HARVARD UNIVERSITY. LIBRARY OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. BULLETIN OF THE Wisconsin Natural History Society VOLUME X (NEW SERIES) PUBLISHED WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee EDITOR: RICHARD A. MUTTKOWSKI ASSOCIATE EDITORS: P. H. DERNEHL HOWLAND RUSSEL EDGAR E. TELLER WAVERLY PRESS BALTIMORE, MD. Date of Publication. Nos. i and. 2 Nos. 3 and 4 September 11, 1912 . April 18, 1913 TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME X, 1912 Proceedings . t In Memoriam (Karl Herman Doerflinger) by Paul H. Dernehl . 8 The Tropisms and their Relation to More Complex Modes of Behavior. By S. J. Holmes . 13 Reconstruction of the Chalcidid Genus Hypo pier omalus Ashmead of the Family Pteromalidae. By A. A. Girault . 24 Townsend’s Solitaire in Wisconsin. By Henry L. Ward . 47 A Contribution to the Natural History of the Amphipod, Hyalella knicker- bockeri (Bate). By Hartley H. T. Jackson . . . 49 Data from Experiments on Parthenogenetic Animals. By Nathan Fasten. . 61 The Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae. By A. A. Girault . 81 Anon the Reasons for Bird Migration. A Favorite Food Theory. By A. C. Burrill . 10? Observations of the Behavior of Eubranchipus dadayi. By A. S. Pearse. . . 109 Some Notes on the Habits and Distribution of Wisconsin Crawfishes. By S. Graenicher . 118 Economic and Biologic Notes on the Giant Midge: Chironomus ( Tendipes ) plumosus M eigen. By A. C. Burrill . 124 New Species of Dragonflies. By Richard A. Muttkowski . 164 Records of Wisconsin Diptera. By S. Graenicher . 171 INDEX Abbella . , . 83, 90 Aphelinoidea . 86, 93 Arenicola, behavior . 16 Asynacta . 90, 96 Behavior . 13, 25, 41, 49, 61, 109 Birds . 47, 101 Bird Migrations . 101 Brachista . 83, 89 Br achy stella . 83, 90 Burrill, articles . 101,124 Caleptiles . 88, 95 Cambarus . 118 Cambarus blandingi austeni . 119 dio genes . 123 gracilis . 119 immunis . 121 propinquus . 120 virilis . 120 Centrobia . 84, 91 Chaetostricha . 84, 91 Chironomus ( Tendipes ) plumosus . . .124 Crustacea . 13, 49, 65, 109, 118 Dernehl, P. H., article . 8 Diptera . 124, 171 Doerflinger, K. H. memorial . 8 *Enallagma lunifera . 165 Euhranchipus dadayi . 109 Fasten, Nathan, article . 61 Girault, A. A., articles . 25, 81 Gomphus carnutus . 167 *Gomphus whedoni . 167 Graenicher, S., articles . 118, 171 Holmes, S. J., article . 13 Hyalella knickerbockeri . 49 Hymenoptera . 24, 81, 67 Hypopteromalus viridescens . 25 In Memoriam . 8 Insecta. . . . 20, 24, 67, 81, 124, 164, 171 I ttys . 83, 90 Jackson, H. H. T., article . 49 Japania . 83, 90 Lathromeris . 86, 92 Muttkowski, R. A., articles . 164 Myadestes towns endi . 47 N eotricho gramma . 88, 95 Odonata . 164 Oligosita . 84, 90 Ophioneurus . 85, 92 Orchestia agilis . 17 *Paratricho gramma Cinderella . 82 Parthenogenesis . 61 Pearse, A. S., article . 109 Poropcea . 89, 95 Prestwichia . 84, 91 Proceedings . 1 Pterygogramma . 86, 92 Ranatra, behavior . 19 Rotifera . 63 Talorchestria longicornis . 17 Tricho gramma . 88, 94 Trichogrammatelia . 88, 95 Tricho grammatidce . 81 Tricho grammatoidea . 88, 94 Tropisms, Animal . 13 Tumidiclava . 86, 92 Tumidijemur . 86, 93 Ufens . 83, 90 Uscana . 86, 92 Uscanella . 86, 93 Uscanoidea . 86, 93 Ward, H. L., article . 47 Zaga . 86, 92 IV Vo!. 10. JUNE, 1912 Nos. 1 and 2 BULLETIN OF THE Wisconsin Natural History Society PUBLISHED WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee EDITOR: RICHARD A. MUTTKOWSKI. Associate Editors: DR. P. H. DERNEHL, L N. MITCHELL, HOWLAND RUSSEL, EDGAR E. TELLER. MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. THE EDW. KEOGH PRESS. The Wisconsin Natural History Society, MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. ORGANIZED MAY 6. 1857. OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS. "George P. Barth, President . ...302 Twenty-first Street, Milwaukee Paul H. Dernehl, Vice-President - 718 .Majestic Building, Milwaukee Robert G. Washburn, General See’y . Wells Building, Milwaukee Herman B. Beckmann, Treasurer . 901 First Street, Milwaukee Henry L. Ward, Director . Public Museum, Milwaukee PUBLICATION. The “Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society.” Matter intended for publication should be sent to the editor of the Bulletin, who will transmit it to the associate editor of the proper department for consideration. EDITORS. Editor: Richard A. Muttkowski, Zoology Dept. , University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. ASSOCIATE EDITORS. . Department of Zoology . ..Department of Biology . Department of Botany . Department of Geology MEETINGS. Regular meetings are held on the last Thursday of each month, except July and August, in the trustees’ room at the Public Museum Building, Milwaukee, and meetings of the combined sections on the .second Thursday of each month, at the same place. MEMBERSHIP DUES. Active Members, $3.00 per annum; Junior Members, $1.00 per annum; Corresponding Members, $2.00 per annum; Life Members, one payment of fifty dollars. Dr. P. H. Dernehl I. N. Mitchell.... Howland Russel.. Edgar E. Teller.. BULLETIN OF THE WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. Vol. 10. JUNE, 1912. Nos. 1 and 2 PROCEEDINGS. Milwaukee, Wis., September 28, 1911. Regular meeting of the society. President Barth in the chair. Fifteen members present. Minutes of the last regular meeting read and approved. President Barth, in outlining the work for the ensuing year, said that the section meetings would be devoted to detailed scientific dis¬ cussions, reserving the subjects of a more popular nature for the reg¬ ular meetings. The application of Mr. O. H. Bossert, 719 Franklin Place, was received and referred to the Board of Directors. Dr. P. H. McGovern gave a detailed talk on the “Structure and Chemistry of the Animal Cell,” laying special stress on the nuclear structure and functions. Mr. Muttkowski called the attention of the society to a bill recently introduced in Congress, providing for the inspection and regulation of the importation of nursery stock into this country, aiming at the pre¬ vention of the introduction of various insect pests and plant diseases. This bill is beinp- opposed by some of the influential men. Mr. Muttkowski moved that a committee of three be appointed to draft a resolution to be presented at the next meeting of the society requesting the Wisconsin Congressmen and Senators to support this bill. Seconded and carried. The president appointed as members of this committee Mr. Mutt¬ kowski,' Chairman ; Dr. Dernehl and Mr. Teller. The meeting then adjourned. Milwaukee, Wis., October 12, 1911. Meeting of the combined sections. President Barth in the chair. Twenty-one members present. Min¬ utes of the last section meeting read and approved. 1 2 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. The application of Mr. Adolph Biersach was received and referred to the Board of Directors. Designations were received from Mr. A. C. Katze-Miller and Mr. R. M. Phillip. Dr. Barth gave an informal talk on certain habits of the solitary- wasps. He outlined some observations made during the past summer, relative to the ability of certain species to recognize its prey after the prey has been taken away from the wasp. He had observed that nests of the digger wasps are not so num¬ erous and not so deep in wet weather as in dry. Messrs. Peckham, Monroe, Graenicher and Dernehl took part in the discussion. Mr. Russel read an article by Theodore Roosevelt on Protective Coloration, this article being a summary of a book by Thayer. Messrs. Monroe, Peckham,* Graenicher, Dernehl and Barth dis¬ cussed the subject. Mr. Monroe demonstrated a hybrid aster which had arisen from the crossing of two very widely different plants. The meeting then adjourned. Milwaukee, Wis., October 26, 1911. Regular meeting of the society. President Barth in the chair. 16 members present. Minutes of the last regular meeting read and approved. The following applications for membership w’ere received : Mrs. A. F. John, 635 Shepard Avenue, Dr. W. J. Brinckley, Public Museum and Miss Ellen Torelle, Public Museum. These applications were referred to the Board of Directors. Mr. Muttkowski presented the following resolution for adoption by the society : Resolution recommending the passage of bill S. 2870 and H. R. 12311, regulating the importation of nursery stock. Whereas, The lack of proper laws for the regulation of the im¬ portation of nursery stock has resulted in the repeated introduction of predaceous insect pests and plant diseases into various parts of the United States ; and Whereas, Bill S. 2870 and H. R. 12311 is designed to regulate the importation and interstate transportation of nursery stock and to mitigate and fight existing evils ; therefore, be it Resolved , That the Wisconsin Natural History Society favors the passage of these bills ; and Proceedings. 3 Resolved, That we hereby urge upon the Senators and Repre¬ sentatives of Wisconsin in Congress that they vote for and strive by any legitimate means to secure the passage of these bills ; and Resolved, That the Secretary of this society be instructed to send copies of this resolution to each Wisconsin Senator and Representative in Congress, to James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture, and to Dr. L. O. Howard, Bureau of Entomology. The Committee, R. A. MUTTKOWSKI. EDGAR E. TELLER. P. H. DERNEHL. It was moved and seconded that this resolution be passed. The motion was carried. Dr. S. J. Holmes, Prof, of Zoology at the University of Wisconsin, gave a lecture on “Tropisms in Relation to Instinct and Intelligence.” This lecture dealt largely with heliotropism as illustrated in some of the lower animals. Dr. Dernehl and Mr. Muttkowski took part in the discussion. The meeting then adjourned. Milwaukee, Wis., November 9, 1911. Meeting of the combined sections. President Barth in the chair. Fifteen members present. Minutes of the last meeting read and approved. The president announced to the society the death of the last of its charter members, Mr. C. H. Doerflinger. Mr. Ward moved that the secretary be instructed to write a suitable letter to Mr. Doerflinger’s family, expressing their sympathy. An amendment was offered by Mr. Muttkowski that Dr. Dernehl be asked to write an obituary to be published in The Bulletin. The motion was carried as amended. Mr. Ward moved that the Park Board be requested to label the plants and shrubs in the conservatory at Mitchell park. The motion was seconded and carried. The meeting was given up to an informal discussion of a variety of topics. Dr. Barrett told of some observations he had made in Arizona on protective coloration among the animals. Mr. Ward exhibited a specimen of Townsend’s Solitaire, a bird that has not hitherto been recorded for Wisconsin. Dr. Barth made some observations on the subject of the habits of one of the solitary wasps, Ammophila, with regard to its manner of handling pebbles in closing its nest. After informal discussion of these and allied subjects, in which all tjiose present took part, the meeting adjourned. 4 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. Milwaukee, Wis., November 23, 1911. Regular meeting of the society. Vice-President Dernehl in the chair. Twenty-eight members pres¬ ent. Minutes of the last regular meeting read and approved. The application for membership of Mr. Arthur E. Bergmann, 3123 Cedar Street, was received and referred to the Board of Directors. Mr. M. E. Blystone, of the Weather Bureau, read a paper on the Origin, Activity and Movement of Tornadoes. He told of the freaks played by the recent tornado in Rock County and. by means of an appa¬ ratus, demonstrated the manner in which tornadoes originate. After full discussion of tornadoes and storms in general, the meeting ad¬ journed. Milwaukee, Wis., December 14, 1911. Meeting of the combined sections. 16 people present. Dr. Dernehl in the chair. Mr. Muttkowski as secretary pro tern. Minutes of the last section meeting read and approved. Dr. Dernehl read a letter which he had redeived from Dr. Marks of Harvard University, written in behalf of Prof. Kukenthal in regard to a proposed arrangement for a lecture to the society. The letter stated the terms for which he would agree to speak and the time which would be most convenient. The matter was discussed by Drs. Barrdtt, Graenicher, Dernehl and Russel, who stated that in consideration of the present financial standing of the society it would be inadvisable to expend a large amount for one lecture. Dr. Graenicher also sug¬ gested that Dr. Osgood of Chicago had consented to lecture to the society on a former occasion, but had been prevented to do so through the necessity of leaving for the South; at the time he had assured the committee that he would speak at some later date whenever the society chose. The letter was laid on the table until the committee could make another report. The question of having a meeting during the holidays was then taken up and discussed by Drs. Barrett, Graenicher, and Dernehl and Messrs. Teller, Russel, and Muttkowski. It was finally moved to drop the meeting. Seconded and carried. Mr. R. A. Muttkowski gave a talk entitled “Observations on Cater¬ pillars.” The talk was illustrated by specimens and plates and was a random discussion of various common and some rate types of cater¬ pillars. Dr. Dernehl, Dr. Graenicher, Miss Elmer, Mr. Pratt and others made various remarks on the topic of caterpillars. A motion to adjourn was presented and carried. Proceedings. 5 Milwaukee, January 11, 1912. Meeting of the combined sections. Eleven members present. President Barth in the chair. Minutes of the last section meeting read and approved. The resignation of Mr. R. A. Muttkowski, as editor of the Bulletin, was received and accepted. The resignation of Mr. G. W. Colies, as a member of th'e society, was received and accepted. Mr. Teller read a paper entitled “The Middle Devonic of Wisconsin and the Fishes thereof.” This paper was illustrated by charts and drawings and a number of fossil specimens obtained at the Milwaukee cement quarries and belonging to Mr. Teller’s collection. The paper was discussed by Dr. Graenicher and Mr. Ward. Dr. Graenicher spoke of a brush he had seen mentioned in an agri¬ cultural periodical which could be used in fertilizing clover and thus take the place of the bee. Some experiments with this instrument had shown it to be even more efficient than bees in pollenization. Mr. Ward called attention to an elephant skeleton in the posses¬ sion of the Museum, which had recently been proven to be that of a mammoth. After an informal discussion, the meeting adjourned. Milwaukee, Wis., January 25, 1912. Regular meeting of the society. President Barth in the chair. Forty-five people present. Minutes of the last regular meeting read and approved. The resig¬ nation of Miss Florence M. Olcott, 205 Twenty-second Street, was re¬ ceived and referred to the Board of Directors. Dr. S. A. Barrett of the Public Museum gave an illustrated lecture on “The Klamath Lake and Modoc Indians of Northern California and Southern Oregon.” This lecture was illustrated by numerous lantern slides. The culture of these Indians in its relation to their life in a lake region was especially emphasized. After a full discussion, the meeting adjourned. Milwaukee, Wis., February 8, 1912. Meeting of the combined sections. Nine members present. Vice-President Dernehl in the chair. Minutes of the last section meeting read and approved. An invitation to the society to be present at the centennial anni¬ versary of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia was received and placed on file. 6 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. Dr. P. H. Dernehl read a paper on “Some Recent Advances in Cell Study.” He exhibited some microphotographs taken of living animal cells in the course of indirect cell divisions. These pictures were taken by means of the ultra violet rays. On motion, the meeting then adjourned. Milwaukee, Wis., February 29, 1912. Regular meeting. Vice-President Dernehl in the chair. Ninety members present. Minutes of the last regular meeting read and approved. Prof. R. H. Denniston of the University of Wisconsin delivered the evening’s lecture on “Wisconsin Trees.” This lecture was illus¬ trated by numerous lantern slides. Prof. Denniston confined his remarks to the native trees of the state. After discussion by Drs. Graenicher and Bartlett, the meeting adjourned. Milwaukee, Wis., March 14, 1912. Meeting of the combined sections. Nine members present. President Barth in the chair. Minutes of the last section meeting read and approved. The secretary read a paper on “Trematode Parasites of Man and the Lower Animals.” Some specimens of the liver fluke, Distomum Hepaticum, were shown. Special stress was laid on the morphology of these animals. After a discussion, in which all those present took part, the meeting adjourned. Milwaukee, Wis., Marcn 29, 1912. Regular meeting. President Barth in the chair. Seventy-five persons present. Minutes of the last regular meeting read and approved. The president called the attention of the society to the joint meet¬ ing of the Wisconsin Archeological Society, Wisconsin Mycological Society, Wisconsin Natural History Society and the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters to be held at Madison April 4th and 5th. The application for membership of Mr. J. E. Mellish of Cottage Grove, Wisconsin, was received and referred to the Board of Directors.. Prof. M. F. Guyer of the University of Wisconsin delivered the evenings’ lecture on “Eugenics.” Prof. Guyer urged that some legisla¬ tion be enacted in Wisconsin similar to that, in force in Indiana and California for the prevention of the multiplication of those physically,, mentally and morally unfit for parenthood. The meeting then adjourned. Proceedings. 7 Milwaukee, Wis., April 11, 1912. Section meeting. President Barth in the chair. Twenty-four members present. Minutes of the last sectional meeting read and approved. A bid on the printing of the Bulletin was received from the Demo¬ cratic Printing Company of Madison. This bid was referred to the executive committee. Dr. S. Graenicher of the Public Museum gave an illustrated talk on the “Supposed Relation between Ants and the Myrmecophilous Plants.” The discussion of this paper brought out many interesting points in the behavior of ants and their relation to man. Mr. Ward made a few remarks relative to the occurence of the Cardinal in Wis¬ consin and introduced a short discussion on migratory habits of birds in general. The meeting then adjourned. Milwaukee, Wis.,’ April 25, 1912. Regular meeting. Mr. Teller in the chair. Twenty-five persons present. Minutes of the last meeting read and approved. Prof. E. A. Birge of the University of Wisconsin delivered the evening’s lecture on “An Inland Lake.” This lecture was illustrated by numerous lantern slides, showing the various forms of plant and animal life. Prof. Birge called especial attention to the difference in the abundance of life in the deep and shallow lakes. In shallow lakes, the water circulates much more freely and consequently there is a better distribution of the food materials. As a result of tliis fact, the shallower lakes support a much richer flora and fauna than do the deeper lakes of the same area. After a brief discussion, the meeting adjourned. Milwaukee, Wis., May 9, 1912. Combined sections meeting. President Barth in the chair. Thirteen members present. The president appointed Mr. Ward as secretary pro tem. Minutes of the previous me'eting were read and approved. President Barth announced that the next meeting of the society would be the annual meeting, at which would occur an 'election of officers, and appointed a nominating committee consisting of Dr. S. Graenicher, chairman ; Howland Russell and E. E. Teller, to present the proposed list of officers before that meeting. 8 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. Mr. J. R. Heddle then addressed the society on “Some Diseases of Plants caused by Parasitic Fungi,” this paper being illustrated by lantern slides and drawings. The meeting then adjourned. HENRY L. WARD, Sec’y pro tem. IN MEMORIAM. By the death of Karl Herman Doerflinger in Bradentown, Florida, November 9th, 1911, the Wisconsin Natural History Society lost one of its earliest and in some regards one of its most notable members. Karl Herman Doerflinger was born in 1843 in small town of Ettenheim in Baden, Germany. His father, Karl Doerflinger, a political refugee of the revolutionary period of 1848, came to America with his family in 1850. Attracted by the large colony of his fellow refugees at Milwaukee he brought his family here. Young Doerflinger was then in his sixth year. At this age he made his first acquaintance with the three R’s, under the guidance of private tutors and of his parents. When ten years of age he entered the German English Academy, (founded in 1851). Here he continued an adept pupil for four years. These and later years spent under the influence of and in intimate association with that thorough, efficient and stimulating teacher, Peter Engelman, left upon young Doerflinger a deep and lasting impression and did much in moulding his future career. Thrown upon his own resources at the conclusion of his school years, he started his battle thus early in life. Fates seemed to be against him, and after shifting about for a time and driven by want and pecuniary distress, he sought the then “Golden West,” hoping there to make his fortune. His stay was terminated by the call for volunteers at the opening of the Civil war. Then eighteen years of age, he returned and enlisted in the Twenty- In Memoriam. 9 sixth Wisconsin Volunteers, a company composed almost entirely of Germans, and of the division under command of Carl Schurz. During the brief period of his active service, he met with rapid promotion, reaching the rank of first lieutenant. At the battle of Chancelorsville he received a gun shot wound, which necessitated the amputation of his left leg. Faulty surgery made several sub¬ sequent operations necessary, and as a result of this he suffered almost constant, at times agonizing pain, until his death. Follow¬ ing the war he engaged in various undertakings, as a means for support. Private tutoring, teaching at the German English Acad¬ emy, farming, holding public office,1 printing and mercantile enter¬ prises. Possessing a distaste for mercenary pursuits and imbued with strong idealistic tendencies, his successes in business were but commensurate with these traits. From earliest youth he entertained an absorbing love for nature, his interest in it embraced many fields, and while not strictly scientific, his scientific knowledge was in a degree suf¬ ficient to stamp what he said with the force of one who speaks with authority. His labors in the field of natural history and the results therefrom went largely to the Wisconsin Natural History society.2 One of its earliest members, he was active in all its doings and served for many years as its secretary. Devoted to its progress he labored for its welfare with untiring love and enthusiasm. To the development of the society’s museum in par¬ ticular he gave his best and constant efforts, often, at the expense of the fulfillment of other duties. When in 1883 the Wisconsin Natural History Society donated its museum to the City of Milwaukee,3 Doerflinger was made its first custodian — a deserving and well earned recognition of his former labors in its behalf. Pressure being brought upon him by many friends to accept the custodianship, he gave up his farm near 1) Secretary City Civil Service Commission 1896-1900. 2) From 1857-1879 Naturhistorischer Verein von Wisconsin. 3) Doerflinger suggested such a transfer as early as 1875. See report of Society that year. 10 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. Burlington, Wis., and reluctantly assumed charge. (At a salary of $8oo per year). In his letter of acceptance, kindly placed at my disposal by his family, he frankly exposes his own deficiencies in scientific training and expresses his conviction that, only a man of thorough scientific training ought to be intrusted with the care of the institution, and modestly affirms that his prime motives in accepting were his love for and attachment to the museum and his desire to further its growth along the lines laid down by the Wis¬ consin Natural History Society, namely to “conduct the museum and increase its collections with special reference to the main purposes of the society, i. e., public instruction and the provision of materials and helps for scientific investigation.” True to and possessed of these principles he entered upon his duties as custodian. The trials and difficulties he had to face were manifold, and to a man of less determination might have appeared insurmountable. The society’s large collections, vaued at $30,000 had to be reinstalled in new quarters. There was a lack of suf¬ ficient funds, a very inadequate working library, he was without trained or skilled assistants to aid him in the classification and care of the material ; these deficiencies, and his own lack of scien¬ tific training in the special branches of science made his labors as custodian extremely trying and taxing. Yet by an indomitable will, by relentless energy and by an untiring love for his work, he laid the firm and enduring foundation of our Milwaukee Public Museum, upon which his successors, unhampered by finances and aided by men scientifically and specially trained in their respective lines of work, were enabled to erect the present grand superstruc¬ ture. The burden he had shouldered proved too much for him and after nearly five years of uninterrupted active service, broken down in health from overwork, and suffering from the constant agony of his leg, he resigned in 1887, in order to seek mental, and physical rest and to regain his lost health. A prolonged stay in Germany, Switzerland and France brought the needed recov¬ ery. During his stay abroad he was by no means idle, new work of a more recreative nature absorbed his time and attention. In Memoriam. 11 While in Switzerland he made a large collection of Alpine plants, and in association with Professor Messikomer, he devoted much of his time in studying and unearthing the remains of the Pile- dwellers at the upper end of the Zurich Lake. In France he undertook in company with Dr. Francis Daleau, for the purpose of study and collecting, the excavation of the Cave-dweler caves in the neighborhood of Bourg sur Girande near Bordeaux. Of this collected material he donated a large portion to the Musee Prehistorique et Ethnographique of Bordeaux. His own extens¬ ive and valuable collection of this material and that secured in Switzerland was later acquired by the Milwaukee Public Museum. In 1894 he undertook an extended tour through Mexico, num¬ erous specimens collected there are now placed among the Mex¬ ican material. in our Museum. On his return from Mexico in December, 1895, he engaged in business, The Doerflinger Artificial Limb Company, with which he remained associated up to the time of his death. Always interested in probems of education he devoted the later years of his life, almost entirely to them. With his char¬ acteristic energy he undertook to advocate a revision of the Amer¬ ican public school system1, believing that by his proposed methods of education, “an improved education, broader and better in qual¬ ity and power, ethical and aesthetic as well as intellectual and physical, for the whole people,” might be attained. Whatever may be the merits or demerits of this proposed “New Education,” time will tell. It remains that its conception rests upon careful thought and deliberation and that it is fostered by high ideals. To it some of the leading educators of the day have subscribed. Doerflinger early recognized the educational worth of the kindergarten and in association with a few of Milwaukee’s force¬ ful men, established the first private Frobel Kindergarten in Mil¬ waukee, which also was one of the first to be established in the west.2 He also aided materially in introducing into our school system, physical culture and manual training. A sincere patriot, he at all times took a keen interest in all matters relating to public welfare. 1) For the principles involved: See Doerflinger: Synopsis of Plan for the Reorganization of the American Public School System, etc., National New Education League, Milwaukee. 2) The First Frobel Kindergarten in America, was founded by the wife of Carl Schurz at Watertown, Wis., in 1855. 12 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. In 1872 stimuated by the endeavors of Carl Schurz to inaug¬ urate national legislation against the ruthless destruction of our forests, he1 and his friend Peter Engelman2 labored for this cause in Wisconsin. The apathy of the public mind, in this matter, at the time, made all progress hopeless, and the arguments for re-for¬ estation, for rational forestry were labeled as ridiculous, our for¬ ests were believed indestrucable ; today we deplore the destruc¬ tion of our indestructable forests. Had the admonitions of these men been heeded, what would be the added wealth to Wisconsin ! Doerflinger’s chief claims to distinction were his lofty char¬ acter and his uncompromising devotion to principle. Austere in appearance, serious and strenuous in thinking, and in his life, sincere, frank and conscientious in the highest degree, an idealist, a lover of nature, a warm and true friend, and an untiring worker for the broadening of human life and the refining of human nature. P. H. DERNEHL. 1) Bericht des Naturhistorischen Vereins von Wisconsin, 1872. 2) . Among the first papers read before the Wisconsin Academy of Arts, Science and Letters, were those of Peter Engelman on the im¬ portance of the conservation of our forests.— Trans. Vol. XV, pt. 2. Holmes' Tropisms of Animals. 13 THE TROPISMS AND THEIR RELATION TO MORE COMPLEX MODES OF BEHAVIORf S. J. Holmes. The subject of animal behavior has been of interest to human beings from the earliest times, but it has not been taken very seriously until a comparatively recent date. The ways of animals were considered curious, interesting and in many ways useful things to know about, but the great theoretical import of animal psychology was unsuspected until it came to be recognized that our own minds are the outgrowth of the animal mind, and that to obtain a truly scientific human psychology it is necessary to have a clear insight into the psychology of the lower animal from which we are descended. Near the middle of the nineteenth century Herbert Spencer enunciated the principal that, “If the doctrine of evolution be true the inevitable implication is that mind can be understood only by observing how mind is evolved,” and he boldly plunged forward upon an undertaking to remodel the science of psychology from the genetic standpoint. The result was the publication in 1856, three years before the appearance of the Origin of Species, of the Principles of Psychology, a work which for sheer originality, independence of treatment and pro¬ found grasp of the subject stands almost without a rival in the history of science. Notwithstanding the work of Spencer, genetic psychology was given perhaps its greatest impetus by Darwin, not only through his influence in establishing the general doctrine of organic evolution, but also through his careful work on and illu¬ minating treatment of the mental life of animals. The admirable and original chapter on Instinct in the Origin of Species, the chapters on the comparison of the mental powers of man and the lower animals in the Descent of Man, and the work on Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals were all substantial contri¬ butions to the science which were very influential in stimulating further work. It is not my intention to treat of studies of animal behavior undertaken from the standpoint of evolution, but to discuss another and in many respects complimentary aspect of the sub¬ ject, that of analysis, or the effort to discover the causal mechanism of animal activities by resolving them into their com- 1) Adapted from a lecture before the Wisconsin Natural History Society, at Milwaukee, Oct. 26, ’ll. 14 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. ponent factors. The analytical study of behavior is simply a con¬ sequence of .extending to animal psychology the methods of experimental investigation so largely employed in the physical sciences and which are coming more and more to be employed in biology and in the laboratory investigations of the psychology of man. The results thus far won may be meagre, but judging from the increasing number of trained investigators who are devoting themselves to the work, we may look forward to a rapid increase in our knowledge and insight. From the standpoint of analysis the subject of tropisms is one of great import. Certain stimuli exercise a direct effect upon the movements of animals, causing them to go toward or away from the source of stimulation. The moth flies toward a candle ; infusorians gather in regions of dilute acids and avoid regions of too great heat or cold ; certain caterpillars tend to crawl opposite the direction of the force of gravity. These directed movements are commonly called tropisms but there is a variety of opinions regarding the kinds of behavior to which the term tropism may be applied and usage has not settled authoritatively upon any rigid definition of the word. We shall therefore use the word in a somewhat broad and indefinite sense. Tropisms have long been recognized in plants. The familiar phenomenon of the turning of plants to the sun was termed helio- tropism by De Candolle in 1835, and he, in common with several other botanists in the early and middle parts of the nineteenth century, regarded this turning as a direct and more or less mechan¬ ical effect of sunlight upon the tissues of the plant. Sachs on the other hand emphasized the aspect of irritability in tropisms. and maintained that it is the direction in which the rays of light penetrate the tissues of the plant and not merely the different degrees of illumination on the two sides, that determines the direc¬ tion of turning. The work of Sachs on plants directed the atten¬ tion of Loeb to the phenomena of tropisms in animals, and also furnished him with some of the fundamental conceptions of his own celebrated theory. Loeb’s first paper on tropisms of any con¬ siderable length was entitled The Heliotropism of Animals and its Agreement with the Heliotropism of Plants. The publication of this paper marked an epoch in the analytical study of animal behavior. Previous to this time the tropic responses of animals were interpreted as the expression of the predilections or con- Holmes' Tropisms of Animals. 15 scious choice of animals for certain kinds of stimulation. Graber, Sir John Lubbock and Paul Bert had studied the effect of colored lights upon animals and discovered that certain species congre¬ gated most abundantly under light of a certain color, while other species would gather in greater numbers under light of a different color. These aggregations were therefore considered as an index of the kind of color most pleasing to the aesthetic or other sensi¬ bilities of the animals. Similarly with the movements toward or away from lights. Earwigs and cockroaches were supposed to crawl away in secluded places because they like the dark and but¬ terflies were supposed to congregate in sunny spots because they enjoyed the sensation afforded by the sunshine. A somewhat more anthropomorphic interpretation of a tropism was suggested by Romanes in discussing why the moth flies into the flame of a candle. The conclusion arrived at was that the moth was drawn to the fatal flame out of curiosity, or the desire of investigating what manner of strange object a candle flame might be. The theory developed in Loeb’s Heliotropisms stands in a sharp contrast to the anthropomorphic views of his predecessors. Orientation of animals to light is supposed to take place in a more or less mechanical fashion like the orientation of plants. “Thest tropisms,” he says, “are identical for animals and plants. The explanation of them depends first upon the specific irritability of certain elements of the body surface, and second, upon the rela¬ tions of symmetry of the body. Symmetrical elements at the sur¬ face of the body have the same irritability ; unsymmetrical ele¬ ments have a different irritability. Those nearer the oral pole possess an irritability greater than that of those near the aboral pole. These circumtances force an animal to orient itself toward a source of stimulation in such a way that symmetrical points on the surface of the body are stimulated equally. In this way the animals are led without will of their own either toward the source of the stimulus or away from it.” The moth flies into the flame, not out of curiosity or any other conscious motive, but simply because it cannot help it. In a very instructive series of experiments Loeb showed that heliotropism in animals obeys the same laws as heliotropism in plants. In both plants and animals it is the direction of the rays that controls the direction of movement. In both plants and ani- 16 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 3 0, Nos. 1 & 2. mals it is the rays nearer the violet spectrum that are the more potent in evoking the heliotropic response. In both plants and animals temperature, previous exposure to light and other external factors influence reactions to light in much the same way. Back of all the differences of form and function of plants and animals, and notwithstanding the higher organization of the animal world with its specialized sense organs and complex nervous systems, the living substance of organisms possesses certain fundamental common properties of irritability upon which the common and fun¬ damental features of behavior which we call tropisms depend. The theory of Loeb would sweep away all higher psychic fac¬ tors in the realm of tropisms, and reduce the phenomena to com¬ paratively simple manifestations of reflex irritability. Further he would explain much of the so-called instincts of animals as a result of these tropisms. Since the prospect of finding a mechahical or causal explanation of any feature of behavior is always an allur¬ ing one, it will be of interest to pass in review some of these cases of tropisms with the end of determining how far the reflex theory will carry us. And then we shall consider the relation of these tropisms to more complex forms of behavior. An excellent illustration of tropism is afforded by the light reactions of the larvae of the marine worm Arenicola. These larvae are oblong in shape with two eye spots at the anterior end. Near either extremity there is a band of cilia by means of which the larvae swim through the water. The larvae are positive in their reactions to light, and will follow a light around in various direc¬ tions. Orientation to light is brought about by bending the body to the stimulated side. If the larvae is between two sources of light from which the rays intercept one another as they fall on the animal at an angle of ninety degrees, the larva will take a course midway between the two lights. If one light is turned off the larva bends immediately to the other one. By arranging a mirror so as to throw a small spot of light on different parts of the body Mast has shown that when light is thrown into one eye there is a strong bend of the body toward the stimulated side. The parts behind the eye spot show no definite reaction. It is evident that orientation in this form is due to different intensities of illumina¬ tion on two sides of the body. So far as can be ascertained orien¬ tation takes place directly and automatically, without any con- Holmes ’ Tropisms of Animals. 17 scious decision on the part of the animal. The movements of the larva appear little more voluntary than the precise movements of certain protozoa or the swarm spores of algae. Let us pass to animals somewhat higher in the scale of life. Some years ago when on the Atlantic coast at Woods Hole, Mass., I studied the behavior of various amphipod Crustacea of that region and particularly the reactions of the terrestrial species commonly called sand fleas. It is a somewhat curious circum¬ stance that the aquatic amphipods are negative to light and tend to keep in the darkest part of their environment while the terres¬ trial ones are usually positive. Positive phototaxis is the most pronounced in the most terrestrial of the species, the large Tal- orchestia longicornis which lives in holes in the sand high up on the beach. When dug out of the sand these crustaceans usually lie curled up in a death feint, but when they become active they manifest a very strong tendency to hop toward the light. When brought into a room they may keep hopping toward a window with intervals of rest during the entire day. If they are placed in a dish one half of which is shaded while the other half is exposed to the direct sunlight they will keep hopping toward the light until they are overcome by the heat of the sun’s rays. The smaller Orchestia agilis which lives nearer the water’s edge and frequently manifests a negative reaction to light shows the same fatal degree of positive phototaxis when exposed for some time to strong sunlight. Does light orient these forms auto¬ matically and involuntarily as is apparently the case with the larvae of Arenicola? There are several facts which favor such an interpretation. The .persistent and apparently unreasonable nature of the response,, its sudden reversal by certain external agents, and especially the fact that the witless creatures continue to go toward the light even when they are brought thereby into a region where the light proves fatal to them, seem to bear out the conclusion that the phototaxis of these animals is in the nature of an involuntary or “forced” response. This view is strengthened by the results of certain experiments on individuals which were blinded on one side. These experiments were undertaken with the view of ascertaining something of the mechanism of orienta¬ tion. The amphipods do not become oriented by bending the body toward the light, but by the unequal activity of the appendages on 18 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. the two sides of the body. In forms with positive phototaxis it was found that blackening over one eye caused the amphipod to perforin circus movements toward the normal side. In negatively phototactic species it was found that the same treatment caused circus movements in the reverse direction. It is probable therefore that impulses received by the eyes cross in the central nervous system and becomes carried to the appendages on the opposite side of the body causing them to act with greater vigor, thus bringing the animal into a position of orientation. This supposition led to the experiment of cutting the brain lengthwise through the center in several species of arthropods and it was found that, although sensitiveness to light could be shown to remain, all power of orientation to light was entirely destroyed. It will be of interest in this connection to consider the light reactions of a somewhat more highly organized arthropod ; the water scorpion Ranatra. This insect lives near the banks of ponds and streams with the tip of its long breathing tube at the surface of the water and its raptorial fore legs held in a position for rapidly seizing any small passing creature which may be utilized for food. When Ranatra is taken out of the water it generally feigns death, assuming a perfectly rigid attitude which it retains through all sorts of maltreatment, even suffering its legs to be cut off or its body cut in pieces without betraying any signs of animation. By moving a light over the motionless insect it may gradually be brought out of its feint. The first noticeable signs of awakening are very slight movements of the head in response to the move¬ ments of the light. When the light is passed to one side of the body the head is rolled over ever so little toward that side. Move the light to the other side and the head tilts over slightly in that direction. Place the light in front of the body and the head bows down, in front, and when the light is behind the insect the front of the head is pointed slightly upward. These movements occur with perfect regularity in response to the movements of the light, and gradually increase in vigor and extent. After following the move¬ ments of the light with these definite movements of the head the insect slowly and awkardly raises itself up and begins to follow the light with equally definite swaying movements of the body. If the light is to one side the legs on that side are flexed and the opposite legs extended. Passing the light over the body causes Holmes' Tropisms of Animals. 19 the reverse attitude. Hold the light in front of the body and the insect bows down in front in an attitude of abject submission, while if the light is carried behind it the insect elevates the anter- or part of its body and holds its head high in the air. These bodily attitudes are assumed with almost machine-like regularity. For each position of the light there is a corresponding position of the head and body. After a little Ranatra will follow the movements of the light by walking slowly and awkardly toward it, gradually increasing the vigor and rapidity of its response until it will rush toward the light with frenzied haste. It becomes oblivious to all else but the light which seems to dominate its behavior entirely. If the source of light gives off a good deal of heat the insect will continue to go toward it until overcome by the heat. I have seen Ranatras when nearly killed by the heat of the lamp toward which they were attracted, slowly drawing themselves with the last remnants of their strength a little nearer to the fatal source of light. Nothing could seem more mechanical or more obviously the result of domination by outer agencies than the phototaxis of this form. There are, however, some curious features of the behavior of Ranatra which are disclosed by other experiments and which indicate that this insect is something more than a mere “reflex machine.” If one eye is blackened over there is a strong tendency for the insect to perform circus movements toward the normal side. Frequently as the insect veers over toward the normal side in going toward the light and thus brings the unblackened eye more and more out of the region of direct stimulations, a point is reached where there is hesitation, moving this way and that, accompanied with increasing uneasiness and excitement as if exas¬ perated over its predicament. Sometimes the insect may get out of this situation by going completely around in a circle toward the normal side, or it may make a direct turn toward the blackened side and go toward the light. In several cases among Ranatra and Notonecta individuals which at first performed circus move¬ ments and succeeded in going to the light by a very irregular route finally came, after a number of trials, to go to the light in a nearly straight line. Other individuals went to the light in a nearly straight line from the first. In some cases covering all of one eye and all but the posterior face of the other did not prevent the 20 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Yol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. insect from going in a nearly straight path toward the light. Other specimens would do the same with only a small part of the lateral face of one eye uncovered. In the latter case neither the lightest nor the darkest part of the visual field was kept before the eye. The insect behaved as if it were not guided by a mere reflex response, but had an awareness of the general space relations of its region, the relative position of the light and itself and of the movements necessary to bring itself toward the light. If such a general topographical sense seems too high a psychical endowment to be credited to so simple a creature, it must be remembered that other insects, notably the bees and wasps have a much more definite and detailed cognizance of the topographical relations of their environment than anything in the behavior of Ranatra would call for. Simple and mechanical as much in the light reactions of Ranatra seems to be, there are many features of its phototaxis which are very difficult to explain on the basis of simple reflex orientation. We might expect a priori, to find that somewhere in the course of evolution the tropisms become more or less subordinated to higher forms of behavior. It is quite evident that much in the behavior of animals may be explained as a more or less simple manifestation of phototaxis, geotaxis, chemotaxis, and so on. The daily depth migrations of pelagic animals is traceable to a consid¬ erable degree to variations in the sense of the response to light and gravity. One circumstance that leads copepods to swim to the surface at night and go down in the daytime is because they are positive to weak light and negative to strong light. The nega¬ tive reaction of centipedes, termites and many other organisms keeps them in dark and secluded situations. The positive reactions of many worms and crustaceans to contact stimuli keep them in protected situations in various nooks and niches where they escape many of their enemies. The positive chemotaxis of many animals leads them into situations where they may find their food. But one of the chief considerations which makes the study of tropisms of such importance is the fact that the tropisms enter as components into more complex activities of higher organisms. Tropisms in their purity are met with only in the simpler animals. As we pass up the scale of life these primary tendencies to action become broken up and combined with other forms of behavior, so Holmes’ Tropisms of Animals. 21 that they are lost sight of in the more complex activities into which they enter as component factors. A most interesting field of investigation in this connection is presented in the relation of phototaxis and vision. It is a field scarcely touched upon as only one investigator, Radi, has entered upon it with any seriousness. There seems to be a close connec¬ tion in many animals, and especially insects, between phototaxis and what are called compensatory movements. Place a lady- beetle on a turn table which is slowly rotated. The beetle begins to move its head and then its body opposite the direction of move¬ ment. Robber flies show the reaction especially well. The reac¬ tion depends upon the eyes because it no longer occurs when the eyes are blackened over. It does not depend upon the rotation of the insect’s body. If the insect is placed in a cylinder on a sta¬ tionary center and the cylinder rotated, the insect tends to walk around in the direction of rotation. A frog under the same cir¬ cumstances will do the same thing. In these cases the animal reacts so as to keep, so far as possible, in statu quo with the visual field. A beautiful illustration of this is afforded by the so-called rheotropism of fishes. Many fishes have the instinct to head up stream against the current. This trait has been shown by Lyon to be dependent upon a visual reflex. He placed fish in an aquarium with the lower side made of glass below which could be drawn a long piece of cloth with alternate black and white stripes on it, giving the appearance of a moving bottom. As the strip was pulled along the fish swam in the direction of movement. Reversing the motion caused the fish to turn about and swim to the other end of the aquarium. In another experiment fishes were placed in a long bottle. When this floated down stream the fishes all swam to the up stream end. When it was pulled up stream the fishes all swam to the opposite end. Fishes in a stream, passively carried along, have no means of becoming aware of their movements except by means of objects in their field of vision any more than a man in a balloon who is carried along in a current of air. This automatic tendency to keep in constant relations with the objects in their field of vision keeps them from being passively carried down stream. Many insects show the same trait in their flying against 22 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. a breeze. Perhaps the instinct of hovering shown by many kinds of flies is an expression of the same fundamental tendency. The automatic tendency to keep the body in a certain orienta¬ tion to its field of vision which we find among crustaceans, insects and lower vertebrates, is to a greater or less extent replaced in forms with freely movable eyes by ocular movements which enable the moving animal to retain the same field of vision. Stalk¬ eyed crustaceans show compensatory movements of the eye stalks. Similar eye movements occur in fishes, amphibians and birds. A man at night more or less involuntarily directs his steps toward a single light in his horizon much as birds are drawn toward a light house. Such orientation may be conscious and voluntary, but it cannot be denied that there is a sort of instinctive tendency toward it much as there is in all of us a strong tendency toward a certain orientation to the force of gravity. The reactions of animals to light have been profoundly modi' fied by the evolution of the image forming eye. It has been shown by Cole that if an eyeless form such as an earthworm or a form with simple eyes is subjected to stimulation by two sources of light of equal intensity but of different area, the animal is as likely to turn to the smaller light as to the larger one. In forms with image forming eyes, on the other hand, it is the light of larger area which is the most potent in causing the turning of the body. With the development of image forming eyes it becomes possible for animals to respond to objects and not to mere differ¬ ences in the amount of light and shade. The image forming type of eye is stimulated by a decrease as well as by an increase of illumination on particular parts of its surface. This stimulation is generally associated with an involuntary turning toward the source of stimulation. Hence, the automatic turning of the head toward a new object in the field of vision, and the tendency to follow the movements of bodies with movements of the eyes. The eyes of animals are notoriously quick to respond to movements. The moving thing is the stimulating thing. With the evolution of the image forming type of eye and the development of acute sen¬ sitiveness to change of illumination of particular parts of the retinal surface, the general tendency to go toward or away from light may pass into an involuntary tendency to become oriented toward particular moving objects in the field of vision. When an Holmes' Tropisms of Animals. 23 animal reacts in a definite way to objects impressed on its retina we commonly say that it sees. These reactions to objects come to be very complex and specialized. They come to depend upon the size, form and color of the moving object. But it is not improbable that they have their primary roots in the positive and negative phototaxis of simpler organisms. Josiah Royce in his Outlines of Psychology has gone much farther than I should venture to do, in that he sees in the tropisms a set of tendencies which form a sort of fundamental background even in our own psychology. Objects of our own attention exercise a compelling force over us making us turn toward them. We involuntarily turn toward a person or thing about which we are curious ; in fact it requires some voluntary effort not to do so. Is this con¬ tinual orientation to objects akin to orientation to light or an odor in the lower animals? According to Royce these reactions are fundamentally the same. Perhaps if we should follow the history of behavior closely enough in passing from lower to higher forms we should be able to fill in the intermediate steps. At present the connection is merely a suggestive hypothesis. Most of the work on tropisms that has been done thus far has consisted in determining the precise way in which tropisms are brought about, and the conditions by which they are modified. To find as it were what becomes of the tropisms in the course of mental evolution, how they are converted into higher forms of behavior, is a more difficult task. Voltaire has made the remark that we are governed by instinct as well as cats and goats. It is possible that we may be justified in going somewhat farther than the celebrated skeptic, in saying that to a certain extent we are governed by tropisms as well as insects and worms. Zoological Laboratory, University of Wisconsin. Madison, Wis., November 7, 1911. 24 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Yol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CHALCIDID GENUS HYPOPTBROMALUS ASHMEAD OF THE FAMILY PTBROMAUDJB. Its Position, Redescription, History and the Synonymy oE Its Type Species. By A. Arsene Girault. Introductory. Quite incidentally, while examining a quantity of pteromalines reared from the cocoons of Apanteles congregatus (Say) taken from nearly fullgrown larvae of Phlegethontius sexta ( Johannsen) and having decided by comparison that they were the so-called common hyperparasitic Hypopteromalus tabacum (Fitch), I pro¬ ceeded to verify the determination by a careful examination of their structures. The results of this examination showed a different structure of the mandibles than one would expect from the present tribal position of the genus, or from the description of what was desig¬ nated as its type species — Pteromalus tabacum Fitch. Other exam¬ inations made of the mandibles of two series of specimens deter¬ mined by the late Doctor Ashmead himself agreed with the struct¬ ure found in the first, so that there can be no doubt but that all three series of specimens are one and the same species. Other series of specimens were then compared with the first three series, being found identical in every case. On account of the fact that the genus itself is but poorly described and its type species, due to the times, almost unrecog¬ nizably so, I have attempted the following reconstruction based on a large series of specimens, as recorded beyond. At first, how¬ ever, on account of the characteristic dentation of the mandibles, it should be stated that the removal of the genus from the Ashmea- dian Pteromalini to the Rhaphitelini becomes necessary, and that its type species, as I find by comparison, and which was first pointed out by Riley (1881), is symonymic with what has hereto¬ fore been known as Gastrancistrus viridescens (Walsh). The history of the genus will be considered later. Girault, the Chalcid Genus Hypopteromalus. 25 FAMILY PTEROMALIDAK — SUBFAMILY PTFROMALIN^. Tribe Rhaphitelini Genus Hypopteromalus Ashmead. (Type : Glyphe viridescens Walsh.) Ashmead, 1904, pp. 310, 378. Schmiedeknecht, 1909, p. 355. Normal position ; description based on the type species. $ . — Normal in stature. Metallic green, head and thorax punctate. Abdomen with short petiole. (Cephalic aspect) Head conspicuous, almost circular, its margins round'ed, the face broad, sublenticular, the clypeus wider than long, its surface slightly inpressed below the general surface of the face so that the sclerite is distinctly outlined longitudinally, radially rugulose or striate, its sutures obsolete, its apical margin practically truncate, very slightly concave, along its whole length very slightly emarginate at the meson and a slight incision is present along the ventral border of the fac'e just laterad of the clypeus, involving the sclerite’s lateral margin; basal (dorsal) margin of the clypeus slightty convex at the meson, bisinuate, its dorso-lateral angle slightly more impressed. Antennae inserted slightly below (ventrad) of th'e middle of the “face” or the distance between the cephalic margin of the vortex and the apical margin of the clypeus, slightly oVer a third of the way up (dorsad) the margins, distinctly above (dorsad) an imaginary line drawn between the ventral ends of the eyes and farther from the clypeus than that scl'erite is long at the meson, the bulbs distinctly separated. Face ventrad, directly below the antennal insertions, with two shallow longitudinal impressions, one on each side of the meson, entering the dorso-lateral angles of the clypeus1 ; mesal facial impressions moderately narrow but distinct, extending nearly to the cephalic ocellus from the antennal bulbs, its margins not acute and the antennal scrobes obsolete or not differentiated from the mesal facial impression. (Lateral aspect) Genal sulcus inconspicuous, short, not half as long as the eye, the latter ovate ; genae rounded ; gen'eral shape of head, ovate. (Cephalic aspect) Head distinctly wider than the greatest width of the thorax, nearly thrice wider than long, the vertex broad, obtuse, 1) Also an obscure oblique impression, narrow, running- from about the bulb of the antenna ventro-lateral to the margin of the head, between the dorso-lateral angle of the clypeus and the ventral end of the eye, nearer the former; this is visible in certain lights only. 26 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. narrowed slightly at the meson, but its occipital margin distinctly concaVe ; ocelli in a triangle in the center of the vertex, nearer to the cephalic margin of the latter than to its occipital margin and the group distance from the eyes. The occipital foraminal depression marked, concave, its margins rounded or obtuse, immargined. Antennae 13- jointed, with two distinct ring- joints and a 3- jointed club, the flagellum usually moderately clavate (lateral aspect), the club conical and wider than the funicle but not abrupt or spherical and the funicle cylindrical, very gradually enlarging distad ; p'edicel obconic, smaller than the first funicle joint or subequal to it, the six funicle joints all subequal and subquadrate. (Fig. 1). Pronotum visible, widened or dilated laterad, narrow at the meson, at that point but a sixth the length of the mesoscutum, subobtuse ; parapsidal furrows not conspicuous but distinct, shallow, incomplete, extending caudo-mesad from the c'ephalic margin of the scutum to about two-thirds their length ; cephalic and caudal margins of the mesoscutum gently convexed ; axillae widely separated *, scutellum nearly as in Habrocytus thyridopterygis Ashmead, normal, with a rather obscure transverse groove just before (cephalad) of its apex, best seen from the caudo-lateral aspect in shadow and appearing Giramlt, the Chalcid Genus Hypopteromalus. 27 from dorsal and caudal aspects as a brighter colored, brassy, appar¬ ently slightly raised line ; scutellum along the meson subequal to* the length of the mesoscutum. Mesopostscutellum narrow, usual for the subfamily, margined. Metathorax punctate, declivous, slightly shorter than the scutellum, the median carina inconspicuous, complete or extending nearly to the neck, the lateral carina or fold represented on each side by a distinct, slightly curved, complete sulcus with margined, carinated or sharp margins, its lateral margin more distinct, being properly the lateral carina; these lateral sulci are nearly longitudinally straight for half their length or slightly convex, then curve slightly caudo-m'esad and then nearly caudad again ; spiracular sulcus following laterad, extending from the caudo-lateral end of the spiracle and distinctly shorter than the lateral sulcus and nearly straight; the metathoracic spiracle largte, subreniform, oblique in position, its mesocephalic end near to the mesopostscutellum yet not touching the narrow transverse metaprsescutum or metascutum ; neck not as distinct as in Pteromalus Swederus, hood-shaped and from the lateral aspect distinct but not rising very much above the general surface, overlapping the petiole of the abdomen. Abdomen with a distinct petiole which is short and often hidden by the upper inclination of the region and subequal in length to the pedicel of the antennae, or nearly so ; from lateral aspect, abdomen variable, usually subtri angular, the apex of the triangle ventrad at segment 5, varying to conical or cuneate, pointed caudad, convex ventrad and flat to the concave dorsad, the tip of the ovipositor often exserted ; adbomen subequal to th'e thorax in length ; from dorsal aspect, conic-ovate or fusiform, widest at the third or fourth segment (third body segment) ; segment two longest, twice longer than segment three, its caudal margin slightly convex and entire ; segment three nearly twice longer than segment five ; four, five and six sub- 28 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. equal in length, gradually decreasing, their caudal margins straight; segment six sometimes slightly longer than segment three ; segm'ent eight conical, subequal in length to segment seVen. Ventrad and dorsad, caudal margins of the segments with a slight whitish pubescence or fringe. Fore wings normal, with the usual densfe discal ciliation, the sub- marginal vein slenderer than the marginal and about a third longer, widening at its curVe ; the marginal vein normal, thrice thicker than the submarginal vein at its middle and distinctly wider than either the postmarginal or stigmal veins and a fourth longer than the former and a third longer than the latter; postmarginal vein dis¬ tinctly longer than the stigmal vein which is slightly curved, bearing a moderately large club with a cuneate uncus from its cephalo-distal margin ; marginal cilia short. Hind wings ciliate distally. Fore wings broadest at points opposite the knob of the stigmal vein. (Fig. 3). Legs normal, slender, the tibial spurs all single, moderately stout, the cephalic femora stout but not abnormally or conspicuously so, the tarsi all 5-jointed, the proximal joint of the caudal tarsi over twice the length of the caudal tibial spur and about twice the length of the second tarsal joint, the fourth joint, as usual, smallest. Left mandible 3-dentate, the inner (mesal) tooth broadest, nearly truncate, the second tooth intermediate in size and shape, acutely dome-shaped and the third, outer (lateral) tooth longest, slenderest, acute, subfalciform. (Fig. 2). Eight mandible 4-dentate, the teeth gradually lengthening laterad, the mesal one shortest, obtusely convex, the second longer, obtusely conic, the third still longer, subacutely conical, the fourth or lateral tooth longest, acute, subfalciform. (Fig. 2). Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the apical joint longest, twice the size of joint three, clavate, the proximal joint shortest. Labial palpi 3-jointed, the middle minute, the others subequal. $ . The same. The adbomen flat, depressed, from dorsal aspect elliptical-oval, with a large yellowish white artea in the dorsal and ventral basal region. Petiole shorter than in the female, not as noticeable, the segmentation of the adbomen not as distinct. Antennae inserted slightly higher up on the face, slenderer. Mandibular and other characters the same as in the female. Similar to male Pteromalus Swederus or nearly so. A genus of moderately stout, metallic green hyperparasites with the general aspect of Pteromalus and about the same stature. On account of the insertion of the antennae, high up on the head, near the middle of the face and not especially near the Girault, the Chalcid Genus Hypopte/romalus. 29 mouth border, the mandibular characters, the presence of spiracu- lar sulci and general habitus, as well as on account of its habits, the correct position of this genus, is, I think, in the pteromaline tribe Rhaphitelini, though its short abdominal petiole would seem to ally it with the S p he gig as t evince Sphegigasterini. The genus appears to be similar to Pteromalus Swederus in many respects, especially in the general habitus of the males. In its new position it is closely allied to the genus Habrocytus Thomson, falling in that Thomsonion-Ashmeadian division of the Rhaphitelini having normal cephalic femora, mediumsized stigmal knobs and relatively short antennal pedicels. The genus is separated from Habrocytus by means of the less produced, shorter, usually triangular (lateral aspect) abdomen, the presence of the short petiole, the differences in the length of the abdominal tergites and other less noticeable characters to be summed up in general term habitus. History of the Genus „ This genus is a recent description. In a table of the genera of his tribe Pteromalini of the subfamily Pteromalince, the late Dr. William Harris Ashmead, in his monumental work ‘ 'Classification of the Chalcid Flies” (Ashmead, 1904, p. 320), established the genus Hypopteromalus with the species Pteromalus tabacum Fitch as type. As extracted from the table of genera mentioned the following diagnostic characters belong to the genus : Occipital f oraminal depression emargined ; metathorax produced into a subglobose neck, which is not Very distinct; postmarginal vein always longer than the stigmal vein, but not very distinctly so ; pedicel subequal to the first funicle joint, shorter, the antennae with two ring joints ; metathoracic ' spiracles larg'e, elliptical ; abdomen ovate to conic-ovate, not longer than the combined lengths of the head and thorax, the caudal margins of the segments straight, not incised or emarginat'e at the meson, the second segment about three times longer than the third, segments four and five united not longer than the third, those beyond variable, subequal in length ; venter usually strongly compressed or keeled. Metanotum with a distinct median carina, the lateral folds incomplete, indicated towards the base. In the table the genus was placed next to Pteromalus Swederus, but failing to interpret its characters properly, as an alternative, with Diglochis Foerster. During the short time of its existence, it has not been the subject of subsequent systematic treatment, 30 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. though Schmiedeknecht (1909) briefly gives its characters, and, as it stands today, contains but a single species2, the one upon which it was founded — ( Gastrancistrus ) Hypopteromalus ( taba - cum) viridescens (Walsh). It was first mentioned in the litera¬ ture by Garman (1897), seven years before its description, and again by Ashmead (1900), four years prior to that time. As pointed out later, this genus has nothing to do with the Miscogas- terida. Crawford (1910) refers to two of its characteristics and gives a table of the species. Host Relations of the Genus. Hypopteromalus viridescens (Walsh), representing the genus, is a common hyperparasite of the higher Lepidoptera, such as Sphingidce and Noctuidw, attacking primarily the microgaster genus Apanteles Foerster, issuing as adults from their cocoons. It is known to attack Apanteles congregatus (Say) when a primary parasite of Phlegethontius,Ceratomia and Heliophila;( Apanteles) Microplitis catalpce (Riley) on Ceratomia; Apanteles militaris (Walsh) and A. linguitidis (Riley) on Heliophila; and Fitch ( 1865) records it as a secondary parasite of Sphinx kalmice Smith and Abbot, the host being a microgasterid ; and Dimmock (1898) as being secondary on Smerinthus geminatus and Ampelophaga myron. I have reared it from what appear to be the cocoons of A. smerinthi Riley on a willow leaf. I also record beyond, rearing it from Sphecodina abbotii, upon which it is secondary, and from the cocoons of Apanteles congregatus (Say) on the larvae of Cera¬ tomia catalapce Boisduval. Hypopteromalus apantelophagus Crawford is parasitic on Glyptapanteles japonicus and H pcecilopus Crawford on Glypta- panteles sp. Distribution of the Genus. The species viridescens is widely distributed in the United States, of which it is most probably a native. In the literature, it is recorded from the following localities: Illinois (Schuyler 2) Since this was written Crawford (1910) has described two species from Japan and Europe, H. apantelophagus and H. pcecilopus, respectively; these are not included here, but both differ from the type species in having1 an elongate first funicle joint. Crawford here and pre¬ viously (Idem, 1909) calls attention to its abdominal petiole and anomalous tribal position. Girault, the Chalcid Genus Hypopteromalus. 31 County, Algonquin) ; New York (Saratoga Springs, Long Island) ; Louisiana ( ?Baton Rouge) ; New Hampshire ; New Jer¬ sey ; Kentucky; Ohio (Jackson). I add the following new localities: Illinois (Urbana, and Champaign, Quincy, Parker, Normal and Polo) ; Maryland (Bal- timore-Sparrows’ Point). The genus at present is known to occur over the area bounded by Maryland on the east, New Hamp¬ shire on the north, Louisiana on the south and Illinois on the west. Crawford’s two new species are from Japan and Europe. The Type Species of the Genus. Hypopteromalus viridescens (Walsh). Glyphe viridascens Walsh, 1861, pp. 364, 370, fig. 11. — Idem, 1865, p. 483, fig. 11. Pteromalus tabacum Fitch, 1865, pp. 224-225, 227. Glyphe viridescens Walsh (= tabacum Fitch), Riley, 1881, p. 302. Glyphe viridescens. — Thomas, 1881, p. 39. Tridymus viridascens (Walsh), Riley, 1883, p. 127. Glyphe viridescens Walsh, Howard, 1865, p. 44. — Cresson, 1887, p. 242. Pteromalus tabacum Fitch, Id., Ib., p. 45. — Cresson, 1887, p. 243. Glyphe viridascens Walsh, Riley and Howard, 1898, p. 138. Gastrancistrus viridescens (Walsh), de Dalla Torre, 1898, p. 205. Pteromalus tabacum Fitch, Dimmock, 1898, p. 149. Hypopteromalus tabacum Fitch, Ashmead, 1900, p. 559. Hypopteromalus tabacum Fitch, Id., 1904, pp. 320, 378. Hypopteromalus tabacum Fitch, Nason, 1906, p. 152. Hypopteromalus tabacum Fitch, Schmiedeknecht, 1909, p. 355 Hypopteromalus tabacum\ Fitch, Crawford, 1910, p. 21. Redescription of ( Glyphe ) Hypopteromalus viridescens (Walsh). Normal position. 9 • — Length variable, 1.75 — 2.55mm. ; 2.25 mm. average. Color variable in depth of tones ; usual general color deep metallic Prussian green, with brassy reflections, the metanotum with some bluish, abdomen darker greenish, the large second segment metallic purplish and the other proximal segments reflecting purplish in certain lights. Mandibles fulvous, fuscous at tips, palpi pure white, scape, tegulae and the legs, excepting the lateral aspect of all coxae, especially the caudal coxae exteriorly which are metallic greenish, 32 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. fulvous, the flagellum darker, dusky brownish yellow, subfuscous. Scape often pallid yellowish ; femora slightly darker than the tibiae and tarsi which are often pallid; apical tarsal joints dusky; venation dusky yellowish. Wings hyaline ; oc'elli pinkish ; eyes garnet. Ventum concolorous with the dorsal aspect of the body. Cephalic and inter¬ mediate coxae much less metallic than caudal coxae. The whole of the head and thorax dorsad uniformly, moderately, polygonally punctate, the metanotum more coarsely so, subrugose, th'e thoracic pleura and venter smoother as are also the occipital for- aminal depression and the caudal coxae exteriorly (lateral aspect), the latter delicately reticulated ; other coxae practically smooth. Sparse whitish pubescence on the) face, genae and dorsum of pro and mesothorax, the coxae, and a small tuft of longer white hairs on the dorso-lateral aspect of the metathorax. Abdomen smooth, with little or1 no sculpture. Ey*es naked; cephalic ocellus and lateral ocelli sub¬ oval, equal, the lateral ocelli distinctly farther from each other than either is from the cephalic ocellus and each is still much farther from the respective eye margins than they are from each other, the distance being at least twic'e that separating other ocellus from the cephalic one. Apex of hind wings obtuse. Antennae moderately hispid-pubescent, the scape practically naked, the pedicel and ring-joint with a few sparse hairs, the hairs on the funicle and club not arranged in well-defined rows. Scape cylindrical, nearly uniform in width, not quite as long as the pedicel, ring-joints and first three funicle joints united ; pedicel obconic, narrowed slightly before/ the apex of the proximal half, not much shorter, but distinctly narrower than the first funicl'e joint and about three times the length of the united ring-joints ; ring-joints small, subequal, the apical one larger, both narrower than the pedicel and the funicle ; funicle joints all subequal and subquadrate, gradually shortening distad, joints one to four almost equal, slightly longer than wide, joint one slightly the longest ; joints five and six almost equal, slightly shorter than the preceding but still somewhat longer than wide ; club widest at the apex of its proximal joint, not quite as long as the united lengths of funicle joints four to six, the proximal club joint the widest antennal joint, widening distad and as long as th'e preceding joint (funicle joint six) ; intermediate club joint as wide at its base as the apex of the proximal joint, just the latter’s opposite in shape, narrowing instead of widening, distad and equal to th'e proximal club joint in length or slightly longer; the distal joint somewhat shorter, conical. Under high power (objective % inch), the hairs of the funicle and club are seen to b'e unequal in size, some Girault, the Ghalcid Genus Hypopteromalus. 33 of them wide and somewhat flattened, appearing in balsam mounts as longitudinal, pale furrows or grooves along the joints. (Fig. 1)'. From 327 -j- specimens, % inch objective, 1 inch optic, Bausch and Lomb. $ . — Length variable, 1.60 — 2.47 mm. ; 2.08 mm. aVerage. The same as the female. Besides the sexual differences pointed in the generic description, the following specific details are different from those in the female: The body is a shade lighter in color and more brassy and the antennae are slightly more pubescent and the joints different as follows : the legs are pallid yellowish, and the caudal coxae laterally vary to pallid yellow, the other coxae lighter. Antennae the same, the hairs sparser and softer, the funicle joints longer, distinctly longer than wide, and the scape broader, somewhat compressed, the club somewhat more slender, conic-ovate ; pedicel distinctly shorter than the first funicle joints, funicle joints one to three subequal, and joints four to six subequal, the proximal group of three broader. From 136 + specimens, % inch objective, 1 inch optic, Bausch and Lomb. The coloration in this species is fairly constant ; it may vary, however, to deep metallic French blue ; it is more variable in the male, the large abdominal area sometimes more extensive, especi¬ ally ventrad, and the caudal coxae are sometimes without metallic coloration. Specimens which have been in collections for some years have a decided bluish color on the head and thorax. The metallic coloration on the intermediate and cephalic coxae of the female may vary somewhat, too. The shape and size of the joints of the antennal funicle may vary considerably, comparatively speaking. Thus the last joint may be decidedly more transverse than usual, distinctly wider than long, while sometimes all of the joints are longer than wide and subequal ; at other times, all are subquadrate, gradually shortening distad, the first and last joints not contrasting. Again, all may be wider than long when the first joint is slightly shorter (but larger) than the pedicel. These vari¬ ations may all occur in the same series of reared specimens. No variation in the number of antennal segments have been met with. Redescribed from the following of 472 specimens : 1. Glyphe viridescens Walsb : 1 $ , 5 $ specimens reared from white cocoons, Urbana, Ill., June 21, 1887, and determined by Howard and Ashmead (Riley, in litt., June 13, 1891) ; accession No. 12806, Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History; (1 $,.5 $, tag 34 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. mounted ; two slides, xylol-balsam, $ mandibles and antenna and $ wings — antenna) . 2. Hypopteromalus tabaeum (Fitch); 1 $ , 5 $, reared at Baltimore, (Sparrows’ Point), Md., February 2, 1904, from a small, compact circular mass of erect Apanteles cocoons on a willow leaf, covered and hidden by a fluffy mass of fine white silk like the silk of some spiders and probably those of Apanteles smerinthi Biley. Determined by Ashmead. Accession No. 41051, Illinois State Labora¬ tory of Natural History. (5 $ tag-mounted; 2 slides, xylol-balsam, 9 head, mandibles, antennae and 9 wings, leg and antenna). 3. Hypopteromalus tabacum (Fitch) : 2 9 captured at large, July 10, September 27, 1895; in the Nason collection (Nason, 1906, p. 2), tagmounted, plus one slide bearing- two antennae and a pair of wings). Determined by Ashmead. 4. 110 #, 218 9 plus 5, reared during September 1908 from! the cocoons of Apanteles congregatus (Say) parasitic on the larvae of Phlegethontius sexta (Johanssen), Urbana, Ill. Accession No. 41052, Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. (7 9*6 9 tagmounted; xylol-balsam, 9 legs, antenna and mandible — 1 slide, # 9 antennae, 1 slide; $ 9 fore wings — 1 slide. Accession No. 39857, (1 #,11 9, tagmounted; 1 slide, 9 antennae and mandibles). No. 39931, (1 #, 1 9 , tagmounted ; 1 slide, 9 head) . 5. Hypopteromalus viridescens (Walsh) : 1 $ , reared in connec¬ tion with supposed larvae of Ancylys comptana Frolich, Urbana, Illinois (J. J. Davis), July 1, 1906. Accession No. 37248, Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History ; (1 $ , tagmounted ; # mandibles, xylol-balsam, 1 slide). 6. “Sphe gig aster ccsruliventris Ashmead”3, Riley, in litt., June 13* 1891 : 1 9 , reared from microgasterid cocoon similar to those of Apanteles congregatus, Quindy, Illinois, October 1886. Accession No. 10957, Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. (1 9 , tag- mounted, cocoon of host). 7. 7 # , 1 9 of viridescens, reared at Urbana, 111., April 24, 1891, from Apanteles cocoon taken from larvae of Phlegethontius on tomato, September 20, 1890 (F. M. Webster). Accession No. 16157, Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. (7 #, 1 9 tagmounted, cocoons of host; xylol-balsam, $ mandibles, antenna). 8. 4 9 of viridescens, reared July 2, 1908, in the insectary of the state entomologist of Illinois, from the cocoons of Apanteles congre~ gatus (Say) on the larvae of Ceratomia catalpa Boisduval, collected at Parker, Ill. (L. M. Smith), June 30, 1908. Accession No. 39324, 3) I have been unable to find trace in the literature of this species; it is apparently a nomcn nudum. Girault, the Chalcid Genus Hypopteromalus. 35 Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. (4 9, tagmounted; plus 1 slide bearing- 9 wing-s, antennae and mandibles). 9. 2 $ of “Pteromalus n. sp.”, Riley, in litt., June 13, 1891 ; and 3 $ , 1 $ of viridescens, labeled as secondary parasites of Phlege- thontius quinquemaculata Haworth (reared by S. A. Forbes), Normal Ill., Sept. 9, 1878, from Apanteles cocoons. Accession No. 16070, Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. (4 <$,1 9 tagmounted, 2 host cocoons ; plus 1 slide, $ 9 antennae, $ mandibles and wings. 10. 1 $ , 6 9 of viridescens, reared April 25, 1891, from Apanteles cocoons taken from larvae of Phlegethontius on tomato, Urbana, Ill., Sept. 20, 1890 (F. M. Webst'er). Accession No. 16177, same collection. (1 $ , 6 9 tagmounted, 1 host cocoon ; plus 1 slide bearing 1 £ , 5 9 antennae). 11. 23 9 of viridescens reared at Urbana, Ill., April 27, 1891, from Apanteles cocoons taken from larvae of Phlegethontius on tomato, Sept. 20, 1890 (F. M. Webst'er). Accession No. 16178, same collection. (8 9 tagmounted; 14 9 alcohol, 1 vial). 12. 1 $ , 6 9 , plus 3 individuals of viridescens, reared from Apanteles cocoons on the larvae of Sphecodina ahhotii Swainson, Polo, Ill., July 20, 1893. Accession No. 19457. (1 <£,6 9 tagmounted, 6 host cocoons). 13. 9 $ , 54 9 > plus one specimen of viridesptens, reared from larva of Phlegethontius, secondary, Champaign, Ill., August 27, 1895, (W. G. Johnson). Accession No. 21495, Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. (63 <$9 tagmounted). 14. “ Pteromalus n. sp.” Riley, in. litt., June 13, 1891. 1 $ reared in connection with (Acrohasis) Mineola indigenella Zeller, Urbana, Ill., March 25, 1889 (John Marten), relations unknown. Accession No. 14783, same collection. (1 $ tagmounted; xylol-balsam, $ antennae, mandibles, i slide).4 15. 1 L 11 9 specimens reared from the cocoons of Apanteles on the larva of Phlegethontius sexta (Johannsen), Urbana, Ill., Sept. 17, 1908 (G. E. Sanders). Accession No. 39857, Illinois State Labora¬ tory of Natural History. (1 $, 11 9 , on tags). 16. A pair of specimens reared from same host as in preceding, same place, Sept. 12, 1908 (G. E. Sanders). Accession No. 39931, same collection. (Tags $ 9). 4) This is probably an undescribed species, distinguished from viri¬ descens only by having the funicle joints of the antennae twice longer than wide (joint 1), distinctly longer than with the type species, and perhaps in the different shape of the teeth of the mandibles. 30 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. The species under consideration was originally described by Benjamin Dann Walsh (1861) in the following manner: “Family Chalcididce. Subfamily Peter omalides. It is with some hesitation that I refer the following species in this very extensive and difficult family, to Glyphe, Wilkinson. It is one of three remarkable con¬ generic species in my cabinet, which are all character- ,s. ized by the last joints of the antennae, when viewed from above, being elongate-acuminate, but when viewed in profile, being reduced to one-fourth the width of the penultimate joint, and attached on one side of it like a tarsal claw. In Glyphe the last joint is said simply to be elongate-acuminate. In other respects the characters tolerable well. In one of my three species, parasitic on Microgaster xylina, Say, the antennae are notably moniliform. The other one of the three is the well known parasite of the Hessian fly, which, at the commencement of Say’s entomological career, he arranged by mistake under the Proctotrupid genus Ceraphron ( C . destructor, Say), which Westwood sub¬ sequently, misled by Say’s figure, declared must be evi¬ dently one of the Eidophides, the fifth subfamily of the Chalcididce, (Westwood’s intr., II, page 160,) which Harris afterwards erroneously called a Eurytoma, the typical genus of the second subfamily of Chalcididce, (Harris, Inj. Ins., p. 432,) ; but which I have no doubt from the structure of the prothorax, ought to be arranged somewhere among the Pteromalides, the. third subfamily of Chalcididce. Whether or not we choose to refer it to Glyphe is another matter. Perhaps a new genus will have to be founded for the reception of these three species. * Glyphe viridascens. Fig. XI. New Species. Length of body .07 inch, or not quite 2 millimetres. General color, dark gre'en, verging on black. Head finely and densely punctured ; palpi whitish, eyes black ; antennae light brown, the basal joint received in a shallow, wide longitudinal * The foot note referred to here is omitted as being but indirectly rela- vant.— A. A. G. Girault, the Chalcid Genus Hypopteromalus. 37 depression. Thorax finely and densely punctured; legs yellowish white; tips o£ tarsi dusky; wings hyaline; sub¬ costal nervure brown and prolonged on the costa to the extreme tip of the wing. Abdomen black, glabrous, polished, flat above, convex beneath, so as in those indi¬ viduals with acuminate anus — which I take to be females, but which Wilkinson takes to be males — to appear almost triangular when viewed in profile. Bred five specimens from a mass of the army worm cocoons for some unknown Ichneumon I have not met with in Rock Island county. Four of the five have the antennae still covered with the transparent pupal membrane which we often find on the antennae of immature Cerambycids, but the structure of the apical joints of the antennae is distinctly visible in these.” (Walsh, 1861, p. 370). The figure referred to in the original description is crude and misleading rather than helpful, as erroneous and poorly executed figures always are. Walsh gives nothing more in regard to the species excepting a brief paragraph on page 364 referring to the figure and a remark concerning the status of the species as a para¬ site of the “ichneumon,” which Riley (1881) afterwards stated to be Apantelesi militaris (Walsh). The spelling of the specific name is evidently due to an error, corrected later by Walsh ( 1865) himself and others and therefore unnecessarily so by de Dalla Torre (1898). About four years later Asa Fitch (1865), treating of the para¬ sites of the Northern Tobacco Worm (Phlegethontius quinque- maculata Haworth), gave a somewhat running and lengthy account of this hyperparasite and redescribed it as new under the name of Pteromalus tabacum ; Fitch also gave a brief description of the male, described for the first time. In order to bring all the literature of this genus together in this connection, as well as for a matter of interest I herewith quote Fitch’s description given on pages 225-227 : “These destroyers of the insect which destroys the tobacco worm are very small four-winged flies of a shining dark-green color, with pale yellowish legs and white feet. They belong to the order of Hymenoptera and the family Chalcididce, and are closely related to 38 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. the Hessian fly parasite, Semiotellus destructor, figured in my Seventh Report, plate 3, fig. 1, which figure will also serve to represent this insect in almost every par¬ ticular. It pertains to the genus Pteromalus, a name derived from two Greek words, meaning bad wings, the wings in these insects being nearly destitute of ribs or veins. As they, by destroying the parasite of the tobacco-worm, cause that worm to be more numerous, and hereby more injurious to the tobacco, and as they will often occur lurking about this plant in search of the cocoons upon which to bestow their eggs, they may not inappropriately be named the Tobacco Pteromalus. All the flies which came from the cocoons were females, from which the following description is drawn : * The Tobacco Pteromalus (Pteromalus Tabacum), is one-tenth of an inch long- to the end of its body, and is of a dark or bottle-green color with a brassy reflection, and finely shagreened upon the head and thorax. The head is large and placed transversely, about three tim'es as broad as it is) long-, convex in front and concave at its base, viewed in front it is nearly circular, with a large oval eye, slightly protruding on each sid'e, of a dull red color fading to brown after death. On the crown three ocelli or eyelets appear as glassy dots placed at the corners of a triangle. The jaws are yellow, their ends brown, with four minute teeth, the palpi or feelers are dull white. The antennae are inserted in the middle of th'e face and when turned backward reach about half the length of the thorax. They become a little thicker towards their tips, and are of a brown color, with the long basal joint dull pale yellow, and are clothed with a short incumbent beard. They are composed apparently of nine joints, th'e first joint being long and smooth, and forming an angle with the remaining joints. The second is the smallest of the series, being but little longer than thick and obconic in its form. The third joint is thrice as long and nearly thrice as thick as the preceding and has the shape of a pear, the contracted portion of its base being formed of two rings or small joints which are rartely perceptible even in the live specimen when highly magnified, except these organs • Beginning page 226. Girault, the Chalcid Genus Hypopteromalus. 39 be put upon the stretch. The fourth and following joints are a third shorter than the foregoing and are nearly equal and square in their outline, each successive joint very slightly increasing in thickness and diminishing in length. The last joint is about thrice as long as the one preceding it, of an oval or subovate form, rounded at its base and bluntly jointed at its apex, and is probably composed as in the other species of this genus of three joints compactly united together., The thorax scarcely equals the head in width and is egg-shaped and thrice as long as wide. On each shoulder is a slightly impressed line extending obliquely backward and inward. The abdomen is a third shorter than the thorax, and in the livte insect surpasses it in thickness, is egg-shaped and convex with its tips acute- pointed. When dried it scarcely equals the thorax in thickness and becomes strongly concaVe on the back and triangular when viewed on one side. It is smooth, polished and sparkling, of a green black color, the middle segments each with a broad purple black band visible in particular reflections of the light. Beneath it is black and at the tip shows some fine impressed longitudinal lines forming the edges of the grooVe in which the sting is enclosed. The legs are slender, pale wax yellow, with the feet and ends of the shanks dull white, the hips of the hind legs being stout and black, with their outer faces green blue and their tips pale yellow. The feet are fiVe-jointed and dusky at their tips. The wings are transparent and reach slightly beyond the tip of the abdomen when at rest. Th'e anterior ones are broad and evenly rounded at their ends, and have, near the outer margin, a thick brown rib or subcostal vtein, extending more than a third of their lengths and then uniting with the margin and terminating some distance forward of the tip, after sending off a short straight stigmal branch which is thickened at its end, with apex notched. Towards the inner margin an exceedingly fine longitudinal vein* is perceptible, which, near its middle gives off a fine branch running almost to the inner hind end of the wing. The hind wings are much smaller and without veins, except a brown subcostal onfe which extends into the outer margin and abruptly ends a little beyond the middle. Beginning, page 227. 40 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. All of the examples of this species which I have obtained from the cocoons of the Tobacco- worm have been females. The last of August, 1862, I received from Dr. Allen, of Saratoga Springs, a larva of the Sphinx kalmice, to which thirty-six cocoon were adher- ing. *************** Of the flies obtained from the Lilac-worm, four were males, whereby it appears that this sex differs from the females above described, in the following par¬ ticulars ; 1st, their color is lighter and more bright, being brilliant metallic green, when dried becoming blue green ; 2nd, their antenae are tarnished yellow, joints being cylindric and a third longer than thick, longer and not at all thickened toward the tips, their joints being cylindric and a third longer than thick, with the last joint egg-shaped, and but little longer than its predecessor ; 3rd, the abdomen is flattened oval and rounding at its tip, with a large translucent pale yellow spot near the base ; 4th, the legs are paler and pure yellow without any mixture of orange or tawny.” (Fitch, 1865, pages 225-227). Fitch gave a much better description of the species than did Walsh, but he was misled in regard to some of the structures ; by comparing the two descriptions one could hardly say that they disagree in essentials ; rather, the second supplements the first. Fitch reared the species from the cocoons of Apanteles congre- gatus (Walsh) when parasitic on Phelegethontius and also from some microgaster cocoons on the larva of Sphinx kalmice Smith and Abbot. Some years later, Riley (1881) 5 mentioned the rearing of this hyperparasite by Walsh from Apanteles militaris (Walsh) and called attention to the fact that Walsh’s viridescens and Fitch’s tabacum were the same6, referring to the species as Glyphe viri¬ descens Walsh and also recording it as a parasite of Apanteles con- gregatus (Say) when parasitic on Heliophila unipuncta Haworth. During the same year Thomas (1881) listed the species among the parasites of Heliophila unipuncta Haworth as being a second- 5) And see Packard (1861). 6) But later (Riley, 1883) he referred it doubtfully to Tridymus Ratzeburg. Girault, the Chalcid Genus Hypopteromalus. 41 ary parasite on Apanteles congregatus (Say), and quoted the orig¬ inal description of Walsh, omitting the first and last paragraphs. After Riley (1881), the species was listed separately under the names given it, placed in widely separated subfamilies and the error has been continued to the present day. As I have examined undoubted specimens of both Glyphe viridescens Walsh and Pteromalus tabacum Fitch, finding them identical and with single tibial spurs on the caudal tibiae, the species which we shall now call Hypo pteromalus viridescens (Walsh) belongs to the Pteromalidce and can have no relationship to Glyphe Walker ( —Gastrancistrus Westwood) or Tridymus Ratzeburg, both genera of the Miscognasteridce. But very little has been recorded concerning its habits and host relations since the time of Fitch; it was bred from micro- gaster cocoons by Morgan in Louisiana, (Riley and Howard 1892). Garman( 1897) first recorded it as a secondary parasite of Phlege- thontius sexta (Johannsen), its host being Apanteles congregatus (Say) ; Eintner (1898) as a primary parasite of Apanteles limeni- tidis (Riley) on Heliophila unipuncta Haworth ;Dimmock ( 1898) as a parasite of an Apanteles on Smerinthus and from Ampelo- phaga; and finally, Howard and Chittenden ( 1907) record it from Microplitis catalpce (Riley) when parasitic on Ceratomia catalpce Boisduval ; and I have bred it at Baltimore, Md., in 1904, from what appeared to be the cocoons of Apanteles smerinthi Riley on a willow leaf, as mentioned above; and recently it was reared in large numbers from the cocoons of Apanteles congregatus (Say), parasitic on the tobacco worm ( Phlegethontius sexta Johannsen), State Entomologist of Illinois ; the hosts were obtained at Urbana, Ill., August 17 and 28, 1908, and the parasites and hyperparasites emerged during the following September : From one of the host larvae were taken 327 cocoons of the Apanteles from which afterward emerged 244 Hypopteromalus viridescens , 23 Apanteles congregatus, and 24 Meso chorus. From a second host larva were taken 101 cocoons from which emerged in due course 12 adult Apanteles, 68 Mesochorus and 2$ , $9 of viridescens. From a third lot of m cocoons removed from a single host larva, there were obtained 7 Apanteles, 73 Mesochorus and but a single female of viridescens From a fourth lot of 248 cocoons emerged 123 Apanteles and 60 viridescens. And from a 42 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. fifth and last lot of 148 cocoons taken from a single host larva, there emerged 93 Apanteles, 15 Mesochorus, and 23 viridescens. Of the total number of 935 cocoons of Apanteles congregatus (Say), or of that number of larvse successfully coming to full growth on five host larvae, but about 258 or 27.5,%' survived to maturity. Other rearings of the species are as recorded in the foregoing. Habits of the Species The manner of emergence of this parasite from the cocoons of Apanteles congregatus (Say) is ably described by Fitch as follows : “And after these flies have left their cocoons, it is readily told by the appearance of each cocoon whether it is a Microgaster or a Ptero- malus fly which has come out from it. The Microgaster, by which all the cocoons are constructed, makes an opening- for its 'escape in a more neat and artistic manner than does its destroyer. ******** The enclosed fly then pressing- its head against the lid raises it up and crawls forth from its prison. Thus the evacuated cocoon has its end smoothly cut off with the severed portion usually adhering to* it. The Pteromalus fly, on the other hand, being a size srrtaller, is able to move about and can probably turn itself around inside the cocoon. And to make its escape, it gnaws a hole through the side near one the tribe Trichogram- matini ; the species are not catalogued here. The genus mentioned ia| based, on Paratrichogramma Cinderella new genus and species and is characterized by bearing but a single funicle joint; the antennae 5-jointed and otherwise as in Trichogramma; the venation is weak, the curved marginal vein shorter than the stigmal. The species Cinderella is dusky yellowish, the antennae and legs dusky or greyish black (proximal two tarsal joints, trochanters, knees and distal third of tibiae white); caudal wings colorless; fore wings sooty out to riddle of the marginal vein, then clear, its venation colorless excepting the brownish stigmal vein and distal, clavate end of the submarginal. The genus and special will be fully described later, in a more proper place The male is not known. ** One new name is proposed in this paper because of preoccupation. Girault, Trichogrammatidce. 83 Subfamily I. Chcetostrichince Girault. Submarginal vein of fore wing not reaching the costal wing margin but joining directly with the incurved proximal end of the marginal vein, the latter curved, the distal end of the sub¬ marginal, the marginal and stigmal veins forming a regular sigma or arch whose apex is at about the middle of the marginal vein, where it reaches the costa ; or the veins forming a regular bow at the marginal vein. Venation of fore wing curved. This subfamily includes the following genera : Chcetostricha Haliday, Brachista Haliday, Oligosita Haliday, Centrobia Foers- ter, Lathromeris Forester, Ophioneurus Ratzeburg, Prestwichia Lubbock, Ptery go gramma Perkins, Aphelinoidea Girault, Tumid- iclava Girault, Abbella Girault, Zaga Girault, Uscana Girault, Ufens Girault, I ttys Girault, Japania Girault, Tumidifemur Gir¬ ault, Uscanella Girault, Uscanoidea Girault and Brachistella Gir¬ ault. In order to facilitate recognition of the genera I have estab¬ lished the following tribes, none of which, however, appear to be natural groups. But I have reduced the value of the kind of discal ciliation to a generic basis. Antennal funicle present — Tribe I. Chcetostrichini. Genera : Brochista, Oligosita, Prestmichia, Chcetostricha, Cen¬ trobia. I ttys, Abbella, Japania and Brochistella. Antennal funicle absent — Tribe II. Lathromerini Genera : Lathromeris, Ophioneurus, Ptery go gramma, Aphel¬ inoidea, Tumidiclava, Zaga, Uscana, Uscanaoidea, Usca¬ nella and Tumidifemur. Table of the Genera of the Chcetostrichini. A. Ovipositor not exserted nor prominent, nor is its valves. B. Antennae 8-jointed. C. Antennae bearing’ two ring-joints, one funicle joint and a 3-jointed club. Fore wings broad, distad with long marginal cilia. Brachista Haliday (Type: Brachystira pungens Mayr). CC. Antennae bearing one ring joint, two funicle joints and a 3-jointed club. D. Fore wings with the discal ciliation normal. Fore wings moderate in width, the marginal cilia at apex moderately short ; adbomen conic-ovate ; pedicel of an¬ tennae larger than funicle ; stigmal vein nearly neckless. 84 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. Brachistella Girault (Type: Trichogramma acuminatum Ashmead). DD. Fore wings with the discal ciliation arranged, more or less, in longitudinal lines. E. Stigmal vein sessile or neckless ; no oblique line of discal ciliation leading back from stigmal vein. Discal ciliation of fore wing sparse, the marginal cilia long. Fore wings as in Oligosita ; antennae with the funicle joints wider than long. Abbella Girault (Type: A. sul>flava Girault). EE. Stigmal vein with a short but distinct neck ; an oblique line of discal cilia leading back from that vein. F. Marginal Vein of fore wing long, over twice the length of the comparatively long stigmal vein. Antennae long, distinctly segmented ; ciliation of fore wings comparatively coarse ; dense discally, those of the margin short ; body large, robust, the abdomen conic-ovate. Fore wings regularly rounded at apex. Funicle joints of antennae longer than wide. Ittys Girault (Typ'e: Trichogramma ceresarum Ashmead). FF. Marginal vein of fore wings short, only slightly longer than the stigmal vein. G. Antennae with the funicle apparently twisted and indistinctly divided obliquely, much larger than the pedicel ; male antennae with one more joint, differing in shape, cylindrical and clothed with long hairs ; abdomen short, stout, obliquely truncate at apex. Fore wings short and broad, oblately rounded at apex, the discal ciliation bearing some peculiarly distinct lin'es ; marginal ciliation of the fore wing very short ; neck of stigmal vein not slender. Ufens Girault (Type: Trichogramma nigrum Ashmead). GG. Antennae with the funicle normal and shorter than the pedicel ; male antennaee not differing in shape ; abdomen longer than the thorax, conic-ovate ; acute at apex ; fore wings slender, without some of the lin'es of discal ciliation peculiarly distinct ; convexly rounded at apex, the marginal ciliation moderately short neck of stigmal vein slender. Japania Girault (Type: J. ovi Girault). Girault, Trichogrammatidce. 85 BB. Antennae 7-jointed ; discal ciliation of the fore wing sparse and more normal than otherwise. Fore wings slender, with long marginal cilia, the marginal vein long ; ant'ennae with one f unicle joint and one ring joint, slender, distinctly segmented ; stigmal vein subsessile ; abdomen long, conic-ovate. Oligosita Haliday (Type : 0. collina Haliday) . BBB. Antennae 6-jointed ; ’ discal ciliation of the fore wing dense and arranged in Regular longitudinal lines. Fore wings noticeably broad, with short, close-set marginal and discal ciliation. Abdomen conical, larger than the thorax. Ant'ennae without a ring-joint, the club 3-jointed, not especially stout or enlarged, the funicle one-jointed, stout. Chaetostricha Haliday (Type: C. dimidiata Haliday). AA. Either the ovipositor or its valves is distinctly exserted or else long and prominent. B. Antennae 7-jointed, Ovipositor long, enclosed to its tips within the long and tubular terminal segment of the abdomen which is nearly a third of the latter’s length ; legs long and slender ; abdomen long and jointed. Antennae bearing a minute, ovate ring-joint, one funicle joint and a 3-jointed club ; wings moder¬ ately narrow, with long marginal cilia. Prestwichia Lubbock (Type: P. aquatica Lubbock). BB. Antennae 6-jointed. Ovipositor nakedly exserted and long ; ant'ennae without a ring-joint, the club 3-jointed, not enlarged, the funicle 1-jointed. Centrobia Foerster (Type : Tricho - gramma walkeri Foerster). The males of Abbella, I ttys, Japania, Oligosita, Chwtostricha, Centrobia and Prestwichia are essentially the same as the females ; but in Ufens, the male antennae are cylindrical and 9-jointed, the club terminating in a small fourth joint ; the males of Brachista and Brachistella are unknown. Table of the Genera of the Lathromerini. A. Antennal club mor’e than 2-jointed. B. Ovipositor or the valves exserted, not always to a great length, but distinctly so. C. Antennae 9-jointed, without a ring-joint, the club 7-jointed, stout. Fore wings moderately broad, the marginal vein moderate in length, apparently curved; stigmal vein, curved, distinct, with a neck. Ovipositor much exserted. Ophioneurus Ratzeburg (Type: 0. signatus Ratzeburg). 86 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. CC. Antennae 6-jointed, bearing a single, hidden, minute ring-joint and a conic-ovate 3-jointed club ; marginal vein of fore wing long, straight, subequal to the submarginal vein, the stigmal vein subsessilte ; ciliation sparse, regular, the marginal cilia very short. Valves of ovipositor plainly but shortly exserted. Normal. Pterygogramma Perkins (Type : P. acuminata Perkins) . BB. Ovipositor not exserted. C. Antennae 7-jointed. D. Antennae bearing one minute ring-joint ; the club 4-jointed, slightly enlarged. Fore wings with the marginal vein moderately long, the marginal ciliation short, the discal ciliation rather dense and in more or less regular lines. Lathromeris Foerster (Type: L. scutellaris Fo'erster). DD. Antennae bearing two minute ring-joints, the club 3-jointed, conspicuously enlarged, the antennae capitate. Discal ciliation of forte wing not so dense and more or less irregular or normal. Tumidiclava Girault (Type: T. pulchrinotum Girault). CC. Antennae 6-jointed. D. Discal ciliation of thte fore wing dense, but arranged in regular lines ; no oblique hairless line. E. Antennae with a ring-joint, the club 3-jointed; body short and stout, the abdomen blunt, not any longer than the thorax and head taken together ; marginal vein of f orte wing* not clavate. Uscana Girault (Type: V. semifumi- pennis Girault). EE. Antennae without a ring-joint, the club 4-jointed ; body long and slender, the abdomen pointed, conic-ovatte, longer than the head and thorax together; marginal vein of the fore wing clavate. Zaga Girault (Type : Z. latipennis Girault). j DD. Diseal ciliation of fore wing dense and normal, not arranged in regular lines. An oblique hairless line as in Aphelinus Dalman. Antennae with one ring-joint, the club 3-jointed ; abdomen short obtusely conical ; marginal vein of fore wing long. Tumidifemur Girault (Type: T. puloh- rum Girault). Girault, Trichogrammatidw. 87 AA. Antennal club 2-jointed. B. Discal ciliation of the fore wing- arranged in regular lines. C. Antennae 6-ointed, jbearing two ring-joints ; . marginal cilia of fore wings moderately long; discal ciliation sparse, the oblique lin'e absent ; abdomen short, blunt. Uscanella Girault (Type: U. bi-dolor Girault). CC. Antennae 4-jointed, without ring-joints ; marginal cilia of fore wings moderately short; the oblique line of discal cilia¬ tion present; abdomen conic-ovate, as long as the head and thorax combined. Uscanoidea Girault Type : U. nigriventris Girault) . BB. Discal ciliation of fore wing normal and dense. Antennae 5-jointed, bearing a single ring-joint, the club cylindrical ; stigmal vein very short. Aphelinoidea Girault (Type: A. semifumipennis Girault). The males of Ophioneurns, Aphelinoidea, Tumidiclava, Tumi- difemur, Uscanella and Zaga are unknown; those of Lathromeris, Use ana and Uscanoidea are practically like the females; likewise the male of Pterygogra'i’nma which differs from the female notice¬ ably only in the shape of the abdomen. Subfamily II. Trichogrammatince Girault. This subfamily includes the following: Trichograma West- wood, Calleptiles Haliday, Poropcea Foerster, Asynacta Foerster, Neotricho gramma Girault, Trichogrammatoidea Girault and Trichogrammatella Girault. For convenience it may be subdivided into the following tribes, the division based on what appears to be natural evolution of the venation. Arch formed by the venation of the fore wing (Marginal vein mostly is bow or crescent shaped, a gradual convexity, less pronounced — Tribe I. Trichogrammatini. Genera: Trichogramma Westwood, Calleptiles Westwood, Tricho¬ grammatoidea Girault, Trichogrammatella Girault and Neotricho gramma Girault. Arch formed by the venation of the fore wing (marginal vein mostly) is () shaped or sigmoid, pronounced, the marginal vein touching the costa only at its extreme apex. — Tribe II. Poropceini. Genera : Poropcea Foerster and Asynacta Foerster. 88 Bulletin Wisconsin 'Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. Table of the Genera of Trichogrammatini. A. Antennal club solid, comprising but a single joint ; antennae 6-jointed, the funicle 2-jointed*. B. Ovipositor not exserted, merely attaining to the end of the abdomen, the latter blunt. C. Fore wings relatively broader, the discal and marginal cilia- tion short ; antennal funicle without minute bladder-like appendages ; male antennae not distinctly segmented, appar¬ ently 4-jointed, the distal joint long, a funicle-club, and nodular. Trichogramma Westwood (Type: T. evanescens Westwood) . CC. Fore wings relatively narrower, the marginal ciliation distad moderately long; antennal funicle with minute bladder-like appendages ; male antennae distinctly 8-jointed. Tricho- grammatoidea Girault (Type: Chcetostriclha ncma Zehntner). BB. Ovipositor plainly exserted, but not for a great length ; abdomten more or less acutely pointed. Like Trichogramma Westwood. Neotrichogramma Girault (Type: Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead) . AA. Antennal club 3 to 5-jointed ; antennae 8-jointed ; the funicle sometimes abs'ent. B. Antennal club 3-jointed, the funicle 2-jointed ; abdomen sub- cylindrical, thorax long. (Male) Calleptiles Haliday (Type: C. latipennis Haliday). BB. Antennal club 5-jointed, the funicle absent ; abdomen with parallel sides and blunt apex; intermediate tibial spurs long and slender; posterior wings short. Trichogrammatella Girault (Type: T. tristis Girault). The males of Trichogramma and N eotricho gramma differ from the females in antennal structure, the funicle not being- dif¬ ferentiated from the club ; the males of T richo grammatoidea bear 8-jointed antennae; those of Trichogrammatella are practically identical with the females. Table of the Genera of the Poropceini. A. Ovipositor exserted, long* Antennae 7-jointed, clavate, without a ring-joint, the funicle 2-jointed, the club 3-jointed. Fore wings moderately broad, their marginal cilia moderately short. Submarginal veins much longer than the stigmal or marginal veins. Pedicel of antennae shorter * Funicle 1- jointed — Paratrichogramma Cinderella; see introductory. Girault, TrichogrammaticUr. 89 than the first funicle joint. Discal ciliation of the fore wing arranged in regular lines. Poropcea Foerster Type: ( P . stoll- toerckii Foerster). AA. Ovipositor not exserted. Antennae 9-jointed, with 2 ring-joints, th'e club 3-jointed ; fore wings broad with short marginal cilia. Discal ciliation of the fore wing dense, normal. Asynacta Foerster (Type: Eulophus exiquus Nels). The male antennae of Poropcea are slenderer than those of the female but otherwise similar ; the male of Asynacta is not known. synonymic and revised CATALOGUE oE the Tricho grammatidce . The following catalogue does not include every citation for genus and species, but just the principal nomenclatorial facts for each genus and species and for the family. Family Trichogrammatidce Foerster. Eulophidce (postition uncertain) Haliday, 1833. Eulophidce (partim) Ne'es ab Esenbeck, 1834. Encyrtidce (partim) Westwood, 1840. Unnamed tribe Haliday, 1843. Eulophidce (partim) Walker, 1846. Tricho grammini (tribus) Haliday, in Walker, 1851. Trichogrammatoidcp (family) Foerster, 1856. Tricho gramminen, Reinhard, 1858 ; Kirchner, 1867 ; Walker, 1851 ; Dours, 1874. Tricho grammina (tribus) Thomson, 1878. Tricho grammince (subfamily) Howard, 1885a; 1886 ; Cresson, 1887. Tricho grammidce (family) Ashm'ead, 1896. Tricho grammatince Aurivillius, 1897 ; De Dalla Torre, 1898 ; Howard, 1898a. Tricho grammidce Ashmead, 1904a; Perkins, 1906&. Tricho grammince Schmiedeknecht, 1907 ; 1909. Tricho grammatidce Girault, 1911a. The subfamilies proposed by Ashmead (1904a), after much con¬ sideration, have been rejected as being less natural than the following arrangement. subfamily i. Chcetostrichince girault. Tribe I. Clicetostrichina Girault. Genus Brachista Haliday, 1851. Brachista Walker — Foerster, 1856. Brachysticha Foerster, 1856. Brachysticha Foerster — Ashmead, 1894. 90 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. Brachista Haliday — Aurivillius, 1897. Brachista Haliday — Ashm'ead, 1904a. Brachystira Foerster — Mayr, 1904. (Nomen lapsus for Brachysticha) . Brachista Walker — Schmiedeknecht, 1909. Really no synonymns. Genus without a species until 1904. 1. Brachista pungens (Mayr). Brachystira pungens Mayr, 1904, pp. 590-592, Genus Brachistella Girault, 1911. 1. Brachystella acuminata (Ashmead). Trichogramma acuminatum Ashmead, 1888, p. 107. * t Brachysticha acuminata (Ashmead), 1894-1895, p. 172. Brachista acuminata (Ashmead) — Schmiedeknecht 1909, p. 482. Abbella acuminata (Ashmead) — Girault, 1911&. pp. 77-82. Genus Abbellai Girault, 1911. 1. Abbella subflava Girault. Abbella subflava Girault, 1911a, pp. 11-13; pi. I, figs. 4-5. 2. Abbella nympha Girault. Abbella nympha Girault, 1911e, pp. 197-198. Genus Ittys Girault. 1. Ittys ceresarum (Ashmead). Trichogramma ceresarum Ashmead, 1888, p. 107. Ittys ceresarum (Ashmead) — Girault, 1911a, pp. 25-30; pi. I, figs. 8 and 9. Genus Ufens Girault, 1911. 1. Ufens niger (Ashmead). Trichogramma nigrum Ashmead, 1888, p. 107. Ufens niger (Ashmead) — Girault, 1911a, pp. 32-38, pi. I, fig. 10. 2. Ufens luna Girault. Ufens luna Girault, 191le, pp. 198-199. Genus Japan ia Girault, 1911. 1. Japania ovi Girault. Japania ovi Girault, 1911&, pp. 44-45. Genus Oligosita Haliday, 1851. W estwoodella Ashmead, 1904a. 1. Oligosita collina Haliday. Oligosita collina Haliday, 1851, p. 212. 2. Oligosita subfasciata Westwood. Oligosita subfasciata Westwood, 1879, pp. 591, 593 ; pi. 73r figs. 14-19. W estwoodella subfasciata (Westwood) — Ashmead, 1904a, p. 359. 3. Oligosita staniforthii Westwood. Oligosita staniforthii Westwood, 1879, p. 591 ; pi. 73, figs. 20, 21.. Girault, Trichogrammatidce. 91 4. ? Oligosita nodicornis Westwood. Oligosita ? nodicornis Westwood, 1879; p. 592; pi. 73, fig. 22. 5. Oligosita americana Ashmead (Girault). Oligosita americana Ashmead — Girault, 1909, pp. 106-110. 6. Oligosita hilaris (Perkins). Westwoodella hilaris Perkins, 1911, pp. 658-659, text fig. 7. Oligosita sanguinea (Girault). Oligosita sanguinea Girault, 19116, pp. 58-63, fig. 1. Westwoodella clarimaculosa Girault, ib., p. 67. 7a. Westwoodella sanguinea clarimaculosa Girault, 1911#, p. 126. 8. Oligosita subfasciatipennis (Girault). Westwoodella subfasciatipennis Girault, 19116, pp. 63-66. 9. Oligosita comosipennis (Girault). Westwoodella comosipennis Girault, 19116, pp. 66-67 Genus Chaetostricha Haliday. Chaetostricha Walker — Foerster, 1856, pp. 86, 89. Chaetostrinx Foerster, ib., p. 89. Lathromeris Foerster — Aurivillius, 1897. Paracentrobia Howard, 1896, p. 178. Only one true synonym. 1. Chaetostricha dimidiata Haliday. Chaetostricha dimidiata Haliday, 1851, pp. 211-212. 2. Chaetostricha punctata (Howard). Paracentrobia punctata Howard, 1896, p. 178. 3. Chaetostricha flavipes (Girault). Paracentrobia flavipes Girault, 1905, pp. 287-288. Chaetostricha flavipes (Girault), 19116, pp. 75-77, figs. 2-3. Genus Prestwichia Lubbock, 1864. 1. Prestwichia aquatica Lubbock. Prestwichia aquatica Lubbock, 1864, pp. 140-141. Prestwichia aquatica Lubbock — Girault, 1911d, pp. 209-210. Genus Centrobia Foerster. Trichogramma Westwood — Foerster, 1851, pp. 26-28. Calleptiles Haliday — Foerster, 1856, p. 89. Really no synonyms. 1. Centrobia walkeri (Foerster). Trichogramma walkeri, Foerster, 1851, pp. 26-28 and footnote to p. 27 ; tab. I, fig. 9, a, b, c. Calleptiles walkeri (Foerster), 1856, p. 89. Centrobia walkeri (Foerster), ib., p. 87. Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. Centrobia odonatae Ashmead. Centrobia odonatae Ashmead, 1900a, pp.616-617. Centrobia odonatae Ashm'ead — Girault, 19116, pp. 74-75. Tribe II. Lathromerini. Genus Ophioneurus Ratzeburg. Poropaea Foerster, 1856. Chcetostricha Haliday — Reinhard, 1858, pp. 16-17. Chcetostricha Walker — Kirchner, 1867, p. 187. Really no synonyms. Ophioneurus signatus Ratzeburg. Ophioneurus signatus Ratzeburg, 1852, p. 192, text figs. Poropaea signata (Ratzeburg) — Foerster, 1856, p. 88. Chcetostricha signata (Ratzeburg) — Reinhard, 1858, pp. 16-17. Genus Pterygo gramma Perkins, 1906. Pterygogramma acuminatum Perkins. Pterygogramma acuminata Perkins, 19066, p. 265. Genus Lathromeris Foerster, 1856. Ophioneurus Ratzeburg — Reinhard, 1858, p. 323. Chcetostricha Walker — Kirchner, 1867, p. 187. Chcetostricha Haliday — Aurivillius, 1897. Brachysticha Foerster — Ashmead, 1894-1895, pp. 171-172. Really no synonyms. Lathromeris scutellaris Foerster. Lathromeris scutellaris Foerster, 1856, p. 89. Chcetostricha scutellaris Foerster — He Dalla Torre, 1898, p. 4. Lathromeris fidiae (Ashmead). Brachysticha fidice Ashmead, 1894-1895, pp. 171-172. Brachysta fidice (Ashmead) — Girault, 1907d, p. 29. Lathromeris fidice (Ashmead) — Johnson and Hammer, 1910, pp. 51, 56-57, fig. 27. Lathromeris fidice (Ashmead) — Girault, 19116, pp. 62-71. Lathromeris cicadae Howard. Lathromeris cicadce Howard, 18986, pp. 102-103. Lathromeris cicadce Howard — Girault, 19116, pp. 71-74. Genus Tumidiclava Girault, 1911. Tumidiclava pulchrinotum Girault. Tumidiclava pulchrinotum Girault, 1911a, pp. 8-9 ; pi. I, fig. 3. Genus Uscana Girault, 1911. Uscana semifumipennis Girault. Uscana semifumipennis Girault, 1911a, pp. 23-25. Genus Zaga Girault, 1911. Zaga latipennis Girault. Zaga latipennis Girault, 1911a, pp. 31-32. Girault, Trichogrammatida ?. 93 Genus Tumidifemur Girault, 1911. 1. Tumidifemur pulchrum Girault. Tumidifemur pulchrum Girault, 1911#, p. 125. Genus Uscanella Girault, 1911. 1. Uscanella bicolor Girault. Uscanella bicolor Girault, 1911^, p. 129. Genus Uscanoidea Girault, 1911. '!• Uscanoidea nigriventris Girault. Uscanoidea nigiventris Girault, 1911^, pp. 130-131. Genus Aphelinoidea Girault, 1911. 1. Aphelinoidea semifuscipennis Girault. Aphelinoidea semifuscipennis Girault, 1911a, pp. d-f; pi. 7, figs. 1-2. subfamily ii. Trichogrammatince gibault (nec ashmead). Tribe I. Trichogrammatini *. Genus Trichogramma Westwood. Calleptiles Haliday — Westwood, 1840, Synopsis, p. 73. Trichogramma (Aprobosca) Westwood, 1879, pp. 592-593; pi 73, figs. 24, 25. Aprobosca Westwood — Ashmead, 1904a, pp. 360, 36l and 366. Pentarthron Riley — Packard, 1872, p. 8 ; Riley, 1881, pp. 68-69. Pentarthron Riley (nec Wollaston), 1879, pp. 161-162. Oophthora Aurivillius, 1897. Xanthoatomus Ashmead, 1904a, pp. xi, 360 (Nomen nudum). Real synonyms: .Pentarthron Riley, Oophthora Aurivillius. 1. Trichogramma evanescens Westwood. Trichogramma evanescens Westwood, 1833, p. 444, figs. 8 and 9 (p. 443). 2. Trichogramma minutum Riley. Encyrtus sp., Peck, 1799. /m Trichogramma ? minuta Riley, 1871, pp. 157-158, fig. 72. Pentarthron minutum (Riley) — Packard, 1872, p. 8. Pentarthron minuta (Riley), 1879, pp. 161-162. Trichogramma pretiosa Riley, ib. Trichogramma minutissimu Packard, 1883, pp. 37-38. Trichogramma odontotw Howard, 1885&, p. 117. Trichogramma intermedium Howard, 1889a, pp. 1894-1895 ; pi. 89, fig. 8. * Including Paratrichogramma Cinderella Girault. See antea. 94 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. Oophthora minutum (Riley) — Aurivillius, 1897. Xanthoatomus albipes Ashmead, 1904a, pp. xi, 360 (Nomen nud). Pentarthron minutum (Riley) — Girault, 1910, p. 275. 2a. Trichogramma minutum nigrum Girault. Trichogramma pretiosa nigra Girault, 1906a, p. 82. 3. Trichogramma erosicorne Westwood. Trichogramma (Aprobosca) erosicornis Westwood, 187 — , pp. 592-593; pi. 73, figs. 24-25. Aprobosca erosicornis (Westwood) — Ashmead, 1904a, pp. 361, 366. As stated elsewhere the position of this species is not known and it is placed here provisionally. 4. Trichogramma semblidis (Aurivillius). Oophthora semblidis Aurivillius, 1897, pp. 253-254; tafel 5, figs. 1-3, 3a and 4-10. Pentarthron carpocapsce Ashmead — Schreiher, 1907, pp. 218 220, text-fig. Pentarthron semblidis Aurivillius — Girault, 19115, pp. 48-50. Pentarthron carpocapsce Schreiner- — Masi, 1909. 5. Trichogramma brasiliense (Ashmead). Pentarthron* brasiliensis Ashmead, 1904a, p. 521. Pentarthron brasiliense Ashmead — Girault, 19115, p. 52. 6. Trichogramma helocharae Perkins. Trichogramma helocharce Perkins, 1907. 7. Trichogramma semifumatum (Perkins). Pentarthron semifumatum Perkins, 1910, p. 659, text-fig Pentarthron semifumatum Perkins — Girault, 19115, pp. 50-51. 8. Trichogramma perkinsi Girault. Pentarthron flavum Perkins, 1910, p. 660, text-fig. Trichogramma perkinsi Girault (nomen novum — piV.occ. by “Trichogramma flavus” Ashmead). 9. Trichogramma euproctidis (Girault). Pentarthron euproctidis Girault, 19115, pp. 46-48. 10. Trichogramma retorridurrt (Girault). Pentarthron retorridum Girault, 19115, pp. 52-55. Genus Trichogrammatoidea Girault, 1911. 1. Trichogrammatoidea nana (Zehntner). Chcetostricha nana Zehntner, 1896, pp. 14-16; pi. I, figs. 9-11. Trichogrammatoidea nana (Zehntner) — Girault, 1911a, pp. 15- 19 ; pi. I, figs. 6-7. Girault, Trichogrammatidw. 95 Trichogrammatoidea lutea brirault. Trichogrammatoidea lutea Girault, 1911a, pp. 19-22. Genus Neotrichogramma Girault, 1911, Neotrichogramma japonicum (Ashmead). Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead, 1904&, 165. N eotricho gramma acMtiventre Girault, 1911a, pp. 38-41 ; pi. I, figs. 11-13. N eotricho gramma japonicum (Ashmead) — Girault, 1911c, pp. 192-194. Genus Galleptiles Haliday. Microma Curtis, (partim), 1831, No. 595. Pteroptrix Westwood — Walker, 1839a; 1846. Trichogramma Wetswood — Editor, 1833. — Walker, 1839a. — Haliday, 1842. — Foerster, 1856. — Schmiedeknecht, 1907, p. 490. E'eally no synonymns. Galleptiles latipennis Haliday. Microma latipennis Curtis, 1831, No. 595. (nom. nud). Galleptiles latipennis Haliday, 1833, p. 341. Trichogramma evanescens Westwood — Editor, 1833, p. 341. — Haliday, 1843, pi. k, figs. 4, 4a — 4d. — Walker, 1846. — New¬ man, 1871, pp. 357-358.— Walker, 1872.— Id., 1873. Pteroptrix evanescens (Westwood) — Walker, 1849a. Galleptiles latipennis Haliday — Westwood, 1879. Calleptiles carina (Walker). Trichogramma carina Walker, 1843, p. 104. Trichogramma carina Walker — De Dalla Torre, 1898, p. 2. Calleptiles vitripennis (Walker). Trichogramma vitripennis Walker, 1851, p. 212. Trichogramma vitripennis Walker — Westwood, 1879, p. 589. Trichogramma vitripenne — De Dalla Torre, 1898, p. 3. Genus Trichogrammatella Girault, 1911. Trichogrammatella tristis Girault. Trichogrammatella tristis Girault, 1911.C, pp. 126-128. Tribe II. Poropeeini. Genus Poropoea Foerster. Ophioneurus Eatzeburg (partim), 1852, pp. 196-197, fig; p. 248. Ophioneurus Thomson — Aurivillius, 1897, p. 251, footnote. Trichogramma Westwood — Eeinhard, 1858, p. 16. Eeally no synonyms. 96 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. 1. Poropcea stollwerckii Foerster. Poropcea stollwerckii Foerster, 1851, pp. 29-30; tab. I, figs. 10, a-e. Ophioneurus simplex Ratzeburg, 1852, p. 197, text-fig. p. 248. Trichogramma simplex (Ratzeburg) — Reinhard, 1858, p. 16. Poropcea stollwerckii Foerster — Ashmead,, 1904a, pp. 360, 361. 2. Poropcea grandis (Thomson). Ophioneurus grandis Thomson, 1878, p. 299. Poropoca grandis (Thomson) — Aurivillius, 1897, p. 251, footnote. Chcetostricha grandis (Thomson) — De Dalla Torre, 1898, p. 4. 3. Poropcea attelaborum Girault. Poropcea attelaborum Girault, 1911&, pp. 68-69. Genus Asynacta Foerster. 1- Asynacta exiqua (Nees). Eulophus exiquus Nees ab Esenbeck, 1834, pp. 183-184. Asynacta exiqua (Nees) — Mayr, 1904, pp. 589-590. IV. LIST OF THE SPECIES DESCRIBED TO NAMES AS NEW AND referred to the Family Trichogrammatidce. The following list is arranged chronologically : 1. Microma latipennis Curtis, 1831. — Nomen nudum, intended for Calleptiles. 2. Trichogramma eranescens Westwood, 1833. 3. Calleptiles latipennis Haliday, 1833. 4. Trichogramma carina Walker, 1843. (= Calleptiles Haliday). 5. Trichogramma vitripennis Walker, 1851. (= Calleptiles Haliday). 6. Chcetostridha dimidiata Haliday, 1851. 7. Oligosita collina Haliday, 1851. 8. Trichogramma walkeri Foerster, 1851. (Type of Centrobia Foerster) . 9. Poropcea stollwerckii Foerster, 1851. 10. Ophioneurus simplex Ratzeburg, 1852. (= Poropoca stollwerckii Fo'erster) . 11. Ophioneurus signata Ratzeburg, 1852. 12. Lathromeris scutellaris' Foerster,. 1856. 13. Trichogramma fraterna Fitch, 1856. (Belongs to the Eulophidce) . 14. Trichogramma orgyice Fitch, 1856. (Belongs to the Eulophidce) . 15. Prestwichia aquatica Lubbock, 1864. 16. Trichogramma minuta Riley, 1871. 17. Ophioneurus grandis Thomson, 1878. (= Poropcea Foerster). 18. Trichogramma pretiosa Riley. (~T. minutum Riley). 19. Oligosita subfasciata Westwood, 1879. Girault , Trichogrammatidce. 97 20. Oiigosita nodicornis Westwood, 1879. 21. Oiigosita staniforthii Westwood, 1879. 22. Trichogramma (Aprobosca) erosicornis Westwood, 1879. (=Trich- ogramma Westwood). 23. Trichogramma flavus Ashmead, 1881. (An unknown Aphelininc) . 24. Trichogramma minutissimum Packard, 1883. ( = T. minutum Riley). 25. Trichogramma odontotce Howard, 1885. (?=T. minutum Riley). 26. Trichogramma intermedium Howard, 1889. (= T. minutum Riley) . 27. Trichogramma nigrum Ashm'ead, 1889. (Type of Ufens Girault). 28. Trichogramma acuminatum Ashmead, 1889. (Type of Brachistella Girault) . 29. Trichogramma ceresarum Ashmead, 1889. (Type oilttys Girault). 30. Brachysticiha fidice Ashmead, 1894-1895. ( = Lathromeris) . 31. Oophthora semblidis Aurivillius, 1897. ( = Trichogramma West- wood). 32. Lathromeris cicada Howard, 1898. 33. Paracentrobia punctata Howard, 1898. (= Chcetostricha Haliday) . 34. Chcetostricha nana Zehntner, 1898. (Type of Trichogrammatoidea Girault) . 35. Centrobia odonatce Ashmead, 1900. 36. Brachista pallida Ashmead, 1900. ( = Brachistella acuminata Ashmead). 37. Kanthoatomus albipes Ashmead, 1904, (Nomen nudum, intended for Trichogramma minutum Riley). 38. Synacta exiqua (Nees) Mayr, 1904. ( — Eulophus exiquus Nees). 39. Brachystira pungens Mayr, 1904. (Type of Brachista Haliday). 40. Trichogramma japonicus Ashm'ead, 1904. (Type of Neotricho * gramma Girault). 41. Pentarthron brasiliensis Ashmead, 1904. ( Trichogramma West* wood) . 42. Paracentrobia flavipes Girault, 1905. ( = Cheetostricha Haliday) t 43. Pterygogramma acuminata Perkins, 1906. 44. Trichogramma helocharce Perkins, 1907. 45. Pentarthron carpocapsce Ashmead — Schreiner, 1907. ( — Tricho¬ gramma semblidis Aurivillius). 46. Oiigosita americana Ashmead — Girault, 1909. 47. Pentarthron semifumatum Perkins, 1910. ( = Trichogramma Westwood) . 48. Pentarthron flavum Perkins, 1910. ( = Trichogramma Westwood; Perkinsi Girault, new name). 49. Westwoodella hilaris Perkins, 1910. ( = Oiigosita Haliday). 98 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. 50. Aphelinoidea semifumipennis Girault, 1911. 51. Tumidiclava pulchrinotum Girault, 1911. 52. Abbella subflava Girault, 1911. 53. Trichogrammatoidea lutea Girault, 1911. 54. Uscana semif umipennis Girault, 1911. 55. Zaga latipennis, 1911. 56. Neotricho gramma acutiventre Girault, 1911. ( = Triohogramma japonicum Ashmead). 57. Japania ovi Girault, 1911. 58. Pentarthron euproctidis Girault. {Tricho gramma) . 59. Pentarthron retorridum Girault, 1911 ( = Tricho gramma). 60. Westwoodella sanguinea Girault, 1911 ( = Oligosita) . 61. Westwoodella subfasciatipennis Girault, 1911 ( = Oligosita) . 62. Westwoodella comosipe nnis Girault, 1911 { = Oligosita) . 63. Westwoodella clarimaeulosa Girault, 1911 ( = Oligosita sanguinea Girault) . 64. Poropeea attelaborum Girault, 1911. 65. Abbella nympha Girault, 1911. 66. Ufens luna Girault, 1911. 67. Tumidifemur pulchrum Girault, 1911. 68. Tricho grammatella tristis Girault, 1911. 69. Uscanella bicolor Girault, 1911. 70. Uscanoidea nigriventris Girault, 1911. ^ Of this list of seventy specific names, all 2re valid so far as known excepting fourteen: the numbers i, io, 13, 14, 18, 23, 24, 25, 26, 36, 37, 45, 56 and 63. These numbers arc eitiier nomina nuda (1 and 37), extralimital (13, 14, 23) or else synonyms. The number 63 is a varietal name*. Of the fifty-six names supposedly valid, the representatives of at least a dozen or more have never Teen recognized since their original description and consequently, through inadequate description, may be lost. These numbers are 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 17, 20, 21 and 22. A new name, Tricho gramma perkinsi, is proposed above for Pentarthron davum Perkins. The numbers 44 and 48 should be compared with Tricho gramma minutum Riley. V. LIST OF SPECIFIC NAMES PROBABLY REFERABLE TO THE Tricho- grammatidw but which were placed in other groups. 1. (Myina) Pteromalus atomos Fonscolombe, 1832. Vi. LIST OF THE GENERIC names USED in THE Tricho grammatidw. • The variety Trichogramma minutum nigrum Girault is omitted in. the list as is also Paratrichogramma. Girault, Trichogrammatidce. 09 The following list is arranged chronologically ana does not include names erroneously applied to species of the family (of these Microma, Eulophus, Encyrtus and Pteroptrix are the only ones ; Myina and Pteromalus may be doubtfully included). 1. Trichogramma Westwood, 1833. 2. Calleptiles Haliday, 1833. 3. Poropcea Foerster, 1851. 4. Chcetostricha Haliday, 1851. 5. Brachista Haliday, 1851. 6. Oligosita Haliday, 1851. 7. Ophioneurus Ratzeburg, 1852. 8. Latliromeris Foerster, 1856. 9. Centrobia Foerster, 1856. 10. Asynacta Foerster, 1856. 11. Chcetosricha Walker — Foerster, 1856 (intended for Chcetostricha Haliday) . 12. Chcetostrinx Walker — Foerster, 1856 (intended for Chcetostricha Haliday) . 13. Brachysticha Walker — Foerster, 1856 (intended for Brachista Haliday) . 14. Prestwichia Lnbbock, 1864. 15. Pentarthron Riley — Packard, 1872 { = Trichogramma Westwood). 16. Aprobosca Westwood, 1879 (of doubtful validity and now treated as a synonymn of Trichogramma Westwood). 17. Pentarthrum Riley, 1879 (nec Wollaston) (intended for Pentar thron Riley). 18. Oophthora Aurivillius, 1897 ( = Trichogramma Westwood). 19. Brachysticha Haliday — Webster, 1896 (intended for Brachysticha Walker) . 20. Paracentrobia Howard, 1898 ( = Chcetostricha Haliday). 21. Brachystira Foerster — Mayr, 1904 (intended for Brachisticha Walker) . 22. Westwoodella Ashmead, 1904 (= Oligosita Haliday). 23. Xanthoatomus Ashmead, 1904 ( = Trichograpima Westwood ; a nomen nudum). 24. Pterygogramma Perkins, 1906. 25. Aphelinoidea Girault, 1911. 26. Tumidiclava Girault, 1911. 27. Abbella Girault, 1911. 28. Trichogrammatoidea Girault, 1911. 29. TJscana Girault, 1911. 30. Tttys Girault, 1911. 100 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. 31. Zaga Girault, 1911. 32. Ufens Girault, 1911. 33. Neotricho gramma Girault, 1911. 34. Japania Girault, 1911. 35. Tumidifemur Girault, 1911. 36. Trichogrammatella Girault, 1911. 37. Uscanella Girault, 1911. 38. Uscanoidea> Girault, 1911. 39. Brachistella Girault, 1911.* Of the above names, all are valid excepting the numbers uy 12, 13, 15, 16, 1 7, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23, leaving twenty-seven in all. The twelve nonvalidies are either synonyms (15, 19, 20, 22, 23) emendations of original names (11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 21) or of uncertain position ( 16). Of the valid names, only those of 2, 4 and 7 may fall because of possible non-recognition of their repre¬ sentatives. Of the synonymns, only 16 and 20 may prove to be distinct and valid. Paratric ho gramma is not included in the above nor are the other two Australian genera, as yet without names. Brisbane, Australia, February 1, 1912. And see the next paragraph. Burrill, Bird Migration. 101 t ANON THE REASONS FOR BIRD MIGRATION: A FAVORITE FOOD THEORY. By A. C. Burrill. For many years the various attempts to explain the migration of North American birds has interested the writer, although no one seems to have arrived at a conclusion which all will accept. The theory of avoidance of extreme cold has been overturned by the fact that certain birds who have been proved to resist cold equal to the winter extremes, go south long before such cold weather arrives ; the theory that the bird’s food suppiy is running short has been overturned by proof that the birds leave their northern nesting grounds before the actual food supply is any¬ where near exhausted ; the theory that the birds seek the North for nesting purposes in order to avoid tropical enemies has been partly exploded by the presence of bird-destroying enemies in the North and the fact that many birds linger in the Northern regions months after breeding is over ; and the theory of migration routes and instincts inherited from their time of origin during the Glacial Period is most seriously combatted by comparative psychologists — <■ who claim that a habit fails to persist for milleniums after the Original stimulus, viz., glacial conditions, is inoperative. An unprofessional opinion is that the reason of bird migra¬ tion has something to do with the food question together with the widespread habit throughout the animal kingdom of an inquisitive desire to wander or explore (Prof. N. S. Shaler, 1906, “Explora¬ tion,” Atlantic Monthly v. 9 7, No. 2 for Feb. pp. 145-156). In 1909, the writer suggested the need of studying bird phe¬ nomena connected with the flocking habit, especially flocking before migration (“Swallow Migration, 1909”, Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society, Vol 7, Nos. 3 and 4, page 132, October, 1909). This was dwelt on at further length in the sketch on “Migrations of the Swallows and Other Birds” (in “By the Wayside,” Vol. 11, No. 6, pages 41-42, Dec. 1909), in which notes on some flocking points of red-winged black-birds in Wis¬ consin were included together with references to the literature on robin roosts. 102 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2. It is a common habit among birds for the young to congre¬ gate in flocks after the breeding season, often some time before the migration flocks of older birds begin to gather, so that the mere gathering of birds may not furnish any proof on the migra¬ tion habit. Nevertheless, the requisite food supply becomes a greater problem with a concentration of young or old birds in large numbers and this must have considerable effect on the forag¬ ing instincts. The desire of birds to keep together forces them to seek the very best feeding grounds in order to provide sufficient food for the larger numbers. Until recent publications of the Biological Survey, the lack of definite data as to the exact species of insects and seeds which a larger number of our migrants devour, has made it impossible to specialize on the requirements of each species for each month in the year. Most birds have a quite different food supply during the flocking season than that during the nesting period, if one mean thereby the exact species of insects or plant seeds consumed. It must be evident to any one that there will be considerable varia¬ tion in the supply of any particular species, especially in insect life. Is it not possible that some birds may leave feeding grounds for the South, not because of the lack of all of their food supplies, but through the lack of those items which are most liked, especially if any of their scouts discover larger supplies to the southward? While wintering on the bluffs of the Arkansas River, East of Ponca City, Oklahoma in 1906-7, I was interested to note the local migrations of ducks up and down this river valley throughout that season. This region is, of course, in the latitude of the Northern boundary of our Northern ducks during their winter sojourn in the South. During two or three slight cold spells, ice formed on the river and on such occasions, flocks of ducks going Southward were noticeable. With every recurring warm spell and breakup of ice, flocks of ducks were seen going Northward. With the spring breakup of ice when large masses came down the stream, some even from Colorado, larger flocks of ducks were seen going Northward. After that time, no further flocks of ducks were noticed going Northward. The slight variation in temperature shows at once that the hardy ducks were not particu¬ larly influenced by cold as a factor, but a more probable reason would be the freezing over of the water so that they could not. Burrill, Bird Migration. 103 reach their food supply so far as obtained from the water. The final breakup of the ice in spring must have indicated to the ducks that food supply could be found in open water spaces further North. If this be too anthropomorphic a supposition, can we not say that the local migration of ducks up and down the river for twenty-five miles (or probably much further than tne observer could locate and show by actual observation), would discover to the older ducks strips of open water Northward which had been frozen previous to the local migrations Southward? leaving this question open for those who have more leisure and special opportunity to observe these facts, I wish to turn to another illus¬ tration of local migration which seems to bear out the same point 2. Vol. 3, No. 2, “Spiders of the Marptusa Group of the Family Attidee,” G. W. & E. G. Peckham, Nov., 1894. Vol. 2, No. 3, “Spiders of the Homalattus Group of the Family Attidae,” G. W. & E. G. Peckham, Dec., 1895. Vol. 3, “Spiders of the Family Attidae from Central America and Mexico,” G. W. & E. G. Peckham, April, 1896. “The Wisconsin Archeologist,” Vol. I, No. 1, Oct., 1901; Vol. I. No. 2, Jan., 1902; Vol. I, No. 3, Apr., 1902; Vol. I, No. 4, July, 1902; Vol. II, No. 1, Oct., 1902, each . 25 cents This publication is now issued by the Wisconsin Archeological Society of Milwaukee, from whom the later volumes may be obtained. CONTENTS. Proceedings. The Tropisms and their Relation to More Complex Modes of Behavior . . . . . . By S. J. Holmes Reconstruction of the Chalcidid Genus Hypopteromalus Ashmead of the Family Pteromalida . . By A. Arsene Girault Townsend’s Solitaire in Wisconsin ... By Henry L. Ward A Contribution to the Natural History of the A.mphipod, Hyalelia Knickerbockeri (Bate) . . By Hartley H. T. Jackson Data from Experiments on Parthenogenetic Animals . By Nathan Foster The Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae . By A. A. Girault Anon the Reasons for Bird Migration : A Favorite Food Theory . . . . . , By A. C. Burrill Actual date of Publication, Sept. 12, f 9 1 2. DECEMBER, 1912 BULLETIN Wisconsin Natural History Society OF THE PUBLISHED WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee EDITOR: RICHARD A. MUTTKOWSKI. As«ociat« Editor*: DR. P. H. DERNEHL, I. N. MITCHELL, HOWLAND RUSSEL, EDGAR E. TELLER. MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. THE EDW. KEOOH PRESS. nJ The Wisconsin Natural History Society, MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. ORGANIZED MAY 6. 1857. OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS. George P. Barth, President . ...302 Twenty-first Street, Milwaukee Paul H. Dernehl, Vice-President. ... 718 Majestic Building, Milwaukee J. R. Heddle, General Secretary . Public Museum, Milwaukee Herman B. Beckmann, Treasurer . . . . 901 First Street, Milwaukee Henry L. Ward, Director. . . Public Museum, Milwaukee PUBLICATION. The “Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society.” Matter intended for publication should be sent to the editor of the -Bulletin, who will transmit it to the associate editor of the proper department for consideration. EDITORS. Editor: Richard A. Muttkowski, Zoology Dept,, University of Wisconsin Madison, Wis. ASSOCIATE EDITORS. . Department of Zoology . Department of Biology . Department of Botany . Department of Geology MEETINGS. Regular meetings are held on the last Thursday of each month, except July and August, in the trustees’ room at the Public Museum Building, Milwaukee, and meetings of the combined sections on the second Thursday of each month, at the same place. MEMBERSHIP DUES. Active Members, $3.00 per annum; Junior Members, $1.00 per annum; Corresponding Members, $2.00 per annum; Life Members, one payment of fifty dollars. Dr. P. H. Dernehl I. N. Mitchell.... Howland Russel . . Edgar E. Teller. . ERRATA. Page 13. — Paragraph 1. Insert the before science, the last word of the paragraph. Page 13. — Paragraph 3, line 3. Change complimentary to comple= mentary. Page 14. — Paragraph 2, line 2. Directive instead of direct. Page 15. — Paragraph 1. Enjoy for enjoyed. Page 15. — Paragraph 2. Heliotropism for Heliotropisms. Page 16. — Paragraph 3, line 8. Larva for Larvae. Page 64. — Line 4. Omit entire line. Page 71. — C. Artificial Parthenogenesis. Paragraph 1. Sentence three should read as fol¬ lows : “Loeb, in 1S99, succeeded in developing plutei from the unfertilized eggs of the sea urchin, when the, etc., — Page 75- — Paragraph 5. Sentence two should read as follows : “In species producing by this method, the ferti¬ lized eggs always develop into females, while males develop through parthenogenesis, etc., — 107 BULLETIN OF THE WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY Vol. 10 DECEMBER, 1912 No.. 3 and 4 OBSERVATIONS OF THE BEHAVIOR OF BUBRANCHIPUS DAD AY I. By A. S. Pkarse. During the spring of 1912 (April 22 to May 10) the writer had opportunity to observe the hebavior of Bubranchipus dadayi Pearse in a small pool on the low ground along the Merimec River near St. Louis, Missouri. According to the farmer who owned the land, this pool had contained no water until the snow melted in the spring; and it became temporarily a part of the river during the high water period of April 28 and 29. Though the pool was rather large (330 x 55 ft.) and shaded to some extent by the trees and shrubs which grew in and around it, the water was shallow (2^2 feet) and; became warm during the day. For example, on April 27 the temperature just below the surface at 8.25 a. m. was 120 C., at 17.07 p. m., 16.9° C., and at 2.35 p. m., 15.30 C. The movements of fairy-shrimps are extremely easy and grace¬ ful ; those of this species are no exception. While in locomotion the ventral side is usually uppermost and the body glides through the water slowly but steadily. Changes in direction are accom¬ plished by a quick “flirt” of the tail. In ordinary swimming, waves of movement appear to pass along the ventral side toward the pos¬ terior end — each appendage stroking a little oftener than twice per second — and the body moves through the water at the rate of about one foot in ten seconds. An animal swimming at the surface may 109 110 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 3-4. produce a small ripple. The orientation of the body, as Holmes (’io) and McGinnis (TT) have pointed out is such that the ventral side is toward the source of light (hence usually uppermost), and Eubrorichipus dadayi, like E. ornatus and E. serratus, will change its position so as to preserve such a relation if it is placed in a glass dish and a light moved about it in various positions. Caiman Fig. 1. Eubranchipus claclyi. ‘One male is swimming near the sur¬ face of the water ; another is being borne away by a dytiscid larva, A female lies among the leaves on the bottom.* (Tj, p. 163) suggests that the fairy shrimps are better protected from their enemies by swimming upside down, the delicate append¬ ages thus being less readily injured. When tested in a rectutangular glass dish in the laboratory, individuals of this species proved to be positively phototropic,— *The figures in this paper were drawn by Miss Barbara Bradley. 1913] Pearse, Notes on Eubranchipus dadayi. Ill thus agreeing with other representatives of this genus (Holmes, ’to; McGinnis, ’ 1 1 ; Howland, Ti). They sometimes reacted to moving objects above the water by darting to the bottom of the dish, but were frequently indifferent. In nature the males swam everywhere without regard to shadows, but females showed a ten¬ dency to remain in shaded situations, such as the underside of sticks, when above the bottom of the pool. McGinnis (Ti) found that Eubranchipus serratus (when tested in the laboratory) avoided shadows and remained in the light, even when there was only a narrow illuminated band through an aquarium. Like all fairy-shrimps, Eubranchipus dadayi shows marked sexual dimorphism. In the males the second antennae are two- segmented and form Y-shaped clasping organs ; whereas in the female these appendages are short, conical, and consist of one seg¬ ment. Furthermore, females are readily distinguished from males by the large egg sac which projects from the ventral surface of the body just back of the swimming appendages; a pair of small ap¬ pendages, the copulatory organs, occupy a similar position in the male. Sexual dimorphism is not limited to differences in form only. The color of the sexes is characteristic and different. Males have a delicate translucent, almost transparent, creamy color, with red¬ dish cercopods at the posterior end and white testes in the middle of the body. Females are reddish throughout. Both sexes may show more or less iridescent greens and blues, which are appar¬ ently “refraction colors,” not due to specific pigments, and these are usually more intense and striking on the deep red background of the females. Packard (’78) speaks of red and white phases of Eubranchipus vernalis which may occur in either sex, but the writer examined more than a hundred and fifty specimens of E. dadayi without finding a “white” female or a red male. The difference in color between the sexes is associated with difference in behavior. McGinnis (Ti) found that Eubranchipus serratus was “positively geotropic in light and negatively geo¬ tropic in darkness,” and the same is true in a general way of E. dadayi , when tested in the laboratory. Males are, however, less definite in their geotropic reactions than females, and though they often remained at the bottom in holes between the leaves for hours at a time, they commonly swam at the surface of the water 112 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 3-4. or wandered boldly about “poking” between the dead leaves. Their transparency made them difficult to see, even when their location was approximately known. The most conspicuous parts of a male were the two white testes which could often be seen when the rest of the body was indistinguishable. The females were even more difficult to discover than the males, for they lurked on the bottom in spaces between the debris or lay on their backs “fanning” with their appendages. They were never seen to swim about in leisurely fashion like the males, and in moving from place to place they usually made quick darts from one shadowy hole to another. Occasionally a female was seen at the surface in the shadow of a iloating stick, usually with the body at an angle of about 550 with the surface of the water and with the ventral side toward the bottom — a peculiar position. The coloration of the males is apparently adapted to their needs for they must wander about in order to find mates. That of the females also makes them incon¬ spicuous, as they rest quietly in holes at the bottom, keeping their eggs from harm, or await a mate at the surface in the shadow of some shelter. The coloration of each sex is apparently adjusted to its behavior in such a way that it is well protected. More males were observed and collected than females, but this may have been on account of the secretive habits of the latter. A number of animals were seen in the pond where the fairy- shrimps occurred which might have fed upon them. Among these may be mentioned: — Tadpoles, Dytiscus, Hydrophilus, and wood frogs. On two occasions dytiscid larvae were seen swimming with dead male Eubranchipi in their mandibles. Little was learned concerning the food habits of the fairy-shrimps. The contents of the stomachs of several males were examined with a compound microscope and found to consist of fine silt, minute organic par¬ ticles, oil droplets, etc. ; but there was nothing that could be surely identified. Many individuals were brought into the laboratory and put in large glass dishes where they were observed from time to time, the sexes being kept separate. The males lay quietly at the bottom on their backs or swam about belly up ; the females behaved in a similar manner, but spent more time at the bottom, and also some¬ times swam about at the top of the water with the ventral surface down and the bodv inclined somewhat. 1913] Pearse , Notes on Eubranchipus dadayi. 113 The males were for the most part ever ready to grasp females with their claspers if given an opportunity, and, when kept by themselves, were sometimes seen to clasp other males. If a male was placed in a dish with an unfertilized female he usually clasped her every few minutes until copulation took place, and sometimes even after that. Two often clasped the same female. After clasp¬ ing, a male usually attempted to insert his penis several times before he was successful. He grasped the female about the body from the dorsal side in front of the egg sac and bent his own body underneath hers, first on one side of her, then on the other, until he fmally introduced his penis or was shaken off. Males showed no preference (i. e., right or left handedness) in the side of the female they first attempted to use or finally used. The average time that actual copulation occupied after the insertion of the Fig. 2. Eubranchipus dndayi. Copulation. penis was t.88 minutes for twelve instances recorded. While a pair were in copula the male spread his frontal organs out along the female’s back, and rather jerky rhythmical contractions could be observed in his vasa deferentia. Packard (’78) says that in Eubranchipus vernalis copulation is always terminated by the male giving a few jerks with his “post-abdomen,” but in alP cases ob¬ served by the writer the female wriggled away from the clasp of the male. Copulation took place at the surface of the water or in the bottom of a dish. After it was over the female always be¬ came quiet and lay on her back at the bottom for some little time. A white mass of sperm could be seen at the posterior ventral angle of her ovisac and sometimes a white spermatophore projected a little way from its opening. One female after copulation bent her head over and with her second antennae forced out the white mass 114 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Yol. 10, Nos. 3-4. inserted by the male. Perhaps the use of these antennae in female Eubranchipi may be to force eggs or sperm from the ovisacs. Their shape would suit them for such a purpose and is character¬ istic in each species. A male that has copulated with a female and injected a sperm packet is soon ready to repeat the process. Several were observed to mate a second time within a few minutes. One male injected sperm into four different females during one hour and thirty min¬ utes on April 24, — i. e., at 8:45, 8:52, 9:48, and 10:10 a. m. The females showed two conditions in regard to the position of the eggs in the ovisac. In some individuals the eggs were yel¬ lowish in color and were carried high along the sides (in the Fig. 3. Evib ranchipus dadayi, showing egg-sac. a, unfertilized female ; l), shows recently injected spermotophore projecting from egg- sac ; c, egg-sac of a female that is ready to deposit eggs. oviducts), thus leaving a clear space down the median ventral re¬ gion ; in others the eggs were larger, had a slaty color, and occu¬ pied the median ventral portion of the ovisac. Judging by obser¬ vations on other species (Baird, ’50; Packard, ’78) the former were unfertilized and the latter fertilized females. Baird (’50) in describing his observations on the genus Chirocephalus says : — ‘‘The female begins to lay before she has attained her full size, and lays several times during the season. Each time the ova are transmitted from the internal to the external ovary the animal thiows off its skin.” Packard (’78, p. 422) in speaking of Enbranchipus vernalis says : “After copulating the eggs are emptied from the oviducts into the outer ‘uterine’ bag — where they undergo the process of segmentation.” Packard also maintained that, “in both the red and white races attempts were never made bv males on already copulated females with filled uterine bags.” But the writer observed several instances in which males attempted 1913] Pearse, Notes on Eubranchipus dadayi. 115 to clasp females which had eggs in the median portion of the ovisac. In order to ascertain what differences in behavior would ap¬ pear when males were placed with the two types of females, tests were made in which twenty-four males and eighteen females were used. Six males and an equal number of females had been left in pairs in six small dishes for half an hour and five pairs had copulated. All these were dumped into a larger dish which con¬ tained eighteen other males and allowed to remain for five min- ues ; the females were then removed. Six other females having the eggs in the median ventral portion of the ovisac were next placed in the dish with the twenty-four males and left five minutes ; these were then removed and replaced by six females with eggs on the sides of their ovisacs, and were left for a similar period of time. The number of clasps and copulations in each case is shown in Table I. Females which had recently copulated or which had eggs in the lower part of the ovisac did not submit to the clasp of the males. TABLE I. Showing the number of times three lots of six females were elapsed or copulated zvith when placed with twenty-four males; five minuates for each lot. April 28, 1912. Condition of Females. Time, a. m. Clasps. Copula¬ tions. 6 females that had been with males for half an hour. Five of them had copulated. 10 :40 to 10 :45 11 0 6 females with eggs in median ventral portion of ovisac. 10 :53 to 10:58 5 0 6 females with eggs on sides of ovisac. 11 :10 to 11 :15 10 3* •) It was difficult to get females with the eggs on the sides of the ovisacs — apparently most had changed to the other condition. Of the three which did not copulate, one died immediately after the experiment, the other two were very small and although a male tried persistently to copulate with one of them, he was un¬ able to do so. 116 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 3-4. Copulation apparently produces an immediate change in the physiological condition of the female. Her behavior is modified — she no longer swims or rests near the surface of the water, but goes to the bottom and remains quiet; she also resists (at least for a time) the clasps of the males. All females carried on rhythmical movements within the ovi¬ sac. The organs within the chitinous covering rotated back and forth about the antero-posterior axis. Such movements were more rapid and pronounced in females carrying large eggs in the median portion of the ovisac. They doubtless help in the aeration of the eggs. SUMMARY. From the observations described it may be asserted that Bubranchipus dadayi shows certain adjustments to the conditions in which it lives. The coloration and behavior of the females are so correlated as to render them inconspicuous as they lurk among the dead leaves at the bottoms of ponds or wait for mates in the shadows of objects near the surface. The transparency of the males enables them to wander about with comparatively little danger of being seen ; they are thus able to seek out and fertilize the females. As soon as a female has been provided with sperm she resists the advances of males, goes to the bottom of the pond in which she lives, and remains quiescent so that the eggs may descend into the ventral portion of her ovisac, undergo fertiliza¬ tion, and develop. BIBLIOGRAPHY. baird, w. — 1850. The Natural History of the British Entomostraca. Rlay Soc., London, viii & 364 pp., 36 pis. calman, w. t. — 1911. The Life of Crustacea. New York, xvi & 289 pp. holmes, s. j. — 1910. Description of a New Species of Eubranchipus from Wisconsin with Observations on its Reaction to Light. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts & Letters, 16 (2), pp. 1252-1255, pi. 96. howland, r. b. — 1911. Migration of Retinal Pigment in the Eyes of Branchipus gelidus. Jour. Exper. Zool., 2, pp. 143-158. mcginnis, m. o. — 1911. The Reactions of Branchipus serratus to Lig-ht, Heat and Gravity. Jour. Exper. Zool., 10, pp. 227-239. Packard, a. s. — 1878. A Monograph of the Phyllopod Crustacea of 1913 J Pearse, Notes on Eubranchipus dadayi. 117 North America, with Remarks on the Order Phyllocarida. U. S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. Wyo. & Idaho, 1, pp. 295-514, 39 pis. Zoological Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Oct. 15, 1912. SOME NOTES ON THE HABITS AND DISTRIBUTION OF WISCONSIN CRAWFISHES. By S. Graenicher. All the crawfishes inhabiting that portion of the United States and Canada lying east of the Rocky Mountains belong to the genus Cambarus. This genus has been split up by Dr. A. E. Ort- mann1 into five subgenera, three of which are represented in the fauna of our state. The following seven species of Cambarus (sens, lat.) are known to occur within the boundaries of Wis¬ consin : Subgenus Cambarus (sens, strict.) Faxon. 1. C. gracilis Bundy. 2. C. blandingi acutus Girard. Subgenus Faxonius Ortman. 3. C. propinquus Girard. 4. C. rusticus Girard. 5. C. virilis Hagen. 6. C. immunis Hagen. Subgenus Bartonius Ortmann. 7. C. diogenes Girard. In the collection of the Public Museum of Milwaukee all of these are represented with the exception of C. rusticus , no speci¬ mens of which have been seen by the writer from any part of the state, although a sharp lookout has been kept for this species dur¬ ing the past three years. According to previous records2 it occurs in Racine Co., Sauk 1) A. E. Ortmann. The mutual affinities of the species of the genus Cambarus and their dispersal over the United States. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. 44, pp. 91-136, PI 3. A. E. Ortman. Procambarus, a new subgenus of the genus Cam¬ barus. Ann. Carn. Mus. Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 435-442. 2) W. F. Bundy. The crustacean fauna of Wisconsin. Geology of Wis¬ consin, Vol. 1, pp. 402-405. See also J. Arthur Harris. An ecological catalogue of the crawfishes belonging to the genus Cambarus. Kans. Univ. Sc. Bull. Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 51-187, PI. I.-V. 118 1913] Graenicher, Wisconsin Craivfishes. 119 Co. (Ironton), Rock Co. (Beloit), and in the Fox River. The Lake Superior record (Hagen) is considered doubtful by Dr. Ortmann. C. gracilis Bundy. Dr. P. R. Hoy of Racine found this species in the prairie region of Racine Co., and its range, as given by Dr. Ortmann is from “eastern Kansas through Missouri to Illinois, Iowa, and southern Wisconsin.” There are fifteen specimens, males and females, in the collection of the Public Museum of Mil¬ waukee, which were taken on July i, 1910, from a swamp at St. Francis in Milwaukee Co., a short distance south of the city limits of Milwaukee. C. blandingi acutus Girard. From a southern center of distri¬ bution the typical blandingi has migrated northeastward along the Atlantic coastal plain, while the form acutus has taken a north¬ ward course up the Mississippi Valley (Ortmann). In Wisconsin it has been previously reported from Racine and Sauk Cos. Pearse3 found it in southwestern Michigan ; from Minnesota there is, so far as our knowledge goes, no published record. Specimens are on hand from the following localities : Pond in Mitchell’s woods, Milwaukee Co., April 2, 1910, and April 13, 1910. Pond in Johnson’s woods, Town of Wauwatosa, April 11, 191 j. Creek running through the prairie about a mile east of Cor¬ liss, Racine Co., May 15, 1910 (males and females). Slough connected with the Mississippi River at Fountain City, Buffalo Co., August 15, 1910. A male was taken, together with specimens of C. virilis and C. propinquus on Oct. 9th, 1910, from a creek west of Wauwa¬ tosa, a tributary of the Menomonee River. It is a species belonging to both the Lake Michigan and the- Mississippi drainage, and is found in various kinds of habitats. The pond in Mitchell’s woods, referred to above, is a permanent one, and belongs to the type of pond mentioned by Williamson4, as being the favorite haunt of this species. The pond in Johnson’s 3) A. S. Pearse. The crawfishes of Michigan. Mich. Geol. & Biol. Surv., Biol. Ser. Publ. 1, pp. 9-22, PI. I.-VIII. (1910.) 4) E. B. Williamson. Notes on the crawfishes of Wells County, Ind., with description of a new species. 3V Ann. R-p. Dept. Geol. & Nat. Res. Ind. Ind., pp. 749-763, PI. 35. (1907.) 120 Bulletin Wisconsin 'Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 3-4. woods, on the other hand, is one of the upland variety that receives its water from the rain and melting snow, and dries out regularly toward the middle of the summer, thereby forcing its crawfish inhabitants to resort to burrowing. Specimens of C. immunis, and C. diogenes have been taken, together with C. blandingi acutus from the same pond and on the same date. The slough at Fountain City contained little water at the time, and may have become entirely dry later in the season, while the creeks near Wauwatosa and Corliss, mentioned above, are running throughout the year. C. (Faxonius) propinqiius Girard. This is a species of the lakes and permanent streams, and is quite common in the eastern part of the state, especially so in bodies of water draining into Lake Michigan. It occurs throughout the State of Michigan (Pearse), and in the Mississippi drainage of Illinois, Iowa and Minnesota (Ortmann). As to its connection with the Mississippi drainage in our state, it has been formerly reported from Green Co. (tributaries of the Pecatonica river), and Madison (tribu¬ taries of the Rock River). The writer has taken it on April ioth, 1910, in Okauchee Lake, Waukesha Co. (draining into the Rock River), but has not come across it anywhere along the St. Croix and Mississippi rivers, although collections were made at various points between the headwaters of the St. Croix river and Rutledge on the Mississippi river in the southwestern corner of Wisconsin. Around Milwaukee males and females have been found as early as March 13th, 1910, in the Menomonee river, a tributary of the Milwaukee river, and on various other dates throughout the season in both of these streams. This species occurs also in Oak Creek, a small stream flowing into Lake Michigan near South Milwaukee. We have specimens from Lake Michigan, collected at New¬ port, Door Co., on August 6th, 1910, and some from Cedar Lake in Washington Co., and the outflowing Cedar creek, a tributary of the Milwaukee river. C. (Faxonius) virilis Hagen. This is undoubtedly the most common and widespread of our crawfishes, and the one most fre¬ quently used for food. Like the foregoing, it inhabits the lakes and streams with a constant supply of water, and may be expected 1913] Graenicher , Wisconsin Crawfishes. 121 to occur in any suitable habitat within our state, since it has been found in all of the neighboring states, and extends its range north¬ ward as far as Lake Winnipeg. The following localities have been given heretofore: Apple- ton, Outagamie Co. (Fox River) ; Ironton, Sauk Co. (Baraboo River) ; Sauk City, Sauk Co. (Wisconsin River) ; Milwaukee Co. ; Green Co. (Sugar River) ; Rock Co. (Rock River) ; Jefferson Co. ( Lake Koshkonong) . Along our western border it has been collected at the follow¬ ing points: St. Croix river — Mouth of the Yellow river, Burnett Co., Aug. 2, 1909. Randall in Burnett Co., Aug. 6, 1909. North Hudson in St. Croix Co., July 8, 1910. Mississippi river — Prescott, Pierce Co., July 19-25, 1910. Maiden Rock, Pierce Co. Specimens from the mouth of the Rush river and from Lake Pepin, Aug. 1, and 2, 1910. Fountain City, Buffalo Co., Aug. 15, 1910. Wyalusing, Grant Co., July 21, 1911. From the eastern part of the state we have quite a number or records. In Milwaukee County it has been taken from the Milwau¬ kee, Menomonee and Kinnickinnick rivers and some of their tributaries, as also from Oak Creek at South Milwaukee. The earliest date of capture is March 20, 1910 (Honey Creek, a trib¬ utary of the Menomonee river, joining the latter near Wauwa¬ tosa), the latest date is Nov. 11, 1911, when a large male was found on the beach of Lake Michigan near Lake Park, Milwaukee. Additional localities in eastern Wisconsin are as follows : Newport, Door Co., August 6, 1910; specimens from Lake Michi¬ gan. Suamico ; specimens from Green Bay bought in the Mil¬ waukee market Sept. 30, 1912. Corliss, Racine Co., May 15, 1912; taken together with C. blandingi acutus and C. diogenes from a creek in the prairie, about a mile east of Corliss. From the interior of the state specimens are on hand from Okauchee Lake in Waukesha Co. (April 10, 1910), and Golden Lake in Waukesha County (Oct. 16, 1910). C. (Faxonius) immunis Hagen. In Michigan it occurs in the 122 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 3-4. southern part of the state (Pearse), and in Minnesota it was found in a tributary of the Mississippi river in Hennepin County. In Wisconsin previously reported from Milwaukee. Regarding its occurrence in Ohio, Williamson refers to it as “an inhabitant of mud-bottomed streams and pools, from which the water disappears early in the season.” Three females with eggs were taken in the exceptionally early spring of 1910 from a pond of this type in Johnson’s woods, Town of Wauwatosa, on March 20th, and four days later one male and three females, two of which carried eggs, were obtained from the same pond. On the first mentioned date the greater part of the surface of the pond was still covered with melting ice, but there was a broad belt of open water along the margin. At Ann Arbor, Mich., females with eggs were found on April 18, 1909 (Pearse). In the neighborhood of Milwaukee this species seems to be rather common, and we have specimens from two different ponds in Johnson’s woods taken on the dates given above, and on April 2, 1910, and April it, 1911, as also from ponds in Mitchell’s woods southwest of the city captured April 2, and April 13, 1910. As already mentioned in the discussion of C. blandingi acntus, males and females of C. immunis were found in a creek running through the prairie near Corliss in Racine Co. on May 15, 1910. Above the juncture of the Chippewa river and the Missis¬ sippi river the latter broadens out to a lake-like body of water called Lake Pepin. Along the Wisconsin side of Lake Pepin north of Maiden Rock in Pierce Co., the water is extremely shal¬ low, and in many places the bottom is covered with a dark, sticky mud. In the summer of 1910 the water in the Mississippi river was extremely low, and males and females of C. immunis were found on August 3, and 9, in burrows along the wet shore, quite a distance from the lake. Maiden Rock is about 50 miles south¬ east of Hennepin Co., Minnesota, the only locality in that state from which C. immunis has been reported. C. (Bartonius) diogenes Girard. This, our typical chimney¬ building crawfish has a wide range of distribution, extending from the Atlantic coastal plain in the east -through the central states to Wyoming and Colorado in the west, and southward as far as Louisiana (Ortmann). 1913] Graenicher, Wisconsin Crawfishes. 123 In Michigan it occurs, according to Pearse, throughout three- fourths of the southern peninsula, and in Minnesota it has been found in the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling in Hennepin County. Previous records from Wisconsin are as follows : Green Co. (tributaries of the Pecatonica river) ; Racine Co. ; Appleton in Outagamie Co. (tributaries of the Fox river). On March 20th, 1910, two females with freshly hatched young were found in a temporary pond in Johnson’s woods, Town of Wauwatosa, together with females of C. immunis carrying eggs as reported above. (See C. immunis). Females have been taken on various dates in March and April from ponds that dry up later in the season situated in Johnson’s woods and Mitchell’s woods (southwest of Milwaukee). On May 1st, 1910, four young of this species were found in a small ditch near the tracks of the electric car line at Sunny Slope in Waukesha Co. Females carrying eggs were come across as late as May 15th in the creek running through the prairie east of Corliss in Racine Co. and a male was captured on the same occasion. The following additional records are given : One male March 21, 1910, from the Menomonee river near Wauwatosa. A male specimen from Green Bay (Suamico) bought in the Milwaukee market Sept. 30, 1912. Prescott, Pierce Co., July 19, 1910, one male from a burrow. Maiden Rock, Pierce Co., Aug. 3, 1910, two males in burrows along the shore of Lake Pepin. Fountain City, Buffalo Co., Aug. 15, 1910. Genoa, Vernon County, July 9, 1911. Wyalusing, Grant Co., July 21, 1911. The five last named localities are situated along the Mississippi river; Prescott, the most northern of these, lies about 25 miles below Fort Snelling in Minnesota, from where this species has been reported. Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis., Dec. 4, 1912. ECONOMIC AND BIOLOGIC NOTES ON THE GIANT MIDGE : ChIRONOMVS ( T EN PIPES1) PLUMOSUS M EIGEN. By A. C. Burrill. Entomologist’s Office, Madison, Wis. CONTENTS. Introductory Life History Habits Swarms, etc., and flight Mating; egg-laying Breeding ground Food of larva Pupa and emergence of Imago. Adult, vitality and occurrence Sounds Enemies Birds Other enemies Economic importance, nuisances, etc. Remedial measures. Bibliography INTRODUCTORY. Much has been written of the economic importance of the mosquitoes ( Culicidw ) in the recent decades, but only in later years has entomological literature recorded economic facts about their near relatives, the Ckironomince of the family of midges, Chironomidce. Most of the bibliography of the latter deals with the taxonomy of midges and notes in catalogues. Thus we have for C. plumosus a long list: Goedart 1669, pi. x Higginson 1867, 174 Frisch 1730, pi. 3 Itymer 1868, 99 Linnaeus 1758, 587 Van d. Wulp 1877, 249 1761, 434 Siebke 1877, 193 1767, 974 Cox 1878, 261 DeGeer 1776, 379 Osten Sacken 1878, 21 Fabricius 1781, 406 Korschelt 1884, 189 1787, 324 Meinert 1886, 438 1) Johannsen (1908, 264) says, “If Meigen’s 1800 name is accepted, Tendipes will replace the genus name of Chironomns.’' We are hardly anxious to change without a clear case for Tendipes. Kel¬ logg (1908, 678) translates “Chironomns (one who moves hands in gesticulations) [symmetrical spreading of feet when at rest]", both translations true of adults’ use of forelegs. Com¬ pare Higginson, 1867, 177. 124 1913] Burrill, The Giant Midge, Chironomus plumosus. 125 •Gmelin 1792, 2820 Neuhaus 1886, 2 Fabricius 1794, 242-3 Riley 1887, 503, 592. Geoffroy 1799, 560 Giard 1888, 299 Schruk 1803, 70 Mik 1889, 95 Meigen 1804, 11 Fedtschenko 1891, 181 Latreille 1805, 289 Levi-Moneros 1891, 7 Fabricius 1805, 37&c Theobald 1892, 177 Latreille 1809, 249 Kow 1894, 1 Meigen 1818, 20-1 Strobl 1895, 186 Macquart 1826, 193 Van d. Wulp Meigen 1830, 243 & Meij. 1898, 17 1830, pi. 4 Jlacobs 1898, 58 Macquart 1834, 48 Strobl 1898, 613 Zetterstedt 1838, 809 Thalh 1899, 14 Staeger 1839, 557 Vignon 1899, 1596 Westwood 1840, 508 Kertesz 1902, 198-9 514-16, app. 125 Johannsen 1903, 432-6 Grimmerth 1845, 298 Austin 1904, 1-2 Walker 1848, 10 Aldrich 1905, 113 Zetterstedt 1850, 3481 Johannsen 1905, 80, 82- 6, 186-9, 1852, 4345 197, 236-8 Staeger 1854, 557 Kieffer 1906, 21 Zetterstedt 1855, 4838 Kellogg 1908, 310-11 Walker 1856, 171 Williston 1908, 110-11 Van der W7ulp 1858, 8 Johannsen 1908, 277 Schiner 1864, 601 The author and date refer to full citation in alphabetic biblio¬ graphy at end of paper ; following the comma is the more impor¬ tant page or plate reference. Much of the remainder of Chironomid literature has to do with the economic value of Chironomid larvae, pupae, and adults as the food of fishes,2 and frogs (Needham, 1905, 13), for which they form an important diet, often the major portion. Besides their occurrences in both shallow3 and deep4 fresh 2) Smith 1874, 693, 708-9. Howard 1908, 110. Forbes 1870-1890, 483. Washburn 1905, 53. 1891, 228. Johannsen 1903, 432. Garman 1896, 158 including 1905, 79. plumosus specifically. Needham 1903, 203, 204, 206. 3) Chautauqua Lake, N. Y., Riley 1887, 503; quoted by Howard 1908, 110. 4) Lake Superior at nearly 1000 ft. depth, Smith 1874, 693; quoted by Howard 1908, 110 ; and Washburn 1905, 53. 126 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 10, Nos. 3-4. water lakes, they are found in salt lakes5 and even twenty fathoms deep in the Atlantic ocean,6 so that .they form a widespread supply of fish food, that is, if the fishes of these different' habitats shall be proved to eat them. For the fresh water lakes we can state with certainty that (Needham, 1903, 209) a “constant succession of generations through the year, leaving no period of absence of the larvse from the water constitute the claim of these larvae to economic importance,” a paraphrase on Garman (1896, 155-6, 159) who adds, “Some species, at least, are found in water when cold weather comes in the fall, and doubtless remain in the larval condition till the next season — even under the ice in winter.” The genus Ceratopogon, which includes the gnats called “punkies” and, occasionally, “sand flies,” has also a growing liter¬ ature on annoyance to man and beast. Hardly a word has> been said, however, about the annoyance which midges of the genus Chironomus may cause to man or beast, especially at the height of the midge season. In fact, some authors state that besides fish food “the family has no other economic importance” (Howard, 1908, no) and (Smith, 1900, 626) “as a rule they are harmless, except for the annoyance caused by the biting tribes, but the larvae of one species at least mines the leaves of water-plants and thus becomes injurious in a very limited and special way.” Appar¬ ently most of the writers have not considered that the very numbers of these creatures may become annoying or obnoxious on occasion. Osborn (1896a, 405-7, quotted in Osborn 1896b, 30) does speak of a “species which has been present in great numbers in the water mains of Boone, Iowa, and which occurs in water tank's and reservoirs” and notes a letter, July 1895, from the Chairman of the Water Commission relating how it came there, through failure of the city artesian pumps, necessitating pumping through hose from a 45' vein into a large cement-lined reservoir, containing immense numbers of larvae. The latter “were drained into the mains at times when the reservoir was low, doubtless due to the formation of strong currents over the bottom. Specimens have also been received from Des Moines,” la. Osborn considers that their quondam use in clearing water of organic matter in 5) Washburn 1905, 53, as the Great Salt Lake, Packard 1871a, 41. 6) Packard 1870, 230; 1871a, 41; 1871b, 133; 1871c, 100 stating catch at Eastport, Me. ; and quoted by Howard 1908, 110 ; and Wash¬ burn 1905, 41. 1913] Burr-ill, The (riant Midge, Chironomus plumosus. 127 reservoir or mains is more than offset by the imminent danger of becoming so numerous in hot weather as to prove on dying, a source of pollution ; while less important, “the presence of masses of such ‘ugly’ looking creatures .would be objectionable” even though they “in themselves could be considered harmless.” The superabundance of any insect may be an annoyance to man just as truly as we affirm for a weed defined as a “plant out of place.” The idea that superabundance in any creature consti¬ tutes a pest to man wherever its numbers come in man’s way is but gradually meeting with acceptance in this country. A com¬ parable case with its inevitable conclusion which I wish to apply to midges- is cited by the well-known observer, Dr. Sylvester D. Judd (1901, July 3, p. 35). Speaking of the Marshall Hall, Maryland, opposite Mt. Vernon, Virginia, he says “during May, 1899, the May-flies which emerged from the river, became a plague, alighting upon the farm buildings and literally covering them, frightening the horses, annoying the workmen, and infest¬ ing the farmhouse in such swarms that it was well-nigh unin¬ habitable . May-flies do not ordinarily become obnoxiously abundant, but when they do, even their function in furnishing sub¬ sistence to valuable food fishes does not save them from being ranked as pests, the destruction of which is beneficial.” Once granted that this annoyance may become occasionally serious, a study of the creature’s habits and of methods for its control may be supposedly welcome and timely. I shall attempt to set forth a few facts, indicating to what extent the giant midge may become obnoxious to man, so far as T have been able to gather data, and at the same time combine field notes on this ‘roaring’ midge which have appeared in the literature in previous years but have not, I believe, been accredited usually to a definite species. The data compared with the habits of other midges may be said to furnish materials for a monograph of the Giant Midge, since the only monograph published on a boreal midge, “The Harlequin Fly, C. dorsalis ” (Miall and Ham¬ mond, 1900) lacks much in field notes for American students, however complete it may be for the English student. Dr. A. Thienemann’s (1911 380-2) proposed task of restudying all the species and of working out the life histories for all is indeed well- timed and brilliantly conceived. 128 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Yol. 10, Nos. 3-4. LIFE HISTORY. Habits : Swarming Time and Notes on Flight. — Attention was first called to this species in Wisconsin during a cavalry trip from Milwaukee around Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin, and return, August 12th to August 2 1 st, 1910. The experience of these cav¬ alrymen (Troop A, W. N. G.) proved an object lesson in the obnoxiousness of midge habits at swarming time. July and the first part of August had been unusuallly dry, but on August 1 6th, rains changed the roads to mud. That afternoon we encountered for the first time large numbers of midges south of Neenah. Some midges were undoubtedly in the city section of Neenah at noon time, but were too scattered to be noticed until the evening, when street lights attracted the midges to definite points. As the line of calvary swung down the road south of the city towards the Neenah riflemen’s camp ground, several large midges were noticed flying around and, on coming to a thick clump of roadside bushes and trees, hundreds of these midges swarmed out and buzzed in the air about the men so that no one could help remarking their abundance. Troopers were inclined to fear them as giant mosquitoes with proportionately enlarged biting propensi¬ ties. But no one was bitten as it developed, for they were with¬ out the mosquito beak and were more strikingly colored, with yellow and black-banded abdomen and gracefully plumed anten¬ nae on the males. The material later collected was determined for me by Doctor O. A. Johannsen7 of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine, in a letter of September 30, 1910, stating, t(Chirono- mns plumosus , a widely distributed and not uncommon species,” the word ( Orders and remittances should be addressed to the General Secretary, 1300 Wells Bldg-., Milwaukee, Wis. Numbers not included in the following list are out print and can no longer be obtained. Bericht des Naturhistorischen Vereins von Wisconsin, 1871, 1873, 1874, each . . 10 cents Jahresbericht des Naturhistorischen Vereins von Wisconsin, 1876, 1876-7?, 1877-78, 1879-80, 1880-81, each . . 10 cents Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin, Apl 6, ’85, to Dec. 7, ’85; Jan. 11, ’86, to Dec. 13, ’86; Mar. 14, ’87, to Dec. 19, ’87; Jan. 23, ’88, to Dec. 17, ’88, each . 15 cents Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society ( New Series) . 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Peckham, Nov., 1894. Vol. 2, No. 3, “Spiders of the Homalattus Group of the Family Attidae,” G. W. & E. G. Peckham, Dec., 1895. -Vol. 3, “Spiders of the Family Attidae from Central America and Mexico,” G. W. & E. G. Peckham, April, 1896. “The Wisconsin Archeologist,” Vol. I, No. 1, Oct., 1901; Vol. I, No. 2, Jan., 1902; Vol. I, No. 3, Apr., 1902; Vol. I, No. 4, July, 1902; Vol. II, No. 1, Oct., 1902, each . 25 cents This publication is now issued by the Wisconsin Archeological Society of Milwaukee, from whom the later volumes may be obtained. CONTENTS. , V -V Observations on the Behavior of Eubranchipus dadayi By A. S. Pearse . ■ . ■' ■ /Si . "■ ■./.,) ,■} • _ *vC \-lr- > Some Notes on the Habits and Distribution of Wisconsin Craw¬ fishes . By S. Graenicher Economic and Biologic Notes on the Giant Midge Chironomus ( Tendipes ) plumosus Meigen . . . By A. C. Burrill New Species of Dragonflies ( Odonata ) . By Richard A. Muttkowski Records of Wisconsin Diptera , . . By S. Graenicher . No*. I and 2, volume 1 0, were issued September 11, 1912. The title-page, table of content*, and index to a volume will hereafter be issued with the first number of the following volume. Actual Date of Publication, April 18, 1913. Date Due f£8 2 8 1357 MAR 2 3 1357 Mltf 3 1 ^ DEC 20 I960