HARVARD UNIVERSITY. LIBRARY OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. ^0, M.A? ao 1315 BUI.LETIN OF THE Wisconsin Natural History Society VOLUME XII (NEW SERIES) PUBLISHED WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee EDITOR: RICHARD A. MUTTKOWSKI ASSOCIATE EDITORS: P. H. DERNEHL HOWLAND RUSSEL EDGAR E. TELLER WAVERLY PRESS BALTIMORE, MD. The Wisconsin Natural History Society MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN ORGANIZED MAY 6, 1857 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS (May, 1914-15) George P. Barth, President 302 Twenty-first Street, Milwaukee Henry L. Ward, Vice-President Public Museum, Milwaukee Edgar E. Teller, Director 3321 Sycamore Street, Milwaukee J. R. Heddle, Treasurer Public Museum, Milwaukee Wm. J. Brinckley, General Secretary Public Museum, Milwaukee Date of Publication. Nos. 1 and 2 Nos. 3 and 4 .October 31, 1914 February 16, 1915 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME XII, 1914 Proceedings 1 The Land Vertebrates of Ridgway Bog, Wisconsin: Their Ecological Succession and Source of Ingression. (Illustrated) By Hartley H. T. Jackson, Ph.D 4 The Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae. II. Systematic History and Completion of the Catalogue and Tables (Concluded). By A. A. Girault 55 Observations on the Fauna of the Rock Beaches at Nahant, Massa- chusetts (Concluded). By A. S. Pearse 72 Proceedings... 81 A Synonymic Catalogue of the Dipterous Family Phoridae. By Charles T. Brues 85 iii INDEX Abhell'a Aphelinoidea Asynacta Br achy gramma Brinckley, H., lecture Brues, C. T., article . Calleptiles Centr^hia Centrobiella • Ceratitis capitata Chaetostricha Diseases, Plant Dacus cucurhitae Ecology 4, H aeckeliana Hymenoptera Girault, A. A., article Ittys Jackson, H. H. T., article Japania Jones, L. R., lecture Lathroynerella Lathromeris Lathromeroidea Lathromcroides Neobrachista Neobrachi Stella Neocentrobia Oligosita 66 Ophioneurus 76 Paratrichogramyna 70 Parufens 65 Pearse, A. S., article 72 Phoridae 85 Poropoea 71 Prestwichia 67 Proceedings 1, 81 Pseudogra7nma 66 Pterygogramma 68 Sagitaria 84 Severin, H. H., lecture 1 Teller, E. E. lecture 82 Trichogramma 70 Trichogrammatella 70 • Trichogrammatidae 64 Trichogrammatoidea 70 Tumidiclava 69 Tumidifemur 69 Ufens 65 Ufensia 66 Uscana 69 Uscanclla 69 Uscanoidea 69 Vertebrates 4 Zaga , 68 65 69 71 66 84 85 70 67 67 1 66 81 1 72 68 55 55 65 4 66 81 68 68 68 69 65 66 67 \ L\ BULLETIN OF THE Wisconsin Natural History Society PUBLISHED WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee VOLUME XII (New Series) JUNE, 1914 NUMBERS 1 & 2 P. H. DERNEHL EDITOR: RICHARD A. MUTTKOWSKI ASSOCIATE EDITORS: HOWLAND RUSSEL E. TELLER The Wisconsin Natural History Society MILWAUKEE; WISCONSIN ORGANIZED MAY 6, 1857 -5 OFFICERS AND DIREG^OR^ (May, 1914) George P. Barth, President ^ 302 Twenty-first Street, Milwaukee Henry L. Ward, Vice-President Public Museum, Milwaukee Edgar E; Teller, Director. .... .i >3321 Sycamore Street, Milwaukee J. R. HEddle; Treasurer Public Museuin, Mil#ailkee Wm. J. Brinckley, General Secretary.. ... . .Public Museum, Milwaukee PUBLICATION The "Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society.** Matter intended for publication should be sent to the editor of the Bulle- tin, who will transmit it tb the asepciate editor of the proper department for consideration. ! ' EDITORS \ Editor: Richard A. Muttkowski, Biology Building, University of Wis- consm, Madison,. Wis. ASSOGUTE EDITORS ^ ' Dr. P. H. Dernehl, . ; ^ . . . . . ... , . . >. . .Department of Zodlogy Howland Russel .. . , . . . , . . . .Department of Botany Edgar E. Teller Department of Geology ^ MEETINGS, j i;., ;j i-: Regular meetings are held on the last Thursday of each month, except July and August, in the trustees* room at the Public Museum Building, Milwaukee, and meetings of the combined sections on the second Thursday of each month, at the same place. ^ | ' MEMBERSHIP DUES Active Members, $3.00 per annum; Junior .Members, $1.00 per annum; Corresponding Members, $2.00 per annum; Life Members, one payment of $50.00. BULLETIN OF THE WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY Vol. 12 JUNE, 1914 Nos. 1 and 2 PROCEEDINGS Milwaukee, Wis., May 29, 1913. Annual meeting of the society. President Barth in the chair. Thirty persons present. Minutes of last regular meeting read and approved. The chair announced, on hearing no objection to the contrary, that matters of business would be taken up at the conclusion of the lecture for the evening. Dr. Henry H. Severin, formerly of the Dept, of Entomology, College of Hawaii, thereupon addressed the society on the subject: ‘‘A Federal Plant Quarantine Against the Hawaiian Islands on Account of the Pres- ence of Fruit-flies, with a General Account of the Presence and Methods of Control of these Insects.” Dr. Severin emphasized the need of a strict quarantine, for the estab- lishment of these flies within the United States would eventually result in death to the horticultural industry. Some of the measures in force are : no Hawaiian fruit to be landed on the United States coast without inspec- tion; no fruit to be thrown overboard (for the larvae of the flies remain alive in sea water at least 45 hours) ; all hand baggage to be searched for any fruit that may be smuggled in. There are several species of fruit-flies that do the most damage in Hawaii, — the Mediterranean fruit-fly (Ceratitis capitata), and the melon fruit-fly {Dacus cucurbitae). Great numbers of larvae multiply in the fruits and vegetables and hasten decay. In Hawaii, the M. fruit-fly com- pletes its life history cycle in 5 to 7 weeks, and has from 7 to 10 generations annually. Methods of combating: buvning of all infected fruit; the dry method, e.g., use of poisoned molasses in sacks hung on the trees, etc.; mixed method, which combines the use of sprays and the dry method; natural method, i.e., the use of natural enemies of these insects. The melon fly destroyed the melon industry in Hawaii. It destroys almost any plant that grows above ground, but especially vegetables, cucurbits and other garden fruit. The imago stings the plant; great num- bers of larvae then develop in the plant tissues; causing rapid decay. Dr. Severin then told of his experiments carried on in the vicinity of Honolulu, in the study of the habits and methods of control of the Medi- terranean fruit-fly. Traps or receptacles containing oils such as citron- 1 2 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 ella oil and kerosene were set up at the time of flight, with the intention of capturing the imagoes; but it was found that most of the individuals captured in these traps were males. This method was found practically valueless, because, by its use, not a sufficient number of females could be captured to have an appreciable effect on the spread of the epidemic. Further experimentation consisted in the liberation of a quantity of marked males outside the city limits. It was found that these males were carried towards the city by a favorable wind, and that shortly thereafter a new epidemic started in the fruit growing districts of the city. Dr. Severin suggested the possibility, that the regular epidemics result, when the wind carries towards the fruit growing areas the flies that have bred from the native wild fruits in the neighboring valleys. Some species of fruit-flies occur in Wisconsin and other parts of the United States, e.g., the cherry fruit-fly, apple maggot, and the cabbage root-maggot. At the conclusion of the lecture. Dr. Graenicher made inquiry as to whether or not there are any known tachinid parasites of the Hawaiian fruit-flies. Dr. Severin stated that there were none known. Dr. Severin was thereupon given a vote of thanks by the society. After a short recess, the regular business meeting was called to order. The secretary’s annual report was read. On motion it was accepted and pli^ced on file. The treasurer’s annual report was then read and referred to an auditing committee, composed of Mr. Ward and Mr. Teller. The chair read the invitation, extended by the President and Executive Committee of the Twelfth International Geological Congress, asking that the society send a delegation to this Congress, which is to be held in Toronto, Canada, in August of the present year. On motion of Mr. Russel, the societ}^ appointed Mr. Edgar E. Teller as its official delegate. The secretary made mention of the recommendation passed at a re- cent meeting, namely, to allow a discount of 25 per cent on the price of non-current numbers of the Bulletin to members that desire them. It was thereupon voted that such a discount be given regularly in the future. In absence of the chairman df the Committee on Programs for the regu- lar meetings, the report of this Committee was deferred till the next meet- ing. The report of the Committee on Programs for the sections meetings was also deferred. Air. Russel reported for the Committee on the Check- list of Wisconsin Plants. He said that six of the nine parts of the pre- liminary check-list have already been issued; and commented on the fact that the bill before the State Legislature, for aid in the plant survey of the State, has been indefinitely postponed. Mr. R. A. Aluttkowski read a letter from the LTniversity of Illinois, in reference to calendar reform. Action on this matter was deferred. The auditing committee, having looked over the treasurer’s books, reported the same to be aorrect with the exception of an error of five cents in favor of the treasurer. On motion of Air. Ward, it was voted to accept the treasurer’s report, but with correction of error. As a committee on nominations for officers, the chair appointed the 1914] Proceedings 3 following: Drs. Brinckley and Gruettner, and Mr. Russel. The committee reported as follows: President, Dr. G. P. Barth. Viee-President, Dr. P. H. Dernehl. Treasurer, Mr. H. B. Beckmann. Secretary, Mr. J. R. Heddle. Additional Director, Mr. H. L. Ward. On motion of Mr. T’eller, these officers were elected. It was voted to omit the annual banquet for the present year. The meeting then adjourned. Milwaukee, Wis., June 12, 1913. Meeting of the combined sections. President Barth in the chair. Five persons present. Minutes of last meeting read and approved. Mr. Heddle read two short articles concerning the cultivation of medic- inal plants in Wisconsin. Dr. Dernehl showed some insect photographs, which were made with a hand camera. He asked for the experience of others in the photographing of the smaller forms of animal life. After a brief discussion, the meeting adjourned. THE LAND VERTEBRATES OF RIDGEWAY BOG, WIS- CONSIN: THEIR ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION AND SOURCE OF INGRESSION By Hartley H. T. Jackson, Ph.D. I. Introduction 4 II. Physiographic Features of the Region 12 A. General Topography 12 B. Climate 13 HI. The Ridgeway Bog 14 A. Description of the Bog 14 B. Ecological Associations 15 1. Aquatic Association 17 2. Sedge Association 17 3. Cassandra Association 18 4. Tamarack-Spruce Association 18 5. Cedar-Balsam-Hemlock Association 19 6. Roadside Association 20 7. Hillside Association 21 IV. Ecological Succession 22 V. Source of Ingression of the Biota 33 VI. Summary 46 VII. Acknowledgments 47 VIII. Bibliography 47 I. INTRODUCTION Papers referring to animals inhabiting bogs in various locali- ties have been numerous, but the majority of these have been mere ‘‘local lists” with casual mention of certain species occurring in “bogs,” “swamps,” “tamaracks,” or such other designation as best fits their writer’s use — contributions of little value towards solving the problems in the ecology, distribution, or evolution of the animals concerned. More recently bog habitats have been studied somewhat more carefully. Ruthven (Ruthven, and others, 1906) in a general ecological survey of the Porcupine Mountains in northern Michigan inves- tigated the fauna and flora of certain bogs in which the bog so- 4 1914] Jackson: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog 5 cieties ran more or less parallel to Carp River. Succession was found to be much the same as in southern bogs, but the bog socie- ties were “not arranged in concentric zones;’’ he states further, however: “the sedge zone grades into a zone composed largely of Dwarf Cassandra^ . . . that is in turn followed by a society composed largely of Balsam Fir, Tamarack and White Spruce, the undergrowth of which consists principally of Dwarf Cornel, Creeping Snowberry, Labrador Tea, Pitcher Plant and Gold Thread on a thick carpet of Sphagnum and mosses” (Ruthven, 1906, p. 34). Ruthven, however, does not distinctly associate the bog animals with the various plant societies within the bog area, nor does he point out ecological succession among the ani- mals of the bog, either per se or as associated with plant succes- sions. He considers that, “the fauna of these bogs is not charac- teristic;” mammals were represented therein by Hoy’s shrew, the red squirrel, and the red-backed mouse; the remaining verte- brates consisted of eleven species of birds — ^namely, purple finch, white-throated sparrow, magnolia warbler, cedar waxwing, red- breasted nuthatch, red crossbill, white-winged crossbill, olive- sided flycatcher, pine siskin, golden-crowned kinglet, and ruffed grouse. In this same publication Ruthven (l.c.) delineates the results of a preliminary ecological investigation of the fauna and flora of Isle Royale, Lake Superior, carried on during the summer of 1904. These studies on Isle Royale were continued in more detail during the next summer (1905) and have been discussed in a compendious paper by Adams (Adams, and others, 1909). Several bogs were studied as a part of the general environment of the island; different stages of the lake-bog series were investi- gated from “the open lake without marginal vegetation,” “the partly open lake with marginal vegetation of varying width,” to “the wholly carpeted bog area” (Adams, and others, 1909, p. 218). Adams associates certain animals with the various plant societies in the bog, which he sums up in regard to the mammalian fauna as follows: “From the open water to the balsam-spruce forest there is a relatively simple change, from dominance of the aquatic and marsh types (supplemented by bats) to land forms which are terrestrial, as the weasels, terrestrial and arboreal, as Italics mine. 6 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 the and arboreal as the marten, and aerial as the bats which frequent the margins” (he., p. 392). He recognizes animal ecological successions as correlated with plant successions. The fauna of Isle Royale, as determined by the present geographic distribution of the species and varieties of mammals found therein, is considered to have northeastern affinities. Adams in his investigation did not pay detailed attention to the animal ecology of bogs; his studies were of a more general nature; yet they con- stitute one of our leading contributions to bog ecology — plant, as well as animal. The animal ecology of bogs has never been investigated in detail and with precision. Shelford (Shelford, 1913) in his recent excel- lent work on the ecology of the Chicago region, has rather briefly analyzed the animal communities of tamarack swamps, basing his studies largely upon the invertebrate fauna of tamarack bogs at Mineral Springs, Indiana, and Pistakee Lake, Illinois. Shelford classifies the fauna into three groups: (a) the floating bog and forest edge association, (b) the tamarack forest formation and (c) the pine-birch transition girdle; the tamarack forest formation he divides into pools, ground stratum, field stratum, and tree stratum. Shelford’s remarks upon the vertebrate fauna, however, are largely of a compilatory nature and the number of species treated is far from exhaustive. From the standpoint of plant ecology bogs have received more attention, and, in-as-much as animals are more or less dependent upon vegetation and its attendant physical factors and environ- ments, these papers have somewhat paved the way for more in- tensive study of bog animal ecology. Among the earlier studies on American bogs from the standpoint of botanical ecology are those of MacMillan (1894) who investigated a peculiar bog for- mation (the sphagnum atoll) in central Minnesota. He found that the vegetation of the atoll differs from that of the pond outside and the inner lagoon. He ascribes the origin of the atolls to a season of gradual recession of the waters of the pond fol- lowed by a rapid increase in the water level. ‘‘The atolls first appeared as annular floating bogs separated from the shoreward turf as a result of the original zonal distribution of littoral plants and the rise of the waters together with the favorable concur- rence of a group of special and necessary conditions. Some of 1914J Jackson: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog 7 the apparent conditions of atoll-formation are, (a) a definite maxi- mum size and depth of the parent pond; (5) considerable height and regularity of the banks of the parent pond; (c) a regular and gentle slope of the pond bottom from shore to center; (d) a definite original character of littoral vegetation when the pond was at a low level ; (e) a reduction within minimum limits of the lateral pres- sure and tension of the winter ice; (f) a comparatively prompt anchoring of the atoll upon the bottom’’ (MacMillan, 1894, p. 13). In another paper MacMillan (1896) has described the vegetation of certain bogs near Grand Rapids, Minnesota, and has briefly noted the zonal arrangement of the vegetation and the plant successions. He found a ^^ring of spruce” between the tamarack and the ^^moor,” a condition which I have not observed in northern Wisconsin bogs. MacMillan does not discuss the successions which follow the tamarack, though mention is made that ^‘com- binations of cedar and spruce in the tension line surrounding muskeag are met with” (MacMillan, 1896, p. 505). Ganong (1897) made a somewhat detailed investigation of sev- eral bogs of the “raised” type in New Brunswick. In describing the general features of these raised bogs Ganong writes: “These are composed of nearly pure Sphagnum, with only traces of other mosses, mixed with a few culms of sedges and the slender roots of dwarfted woody perrenials. Throughout they are saturated with water, which is always cold and clear and free from salts of lime. In them there is no decay, and such slight alteration of the plant substance that from top to bottom they consist of compacted moss, slightly altered chemically, forming a very spongy peat, and never, except at the very bottom, the compact peat of flat bogs. Their surfaces are without large vegetation and bear but a scanty growth of dwarfted shrubs and trees and a few herbs, all of the northern aspect. The surfaces are always raised to a convex form, and the slopes are often abrupt” (l.c., p. 132). In the raised parts of these bogs Ganong found dwarfted tamarack and spruce trees up to a height of one foot; a spruce seven inches tall had twenty-eight rings; shrubs, such as ‘‘Cassandra calijculata, Kalmia glauca and Vaccinium canadense” “rarely exceed six and never eight inches in height” (l.c., p. 136). He did not find a definite zonal arrangement of the vegetation in these bogs. “Ani- mal life is very rare on the bogs, and seems to be confined to a 8 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 few insects; the most common is a spider, which builds its web across the mouths of the pitchers of Sarracenias. The Droseras rarely hold an insect, and as one walks over the bogs there is no rising of insects about his feet, as in the case in fields at the same season” (he., p. 139). Cowles (1901) describes three types of ‘^undrained” swamps of which his first type is a characteristic bog of the extreme southern part of the bog area of North America. Zonal distribution and succession are clearly defined. ^^Algae and other hydrophytes characterize the lake and pond stages, and largely by their partial decay the water becomes shallow enough to support the vegeta- tion of a marginal swamp, particularly rushes and sedges. After these forms there appear the most remarkable plant societies of the entire series, characterized chiefly by Cassandra and other ericads with xerophytic structures. Following the shrub stage there is the tree stage in which the tamarack often dominates, though pines appear later and ultimately mesophytes. In these swamps one finds the most perfect example of the regular succes- sion of plant societies, and hence of zonal arrangement” (he., p. 181). Transeau (1903) has discussed the geographic distribution and ecological relations of the bog plant societies of North America. He shows (I.C., map, p. 406) an area extending from the upper Mackenzie basin to the Atlantic throughout which nearly all characteristic American bog plants appear in every bog; both to the north and to the south of this area the number of forms occuriing in each bog diminishes. He also discusses the glacial migrations of the bog plant societies, their distribution during maximum glaciation, and their postglacial northward migration. This paper was preliminary to a more extensive investigation (Transeau, 1905-1906) in which he studied the flora of several bogs in southern Michigan. The bogs studied lie in the Huron River valley; after describing the physiographic features and his- tory", the forestation, and the meteorology of the region, Transeau enters into a general consideration of the formation, development, and ecological conditions of the bogs; he discusses the various factors entering into the plant environment under three heads: physical, chemical, and biotic; he outlines the plant associations of seven bogs and shows the plant successions which take place 1914] Jackson; Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog 9 ’in these bogs; he describes the anatomical characteristics of sev- eral bog plants, and hnally explains the results of experiments performed to answer the question of the efficiency of a cold sub- stratum and soil acidity to produce xerophily. ‘‘An examination of all the physical and chemical data now available fails to account for the differences in flora of bog and swamp areas in this region. The most important factor is believed to be their physiographic history. Where the habitat dates back to the Pleistocene times and has remained undisturbed, we find today the bog flora. Where the habitat is of recent origin or has been recently disturbed, we find the swamp flora, or mixtures of swamp and bog species’’ (Transeau, 1905-1906, p. 37). “It is shown that during the early stages of bog development, bog sedge, bog shrub, and conifer societies follow each other in the invasion of the basin. These several societies may vary considerably in composition, but they are closely related and show every gradation in a definite order of succession. The bog conifers, however, show no relationship to the surrounding broad-leaved forests of the upland. On the other hand, where clearing has occurred, swamp sedges, swamp shrubs, and swamp trees gain the ascendency, and these not only show an order of succession among themselves, but are genet- ically related to the broad-leaved trees of the region. The bog societies are a part of the northeastern conifer forest formation, while the swamp societies are related to the southeastern broad- leaved forests” (Transeau, 1905-1906, p. 38). A paper by Weld (1904) is descriptive of the vegetation of the first of Three Sister Lakes in southern Michigan; he describes the general character and physiographic features of the area studied, and recognizes five vegetative zones which he designates respec- tively from the inner zone outward as the Potamogeton zone, the Nuphar zone, the Carex and sphagnum zone, the Cassandra zone, and the forest zone. He also notes ecological succession: “The lake was first invaded by aquatic and amphibious plants. As humus accumulated, there followed in turn sedges and sphag- num, shrubs, a pure tamarack, and then a mixed, soft-wood, deciduous forest” (he., p. 52). One of the best contributions to our loiowledge of American bogs is that of Davis (1907) in which he describes in considerable detail the vegetation of a large number of Michigan bogs in 10 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 various stages of development and occupying many classes of de- pressions. Davis discusses the occurrence and distribution of peat bogs, and classifies the Michigan peat deposits preferably according to the land surface upon which they have been formed ; he makes two primary divisions in this classification: (A) peat formed over depressed surfaces, which he subdivides into five secondary classes, and (B) peat formed over surfaces not hollowed out, which he subdivides into seven secondary classes (l.c., p. 115). Associations, succession, and zonation of surface flora are pointed out and the ecological factors controlling succession are discussed. A comparison of the process of filling of the lakes of the Northern and Southern Peniusulas of Michigan is made in which it is noted that zonation is more definitely marked and more developed in the southern lakes and that the species of plants below the water level are more numerous therein than in the cor- responding type in the Northern Peninsula (l.c., p. 269). The most recent extensive ecological study of bog flora is that of Dachnowski (1912) upon the peat bogs of Ohio. He gives rather fully the distribution of bogs in the various counties of the state, and describes in considerable detail the general bog flora, its associations, successions, and zonation. He distinguishes the following successions: (1) open water succession (plankton association); (2) marginal succession (submerged associations; semi-aquatic or amphibious associations; floating association); (3) shore succession {Decodon verticillatus association; Carex- Juncus-Scirpus association; Typha association; Calamagrostis canadensis association ; Phragmites communis association) ; (4) bog succession (bog meadow associations; bog heath associations; bog shrub associations; bog forest associations); (5) mesophytic forest succession {Accr-Fraxinus-Ulmus association), and under secondary successions those brought about by fire and by culti- vation. Dachnowski also discusses briefly the distribution of the Ohio vegetation during the last glacial period and the post- glacial migration of vegetation. The bog in which the present investigation is being conducted lies just east of Rhinelander, in Oneida County, Wisconsin, and has been named Ridgeway Bog since it lies immediately adjacent to a. picturesque wagon road known locally as “Ridgeway.’’ The 1914] Jackson: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog 11 study was begun in 1906, and was continued intermittently during August of that year, August 7-25, 1907, July in 1909, August 10-20, 1911, and July 1-21, 1912. Most of the time during the first two summers was engaged in studying habits and habitat preference of mammals; during the summers of 1909, 1911, and 1912 more attention was devoted to birds, reptiles, and batrach- ians. Specimens have been collected when necessary to deter- mine the presence and abundance of a species, and for identifi- cation,^ but as far as possible the fauna has been undisturbed, one of the objects of the investigation being to determine the transformations and successions which naturally take place in the fauna within the area under observation. The location of the city near this bog has caused the extermination of some species which are found in bogs further removed from civilization, yet, on the whole, the area has a fauna very typical of northern bogs. The present paper considers primarily the horizontal distribution and the succession of the breeding terrestrial vertebrates in this bog, and the probable source of their ingressioii'^ into the region. Ecological associations are, however, most clearly enunciated by the plant associations which appear to the eye more diagnostic than animal associations; a few of the more characteristic seed plants are therefore included in the present study. No attempt is here made to discuss vertical distribution, that is, ecological stratification,^ physical factors and their effect upon the animals, causes of succession and of habitat preference, habits and behavior 2 All the vertebrates have been identified personally by the author with the exception of Ra?ia septentrionalis which kindly has been determined for me by Dr. L. Stejneger. 2 I use the term ingression, or ingressive dispersal, for the encroachment or advance of a species, a group of species, or a mores into a new geographic range, in contradistinction to invasion, the encroachment or advance of a species, a group of species, or a mores into a new habitat. Ingres- sion is to geographic dispersal what invasion is to ecological succession. Egression is the converse of ingression; that is, it is the withdrawal of a species, a group of species, or a mores from a region, either by extermination or migration. * Warming has classified the different stories or strata of plants into (1) the ground-stratum, immediately above the soil, mainly mosses, lichens and algae; (2) the field-stratum, formed by grass and herbs, as well as by small shrubs of approximately the same stature; (3) the shrub- stratum, formed by taller shrubs; and (4) the tree-stratum (Warming, 1909, p. 138). Shelford has applied a similar classification to animals: “In any locality we note that there are several levels which may be occupied by animals. Some animals live below the surface of the ground and constitute the Subterranean stratum. Others live at the surface of the ground and constitute the Ground stratum. Animals inhabiting the herbaceous vegetation, and low shrubs, etc., make up the Field stratum. Those living on the shrubs and young trees make up the Shrub stratum, and those on the trees, the Tree stratum.'' (Shelford, 1912a, p. 65.) 12 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [VoL 12, Nos. 1 & 2 of individual species and mores, ^ nor to compare the fauna of the northern Wisconsin bogs with that of bogs of other regions and with that of drained and cleared bogs. II. PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF THE REGION A. General Topography The region of the upper Wisconsin River is an undulating plateau having an altitude ranging from fourteen hundred to six- teen hundred feet above sea level and sloping slightly towards the southwest. The surface soil is varied, consisting in large part of yellowish sand hills, interspersed with patches of clay and loam in the valleys and on the flats. Although overlying the old Archaean formation, the present topography is recent; drainage and vegetation have developed in a large degree since the Wiscon- sin Epoch of glaciation, and, as a consequence, in most places the accumulation of humus is not deep except in the valleys and de- pressions. These depressions with their lakes, swamps and bogs form the chief physiographic feature of the region; most of these are of glacial origin. Glacial depressions may be formed in any one of several ways: A. By unequal deposition of glacial debris during the retreat of the ice sheet. A slowly retreating ice sheet gives opportunity for increased deposits along the edge of the ice, which results in deep depressions with steep sides (knob and kettlehole formation); a rapidly retreating ice sheet gives little opportunity for deposits along the edge of the ice, which results in shallow depressions with moderately sloping sides (Transeau, 1905-1906, p. 361). B. By separation of masses of ice through unequal melting (Gil- bert, 1910, pp. 54-55, p. 100). Masses and blocks of ice separate from the main ice sheet and become imbedded in the gravel and till, and later melt to produce “kettleholes.” ® “A given environmental complex is selected by a number of species. It follows that there is a certain physiological or ecological similarity and ecological equivalence in the forms that thus select the same or similar complexes. It follows that the animals of different deserts, dif- ferent deciduous forests, different steppes, etc., are ecologically and physiologically similar or ecologically equivalent if the deserts, the forests, and the steppes, etc., are similar. A term is needed to cover such characters. The term mores (Latin), ‘customs,’ ‘behavior,’ ‘habits’ is suggested as best covering this need. It stands opposed to form or forms; thus steppe mores meaning the behavior of characteristic steppe animals or an animal or animals with characteristic steppe behavior.” (Shelford, 1911, p. 602). 1914] Jackson: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog 13 C. By the settling of the ftuvio-glacial deposit itself (Leverett, vide Trarseau, 1905-1906, p. 361). This process often enhances the formation of depressions begun through causes A and B, and may in many cases form basins through its own action in areas left com.paratively level by the receding ice. In the region of the upper Wisconsin River are found depressions formed by each of the above mentioned processes. The topog- raphy indicates that the extremity of the ice lobe was in a very unstable condition; it appears as if a large section of the Chip- pewa Lobe, the lobe which covered this region, here disintegrated. Huge masses of ice separated from the main glacier and imbedded themselves in the drift, later to melt and form “kettleholes.’’ Other basins are long and shallow, and are sometimes drained by a creek or river; such basins were probably formed in most cases by unequal deposition of glacial debris during the retreat of the ice sheet. The banks of these elongated basins in this region are seldom high and steep, which indicates that the retreat of the ice sheet was here probably relatively rapid. Copious rains, and water from the melting ice, deposited the finer silt into depres- sions or carried it away through a drainage system then incom- pletely formed. Plant growth undoubtedly invaded many of these depressions and their banks before the main glacial lobe had entirely receded from the region, and especially would this happen in the shallower basins. The topography of the region today shows these depressions in various physiographical and ecological stages; open deep-water lakes, shallow lakes, sedge-grown swamps, heath-grown bogs, timbered bogs, and mesophytic forest may all be encountered within a comparatively small area. The Rhine- lander region, the region of Ridgeway Bog, lies in the older glaciation of this plateau. Here most of the lakes are shallow and many of them have been entirely obliterated by the action of erosion and vegetation; bogs are characteristic of the region. B. Climate The climate^ of this region is characterized by great annual and daily ranges in temperature, and by cold dry winters and moder- ® Meteorological data herewith given are derived largely from the work of Day (1912, sections 59 and 60); no data being available for Rhinelander, Wisconsin, an average is taken of the records for Crandon (12 years) and Prentice (11 years), Wisconsin, which lie at almost equal distances 14 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 ate moist summers. Exact figures for the annual precipitation are not available, but it is approximately thirty-two inches, the majority of which falls during the months of May, June, July, August and September; the precipitation for any one of the sum- mer months, June, July, or August, usually equals or exceeds that of all the winter months, December, January and February. The daily range of temperature is greatest during the summer months, when the nights are always cool and when midday may reach an almost torrid heat, a temperature of 103°F. having been recorded. The following table shows the mean temperature by months, the highest and lowest recorded temperatures by months, and the mean annual temperature in degrees Fahrenheit as computed for Rhinelander, Wisconsin: 1 J.\N. FEB. MAR. APR. M.XY JUNE JULY Mean 1 11.5 13.8 25.1 41.0 52.6 62.7 66.2 High [ 53.5 • 53.5 73.0 82.0 94.0 103.0 97.5 Low -38.5 -37.5 -24.5 -3.0 12.5 24.0 31.5 AUG. 1 SEPT.- OCT. NOV. DEC. ann’l IMean 64.1 57.3 44.7 30.3 16.1 40.4 High 95.5 94.0 83.5 72.0 57.0 103.0 Low 28.5 20.0 6.5 -12.5 -30.0 -38.5 III. THE RIDGEWAY BOG A . Description of the Bog Ridgeway Bog proper covers an area, somewhat irregularly oval in shape, of about two hundred and twenty acres. The long axis of this area lies in a north and south direction, and is over three-fourths of a mile in length; the short diameter is about two-thirds of a mile long. The elevation is fifteen hundred and thirty feet above sea level. The south, east, and north shores of the bog are met by a gradual slope; the west slope of the basin is abrupt with an inclination in most places of 30° to 40°. This hill. east and west of the locality under consideration. While it may be justly objected that this does not indicate the exact conditions under which the biota lives, yet it gives a general idea of the climate. 1914] Jackson: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog 15 lying west of the bog, rises some eighty feet above the bog level and slopes gradually towards the west into the Wisconsin River basin. Passing along the foot of the slope, between the hill and the bog, is a wagon road, ‘‘Ridgeway’’ — a road little travelled but one which, on account of the changed conditions of light, moisture, evaporation, and temperature which accompany it, has effected marked changes in the biota^ of the immediate vicinity through which it passes. Well towards the southwestern end of the area lies a small pond of something over two acres, the remnant of the lake which once covered the entire bog. The water in this pond is shallow, being scarcely six feet deep in the deepest parts; the bottom im- mediately under the water is a light, soft muck, which is several feet deep, gradually thickening, and passing successively into marl and glacial till. A very narrow', sluggish stream flows from the southern end of the pond in a southwesterly direction and offers the bog imperfect drainage into the Pelican River near its junction with the Wisconsin River. Although thus partly drained, this bog has in its biota the characteristics of the undrained bog. B. Ecological Associations The area (fig. 1) upon which the present study is based does not include the entire bog, but about sixty acres lying in the southwest corner. This area was selected after deliberation because of its accessibility, because of the abundance of life, both plant and animal, therein, and because it shows, with reasonable definition of transition, all the ecological associations present in the bog. These associations are seven in number and may be designated as: (1) The Aquatic Association; (2) The Sedge Asso- ciation; (3) The Cassandra Association ; (4) The Tamarack-Spruce Association; (5) The Cedar-Balsam-Hemlock Association; (6) The Roadside Association; (7) The Hillside Association. Since this paper treats primarily of the vertebrates of the bog it has not been my intention, to list all the plants of any association; only ’’ The term biota is used throughout this discussion not in its strict sense, but to indicate the combined fauna and flora which has been studied in the bog, that is, the terrestrial vertebrates and part of the seed plants. Likewise where the term fauna or flora is employed it denotes only that part of the entire fauna or flora represented by the species mentioned throughout the text. Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 1914J Jackson: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog 17 the more dominant species and those which distinctly characterize associations are mentioned. 1. The Aquatic Association. The liiota of the area covered permanently by water is included in the Aquatic Association. Were we to consider the entire fauna and flora of this area it would then be well to raise it from the rank of an association to lliat of a formation^ since the plants and animals, other than Fig. 2. A Portion of the Aquatic and Sedge Associations, Showing IN Extreme Distance the Cassandra and Tamarack-Spruce As- sociations. terrestrial vertebrates, found in this habitat are vastly different from those in the other parts of the bog. The characteristic plants are Potamogeton 7iatans and Nuphar advena; a few Typha latifolia invade from the Sedge Association (fig. 2). Rana sep- tentrionalis^ and Chrysemys hellii are the most characteristic * an ecological formation I mean an ecological unit composed of closely related ecologi- cal associations. Formation is here used as a more general term than association. Format io''s differ more widely from each other than do associations. (Flahault and Schroter, 1910, pp. 5-8, 25-28.) ® The northern frog, Rana septentrionalis, has been considered by some herpetologists to l)e a subspecies of Rana clamitans; specimens of the two forms are often morphologically very simi- 18 Bulletin Wisconsin Natitral History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 vertebrates, the former breeding within tliis association, the latter migrating across the bog to the sand banks for this purpose. Rana pipiens and Ondatra zihethica both frequent this association, and on a few occasions individuals of Querquedida discors were seen swimming in the pond. The Sedge Association. Scirpus cyperinus^ Carex, Iris versi- color, and Typha latifolia are the most abundant plants in the Sedge Association, although M enyanthes trifoliata is the most charac- teristic. The last named species is confined to this association and while common only in local patches in open places, it is, never- theless, one of the chief Iwtanical features of this habitat; in other bogs of the region, however, it has been observed in the Cassandra and Tamarack-Spruce Associations. Steirone^na quadriflorum occurs here in numbers and Sphagnum, Sarracenia purpurea, and Potentilla palustris invade from the Cassandra Association. The roots of the many sedgelike plants form a floating, spongy mass which s])rings under foot and often treacherously gives way, preci])itating one into the water and mire beneath. The plants of this association are mostly rapidly growing forms, and are powerful agents in the process of humus deposition and in filling in the lake. Porzana Carolina, Actitis macularia. Circus hudsonius, Asio jlaninieus, and T ehnatodytes p. iliacus, although none of them are common in this association, were not found elsewhere in the bog. Asm flanimeus, which inhabited a slightly elevated portion of the Sedge Association in company with Circus hudsonius, was seen only three times — twice in July, 1909, and once in 1912. Rana pipiens, Thamnophis sirtalis, Agetaius p. arctolegus, and Microtus peimsylvanicus are the most plentiful vertebrates; Rana septen- trionalis occurs at the edge of the Aquatic Association; Ondatra lar, V)ut their habits and behavior are so widely at variance that it seems improbable that they interbreed. For example, Rana septentrionalis is, relatively, a sluggish frog; during the summer months it is found along the edge of lakes and streafms, usually with the body partly submerged in the water, occasionally on land at the waters edge; it frequently lies partly hidden under a log, bark, an overhanging bank, or similar object; when alarmed it utters no sound, makes a feeble leap of two or three feet into the water, settles to the bottom and hides in the mud or under some object where it is easily captured in the hand. Contrast with the behavior of this frog that of Rana clamitans; the latter is an active frog; during the summer months it is almost invariably found out of the water on a gently sloping bank; when alarmed it utters a loud, startling croak, makes a vigorous leap of five to eight feet into the water, swims some distance under water before hiding, where \t remains alert and difficult to capture. There remains, of course, the alterna- tive to explain this as “one species having different mores’’ (Shelford, 1912a, p. 92), but one can hardly accept this view in the present case. 1914] Jackson: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog 19 zihethica is more plentiful here than elsewhere; Bufo aniericanus, Melospiza georgiana, Mustela v. letifera, Sorex personatus, and Blarina brevicauda are found regularly. 3. The Cassandra Association. The Cassandra Association (fig. 3) is characterized by shrubs such as Ledum groenlandicum, Chamaedaphne calyctdata, Kalmia glauca, and Alnus mca'ua. Sphagnum grows everywhere in dense spongy masses often a foot or more deep, and forms a damp layer about the roots of the Fig. 3. A Typical Section of the (L\ssandra Association Area in the Foreground; the Tamarack-Spruce Area in the Background. shrubs among which are numerous open spaces and chambers, sometimes containing covered waterholes. Several plants of the Sedge Association still retain a foothold here, and Bteiroimna quadrifloriim, Spiraea salicifolia, Sarracenia purpurea^ and Poten- tilla palustris reach their center of abundance; Oxycoccus oxycoccus is common creeping over the surface of the sphagnum. Larix laricina encroaches from the Tamarack-Spruce Association. 20 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 Melospiza georgiana was here a dominant species. Mustela v. letifera dwells in the chainliers in the spha^Tinm. Uana pipiens, Hnfo atnericanus, Thamnophis sirtalis, Agdaius p. arctolegus, Melospiza melodia, Microtus pennsyltmiicus, Ondatra zibethica, Sorex personatus, and Blarina hrevicauda are also a part of this association. 4. The Taniarack-Bprace Association {jigs. 3 and 4). The char- acter of the snbstratinn of this association is much the same as Fig. 4. A View in the Tamarack-Spruce Association Area, Showing Characteristic Vegetation. that of the Cassandra Association — a spongy mass of sphagnum and roots with frequent chambers. A few of these chambers have fallen in, and settled, and are now occupied by open water- holes (fig. 5) which, together with two or three springs, may have some slight effect on the fauna and flora; these open waterholes, however^ are not extensive either in area or number. Larix 1914] Jackson: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Hog 21 laricina and Picea mariana are the most prominent plants of this asso(*iation; Pinm divaricata, Sarmcenia purpurea, Ledum (jroen- landicum, Chamaedaphne caJycnlaUt, Kalmia glaum, Vaccinium eauadense, Ain us incana, Cornus eanadensis, and Sorhus ameri- Fig. 5. A Waterhole in the Tamarack-Spruce Association. This hole liad an area of about four by six feet, and a depth of seven feet; of this depth the bottom four feet consisted of watery, peaty muck, over which was about one foot of clear water. A breedinji; place of Hana ranlaJfn'gensis. cana are present in nuniliers. Scirpus eyperiurus. Iris versicolor, and Carex are occasionally encoimti'red as scattered I'enmants of the Sedge Association. 22 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 The fauna of the Tamarack-Spruce Association is well defined: six vertebrates are here which were not found elsewhere in the hog, namely, Canachites c. canace, Ahittallornis borealis, Nannus hiemalis, Regulus satrapa, Sorex richardsonii, and Neosorex palns- tris. Canachites was oliserved once in 190G and twice in 1907, but was not seen in the bog thereafter; a pair of Nuttallornis borealis was seen frequently during July, 1909, and again in 1911 this species was occasionally seen in the Tamarack-Spruce Asso- ciation. This association is characterized in part by many other species such as Rana cantabrige7isis, Dry abates v. leucomelas, Zono- trichia alhicollis, Melospiza melodia, Dendroica vigorsii, Sitta cana- densis, Hylocichla g. pallasii, and Sorex personatus. Sciurus h. minnesota is common, as it is elsewhere in the wooded parts of the bog. Enipidonax jlavivenlris, Junco hyemalis, Bombycilla cedro- rum, Dendroica 'niagnolia, Feromyscus ni. gracilis, Evotomys gapperi, and Lepus a. phaeonotus invade from the Cedar-Balsam-Hemlock Association. 0. The Cedar -Balsam-Hemlock Association. The soil through- out the area of the Cedar-Balsam-Hemlock Association is formed not only from accumulation of humus but in part of sand weath- ered from the hill bordering the bog on the west. Humus, how- ever, constitutes a large part of the surface soil which in this association has a firm foundation and is no longer spongy and liorous. Tsuga canadensis. Thuja occidentalis, Abies balsamea, Acer spicatum, Clintonia borealis, and Nemopanthus mucronata were found only in this association ; Thuja is confined to the earlier stages, while Tsuga and Acer are late invaders; Picea canadensis, Acer saccharuni, Amelanchier canadensis, Sorbus americana, and Cornus canadensis, though found elsewhere, are here character- istic. Pinus divaricata, Pmus resinosa, Pinus strobus, Epigaea repens, and Gaidtheria procumhens invade from the Hillside Association. Among the vertebrates which characterize this association are Bonasa u. togata, Junco hyemalis, Vermivora ruficapilla, Pero- myscus m. gracilis, Evotoinys gapperi, and Lepus a. phaeonotus. Other species which occur here regularly are Rana cantabrigensis, Bufo americanus, Dryobates v. leucomelas, Cyai^ocitta cristata, Zonotrichia albicollis, Bombycilla cedrorum, Sciurus h. minuesota, and Sorex personatus; Storeria occipitomaculata , Penthestes atrica- 1914] Jackson: Land Vektehrates of Ridgeway Bog 23 pillus, and Eutamias h. neglectus invade from the Roadside and Hillside Associations. 6. The Roadside Association {Jig. G). The area included within the Roadside Association is limited; it occupies a narrow margin of a few feet on each side of the road; in jilaces (fig. 1, 6) it passes through the Cedar-Balsam-Hemlock Association, but for the most part it lies between this and the Hillside Association; for a Fig. 6. The Roadside Area, Showing at the Left the Border of the Hillside Association. short distance where the Cedar-Balsam-Hemlock Association narrows owing to its slow^ invasion of the Tamarack-Spruce Asso- ciation, the Roadside Association lies between them. Everywhere the soil of this association contains more or less sand — more where it adjoins the Hillside Association, less where it adjoins the Tamarack-Spruce Association; everywhere the soil is relatively dry, though probably no more than that of the hillside area. 24 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 Many s]:)ecies of ]:)lants and animals have invaded this narrow strip wiiich are found nowhere else within the area studied; it is true, forms from the old association are left, some of which may ]:>ersist under the changed conditions, others of which will perish. These species which have invaded the roadside or which have increased in al)undance there because of changed conditions are the center of interest in this association. The most characteris- tic plants are Anielanchier canadensis, Prurius pennsylvamca, Prunus virginiana, Betula papyrifera, Conjlus rostrata, Populus tremidoides, Populus grandidentata, and Mitchella repens; all deciduous plants and largely fruit-producing ones. Of the fauna Colaptes a. luteus, Dumetella caroUnensis, Toxostoma rufuni, and Tamias s. griseus are found only within this area; Bufo arneri- canus, Cyanocitta cristata, Melospiza meJodia, Bomhycilla cedrorum, Planeslicns migratorius, and Eutamias b. neglectus are here more al)undant than elsewhere. Chrysemys hellii tu’eeds in the sand along the roadside; Thamnophis sirtalis, Storeria occipitomacidata, and Liopeltis vernalis are in this association also. 7. The Jlillside Association (Jig. 6). The area covered by the Hillside Asso(*iation belongs in reality to an ecological formation apart from the f)og formation, }"et it is impossible to study the ecological succession and the origin of the l)og fauna without taking into account the biota of this association. It belongs to the “forest on sand” formation and might well be designated the “Pine Association;” the general tone of the forest is pine — white, jack, and Norway — nowhere excessively large individuals but everywhere dominant in numbers. As has already been stated, the slo})e of this hill varies between 30° and 40°; everywhere the soil is sand, the humus covering seldom exceeding six inches in depth and often being entirely al)sent; it is well drained and dry. The section of the hillside studied extends in no case to the crest of the hill; the maximum height within the area of the Hillside Associa- tion is al)out fifty feet above the water level in the bog lake. Lycopodium ohscurum dendroideum, Chimaphila umheUata, and Quercus rubra are found only in the Hillside Association, though the last named species is rare and the small size and young age of tlie individuals indicate its recent advent there. Dominant s])e(*ies are Pinus divaricata, Pinus resinosa, Pinus strobus, Epigaea 1914] Jackson: Land Viohtebuates of Ridgeway Bog repe7is, (hmltheria procumhens, Mitchella repens, Betula papip'ifera, P()p7ilus cp'andidentata, and Popidus tremidoides. Cornus eatia- densis, Acer sacchanmi, and Corylus rostrata are frequent, especially near the foot of the hill. The animals of this association are even more diagnostic than the plants; eight species are found herein that were not observed elsewhere, namely, Buteo platypterus, Empidonax minimus, Corvus hrachyrliynchos, Spizella passerina, Vireosylva olivacea, Seiunis aur oca pill us, Hylocichki fuscescens, and Mephitis ni. fninnesotae ; other species which occur regularly are Storeria occipitoniaculata, Cyanocitta cristata, Penthestes atrica- pillus, Sciurus h. niinnesota, Peroniyscus ni. gracilis and Lepus a. phaeonotus. IV. ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION The transformation of a lake into a bog and the general iirin- ciple of its accompanying plant succession is a process somewhat familiar to most students of ecology and is one which has received consideration at the hands of various writers; likewise the ecologi- cal succession of animals has been investigated (Adams and others, 1909) though to a less extent than that of plants. Not- withstanding these excellent contributions, liarely a lieginning has been made in the study; detailed field analyses of several bogs in each of several widely separated regions, accompanied by experimental studies, are necessary before definite conclusions can be drawn concerning the causes and processes of ecological succession. We have seen in the preceding paragraphs that the biota of the Ridgeway Bog area, exclusive of the hillside area, may be classified into six ecological associations. These asso- ciations are not static; there is a continuous, though slow, invasion of each association upon its inner neighbor. That we may more clearly understand the physiographic and ecological history of this area it may be well to picture it as it probably existed in early postglacial times and to trace the various probable stages in its transformation from a lake into a bog. If one could have examined the shores of the original lake which covered the area occupied hy Ridgeway Bog shortly after tlie recession of the ice sheet he would jirobably have found it instable and subject to weathering, and supporting a little vegetation 26 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 which would have consisted of sedges and ecologically allied plantsd® The structure of the hill as revealed in two road cuts and a sand spit indicate that it was formed through glacio-fluvial deposition; its composition, being largely of yellowish sand mixed in places with a very small amount of fine gravel showing indis- tinct laminations, leads one to this belief. Towards the crest of the hill and in irregular patches along the hillside the sand is finer, is not mixed with gravel, and in places shows distinct laminations which are sometimes intermixed with narrow layers of humus. We would conclude from this, as Shimek has concluded in regard to a similar structure in the Iowan drift, that this area in its early history was a sand dune formation. Shimek writes: “The struc- ture of these underlying sands suggests that soon after the reces- sion of the Iowan ice there were extensive sand-dunes formed along the borders of the Iowan drift, and that there were isolated dune areas within the Iowan border. These shifting sands were probably bare for a time and the winds easily removed the finer particles of dust in great quantities. The successive changes were probably such as take place in recent times in any sand-dune region. At first a scant vegetation consisting, perhaps, of tufted sedges and grasses and leguminous plants, is developed. Each plant forms a nucleus about which a small amount of finer soil material is gathered. While each plant thus serves as an anchor- age for fine material, there are at first comparatively broad areas of loose shifting sands between these plant-tufts. As the scant vegetation gathers the finer soil, it prepares the way for a denser vegetation, which will accumulate more fine soil to the advantage of still other plants, until the whole area is covered with a carpet of plants which will check if it does not wholly prevent wind erosion. In the Iowan sand-dune area the fine material thus blo\vn out of the sands was, after the recession of the Iowan ice, carried to the above noted elevations, and there lodged. It should be borne in mind that these elevations presented the first suitable surfaces for terrestrial plants, for, no doubt, for a long period the flatter areas were at least swampy, resembling probably the cor- responding areas upon the Wisconsin drift plain. Other portions were, evidently, for a time shifting sands upon which vegetation Any statements as to the chronological order of ingression of the older Inota or as to en- vironmental conditions at that time must of necessity be considered more or less hypothetical. 1914J Jackson: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog 27 gained a foothold with much greater difficulty. Upon the ele- vations alone was there sufficient drainage to permit the develop- ment of an early terrestrial vegetation” (Shimek, 1908, p. 59). The laminations of humus in the hill bordering Ridgeway Bog are not numerous and are nowhere at any great depth beneath the surface, which would lead one to conclude that the sand dune formation was not long continued and that vegetation soon gained a foothold. There is no reason to think that the invasion and succession of vegetation which took place on this sand dune area was essentially different from similar processes taking place at the present time in sand dune areas in the northern sections of temperate North America. The plants were not necessarily con- specific with the plants reclaiming dune areas in the same region today, though in many cases they probably were specifically the same; they were, however, ecologically equivalent. The first tree growth to invade these dunes after the bush society probably consisted of such species as Populus tremuloides, Populus grandi- dentata, Betula papyrifera, Pinus divaricata, and associated plants, which would be followed by Pinus resmosa and Pinus strohus. vSuccession in the Hillside Association has evidently been slow, changes few, and the biota as found at present has probably been more or less characteristic for a long time. The time required for the transformation of a lake into a marsh or bog is dependent upon many conditions, such as the physio- graphic features of the surrounding country, the depth and size of the lake, the slope and contour of the shore and bed of the lake, the nature of inflowing and outflowing streams, wind ex- posure and associated with it wave action and lake currents, plant growth, and deposition of plant and animal remains. The original lake which occupied the Ridgeway Bog area had a very irregular shore line and was well protected from wind on all sides except the north by relatively high hills, though the slopes except on the west were not steep; consequently wave and lake current action were reduced. The hills bordering the lake were all com- posed largely of sand and loose glacial till which was easily eroded both by wind and water and deposited into the lake, where the weak drainage and frequent irregularities in the shore line pre- vented its being carried away. Thus benches and submerged flats formed along shore, upon the shallower parts of which the Aquatic Association secured foothold. 28 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 The ecological status of the Aquatic Association of Ridgeway Lake at this time was probably not greatly different from that found in certain lakes in old sand dune regions today, which on account of more favorable conditions, often indeterminable, have not been invaded by the later successions of plant growth; among such lakes are Saint Germain and Fence in Vilas County, and Bardon in Idouglas County, Wisconsin. Lake Saint Cermain,^^ which will serve as an exami:)le for description of this stage, has by a combination of factors remained comparatively free from the invasion of vegetation; it is about three miles long l)y one and one-half miles wide; its shore line is simple and unbroken, and the surrounding hills are low; its long axis lies in a southwesterly northeasterly direction and its waters are subjected to much wind agitation, the prevailing winds during the summer ranging from south to west; it is relatively free from islands, the only one being a low esker in the western end of the lake; the drainage of the two inflowing streams is sluggish and, some three miles above Lake Saint Cermain, is in each case intercepted by lakes which act as settling reservoirs; the outflowing drainage on the other hand is (piite rapid. I have not determined the exact depth of the lake but it is known to be over forty-eight feet. All these factors, and ])i*obably others not recognized, have tended to delay the extensive invasion of vegetation. I have somewhat crudely indicated (fig. 7) the distriliution of the vegetation of this lake corresponding to that of the Aquatic Association in Ridgeway Bog. The char- acter of this vegetation differs somewhat in different parts of Lake Saint Germain; along the south shore and in the two large bays (fig. 8) at the southwest end of the lake the plants are mainly sub- merged aciuatics such as Potamogeton, Ceratophylluin, Char a, and a few Scirpus lacustris; along the north and northwest shores there is an inner, lakeward zone of submerged aquatics, which is fol- lowed immediately shoreward in some places by large beds of Nymphaea odorata, and these in turn by Scirpus lacustris which is present in greater or less abundance along this entire shore; in the small, sheltered bays and near the mouths of the inflowing creeks are found Nuphar advena, Typha latifolia, and, more inland. Iris versicolor. Associated with this flora are such vertebrates as liana pipiens, liana septentrionalis, Chrysemys hellii, Gavia inimer (in the oj^en water), Querquedula discors, Aix sponsa (wood duck). Observations at Lake Saint Germain were made August 18-23, 1910. 1914] Jackson: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Hog 29 Agelaius p. arctolegus, and Ondatra zihethica. The lianks of the lake are characterized largely by a flora composed of such species as Finns resinosa, Pinus divaricata, small Abies balsa niea, Populus tremuloides, Popuhis grandidentata, and Betula papyrifera, much of which has been ^knit over/’ while sedges, iris, and grasses grow on the narrow beach; associated with this flora are in part such vertebrates as Hana cantabrigensis, Pufo aniericanas, Thamnophis sirtaiis, Storeria occipitoniacidata, Bonasa u. togata, Dry abates v. leucomelas, Colaptes a. luteus, Zonutrichia albicoUis, Junco hyematis, Melospiza melodia, Penthestes atricapitlus, Planesticus migratorius, Odocoileus v. borealis, Eutamias b. 7ieglectus, Sciuriis h. niinnesota, Peromyscus //?. gracilis, Miistela v. letifera, and, only on the beach iHTir water, Pana pipiens, Rana septentrional is, and Actitis niacu- laria. 30 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 The Aquatic Association of Ridgeway Bog does not now con- tain all the species found in the corresponding association in Lake Saint Germain, but the absence of such forms as Ntjmphaea odorata, Scirpus lacustris, and Gavia immer, even were they once Fig. 8. The Bay in the Western End of Lake Saint Germain, Wisconsin. Here the aquatic vegetation is mostly submerged. Note the slow in- vasion of sedges and Iris versicolor on the sand beach. present in Ridgeway Lake, is not surprising when one considers the changes which have taken place in the bed and shore of the lake, for it must be borne in mind that the lake proper, and con- sequently the Aquatic Association, is now nearing its last stages of obliteration. The small size of the lake and the shallowness of the water in it, and the lack of food and suitable breeding 1914] Jackson: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog 31 places would easily account for the absence of the loon {Gavia nnmer) . The Aquatic Association having gained a foothold, gradually deposits were added to the benches and flats, which, coincident with the deepening of the drainage system, approached the water surface and allowed the invasion of the Sedge Association, the Aquatic Association in the meantime encroaching towards the center of the lake. This stage of the bog development is illustrated today in such lakes as Jennie Webber and the second of the Moen chain in Oneida County, Wisconsin. The biota of Jennie Webber Lake has not been sufficiently studied, but that of the second Moen Lake^^ is very similar to that of the Aquatic-Sedge Associations of Ridgeway Bog; Scirpus lacustris and Nymphaea odorata, how- ever, were still present in the Aquatic Association, but sphagnum and Potentilla palustris were not found; Gavia mimer occurs only as a casual visitor and is not Imown to breed; Circus hudsonius and Telmatodytes p. iliacus were not seen, while the bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus) was not uncommon, and the osprey {Pandion haliaetus carolinensis) was seen on two occasions fishing from the lake. The Sedge Association is a narrow zone and was evidently very soon invaded by the Cassandra Association. At this stage three vertebrates, Thamnophis, Microtus, and Blarina, were probably found in continuous distribution from the Hillside Association to the Sedge Association; they are found today in various locali- ties in the immediate region in similar adjoining habitats; but with the invasion of the Cassandra Association by the Tamarack- Spruce Association, and this later by the Cedar-Balsam-Hemlock Association, an ecological barrier was created which separated their habitats apparently as effectively as would a geographical barrier. Theoretically the Aquatic Association will advance, followed in turn by the Sedge, Cassandra, Tamarack-Spruce, and Cedar- Balsam-Hemlock Associations until the whole original bog area will be converted into the mesophytic forest of the Cedar-Balsam- Hemlock Association. Ecological processes such as these, viewed from the human standpoint, are slow and long-drawn out; viewed from the geological standpoint, however, they are rapid and fast- following. Ecological evidence has been sufficient from the bo- 12 Observations on Moen Lake were made August 11-13, 1906. 32 I^uLLETiN Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 taiiical viewpoint to prove that such processes operate. Fortu- nately, in the case of l)og vegetation we have the added geological evidence furnished by vertical sections through bog substrata in ditches and in drillings for peat. A photograph of a section of a ditch near Vestaburg, Michigan, which has been published by Davis (1907, plate 13) shows the layers of vegetation deposited in the bog through which the ditch passes; from the surface of the bog downwards these various layers are, successively, (a) living sphagnum, (b) sphagnum peat, (c) shrub remains, (d) sedge root- stocks, (e) pond lily rootstocks, and (f) laminated peat. We find today in Ridgeway Bog, and elsewhere in the region, certain char- acteristic animals associated with these various bog plant asso- ciations; we do not know whether plants per se are responsible for this hal)itat preference on the part of the animals, or whether physical and physiographical factors, through which the differ- ent plant associations are the outcome, are directly responsible; perhaps in some cases one is the cause of habitat preference, in others the other, and in still others a combination of the two may determine the preference; animal associates, it seems, must also play a large part in habitat preference. However that may be, accompanying the zonation of plants in Ridgeway Bog there is a definite zonation of animals, and accompanying plant succession in Ridgeway Bog there is an associated animal succession. The Cedar-Balsam-Hemlock Association might not be the cli- max association for it prol)ably would be succeeded by a coniferous forest of a different character, or more probably, as there is some evidence to believe, ultimately by a deciduous forest association, ‘dtrganisms which remain in one place do nothing which tends to remove the results of their own existence, and frequently modify their environments in manners detrimental to themselves. On the land, plants are the dominant sessile forms, and often profoundly modify the conditions in which they live, so that they cannot succeed themselves. When will the process of succession stop? Obviously, it must cease when there are no available species to take the place of those which have destroyed their own habitat. There are species which are immune to their own products and the l^roducts of the species which are associated with them. Ob- viously, when a condition in which these species can live is reached, and they come to occupy the place which is thus made ready for them, the formation which they constitute can, so far 1914J Jackson: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog 33 as the plants are concerned, last indefinitely. This is theoretically true of all climax or geographic formations, and has been estab- lished for the beech and maple forest of eastern North America’’ (Shelf ord, 1913, p. 308). Shelf ord has well modified this state- ment by the clause ‘so far as the plants are concerned.’ Indeed it is 'hazardous to state that any association of formation is cli- max in the sense that climax means final, so plastic is the biota, so frequent the changes, and so little known their causes. Could we eliminate the possible physiographic, climatic, physical, and chemical changes, not all brought about directly by the plant itself, the problem would be in a measure simplified. As it is, we can with reasonable certainty, in regions where succession has been studied, determine the climax forest association as it is effected through purely plant ecological processes; when changes, brought about through such agencies as, perhaps, drought, wind, or drain- age occur, they may disrupt the ecological balance and a new succession may begin. Such changes are probably few and affect the association more than they do the formation; the effect in most cases is probably more to delay than to destroy the climax association. When operative over large regions and for consid- erable time their effect is geological rather than ecological, as witnesses, for example, each ice sheet of the glacial epoch. Un- fortunately, in the case of animals we have little experimental evidence, except with aquatic invertebrates (Hogg, 1854; Vernon, 1895; Warren, 1900; Colton, 1908), of the ecological effect of the continuous existence of a species in a habitat. The latest ecological change in Ridgeway Bog is that of the Roadside Association, brought about indirectly by the clearing of a narrow tract through the Cedar-Balsam-Hemlock and Tama- rack-Spruce Associations; the Roadside Association will be dis- cussed more fully in succeeding paragraphs. The general relation of the different associations to each other can best be understood by reference to figure 1, and to tables 1 and 2 which represent respectively the distributions of the plants and the vertebrates in the bog and their relative abundance. In determining relative abundance I have endeavored not only to compare the abundance of a given species within the different associations, but also to compare the abundance of different species within a given asso- ciation. I have used the terms common (c), few (f), and rare (r) to indicate this. 34 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 TABLE 1 Distribution of plants in Ridgeway bog In the following table the various terms are abbreviated thus : Probable source of ingression, P. S. of I.; Aquatic Association, 1; Sedge Associ- ation, 2; Cassandra Association, 3; Tamarack-Spruce Association, 4; Cedar-Balsam-Hemlock Association, 5; Roadside Association, 6; Hill- side Association, 7; common, c; few, f; rare, r. Wherever a question mark appears it indicates that the species was reported to have for- merly occurred in the bog, but that it was not seen by me personally in the bog; in such cases the location of its former habitat is fixed accord- ing to its habitat in other bogs in the region. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME p. s. 1 OF I. 1 : 2 1 3 4 5 1 6 : 7 south f 1 Yellow pond lily. Nuphar advena Ait south f 1 1 south r c north 1 f south c c Loosestrife Steironema quadriflorum (Sims.) i Hitchc south f c south f f Meadow-sweet . . . Spiraea salicifolia L north r c Blue flag Iris versicolor L south c c r 1 Slender sedge Carex filiformis L south c f r Pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea L north c f Marsh five-finger. . Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop north 1 1 r c r Sphagnum moss. . . Sphagnum north c c r Cranberry Oxycoccus oxycoccus (L.) MacM north c r Labrador tea, . Ledu?n groenlandicum CEder north 1 f 1 f Swamp laurel. Kalmia glauca Ait north 1 f f Cassandra Chamaedaphnecalyculata{\^.)^oench. north 1 c c r Alder Alnus incana (L.) Willd north f r r i Tamarack Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch north r c f i 1 Black spruce Picea mariana (Mill.) B. S. P north i r c f Canada blueberry. Vaccinium canadense Richards east f f Mountain ash. Sorbus americana Marsh east j 1 r c White spruce ; Picea canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P north r f 1 Dwarf cornel ^ Cornus canadensis L north i f c f .Tack pine .... 1 Pinus divaricata (Ait.) Sudw north r f c Yellow clintonia... Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf east c Whit“ cedar ‘ Thuja occidentalis L east I b i Hemlock Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr east i Mountain maple.. .' Acer spicatum Lam east i f Bals.am fir i \bies balsamea (L.) Mill east 1 r Mountain holly.. . Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) Tre- lease east r Hard maple . . Acer saccharum Marsh east c f Norway pine . . . Pinus resinosa Ait east f c White pine Pinus strobus L east r f Trailing arbutus.. . Epigaea repens L east r c Wintergreen Gaultheria procumbens L east r i c Juneberrv Amelanchier canadensis T. & G east f c r Pin cherry. Prunus pennsylvanica L east r c r Choke cherry Prunus virginiana L south f 1914] Jackson: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog 35 TABLE 1 — Continued COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME 1 P.S. OF I. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Paper birch Betula papyrifera Marsh north c c Partridge berry Mitchella repens L east f c Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides Michx north f f Large-toothed Populus grandidentata Michx east f f Beaked hazel Corylus rostrata Ait south f r Ground pine Lycopodium obscurum dendroideum . c Prince’s pine Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt c Hod oak Quercus rubra L south r TABLE 2 Distribution of vertebrates in Ridgeway hog In the following table abbreviations have the same significance as in Table 1 COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME P. s. OF I. 1 1 1 2 3 S 4 5 Northern frog Rana septentrionalis Baird j south f f Blue-winged teal . Querquedula discors (L.) r r Leopard frog Rana pipiens Schreber south j f f r Muskrat Ondatra zibethica (L.) south r f r Bell’s turtle Chryseniys bellii Gray south 1 f r r r r Sora Porzana Carolina (L.) 1 f Marsh hawk Circus hudsonius (L.) north f Spotted sandpiper. Actitis macularia (L.) north r Short-eared owl . . . Asio flammeus (Pont.) south r Prairie long-billed marsh wren j Telmatodytes palustris iliacus Hidg.. . south r Red-winged black- • bird [ Agelaius phoeniceus arctolegus Oberh. south c r Meadow nnouse — Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord) c r Swamp sparrow. . Melospiza georgiana (Lath.) south f c r Minnesota mink. . . Mustela vison letifera Hollister r f r Garter snake . . . ! Thamnophis sirtalis (L.) south f r Short -tailed shrew. Blarina brevicauda (Say) south r f Masked shrew. . . . Sorex personatus (I. Geof.) north j r f c f Common toad Bufo americanus LeConte south r r r f Song sparrow j Melospiza melodia- (Wils.) south j r f r Winter wren ! N annus hiemalis (Vieil.) north 1 f Golden-crowned kinglet ; Regulus satrapa Licht f Richardson’s north 1 shrew Sorex richardsonii Bach north [ f Mar.«h shrew N eosorer. palustris tRich.f north ' f Canada spruce 1 grouse Canachites canadensis canace (L.) north 1 r Olive-sided fly- catcher N uttallornis borealis (Swain.) north r Red-breasted nut- hatch 1 Sittn canadensis L north 1 f r 36 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 TABLE 2— Continued COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME P. s. OF I. 1 2 3 4 5 6 . i ! : Hermit thrush Hylocichla guttata pallasii (Cab.). . . . north f i east 1 r if: 1 Yellow-bellied fly- catcher Empidonax flaviventris (W. M. & S. F. 1 ‘ Baird) east r r 1 : Magnolia warbler. Dendroica magnolia (Wils.) east r ^ r 1 Hairy woodpecker Dry abates villosus leucomelas (Bod.). . c f i White-throated 1 1 east c : f ' ' Red-backed mouse Evotomys gapperi (Vigors) north f c Northern wood east f f 1 ' Slate-colored junco Junco hyemalis (L.) east r 1 f ' i Canada porcupine Erethizon dorsatum (L.) east ? ; ?! I Minnesota red ! 1 squirrel Sciurus hudsonicus minnesota Allen.. c cel Cedar waxwung Bombycilla cedrorum (Vieil.) east r ! f c Minnesota varying i hare Lepus americanus phaeonotus Allen.. north 1 r f r Canadian deer I 1 mouse Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis (Le Conte) i r fir' Nashville warbler. Vermivora ruficapilla (Wils.) east f i Canadian ruffed grouse Bonasa umbella togata (L.) north f ’ Chickadee Penthestes atricapillus (L.) north 1 1 r 1 ; Northern white- tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus borealis (Miller) south ! ? ! 1 Blue jay Cyanocitta cristata (L.) south f c : Little striped chip- munk Eutaniias borealis neglectus (Allen)... north- i I west r c 1 Red-bellied snake. Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer) east r f i Gray chipmunk. . . Tamias striatus griseus Mearns south ! 1 Northern flicker.. . Colaptes auratus luteus Bangs south i f I Catbird Dumetella carolinensis (L.) south .1 f ! Brown thrasher Toxostoma rufum (L.) south \ ^ Green grass snake. Liopeltis vernalis (De Kay) south i : f Robin Planesticus migratorius (L.) 1 f Least flycatcher. . . Empidonax minimus (W. M. & S. F. i I Baird) east ! 1 Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus (L.) east i Chipping sparrow. Spizella passerina (Bach.) ' i Red-eyed vireo Vireosylva olivacea (L.) east 1 Minnesota skunk. . Mephitis mephitis' minnesotae (Brass) south i 1 Broad-winged i ! 1 ! haw’k ... Bufen plnlypterus fVieil.l east Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm 1 ! j Wilson’s thrush — Hylocichla fuscescens (Steph.) north 1 j I 19UJ Jackson: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog 37 V. THE SOURCE. OF INGRESSION OF THE BIOTA That we may consider the probable source of ingression of the biota of Ridgeway Bog region since glacial times it is necessary to locate approximately the last center of dispersal of each species found within this area; in the case of some species, in order to throw light on lines of dispersal, it is essential to locate, as nearly as possible, the origin of distribution. The terms “origin of dis- tribution” and “center of dispersal” must not be confused; the former refers to that place where the species, group of species, or mores was first evolved and from which it originally extended its geographic range; the latter refers to that place of limited area from which it extends its geographic range after a period of static or egressive distribution, or after being transferred to this area distant from its former geographic range. We may thus have two or more centers of dispersal at a given time, but never more than one origin of distribution, unless one would be willing to accept the fanciful theory that parallel evolution and convergence take place in localities remote from one another. Various criteria have been used to determine the center of dispersal; these have been summarized by Adams as follows: 1. Location of the greatest differentiation of type. 2. Location of dominance or great abundance of individuals. 3. Location of synthetic or closely related forms. (Allen.) 4. Location of maximum size of individuals. (Ridgway, Allen.) 5. Location of greatest productiveness and its stability, in crops. (Hyde.) 6. Continuity and convergence of lines of dispersal. 7. Location of least dependence upon a restricted habitat. 8. Continuity and directness of individual variations or modifications radiating from the center of origin along highways of dispersal. 9. Direction indicated by biogeographical affinities. 10. Directionindicatedby annual migration in birds. (Palmen.) (Adams, 1902, p. 128.) The location of greatest productiveness and the location of maximum size of individuals are probably of importance in deter- mining the center of dispersal of plants; but in determining the center of dispersal of vertebrate animals I believe they count for little; ecological conditions at the center of dispersal ma^^ come far from fulfilling the optimum for the existence of a species which 38 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 as it ingresses other regions may encounter conditions more nearly optimum and may increase in productiveness, and may increase or decrease in size of individuals or remain constant. Neither increase nor decrease in size necessarily implies that the species is any the less adapted for successful existence. Could one contend, for example, that the little shrew (Sorex personatus) , the white- footed mouse {Peromyscus maniculatus) , or the chickadee would be “better adapted^’ for existence by a slight increase -in size? Or if slight increase in size were noted in any one of these animals in a certain locality, would this be reason for designating said locality a center of its dispersal? I think that in the case of verte- brate animals evidence is too scant for determining the center of dispersal by the location of greatest productiveness, and of maxi- mum size of individuals; I have, therefore, paid little attention to these two factors in my determinations of centers of dispersal. The location of great abundance of individuals is often of impor- tance in determining centers of dispersal, especially when the area of great abundance is relatively large. Here again, however, as a species ingresses other regions it may encounter ecological condi- tions more nearly optimum and may increase in abundance. An example of this is furnished in the distribution of Blarina hrevi- cauda. This shrew is without doubt of southern origin; conver- gence of lines of dispersal and location of closely related forms (both specific and generic) point clearly to a southern center of dispersal; yet Miller writes of its occurrence at Peninsula Harbor, Ontario, the most northerly known point of its central range, thus: “Although the range of Blarina hrevicauda has been supposed to be limited by the southern edge of the Canadian zone, the abundance of the species on the north shore of Lake Superior shows that it must be considerably extended. I have nowhere seen Blarina hrevicauda more abundant and destructive than at Peninsula Harbor ....’’ (Miller, 1897, p. 38). The loca- tion of greatest abundance of individuals is, however, probably more indicative of the center of dispersal, especially of recently established forms, than it is of the origin of distribution, as wit- ness those classic examples of the enormous increase of individuals following the introduction of the English sparrow, the starling, and the German carp into America, the rabbit into Australia, and the mongoose into the West Indies. Of course, in these cases 1914J Jackson: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog 39 the ‘‘balance of nature” (cf. Adams, 1913, p. 28) has been over- turned through the agency of man, and the origin of the process of distribution is, in a measure, understood; that similar processes may have their origin through different agencies seems entirely within the range of probability. Basing a decision upon the location of greatest abundance of individuals, one might correctly locate the North American centers of dispersal of the English sparrow and the starling, even though the history of these forms in North America were unknown; on the other hand, should one, unmindful of the past history of the species, attempt to locate the origin of distribution of the English sparrow solely by the location of greatest abundance of individuals, one would undoubtedly fall into error and would probably locate it in northeastern United States. Difficulty is always encountered in determining the source of ingression of any plant or animal into a region unless its gradual extension of range has been actually observed. The ingression of some species into the region of Ridgeway Bog has been noted in recent years, but for the most part in determining the source of ingression I have relied chiefly upon convergence of lines of dispersal, limits of geographic range, biogeographical affinities, and location of closely related forms. In my endeavor to locate the centers of dispersal as accurately as possible I have compiled maps of the geographic range of each species of verte- brate found in Ridgeway Bog; in the case of the plants I have depended largely upon the distribution maps published by Hough (1907) and Sudworth (1913) and upon descriptive geographic- ranges from diverse, but reliable, sources. The biota of any region may have ingressed from one center of dispersal or from many, or it may be partly endemic. Often it appears to be simple in character and to show one general source of ingression which is easily analyzed; again it is mixed and complex, and shows many sources of ingression as if the plants and animals entered the region in a hit-or-miss fashion. A careful analysis of any such region will usually induce to the conclusion that in- gression is regular and orderly; that during a certain period of the history of the region, ingression is in general from one source, during another period, from another source; that as physical, physiographical, or ecological conditions change, a biota best adapted, physiologically and morphologically, to meet this change 40 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 ingresses; and that generally this biota comes from a region which has conditions, in toto or in part, similar to those of the region ingressed. The change in conditions may be a single factor such as light intensity, humidity, evaporation, soil alkalinity, tempera- ture, or what not; or it may be a combination of factors; it is effective if it reaches the minimum necessary for the existence of the plant or animal. ‘‘The habitat relations of organisms show that they do not occur promiscuously mixed, even within a small area, but that their relations are orderly and definite. In addi- tion to the general successional relation attending changes of the environment, attention is called to the different kinds of organisms in different biotic regions, which make up this suc- cession. This habitat uniqueness of the biota in different regions favors the independent formation or association of similar habitat types from very diverse kinds of biota’’ (Adams, 1905, p. 70). A careful study shows that ingression^^ into Ridgeway Bog region has taken place from three general directions — south, north, and east, and that the biota of any one association has ingressed, for the most part, from the same general center of dis- persal. The biota of the Aquatic-Sedge Associations is typified in a large measure by plants and animals of southern affinities; the combined biota of these two associations consists of such species as Potajnogeton natans, Nuphar advena, Typha latifoUa, Iris versicolor, sedges, Menyanthes trifoliata, Bufo americanus, Rana pipiens, Rana septentrionalis, Thamnophis sirtalis, Chrysemys helm, Querquedula discors, Porzana Carolina, Actitis macularia. Circus hudsonius, Asio flammeus, Agelaius p. arctolegus, Melospiza georgiana, Telmatodytes p. iliacus, Microtus perunsylvanicus. Ondatra zihethica, Mustela v. letifera, and Blarina hrevicauda. Porzana Carolina, Actitis macularia, and Circus hudsonius are probably of northern origin, having Palaearctic relations in Porzana porzana, Actitis hypoluca, and Circus cyaneus, and upon the strength of this evidence I have, with some hesitation, indicated for them a northern center of dispersal; it seems, however, possible that they may have been driven south by the glaciers and may have since ingressed the region from that direction. Mustela v. letifera Reference to tables 1 and 2, in which I have indicated the probable source of ingression of the majority of the species in Ridgeway Bog, will clarify the statements in the following para- graphs. 1914] Jackson: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog 41 is probably of northern origin, and Microtus pennsylvanicus may be also. The majority of the species found in these two associa- tions, nevertheless, have southern affinities. Many of these forms undoubtedly existed at the edge of the glacier or even on the covering of debris on the glacier itself, or in oases in the ice sheet; others, many of which may have been driven south by the ice sheet, followed at intervals the recession of the ice. The biota of the Cassandra-Tamarack-Spruce Associations of Ridgeway Bog is typical of northern North American bogs; it consists of such characteristic forms as Larix laricina, Picea mariana, Alnus incana, Sarracenia purpurea, Spiraea salicifolia, Potentilla palustris, Kalmia glauca, Ledum groenlandicum, Cha- maedaphne calyculata, Steironema quadriflorum, Oxycoccus oxy- coccus, Canachites c. canace, Nuttallornis borealis, Nannus hiemalis, Sitta canadensis, Regulus satrapa, Hylocichla g. pallasii, Sorex personatus, Sorex richardsonii, Neosorex palustris, and a few other associated species. It is this biota which some have led themselves to believe was driven south considerable distance beyond the edge of the ice sheet (fig. 9) during the Glacial Epoch and which has since remi- grated north into the glaciated area. The evidence upon which such an assumption can be based is, to say the least, unsatisfac- tory and meager, and the proof lies upon him who upholds such an hypothesis. The entire evidence at present is based upon the occurrence towards the south of a very few Pleistocene fossils of animals having present-day arctic affinities. Adams writes: “For example, the occurrence in Pleistocene times (Hay, '02; Hatcher, ^02) of such arctic types as the walrus in Virginia and South Carolina along the Atlantic coast, the musk ox in Pennsyl- vania, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indian Territory and Iowa, and the reindeer in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Iowa, certainly shows that an arctic climate once reached far to the south. Although limited, this information clearly suggests the general extreme southern limit reached by arctic types during the Ice Age’’ (Adams, 1905, p. 55). On the strength of these few fossils it seems to me hardly logical to conclude that an arctic climate prevailed at one time in the regions designated. It must be remembered that none of these animals is conspecific with an existing arctic form, and that in 42 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 many cases they are not even congeneric with present arctic ani- mals. Yet by the same method of reasoning we could argue that today an arctic climate exists in Louisiana, Mexico, Central Amer- ica, or even southern India! To cite a few examples of present dis- tribution, the muskrat is found congeneric {Ondatra) from southern Louisiana to the Arctic Ocean and conspecific {Ondatra zibethica) from northern Georgia and southwestern Texas to the Arctic Fig. 9. Outline Map of the Middle Portion of North America, Showing the Location of Ridgeway Bog (B) and the Southern Margin of the Wisconsin Drift (indicated by heavy line). Ocean; the mink is found conspecific {Mustela vison) from southern Louisiana to northern Alaska; the otter is congeneric {Lutra) from Central America to northern Alaska, and the beaver {Castor) occurs from extreme southern Texas to northern Alaska. Nor are mammals having a great north and south range confined among aquatic or semi-aquatic ones: the wolf ranges from almost tropical southern Florida to the mouth of the Mackenzie River; the weasel is found from Brazil to the Arctic Ocean; the mountain sheep from 1914] Jackson: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog 43 the low desert mountain ranges of Lower California to northern Alaska; and the tiger from the jungles of southern India to the high, almost arctic, plateaus of Korea and Manchuria. Many other examples of animals having an extensive north and south range could be cited. If the animals of any one of these genera had been exterminated, through any cause whatever, throughout the southern two-thirds or more of its range, and later fossils of it discovered in any of this southern region, one would, on the basis of this sort of logic, be warranted in concluding that said region formerly had an arctic climate. I do not wish entirely to disparage the idea of the possibility of an arctic biota and one similar to that of the Cassandra-Tamarack-Spruce Associations of Ridgeway Bog having been present a short distance south of the ice sheet; I do contend, however, that fossil evidence has thus far offered insufficient proof to warrant us to conclude that this biota extended more than a relatively short distance south of the ice margin. Furthermore, a study of the present life near the terminal and marginal moraines of the Wisconsin Epoch does not warrant the conclusion that the biota of the Cassandra-Tamarack-Spruce Associations was driven south into non-glaciated areas during the Glacial Epoch. It has been my pleasure on several occasions to study the fauna and flora of the “Non-glaciated Area’’ in southwestern Wisconsin and northeastern Iowa; all told I have spent something over five months in this field carefully observing the fauna and flora, and never have I seen a plant or breeding verte- brate therein which can be construed to be typical of the Cas- sandra-Tamarack-Spruce Associations; the moment one passes into this non-glaciated region one looses all trace of this biota. Surely, if this type of biota was driven much south of the ice sheet, we would expect this one oasis of all time in the desert of ice to contain relicts of the ancient battle. Pammel mentions two tamarack swamps in LaCrosse County, Wisconsin, which apparently lie within the “Non-glaciated Area;” he speaks of them, in part, thus: “The Larix americana is not common in LaCrosse County. The seed was probably carried to the LaCrosse River from the country to the north. A second tamarack marsh in LaCrosse County occurs in Mormon Coulee, some fourteen miles south. There is no longer a sphagnum bog 44 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 surrounding or in close proximity to the tamarack grove. The coulee at this point is about one mile wide. The flat area here is wider than at any other point along the creek. The stream is small. A mile below the valley narrows. The soil in proximity to the tamarack marsh is very rich. All evidence seems to show that we had here an ancient lake which has to a large extent been drained. The region surrounding the grove is still very swampy, but there is no evidence anywhere of a typical sphagnum bog with its accompanying plants like Sarracenia purpurea, Drosera rotundifolia and Pogonia. . . . The tamarack swamp is a typical forest island; the seeds were undoubtedly carried by the wind from the LaCrosse valley” (Pammel, 1907, p. 87). Pammel thus seems inclined to the view that the ingression of the tamarack in these swamps was recent and from the north. A very few species of bog plants occur in the eastern United States in favorable, swampy localities in non-glaciated regions, but many of these swamps and marshes are of recent and, undoubt- edly, postglacial origin. Nor, on the other hand, does the biota of the glaciated areas at the extremity of the Wisconsin drift support the hypothesis that the biota of the Cassandra-Tamarack- Spruce Associations was driven far south. As a rule of biogeog- raphy it might be stated that in general, where physical and eco- logical changes are not sudden and abrupt egression is in the same order as ingression. Certain plants ingress a region in the form of a wave or migration from some center of dispersal; this ingres- sion may continue extensively for considerable time, or it may be short-lived; ultimately however it is dominated by the ingression of another association which may or may not come from the same direction as the former; if any plants survive from the first in- gression it will usually be those which last gained a foothold, be- cause they are the ones among all of the first ingression which have an ecological optimum most like that of the second ingression; the same is true of the animals of these succeeding ingressions. The biota of the bogs just within the southern extremity of the Wisconsin drift contains a few of the early ingressing bog plants, and two or three species of widely ranging bog animals; there are no relicts of those animals most typical of northern ‘Tamarack- spruce swamps” and many of the plants are. lacking. For example, I have been unable to find any published authentic records of the 1914] Jackson: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog 45 occurrence in Iowa bogs and swamps, and consequently in the state of Iowa, of such characteristic bog plants as Sphagnum, Larix laricina, Picea mariana, Sarracenia purpurea, Leduin groeyi- landicum, Kalmia glauca, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Vaccinium canadense, and Oxycoccus oxycoccus (cf. Pammel, 1909). Un- fortunately the fauna of Iowa bogs is imperfectly known. In absence of proof to the contrary, it seems best to conclude for the present, therefore, that the typical bog biota existed dur- ing the Glacial Epoch principally at the edge of the ice sheet and upon the debris covering the ice sheet itself. The ice at the border of the glacier was probably relatively thin and broken, and there is no reason to doubt that its surface supported plant and animal life. Unfortunately there has been no ecological study of the biota of a modern glacier; such a study is greatly needed and might help to enlighten us upon possible biotic conditions during the Glacial Epoch. That life can exist and thrive on a glacier is evident from the observations of Russel upon Malaspina Glacier, Alaska. Russel writes: “The forest covering the greater portion of the low- lands extends up over the moraine-covered bluff of ice and thence inland on the surface of the glacier for 4 or 5 miles. The face of the ice bluff is so completely covered with boulders, earth, and vegetation, that it is seldom one has so much as a glimpse of the ice beneath. In fact, an unobserving person might wander over it for hours without noticing that there are occasional ice out- crops’’ (Russel, 1893, p. 19). “The vegetation on the surface of Malaspina glacier, where we approached it, had no breaks or open- ings through which we could travel northward, but was so dense that we could not possibly force our way through it when encum- bered with packs. We decided, therefore, before attempting to proceed, to cut a trail through the forest to reach the barren mo- raine to the north” (Russel, 1893, p. 20). “The vegetation through which we cut a trail consisted principally of alders, growing to a height of 20 or 30 feet, but on the outer or older portion of the moraine there are dense groves of spruces, some of which are 3 feet in diameter. The spruce trees decrease in number and be- come of smaller size toward the interior. Besides these there is an occasional cottonwood and a dense undergrowth of salmonberry and huckleberry bushes, devil’s club, and rank ferns, mostly of the genus Asplenium, in great profusion” (Russel, 1893, p. 21). “In 46 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 many places the ice beneath the dense forest is not less than a thousand feet thick” (Russel, 1893, p. 76). In view of these observations of Russel upon the heavy spruce-alder forest cov- ering parts of Malaspina Glacier, it seems not improbable that during the glaciation of the Wisconsin ice sheet a dense plant growth might have existed on top of the border of the ice lobe itself as well as a short distance below the edge of the ice. The cold, damp substratum of such an habitat would lead one to suspect that the plant growth occupying it would be mostly xerophytic, and possibly not essentially dissimilar to the flora of the Cassandra-Tamarack-Spruce Associations of Ridgeway Bog; Russel found, in part, exactly such a flora on Malaspina Glacier. The probabilities seem to be, therefore, that the biota of these two associations existed on the moraines over the Wisconsin ice sheet and just beyond its borders during maximum glaciation, and that later, upon recession of the ice, it adjusted itself to the bog habitat — also a habitat with a cold, damp substratum adapted to xerophytes. However that may be, the biota of the Cassandra- Tamarack-Spruce Associations shows northern affinities and has, undoubtedly, had a northern source of ingression ; it may have been driven south to the southern edge of the ice sheet, but there is no conclusive evidence that a major part of it ever occupied the area south of the Wisconsin drift. The biota of the Cedar-Balsam-Hemlock and Hillside Associa- tions consists in large part of plants and animals of eastern affini- ties. Many of the species in these associations are from a north- eastern center of dispersal; among some of those which appear to have had a northeastern source of ingression are Pinus resinosa, Pinus sPohus, Tsuga canadensis, Abies balsamea, Thuja occiden- ialis, Acer spicatuni, Sorbus americana, Clintonia borealis, Epigaea repens, GauUheria procumbens, Mitchella repens, Nemopanthus mucronata, Poptdus grandidentata, Prunus pennsylvanica, Bomhy- cilla cedrorwn, Dendroica magnolia, and Erethizon dorsatuni. Many of these forms probably migrated north along the Appa- lachian Mountains from a southeastern center of dispersal (Adams, 1905, p. 59), thence west and southwest from this secondary (northeastern) center of dispersal; probably among such are Pinus strobus, Tsuga canadensis, Epigaea repens, GauUheria pro- cumbens, and possibly others. Other species in these associations 1914] Jackson: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog 47 seem to have entered the region directly from a southeastern center of dispersal; among these are Amelanchier canadensis j Acer saccharum, Rana cantabrigensis, Storeria occipitomaculata, Buteo platypterus, Vireosylva olivacea, Dendroica vigorsii, and Seiurus aurocapillus. Acer saccharum may have had a southern center of dispersal rather than an eastern one. Odocoileus and Mephitis without doubt ingressed from the south. It should be noted that the biota of the Hillside Association as a whole tends to show more southerly and southeasterly affinities than that of the Cedar- Balsam-Hemlock Association ; and this is more particularly notice- able in the fauna. I am unable to account for the scarcity of the crow in this bog, nor can I understand why I have observed it only in the Hillside Association; elsewhere in the region it occurs frequently among tamaracks and spruces. It has been written that “if the organization of ecological materials is to be brought about in correlation with natural laws, then agricultural communities are essentially useless subjects for study’’ (Shelf ord, 1912b, p. 349). Admitted the general appli- cability of the truth of this statement, there are nevertheless cases where the clearing of timber, the draining of swamps, and the various other accompaniments of agricultural development may be of exception^ advantage and value in ecological and bio- geographical investigations, provided always that preceding this development detailed studies have been made in the region; agricultural development may then offer opportunities for experi- mental field studies by the changes brought about through the development, the control being furnished by the conditions origi- nally existing. The general region of Ridgeway Bog, for several miles in all directions, up to about the year 1882 remained cov- ered with virgin coniferous forest, but about that date the lum- bering industry opened at Rhinelander and within the next fifteen 3^ears all the heavier timber was cut except in isolated groves. We can only hazard a guess at what transformations might take place in the biota of this region had this forest been untouched by man, but there is considerable possibility that, at least in places, there might be an ingression from the south of a biota of a decidu- ous forest type. I base this assumption upon the fact that a few plants of the deciduous forest type had already ingressed this region in the time of its maximum coniferous forestation; among these 48 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 plants are Ostrya virginiaiia, Quercus rubra, Quercus coccinea, Uhnus americana, Acer saccharum, and Tilia ajnericana. How- ever that may be, after this virgin coniferous forest was destroyed, there ingressed from the south a biota consisting of prairie and deciduous forest border types, the latter predominating. This ingression is seen in part in the Roadside Association where we find Liopeltis vernalis, Colaptes a. luteus, Dumetella carolmensis, Toxostoma rufum, and Tamias s. griseus, species which have all increased in abundance in the region since the observations were begun in 1906. Tamias s. griseus was not seen in the region until 1907 after which date it began to increase rapidly, until now it is abundant along most country roads and in open scrub deciduous woods; it was first seen in the Roadside Association of Ridgeway Bog in 1911, and one year later (in 1912) it was a common species there. Dumetella carolinensis made its first appearance in Ridge- way Bog in 1911, a single pair which in 1912 had increased to three pairs; in 1906 I knew of only three pairs of catbirds in the entire region, in 1912 there were dozens of them. Toxostoma rufum was apparently absent from the region until 1909 when I knew of a single nesting pair; in 1912 there were at least six nesting pairs, one of which was in the Roadside Association of Ridgeway Bog. Now it might be argued by some that through oversight these species were not observed in the earlier studies, but such an ob- jection seems hardly valid since the species are all animals which may be termed ‘‘conspicuous” and the observations were con- ducted as carefully in the earlier studies as in the later; further- more the more intensive observations each year were made in the same local, though somewhat extensive, areas. There are other animals which are known to have ingressed this region since the clearing of the forests among which are the quail (Colinus virgini- anus),^^ whip-poor-will {Setochalcis vocifera), meadowlark (Stur- nella magna), grass finch (Pooecetes gramineus), scarlet tanager {Piranga erythromelas) , and the coyote (Canis latrans). So general is this present ingression that it might be predicted with no little degree of certainty what species might ingress the region The quail may possibly have been introduced by human agency. I have seen only two; a male August 8, 1907 on a pine stump in a hayfield near Woodboro, Wisconsin, and again two days later a male, probably the same bird, in the same field. 1914J Jackson: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog 49 in the next few decades. We are not yet warranted in drawing definite conclusions as to upon what physical and ecological factors this northward extension of biota depends but there are strong indications that light, humidity, and evaporation, as well as tem- perature, play important roles. That a northward extension of distribution of certain plants and animals of the prairie and the deciduous forest border types is gradually progressing is an in- disputable fact. The decision of the causes of this distribution can come only after detailed, intensive, comparative field studies upon all the forms of plants and animals of this general region, supplemented by laboratory experiments, and correlated with similar studies in other regions. Two very interesting hypotheses have been suggested by the investigation which have not been discussed in this paper. One of these is the possible order of the different ingressions. The soil, and other factors, are so different in various parts of the region, and the time has been so long since the last ice sheet receded, that it has been impossible to decide the order, in time, of the different ingressions for the region as a whole. Were the entire region one great bog area, however, the order of ingression fol- lowing the retreat of the ice sheet would probably be thus: first, the combined biota of the Cassandra-Tamarack-Spruce Asso- ciations, which, as we have noted, probably existed on the mo- raines over the ice sheet and along its edge during maximum gla- ciation; second, the biota of the Aquatic-Sedge Associations; and, third, the biota of the Cedar-Balsam-Hemlock Association. A second, most interesting hypothesis suggested, and one which it may be possible to prove definitely, is the possible occurrence of two subspecies (of one species) together in the same region. I mean, by a subspecies, a variant of a given species showing dis- tinctive morphological characters, usually over considerable geographic range, sufficient to warrant its appellation with a trinomial. A species may thus be composed of one form, or it may be composed of several forms (subspecies). It has generally been conceded by most taxonomists that only one subspecies (of a given species) can occur at a given locality; for this reason it has not infrequently happened that two types of variants of a species, found together at a locality, have received the same sub- specific identification. Might it not be possible, however, for 50 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 two subspecies (of the same species) to inhabit the same region, they having had different sources of ingression, and dwelling in different associations? It seems not at all improbable that, at least in some instances, this might be the case. VI. SUMMARY Kidgeway Bog is of glacial origin and lies in a slightly elevated plateau near the source of the Wisconsin River in northern Wis- consin. Its biota, based upon a study of the land vertebrates and a few of the seed plants, typifies that of northern North American bogs. This biota analyses into seven horizontal ecological associations which ma}^ be designated as: (1) the Aquatic Asso- ciation, (2) the Sedge Association, (3) the Cassandra Association, (4) the Tamarack-Spruce Association, (5) the Cedar-Balsam- Hemlock Association, (6) the Roadside Association, and (7) the Hillside Association. Ecological succession takes place from the outer rim of the bog proper towards the inner lake area, the Sedge Association invad- ing the Aquatic Association, the Cassandra Association invading the Sedge Association, and these in turn followed successively by the Tamarack-Spruce and the Cedar-Balsam-Hemlock Asso- ciations. The Hillside Association belongs to the Forest on Sand Formation rather than to the Bog Formation. • The whole area might ultimately, if it had been left undisturbed by man, be succeeded by an association of a deciduous forest type. The Roadside Association has been brought about by the clearing of a narrow strip through the Cedar-Balsam-Hemlock Association and contains several species of plants and animals representative of the deciduous forest border type. The ingression of the biota into the region has been from sev- eral centers of dispersal. The biota of the Aquatic-Sedge Asso- ciations ingressed from the south; that of the Cassandra-Taniarack- Spruce Associations shows northern affinities. Evidence at present does not indicate that the biota of the Cassandra-Tamarack- Spruce Associations has ever existed, in any considerable part, south of the Wisconsin drift. The biota of the Cedar-Balsam- Hemlock and Hillside Associations is characterized chiefly by plants and animals having eastern affinities. The last ingression 1914] Jackson; Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog ol is from the south and is represented in part in the Roadside Asso- ciation; this last ingression is still in process, several members of it having ingressed the region during the past few years. VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is a pleasure for me here to express my gratitude to all who have in any way aided me in my present studies. I am especially obligated to Dr. L. Stejneger for identifying a specimen of Rana septentrionalis and for allowing me access to card catalogues in the U. S. National Museum, to Dr. C. E. Allen for identifying certain specimens of plants, to Mr. H. C. Oberholser for suggestions con- cerning faunal affinities of birds, to Dr. C. A. Davis for suggestions and criticisms in regard to centers of plant dispersal, to Dr. Paul Bartsch for kindly criticisms and for reading the entire manuscript, and to my wife, Anna M. Jackson, who collected many of the plants and who has done much of the routine work connected with the investigation. VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY Adams, C. C. 1902 a Southeastern United States as a Center of Geo- graphic Distribution of Flora and Fauna. Biol. Bull., vol. 3, pp. 115-131. 1902 b Postglacial Origin and Migration of the Life of North- eastern United States. Journ. Geog., vol. 1, pp. 303-310, 352- 357. 1905 The Postglacial Dispersal of the North American Biota. Biol. Bull., vol. 9, pp. 53-71. 1913 Guide to the Study of Animal Ecology. New York. Adams, C. C., and others 1909 An Ecological Survey of Isle Royale, Lake Superior. Report Geol. Surv. IMichigan, 1908. Bailey, Vernon 1896 Tamarack Swamps as Boreal Islands. Science, new series, vol. 3, pp. 250-251. (Abstract of paper presented at the 254th meeting of the Biol. Soc. Washington, January 25, 1896. Fide F. A. Lucas, secretary.) Brown, A. E. 1904 Post-glacial Nearctic Centres of Dispersal for Rep- tiles. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 56, pp. 464-474. Clements, F. E. 1905 Research Methods in Ecology. Lincoln, Nebraska. Colton, H. S. 1908 Some Effects of Environment on the Growth of Ljunnaea columella Say. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 60, pp. 410-448. 52 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 Coulter, S. M. 1904 An Ecological Comparison of Some Typical Swamp Areas. Report Missouri Bot. Card., vol. 15, pp. 30-72. Cowles, H. C. 1901 The Physiographic Ecology of Chicago and Vicinity; a study of the origin, development, and classification of plant societies. Bot. Gaz., vol. 31, pp. 73-108, 145-182. Dachnowski, Alfred 1912 Peat Deposits of Ohio: their origin, forma- tion and uses. Geol. Surv. Ohio, 4th series, bull. 16. Davis, C. A. 1907 Peat: Essays on its origin, uses and distribution in Michigan. Report Geol. Surv. Michigan, 1906, pp. 93-395. Day, P. C. 1912 Summaries of Climatological Data by Sections. U. S. Dept. Agric., Weather Bureau, bull. W. Flahault, C., and Schroter, C. 1910 Phytogeographical Nomenclature. Reports and Propositions. IIP Congres International de Botanique, Bruxelles, 1910. Ganong, W. F. 1897 Upon Raised Peat-Bogs in the Province of New Brunswick. Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, second series, vol. 3, section 4, pp. 131-159. Gilbert, G. K. 1910 Glaciers and Glaciation. Harriman Alaska Series, vol. 3. Smithsonian Inst. publ. 1992. Graves, H. S. 1910 Natural Forest Regions of North America and their Characteristic Tree Growth. (Map.) U. S. Dept. Agric., Forest Service. Hahn, W. L. 1910 An Analytic Study of Faunal Changes in Indiana. Amer. Midland Nat., April 1910, pp. 159-186. 1913 The Future of the North American Fauna. Pop. Sci. Month., August 1913, pp. 169-177. Harshberger, J. W. 1911 Phytogeographic Survey of North America. New York. Hatcher, J. B. 1902 Discovery of a Musk Ox Skull (Ovibos cavifrons Leidy), in West Virginia, near Steubenville, Ohio. Science, new series, vol. 16, pp. 707-709. Hay, O. P. 1902 Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. U. S. Geol. Surv., bull. 179. 1912 The Recognition of Pleistocene Faunas. Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 59, number 20; Smithsonian Inst. publ. 2139. Hogg, Jabez 1854 Observations on the Development and Growth of the Water-Snail (Limneus stagnalis). Trans. Micros. Soc. London, new series, vol. 2, pp. 91-103. Hough, R. B. 1907 Handbook of the Trees of the Northern States and Canada. Lowville, New York. MacMillan, Conway 1894 On the Occurrence of Sphagnum Atolls in Central Minnesota. Minnesota Bot. Studies, vol. 1, pp. 2-13. 1896 On the Formation of Circular Muskeag in Tamarack Swamps. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. 23, pp. 500-507. Merriam, C. H. 1892 The Geographic Distribution of Life in North America with special reference to the Mammalia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 7, pp. 1-64. 1914J Jacksox: Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog 53 Miller, G. S. 1897 Notes on the Mammals of Ontario. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 28, pp. 1-44. Pammel, L. H. 1907 A Comparative Study of the Vegetation of Swamp, Clay, and Sandstone Areas in Western Wisconsin, Southeastern Minnesota, Northeastern, Central, and Southeastern Iowa. Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., vol. 10, pp. 32-126. 1909 Flora of Northern Iowa Peat Bogs. Iowa Geol. Surv., vol. 19, Annual Report, 1908, pp. 735-777. Russell, I. C. 1893 Second Expedition to Mount St. Elias, in 1891. 13th Annual Report, U. S. Geol. Surv., part 2, pp. 1-91. Ruthven, a. G., and others 1906 An Ecological Survey in Northern Michigan. Report Geol. Surv. Michigan, 1905. Shaler, N. S. 1890 General Account of the Fresh Water Morasses of the United States, with a Description of the Dismal Swamp Dis- trict. 10th Annual Report, U. S. Geol. Surv., part 1, pp. 255-339. Shelford, V. E. 1911 Physiological Animal Geography. Journ. Morph., vol. 22, pp. 551-618. 1912 a Ecological Succession. IV. Vegetation and the Control of Land Animal Communities. Biol. Bull., vol. 23, pp. 59-99. 1912 b Ecological Succession. V. Aspects of Physiological Classification. Biol. Bull., vol. 23, pp. 331-370. 1913 Animal Communities in Temperate America as illustrated in the Chicago region. Geog. Soc. Chicago, bull. 5. Shimek, B. 1908 The Genesis of Loess; a problem in plant ecology. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., vol. 15, pp. 57-64. Shriner, F. a., and Copeland, E. B. 1904 Deforestation and Creek Flow about Monroe, Wisconsin. Bot. Gaz., vol. 37, pp. 130-143. SuDWORTH, G. B. 1898 Check list of the Forest Trees of the United States, their names and ranges. U. S. Dept. Agric., Division of Forestry, bull. 17. 1913 Forest Atlas. Geographic Distribution of North Ameri- can Trees. Part 1, Pines. U. S. Dept. Agric., Forest Service. Thompson, Helen B. 1912 Notes on the Wisconsin Wood Frog. 14th Report Michigan Acad. Sci., p. 189. Transeau, E. N. 1903 On the Geographic Distribution and Ecological Relations of the Bog Plant Societies of Northern North America. Bot. Gaz., vol. 36, pp. 401-420. 1905 Forest Centers of Eastern North America. Amer. Nat., vol. 39, pp. 875-889. 1905-1906 The Bogs and Bog Flora of the Huron River Valley. Bot. Gaz., vol. 50, pp. 351-375, 418-448; vol. 51, pp. 17-42. Trotter, Spencer 1909 The Geological and Geographical Relations of the Land-Bird Fauna of Northeastern America. Auk, vol. 26, pp. 221-233. 1912 The Faunal Divisions of Eastern North America in Rela- tion to Vegetation. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, series 2, vol. 15, pp. 207-218. 54 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 k 2 Vernon, H. M. 1895 Effects of Environment on the Development of > 'Echinoderm Larvae. Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. London, vol. 186 (B), part 2, pp. 577-632. Warming, E. 1909 Ecology of Plants, an introduction to the study of plant communities. Oxford. (Translation by Percy Groom.) Warren, Ernest 1900 On the Reaction of Daphnia magna (Straus) to certain Changes in its Environment. Quar. Journ. Micros. Sci., • vol. 43, pp. 199-224. Weld, L. H. 1904 A Peat Bog and Morainal Lake. Bot. Gaz., vol. 37, pp. 36-52. Whitford, H. N. 1901 The Genetic Development of the Forests of Northern Michigan; a study in physiographic ecology. I^ot. ^ Gaz., vol. 31, pp. 289-325. '* U. S. Dept. Agriculture, February 12, 1914. THE CHALCIDOID FAMILY TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE^ II. SYf^TEMATIC HISTORY AND COMPLETION OF THE CATALOGUE AND TABLES By a. a. Girault SYNONYMIC CATALOG OF THE TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE For nomenclature of the family see part I, p. 89. A possible addition to the family is Encyrtus ejnhryophagus Hartig which I note under Trichograinma. SUBFAMILY I. CHAETOSTRICHINAE GIRAULT Tribe 1. Chaetostrichini Genus Chaetostricha Haliday, 1851 Chaetosiricha Walker — Foerster, 1856, pp. 86, 89. Chaetostrinx Foerster — ib., id., p. 89. Lathromeris Foerster — Aurivillius, 1897, p. 252. Paracentrohia Howard, 1896, p. 178. Real synonym: Paracentrohia Howard 1. C. dimidiata Haliday. Britain. Chaetostricha dimidiata Haliday, 1851, pp. 211-212. 2. C. punctata (Howard), St. Vincent. Paracentrohia punctata Howard, 1896, p. 178. 3. C. flavipes (Girault). Georgia. Paracentrohia flavipes Girault, 1905, pp. 287-288. Chaetostricha flavipes Girault, 1911b, pp. 75-77, figs. 2-3. Genus Oligosita Haliday, 1851 \V estwoodella Ashmesid, 1904a. (Real synonym). 1. O. collina Haliday. Britain. Oligosita collina Haliday, 1851, p. 212. 2. O. subfasciata Westwood. Ceylon. Oligosita suhfasciata Westwood, 1879, pp. 591, 593, pi. 73, figs. 14-19. 3. O. staniforthii Westwood. Ceylon. Oligosita staniforthii Westwood, 1879, p. 591, pi. 73, figs. 20, 21. • 1 Continued from Volume 11, no, 4, pp. 150-179, 1914. * I have reason to think that this species is Encyrtus embryophagus Hartig though no evidence is present; it (the Encyrtus) is certainly a trichogrammatid, I have been informed, and most probably a Trichogramma. [Place of reference of footnote 2 not indicated in the article. — En.J 55 i 56 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 4. O. nodicornis Westwood. Ceylon. Oligosita ? nodicornis Westwood, 1879, p. 592, pi. 73, fig. 22. 5. O. americana Ashmead (Girault). North America; Australia. Oligosita americana Ashmead — Girault, 1909, pp. 106-.110. 6. O. hilaris (Perkins). Sandwich Islands. W eslwoodella hilaris Perkins, 1910, pp. 658-659, text-fig. 7. O. sanguinea (Girault). U. S. A. Westwoodella sanguinea Girault, 1911b, pp. 58-63, fig. 1. W estwoodella clarimaculosa Girault, ib., p. 67. 7a. Westwoodella sanguinea clarimaculosa Girault, 1911g, p. 126. U. S. A 8. O. subfasciatipennis (Girault). U. S. A. W estwoodella subfasciatipennis Girault, 1911b, pp. 63-66. 9. O. comosipennis (Girault). U. S. A.; Porto Rico. Westwoodella comosipennis Girault, 1911b, pp. 66-67. 10. O. plebeia (Perkins). Mexico. Westwoodella plebeia Perkins, 1912, pp. 16-17. 11. O. australiensis Girault. Queensland. Oligosita australiensis Girault, 1912e, pp. 75-76. 12. O. minima Girault. Queensland. Oligosita minima Girault, 1912e, pp. 76-77. 13. O. pulchra Girault. Queensland. Oligosita pulchra Girault, 1912e, pp. 77-78. 14. O. surea Girault. Queensland. Oligosita aurea Girault, 1912e, p. 79. 15. O. novisanguinea Girault. Queensland. Oligosita novisanguinea Girault, 1912e, pp. 79-80. 16. O. fasciatipennis Girault. Queensland. Oligosita fasciatipennis Girault, 1912e, pp. 80-81 17. O. insularis Girault. Torres Strait. Oligosita insularis Girault, 1912e, pp. 81-82. 18. O. sacra Girault. Queensland. Oligosita sacra Girault, 1912e, p. 83. 19. O. anima Girault. Queensland. Oligosita anima Girault, 1912e, pp. 83-84. 20. O. fuscipennis Girault. Queensland. Oligosita fuscipennis Girault, 1912e, pp. 84-85. 21. O. grotiusi Girault. Torres Strait. Oligosita hilaris Perkins in Girault, 1912, p. 82. Oligosita grotiusi Girault MS., 1913. 22. O. poincarei Girault. Queensland. Oligosita poincarei Girault, 1913 MS. Nomen nudum — Oligosita daedalea Foerster — Kirchner, 1867. Genus Centrobi^^ Foerster, 1856 Trichogramma Foerster, 1851, pp. 26-28. Calleptibes Haliday — Foerster, 1856, p. 89. Really no synonyms 1914] Girault: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidak 57 1. Centrobia walker! (Foerster). Germany. Trichogramma walkeri Foerster, 1851, pp. 26-28 and footnote to p. 27 ; tab. I, fig. 9, a, b, c. Calleptiles walkeri Foerster, 1856, p. 89. Centrobia walkeri Foerster, ib., p. 87. 2. Centrobia odonatae Ashmead. U. S. A. Centrobia odonatae Ashmead, 1900a, pp. 616-617. Centrobia odonatae Ashmead — Girault, 1911b, pp. 74-75. Genus Prestwlchia Lubbock, 1864 1. Prestwlchia aquatica Lubbock. Europe. Prestwichia aquatica Lubbock, 1864, jip. 140-141. Prestwichia aquatica Lubbock — Girault, 1911d, pp. 209 — ^210. Genus Brachysticha Mayr, 1904 Brachista Haliday — Walker, 1851. Brachista Walker — Foerster, 1856. Brachysticha Foerster, 1856. Brachysticha Foerster— Ashmead, 1894. Brachista Haliday — Aurivillius, 1897. Brachista Haliday — Ashmead, 1904a. Brachystira Foerster — Mayr, 1904 {Notneri lapsus for Brachysticha) . Brachista Walker — Schmiedekneckt, 1909. Really no synonyms. Genus without a species until 1904. Brachista Haliday, Brachysticha Foerster was a named conception; Brachysticha Mayr is a named thing and therefore becomes valid. 1. Brachysticha pungens Mayr. Germany. Brachystira pungens Mayr, 1904, pp. 590-592. Genus Abbella Girault, 1911 Brachistella Girault, 1911h, pp. 184-185. Jassidophthora Perkins, 1912, pp. 17-18. Both real synonyms 1. Abbella acuminata (Ashmead). IT. S. A. Trichogramma acu7ninatum Ashmead, 1888, p. 107. Brachysticha acuminata Ashmead, 1894-1895, p. 172. Brachista pallida. Ashmead, 1900a, p. 616. Brachista acuminata Ashmead — Schmiedeknecht, 1909, p. 482 Abbella acuminata Ashmead — Girault, 1911b, pp. 77-82. Abbella pallida Ashmead, Id., ib. Brachistella acuminata Ashmead — Girault, 1911h, pp. 184-185. Abbella acurninata (Ashmead). 2. Abbella subflava Girault. U. S. A.; Australia. Abella subflava Girault, 1911a, pp. 11-13, pi. I, figs. 4-5. Abclla subflava Girault, 1912e, p. 69. 3. Abbella nympha Girault. IT. S. A. Abbella nympha Girault, 1911e, pp. 197-198. 58 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 4. Abbella prima (Perkins). Mexico; Porto Rico. Jassidophthora pruna Perkins, 1912, pp. 18-19. 5. Abbella bicolor (Girault). Queensland. Brachistella hicolor Girault, 1912e, p. 68. 6. Abbella xanthogaster Girault. Queensland. Abbella xanthogaster Girault, 1912e, pp. 69-70. 7. Abbella mira Girault. Queensland. Abbella mira Girault, 1913, MS. Genus Ittys Girault, 1911 1. Ittys ceresarum (Ashinead). U. S. A. Trichogramma ceresarum Ashmead, 1888, p. 107. Ittys ceresarum (Ashmead) — Girault, 1911a, pp. 25-30, pi. I, fig. 10. Genus Ufens Girault, 1911 1. Ufens niger (Ashmead). U. S. A.; Porto Rico. Trichogramma nigrum Ashmead, 1888, p. 107. Ufens niger (Ashmead) — Girault, 1911a, pp. 32-38, pi. I, fig. 10. 2. Ufens luna Girault. West Australia. Ufens luna Girault, 1911e, pp. 198-199. 3. Ufens piceipes Girault. Queensland. Ufens piceipes Girault, 1912e, pp. 71-72. 4. Ufens flavipes Girault. Queensland. Ufens flavipes Girault, 1912e, p. 72. 5. Ufens hercules Girault. Queensland. Ufens hercules Girault, 1912e, p. 73. Subgenus Parufens Girault MS., 1913. 1. Parufens argenticeps Girault. Queensland. Parufens argentipes Girault, MS., 1913. Genus Japania Girault, 1911 1. Japania ovi Girault. China. Japania ovi Girault, 1911b, pp. 44-45. 2. Japania tristis Girault. Queensland. Japania tristis Girault, 1912e, pp. 74-75. Genus Neobrachista Girault, 1912 1. Neobrachista fasciata Girault. Queensland. Neobrachista fasciata Girault, 1912e, p. 71. a. Neobrachista fasciata nigriventris Girault MS., 1913. Queensland. 2. Neobrachista novifasciata Girault. Queensland. Neobrachista novifasciata Girault, MS., 1913. Genus Brachygramma Girault, 1912 1. Brachygramma biclava turn Girault. Queensland. Brachygramma biclavatum Girault, 1912e, pp. 87-88. 1914] Girault: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 59 Genus Pseudogramma Girault, 1912 • 1. Pseudogramma fasciatipenne Girault. Queensland. Pseudogramma f asciatipenne Girault, 1912e, p. 89. Genus Neobrachistella Girault, 1912 1. Neobrachistella maxima Girault. Queensland. Neobrachistella maxima Girault, 1912e, p. 90. Genus Centrobiella Girault, 1912 1. Centrobiella mulierum Girault. Queensland. Centrobiella mulierum Girault, 1912e, p. 91. 2. Centrobiella magna Girault. Queensland. Centrobiella magna Girault, MS., 1913. Genus Neocentrobia Girault, 1912 1. Neocentrobia cara Girault. Queensland. Neocentrobia cara Girault, 1912e, pp. 92-93. Genus Ufensia Girault, MS. 1913 1. Ufensia pretiosa Girault. Queensland. Ufensia pretiosa Girault, MS., 1913. Tribe 2. Ophioneurini Genus Ophioneurus Ratzeburg, 1852. Poropoea Foerster, 1856. Chaetostricha Haliday — Reinhard, 1858, pp. 16-17. Chaetostricha Walker — Kirchner, 1867, p. 187. Really no synonjuns 1. Ophioneurus signatus Ratzeburg. Germany. Ophioneurus signatus Ratzeburg, 1852, p. 192, text-figs. Poropoea signata Ratzeburg — Foerster, 1856, p. 88. Chaetostricha signata Ratzeburg — Reinhard, 1858, pp. 16-17. Genus Lathromeris Foerster, 1856 Ophioneurus Ratzeburg — Reinhard, 1858, p. 323. Chaetostricha Walker — Kirchner, 1867, p. 187. Chaetostricha Haliday — Aurivillius, 1897. Brachysticha Foerster— Ashmead, 1894-1895, pp. 171-172. Really no synonyms 1. Lathromeris scutellaris Foerster. Germany. Lathromeris scutellaris Foerster, 1856, p. 89. Chaetostricha scutellaris Foerster — Dr. Dalla Torre 1898, p. 4. 2. Lathromeris fidiae (Ashmead). U. S. A. Brachysticha fidiae Ashmead, 1894-1895, pp. 171-172. Brachista fidiae Ashmead — Girault, 1907d, p. 29. Lathromeris fidiae Ashmead — Johnson and Hammer, 1910, pp. 51. 56- 57, fig. 27. Lathromeris fidiae Ashmead — Girault, 1911b, pp. 62-71. 60 I^uLLETiN Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 2 3. Lathromeris cicadae Howard. U. S. A. Lathromeris cicadae Howard, 1898b, pp. 102-103. Lathromeris cicadae Howard — Girault, 1911b, pp. 71-74. Genus Pterygogramma Perkins, 1900 1. Pterygogramma acuminaum Perkins. Queensland. Pterygogramma acuminata Perkins, 1906b, p. 265. Pterygogramma acuminatum Perkins — Girault, 1912e, p. 101. 2. Pterygogramma dubium Girault. Queensland. Pterygogramma dubium Girault, 1912e, pp. 99-101. 3. Pterygogramma semifuscipenne Girault. Queensland. Pterygogramma semifuscipenne Girault, 1912e, p. 102. Genus Aphelinoidea Girault, 1911 1. Aphelinoidea semifuscipennis Girault. U. S. A. Aphelinoidea semifuscipennis Girault, 1911a, pp. 2-6; pi. I, figs, 1 2 la. Aphelinoidea semifuscipennis albipes Girault MvS., 1913. Porto Rico 2. Aphelinoidea plutella Girault. U. S. A. Apheliniodea plutella Girault, 1912c, pp. 296-297. 3. Aphelinoidea howardii Girault. Queensland. Aphelinoidea howardii Girault, 1912e, pp. 104-105. 4. Aphelinoidea speciosissima Girault. Queensland. Aphelinoidea speciosissima Girault, 1912e, pp. 105-107. 5. Aphelinoidea weismanni Girault. Queensland. Aphelinoidea weismatini Girault, 1912e, p. 107. 6. Aphelinoidea huxleyi Girault. Queensland. Aphelinoidea huxleyi Girault, 1912e, pp. 107-108. 7. Aphelinoidea painei Girault. Queensland. Aphelinoidea painei Girault, 1912e, p. 108. Genus Tumidiclava Girault, 1911 1. Tumidiclava pulchrinotum Girault. IT. S. A. Tumidiclava pulchrinotum Girault, 1911a, pp. 8-9; pi. I, fig. 3. 2. Tumidiclava ciliata Girault. Queensland. Tumidiclava ciliata Girault, 1912e, pp. 96-97. Genus Uscana Girault, 1911 1. Uscana semifumipennis Girault, U. S. A. Uscana semifumipennis Girault, 1911a, 23-25. 2. Uscana galtoni Girault. Queensland. Uscana galtoni Girault, 191 2e, pp. 103-104. Genus Zaga Girault, 1911 1. Zaga latipennis Girault. U. S. A. Zaga latipennis Girault, 1911a, pp. 31-32. Genus Tumidifemur Girault, 1911 1. Tumidifemur pulchrum Girault. Trinidad. Tumidifemur pulchrum Girault, 1911g, p. 125. 1914] Girault: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 61 Genus Uscanella Girault, 1911 1. Uscanella bicolor Girault. Trinidad. Uscanella bicolor Girault, 1911g, p. 129. * Genus Uscanoidea Girault, 1911 1. Uscanoidea nigriventris Girault. Panama. Uscanoidea nigriventris Girault, 1911g, pp. 130-131. Genus Lathromerella Girault, 1912 1. Lathromerella fasciata Girault. Queensland. Lathromerella fasciata Girault, 1912e, p. 94. Genus Lathromeroidea Girault, 1912 1. Lathromeroidea nigra Girault. Queensland. Lathromeroidea nigra Girault, 1912e, pp. 94-96. 2. Lathromeroidea nigrella Girault. Queensland. Lathromeroidea nigrella Girault, 1912e, p. 96. Genus Haeckeliania Girault, 1912 1, Haeckeliania haeckeli Girault. Queensland. Haeckeliania haeckeli Girault, 1912e, pp. 98-99. Genus Lathromeroides Girault, 1913 1. Lathromeroides longicorpus Girault. Queensland. Lathromeroides longicorpus Girault, 1913a, pp. 211-212. 2. Lathromeroides fasciativentris Girault. Queensland. Lathromeroides fasciativentris Girault, MS., 1913. SUBFAMILY II. TRICHOGRAMMATINAE GiRAULT (nEC ASHMEAD) Tribe 1, Trichogrammatini Genus Trichogramma Westwood Calleptiles Haliday — Westwood, 1840, Synopsis, p. 73. Trichogramma (Aprobosca) Westwood, 1879, pp. 592-593; pi. 73, figs. 24, 25. Aprobosca Westwood — Ashmead, 1904a, pp. 360, 361 and 366. Pentarthron Riley — Packard, 1872, p. 8; Riley, 1881, pp. 68-69. Pentarthrum Riley {nec Wollaston), 1879, pp. 161-162. Oophthora Aurivillius, 1897. Xanthoatomus Ashmead, 1904a, pp. xi, 360 {Nomen nudum). N eotrichogramma Girault, 1911a, pp. 38-41, pi. I, figs. 11-13. Real synonyms: Pentarthron Riley, Oophthora Aurivillius, N eotrichogramma Girault. 1. Trichogramma evanescens Westwood. England. Trichograimna evanescens Westwood, 1833, p. 444, figs. 8-9 (p. 433). 62 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 2. Trichogramma minutum Rile}'. North America; Antilles, Hawaii, .\us- tralia; Europe; Java. Encyrtus sp., Peck, 1799. Trichogramma ? minuta Riley, 1871, pp. 157-158, figs. 72. Pentarthron minutum Riley — Packard, 1872, p. 8. Pentarthro7i minuta Riley, 1879, pp. 161-162. Trichogramma pretiosa Riley, ib. Trichogramma 7ninutissimu7n Packard, 1883, pp. 37-38. Trichogranmia odontotae Howard, 1885b, p. 117. Trichogra77ima interrnediuin Howard, 1889a, pp. 1894-1895; pi. 89, fig. 8. Oophthora mmutum Riley — Aurivillius, 1897. Xanthoatonms alhipes Ashmead, 1904a, pp. xi, 3G0 (No7ne7i nud.). Pentarthron minutum Riley— Girault, 1910, p. 275; 1911j. 2a. Trichogramma minutum nigrum Girault. U. S. A. Trichograiruna pretiosa nigra Girault, 1906a, p. 82. 3. Trichogramma erosicorne Westwood. Ceylon. Trichogra7nma (Aprobosca) erosicornis Westwood, 1879, pp. 592-593; pi. 73, figs. 24-25. Aprobosca erosicornis Westwood — Ashmead, 1904a, pp. 361, 366. As stated elsewhere the position of this species is not known and it is placed here provisionally. 4. Trichogramma semblidis (Aurivillius). Europe; U. S. A. Oophthora setnblidis Aurivillius, 1897, pp. 253-254; tafel 5, figs. 1-3, 3a and 4-10. Pentarthro7i semblidis Aurivillius — Girault, 1911b, pp. 48-50. 5. Trichogramma brasiliense (Ashmead). Brazil. Pe7itarthron brasiliensis Ashmead, 1904a, p. 521. Pe7itarthron brasiliense Ashmead — Girault, 1911b, p. 52. 6. Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead. Japan. Trichogramma japonicwn PsAhmevidi, 1904a, p. 165. Neotrichogranuna acutiventre Girault, 1911a, pp. 38-41, pi. I, figs. 11-13. Neotrichogra7nma japo7iicum (Ashmead) — Girault, 1911c, pp. 192-194. 7. Trichogramma helocharae Perkins. U. S. A. Trichogramma helocharae Perkins, 1907, p. 58. 8. Trichogramma carpocapsae (Ashmead). Germany. Pentarthro7i carpocapsae Ashmead — Schreiner, 1907, pp. 218 220, text-fig. Trichogra7n7na carpocapsae Ashmead — Girault, MS., 1913 (types). 9. Trichogramma semifumatum (Perkins). Hawaii. Pentarthron se7nif mnatum Perkins, 1910, p. 659, text-fig. Pentarthron sei7iif um at U7n Perkins — Girault, 1911b, pp. 50-51. 10. Trichogramma perkinsi Girault. P entarthr 071 flat' um Perkins, 1910, p. 660, text-fig. Trichogra7nma perkinsi Girault {nomen novu7n — preocc. by ^‘Tricho- gramma flavu^” Ashmead). Giraui.t: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 63 1914] 11. Trichogramma euproctidis (Girault). Europe; U. S. A.; Japan. Peniarthron euproctidis Girault, 1911b, pp. 46-48. 12. Trichogramma retorridum (Girault). U. S. A. Pentarthron retorridum Girault, 1911b, pp. 52-55. 13. Trichogramma fasciatum (Perkins). Mexico, Russia, Java. Pentarthron f asciatum Perkins, 1912. Trichogramma fasciatum Perkins— Girault, AIS., 1913. 14. Trichogramma australicum Girault. Queensland, Java. Trichogramma australicum Girault, 1912e, pp. 109-110. Genus Calleptiles Ilaliday, 1833 Microma Curtis (partim), 1831, No. 595. Pieropfnx Westwood — Walker, 1839a; 1846. Trichogramma^^ Qstwood — Editor, 1833. — Walker, 1839a. — Haliday, 1842. — Foerster, 1856. — Schmiedeknecht, 1907, p. 490. Really no synonyms 1. Calleptiles latipennis Haliday. England. Microma latipennis Curtis, 1831, No. 595. {Nomen ?iadum.) Calleptiles latipennis Haliday, 1833, p. 341. Trichogramma evanescens Westwood— Editor, 1833, p. 341. — Haliday, 1843, pi. k, figs. 4, 4a-4d. — -Walker, 1846. — Newman, 1871, pp. 357- 358.— Walker, 1872.— Id., 1873. Pteroptrix evanescens Westwood— Walker, 1849a. Calleptiles latipennis Haliday — Westwood, 1879. 2. Calleptiles Carina (Walker). France. Trichogramma carina Walker, 1843, p. 104. Trichogramma carina Walker — De Dalla Torre, 1898, p. 2. 3. Calleptiles vitripennis (Walker). England. Trichogram7na vitripennis Walker, 1851, p. 212. Trichogramma vitripennis Walker — Westwood, 1879, p. 589. Trichogramma vitripenne — De Dalla Torre, 1898, p. 3. Genus Trichogrammatoidea Girault, 1911 1. Trichogrammatoidea nana (Zehntner). Java; Queensland. Chaetostricha nana Zehntner, 1896, pp. 14-16; pi. I, figs. 9-11. Trichogrammatoidea nana Zehntner — Girault, 1911a, pp. 15-19, pi. I, figs. 6-7. 2. Trichogrammatoidea lutea Girault. South Africa. Trichogrammatoidea lutea Girault, 1911a, pp. 19-22. 3. Trichogrammatoidea flava Girault. Queensland. Trichogrammatoidea flava Girault, 1912e, p. 113. Genus Trichogrammafella Girault, 1911 1. Trichogrammatella tristis Girault. Trinidad. TrichogrammateUa tristis Girault, 1911g, ])p. 126-128. 64 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 Genus Paratrichogramma Girault, 1912 1. Paratrichogramma Cinderella Girault. Queensland. Paratrichogramma Cinderella Girault, (part I, p. 82, footnote); 1912e, pp. 111-112. 2. Paratrichogramma fusca Girault. Queensland. Paratrichogramma Jusca Girault, 1912e, pp. 112-113. Tribe 2, Poropoeini Genus Poropoea Foerster, 1851 Ophioneurus Ratzeburg (partim), 1852, pp. 196-197, fig; p. 248. Ophio7ieurus Thomson — Aurivillius, 1897, p. 251, footnote. Ti'ichogramma Westwood — Reinhard, 1858, p. 16. Really no synonyms 1. Poropoea stollwerckii Foerster. Germany.. Poropoea stollwerckii Foerster, 1851, pp. 29-30; tab. I, figs. 10, a-e. Ophionew'us simplex Ratzeburg, 1852, p. 197, text-fig. p. 248. Trichogramma simplex Ratzeburg — Reinhard, 1858, p. 16. Poropoea stollwerckii Foerster — Ashmead, 1904a, pp. 360, 361. 2. Poropoea grandis (Thomson). Europe. Ophioneurus grandis Thomson, 1878, p. 299. Poropoea grandis Thomson — Anrivillius, 1897, p. 251, footnote. Chaetostricha grandis Thomson — De Dalla Torre, 1898, p. 4. 3. Poropoea attelaborum Girault. U. S. A. Poropoea attelaborum Girault, 1911b, pp. 68-69. Genus Asynacta Mayr, 1904 Asynacta Foerster, 1851 (without a type). 1. Asynacta exigua (Nees). Eulophus exiguus Nees ab Esenbeck, 1834, pp. 183-184. Asynacta exigua (Nees) — ^Alayr, 1904, pp, 589-590. A COMPLETED TABLE OF THE SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA OF THE TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE SUBFAMILY I. CHAETOSTRICHINAE Submarginal vein of fore wing reaching the costal wing margin at the point where it joins the marginal vein, the latter straight or nearly, the stigmal vein forming more or less of an acute angle with it. Venation (marginal vein) of fore wing straight. 1914] Girault: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 65 Tribe 1. Chaetostrichini {Females) The funicle of the antenna is present. A, Ovipositor not exserted nor prominent, nor are its valves. a. Antennae 9-jointed with two ring-joints, the club 3-jointed, two funicle joints. (1) . Marginal vein long, over half the length of the submarginal, very much longer than the stignmal. Stigmal vein neckless; funicle joints wider than long. Fore wings variable, the discal ciliation normal to moderately sparse and arranged in lines, the marginal cilia moderate; oblique line of cilia from stigmal vein may be present, usually absent. Pedicel larger than the funicle. Abdomen conic-ovate. Abbella Girault (Type: A. subflava Girault) Stigmal vein with a distinct neck; funicle joints longer than wide. Fore wings with dense discal cilia, the marginal cilia short; oblique line of cilia always present. Thorax with a median sulcus. Ittys Girault (Type: Tricho- gramma acuminatum Ashmead) (2) . Marginal vein short, not as long as the stigmal which has a distinct neck; marginal vein not much longer than wide. Fore wings with moderately short marginal cilia, their discal cilia dense but with three or four lines distinctly regular; oblique line of cilia from stigmal vein absent; thorax with a more or less distinct median sulcus. Neobrachista Girault (Type: N. fasciata Girault) b. Antennae 8-jointed, the club 3-jointed. (1) . Two ring-joints, one funicle joint. Fore wdngs broad, distad with long marginal cilia; ovi- positor only half the length of the abdomen, not exserted. Brachysticha Mayr (Type: Brachystira pungens Mayr) Fore wings with short marginal fringes; like Ufens. Sub- genus Parufens Girault (Type: P. argentipes Girault) (2) . One ring-joint, two funicle joints. Marginal vein of fore wing only slightly longer than stigmal. Funicle obliquely divided and apparently twisted, much larger than the pedicel. Abdomen short, stout, obliquely truncate at apex, the ovipositor inserted near the middle; fore wings short and broad, oblately rounded at apex, the discal cilia- tion with some peculiarly distinct lines, dense, the marginal fringes very short; neck of stigmal vein not slender; male antennae with one more joint, cylindrical. Ufens Girault (Type: Trichogramma nigrum Ashmead) 66 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 Funicle normal, shorter than the pedicel. Abdomen conic-ovate, longer than the thorax, acute at apex, the ovipositor inserted at base; fore wings slender, without some of the lines of discal cilia pecu- liarly distinct; neck of stigmal vein slender. Male antennae not different. Japania Girault (Type: J. ovi Girault) c. Antennae 7-jointed, the club 2- or 3-jointed. Funicle 1-jointed, the club 3-jointed. Marginal vein long and slender; ovipositor inserted at base of venter, fore wings with the marginal cilia long; stigmal vein subsessile; discal cilia of fore wing sparse but more normal than otherwise; club slender. Oligosita HaViduy (Type: 0. col- lina Haliday) Funicle 2-jointed, the club 2-jointed. Marginal vein short and stout; ovipositor inserted toward the of venter; fore wings with the marginal cilia very short; stig- mal vein subobsolete; discal cilia of fore wings moderately dense and in lines; club broad and conic. Br achy gramma Girault (Type: B. hiclavatum Girault) d. Antennae 6-jointed. One ring-joint, the funicle 2-jointed, the club solid. Marginal vein about a third of the length of the submarginal; discal cilia of fore wing moderately sparse and in regular lines; marginal cilia moderately short; with the habitus of Tricho- grammatoidea. Pseudogramma Girault (Type: P. fasciatipenne Girault) No ring-joint, the funicle 1-jointed, the club 3-jointed. Fore wings broad, with short, close-set marginal and discal cilia. Abdomen conical, longer than the thorax. Funicle joint stout. Chaetostricha Haliday (Type: C. dimidiata Haliday) B. Either the ovipositor or its valves is distinctly exserted or else long and prominent. a. Antennae 9-jointed with three ring-joints, the funicle 1-jointed. Ovipositor inserted slightly proximad of the middle of the venter; marginal vein short but longer than the stigmal; discal cilia of the fore wing dense and normal but a few of the lines peculiarly distinct and regular; marginal cilia short; with the habitus of Neobrachista. Very robust. Thorax with a median sulcus. Neohrachistella Girault (Type: N. maxima Girault) b. Antennae 8-jointed, one ring-joint, the club 3-jointed; funicle large and twisted. Like Ufens but the abdomen conic-ovate, the ovipositor in- serted at base and nakedly exserted for a third of the abdomen’s length. Ufensia Girault (Type: U. pretiosa Girault) 1914] Girault: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 67 c. Antennae 7-jointed, one ring-joint, the club 3-jointed. (1) . Ovipositor long, inclosed to its tip within the long and tubular terminal segment of the abdomen which is nearly a third of the latter’s length. Abdomen long and pointed, the legs long and slender; wdngs moderately narrow, with long marginal cilia and not quite perfect. Prestwichia Lubbock (Type: P. aquatica Lubbock) (2) . Ovipositor long and nakedly exserted, the abdomen not tubular. Club of antenna not swollen; ovipositor exserted for about a third of the abdomen’s length; discal cilia of fore wing in regular lines; oblique line of cilia from stigmal vein present. Centrohiella Girault (Type: C. mulierum Girault) Club of antenna swollen; ovipositor exserted for only about a sixth of the abdomen’s length; discal cilia of fore wing moderately dense, normal; oblique line of cilia from stigmal vein absent. N eocentrobia Girault (Type: N. cara Girault) d. Antennae 6-jointed, without a ring-joint, the club 3-jointed; ovi- positor nakedly exserted and long. Antennae cylindrical, filiform, the club not distinct; abdomen acuminate; discal cilia of fore wing in regular lines; ovipositor exserted for about half the length of the abdomen. Centrohia Foerster (Type: Trichogramma walkeri Foerster) The males of Abbella, Ittys, Japania, Oligosita, Chaetostricha, Centrobia, N eobrachista, Centrobiella and Prestwichia are essentially the same as the females; but in Ufens the male antennae are cylindrical and 9-jointed,the club terminating in a small fourth joint. The male of Brachysticha, Brachy- gramma, Ufensia, Neocentrobia, Pseusdogramma and Neobrachistella are unknown. Tribe 2. Ophioneurini {Females) The funicle of the antenna is absent. A. Antennal club 5-jointed or more than 5-jointed. a. Ovipositor distinctly exserted; antennal club 7-jointed. Antennae 9-jointed, without a ring-joint, the club 7-jointed, stout. Fore wings moderately broad, the marginal vein mod- erate in length, apparently curved; stigmal vein curved, distinct wdth a neck. Ovipositor much exserted. Ophioneurus Ratze- burg (Type: 0. signatus Patzeburg) b. Ovipositor not distinctly exserted, at the most but slightly ex- serted; antennal club 5-jointed. (1). Antennae 9-jointed, wdth two ring-joints; marginal vein long and slender. 68 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 Antennal club ending in a spinelike seta; ovipositor as long as the abdomen, the latter as long as the rest of the body; no oblique line of discal cilia from the stigmal vein; marginal cilia of fore wing short, much less than a fourth the greatest wing width. Fore wings moderately broad. Body long. Lathromerella Girault (Type: L. fusciata Girault) Antennal club not terminating in a spine-like seta; ovi- positor the same but the abdomen short and acute, the body short and compact; an oblique line of discal cilia from the stigmal vein; marginal cilia of fore wing mod- erate in length, about a fourth or more the greatest wing width. Fore wings narrow. Ovipositor somewhat ex- serted. Lathromeroidea Girault (Type: L. nigra Girault) (2). Antennae 8-jointed, with one ring-joint, marginal vein short. Antennal club clothed with long, stiff, spinelike seta and fusiform-acuminate in shape, the terminal joint long and acuminate, the proximal joints transverse; fore wings as in Ufens as is also the body. Haeckeliania Girault (Type: H. haeckeli Girault) B. Antennal club 4-jointed; abdomen long. Antennae with a minute ring-joint; marginal vein moderately long, normal. Antennae 7-jointed, club slightly enlarged; marginal cilia of fore wing short, the marginal vein about one and a half times the length of the stigmal, the latter with a very short neck; discal cilia rather dense, not in very distinct regular lines; no oblique line of discal cilia from the stigmal vein. Lathromeris Foerster (Type: L. scutellaris Foesrter) Antennae without a ring-joint; marginal vein moderately long but clavate, gradually thickening apically. Antennae 6-jointed; marginal cilia of fore wing very short, the discal cilia arranged in peculiarly distinct lines and there is an oblique line of it leading back from the stigmal vein, the latter short, thick, neckless and only half the length of the marginal. Zaga Girault (Type: Z. latipemiis Girault) C. Antennal club 3-jointed; ovipositor at the most but slightly exserted. a. Antennal club not conspicuously enlarged, only slightly so; an- tennae 6- to 7-jointed with one or two ring-joints. (1). Marginal vein long, as long or nearly, as the submarginal. Discal cilia of fore wing sparse and in more or less regular lines, the oblique line from the stigmal vein usually pres- ent; abdomen conic-ovate, longer than the rest of the body, the ovipositor inserted at base and slightly exserted at tip. One ring-joint. Pterygogramma Perkins (Type: P. acuminatum Perkins) Discal cilia of fore wing dense and normal, the oblique 1914] Girault: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 69 line from the stigmal vein absent, the wing with an oblique hairless line as in Aphelinus; abdomen short, obtusely conical, not longer than the thorax. One ring joint. T' umidif ernur Girault (Type: T. pulchrurn Girault) Discal cilia of fore wing dense and normal but no oblique hairless line; no line of discal cilia leading back from the stigmal vein; thorax with a median sulcus; abdomen very long and tubular, nearly twice the length of the rest of the body, the very long ovipositor somewhat exserted; two ring-joints. Club with no terminal seta. Lathromeroides Girault (Type: L. lungicorpus Girault) (2). Marginal vein shorter, only about half the length of the submarginal. Discal cilia of fore wing dense, and in more or less regular lines, the oblique line from the stigmal vein present; abdomen short and blunt, no longer than the rest of the body, the ovipositor not inserted at base but distad of the middle or at the middle, short, not exserted. Uscana Girault (Type: U. semifumipennis Girault) b. Antennal club conspicuously enlarged and ending in a prominent seta; antennae 7-jointed with two ring-joints, the club 3-jointed. Discal cilia of fore wing not very dense and more or less irregu- lar or normal; marginal vein long but the stigmal practically absent, a mere spur from the marginal; abdomen not especially long. Tumidiclava Girault (Type: T. pulchrinotum Girault) D. Antennal club 2-jointed; ovipositor at the most barely exserted. a. Antennae 4-jointed, without a ring-joint. Discal cilia of fore wing rather dense and arranged in regular lines, the marginal cilia moderately short, the line of discal cilia from stigmal vein present; abdomen conic-ovate, as long as the head and thorax combined; stigmal vein short, its neck a mere constriction, the marginal twice its length. Uscanoidea Girault (Type: U. nigriventris Girault) b. Antennae 6-jointed, with two ring-joints. Discal cilia of fore wing rather sparse and dotlike, arranged in very regular lines, the marginal cilia moderately long, the oblique line of discal cilia from stigmal vein absent; abdomen short and blunt; stigmal vein moderate, its neck gradual, the marginal not twice its length. Uscanella Girault (Type: U. bicolor Girault) c. Antennae 5-jointed with one ring-joint. Discal cilia of fore wing dense and normal, the oblique line from the stigmal vein absent, the marginal cilia short; abdomen conic-ovate, slightly longer than the thorax; stigmal vein a mere small spur from the marginal, the latter sometimes swollen; club cylindrical. Aphelinoidea Girault (Type: A. semifuscipennis Girault) 70 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 The males of Lathromeris, Uscana, Uscanoidea, Aphelinoidea, Pterygo- gramma and Tmnidiclava agree with the females excepting the usual second- ary abdominal differences; the males of Ophioneucus, Lathromerella, Lathro- meroidea, Lathromeroides, Haeckeliania, Zaga, Tumidifemur and Uscanella are unknown, SUBFAMILY II. TRICHOGEAMMATINAE (gIRAULt) (nEC ASHMEAD) Submarginal vein of fore wing not reaching the costal margin but joining directly with the incurved proximal end of the marginal, the latter curved, the distal end of the submarginal vein, the marginal and stigmal veins, forming a regular sigma or arch whose apex is about at the middle of the marginal vein where the latter reaches the costa; or the veins forming a regular bow. Venation of the fore wing curved. Tribe 1. Trichogrammatini The venation of the fore wing forms a bow, A, Antennal club solid. Ovipositor not exserted. One ring-joint. a. Antennal funicle 2-jointed, the antennae 6-jointed. Antennal funicle with minute bladder-like appendages. Fore wings relatively narrower, their marginal cilia moderately long; male antennae distinctly 8-jointed. Trichogrammatoidea Girault (Type: Chaetostricha nana Zehutner) Antennal funicle without bladder-like appendages. Fore wings relatively broader, their marginal cilia short; male antennae not distinctly segmented, apparently only 4-jointed, the distal joint long, nodular — scope, pedicel, ring- joint and a long nodular flagelluni. Abdomen sometimes pointed, the ovipositor slightly exserted. Trichogramma West- wood (Type: T. evanescens Westwood) b. Antennal funicle 1-jointed, the antennae 5-jointed. As in Trichogrammatoidea nearly but no bladder-like appendages and the marginal cilia of the fore wing are short; venation form- ing a very flat bow; stigmal vein a mere footlike clava from the marginal. Paratrichogramma Girault (Type: P. Cinderella Girault) B. Antennal club 3- to 5-jointed, the antennae 8-jointed, the funicle some- times absent. Antennal club 3-jointed, the funicle 2-jointed. Abdomen subcylindrical, the thorax long; one ring-joint (male). Calleptiles Haliday (Type: C. latipennis Haliday) Antennal club 5-jointed, the funicle absent. Abdomen with parallel sides and blunt apex; intermediate tibial spurs long and slender; hind wings short; one ring-joint. Trichogrammatella Girault (Type: T. tristis Girault) 1914] Girault: Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae 71 The males of Trichogrammatella are essentially like the females; those of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea differ as described in the table; those of Paratrichogramma are unknown. Tribe 2. Poropoeini The venation of the fore wing forms a sigmoid arch. Ovipositor exserted, the exserted portion long. Antennae 7-jointed, clavate, without a ring-joint, the funicle 2-jointed; fore wings moderately broad, their marginal cilia moderately short, the blade transparent, its ciliation arranged in regular lines; pedicel shorter than the first funicle joint. Poropoea Foerster (Type: P. stollwerskii Foerster) Ovipositor not exserted. Antennae 9-jointed with two ring-joints, the funicle 2-jointed; fore wings broad with short marginal cilia; discal ciliation of the fore wing dense, normal. Asynacta Mayr (Type: Eulophus exiguus Nees) The male antennae of Poropoea are slenderer than those of the female but otherwise similar; the male of Asynacta is not known. Recapitulation of the Trichogrammatidae, July, 1913 Number of valid genera: Chactostrichini 16 (excluding 1 subgenus). Ophioneurini 14 Trichogrammatini. . . 5 Poropoeini 2 Total 37 genera. Number of valid species: Chaetostrichini 54 Ophioneurini 28 Trichogrammatini... 23 Poropoeini 4 Total 109 species. Number of valid varieties : Chaetostrichini 2 Ophioneurini 1 Trichogrammatini. . , 1 Poropoeini 0 Total systematic units July, 1913, Nelson (Cairns), Queensland, Australia. 113 OBSERVATIONS ON THE FAUNA OF THE ROCK BEACHES AT NAHANT, MASSACHUSETTS By a. S. Pearse {Contimied from Vol. XI (N.S.), pp. 8-S4, 1913) VI. ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES It is of course realized that the following list does not include all of the species of animals that exist at Nahant. In fact no attempt was made to collect many of the microscopic Crustacea, Protozoa, etc. Extended observations at various seasons would also doubtless add other species. Porifera Cliona sulphurea Verrill. Not uncommon in the Chondrus Zone on rock beaches. In exposed situations it was sometimes found at higher levels. Leucosolenia hotryoides Bowerbank. A dead colony was washed up at Station 9. Coelenterata Clava leptostyla Agassiz. Growing on rocks and Fucus on exposed beaches (Stations 1, 5, 6, 10, 13). Hydractinia polyclina Agassiz. Found growing on the shells of Pagurus acadianus, on empty gastropod shells, and in small rock pool low down on the beach at Station 8. Tuhularia crocea (Agassiz). Two or three colonies were found in the Chondrus Zone on rock beaches. Campanularia flexuosa (Hincks). On rock beaches where they were exposed to the open ocean; on bare rocks in Chondrus Zone. Obelia commisuralis McCrady. Among Ascophyllum-covered boulders at Station 5. Syncoryne mirabilis (L. Agassiz). Medusae were taken several times at Stations 7, 8 and 10. Melecterum campanula Eschscholtz. Several were observed during the day at Station 10 on June 24 and in the evening the shore water swarmed with these beauticul little medusae. Next night only a few were present. Sertularia pumila Linnaeus. Abundant everywhere on Ascophyllum and the rocks beneath it. Sometimes this sertularian was found growing on the bare rocks in exposed situations. Aurelia aurata (Lamark). Abundant in Boston Bay on June 28. 72 1914] Pearse: Fauna of the Rock Beaches 73 Cyanea capillata Eschscholtz. Several were cast upon the beach at Stations 5 and 4 on June 14 and 21. Abundant in Boston Bay on June 28. Metridium 7narginatum Milne-Edwards. Abundant at all stations on the rock beaches where it ranged from below low tide mark to the top of the Ascophyllum zone (fig. 25). The largest individuals, more than six inches in diameter, were found in the pools in the lower parts of the Chondrus Zone. This species is quite gregareous and a crowded colony often formed a veritable carpet in shallow depressions under the Ascophyllum. Sargartia leucolena Verrill. Not as widely distributed as the last species but apparently more hardy. This species was found at Stations 5, 10, and 12. Its range was usually confined to the Ascophyllum zone though it often went even higher in protected cracks. Nemertini Linens viridis (Fabr.) Johnson and variety sanguinens. In pools in Ascophyllum zone at Station 2, in a Laminaria filled pool at Station 8; under Ascophyllum among boulders at Station 10. Amphiporus ochraceus Verrill. In a pool in Chondrus Zone at Station 10. Nematoda Enoplus cochleatus Schneider. Found at Stations 1, 5 and 7 among the bases of Ascophyllum and Laminaria fronds. Other species of nematodes were doubtless present. Annulata Professor J. P. Moore, to whom the annelids were referred for identifi- cation, remarks that ‘The small size of the Polychaeta is noteworthy.” Lepidonotus squamatus (Linnaeus). In pools Laminaria “roots” in the lower part of the Chondrus Zone at Stations 7, 8 and 9. Nereis virens Sars. Under stones at Station 14. Nereis pelagica Linnaeus. Among Laminaria holdfasts at Station 7. Nephthys caeca (Fabr.). In the ocean on the sandy beach at Station 4. Phyllodyce catenula Verrill. Among Laminaria holdfasts at Station 7. Harmothoe imbricata (Linnaeus). Among Laminaria holdfasts at Sta- tion 7. Odostomia seminuda Gould. This species was found under rocks at Station 10. Verrill and Smith (’14) report is as occurring at 2-10 fathoms in Vineyard Sound. Spirorbis spirorbis (Linnaeus). Found at nearly all stations in exposed situations, attached to Laminaria, Chondrus, to the carapaces of Cancer borealis and Carcinides maenas, and inside the shell of Pagurus acadianus. Hydroides dianthus (Verrill). On the carapace of Cancer borealis. Monolephorus parvus Dilersen. Very abundant on June 14 at Station 5 where many individuals were matted together under boulders. Also encountered at Station 1 at the outer edge of the Ascocarpus Zone. Lumbricillis agilis Moore. Under Fucus on exposed rock face at Sta- tion 9. 74 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [VoL 12, Nos. 1 & 2 Lumbriconereisf sp.? The sandy mud flats at Station 14 were filled with these worms. On account of an accident no specimens were preserved for identification. Bryozoa Flustrella hispida (Fabricius). Found in rather exposed situations growing on rock under algae; often encrusted Chondrus, Ascophyllum, and Fucus. Memhranipora pilosa (Linnaeus). In exposed situations on rock and algae. Hippothoa hyalina (Linnaeus). On rocks and Chondrius at Statous 7 and 10. Hippothoa divaricata Lamouroux. At station 1 on Chondrus. Lepralia phallasiana (Moll.). At Station 5 among Ascophyllum on boulders. Echinodermata Henricia sanguinolenta (O. F. M.), Several collected at Station 7 in pools with Laminaria. Asterias forbesi (Desor) Verrill. More or less common at all stations on the rock beaches; most abundant in the Chondrus Zone. These star- fishes usually migrated upward somewhat with the rising tide and later dropped off the rock or migrated under the algae when the outgoing water left them exposed. Several were seen eating gastropods and Mytili. Although A. vulgaris is said to be common in Boston Bay (Verrill and Smith, 74) no individual was observed on the beaches. Ophiopholis aculeata (Linnaeus). In pools in Chondrus Zone at Stations 1, 7, 8 and 9, usually among Laminarians. Strongylocentrotus drohachiensis Agassiz. Abundant in a clean pool at the bottom of a crack (6 feet wide) at Station 9; also observed at sta- tions 7, 8, and 10, usually in Chondrus Zone. This species is rather seden- tary in its habits (fig. 24). On June 23 the stomachs of several individuals were examined. They contained Ascophyllum in considerable quantity together with the nematodes, living and dead, which commonly infest the bladders of that alga. Balantidium, another ciliate, and small flagellates were common in the contents of the alimentary canal; one cast barnacle skin was also present. Ecinarachnius parma (Lamark) Gray. Common at low water mark in the sand at Station 4. Mollusca Chiton ruber Lowe. Taken in a pool in the Chondrus Zone at Station 9. Dendronotus frondrosus Ascanius. At Station 8 in Chondrus. Aeolidia papillosa Linnaeus. In pools in Chrondus Zone at Stations 1, 6, and 9. Coryphella sp? In a pool in Swallow’s Cave, at Station 10. Acmaea testudinalis (Forbes and Hanley). This species was found on all rock beaches and was more common below the Ascophyllum zone 1914] Pearse: Fauna of the Rock Beaches 75 than in it. Its range of movement is apparently not so limited as that of Patella, Fisurella, and Siphonaria (Willcox, ’05). Ten individuals were watched from day to day. Only one remained in approximately the same spot for more than a week, and it did not maintain a definite orientation. Polyneces heros (Adams). Common on sandy beach at Station 4; dead shells were also present on the flats at Station 14. This species is active at high water but burrows when exposed by the falling tide (fig. 27). Crepidula fornicata Lamark. At Station 4 several were observed on the shells occupied by Pagurus acadianus, and dead shells were not un- common. Crepidula plana Say. On Cancer borealis and the shells occupied by Pagurus acadianus. Littorina litorea (Menke). This was the only animal that was present at all stations and in all habitats. On the sand beaches (Station 4) it became rather scarce but was abundant in all other places. Littorina rudis (Gould). Not very common. Most frequently met near high tide mark but occurred in all zones on the rock beaches. Littorina palliata (Gould). Rather common among Ascophyllum and Fucus on rock beaches. Purpura lapillus (Lamark). Abundant under Ascophyllum and below on rock beaches. The egg cases (fig. 11) of this species were abundant on the rocks under the algae. The snails do not expose themselves like Littorina lotorea and L. rudis but usually remain under cover. Nassa ohsoleta Stimpson. Common on certain parts of the mud flats at Station 14. The egg cases were fastened on eel grass. When left exposed at low tide most of these snails burrowed in the mud. Mytilus edulis (Limnaeus). Abundant everhwhere except on the sand beaches — in little pools above the barnacle zone, in the Chondrus Zone (fig. 16), and forming enormous beds on the mud flats. Modiola modiolus (Turton). Typically an inhabitant of the'pools in the Chondrus Zone. Apparently this species cannot stand exposure to desic- cation and variable temperature like Mytilus edulis. Observed at Stations 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12. Mactera solidissima Chemnitz. “Dead” shells were common on the sandy beach at Station 4. Venus mercenaria Linnaeus. Not uncommon near low water mark on the sandy beach at Station 4. My a arenaria Linnaeus. Abundant near the shore on the mud flats at Station 14. Ensis americana (Verrill). “Dead” shells on the beach at Stations 4 and 13. Saxicava arctica Deshays. In the Chrondrus Zone near the open ocean. Stations 7 and 8. Callista convexa Adams. “Dead” Shells on mud beach in eel grass at Station 14. Tottenia gemma Perkins. Dead shell on sand beach at Station 4. 76 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 Crustacea Balanus balanoides (Linnaeus). Abundant at all stations on rocks ; Mytilus shells, and other solid objects. This species (fig. 3) is found ex- clusively between tides. Dr. Pilsbury states that he '‘has never seen it in material dredged from below low-water mark.” The variety cuspidatus Pilsbury was collected at Station 2 on a wave swept ledge, and at Station 9 in Swallow’s Cave. Calanus fimnarcMus Gunner. Abundant in the shore water on several occasions, especially in the morning or evening, at Stations 4, 10 and 12. Cyclops sp.? Abundant in some pools on rocks above high tide — often with Enteromorpha. Moina micrura Kurz. Abundant in several small pools above high tide mark at Station 12. Crago septemspinosus (Say). Abundant on the sand beach at Station 4 and among the eel grass at Stations 13 and 14. The color usually matches the bottom closely, hence these shrimps probably do not migrate quickly from one locality to another. Homarus americanus Milne-Edwards. Rather common in deeper water off the rock beaches. Pagurus acadianus Benedict. Common on sand beach. Station 4, and on the eel grass flat. Station 13. Pagurus pubescens (Brandt). Not uncommon in the Chondrus Zone on rock beaches. Carcinides mcenas (Linnaeus). This species was dominant on the mud flats and also present in all the zones on the rock beaches. It walks with ease over vertical rock faces under water. On the mud flats it often bur- rows when the tide is out, and perhaps later walks about with a disc of mud covering the carapace. Cancer irroratus Say. Not very common, found at Stations 7, 9, 10, 13 and 14. Cancer borealis Stimpson. Common on the rock beaches in the Chondrus Zone. Many females were carrying eggs on June 14. Four stomachs examined on June 23 were empty. Many of these crabs had other animals and algae growing on them; among these may be mentioned; Crepidula plana, Spirorbis spirorbis, Hydroides dianthus, Membranipora, Mytilus, Hildenbrandtia. Hyas coarctatus Leach. One individual was captured in the Ascophyllum at Station 1 which bore three algae — Philayella littoralis (Linn.), Ceramium rubrum Agassiz, and Grinnellia a^nericana Harv. — on its back. Orchestia grillus (Bose.). Abundant at top of sand beach at Station 4; also found at Station 8 under Ascophyllum. Talorchestia sp.? Seen on sand beach at Station 4. Allorchestes littoralis Stimpson. Found among Fucus and Ascophyllum at Stations 2, 4, and 9. Gamarellus angulosus (Rathke). Found under Fucus and Ascophyllum at low tides at Stations 2 and 8. At high tide this species often "swarmed” at the surface.* 1914] Pearse: Fauna of the Rock Beaches 77 Gammariis marinus Leach. Found at Stations 1 and 8 among Asco- phyllum and in a pool in the Barnacle Zone. Gammarus locusta (Linnaeus) Smith. Abundant at all stations on the rock beaches. Mating individuals were seen during the whole period of observation, June 8 to 27. Gammarus annulatus Smith. This species swarms over the sand beach at Station 4, and was observed among stones at Station 10. Calliopus laevisculus (Kroyer). Commonly swim in little schools at the surface along the rock beaches. On June 24 at 6.30 p. m. the water at the dock swarmed with egg-bearing females. Jassa marmorata Holmes. Always found in Cladophora artica, an alga which grows attached to rocks in exposed situations. Amphithoe rubricata (Montagu). Found at Station 7 among Laminaria holdfasts, and at Station 12 under Ascophyllum and Fucus. Idothea baltica (Pallas). This species was the most characteristic resi- dent of the Chondrus Zone on rock beaches. Its color usually matched that of the plants on which it rested. Individuals that swam over sand beaches were light tan in color. The stomachs of several individuals examined on June 25 contained: algal filaments, bits of seaweed, and sponge (?). Idothea phosphorea Harger. Found only at Station 7 among Laminaria roots. Jaera marina (Fabricius). Common in all sorts of situations on the rock beaches and on the mud flats. Chiridotea caeca (Say). The most characteristic inhabitant of the sand beach at Station 4; abundant. Dyasiylis polita Smith. One specimen taken in a pool in the barnacle zone at Station 7. Arachnida Limulus polyphemus Latreille. Pairs were common on the mud flat at Station 14 on June 24, when they were laying eggs. Bella marina Packard. This mite was abundant everywhere on the rock beaches between tides. Agelena naevia Htz. At top of sand beach at Station 4. Sallicus scenicus Cl. Taken on the rocks. Stations 1 and 12. Attus palustris Peck. Taken on the rocks at Stations 6 and 11. Pardosa lapidicina Emerton. Taken on the rocks, Stations 1 and 6. Pycnogonidia Phoxichilidium maxillare (Stimpson)? Found in a rock cleft filled with Hydractinia at Station 8. Myriapoda Lithobuis juv. One specimen taken on the rocks at Station 12. Anislobia maritima Gene. Several observed on the rocks at Station 12. 78 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 Insecta Anurida maritima (Guerin-Meneville). Abundant on the rock beaches between tides. Odonata. Several damsel- and dragon-flies were observed flying over the rock beaches. Once a damsel-fly was seen to poke its abdomen into the ocean as it flew above it (oviposition?). Verrill and Smith (’74) men- tion a caddis-fly which lives on piles in the ocean. Notonecta glauca. Observed in the pools on rock beaches above high tide mark. Corixa sp.? Abundant in fresh and brackish water in the pools on rock beaches above high tide. Not infrequently found in pools with Enteromorpha, Ascophyllum, Mytilus, and dipterous larvae. Crane flies (Tijnda? species) were rather common on rock beaches among Ascocarpus. Dipterous larvae (Chironomids, Culicids, etc.) and pupae were abundant in many of the little rock pools above high tide mark. Mosquitoes bred in many of these pools and were common on the rock beaches. Parydra sp.? An abundant and characteristic resident in the pools above high tide on the rock beaches where it bred. The adults mated on the surface of the water and often gathered to form rafts several inche.^J across. They were frequently met in other zones, where they apparently fed. A tachinid Fly. Pupa cases were found at the top of the sand beach at Station 4. Coelopafrigida Falle. This fly was captured while it was walking on the surface of a salt pool in Swallow’s Cave, at Station 10. Euvanessa antiopa (Linnaeus). This and other butterflies flew along the beaches, particularly at Station 1. Several moths were observed on the rocks at Station 12. A mara chlacea Dej. Collected in the debris at the top of the sand beach, Station 4. Corymbites medianus Germ. Taken on the rocks at Station 6. Lachnosterna sp.? One found in a pool at Station 8. Leptinotarsa 10-lineata (Say). Taken at Stations 5 and 10 on the rocks. Telephorus carolinus Fabr. One individual taken in a crevice in the rock at Station 6. Xantholinus obscurus Er. Taken in drift at top of the sand beach at Station 4. Myrmica laevinodis Nyland. This ant hunted on the rock beaches, usually above high tide mark. Formica fusca L. On rock beaches. Tunicata Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas). This ascidian was common on Chondrus in the pools in Swallow’s Cave at Station 10. 1914] Pearse: Fauna of the Rock Beaches 79 Vertebrata Pholis gunnellus Linn. This little fish was common under stones between tide marks during low water. It also hunted in the pools below. The stomachs of three individuals examined June 23 contained: — (1) three amphipods, part of a small isopod, a small Littorina shell, (2) two Allorchestes littoralis, three barnacles {Balanus) , (3) three barnacles {Balanus) . Other larger fish were seen in the deeper water but none were captured or identified. Bufo sp.? Toad tadpoles were present in the pools on the rock beach above the barnacles at Station 6, where fresh water seeped out over the rocks. Actitis macularia (Linne) Naumann. A spotted Sandpiper’s nest in the grass above the rocks at Station 9 contained four eggs from June 23 to June 27. Young sandpipers were running about on the beach on June 25 at Station 8. Mus norvegicus Erxleben. At least two rats lived among the rocks at Station 9. They came out and fed in the Ascophyllum at low tide. VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY Allen, G. M. 1909 Fauna of New England. 11. List of the Aves. Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, 230 pp. Arnold, A. F. 1903 The Sea-beach at Ebb-tide. N. Y. xii and 490. Clark, H. L. 1905 The Fauna of New England. 4. List of the Echino- dermata. Occ. P. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, 13 pp. Davenport, C. B. 1903 The Animal Ecology of the Cold Spring Sand Spit, with Remarks on the Theory of Adaptation. Univer. Chicago Decen. Publ., 10, 157-176. Davenport, C. B. 1903 The Collembola of Cold Spring Beach, with special Reference to the Movements of the Podurae. Cold Spr. Harbar Monogr., 2, 30 pp., 2 pis. Dimon, a. C. 1905 The Mud Snail, Ndssa obsoleta. Cold Spr. Monogr., 5, 48 pp., 2 pis. Field, I. A. 1911 The Food Value of Sea Mussels. Bull. U. S. Bu. Fish., 29, 85-128, pis. 18-25. Gould, A. A. (Binney, W. G.) 1870 Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, Boston, vii and 527, 15 pis. Haseman, J. D. 1911 The Rythmical Movements of Litorina litorea Synchronous with Ocean Tides. Biol. Bull., 21, 113-121. Holmes, S. J. 1905 The Amphipods of Southern New England. Bull. U. S. Bu. Fish., 24, 457-529, pis. 1-13. King, L. A., and Russell, E. S. 1909 A Method for the Study of the • Animal Ecology of the Shore. Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc., Edin- burgh, 17, 225-253. 80 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 ^McClendon, J. F. 1906 On the Locomotion of a Sea Anemone {Metridium marginatum) . Biol. Bull., 10, 66-67. Morse, E. S. 1910 An Early Stage in Acmaea. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 34, 313-323. Nutting, C. C. 1901 The Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region. Bull. U. S. Fish Com., (1899), 325-386. Osborn, R. C. 1906 Observations and Experiments on Dragon-flies in Brackish Water. Amer. Nat., 40, 395-399. Osborn, R. C. 1912 The Bryozoa of the Woods Hole Region. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 30, 203-266, pis. 18-31. Rathbun, ]\1. J. 1905 Fauna of New England. 5. List of the Crus- tacea. Occ. P. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, 1-117. Schneider, A. 1866 Monographic der Nematoden. Berlin, 351 pp., 28 Taf. Smallwood, M. E. 1903 The Beach Flea, TaZorc/jes/f a Zongficorms. Cold Spring Harb. Monogr. I. 21 pp., 2 pis. Verrill, a. E. and Smith, S. I. 1874 Report upon the Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound and Adjacent Waters, with an account of the Physical Features of the Region. Rept. U. S. Fish Com., (1871, 1872), 295-747, 38 pis. Van Name, W. G. 1910 Compound Ascidians of the Coasts of New England and Neighboring British Provinces. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 34, 339-424, Pis. 34-39. Warming, E. 1909. Oecology of Plants. Oxford, xi and 422. WiLLcox, M. A. 1905 Homing of Fisurella and Siphonaria. Science N. S., 22, 90. PRICE LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Orders and remittances should be addressed to the General Secretary, Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis. Numbers not included in the following list are out of print and can no longer be obtained. Bericht des Naturhistorischen Vereins von Wisconsin, 1871, 1873, 1874, each $0.10 Jahresbericht des Naturhistorischen Vereins von Wisconsin 1876, 1876-77, 1877-78, 1879-80, 1880-81, each 10 Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin, April 6, 1885, to December 7, 1885 ; January 11, 1886, to December 13, 1886; March 14, 1887, to December 19, 1887; January 23, 1888, to Decem- ber 17, 1888 each... 15 Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society (New Series): Vol. III.. Triple Number, January, April and July, 1903.. $1.00 Vol. Ill, No. 4, November, 1905..... .60 Vol. IV, Nos. 1-2, April, 1906; No. 3, July, 1906; No. 4, October, 1906; Vol. V, No. 1, January, 1907; No. 2, April, 1907; No. 3, July, 1907 ; No. 4, December, 1907 ; each > .50 Vol. VI, Nos. 1-2, April, 1908; Nos. 3-4, October, 1908; each.... 1.00 Vol. VII, Nos. 1-2, April, 1909; Nos. 3-4, October, 1909; each... 1.00 Vol. VIII, No. 1, January, 1910; No. 2, April, 1910; No. 3, July, 1910; No. 4, October, 1910; each 50 Vol. IX, Nos. 1-2, Nos. 3-4 ; each. 1 .00 Vol. X, Nos. 1-2, Nos. 3-4; each 1.00 The following Occasional Papers published by the Society may be had for seventy-five cents apiece: Vol. 1, No. 3, “Sexual Selection in Spiders of the Family Attidse,” G. W. and E. G. Peckham, 1890. Vol. 2, No. 1, “Ant-like Spiders of the Family Attidse,” G. W. and E. G. Peckham, 1892. Vol. 2, No. 2, “Spiders of the Marptusa Group of the Family Attid®,” G. W. and E. G. Peckham, November, 1894. Vol. 2, No. 3, “Spiders of the Homalattus Group of the Family Attid®,” G. W. and E. G. Peckham, December, 1895. Vol. 3, “Spiders of the Family Attid® from Central America and Mexi- co,’’ G. W. and E, G. Peckham, April, 1896. The Wisconsin Archeologist, Vol. I, No. 1, October, 1901 ; Vol. I, No. 2, January, 1902; Vol. I, No. 3, April, 1902; Vol. I, No. 4, July, 1902; Vol. II, No. 1, October, 1902, each $0.25 This publication is now issued by the Wisconsin Archeological Society of Milwaukee, from whom the later volumes may be obtained. CONTENTS Proceedings The Land Vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog, Wiscon- sin: Their Ecological Succession and Source of Ingression . . Hartley H. T. Jackson, Ph.D. The Chalcidoid Family Trichogrammatidae II — Con» By A. A. Girault Observations on the Fauna of the Rock Beaches at Nahant, Massachusetts . . . A. S. Pearse Actual date of issue October 31, 1914. No. 4, Vol. XI, was issued June 11, 1914. VOLUME XII (New Series) NUMBERS 3 & 4 DECEMBER, 1914 BULLETIN OF THE Wisconsin Natural History Society PUBLISHED WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee EDITOR: RICHARD A. MUTTKOWSKI ASSOCIATE EDITORS: P. H. DERNEHL HOWLAND RUSSEL EDGAR E. TELLER The Wisconsin Natural History Society MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN ORGANIZED MAY 6, 1867 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS (Mat, 1914) George P. Barth, President 302 Twenty-first Street, Milwaukee Henry L. Ward, Vice-President ..Public Museum, Milwaukee Edgar E. Teller, Director 3321 Sycamore Street, Milwaukee J. R. Heddle, Treasurer Public Museum, Milwaukee Wm. J. Brinckley, General Secretary Public Museum, Milwaukee PUBLICATION The “Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society.” Matter intended for publication should be sent to the editor of the Bulle- tin, who will transmit it to the associate, editor of the proper department for consideration. EDITORS Editor: Richard A. Muttkowski, Biology Building, University of Wis- consin, Madison, Wis. ASSOCIATE EDITORS Dr. P. H. Dernehl. Department of Zoology Howland Russel. Department of Botany Edgar E. Teller. Department of Geology MEETINGS Regular meetings are held on the last Thursday of each month, except July and August, in the trustees’ room at the Public Museum Building, Milwaukee, and meetings of the combined sections on the second Thursday of each month, at the same place. MEMBERSHIP DUES Active Members, $3.00 per annum; Junior Members, $1.00 per annum; Corresponding Members, $2.00 per annum; Life Members, one payment of $50.00. BULLETIN OF THE WISCONSIN NATUEAL HISTORY SOCIETY Vol. 12 DECEMBER, 1914 Nos. 3 and 4 PROCEEDINGS Milwaukee, Wis., June 26, 1913. Regular meeting of the Society. President Barth in the chair. Twenty-two persons present. Minutes of last meeting read and approved. The lecture for the evening was given by Prof. L. R. Jones, Professor of Plant Pathology at the University of Wisconsin, on the subject: ‘Plant Diseases; Recent Progress as to their Cause and Control.” Professor Jones emphasized the need of a more intensive study of plant diseases, especially of the relations between parasite, host and environment. Not only should the present conditions of cultivation of the host be studied, but its ancestry as well. As an illustration of the general problems of plant pathology, an ac- count of the cultivation of the potato was given. The potato is found in wild state in Central America. Here the processes of the formation of seeds and tubers occur at different times of the year. But in our more temperate regions, under changed conditions of climate and cultivation, these oppos- ing physiological processes taLe place at about the same time. Therefore, the plant is, for a period of several weeks — the critical period — rendered especially susceptible to disease. It is at this period that most diseases strike. The most important future line of work for the control of potato diseases lies in the development of disease-resistant varieties. At the conclusion of the lecture, Drs. H. H. Severin and G. P. Barth remarked on the possible spread of some plant diseases through the agency of insects. Professor Jones was thereupon tendered a vote of thanks. The president mentioned the great loss suffered by the society through the death of three of its members, Prof. I. N. Mitchell, Mr. Thomas J. Pereles, and Mr. Frederick Scheiber. He appointed a committee composed of Messrs. Graenicher, Teller and Ward, to send suitable letters of condo- lence to the families of these former members. The secretary read a letter from the President of the Wisconsin Fish and Game Protective and Propagation League, in which letter the society is urged to use its influence in the passage of game preservation bills that are now before the legislative committee. It was voted that members should take individual action in regard to those bills. The meeting then adjourned. 81 82 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 Milwaukee, Wis., October 9, 1913. Meeting of the combined sections. * President Barth in the chair. Fourteen iDersons present. Minutes of last regular meeting read and approved. The membership of the committees for the present year was announced. The report of Mr. Teller as delegate to the Eighth International Geological Congress was deferred to the next meeting. As part program, members gave accounts of observations made during the past summer. i Mr. Russel spoke of some of the features observed during a botanizing trip in Door County. Mr. Mann gave notes on the northern limits of some Wisconsin trees, particularly in Door County; and described the forest panorama of British Columbia. He commented on the fact of the great dearth of animal life to be noted in journeying by rail westward, as compared with conditions of a few decades ago. Dr. Sherman remarked on the absence of cases of mushroom poisoning, as compared to the several fatal cases of last year. The early part of the season has been rather dry and specimens few; the latter part, very favor- able, so that the list of local mushrooms will exceed that of last year. Mr. Carpenter described the scenery and the forest vegetation of the Denver park reserve. He announced that some of the hardy shrubs, such as the Mountain Spiraea, were to be tried out in the Milwaukee parks. Mr. Ward gave observations on the abundance of dragon flies and of the pitcher-plant in Vilas County. Dr. Barth described the instrument recently invented to detect sounds inaudible to the human ear, such as the sounds made by certain insects. The meeting then adjourned. , Milwaukee, Wis., October 30, 1913. Regular meeting of the society. Director Ward in the chair. Twenty-four persons present. Minutes of last meeting read and approved. The name of Dr. Ernst S. Schmidt^ Green Bay, Wisconsin, was presented for corresponding membership and was referred to the Board of Directors, who subsequently acted favorably on the nomination. Mr. E. E. Teller was, then called upon to report as delegate of the so- ciety to the Eighth International Geological Congress, which met during the month of August, in Toronto, Canada. In addition to the regular ses- sions, at which a great variety of papers were presented, excursions were conducted to different points of geological interest, one in particular con- sisting of a visit to the glaciers of Alaska. The special facilities and the memorable social features afforded the members of the Congress by the City of Toronto and the Government of the Dominion, cannot be soon forgotten. The Congress was represented by people speaking twenty- seven languages. The meeting is not only of the greatest scientific value, 1914J Proceedings S3 by broadening the field of human knowledge and by emphasizing the in- ternationalism of scientific research, but is an indication of those slow but certain forces that are contributing to the spirit of world unity. Mr. T. E. B. Pope, of the Department of Education, Public Museum, gave an informal talk on: ‘‘Certain Scientific Investigations of the United States Bureau of Fisheries.” He outlined the more important problems under investigation, particularly those that are being undertaken by the government laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and by the several schooners employed for work along the Atlantic coast. Special attention was given to the investigations of the oyster beds and of the habits of the mackerel. Mention was made of the Fairport, Iowa station, at which is being studied the culture of the fresh-water mussel, the source of most of our supply of pearl buttons. The lecture was discussed by Dr. Graenicher and Mr. Mann. The meeting then adjourned. Milwaukee, Wis., November 13, 1913. Meeting of the combined sections. President Barth in the chair. Ten persons present. Minutes of last regular meeting read and approved. The president announced to the society the death of Dr. Oscar Chrysler; and thereupon appointed a committee composed of Messrs. Graenicher, Russel and W. H. Vogel, to send suitable expressions of sympathy to Dr. Chrysler ’s family. ThejDi’ogram resolved itself into several short talks by different members, and ended in a discussion of the former ecological conditions in the region about Milwaukee, with special reference to the tamarack swamp areas. The meeting then adjourned. Milwaukee, Wis., December 11, 1913. Meeting of the combined sections. President Barth in the chair. Nine persons present. Minutes of last meeting read and approved. The name of Mr. Alvin R. Calm, Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, was presented for corresponding membership. The chair re- ferred this nomination to the Board of Directors for action. Speaking on behalf of the committee on \Msconsin flora, Mr. Russel said that it 'was desirable for the committee to secure a number of copies of the “Check-list of the Plants of Gray’s Manual, seventh edition,” so that records for each county could be readily compiled. After a discussion by Messrs. Barth, Brinckley, and Teller, it was voted that the committee pur- chase the required number of copies. Dr. Barth spoke of the desirability of keeping within the state all col- lections of Wisconsin natural history specimens; and in every case to see that Wisconsin institutions have the first opportunity to secure any sucli collections that are open to acquisition. 84 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [VoL 12, Nos. 3 & 4 Dr. Brinckley gave a short talk on the edible qualities of the tubers of the native arrowheads {Sagitaria, chiefly S. latifolia). He spoke of their aboriginal use b}'' the Indians, and the recent revival of the industry by the Chinese, particularly in the vicinity of Janesville and Neenah. These tubers were known to the Indians as ‘'wappetos;” and have been called locally, ^‘Chinese water-nuts.’’ This latter name, however, seems to be more especially applied to another somewhat similar plant product, the identity of which has not as yet been ascertained. Analyses made by Dr. Brinckley, of the arrowhead tubers, show a rich starch content; also that the proteid content is higher than that of the potato. Dr. Brinckley further stated that he was informed that as many as six car loads of the tubers were shipped eastward from Neenah in a single season. Their eventual destination and ultimate use can only, at present, be inferred. However, it is known that species of the arrowhead are cultivated in China as food. A recent bulletin issued by the United States Department of Ag- riculture states that the tubers are used for food in California. The speaker suggested that the undrained marsh areas of Wisconsin might be profitably utilized in the cultivation of these plants. The meeting then adjourned. Milwaukee, Wis., January 8, 1914. Meeting of the combined sections. President Barth in the chair. Five persons present. Minutes of last meeting read and approved. ]\Ir. Russel commented on some of the problems suggested by Mr. Mon- roe’s paper on Wisconsin asters, which is to be published in the ne»t num- ber of the Bulletin. In this connection, he said that it was essential that collectors pay more attention to the recording of ecological data, especially for those groups of plants which show great variation, such as certain genera of the Compositae. The meeting then adjourned. A SYNONYMIC CATALOGUE OF THE DIPTEROUS FAMILY PHORIDAEi By Charles T. Brues The present catalogue includes a complete list of the species so far described belonging to the Phoridae from all parts of the world, as well as the few fossil forms which have been given names. There has been very great activity during the past few years among a small number of taxonomists who have paid attention to this interesting family, resulting in the description of a large number of new species as well as a considerable series of new genera. Thus the number of known species has increased from about 150 to 472 within the last decade, while some 25 genera have been subdivded and added to till the number here listed has reached 46. Some are based on extremely aberrant forms, known in some cases only in the female sex, and it seems very probable that a part of these will be found in the future not to deserve generic rank. Some of the generic segregates of the old genus ^Thora’’ also do not appear worthy of separation as genera, but as they have already become well established in the literature, only two or three of the least distinct have been suppressed in the present catalogue. Most of the changes in generic and specific names already insti- tuted by various authors from a strict application of the priority rules have been adopted, but I have been unable to subscribe to certain changes based on the papers of Rondani and Lioy. From a critical examination of the work of the latter author, it is very evident that in most cases he did not have before him the type species which he cites for his genera and there appears to be no means of now ascertaining upon what insects these names were based. Rondani’s generic names have been lately accepted by CoquilletU but have since been disregarded by Malloch, Brues and 1 Contributions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution, Harvard University, No. 78. 2 The Type-species of the North American Genera of Diptera. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, pp. 499-647, (1910). 85 rea) ?Glover, Publ. Notes MS. Journ., p. 39. (1874) (Phora florea) ?Strobl, Wien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 193. (1892) (Phora florea) ?Strobl, Mitth. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 30, p. 14. (1894) (Phora florea) abducta Meunier. Fossil; Baltic Amber. Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst., vol. 30, p. 86, figs. (1909) (Phora) ablata Meunier. Fossil; Baltic Amber. Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst., vol. 30, p. 87, figs. (1909) (Phora) aequidistans Brunetti. India. Hec. Indian Mus., vol. 7, p. 501. (1912) (Phora) alaceris Meunier. Fossil; Baltic Amber. Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst., vol. 30, p. 83, figs. (1909) (Phora) aptina Schiner. Europe. Fauna Adelsb. Grotte, p. 18. (1853) (Phora) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 340. (1864) (Phora) Hamann, Europaische Hohlenfauna, p. 142. (1896) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 34, fig. (1901) (Phora) Bezzi, Riv. Ital. Speleol. Bologna, vol. 1, p. 13. (1903) (Phora) Florentin, Feuille Jeune Nat., vol. 34, p. 177. (1904) (Phora) Brues, Bull. Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 4, p. 102. (1906) (Phora) Bezzi, Atti Soc. Ital. Soc. Sci. Nat., vol. 46, p. 11. (1907) (Phora) Bezzi, Arch. Zool. Exper. and Gen., vol. 48, p. 15 and 53, g. (1911) (Phora) autumnalis Becker. Europe. Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 44, fig. (1901) (Phora) Dahl, SB. Akad. Berlin, 1896, p. 21 (Phora hiemalis s. descr.) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 193, 265. (1906) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., 1910, p. 90. (Stenophora) basalis Brunetti. India. Rec. Indian Alus., vol. 7, p. 500. (1912) (Phora) bicolorata Becker. Formosa. Suppl. Entomologica, No. 3, p. 88, fig. (1914) 94 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 &: 4 bispinosa Malloch. U. S. A. Entomol. News, vol. 25, p. 173. (1914) {PseudoMenophora) chlorogastra Becker. = venusta Coq.? Europe. Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 32. (1901) {Phora) cimbicis Aldrich = concinna Meig. Canadian Entom., vol. 24, p. 143. (1892) (Phora) cleghorni Bigot. India; Seychelles. Indian Mus. Notes, vol. 1, p. 191. (1890) (Phora) \\ ulp. Cat. Dipt. South Asia, p. 205. (1896) (Phora) Collin, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 106, fig. (1912) cochlearipalpis Speiser. Germ. E. Afr. Berliner Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 52, p. 146, fig. (1907) Brues, Psyche, vol. 17, p. 36. (1910) concinna Meigen. Euroiie, N. Am. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 221. (No. 28) (1830) (Phora) Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 221. (No. 30) (1830) (Phora funebris) Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 7, p. 412. (1838) (Phora luctuosa) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2864. (1848) (Trineura gymno- phorina) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2875. (1848) (Trineura) Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 4, p. 1137. (1849) (Phora junehr is) Walker, Ins. Brit., vol. 2, p. 281. (1853) (Phora funebris) Zetterstedt, Ibid., vol. 14, p. 6476. (1860) (Trineura gymnophorina) Egger. Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 1233. (1862) (Phora distinct a) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 338. (1864) (Phora funebris) Scheiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 338. (1864) (Phora distincta) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 345. (1864) (Phora)- Neuhaus, Dipt. March., p. 344. (1886) (Phora) Aldrich, Canad. Entom., vol. 24, p. 143. (1892) (Phora cimbicis) Strobl, Wien. Ent. Zeit., vol. 11, p. 199. (1892) (Phora pseudoconcinna) Strobl, Mitth. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 30, p. 15. (1894) (Phora dis- tincta) Coquillett, Canad. Entom., vol. 27, p. 104. (1895) (Phora cimbicis) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 24, fig. (1901) Becker, Ibid., t.c., p. 71. (1901) (Phora funebris) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 348, fig. (1903) (Phora cimbicis) W ood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 195. (1906) (Phora) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 119. (1910) ( Phora) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 88. (1910) (Phora) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 23, p. 172, fig. (1912) (Phora) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 431. (1912) conventa Brues. Formosa. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 535, fig. (1911) crassicornis Meigen. Europe, N. Am. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 220. (1830) (Phora) Macquart, Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 629. (1835) (Phora) 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 95 Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2874. (1848) (Trineura) Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 4, p. 1137. (1849) (Phora) Walker, Ins. Brit., vol. 2, p. 280. (1853) {Phora) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 344. (1864) {Phora) Strobl, Wien. Ent. Zeit., vol. 11, p. 199. (1892) {Phora) Strobl, Mitth. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 30, p. 15. (1894) {Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 2, p. 23, fig. (1901) {Phora) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 195. (1906) {Phora) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 88. (1910) {Phora) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 119. (1910) {Phora) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 431. (1912) dispar Enderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 20. divaricata Aldrich. = venusta Coq. West Indies, New Guinea. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 437. (1896) dohrni Dahl. Bismark Archipelago. SB. naturf. Freunde, No. 10, p. 188, fig. (1898) Dahl, Archiv f. Naturgesch., vol. 65, p. 75, fig. (1899) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien., vol. 1, p. 84. (1901) Brues, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 5, p. 401. (1907) Brues, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 437. (1911) egregia Brues. Formosa, Java. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 534, fig. (1911) (Phora) eridana Meunier. Fossil; Baltic Amber. Jahbr. K. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst., vol. 30, p. 88, figs. (1909) {Phora) flexuosa Egg. = abdominalis Fall. Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien., vol. 12, p. 1233. (1862) {Phora) forcipata Strobl. Europe. Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 118. (1910) {Phora) florea Fabr. = ‘^abdominalis Fall. Entom. Syst., vol. 4, p. 255. (1794) {Bibio) fulviventris Bohem. = abdominalis Fall. Vet. Akad. Handl., 1852, p. 20. {Trineura) fuscohalterata Enderlein. Brazil. Stettinger Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 19. gigantea Enderlein. Brazil. Stettinger Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 18. hiemalis Dahl = autumnalis Becker. SB. Akad. Berlin, 1896, p. 21. (1896) {Phora) incisuralis Lw. U. S. A. Cent. 7, p. 52. (1866) {Phora) Aldrich, Canad. Ent., vol. 24, p. 143. (1892) {Phora) Coquillett, ibid., vol. 27, p. 105. (1895) {Phora) Coquillett, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 340. (1895) {Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 348, fig. (1903) {Phora) Brues, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., vol. 3, p. 543. (1905) {Phora) Brues, Ann. Mus. Nat.* Hungarici, vol. 5, p. 401. (1907) 96 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society IVol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 knabi Malloch. Panama. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., voL 43, p. 431. (1912) meridionalis Brues. Paraguay. Ann. Mus. Nst. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 437. (1911) mordax Brues. Formosa. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 531, fig. (1911) nitida Malloch. Lourenzo Marques. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 511. (1912) nitidifrons Brues. U. S. A. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 347, fig. (1904) (Phora) Beutemnuller, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, p. 99. (1904) (Phora) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 431. (1912) (concinna) nudipalpis Becker. Europe. Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien., vol. 1, p. 29. (1901) d' Becker, idem, p. 30 9 {unispinosa pars) Wingate, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 110. (1906) (Phora) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 193, 265. (1906) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., 1910, p. 90. (Stenophora) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 119. (1910) (Phora) palpina Zett = ahdominalis Fall. Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2868. (1848) (Trineura) papuana Brues. New Guinea. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 541. (1905) (Phora) ibid., vol. 5, p. 401. (1907) Collin, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 107. (1912) paraguayana Brues. Paraguay. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 5, p. 400, fig. (1907) pubericornis Malloch. Scotland. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 18, p. 12. (1908) (Phora) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., 1910, p. 90. (Stenophora) Malloch, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 412. (1912) (Pseudosteno- phora) rufithorax Byunetti. India. Rec. Indian AIus., vol. 7, p. 502. (1912) (Phora) setigera Malloch. Costa Rica. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 40, p. 24. (1914) sinensis Schiner. Hongkong. Dipt. Novara Reise, p. 224. (1868) (Phora) De Meijere, Tidj. Entom., vol. 53, p. 106. (1910) (Phora) sordidipennis Dufour = ahbreviata v. Roser. Mem. Soc. Sci. Lille, p. 424. (1841) (Phora) sororcula v.d. Wulp. Europe. Tijdschr. v. Ent., vol. 14, p. 209. (1871) Strobl, Mittheil. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 30, p. 15. (1895) ( Phora distinguenda) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 45. • (1901) 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoriuae 97 trepiaa Meunier. Fossil; Baltic Amber. Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst., vol. 30, p. 88, figs. (1909) unispinosa Zetterstedt. Europe. Dipt. Scand., vol. 14, p. 6475. (1860) (Trineura) Strobl, Wien Ent. Zeit., vol. 11, p. 198. (1892) (Phora distin- guendn) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges., Wien, vol. 1, p. 30, fig. (1901) {Phora) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 193, 265. (1906) {Phora) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., 1910, p. 90. {Stenophora) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 119. (1910) {Phora) venusta Coq. U. S. A. Canadian Entom., vol. 27, p. 107. (1895) {Phora) Aldrich, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1896, p. 437. {Phora divaricata) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 346. (1903) {Phora) Brues, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 542. (1905) {divaricata) Collin, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 107. {chlorogastra) (1912) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 432. (1912) Weiss, Alger, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat., 1911, p. 34. (1912) {chlorogastra) venusta Coq. var. buscki Malloch. Panamd, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 45, p. 432. (1912) venusta Coq., var. perplexa Brues. U. S. A. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 350. (1904) (var. of P. divaricata Aid) •Collin, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 107. (1912) vetusta Meunier. Fossil; Baltic Amber. Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst., vol. 30, p. 84. (1909) vincta Meunier. Fossil; Baltic Amber. Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst., vol. 30, p. 89, figs. (1909) Crepidopachys Enderlein 1912. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., p. 16, fig. 1913. Malloch, Psyche, vol. 20, p. 23. Type: C. longirostrata costalis Enderlein (see note under C. longirostrata) longirostrata Enderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 17, fig. (legend under figure reads C. costalis Enderl.) Malloch, Psyche, vol. 20, p. 23. (1913) Trupheoneura Malloch 1909. Glasgow Naturalist, vol. 1, p. 27. 1910. Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 88. 1912. Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 417. 98 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 Type: T. perennis Meigen bicornuta Strobl. Europe. Mitth. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 117. (1910) (Phora) fratercula Brues. U. S, A. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 341, fig. (1904) (Phora) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 420. (1912) intermedia Malloch. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 204. (1908) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 89. (1910) lugubris Meig. Europe. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 217. (1830) Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 4, p. 1136. (1849) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 18. (1901) (Phora) Wingate, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. Ill and 215. (1906) (papil- lata) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 192 and 265. (1906) (Phora) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 89. (1910) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 119. (1910) (Phora) luteifemorata Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 191 and 265. (1906) (Phora) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 89. (1910) microcephala Lw. U. S. A. Cent. 7, p. 51. (1866) Aldrich, Canad. Ent., vol. 24, p. 143. (1892) Coquillett, Canad. Ent., vol. 27, p. 104. (1895) (Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 342. (1903) (Phora) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 421. (1912) nigricornis Egg. = opaca Meig. Europe. Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 1235. (1862) nudicosta Brues. India. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 5, p. 404, fig. (1907) occidentalis Brues. U. S. A. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 16, p. 200. (1908) (Phora) IMalloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 417. (1912) opaca Meigen Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 216. (1830) (Phora) Macquart, Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 647. (1835) (Phora) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2866. (1848) (Trineura) Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 4, p. 1136. (1849) (Phora) Egger, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 1235. (1862) (Phora nigricornis) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 342. (1864) (Phora) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 342. (1864) (Phora nigricornis) Wulp, Tijd. V. Entom., vol. 14, p. 208. (1871) (Phora) Neuhaus, Dipt. March., p. 343. (1886) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 17. (1901) (Phora) 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 99 Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 18, fig. (1901) {Phura nigricornis) Czerny, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 53, p. 238. (1903) {Phora) Wingate, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 110. (1906) (Phora) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, pp. 189, 192, 264. (1906j (Phora) Collin, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 177. (1906) (Phora) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 89. (1910) Strobl. Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 119. (1910) (Phora nigricornis) pachyneura Lw. U. S. A. Cent. 7, p. 52. (1866) (Phora) Aldrich, Canadian Entom., vol. 24, p. 142. (1892) (Phora) Coquillett, Canadian Entom., vol. 27, p. 104. (1895) (Phoxa -pachy- neuron) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 341, fig. (1903) (Phora) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 418. (1912) palposa Zett. Europe. Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2870. (1848) (Trineura) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 16, fig. (1901) (Phora) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 190, 264. (1906) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 88. (1910) papillata Wingate. = lugubris Meig Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 11. (1906) (Phora) perennis Meigen. Europe. Syst. Beschr., vol. 7, p. 412. (1838) (Phora) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 345. (1864) (Phora) Hofmann, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, vol. 30, C. R., p. cxxxi. (1886) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. W ien, vol. l,p. 18. (1901) (Phora opaca pars) Collin, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 177. (1906) (Phora) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 189, 192, 264. (1906) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 89. (1910) W'ood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 191, 264. (1906) (Phora) subfusca Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 422. (1912) sublugubris W'ood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 192 and 265. (1906) (Phora) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 89. (1910) suspecta Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 421. (1912) territa Meunier. Fossil; Baltic Amber. Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst., vol. 30, p. 82, fig. (1909) (Phora) trinervis Becker. Europe. Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. W'ien., vol. 1, p. 19. (1901) (Phora) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 191. (1906) (Phora) Strobl. Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 117. (1910) ( Phora) 100 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 varipes Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 419. (1912) vitrea Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 191, 265. (1906) {Phora) Becker. Abh. zool.-bot. Ges., vol. 1, p. 17. (1901) {Phora opaca pars) Wood, Entom, Monthly Mag., vol. 23, p. 172, fig. (1912) (Phora) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 89. (1910) vitrinervis Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 419, fig. (1912) Parastenophora Malloch 1909. Malloch, Glasgow Natural, vol. 1, p. 28 (Woodia, nec Deshayes, 1860, Mollusca) 1910. Malloch, Ann, Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 90 Type: F. gracilis Wood gracilis Wood. England, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 18, p, 228. (1907) (Phora) Wood, ibid., vol. 23, p. 94. (1912) (Phora) ?nigrocincta De Meijere. Europe. Tijdschr. v. Entom., vol. 50, p. 189. (1907) (Phora) Phorhynchus Brunetti 1912. liec, Indian Mus., vol. 7, p. 504. Type: F. ater Brunetti ater Brunetti. Ceylon. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 7, p. 504. (1912) Hypocera Lioy 1864. Atti. Inst. Venet, vol. 10, p. 78, 1864. Lioy, ibid., l.c. (nec VieilL, Aves), (Ne?)wsia) 1864. Lioy, ibid., p. 79. (Gymnoptera) 1903. Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 351. 1906. Brues, Genera Ins., fasc. 44, p, 6. 1908. Brues, in Williston’s Man. N. Amer. Dipt., Ed. 3, p. 239. 1909. Malloch, Glasgow Naturalist, vol. 1, p. 26. 1910. Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 18. 1912. Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 433. Type: H. mordellaria Fall angustifrons Enderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 43. agilis Meigen. Europe. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 213. (1830) (Phora) Macquart, Suit, a Buff., vol. 2. p. 630. (1835) (Phora) 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 10) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2835. (1848) {Trineura carvnifrons) 9 non cf. Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 339. (1864) (Phora) Lioy, Atti Instit. Ven., vol. (13) 10, p. 78. (1864) Neuhaus, Dipt. March., p. 342. (1886) (Phora) Strobl, Wien. Ent. Zeit., vol. 11, p. 193. (1892) (Phora) Strobl, Mittheil. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 30, p. 14. (1894) ( Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien., vol. 1, p. 42, fig. (1901) (Phora) Strobl. Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 116. (1910) ( Phora] bernuthi Egg. Europe. Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 1234. (1862) (Phora) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 339. (1864) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 38. (1901) (Phora) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 434. (1912) carinifrons Zetterstedt. Europe. Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2885. (1848) cT non 9. (Trineura) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. vol. 1, p. 38, fig. (1901) (Phora) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 263. (1906) (Phora) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 19. (1910) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 434. (1912) citreiformis Becker. Europe. Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 43, fig. (1901) (Phora) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 264, 266. (1906) (Phora) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 19. (1910) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 435. (1912) clavata Lw. ’ U. S. A. Cent. 7, p. 51. (1866) (Phora) Aldrich, Canad. Ent., vol. 24, p. 142. (1892) (Phora) Coquillett, Canad. Ent., vol. 27, p. 104. (1895) (Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 355, fig. (1903) Motter, Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 6, p. 223. (1898) (Phora) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 435. (1912) convergens Malloch. Panama. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 435. (1912) corona ta Becker. Europe. Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 41. (1901) (Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. E)nt. Soc., vol. 29, p. 353. (1903) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 116. (1910) ( Phora) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 434. (1912) crassineura Malloch. Costa Rica. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 40, p. 25. (1914) crassinervis Strobl. Europe. Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 116. (1910) ( Phora) difformis Brues. New Guinea. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 543, fig. (1905) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 433. (1912) 102 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 ehrmanni Aldrich. U. S. A. Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 353, fig. (1904) Malloch, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 435. (1912) femorata Meig. = flavimana Meig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p, 213. (1830) (Phora) flavimana Meigen. Europe; N. America. Syst, Beschr., vol. 6, p. 213, no. 4. (1830) (Phora) Meigen, loc. cit., no. 5. (1830) (Phora femorata) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2886. (1848) (Trineura femorata) Zetterstedt, ibid., vol. 14, p, 6479. (1860) (Trineura femorata) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 339. (1864) (Phora femorata) Neuhaus, Dipt. March., p, 342. (1886) (Phora) Howard, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 598. (1900) (Phora femorata) Coquillett, Canadian Entom., vol. 27, p. 104. (1895) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 41, fig. (1901) (Phora femorata Brues, Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc., vol, 29, p. 354. (1903) (femorata) ood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p, 264, 266. (1906) (Phora femorata) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss, Ver, Steiermark. vol. 46, p. 116, (1910) (Phora femorata) Wood, ibid., vol. 23, p. 96. (1912) (Phora femorata) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 19. (1910) (femorata) Bezzi, Arch. zool. Exper. & Gen., vol. 48, p. 59. (1911) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 434. (1912) flavipalpis Macquart. = fmordellaria Fall. France. Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 626. (1835) (Phora) Meigen, Syst. Beschr., 7, p. 413. (1838) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot, Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 40. (1901) (Phora) grenadensis Brues. West Indies. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 356, fig. (1904) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 434. (1912) incrassata Meigen. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 212, fig. (1830) (Phora) Macquart, Suit a Buff., vol. 2, p. 630. (1835) (Phora) Boitard, Nouv. Man. Entom., vol. 3, p. 522. (1843) (Phora) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2882. (1848) (Trineura) Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 4, p, 1135. (1849) (Phora) Walker, Ins. Brit., vol. 2, p. 281, fig. (1853) (Phora) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 339. (1864) (Phora) Lioy, Atti. Instit. Ven., vol. (3) 10, p. 78. (1864) (Nemosia) Assmuss, Parasiten der Honigbiene, p. 27, fig. (1865) (Phora) Glover, Publ. MS. Notes from my Journ., p. 40, fig. (1874) (Phora) Neuhaus, Dipt. March., p. 341. (1886) (Phora) - Leonard!, Insetti Nosisi, Napoli, vol. 3, p. 212. (1900) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 37, fig. (1901) (Phora) 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 103 Wood, Entom, Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 263. (1906) (Phora) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 19. (1910) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 117. (1910) {Phora) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis., vol. 43, p. 434. (1912) insperata Brues. Paraguay. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 439. (1911) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 434. (1912) (inseparata) irregularis Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., vol. 23, p. 95, fig. (1912) {Phora) johnsoni Brues. U. S. A.; Nicaragua. Trans. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 352, figs. (1904) Malloch, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 434. (1912) marginata Brunetti. India. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 7, p. 512. (1912) minor Strobl = vitripennis Meig. Programm Seitenst., vol. 14, p. 40. (1880) {Phora) mordellaria Fallen. Europe; N. Am.? Dipt. Suec. Phytom., p. 6. (1823) {Trineura) Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 212. (1830) {Phora) Macquart, Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 630. (1835) {Phora) Boitard, Nouv. Man. Entom., vol. 3, p.521. (1843) {Phora flavipalpis) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2883. (1848) {Trineura) Zetterstedt, ibid., vol. 8, p. 3365. (1849) {Trineura) Haliday, Stettiner. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 12, p. 144. (1851) {Phora) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 14, p. 6478. (1860) {Trineura) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 339. (1864) {Phora) Lioy, Atti. Istit. Venet., vol. (3) 10, p. 74. (1864) Neuhaus, Dipt. March., p. 341. (1886) {Phora) ^ ?Coquillett, Canadian Elntom., vol. 27, p. 104, (1895) {Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 40, fig. (1901) {Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc,, vol. 29, p. 355. (1903) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 263. (1906) {Phora) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 19. (1910) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 434. (1912) puerilis Becker. Madeira. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, vol. 4, p. 194. (1908) {Phora) rectangulata Malloch. Java. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 435, 512, fig. (1912) suspecta Brues. Formosa. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 537, fig, (1911) theodori Dahl. Europe. Faun. Chorin, p. 364 (26) and 462 (124). (1912) {Phora) vectabilis Brues. Abyssinia. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 11, p. 1. (1913) vitripennis Meigen. Europe. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 223. (1830) {Phora) Macquart, Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 631. (1834) {Phora) 104 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 ?Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2889. (1848) {Trineura) Lioy, Atti. Istit. Venet., vol. (3) 10, p. 79. (1864) (Gymnoptera) ! "Strobl, Program Seitenst., vol. 14, p. 40. (1880) {Phora minor) Strobl Wien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 193. (1892) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 35, fig. (1901) (Phora) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 264, 266. (1906) (Phora) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 19. (1910) Strobl. Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 116. (1910) (Phora) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis., vol. 43, p. 434. (1912) vitripennis, var. albohalterata Strobl. Europe. W ien. Entom. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 194. (1892) (Phora) Hypocerina Malloch 1913. Psyche, vol. 20, j). 24, fig. Type: //. barberi Malloch barber! Malloch. U. S. A. Psyche, vol. 20, p. 25. (1913) Syneura Brues 1903. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 383. 1906. Brues. Genera Ins., fasc. 44, p. 12. 1908. Brues, in Williston’s Man. N. Amer. Dipt., Ed. 3, p. 239. 1912. Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 503. Type: S. cocciphila Coquillett cocciphila Coquillett. Mexico. Canadian Entom., vol. 27, p. 106. (1895) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 383. (1903) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 503. (1912) ?orientalis De Meijere. Java. Tijd. Entom., vol. 50, p. 253. (1907) Platyphora \'errall 1877. Journ. Linn. Soc., London, Zook, vol. 13, p. 259. 1901. Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien., vol. 1, p. 88. 1903. Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 386. 1906. Brues, Genera Insectorum, fasc. 44, p. 13. 1908. Enderlein, Zool. Jahrb. .\bth. f. Syst., vol. 27, p. 148. 1910. Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 17. 1912. Becker, Wiener Ent. Zeit., vol. 31, p. 329. (Psalidesma) 1913. Becker, ibid., vol. 32, p. 19. 1914. Brues, Psyche, vol. 21, p. 76. 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 105 Type: P. lubbocki Vemill coloradensis Brues. U. S. A. Psyche, vol. 21, p. 79. (1914) eurynota Brues. U. S. A. Psyche, vol. 21, p. 77. (1914) lubbocki Verrall. England. Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. 13, p. 259. (1877) Lubbock, Ants, Bees & Wasps, p. 371. (1883) Bezzi. Rendic. Istit. Lomb. Sc. Lett., vol. 33, p. 11. (1900) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 88. (1901) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 316. (1903) Shelford, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zook, vol. 30, p. 152. (1908) Enderlein, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. f. Syst., vol. 27, p. 148. (1908) Becker, Wien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 32, p. 19. (1913) Brues, Psyche, vol. 21, p. 76. (1914) pyrenaica Becker. S. W. Europe. Wiener. Ent. Zeit., vol. 31, p. 330, figs., (1912) (Psalidesma) Becker, ibid., vol. 32, p. 19. (1913) Brues, Psyche, vol. 21, p. 76. (1914) Conoprosopa Becker 1909. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 113. 1910. Brues, Psyche, vol. 17, p. 34. {Curyptiloniyia) 1910. Becker. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 29, p. 30. 1912. Enderlein. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., p. 51. {M eto pair u pis) 1912. Brues, Psyche, vol. 19, p. 135. Type: C. scutellnta Becker armigera Brues. Natal. Psyche, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 35, fig. (1910) {(hyrypiilomyia) herero Enderlein. German Southwest Africa. Stettinger Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 52. {M eto potr opts) scutellata Becker. Southern Ethiopia. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1909, p. 113. (1909) Ann. Soc. Entom. France, vol. 29, p. 30. (1910) Brues, Psyche, vol. 19, p. 135. (1910) Conicera Meigen 1830. Syst. Beschr. zweifl. Ins., vol. 6, p. 226, pi. Ixiii, figs. 12, 13. 1835. Macquart, Hist. Nat. Dipt., vol. 2, p. 631, pi. xxiv, fig. 6. 1840. Westwood, Introd, Mod. Class. Ins., vol. 2, p. 154. (1840) 1864. Scliiner Faun. Austr., Dipt., vol. 2, p. 335. 1901. Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 80, pi. iii, fig. 59. 1903. Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 379, figs. 54-56. 1908. Brues, in Williston's Man. N. Amer. Dipt., Ed. 3, p. 239. 106 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [VoL 12, Nos. 3 & 4 1910. Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 17. 1912. Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 436. Type: C. dauciM.Qig. albipennis Meigen = dauci Meigen. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 223, no. 35. (1830) {Phora) aldrichii Brues. U. S. A. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 379, fig. (1903) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 437. (1912) atra Meigen = dauci Meigen. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 226, fig. (1830) bicolor Brues. Malay Peninsula. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 553. (1905) dauci Meigen. Europe; N. Amer. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 223, no. 34. (1830) (Phora) Meigen, ibid., t.c., p. 223, no. 35. (1830) (Phora albi'pennis) Meigen, ibid., t.c., p. 226, fig. (1830) (atra) Haliday, Ent. Mag., vol. 1, p. 179. (1833) (Phora) Bouche, Naturg, p. 101, fig. (1834) (Phora) Macquart, Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 630. (1835) (Phora) Macquart, ibid, t.c., p. 632 and 666, fig. (1836) (atra) Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 7, p. 411. (1838) Westwood, Introd. Mod. Class. Ins., vol. 2, p. 575, fig. (1840) (Phora) Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins., vol. 3, p. 630. (1840) (atra) Boitard, Nouv. Man. Entom., vol. 3, p. 522. (1843) (Phora) Boitard, ibid., t.c., p. 523. (atra) (1843) Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 4, p. 1138. (1849) (Phora) Walker, Ins. Brit., vol. 2, p. 281, fig. (1853) (Phora atra) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 335. (1864) (atra) Lioy, Atti. Istit. Ven. (3), vol. 10, p. 78. (1864) (Hypocera) Glover, Publ. MS. Notes from my Journ., p. 39, fig. (1874) (Phora) Perris, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 6, p. 233. (1876) (atra) Neuhaus, Dipt. March., p. 341. (1882) (atra) Hofmann, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, vol. 30, C. R., p. cxxxi. (1886) (Phora albipennis) Reinhardt, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 31, p. 207. (1888) (atra) Webster, Ins. Life, vol. 2, p. 356. (1890) (atra) Kowarz, Flieg. Bohmens, p. 69. (1894) (Phora nickerli) Mik, Wien. Entom. Zeitg., vol. 13, p. 22. (1894) (Phora nickerli) Riley & Howard, Ins. Life, vol. 2, p. 351. (1900) (atra) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 81, fig. (1901) (atra) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 380, fig. (1903) (atra) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 17. (1910) (atra) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark. vol. 46, p. 116. (1910) (atra) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 437. (1912) (atra) eocenia Meunier. Fossil; Baltic Amber. Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geolog. Landesanst., vol. 30, p. 78, figs. (1909) 1914] Brues: Catalogue of I^ipterous Family Phoridae 107 formosensis Brues. Formosa. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol 9, p. 539, fig. (1911) kerteszii Brues. Peru. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 399. (1905) neotropica Brues. Grenada, B. W. I. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 380. (1904) (var. of atra) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 437. (1912) nickerli Kowarz = dauci Meig. Fleig. Bohmens, p. 69. (1894) (Phora) similis Halid. Europe. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 1, p. 179. (1833) (Phora) Walker, Ins. Brit., vol. 2, p. 281. (1835) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 81. (1901) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 17. (1910) simplex Brues. New Guinea. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 553. (1905) Phora Latreille 1796. Precis, p. 169 (no species included). 1802. Latreille Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., vol. 3, p. 464. 1803. Schellenberg. Genres Mouches Dipt., pi. 12, fig. 1. (Noda) 1803. Meigen, Illiger’s Mag., vol. 2, p. 276. (Trineura) 1804. Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., vol. 14, p. 394. 1804. Meigen, Klassif., vol. 1, p. 312. (Trineura) 1823. Fallen, Dipt. Suec. Phytom., p. 7. (Trineura) 1848. Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2890. (Trineura) 1856. Rondani. Dipt. Ital. Prodr., vol. 1, p. 137. (Philodendria) 1864. Lioy. Atti. Instit. Venet., (3), vol. 10, p. 77. 1864. Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 347. (Trineura) 1901. Becker, Abh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 78. (Trineura) 1903. Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 339. (Trineura) 1906. Brues, Genera. Ins., fasc. 44, p. 7. (Trineura) 1908. Brues, in Willisto.n’s Man. N. Amer. Dipt., Ed. 3, p. 239. 1910. Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 18. (Trineura) 1912. Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 437. Type: P. aterrima Fabr. anthracina Curtis. = aterrima Fabr. Guide, Ed. 2, p. 377. (1873) (Phora) aterrima Fabricius. Europe; N. Amer. Ent. Syst., vol. 4, p. 334. (1794) (Musca) Geoffroy, Hist. Ins., vol. 2, p. 533. (1764) (sine nom.) Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., vol. 3, p. 464. (1802) Meigen, Klass., vol. 1, p. 313, fig. (1803) (Trineura atra) Latreille, Diet. Hist. Nat., vol. 24, p. 197. (1804) (Phora) Coquebert, Illustr. Icon. Insect, p. 106, fig. (1804) (Musca) 108 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., vol. 14, p. 394. (1804) Fabricius, Syst. Antliat., p. 323. (1805) (Tephritis) Latreille, Gen. Crust. Ins., vol. 4, p. 360. (1809) Fallen, Dipt. Suec. Pbytom., p. 7. (1823) {Trineura atra) St. Farg. & Serv., Encycl. Method., vol. 10, p. 112. (1825) Boitard, Man. Entom., vol. 2, p. 398. (1828) IMeigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 224. (1830) Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 225. (1830) (stictica) Haliday, Ent. Mag., vol. 1, p. 179. (1833) Macquart, Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 629, fig. (1835) Macquart, ibid., t.c., Expl. Plate 24. (1835) (P. nigerrima) Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp., p. 796. (1838) {Trineura) Zetterstedt, ibid., p. 797. (1838) {Trineura stictica) Boitard, Nouv. Man. Entom., vol. 3, p. 522. (1843) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2890. (1848) {Trineura) Zetterstedt, ibid., t.c., p. 2893. (1848) {Trineura stictica) Zetterstedt, ibid., t.c., p. 2884. (1848) {Trineura obscura) Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 4, p. 1138. (1849) Walker, ibid., l.c. (1849) {stictica) Walker, Ins. Brit., vol. 2, p. 281. (1853) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 347. (1864) {Trineura) Schiner. Dipt. Novara Reise, p. 223. (1868) {Trineura) Curtis, Guide, Ed. 2, p. 277. (1873) {anthracina) Osten Sacken, Cat. N. Am. Dipt., Ed. 2, p. 212. (1878) Girschner, Entom. Nachr., vol. 9, p. 204. (1883) {Trineura) Girschner, ibid., l.c. (1883) {Trineura stictica) Strobl, Wien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 204. (1892) {Trineura) (also as stictica) Megnin, La Nature, vol. 16, p. 275. (1888) Megnin, Rev. Sci. Bourb., vol. 1, p. 261. (1888) Mik, Wien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 9, p. 294. (1890) {stictica) Strobl, Mitth. Ver. Steierm., vol. 30, p. 17. (1893) {Trineura stictica) Coquillett, Canadian Entom., vol. 27, p. 103. (1895) {Trineura air a) Strobl, Wien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 18, p. 148. (1899) {Trineura) (as stic- tica also) Coquillett, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 437. (1900) {Trineura) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 72 and 80, fig. (1901) {Tri- neura) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 377, fig. (1903) {Trineura) Coquillett, Dipt. Harriman Alaska Exped., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 5. (1904) ( Trineura) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 18. (1910) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 439. (1912) atra Fallen, p.p. = velutina Meig. Dipt. Suec. Phytomyzides, p. 7, p.p. (1823) {Trineura) atra Meigen = aterrima Fabr. Klass., vol. 1, p. 313. (1803) {Trineura) 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 109 montana Brues. U. S. A.; Peru. Trans. Emer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 378, figs. (1904) (Trineara) Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, ]>. 99. (1904) ( Trineura) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 439. (1912) Brues, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 396. (1905) {Trineura) nigra Schellenberg. = laterrima Fabr. Genr. Mouch. Dipt., p. 16, figs. (1803) {Ceroplatus & Noda) nigerrima Macquart = aterrima Fabr. Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, Plate 24. (1835) obscura Zetterstedt = aterrima Fabr. Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2884. (1848) {Trineura) occidentata Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. AIus., vol. 43, p. 438. (1912) schineri Becker. Europe. Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 80, fig. (1901) {Trineura) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 347. (1864) {Trineura stictica Schiner, nec Meigen) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat, Hist., p. 18. (1910) {Trineura) stictica Meigen = aterrima Fabr. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 225. (1830) stictica Schiner = schineri Becker. Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 347. (1864) (nec Meigen) (Trineura) velutina Meigen. Europe; N. America. Syst. Beschr,, vol. 6, p. 224. (1830) Macquart, Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 630, (1835) Van Roser, Wurttemb. Corrbl., 1840, p. 64, (1840) Boitard, Nouv. Man. Entom., vol. 3, p. 522. (1843) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2892. (1848) {Trineura) Walker, Ins., Brit., vol. 2, pi. 19, fig. 6. (1853) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 80, fig. (1901) {Tri- neura) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 378, fig. (1903) {Trineura) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 18. (1910) {Trineura) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 439. (1912) Melaloncha Brues 1903. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 374. 1906. Brues, Genera Ins., fasc. 44, p. 8. 1912. Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 500. 1912. Enderlein, Stettiner Ent. Zeit., p. 41. (1912) {Udamochiras) 1912. Brues, Psyche, vol. 19, p. 136. Type: M. pulchella Brues colossia Enderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 42. {Udamochiras) Brues, Psyche, vol. 19, p. 136. (1912) 110 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 pulchella Brues. Bolivia, Paraguay. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 375. (1904) Brues, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 440, fig. (1911) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 500. (1912) stylata Schiner. S. Am. Novara Reise, Dipt., p. 224. (1868) (Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 375. (1903) Apocephalus Coquillett 1901. Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 4, p. 501. 1903. Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 372. 1906. Brues, Genera Ins., fasc. 44, p. 8. 1908. Brues, in Willistin’s Man. N. Amer. Dipt., Ed. 3, p. 239. Type: A. pergandei Coq. aridus Malloch. Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 444, fig. (1912) brasiliensis Enderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 24. coquilletti Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 443, fig. (1912) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 373, fig. (1903) {pergandei) curvinervis Malloch. Costa Rica. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 40, p. 26, fig. (1914) pergandei Coq. U. S. A. Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington, vol. 4, p. 501. (1901) Fox, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 1, p. 100. (1887) {sine nom.) Pergande, ibid., t.c., p. 497. (1901) {sine descr.) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 443, fig. (1912) Wheeler, Ants, their Structure, Develop. & Behavior, p. 419. (1910) parvifurcatus Enderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 25. similis Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 444, fig. (1912) spinicosta Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 442, fig. (1912) wheeler i Brues. U. S. A. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 373, fig. (1904) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 442, fig. (1912) Pseudohypocera Malloch 1912. Proc. U. S. Mus., vol. Nat. 43, p. 439. Type: P. Malloch clypeata Malloch. Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 440, figs. (1912) 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 111 Beckerina Malloch 1910. Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 90. 1912. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 441. Type: B. umhriniargo Becker orphnephiloides Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 441, figs.' (1912) umbrimargo Becker. Europe. Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 65, fig. (1901) {Phora) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 168, 216. (1908) {Phora) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 123. (1910) {Aphio- chaeta) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 441. (1912) Neodohrniphora Malloch Type: N. calverti Malloch calverti Malloch. Costa Rica. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 40, p. 25. (1914) Aphiochaeta Brues 1903. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 337. 1906. Brues, Gen. Ins., fasc. 44, p. 9. 1908. Brues, in Williston’s Man. N. Amer. Dipt., Ed. 3, p. 239. 1910. Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 91. 1909. Malloch, Glasgow Natural, vol. 1, p. 28. Type: A. n.igriceps Lw. aemula Brues. Formosa. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 549, fig. (1911) aequalis Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 25, 61. (1909) {Phora) affinis Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 25, 60. (1909) {Phora) agarici Lintner. U. S. A. 10th Kept. State Entom. New York, p. 399. (1894) {Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 369, fig. (1903) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 499. (1912) alajuelensis Malloch. Costa Rica. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 40, p. 32. (1914) albicans \Vood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 172. (1908) {Phora) Wood, ibid., vol. 23, p. 98. (1912) {Phora) albicaudata \\ ood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 245, 247. (1910) {Phora) albidohalteris Felt. U. S. A. 12th Rept. State Entom. New York, p. 228. (1896) {Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. .368. (1903) 112 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 Wood, Entom. ]\Ionth. Mag., vol. 20, p. 194, 243. (1909) {Phora derasa) Popenoe, Circ. Bur. Ent. IJ. S. Dept. Agric., no. 155, p. 2, fig. (1912) (albidihalteris) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis., vol. 43, p. 496. (1912) albipennis Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 116, 145. (1909) {Phora) aletiae Comstock. U. S. A. Kept. U. S. Dept. Agric. on Cotton Insects, p. 208. (1879) {Phora) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 432. (1912) alticolella Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 114, 143. (1909) {Phora) altifrons Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 117, 146. (1909) {Phora) angelicae Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 152, 199. (1910) {Phora) angusta Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 193, 243. (1909) {Phora) angustifrons Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 23, p. 167. (1912) {Phora) angustifurcata Enderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 31. annulata Meigen. = rufipes Meig. Klass., vol. 1, p. 314. (1804) {Trincura) anomala Malloch. U. S. A. (N. H.) Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, i>. 484. (1912) apicalis Brues. India. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 544. (1905) approximata Brunetti. India. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 7, p. 507. (1912) approximata MaWoch. = sec imda Brues Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 483. (1912) (non Brunetti) arcuata Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 460. (1912) arizonensis Malloch. U. S. A. Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, j). 478. (1912) armata Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 24, 60. (1909) (Phora) atlantica Brues. N. & S. America. Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., vol. 29, p. 362, fig. (1904) Brues, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 399. (1905) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 470. (1912) {Phora) atomella Malloch. Alaska. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,' vol. 43, p. 481, fig. (1912) atricapilla Curtis. = fasciaia Fall. Brit. Entom., p. 437. (1828) (Phora) atriclava Brues. Formosa. .Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 545, fig. (1911) 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phorida^: 113 atrimana Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag. 2nd ser., vol. 23, p. 166. (1912) (Phora) atripes nom. nov. England. Wood, Entom., Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 115 and 144. (1909) {Phora nigripes Wood, nec Strobl.) aurea Aldrich. West Indies; S. America. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 437. (1896) Coquillett, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis., vol. 22, p. 253. (1900) (Phora) Brnes, Trans. Amer., Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 365, fig. (1903) Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, p. 99. (1904) Alalloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 467. (1912) axillaris Zetterstedt. = costalis v. Ros. Dipt. Scand., vol. 14, p. 6477. (1860) (Trineura) banks! Brues. Philippines. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 17, p. 5, fig. (1909) barberi Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 450, fig. (1912) barbulata Wood. England. Entom. Alonthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 115, 144. (1909) (Phora) beckeri Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 115, 144. (1909) (Phora) bella Brues. Peru. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 398. (1905) bezziana Enderlein. German East Africa. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 47. bicolor Meigen. = sulphuripes Meig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 219. (1830) (Phora) bicolor Macquart = meigeni Becker. Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 628. (1835) (Phora) (nec Miegen, 1830) bicolorata Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 486. (1912) biroi Brues. New Guinea. Ann. AIus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 5, p. 405, fig. (1907) borealis Malloch. Canada. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 488. (1912) brachyneura Egger = pygmaea Zett. Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien., vol. 12, p. 1236. (1862) (Phora) braunsi Brues. Cape Colony. Entom. News, vol. 18, p. 391. (1907) Brues, Psyche, vol. 17, p. 36. (1910) breviciliata Strobl = giraudii Egg. ' Wien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 18, p. 148. (1899) (Phora) brevicostalis Wood. England. Ent. Alonth. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 243, 246. (1910) (Phora) Wood, ibid., vol. 23, p. 171. (1912) (Phora) brevis Collin. Seychelles. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 113. (1912) U4 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 breviseta Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 23, p. 99. (1912) brunneipennis Costa. Europe. Giamb. Vico, vol. 2, p. 450. (1857) {Megaselia) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 51, 73, 75. (1901) (coslalis) (9 non cT) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 23, p. 241. (1909) {Fhora) brunnipes Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 475. (1912) californiensis Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 447. (1912) ?camariana Coquerel. Madagascar. Coquerel, Revue Zoologique, p. 186. (1848) (Fhora) Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 6, p. 189. (1848) (Fhora) Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 3, vol. 3, p. 555. (1859) (Fhora) Laboulbene, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 5, vol. 5, bull., p. cxxxi. (1875) (Fhora) campestris Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 174, 218. (1908) carbonaria Zetterstedt = ruficornis Meig. Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2865. (1848) (Trineura) carlynensis Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 468. (1912) cata Melander & Brues. U. S. A. Biological Bull., vol. 5, p. 16, fig. (1903) Brues, Trans. Ainer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 371. (1903) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 477. (1912) catharinensis Enderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 40. cavernicola Brues. U. S. A. Bull. Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 4, p. 101. (1906) Hubbard, Amer. Ent., vol. 3, p. 34. (1880) (sine nom.) Packard, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 5, p. 81. (1889) (sine 7iom.) Aldrich, Kept. Indiana. St. Geol. for 1896, p. 190. (Fhora riigriceps) Bezzi, Atti. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., vol. 46, p. 11. (1907) Bezzi, Arch. Zool. Exper. & Gen., vol. 48, p. 53. (1911) cayuga Malloch. II. S. A. Proc. U. S. A. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 474. (1912) chaetoneura Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 490. (1912) chipensis Brues. Formosa. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 554, fig. (1911) ciliata Zett. U. S. A. Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2872. (1848) (Trineura) Schiner, Fauna Austr., vol. 2, p. 341. (1864) (Fhora) Strobl, Programm Seitenst., vol. 14, p. 39. (1880) (Fhora) Nouhaus, Dipt. March., p. 342. (1886) (Fhora) 1914j Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 115 Strobl, Wiener Ent. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 200. (1892) (Phora) Strobl, Mittheil. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 30, p. 16. (1894) (Phora) Strobl, Wien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 18, p. 148. (1899) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 51, fig. (1901) (Phora) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 25, 61. (1909) (Phora) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 123. (1910) Malloch, Pros. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 482. (1912) Dahl, Faun. Chorin, p. 364 (26) & 389 (51) & 463 (125). (1912) (Phora) cilipes Brues. New Guinea. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 5, p. 406. (1907) cilipes Wood. = errata Wood. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 120, 148. (1909) non Brues (Phora) cinereifrons Strobl. Europe. Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 124. (1910) circumsetosa De Meijere. Java. Tidj. Entom., vol. 54, p. 348. (1911) clavipes Wood. England. Ent. Monthly Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 195, 201. (1910) (Phora) coleopterorum Brischke = pusilla Meig. Schrift. Naturf. Ges. Danzig, vol. 2, p. 4. (1868) (Phora) collini Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 28, 63. (1909) (Phora) conformis Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 113, 143. (1909) (Phora) conglomerata Malloch. British Columbia. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 445. (1912) conica Malloch. U. S. A. (D.C.) Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 462, fig. (1912) conjuncta Becker. Canary Is. Mitth. Zool. Mus. Berlin, vol. 4, p. 93. (1908) (Phora) conspicualis Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 487. (1912) consueta Collin. Seychelles. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 113. (1912) copalina Meunier. Zanzibar Copal. Rev. Sci. Bourbonnais, 1905, p. 211, figs. ?cornuta Bigot. Cuba. Sagra’s Hist. fis. y nat. de Cuba, vol. 7, p. 348. (1856) costalis V. Roser. Europe. Wiirttemb. Corrbl, 1840, p. 64. (Phora) Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prodr., vol. 1, p. 137. (1856) (Megaselia crassi- neura) (nom. nud.) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 14, p. 6474. (1860) (Trineura costata) Zetterstedt, ibid., t.c., p. 6477. (1860) (Trineura axillaris) Strobl, Wien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 194. (1892) (Phora axillaris) Strobl, ibid., l.c. (1892) (Phora crassicosta) 116 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [VoL 12, Nos. 3 & 4 Strobl, Mittheil. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 30, p. 14. (1S94) {Phora axillaris) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 51, 73, 75, fig. (1901) (Phora) cf non 9 . Strobl, ibid., l.c. (Phora crassicosta) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 192, 240. (1909) (Phora) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 121. (1910) costata Zetterstedt = costalis v. Ros. Dipt. Scand., vol. 14, p. 6474. (1848) (Trineura) crassicosta Strobl = costalis v. Ros. Wien. Entom. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 194. (Phora) (1892) crassimana Brues. New South Wales. Ann. Alus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 548. (1905) crassineura Rondani = costalis v. Ros. Dipt. Ital. Prodr., vol. 1, p. 137. (Megaselia) (nom. nud.) crassipes Wood. England. Entom. Alonthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 24, 28. (1909) (Phora) crinellicosta Enderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 38. cubitalis Becker. = humeralis Zett. Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 56, fig. (1901) (Phora) curtifrons Brues, nom. nov. Formosa. Brues, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 548, fig. (1911) (latifrons Brues, non Wood) curtineura Brues. Philippines. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 17, p. 6, fig. (1909) curva Brues. Formosa. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 552, fig. (1911) dahli Becker. Europe. Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 67, fig. (1901) debilis Brues. New South W'ales. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 549. (1905) decipiens de Aleijere. Java. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2nd ser., suppl. Ill, p. 934. (1910) decipiens W'ood. = errata Wood. Entom. Alonthly Mag., vol. 23, p. 169. (1912) non de ^Meijere. (Phora) delicatula Brues. Peru. Ann. Alus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 397. (1905) denotata WYod. England. Entom. Alonthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 192, 242. (1909) 9, non cf (Phora) ibid., vol. 23, p. 170. (1912) d' (Phora) derasa Wood. = albidohalteris Felt. England. Entom. Alonthly Alag., vol. 20, p. 194, 243. (1909) (Phora) difficilis Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 484. (1912) discreta Wood. England. Entom. Alonthly Alag., vol. 20, p. 193, 242. (1909) (Phora) 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 117 divergens Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 480, fig. (1912) diversa Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 118, 14G. (1909) (Phora) dubitalis Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 171. (1908) (Phora) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 23, p. 98. (1912) (Phora) dubitata Malloch. Canada. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 480. (1912) dyari Malloch. Canada. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 493. (1912) egena Collin. Seychelles. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. lo, p. 110. (1912) emarginata W ood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, jj. 172. (1908) (Phora) Wood, ibid., vol. 23, p. 98. (1912) (Phora) enderleini Brues. Brazil. Enderlein, Stettiner Ent. Zeit., p. 36. (1912) {minuta Enderlein, nec. Aldrich) Brues, Psyche, vol. 19, p. 135. (1912) erecta Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 196, 202. (1910) (Phora) errata Wood. England. Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 120, 148. (1909) (cilipes Wood, non Brues) (Phora) Wood, ibid., vol. 23, p. 98. (1912) (Phora) Wood, ibid., vol. 23, p. 169. (1912) (decipiens Wood, non de Meijere) (Phora) ethiopia Meunier. Fossil; Zanzibar Copal. Rev. Sci. Bourbonnais, 1905, p. 212, figs, evarthae Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 472. (1912) exaltata Malloch. Costa Rica. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 40, p. 34. (1914) exigua Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 197, 202. (1910) (Phora) exporrecta Meunier. Fossil; Baltic Amber. Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst., vol. 30, p. 80, figs. (1909) extans Collin. Seychelles. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 112, fig. (1912) fasciata Fallen. Europe. Dipt. Suec. Phytom., vol. 7, p. 9. (1823) (Trineura) Curtis, Brit. Ent., p. 437. (1828) (Phora atricapilla) Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 224. (1830) (Phora) Curtis, Guide, sec. ed., p. 277. (1834) (Phora) Westwood, Introd. Mod. Class. Ins., vol. 2, p. (Phora) 575. (1840) 118 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2879. (1848) (Tritieura) Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 4, p. 1137. (1849) (Phora) Ronandi, Atti. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., vol. 2, p. 165, fig. (1860) (Phora) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 344. (1864) (Phora) Perris, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1873, p. 74. (Phora) Glover, Publ. MS. Notes from my Journ., p. 39. (1874) (Phora atrica- pilla) Coquillett, Canadian Entom., vol. 27, p. 105. (1895) (Phora) Aldrich, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1896, p. 436. (1896) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 50, fig. (1901) (Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 360. (1903) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 21, p. 149, 197. (1910) (Phora) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 448. (1912) fasciventris Becker. Formosa. Suppl. Entomologica, no. 3, p. 89, fig. (1914) femoralis Enderlein. Brazil; Central Amer. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 30. Malloch, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 40, p. 29. (1914) fenestrata Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 517. (1912) ferruginea Brunetti. India; Abyssinia. Indian Mus. Notes, p. 84. (1912) Austen, Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. & Hygiene, vol. 3, p. 229. (1910) (sine desc.) Baker, Proc. Burma Branch British Med. Assoc., p. 11 and 28. (1891) (sine nom.) ferruginea Enderlein = ferruginosa Brues. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., p. 37. (1912) ferruginosa Brues. Brazil. Enderlein, Stettiner Ent. Zeit., p. 37. (1912) (ferruginea, Enderl. nec Brunetti) Brues, Psyche, vol. 19, p. 136. (1912) fisheri Malloch. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 463. (1912) fissa Becker. Madeira. Mitth. Zool. Mus. Berlin, vol. 4, p. 193. (1908) (Phora) flava Fall. Europe; N. Amer.; East Indies. Dipt. Suec. Phytomyzides, p. 7. (1823) (Trineura) Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp., p. 797. (1838) (Trineura) Boitard, Nouv. Man. Entom., vol. 3, p. 522. (1843) (Phora) Zetterstedt, Dipt., Scand., vol. 7, p. 2876. (1848) (Trineura) Walker, Ins. Brit., vol. 2, p. 280. (1853) (Phora) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 343. (1864) (Phora) Neuhaus, Dipt. March., p. 343. (1886) (Phora) Strobl, Wien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 196. (1892) (Phora) Strobl, Mitth. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark., vol. 30, p.l5. (1894) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 54, fig. (1901) (Phora) 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 119 Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 361, fig. (1903) Brues, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 551. (1905) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 28, 63. (1909) (Phora) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 121. (1910) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 469. (1912) Becker, Suppl. Entomologica, no. 3, p. 89. (1914) flavescens Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 26, 61. (1909) {Phora) flavicauda Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 253. (1908) {Phora) flavifacies Brunetti. India. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 7, p. 509. (1912) flaviclava Brues. Formosa. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 547. fig. (1911) flavicoxa Zetterstedt = ruficornis Meig. Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2869. (1848) {Trineura) flavinervis Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 493. (1912) flavipalpis Malloch. U. S. A. Psyche, vol. 20, p. 25. (1913) flavohalterata Enderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 29. flavopleura Malloch. Costa Rica. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 40, p. 31. (1914) franconiensis Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43j p. 479, figs. (1912) frontalis Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 119, 147. (1909) (Phora) frontata Collin. Seychelles. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 115. (1912) fumata Malloch. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 35. (1909) fumipennis Brues. New Guinea. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 5, p. 407, fig. (1907) fumipennis Enderlein = umbripennis Brues. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., p. 37. (1912) fungicola Coquillett. U. S. A. Canad. Entom., vol. 27, p. 106. (1895) Aldrich, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 345. (1896) (Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 363, fig. (1903) Coquillett, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 437. (1900) (Phora) Coquillett, Harriman Alaska Exped., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 51. (1904) (Phora), fungivora Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 116, 145, fig. (1909) Wood, ibid., vol. 23, p. 169. (1912) fungorum Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 473, fig. (1912) 120 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 furcella Enderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 32. furtiva Aldrich. West Indies. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 436. (1896) (Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 367, fig. (1903) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 486. (1912) fusca Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 193, 242. (1909) {Phora) fuscinervis Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 173, 217, fig. (1908) (Phora) fuscopedunculata Malloch. Canada. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 498. (1912) giraudii Egger. Europe. Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien., vol. 12, p. 1235. (1862) (Phora) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. .341. (1864) (Phora) Neuhaus, Dipt. March., p. 342. (1886) (Phora) Slosson, Entom. News, vol. 6, p. 7. (1895) (Phora) Strobl, Wiener Ent. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 200. (1892) (Phora) Strobl, Wiener Ent. Zeitg., vol. 18, p. 148. (1899) (Phora) Strobl, ibid., l.c. (1899) (Phora breviciliala & P. longiciliata) Strobl, Mitth. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark., vol. 30, p. 15. (1894) ( Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 58. (1901) (Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 366. (1903) Wood, Entom. IMonthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 170 and 216. (1908) (Phora) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 451. (1912) glabrifrons Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 27 and 62. (1909) (Phora) grandicornis Strobl. Europe. Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol.- 46, p. 123. (1910) grandicornis Strobl, var. pseudociliata Strobl. Europe. ibid., t.c., p. 124. (1910) gregalis de Meijere. Java. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 2nd ser. suppl. Ill, p. 931. (1910) gregaria Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 152, 199. (1910) (Phora) ?groenlandica Lundbeck. Greenland. Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. Foren. Kjobh., vol. 11, p. 307. (1900) (Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 350, fig. (1903) (Phora) halictorum Mclander & Brues. U. S. A. Biological Bull. vol. 5, p. 14. (1903) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 366, fig. (1903) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 450. (1912) halterata Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 196, 202. (1910) (Phora) heracleelae Bouche = 'hordida Zett. Naturg., p. 102. (1834) (Phora) 1914] Bkues: C'Atalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 121 heracleelae Strobl = rufipes Meig. Wien. Entom. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 202. (1892) {Phora) (nec Boiiche) hirsuta Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 246, 249. (1910) (Phora) hirticaudata Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 246, 248. (1910) (Phora) hirtiventris Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 194, 243, fig. (1909) (Phora) hortensis Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 114, 143. Q909) (Phora) humeralis Zetterstedt. Europe. Ins. Lapp., p. 796. (1840) (Trineura) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2862. (1848) (Trineura) Strobl, Wfiener Ent. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 200. (1892) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien., vol. 1, p. 61. (1901) (Phora) Becker, ibid., t.c., p. 56. (1901) (Phora cubitalis) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 171. (1908) (Phora cubitalis) Wood, ibid., vol. 23, j). 98. (1912) (Phora) Dahl, Faun. Chorin, p. 364 (26) & 464 (126). (1912) (Phora) humilis Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 114, 143. Q909) (Phora) hyalipennis Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 23, p. 168. (1912) (J^hora) inaequalis Brunetti. India. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 7, p. 511. (1912) inaequalis Malloch. = iertia Brues Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 464. (1912) incisa Malloch. Mexico! Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 470. (1912) inflata Meunier. Fossil; Baltic Amber. Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geolog. Landesanst., vol. 30, p. 79, fig. (1909) infraposita Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 119, 147. (1909) cT (Phora) Wood, ibid., vol. 23, p. 169. (1912) 9 (Phora) infumata Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 490, fig. (1912) innocens Collin. Seyshelles. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 112, fig. (1912) inornata Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 488. (1912) insolita Meunier. Fossil; Baltic Amber. Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst., vol. 30, p. 81, fig. (1909) insulana Brues. Formosa. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 542, fig. (1911) interrupta Zetterstedt = picta Lehm. Ins. Lapp., p. 797. (1838) (Trineura) 122 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society IVol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 invenusta Collin. Seychelles. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 115. (1912) involuta Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21; p. 153, 200. (1910) (Phora) iroquoiana Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 476. (1912) johannseni Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 474. (1912) juli Brues. U. S. A. Journ. New York Entom. Soc., vol. 16, p. 201. (1908) {Plastophora) Lintner Canadian Entom., vol. 16, p. 80. (1884) (sine nom.) Dimmock, ibid., t.c., p. 100. (1884) (sine nom.) Banks, Trans. Washington Ent. Soc., vol. 13, p. 212, fig. (1911) (xan- tippe) Brues, Psyche, vol. 19, p. 136. (1912) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 459. (1912) Knab, Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, vol. 1, p. 24. (1913) kerteszi Enderlein. Costa Rica. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 48. lata Wood. England. Ent. Monthly Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 151, 199. (1910) latifasciata Brimetti. India. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 7, p. 508. (1912) latifemorata Becker. Europe. Abh. zool-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 67, fig. (1901) (Phoro.) latifrons Wood. England. Ent. Month. Alag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 151, 198. (1910) latifrons Brues. = curtifrons, n. nov. Formosa. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 548, fig. (1911) latimanus Malloch. Costa Rica. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 40, p. 31. (1914) latinervis Collin. Seychelles. Trans, Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 116, fig. (1912) lauta Meunier. Fossil; Baltic Amber. Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst., vol. 30, p. 81, figs. (1909) ledburiensis Wood. England. Ent. Monthly Alag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 197, 202. (1910) (Phoro. minu- tissima Wood, non Brues) limbata Brues. India; Seychelles. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 546. (1905) litoralis Malloch. Costa Rica. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 40, p. 39. (1914) (littoralis) Collin, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 110, fig. (1912) longiciliata Strobl. = giraudii Egger. Wien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 18, p. 148. (1899) (Phoro) longicostalis Wood. England. Ent. Alonth. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 23, p. 171. (1912) 1914J Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 123 longipalpis Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., voL 21, p. 152, 199. (1910) (Phora) longipennis Malloch. XJ. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 473, fig. (1912) longiseta Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 26, 61. (1909) (Phora) luctuosa Strobl = puUcaria Fall. Wien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 202. (1892) (Phora) luederwaldti Enderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 39. lutea Meigen = sulphuripes Meig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 220. (1830) (Phora) lutea Schiner = melanocephala v. Ros. Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 343. (1863) (Phora) lutescens Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 244, 247. (1910) (Phora) Wood, ibid., vol. 23, p. 171. (1912) (Phora) macrochaeta Malloch. Porto Rico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 464. (1912) magnipalpis Aldrich. West Indies. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 438. (1896) (Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 365, fig. (1903) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 446. (1912) mallochi Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 27, 62. (1909) (Phora) Wood, ibid., vol. 23, p. 167. (1912) (Phora) manca Brues. Singapore. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 5, p. 408, fig. (1907) manicata Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 246, 248. (1910) (Phora) marginalis Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 457. (1912) maura Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 196, 201. (1910) (Phora) media Collin. Seychelles. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 116. (1912) meigeni Becker. Europe. Macquart, Suit. ^ Buff., vol. 2, p. 628. (1835) (Phora hicolor, nec Meigen) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2880. (1848) (Trineura bicolor, nec Meigen) Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 4, p. 1137. (1849) (Phora bicolor) Zetterstedt, ibid., vol. 14, p. 6478. (1860) (Trineura bicolor, nec Meigen) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 337. (1864) (Phora bicolor) Strobl, Wiener, Ent. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 196. (1892) (Phora bicolor) 124 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 Strobl, Mitth. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 30, p. 15. (1894) {Phora bicolor, nee Meigen) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 53. (1901) {Phora) Becker, Zeitschr. f. Syst. Hym. & Dipt., vol. 7, p. 256. (1907) {Phora) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 169, 216. (1908) {Phora) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 121. (1910) melanocephala v. Roser. Europe. Wurttemb. Correspondenzbl., p. 64. (1840) {Phora) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 343. (1864) {Phora lutea, nec Meigen) Neuhaus, Dipt. March., p. 343. (1886) {Phora lutea Schiner, nec Meigen) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 55, fig. (1901) {Phora) vStrobl, Wien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 196. (1892) {Phora lutea Schiner, nec Meigen) Strobl, Mitth. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 30, p. 15. (1894) {lutea) meracula Brues. Formosa. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 555, fig. (1911) meridionalis Brues. Paraguay. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 5, p. 402, fig. (1907) minor Zetterstedt. Europe; N. America. Dipt. Scan/1., vol 7, p. 2864. (1848) {Trineura) Zetterstedt, ibid., vol. 12, p. 4824. (1855) {Trineura) Aldrich, Canadian Entom., vol. 24, p. 146. (1892) {Phora minuta) Strobl, Wien., Ent. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 200. (1892) {Phora nitidifrons) Strobl, Mittheil. Naturwiss, Ver. Steiermark, vol. 30, p. 16. (1894) ( Phora nitidifrons) Coquillett, Canadian Entom., vol. 27, p. 105. (1895) {Phora minuta) Strobl, ibid., vol. 18, p. 148. (1899) {Phora nitidifrons) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 63 and 73. (1901) {Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 366. (1903) {minuta) Wood, Elntom. Alonthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 28, 62. (1909) {Phora) Strobl. Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 122. (1910) {niti- ddfrons) W ood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 23, p. 167. (1912) {Phora) Dahl, Faun. Chorin, p. 355 (17) & 463 (125). (1912) {Phora) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 494, (1912) minuta Aldrich = minor Zett. Canadian Entom., vol. 26, p. 146. (1892) {Phora) minuta Enderlein = enderlehii Brues. Stettiner Ent. Zeitg., p. 23. (1912) minutissima Brues. New Guinea. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 549. (1905) minutissima Wood. See A. ledburiensis. monticola Malloch. Canada. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 479. (1912) 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 125 mana Brues. Formosa. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 551. (19.11) necrophoga PJnderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 49. nedae Malloch. Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 448. (1912) nigra Meigen = pusillci Meig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 218. (1830) {Fhora) (nec Schellenberg) nigra Strobl = pulicaria Fall. Programm Seitsenst., vol. 14, p. 39. (1880) (Phora) (non Meigen, nec Schellenberg) nigrescens Wood . ICngland. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 244, 249. (1910) (Phora) Wood, ibid., vol. 23, p. 171. (1912) (Phora) nigriceps Lw. U. S. A. (Eastern). Cent. 7, p. 53. (1866) (Phora) Aldrich, Canad. Entom., vol. 24, p. 143. (1892) (Phora) Coquillett, Canad. Ent., vol. 27, p. 105. (1895) (Phora) Brues, Trans. Ainer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 363, fig. (1903) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 460, (1912) nigripes Strobl = pulicaria Fall. Wien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 202. (1892) (Phora) nigripes Wood. = atripes nom. nov. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 115, 144. (1909) nigrocincta De Aleijere. Holland. Tijd. Entom., vol. 50, p. 189. (1907) nitidifrons Strobl = minor Zett. Wien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 200. (1892) (Phora) nudipes Becker. Europe. Abh. zool.-bot. Ges, Wien, vol. 1, p. 66. (1901) (Phora) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 173, 217. (1908) (Phora) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 123. (1910) nudiventris \\'ood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 195, 244. (1909) (Phora) obscura Brues. West Indies. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 360, fig. (1904) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 471. (1912) obscurata Enderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 35. obscuripennis Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 113, 143. (1909) { Phora) ochracea Brues. Formosa. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 543, fig. (1911) orientalis Schiner. Dipt. Novara Reise, p. 224. (1868) (Phora) orientata Malloch. -Java. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 513, fig. (1912) 126 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 pallens Wood. England. Ent. Month, Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 150, 198. (1910) (Phora) pallicornis Brunotti. India. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 7, p. 511. (1912) pallipes Latreille = rufipes Meigen. Gen. Crust. Ins., vol. 4, p. 360. (1809) {Phora) palmeni Becker. Europe. Abli. zool.-bot."Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 65. (1901) (Phora) palpatrix Enderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 35. paludosa Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 174, 217. (1908) cf (Phora) Wood, ibid., vol. 23, p. 99. (1912) 9 (Phora) parva WWod. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 27, 62. (1909) (Phora) pauxilla Brues. Argentina. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 5, p. 402, fig. (1907) pectoralis Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 153, 200. (1910) (Phora) perdita Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 459. (1912) peregrina Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 492. (1912) perplexa Malloch. Canada. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 489. (19l;2) peruviana Brues. Peru. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 396. (1905) picta Lehmann. Europe; N. Amer. Indie, schol. Hamburg, p. 43, fig. (1822) (Phora) Lehmann, Acta Acad. Leop. Carol., vol. 12, p. 245. (1824) (Phora) Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp., p. 797. (1838) (Trineura interrupta) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2878. (1848) (Trineura interrupta) Zetterstedt, ibid., vol. 14, p. 6478. (1860) (Trineura interrupta) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 337. (1864) (Phora interrupta) Coquillett, Canad. Entom., vol. 27, p. 104. (1895) (Phora interrupta) Mik, Wien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 15, p. 112. (1896) (Phora) Aldrich, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 435. (1896) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 52, fig. (1901) (Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ant. Soc., vol. 29, p. 361, fig. (1903) W'ood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 169 and 216. (1908) (Phora) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 121. (1910) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 451, fig. (1912) pilosa Malloch. Costa Rica. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 40, p. 33. (1914) planifrons Brues. New Guinea. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 547. (1905) 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 127 planipes Collin. Seychelles. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 114, fig. (1912) pleuralis Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 117, 146. (1909) {Phora) Dahl. Faun, Chorin, p. 377 (38) & 463 (125). (1912) (Phora) polita Enderlein. Brazil; Central Amer. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 30. Malloch, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 40, p. 29. (1914) posticata Strobl. Europe. Glasnik Zem. Mus. Bosn. Herceg., vol. 10, p. 591. (1898) (Phora) Strobl, Wiss. Mittheil, Bosn. Herceg., vol. 7, p. 646. (1900) (Phora) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 125. (1910) proboscidea Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 477, fig. (1912) projecta Becker. Europe. Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 56. (1901) (Phora) \Vood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 170. (1908) (Phora) Wood, Ent. Month. Mag., vol. 23, p. 97, fig. (1912) (Phora) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 446. (1912) propinqua Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 27, 62. (1909) (Phora) prosthioxantha Enderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 39. pruinosa Malloch. Costa Rica. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 40, p. 30. (1914) pulicaria Fallen. Europe; Asia; N. Amer.; Australia. Dipt. Suec. Phytom., p. 7. (1823) (Trineura) Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 217. (1830) (Phora) Macquart, Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 628. (1835) (Phora) Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp., p. 795. (1838) (Trineura) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2859. (1848) (Trineura) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2873. (1848) (Trineura ]mmila) Scholtz, Entom. Zeits. Breslau, vol. 4, p. 28. (1848) (Phora) Macquart, Explor. Scient. Algerie, ZooL, vol. 3, p. 502. (1849) (Phora) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 341. (1864) (Phora) Wulp, Tijdschr. Entom., vol. 6, p. 210. (1871) (Phora) Ritzema, Ann. Soc. Entom. Neer., vol. 6, p. 210. (1871) (Phora) Ritsema, Petit. Nouvell. Entomol., vol. 6, p. 367. (1874) (Phora) Strobl, Programm Seitenst., vol. 14, p. 39. (1880) (Phora nigra, nec Meigen) Neuhaus, Dipt. March., p. 342. (1886) (Phora) Strobl, Wien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 202. (1892) (Phora) Strobl, ibid., l.c. (1892) (luctuosa, nec Meigen; nigra, nec Meigen; nigripes; pumila Zett., nec Meigen) Strobl, Mitth. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 30, p. 16. (1894) (as above) Wasmann, Krit. Verzeichen., p. 174. (1894) (Phora) 128 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 Strobl, Wien, Entom. Zeitg., vol. 18, p. 148. (1899) (as above) Strobl, Wiss. Mittheil. Bosn. Herceg., vol. 7, p. 646, (1900) {Phora luctuosa, nec Meigen) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol, 1, p. 62. (1901) (Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol, 29, p. 371, fig. (1903) Past, Casopis Ceske Spol. Entom., vol. 2, p. 110, fig. (1905) Brues, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 551. (1905) Strobl, Alem. R. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., vol, 3, p. 335. (1906) (Phora) (also as luctuosa, nigra, pumila.) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p, 195 and 243. (1909) (Phora) Strobl, Mitt. Natiirwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p, 122. (1910) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 495. (1912) Dahl, Faun. Chorin, p. 364 (26) & 402 (64) & 462 (124). (1912) (Phora) Becker, Suppl. Entomologica, no. 3, p. 90. (1914) pumila Meigen. = pusilla Meigen. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 218 (20). (1830) (Phora) punctifemur Enderlein. Brazil, Stettiner. Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 33. punctifemur, var. fasciiventris Enderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 33. punctifemur, var. fuscivertex Enderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 34. punctifemur, var. immaculipes Enderlein. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 34. pusilla ^leigen. . Europe; Australia. Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 218 (19). (1830) (Phora) Meigen, ibid., t.c., p. 218. (1830) (Phora nigra, nec Schellenb.) Meigen, ibid., t.c. (1830) (Phora pumila) Macquart, Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 628. (1835) (Phora nigra jMeig.; Phora) Dufour, Soc. Sci. Lille, 1841, p. 418, fig. (Phgra nigra.) Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 4, p. 1136. (1849) (Phora nigra) alker. Ins. Brit., vol. 2, p. 281. (1853) (Phora) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 345. (1864) (Phora nigra; Phora pumila) Brischke, Schrift. Naturf. Danzig, vol. 2, p. 4. (1868) (Phora coleop- terorum) Perris, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, vol. 10, p. 354, fig. (,1870) (Phora) Strobl, Programm. Seitenst., p. 39. (1880) (Phora nigra) Strobl, Wien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 203. (1892) (Phora) Neuhaus, Dipt. Alarch., p. 344. (1886) (Phora nigra; Phora pumila) Strobl, Mitth. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 30, p. 16. (1894) ( Phora) Dahl, SB., Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. 197, fig. (1898) (Phora pumila) Strobl, Wiener Ent. Zeitg., vol. 18, p. 148. (1899) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 63, fig. (1901) (Phora) Speiser, Allg. Zeits. Entom., vol. 9, p. 266. (1904) (Phora cole.op- terorum) 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 129 Brues, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 551. (1905) Strobi, Mem. R. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., vol. 3, p. 335. (1906) (Phora) Becker, Zeits. Syst. Hym. & Dipt., vol. 7, p. 256. (1907) (Phora) Strobi, Mitt. Naturvviss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 120. (1910) Dahl, Faun. Chorin, p. 355 (17) & 463 (125). (1912) {Phora) Bezzi, Arch. Zool. Exper. & G^n., vol. 48, p. 15 and 53. (1911) {Phora) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. AIus., vol. 43, p. 413. (1912) {nigra) pumila Zetterstedt = 'puUcaria Fall. Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2873. (1848) {Trineura) (nec Aleigen) pygmaea Zetterstedt. Europe; N. Amer.; Formosa. Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2860. (1848) {Trineura) Egger, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 12, p. 1236. (1862) {Phora brachyneura) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 344. (1864) {Phora brachyneura) Strobi, Wien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 196. (1892) {Phora brachyneura) ?Strobl, Ibid., t.c., p. 204. (1892) {Phora) Strobi, Mitth. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 30, p. 15. (1894) {Phora brachyneura) Strobi, Wien, Ent. Zeitg., vol. 18, p. 148. (1899) {Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 49, fig. (1901) {Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer, Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 359. (1903) Strobi. Mem. R. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., vol. 3, p. 335. (1906) {Phora) Strobi, ibid,, t.c., p. 336. (1906) {Phora brachyneura) Bezzi, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol, 39, p. 36. (1908) Wood, Entom. Month. Mag., vol. 21, p. 151, 199. (1910) Strobi, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 120. (1910) Brues, Ann. Nat. Mus. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 542, fig. (1911) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 499. (1912) Dahl, Faun. Chorin, p. 364 (26) & 463 (125). (1912) {Phora) rata Collin. England. Entom. Monthly Mag,, vol. 19, p. 172. (1908) {Phora) Wood, ibid., vol. 23, p. 98. (1912) recta Brues. Formosa. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 553. (1911) rectangulata Malloch. Costa Rica. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 40, p. 33. (1914) retardata Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 482. (1912) retro versa Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 173, 217, fig. (1908) {Phora) rivalis Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 26, 61. (1909) {Phora) rostrata Melander & Brues. U. S. A. Biological Bull., vol. 5, p. 15. (1903) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p, 370, fig. (1903) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 477. (1912) 130 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 rubescens Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., vol. 23, p. 170, fig. (1912) {PJiora) rudis Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 25, 60. (1909) (Phora) rufa Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 170. (1908) (Phora) Wood, ibid., vol. 23, p. 97. (1912) (Phora) ruficornis Meigen. Europe; N. Am. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 218. (1830) (Phora) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2863. (1848) (Trineura) Zetterstedt, ibid., t.c., p. 2865. (1848) (Trineura carhonaria) Zetterstedt, ibid., t.c., p. 2869. (1848) (Trineura flavicoxa) Zetterstedt, ibid., vol. 11, p. 4340. (1852) (Trineura flavicoxa) Zetterstedt, ibid., vol. 14, p. 6476. (1860) (Trineura flavicoxa) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 57 and 70. (1901) (Phora) Becker, ibid., t.c., p. 74. (1901) (Phora carhonaria) Wingate, tintom. Monthly Mag., vol. 17, p. 110. (1906) (Phora) Wood, Entom. ^Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 171. (1908) (Phora) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 121. (1910) Wood, ibid., vol. 23, p. 98. (1912) (Phora) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 466. (1912) rufifrons Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 153, 200. (1910) (Phora) rufipes Meigen. Europe; North America. Klass., vol. 1, p. 313, fig. (1804) (Trineura) Meigen, ibid., t.c., p. 314. (1804) (Trineura annulata) Fabricius, Syst. Anti., p. 336. (1805) (Trineura) Latreille, Genr. Crust. Ins., vol. 14, p. 395. (1809) (Phora pallipes) Fallen, Dipt. Suec. Phytom., p. 6. (1823) (Trineura vulgaris p.p.) St. Fargeau & Serville, Encycl. Method., vol. 10, p. 112. (1825) (Phora) Boitard, Man. Entom., vol. 2, p. 397. (1828) (Phora pallipes) Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 216. (1830) (Phora annulata) Meigen, ibid., t.c., p. 216. (1830) (Phora) Macquart, Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 627. (1835) (Phora annulata) Macquart, ibid., l.c. (1835) (Phora) Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp., p. 795. (1838) (Trineura) Dufour, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. (2) 12, p. 54, figs. (1840) (Phora pallipes) Dufour, ibid., vol. (2) 13, p. 161. (1840) (Phora) Boitard, Nouv. Man. Entom., vol. 3, p. 522. (1843) (Phora) Ratzeburg, Forstins., vol. 3, p. 175. (1844) (Phora) Bremi, Isis, 1847, p. 173. (Phora annulata) Bouche, Stettin. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 8, p. 146. (1847) (Phora) Gimmerthal, Arb. nat. Ver. Riga, vol. 1, p. 324, fig. (1848) (Phora annulata) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2857. (1848) (Trineura) Zetterstedt, ibid., vol. 8, p. 3365. (1849) (Trineura) I 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 131 Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Miis., vol. 4, p. 1136. (1849) (Phnra) (also P. annulata) Dufoiir, Mem. Acad. Sci. Math. Phys., vol. 11, p. 171, fig. (1850) (Phora palli'pes) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 12, p. 4823. (1852) (Trineura) Walker, Ins. Brit., vol. 2, p. 280, fig. (1853) {Phora) Heeger, SB. x\cad. Wien, vol. 10, p. 173. (1853) {Phora) Heeger, ibid., t.c., p. 174. (1853) {Phora annulata) Dufour, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 1, p. 385. (1853) {Phora pallipes) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 340. (1864) {Phora) Laboiilbene, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 4, p. 69. (1864) {Phora) Laboiilbene, ibid., t.c., p. 88. (1864) {Phora pallipes) Glover, Publ. MS. Notes from my Journ, p. 40. (1874) {Phora) Schnabl, Deutsch. Ent. Zeits., vol. 20, p. 217, fig. (1876) {Phora) Brandt, Hor. Soc. Entom. Ross., vol. 15, pi. 1, fig. 12. (1879) {Phora) Strobl, Programm Seitenst., p. 39. (1880) {Phora) Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1881, p. xxxvii. (1881) {Phora) Meade, The Entomologist, vol. 15, p. 285. (1881) {Phora) Schnabel, Wiad. 3. nauk. przyr., vol. 2, p. 1. (1882) (Phora) Becher, Denkschr. Akad. Aden, vol. 45, p. 151, fig. (1882) {Phora) Girschner, Entom. Nachr., vol. 9, p. 204. (1883) {Phora) Brauer, Denkschr. Akad. Wien, vol. 47, p. 66. (1883) {Phora) Neuhaus, Dipt. March., p. 342. (1886) {Phora) Mayer, Soc. Entom., vol. 1, p. 146. (1887) {Phora) Strobl, Wien, Ent. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 202. (1892) {Phora) Strobl, ibid., l.c. (1892) (Phora heracleelae, nec Bouche) Strobl. Mittheil. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 30, p. 16. (1893) (Phora) Wasmann, Krit. Verzeichn., p. 174. (1894) (Phora) (also P. heracleelae ^ Coquillett, Canadian Entom., vol. 27, p. 105. (1895) (Phora) Coquillett, Amer. Naturalist, vol. 31, p. 386. (1897) (Phora) Kieffer. 111. Zeits. f. Entom., vol. 5, p. 241. (1900) (Phora) Coquillett, Proc. \\ ashington Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 437. (1900) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 59. (1901) (Phora) Meijerc, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. f. Syst., vol. 15, p. 677, fig. (1901) (Phora) Xambeu, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, vol. 48, p. 39. (1902) (Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 368, fig. (1903) Strobl, Dipterenfaun. Balkanhalbinsel, p. 571. (1904) (Phora) Coquillett, Harriman Alaska Exped., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 51. (1904) (Phora) Strobl, Mem. R. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., vol. 3, p. 334. (1906) (Phora) Ghidini, Boll. Soc. Tic. Sci. Nat., vol. 3, p. 23. (1907) (Phora) Schmitz, Tijdschr. Entom., vol. 52, p. 80. (1909) (Phora) Wood, Entom. Monthly Alag., vol. 20, p. 194 and 243. (1909) (Phora) Walden, Rept. State Entom. Connecticut, for 1910, p. 693, fig. (1910) Bezzi, Arch. Zool. Expcr. & Gen., vol. 48, p. 60. (1911) Keilin, Bull. Sci. France & Belgique, vol. 44, p. 61, fig. (1911) (Phora) Malloch, Proc. Lh S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 494. (1912) 132 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 rustica Brues. New Guinea. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 546. (1905) rusticata Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 489. (1912) sauteri Brues. Formosa. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 556, fig. (1911) scalaris Lw. N. Amer. Cent. 7, p. 53. (1866) Coquillett, Canadian Entom., vol. 27, p. 105. (1895) (Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 364, fig. (1903) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 45, p. 467. (1912) scalaris, var. cordobensis Malloch. Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 4Q7, fig. (1912) schwarzi Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 517. (1912) scutellaris Wood. England. Entom. Alonthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 120, 148, fig. (1909) Phora secunda nom. nov. U. S. A. Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 483. (1912) {appro.vimata Malloch, non Brunetti.) sepulta Meunier, Fossil; Baltic Amber. Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst., vol. 30, p. 80, fig. (1909) serrata Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 150, 198. (1910) {Phora) setacea Aldrich. U. S. A. Canadian Entom., vol. 24, p. 144. (1892) {Phora) Coquillett, Canadian Entom., vol. 27, p. 105. (1895) {Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 370, fig. (1903) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 495, fig. (1912) setaria Malloch. Hawaii. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 514. (1912) seticauda Malloch. Costa Rica. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 40, p. 32. (1914) setimargo Enderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 32. sexspinosa Collins. = fiavicoxa Zett. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 169. (1908) {Phora) ibid,, p. 254. {Phora) simplex Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 154, 201. (1910) {Phora) simulans Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 23, p. 97, fig. (1912) {Phora) smithii Brues. U. S. A. Bull. Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 7, p. 106. (1909) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 497. (1912) sodalis Brues. New South Wales. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 550. (1905) 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 133 soluta Collin. Seychelles. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 117, fig. (1912) sordida Zett. Europe. Ins. Lapp., p. 796. (1840) {Trineura) ?Bouche, Naturg., p. 102. (1834) {Phora heracleelae) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2861. (1848) {Trineura) ?Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 341. (1864) {Phora) ?Neuhaus, Dipt. March., p. 342. (1886) {Phora heracleelae) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 60, fig. (1901) {Phora) Wood, Entoin. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 117, 145. (1909) {Phora) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steierinark, vol. 46, p. 122. (1910) spinata Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 150, 198. (1910) {Phora) spreta Collin. Seychelles. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 115, fig. (1912) spinicincta Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 245, 248. (1910) {Phora) spinigera Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 174, 217. (1908) {Phora) spinifemorata Malloch. Jamaica. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 465, fig. (1912) straminea Alalloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 472. (1912) straminipes Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 474. (1912) subatomella Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 48, fig. (1912) subciliata Malloch. U. S. A. Psyche, vol. 20, p. 26. (1913) subflava Alalloch. Porto Rico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 469. (1912) subfurcata Brunetti . India. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 7, p. 508. (1912) sublutea Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 468. (1912) submanicata Malloch. U. S. A. Entomol. News, vol. 25, p. 175. (1914) submarginalis Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 456. (1912) subobscurata Malloch. L" . S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 485. (1912) subpicta Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 452, fig. (1912) subpleuralis \\ ood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, j). 118, 146. (1909) {Phora) t 134 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society fVol. 12, Nos. 3 eV: 4. subtumida Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 195, 244. (1909) (Phora) sulphuripes Meigen. Europe; N. Ainer.; S. Amer. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 219 (22). (1830) {Phora) Aleigen, ibid., vol. 6, p. 219 (23). (1830) (P. bicolor) Meigen, ibid., vol. 6, p. 220 (25). (1830) {Phora lutea) Fallen, Dipt. Suec. Phytom., p. 7. (1823) {Trineura flava p.p.) Macquart, Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 628. (1835) {Phora lutea) Macquart, Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 628. (1835) {Phora bicolor) Macquart, Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 628. (1835) {Phora flava p.p.) Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp, p. 797. (1838) {Trineura lutea) Boitard, Nouv. Man. Entom., vol. 3, p. 522. (1843) {Phora) Zetterstedt, Dipt., Scand., vol. 7, p. 2877. (1848) {Trineura lutea) Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 4, p. 1137. (1849) {Phora lutea) Strobl, Wien. Ent. Zeits., vol. 11, p. 196. (1892) {Phora lutea) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. V\‘ien, vol. 1, p. 54, fig. (1901) {Phora lutea) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 70. (1901) {Phora bicolor) Strobl, Mitth. Naturwiss. Ver. Steierinark, vol. 30, p. 15. (1894) {Phora lutea) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 302,- fig. (1903) {lutea) Brues, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 399. (1905) {lutea) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 120 and 148, fig. (1909) {Phora lutea) * Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steierinark, vol. 46, p. 121. (1910) {lutea) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 471. (1912) {lutea) Becker, Suppl. Entomologica, no. 3, p. 90. (1914) {lutea) Malloch, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 40, p. 34. (1914) {lutea) superciliata Wood. England. Ent. Monthly Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 244, 247. (1910) {Phora) surdifrons Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 26, 62. (1909) {Phora) sylvatica Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 245, 248. (1910) {Phora) sylvicola Malloch. Costa Rica. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 40, p. 30. (1914) tarsalis Wood. England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p. 243, 246. (1910) {Phora) Wood, ibid., vol. 23, p. 171. (1912) {Phora) tarsata Brues. Peru. ‘ Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 397. (1905) tasmaniensis Malloch. Tasmania. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 514. (1912) tertia nom. nov. U. S. A. Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 464. (1912) {inmqualis Malloch, non Brunetti.) 1914J Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 135 tibialis Brues. India. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 545. (1905) trilineata Brunetti. India. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 7, p. 510. (1912) trivialis Brues. Formosa. Ann. AIus. Nat. Hungarici, vol, 9, p. 544, fig. (1911) tumida W'^ood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol, 20, p. 192, 242, (1909) (Phora) uliginosa Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 28, 63. (1909) (Phora) umbripennis Brues. Brazil. Enderlein, Stettiner Ent. Zeit., p. 37. (1912) {fumiyennis Enderl. nec Brues) • Brues, Psyche, vol. 19, p. 136. (1912) unguicularis Wood. England. Entom. Monthl}^ Mag., vol. 20, p. 115, 144, (1909) (Phora) Wood, ibid,, vol. 23, p, 168. (1912) (Phora) ursina Malloch. Canada. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 476. (1912) variabilis Wood, England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 118, 146. (1909) variata Malloch. Philippines. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 515. (1912) vernalis Wood. England. Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 20, p. 119, 147. (1909) (Phora) verralli Wood, England. Ent. Month. Mag., 2nd ser., vol. 21, p, 150, 198. (1910) {Phora) viduata Collin. Seychelles. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. Ill, fig. (1912) vulgaris Fallen = rufipes Meig. Dipt. Suec. Phytom,, p. 6. (1823) {Trineura) vulgata Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 483. (1912) winnemana Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 461. (1912) xanthina Speiser. Kamerun. Berliner. Entom. Zeitschr., vol. 52, p. 148. (1907) Brues, Psyche, vol. 17, p. 36. (1910) xantippe Banks = juli Brues. xanthozona Strobl. Europe. Wien. Entom. Zeitng., vol, 11, p. 203. (1892) {Phora) Strobl, Mitth. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 30, p. 17. (1894) {Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 64. (1901) {Phora) Strobl, Mem. R. Soc, Espan. Hist. Nat., vol. 3, p. 334. (1906) {Phora) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss, Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 123. (1910) zonata Zett. Europe. Ins. Lapp., p. 796. (1838) {Trineura) 13G Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society fVol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand,, vol. 7, p. 2862. (1848) (Trineura) Wulp, Tijdschr. Entom., vol. 6, p. 208. (1871) {Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 59. (1901) {Phora) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 121. (1910) Paraphiochaeta Malloch 1914. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 40, p. 27. Type: P. biseriata Malloch biseriata Malloch. Costa Rica. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 40, p. 27, fig. (1914) The following species listed under Aphiochaeta belong here if Paraphio- chaeta be recognized as distinct. Its separation came too late, however, to make any change in the present catalogue, barberi, fasciata, giraudii, halictorum, meigeni, nedae, picta, subpicta. Phalacrotophora Enderlein 1912. Stettiner. Ent. Zeit., p. 51. 1912. Brues, Psyche, vol. 19, p. 135. 1912. Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 518. Type: P. Enderlein bruesiana Enderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 21. epeirae Brues. U. S. A. Psyche, vol. 10, p. 351. (1902) Slosson, Ent. News, vol. 6, p. 7. (1895) {Phora fasciata) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 358, fig. (1903) Brues, Psyche, vol. 19, p. 135. (1912) Alalloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 450, 518. (1912) longifrons Brues. U. S. A. Bull. Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 4, p. 100. (1906) Brues, Psyche, vol. 19, p. 135. (1912) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 449, 518. (1912) Byrsophrys Enderlein 1912. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., p. 50. Type: B. Enderlein boliviana Enderlein. Boliva. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 51. Parasyneura Malloch 1912. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 516. (1912) 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 137 Tj'pe: 1\ rotundipennis Malloch rotulidipennis Malloch. Java. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 516, fig. (1912) Plastophora Brues 1905. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 551. 1906. Brues, Genera Ins., fasc. 44, p. 11. 1907. Coquillett, Pseudacteon Canadian Ent., vol. 39, p. 208. 1907. Brues, Ent. News, vol. 18, p. 430. 1908. Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 168. {Phora, Aphiochaeta, Plastophora, Pseudacteon) 1908. Brues, in Williston’s Man. N. Anier. Dipt., Ed. 3, p. 239. 1908. Brues, Journ. New York Ent. Soc., vol. 16, p. 200. 1912. Brues, Psyche, vol. 19, p. 136. 1912. Collin, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 109. (1912) Type: P. heirne Brues aculeipes Collin. Seychelles. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 108, fig. (1912) {Aphiochaeta) antiguensis Malloch. West Indies. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 502, fig. (1912) beirne Brues. New Guinea. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 552. (1905) Brues, Ent. News., vol. 18, p. 430. (1907) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 500. (1912) crawfordi Coq. U. S. A. Canad. Ent., vol. 39, p. 208. (1907) {Pseudacteon) Brues, Ent. News, vol. 18, p. 430. (1907) Wheeler, Ants, their Structure, Develop, and Habits, p. 419. (1910) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 501, fig. (1912) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 168. (1908) (Pseudacteon) curriei Malloch. Canada. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 501, fig. (1912) formicarum Verrall. England. Journ. Linn. Soc. London. ZooL, vol. 13, p. 258. (1877) {Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 68. (1901) {Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 375. (1903) {Melaloncha?) Brues, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 552. (1905) {Phora) Brues, Ent. News, vol. 18, p. 430. (1907) Wood, Entom. Monthly Mag., vol. 19, p. 168, 174, fig. (1908) {Phora) Strobl, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 46, p. 125. (1910) Donisthorpe, Zoologist, 1909, p. 466. (Phora) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol, 43, p. 501, fig. (1912) . Schmitz, Naturhist. Genootschap, Lmiburg Jaarboek, 1913, p. 6. {Pseu- dacteon) 138 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 mera Collin. Seychelles. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 109. (1912) solenopsi4is Schmitz. Brazil. Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 37, p. 531. (1914) spatulata Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis., vol. 43, p. 502, fig. (1912) wasmanni Schmitz. Brazil. Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 37, p. 528. (1914) (Aphiochaeta) Pronomiophora Enderlein 1912. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., p. 16 and 46. 1913. Malloch, Psyche, vol. 20, p. 23 and 24. Type: P. rostrata Enderlein rostrata Enderlein. German East Africa. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 46. Psyllomyia Loew. 1857. Wiener Entom. ^Monatsschr., vol. 1, p. 54. 1901. Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 87. 1901. Briies, American Natural., vol. 35, p. 343. 1903. Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 385. 1906. Brues, Genera Ins'., fasc. 44, p. 14. Type: P. testacea L\v. testacea Lw. Cape Colony. Wiener Entom. Monatsschr., vol. 1, p. 54. (1857) Brues, Amer. Naturalist, vol. 35, p. 343, fig. (1901) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. \\'ien., vol. 1, p. 87. (1901) Brues, Psyche, vol. 17, p. 36. (1910) Schmitz, Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 37, p. 522, fig. (1914) Gymnophora Macquart 1835. Suit, a Buff on, vol. 2, p. 631. 1840. Westwood, Introd. Mod. Class. 1856. Rondani, Prodr. Dipt. Ital., p. 137. Ins., vol. 2, p. 154. 1864. Lioy, Atti Istit. Venet., vol. 10, p. 79. 1864. Schiner, Dipt. Austr., vol. 2, p. 346. 1901. Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. W ien, vol. 1, p. 82. 1903. Brues, Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., vol. 29, p. 381. 1908. Brues, in Williston’s Man. N. Amer. Dipt. Ed. 3, p. 239. 1910. Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 17. 1912. Malloch, Proc. L^. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 500. Type: G. arcuata Meig. arcuata Meigen. Europe; N. Amer. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 222, fig. (1830) (Phora) 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 139 ?Meigen, ibid., t.c.p. 215. (1830) {Phora fuligmosa) Fallen, Dipt. Suec. Phytom., p. 5. (1823) {Trineura rufipes, nec Meigen) Haliday, Entom. Mag., vol. 1, p. 179. (1833) {Phora debilis) Macquart, Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 631, fig. (1835) Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp., p. 795. (1838) {Trineura) Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins., vol. 3, p. 630. (1840) Boitard, Nouv. Man. Entom., vol. 3, p. 522. (1843) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2845. (1848) Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 4, p. 1137. (1849) Dahlbom, Kongl. Vet. Akad. Handl., 1850, p. 164. (1851) Walker, Ins. Brit., vol. 2, p. 282. (1853) {Phora) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 346. (1864) ^ Lioy, Atti. Istit. Ven., vol. (3) 10, p. 79. (1864) Strobl, Wien, Ent. Zeitg., vol. 11, p. 204. (1892) Strobl, Mitth. Naturwiss. Ver. Steiermark, vol. 30, p. 17. (1894) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 82. (1901) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 381, fig. (1903) Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 17. (1910) Brues, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 441. (1911) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 500. (1912) colona Brues. Paraquay. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 441. (1911) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 500. (1912) c5rmatoneura Enderlein. Brazil. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1912, p. 23. debilis Haliday = arcuata Meig. Entom. Mag., vol. 1, p. 179. (1833) {Phora) fuliginosa Mejgen. = ^arcuata Meig. Syst. Reschr., vol. 6, p. 215. (1830) {Phora) Macquart, Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 626. (1835) {Phora) • Boitard, Nouv. Man. Entom., vol. 3, p. 521. (1843) {Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 72. (1901) rufipes Fallen = arcuata Meig. Dipt. Suec. Phytom., p. 5. (1823) {Trineura rufipes Fallen, nec Meigen) Metopina Macq. 1835. Suit, a Buffon, vol. 2, p. 666. 1878. Six, Tijdschr. Entom., vol. 21, p. 186. {Leptophora) 1880. Strobl. Program. Seitenst., vol. 14, p. 40. {Drepanophora) 1901. Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 83. 1903. Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 384. 1906. Brues, Genera Ins., fasc. 44, p. 12. 1908. Brues, in Williston's Man. N. Amer. Dipt., Ed. 3, p. 239. 1910. Malloch, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., p. 92. 140 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 Type: M. galeata Haliday braueri Strobl = galeata Hal. Program Seitenst., vol. 14, p. 40. (1880) (Drepanophora) fenyesi Malloch. Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 503, fig. (1912) galeata Haliday. Europe. Entom. Mag., vol. 1, p. 179. (1833) (Phora) Curtis, Brit. Entom., vol. 8, p. 437. (1833) (Phora) Macquart, Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 66G. (1835) Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 7, p. 414. (1838) Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 4, p. 1138. (1849) (Phora) Walker, Ins. Brit., vol. 2, p. 282. (1853) (galatea) Walker, ibid., vol. 3,*p. xiv. (1855) (Phora) Mik, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 17, p. 414, fig. (1867) (Phora oligoneura) Six, Ned. Tijd. Entom., vol. 21, p. 186. (1878) (Leptophora perpu- sill a) Wulp, Tijd. Entom., vol. 22, p. xc. (1879) (Phora oligoneura) Strobl, Programm Seitenst., vol. 14, p. 40. (1880) (Drepanophora braueri) Mik, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 31, p. 348. (1881) (Leptophora oligoneura) Mik, in Beck; Fauna von Hernstein, vol. 2, p. 65. (1885) (Leptophora oligoneura) v. lloder, \\’ien. Ent. Zeitg., vol. 6, p. 288. (1887) Becker, Abb. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 83, fig. (1901) » Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 384. (1903) Mallocb, Ann. Scottish Nat. Plist., p. 92. (1910) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 504. (1912) heselhausi Schmitz. Europe. Zeits. Wiss.Jnsektenbiol., vol. 10, p. 91. (1914) oligoneura Mik = galeata Hal. ^'erb. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 17, p. 414. (1867) (Phora) pachycondylae Brues. U. S. A. (Texas). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 384. (1903) Wheeler, Amer. Naturalist, vol. 35, p. 1007, fig. (1901) (sine norn.) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 503. (1912) perpusilla Six = galeata Hal. Ned. Tidskr. Entom., vol. 21, p. 186. (1878) (Leptophora) Puliciphora Dahl. 1897. Zool. Anz., vol. 20, p. 410. 1898. Dahl, ibid., vol. 21, p. 308. 1898. Wandolleck. Zool. Jahrb. Abth. f. Syst., vol. 11, p. 424. (Stetho- path us) 1901. Becker, Abb. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 85. 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 141 1901. Brues American Natural., vol. 35, p. 354. {Stethopathus) 1903. Melancler & Brues, Biol. Bull, vol. 5, p. 17. 1903. Brues. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, ji. 390. 1903. Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 382. {Pachyneurella) cf. 1906. Brues, Genera Ins., fasc. 44, p. 14. 1908. Brues, in Williston’s Man. N. Amer. Dipt. Ed. 3, p. 240. 1909. Trag§.rdh, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. f. Syst., vol. 28, p. 229. {Cryplop- teromyia) 1912. ]\Ialloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 504. 1913. Schmitz, Entom. Meddel., vol. 10, p. 10. (1913) (Termitophora) Type: P. lucif era Dahl. africana Brues. German East Africa. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 5, p. 410, fig. (1907) Brues, Psyche, vol. 17, p. 36. (1910) beckeri de Meijere. Java. Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 5, p. 253. (1907) De Aleijere. Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. 15, p. 141, figs, borinquenensis Wheeler. Porto Rico; Bahamas. Bull. Amer. Nat. Mus. Hist., vol. 22, p. 269, figs. (19Q6) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 506. (1912) {horinquensis) ?exempta Becker. Europe. Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 49. (1901) {Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 383. (1903) (Syneura?) Speiser, Schr. Physik.-okonom. Ges. Konigsberg, vol. 47, p. 74. (1906) (Syneura.) fiava Malloch. Costa Rica. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 40, p. 34. (1914) glacialis Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 507, fig. (1912) incerta Silvestri. Mexico. Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. and Agr., R. Scuola Agr., Portici, vol. 5, p. 174, figs. (1911) jeanssoni Trag&rdh. Natal. Zool. Jahrb. Abth. f. Syst., vol. 28, p. 330. (1909) (Crypiopteromyia) Brues, Psyche, vol. 17, p. 36. (1910) (Cryptopteromyia) kerteszii Brues. Formosa. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 9, p. 557, figs. (1911) lucifera Dahl. East Indies. Zool. Anz., vol. 20, p. 411. p.p. (1897) SB. naturf. Freunde, p. 185. (1898) (W'andolleck, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. f. Syst., vol. 11, p. 424. (1898) (Stethopathus ocellatus) Austen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 99. (1898) Mik, Wden. Entom. Zeitg., vol. 18, p. 204. (1898) Heymons, Zool. Anz., vol. 22, p. 223. (1899) Brues, Amer. Naturalist, vol. 35, p. 354. (1901) (Stethopathus ocellatus) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 85. (1901) 142 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 Dahl, Archiv f. Naturgesch, vol. 45, p. 1, fig. (1899) Kertesz, Rovartani La’pok, vol. 5, p. 198, fig. (1898) (Sfelhopathus ocellatus) matheranensis Brues. India. Ann. Mus. Nat. Plimgarici, vol. 5, p. 409, fig. (1907) nitida Mallocli. Guatemala. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 508, fig. (1912) nudipalpis Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 504, fig. (1912) obtecta de Meijere. Java. Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. 15, p. 148, fig. (1912) occidentalis Melander and Brues. U. S. A. Biological Bull., vol. 5, p. 17. (1903) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 391. (1903) Barber, Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington, vol. 7, p. 2. (1905) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 507. (1912) ocellata Wandolleck = lucifera Dahl. Zool. Jahrb. Abth. f. Syst., vol. 11, p. 441, fig. (1898) {Stethopaihus) palposa Malloch. U. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus., vol. 43, p. 505, fig. (1912) pulex Dahl. East Indies. SB. naturf. Freunde, p. 186. (1898) Dahl, Archiv f. Naturgesch., vol. 45, p. 1. (1899) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 85. (1901) pusillima de Meijere. Sumatra. Zool. Jahrb. Suppl., 15, p. 149, figs. (1912) sylvatica Brues. U. S. A. Bull. Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 7, p. 107. (1909) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 506. (1912) velocipes Schmitz. India. A asmann, Biol. Centralbl., vol. 31, p. 402. (1911) (sine descrip.) Schmitz, Entom. Meddel., vol. 10, p. 13. (1913) {Termitophora) venata Aldrich. West Indies. Trans. Entom. Soc. London, p. 436. (1896) (Phora) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 382, fig. (1903) {Pachyneu- rella) virginiensis Malloch. IT. S. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 519. (1912) Myrmomyia Silvestri 1911. Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agr. Sc. Sup. Agr. Portici, vol. 5, p. 175. Type: M. hrachymyrmecis Silvestri brachymyrmecis Silvestri. Mexico. Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. and Agr., R. Scuola Agr., Portici, vol. 5, p. 176, figs. (1911) 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 143 Hexacantherophora Schmitz 1914. Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. S}'st., vol. 37, p. 512. Type: //. cohahitans Schmitz cohabitans Schmitz. Belgian Congo. Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 37, p. 512, fig. (1914) Ecitophora Schmitz. I 1914. Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 37, p. 524. Type: E. comes Schmitz comes Schmitz. Brazil. Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 37, p. 524, fig. (1914) Commoptera Brues 1901. American Natural., vol. 35, p. 344. 1903. Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 385. 1906. Brues, Genera Ins., fasc. 44, p. 14. 1908. Brues, in Williston’s Man. N. Amer. Dipt., Ed. 3, p. 239. Type: C. solenopsidis Brues solenopsidis Brues. U. S. A. (Texas). American Naturalist, vol. 35, p. 344. (1901) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 386, figs. (1903) Wheeler, Ants, Their Structure, Develop, and Habits, p. 383. * (1910) Ecitomyia Brues 1901. American Natural., vol. 35, p. 347, figs. 1903. Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 387. 1906. Genera Ins., fasc. 44, p. 15. 1908. Brues, in Williston’s Man. N. Amer. Dipt., Ed. 3, p. 240. Type: E. wheeleri Brues wheeleri Brues. U. S. A. (Texas) x\merican Naturalist, vol. 35, p. 347, figs. (1901) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 388. (1903) Brues, Biol. Bull., vol. 4, p. 188, fig. (1903) Wheeler, Ants, Their Structure, Develop, and Habits, p. 383. (1910) Acontistoplera Brues 1902. American Natural., vol. 36, p. 373. 1903. Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, [). 388. 1906. Brues, Genera Ins. Fasc. 44, p. 15. 1908. Brues, in Williston’s Man. N. Amer. Dipt., Ed. 3, p. 240. 144 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 1912. Alallocli, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 509. 1914. Schmitz, Zool. Jahrb., Vbth. f. Syst., vol. 37, p. 526. Type: A. melanderi Briies brasiliensis Schmitz. Brazil. Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 37, p. 527. (1914) melanderi Brues. U. S. A. (Texas). American Naturalist, vol. 36, p. 374. (1902) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 389, figs. (1903) Malloch, Proc. IJ. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 508. (1912) mexicana Malloch. Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. :^Ius., vol. 43, p. 509, fig. (1912) Xanionotum Brues 1902. Amer. Natural., vol. 36, p. 376. 1903. Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 389. 1906. Brues, Genera Ins., fasc. 44, p. 16. 1908. Brues, in Williston’s Man. N. Amer. Dipt., Ed. 3, p. 240. 1912. Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. ]\Ius., vol. 43, p. 510. Type: A", hystrix Brues hystrix Brues. U. S. A. (Texas). Amer. Natural., vol. 36, p. 377, figs. (1902) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 390. (1903) Wheeler, Ants, Their Structure, Develop, and Habits, p. 383. Rhynchomicropteron Annandale 1912. Spolia Zeylandica, vol. 8, p. 86. 1914. Schmitz, Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 37, p. 515. Tj^pe: R puliciforme Annandale caecutiens Schmitz. India. Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 37, p. 519. (1914) puliciforme Annandale. Ceylon. Spolia Zeylandica, vol. 8, p. 86. (1912) Chonocephalus Wandolleck 1897. Dahl, Zool. Anz., vol. 20, p. 409. (Puliciphora) 9 1898. Wandolleck, Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 11, p. 428. 1901. Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 86. 1901. Brues, American Natural., vol. 35, p. 355. 1903. Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 391. 1906. Brues, Gen. Ins., fasc. 44, p. 12. 1912. Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 510. (1910) ij Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 145 Type: C. dorsalis Wand. buccata Malloch. Guatemala. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 510, fig. (1912) depressus de Meijere. Sumatra. Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. 15, p. 151, figs. (1910) fietcheri Schmitz. India. Zool. Anz., vol. 39, p. 728, fig. (1912) dorsalis Wandolleck. Bismarck, Archipelago. Dahl, Zool. Anz., vol. 20, p. 411. (1897) {Puliciphura lucifera p.p.) Wandolleck, Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 11, p. 448. (1898) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 86, fig. (1901) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 391. .(1903) Brues, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 5, p. 409. (1907) kiboshoensis Brues. German East Africa. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 5, p. 410, fig. (1907) Brues, Psyche, vol. 17, p. 36. (1910) mexicanus Silvestri. Mexico. Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. and Agr. R. Scuola Agri., Portici, vol. 5, ]). 172, figs. (1911) Collin, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 105. (1912) similis Brues. India; Seychelles. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 3, p. 554. (1905) Collin, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 105. (1912) Wandolleckia Cook 1897. Science, vol. 6, p. 886. 1898. Wandolleck. Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 11, p. 417. 1901. Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 87. 1901. Brues, Amer. Natural., vol. 25, p. 339. 1906. Brues, Genera Ins., fasc. 44, p. 16. Type: W. cooki Brues cooki Brues. West Africa. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 392. (1904) Brues, Psyche, vol. 17, p. 36. (1910) indomita Brues. German East Africa. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, vol. 5, p. 412. (1907) Brues, Psyche, vol. 17, p. 36. (1910) Aenigmatias Me inert 1890. Entom. Meddel., vol. 2, p. 213. 1901. Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 89. 1901. Brues, American Natural., vol. 35, p. 342. 1903. Coquillett, Canadian Entom,, vol. 25, p. 20. 1903. Brues, Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., vol. 29, p. 386. 146 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [VoL 12, Nos. 3 & 4 1906. Brues, Gen. Ins., fasc. 44, p. 13. 1908. Enderlein, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. f. Syst., vol. 27, p. 148. (1908) ibid, &c., p. 150. (Onisomyia) 1908. Brues, in Willistin’s Man. N. Ainer. Dipt., Ed. 3, p. 240. 1912. Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 510. 1914. Schmitz, Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 37, p. 544. Type: Ae. blattoides Meinert blattoides Meinert. Europe. Ent. Meddel., vol. 2, p. 213, figs. (1890) Wasmann, Krit. Verzeich. Myrmec. and Termitoph., p. 32, 175. (1894) Dahl, SB. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1898, p. 193, fig. (1898) Dahl, Archiv. f. Naturgesch., vol. 45, p. 1, fig. (1899) Bezzi, Rendic. 1st. Lomb. Sc. Lett., vol. 33, p. 11. (1900) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 89. (1901) Coquillett, Canadian Entom., vol. 35, p. 21. (1903) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 387. (1903) Enderlein, Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 27, p. 149, figs. (1908) Shelford, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 30, p. 150. (1908) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 511. (1912) blattoides var. highlandica Schmitz. Europe. Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 37, p. 543. (1914) dorni Enderlein. Europe. Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 27, p. 150, fig. (1908) {Oniscomyia) Schmitz, ibid., vol. 37, p. 544. (1914) schwarzii Coquillett. U. S. A. (Arizona). Canadian Entom., vol. 35, p. 21. (1903) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 387. (1903) Enderlein, Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 27, p. 149. (1908) Shelford, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 30, p. 152. (1908) Malloch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, p. 510. (1912) Aenigmatistes Shelford Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., vol. 30, p. 150. (1908) Enderlein, Zool. Jahrb.. Abth. f. Syst., vol. 27, p. 153.^ (1908) Type: Ae. africanus Shelford africanus Shelford. British Central Africa. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. 30, p. 151, figs. (1908) Enderlein, Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 27, p. 153. (1908) Brues, Psyche, vol. 17, p. 36. (1910) Aenigmatopoeus Schmitz 1914. Zool, Jahrb., Abth. f, Syst., vol. 37, p. 534. 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 147 Type: Ae. orbicularis Schmitz orbicularis Schmitz. Kamerun. Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 37, p. 536. (1914) Thaumatoxena Breddin and Bbrner 1904. SB. naturf. Freunde, Berlin, p. 84, figs. 1906. Silvestri, Redia, vol. 3, p. 350, figs. 1908. Enderlein, Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 27, p. 154. 1909. Trag§,rdh, Arkiv. f. Zool., vol. 4, No. 10, p. 1. 1909. Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 28, p. 339. Type: T. wasmanni Bred, and Born. wasmanni Breddin and Borner. Natal. SB. Gesellsch. naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1904, p. 87, figs. Borner, Zool. Anz., vol. 27, p. 511. (1904) Silvestri, Redia, vol. 3, p. 359. (1906) Bredd. and Born., Zool. Anz., vol. 32, p. 537, figs. (1908) Brues, Psyche, vol. 17, p. 36. (1910) Trag&rdh, Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 28, p. 339. (1909) Tragirdh, Arkiv. f. Zool., vol. 4, No. 10, p. 1, figs. (1909) Termitodeipnus Enderlein 1905. Silvestri, Redia, vol. 3, p. 350. {Thaumatoxena) 1908. Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 27, p. 154. 1909. Trag§,rdh, Arkiv. f. Zool., vol. 4, No. 10. p. 1. 1909. Trag&,rdh, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. f. Syst., vol. 28, p. 339. Type: T. andreinii Silvestri andreinii Silvestri. Eritrea. Redia, vol. 3, p. 356, figs. (1906) {Thaumatoxena) Borner, Zool. Anz., vol. 32,' p. 537. (1908) {Thaumatoxena) Enderlein, Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 27, p. 154. (1908) Brues, Psyche, vol. 17, p. 36. (1910) Trag§,rdh, Arkiv. f. Zool., vol. 4, No. 10, p. 1, figs. ' (1909) toxena) Trag§,rdh, Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 28, p. 339. (1909) Bolsiusia Schmitz 1913. Zool. Anz., vol. 42, p. 268. Type: B. termitophila Schmitz termitophila Schmitz. India. Zool. Anz., vol. 42, p. 268, figs. (1913) Eutermiphora Lea Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. 24 (N.S.) Pt. 1, p. 76. (1911) {ThaumO' 148 Bulletin Wisconsin Xatuhal History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 tV 4 Type; E. abdommalis Lea abdominalis Lea. New South Wales. Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. 24 (N.S.) Pt. 1, p. 77, fig. (1911) Termitoxenia Wasinann 1900. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 67, p. 599. 1901. Wasinann, ibid., vol. 70, p. 289. 1903. Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 395. 1906. Brues, Genera Ins. Ease. 44, p. 16. 1913. Bugnion, Ann. Soc. Entom. Belgique, vol. 57, p. 31. Type; T. havilandi Wasmann assmuthi Wasinann. Ceylon. Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 17, p. 151. (1902) Wasinann, Verb. Deutsch. Zool. Ges., vol. 13, p. 113, figs. (1903) Bugnion, Ann. Soc. Entom. Belgique, vol. 52, p. 24. (1913) bugnioni Wasmann. Ceylon. .\nn. Soc. Entom. Belgique, vol. 52, p. 20. (1913) Bugnion. Ann. Soc., Entom. Belgique, vol. 57, p. 31. (1913) butteli Wasmann. Ann. Soc. Entom. Belgique, vol. 57, p. 20. (1913) havilandi Wasmann. Natal. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 67, p. 609, fig. (1900) Brues, Psyche, vol. 17, p. 36. (1910) Bugnion, Ann. Soc. Entom. Belgique, vol. 52, p. 24. (1913) heimi Wasmann. E. India. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 67, p. 610. (1900) Wasmann, ibid., vol. 70, p. 295. (1901) Wasmann, Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., vol. 17, p. 159, fig. (1902) Wasmann, Verb. d. 5ten. Internal. Zool. Congress, Berlin, p. 852. (1902) Wasmann, Verb.. Deutsch. Zool. Ges., vol. 13, p. 113, fig. (1903) Bugnion, Ann. Soc. Entom. Belgique, vol. 52. (1913) jaegerskioeldi Wasmann. Africa. Results Swedish Exped. Egypt and White Nile. No. 13, p. 16. (1904) Brues, Psyche, vol. 17, p. 36. (1910) Bugnion, Ann. Soc. Entom. Belgique, vol. 52, p. 24. (1913) peradeniyae Bugnion. Ceylon. Bugnion, Ann. Soc. Entom. Belgique, vol. 57, p. 31. (1913) Termitomyia Wasmann 1900. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 67, p. 599. 1906. Brues, Genera Ins., fasc. 44, p. 17. 1914] Hrues: C^atalooi'E of Difteium’s Family Phoridae 149 Type: T. mirabilis Wasmann braunsi Wasmann, Orange Free State. Zeitschr. wiss. ZooL, vol. 67, p. 611. (1900) {Termiloxenia) Wasmann, Verb, 5ten, Internal. Zool. Congress., Berlin, ii. 852. (1902) Bugnion, Ann. Soc. Entom, Belgique, vol. 52, p. 24. (1913) Brues, Psyche, vol. 17, p. 36. (1910) mirabilis Wasmann. Natal. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 67, p. 611. (1900) Wasmann, ibid., vol. 70, p. 295. (1901) Wasmann, Verb. 5ten. Internal. Congress., Berlin, p. 852, fig. (1903) Wasmann, Verb. Deutsch. Zool. Ges., vol. 13, p. 113, fig. (1903) Brues, Psyche, vol. 17, p. 36. (1910) Bugnion, Ann. Soc. Entom. Belgique, vol. 52, p. 24. (1913) Termitosphaera Wasmann 1913. Ann. Soc. Entom. Belgique, vol. 57, p. 17. Type: T. fletcheri Wasmann fletcheri Wasmann. India. Ann. Soc. Entom. Belgique, vol. 57, p. 17. (1913) Hieronymus Weyenbergb 1886. Tidschr. Ent., vol. 29, p. 133. 1903. Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 394. Type: H. pygmaeus Weyenb. pygmaeus Weyenbergb. S. Amer. Tidschr. Ent., vol. 29, p. 133, fig. (1886) Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 394. Pallura Walker 1859. Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. 3, p. 217. 1901. Becker, Abb. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, p. 89. 1906. Brues, Genera Ins., fasc. 44, p. 18. 1903. Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 394. Type: P. invaria Walk. invaria Walker. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., vol. 3, p. 127. (185*9) Wulp, Cat. Dipt. South Asia, p. 205. (1896) Becker, Abb. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 89. (1901) Brues, Trans. xAmer. Ent. Soc., vol. 29, p. 394. (1903) INCERTA.E SEDIS algira Macq. Algiers. • Dipt. Exot., vol. 3, p. 270, fig. (1843) {Phora) Macquart, Explor. Scient. de FAlgerie, vol. 3, p. 502. (1849) (Phora) l')0 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 anceps Zetterstedt. Sweden. Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2888. (1848) {Trineura) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 74. (1901) (Phora) Type not extant. atra Macquart. France. Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 629. (1835) {Phora) Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 7, p. 414. (1838) {Phora) Boitard, Nouv. Man. Entoin., vol. 3, p. 522. (1843) (Phora) Lioy, Atti Istit. Ven., (3) vol. 10, p. 77. (1864) (Diploneura) bifasciata Walker. Celebes. Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. 4, p. 172. (1860) (Phora) Wulp, Cat. Dipt. South Asia, p. 205. (1896) (Phora) Brunetti, Rec. Indian Mufe., vol. 7, p. 503. (1912) (Phora) This species probably belongs to Dohrniphora. bovistae Gimmerthal. Livonia, Russia. Arb. Naturf. Riga, vol. 1, p. 329. (1848) (Phora) carpentieri Gob. France. Bull. Soc. Linn. Nord France, 1877, p. 202. (Phora) consanguinea Loew. Turkestan. Schrift. Ges. Freund. Nat. Moscou, 1870, p. 59. (Phora) Osten Sacken, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 32, p. 462. (1884) (Phora) cornuta Bigot. Sagra’s Hist. fis. pol. nat. Cuba, vol. 7, p. 827. (1857) (Phora) dubia Zetterstedt. Sweden. Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2888. (1848) (Trineura) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 74. (1901) (Phora) Type not extant. erythrocera Meigen. Germany. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 220. (1830) (Phora) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p*. 345. (1864) (Phora) Neuhaus, Dipt. March., p. 344. (1886) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 71. (1901) (Phora) Type not extant. festinans Scopoli. Europe. Entom. Carniol., p. 349. (1763) (Musca) Schiner, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 6, x>. 417. (1856) (Phora) fuscipes Macquart. Europe. Suit. 5, Buff., vol. 2, p. 627. (1835) (Phora) Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 7, p. 413. (1838) (Phora) Boitard, Nouv. Man. Entom., vol. 3, p. 521. (1843) (Phora) Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand., vol. 7, p. 2871. (1848) (Trineura) Hardy, Zoologist, 1848, p. 2099. (Phora) Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 4, p. 1136. (Phora) Walker, Ins. Brit., vol. 2, p. 280. (1853) (Phora) gracilipes Meigen. Europe. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 216. (1830) (Phora) Maerkel, Germ. Zeits. Entom., vol. 5, p. 266. (1845) (Phora) 1914] Brues: Catalogue of Dipterous Family Phoridae 15] Walker, List. Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 4, p. 1136. (1849) (Phora) Walker, Ins. Brit., vol. 2, p. 280. (1853) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 72. (1901) (Phora) Type in unrecognizable condition, hiemalis Rondani. Italy. Dipt. Ital. Prodr., vol. 1, p. 136. (1856) (Triphleha) (sine desc.) hyalinata Meigen. Germany. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 222. (1830) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 71. (1901) (Phora) Type not extant. inclusa Meimier. Fossil; Baltic Amber. Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst., vol. 30, p. 82, figs. (1909) litoralis Dahl. Germany. SB. Akad. Berlin, 1896, p. 22. (1896) (Phora) (sine descr.) minuta Fabricius. Syst. Anti., p. 270. (1805) (Dolichopus) Meigen, Syst. Beschr., 's^ol. 4, p. 70. (1824) (Empis) Kowartz, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 27, p. 74. (1877) (Empis) Lundbeck, Dipt. Danica, pt. 3, p. 6 and 189. (1910) (Phora) navigans Frauenfeld. (Aphiochaetal) Brazil. Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 17, p. 454, fig. (1867) (Phora) monochaeta Strobl. Austria. Wien. Entom. Zeit., vol. 11, p. 202. (1892) (Phora) nebulosa Walker. Tasmania. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, vol. 4, p. 234. (1857) (Phora) nitidula Meigen. Europe. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 221. (1830) (Phora) Macquart, Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 629, fig. (1835) (Phora) Lioy, Atti Istit. Venet., vol. (3) 10, p. 77. (1864) (Diploneura) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 71. (1901) (Phora) Type not extant. nivalis Rondani. Italy. Dipt. Ital. Prodr., vol. 1, p. 136. (1886) (Palpimega) (sine descr.) nudifrons Macquart. France. Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 630. (1835) (Phora) Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 7, p. 412. (1838) (Phora) Boitard, Nouv. Man, Entom., vol. 3, p. 522. (1843) (Phora) Lioy, Atti Istit. Venet., vol. (3) 10, p. 79. (1864) (Lissometopia) omnivora Hudson. Man. New Zealand Entom., p. 62, pi. 7, figs. (1892) (Phora) Hutton, Trans, and Proc. New Zealand Inst., vol. 33. (1900) (Phora,) peregrina Wiedemann. Canton. Aussereur. zweifl. Ins., vol. 2, p. 600. (1830) (Trineura) Wulp, Cat. Dipt. South Asia, p. 205. (1896) (Phora) plurispinosula Zetterstedt. Sweden. Dipt. Scand., vol. 14, p. 6473. (1860) (Trineura) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. \ ien, vol. 1, p. 75. (1901) (Phora) 152 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4 rufipennis Macquart. France. Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 626. (1835) (Phora) Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 7, p. 413^ (1838) (Phora) Lioy, Atti Istit. Venet., vol. (3) 10, p. 77. (1864) (Obelosia) rapida Meigen. Germany. Syst. Beschr., vol. 7, p. 412. (1838) (Phora) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. ^^ien, vol. 1, p. 72. (1901) (Phora) quadrata Gimmerthal. Russia. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow., vol. 14, p. 686. (1842) (Phora) scapularis Macquart. France. - Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 626. (1835) (Phora) Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 7, p. 413. (1838) (Phora) Boitard, Nouv. Man. Entom., vol. 3, p. 521. (1843) (Phora) semiflava Hartig. Germany. Jahrsb. ub. d. Fortschr. d. Forstw., vol. 1, p. 305. (1837) (Phora) Ratzeburg, Forstinsekten, vol. 3, p. 176. (1844) (Phora) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 345. (1864) ^(Phora) setigera Loew. Russia. Zeits. Ges. Naturwiss., vol. 43, p. 420; (1874) (Phora) sphingicides Bouch6. Germany. Naturgesch. d. Ins., p. 101. (1834) (Phora) Schiner, Faun. Austr., vol. 2, p. 345. (1864) (Phora) Westwood, Introd. Mod. Class. Ins., vol. 2, p. 575. (1845) (Phora sphingidis) sphingidis Westwood. = sphingicides Bouche. Introd. Mod. Class. Ins., vol. 2, p. 575. (1845) (Phora) subquadrifasciata Zetterstedt. Sweden. Dipt. Scand., vol. 12, p. 4826. (1855) (Trineura) Becker, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, p. 75. (1901) (Phora) Type not extant. tubericola Schiner. Austria. Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 16, p. 972, fig. (1866) (Phora) vicina Macquart. France. Suit, a Buff., vol. 2, p. 627. (1835) (Phora) Meigen, Syst. Beschr., vol. 7, p. 413. (1838) (Phora) Boitard, Nouv. Man. Entom., vol. 3, p. 521. (1843) (Phora) villosa Macquart. Algeria. Dipt. Exot., vol. 3, p. 428. (1843) (Phora) Macquart, Explor. Scient. d’Algerie, vol. 3, p. 502. (1849) Phora sp. Meunier. Fossil; Madagascar Copal. Misc. Entom., vol. 13, p. 6, fig. (1905) PRICE LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Orders and remittances should be addressed to the General Secretary, Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis. Numbers not included in the following list are out of print and can no longer be obtained. 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Date Due ft8 2$tJ57 MAR 2 3 1957 3 1 1S57 DEC 2 0 1960