly bordered, weakly papillose, abruptly nar- rowed above; endostome almost hyaline, segments split along the ke cilia three, appendiculate. Limpr. Laubm. 2:348. — Greenland; Labra- dor. 303. Bryiim pallescens laxifolium Kindb. — Leaves loose, not glossy, long and narrow; upper cells narrow: spoi-es small. Mac. Cat. 124. — In damp woods: Kananaskis Pass, Rocky Mts. 304. Bryum pallescens longifoliuiu Kindb. — Leaves dense, glossy, very long attenuate; upper cells narrow: spores small. I. c. — Wet gravelly soil: Morley, Rocky Mountains. 305. Bryum uitidnlum Lindb. — Synoicous: tufts low and dense, above yellowish green, below reddish, within densely brown radiculose: stem scarcely branched, leaves gradually larger above, broad oval, acute, nar- rowly marginate, margin revolute to recurved point, entire; costa thick, nearly percurrent; cells small, thick walled, pitted, upper irregular rhom- bic, basal rectangular, reddish: capsule pendent, small, oval-pyriform, gradually narrowed into neck, large-mouthed, pale yellow, shining; lid convex, with long point; annulus triple; peristome large, teeth pale yellow, lanceolate-acuminate; endostome free, basal membrane one-half height of teeth, segments split along keel, cilia 2-3, appendiculate. Limpr. Laubm. 2: 347.— Greenland. 306. Bryum teres Lindb.— Autoicous: tufts low, yellowish green, shin- ing: leaves erect, not decurrent, broad oval, obtuse, the upper with small points, concave, not marginate, entire; lower leaves with plane margins, 314 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. comal leaves revolute to middle, inner to apex; costa purple at base, van- ishing below point; cells faintly pitted, above rhombic-hexagonal, basal red, rectangular hexagonal: seta curved above; capsule pendent, symmet- ric, pyriform, when dry contracted below the mouth; lid small, convex; annulus triple, separating in fragments; teeth lanceolate, abruptly subulate above the middle, narrowly bordered, papillose, endostome free, basal membrane 3^ height of teeth, segments widely gaping along keel, cilia 2-3, long appendiculate. Limpr. Laubm. 2:367. — Franz Joseph Fjord and Sabine Island. 307. Bryuin microglobum C. M. & Kindb.— Tufts compact, green, radiculose below, small (about 1 cm. high) : branches very short, bear- ing small buds: leaves narrow margined, sub-entire; stem leaves ovate oblong, short acuminate, faintly revolute at borders, branch leaves ovate- acute and not revolute; upper cells short except narrow margined ones; costa more or less short excurrent: capsule small, inclined, pale globose- pyriform, small mouthed; peristome perfect, teeth pale; cilia short, appen- diculate; lid convex with conical mamilla: pedicel arcuate at apex: dioicous. Mac. Cat. 129. — On earth: London, Ont. 308. Bryum micro-erythrocarpum C. M. & Kindb. — Nearly allied to B. erythrocarpum ; differs in stem shorter: leaves distinctly yellow-mar- gined, laxer areolate; costa sometimes excurrent: capsule more ventricose, constricted below the mouth; lid longer apiculate. Mac. Cat. 124. — In wet gravel: Vancouver Island. 309. Bryum Blindii B. & S. — Dioicous: gregarious or in small dense tufts, brownish or light green, somewhat shining: stem fasciculately branched, radiculose below: lower leaves broad oval, short-pointed; upper stem and branch leaves ovate, short-pointed; comal and perichsetial leaves oblong-lanceolate; all leaves imbricate, concave, not margined, entire, margin plane, only upper comal and perichastial leaves slightly revolute; costa strong, percurrent or excurrent; cells yellow-walled, considerably thickened, above rhomboid and rhomboidal, at base red, thin walled, rec- tangular and rectangular hexagonal: seta generally bent at base, hooked above; capsule pendent, symmetric, obovate or globose-pyriform; neck thick; mouth small, when empty scarcely changed; lid small, strongly convex, with small mamilla; annulus triple, separating spirally; peristome inserted below mouth, teeth yellow, with pale incurved point when dry, bordered, papillose; endostome yellow, papillose, basal membrane 3^ height of teeth, segments lanceolate, suddenly subulate, somewhat split, cilia three, nodose or appendiculate. Limpr, Laubm. 2: 419. — On damp earth Rocky Mountains; on debris: Selkirk Mountains, B. C. 310. Bryiim alpiniforine Kindb. — Allied to B. alpinum in habit, leaves chlorophyllose, basal cells quadrate, costa red: differs in leaves smaller, marginate, loosely disposed, more distinctly decurrent, border re- BARNES NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 315 flexed nearly all around, cells wider, upper hexagonal oval, costa often more excurrent: barren. Mac. Cat. 271. — On rocks: islands in Lake Nepigon, Ont. 311. Hryum hoematocarpuiii C. M. & Kindb. — Tufts very tomentose below green innovations: leaves loosely appressed, when dry slightly corru- gate but not twisted, crowded, not decurrent, subovate, acute, pellucid, narrow marginate, revolute at the entire borders all around, those of the innovations less distinctly revolute and margined to above the middle; cells pale yellow, upper short-rhomboidal; costa yellow, percurrent or in upper- most leaves slightly excurrent: capsule large, sub-oblong-cylindric, blood - red, twice as long as pale coUum, pendent or patent, not appressed to pedicel; peristome dark yellow or orange below, pale above; segments free, very much shorter than membrane, cilia faintly appendiculate or rather nodose; annulus broad; lid nearly flat and apiculate: dioicous. Mac. Cat. 125. — On damp rocks: British Columbia. 312. Bryuiu percurrentinerve Kindb. — Tufts compact, dull green above, decolorate below: leaves when dry appressed and corrugate, when moistened sub-patent, crowded and slightly decurrent, ovate-obtusate, only uppermost ovate oblong and sub-acute, narrow margined, revolute at the entire borders for the greatest part; cells pellucid, upper wide, sub- rhomboidal; costa red, percurrent, in uppermost leaves pale. Allied to B. MuhlenbeckU, but differing principally in color, thinner, broader and shorter leaves, at the apex patent or sometimes reflexed, not cucullate. Mac. Cat. 216. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 17: 274.— On dripping rocks: waterfall near Kamloops, B. C. 313. Bryum capitellatum C. M. & Kindb. — Tufts small, compact, yel- lowish green above, reddish rufescent below: stems sub-julaceous, clavate acute, radiculose at the base; innovations short: leaves gradually larger upwards, not decurrent, very concave, not margined nor revolute at the entire borders; cells wide, pellucid, upper sub-rhomboidal, lower sub-rect- angular; lowest leaves very small, short-elliptic and blunt, loosely dis- posed, others crowded, median sub-oval and blunt, uppermost ovate-ob- long, sub-acute; costa finally red, percurrent in upper leaves, abbreviate in lower: barren. Mac. Cat. 127. — Borders of ditches: Vancouver Island. 314. Bryuiu rubicunduiuui C. M. & Kindb. — Tufts compact, olive green, very radiculose to innovations: leaves appressed when dry, concave, obtuse, lower oblong, upper ovate, forming small buds, chlorophyllose, not yellow or hyaline, rarely reddish; borders revolute, narrow-marginate nearly all around; upper cells wide; costa red, sub-percurrent: perichaetial leaves narrow, sub-acute, narrowly areolate: capsule inclined, obovate-ob- long, short-necked, constricted below the mouth when dry, purplish brown; peristome pale yellow; inner membrane low, cilia short, nodulose or appen- diculate: dioicous. Mac. Cat. 129.— Summit of Hermit Mountain, B. C. 316 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN. 315. Bryuin Yancoiiveriense Kindb. — Differs from B. ccespiticium in leaves longer acuminate, at base red, reflexed only below middle; cells small, upper very narrow; costa very thick, excurrent in most leaves: cap- sule not pendent, not constricted below the mouth; lid deplanate; spores larger; pedicel very long: stem indistinct with gemmiform innovations. Mac. Cat. 129.— On wet slopes: Mt. Finlayson, Vancouver Island. 316. Bryum aynoico-CJespiticiinii C. M. & Kindb. — Tufts dense, about 1 cm. high, radiculose only at base, green above, brown decolorate below: leaves erect, not decurrent, sub-ovate, acuminate, not margined, recurved at borders, slightly denticulate above; costa long excurrent, very rigid, thick, often denticulate, light brown: capsule turgid, oval, very short- necked, not or slightly constricted below mouth, pendent; peristome per- fect; lid low, umbonate; spores about .015 mm.; pedicel geniculate below middle, arcuate at apex, thick, red: synoicous. Mac. Cat. 128. — On earth: old channels of the Illecillewaet River, Revelstoke, B. C. 317. Bryuin heteroneuron C. M. & Kindb. — Sub-species ot Bryum capillare: differs in leaves finally purplish-colored, less contorted when dry, distinctly serrate above, finally red-margined; costa dark purplish, either long excurrent with point thick and very rigid or vanishing below apex: dioicous: agrees with B. Donianum Grev. in clavate branches and smaller spores, but leaf borders not incrassate, capsule not so large. Mac. Cat. 130. — On earth: Ottawa, Ont.; Hastings, B. C; on rocks: Vancouver Island. 318. Bryum heteroneuron brevicuspldatum Kindb. — Leaves short pointed. Mac. Cat. 131. — Vancouver Island. 319. Bryum elegans Nees. — Dioicous: tufts dense and soft, green above, reddish brown within, densely brown radiculose: lower stem and branch leaves obovate, concave, margin plane, border narrow; comal leaves crowded, imbricate, obovate from a narrow reddish base, carinate concave, margin plane, recurved only at base, toothed above; costa quite strong, excurrent as a smooth somewhat recurved awn; cells very lax, thickened, mostly rhombic hexagonal, at base rectangular and generally reddish: seta curved above; capsule horizontal or nodding, symmetric, long oblong to almost cylindric, with a neck equally long, when dry constricted below mouth; lid very convex, scarcely apiculate; annulus broad; teeth of peristome narrowly margined; basal membrane of the inner peristome }/q height of teeth; segments narrow, cleft or only split; cilia delicate, appen- diculate. Limpr. Laubm. 2: 388. — Miquelon Island. 320. Bryum Floridanum Ren. & Card. — Closely allied to B. Donianum but much more delicate, leaves shorter, border narrow, scarcely incrassate, margins plane. Revue Bryol. 20:4. 1893. — Florida. 321. Bryum acutiusculum C. Miill. — Dioicous; tufts slender, low, rather dense, tomentose: fertile stem short, simple or with few branches: leaves BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 317 aggregated in a small sub-rosulate tuft, erect-imbrieate, spreading when moist, small, oblong-acuminate, regularly concave; costa carinate, yellow- ish, flexuous, excurrent into a short sharp point; margin strongly revolute, bordered, quite entire; cells small, very regularly rhomboidal, empty: cap- sule on a short (1.2 cm.) slender flexuous fuscous seta, minute, pyriform- oval, narrow, fuscous, leptodermous; neck elongate (comparatively), very slender, arcuate; lid minute, short conic and acutish from a convex base; annulus broad, revoluble; teeth of peristome very narrow, yellowish, median line none, margin scarcely cristate, prolonged into a sub-hyaline filiform point; segments of endostome a little shorter, very slender, little sulcate, neither gaping nor perforate, cilia single, equaling segments, re- motely somewhat appendiculate. Flora 70: 220. 1887. — On hornblende rocks: Chilcoot, Alaska. 322. Bryum Sawyeri Ren. & Card. — Loosely or densely cespitose, green or brownish: stems short, radiculose below, branching by several innovations, more or less copiously provided in upper part with brown thick simple articulate very caducous filaments arising from axils of leaves; leaves regularly distant, or upper tufted, open when moist, erect imbricate, often slightly twisted when dry, rather concave, oblong sub-spatulate, narrowed at base, shortly acuminate, plane on borders, obsoletely denticulate in upper part; costa percurrent or shortly excur- rent; cells large, hexagonal, thin-walled, marginal cells elongated: seta reddish, capsule brown or rufescent, pendent, finally oblique or subhor- izontal, defluent into a long attenuate neck, constricted below mouth after fall of convex apiculate lid; teeth of peristome densely trabeculate; segments split, cilia long, appendiculate: inflorescence seems to be dioicous, male flowers unknown. Bot. Gaz. 14: 95. 1889. — On sandy ground at base of trees or on decayed logs: Enterprise and Beauclerc, Florida; Louisiana. 323. Bryum exteniiatum Ren. & Card. — In loose yellowish tufts: stems depressed, radiculose, branching below perichaetium by elongated innovations, erect, slender, flexuous, generally attenuate and flagelli- form: stem leaves distant, equal, erect spreading when moist, imbricate when dry, concave, from a long decurrent base ovate-lanceolate, shortly acuminate-cuspidate, entire or sub-sinuate toward point; innovation leaves much smaller and narrower; margins revolute from base to above middle, costa excurrent into a very short point or vanishing just below apex; cells rhomboidal or hexagonal, rectangular at base, longer and narrower on margin but not forming a distinct border: seta flexuous, reddish below, yellowish above; capsule pendulous, narrowly cylindrical, constricted be- low mouth when dry, tapering to a long attenuate neck; lid convex, acutely apiculate; teeth pale yellow; internal membrane very broad, segments 11 318 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. split, cilia 2-3, long appendiculate; annulus of 2-3 rows: dioicous. Bot. Gaz. 15: 57. 1890. —Wet sunny bluffs: Portland, Oregon. 324. Bryuiu erubescens Kindb.— Stems short, scarcely 1 cm. high, loosely tufted: leaves of innovations green, small; stem leaves few, red- dish-brown, not decurrent, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, red margined, not revolute at entire borders: areolation pellucid, decolorate, upper cells narrow rhomboidal or hexagonal; costa red, more or less excurrent; inner perichffitial leaves smaller, immarginate, slightly sinuolate above, with a percurrent costa: capsule small, regular, pendent, narrow-oblong, con- stricted below mouth; cilia appendiculate; lid convex, mamillate; spores extraordinarily large, about 0.03 mm.: dioicous. Mac. Cat. 118.— On roots of trees: Lake Louise, Rocky Mountains. 325. Bryiim obtusifolium Kindb.— Closely related to B. Neodamense : tufts broad and tumid, 4-7 cm. high, dirty green tinged with red: stems soft: leaves lax, long decurrent, oval, obtuse, very concave, not limbate, slightly reflexed to cucullate apex, entire; cells very lax, slightly thickened, faintly pitted, nearly all rhombic-hexagonal: sterile. Limpr. Laubm. 2: 429. 1892.— Godhavn and other localities in Greenland. 326. Bryiim erythrophyllum Kindb.— Closely allied to the arctic Z^- ohtusifoUum: barren stems laxly cohering, blood red, about 1 cm. high: leaves small, reddish, loosely disposed, flaccid, not decurrent, lower leaves ovate, sub-obtuse, upper leaves sometimes more attenuate, furnished with a rigid point to the excurrent costa, entire, sub-immarginate, not reflexed at margins; cells lax, nearly uniform; costa red, percurrent or slightly ex- current, in a short recurved point. Mac. Cat. 131.— In boggy places: Truro, N. S.; Revelstoke, B. C. 327. Bryum erythrophylloides Kindb.— Nearly allied to B. erythro- phyllum: agreeing in leaves loosely disposed, rose-red, not decurrent: differs in leaves quite immarginate, narrower, ovate-lanceolate, long acumin- ate or acute ; upper cells narrower ; costa in upper leaves somewhat long excurrent, rigid : barren. Mac. Cat. 272.— Cypress Hills, Alberta. 328. Bryum anoectang-iaceuin C. M. & Kindb.— Tufts compact, radicu- jose, small, scarcely 2 cm.^high; leaves small, rose colored, loosely disposed, not decurrent, spirally contorted when dry, ovate-acute, pellucid, narrow marginate, entire, faintly revolute, laxly areolate ; costa thick, reddish, per- current or short excurrent : probably monoicous, but male flowers not well developed. Mac. Cat. 130.— On rocks: Hector, Rocky Mountains, B. C. 329. Bryura crassirameum Ren. & Card.— In robust wide compact yellowish-green tufts: stems robust, stout, branched: leaves erect-spreading when moist, imbricate when dry, ovate-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, not decurrent, very entire or sub-sinuate at apex; margins revolute from base to near apex- costa percurrent or vanishing just below point; cells rectangular at base, hexagonal above, narrower on margins but not forming a distinct BARNES — NOflTII AMERICAN MOSSES. 319 border: seta reddish, flexuous; capsule pendulous, badious or ferruginous, cylindrical, constricted below mouth when dry, tapering to an attenuate neck; lid conic or sub-convex, apiculate; teeth yellow, densely trabeculate; segments split, cilia 2-3, appendiculate; annulus triple: dioicous. — Eot. Gaz. 15 : 57. 1890. Wet running bluffs: Oregon City, Oregon. 330. Bryum pseudotriquetrnm gracilesceiisSch.— Branches elongated, delicate; leaves more distant. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 249.— Wisconsin; Wyoming; Washington. 331. Bryum pseudotriqnetnim hyalodontinm C. M. & Kindb. — Differs principally in capsule pale brown and peristome pale, hyaline. Mac. Cat. 133.— On wet rocks: Hector, Rooky Mountains, B. C. 332. Bryum deiiticulatum Kindb. — Differs from B. pseudotrique. trum in leaves distantly denticulate to middle, lanceolate acuminate, reflexed at base: barren. Mac. Cat. 133.— In bogs and springy places: Cypress Hills, Alberta: Selkirk Mountains, B. C. 333. Bryum liydrophilum Kindb.— Closely allied to B, pseudotriqiie- trum but leaves narrower, ovate-lancelolate, reflexed at base or not at all: costa yellow; tufts loose, radiculose only below: flowers and capsules not found. Mac. Cat. 133.— In springy places: Vancouver Island. 334. Bryum Duvalii lato-decurrens C. M. & Kindb.— DiflFers in the upper leaves, looser disposed, longer decurrent; uppermost more distinctly apiculate, with a sometimes excurrent costa; longer short and broad: stem more radiculose. Mac. Cat. 132.— Wet earth: Selkirk Mts. and Revelstoke, B.C. 335. Bryum Duvalii Gaspeanum Kindb.— Differs in leaves narrow lanceolate, short decurrent, greater part margined, sometimes faintly den- ticulate above; costa percurrent or short excurrent. Mac, Cat. 272.— On wet rocks: Gaspe Co., Que. 336. Bryum meesioides Kindb.— Dioicous: densely cespitose: leaves yellowish, brown-margined, not decurrent, ovate-oblong or short lanceo- late, short acuminate, faintly denticulate at apex, slightly reflexed on borders at base; cells rhomboidal oblong; costa red, scarcely excurrent, abbreviated in lower leaves: capsule narrowly pyriform, defluent to a longer collum, immature, arcuate, pale, wide-mouthed, constricted below mouth; lid convex, pale yellow, mamillate; teeth pale yellow, connivent; annulus double; cilia perfect, long and appendiculate; basilar membrane very low or indistinct. Mac. Cat. 133.— Wet rocks: Gaspe Coast, Que,; Banf, Rocky Mountains; Selkirk Mountains, B. C; Vancouver Island. 337. Bryum Ontariense Kindb.— Intermediate between B. roseum and -B. Beyrichii: comal leaves very numerous. Ungulate, abruptly and shortly acuminate, revolute to % or %, yellow-margined above with great confluent teeth; costa stout, excurrent: capsule pale, with a distinct curved collum half as long, teeth papillose and hyaline above; lid convex, 320 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN. short apiculate, not oblique. Mac. Cat. 135. B. roseum L. & J. Man. 240, not Schreb. In old logs and sometimes on limestone rocks in maple woods: Ontario; Quebec; New Brunswick; Ohio. 338. Bryuin lucidum Britton.— Plants slender, scattered, not gregar- ious, light glossy green: stems from radiculose stolons, simple and naked below: leaves rosulate, not twisted when dry, broadly elliptical above, with parallel margins at base, blunt, with costa vanishing below apex, or with a serrate cuspidate point; vein heavy, frequently red at base; mar- gins of long prosenchymatous cells forming small appressed teeth, entire below; cells of the lamina parenchymatous, elongated-hexagonal: dioicous: setae single, stramineous, lustrous and sulcate; capsule reflexed, horizon- tal or erect, constricted below mouth, neck short: teeth with a faint med- ian line, segments of endostome split, cilia 3-4, not appendiculate, faintly papillose, very irregular, variously divided and elongated; lid apiculate. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 18: 53. Bryum simjjlex Kindb., Mac. Cat. 135. Milium EoeUii Broth., Bot. Centralbl. 44: 420. 1890. Idaho; Montana; Washington; Gold Range, B. C. 339. Bryum bullatum C. Mtill.— Dioicous: very small, slender: peri- chaetium with few very short very slender julaceous branches: stem leaves minute, very densely imbricate, oval, very shortly acuminate, car- inate-concave; margin plane, quite entire; costa yellow, slender, vanishing below apex; cells small; pellucid, elongate, narrowish: perichselial leaves larger, longer, from a lanceolate narrow base ligulate attenuate, obtusish; costa much longer, fiexuous, carinate, reddish; cells much longer, looser, yellowish: capsule nutant on a slender reddish seta scarcely 1 in. long, very small, oval barrel-shaped, when young bullate-tuberculose; collum none; annulus broad; lid shortly convex-conic, ochraceous; peristome teeth small, slender; margin scarcely cristate; segments very narrow, cilia nodose (?). Flora 70: 221. 1887.— Takhin Valley, Alaska. 340. Bryum lijematopliyllnm Kindb.— Stems short, loosely tufted or sol- itary: leaves small, red, densely crowded, not decurrent, ovate or ovate ob- long, acute, indistinctly margined, reflexed at entire borders; cells red, nearly uniform and loose; costa very broad, not (or very shortly) excurrent: perichaetial leaves oblong lanceolate: capsule (not ripe) regular, pendent, obovate, lid convex, short apiculate, pedicel thin, spores small: dioicous. Mac. Cat. 118. — On wet rocks: Rocky Mountains. 341. Bryum oligochloron C. M. & Kindb.— This species is still doubt- ful, being found only in a barren state. — It is peculiar in upper leaf-cells very narrow; leaves ovate-lanceolate, long acuminate, nearly hyaline and costa long excurrent. Mac. Cat. 129.— On rocks: British Columbia. 342. Bryum microcephalum C. M. & Kindb.— This is a doubtful species, not having been found with capsules. It somewhat resembles B. ccespiticium; stem proliferous with small male buds, leaves contorted, BARNES NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 321 costa percurrent or short excurrent, inflorescence dioicous. Mac. Cat. 134. — On rocks: British Columbia. 343. Bryum pygiujeo-alpinum C. M. & Kindb.— Tufts small, dense: stem sparingly radiculose to the buds: leaves small, olive-green, finally reddish, flaccid, not glossy, laxly areolate, hyaline; uppermost close, others loosely disposed, not decurrent, very much smaller; all subovate or oval ob- tuse, uppermost sometimes subacute; borders not margined nor revolute; upper cells short rhomboidal; costa broad, purplish, percurrent or in upper- most leaves slightly excurrent: barren. Mac. Cat. 126.— On wet rocks: Vancouver Island. 344. Bryum sanguileiitum Ren. & Card.— Quite similar to B. torques- cens, but more delicate: leaves when dry not twisted, scarcely bordered: capsule narrower: flowers dioicous. Differs at first sight from small forms of B. ccqjiUare in the narrower blood -red capsule, and in the leaves scarcely or indistinctly bordered. Muse. Am. Sept. 20:31. 1893. B. capillare var., Lesq. & James Man. 236.— California. 345. Mniiiiu cuspidatiim tenellum Kindb. — Differs in all parts being smaller. Mac. Cat. 136. — On earth in woods: Prince Edward Island. 34(>. Milium macrociliare C. M. & Kindb. — Bisexual: loosely tufted: stem densely foliate, sometimes stoloniferous: leaves green or bright green, sub-distichous, not decurrent, pale-margined, simply or doubly dentate- ciliate, sub-ovate; perichfetial smaller and narrower; costa always excurrent: capsules single or two, oblong, inclined or pendent; lid pale, conic, red- margined, short-rostrate; teeth yellow; pedicel purplish below, yellowish above. Mac. Cat. 137.— On rocks: Revelstoke, B. C; on earth in damp woods: Ontario. 347. Mninm insigne intermedium Kindb. — Agrees with M. insigne in leaves long decurrent, long dentate, cells hexagonal-rotundate: differs in synoicous inflorescence. Mac. Cat. 139.— On earth: Prince Edward Is- land; wet rocks: British Columbia; in damp woods: Vancouver Island. 348. Mnium serratum Macounii Kindb. — Inflorescence paroicous: leaves red -margined; costa excurrent: lid obliquely rostrate. Mac. Cat. 139. — In dry woods Prince Edward Island. 349. Muium decurrens C. M. & Kindb.— Dioicous: loosely tufted: stem very loosely foliate, naked below, elongate: leaves green or finally reddish, sub-distichous, long decurrent, often red at margins and wings, doubly dentate, lanceolate: inner perichaetial ones sublinear, red cuspi- date; cells smaller than in M. umbratile ; costa sub-percurrent, often red, in inner perichaetial leaves excurrent: capsule single, oval, inclined; lid pale, conic, not margined, short apiculate, not rostrate, teeth dark yellow; pedicel reddish. Resembles 31. orthorrhynchum in size of capsule; leaf cells not much larger: differs from M. umbratile in narrow leaves, less twisted when dry. Mac Cat. 110.— On stones: British Columbia. 322 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. 350. Milium iiiclinatum Lindb. — Dioicous: close to M. orthor- rhynehum: plants 2-3 cm. high, slender: leaves larger above, uppermost oblong, obtuse, narrowly thick margined, double-toothed; costa toothed on back, vanishing in point, cells small, not pitted: seta 1.5 cm. long, curved above; capsule hypnoid, erect or inclined, ovate; neck long, gradually nar- rowed into seta; peristome yellow; membrane of endastome y^ length of teeth, reddish-brown, segments split; cilia delicate, scarcely nodulose; lid either straight or obliquely beaked. Limpr, Laubm. 2: 456. — On rocks and trunks of trees (Drummond); Ottawa, Ontario; British Columbia. 351. Mninm pseudo-lycopodioides C. M. & Kindb.— ilf. lycoijodio- ides L. & J. Manual 246; not of Schwagrichen. From the closely allied 3£. orthorrhynchum it is separated by excurrent costa of upper leaves, and narrower capsules. Mac. Cat. 140. — Newfoundland; New Bruns- wick; Quebec; Adirondack and White Mts.; Rocky Mountains; British Columbia. 352. Milium Niagaras Kindb.— Intermediate between M. spinulosum and M. serratum, but readily distinguished by wide mouthed capsule: loosely tufted without creeping stolons, fertile stem simple: leaves dark green, crisped when dry, indistinctly decurrent, doubly dentate at red- margined borders, lower more loosely disposed, oblong, upper lanceolate; cells rotundate-hexagonal, often pellucid; costa red brown, excurrent at least in upper leaves; perichsetial leaves narrow, sublinear, dentate, inner- most very short: capsule solitary, pendent, narrow, often appressed to pedicel, sub-clavate-cylindric, constricted below wide mouth, teeth yellow; lid obliquely rostrate; pedicel pale red: inflorescence synoicous. Mac. Cat. 141. — On earth in woods: Ontario. 353. Mnium Blyttii B. & S.— Dioicous: tufts dense, 6-8 cm. high, bright green with red, densely red radiculose: leaves more crowded above, lower oval, acute, entire, upper oval oblong, acute, uppermost spatulate, acute, all narrow^ed at base, decurrent, red marginate, toothed to middle, with a double or single row of short, blunt teeth; cells not in divergent rows, irregularly roundish-angulate, faintly thickened, not pitted: capsule horizontal or nodding, long oblong, slightly curved; lid strongly convex, blunt; annulus double or triple; teeth of peristome yellowish-green, blunt, papillose, bordered; endostome nearly orange, basal membrane % length of teeth, segments broad, split, suddenly subulate. Limpr. Laubm. 2: 460.— Bases of stumps and on earth: Rocky Mountains and British Colum- bia. 354. Mnium liyiuenophyllum B. & S.— Densely cespitose, tufts from glaucescent to bright green, reddish below, when old blackish brown, inter- woven with red rhizoids: plants 2-6 in. high (occasionally higher), erect, branched: leaves rather crowded, erect-spreading, long; decurrent, broadly ovate-acuminate, rather obtuse border narrow, entire or with prominent BARNES NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 323 cells here and there; costa vanishing below apex; cells roundish-hexagonal: dioicous; male flowers discoid, antheridia few, paraphyses strongly thick- ened at apex; female flowers and fruit unknown. Bry. Eu. Mnium Suppl. 5. pi. 400. Hartm. Skand. Flora 2: 51. [Ed. 10.].— Greenland. 356. Aulacomuium palustre congestum Boul. — Tufts thick, radiculose: branches short: upper leaves slightly secund, sharp pointed. Limpr. Laubm. 2: 530.— Isl. Miquelon. 3o(J. Aulacomuium palustre laxifolium Kindb. — Leaves laxly dis- posed. Mac. Cat. 145. — British Columbia. 357. Timmia Megapel itana Bavarlca Brid. — Leaves uniform in size; leaf sheath not papillose on back. — F. Bavarlca Hessl. Limpr. Laubm. 2: 581. 358. Timmia Norvegica Zett. — Dioicous: tufts lax, yellowish-green, below brown and laxly radiculose: leaves when old easily breaking off at insertion, above longer and narrower, from a short faintly sheathing base gradually linear-lanceolate, short pointed, erect-spreading, when dry falcate or spirally incurved twisted and almost crispate, from apex to middle short toothed, faintly toothed for remainder; costa strong, red, percurrent or vanishing; cells coarsely papillose in lower dorsal half , upper cells roundish quadrate or hexagonal, below gradually rectangular, in sheathing part elongated rectangular, distinctly pitted: capsule horizontal, oblong oval, short-necked; cilia of endostome delicate, not appendiculate. — -Limpr. Laubm. 2: 580. On muddy banks: Hector and discharge of Devils Lake, Rocky Mountains; Greenland. 359. Timmia Austriaca brevifolia Ren. & Card. — Stems shorter; leaves more crowded, shorter and erect-imbricate, scarcely flexuous when dry. Bot. Gaz. 19: 238. — Springdale, Colorado. 360. Atrichum undulatum altecristatum Ren. & Card. — Lamellae of the leaves much higher than in typical form; capsule narrower, erect. Bot. Gaz. 15: 58. — Kansas; Pennsylvania. 36 1. Atrichum leiopliyllum Kindb. — Plants erect, simple, naked below, densely foliate above: leaves smooth, lower very small, upper lanceolate, acute-cuspidate, not margined, base scarcely broader; borders sharply ser- rate with large teeth, basal only entire; basilar cells narrow, others round- hexagonal, all pellucid; costa percurrent; lamellae 6, disappearing below apex, entire or slightly crenulate; perichaetial leaves long cuspidate, costa excurrent: capsule single, sub-cylindrical, broad, slightly curved, constricted at mouth; lid obliquely rostrate from conic base. Mac. Cat. 148. — In damp woods: Vancouver Island; Selkirk ounta ; 362. Atrichum rosulatum C. M. & Kindb. — Dioicous: stem indistinct or very short: leaves rosulate, undulate, not margined, dentate at middle, sometimes beset with transverse rows of scales, lower sub-oblong, upper 32-4 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. short-lanceolate, sub-obtuse: costa scarcely percurrent, nearly smooth: barren. Mac. Cat. 148. — On bank of Columbia River, Revelstoke, B. C. 363. Oligotrichiim hercynicnm (Ehrh.) DC. — Stems 1-3 cm. high, erect, rigid: tufts large, lax, glaucous green or brownish: leaves erect- spreading when moist, imbricate and incurved when dry, oval and half sheathing at base, then lanceolate-linear, acute, concave, incurved on border and dentate above middle; costa with 10-15 lamellae on upper sur- face, contorted-undulate, and with 2-4 short dentate lamellae in the upper part on dorsal side: capsule ordinarily oblique, sometimes erect, oblong- cylindric, slightly contracted below mouth, at first yellowish, becoming brown, smooth, irregularly plicate when empty; lid convex-conic, beak short; teeth of peristome unequal, variable in number. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 277. — Greenland; St. Lawrence Island; Behring Sea. 364. Oligfotrichum hercynicnm latifolinm C. M. & Kindb. — Leaves shorter, entire: capsule distinctly plicate. Mac. Cat. 119. — Selkirk Mts. 365. Pogonatnm erythrodontinm Kindb. ^ — Stem erect, simple, or fur- nished with a short innovation above, naked below: leaves green, spread- ing, flexuous and not incurved when dry, plane and patent when moist, linear, lanceolate, acuminate, red-denticulate all around, not sheathing, undulate, hispid or margined; cells round -hexagonal, chlorophyllose (also the marginal): lamellae distinct, not confluent, numerous, 20-30; costa narrow, percurrent: capsule single, short, ovate cylindrical, erect, papillose, wide mouthed; teeth red brown, narrowly hyaline margined all around, narrowly Ungulate: dioicous. Mac. Cat. 150. — Vancouver Island; British Columbia; Alaska. 366. Pogonatnm alpinum microdontinm Kindb. — Leaves nearly en- tire, or indistinctly denticulate. — Mac. Cat. 152. — St. Paul Is., Behring Sea. 367. Poafonatnm Maconnii Kindb. — Dioicous: laxly cespitose, green, brownish when old: stem rooting only at base, dichotomously branched: leaves very long; when dry spreading or patulose, flexuose and convolute; when humid sub-plane, linear-lanceolate; cuspidate from short sheathing dirty white base, densely and sharply serrate, spinulose and reddish at back towards the apex; lamellae numerous, about 60, entire, each of round hexangular cells; costa long excurrent; lower cells or leaf and base elon- gate and narrow, upper oblong, cell walls often oblique and irregular; per- ichaetial leaves shorter and more acute: seta robust, pale, finally orange; capsule obliquely inclined, cylindric oblong, without neck, narrowed be- low mouth, notangulose; lid large, conic-subulate, orange at base; teeth of peristome 32, short. Mac. Cat. 152. — On earth and rocks: British Colum- bia; Vancouver Island; Ala-ska. 368. Polytrichnm conorhynchum Kindb. — Differs from P. formosum in leaves canaliculate, capsule shorter and broader, not attenuate at base: BARNES NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 325 differs from P. gracile also in capsule acute angulate, lid conic, rostrate, leaves long sheathing, Mac. Cat. 154.— In boggy ground; Selkirk Mts. 369. Polytrichum sexaugulare Fldrke.— Stem 2-6 cm. long, generally simple, erect, or decumbent, naked at base; tufts large, brownish green, not tomentose: leaves rigid, erect incurved, sometimes incurved, large oval and sheathing at base: then abruptly contracted into a lanceolate- canaliculate point, sub-obtuse, very entire; lamellte about 30; perichsetial leaves longer sheathing, muticous: capsule erect or inclined, angular, six- sided; lid long beaked; teeth unequal; calyptra not reaching base of cap- sule. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 279.— Mt. Hood, Oregon. 370. Polytrichum Ohioeuse Ren. & Card.— Stem erect, simple or bi- partite, a little tomentose below: leaves spreading when moist, erect flexu- ous when dry, from a sheathing base linear-acuminate, cuspidate, serrate; lamellae about 50; perichajtial leaves longer with a hyaline base; pedicel 4-8 cm. long, reddish below, pale above; capsule erect, finally horizontal, tetragonal or pentagonal, rarely hexagonal, acute angled, rather narrowed towards the base, with a very small or indistinct hypophysis. Bot. Gaz . 13:199. 1888.— Northern, eastern and southern United States; British Columbia; Canada. 371. Polytrichum Canadense Kindb.— Stem low, about 6-8 cm. high: pedicel not much longer; capsule blackish, much shorter than in the type.— Prince Edward Island; Quebec, Ontario; Lake Nepigon; Selkirk Mountains, B. C. 372. Polytrichum commune minus Weiss.— Plants shorter and more slender: leaves dense, shorter and more erect; perichastial bracts less dis- tinct. Capsule much smaller and shorter, less acutely quadrangular, lid with short straight beak; calyptra pale golden brown. Braithw. Brit. Moss Flora 1 : 59. — New Jersey. 373. Polytrichum polare C. Miill. — Dioicous: low, dendroid, every- where dark green, below with closely appressed small scales, above fastigiately branched; branches long for height of plants, rather slender, again divided, flexuous, equal: stem leaves closely appressed, when moist erect spreading, rather strict, from a large rbroadly-sheathing base obovate; shortly lanceolate; costa broad, multilamellose, opaque, occupying whole lamina, excurrent into a short blackish point ; margin strongly serrate with robust teeth (rarely none) lobed at base and very sharp at apex; cells elongate, very narrow, close, flexuous, yellow, at margin very slender forming a pale border, above sinuate-narrowed; scales of undivided lower stem quite entire or slightly dentate at base, very shortly lanceolate; peri- chaetial leaves like; capsule on short thick red seta (scarcely 1 in.), in- clined, small, quadrangular, bistrumose at base; teeth very narrow, whit- ish. Bot. Zeit. 17: 205. 1859.— Greenland. 326 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. 374. Polytriclium juniperinnm Wagliornei Kindb. — Leaves dentate in upper part, not in lower part only; marginal cells papillose. Mac. Cat. 155. — Labrador. 375. Buxbaumia indusiata Brid. — Dioicous: very similar to B. aphylla: seta 5-10 mm. high, thicker, yellowish red with smaller warts; capsule erect or sub-erect, when old less inclined, ovate-oblong, both surfaces same color, slightly shining, pale olive-green, when empty yellow- ish brown; dorsal surface faintly swollen, the external cuticle at length ruptured along the dorsal side and revolute; neck shorter and thicker; lid shorter, convex-conic; annulus narrower: separating as single cells; outer peristome free, formed of three or four rows of teeth; teeth numerous, ir- regular, small on outside; larger within, linear, triangular in cross section, perforate here and there in middle line, pale red, papillose, when moist erect; inner peristome as in B. aphylla. Limpr. Laubm. 2: 640. — On de- caying coniferous logs: Washington; Idaho; Catskill Mts., N. Y. 376. Buxbaumia Piperi Best. — Dioicous: stemless; leaves reduced to yellowish ovate-oblong or palmate crenate-laciniate bracts; cells oblong hexagonal: bracts of fertile plants producing long rhizoids enveloping the fleshy vaginule in a felt like mass: seta about 1 cm., arcuate or flexuose, warty, obliquely inserted; capsule inclined, ovate oblong, unsymmetric, greenish, becoming pale yellow, section broadly elliptical, upper surface not deeply impressed nor strongly margined; neck distinct; cuticle thin, not glossy or but slightly so, rolling back in segments after loosening of broadly conical obtuse operculum; endostome of linear papillose hyaline fluted segments, lightly cohering by their thickened margins forming a truncated cone; peristome of a single layer, with rudiments of a second deeply inserted, teeth linear, reddish or dirty white, papillose, articulated, revolute. lightly connate; pseud-annulus usually of Slayers. Bull. Torr.Bot. Club 20: 116. 1893. — On rotten wood or on ground covered with woody debris: Washington; Idaho. 377. Foutinalis autipyretica Ore^onensis Ren. & Card. — Stems very slender, soft, pinnate, yellowish and shining above, not naked below; stem leaves distant, open, lanceolate; branches cuspidate; branch leaves erect, imbricate at the top of branches; cells very long and narrow. Bot. Gaz. 14: 96. 1889. — In swamps, on roots of trees: Oregon. 378. Fontinalis antipyretica rigens Ren. & Card. — Plants rigid, shining, of a yellowish or copper green recalling the aspect of Hypnurtx cordifoUum: stems rigid, naked at base, branches spreading divaricate: leaves distant, spreading or erect-spreading, imbricate only at ends of branches, lanceolate, obtuse or sub-obtuse; cells narrow, elongated; frutifi- cation unknown. Monog. des Fontin. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 28: 55. 1892. — Washington; Vancouver Island. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 327 379. Fontiiialis Neo-Mexicana Columbiea Card.— Plants quite soft, lax, generally shining, bright or yellowish green: stems often red at base: leaves distant, spreading, imbricate at end of stem and branches, some- times slightly flexuose when dry. Monog. des Fontin., 1. c, 61. — British Columbia; Washington; Idaho; California. 380. Fontiualis maritiiua C. Miill. — Plants slightly rigid, yellowish green: stems elongated, naked at base; branches numerous, sometimes fasciculate, rigid, delicate, elongated, flexuose, erect, triangular cuspidate: leaves small, crowded, imbricate for the whole length of stem and branches, oval-lanceolate, acuminate, acute, entire, carinate-conduplicate, nearly straight; cells as in F. Neo-Mexicana, very narrow and elongated, walls rigid and slightly thickened; cells of the angles numerous, sub-hexagonal, yellowish or sub-hyaline: frutification unknown. Monog. des Fontin., 1. c, 61. — Growing with Polysiphonia and other marine algae, Neah Bay, Washington. 381. Foutinalis Kiudbergii Ren. & Card. — Plants robust, soft,brown- ish, or sometimes yellowish or red, copper colored and shining above: stem generally more than a foot long, flexuose, naked and black at base, divided into many more or less pinnate branches; branches spreading or erect, a little flexuose, plumose, sometimes cuspidate: leaves dimorphous; stem leaves erect- spreading or loosely imbricate, more or less carinate or only plicate, broad oval-lanceolate, long narrow acuminate, cuspidate, entire or sub-denticulata at summit, concave, upper large, lower much smaller and shorter acuminate; branch leaves tristichous, divaricate, narrowly lanceo- late, long acuminate, concave, inflexed on margins, canaliculate above, rounded or sub-carinate at back; cells long linear, at angles enlarged, sub- quadrate, yellowish or ferruginous; perichastial bracts convolute, suborbicu- lar, entire at truncate-rounded apex: capsule immersed, oblong, lid conic; teeth narrowly linear, slightly papillose, often connected in pairs at apex, with 25-35 lamellje, not perforated at dorsal line; lattice cone of endostome perfect, papillose, transverse bars appendiculate: dioicous. Bot. Gaz. 15: 58. 1890. — In streams, lakes, and ponds: Vancouver Island; Oregon; Wash- ington; Idaho. 382. Fontinalis Kindbergii Howellli Ren. & Card.— Stems rigid, sub- dendroid: regular pinnate, spreading, often recurved and plumose, leaves more rigid, dimorphism much more pronounced. F. Howellii, Bot. Gaz. 13: 200. 1888.— Oregon and Washington. 383. Fontinalis chrysophylla Card. — Plants rigid, shining, golden yel- low above, brown at base: stems delicate, naked below, irregularly pinnate; branches distant, spreading, plumose, sub-attenuate: leaves scattered, rigid, spreading or erect spreading, slightly dimorphous; stem leaves nar- row lanceolate, concave, carinate-conduplicate, narrow acuminate, obtuse or sub-obtuse, entire or slightly denticulate at summit; branch leaves and 328 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. those of upper part of innovations narrower, long and narrowly acuminate,, almost subulate; acute, not carinate, canaliculate, sometimes sub- tubulose above, entire or sub-denticulate at apex; cells compact, narrow, very long, attenuated, walls rigid, thickened; cells of angles dilated, large, oblong sub-hexagonal or sub-rectangular, brown or yellowish, forming dis- tinct auricles; perich^tial leaves broadly oval, obtuse, finally lacerate at summit: capsule immersed, oblong sub-cylindric; lid and peristome un- known. Monog. des Fontin., 1 c, 67. — Olympic Mountains, Washington. 384. Fontiiialis Delmarei Ren & Card. — Dull green, naked below, much divided; branches irregularly pinnate, branchlets erect-spreading, attenuate: leaves crowded, erect, loosely imbricate, oblong lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, concave, not keeled, slightly incurved on the borders; cells linear-elongated, sometimes rather flexuous; alar cells few, small sub- hexagonal; perichsetial leaves often lacerate at rounded apex: capsule im- mersed, oblong sub-cylindric; lid conic acuminate; teeth of peristome nar- rowly linear acuminate, lamellas 14-20, divisural line distinct at base only and not perforated; cilia united at apex only, lower transverse bars im- perfect, papillose, not appendiculate. Bot. Gaz. 14: 96. 1889, — Growing on stones in streams: Island of Miquelon. 385. Fontiualis mollis C. Mull. — Plants soft, floating, of a beautiful green: stems long, naked at base, much divided, irregularly pinnate, branches robust, unequal, short-cuspidate or sub-obtuse, erect spreading: leaves loosely imbricate, or erect spreading, soft, plieate when dry, very concave, inflexed on borders, broad oval, obtuse, entire; cells at angles sub-hexagonal, yellowish, greenish or concolorous and scarcely distinct; others linear rhombic, sub-flexuose, very chlorophyllose, walls delicate; upper perichsetial leaves oval sub-orbicular, truncate and finally lacerate at summit: capsule immersed, oval; lid conic, obtuse; peristome purple, teeth linear-acuminate, faintly papillose, lamellae 28-32, entire or slightly perforated near base in middle line, generally cohering in pairs at summit; transverse bars of endostome imperfect, strongly muricate. Monog. des Fontin., 1, c, 90. — Washington. 386. Fontinalis Novae-Aiigliae Howei Card. — Leaves more acuminate, sometimes sub-acute; capsule half immersed. Monog. des Fontin., 1. c, 93. — On rocks in streams: Ft. Edwards, N. Y. 387. Fontiualis Novae-Angliae Eatoiii Card.— More shining, copper- color: stems softer, less regularly pinnate, branches erect: leaves crowded, more erect, a little firmer and more elongated. Monog. des Fontin., 1. c.^ 94. — On rocks in streams: New Hampshire. 388. Fontiualis Cardoti Ren. — Plants soft, dirty green or yellowish: stems flexuous, naked at base, much divided, pinnate branches often fas- ciculate, erect-spreading, robust, obtuse or short attenuate: leaves quite crowded, erect-imbricate, very concave, inflexed at margin, broadly oval- BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 329 lanceolate, obtuse, denticulate at summit, rarely almost entire; alar cells dilated, oblong, yellowish or sub-hyaline, forming distinct auricles; others narrow, linear, sub-flexuose, attenuate, walls rigid and thickened; upper perich;etial leaves sub-orbicular, broadly rounded or sub-apiculate at sum- mit, not lacerate: capsule immersed, narrow, cylindrical; lid conic, ele- vated, acuminate; peristome purple, teeth narrowly linear acuminate, strongly papillose, lamellae 13-16, middle line scarcely apparent; cross bars of endostome imperfect, cilia very muricate, united only at summit. Monog. des Fontin., 1. c, 95.— Virginia. 389. Fontinalis iuvoluta Ren. & Card. — Plants slightly rigid or soft, dirty green or yellowish: stems finally naked at base, much divided, pin- nate; branches spreading or erect-spreading, distichous, obtuse or cuspi- date, generally compressed: leaves quite crowded, rigid, erect-spreading, oval oblong, oblong-lanceolate or sub-linear, very concave, strongly inflexed at border, canaliculate, generally cucullate at apex, terminated by a broad short obtuse or sub-acute slightly denticulate acumen; cells of angles dilated, oblong or sub-hexagonal, brown or yellowish, forming distinct auricles; others linear, narrow, walls delicate or slightly thickened; fructi- fication unknown. Monog. des Fontin., 1. c, 96.— Louisiana; Florida; New Jersey. 390. Fontinalis nitida Kindb. & Arn. — Plants soft, lax, delicate, gen- erally somewhat shining above, yellowish green, dark below, becoming black when old: stems delicate, flexuous, more or less naked below, branch- ing; branches long, erect-spreading, more or less cuspidate: leaves scattered, erect-spreading, plane or slightly concave, oval lanceolate or oblong lan- ceolate, gradually narrowed, acuminate, acute or sub-obtuse, entire or sinuolate at the apex; cells of angles dilated, oblong, sub-rectangular or sub-hexagonal, yellowish, forming small auricles; the remainder, elongated linear-rhombic with delicate walls; upper perichsetial leaves oval sub-orbic- ular, rounded or sub-apiculate, finally a little lacerate at summit: capsule immersed, small, oval, rounded at base; lid short conic; peristome reddish orange, teeth narrowly linear, often cohering in pairs, papillose, generally not perforate along middle line; cross bars of endostome perfect, strongly muricate, almost spinulose. Monog. des Fontin., 1. c, 103. — On rocks and trunks of trees at the edge of water: British Columbia. 391. Fontinalis tenella Card. — Plants soft, very delicate, pale yellow- ish green: stems delicate, more or less naked at base, divided in elongated branches, sub-simple: leaves erect-spreading, soft, plane, narrowly lanceo- late, very long and gradually acuminate, acute, entire or sinuate at sum- mit; cells of angles dilated, oblong or sub-rectangular, yellowish or green- ish, forming small auricles; others narrow, linear, walls delicate; upper perichsetial leaves broadly oval or sub-orbicular, rounded, generally small .apiculate and finally lacerate: capsule immersed, small, oval or oblong, 330 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN, rounded at base; lid short conic; peristome orange red, teeth narrowly linear, often cohering in pairs, strongly papillose, lamellae 15-20, entire along middle line; cross bars imperfect, strongly muricate. Monog. des Fontin., 1. c, 105. — On submerged trunks of trees and granitic rocks: Lake Pend d' Oreille, Idaho. 892. Foiitinalis Duriiei Sch. — Plants soft, lax, pale olive or yellowish green, often blackish at base: stems delicate, more or less fiexuose, entire, foliate or naked below; branches distant, but quite numerous, unequal, short or elongated, spreading or erect, attenuate, tapering or cuspidate: leaves more or less scattered, spreading or erect-spreading, imbricate at extremity of branches, soft or slightly rigid, slightly concave, often almost plane, sometimes a little plicate longitudinally; stem leaves broad, oval- lanceolate, or oval-oblong; branch leaves oblong lanceolate, acute, sub- acute or sub-obtuse, slightly denticulate at the summit; cells of angles short, sub-hexagonal or sub-rotundate, brown or yellow; others elongated, nar- row, attenuate, linear-rhombic, walls delicate and soft, sinuous, upper cells much shorter; upper perichtetial leaves oval sub-orbicular, rounded at apex, short and obtusely apiculate, finally lacerate: capsule immersed, oval or short oblong, rounded at base, not contracted below mouth when dry; lid conic: peristome beautiful purple or orange-red, teeth linear, sometimes sinuous on margin, papillose, frequently cohering in pairs, entire or per- forate along middle line; cross bars of endostome perfect. Monog. des Fontin., 1. c, 111. — California. 393. Foiitiualis flaccida Ren. & Card. — Plants very soft, yellowish: stems slender, naked below; branches subpinnately ramulose; branchlets spreading, slender, distant: leaves soft, distant, open, but convolute-imbri- cate at top of branches, elongated, narrowly lanceolate, plane or nearly so, obtuse or truncate, slightly denticulate at apex; cells thin-walled, median very long, upper much shorter; those of angles large, lax, sub-rectangular, or sub-hexagonal, hyaline or brownish, forming very distinct auricles; peri- chastial leaves broadly oval, truncate and finally lacerate at summit: cap- sule immersed, sub-cylindric, rounded at base, not contracted below mouth when dry; lid conic, elevated; peristome purple, teeth often cohering in pairs, narrowly linear-acuminate, weakly papillose, entire along middle line; cross bars of endostome imperfect, muricate. Bot. Gaz. 13: 201. 1888. — Growing in stagnant or running water: Louisiana; Alabama; White Mountains. 394. Fontinalis microdonta Ren. — Plants very slender and delicate, soft, entirely yellow or dark green at the base: stems delicate, filiform, red- dish, naked at base, irregularly pinnate, branches distant, erect or erect- spreading, attenuate or cuspidate: leaves scattered, erect-spreading, soft, narrowly linear lanceolate, very long acuminate, acute, slightly denticu- late, sinuate or entire at summit; stem leaves almost plane, branch leaves BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 331 sub-canaliculate; cells of angles dilated, oblong, yellowish or sub-hyaline; others linear, narrow, attenuate, subflexuous, walls delicate; perichajtial leaves broad oval oblong, slightly narrowed above, entire or finally more or less lacerate, and sometimes plicate at summit: capsule immersed, narrow, cylindric; lid conic, elevated; peristome purple, teeth narrowly linear acu- minate, sometimes cohering in pairs at summit, papillose, entire or per- forate along middle line; endostome very rudimentary, with complete transverse bars, cilia muricate, simply appendiculate. Monog. des Fon- tin., 1. c, 120. — New Jersey. 395. Fontinalis dichelymoides Lindb.— Plants somewhat shining, yel- lowish above, dark brown at base, having the external appearance of Di- chelyma or certain submerged forms of Hypnum fluitaus and H. Kneif- fii: stems slender, flexuous, not or slightly naked at base, more or less regu- larly pinnate; branches distant, erect, spreading, more or less elongated, sub-attenuate and often slightly curved at summit: leaves scattered, erect spreading or sub-secund, narrowly lanceolate, incurved at border, canalicu- late, long acuminate, acute, entire; cells of angles dilated, oblong, sub- rectangular or sub-hexagonal, hyaline or yellow, forming quite distinct auricles; others linear, flexuous, attenuate, very narrow: fructification un- known. Monog. des Fontin., 1. c, 122.— Growing on submerged rocks. Lake Vermillion, Minn. 396. Fontinalis llliformis tenuifolia Card.— Still more delicate than type, plumose, pale green: leaves very distant, more elongated, very soft when moist, rigid when dry: sterile. Monog. des Fontin., 1. c, 126. — Louisiana. 397. Fontinalis Langloisii Card. — Plants slender, delicate, slightly rigid, dirty green or dark at base, yellowish above: stems delicate, flex- uous, naked and black below, pinnate and sub-bipinnate; branches dis- tant, distinct, very delicate, plumose, cuspidate: leaves very distant, sub- rigid when dry, erect-spreading or sub-imbricate, narrowly lanceolate, tubulose or sub-tubulose, generally cucullate, sub-obtuse or obtuse, rarely acute, nearly entire or slightly denticulate at summit; cells at angles a lit- tle dilated, oblong, greenish or sub-hyaline; others linear -rhombic, with delicate walls: fructification unknown. Monog. des Fontin., 1. c, 126. — Louisiana. 398. Dichelyma capillacenm elongatnm Kindb.— Stems more elon- gate, branches more distant, leaf base longer than excurrent part of costa. Mac. Cat. 160. — North of Lake Superior. 399. Neckera Menziesii amblyclada Kindb.— Stems densely pinnate; branches obtuse, rarely attenuate and flagelliferous: leaves shorter, sub- oblong. Agrees with the common form in the paraphylliferous stem. Barren. Mac. Cat. 162. — Rocky Mountains, B. C. 332 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN. 400. Neckera Meiiziesii liiunobioides Ren. & Card. — Habit of a Limnobium, soft and dilated, cespitose, dark-rufescent: leaves smooth, or scarcely undulate, short, entire or obsoletely denticulate above, obtuse or apiculate, areolation lax, costate to middle or beyond. — Bot. Centralbl. 44: 422. 1890. 401. Neckera peterantlia C. M. & Kindb. — Subspecies of N. oligo- carpa: secondary stems nearly simple, about 1 dm. long, rigid and more robust: leaves larger and more crowded, one branch of the costa prolonged sometimes to middle: antheridia and archegonia very numerous: capsule emergent. Mac. Cat. 1G2. — On rocks: Rocky Mountains, B. C. 402. Neckera Douglasii Macounii Kindb. — Leaves less attenuate: cap- sule turgid oval, completely exserted on long pedicel. Mac. Cat. 163. — Hanging in long festoons from limbs of trees in shady woods: British Columbia and Vancouver Island. 403. Hoiualia Macouuii C. M. & Kindb. — Very nearly allied to H. tri- chomanoides : leaves longer, rather Ungulate, lowest basal cells yellowish; perichfBtial leaves more suddenly narrowed to very short acumen: segments of peristome cleft between articulations. Mac. Cat. 163. — H. triehoman- oides and H. obtusata Lesq. & James, Manual 285. — Canada; Newfound- land; British Columbia and Vancouver. 404. Pterig-ynaadram llliforme heteropteriim Sch. — Plants morero- bust, darker green; branches shorter and larger: leaves secund, oval, spat- ulate, rounded and shortly apiculate at summit. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 311. — Washington. 405. Pterigynandrum papillosulnm C, M. & Kindb. — Differs from P. filiforme in branch leaves acuminate and acute, denticulate nearly all round, less papillose; branches blunt and turgid as in the variety heterop- terum of this species. Mac. Cat. 165. — On rocks: British Columbia. 406. Antitricliia Californica ambigua Ren. & Card.— Branches not julaceous: leaves not so closely imbricate, generally subsecund and nar- rower; cells longer: pedicel often flexuous. Resembles inhabit A. curti- pendula, but differs in cylindrical, narrow capsule, perichfetial leaves longer acuminate, and shorter cells. Bot. Gaz. 15:59. 1890. — Portland, Oregon. 406a. Antitricliia tenella Kindb. — Tufts loose, green: secondary stems irregularly divided; branchlets numerous, the greater number very short: leaves small, sub-patent or loosely appressed when dry, ovate-acute or short-acuminate, dentate at apex, not striate, reflexed to apex: greater number of cells short, inner and middle narrow; costa with 1-2 accessory branches at base; disappearing below apex; perigonial leaves elongate: dioicous: female plants unknown. Mac. Cat. 165. — On rocks: Nanimo River, Vancouver Is. BARNES NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 333 407. Thelia compacta Kindb.— Stems closely creeping; tufts green, very dense and thick: branches erect, terete, obtuse, unilateral: paraphyllia none: leaves cochleariform, rotundate-obtuse, short apiculate, very scab- rous at back, with simple, incurved, papuliferous cilia: borders spinulose dentate, or fimbriate ciliate; cilia long, curved up and dentate; costa obso- lete or very short; pericha^tial leaves oblong, lanceolate, narrowly acumin- ate, fimbriate, capsule pale brown, ovate-cylindrical; teeth subulate, short and broad, sometimes horizontally divaricate when moist, distantly articu- late, dusky, upper article cleft: basilar membrane short, scarcely I4 length of teeth without segments; operculum conic-obtuse. Mac. Cat. 166. — Abundant on stems of young maples: central Ontario; New Brunswick. 408. Leskea siib-obtiisifolia C. M, & Kindb.— Plants loosely tufted, yellowish green or fuscescent: stem sparingly radiculose, irregularly di- vided, beset with paraphyllia; branches curved at apex: leaves distant, decurrent, entire, distinctly papillose at back, loosely appressed when dry, spreading when moist, margins recurved at base; stem leaves broadly ovate, obtuse or sub-acute; branch leaves oblong, obtuse; cells round, alar quadrate; costa sub-percurrent: perichjetial leaves large, short, ovate-lance- olate, short acuminate, costate: capsule oblong, inclined, sub-curvate; lid short, mamillate; monoicous. Mac. Cat. 169.— On trees subject to inun- dation: British Columbia. 409. Leskea cyrtophyllaKindb.— Tufts dense, dark green or brown, not shining: stems irregularly branching, filiform, with few rhizoids: leaves nearly uniform, very small, appressed when dry, open-erect when moist, concave, from a broad rotundate ovate base short acuminate, en- tire, faintly papillose, borders refiexed below; cells rotundate, sub hyaline; costa indistinct or none: dioicous: capsules not found. Mac. Cat. 169. — On rocks on islands in Lake Nepigon. 410. Myrinia Schimp. — Leaves oval or ovate lanceolate, entire, smooth, shortly costate; cells rhomboidal except those of basal angles which are quadrate: monoicous: annulus none; peristome double, calyptracueullate, descending to middle of capsule. 411. Myrinia (.') Dieckii Ren. & Card.— Cespitose, dirty green: stems depressed, soft, elongated, irregularly branching, branches ascending, curved, julaceous, attenuate: leaves imbricate, concave, ovate lanceolate, sub-acute or obtuse, margin plane throughout or revolute at base, entire or sinuate; costa broa*:], green, sometimes sub-bifurcate, disappearing far be- low apex; cells rhomboidal-hexagonal, smooth, wall straight, alar quadrate, numerous, all strongly chlorophyllose; perichaetial leaves acuminate, apex obsoletely denticulate: pedicel red; capsule erect, sub-cylindric: dioicous. Bot. Centralb. 44: 421. 1890.— Growing on tree trunks: Oregon. 412. Anomodon attenuatus brevifolins R. & C— Leaves shorter, widei above, shorter apiculate, sometimes obtuse, apex entire or denticulate; 12 334 BULLETIN OP TtlE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. cells more distinct; costa less translucent. Hedwigia 32: 245. 1893.— Indi- ana; Illinois; Wisconsin. 413. Anomodon heteroideus Kindb.— Plants densely tufted, green, finally fuscescent or blackish: stem creeping, subpinnate, much branching and furnished with numerous, small, flagelliform branchlets, densely beset with very small oblong obtuse and nerveless leaves, paraphyllia broad; stem leaves sub-distant, decurrent, appressed when dry, open-erect when moist, from a broadly ovate base, suddenly narrowed to a long subulate or sub-linear acumen, entire, faintly papillose; margins revolute at base; branch leaves more attenuate; cells round oval, marginal basal ones quad- rate; costa vanishing below acumen; dioicous: fruit not found. Mac. Cat. 172.— On flat limestone rocks and roots of trees: Ontario and Rocky Moun- tains. 414. Lescuraa Schimp.— Primary stem obscurely creeping, secondary fertile stems ascending, fasciculately radiculose, pericha;tial branch not radicant: leaves erect-spreading, costate, smooth, sulcate; cells narrowly oval or oblong rhombic, at angles narrowly quadrate: calyptra long, nar- row, sub-tubulose, early deciduous; annulus narrow; teeth confluentin to a basilar membrane, firm, narrowly lanceolate, vermicular verrucose, orange; segments from a narrow membrane, equaling or shorter than teeth, irregu- larly appendiculate, whitish yellow; spores minute.— Synop. Muse. Europ. 620. 1876. 415. Lescursea imperfecta C. M. & Kindb.— Tufts loose, green, not shining: stem pinnate, radicant; paraphyllia few: stem-leaves smooth, de- current, often bistriate, from a short ovate base suddenly narrowed into a long subulate or filiform often curved acumen, when dry loosely appressed with a patent acumen, distant and patent-open when moist; basal mar- gins recurved; branch leaves long attenuate; inner cells near the costa ob- long sub-linear, margined sub-quadrate, the others oval-oblong; costa van- ishing in base of acumen; perichastial leaves nerveless; cells sub-linear: cap- sule small, oblong, straight; lid conic, sub-obtuse; peristome double, teeth incurved; cilia short or none, basal membrane indistinct; seta smooth, fine, flexuous: dioicous. Mac. Cat. 170.— On earth and bark at bases of trees: Revelstoke, B. C. 416. Platygyrium repens ortlioclados Kindb.— Branches elongate, not curved: all basal leaf cells orange; segments linear, not completely free at base, smooth or denticulate at one side, not shorter than teeth. Mac. Cat. 172. — On old logs: Ottawa. 417. Pylaissea pseudo-platygyriuiii Kindb.— Tufts intricate: stem ir- regularly divided, or sub-pinnate; branches thick: leaves crowded, upper glossy green, others finally brown, from ovate-oblong base, long acuminate, acumen sub-filiform, often curved, distinctly denticulate: borders recurved to acumen: cells narrow and confluent except the quad- BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES, 335 rate alar ones; costa double, distinct; perichaetial leaves serrulate, abruptly narrowed to long, hair-point-like acumen: capsules straight, sub-erect, cylindric, wide mouthed; segments free, longer than teeth; lid conic, short apiculate: monoicous. Mac. Cat. 173.— On decayed tree trunks: Lake Nepigon. 418. Pylaisaia Selirynii Kindb. — Differs from P. intricata in denser, darker green tufts: leaves broader, short-acuminate, reflesed to acumen at one border or both; the short alar and marginal cells more numerous: cap- sule short oval; segments adhering to two-thirds of teeth. Mac. Cat. 174. — Very abundant on old cedar fences: Ottawa. 419. Pylaisaea lllari-acumiuata C. M. & Kindb.— Agrees with P. vel- utina in leaves filiform acuminate, but acumen distinctly denticulate, often twisted; alar cells more numerous: capsule thicker, oblong; peristomial teeth nearly free from segments; lid not found. Mac. Cat. 174.— On logs subject to inundation: Revelstoke, B. C. 42(». Iloiualothecium sericeum Sch. — Stem pinnate, creeping; branch leaves narrow, ovate lanceolate, short-decurrent, long subulate or fili- form acuminate, plicate, faintly denticulate nearly all around or sub-entire; margin scarcely reflexed; cells narrow, alar quadrate; costa long, vanish- ing in base of acumen; perichaetial leaves scarcely plicate, attenuate to a filiform point: capsule erect, sub-cylindric, straight or slightly curved; teeth pale; segments short, basilar membrane high, to one-third the seg- ments; cilia none; annulus broad: dioicous. Mac. Cat. 176. — On bark of trees: Vancouver Island; on rocks: Rocky Mountains. 420a. Homalothecium sericeoldes C. M. & Kindb.— Differ from JST, sericeum in branch leaves more densely crowded, not decurrent, narrower, heteromorphous; some long acuminate, sub-entire, less reflexed at mar- gins; others short-acuminate, strongly reflexed at margins to serrulate acumen: capsules and seta unknown. Mac. Cat. 175. — Crevices of granite rocks: Revelstoke, B. C. 421. Homalothecium Nevadense subulatum Ren. & Card.— Leaves long acuminate subulate, generally less plicate. Hedwigia 32: 253.1893. H^. sericeoides C. M. & Kindb., Mac. Cat. 175. — Washington; Idaho; British Columbia. 422. Homalothecium cortlcolum Kindb.— Tufts dense, glossy: stems pinnate, creeping; branches densely crowded, curved: stem leaves ovate, abruptly narrowed to recurved or straight acumen; branch leaves ovate- oblong, acute or short-acuminate, straight; all leaves more or less denticu- late and reflexed all around; alar cells quadrate, not numerous, marginal also quadrate, others oblong-rhomboidal; costa stout, vanishing above middle; perichaetial leaves entire, long-acuminate: capsule cylindric- oblong, larger, slightly curved; teeth yellow; segments with high basilar 336 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. membrane; lid short apiculate: monoicous. Mac. Cat. 274. — On rocks: Vancouver Island. 423. Cjlindrothecium Macoanii (C. M. & Kindb.) Ren. & Card.— Tufts loose: stem sparingly divided, translucent; branches much compressed, elongate, not attenuate, shining green above: leaves patent, concave, short, ovate-lanceolate, attenuate to short subulate point, basal angles rounded; margins scarcely recurved below, faintly denticulate all around; cells faintly chlorophyllose, long sub-linear, lowest basal dilated, oblong, or the alar often sub-quadrate; costa none or very short and double; perichaetial leaves small, convolute or connivent, longer acuminate, more distinctly denticulate at apex: dioicous. Entodon Macounii C. M. & Kindb., Mac. Cat. 177. — On earth: Ontario. 424. Cylindrothecium aciculare (C. M. & Kindb.) Ren. & Card.— Tufts compact, brown-yellow or variegated with green: stem much di- vided, very radiculose; branches very short, turgid, not attenuate: leaves imbricate, with difficulty loosed from stem, scarcely open when moist, finally golden yellow, from ovate oblong base suddenly narrowed to fine aciculiform or subulate point, denticulate nearly all around; cells not cholorophyllose, linear lanceolate or fusiform, alar not well defined; costa generally wanting: barren. Entodon acieiUaris C. M. & Kindb., Mac. Cat. 176.— Ottawa. 425. Cylindrothecium expallens (C. M. & Kindb.) Ren. & Card.— Tufts loose, pale yellow: stems sparingly divided, radiculose at the base; branches elongate, much compressed, not attenuate: leaves sub-distichous, patent, short ovate-lanceolate, acute, concave, nearly entire, denticulate only at apex, distinctly auriculate, not recurved at margins; cells not chlorophyllose, long sub-linear, inner basal dilated sub-oblong; auricles excavate, well defined, with large oval or roundish finally golden yellow cells; costa none or double, sometimes reaching to middle: barren. En- todon expallens C. M. & Kindb., Mae. Cat. 177.— In boggy soil in woods: Rocky Mountains. 426. Climacium dendroides Oregonense R. & C— Leaves narrower at base: less serrate at apex, sometimes sub-entire. Bot. Gaz. 15: 59. 1890. — On ground and old logs: Oregon. 427. Climacium Americauum Kindber^ii Ren. & Card.— A remark- able form, distinct by shorter, more distant, loosely intricate leaves; cells nearly equal, short, ovate, scarcely 1-2 times longer than broad. Bot. Gaz. 15: 59. 1890.— Louisiana; Massachusetts. 428. Orthothecium intricatum Hartm.— Stems 2-5 cm. long, delicate, decumbent below, becoming erect, branching somewhat: tufts compact, Boft, olive or yellowish green: leaves erect, spreading, subsecund, narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate, entire, not plicate: capsule erect, oval or BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 337 oblong, contracted below mouth; lid conic; membrane of endostome very short; segments a little longer than th6 teeth; cilia none: very rarely fruit- ing. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 317.— Rocky Mountains; Greenland. 429. Pseudoleskea atrovirens brachyclados Sch. — Plants larger, leaves larger, more shortly acuminate, not secund; cells of middle part shorter and differing little from others: capsule shorter, Husnot, Muse. Gall. 306. — Wyoming. 430. Pseudoleskea atrovirens fllaiuentosa Boulay. — Branches elon- gated, very slender' hooked at the tips: tufts rather loose, pure yellow at the surface: leaves secund, oval-oblong, narrowed into a long linear sharp acumen, scarcely plicate, 1 X 0.3 mm.; median cells linear, 1:4-8, trans- lucent, lateral cells quadrate, opaque, rather narrow, enlarged at the base: capsule oblong, arcuate. Muse, de la France 1: 162. 1884.— Washington; Oregon; Montana. 431. Pseudoleskea atrovirens atricha Kindb.— Tufts very dense, soft- fuscescent, with green tips: stem very lax, nearly without paraphyllia and rhizoids. Mac. Cat. 180.— On rocks: Griffin Lake, B. C. 432. Pseudoleskea rigescens denudata Kindb.— Stem more rigid, nearly simple, curved only at apex, naked below and radicant: barren. Mac. Cat. 181.— Selkirk Mountains, B. C. 433. Pseudoleskea falcicuspis C. M. & Kindb.— Plants densely tufted : stems much branching: leaves very papillose, denticulate above, short, ovate-lanceolate, attenuate to an acute or filiform often curved point, long decurrent; margins recurved to or above middle, not in upper part; cells rotundate, quadrate at angles; costa vanishing far below acumen: dioicous. Mac. Cat. 182.— On rocks: Sicamous, Revelstoke and Quesnel, B. C. 434. Pseudoleskea stenophylla Ren. & Card.— Dioicous (monoicous ?), male flowers small, numerous, gemmiform: tufts very intricate, yellowish: stem slender, tough, prostrate, strongly radiculose, irregularly pinnate; branches slender, attenuate, ascending: leaves erect-spreading, narrowly lanceolate, gradually long acuminate, entire or obsoletely denticulate above; margin revolute below; costa strong, vanishing in the green acumen; cells thickened, alar quadrate numerous, median sub-linear truncate, upper rhomboidal ovate, apical large and obtusely papillose; paraphyllia numer- ous, triangular lanceolate or subulate; inner perichaetial leaves sheathing, oblong, rather suddenly acuminate, entire, costa very smooth, vanishing in acumen: seta red, smooth, above twisted to right, 6-8 mm. long; capsule erect, inclined or pendulous with age, ovate-oblong, red-brown, slightly constricted below mouth; peristome teeth brown, linear-lanceolate, lamellose within; segments from a short basilar membrane narrowly linear-subulate, entire, equaling teeth. Bot. Centralbl. 44: 421. 1890.— Cascade Mts., Easton, Washington. 435. Pseudoleskea tectoruni Sch.— Stems 1-5 cm. long, decumbent, 338 BULLETIN OF THE UNIV'ERSITY OF WISCONSIN, delicate; branches numerous, short: tufts depressed, very dense, dark or reddish green: leaves erect-spreading when moist, imbricate when dry, broadly oval lanceolate, acuminate, entire; costa delicate, often unequally bifid, vanishing toward middle; margin of 3-5 rows of rounded trans- versely elongated cells in lower part, the remainder oblong; inner perichae- tial leaves sheathing, lanceolate, abruptly narrowed into a narrow point, longitudinally plicate: dioicous: capsule erect, cylindric, ferruginous; operculum convex-conic, rostrate; teeth of peristome, short, yellow; endos- tome with narrow segments, a little shorter than teeth, constricted at articulations giving them a moniliform aspect, basilar membrane and cilia absent. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 302. — Greenland. 436. Pseudoleske.i malacoclada C. M. & Kindb. — Plants densely tufted: stems not rigid, much branching, sparingly radicant, without para- phyllia: branches green or finally fuscescent: leaves crowded, entire, not decurrent, not distinctly papillose; stem leaves from a concave broadly ovate or rotundate base suddenly narrowed to subulate or filiform recurved acumen; branch leaves more attenuate to subulate and patent point; basal margins recurved; cells rotundate, alar quadrate; costa very short and double or none; perichaitial leaves loosely connivent with a patent or curved acumen: dioicous. Mac. Cat. 182. — On dry rocks: British Columbia. 437. Ileterocladium heteroptermn Sch.— Stems 2-6 cm. high, filiform, decumbent, delicate, giving off irregular ascending branches: tufts dark- green: leaves spreading or sub-secund when moist, loosely imbricate when dry, papillose on both sides; stem leaves oval, acuminate, denticulate all around; costa faint, bifurcate, short; cells rounded-quadrate, oblong- linear in the middle; branch leaves smaller: capsule horizontal, oblong, neck distinct; lid conic, rostrate: rarely fruiting. — Husnot, Muse. Gall. 307. On damp rocks: British Columbia; Vancouver Island; Greenland. 438. Heterocladiuiu Vancouveriense Kindb.— Plants minute, densely and irregularly pinnate, sparingly radiculose, rarely flagelliferous, dark green, not glossy; branches short, very slender: leaves ovate-deltoid, den- ticulate above middle, pellucid, faintly papillose; stem leaves decurrent, reflexed at base, acute; branch-leaves smaller, looser, more concave, oval and obtuse; cells hexagonal oval or rhombic, alar and marginal quadrate- rhombic; alar and marginal quadrate-rhombic; costa slender, short, scarcely reaching to middle; paraphyllia few or none; perichsetial leaves longer acuminate, cells narrower: capsule small, oblong, sub-erect; per- istome perfect, teeth yellowish, cilia 2, elongate: dioicous. Mac. Cat. 183. On rocks: Vancouver Island. 43J). Heterocladiuin fruUaniopsis C. M. & Kindb.— Stem irregularly divided, brown red, not radiculose; branches short, obtuse, when dry in- curved: paraphyllia none; leaves uniform, dark-green, not shining, when dry loosely or not at all appressed, sub-squarrose when moist, distant and BARNES NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 339 decurrent, cochleariform, roundish oval, obtusate, incurved at the apex, minutely denticulate above to middle, very papillose; upper cells rhombic, lower oblong, alar quadrate, inner basal reddish; costa short, more or less distinct, sometimes stout and simple: dioicous. Mac. Cat. 183. — On trees: New Brunswick. 440. Heterocladium aberransRen. & Card.— Intricate-cespitose, pale or yellowish-green: stems flexuous, creeping, radiculose, more or less regularly pinnate; branchlets ascending, flexuous: stem leaves squarrose, auricu- late, from a cordate-ovate base, long-acuminate, generally subulate; borders plane, sinuate-crenulate all around; costa forked, with one divis- ion longer and vanishing about middle; areolation loose, pellucid, of soft thick-walled cells, elongated, linear, truncate or obtuse, 4-10 times longer than broad toward costa, others irregular ovate, roundish or sub-hexago- nal, sometimes slightly papillose; branch leaves shorter, acute or obtuse; perichsetial leaves acuminate to a reflexed denticulate point, thin-nerved: seta purple, smooth; capsule horizontal, ovate, curved; lid unknown; teeth yellow, acuminate, densely trabeculate; segments narrowly split, cilia shorter, nodulose. Bot. Gaz. 15: 59. 1890.— On logs: Idaho. 441. Tliuidiiim scitum lonchoneuron Kindb.— Stems irregularly di" vided, sparingly radiculose; branchlets thick: stem leaves more broadly revolute at borders below acumen, less papillose; costa stout, percurrent or excurrent: branch leaves quite acute: capsules not found, Mac. Cat. 194. — On old logs: Leamington, Ont. 442. Thuidium microphylluiu lignicolum (Kindb.) Best.— Monoicous: tufts yellowish or bright green: stems simply pinnate with few rhizoids and short scarcely ramose paraphyllia; branches close, distichous, attenuate, flexuous or slightly recurved: stem leaves from broad cordate base attenuate to a long often curved point, faintly striate, reflexed on borders; branch leaves shorter, acuminate; all denticulate from middle upward, and papillose at back or on both sides; cells obscure, rounded; costa vanishing in or below apex: capsule cylindrical, arcuate, light brown; teeth pale; cilia long, per- fect; annulus double; lid conical, short apiculate. T. lignicola Kindb. Mac. Cat. 185. — On rotten logs: Ontario and British Columbia, 443. Thuidium paludosiim elodioides (Ren. & Card.) Best.— Throug- out similar in habit to Elodiuin paludosum; leaves short acuminate, cau- line leaves fimbriate at base; cells shorter, elliptical or oval, papillose. Differs from Thuidium Blandovii by more slender habit: stems more re- motely and less regularly branched: stem leaves narrower; cells looser; para- phyllia shorter; perichsetial leaves narrow, entire, very long subulate: monoi- cous: sterile. Thuidium elodioides R, «fe C, Hedw. 32: 251. 1893. — Hobart, Indiana; New Bremen, Ohio. 448a. Thuidium Philiberti Limpr. — Plants medium sized, yellow to dark green, in intricate mats; stem 4-8 cm. long, creeping, pinnately 340 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. branched; branches pinnate or bipinnate; paraphyllia multiform: stem leaves triangular-cordate-acuminate, usually with a hyaline filiform point; margins revolute or recurved, at least below; cells oblong-quadrate to oblong-rhomboidal: dioicous; perichaetial bracts loose, flexuous-spreading or reflexed, serrate, rarely with a few short cilia on the innermost, acumen about 3 times as long as the short scarcely costate body: capsule oblong- cylindric, curved horizontal; annulus narrow, indistinct, tardily or imper- fectly deciduous; operculum conic-rostrate, curved; spores 12-16//, almost smooth, mature in Oct. — In swampy places on ground or base of small trees: New Jersey; Pennsylvania. 444. Tripterocladium rupestre Kindb. — Plants intricate, cespitose, pale brownish-green, not glossy: stems irregularly divided; branchlets short, filiform, not creeping: leaves small, densely crowded, when dry appressed, open-erect when moist, scarious, pellucid, not chlorophyllose nor papillose, sub-ovate, acute or long acuminate, upper denticulate above, borders re- curved below, sometimes to middle or above; cells in lower leaves sub-linear above, looser at base, in upper leaves looser, oblong linear, in all sub-quad- rate at borders and base; costa none. Mac. Cat. 187. — On the face of a cliflf: Yale, B. C. 445. Camptotliecium lutescena occidentale R. & C— Robust, branches strongly sericeous, capsule narrower, longer. Hednigia 32: 254. 1893. — Washington. 446. Camptothecinm dolosum Ren. & Card. — Sub-species of C. ceneuTn : branch leaves shorter, broader; nerve sometimes dilated at apex and denticulate; inner perichtetial leaves with apex suddenly truncate, lacerate or deeply incised dentate. Hedwigia 32: 255. 1893. — Washington. 447. Camptothecium aureiiiu Sch. — Plants smaller and more delicate than in C. luteseens ; branches more crowded and shorter; tufts golden yellow: leaves shorter and less deeply plicate; cells of basal angles round- ed-quadrate, forming distinct auricles; paraphyllia quite numerous, ordin- arily oval lanceolate; perich^tial leaves entire: pedicel scabrous; capsule oblong, contracted below mouth; lid conic, obtuse, teeth of peristome orange. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 319. — Vancouver Island. 448. Camptothecium Amesiae Ren. & Card. — Widely cespitose, bright yellowish green: stems prostrate, creeping, radiculose, pinnately ramulose; branchlets crowded, short, equal, erect, a little curved: stem leaves broadly triangular, narrowly long acuminate, carinate, plicate, gen- erally plane on one side and revolute on the other, slightly serrulate at apex; costa vanishing in acumen: cells linear, attenuate, upper shorter, alar numerous, quadrate or subrectangular; inner perichastial leaves ecostate, narrowly lanceolate, long acuminate, entire: seta short, purple, rough, a little twisted to left; capsule narrow, long cylindric, sub-erect, or sub-horizontal and slightly arcuate; lid unknown; teeth orange, long BARNES NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 341 acuminate-subulate, strong, densely trabeculate; segments split their whole length; cilia long. Bot. Gaz. 17: 202. 1888.— Mixed with Ilyp- nuni pinnatifidiim, California. 449. Camptotheciam Nuttallii tenue Kindb.— Branches longer, fili- form: leaves smaller only at base, hooked denticulate at apex. Mac. Cat. 189. — Perpendicular rocks: British Columbia. 450. Brachytheciiim laetuiii fallax R. & C— Branches julaceous, elongated: leaves narrower, longer acuminate, more or less revolute; alar cells soft, hardly incrassate. Hedwigia 32: 257. 1893.— Calumet River, Ind. 451. Brachytheciiim laetum Roellii Ren. & Card.— Stems depressed, pinnate; branches julaceous, short, obtuse: leaves densely imbricate, broader, concave, shorter acuminate: alar cells as in preceding variety. 1. c. — Calumet River, near Hobart, Ind. 452. Brachythecium laetum pseudoacumiiiatum Ren. & Card.— Deli- cate, habit B. acuminatum: leaves deeply plicate, basal angles excavate; alar cells less numerous but distinct. 1. c— Calumet River, near Hobart, Ind. 453. Brachytheciiim digastrum C. M. & Kindb.— Tufts laxly cohering, olive-green, not shining: stem rigid, sub-pinnate or irregularly branching, radiculose below; branches sub-julaceous, obtusate: stem leaves when dry loosely appressed or sub-imbricate, crowded, patent or sub-secund when moist, decurrent, not auricled, plicate, biventrose, ovate, short acuminate with flexuous acumen, or when dry serpentino-corrugate; borders more or less recurved but not reflexed, sub-entire or faintly denticulate above; lower basal cells wide and sub-rhombic, alar rather quadrate-rectangular and not very distinct, upper conflate small very chlorophyllose, inner median sub- linear, others oblong-lanceolate; costa thick and sub-flexuous, long, vanish- ing near acumen; branch leaves ovate oblong, more distinctly revolute at borders, denticulate at acumen, narrower areolate: capsule asymmetric, sub-cylindric, curved; lid long conic; seta smooth; teeth of peristome conic connivent when moist, cilia nodulose, not appendiculate: monoicous. Mac. Cat. 190.— Ottawa, Ont.; New Brunswick. 454. Brachytheciiim Fitzgeraldi C. Mtlll.— Dioicous: tufts low, pulvi- nate, broad, yellow, loosely interwoven: stem with branches short, more or less parallel, slender, round-julaceous; branchlets very short, rather spread- ing, single: stem leaves closely appressed, when moist scarcely spreading with cordate base semicircularly impressed, rather broad ovate, short acu- minate; more or less ventricose-concave on both sides of the narrow vanish- ing deeply canaliculate green costa; margin nearly plane, everywhere slightly denticulate; cells very narrow, long, pale yellow; alar cells many, small, hexagonal: fruit unknown. Flora 70: 224. 1887.— Florida. 342 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. ■455. Brachythecium acuminatum sub-albicnns R. & C. — Facies of B albicans: more robust, pale yellow: branches silky, julaceous: areola- tion denser, cells narrower. Bot. Gaz. 15:60.1890. — Louisiana; Florida. 456. Bracliythecium cyrtophyllum Kindb. — Sub-species of B. acumi- natuin: habit of a small form of /?. albicans: plants cespitose, green, faintly glossy: stems irregularly divided, not creeping; branchlets fili- form, sub-obtuse: leaves small, close, loosely appressed when dry, open-erect when moist, ovate-acute or short-acuminate, not sulcate nor decurrent, serrulate at least above middle; areolation loose, upper cells narrowly rhomboidal, inner sub-linear, alar sub-quadrate somewhat numerous and chlorophyllose; costa stout, reaching to %; perichagtial leaves ecostate: dioicous. Mac. Cat. 191. — On elm logs in thick woods: Ontario. 457. Bracliythecium Roellii Ren. & Card. — Dirty or yellowish green: stems soft, depressed, scarcely radiculose, subpinnate; branches elongate, flexuous: leaves ovate-lanceolate, decurrent, quite long and narrowly acuminate, faintly plicate; margin sinuate or denticulate, plane in middle, revolute at base and at acumen; costa reaching beyond middle to % length; cells narrow, elongate, linear, alar cells few sub-quadrate: evidently dioicous. Hedwigia 32: 263. 1893. — Vancouver. 458. Brachythecium glareosum Sch. — Related to B. salebrosum: stems decumbent, often very long, 15-20 cm., forming large yellow tufts, softer, shining: leaves more erect, longer acuminate; cells narrower, those of angles oblong: dioicous: capsule oblique or sub-horizontal; lid conic, longer. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 324. — On earth at roots of trees: Revelstoke, B. C. 459. Brachytheciuitt albicans oceirtentale Ren. & Card. — Stems de- pressed, laxly foliate: leaves svibsecund, less long acuminate, sometimes very distinctly denticulate. Hedwigia 32: 258. 1893. — Washington; Mon- tana. 4(>0. Brachythecium harpidioides C. M. & Kindb. — Tufts compact, soft, radiculose below, whitish or bright green, not shining: stems intri- cate, irregularly branching or pinnate: leaves spreading, somewhat loosely disposed, decurrent, more or less arcuate, not auricled, plicate, nearly flat, ovate, subulate acuminate; borders faintly denticulate, recurved often all around; cells distinctly chlorophyllose, alar large sub-quadrate, others lanceolate: dioicous: capsules not found. Mac. Cat. 194. — On old logs in woods: Revelstoke, B. C; New Brunswick. 481. Bracylithecium salebrosum Waghornei R. & C. — Monoicous: tufts very dense: stems erect, turgid, not radiculose: leaves more crowded, imbricate: lid mamillate. Differs from B. marnilligerum Kindb. in leaves imbricate, not patulous when dry: stems not radiculose. Bot. Gaz. 19: 238. 1894. Battle Harbor, Labrador. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 34S 4(>2. Itraclijtlipciuin luamilligeriini Kindb.— Sub-species of B. sale- brosum: monoicous: tufts very dense, radiculose: stem sub-pinnate: leaves very patent when dry, striate, long, narrowly ovate-lanceolate often filiform pointed; borders not or narrowly recurved, faintly serrate; alar cells few; costa generally vanishing in middle, sometimes longer; perichaetial leaves long aristate: capsule sub-oval, curved; segments narrowly rimose, not open; cilia nodose, not appendiculate; annulus none; lid mamillate. Mac. Cat. 192.— On old wet logs: Sicamous, B. C. 463. Brachytheciiim salebrosum turgidiim Hartm.— Habit of B. glai^eosum .\lhranches long, sericeous-yellow, leaves appressed, entire. Hartm. Skand. Fl. 2: 16. 1871.— In peat bogs: Stephen, Rocky Mts.; Greenland. 464. Urachythecium pseiido-albicaiis Kindb. — Differs from B. albi- cans in leaves looser, sub-distichous, shorter acuminate, faintly striate, denticulate all around; alcir cells greater, all basal cells finally reddish: barren. Mac. Cat. 19J.— On earth in woods: Vancouver Island. 465. BraeUjthecium spurio-acuminatum C. M. & Kindb.— Differs from B. acuminatum in tufts lax, loosely adhering to substratum: leaves denticulate, recurved at borders nearly all around; alar cells still more numerous and very chlorophyllose; perichgetial leaves subulate-acuminate, not filiform pointed: inflorescence monoicous. Mac. Cat. 191. — On logs in woods: Ontario. 466. Bracliythecium erythrorrliizou Sch.— Monoicous: intricate ces- pitose: stems^creeping, divided, strongly radiculose; branches ascending incurved; branchlets short: leaves crowded, laxly imbricate, younger se- cund, broad ovate-lanceolate, long acuminate, unequally broad sulcate; perichsetial leaves loosely imbricate: capsule cernuous short-ovate, in- curved. Schimp. Syn. 2: 646.— Washington. 467. Brachytheeium sub-erythrorrhizou Ren. & Card. — Monoicous: intricate-cespitose, yellowish green, facies of B. velutinum : stems creep- ing, radiculose, sparingly branching, branches procumbent: leaves sub- homomallous, oblong-lanceolate, long narrowly acuminate, bi-tri-plicate, sharply serrate all around; borders plane or partly revolute; costa vanish- ing above middle, sometimes forked and shorter; cells rather loose, pellu- cid, rhomboideal linear, alar quadrate sub-obscure; perichfetial bracts lanc- eolate, long acuminate-subulate, acumen serrate: seta smooth, reddish; capsule sub-erect, turgid ovate, not or scarcely constricted below mouth when dry; lid unknown; teeth of peristome yellowish, triangular-lanceolate; segments narrow, split along divisural line; cilia lor 2, long, filiform. Bot. Gaz, 19: 238, 1894.— Colorado. 468. Brachytheeium pseudo-collinum Kindb.— Agrees with B.collinum in pinnate and creeping stem: decurrent leaves denticulate all around: short sub-oval capsule and smooth pedicel: differs in stems julaceous: leave^ 344 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. larger and longer, ovate-lanceolate, more loosely disposed, spreading or patent, gradually tapering into short, half-twisted acumen; cells chloro- phyllose, alar ones larger; costa longer, reaching above middle: monoi- ■cous. Mac. Cat. 196.— Queen's Co., New Brunswick. 469. Brachythecium laevisetiiin Kindb.— Habit of B. pox)uleum: plants cespitose: green, glossy: stem irregularly ramulose: leaves close, sub- erect, open, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate and acute, sulcate; borders serru- late from middle upwards; basal cells dilated; costa long, reaching at least ng th of leaf; perichsetial leaves nerveless: capsule small, incurved, ob- long; outer teeth hyaline-margined, light brown; cilia short, not appendic- ulate; lid highly convex, not apiculate; pedicel very smooth: monoicous. Mac. Cat. 193.— On rotten logs: Gold Range, B. C. 470. Brachythecium Idahense Ren. & Card. — Imbricate-cespitose, bright green: stems depressed, creeping, irregularly pinnate; branches as- cending, sub-incurved: leaves crowded, sub-secund, from an ovate base lanc- eolate, long acuminate, plicate, costate to above middle, borders denticu- late all around or sub-entire, plane or more or less revolute: cells linear, attenuated, those of angles sub-quadrate, numerous; perichaetial leaves rather suddenly acuminate, obsoletely costate or sub-ecostate: seta purple, smooth; capsule horizontal, ovate, gibbous, curved; lid obtusely conic; teeth lanceolate acuminate, densely trabeculate; segments broadly split; cilia long, nodulose: monoicous. Bot. Gaz. 15:60. 1890. — On logs: Idaho. 471. Brachythechim NoTse-Aiiglite Delamarei R. & C. — Stems shorter, almost simple: leaves more distinctly imbricate, abruptly contracted into a short point. Fl. Miq. 50. — Island of Miquelon. 472. Brachythecium iatifolium (Lindb.) R. & C. — Near B. rivulare: plants dioicous: very much smaller, straight, acute, acuminate at apex; ir- regularly and remotely sub-pinnate to sub-simple; branches short, divaricate, acute, simple: stem leaves pellucid, spreading, very long and broadly decur- rent, rhomboid-triangular, gradually long acuminate, concave, not plicate; margin recurved below broadest part, very often auriculate; costa slender, vanishing at middle or a little above; cells nearly three times shorter, large, rhomboid-prosenchymatous, not vermicular: fruit not seen. Hyp- num Iatifolium Lindb., Musci Scand. 35. — Miquelon Is. 473. Brachythecium pseiido-Starkei Ren. & Card.— Dioicous: loosely cespitose, green: stem erect or ascending, flexuous, laxly pinnate, branches elongate, attenuate: leaves not close, patulous, ovate-lanceolate, plicate acuminate, acumen long, sometimes tortuous; margin generally serrate; costa extending into the acumen; cells linear -rhomboidal, elongate, atten- uate, alar lax soft quadrate hyaline: not fruiting. Bot. Cent. 44: 423. 1890.— Washington. 474. Brachythecium rivulare obtnsulum Kindb.— Stem irregularly divided; branches simple and elongate: leaves glossy, ovate, blunt or BARNES NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 345 short acute, striate, decurrent, indistinctly denticulate above or from mid- dle; cells dilatate, principally the lower and the uppermost, alar and basilar finally orange-reddish, alar rarely greater, costa short and simple. Mac. Cat. 201. — New Brunswick: Ontario; Revelstoke, B. C. 475. Brachythecium platycladum C. M. & Kindb. — Tufts densely cohering, bright green, shining: stem irregularly branching; branches short obtuse, complanate: leaves loosely imbricate or patent, nearly flat, long decurrent, distinctly auriculate, faintly striate, broad, ovate, suddenly and generally short acuminate; borders not recurved, faintly sinuolate or sub- entire below middle, more distinctly denticulate above; cells pale, upper narrow, lower near base dilated, alar large and well-defined; costa short, reaching little above middle: capsule sub-oval, faintly curved; teeth dark yellow, entire at borders; cilia not apendiculate; lid unknown: dioicous. Mac. Cat. 195. — On stones: Ottawa, Ont. 476. Brachythecium spurio-rutabuluin C. M. & Kindb. — Differs from B. rutabulum in dioicous inflorescence: leaves distinctly plicate, longer cuspidate: seta rough, short. Tufts dense: stems pinnate, and creeping leaves shining, when dry very spreading, loosely disposed, long decurrent borders recurved below the middle, faintly denticulate. Mac. Cat. 197 and Sicamous. — On bases of trees: Burrard Inlet, B. C. 477. Brachythecium nanojies C. M. Kindb. — Allied to £. populeum in habit, peristome, monoicous inflorescence, pedicel faintly rough above, long and subpercurrent costa of leaves: differs in stems not creeping, nearly without rhizoids, branches unilateral, leaves smaller and narrower at base, stem leaves long filiform apiculate, sub-entire and not or indistinctly re- curved at borders, lower decurrent: capsule smaller, pedicel shorter, peri- stome pale orange, cilia long and indistinctly appendiculate. Mac. Cat. 201. On earth: Revelstoke, B. C. 478. Brachythecium traehypodium Sch. — Stems 3-5 cm. high, de- cumbent, furnished with branches and branchlets: tufts golden yellow, or greenish in part: leaves erect, loosely imbricate, oval or long lanceolate, long acuminate, denticulate, costate to middle, faintly plicate; cells of basal angles quadrate, others linear: some perichaetial leaves abruptly, others gradually acuminate: monoicous: seta robust, very papillose; capsule al- most erect, or oblique, oval or oblong, contracted below mouth; lid convex-conic, obtuse; peristome of B. velutinum ; calyptra reaching base of capsule. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 328.— Greenland. 479. Brachytliecium reflexum Paciflcum Ren. & Card. — More robust, stem leaves larger, ovate-lanceolate, hardly triangular, somewhat acumi- nate, margin sub-revolute at base. Hedwigia 32: 262. 1893. — Mt. Hood, Oregon. 480. Brachytheciam reflexum Demetrii Ren. & Card. — Habit stronger, 346 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN. branches thicker, erect, leaves broader, softer. Bot. Gaz. 19: 239, 1894. Squaw Is., Labrador. 481. Brachytliecium glaciale Sch. — Stems 2-5 cm., decumbent, much divided, branchlets subjulaceous: green or dark yellow: leaves erect- imbricate, decurrent; stem leaves broadly oval, abruptly or shortly acuminate, denticulate throughout, costate % length, plicate; branch leaves narrower, longer acuminate; cells of the basal angles quadrate or rectangular, the middle linear of variable length; perichaetial leaves erect- imbricate: monoicous: seta papillose; capsule almost erect, oblique or hor- izontal, oval or oblong; cilia nodulose, not appendiculate. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 328.— Greenland. 482. Brachytliecium ciirtiim Lindb. — From //. Starkei differs in its leaves broad and short; margin plane and short serrate; costa more slender, mvich shorter, smooth on back; cells broader. Differs from B. cedipocUum in perichsetial bracts shorter acuminate, more serrate: seta rather thick, slightly scabrous; capsule nodding more than horizontal; lid perfectly conic. Musci Scand. 35. 1879. — On earth in woods: New Bruns- wick; Prince Edward Isl.; Ottawa. 483. Brachytheciiiiu gemmascens C. M. & Kindb. — Tufts very dense, finally green, rufescent: stem irregularly branching, furnished with numer- ous male buds: leaves narrow, ovate-lanceolate with a twisted point, faint- ly denticulate all around, crowded, not decurrent nor auricled; cells pale, nearly all narrow, only lowest one or two basal rows dilated, alar not larger than inner;costa prolonged above middle, vanishing below acumen: capsule small, round-oval, oblique; teeth dark-orange; segments shorter than very high basal membrane, cilia not appendiculate; lid conic, short pointed; seta minutely verrucose, about 1 cm, long: monoicous. Mac. Cat. 195. — On wet logs: Columbia River, above Revelstoke, B. C. 484. Bracliythecium leuco^laucuin C. M. & Kindb.— Tufts loose with but few rhizoids, whitish or sub-glaucous-green, faintly shining: stem sub- pinnate or irregularly branching: leaves from ovate base suddenly tapering into a somewhat long filiform often half twisted point, sharply serrate above, faintly denticulate below, striate, decurrent, borders reflexed below; alar cells small, numerous, others narrow; costa long, sometimes sub-percur- rent; perichaetial leaves long, filiform-acuminate, arcuate-squarrose: capsule curved, oblong-cylindric; lid sub-obtuse when moist; pedicel faintly rough; peristome conic-connivent, teeth serrulate, pale above; segments open in middle; papillose above, cilia not appendiculate; monoicous. Mac. Cat. 197. — On loose earth: New Brunswick. 485. Brachytheciiiiu rutabulum Cauadense Ren. &, Card.— Of more delicate habit; leaves narrower, deeply plicate, long acuminate. Revue Bryol. 20: 19. 1893.— Canada; Miquelon Is.; Washington. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 347 486. Brachytheciuiu rutabiiliforme Kindb.— Agrees with B. rutabu- lum in very rough pedicel, monoicous inflorescence and form of leaves: dif- ers principally in rigid stem,distinctly appendiculate cilia of peristome, and short pedicel: leaves sub-ovate, short-acuminate, nearly estriate, faintly den- ticulate. Mac. Cat. 198.— On stones in brook: British Columbia. 487. Biacliytliecinm Columbico-rutabulum Kindb.— Tufts dense, faint- ly shining, finally brownish-green: stems elongate, pinnate creeping: stem leaves patent, from broadly ovate base long cuspidate, with filiform gener- ally prolonged point, decurrent, very plicate, nearly entire, borders shortly reflexed below; cells not chlorophyllose, alar larger and well distinct; perichretial leaves sub-erect-patent with a long filiform arcuate point, faint- ly and distinctly denticulate: capsule oblong-cylindric, curved; peristome teeth not serrulate, segments very open in middle, cilia faintly nodulose, not appendiculate; pedicel very rough; monoicous. Mac. Cat. 198. — On wet and rotten logs in woods: Columbia River, B. C. 488. Brachytheciuiu lamprochrystMUU C. M. & Kindb.— Tufts large, laxly cohering to substratum, with few rhizoids: golden yellow, shining or finally decolorate: stem elongate, often pinnate; branches generally short or sometimes more elongate and faintly curved above, sub-acute: leaves open, more or less loosely disposed, long decurrent, distinctly auriculate, very plicate, from triangular ovate base short acuminate, filiform or sub- ulate cuspidate, often curved at apes, nearly flat, only auricles faintly rev- olute; borders faintly denticulate all around; most cells very long and narrow, lowest basal ones dilated and short, also the alar, all very spar- ingly chlorophyllose; costa broader at base, faint, reaching to middle, but in the smaller narrower and more loosely disposed leaves of some branch- lets longer, reaching to acumen: perichastial leaves ecostate, when dry squarrose, inner sheathing with a short subulate acumen and a long fili- form point: capsule short, sub-ovoid, thicker near base, slightly contracted below mouth, arcuate; lid unknown; teeth finally brown at least at base; cilia not appendiculate; pedicel very rough: monoicous. Mac. Cat. 199. — On stones: Vancouver Island. 489. Brachythecinm mirabundnm C. M. & Kindb.— Tufts large, very laxly cohering, nearly without rhizoids, silky or yellowish green, faintly shining: stem elongate, irregularly divided or prolonged into sciuroid- curved obtuse branches: leaves loosely imbricate, crowded, when dry sub- rugose, when moist patent, short decurrent, indistinctly auriculate, faintly plicate, from concave ovate and gradually acuminate base long cuspidate; borders broadly recurved at least at one side of nearly entire base to invo- lute and distinctly denticulate acumen; cells pale, elongate, narrow, alar sub-quadrate and not much wider than other basal ones, all sparingly chlorophyllose; costa vanishing in acumen: peiichffitial leaves ecostate, 348 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. longer filiform-cuspidate, irregularly sinuolate, point patent or arcuate,, basal cells larger rectangular: capsule small, at base distinctly gibbous, narrow, cylindric, curved; lid elongate-conic; pedicel very short, very faintly muriculate: monoicous. Mac. Cat, 199. — On old logs in woods: New Brunswick. 400. Brachythecium Villardi Ren. & Card.— Monoicous: similar in habit to B. salebrosum: stem depressed, creeping, radiculose, pinnate, branches ascending: leaves erect, imbricate or sub-secund, decurrent, ovate lanceolate, long and slenderly acuminate, plicate, margin more or less revolute, entire or in acumen faintly denticulate; costa reaching two- thirds length of leaf; cells narrow, elongated, linear, alar cells few, quad- rate: pecicel rough: remaining characters not known. Bot. Centralbl. 44: 422. 1890.— Washington. 491. Bracliythecium cirrhosum Sch.— Stems decumbent, 3-10 cm. long, stoloniferous, more or less branching; branches ascending or erect, inflated, julaceous: tufts yellowish or golden green: leaves imbricate, very concave, sub-cochleariform, oval oblong, very abruptly contracted into a very long filiform point, shining, plicate when dry,often inflexed on the borders, denticulate in the upper part, sometimes entire; costa simple or double, vanishing near middle; basal cells quadrate or rectangular, rounded, others linear: fructification unknown. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 338. — Greenland. 492. Scleropodium caespitosiim siiblaeve Ren. & Card.— Pedicel nearly smooth, slightly rough only below capsule. Bot. Gaz. 15: 61. 1890. — Sauvie's Island, Oregon. 403. iScleropodium Krausei (Mull.) Ren. & Card.— Monoicous: tufts low, rather robust and loose, pale green: stem sparingly branched; branches rather short, flexuous, round julaceous, turgescent, with obtuse apex: stem leaves closely or loosely crowded. narrowly oblong-lanceolate, cymbiform-con- cave, short pointed, point somewhat twisted, quite entire; base truncate, mar- gin plane; costa very slender, yellowish, vanishing, often bifurcate; cells very- narrow, vermicular, alar many small pellucid; perichaetial leaves larger, seta rather short, red, smooth; capsule amblystegioid-cylindric, cernuous, coriaceous, ochraceous; lid conic, very short mamillate; annulus simple, rather broad; peristome teeth robust, broad, long, yellow, hyaline pointed, cristate; segments from a rather high yellow membrane, long, broad, sul- cate, very smooth, not perforate nor gaping, cilia rudimentary, solitary. Hypnum Krausei C. Mull., Flora 70: 224. 1887.— Alaska. 404. Isotheciuiu Cardoti Kindb. — Rhizome creeping; secondary stems pinnate, ligneous, often curved, sometimes bearing rigid long and at the apex branching flagella: stem leaves ovate-lanceolate, subulate acuminate, faintly denticulate below, acumen serrate and twisted above; cells often yellowish, all long and narrow except basal, the alar and inner basal dark BARNES NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 349 yellow or orange quadrate or rectangular; costa stout, reaching % length of leaf; branch leaves shorter acuminate, sharply serrate above middle, borders often faintly reflexed to aciimen; perigonial leaves sub-ovate, red- dish at base; costa fine and short; perichsetial leaves ecostate, from a short ovate base suddenly tapering to much longer, subulate acumen: capsule oval, horizontally patent or cernuous, teeth pale yellow; segments rimose in middle, prolonged into long and smooth cilia; seta smooth, arcuate above: monoicous. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 17:278. — On bases of trees and logs: Washington; Vancouver; British Columbia. 495. Isotlieciuai mynrelium Kindb. — Tufts very loose, dark green, not glossy: stems creeping; branches erect, tree-like and ramose; branch- lets curved, attenuate: leaves of branches appressed when dry, small, ovate, blunt or short acuminate, twice serrate or denticulate all around, smooth, scarcely reflexed on borders; alar cells round quadrate, middle ones narrow, upper rhombic; costa three-fourths length of leaf: perichaet- ial leaves ecostate, oblong, with a long denticulate horizontally patent acumen and narrow cells: capsule oval oblong, inclined; segments with a low basilar membrane and two short cilia; annulus double; lid conical acuminate; pedicel smooth: dioicous. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 12: 278. — On decaying logs and on rocks: Vancouver Island; British Columbia. 496. Eurhyiichium strigosum Barnesi Ren & Card.— Stems rather more robust, stem leaves larger, longer acuminate, branch leaves more elongated: capsule shorter broadly ovate. Bot. Gaz. 14: 97. 1889. — On logs: Lake Pend d'Oreille, Idaho. 497. Eurhynchiiim slrigosum fallax Ren. & Card.— Form robust, re- sembling in habit U. myosuroides: stem leaves very large, triangular- lanceolate, obtuse; branch leaves rounded at apex: capsule like that of typical form. Bot. Gaz. 14: 98. 1889.— On logs: Lake Pend d'Oreille, Idaho. 498. Eurhynchiiim sult-strigosiim Kindb. — Differs from U. strigosum in distant branches complanate: leaves long decurrent and twice greater, patent, sub-distichous: capsule very constricted below orifice; cilia ap- pendiculate: monoicous. Mac. Cat. 205.— On rocks: British Columbia. 499. Eurhynchium crassiuerviiim laxirete Kindb.— Leaves nearly en- tire or faintly denticulate above, shorter acuminate; cells larger: only male flowers found. Mac. Cat. 207.— On earth in woods: Queen's Co., N. B. 500. Eurhynchiiim colpophyllnm flagelliforme Barnes.— Leaves lance ovate, small; branches long, almost flagelliform, attenuate. Bot. Gaz. 16: 207. 1891.— California. 601. Eurhynchium Dawsoni Kindb.— Stems pinnate, not or rarely radiculose; branchlets patent: leaves green or brownish, not glossy, not 13 350 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN. or indistinctly papillose, not long-acuminate from broad ovate base, re- curved on borders below, long decurrent, open erect, denticulate all around; areolation variable, often sub-rhomboidal; costa thick, reaching nearly to apex: probably dioicous. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 1 7: 278.^ On rocks: Vancouver Island; British Columbia. 502. Eurbyuchiiim semiasperum C. M. & Kindb. — Plants loosely tufted, green: secondary stems sparingly radiculose, branching at one side; branches generally simple, acute: leaves sub-patent, from a broad- cordate base, fine acuminate, decurrent, nearly entire; alar cells numerous, reaching to costa, other cells narrower, the lower dilated; costa vanishing above middle: perichsetial leaves sub-oblong, short acuminate, erect, entire, ecostate: capsule small, sub-oval erect or inclined; teeth papillose above; segments shorter than high basilar membrane; lid narrow, short rostellate; pedicel rough at least to middle, smooth below: monoicous. Mac. Cat. 207.— On rocks in a brook, British Columbia. 503. Eiirliyiichium Sullivaiitii Holziug'eri Ren. & Card. — Branches shorter, generally obtuse: leaves broader, shorter acuminate. Bot. Gaz. 19: 239. 1894.— District of Columbia. 504. Raphidostegium sub-demissiim Kindb.— Differs from i?. demis- sum in branches cuspidate, sub-julaceous: leaves smaller, long subulate, not or indistinctly recurved on borders: inflorescence dioicous. Mac. Cat. 208.— On rocks: Alaska. 505. Raphidostegiiim niicans submersum Ren. & Card. — More robust: stems very much elongated, pinnate, intricate: leaves remote; perichaetial leaves longer. Revue Bryol. 20: 21. 1893. — Louisiana. 506. Raphidostegiiim sub-adiiatuin C. M. & Kindb. — Tufts green, intricate: branches short, sub-julaceous: leaves close, incurved at apex, ovate oblong, denticulate to middle, reflexed at margins below; inner cells sub-oblong, alar and marginal quadrate not vesiculose nor yellow; costa short, double; perichsetial leaves larger, longer, appressed, a little longer acuminate: capsule cylindric, curved, very much narrower than rostrate lid; pedicel arcuate or flexuous: probably monoicous. Mac. Cat. 209. — On trees in woods: Ontario; Quebec, 507. Raphidostegium Kegelianuui Floridanum Ren. & Card. — Scarcely distinct from the S. American type by the shorter and broader capsule, rounded or less attenuate below. Bot. Gaz. 15: 61. 1890. — Trunks of palms: Florida. 508. Raphidostegium Roellii Ren. & Card. — Monoicous: delicate, densely cespitose, shining, yellowish green: leaves sub-homomallous or complanate, oblong lanceolate, decurrent, acuminate; margin plane or reflexed, denti- culate above; costa double or very faint; cells elongated, narrowly linear, alar strongly dilated and hyaline or yellowish; perichaetial leaves long- BARNES NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 351 acuminate, above coarsely and irregularly dentate, costa divided or obsolete: capsule sub-erect, oblong, sub-symmetric; lid not known; teeth long subulate, densely articulate; cilia more or less elongated, nodulose. Bot. Centrabl. 44: 423. 1890. On trees: Washington. 509. Thamninm alopecurnm Sch. — Plants robust: primary stems stoloniform, radicant, stout, with erect or inclined stems 8-12 cm. long; stems simple up to a certain height and distantly foliate, then branching; branches close, sub-distichous, having a dendroid aspect: tufts large and lax, dark green: branch leaves erect spreading, loosely imbricate, oval ob- long, acute, coarsely dentate above; costa strong, ridged dorsally, vanish- ing near apex; cells rounded, oval or oblong, a little longer at base: diocious: pedicel smooth, arcuate at summit: capsule oblique or sub-horizontal, oval or oblong, contracted below orifice; lid conic, long rostrate. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 347. — In damp places along rocky cliffs: British Columbia. 510. Thamuiiiin Leib<»rgii Britton. — Dioicous: perichaetial leaves, ecostate, with recurved apices, entire or slightly serrulate; leaves costate to just below apex, entire or slighty sen-ulate below, coarsely serrate above: pedicel 1 cm. long, falling off with capsules when old; inner peristome, with three appendiculate regular cilia as long as the teeth or occasionally irregularly united into one or two and scarcely appendiculate. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 16: 211. 1889.— On quartzite ledges, Idaho. 511. Tharauium Holzingeri Ren. & Card. — Green, slender, rather re- sembling in habit small forms of Isotltecium inyosuroides: primary stems creeping, stoloniform, secondary ascending or decumbent, more or less shrub-like, pinnate; branches complanate, generally attenuate: lower stem leaves small, erect spreading from a broadly deltoid base, ligulate-ob- tuse; costa vanishing about base of acumen; upper leaves larger, distich- ous, complanate, slightly asymmetric at base, oblong ligulate, obtuse or sub-obtuse; costa vanishing far from apex, sometimes forking above; branch leaves smaller, with the costa shorter and the lower margin indexed: upper leaves acute; all the leaves plane and crenulate-serrulate on the margins, coarsely and irregularly dentate at the apex; cells parenchymatous, in- crassate, short, chlorophyllose, roundish or sub-hexagonal above, ovate or oblong in the middle, sub-linear below, alar small rather obscure sub-quad- rate or roundish; inner perichaBtial leaves sub-vaginant, oblong lanceolate, long loriform-acuminate, serrulate; costa thin; cells narrower: pedicel smooth; capsule erect, oblong, sub symmetx'ic, constricted under orifice when dry; lid conic, obliquelybeaked; teeth yellowish, lanceolate-acuminate, subulate; segments narrowly split along divisural line, cilia 2 long nodose Bot. Gaz. 19: 239. 1894.— Oregon. 512. Pla^iothecium denticulatum microcarpmu Ren. & Card. — Cap- sule very short and turgid, scarcely 1.5 mm. long; pedicel thick, flexuous, often geniculate at base. Bot. Gaz. 14: 98. 1889.— Idaho; Washington. 352 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. 613. Plagiotheciiuu denticulatiim squarrosuin Kindb.— Distinctly squarrose when dry. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 17: 279.— British Columbia; Behring Sea. 514. Plagiotlieciuiu \aeml>ranosuiii Kindb.— Tufts dense, green, glossy: leaves distichous, crowded, patent, flat, ovate-oblong, acute or short acu- minate, estriate, entire, or denticulate above middle, decurrent; cells very long and narrow, alar large, hyaline and sub-quadrate; costa none or obso- lete: capsule cylindrical-obovate, horizontally curved; teeth yellow; pedicel smooth; lid unknown: probably dioicous. Mac. Cat. 215.- On dead wood: Ottawa and Belleville, Ont. 515. Plagiothecium brevipung-eris Kindb.— Tufts dense, dark green-, stems prostrate, irregularly pinnate; branches attenuate: leaves crowded, scarcely decurrent; ovate-oblong, acute or short pointed, auncled, not plicate or reflexed on borders, entbe or slightly denticulate at apex; upper cells long and narrow, alar very distinct quadrate inflated and hyaline; costa very short, thick and simple, or none: capsule curved, lid short, conical; pedicel smooth: monoicous. Mac. Cat. 215 — On stones: Ottawa, Ont. 516. Pla?iothecium aciculari-pun?ens C. M. & Kindb.— Dioicous: tufts dense, radiculose, depressed, glossy green: stem irregularly divided; branches few and short, not attenuate: leaves concave, open erect or patent, decurrent, entire, ovate-oblong with a short needle-shaped recurved or patent point; margins narrowly recurved below middle at one side; areo- lation uniform and dilated; angular cells large and not numerous, sub-rect- angular; costa none or indistinct: capsules not found. Mac. Cat. 216. — On earth: New Brunswick. 517. Plagiothecium deciirsivifolium Kindb. -Intermediate between P. latehricola and P. pseudo-latebrieola: agrees with thelast in branches complanate, leaves distichous, capsule oblique: differs in leaves broader, short-pointed, decurrent, alar cells not distinct but decurrent ones rectan- gular. Capsule arcuate when dry, and finally furrowed; lid longer, often curved. Mac. Cat. 277.— On cedar stumps in a swamp: Belleville, Ont. 518. Plagiotheciani Silesiacum Sch.— Plants more robust than P. striatellum: stems inclined, radicant, often fasiculately branched; branches arcuate, procumbent: tufts lax, drepressed, pale or yellowish green, shining: branch leaves erect-spreading, more or less secund, oval- lanceolate or lanceolate, gradually long acuminate, not decurrent, dentate in upper half; costa double, short, very faint; cells of the basal angles rec- tangular or oblong, middle linear; inner perichaitial leaves sheathing, ter- minated by a long, dentate, recurved acumen: monoicous: capsule oblique or horizontal, cylindric, smooth, collum distinct, slightly contracted below mouth: lid conic; annulus simple; teeth pale, inner membrane half height of teeth. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 354.— Newfoundland; New Brunswick. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 353 519. Pia^iotheciuin pseudo-latebricola Kindb. — Tufts dense, radicu- lose, glossy green: stem irregularly branching; branches often curved, per- fectly complanate, branchlets longer with smaller and narrower leaves: stem leaves small, distichous, not decurrent, shortly ovate lanceolate, sud- denly tapering to a somewhat long filiform and straight point, entire; cells narrow, alar small few and sub-quadrate often wanting; costa obsolete; perichsetial leaves sinuolate above: capsule obovate-oblong, oblique and faintly curved, often pendent; teeth pale; inner membrane clavate, cilia long, sub -appendiculate; lid conical: dioicous. Mac. Cat. 211. — On rotten wood: Columbia River, B. C. 520. Plagiotheciuin bifarielliiiuKindb. — Plants small, sparingly radic- ulose, loosely cespitose, dark or blackish green, not glossy: stems rigid, pinnate: leaves loose, small, spreading, smooth and not striate; stem leaves at base broadly ovate-cordate, decurrent, serrulate all around, abruptly at- tenuate to filiform hooked-deflexed and sub-entire acumen; cells narrow, linear, basal oblong; costa obsolete or reaching to middle: dioicous. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 17: 279. — Wet places in woods: Vancouver Island. 521. Pla^iothecium atteuiiatirameum Kindb. — Tufts green, faintly shining, loose, with few rhizoids: primary stem very short; branches elongate, long attenuate, finally flagelliform: leaves sub-distichous, lower broadly ovate, obtuse or obtusate, entire, long decurrent, concave, recurved at borders from base to above middle at least at one side; cells chlorophyl- lose, somewhat dilated, lowest very mvich wider and shorter and nearly uniform; costa generally short and double, rarely simple and reaching to middle; other leaves gradually smaller, narrower and more acute or acu- minate: barren. Mac. Cat. 277. — On rocks: Quebec. 5'22. Aml)Iysteg-ii!m fenestratum Kindb. — Plants loosely coherent, green: stems capillary, irregularly ramulose: leaves small, spreading, very narrow, ovate lanceolate, acute, denticulate; cells dilated but elongate; costa more or less distinct: barren. Habit of A. Sprucei. Mac. Cat. 217. — On borders of a pond near London, Ont. 523. Amblystegiuui speirophy Hum Kindb. — Plants loosely cespitose, dark green: stem capillary, irregularly ramulose, not or sparingly radicu- lose: leaves small, long-distant, spreading, sub-cordate or oval oblong, blunt or sub-acute, entire'or denticulate; cells short; costa sub-percurrent, broad, sometimes very distinct: barren: probably dioicous. Mac. Cat. 217.— On rocks: Canaan's Fork, N. B. 524. Aniblystegiani serpens xantliodictyon Kindb. — Tufts loose, yel- low-brown: stem pinnate: leaves from an ovate-oblong base acuminate, denticulate or entire; alar and often also lower basal cells quadrate, yel- lowish, others oblong except inner, sublinear near costa and in acumen; perich^tial leaves very small, nerveless. Mac. Cat. 218. — On stones: St. Mary's river, Canada. 354 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. 525. Ambljste^riiiin Jiiratzkanum Sch. — Closely related to A. ser- pens, but generally more robust: tufts dark olive green: leaves spreading; stem leaves distant, cordate-oval, short acuminate; branch leaves oval- lanceolate, longer acuminate, entire or denticulate; costa longer, reaching % length of leaf, cells larger, sometimes smaller, very chlorophyllose, basal rectangular, middle sub-rhomboidal; perichtetial leaves less abruptly acuminate, costate and plicate: monoicous. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 358. According to Husnot this species differs from ^4. hygrophilum in dark green color, leaves longer acuminate, longer costate and cells larger. — On dead wood, stones, and bases of trees in damp woods: Ottawa and Owen Sound, Ont.; Revelstoke, B. C. 52(>. Amblystegiuin hygrophilum Sch. — Monoicous: stems 3-5 cm., de- pressed, delicate; branches erect or ascending: tufts pale or yellowish green: leaves spreading in all directions, or squarrose, small stem leaves cordate-oval, branch leaves oval, long acuminate, entire: costa weak, van- ishing near middles cells of basal angles rectangular, forming small auricles, middle cells linear -rhomboidal; internal perichsetial leaves oblong- lanceolate, long and finely acuminate, costate, entire: capsule sub-horizon- tal, oblong-cylindric, strongly arcuate when empty, contracted below mouth; lid conic; annulus very large. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 358. — Indi- ana; Illinois; Wisconsin. 527. Amblysteg'ium porphyrrhizou Lindb.— Monoicous: slender, in habit between small forms of A. rii^arium and A. serj^ens; stem leaves rather remote, sub-squarrose-spreading, from deltoid-ovate to lanceolate ovate, slender, pale, excavate at the slightly decurrent angles; costa slen- der, yellowish, vanishing beyond middle; margin below obsoletely serru- late; cells narrowly oval-hexagonal, hyaline, quadrate loose and yellowish at angles: male fls. numerous, small, polyphyllous; leaves imbricate, short lanceolate, erect, from an ovate concave base; antheridia few; female fls. slender, sub-incurved: perichtetial branch strongly radicant: inner leaves erect, imbricate, long lanceolate, subulate-acuminate; costa slender, yellow- ish, vanishing toward base and apex; margin faintly serrulate; cells very nar- row, vermicular: capsule oblique, oblong-cylindric, cylindric when dry and deoperculate, sub-arcuate, constricted below mouth, yellow-fuscescent, thin walled, loosely and irregularly areoiate: annulus? Schimp. Syn. 715. 1876.— Kansas; Canada: N. W. Terr.; Rocky Mts.; British Columbia, Miquelon Is. 628. Amblystegiiim Schlotthaueri Ren. & Card. — Sub-species of A. serpens: similar in habit to compact form of A. serpens but differs in pedicel thicker, strongly twisted to right; capsule erect, slightly curved, ovoid, mouth dilated, collum elongate, plicate; cilia of endostome shorter, Bolitaj-y. Bot. Centralbl. 44: 423. 1890.— Yellowstone Park, Wyoming. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 355 629. Amblystegiuni distantifolium Kindb. — Stems irregularly branch- ing, creeping: leaves green, distant, spreading when dry, patent when moist, long oval lanceolate, long cuspidate, not or indistinctly decurrent, sharply serrulate all around, chlorophyllose; cells wide, sub-oblong; costa thick, percurrent or nearly excurrent: barren. Mac. Cat. 222. — On rocks, Newfoundland. 530. Aniblysteginm dissitifolium Kindb. — Tufts compact, sparingly radicant, green, not glossy: leaves very loosely disposed, long decurrent, ovate oblong, short-acuminate, denticulate all around; areolation loose, upper cells narrower, alar larger quadrate and well distinct, as chlorophyl- lose as the other cells: costa percurrent: probably dioicus; only male flowers found. Mac. Cat. 220. — On flat limestone rocks which receive dripping water: Canada. 531. Amblystegium sub-compactum C. M. &. Kindb.— Differs from A. Gompactum in stems thicker, leaves larger and longer; capsule asym- metric, curved in young state, at least doubly greater. The British Col- umbia specimens have a peculiar habit; tufts are decolorate below, bright green above, and stems erect. Mac. Cat. 221. — Growing in thick tufts at the bases of trees around springs and margins of bogs, also on wet rocks: British Columbia and Canada. 532. Amblysteginm liparium longifolium Sch. — Leaves narrow, lanc- eolate, long and finely acuminate. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 363. — Vancouver Island and Washington. 533. Amblystegiuin ripariuiu serratum Ren, & Card. — Plants slen- der, creeping: leaves narrow, serrulate at apex. Bot. Gaz 14: 98. 1889. — Roots of trees: Kansas. 534. Amblystegiiim Floridaaum Ren. & Card.— Very small, ap- pressed: leaves small, narrowly lanceolate, long acuminate, entire: cap- sules short, arcuate. Bot. Gaz. 14: 98. 1889, as A. riparium, var. — Florida: Louisiana. 535. Amblystegium Kochii Sch. — Closely related to A. riparium: stems depressed, with ascending or erect branches: leaves spreading in all directions; those of large branches cordate-oval or broad oval; those of small branches long acuminate, denticulate, costate for 3| length, basal cells rectangular; middle sub-hexagonal, much larger than in A . riparium; pedicel long; capsule oval or oblong; annulus simple. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 362.— Kansas. 536. Amblystegium homalostegiuin Jgr. & Sauerb. — Monoicous: tufts low, broad, dirty green, rather dense and rigid: stem creeping, pseudo- pin- nate, with many short erect or curved densely aggregate slender simple branches: stem leaves densely imbricate, indistinctly secund, when wet making the stems appear julaceous and turgescent, broadly ovate from a cordate base, short acuminate, concave; margin plane, obsoletely denticu- 356 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. late; costa double, short; cells minute, indistinct, narrowly elliptic, pale slightly papillose, alar quadrate; perichaetial leaves lanceolate-acuminate, longer, secund, concave, longitudinally plicate, ecostate; yellowish: seta yellowish-red, ascending; capsule horizontal, minute, asymmetric-cylin- dric, strongly constricted in middle, gibbous or strumose at base, wide- mouthed, brown; lid minute, short apiculate; peristome teeth very prom- inent, connivent when wet, red, strongly cristate, segments yellow, smooth, broad, carinate, imperforate, cilia solitary, broad, shorter and paler, Hypnum homalosfegium Muller, Flora 56: 484. 1873.— Trunks of trees, West Fowl River, Alabama. 537. Hjimum Sommerfeltii Myr.— Stems 15-30 mm. long, delicate, de- pressed, irregularly divided or sub-pinnate, branches ascending; tufts green or yellowish: leaves crowded, very spreading, sometimes sub-secund at ex- tremity of branches; stem leaves broadly oval-lanceolate, long acuminate, denticulate below, ecostate or faintly bicostate; branch leaves oval lanceo- late; basal cells quadrate or rectangular, forming yellowish auricles, others linear, broader than in H. Halleri; inner perichaetial leaves oblong, plicate: capsule sub -horizontal, oblong sub-cylindric, arcuate, contracted below mouth; lid convex conic; annulus large: monoicous. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 361. — On old logs, bases of trees, damp rocks and earth: Canada; British Columbia. 538. Hypiinm l)y«tile, but alar leaf cells more numerous, chlorophyllose and dusky, not decolorate; perichaetial leaves nerveless: capsule scarcely constricted below mouth. Mac. Cat. 235. — On bases of vines in woods, British Columbia. On rocks, Ontario. 5(54. Hypnum fasti^iatum Brid.— Stems delicate, creeping, radiculose, much divided, erect in middle of tufts, spreading around outside, short arc- uate at summit; paraphyllia quite numerous, lanceolate or digitate: tufts very large, depressed, yellowish green near surface, brownish within: leaves falciform-secund, stem leaves oval-lanceolate, branch leaves a little nar- rower, gradually narrowed into a long, sharp point, entire or superficially denticulate, plain on borders or slightly revolute, hyaline at base; costa bifurcate, narrow and very short; quadrate cells of basal angles quite numerous, middle ones linear, attenuate; inner perichtetial leaves half sheathing, acuminate, plicate, faintly bicostate: monoicous or dioicous: capsule erect or oblique, oblong-cylindric, arcuate, contracted below mouth; lid convex, apiculate, sometimes short rostrate; annulus narrow. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 400. — On dry rocks: Rocky Mountains; Greenland. 565. Hypmim Wagliornei Kindb. — Differs from H. fertile in large and hyaline alar leaf cells, other basal ones not yellow: capsule tumid at base, slightly curved: paraphyllia very broad. Mac. Cat. 234. — New- foundland. 566. Hypnum revolntum Mitt.— Stems 2-8 cm., ascending-erect, irreg- ularly branched when tufts are compact, depressed and pinnate when loose; yellowish green, ferruginous within: leaves falciform-secund, oval or oblong-lanceolate, long acuminate, denticulate at summit, plicate when dry, strongly revolute from base to apex; costa none or double and short; cells of basal angles roundish quadrate or rectangular, rather numerous, forming small auricles, median cells linear, relatively short (1:6-8); peri- chaetial leaves strongly plicate: capsule sub-horizontal, rather large, oblong, arcuate, strongly contracted below mouth. Husnot, Muscol. Gall. 402. 1894.— Morley and Hector, Rocky Mts.; Greenland. 567. Hypnum revolntum Tillardi Ren. & Card. — Leaves short acumin- ate, not or scarcely plicate, alar cells numerous, large. H. Heufleri Vil- lardi R. & C, Bot. Centralbl. 44: 423. 1890.— Montana. 568. Hypnum Canadense Kindb.— Intermediate between^, imponens and H. sub-imponens : dioicous: densely cespitose, yellow or pale green: BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 361 stems creeping, densely pinnate raraulose; branches robust, thick and tumid: leaves close, falcate, with elongate-ovate or oblong base and short acumen, faintly or not striate, more or less denticulate all around, not re- flexed on borders, larger than in H. imponens; cells very narrow, alar larger and pellucid, other basal cells yellow; paraphyllia few, subulate; perigonial leaves very broad-ovate, abruptly narrowed to a straight subu- late point; capsule obovate, asymmetric or sub-cylindric and arcuate, thick and not striate; teeth yellow; segments orange, cilia short and not appendiculate. Mac. Cat. 236.— Newfoundland; Alaska; on stones: Nova Scotia and Quebec; on rotten logs: Rocky Mountains and Ontario. 569. Hypuum cupressiforme Pyreiiiacum Ren.— Closely related to the variety filiforme, from which it is distinguished by the short acumin- ate leaves, quite strongly dentate. Fl. Miq. 55.— Miquelon Island. 570. Hypnuni Yancheri Lesq.— Plants resembling certain forms of IT. cicjyressifornie: stems erect-fastigiate: tufts compact, dark green or yellowish: leaves crowded and imbricate, more or less falciform-secund, sometimes erect so as to give branches a sub-julaceous appearance, oval or oval-lanceolate, entire or sinuolate, plane on borders; costa very short, simple or bifurcated, one branch longer than the other; cells of basal angles more numerous and smaller than in H. cupressiforme, walls thickened, middle cells broader and shorter, 6-8 times as long as broad: fruit unknown. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 406 —Montana. 571. Hypnum Remmldii Kindb.— Agrees with J£. curvifolium in stem more or less pinnate, inner basal leaf cells finally yellow: with IT. Lindbcrgii in leaves decurrent, alar cells very much dilated, capsule not plicate when dry: differs from both in entire leaves. H. pratense differs in leaves not striate nor decurrent, and alar cells not evolute. Mac. Cat. 238.— On earth and old logs and sometimes on rocks; British Colum- bia; Canada; Newfoundland. 572. Hypuum Patieatiae Lindb.— Closely related to IT. pratense: differs from it by stems and branches not complanate, curved at summit: all leaves falciform-secund, broad oval-lanceolate, with a larger, entire acumen; costa none or double and very short; cells of basal angles large, forming hyaline auricles; middle ones linear, attenuate: c ap su dric, arcuate, rarely fruiting. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 406.— On rocks: New Brunswick; Greenland; Miquelon Island; Newfoundland; Pennsylvania; Indiana; Wisconsin; Montana. 573. Hypnnm Patient! se elatum Sch.— Extensively cespitose, tufts yellowish or faintly rufescent: stems 2-3 inches long, erect, sub-fastigiately branched; leaves falcate and sub-hamate, narrower, long acuminate. Sch. Syn. 758. 1876.— Miquelon Island. 574. Hypnum Patieutise demissum Sch.— Tufts deplanate, pale or 362 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN. bright green, dark variegated: stems long, creeping, more or less regularly pinnate. 1. c. — Miquelon Island. 575. Hypnum Patieutiai Americanum Ren. & Card. — Stems slender, prostrate, more or less distinctly pinnate: leaves smaller, with acumen shorter and broader. Bot. Gaz. 14: 99. 1889. — On decayed wood and sandy ground: Louisiana. 576. Hypnuin arcuatiforme Kindb. — Tufts dense, green, not glossy: stem creeping, sub-pinnate: leaves arcuate, ovate lanceolate, generally short- acuminate or sub-obtuse, entire, decurrent, not striate; alar cells large, well defined, orange, others pale and narrow; costa none or short and double: capsule sub-cylindrical, curved, not striate nor furrowed, constricted below the wide mouth, teeth when dry incurved, pale yellow, hyaline mar- gined; cilia long, appendiculate: probably dioicous. Mac. Cat. 238. — On earth near Ottawa, Ont. 577. Hypnuin Dieckii Ren. & Card. — Tufts yellowish or rufescent-. stem depressed, pinnate; branches ascending: leaves f alcate-secund , strongly circinate, from broadly ovate base suddenly acuminate, acute or subulate; margin plane, entire, rarely obsoletely denticulate above; costa double, short, sometimes very faint or prolonged to middle; cells linear, very narrow, obtuse, alar large, strongly inflated, hyaline or flavescent; perichtetial leaves oblong-lanceolate, long acuminate, sub-entire, ecostate: dioicous: capsule horizontal or sub-pendulous, large, arcuate; lid unknown; teeth yellowish, strongly trabeculate, segments narrow, scarcely perfor- ated along middle; cilia 2, nodulose. Bot. Centralbl. 44:423. 1890. Oregon. 578. Hypiium psendo-pratense Kind.— Nearly allied to H. jiratense: tufts more compact: branches radiculose below: leaves more crowded, not decurrent, more distinctly denticulate near apex: inflorescence monoicous: capsules not found. Mac. Cat. 239.— On old logs in woods: Ontario. 579. Hypiium Haldaniaiium Roellii Ren. & Card.— Branches short, interwoven, leaves short and broad acuminate, areolation dense. Bot. Cen- tralbl. 44: 424. 1890.— Tree trunks: Indiana. 580. Hypnum flaccum C, M. & Kindb.— Tufts large and loose, brown below, pale green above: stems pinnate, sparingly radiculose, red-brown; branches elongate, attenuate, distant and flaccid; paraphyllia few, multi- form: leaves oblong-lanceolate, shortly subulate-acuminate, not curved, concave-involute, patent, with excavate dark orange auricles at base; stem leaves decurrent, slightly recurved at basal angles; branch leaves loose, sub-distichous, not decurrent nor recurved; cells narrow, long linear, not chlorophyllose, alar large, sub-quadrate, inner basal narrow, pale orange; costa short, double and indistinct or none: barren. Mac. Cat. 240. — On old logs or rocks: New Brunswick; Ontario. BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 363 581. Hypnum subflaccum C. M. &. Kindb. — Tufts loose, glossy green: stem green, irregularly branching, not radiculose; branches few and long, flaccid, sub-compressed when dry; paraphyllia none: leaves striate, oblong- lanceolate, denticulate above to ^, not curved, loosely appressed or sub- patent; basal angles hyaline, not excavate; stem leaves short-decurrent, acute or short-acuminate; branch leaves not decurrent, longer acuminate; cells narrow, long-linear, chlorophyllose, basal dilated, hyaline and irregu- lar, sub-rectangular, inner rarely pale yellowish; costa none: dioicous: female plants not found. Mac. Cat. 240. — On earth: Ontario, 582. Hypnum pseudo-drepauium C. M. & Kindb. — Tufts loose, green, faintly glossy: secondary stems very long, flaccid, sub-pinnate, sparingly radiculose, faintly compressed; paraphyllia none; branchlets lew and very short, curved at apex: leaves plicate, entire, from a short broad ovate base narrowed into a short incurved acute acumen, crowded, loosely ap- pressed when dry, not decurrent, not distinctly chlorophyllose; basal cells hyaline, dilated, thick-walled, alar large, sub-rectangular, well-defined, others longer and narrower; auricles excavate; costa indistinct or short and double: dioicous; female plants not found. Mac. Cat. 240. — On old logs in woods: Ottawa, Ontario. 5S3. Hypnum circulifolium C. M. & Kindb. — Nearly allied to^. dila- tatum Wils.: stem loosely foliate, denudate at the base; leaves patent when dry, sub-circular, faintly crenulate nearly all around, slightly decur- rent, at the cordate base distinctly auriculate, in the middle carinate, nar- rowed above to an indistinct obtuse tip; alar cells large, inflated, sub-oval, apical also short, others narrow and flexuous; costa none or indistinct: barren. Mac. Cat. 242. — On rocks: New Brunswick. 584. Hypnum pseudo-arcticum Kindb,— Differs from //. arcticum in leaves crenulate, at least above middle; costa short and double, not reaching to middle; perichtetial leaves short acuminate, serrulate: peri- stomial segments rimose in middle: stem sparingly radiculose. Mac. Cat. 242. — On stones in brooks: British Columbia. 585. Hypnum Goulardi Sch. — Tufts thick, very soft, variegated with red and green: branches flexuous-erect from a prostrate filiform eradicu- lose and partly denudate stem, very slender, soft, not radicant, sub- simple or oft divided, 2-4 cm, long; leaves small, rather distant, equally spreading when moist, coherent when dry; lower branch leaves minute, circular, others ovate-rotund, apex rounded or slightly obtuse pointed, strongly concave and sub-cochleariform, margin rather broadly recurved, quite entire, narrowly decurrent at angles, not excavate; costa bifurcate, long or almost obsolete; cells at apex rhombic, toward base flexuous fusi- form, sub-vermicular or hexagonal-rhombic, at base loosely rhombic-hexag- onal, at angles rectangular: flowers and fruit unknown. Syuop. Muse. 364 BULLETIN OP THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. Eur. 778. 1876.— On stones: Ste. Anne des Monts x-iver, Gaspe Co., Quebec; Gunn river, Anticosti. o86. Hypiium torreutis C. M. & Kindb. -Differ from //. Ooulardi in stems filiform, very rigid: leaves smaller, sub-circular, crenulateall around, reflexed at basal margins; costa thick and nearly percurrent: differs also from H. arcticum in loosely disposed decurrent leaves with large, angular cells. Mac. Cac. 243. -On sloping limestone rocks: British Columbia. 5S7. Hypnum Norve;?icum Sch. — Appearance of //. arcticum but much smaller and more delicate; stems depressed, branches erect or ascend- ing: leaves erect-spreading or sub-secund, small, oval or oval sub-orbicular, sinuolate, obtuse; costa very short, bifurcate; cells of basal angles quad- rate or rectangular, not forming distinct auricles; middle quite short, linear- sub-hexagonal: capsule oblique, oval or oblong; lid convex, very shortly apiculate; annulus large. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 41.3. — Greenland. oS8. Hypnum Coluniblco-palastre C. M. & Kindb.— Differs from H. palustre in leaves longer apiculate, faintly denticulate; margins recurved below at one side; alar cells dilated, well-defined; costa stout, vanishing above middle. Mac. Cat. 241. — On rocks: British Columbia. 58;>. Hypnum polarc Kindb. — Loosely cespitose, tufts pale green, soft: secondary stem erect, fastigiately branched, flaccid, eradiculose: leaves loosely disposed, erect-spreading and slightly secund, ovate-oblong, grad- ually short and acute acuminate, strongly concave, margin erect, thin, at basal angles very slightly decurrent, not excavate, obsoletely crenulate only at very apex; costa simple, sub-terete, vanishing below apex; cells slightly hyaline, rhomboidal, 2 to 3 times as long as broad, middle cells longer and narrower, basal cells wider, alar cells few, hexagonal-rectangu- lar, hyaline or slightly chlorophyllose. Schimp. Syn. 780. 1876.— Green- land. 590. Hypnnm eu?yrium Miquelonense R. &. C. — Leaves smaller, acumen short, obtuse or sub-obtuse; cells of basal'angles hardly distinct. Revue Bryol. 20: 28. 1893.— Miquelon Is. 59!. Hypnum eu^'yrimu Mackayi Sch.— Plants more robust; leaves erect-imbricate, distinctly denticulate at summit; costa simple or double, passing middle; auricles formed of smaller cells. Husnot, Muse, Gall. 412. — Tennessee, 592. Hypnum ocliraceum flaccidum Milde. Stems long, loosely foliate: leaves throughout spreading every way, uniform brown, broad lanceolate, long pointed; costa long, double. Bryol, Siles, 376, 1869,— Montana; Ore- gon; Washington, 593. Hypnum pseudo-montanum Kindb.— Nearly allied to ^. mon- tanum: differing principally in stem longer and more robust: leaves larger and thinner, more loosely disposed, longer decurrent, not distinctly dentic- BARNES — NORTH AMERICAN MOSSES. 365 ulate; alar cells large, reaching to costa which is simple and prolonged above middle: inflorescence monoicous: capsules not found. Mac. Cat. 243. — On rocks in streams: British Columbia. 594. Hypiium pnrum L.— Stems 8-15 cm., depressed or ascending, simply pinnate or with pinnate branches, delicate, julaceous; tufts large, soft,^often depressed, pale green: leaves imbricate, very concave, decurrent, denticulate all around, plicate; stem leaves broad ovate, strongly con- tracted at base, apex round with an erect or curved apiculus; branch leaves narrower, oblong; cells of basal angles quadrate or rectangular, pale green, forming small auricles; middle cells linear flexuous; inner perichaetial 1 eaves lanceolate, long acuminate, costa: dioicous: capsule horizontal, ob- long or sub-cylindric; lid conic, pointed; annulus double; teeth orange, seg- ments wide open along keel. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 419.— Miquelon Is. 595. Hypnum stramineiim laxifoliuin C. Miill. No description of this variety is at hand. — Greenland. 596. Hypuum stramineum compactum Milde.— Tufts thick, stems stronger and shorter, below (with leaves) yellow-brown: leaves shorter and broader. Bryol. Siles. 370. 1869,— Greenland. 597. Hypiium stramineum exig'uum Ren.— Stems depressed, short, very delicate, filiform: leaves distant, very small. Fl. Miq. 57,— Miquelon Island. 598. Hypmim occideiitale S. & L.— Plants densely cespitose; tufts intri- cate, depressed, bright green, sub-sericeous: stem much divided, filiform, sub-repent; branches prostrate, strongly branched, branchlets filiform or attenuate or thickish julaceous; leaves erect spreading when moist, imbri- cate when dry, ovate or Ungulate, rather obtuse, concave, border denticu- late above; costa thick, reaching middle; cells minute, oval-rhombic, alar quadrate, smaller; perichaetial leaves erect from a sheathing base, upper broadly ovate, uppermost lanceolate, obtusely short acuminate, reflexed: dioicous: capsule oblong-ovate to oblong-cylindric, inclined, sub-cernuous, exannulate, dilated below mouth when empty; seta smooth, scarcely 1 inch longHsub-cygneous; peristome teeth broadly lamellose within, segments en- tire, punctulate, cilia 2, shorter; lid long conic, acute, shortly oblique ros- trate. Sull. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 105. pi. 81. 1874.— Roots and base of trees, Oregon. 699. Hypuum scorpioides Miquelonense R. & C— Robust, submersed; tufts black, apical leaves only golden yellow passing to red; stems 15-35 cm.: leaves of principal branches sub-imbricate, slightly secund, bluntly acuminate; leaves of secondary branches rather crowded, erect, falciform and flexuous at point, narrower, oblong, long and narrowly acuminate, needle- pointed, sometimes toothed at apex; costa sometimes short bifur- cate, sometimes single, feeble, reaching or surpassing middle; median 14 366 BULLETIN OF THI) UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. cells usually sinuous, somewhat pitted. Ren. in Husn. Muscol. Gall. 394. 1894. — Miquelon Is. 600. Hypnuin incurvatum Schrad. — Stem 2-4: cm., delicate, creeping, irregularly branching; tufts small, depressed, silky, green or slightly yel- lowish: leaves erect spreading, sub-secund, more or less arcuate, oblong - lanceolate, long-acuminate, entire or distantly toothed at apex; costa none or very short and faint, or bifurcate; cells of angles quadrate, middle cells sho rt, 6-8 times as long as wide: monoicous: two inner perichaetial leaves sheathing, abruptly and narrowly acuminate, superficially denticulate at summit, not plicate, faintly costate: capsule horizontal, sometimes oblique, oblong or almost cylindric, arcuate, contracted below mouth; lid conic, short rostrate; annulus large. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 399.— Newfoundland. 601. Hypuum dilatatum Wils,— Stems 2-10 cm., prostrate, ascending, long denudate at base; tufts depressed, rather rigid: leaves sub-secund or secund, concave, sub-orbicular, obtuse or shortly and obtusely apiculate, narrowed at base, slightly denticulate at apex; costa bifurcate, very short or scarcely i-| the leaf; cells of basilar angles large, hexagonal-rectangular, usually orange, forming rather disinct auricles, the rest longer than in H. molle: inner perichastial leaves sheathing, plicate: monoicous: capsule ob- lique or horizontal, oblong; operculum convex-conic. Husn. Muscol. Gall. 413. H. molle Br. & Sch., not Dicks.— Greenland; Canada; Rocky Mts.; British Columbia; Idaho; Eastern States. 602. Hylocomium squarrosum calrescens (Wils.) Husnot.— Plants a little more robust, branches more numerous: stem leaves larger above, more distinctly denticulate, slightly plicate; leaf cells, pedicel and capsule similar to type. Husnot, Muse. Gall. 425. H. calvescens Wils. — On rocks: Nova Scotia; British Columbia. 603. Hylocoiuium triquetrum Californicum Ren. & Card.— Very ro- bust: leaves strongly rugose undulate, strongly papillose above: capsule short, Bot. Gaz. 15: 61. 1890.— California. INDEX TO GENERA. Alaia, 167, 226. Amblyodon, 165. Amblystegium, 168, 242, 353. Amphoridium, 158, 201. Anacamptodon, 167. Andretea, 157, 175, 259. A nod us, 159. Anoectangium, 159, 178, 262. Anomodon, 166, 167, 230, 333. Antitrichia, 166, 167, 228, 332, Aongstroemia, 162. Archidium, 157, 176, 260. Astomum, 158, 178, 261. Atrichum, 163, 221, 323. Aulacomnium, 165, 221,323. Barbula, 159, 163, 191, 277. Bartramia, 159, 163, 165, 210, 304. Blindia, 162, 163, 274. Brachyodus, 160. Brachythecium, 169, 235, 341. Braunia, 158. Bruchia, 158, 177, 261. Bryum, 165, 214, 309. Buxbaumia, 164, 223, 326. Calymperes, 159, 207. Camptothecium, 169, 234, 340. Campylopus, 161, 184, 270. Campylostelium, 160. Ceratodon, 161, 187, 272. Cinclidium, 165, 221. Claopodium, 168, 234. Climacium, 168, 231, 336. Cinclidotus, 160. CoDomitrium, 185. Coscinodon, 160, 201. CryphEea, 166, 167, 226. Cylindrothecium, 166, 167, 168, 231, 336. Cynodontium, 161, 179, 263. Desmatodon, 161, 162, 163, 190, 276. Dichelyma, 164,224,331. Dichodontium, 161, 180, 263. Dicranella, 161, 180, 264. Dicranodontium, 161, 184, 270. Dicranoweisia, 162, 179. Dicranum, 161, 181, 265. Didymodon, 162, 163, 189, 274. Dissodon, 160, 207. Distichium, 160, 187. Ditrichum, 161, 163, 189, 273. Drummondia, 163, 292. Encalypta, 159, 160, 164, 206, 299. Entosthodon, 163, 209. Ephemerum, 157, 176. Eucladium, 162, 262. Eurhynchium, 169, 238, 349. Fabronia, 166, 228. Fissidens, 160, 166, 185, 271. Fontinalis, 164, 224, 326. Funaria, 165, 210, 304. Grimmia, 158, 160, 197, 284. Gymnostomum, 159, 178, 262. Habrodon, 166. Hedwigia, 158, 291. Heterocladium, 168, 232, 338. Homalia, 168, 227, 332. Homalottiecium, 166, 230, 335. Hookeria, 168, 228. Hylocomium, 169, 250, 366. Hypnum, 169, 244, 356. Isothecium, 169, 238, 348. Leptobarbula, 163, 276. Leptobryum, 165. Leptodon, 166, 226. Leptodontium, 162, 275. Lescuraea, 167, 334. Leskea, 166, 167, 229, 333. Leucobryum, 161, 187. Leucodon, 166, 227. Macromitriutn, 158, 160, 164, 206. Meesia, 165, 211. Merceya, 159, 164, 300. Meteorium, 167, 227. Microbryum, 158, 261. 368 INDEX. Micromitrium, 157, 176. Mielichhoferia, 163, 211, 305. Mnium, 165, 219, 321. Myrinia, 167, 229, 333. Myurella, 167, 229. Neckera, 166, 167, 226, 331. Octoblepharum, 159. (Edipodium, 159, .301. Oligotrichum, 164, 222, 324. Oreoweisia, 161. Orthothecium, 167, 168, 232, 336. Orthotrichum, 160, 164, 203, 293. Paludella, 165. Pharomitrium, 158. Phascum, 158, 177, 260. Philonotis, 165, 211, 305. Physcomitrella, 158. Physcomitrium, 159, 209, 301. Plagiothecium, 169, 241, .351. Platygyrium, 167, 168, 334. Pleuridium, 158, 177, 261. Pogonatum, 164, 222, 324. Polytrichum, 164, 223, 324. Pottia, 159, 162, 188, 274. Pseudoleskea, 168, 232, 337. Pterigynandrum, 166, 228, 332. Pterogonium, 166, 228. Pterigophyllum, 168. Ptychomitrium, 160, 201. PylaisEea, 166, 168, 230, 334. Raphidostegium, 169, 239, 350. Rhacomitrium, 160, 199, 289. Rhabdoweisia, 162, 179. Rhizogonium, 165. Rhynchostegium, 169, 240. Scleropodium, 169, 237, 348. Scouleria, 158, 197, 283. Seligeria, 161, 188, 273. SphaBrangium, 158, 176. Sphagnum, 157, 170, 251. Splachnum, 160, 208. Stereophyllum, 168. Syrrhopodon, 162, 207. Tayloria, 160, 208, 300. Tetraphis, 1&3, 207. Tetraplodon, 162, 208. Thamnium, 168, 240, 351. Thelia, 166, 229, 333. Thuidium, 168, 233, 339. Timmia. 165, 221, 323. Trematodon, 161, 180, 265. Trichodon, 101, 187, 272. Trichostomum, 161, 162, 163, 190, 275.. Tripterocladium, 168, 234, 340. Ulota, 160, 164, 202, 292. Voitia, 158, 261. Webera, 165, 211, 306. Weisia, 162, 179, 262. Zieria, 165, 219. Zygodon, 158, 164, 201, 291. INDEX TO VOLUME I. Analytic Keys to the genera and species ^. of North American mosses (title of pa- per), 157. Anglesite, reported from southern Wis- consin, 115, 135, 136. Angular equivalent of one division of a spirit level, determination of the, 68. Arsenopyeite, from Marquette, Wis., 113. Astronomy, studies in spherical and prac- tical, 57. Atmospheric refraction, a simple but accurate expression for, 60. Austin, C. F., acknowledgments to, 35, 47. Azimuth, determination from transits over the vertical of the pole star, 81. Azueite from Mineral Point, Wis., 145. Baeaboo Bluffs, geological sections across range of, 41. , quartz keratophyre and associated rocks of the north range of, 35. Baeite, from southern Wisconsin, 137, Barnes, C. R., cited on the revision of Dicranum, v, vii. , cited on keys to North American mosses iii. , cited on Kindberg's new species of mosses, v. , Analytic keys to the genera and spe- cies of North American mosses (title of paper), 157. Bascom, F., cited on spherulites, 52. Bayley, W. S., cited on analysis of quartz keratophyre, 48. Bedding, absence of, in quartz kerato- phyre, 42. Belmont, Wis., barite from, 138. Berezov, cerussites, cited, 130. Bessel, cited on determination of time from transits over vertical of circum- polar star, 81. , cited on expression for atmospheric refraction, 60. Best, cited on Kindberg's new species of mosses, v. Biotite, in quartz keratophyre, 50, Blake, Wm. P., cited on minerals of south- west Wisconsin, 111. Boric acid, eifect on liberation of iodine from mixed solutions, 27, 31. Braun, cited on method of determining angular equivalent of one division of a spirit level, 68. Beitton, Mrs. E. G., cited on Kindberg's new species of mosses, v ; acknowledg- ments to, viii. "Broken" transit, the simultaneous de- termination of flexure, irregularity of pivots, and value of a level division of a, 75. Brooks, T. B., cited on Wisconsin minerals, 110. Burchard, cited on the speed of liberation of iodine in mixtures of hydriodic and iodic acids, 1. "Calamine" (Smithsonite), from south- ern Wisconsin, 115. Calcite, from Madison, Wisconsin, 114, from southern Wisconsin, 115. from Milwaukee, 149, Caedot, cited on Kindberg's new species of mosses, v, cited, vi. Celestite, from Milwaukee, 151. Cerussite, from southern Wisconsin, 128. Chalcopykite, from Mineral Point, Wis- consin, 145, Chamberlin, T. C, cited on Wisconsin minerals. 111. , cited on origin of smithsonite, 123. , cited on age of Baraboo limestone, 38. , cited on Baraboo Porphyry, 37. , cited on minerals from Milwaukee, 149, Chauvenet, cited on observations to deter- mine time, 81, , cited on methods of reduction of level readings, 57. , cited on formula, 61, 67, 75, 82. Cheney, L. S., acknowledgements to, 110, 138,143,145, viii. , cited on Kindberg's new species of mosses, v. , cited on amblyst«gium, vii. Claassen, Edo., acknowledgements, to viii, CoMSTOCK, G, C, Studies in spherical and practical astronomy (title of paper), 57. Conglomerate, of Baraboo Region, 38, Contact, between quartzite and quartz keratophyre, 40, Contribution to the mineralogy of Wis- consin, (title of paper) , by Wm. H. Hobbs, 109. Correction of the sun's declination for the effect of refraction, 64. Cross, Whitman, cited on twinning in Galena, 125. Crow Branch Mine, Wis., barite from, 137. marcasite from, 138. Cuba City, Wis., marcasite from, 143. CuMMiNGS, Clara E., acknowledgments to, viii. Dana, E. S., cited on calcite, 117. cited on cerussite of Bere- zov, 130. cited on marcasite, 141, 144. cited on pseudomorphs of smithsonite after sphaler- ite, 123. cited on sphalerite, 133, cited on Wisconsin miner- als, 111, Daniells, W, W,, cited on analysis of Baraboo porphyry, 47. (369) 370 INDEX TO VOLUME I. DecIjTnation, to correct the sun's for the effect of refraction, 64. Democrat, Wis., pvrite from, 145. Detekmination of latitude and time from equal altitudes of stars, 94. Determination of time and azimuth from transits over the vertical of the pole star, 81. Determination of the an^rular equivalent of one division of a spirit level, 68. Diamond Geo\t;, Wis. : calcite from, 117. marcasite from, 140. Diamonds from the driftof Wisconsin, 152. " Dog Tooth Spar" (calcite), 116. Doellen, cited on simplified method of determination of time from transits 81. " Dry Bone," Ore, from Southern Wiscon- sin, 114. Eagle Diamond, 153. Expression foe the Atmospheric Re- fraction, a simple but practical, 60. Fareington, O. C, cited on Arizona Azur- ites, 146. Field Geology (Baraboo Bluffs), 38. Flexure, determination of , in "Broken" transit, 75. Fluxion Steuctuee, in quartz kerato- phyre, 51. Formic Acid, effect on liberation of iodine from mixed solutions, 27, 32. Galena (Galenite) from Wisconsin and Illinois, 123. , arborescent forms, 125. , regitlar asrprregates of, 124. , "reticulated," 125, 126. , twinned crystals, 127. Galena, 111., calcite from, 116, 117. , cerussite from, 128, 132. , ealena from, 123, 127. , marcHsitefrom, 143, 144. , sphalerite from, 132, i;J4. Galena Lisiestone, minerals of, in Wis- consin, 114. GoLDSCHMiDT, V. v.j cited on calcite, 117. Green, Howard, mineral collection of, 151, 152. Geeen, R. B., analysis of cerussite by, 132. Gypsum, from Mineral Point, W'is., 135. Geoundmass, in quartz keratophyre, 51. Grout, cited on Kindberg's new species of mosses, v. Hamilton Cement Rock at Milwaukee, druse minerals from, 149. Hawoeth, E., cited on poikili tic structure, 51. Hazel Geeen, Wis., marcasite from, 140, 141. Heald, FredD., acknowledgments to, iv, vii. Hematite, from southern Wisconsin, 115. Heney Collection of mineral.s, 110. Highland, Wis., cerussite from, 128. galena from, 123, 125,126. HOBBS, Wm. H., a contribution to the min- eralogy of Wisconsin (title of paper), 109. • , acknowledgements to, 35. , cited on Wisconsin diamonds. Ill, 152. Hodge, James T., cited on striated galena, 126 (note). Howe, Maeshall A., acknowledgments to, viii. Howitt, cited on analysis of quartz kerat- ophyre, 48. Hydrobeomic acid, effects on the libera- tion of iodine by, in solutions of potassium iodide, etc., 27, 28. Hydeochloeic acid. On the speed of liberation of iodine in mixed solutions of, with potassium iodide, etc., 1. J accelerator in liberating iodine from mixed solutions, 28. Hydeozincite, reported from southern Wi.'^consin, 115. Iddings, .J. P., cited on spherulites, 52. Ilmenite, in quartz keratophyre, 50. Iodine, on the speed of liberation of in mixed solutions of potassium chlorate, potassium iodide, and tiydrochloric acid, by Herman Sclilundt, 1. Ieby, cited on calcite, 117. Irving, R. D., cited on Baraboo quartzite ranges, 36, 37. , cited on Wisconsin minerals, 110, 111. Jacobs, cited on analysis of quartz kerato- phyre, 48. Johnson, cited on tables for corrections sun's declination, 64. Keys, Analytic, to the genera and species or North American mosses, 157. KiNDBERG, N. C, cited on new Species of mosses, iv, v. Kohlsville Diamond, 153. Kremers, Edward, acknowledgments to, 110, 149. Kuxz, Geo. F., cited on Wisconsin dia- monds. Ill, 152. Latitude and time, determination or, from equal altitudes of stars, 94. Lesqueeeux and .James, cited, iii, ix. Leucoxene, in quartz keratophyre, 50. Le%'el division, determination of, in " broken " transit, 75. Level readings, the reduction of, 57. Limestone of Baraboo region, 38. LiMPEicHT, cited, vii. Linden Mine, Wis. : barite from, 137. calcite from, 115, 116, 117,120. marcasite from, 138, 140. MacMillan, Conway, acknowledgments to, viii. Macoun, John, cited, iv. M.agnetite, in quartz keratophyre, 51. _ Malachite, from Mineral Point, Wis., 148. Map, geological, of North range of Baraboo Bluffs, 55. „,. . ^„„ Maecasite, from southern Wisconsin, 138. from Milwaukee, 151. Mifflin, Wis., calcite from, 117. MiLLEEiTE, from Milwaukee, 152. Mineral Point, Wis., " Anglesite" from, 1.36. Azurite from, 145. Barite from, 1.37. Calcite from, 116, 117. Cerussite from, 128. • Chalcopvrite from, 145. Galena from, 124, 125. Gypsum from, 135. Malachite from, 148. Marcasite from, 138. Pyritf* from, 144, Sinithsonite from, 121. Sphalerite from, 132, 133. Mineralogy of Wisconsin, a contribu- tion to the, 109. Minerals, accessory, in quartz kerato- phyre. 50. Mosses, Analytic keys to the genera and species of North American, 157. Mueller, C. , cited on new species of mosses, iv. INDEX TO VOLUME I. ii71 "Nail Head Spar" (calcite"), 116. New CetiStal Forms of calcite, 118. of cerussite, 129. of azurite, 147. Nitric Acid, effect on liberation of iodine from solutions, 27, 30. North American Mosses, Analytic key to tbe genera and species of, 157. North Rakge of the Baraboo Bluffs, rocks of, 35. Oregon Diamond, 153. Organic Acids, effect on liberation of io- dine from mixed solutions, 27. Ostwald, cited on cleaning of glassware, 4. cited on influence of certain acids on speed of reduction of bromic acid by hydriodic acid, 3;{. Phenccetsts in quartz keratophyre. feldspar, 48. quartz, 49. Pierce County Diamonds, 153. PrvoTS, determination of irregularity of, in " Broken " transit, 75. Platteville, Wis., galena from, 127. sphalerite from, 133. Poikilitic Structure, in quartz kerato- phyre, 51. . . , . , Pole Star, determination of time and azimuth from, 81. Potassium Chlorate, speed of liberation of iodine in mixed solutions with potas- sium iodide, 1. Potassium Iodide, speed of liberation of, in mixed solutions with potassium chlo- ■pa tfi f*i".0 1 Practical Astronomy, studies in, 57. Pumpelly, Raphael, cited on Wisconsin minerals, 110. Pyrite, from southern Wisconsin, 144. from Milwaukee, 150. Pyeolusite, reported from southern Wis- consin, 115. Quartz, from Devil's Lake, Wis., 111. Quartzite of Baraboo region, 39. Quartz Keratophyre. On the, and asso- ciated rocks of the north range of the Baraboo Bluffs, 35. . , „ from Miihlenthal Harz, analysis of, 48. from Pigeon Point, Minn., analysis of, 48- from Mt. Elizabeth, Australia, analy- sis, of, 48. , from Baraboo region : areal extent, 39. the contact, 40. absence of bedding, 42. various types, 42. petrologic character, 43. microscopic characters, 46. analyses of, 47 feldspar phenocrysts in, 48. quartz phenocrysts in, 49. Eau, E. a., acknowledgments to, viii. Reduction of level readings, 57. Refraction, atmospheric, a simple but ac- curate expression for, 60. Refraction, corrrection of the sun s dec- lination for the effect of, 64. Renauld, cited on Kindberg's new species of mosses, v. , cited vi. Rocks of the Baraboo Bluffs, 35. Sadebece, cited on twinning'in Galena, 126. cited on niarcasite, 141. Sandstone of Baraboo Region, 38. Schlundt, Herman, On the speed of the liberation of iodineiin mixed solutions of potassium chlorate, potassium iodide- and hydrochloric acid (title of paper), Seeicite Schist of Baraboo Region, 44. Shullsburg, Wis., pyrite from, 144. sphalerite from, 132. SiDERiTE, from southern Wisconsin, 115. Simultaneous determination of flexure, inequality of pivots, and value of a local division in a " broken" transit, 75. Skinnee, E. B., analysis of sphalerite by, 133. Smithsonite, pseudomorphs after calcite from Mineral Point, 121. Speed of libeeation of iodine in mixed solutions of potassium chlorate, etc., 1. Sphaleeite, from southern Wisconsin, 132. from Milwaukee, 150. Spheeulites of quartz keratophyre, 52. Spheeclitic Structure, in quartz kerato- phyre, 52. Spirit level, determination of the angu- lar equivalent of one division of a, 68. Strong, Moses, cited on minerals of the Wisconsin lead region, 110. Studies in spherical and practical astron- omy, 57. Sulphueic ACID, effect on the liberation of iodine from mixed solutions, 27, 30. Sun, correction of declination for refrac- tion, 64. Swan, C. W., acknowledgments to, viii. Telescope, to focus, 58. Theses, at University of Wisconsin. Pa- pers by Herman Schlundt (pp. 1-33) and Samuel Weidman (pp. 35-56.) Time and Azimuth, determination of, from transits over the vertical of the pole star, 81. Time and latitude, determination of, from equal altitudes of stars, 94. True, R. D., cited on Kindberg's new spe- cies of mosses, v. cited on the revision of Di- eranimi, v. acknowledgments to, viii. Types of Ceystals, of azurite, 146. of calcite, 115. of cerussite, 129. of marcasite, 138. Van Hise, C. R., acknowledgments to, 35, 111. , cited on the rocks of the Baraboo bluffs, 36. , cited on Wisconsin minerals, 110. Volcanic Breccia of Baraboo region, 44, 56. Weidman, Samuel, on the quartz kerato- phyre and associated rocks of the north range of the Baraboo Bluffs, title of paper, 35. Welsh Settlement of Iowa Co., Wis., barite from, 137. Williams, G. H., cited on poikilitic struc- ture, 51. Wisconsin, a contribution to the miner- alogy of, 109. Wittran, cited on formulae and tables, 106. Yellowstone, Wis., galena from, 123, 126. Zircon, in quartz keratophyre, 50. BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. Engineering Series, Volume 1: No. 1. Track, by L, F, Loree, M. Am. Soc. O. E., Special University Lecturer. Pp. 24, April, 1894, Price 25 cents. No. 2. Some Practical Hints in Dynamo Desif?n, by Gilbert Wilkes, M. Am. Inst. E. E., Special University Lecturer. Pp. 16, May, 1894. Price 25 ceuts. No. 3. The Steel Construction of Buildings, by C. T. Purdy, C. E., Special University Lecturer. Pp. 27, October, 1894. Price 25 cents. No. 4. The Evolution of a Switchboard, by A. V. Abbott, C. E., Special University Lecturer. Pp. 32, pis. 4, October, 1894. Price 35 cents. No. 5. 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