2 .
‘
ee ie
eS
ye of +
7
: =
SS -

fl Vok 5 evewsin) -s SANUARY, 1907 No. 1

BULL ETIN

| WISCONSIN
_ || NATURAL HISTORY

edie SA
hit aes - EDITED BY THE SECRETARY

CONTENTS:

rs af ia ¢ 3 Proceedings. -

“|| The Origin of Species - - - . - ~~ Charles Otis Whitman
Re Aaa ee ~ Wisconsin Flowers and Their Pollination - Ry OP sean, eee
fee | New Chalcid-Flies From Cape Colony. - - o Veh arlesE Benes

| Notes and Descriptions of North American Para-
s sitic Hymenoptera—lIlII = . ~ Charles T. Brues
| fh Weasel New to Wisconsin’s Paka . - - Henry L. Ward

ee ek Ss MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN.

THE EOW. KEOGH PRESS

Sits Entered as second- cee matter, Oct. 24, 1906, at. the post-office, Milwaukee, Wis., under Act of Congress of
“July 16, 1894. (Issued quarterly.)

i
: Li

ee “1

% { t
afCe

ee

2 ‘nagar’ E ‘'Telle: er, ‘Bresiaent. See ae “165. 27th Stree : Mil :
Henry. Ee Ward, Vice-President... Lantana Public Sepratos

ee, ‘TT. <Brues, General aT: = a

PUBLISHING. ‘COMMITTEE.

Henry is Ward,
"Chas. F E. Monroe.

These are. > all held on - the last Thursday. of reach month,

set)

BULLETIN

OF .THE

WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Vol. 5, New Series. JANUARY, 1907. No. 1.

PROCEEDINGS.

Milwaukee, Oct. 25, 1906.

Regular monthly meeting of the Society.

President Teller in the chair and 73 persons present.

Mr. Teller stated that there had been considerable comment on
the part of various members of the Society regarding the advisability
of holding monthly section meetings, and asked for expressions of
opinion.

Dr. Barth moved that a section meeting be held on the second
Thursdays of the months when regular meetings are held, and
that these meetings be set aside for scientific discussion and restricted
to such. Motion seconded and passed.

The following persons were named for membership:

Miss Ellen Torelle.

Mr. George Wetmore Colles.

Dr. Albert H. Brundage.

Mrs. A. Bernhardt.

These names were referred to the Board of Directors, who subse-
quently passed on them.

There being no further business, Dr. R. M. Strong, of the University
of Chicago, spoke on. the Colors of Birds.

The speaker said that in addition to their importance as characters
in taxonomic work and in studies of evolution and heredity, the colors
of birds are interesting because of numerous problems in physics that
they present. Two categories of colors are recognized, viz: pigmental
and structural. To the former belong black, red, orange, yellow, and
green (occasionally). Structural colors include white, blue (except
for one case of pigmental blue described by Hacker), and iridescent
effects. White feathers owe their color to the entire absence of pig-
ment. The whiteness of feathers is produced in the same way as the

1

2 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

whiteness of snow or of other transparent substances in a fine state
of division. Iridescent effects and blues are due to obscure physical
phenomena which are not entirely understood. Grays are produced
by combinations of the conditions which produce black and white.

President Teller thanked Dr. Strong in behalf of the Society for his
entertaining address and for his kindness in coming to Milwaukee to
lecture before the Society.

The meeting then adjourned.

Milwaukee, Noy. 8, 1906.

Combined meeting of the Biological sections.

President Teller in the chair and 12 members present.

As no topics for discussion had been announced and no program
prepared, those present were loathe to start the proceedings, Finally,
Dr. Graenicher called attention to two interesting cases of variation
or mutation of instinct among bees. The first was Alcidamea producta,
a species which hollows out stems, and the second a specimen belong-
ing to a species of Megac hile. Both of these normally close the nest
with a plug of malaxated leaf pulp, but in these two cases, out of a
large number of nests observed, the female bees had used pieces of
stone or gravel mixed in the pulp. He suggested that this was per-
haps a mutation in habits, but that it was more likely an atavism,
since the use of stones as building material was probably more primi-
tive than the employment of leaves cut from plants.

Mr. Brues said he agreed that this might be looked at as a muta-
tion of habit, but believed it was undoubtedly a reversion. He called
attention to the bee genus Anthidium, certain species of which’ use
plant material for their nests, while other very closely related ones
utilize stone or gravel entirely, suggesting that the variation was per-
haps not as profound as it would seem at first sight. Mr. Ward said
that variations in nest-building among birds were common and often
as striking as the cases among bees mentioned by Dr. Graenicher. He
cited the Caspian Tern, a species which he had seen utilizing shells to
line its nests, a very unusual habit, since it usually uses no lining
except a little plant matter. At the same time, he said, the species
had departed from its usual solitary habits and was nesting in great
numbers, and with a second regularly gregarious species, the Herring
Gull.

JAN. 1907. PROCEEDINGS. 3

Mr. Teller then exhibited some specimens of the fossil fish-
spine, Phiyctenacanthus telleri Eastman. He called attention to the way
in which the two spines fitted together and to the beautiful way in
which the structure was preserved. Mr. Colles asked if any of the
original organic matter was still present in such specimens, and
Mr. Teller seemed inclined to believe that there was still some of it
present. Mr. Colles thought it extremely doubtful, and believed that
the original organic molecules were gone in their entirety to be re-
placed by those of inorganic origin. Mr. Brues mentioned a section of
muscle taken from a fossil shark which he had seen, that when micros-
copically examined could searcely be distinguished from poor sections
which he had seen prepared in the laboratory by students unfamiliar
with histological methods. He also said that organic matter and quite
probably organic pigments and chitin were frequently preserved as
fossils, citing a number of fossil Hymenoptera from the Tertiary rocks
of Colorado. Here browns, pale colors and blacks are often distinctly
differentiated and even the metallic blue characteristic of some species.
Mr. Colles doubted the presence of the easily disintegrated chitin or
organic pigments as such, but agreed that carbon at least must be
present, but probably uncombined, and believed that the colors were
due to some secondary cause.

After some discussion of a more general nature the meeting ad-
journed with the hope expressed that a special program might be
prepared for the next section meeting.

November 22, 1906.

Regular meeting of the Society.

President Teller in the chair and 40 persons present.

Dr. EK. C. Case lectured on the “‘Geological Development of Scenery,”
illustrated by stereopticon slides. Dr. Case described the several suc-
cessive stages in erosion by rivers, aided by diagrams and photographs
of natural scenery. Weathering and chemical disintegration as factors
were also considered.

The general discussion was followed by a more detailed considera-
tion of each individual factor, a series of slides illustrating their action
and the various forces that may modify them.

The meeting then adjourned.

4 BULIETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

December 13, 1906.
Combined meeting of the Biological sections.

President Teller in the chair, and Messrs. Barth, Brues, Colles,
Doerflinger, Finger, Graenicher, Russell and Ward present.

Dr. Barth opened the discussion with his observations during the past
year on the habits of wasp of the genus Orabro observed in the vicinity
of Milwaukee. The species collected were wood boring in habits, but
Dr. Barth stated that very satisfactory breeding tubes could be made
from small glass vials, a trifle longer than the natural cell, but of the
same diameter. The larve are not easy to raise in captivity as the
change of environment seems to affect them greatly. The number of
flies carried in varies among individuals of the same species, the num-
ber being to some extent proportionate to the size of the flies. Some
wasps seem to prefer large flies which they pack loosely in the brood-
cell, while others select small ones which they store tightly together.
He found that the duration of the egg stage was not always the same
nor the time required for forming the cocoon. In carrying the captured
flies the Crabros usually grasp them between the hind legs with some
assistance from the middle pair of legs. They hold the prey very
tightly, going with it into the nest head first. On a number of occa-
sions after opening nests he found that the flies were able to move
about and even crawl away. The fly upon which the Crabro’s egg is
placed was, however, never found to be alive. Dr. Barth also gave a
list of the species of flies carried in, mentioning especially a Tachina
fly (Winthemia 4-pustulata), and two species of Acroceride belonging
to the genus Oncodes. Regarding the arrangement of the cells and
galleries in the wood, Dr. Barth said that they were usually spiral, not
always following the line of least resistance. There is usually a main
gallery with smaller branches leading to the cells. The stinging habits
of the Crabros were found to be simple, the fly being stung on the
ventral surface of the thorax. When stuck by a needle in the same
place, the speaker found that they were affected in nearly the same
way, later reviving. When returning with their flies, the Crabros are
never in a hurry to enter the nest, thus giving ample time for parasites
to lay their eggs. In some cases Dr. Barth was sure the parasite must
enter after the Crabro egg had been already laid. He had a number of
parasites obtained from the various Crabros studied.

After the speaker had finished his remarks, Dr. Graenicher said
that he had been rather surprised to hear that species of Tachina flies
were captured by the Crabros, as he had often observed how easily

JAN. 1907. PROCEEDINGS. 5

certain of them eluded the sand-wasps belonging to the genus Bembew.
Mr. Brues remarked that Winthemia 4-pustulata was an unusually weak
and soft-bodied Tachinid. Mr. Colles asked if it were always the case
that parasites were never regularly captured or destroyed by their hosts.
This occasioned some discussion. The general opinion was that Tach-
inids and other parasites as well were never, or at least very rarely
captured by the host species, no matter how annoying they might be,
or how many attempts were made. Mr. Brues suggested that this was
a necessary provision for the perpetuation of the parasitic species and
that it must be very strongly accentuated by natural selection.

Dr. Graenicher next described a peculiar variation of instinct in a
species of Crabro that he had observed several years ago late in the
season. The female in question had built several nests, one on top of
another in a hollow stem without laying any eggs in any of the cells.
He also spoke of certain experiments by the French naturalist Fabre
who had succeeded in getting certain bees to build nests in glass tubes
in his study. He suggested that this would be an interesting way to
study the habits of Dr. Barth’s Crabros, if they could be induced to
nest under such conditions.

Mr. Ward then asked if as a general rule the time required for the
eggs to hatch, when incubated by the parent birds and in artificial
incubators, was the same. Messrs. Barth, Graenicher, Colles, Russell
and Brues joined in the discussion which followed. The general agree-
ment was that only slight differences in the incubation period were
produced by variable temperature.

The meeting then adjourned.

Milwaukee, December 20, 1906.

Regular monthly meeting of the Society.

President Teller in the chair and about 60 persons present.

The minutes of the last monthly meeting were read and approved.

Professor C. O. Whitman, of the University of Chicago, gave the
lecture of the evening on “The Evolution of Species,” the text of which
appears on the later pages of the Bulletin.

After the lecture President Teller thanked Professor Whitman in
behalf of the Society for his kindness in presenting his interesting
talk.

The meeting then adjourned.

The following papers were ordered printed by the board of
directors :

THE ORIGIN, OF SPECIES
BY CHARLES OTIS WHITMAN.

Much has been said and written on the subject of the origin
of species, but tradition was first to claim possession of the secret,
and to veil it with such unapproachable guile of devination, that
the world waited until the middle of the nineteenth century for a
Darwin to vindicate the right of investigation. The many-sided
problem was at length revealed in 1859. It was a problem to chal-
lenge at once the most lively interest not only among biological ~
investigators, but in every department of science and thought. The
half century since the appearance of Darwin’s great work on the
“Origin of Species,” has effected a more wonderful revolution in
our modes of thought and investigation than anyone can realize
who has not lived in close touch with every year’s progress.

The dogma of special creations has exhibited most stubborn
tenacity, but it has slowly yielded to the principle of progressive
evolution guided by the operation of natural laws. The violent
shock experienced by theologists at seeing natural selection set in
the place of Creative power, the revulsion at the thought of uni-
versal kinship in the organic world, especially at the doctrine of
man’s descent from lower forms of life—all this lingers only
as reminiscence, and we now find satisfaction in viewing the
history of our race as a grand series of ascending stages, and
take more pride in a rising ancestry than in a fallen one.

The revolution in sentiment has well-nigh freed us from
supernaturalism. Investigation has multiplied and intensified at
an increasingly rapid raic, but the problem of the origin of species
has not been more than partially solved. In fact, it seems as if
Darwin and Wallace, Nageli, Haeckel, Dohrn, Weismann,
De Vries and a host of other investigators, had grappled with an
all-embracing problem—a problem of problems that must engage
the best energies of all the sciences for centuries yet to come.

*The introduction and abstract of a lecture delivered before the
Wisconsin Natural History Society by Professor Whitman at the meet-

ing of December 20, 1906.
6

JAN. 1907. THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES. -

The era now dawning presents us with two leading rival
theories. From Darwin and Wallace we have received the
theory of Natural Selection, which has been powerfully sup-
ported by Spencer, Huxley, Haeckel, Weismann, Dohrn, and many
others. This theory and its triumphs are familiar history.

In 1901, Hugo De Vries, a distinguished botanist of Amster-
dam, brought forward his famous Mutation-theory, based upon
“Experiments and Observations on the Origin of Species im the
Plant Kingdom.”

This work of De Vries is truly a great achievement, rising
above any other that has appeared since Darwin’s “Origin of
Species.” It is not only comprehensive in scope, consistent in its
logic, and charming in style, but it is also epoch-making in its
method of research. In this latter respect it sets an example which
is having a world-wide influence—emphasizing as it does the
supreme importance of studying living organisms and of keeping
observations and experiments running continuously through a long
sequence of generations.

This is the method of the new era in biology—steady unbroken
continuity in experiment under controlled culture. Here the
example of Mendel, De Vries, and a few others, will be potent for
many years to come.

As to the real merit of the theory of mutation, only extended
research can bring a final decision. In dealing with such a
theory, we must grasp clearly its fundamental conceptions. The
whole superstructure stands or falls with them. The
central foundation-idea of this Mutation-theory is that of
unit-characters. ‘The species represents always a definite number
of distinct unit-characters, each as distinct and independent as are
the elements of a chemical compound. Consequently all upward
progress in the organic world depends upon adding new unit-char-
acters. Furthermore, these unit-characters are held to be essen-
tially unchangeable, and hence the species compounded of them are
viewed also as essentially immutable. A unit-character, it is true,
may undergo transmutation, 1. e., it may become a wholly new unit-
character. Such transmutation, however, is always sudden, never
by slow intermediate degrees. Any slow and gradual transition,
such as Darwin and Wallace maintained, never under any circum-
stances, according to De Vries, could lead to the formation of a
new species. The utmost that could be attained by such variation

8 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

would be only an improved race, i. e., merely a better kind of the
same species—a kind that remains better only so long as cultivated
under favored conditions, reverting to the common level as soon
as left to itself under normal conditions.

To remove any doubt as to these points, let me cite a few pas-
sages from De Vries:

(1) “I designate as mutation-theory the proposition that the
characters of organisms are built up of units sharply differentiated
one from another. These units may be combined in groups, and
the same units and groups occur im allied species. Transitions,
such as we so often see in the external forms of plants and
animals, do not exist between these units any more than between
the molecules of chemistry.” Vol. 1, p. 3.

(2) “In the field of the doctrine of descent, this principle leads
to the conviction that species have not arisen one from another
by flowing transitions, but by distinct steps. Every new unit added
to the older units, forms a step, and separates the new form, as
an independent species, sharply and completely from the species
out of which it arose. The new species thus comes into being at
a single stroke. /t arises from the earlier form without any visible
preparation, without transitions.”

(3) “The mutation-theory, in my opinion, is supreme not
only in the doctrine of the origin of species, but also in the whole
field of hybridisation. Here it conducts us to the principle, that
not the species, but the simple specific characters, the so-called
elements of the species, are the units with which we deal in hybrid-
isation.”

(4) “Every character, it is true, arises from one already
present, not however from its normal variation, but through a
change which, however small, is yet sudden. Provisionally, this
change may be most simply likened to a chemical substitution.”

In his preface, p. IV., as follows:

(5) “These jumps, or mutations, of which sport-variations
are the best-known examples, form a special part of the subject
of variation. They occur without transitions, and are relatively
rare, while ordinary variations are continuous and always present.

(6) “The whole subject of variation thus divides into two
parts, one of which deals with the ever present, individual, or
fluctuating variation, the other, with mutation. Phenomena of the
first class obey the well-known laws of probability and depend

JAN. 1907. THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES. 9

essentially upon food-conditions; upon them depends the forma-
tion of improved races, especially in agriculture. Not only
species, but also varieties arise by mutation.”

(7) “Species have not arisen through gradual selection, con-
tinued for hundreds or thousands of years, but by jumps (stufen-
weise) through sudden though small, transformations. In contrast
with variations which are changes advancing in a linear direc-
tion, the transformations to be called mutations diverge in new
directions. They take place, then, so far as experience goes, with-
out definite direction.” (Vol. I, p. 150).

(8) “Species-forming variability must be orderless. The
assumption of a definite variation-tendency which would condition,
or even favor, the appearance of adaptive modifications, lies out-
side the pale of the natural science of to-day. In fact, the great
advantage of Darwin’s doctrine of selection lies in this, that it
strives to explain the whole evolution of the animal and plant
kingdoms without the aid of supernatural presuppositions.
According to this doctrine, species-forming variability goes on
without regard to the qualification of the new species for maintain-
ing themselves in life. It simply supplies the struggle for exist-
ance with the material for natural selection. Whether this selec-
tion takes place betwen individuals, as Darwin and Wallace sup-
posed, or decides between whole species, as the mutation-theory
demands, ultimately it is, in either case, simply the ability for
existence under given external conditions that decides upon the
permanence of the new form.” (p. 180).

The fundamentals in the mutation theory, then, are:

1. Every species consists of a fixed number of unit-characters. -

2. The species and the component units are alike sudden in
origin and unchanging in type.

3. Old characters may be suddenly transmuted into new ones,
but between the two there is always a gulf of absolute discontin-
uity, with no possible bridge of gradual modification.

4. Continuous intergradations may connect a species with
an improved race, but never one species with another species.

5. Species-formation is kaleidoscopic, i. e., chance-wise in
direction, never resulting from a tendency to vary in any one
determinate direction.

6. Natural selection can not give origin to new species; it

can only weed out from those already in existence such as are
incapable of sustaining themselves.

10 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

Perhaps it may seem rash to assert that in no one of these six
points does the mutation-theory hit the mark; nevertheless, that
is the conviction from which I see no escape.

The one error that vitiates all these contentions is that of unit-
characters, each of which is supposed to enjoy a sort of indepen-
dent existence, although in correlation with the other units of the
organism. Such a conception implies that every character of the
adult organism pre-exists in some rudimentary form in the germ-
cell from which the organism develops. These assumed rudiments
of unit-characters must be as fixed in number and constitution in
the fertilized egg as in the adult. Moreover, unless we assume
that these units may mutate at any stage of development, we must
suppose that all mutations destined to appear in the adult must
originate in the very first stage of existence of the primordial
units. Thus mutation would be carried back to the pre-mutation
forever beyond the reach of investigation. Such conceptions, help
us in no wise to understand the origin of species. To claim that
we can actually see mutation performed, is the climax of absurdity.

De Vries has seen offspring differing more or less constantly
from the mother plants. These visible differences are referred to
invisible differences in one or more of the invisible unit-characters
conjectured to exist in the seed before germination. ‘The initial
differences, in which, ex hypothesi, the whole mutation is given,
De Vries has never seen and of course never expects to see. If
there be any such thing as mutation, as conceived by De Vries, it
is safely beyond human ken, and unapproachable through experi-
mental investigation.

This theory of mutation coincides well with Bateson’s doctrine
of discontinuity in evolution and development. Discontinuity in
evolution has all the elusiveness of mutation. The discovery of
such a negative is tantamount to a failure to discover anything.
A new form appears; it differs in one or more respects from its
parents. The difference is labelled a discontinuity, i. e., the off-
spring is assumed to have obeyed the law of heredity in so far as
it resembles the parental stock, and to have jumped hereditary
bonds in so far as it departs from such resemblance. The jump is
a break in the chain—a void where eyesight fails and all sorts of
ghost-stories are accepted in lieu of reliable knowledge of all the
antecedent conditions represented in the ancestry.

The less we know of the previous history of new forms, the

~

JAN. 1907. THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES. ll

more we rely upon the testimony of casual observers who merely
report what they stumble upon without knowing the requirements
of thorough investigation, the more “discontinuities” and myste-
rious saltations we encounter. One continuity properly demon-
strated, outweighs myriads of mythical discontinuities.

It is well to bear in mind always that there is no evolution of
organisms apart from the development of individuals. The evolu-
tion of a species is but the summation of achievements in individ-
ual development. Consequently, 1f we would know whether evolu-
tion is discontinuous or continuous, we must get our direct evi-
dence from development as we now find it going on. If in any
series of developmental stages, we find a single stage that is not
causally connected with preceding stages, we may pause and ask,
what is the use of investigating amid miracles of discontinuity ?

In embryological development we find continuity and order of
sequence regnant throughout. There are no kaleidoscopic leaps
to interrupt the sequence. The course followed is, in the main,
the one anticipated in the hereditary foundations of the germ. The
flow of events may swerve this way or that, but nowhere is there
a gulf breaking the connection between antecedents and conse-
quents.

Of course species are sooner or later separated by gaps. But
are these gaps present ab initio? The claim of initial discontin-
uity is usually founded on so-called “sports,” the preparatory
stages of which were overlooked, or very imperfectly investigated.
This is not the kind of evidence on which to establish a general
theory. If discontinuity or mutation were the law in the origin
of species, continuity should not be expected in a single case, as
De Vries has clearly perceived. Hence he has taken care to deny
the possibility of getting new species through ordinary variation.
In such variation continuity is undeniable. Hence the whole reli-
ance is placed on “Sports,” and “improved races,’ however true
they breed, are not admitted to the rank of species.

We see then how very important it is to make our investiga-
tion of the origin of species exhaustive. We have to select well
our material for study, and then attend closely to some one char-
acter ata time. This means that we must work with living forms,
which we can keep under unbroken control from generation to
generation. P

Then we must not stop here, but extend our observation over

12 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

as many allied species as possible, and endeavor to get the past
history of the character. To experiments in breeding we must add
those of crossing, as in this way we can best see whether a char-
acter is an indivisible unit, that admits of no transmutation by con-
tinuous modification. It is by such study that we may arrive at
most important laws of heredity. In fact we study the origin of
species, not as a curiosity, but as a practical problem, the solution
of which must contribute eventually to human progress.

With these introductory remarks, the lecturer turned to the
consideration of a few specific characters which are found in vari-
ous species of pigeons.

The wing-bars found in domestic races and in the wild .Rock
Pigeons, were taken as an example to illustrate orthogenetic evo-
lution by gradual progressive modification. It was shown first of
all that the two-barred condition seen in the typical Columba livia
is derived from the checkered condition seen in the wild C. affinis.
It was then shown that this mode of derivation is wide-spread
among wild species of pigeons, the bars always resulting from a
reduction of the checkers, proceeding from before backward, the
direction being the same as that of embryonic development.

Experiments with domestic pigeons demonstrate that it is easy
to reduce the checkered type to four bars, then to three, two, one,
and finally, to a uniform gray color without a single bar. Another
set of experiments, to test the possibility of reversing the process,
by advancing from the two-barred condition to the uniformly
checkered type, showed that the direction could not be reversed.

It was next shown that among wild species of pigeons, we have
the same law of orthogenesis illustrated over and over again, in
almost endless variety of conditions. The Wild Passenger Pigeon,
the Mourning Dove, the Zenaida, the Ground Dove of Florida,
and a number of Old World species, were shown in colored draw-
ings on charts.

After tracing wing-bars of the most diverse kinds to checkers,
the origin of the latter from a still earlier and universal avian
character, was explained. This earlier color-mark still persists in
many pigeons, and other avian types, and is well preserved in the
oriental Turtle Dove of Japan and China.

It consists of a single dark spot occupying the centre of the
exposed part of each feather. In the course of evolution, this spot
has been divided into two lateral spots by the disappearance of

JAN. 1907. THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES. Lt

pigment along the shaft, beginning at the apex of the feather and
advancing gradually inward. The old Turtle-Dove character thus
passes by a continuous process of division into the Rock Pigeon
pattern, consisting of two checkers on each feather, more or less
completely separated. The evidences showing such a gradual trans-
mutation are still to be seen, and in such profusion as to wholly
exclude doubt. Hundreds of species have been formed in this
simple way, leaving no room for the claim of sudden, non-transi-
tional mutations.

The transitional stages between the Turtle-dove pattern and
the checkered pattern of the Rock pigeons, are exhibited not only
as we pass from one species to another, but often as we advance
from the juvenal to the adult plumage; and frequently they may
be seen in different parts of one and the same individual plumage.

A still older character than the Turtle-dove spot is seen in the
cross-bars, or fundamental bars, that appear to mark all feathers
of all species of birds. These bars were first noticed in pigeons
in the summer of 1903, and were soon found to be common to all
species of pigeons and birds in general. From these fundamental
feather-bars or their secondary derivatives, a multitude of specific
characters have been evolved by gradual modification. The con-
tinuity in the evolution of some of these characters can be experi-
mentally demonstrated. The little Diamond Dove (Geopelia
cuneata) of Australia, owes its small white spots (two in each
feather) to these bars. The transitional stages connect-
ing the spots with the bars are not wholly given in pas-
sing from the juvenal to the adult plumage. But if we
pluck a few of the juvenal feathers at suitable intervals, their
places will be filled by new feathers of different ages, and in this
way we may get the stages intermediate between the bars of the
young and the spots of the adult. Thus we see that the adult
pattern, which normally appears to come in as a striking mutation,
by a single jump, is only an end-stage in a continuous process of
differentiation. So it is everywhere. Suppression of stages in
ontogeny looks like saltations; but whenever we can get at the
history of the character, we find the continuity comes to light.

The characteristic secondary cross-bars of many races of the
common fowl, pheasants, Guinea-fowl, ducks, woodpeckers, etc.,
have been moulded more or less directly out of, or upon these fun-

14 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

damental cross-bars,* which appear to underlie all avian color-
marks even the “‘universal avian character” before mentioned, and
its latest derivatives.

The passage from the juvenal to the adult plumage often pre-
sents us with two or more quite strongly contrasted color-patterns.
The mutationist might see in this a striking illustration of dis-
continuity in the evolution of species.

In the normal course of events, the gap is often very wide
between two successive patterns, but closer study and experiment
teach us that, while the visible stages may seem entirely discon-
nected, they are in reality genetically bound together by a contin-
uous differentiating process, or a system of processes. In most
cases, perhaps in all, the apparent discontinuity in the phenomena
means nothing more than a discontinuity in our knowledge.

Several other specific characters, usually regarded as “sports”
or “mutations” were considered, and the continuity of their de-
velopment from minute incipient stages are clearly established.

-

*The discovery of the universality of this character and its far-
reaching significance as an initial foundation for numerous specific
characters, suggested the need of a thorough investigation to
determine its nature and mode of development. This task has
been undertaken by Mr. Oscar Riddle, who has not only reached
a physiological explanation of the character, but has fully confirmed
and established the following anticipation I ventured to make in 1903:

“Allowing that the feathers of the common pigeon get their full
length in four weeks, and that the terminal half of the feather (on
which the bars are distinct enough to be counted) is formed in four-
teen days, it is found that the number of bars corresponds nearly to
the number of days of growth. If this be so, then the bars would be
zones of daily growth (light = day; dark = night, or vice versa).”

PiecoNSiIn FLOWERS AND THEIR. POLLINATION.

By S. GRAENICHER.

MELANTHACEZ, LILIACEZ AND CONVALLARIACE.

The plants dealt with in this paper belong to the order of
Liliaceze as defined by Gray in his Manual of Botany, but accord-
ing to the classification adopted by Britton and Brown they have
been distributed among the three families named above. The
Senera .are' treated in the same sequence as they appear. in
“Britton’s Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and
Canada,” and the same nomenclature has been adopted.

Before considering the pollination of each species I shall out-
line in advance some of the results obtained.

An arrangement of the twenty-three species according to the
order in which the flowers make their appearance furnishes the
following list.*

Trillium nivale, March 26—April 27.
Erythronium albidum, April 20—May 15.
Erythronium Americanum, April 25—May 109.
Uvularia grandiflora, May 5—June 5.
Trillium grandiflorum, May 6—June 3.
Vagnera stellata, May 13—June 8.
Trillium recurvatum, May 15—June 1.
Salomonia biflora, May 17—June Io.
Trillium erectum, May 19—June 1.
Asparagus officinalis, May 20—October 1.
Trillium cernuum, May 22—May 27.
Streptopus roseus, May 23—June 7.

ee pee oe Roe

Ss eS eS
Nw

*In cases of insufficient observation the few dates on which the

flowers were observed are given.
15

16 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

13. Unifolium Canadense, May 27—June 21.
14. Vagnera racemosa, June 2—June 29.
15. Vagnera trifolia, June 3 and June 5.
16. Clintonia borealis, June 3 and June 5.
17. Salomonia commutata, June 7—-July 3.
18. Tofieldia glutinosa, June 15—July 18.
19. Allium Canadense, June 19—July 17.
20. Lilium umbellatum, June 20—July 16.
21. Lilium Canadense, July 2—July 28.

22. Allium tricoccum, July 11—August 15.
23. Allium cernuum, July 15—August 29.

In the early part of April the season of our entomophilous
flora is ushered: in by the appearance of the small-flowered and
low-stemmed Trillium nivale, and from this time on there is a
gradual increase in the number of the above named species in
blossom until about May 27, when ten species have their flowers
open together. After this maximum has been reached a gradual
decrease in the number sets in until around the middle of July,
when Allium cernuum, the latest of our native species, makes its
appearance. The maximum just referred to corresponds with the
maximum of the spring group of Andrenine bees (1) at the end
of May and the beginning of June. By consulting the lists of
visitors appearing further on in the account given of the pollina-
tion of the respective flowers we find that a number of the species
representing the maximum of the spring group of those short-
tongued bees appear as visitors of Uvularia grandiflora, Vagnera
stellata, V. racemosa and Streptopus roseus, all of them in blossom
at the beginning of June.

In the following table the flowers are placed in the classes
of entomophilous flowers, as proposed by Hermann Mueller (2),
and the number of insect visitors representing the different types
is given.

1. S. Graenicher. The relations of the Audrenine bees to the en-
tomophilous flora of Milwaukee County. Trans. Wis. Acad. Se. A. and
L. Vol. XV. Part I. pp. 92-93—(1905).

2. Herman Mueller. Alpenblumen, pp. 479-511.

JAN. 1907.

Pollen-flowers—

Trillium nivale
erectum
PEC VAUUE Nhs a! 6.nie 6.0

Waeneraracemosa:....0. 5. hee

Unifolium Canadense...........

Flowers with exposed nectar —
Vagnera stellata.
4 PR UUQUIE woth cto ite, oes nd >

oes ee ee eeerere

Flowers with concealed nectar—
Trillium grandiflorum

ne MMT as ee ce
merit Canmadense. 20k. 26s keds

* tricoccum
cernuum

ac

2a. 1S) Cie SOs in Ge © ere Le

Bee-flowers—
Erythronium albidum..........

aS Americanum......
Wyulama grandifiora.........4.:

Salomonia biflora

oe

see ee we wee ee wee

COMMMULAEA. . 6s Ssc5.0> 2
Bepacaous Oficinalis......: 4...

SLRePLOpus TOSeUS:........6....
Clintonia borealis . 22.0.2...

Butterfly-flowers—

Lilium umbellatum

66

se ee wee ee ww we

Canadense..... -

Bees.

WISCONSIN FLOWERS AND THEIR POLLINATION.

17

Total

cowie ere leaee 8 @ € 2 eee

Fij Butter-| Other
- flies. | Insects.
oA LE, tiga)
Rin eke & 9
a Ped a eae 2
22 2 2
Se Lees 2
9 2 v4
Tia haere hte Be,
Suis Sea alte Jiao
1 5 die SRE St
SEAS es.
eed ae § ee tet
ae asks | and arenes

POLLEN FLOWERS.

RePe OR OO,

OO

eeenzre tr eeeee

(1 bird)
(1 bird)

This class comprises the flowers which, on careful examination
do not reveal a trace of nectar, and are therefore visited on

account of their pollen only.

Three species of Trillium figure in this class while the two
remaining ones of our flora are nectar-producing, and are referred
The flowers of all of these
species are more or less showy, and well supplied with pollen, and
still they are so rarely visited as to cause us great surprise. The

to the flowers with concealed nectar.

18 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

large-flowered and sweet-scented T. grandiflorwm with a fair sup-
ply of nectar does not make an exception in this respect, not even
in localities where the flowers appear in such number as to make
them conspicuous to the human eye from a considerable distance. ©
While discussing the variation in color of the flowers of T. erectum
Robertson (3) expresses the opinion that the greenish variety is
more or less degraded, and he states that “the flower seems to be
losing its hold on insects and to form a transition between the
other entomophilous species of Trillium and the still more
degradedT. sessile and recurvatum.” Judging from the observa-
tions made in our region as elsewhere it might appear as if our
white species of Trillium were altogether either repulsive or at
least poorly attractive to insects, possibly on account of some
peculiarity of odor. At any rate they do not seem to depend to
any extent on cross-pollination, and are all well prepared to insure
spontaneous self-pollination.

In Vagnera racemosa and Unifolium Canadense, the two other
species of pollen-flowers the absence of the higher bees (Apidz)
among the visitors is noticeable. Pollen-collecting short-tongued
bees (Andrenidz) and pollen-eating flies are the principal pollen-
distributors, these insects furnishing about 68 per cent of the
entire number of visitors of both flowers considered together.

FLOWERS WITIL EXPOSED NECTAR.

We have here, as usually in flowers of a simple structure and
with exposed nectar a rather varied gathering of insects with a
strong preponderance of short-tongued bees and flies, 72 per cent.
of the totality of the visitors of the three species belonging to
these two groups of insects.

FLOWERS WITH CONCEALED NECTAR.

The two species of Trillium have been considered above
together with the species of this genus among the pollen-flowers.
In our three species of Al/ium we are dealing with three flowers
differing in structure, and accordingly attracting a somewhat dif-
ferent set of visitors. 4. Canadense the earliest among them rep-
resents the lowest type in which the nectar is not deeply concealed,

3. Chas. Robertson. Flowers and insects. XVI. Bot. Gaz. XXI.
p. 272 (1896).

JAN. 1907. WISCONSIN FLOWERS AND THEIR POLLINATION. 19

while in A. cernuum we have at the same time the latest and the
more specialized flower with the nectar hidden at the bottom of a
narrow tube. A. tricoccum is intermediate between the other two.
The percentage of bees for the three species is as follows:

A. Canadense 41%

A. tricoccum 75%

A. eernuum 86%

The reddish-purple color and the nodding position of the
flowers of A. cernuum together with the presence of a tube leading
down to the nectar all suggest an adaptation to bees, and corre-
spondingly we have a high percentage of bees attending them.
The tube is rather short and this species seems to be transitional
between the flowers with concealed nectar and typical bee-flowers.

BEE-FLOWERS.

They are eight in number, all of them with pendulous flowers,
and they show a great difference in color, greenish, white, yellow
and rose being represented. A glance at the table shows to what
extent these flowers receive the attention of bees, other visitors
being nearly excluded. The large flowers of Erythronium,
Uvularia, Salomonia and Clintonia are bumble-bee flowers, while
Asparagus officinalis and Streptopus roseus may be regarded as
adapted to the smaller bees.

The visits of our humming bird to the flowers of Salomonia
biflora and S. commutata are noteworthy. Birds are known to be
attracted especially by bright red colors, and in our region
Castilleja coccinea, Aquilegia Canadensis, Impatiens biflora and
Lobelia cardinalis are considered characteristic bird-flowers, but
our humming bird (Trochilus colubris L.) also visits various
flowers of other color than red, and its presence at the green flow-
ers of Salomonia seems to indicate that in this respect a tubular or
similar structure of a flower is of as much importance as the
color.

BUTTERFLY-FLOWERS.

The lilies of our region are undoubtedly adapted to butterflies,
and Argynmis cybele one of our most common butterflies seems to
be the most frequent visitor of both of the species. In these
flowers a great quantity of pollen is produced by the large anthers,
and this explains the comparatively frequent visits of pollen-col-
lecting bees of the genera Augochlora and Halictus.

20 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

FAM. MELANTHACE-A.
Tofieldia glutinosa (Mich.) Pers. Glutinous Tofieldia.

We encounter this species forming patches in damp places on
the clay-bluffs along Lake Michigan north of Whitefish Bay, and
blooming from about June 15 to July 18. The inflorescence is a
raceme of 3 to 4 cm. length at the end of a scape which is 3 to 4
dm. long, and which is covered nearly for its entire length with
viscid glands. The white flowers with a diameter of 9 mm. are
directed somewhat laterally. They are arranged in groups of
three, and those at the top of the inflorescence are the first to open.
The perianth-leaves do not spread entirely in the open flower, and
the six stamens which are 4 mm. long occupy an intermediate
position between the pistil and the perianth-leaves. The yellow
anthers open introrsely one by one. They are slightly surpassed
by the three short branches of the style which by bending out-
wards to some extent place their stigmatic surfaces in the way of
insect visitors. These flowers are homogamous. A drop of nectar
is secreted near the base of the ovary-1n each of the septal furrows,
and when the amount increases it gathers between the ovary and
the broadened base of the opposite filament. After fertilization
has been accomplished the pedicel undertakes an inward movement
and presses the ovary against the stem. Along with this move-
ment a reddish-purple coloration of the upper parts of the ovary,
branches of the style and tips of the persistent perianth-leaves
sets in resulting in a color-contrast between the top of the inflor-
esence and its lower region where the flowers are still or hardly
in bloom. The flowers are sufficiently visited by insects to insure
either self or cross-pollination, and spontaneous self-pollination
from the falling of pollen on the stigma is barely probable since
the latter is usually not situated directly below an anther. A small-
sized insect when sucking nectar is liable to bring one side of
its head or thorax in contact with an anther, and the other side
with a stigma, and a subsequent visit to another flower may result
in cross-pollination. The following visitors were observed on
the flowers:

' A. Hymenoptera

Apide: (1) Apis mellifera L,. worker, s.; Andrenide: (2) Ha-
lictus zephyrus Sm. female, s.; Vespide: (3) Polistes pallipes
St. Mare. Ss:

JAN. 1907. WISCONSIN FLOWERS AND THEIR POLLINATION. Pa

B. Diptera

Bombyliide: (4) Anthrax sinuosa Wied.; Syrphide: (5)
Syrphus americanus Wied.; (6) Allograpta obliqua Say; (7)
Mesogramma marginata Say; Tachinide: (8) E-vorista nigri-
palpis Town.; (9) Archytas analis Fabr.; Sarcophagide: (10)
Sarcophaga helicis 'Town.; Muscide: (11) Lucila sylvarum
Meig.; (12) L. sericata Meig. ;—all s. or f. p.

C. Lepidoptera

Rhopalocera: (13) Pontia rape 1,.; (14) Phyciodes tharos
Dru.—all s.
D. Coleoptera

Mordellide: (15) Mordellistena comata Lec. s.

This list is similar to that obtained by H. Mueller (4) for -
Tofieldia caiyculata Wahlenberg in the Alps, viz: 1 bee, 6 flies,
3 beetles, 3 butterflies and 1 ant. As regards the latter insect it is
interesting to note that in our species of Tofieldia the viscid glands
along the stem do not prevent the ants from reaching the flowers,
although such arrangements are generally supposed to protect the
flowers from these and similar intruders. Two species of ants
Formica fusca 1,. var. subsericca (Say) Emery and Cremastogas-
ter lineolata (Say) Emery were seen crawling on the flowers, and
feeding on nectar.

Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smith. Large-flowered Bellwort.

The blooming period extends from May 5 to June 5. Robert-
son (5) has made us acquainted with the mode of pollination of
this species in southern Illinois, and little is to be added from
observations on flowers of our region. The one or two pendulous
flowers have a length of 4 cm. In the newly opened ones the
twisted perianth-leaves are close together and only bees of large
size (bumble-bees) are able to force their way in, but later on:
especially in warm weather, the flower through the loosening of

4. Herm. Mueller. Alpenblumen pp. 39-40. See also P. Knuth.
Handbuch der Bluetenbiologie. Vol. II, p. 516.

5. Chas. Robertson. Flowers and insects. XVI. Bot. Gaz. Vol.
XXI. pp. 270-271. (1896).

yy. BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

the perianth-leaves becomes more bell-shaped, and allows smaller
bees to gain access to the pit-shaped nectaries, one of which is
situated at the base of each of the perianth-leaves. As a rule the
three branches of the style are about 5 mm. shorter than the six
stamens with their anthers of 15 mm. length, and they bend out-
ward between the latter so as to place their stigmas in the path
of the insects that are pushing their mouth parts up towards the
nectaries.

When emptying their pollen the anthers begin to open at the
base, and the slit gradually progresses downwards (in the pen-
dulous flower) and reaches the branches of the style. At this
juncture spontaneous self-pollination can take place in the homo-
gamous flower, but previous to this an insect may have effected
cross-pollination. In exceptional cases the branches of the style
are longer and surpass the anthers entirely, and spontaneous self-
pollination is rendered less probable. The flowers are without
any odor.

The principal pollinator in our region is the female bumble-
bee Bombus americanorum Fabr., but the visits of the smaller
bees, especially those of the genera Osmia and Andrena are un-
doubtedly also effective. Two specimens of a Syrphid-fly Chilosia
cvanescens Loew differed in their behavior on the flowers. One of
them inserted its proboscis from the outside between two perianth-
leaves at their bases, and obtained nectar without rendering any
services to the flower. This was done repeatedly. The other
one was feeding on pollen while hanging on to the anthers, and
probably coming in contact with the stigmas. In this manner dif-
ferent flowers were visited whereby self-or cross-pollination may
have been the result. The list of visitors is as follows:

A. Hymenoptera

Apide: (1) Bombus americanorum Fabr. female, s. and c. p.;
(2) Osmia pumila Cr. male and female, s.; Andrenide: (3)
Andrena cressonu Rob. female, s. and c. p.; (4) A. rufosignata
Ckli, temale, s.. atid .c. Ys. (5) “Andrena sp. female; s.; (G6)
Halictus provancheri D. T. female. s.; (7) H. cressonu Rob. fe-
male, s. and c. p.; (8) A. versatus Rob. female, s.; (9) H. pilosus
Sm. female, s.

B. Diptera

Syvrphide: (10) Chilosia cyanescens Loew, s. and f. p.

JAN. 1907. WISCONSIN FLOWERS AND THEIR POLLINATION. 23

FAM. LILIACE-A.
Allium tricoccum Ait. Wild Leek.

This plant is remarkable from the fact that the rather large
leaves make their appearance quite early in the spring, but dry
up and disappear before the blooming time sets in. The latter
lasts from July 11 to August 15. There are about fourteen green-
ish-white inconspicuous flowers on short pedicels forming an.
umbel at the end of a scape of about 22 cm. in length. The
perianth-leaves are only 4 to 5 mm. long, they remain in an erect
position with their tips inclining towards the stamens, the light .
yellow anthers of which are just lifted above the perianth-leaves.
From the middle of the 3-parted ovary arises the erect slender
white style with its simple stigma. The flowers are proterandrous.
At first the three anthers of the inner row shed their pollen, and
at this time the style has reached only two-thirds of its length.
Later on while the outer anthers are dehiscing the style becomes
fullgrown and the receptive stigma is on the same level with the
anthers. The first fhower of an umbel is located centrally, the
process of blooming therefore progresses from the center to the
margin. Nectar is secreted by septal glands and appears as a
drop in each of the furrows about half way up. It is concealed
between the furrow and the broadened base of the corresponding
filament and, besides, the erect position of the perianth-segments.
also assists in hiding it from view. No odor is emitted by these
flowers.

Although in an older flower a receptive stigma may be present
together with pollen on the outer anthers there is hardly a possi-
bility of spontaneous self-pollination on account of the upright
position of the flower and the distance between the stigma and the
outer anthers.

Insects engaged in sucking nectar push their heads in between
the stigma and the introrse anthers, and become dusted with
pollen on the sides of their heads. Their visits to different flowers
result in most instances in cross-pollination. Bees are the main
visitors, as seen from the following list:

A. Hymenoptera

Apide: (1) Apis mellifera 1, worker, s.; (2) Bombus con-
similis Cr. worker, s.; (3) Alcidamea producta Cr. female, s.:

24 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

Andrenide: (4) Halictus provancheri D. T. female, s. and c. p.;
(5) H. connexus Cr. female, ’s. and c. p.; (6) H. zephyrus Sm.
female, s..and c. p.; (7) H.‘pilosus Sm. temale, s.3°(8)- Prosser
modesta Say female, s.; (9) P. affinis Sm. female, s.

B. Diptera

Syrphide: (10) Mesogramma geminata Say; (11) Sphero-
bhonia cylindrica Say; Muscide: (12) Lucila cesar L.—all s.
or f. p.

Allium Canadense L. Meadow Garlic.

The flowering period is from June 19 to July 17. There are
4 to 18 pinkish flowers arranged in a terminal umbel of 4 dm.
length, and in addition to these the inflorescense contains about
a dozen ovoid bulblets. The perianth-leaves are 7 mm. long,
and they spread sufficiently to give the flower a diameter of 12
to 15 mm. In the middle of each of these pinkish leaves, espe-
cially on those of the inner row, a light violet line, the so-called
nectar-guide, points towards the middle of the flower. Nectar
appears near the base of the ovary in the septal furrows and accu-
mulates between the latter and the bases of the inner filaments.
The flowers have a faint sweet scent.

Proterandry is well marked. In the first or male stage the
anthers dehisce one after the other, and the style has at the begin-
ning of this stage a length of only 114 mm. with scarcely a trace
of a stigma. The introrse anthers gradually become extrorse. In
the second or female stage the style attains its entire length
of 4 mm., and the stigma reaches maturity after all of the anthers
are empty, rarely before. The stigma surpasses the anthers. ‘The
style assumes a pink color and the stamens also (with the excep-
tion of the light-vellow pollen) agree in color with the perianth.

Numerous insects pay their attention to the flowers, and cross-
pollination is insured through the high degree of proterandry.
Visitors were taken as follows:

A. Hymenoptera

. Apide: (1) Clisodon terminalis Cr. female, c. p.; (2) Aleci-
damea producta Cr. female, s.; (3) Andronicus cylindricus Cr.
male, s.: (4) Osmia pumila Cr. female, s.; (5) Stelis 6-maculata
Ashm. female, s.; (6) S. subemarginata Cr. female, s.; (8)
Coelioxys moesta Cr. female, s.; (9) Calliopsis andreniformis Sm.

b

JAN. 1907. WISCONSIN FLOWERS AND THEIR POLLINATION. 25

female, s. and c. p.; Andrenide: (10) Halictus provancheri D. T.
male, s.; (11) A. cortacews Sm. female, s. and c. p.; (12) =) albi-
pennis Rob. inaie. sis (ie) Ty cressonw Rob. female, S. si
H. versatus Rob. female, CR te Ba) ot ee pygmea Cr. nbas S.
(16) P. modesta Say female, s\; ‘Crabronids :! (17) Oxybelus
4-notatus Say, s.; Philanthide: (18) ate Gis hace Sid.) 8.3
Sphegide: (19) Ammophila vulgaris Cr., s.; Eumenide: (20)
Eumenes fraternus Say; (21) Odynerus pennsyleanicus Sauss. ;
(22) O. conformis Sauss. —all s.

B. Diptera

Bombylide: (23) Bombylius atriceps Lw.; Syrphide: (24)
Paragus tibialis Fall.; (25) Syrphus americanus Wied.; (26)
Mesogramma marginata say; (27) M. geminata Say ; (28)
Spherophoria aadnes Say; Agromyzide: (29) Ochthiphila
pelystigma Meig.; Tachinide : (30) Gymnosoma fuliginosa Desv. ;
(:37.) Senotainia irilineata v. d. W.; (32) Ocyptera dosiades
Walk.; (33)Peleteria tessellata Fabr.; Muscide: (34) Lucilia
sylvarum Meig.; (35) LL. sericata Meig.; Anthomyide: (36)
Phorbia fusciceps Zett.; (37-38) Phorbia spp.—all s. or f. p.

C. Coleoptera

Coccinellidee: (39) Coccinella sanguinea 1,, s.; Mordellide:
(40) Mordellistena comata Lec. s.

Allium cernuum Roth. Nodding wild onion.

Foerste (6) has given an account of the pollination of this
species in which he called attention to the proterandry of the
flowers. Around Milwaukee this plant is in bloom from about
July 15 to August 29. Through the bending of the scape of
3 to 4 dm. length just below the umbel the very numerous flowers
become nodding. At the time of the opening of the first flowers
along the margin of the inflorescence those in the middle are still
far behind in their development. The reddish-purple perianth-
segments contrast rather strongly with the yellow anthers that
protrude from the mouth of the flower. While the three outer
perianth-segments are directed outwards, each of the three inner
ones is erect, and with its wing-shaped margins it encloses the

6: A. F. Foerste. Fertilization of the wild onion. Am. Nat. Vol.
XIX. p. 601. (1885).

26 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

opposite filament of the inner row. Corresponding projections of
the upper margin of the ovary surround these filaments from
within, and in this manner tubes are formed leading down to the
nectar between the base of these filaments and the ovary. There
is a rich supply of nectar coming from the septal glands. The
stamens with their pinkish filaments have, when fully developed,
a length of 12 mm., one-half of which extends outside of the
perianth. One by one they grow in length and empty their pollen,
those of the. inner row in advance of the others. In this respect
the specimens of our surroundings do not agree with those studied
by Foerste who states that the outer stamens are the first to
dehisce. In the first stage of these proterandrous flowers when
the three inner stamens have reached their entire length the stig-
matic region of the style is situated in the mouth of the flower.
By the time the outer stamens have shed their pollen the style
has become as long as the anthers, and the stigma has reached
maturity. This represents the second or female stage. Proter-
andry is so distinct in this species of Allium, as to render cross-
pollination a certainty. The faintly sweet-scented flowers are
rather attractive to bees as shown by the following list:

A. Hymenoptera

Apide: (1) Apis mellifera L. worker, s.; (2) Bombus pennsyl-
vanicus De G. female and worker, s.; (3) B. wirginicus Oliv.
worker, s.; (4) B. ternarius Say, female and worker, s.; (5)
Clisodon terminalis Cr. female, s.; (6) Anthophora walshi Cr.
female, s.; (7) Megachile infragilis Cr. female, s.; Andrenide:
(8) Halictus forbes Rob. female, s. and c. p.; (9) H. sephyrus
~m. female, c. p.; (10) H. albipenmis Rob. female, c. pr; (11)
H. sparsus Rob. female, c. p.; (12) Colletes eulophi Rob. female, s.

B. Diptera
Syrphide: (13) Tropidia quadrata Say, s.
C. Lepidoptera
Rhopalocera: (14) Pontia rape L, s.
Lilium Canadense L. Wild yellow Lily.

The blooming time is from July 2 to 28. On the outside the
nodding flowers are red with a yellowish tinge while the inner sur-
face is mainly yellow with numerous small brown spots. Shortly

JAN. 1907. WISCONSIN FLOWERS AND THEIR POLLINATION. 27

after opening the perianth-segments spread horizontally so as to
give the flower a diameter of 10 to 11 cm., but later the tips of
the segments become reflexed. At the base the segments
are closely -approximated. for a length of about’ 3 cm.,
and form a bell-shaped portion of 5 mm. diameter at the bottom.
' This space is nearly entirely occupied by the ovary and the fila-
ments, and consequently only long-tongued insects can gain access
to the nectar which is secreted in a depression at the base of
each segment. No odor is perceptible. The extrorse anthers are
12 mm. long, they produce a great amount of reddish-brown
pollen, and are lightly attached to the long (4 cm.) filaments. On
account of the bending of the upper part of the filaments the
anthers are carried outwardly, and finally they form a circle of
2 to 3 cm. diameter around the capitate dark brown stigma, which
is situated on the same level. On the second day the upper part of
the style curves outwards and brings the stigma either in contact
with one of the anthers or in a position between two of them.
In this new position the stigma is more apt to be struck by large
insects approaching the flower from the side, butterflies or hawk-
moths for example:

According to Meehan (7) this lily is self-sterile. The dusting
of the stigma with pollen from the same plant (self-pollination)
would therefore be of no use to the plant. This mode of pollination,
although ineffective is undoubtedly of common occurrence in these
homogamous or shghtly proterandrous flowers, and once on a
windy day, soon after the opening of a flower I saw a swaying
anther touch the stigma before any insects had made their appear-
ance.

A small bee, Halictus versatus Rob., while collecting pollen
was observed crawling around on the anthers as well as on the
stigma, and a repetition of this behavior in a second flower might
lead to cross-fertilization. Lovell (8) saw a bumble-bee, Bombus
vagans Sm., alight on the stigma and afterwards crawl up along
the anthers. He expresses the opinion that this species is visited
by bees only, but it is probably adapted to Lepidoptera the

7. Thomas Meehan. Observations on Lilies. Proc. Acad. Nat. Se.
Phil. 1875. pp. 412-413.

8. J. Lovell. The color of northern monocotyledonous flowers.
Am. Nat., Vol. XXXIII., p. 498 (1899).

28 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

same as the average species of Lilium, and I have witnessed the
visits of a butterfly, Argynnis cybele Fabr., to the flowers. I have
often been on the lookout for visitors, but have seen the follow-
ing only:

A. Hymenoptera

Andrenide: (1) Halictus forbesiti Rob., female, c. p.; (2)
H. versatus Rob. female, c. p.

B. Lepidoptera
Rhopalocera: (3) Argynnis cybele Fabr., s.
Lilium umbellatum Pursh. Western red Lily.

This lily occurs on the clay-bluffs along Lake Michigan
together with Tofieldia glutinosa, the species considered previ-
and its flowering period from June 20 to July 16 falls together
with that of Tofieldia. In the specimens under observation each
plant carried either one or two of the erect flowers measuring
about 12cm. across. The perianth-segments are directed laterally,
and there is a slight recurving of the tips. Each of them becomes
narrowed in the basal region, forming a so-called claw, the mar-
gins of which are turned inward so as to meet each other and
form a tube 2 cm. in length leading to the nectary at the base of
the claw. There is a scanty supply of nectar, and no odor. The
perianth-segments are red, changing to orange mixed with dark-
brown spots around the opening of the tube. The stamens reach
a length of 7 cm., and in consequence of an outward movement
the anthers form a circle of 2 cm. diameter around the stigma,
the same as in Lilium Canadense. Anthers and stigma are on the
same level, and in the older flower the latter is carried to one side
and often brought in touch with an anther. This leads to spon-
taneous self-pollination. Whether this species is also self-sterile
like the preceding one I am unable to state. In these homogamous
flowers the filaments and style agree in color with the perianth-
leaves, but the anthers and stigma are dark-brown and the pollen
brownish-yellow.

In favorable weather pollination is mostly due to the visits
of butterflies, but pollen-collecting bees may also touch the stigma
if they appear very shortly after the opening of the flower before
the anthers have moved away from the stigma. The butterfly
Argynnis cybele Fabr. is the most frequent visitor. It settles down

JAN. 1907. WISCONSIN FLOWERS AND THEIR POLLINATION. 29

on one side of the flower and crawls around between the stamens
and the perianth-leaves, draining one nectary after the other, and
thereby dusting the lower surface of its front wings with pollen.
Incidentally it rubs these same parts against the stigma. One bee
and three butterflies make up the list of visitors:

A. Hymenoptera
Andrenide: (1) Augochlora confusa Rob. female, c. p.

B. Lepidoptera

Rhopalocera: (2) Papilio polyxenes Fabr.; (3) Argynnis
cybele Fabr.; (4) Phyciodes tharos Dru.—all s.

Erythronium albidum Nutt. White Adder’s Tongue. White Dog’s
tooth Violet.

This plant has been found in bloom from April 20 to May 15.
Robertson (9) has given an account of this species and from this
we see that there is a considerable difference in size between the
flowers of our region with a diameter of 3 to 4 cm., and those
of southern Illinois with a diameter of 61%4 cm. There is a soli-
tary nodding white flower at the end of a scape of about 12 cm.
length. Each of the three inner perianth-leaves has a pit-shaped
nectary near the base and a small furrow running down to the
latter. The adjoining filament covers the furrow from within, and
the proboscis of an insect has to pass through the canal thus
formed in order to obtain nectar. There is a median yellow spot, a
“nectar-guide” near the base of each of the perianth-leaves, and
it is of a deeper color and more distinctly heart-shaped on the
inner ones. The stamens of the outer row are shorter than the
others on account of the shorter anthers, and they shed their
pollen entirely before those of the inner row start to dehisce. The
flowers are homogamous since the stigma matures together with
the outer anthers. As a rule the stigma in this species has three
long and spreading branches, while that of E. Americanum the
second species of our flora is usually short and simple. But
Meads (10) has shown that there exists a great amount of vari-

9. Chas. Robertson. ° Flowers and insects VIII. Bot. Gaz., Vol.
XVII., pp. 69-71 (1892).

10. M. E. Meads. The range of variation in species of Erythro-
nium. Bot. Gaz., Vol. XVIII., p. 134 (1893).

30 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

ation in the two species, and that E. albidum may produce a stigma
of the type credited to E Americanum, and vice versa. The inner
anthers surpass the stigma to a slight extent only.

According to Robertson cross-pollination may take place at
any time, but he considers spontaneous self-pollination of com-
mon occurrence in absence of insects. The closing of the flowers
at night and in rainy weather would seem to me to favor spon-
taneous self-pollination as thereby the anthers of the inner row
are pressed against the stigma. The same mode of pollination
may also result from the falling of pollen in a flower in which
the stigma is situated directly below an anther. As Robertson
points out the nodding position of the flowers favors the visits of
bees, and nearly excludes other insects, and sixteen of the twenty-
two visitors observed by him were bees. In our region the flowers
are not so extensively visited, and I have noted the following
bees only:

Hymenoptera

Apide: (1) Ceratina dupla Say; male and female, s.; (2)
Osmia pumila Cr. male, s.; Andrenide: (3) Andrena vicina Sm.
female, s. and c. p.; (4) Augochlora confusa Rob., female, s.

Erythronium Americanum Ker. Yellow Adder’s Tongue.

The first flowers appear several days behind those of the fore-
going species, and the blooming time extends from about April
25 to May 19. When open the nodding flower is conspicuously
yellow and is situated about 16 cm. above the ground. The bud
has a reddish-brown color, due to such a coloration of the outer
surface of the outer perianth-leaves. The inner surface of the
latter and the leaves of the inner row in their entirety are yellow
except towards the base where they become brownish with nu-
merous minute reddish-brown spots. In this species too, as in
the preceding one the nectaries are situated at the base of the
inner perianth-leaves, and a furrow guides the insect’s tongue
down to each of them. Dehiscence begins in the anthers of the
outer row, the stamens of which are shorter than those of the
inner row. The latter are 25 mm. long or about 2 mm. longer
than the pistil. While considering the preceding species it was
stated that the stigma in &. Americanum usually does not spread
out in branches as in &. albidum. It is therefore not as liable to
catch falling pollen in the open flower or to meet the anthers in the

JAN. 1907. WISCONSIN FLOWERS AND THEIR POLLINATION. 3h

closing flower as that of the last named species, and consequently
spontaneous self-pollination might not be favored to such an
extent in E. Americanum as in &. albidum.

As regards pollination through the activity of insects the con-
ditions are about the same in both species. Bees are here also the
principal visitors.

Besides perfect (hermaphrodite) flowers Meads (11) has
come across female flowers i. e., with rudimentary anthers, not
producing any pollen. This species therefore furnishes an exam-
ple of a gynodioecious plant.

The following species of bees are the only visitors I have
noted on the flowers.

Hymenoptera

Apide: (1) Bombus americanorum Fabr. female, s.; (2)
Osmia pumila Cr. male, s.; Andrenide: (3) Andrena vicina Sm.
female, c. p.; (4) Halictus 4-maculatus Rob. female, c. p.

FAM. CONVALLARIACE/E.

Asparagus Officinalis L. Asparagus.

The asparagus has escaped from cultivation and is a -com-
paratively common wild plant around Milwaukee. blooming from
about May 29 throughout the summer. Belated flowers have
been seen even on October 6. Mueller (12) described and figured
the greenish, pendulous and befl-shaped flowers. Breitenbach (13)
noted the occurrence of perfect (hermaphrodite) flowers, but as
a rule each plant has either male or female flowers only. Among
the numerous specimens examined in our surroundings I have
_ never come across one with perfect flowers. The male flower has
a length of 6 mm., and always contains a rudimentary pistil. The
female flower is considerably shorter (3 to 4 mm.) and is sup-
plied with abortive anthers.

ier bien Meads:.- Loc. cit.; p. 137.

12. H. Mueller. Befruchtung der Blumen durch Insekten, pp.
64-65. See also P. Knuth Handb. d. Bluetenbiologie, Vol. II., pp. 505-506.

13. W. Breitenbach. Ueber Asparagus officinalis, etc. Bot. Ztg.,
Vol. XXXVI., pp. 163-167.

32 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

The flowers with their faint odor are regularly visited by bees,
but the larger and therefore more conspicuous male flowers are
decidedly more attractive than the female flowers. On June 19
two large plants standing close together, one with male and the
other with female flowers, were kept under observation for some
length of time. The male flowers received a grater number of
visitors, mostly female bees of the genus Halictus in search of
pollen, and the few bees paying their attention to the female flow-
- ers were mostly supplied with pollen from their previous visits to
the male flowers. In this manner cross-pollination is insured in
accordance with the rule laid down by Sprengel that in diclinous
plants the male flowers are more showy so as to attract the insects
in the order most favorable to pollination. Both kinds of flowers
secrete nectar at the bottom of the tube.

The following visitors were observed on three different days
in June:

Hymenoptera

Apide: (1) Bombus consimilis Cr. female, s.; (2) Ceratina
dupla Say female, s. and c. p.; (3) Megachile infragilis Cr. male,
s.; Andrenide: (4) Augochlora confusa Rob. female, s. and c..p.;
(5) Halictus coriaceus Sm. female, c. p.; (6) H. 4-maculatus Rob.
female, c. p.;.(7) H. zephyrus Sm. female, c. p.; (8) Prosopis
pygmea Cr. female, s.

Clintonia borealis (Ait) Raf. Yellow Clintonia.

On two different occasions, on June 3 and 5, I have had the
opportunity of watching these flowers in a tamarack swamp at
Elkhart Lake, Sheboygan Co., Wis. They were visited by two
species of bumble-bees and two smaller bees as follows:

Hymenoptera

Apide: (1) Bombus consimilis Cr. female, s. and c. p.; (2)
B. virginicus Oliv. female, s. and c. p.; Andrenide: (3) Halictus
versatus Rob. female, c. p.; (4) Agapostemon radiatus Say
female, s.

Miss Alice Carter (14) witnessed the visits of bumble-bees at
Ithaca, N. Y., and Lovell (15) in Maine those of a beetle, the

14. Alice Carter. Notes on pollination. Bot. Gaz., Vol. XVIL.,
“p. 21 (1892).
15.:) J. Lovell? Doe. :est.,4p. 499.

JAN. 1907. WISCONSIN FLOWERS AND THEIR POLLINATION. 33

honey-bee and a bumble-bee Bombus consimilis, one of the species
represented in the list given above.

The bell-shaped greenish-yellow flowers are situated at the
summit of a scape forming an umbel of three to six pendulous
flowers directed to one side, and in addition to these we sometimes
find two or three flowers lower down on the same side of the
scape. The six perianth-leaves are recurved so as to give the
fully developed flower a diameter of 21%4 cm. Stamens, pistil and
perianth-segments are all of the same length, from 18 to 20 mm.
In the basal region the segment is folded together and forms a
medial furrow of 2 mm. depth along the inner side, at the bottom
of which nectar is secreted. The broadened base of the opposite
filament covers the furrow and a canal of 6 mm. length is thereby
constructed running down to the nectary.

The style protrudes from the middle of the flower, but it is
directed slightly downward and carries a broad flattened stigma.
The anthers are about 5 mm. in length. They are kept well out
of the way of the stigma, being arranged in a circle of 2 cm.
diameter around the latter. Such an anther splits open laterally
and within a short time along its entire length. In warm and dry
weather this whole process of dehiscence may be accomplished
within an hour. The flowers are homogamous.

There is a slight possibility of spontaneous self-pollination tak-
ing place through the falling of pollen on the stigma, but the
flowers are adapted to long-tongued bees and bumble-bees (flying
at this time of the year in the female sex only) are certainly the
most efficient pollinators. Such a bumble-bee usually alights on
the lowest flower of a group and after sucking and collecting
pollen crawls up to the neighboring one. Cross-pollination or at
least self-pollination is the outcome. The visits of the short-
tongued bees mentioned in the list, (Halictus and A gapostemon),
are hardly of any use to the flowers, unless they alight on the
stigma, but this is generally not the case.

An interesting feature of these flowers is the arrangement by
which they are more or less protected from unwelcome visitors.
The bases of the filaments are well supplied with protruding hairs,
and the same is the case with the perianth-divisions in their basal
region along the outer surface, where they are close together. This
renders it difficult for ants and all kinds of short-tongued insects
to push their mouth parts from the outside in between the peri-

34 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

anth-divisions at the base of the flower or in between the base of
a filament and a perianth-division on the inside.

Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong. Wild Spikenard.

Robertson (16) has described the structure of these flowers,
and given an account of their pollination as observed by~him in
Macoupin Co. in southern Illinois, where the flowers bloom from
May 7 to 30. In our latitude they appear nearly a month later,
extending their flowering period from about June 2 to 29. The
white flowers are very small, and are gathered in a panicle at the
end of the stem, but being very numerous they render the inflor-
escence visible from a considerable distance. I estimated the
number of flowers in an inflorescence of 5 cm. breadth and 14 cm.
length at about 500. The main parts of the flower are the diver-
gent stamens and the pistil, while the perianth-segments are ex-.
ceptionally small and inconspicuous as pointed out by Robertson.
The flowers are proterogvnous and cross-pollination is the prob-
able outcome. Grassmann (17) noted the presence of septal
glands, but Robertson could not detect any nectar, and in our
surroundings these flowers do not show the slightest trace of nec-
tar. They are visited for pollen only, but their peculiar odor may
be quite attractive to certain insects, bugs for example that I have
repeatedly seen gathering in numbers on the flowers towards
evening.

In southern Illinois this species seems to be poorly visited, only
three small bees and one beetle having been noticed by Robertson.
In a certain locality along the railroad north of West Allis, a
suburb of Milwaukee, the plants are plentiful, and I observed
quite a gathering of various insects, notably bees and flies, but
also beetles and bugs. Following is the list of these visitors:

A. Hymenoptera

Andrenide: (1) Andrena mvalis Sm. female, c. p.; (2)
A:.corm. Rob. female; ¢c. p.5.(3) Ay cressonn Rob, female, apse
(4) Augochlora confusa Rob. female, c. p.; (5) Halictus lerouxu

16. Chas. Robertson. Flowers and insects XVI. Bot. Gaz., Vol.
XXL, p. 27071896);

17. P. Grassmann. Die Septaldruesen, Flora. Vol. LXVIL., p. 118
(1884). ;

JAN. 1907. WISCONSIN FLOWERS AND THEIR POLLINATION. 35

Lep. female, c. p.; (6) H. zephyrus Sm. female, c. p.; (7) H. albi-
pennis Rob. female, c. p.; (8) Sphecodes clematidis Rob. female,
searching for nectar.

B. Diptera

Stratiomyide: (9) Stratiomyia lativentris Lw.; Bombyliude:
(10) Bombylius atriceps Lw.; Syrphide: (11) Mesogramma gem-
inata Say; Tachinide: (12) Peleteria tessellata Fabr.; (13)
Archytas analis Fabr.; Sarcophagide: (14) Sarcophaga sp.;
Dexiide: (15) Mvocera cremides Walk.; Muscide: (16) Lucila
sylvarum Meig.: (17) LL. sericata Meig.; Anthomyide: (18)
Phorbia sp.; (19) Drymeia sp.—all except (10) f. p., (10) prob-
ing around the base of the ovary for nectar.

D, Coleoptera

FBlateride: (20) Agriotes oblongicollis Mels.; Scarabzide:
(21) Trichius piger Fabr.; Cerambycide: (22) Cyrtophorus ver-
rucosus Oliv.; (23) Acmeops bivitiata Say; Anthicide: (24)
Corphyra collaris Say; Meloide: (25) Macrobasis unicolor Kirby
—all f. p.

D. Hemiptera.

Capside: (26) Calocoris rapidus Say; (27) Poecilocapsus
lineatus Fabr. (28) P. goniphorus Say—all resting on the flowers.
Vagnera stellata (L.) Morong. Star-flowered Solomon’s Seal.

This common species blooms around Milwaukee from about
May 13 to June 8 and the flowers are abundantly visited by bees as
well as flies. Robertson (18) speaks of an adaptation to the less
specialized bees—Andrenidw, but my observations show that they
are equally well adapted to the specialized flies of the family
Syrphide, over one-half of the visitors belonging to the Andrenide
-and Syphide, taken together. This is what might be expected
when we consider the structure of the flowers. They are pure
white with the exception of the light yellow anthers and are
arranged in a terminal raceme. The diameter of a flower is about
12 mm. The leaves of the perianth are spread so as to form
nearly a right angle with the axis of the flower, and the stamens
take up an intermediate position between the perianth-segments
and the pistil, whereby the anthers are kept at a distance from the

18. Chas. Robertson. Loc. cit., pp. 269-270.

36 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

stigma. The latter is receptive from the opening of the flower on,
and later the introrse anthers open one by one. Proterogyny is
well marked, and the flowers are destined to become cross-pol-
linated. Where the flowers grow in patches as they usually do,
visitors are not lacking, and they are attracted by a liberal supply
of pollen, an agreeable sweet odor, and easily accessible drops of
nectar secreted at the base of the ovary.

I have taken the following insects on the flowers:
A. Hymenoptera .

Apide: (1) Apis mellifera L. worker, s.; (2) Bombus consim-
ilis Cr. female, s.; (3) B. ternarius Say female, s.; (4) Nomada
cuneata Rob. female, s.;(5) N. cressoniit Rob. male, s.; (6) Osmia
purpurea Cr. female, s.; Andrenide: (7) Andrena nivalis Sm.
female, s.; (8) A. hartfordensis Ckll. female. s.; (9) A. cressonu
Rob., s.; (10) A. sigmundi Ckll., female, s.; (11) Augochlora
wrdula om., (12) A. confusa’ Rob:, female, s.,and Gea
(13) Agapostemon radiatus Say, female, s. and c. p.; (14)
Halictus provancheri D. 'T., female, s. and c. p.; (15) H. lerouxii
Lep., female, s. and c. p.; (16) H. sephyrus Sm. female, s. and
c. p.; (17) AH. cressonu Rob. female, s.; (18) H. sparsus Rob.,
female, s.; Eumenide: (19) Odynerus pennsylvanicus Sauss., s.

B. Diptera

Stratiomyide: (20) Odontomyia pubescens Day; Syrphide:
(21) Mesogramma marginata Say; (22) M. geminata Say; (23)
Spherophoria cylindrica Say ; (24) Neoascia globosa Walk. ; (25)
Eristalis dinudiatus Wied.; (26) Helophilus similis Macq.; (27)
A. laetus Lw.; (28) H. chrysostomus Wied.; (29) Mallota cim-
bicifornus Fall.; (30) Tropidia quadrata Say.; (31) Xylota
cjuncida Say : (32) Syritta pipiens I,.; Tachinide: (33) Cistogas-
ter wmmaculata Macq.: (34) Siphona geniculata Deg.; (35)
Melanophrys insolita Walk.; (36) Gonia capitata De G.; (37)
Peleteria robusta Wied.; (38) Archytas analis Fabr.; Sarcophag-
ide: (39) Sarcophaga sp.; Muscide: (40) Lucilia sylvarum
Meig.; Anthomyidz: (41) Hydrotea sp.—all s. or f. p.

C. Lepidoptera

Rhopalocera: (42) Pontia rape L.; s.; (43) Atrytone zabulon
Bd. and Lec.—all s.

JAN. 1907. WISCONSIN FLOWERS AND THEIR POLLINATION. 37

. D_ Coleoptera
Scarabeide: (44) Trichius piger Fabr. s. and f. p.
Vagnera trifolia (L.) Morong. Three-leaved Solomon’s Seal.

It is a common inhabitant of the same tamarack swamp at
Elkhart Lake, Sheboygan Co., Wis., referred to above in con-
nection with Clintonia borealis, and it was observed on the same
dates as the latter, viz: June 3 and 5. The average height of the
plants is 15 cm., and the ten to fourteen flowers on slender pedicels
are arranged in a loose raceme. As regards the structure of the
flower and the relative position of perianth-segments, stamens
and pistil to each other there is a striking similarity to the flower
of lV’. stellata considered above, but that of V.. trifolia is much
smaller, measuring only 6 to 7 mm. across. All of the parts of
the flower are white, except the anthers which are brown-violet.
Nectar appears in droplets in the furrows along the ovary and this
indicates the presence of septal glands. In view, of the more or
less upright position of the flowers spontaneous self-pollination
can hardly occur. Such a flower is proterogynous, but only for a
short while, and consequently cross-pollination results from the
early visits of insects while later on after the anthers have begun
to empty their pollen either cross or self-pollination may be
effected by such visitors. Altogether these flowers do not seem
to attract insects to any extent. ‘They are sweet-scented, but
the individual flower is inconspicuous and the same may be said of
the few-flowered loose inflorescence as a whole. On the two dates
mentioned above two beetles were the only insects seen on the ©
flowers, but the time available for such observations was too
short, and we might expect to find small bees and flies paying
attention to them. The two beetles belonged to the following

species :
| Coleoptera

Elateride: (1) Cardiophorus convexulus WLec.; (2) Elater
rubricus Say-—both s.

Unifolium Canadense (Desf.) Greene. Two-leaved Solomon’s Seal.

Flowering period from May 27 to June 21. There may be as
many as 50 of the small white fragrant flowers forming a terminal
raceme on a stem 10 to 18 cm. high. The flowers are borne by
short (4 mm.) pedicels two of which originate from a common
point of the stem. <A short time after the opening of the flower

38 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

the four perianth-leaves of 3 mm. length become strongly reflexed,
and the four stamens which are only 2 mm. long move outwards.
The two divisions of the pistil are connected nearly for their entire
length, but the stigma is two-parted. The latter is already recep-
tive at the time the flowers open, and the introrse anthers begin
to dehisce shortly afterward. Proterogyny is therefore short-
lived. On account of the vertical position of the flowers pollen
is more liable to fall on the stigma of the same flower and produce
spontaneous self-pollination then in any of the species of Vagnera
dealt with above. No nectar is present, but the flowers receive
sufficient attention from short-tongued bees and flies to effect
cross-pollination in many instances. In the following I present
the list of visitors observed on the flowers:

A. Hymenoptera

Andrenide: (1) Halictus provancheri D. 'T., female, c. p.; (2)
H. leronxu Lep., female, c. p.

B. Diptera

Culicidzee: (3) Culex stimulans Walk.; Syrphide: (4) Meso-
gramma geminata Say; (5) Neoascia globosa Walk.; (6) Mallota
posticata Fabr.; Conopide: (7) Zodion fulvifrons Say—all except

(3) and (7) f. p.
C. Coleoptera,

Cerambvcide: (8) Cyrtophorus verrucosus Oliv.; Chry-
somelide: (9) Crepidodera cucumeris Harr.—both f. p.

Streptopus roseus Mich. Sessile-leaved Twisted-stalk.

This species has a rather short blooming time, viz: from about
Mav 23 to June 7. None of the specimens under observation were
higher than 4 dm., and while the smaller plants have simple stems
the larger ones carry one or two branches in addition to the main
stem. The slender pedicel of 1%4 cm. length is bent downward
under the corresponding stem-leaf, and carries a rose-colored
pendulous and bell-shaped flower. The position of the latter under
the nearly horizontal stem-leaf hides it from view from
above, and also affords it some protection from the rain and the
ravs of the sun. There is an overlapping of the three perianth-
leaves of the outer row and those of the inner row, whereby a
tube is formed 8 mm. in length with reflexed tips. Each leaf of

JAN. 1907. WISCONSIN FLOWERS AND THEIR POLLINATION. 39

the inner row has a furrow ‘directed downwards to the nectary
at the base, and such a cup-shaped nectary is also present at the
base of each of the outer leaves, but without a furrow. The broad-
ened -filaments are closely appressed to their corresponding
perianth-leaves, and for this reason the nectar of the three inner
leaves can be reached only through a narrow tube, 3 mm. in
length. The six anthers in two rows are inclined towards the
style, and dehiscence starts in those of the outer row. The three
branches of the style surpass the anthers by at least 2 mm., and
their stigmas are visible in the mouth of the flowers. This species
seems to be slightly proterandrous since the papille of the stigma
do not become plainly developed until the pollen is being shed.
There is a sweet odor and an abundant supply of nectar. In the
older flowers a change of color to a more intense and darker
red takes place.

We have here an interesting example of an andromonoecious
plant. In addition to the perfect (fertile) flowers just described
there appear regularly somewhat smaller male flowers with nor-
mally developed stamens and undeveloped pistils, but furnishing
a full amount of nectar. About one-half of the flowers are male -
(sterile), and these are always situated along the apical portion
of the stem, while the perfect flowers are below. For example in
a large plant with three branches the distribution of flowers was
as follows:

Lower branch 3 perfect 2 male
Middle “ 2 ig es
Upper 6é 5 6é 2 sé

In this specimen with seventeen flowers ten were perfect and
only seven male, but in some instances fully one-half are male..

The only visitors seen on several occasions belonged to the
same species of bee: Andrena milwaukeensis Graen, female. This:
bee is in the habit of collecting pollen on various flowers and is
therefore not an oligotropic visitor of Streptopus roseus.

Salomonia biflora (Walt.) Britton. Hairy Solomon’s Seal.

The plants vary in height from about 5 to 8 dm., and are in
blossom from May 17 to June 10. There are usually two, some-
times three of the greenish-white tubular flowers hanging from
the same pedicel. The length of the perianth is 10 to 12 mm.,
and in width the tube varies from 4>mm. in the region of the
ovary to 3 mm. in the middle, and still less at the mouth. The

40 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

six stamens are inserted above the middle of the tube. Their
introrse anthers are directed inwardly and brought with their
tips so close together as to form a cone in the mouth of the
flower. An insect’s probocis has free access to the flower through
the six lateral spaces between the filaments and the tubes. On
account of the length of the style (9 mm.) the capitate stigma
with its numerous papille protrudes into the cavity of the hollow
cone formed by the anthers. As soon as the line of dehiscence
which begins at the apex of the anther reaches the stigma spon-
taneous self-pollination may take place. Before dehiscence has
progressed so far an insect may effect self or cross-pollination by
introducing its probocis through the middle of the flower and
touching the stigma with pollen of the same or of another plant.

The species of Salomonia (Polygonatum) which have been
examined so far are known to have homogamous flowers (19),
but in S. bifora we are undoubtedly dealing with proterandry.
While the stigma is receptive before the flower opens the anthers
do not begin to dehisce until after the opening has taken place.
This species differs in another respect from the species studied
heretofore. In the latter nectar is secreted by the septal glands
of the ovary, but in \S. biflora it is produced in three spots on the
inner surface of the perianth somewhat above the base. These
three drops of nectar are visible from the outside through the
transparent tube of the perianth, and they are situated on the dis-
tinct lines that indicate the middle of the three inner perianth-
segments.

The opening of the flower takes place through the outward
movement of the six tips (teeth) of the perianth-divisions,
whereby those representing the inner row assume an erect posi-
tion, while those of the outer row become reflexed. In the older
(fertilized) flower these teeth move back to their original posi-
tion and close the tube. The perianth gradually becomes yellow
and withers.

The following visitors have been noticed on the flowers:

A. Hymenoptera

Apide: (1) Apis mellifera I, worker, s.; (2) Bombus con-
similis Cr. female, s. and c. p.; (3) B. virginicus Oliv., female, s.:;
(4) B. americanorum Fabr., female, s.

19. P. Knuth. Handb. d. Bluetenbiologie, Vol. II, p. 507.

JAN. 1907. WISCONSIN FLOWERS AND THEIR POLLINATION. 41

B. Aves.

(5) Trochilus colubris L., s. —

Bumble-bees are the most important visitors. The visits of our
humming-bird (Trochilus colubris) are of interest and have been
discussed at the beginning of this paper.

Salomonia commutata (R. & S.) Britton. Smooth Solomon’s Seal.

This plant, the Polygonatum giganteum Dietr., is much larger
than the one just referred to, reaching in our region a height of
10 to 15 dm. Its flowers appear later than those of the other
species, from June 7 to July 3. Robertson (20) has considered
this species in connection with a review of the genus. The speci-
miens studied in our locality differ in several points from those
of southern Illinois as described by Robertson. There are two
to five flowers in a group. The tube is about 17 mm. long, and
has a diameter of 4 mm. at the mouth and 6 mm. in the middle.
The teeth of the outer perianth-divisions are hardly more reflexed
than those of the inner, they are all nearly erect. The flowers are
homogamous, stigma and anthers becoming mature as soon as the
tube opens. In the Illinois plants (Robertson) the style is too
short to touch the anthers, thereby excluding spontaneous self-
pollination. In our specimens the style with its stigma either
reaches up between the anthers as in S. biflora, or it even sur-
passes the anthers by at least 1 mm. In the latter case cross-pol-
lination through insects may be more easily accomplished than in
S. biflora, on the other hand spontaneous self-pollination may
take place when the pollen falls. In the plants of our surround-
ings therefore two different ways are open to spontaneous self-
pollination.

Nectar is produced by the septal glands of the ovaries, but in
addition to this the tissues of the inner surface of the tube are
very juicy and yield droplets of a sweet liquid when punctured
by the mouth parts of the visiting insects. Even the inner surfaces
of the teeth (tips of the perianth-division) which are dry imme-
diately after the opening of the tube show such droplets after
having received the attention of bees, and I have several times
seen the short-tongued hees figuring in the list below (Halictus)
obtaining sweets around the mouth of the flower.

In our region Salomonia commutata is andromonoecious. I

20. Chas. Robertson. Loc. cit., p. 268.

42 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

have come across specimens having the uppermost flower or the
two uppermost flowers of the stem sterile i. e. with the style rudi-
mentary or nearly wanting. This is the only example of an andro
monoecious species of Salomonia (Polygonatum) hitherto re-
ported.

The humming-bird has been observed at the flowers, and three
bees besides:

A. Hymenoptera

Apide: (1) Bombus consimilis Cr., female, s.; Andrenide:
(2) Halictus forbesti Rob., female, s.; (3) H. 4-maculatus Rob.,
female, s. and c. p. :

B. Aves.

(4) Trochilus colubris L,, s.
Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. Large-flowered Wake-robin.

It is the commonest of our species of Trillium and is usually
found in blossom from about May 6 to June 3. The large erect
white flowers are among the most conspicuous of the spring flow-
ers of our woodlands. They are proterandrous as shown by Loew
(21), who studied them from plants growing in the Botanical Gar-
den at Berlin. The anthers are 12 mm. long, two-thirds of this
length being above the stigmas and one-third reaching down below
the latter. Dehiscence begins above, and as soon as the stigma
is reached spontaneous self-pollination undoubtedly takes place
unless it has it has been preceded by self or cross-pollination
through insects. Jn flowers in which the anthers have shed their
pollen completely the stigmatic surfaces may be seen surrounded
by pollen. According to Miss Alice Carter (22) nectar is secreted
by septal glands, and in the plants examined in our neighborhood
this is very clearly the case. Large drops are sometimes visible
between the septal furrows of the ovary and the petals, taking up
the space around the bases of the filaments. We might expect
these showy and sweet-scented flowers with an abundant supply of
pollen and nectar to be decidedly attractive to insects, and still
this is not the case. It is, on the contrary, quite astonishing how
little attention is paid to them. The only insect ever seen by me

21. E. Loew. Bluetenbiologische Beitraege II. Pringsh. Jahrb.
Vol. XXIII., pp. 78-79 (1892).

22. Alice Carter. Notes on pollination. Bot. Gaz., Vol. XVII.,
p 21 (1892).

JAN. 1907. WISCONSIN FLOWERS AND THEIR POLLINATION. 43

visiting such a flower in search of food was a small bee, a male
Ceratina dupla Say. Some bees, especially the males of solitary
bees are in the habit of selecting flowers of convenient structure
as lodging-places for the night or in inclement weather, and under
these circumstances they may be instrumental in effecting pollina-
tion. On a very windy day I found a male of the same bee
referred to above seeking protection in one of the flowers, and on
another occasion I saw two males of Andrena geranu Rob., taking
up their abode in such a flower, also on account of the very high
wind. Miss Carter kept flowers of this species under observation
at the Botanical Garden of South Hadley, Mass., and she men-
tions the visits of pollen-collecting honey-bees, (an introduced
species), but not of any of our native insects. From all these
facts I am forced to believe that spontaneous self-pollination is
the rule in Trillium grandiflorum and that only a small percentage
of the flowers becomes cross-pollinated.

Trillium nivale Riddell. Early Wake-robin.

On a former occasion (23) I mentioned this species as being
the earliest among our entomophilous flowers. The first flowers
may be expected within the first two weeks in April, and in the
exceedingly early spring of 1898 they appeared already on
March 26. Neither before nor since the publication of the paper
just cited have I ever succeeded in witnessing the visit of any
insect to this pollen-flower, and spontaneous self-pollination is
to all appearances the usual mode of pollination in our region.
This is brought about by the recurving of the style until the
stigma meets the anthers, but it takes place rather late, and this
circumstance, together with the fact that the sigmas are at first
situated above the anthers, points to cross-pollination as a possible
outcome during the early life of the flower.

Trillium erectum L. Ill-scented Wake-robin.

This species has been noticed in blossom from May 19 to
June 1, but my observations do not cover its entire flowering
period. It is of especial interest on account of the variation in
color shown throughout its range. According to Britton’s Manual
the petals may be dark purple, pink, yellow, greenish or white.

23. S. Graenicher. Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. I (new series),
pp. 1-2.

44 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

Loew (24) considers the dark purple and ill-scented variety, a
nauseous flower, and he informs us that the styles surpass the
anthers, and that the former are bent backwards. Miss Carter
(25) states of the dark variety with a disagreeable odor observed
at South Hadley, Mass., that no nectar is secreted, that the
stamens and pistils are of the same length, and that self-pollina-
tion is apparently the rule. She noticed four beetles on the older
flowers and did not consider their presence of any importance.
Weed (26) saw several species of flesh-flies feeding on the pollen
of these flowers in New Hampshire, and he regards the latter as
proterandrous and adapted to cross-pollination. Around Milwau-
kee T. erectum appears to my knowledge in the white variety only,
and these flowers possess an agreeable sweetish odor, but they
do not produce any nectar. Those examined measured 5 cm.
across, and their stamens were 13 mm. long, 10 mm. of which
were taken up by the anthers. The stigmas are situated some-
what above the latter, but they are gradually brought in contact
with them when the branches of the style curve outward. I have
seen a stigma in close touch with a dehiscent anther.

As set forth above these flowers offer only pollen to the vis-
itors, and they probably attract very few of them. On May 24
I noticed a bumble-bee, a female Bombus americanorum Fabr.,
alighting on a flower hunting for nectar; not finding the desired
object it immediately flew over to a neighboring flower of Salo-
moma biflora (see above) where it was more successful. Alto-
gether the flowers of 7. erectum seem to be poorly attractive to
insects, and spontaneous self-pollination takes place probably in
the majority of the cases.

Trillium cernuum L. Nodding Wake-robin.

The white flowers are concealed beneath the leaves, and for
this reason they are not as readily noticed as those of the species
of Trillium already considered. I have met with these flowers on
several occasions between May 22 and 27, and have not witnessed
a single visit. They are as Miss Carter (27) has noted,

24. E. Loew. Bluetenbiol. Beitraege II., pp. 78-79.

25; A. Carter. Loc. cit., p. 20.

26. C. M. Weed. ‘ten New England blossoms and their insect
visitors, pp. 53-60 (1895).

at. A, Carter... coca, p21.

JAN. 1907. WISCONSIN FLOWERS AND THEIR POLLINATION. 45

slightly proteraridrous, and in the fully opened nodding flower
spontaneous self-pollination may easily result from the position
_ of the recurving stigmas directly below the anthers. Small drops
of nectar from the septal glands may be seen near the base of
the ovary. A bumble-bee was observed by Miss Carter sucking
nectar.

Trillium recurvatum Beck. Prairie Wake-robin.

Robertson (28) has given an account of the pollination of this
dark purple erect flower. Usually a number of plants grow to-
gether in patches in damp woods. The flowers of our region,
blooming from May 15 to about June I agree in all details with
those from southern Illinois as described by Robertson. The
green sepals are reflexed, but the dark purple petals form an
arch over the middle of the flower. The rigid anthers with their
remarkably broad connective are very dark in color, and are
inclined over the dark purple branches of the style. Pollen may
fall directly on the stigmas, and this is one way in which spon-
taneous self-pollination is possible. It also takes place when the
recurved stigma touches an anther lined with pollen, a procedure
which I have witnessed in several older flowers. As Robertson
remarks, the flowers possess neither nectar nor odor, in fact
nothing to attract insects except possibly the purple color, and
he expresses the opinion that they may be visited by small flies
at night. On May 20 during the day I watched a fungus-gnat
Sciara exigua Say (family Mycetophilide) crawling around in
a flower and coming in contact with both anthers and stigmas.
Although such a visit may be favorable to pollination, the flies of
this family can hardly be depended upon to pay regular visits
to these flowers, and it is more than probable that in T. recurva-
tum spontaneous self-pollination is the method usually resorted to.

28. Chas. Robertson. Loc. cit., p. 273.

NEW CHALCID-FLIES FROM CAPE COLONY,
By CHARLES T. BrugEs

The following seven new species of Hymenoptera of the super-
family Chalcidoidea were sent to me by Dr. Hans Brauns of
Willomore, Cape Colony. The types are in the Milwaukee Public
Museum.

They represent an interesting addition to the very small num-
ber of Chalcids so far described from South Africa. Two form
the types of new genera, while the others add three genera not
hitherto recorded from that region.

FAMILY TORYMID-.
SUBFAMILY ORMYRINZ.
Ormyrodes gen. nov.

Body coarsely punctate, nowhere striate, the punctures at the
base of the middle abdominal segments scarcely coarser than else-
where. Abdomen very long, subulate, nearly three times as long
as the head and thorax, with a strong median dorsal carina ex-
tending from the base of the third abdominal segment to the tip
of the abdomen. Ocelli large, the lateral ones equidistant from
the median one and the eye-margin. Eyes thickly pilose. Pro-
thorax one-half as long and considerably narrower than the
mesonotum, the latter with a slight depression on each side to
indicate obsolete parapsidal furrows. Legs slender, tibial spurs
small and delicate. Tarsi all rather distinctly spinous beneath.
Wings with a long marginal vein, two-fifths as long as the sub-
marginal. Stigmal one-third the length of the marginal, clavate
and unusually oblique; postmarginal as long or longer than the
marginal, attenuated gradually at the tip and continued as a faint
thickening as far as the wing tip.

Type O. carinatus sp. nov.

The extremely long, awl-shaped abdomen, uniformly punctuate
body, hairy eyes, and long postmarginal vein in the wings will
serve to identify the genus which falls close to Ormyrus. In sculp-

ture of the body it resembles Forster’s Tribeus; the latter is how-
46

JAN. 1907. NEW CHALCID-FLIES FROM CAPE COLONY. 47

ever not recognized by Mayr as generically distinct from Ormy-
TUS.
Ormyrodes carinatus sp. nov.

Female. Length 10 mm., of body 7mm. Head and thorax bronzed
green, the thorax with a reddish cast; abdomen zneous, varied with
bluish and greenish, sides of the third segment anteriorly whitish
pubescent, anterior angles of the fourth and fifth segments much more
strongly so, the spots appearing olive green in certain lights. Base
of the sixth segment deep orange, seventh metallic blue. Legs light
rufous; coxz greenish black, thickened parts of the femora, especially
the posterior pair, blue-black; base of tibize and tarsi except tips pale
yellow. Wings hyaline, with a very indistinct cloud below the stigma.
Head coarsely, almost confluently punctured, covered with a whitish
pubescence. Antenne black, the pedicel and second flagellar joint of
equal length, first flagellar one-third shorter, no ring-joint, fourth and
fifth equal, the following decreasing, tip of antenne broken off in the
type specimen. Occiput, especially on the sides, circularly striate.
Thorax and scutellum punctured like the head, the scutellum broadly
rounded at the tip. Metathorax very short, scarcely visible above.
whitish hairy and punctured on the sides. First and second abdominal
segments smooth, except for transverse bands of fine punctures at the
middle. Third rather deeply pitted with punctures the size of those
on the thorax. The abdomen is suddenly constricted at the tip of
this segment, the tip of the fourth segment being only one-quarter as
wide as the base of the third. Third segment longest, fourth to sev-
enth about equal, each two-thirds the length of the third. Venter
distinctly, but more finely punctate. Ovipositor projecting to a dis-
tance equal to one-half the length of the pygidium, blunt at tip.

Described from one female collected at Uitenhage, Cape Col-
ony, November 15, 1896.

BPAMILY ENCYRTIDAL.
SUBFAMILY EUPELMIN2.

Charitopus albopalpalis sp. nov.
Female. Length 3 mm. Head and thorax metallic green, abdo-
men beyond the first segment decidedly coppery. Legs brown or
piceous; the anterior coxe and trochanters, the spurs of the middle

48 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

and hind tibie, extreme base of first joint of middle tarsus, hind
trochanters and a very decided stripe on the outer side of the posterior
tibie, pale yellow or whitish. Antenne piceous, the flagellar joints
except the last, yellowish brown. Mandibles brown, with black tips.
Palpi whitish, the last joint long, swollen and bent at the base. Body
slender; head transverse, two and one-half times as wide as thick and
about as broad as high; front microscopically rugose, face shagreened.
Eyes hairy. Antenne 11-jointed, the flagellum brown except the last
joint, which is black. Scape piceous, thickened towards the middle,
nearly one-half as long as the flagellum; pedicel a little shorter than
the first and second flagellar joints together, ring joint wider than
long. Third and following fiagellar joints wider and shorter, the
penultimate quadrate and one-half as long as the apical one. On
the under side of the pedicel is a series of about ten very fine, long
hooked hairs to be seen only under high magnification. Mesonotum
shagreened, shining, the parapsidal elevations almost obsolete. Scutel-
lum with a tolerably broad base on the mesonotum, its surface micro-
scopically rugulose. Metanotum polished, the metapleurze above with
long white pubescence. Abdomen as long as the thorax, the posterior
margins of the segments entire. Ovipositor projecting very slightly.
Wings hyaline; submarginal vein two-fifths the length of the wing,
twice as long as the marginal; postmarginal strongly developed, dimin-
ishing apically, but distinct to the apex of the wing; stigmal one-third
the length of the marginal, knobbed at the tip.

One female, Algoa Bay Cape Coiony, November 24, 1806.

The present species could be placed in no other described
genus, but may possibly not be congeneric with the type of
Charitopus. As it agrees in having no bristles on the middle
metatarsi, scarcely any impression on the mesonotum, and long
postmarginal vein, it seems to fall here. The spur of the middle
tibia is well-developed but not especially long and fF can not detect
the “schildformigen mittelbrustseiten” described by Forster
(Hym. Stud. 11, p. 31) in his generic diagnosis of Charitopus, as
more evident than in other Eupelmines. The peculiar hooked hairs
on the antennal pedicel are different from anything I have seen.

Parasolindenia gen. nov. s

Female. Apterous, abdomen very strongly depressed, almost
wafer-like; when seen from above oval, twice as wide as the thorax

JAN. 1907. NEW CHALCID-FLIES FROM CAPE COLONY. 49

and only one-half longer than wide. Ovipositor exerted. Head one
and one-half times as high as wide and twice as wide as thick antero-
posteriorly. Antennz inserted low down on the face, very slender,
with a white annulus on the flagellum. Face with a large, but very
slight depression. Malar furrow present. Eyes bare, showing a
faint pubescence only under a compound microscope; elongate-oval,
convergent above. Ocelli in a rather small triangle, the lateral ones
near to, but not contiguous with the eye-margin. Prothorax very
much contracted in front. Mesonotum sloping very strongly in front,
the parapsidal elevations very sharply defined, especially behind.
Seutellum narrow, almost as long as the mesonotum, with a broad base
against the mesonotum, the axillae triangular, three times as long
as wide in front, the outer edges of the two axillae slightly converg-
ing behind. Secutellum narrowed behind the tips of the axilla to a
slightly rounded point. Posterior face of the metanotum with an
irregular large anterior areola and a smaller posterior one. First to
sixth abdominal segments of about equal length, the seventh short;
posterior angles of the sixth and seventh roundly produced so as to
make the tip of the abdomen quadridentate. Legs very short, the
middle tibiz with a large stout spur, their metatarsi spinose. Hind
tibie with two very small, delicate spurs, one of them almost obsolete.
Wings entirely absent. Type. P. aptera.

The type species is of very peculiar appearance due to its
flattened abdomen and long, slender antennz and legs. It falls
near Solindenia Cameron, from which it differs by the complete
absence of wings, verv slender antennz, and distinctly exerted
ovipositor.

Parasolindenia aptera sp. nov.

Female. Length 3.4 mm, width of abdomen 1.75 mm. Pale
brown, the head bronzed black; the abdomen and pleure more or less
bronzed. Head shining, but microscopically punctured or shagreened.
Base of mandibles brownish. Antenne 13-jointed, scape very slender,
not at all thickened apically, rufous; flagellum slender, black, two and
one-half times as long as the scape, its sixth and seventh joints pure
white. Scutellum, axille, and anterior enclosure of the metanotum
paler brown than the mesonotum. Abdomen fuscous, with indis-
tinctly bronzed surface. Its surface has a silken appearance due to
a thick appressed brownish pubescence over which are scattered

50 RULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

sparse, white appressed hairs; sides of the abdomen paler in color.
Venter with a bluish cast, its pubescense sparse. Ovipositor as long
as the apical two abdominal segments, pale with a black tip. Legs
brownish, hind tibiw lined above with pale yellow; first two joints of
hind tarsi, except the extreme base of metatarsus, whitish. Tips of
all the tarsi blackish.

A single female from Willomore, Cape Colony.

Eupelminus robustus sp: nov.

Female. Length 4-5 mm. Sub-opaque, piceous black, antennal
scape, except the apex, annulus on antenne, middle coxe and trochan-
ters, and the base of four hind tarsi honey-yellow, the markings of
the legs being somewhat paler, especially apically. Head three times
as wide as thick when seen from above, and a trifle longer than wide
when seen from in front, its surface microscopically rugulose. Front
above the antenne almost flat, scarcely impressed. Malar furrow
distinct. Eyes oval, distinctly hairy, separated above by more than
one-third the width of the head, the lateral ocelli near, but not con-
tiguous with the eye-margin. Antenne slender, inserted consider-
ably below the level of the lower eye-margin; flagellum slightly thick-
ened apically, not quite twice as long as the scape, the single ring-
joint as long as thick. Thorax very short, the mesonotum sharply
declivous, the parapsidal elevations sharp. Prothorax as wide as long,
transversely aciculated; mesonotum scarcely as long as wide; the
seutellum so sharply declivous behind that its surface forms a right
angle with the surface of the mesonotum. Axille small, triangular,
scutellum broad, finely rugulose, as is also the short, simple meta-
thorax. Abdomen ovate, as wide as the thorax and two and one-half
times as long as wide, subopaque and sparsely pale hairy; the upper
surface and the venter both convex; six visible segments, the second
to fifth of about' equal length, their posterior margins not incised;
sixth longer, rounded at the tip, and with a few scattered punctures,
ovipositor slightly exerted. Venter more shining. Legs rather stout,
the anterior femora slightly swollen; middle tibize with a strong black
spine, the middle metatarsi spinose; posterior femora swollen near
the base, their tibie of even width and distinctly arcuated. Wings
very small and narrow, extending only to the tip of the metathorax;
fuscous, with an oblique band near the apex. They are distinctly
angled or broken near the middle.

JAN. 1907. NEW CHALCID-FLIES FROM CAPE COLONY. 51

One female from Algoa Bay, Cape Colony.

A species of rather remarkable aspect. The abdomen is con-
vex above and shape and texture departs from the more typical
Eupelminz, recalling in superficial appearance certain Scelionide
except that there is no lateral carina. It would seem similar in
some ways to 4rachnophaga Ashmead, which has no malar fur-
row; it is also fully winged.

Eupelmus nubifer sp. nov.

Female. Length 4mm. Ovipositor 1mm. _ Black, the head and
the pleure strongly blue, the thoracic dorsum and abdomen less
strongly bronzed. Scape of antenne and legs varied with brownish
yellow; ovipositor pale. Wings with a large fuscous cloud. Head
two and one-half times as wide as thick, with a coarsely reticulate
sculpture partially concealing a fine transverse aciculation. On the
occiput and cavity of the face the reticulations disappear and the
transverse aciculations show plainly; cheeks shagreened; clypeus with
rugosities and punctures intermixed. Mandibles and palpi black.
Flagellum of antenne slender, a little more than twice as long as the
scape, pedicel a trifle longer than the first flagellar joint; ring joint
quadrate; flagellar joints gradually shortening, the penultimate quad-
rate, one-half as long as the apical joint. Prothorax evenly narrowed
anteriorly, three-fifths as 1ong' as wide, obliquely aciculate on each
side; mesonotum shagreened, with a trace of transverse aciculation
anteriorly; parapsidal elevations parallel, very distinct but not sharp
above, the posterior margin of the segment raised, then suddenly de-
clivous and more or less distinctly trilobed. Anterior median eleva-
tion rounded in front and tapering to a point just behind the middle
of the mesonotum. Seutellum rounded behind, with a moderately
wide base against the mesonotum; scapule about two times as long
as wide. Metathorax very short; pleure shagreened. Abdomen
spatulate, the posterior margins of the basal segments strongly incised,
not quite as long as the head and thorax together. Dorsal surface con-
cave, except at the tip. Legs rather slender, blue-black; the middle
and posterior trochanters, all knees, bases and tips of tibiz, and tarsi
except tips, honey-yellow or ligater. Marginal vein one-third longer
than the submarginal; postmarginal and stigmal short, about equal,
the stigmal curved and but slightly knobbed at the tip.

One female from Bothaville, Orange Free State, May 15, 1899.

52 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

The roughly sculptured head and clouded wings ought to
make this species easily recognizable.

Eupelmus volator sp. nov.

Female. Length 3.5 mm. Shining purplish black; trochanters,
bases of femora, knees, base and tip of tibize, and tarsi except tips,
brownish testaceous. Wings hyaline, the venation pale. Head shin-
ing, the occiput finely transversely aciculate and the cheeks vertically
aciculate; malar furrow very distinct. Antenne -short, distinctly
thickened toward the tip. Pedicel as long as the first flagellar joint
and the ring joint together, the joints thereafter shortening and thick-
ening, the sixth flagellar being quadrate; penultimate joint only: one-
third as long as the apical one. Eyes without trace of any pubescence.
The insertion of the antenne is distinctly below the level of the lower
eye-margin, and they are well separated at the base. Clypeus convexly
elevated. Prothorax very short; mesonotum shagreened, with the
parapsidal elevations broadly rounded above, slightly convergent be-
hind, meeting the transverse posterior elevation in a curve; central
elevation rounded, not acute behind. Metanotum with a large impres-
sion on each side, separated by a median carina. Pleure shagreened.
Abdomen not quite as long as the head and thorax together, concave
above, the posterior margins of the basal segments deeply incised.
Venter subopaque toward the base. Ovipositor as long as the head
height, pale except at the extreme base and tip. Marginal vein about
as long as the submarginal; postmarginal and stigmal subequal, each
one-fourth as long as the marginal, the stigmal distinctly curved and
but little enlarged at the tip.

One female from Port Elizabeth, South Africa, October 1,
1895.

This is possibly not a true Ewpelmus on account of the entirely
bare eyes, low insertion of the antennz, but it seems to belong no-
where else and I hesitate to erect a new genus for its reception.

Eupelmus cursor sp. nov.

Female. Length 4.5 mm. Elongate, slender; apterous, except for
very small wing pads which reach only to the tip of the scutellum.
Black, more or less bronzed; the prothorax bright greenish-blue;
antennal scape pale brown. Mesonotum brown, with metallic blue re-
fiections behind; the elongate scapule pale yellow; middle and pos-

JAN. 1907. NEW CHALCID-FLIES FROM CAPE COLONY. 53

terior legs with the trochanters, knees, tips of tibiz, and tarsi except
tips pale yellowish. Head shining, shagreened, the facial depression
with indications of transverse aciculation. Lower part of face golden
or coppery, the clypeal margin slightly emarginate medially and edged
with white hairs. Eyes faintly, but distinctly hairy. Prothorax twice
as wide as long, concave above and, polished. Parapsidal elevations
very sharp, converging behind, the central portion longitudinally con-
cave, without any indications of an anterior central elevation. Axille
rather approximated, the base of the scutellum therefore narrower
than usual, as is also the entire scutellum. Metanotum shining, irregu-
larly raised. Abdomen narrow, a little longer than the thorax, convex
above and beneath; first dorsal segment incised behind, second only
roundly emarginate, and third almost entire; surface shagreened.
Ovipositor exerted only one-half the head height; stout, pale yellow.
Legs slender, the spines of the middle metatarsi pale yellow, concolor-
ous with the tarsal joint and not at all conspicuous, the metatarsus is
enlarged in the usual way however. Middle tibial spur strong.

One female from Bothaville, Orange Free State, May 1, 1899.

This is a slender species much like the North American
E. dryorlizoxeni Ashm. It differs from the Eupelminus described

on a previous page by its very narrow body, aside from generic
differences.

Public Museum,
Milwaukee, December 15, 1906.

NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN
PARASITIC AYMENOP TERA UE:

By CHaryues T. BRuEs.

BNCYRTIDA.

Eupelmus melanderi sp. nov.

Female. Length 3 mm. Ovipositor 1 mm. Black, varied with
brown and greenish reflections; legs brownish; ovipositor pale. Head
black with metallic greenish reflections especially strong on the
vertex, those on the sides of the face purplish. Labrum and mandibles
yellow, the latter with black teeth. Palpi black. Antenne 11-jointed,
rather stout, the flagellum a little more ‘than twice as long as the scape.
Scape pale yellow beneath, darker above and at tip, flagellum black;
pedicel as long as the first flagellar joint, the ring-joint short, but
nearly quadrate; the first, second and third flagellar joints gradually
decreasing in length, the third about twice as long as wide at tip;
fourth to seventh decreasing in length, the seventh about quadrate;
last joint enlarged, spatulate and as long as the two preceding. Thorax
brownish-yellow, the middle lobe and the scutellum more or less black
with greenish reflections. Prothorax twice as wide as long, bilobed.
Mesonontum three times as long as the prothorax, the parapsidal eleva-
tions very short and high. Abdomen as long as the thorax, shining
black; ovipositor and its sheaths pale except at the extreme base.
Wings aborted, very short, reaching only to a little beyond the base of
the second abdominal segment, bent upwards at the base of the
abdomen, their tips infuscated; subcostal vein distinct. Legs brown-
ish-yellow, the tips of the middle and hind tibiz and their tarsi whitish;
hind femora darker at the middle.

Described from three female specimens sent me by my friend
Professor A. L. Melander. He bred them from a gall of Rhodites
sp. on Rosa piscocarpa at Pullman, Wash.

This is a close relative of Eupelmus dryorhizoxeni Ashm., a

species abundant in certain parts of the eastern states. The
54

“e

aan 1907. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 55

antennz are shorter and stouter however, the wings not so sharply
and peculiarly bent, the prothorax shorter, and the entire insect
of much stouter habitus.

ICHNEUMONIDE.
Callidiotes kansensis sp. nov.

Female. Length 4.5 mm. Black, legs reddish-yellow, prothorax
rufous, base of antennz brownish, just beyond the middle with a pale
annulus. Clypeus yellow, first three abdominal segments margined with
ferruginous. Head twice as wide as thick; face slightly narrowed be-
low; cheeks below almost smooth, white pilose. Clypeus oval, with a
raised anterior margin, its upper edge distinctly separated from the
face. Mandibles black at the tip, palpi pale. Antenne 34-jointed, as
long as the body, joints 11-14 whitish. Parapsidal furrows indistinct,
uniting above the scutellum to form a depressed scabrous area; parap~-
sides and anterior part of the mesonotum smooth. Scutellum punctu-
late, rufous. Pleure finely punctate, sericeous pubescent, hind mar-
gin of mesopleural piece with a row of submarginal punctures and with
a deep impression above the middle. Metanotum rugulose, completely
areolated, the basal and middle lateral areas separated. Abdomen
distinctly petiolate, the first segment nearly three times as long as
wide at the tip, longitudinally aciculate, with a lateral carina behind
the spiracle reaching to the tip. Viewed from the side the upper mar-
gin is evenly arcuated. Second and third segments of about equal
length, the second nearly quadrate and finely microscopically rugulose
and aciculate. Third segment scabrous, remainder shining. Tip of
abdomen yellow, the ovipositor projecting as far as the length of the
hind metatarsus, its sheaths broadened except at the tip. Venter
whitish. Legs, including’ coxe, brownish-yellow; fourth and fifth
tarsal joints of equal length. Wings hyaline, veins piceous, stigma.
piceous with a white base; radius originating beyond the middle of the
stigma, areolet absent. Basal and transverse median nervure inter-
stitial. Transverse median nervure of hind wings broken near the tip.

Described from one female collected at Lawrence, Kansas,
during July by Mrs. E. S. Tucker.

This is the first North American species to be referred to
this genus. It resembles Mesoleptus albifrons Cresson, on ac-
count of the annulate antenne, but the metathorax is completely

56 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

areolated and the radial vein originates beyond the middle of the
stigma. The abdomen is not entirely smooth as in the European
species of Callidiotes, but the present form agrees in all other
characters of genric value.

Scopiorus monticola sp. nov.

Female. Length 5.46 mm. Black, with face, mandibles, first three
antennal joints beneath, cheeks, palpi, tegule, antetegule, and venter,
except for a median series of black spots, white. Legs, including
coxee, sternum, mesopleure and metapleure, except above, ferruginous.
Apical two-fifths of posterior tibiz and posterior tarsi from tip of first
joint black. The clypeal suture and tip of mandibles are black and the
white of the face medially emarginate above. Head and mesonotum
smooth, polished, the former two and one-half times as wide as thick.
Antenne 27-jointed, almost as long as the body, acuminate at the apex
and indistinctly broadened medially; first flagellar joint the longest,
about four times as long as wide, remainder decreasing in length, the
middle joints not quite twice as broad as long. Scutellum foveate at
the base, the fovea smooth. Metathorax shining, almost smooth, very
strongly areolated. Abdomen coriaceous at the base, apex of first seg-
ment and beyond smooth. First segment with a deep preapical trans-
verse impression, the one on the second segment less deep and broader.
Carine of first segment not reaching beyond the transverse impression.
Second and following segments narrowly margined with white pos-
teriorly. Wings hyaline, the veins piceous; stigma black with a
white base. Ovipositor very short, yellow.

One specimen collected at Colorado Springs, Colorado, 5915 ft.
Aug. (i. S. Tucker).

This species is related to S. quebecensis Provancher, but differs
by the shorter carinz on the basal abdominal segment as well as
in coloration.

Metopius birkmani sp. nov.

Female. Length 10 mm. Black, marked with yellow as follows:
Anterior orbits, spot below tegule, line in front, scutellum except base,
spot on post-scutellum, spot at side of metathorax near apex, spot
above posterior coxe, first abdominal segment, and wide posterior mar-
gins of segments two to six. Four anterior legs, including coxe,
reddish-yellow, the femora darker medially. Posterior legs black, with
the upper side of coxe, trochanters, tip of femora, and base of tibie

JAN. 1907. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 57

reddish-yellow, remainder of tibiz fuscous, tarsi ferruginous. Clypeal
shield with a central carina; honey-yellow with a central black dot.
Antenne rufous, 41-jointed, the scape and pedicel yellow below. Wings
deeply infuscated but hyaline at the tip, i. e., beyond the second recur-
rent nervure. Stigma fulvous, veins piceous. The facial shield is some-
what less than twice as high as wide, rounded below, the sides nearly
straight, converging; clypeus truncate. The antenne are short and
stout, scarcely more than half the length of the body, the flageilar
joints, toward the apex, at least three times as wide as long.

Male. Length 8mm. This sex is much lighter in color, with the
wings more strongly infuscated. The legs are entirely yellow except
for reddish blotches at the base of the hind coxe and at the middle of
the hind femora. The pro-, meso-, and metapleureze each have a large
yellow spot that almost entirely covers them and there is a stripe just
below the mesosternal suture. The mesonotum has a large yellow spot
connected with a large triangular humeral yellow spot. The tegule
are also yellow. The facial shield is lemon-yellow, and slightly nar-
rower than in the female. The antenne are 39-jointed, the flagellum
ferruginous. The bands on the abdomen are wider, occupying nearly
the entire second segment, two-thirds of the third, and more than one-
half of-the following ones.

Described from two specimens, male and female, from Fedor,
Lee Co., Texas. They were sent to me by Rev. G. Birkman with
a number of interesting Texan Hymenoptera.

The sexes are so dissimilar, that unless associated might be
taken for distinct species. The present form resembles M. rufipes
Cresson from Colorado, but the hind legs of the female are more
or less black and the clypeal shield yellow while there is no rufous
on the legs or abdomen

ALY Slip AL.

Asobara barthii sp. nov.

Length 1.75—2.25 mm. Black, the legs, first two joints of antenne,
mandibles and legs, pale brownish-yellow. Prothorax and abdomen
more or less piceous brown. Head shining black, almost twice as wide
as thick. Mandibles bidentate, the outer tooth longer and a little
curved. Clypeus projecting anteriorly, with a raised margin. Palpi
whitish. Antenne 18-jointed in the female and 19-jointed in the male;

58 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

the scape, pedicel and base of first flagellar joint brownish-yellow.
First and second flagellar joints about equal in length, the first stouter,
third and fourth decreasing, remainder shorter, subequal, each about
two and one-half times as long as thick; apical joint a trifle larger, oval
and more slender. Thorax polished black, the propleurz piceous.
Mesonotum with more or less distinct furrows anteriorly, scapulz each
with a deep transverse groove. Mesonotum just in front of the scutel-
lum with a fovea and occasionally with a trace of an impressed line
connecting this with the depression at the base of the scutellum. This
depression is broad and deep, rugose at the bottom, and undivided by
any carine. Scutellum rounded at the tip and polished. Metathorax
finely rugulose, not areolated, with indications of some irregular
longitudinal carine anteriorly. Abdomen sub-petiolate, the petiole
brown, gradually widened, twice as wide at tip as at base, sculptured
above with irregular aciculations. Remainder of abdomen piceous,
shining. Ovipositor of the female three-fourths as long as the body,
its sheaths sparsely clothed with long hairs. Legs pale yellowish-
brown, the posterior femora and tibiz weakly clavate. Wings hyaline,
the stigma narrow, but distinctly triangular in outline, about four
times as long as wide. Radial cejl extending to the tip of the wing,
the first abscissa of the radius as long as the second transverse cubitus.
First cubital and first discoidal cell separated, the first transverse
cubitus also present. Second discoidal cell distinct and closed,
although very narrow.

Described from many specimens of both sexes bred from the
puparium of a Syrphid fly (Temnostoma bombylans Fabr.) issu-
ing May 30, 1906, Milwaukee, Wis.

The puparium was collected under the bark of a fallen log
by my friend Dr. Geo. P. Barth, after whom I take great pleasure
in dedicating the species.

The present form differs considerably from the more typical
species of Asobara and may perhaps find a more congenial place
after the various genera of this group have been more exhaustively

studied.
Coelinius longulus Ashm.

In our collections are two males of this large species originally
described from Colorado. They are from Nebraska and Wiscon-
sin. In his description Ashmead states that the antenne of the

JAN. 1907. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 59

type are broken. The complete appendages are 50-jointed and
one and one-half times as long as the body.

Dinotrema soror Sp. nov.

Female. Length 1.75 mm. Black; legs, first abdominal segment
and basal three joints of antenne reddish yellow. Head twice as wide
as thick, polished above, below the antennz convex and punctured.
Mandibles honey-yellow, with black tips; palpi whitish. Cheeks
smooth and polished. Antenne 19-jointed, first flagellar joint nar-
rower, but considerably longer than the second which is twice as long
as wide; following joints sub-equal, those near the apex a little shorter
and slightly moniliform in shape. Mesonotum polished, without any
traces of parapsidal furrows. The scutellum at base with a large
transverse fovea divided by a delicate median carina. Metanotum
rugose-reticulate, without carine. Spiracles round, very distinct. Ab-
domen sub-petiolate, three times as long as wide at tip, its surface
roughened. Rest of abdomen polished; ovipositor projecting beyond
the tip of the abdomen by somewhat less than the length of the first
abdominal segment. Legs reddish-yellow. Wings hyaline, stigma
linear, imperceptibly thickened basally and extending to the tip of the
radius. First discoidal cell sessile; first and second abscisse of the
radius meeting at a distinct angle, the first abscissa and, the second
transverse cubitus about equal. First cubital cell almost quadrate,
the second receiving the recurrent nervure and therefore five-sided.
Subdiscoidal nervure originating well below the middle of the discoidal
nervure.

Described from a female sent me a number of years ago by
Mr. H. G. Klages, collected at Pittsburg, Pa.

The genus Dinotrema has never had any species referred to
it so far as I know, and Forster designated no type. The present
species runs into this genus in both the classification adopted by
Ashmead and by Szépligeti, so I have followed the custom usually
adopted with Forster’s atypical genera and referred it here as
Dinotrema.

Orthostigma americana sp. nov.

Female. Length 3 mm. Black; under side of scape and pedicel,
mandibles, palpi, tegule, and legs, luteous; the hind tibize and tarsi
blackish. Head shining, two and one-half times as wide as thick, the
temples full and the occiput concave. Face microscopically punctured,
protuberant, sparsely whitish hairy. Mandibles tridentate, with a

60 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY. SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

triangular median tooth and two less distinct lateral ones. Antenne
very long, the flagellar joints nearly equal after the first two which
are slightly longer and subequal, each being about four times as long
as thick. Cheeks smooth and polished. Mesonotum smooth, with in-
distinct arcuate parapsidal furrows anteriorly, posteriorly with a deep
medially elongated fovea which is almost confluent by its posterior
point with the deep transverse scutellar fovea; the latter fluted along
its bottom. Metanotum about as wide as long, not areolated or
carinated, but irregularly and finely rugose. Pleurz smooth and pol-
ished, the mesopleura below with a polished depression. Abdomen as
long as the head and thorax; first segment microscopically roughened,
the spiracular angles protuberant; about twice as long as wide at the
apex which is one-half wider than the base; second and third shining,
equal in length, the third widest; fourth and following narrowed to a
point. Ovipositor shorter than the hind metatarsus. The abdomen is
distinctly petiolate, convex above and not compressed apically, the sec-
ond segment more or less brownish. Wings hyaline, the veins dark
and very distinct. Radial cell closed at the tip of the wing, the stigma
linear, but thickened and reaching to the middle of the radial cell, its
sides parallel except at each end. First and second cubital cells separ-
ate, the second transverse cubitus about one-third the length of the
second abscissa of the radius and equal to the first abscissa of the
latter. Recurrent nervure received very near the base of the second
cubital cell; second discoidal cell distinct, small and closed at apex,
the subdiscoidal nervure not interstitial; submedian cell considerably
longer than the median. Hind wings with the submedian cell one-half
as long as the median along the costa.

Described from one female collected June 18, 1906, at Mil-
waukee, Wisconsin.

BRACONID-.

Hormiopterus Giraud.

TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

t, Wings distinéetly infuseated-on-banded < oi %.'. sce sete eae 2
Wings pure hyaline, antenne 30-jointed, ovipostor nearly as long

ag. che sbOdy 3. a. edd oa ee eee ee oe claripennis sp. nov.

2.. Ovipositor shorter than) the abdomen: tcsus2>.. dc) san ca he eee 3

Ovipositor one and two-thirds times the length of the entire
body, wings with only a faint indication of a white band, an-
tenn 30-jointed, head and legs ferruginous....caudatus sp. nov.

JAN. 1907. NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 61

3. Ovipositor two-thirds the length of the abdomen, anterior wings
with a distinct white band, body entirely black..fasciatus Ashm.
Ovipositor one-half the length of the abdomen, wings sub-
fuliginous with some whitish streaks, but without a distinct
white band, body dark fuscous varied with ferruginous.

aciculatus Cress.
Hormiopterus claripennis sp. nov.

Female. Length 4.5 mm. Ovipositor 4.25. Black, head, base of
antenne, prothorax, tegulz and legs more or less ferruginous or fus-
cous. Head more transverse than usual, about one-half wider than
thick. Occiput and vertex shining and very finely and distinctly trans-
versely aciculated; cheeks polished; face with a delicate sculpture and
covered with sparse glistening hairs. Eyes very large, their long
diameter more than half the head-height. Antenne very slender
throughout, 30-jointed, the flagellar joints after the first decreasing in
length, but the subapical ones are fully three times as long as thick.
The joints are of even thickness and not easily counted. Palpi long,
pale yellow. Mesonotum smooth, except for the crenulate sutures and
furrows. Pleurz very finely rugulose and whitish-hairy. Metanotum
rugulose, with faint traces of areolation. Abdomen not quite as long
as the head and thorax together, at the base two-thirds as wide as the
tip of the metathorax. First segment two and one-half times as long
as wide at apex, its surface coarsely longitudinally striated; basal two-
thirds of second segment striated above, the striz reaching the tip
laterally; the oblique impressions are long and reach the basal margin
of the segment. Apical margin of the segments shining. Ovipositor
black. Wings clear hyaline, the veins and stigma piceous black. Sub-
median cell longer than the median, recurrent nervure almost inter-
stitial, being received by the very tip of the first (not second) cubital
cell; sub-discoidal nervure interstitial; second abscissa of the radius
one-half longer than the first and two-thirds as long as the second
abscissa of the cubitus. Legs, including coxe, fuscous, the anterior
legs, middle tibize, and all tarsi and trochanters ferruginous. Posterior
tibize with a pale yellow annulus at the extreme base.

One female, Douglas Co., Kansas, Sept., collected by Mr. E. S.
Tucker and sent by him for identification.

The hyaline wings and general appearance of this species
remind one of Hormius, but the neuration is that of Hormiopterus.

62 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL IIISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

Hormiopterus caudatus sp. nov.

Female. Length 6 mm. Ovipositor 10 mm. Black, head, base of
antenne, prothorax, and legs ferruginous. Head full behind the eyes,
its surface sub-opaque, finely rugulose, the occiput with faint trans-
verse aciculations; cheeks nearly smooth and shining. Antenne
setaceous, the joints very distinct, 30-jointed, the flagellar joints de-
creasing in size regularly from the first which is four times as long as
thick, while the sub-apical joints are but little longer than thick. Eyes
very small, their diameter less than one-third the head height. Thorax
subshining, black, the anterior part more or less fuscous; mesonotum
faintly sculptured scutellum slightly convex at tip, with a fluted de-
pression at the base; entire pleurze rugulose. Metanotum rugose-
reticulated, not areolated, with a median carina evident anteriorly but
fading out behind, on each side of this are two very short carine
arteriorly, parallel with the median one. Mesopleurz with no smooth
space. Abdomen almost as wide at base as the tip of the metathorax.
First segment one and one-half times as long as wide at tip, the an-
-terior angles each with a short longitudinal carina, surface irregularly
striate longitudinally. Second segment one-half longer than the first,
its anterior half longitudinally striate, especially towards the center,
the oblique lateral impressions short and more nearly transverse than
usual; apical segments smooth and shining. Sheaths of the ovipositor
fuscous with black tips. Legs, including coxe, entirely ferruginous.
Wings infuscated; the stigma, except base and veins, piceous. From
the base of the stigma there extends a narrow, more or less indistinct
hyaline cross-band which has a branch extending along the second
abscissa of the cubitus. Submedian cell longer than the median, sub-
discoidal nervure straight, interstitial; recurrent nervure interstitial
with the first transverse cubits; first and second abscisse of the radius
nearly equal, each about as long as the second transverse cubitus and
one-half the length of the second abscissa of the cubitus.

Described from one female specimen from Fedor, Lee Co.,
Texas, April. 26, 1904, (Rey. G. Birkman).
The species comes near to H. aciculatus Cresson, but differs

on account of its very long ovipositor and different thoracic
sculpture.

Public Museum,
Milwaukee, January 18, 1906.

A WEASEL NEW TO WISCONSIN’S FAUNA.
By Henry L. Warp.

Last November the Milwaukee Public Museum received as a
gift from E. J. Wehmhoff, Esq., of Burlington, Wis., a small
weasel in the flesh which Mr. Wehmhoff wrote had been “caught
in the country in the act of killing a mole.” The specimen had
excited some interest and discussion as to its identity, which would
indicate that it is not commonly observed. In conversation with
the mother of the donor | am informed that her husband, Mr.
Wehmhoft, has for forty vears trapped all about Burlington and is
consequently well informed as to the mammals of the region, but
that he had never before seen or heard of this kind of weasel.
From these facts it is not unlikely that the species is peculiar in
its habits or is very scarce. Its small size probably militates
against its being frequently taken in the ordinary traps intended
for larger mammals; so that, after all, our knowledge as to its
rarity is dependent on more or less fortuitous observation.

As the Museum possessed no specimens of short-tailed weasels
for comparison it was impossible to make a satisfactory determin-
ation of the species, though from a consultation of the literature
it seemed to conform very exactly with P. rivosus as described by
Bangs in Proc. Biol. Soc’y., Wash., Vol. X. Its position in the
extreme southern part of the state so poorly agreed with what is
known of the geographical distribution of this northern species
that it seemed hardly probable that in these times of close splitting
of species by faunal areas it would be allowed as cospecific with
rIXOSUS.

In order to obtain a satisfactory determination I forwarded
the specimen to Dr. C. H. Merriam, who writes under date of
Jan. oth: “I have just now examined the specimen in connection
with our specimens of rivosus and allegheniensis. I regard
allegheniensis as a subspecies of rivosus. Your specimen being in
winter pelage does not show the dark belly of allegheniensis, but
probably would have this character in summer pelage. It is a
female and therefore does not show the skull characters to advan-

tage. I regard it however as alleghentensis.”
63

64 BULLETIN OF WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. VOL. 5, NO. 1.

Considering this determination as authoritative the species
should then be known as Putorius rixosus allegheniensis (Rhoads)
which Rhoads, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Feb. 7, 1901, calls
Allegheny Weasel and in his Mammals of Pennsylvania and New
Jersey, 1903 p. 173 terms Alleghenian Least Weasel.

Our specimen is No. 1363, female, Nov. 26, 1906, Burlington,
Racine Co., Wis. The measurements taken in the flesh~ are:
length of head and body, normal, 150 mm.; under tension, 160;
tail before skinning, 29; vertebral measurement as determined
after skinning, 27; manus, 13; pes 21; ear, back, 4; ear, notch to
tip, 11. Skull: condylar basilar length, 30; zygomatic width, 15;
mastoid width, 14; interorbital constriction, 6.5.

The species is remarkable not only from its small size, but
also because of the extreme shortness of its tail, the vertebral part
of which does not reach to the end of the toes in the made up
skin and the hairs extend only about 5 mm. beyond them. The
end of the tail appears to be entirely devoid of any suggestion of
the dark tip common to other species of weasels, but when held
against a white background it can be seen that about one-third
of the terminal hairs are dark in color.

The underparts to middle of sides are white. The upper parts
‘extending on outsides of hind legs to the heels are mixed “walnut
brown” and white; deepest brown en the occiput and nucha, be-
coming lighter posteriorily and also laterally from the vertebral
region. Low on the sides anteriorily as well as all the posterior
part of the back the brown is so mixed and interrupted by white
as to produce a clouded effect.

This winter has been remarkably open, there being hardly a
trace of snow up to the time that this weasel was captured, yet
its change to winter pelage was well advanced.

A very large female P. noveboracensis taken Jan. 13th, 1907,
a few miles north of Milwaukee, at Whitefish Bay, shows no indi-
cation of assuming its white coat, whereas a good sized male
taken a few miles south of the city at Hales Corners on Nov. 11,
1906, had changed to about the same degree as shown in our
alieghemensis. At no time up to the middle of January had
the ground either at Burlington or about Milwaukee been entirely
covered with snow and the little that had fallen had soon disap-
peared. The temperature had been exceptionally high for this
period of vear.

a nees Sabo ‘pe “addressed to. ‘the General
“Museum, Milwaukee, Wis. ~ OR ee

5 “des Naturhistorischen Vereins von Wis., “4871, 10 senttgs a be.
: EE See ar Geo, Be AES, IOS pirat,

6 e oes aes a= Sem Soe be beard 339A » 1874, 10° y5° ie aes rere
Roger ea Sas BORSA. Nese Sahl 1876, 10 ee Ce pets he,

ee es Se RATES ee 3 a es 1876-77, 10 “aif e See -

ee RE ae CaN eS 7 o i Si cat ti?
Tic ae IG 95 ES ee, Sh 1877-78, 10 BPs: pep

z ay : Bh So re ot sae es : ay Pre ah Oa 1879-80, LOZ 5 5 tee : 4 eS ;

oF re Reais = Sparen ityaes a i MRSS 5 = 1880-81, 10 Lis : = pies pe

sz Pro ° he Nat. Hist. So. of £ Wis, Apl. 6. “285, to Des. 7,285 15 cents. PE ogee

: RE Jane 11, °86, to Dee. 13, °86/.15 MASE
ee ui <Mar.-14, 87; to Dec. 19,787 (15 $=
to 8 a? Alans 23, 88, to. ‘Dee. 1%, poe eee Ez <a

x =i z J
é : {

pi > a Fes Pete eee

AINE 1, Jan., 1900. 250 ports see ee
T, “No. 22,2Apr.; 1900; S505, Fee Se
EP Now3 J aly: 1800250545 = 725
2a No 4, Oot 1000 50. oe
Ay. Ne, dan. 2190250, See
“AY Nowe Ape 21902250), ACS oe

“IL, No. 3, duly, 1902.50: 5,0
548 No. 4, Oct., 1902..50- ,, ee :

Tl, Triple TUMper, Salis a
RA Se POTS See he : _Apr. and July, 1903, $1. 00 ~ Ns ef
yey a, Opes ses ALI, No. 4, Nov., 1905: .50 cents. 22 2 5
rie eae eee a. SEI EV, Noss 2, Apr, 0650-5 2
Bek aes wales - LV, No. 3, duly, 1906. .50 ~5:
ey ee ATV, No.4, Oct., 1906. Bt 5. cme
a 5 : a 7m ee ae Sa5 eon ae Ne: Ay Jan.,: ae .d0 gts = se a

he ¢ follov ng Oecasiona Papers published by ‘the. = Soviety 1 may ie

pigs ines ol of oes Maciek Group” “of the - Pally -

G. -W. & E. G. Peckham, Nov., 1£894.-

3, ees of the Homalattus. iP of the eer
& _ oe ;beckbar., DSS. 1895. = ese

ae ihe ok SRR Se aN SAS eet

ol - No 1, Ook 1001.24.25 Cai
= ~No-?, Jan., 1902... +25 ig ASS
is Now 3, ‘Apr., 1902. RON ARS AE a es
“TI, Noy 4; July; 1992>. . ee oR ees
Nou] a; Ost 1902. «eon ae

HP vols cewseico §=»ss APRIL, 1907 No. 2

- BULLETIN

OF THE

WISCONSIN
NATURAL HISTORY
SOCIETY

EDITED BY THE SECRETARY

CONTENTS:

Proceedings.
|| Notes on a New Guest-ant (Leptothorax glacialis)
: and the Varieties of Myrmica brevinodis - William Morton Wheeler
Wisconsin Flowers and Their Pollination—II - 5S. Graenicher
Notes and Descriptions of North American Para-
sitic Hymenoptera—IV_ - o = - Charles Thomas Brues
On the Fertilization of the Eggs of the Asterias
and Arbacia - - . - - - Ellen Torelle
A New Apiocera from South Africa - - - A. L. Melander
|} Additions to the Lepidopterous Fauna of Mil-

waukee County - - - - =. = Richard A. Muttkowski
CRecter Articles” - 53 2 a E: 5 fe

a MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN.

THE EDW. KEOGH PRESS.

oy Entered as second-class matter, Oct. 24, 1906, at the post-office, Milwaukee, Wis., under Act of Congress of —
July 16, 1894. (Issued quarterly.)

wma <c , on ee, . 2 2 > ao 7,
“ : Re ot eS pee ae EF Ri aie Sa ae
¥ a ae AF 5 eee Fie ire ye Se tee s
~~ | Se a “a on. ed 2 & . =
Ping * re) . my: az (Her
: é Rear 2s
an 2 > $ a yy ies x
4
sd 2 2-Ty
Neo a
o pie:
\ x -* =
aK
= Fee

The Wisconsin Natural History Society,

t

MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN.

ORGANIZED MAY 6, 1857.

a ee AND DIRECTORS.

dpa E. Teller, President. . vets SW .50 2116527 Street, Alvear
ae He Dyed: Pe a agede Neate ale Be Milweuie

_ William pineek. Treasurer. Sa Siete, COST 28th Street Milas e
Sigmund Graenicher...,:..........0.....5.551 | th one Milwauke

_ PUBLISHING COMMITTEE.
Henry L. Ward, - Geo. W. Peckham, ©
Chas. E. Monroe.

REGULAR MEETINGS.

July and. August, in the trustees’ room in the Public Museum ae
- Milwaukee. eis:

PUBLICATION. &
The “Bulletin of the be Sk ee Hist Society." ”

“ . See
ee)

MEMBERSHIP DUES. a Se Reg

City. Members, $3.00 per annum; N on-resident Members, §
annum; Life Members, one Peers of fifty dollars.

7

BULLE FIN

OF THE

WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Vol. 5, New Series. APRIL, 1907. No. 2.
PROCEEDINGS.

Milwaukee, Jan. 10, 1907..

Meeting of the combined sections.

President Teller in the chair, and Messrs. Barth, Brues, Brundage,
Case, Colles, Doerflinger, Graenicher and Ward present.

The secretary read the minutes of the last meeting, which were
approved.

Dr. Case spoke of collecting fossil reptiles in Texas, and related
some of his experiences there during the past summer.

Mr. Teller exhibited a beautiful specimen of millerite, a sulphide
of nickel. It was an inclusion in a mass of calcite crystals.

Mr. Brues exhibited part of a lot of fossil insects belonging to the
Harvard Museum. There was considerable discussion among those
present regarding the rock in which the fossils are imbedded and
concerning the extreme abundance of fossil insects at Florissant,
Colorado.

The meeting then adjourned.

Milwaukee, Jan. 31, 1907.

Regular monthly meeting of the Society.

President’ Teller in the chair, and about fifty persons present.

Mr. Ward called attention to the suppression of part of the appro-
priation for the Biological Survey in the agricultural appropriation
bill, then before Congress, and moved that the secretary'be instructed
to express the disapproval of the Society of such action to the Wis-
consin Members of Congress. Motion seconded and passed.

Mr. Teller called attention to the fact that there would be a vacancy
on the Board of Trustees of the Public Museum in May, 1907, when
the term of office of one of the citizen members of the Board expires.
As the state law requires that the Wisconsin Natural History Society

65

66 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol.5, No. 2.

annually nominate a person for this office who shall be preferred by
the Mayor for appointment, Mr. Teller asked that the Society take
action on the matter.

Dr. Case said that this matter would require mature deliberation
and moved that it be referred to the Board of Directors. Motion was
seconded and passed without further discussion.

There being no further business, Mr. C. T. Brues addressed the
meeting on the “Role Played by Insects in the Transmission of Certain
Disease of Man and the Higher Animals.” The speaker referred to
the wonderful progress made during recent years toward an under-
standing of this matter and outlined the discovery, investigation and
final proof of the connection between mosquitoes and malarial and
yellow fever. He described the life history of the mosquito and of
the malarial parasite which is the direct cause of malaria. The relation
of the abundance of mosquitoes to proper drainage and sanitation was
. referred to briefly before turning to a consideration of certain insect-
borne diseases of animals caused by small parasites known as trypa-’
nosomes. He closed his remarks with a discussion of the cause of
the so-called Texas fever of cattle and the importance of this disease
in the economic development of the southern part of the United States.

The meeting then adjourned.

DIRECTORS’ MEETING,

After the regular meeting, a Directors’ meeting was held and the
name of Edw. W. Windfelder chosen for nomination as member of the
Board of Trustees of the Public Museum. The secretary was ordered
to transmit this decision to the Mayor.

Milwaukee, Feb. 10, 1907.

Meeting of the combined sections.

President Teller in the chair, and the following members present:
Miss 'Torelle, Messrs. Barth, Brues, Case, Colles, Clowes, Doerflinger,
Graenicher, Russell and Ward.

The secretary read the minutes of the last section meeting, which
were approved.

Dr. Case opened the discussion with a description of certain
Permian reptiles which he had been studying and collecting for a
number of years. He referred particularly to a species of Naosaurus
which had recently been mounted in the American Museum of Natural
History. He told something of the history of the study of this peculiar

1907.] Proceedings. 67

reptile and its relatives, and gave his most recent views concerning
the probable cause for the remarkable developments shown by certain
parts of the skeleton. The interesting geographical distribution of
related Permian reptiles was also outlined.

Mr. Ward then exhibited a series of weasel skins from Wisconsin.
He referred critically to the various records of species of weasels occur-
ring in the state. He showed a skin of Putorius rixosus allegheniensis
(Rhoades) from Burlington, Wis., a record which widely extends the
known range of the species.

Mr. Brues then referred to a recent deviation in zoological nomen-
clature by a writer on a group of stony corals who considered it neces-
sary to abandon binomial nomenclature and adopt a geographical series
of names numbered according to the localities from which the species
came.

The meeting then adjourned.

Milwaukee, Feb. 28, 1907.

Regular monthly meeting of the Society.

President Teller in the chair, and about 75 members present.

The minutes of the last regular meeting were read and approved.

Mr. Teller reported that a committee consisting of Dr. Graenicher
and himself had called upon the Mayor regarding the appointment of a
trustee for the Public Museum.

The secretary read an invitation from the seventh international
congress of Zoologists for the society to be represented by delegates
at its Boston meeting in August in 1907.

There being no further business, Prof. S. W. Williston of the
University of Chicago, delivered a lecture on the phylogeny of the
Elephant.

The lecturer described with the aid of lantern slides the evolutional
development of the Proboscidea to the modern elephants from the ear-
liest known forms, recently discovered in Egypt, with the upper and
lower incisors or tusks adapted for gnawing after the manner of rodents.
The lower pair was gradually lost, while the upper ones became greatly
increased in size. Their geographical migrations from Africa, through
Europe to North America in recent times, and finally to South America,
through the open land communication of the northwest and the
Isthmus of Panama were traced. The numerous species inhabiting
North America since late Miocene times were discussed, with a brief

68 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No.2.

history of the later elephants of the United States that have only

recently disappeared. After the lecture President Teller thanked

Professor Williston for his kindness in coming to Milwaukee to lecture,

and expressed the great appreciation of the Natural History Society.
The meeting then adjourned.

Milwaukee, March 21, 1907.
Meeting of the combined sections.
In the absence of President Teller, Vice-President Ward presided.

Mr. George W. Colles spoke on the Classification and Origin of the
Micas.

The term mica embraces a group of minerals which have certain
marked chemical and physical characteristics, the principal of which
is their cleavability into thin flexible plates. They are all compound
hydrous silicates of aluminum and another base of a highly complex
character. As is usual in complex minerals of this sort, the chemical
composition is not fixed and invariable as in quartz, calcite and gypsum,
and consequently to find a rational’ chemical formula which would
embrace all the mica minerals was a very difficult matter. It was,
accomplished, however, by Mr. F. W. Clarke, who has given much
study to the question of chemical formulas for minerals.

According to the old standard classification, which seems to have
been followed by everyone who has written on the subject until the
publication of Colles’ work, all mica was divided into three sorts,
termed muscovite, phlogopite and biotite. There is neither rhyme
nor reason in such a classification as this. While the species known
as muscovite and phlogopite belong in two separate groups, the term
biotite either was applied to two different types or else it represented
a type of which phlogopite was a mere variety. There are really
two different main groups into which all the numerous species and
varieties of mica that have been described naturally fall. Chemically,
these are distinguished as monad and dyad types, that is, types in
which the positive radicals are monads or dyads, respectively. Because
of this difference in chemical composition the two classes have been
called perissad and artiad micas, respectively, from the Greek words
for “odd” and “even.” In the perissad group the principal monad
radicals are H, K, Li, Al(OH)., AIF,, AlO, Fe’’, and in case of the
semi-mica paragonite, Na. The principal dyad bases are Mg, Fe”,
AIOH and AIF.

1907.] Proceedings. 69

These chemical differences correspond to certain physical and
mineralogical differences which are likewise strongly marked, whence
the two classes may be termed alkaline and magnesian, or again
granitic and pyroxenic; or again igneous and aqueo-igneous. The
first class occurs in granitic rocks; the second in pyroxene, especially
in connection with calcite and apatite. Micas of the first class are
comparatively hard, brittle and anhydrous; those of the second class
are soft, flexible and contain slightly more water, which is more easily
driven off by heat. Moreover, the alkaline micas are more often clear
and transparent, but the magnesian are invariably colored, whence it
arises that the latter are worthless for glazing purposes, which has
been until recently the principal commercial use of mica. It was
not, therefore, until the development of the electrical industry that
this magnesian mica came to have a commercial value.

It is remarkable, however, that while the granitic micas are of
common occurrence in all parts of the world, the magnesian micas are
comparatively rare, and there is only one district where they are at
present mined, this being the Laurentian of Canada.

The circumstance of formation and the difference of the deposits
point clearly to an absolutely different mode of origin of the alkaline
from the magnesian micas. While different theories have been put
forward to account for the former, the weight of evidence seems to
show an origin by metamorphism and heat alone, probably accom-
panied by great pressure in the cases where large crystals are formed.
The origin of the magnesian micas, on the other hand, is far from
clear, but it is certain that it was absolutely different from that
of the alkaline micas; and the most likely theory seems to be that
they were formed near the surface from or in connection with a
magnesian magma with the aid of hot water, steam and gases.

The speaker alluded to the existence of numerous facts in support
of the theories and conclusions given, which, however, could not be
stated in details in a short discussion.

After some discussion on the part of several members, Mr. Charles
H. Doerflinger spoke on some recent archeological discoveries in
Southern France. |

The following papers were ordered printed by the Board of
Directors :

NOTES- ON A. NEW. GUEST-ANT) 22477 OT Hen
GLACIALIS, (-AND- SHE VARIETIES - re
MYRMICA BREVINODIS EMERY.

By WILLIAM Morton WHEELER.

In two former papers* I described the habits of Leptothorax
emerson, a small yellowish Myrmicine ant, which lives in inter-
esting symbiotic relations with Myrmica rubra brevinodis, a
larger brown species of the same subfamily. The Leptothorax
occupies small cavities, communicating by means of tenuous
galleries with the more spacious chambers and galleries of the
Myrmica, and, while freely and intimately consorting with its host,
is very careful to keep its own brood isolated. This small ant
feeds, as I have shown, partly on the oleaginous secretion cover-
ing the bodies of the Myrmica workers, whom it licks and sham-
poos with comical assiduity, and partly on the liquid food which,
after submitting to this treatment, these insects regurgitate.

L. emersont was first discovered among the Litchfield Hills of
Connecticut, at altitudes varying from 1,000 to 1,600 feet, but sub-
sequently I found it also at similar elevations in the Berkshire
Hills of Massachusetts. More recently, Mrs. Annie Trumbull
Slosson took a single winged female on the summit of Mt. Wash-
ington. These facts indicate that the species belongs to the sub-
boreal or alpine fauna, a conclusion which is confirmed by a study
of the distribution of its host ant. As this host is extremely
common in the Rocky Mountains and apparently also throughout
British America, I fully expected to find the Leptothorax occur-
ing over much of the same territory, but, although during the
summer of 1903 I collected ants extensively in Colorado at alti-

*The Compound and Mixed Nests of American Ants. Amer. Nat-
ural. XXXV, 1901, pp. 431-415; and Ethological Observations on an
American Ant (Leptothorax Emersoni Wheeler) Arch. f. Psych. u.
Neurol. II, 1903, pp. 1-31, 1 Fig.

70

1907.] Wheeler, A New Guest-ant. a2

tudes varying from 5,000 to 10,000 feet, I never once saw a
specimen. During the summer of 1906, however, while collecting
in Florissant Cafion, at an elevation of 8,500 feet, I came upon
a flourishing colony of M. brevinodis spread out under a group
of five flat stones on the grassy bank of a stream and containing
numerous workers, a few callow females and males, and many
larve and pupe of a Leptothorax, which, on account of its very
dark color, I at first took to be an undescribed species. Closer
examination, however, showed that it might be regarded more
properly as a subspecies of the New England emersom. The
host, too, was found to differ in several minor characters from
the eastern form of M. brevinodis. A portion of the Florissant
colony was taken alive and kept for six weeks in an artificial nest
for the purpose of observing the behavior of the ants. My notes
on this colony will be recorded below, after a description of the
new subspecies of Leptothorax and a revision of the varieties of
M. brevinodis. It was necessary to make this revision in order
to gain a clearer conception of the taxonomic affinities of the host
ants to each other and to the other varieties of the subspecies.

Leptothorax emersoni glacialis subsp. nov.

The worker measures 3-3.5 mm. in length and differs from the
worker of the typical emersoni in the following characters: the
mesonotum is distinctly less convex so that the thorax in profile is
more like that of L. acervorum, and the hairs are less abundant and
somewhat more reclinate on the antenne and legs. As in the typical
form, many of the hairs on the body and tibie are obtuse, but not
clavate. The head and gaster are black, the thorax, upper portion of
the petiole and postpetiole, and the extreme base of the gaster, dark
brown; the legs, antenne, clypeus and mandibles are yellowish brown,,
the clubs of the antenne infuscated. The worker is less variable in:
size, and individuals with ocelli are much rarer than in the typical
emersoni.

The female is no larger than the worker and of a very similar
color, except that in mature specimens the thoracic dorsum is as dark
as the head and gaster.

The male measures 3 mm. and is black throughout, except the tarsi
and articulation of the legs, which are sordid yellow. The mandibles

72 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 2.

are more pointed, and the thorax is more robust than in the male of
the typical form. The pronotum and scutellum are much more opaque
and heavily sculptured, the former being densely punctate and rugose,
with three shining streaks, one down the middle and the others over
the parapsidal furrows. The scutellum and epinotum are densely
reticulate-punctate. In the typical emersoni the pronotum is shining,
distinctly foveolate in front and rugose-punctate behind. The wings
of .glacialis are larger, broader and more whitish.

L. emerson and its subspecies belong to a small group of the
genus characterized by I1-jointed antennze in the worker and
female and a distinct though feeble constriction of the thorax at
the mesoépinotal suture. For this group, which -com-
prises also the circumpolar L. acervorum, muscorum and
lirticorms, and the neoboreal provancheri, Ruszsky* has
recently erected a distinct subgenus, Mychothorax. L. emerson,
is evidently very closely related to L. provanchert Emery,
but the latter is said to have clavate hairs on the tibia, whereas in
the former the hairs both on the body and tibia, though often
obtuse, are never clavate. As Emery described provancheri from
a single specimen, this species, when more specimens are avail-
able, may prove to be cospecific with the one I have called
emerson.

Examination of several hundred specimens from a large num-
ber of colonies of Myrmuica rubra from different parts of North
America convinces me that Emeryt was right in concluding that
the true palearctic M@. rubra sulcinodis Nyl. does not occur in this
country, but is replaced by a distinct subspecies, brevinodis.. Of
this Emery distinguished two forms, the typical brevinodis and a
variety which he called sulcinodoides, because it approaches the
European subspecies somewhat more closely. More recently Forel

*The Ants of the Russian Empire. Kasan, 1905, p. 609 et seq. (in
Russian).

+Beitrage zur Kenntniss der nordamerikanischen Ameisenfauna.
Zool. Jahrb. Abth. f. Syst. VIII, 1894, pp. 312, 313.

{Descriptions of Some Ants from the Rocky Mountains of Canada.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, pp. 699, 700. ;

1907.] Wheeler, A New Guest-ant. 73

has described a second variety, frigida, from British Columbia.
The North American brevinodis, like the European sulcinodts, is
restricted to the mountains, though in the Northern States one of
its varieties occasionally, and in British America probably more
generally, descends to much lower elevations. The worker and
female of M. brevinodis differ from sulcinodis in the shape of the
antennal scape, which even in the variety sulcinodoides is more
uniformly and gracefully bent at the base. The males of all the
forms of brevinodis I have seen, have the scape unusually short,
never more than a third and often only a fifth or sixth as long
as the funiculus, whereas the scape of the male sulcinodis is nearly
half as long as the remainder of the antenna. The body of the
male brevinodis is, moreover, always deep black, whereas it is
more‘or less red or brown in the European subspecies. Although
even in single colonies the size, sculpture and color of the individ-
uals may vary considerably, J am able to distinguish the following
varieties among the specimens in my collection:

1. Myrmica rubra brevinodis Emery, (typical).

This form was based on some workers from Salt Lake, Utah.
Emery’s description agrees very closely with a form which is not
uncommon in Colorado, at altitudes below 7,000 feet, nesting in
the sandy and gravelly banks of streams. The male described by
Emery cannot belong to this, or indeed to any other form of
brevinodis, on account of the great length of the antennal scape,
which.is recorded as “not quite as long as half of the funiculus.”
The following description is drawn from specimens belonging to
a single colony:

Worker. Length 4—4.5 mm. Antennal scape evenly bent at the
base, not angular and not compressed, gradually enlarged distally.
Epinotum with well-developed, rather slender and curved spines, which
are nearly as long as the base of the segment. Petiole short, less than
twice as long as broad, in profile with gradual, concave, anterior slope,
rather acute summit and angularly convex posterior slope. Sculpture
of body moderately strong; rugz on upper surface of head sharply
longitudinal and reticulate, on the occiput and sides of head reticulate

74 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 2.

only; the interrugal surfaces over the whole region finely and rather
feebly punctate. Thorax with coarse, regular, longitudinal ruge except
on the sides of the pronotum where the surface, at least behind, is
uniformly and densely punctate. Petiole and sides of postpetiole
longitudinally rugose, node of latter smoother and densely punctate,
finely striated or sometimes slightly glabrous. Hairs moderately
abundant, slender and pointed. Body and appendages red; gaster with
a broad dark brown or blackish band across the middle.

Female. Length 5—6 mm. Antenne and sculpture of head like
those of worker; thorax more sharply longitudinally striated above.
Head, thorax, pedicel and appendages red; gaster black or dark brown;
an anteromedian and two parapsidal blotches on the mesonotum, the
metanotum, and posterior border of the scutellum, black. Nodes of
petiole and postpetiole and in some specimens also the upper surface
of the head dark brown. Wings dilute yellowish at the base, with
pale brown veins and stigma.

Male. Length 4.5—4.8 mm. Scapes straight, rather stout, about
l, as long as the funiculus, and as long as its five basal joints together ;
club 4-jointed. Hairs white, very slender, rather long and abundant,
erect or suberect on both the body and appendages. Body black; tarsi,
mandibles, genitalia and articulations of the legs yellowish; antenne
reddish brown. Wings white, very faintly yellowish at the base, with
pale yellow veins and stigma.

Colorado: Colorado Springs, 5,990 feet (Wheeler) ; Boulder,
5.247 fect CLA. Cockerell).

2. Var. brevispinosa var. nov.

Worker. Resembling the preceding in stature and color, but with
very short spines which are not longer than half the basal surface of
the epinotum and with more irregular, vermiculate thoracic ruge.

Female. Somewhat paler than the typical form. The antero-
median blotch of the mesonotum is lacking and the gaster is red, with
a broad brown band across its middle. The epinotal spines are hardly
longer than broad at their bases. Wings colored like those of the
typical form.

Male. Scapes somewhat curved and constricted at the base, about
, as long as the funiculus and as long as its four basal joints together.

Colorado: Cheyenne Cafion, 8,500 feet, and Colorado City,
6,064 feet (Wheeler) ; Cafion City, 5,329 feet (P. J. Schmitt).

1907.] Wheeler, A New Guest-ant. 75

New Mexico: Las Vegas, 6,398 feet, and Pecos, 6,366 feet
(rd. 2... Cockerell

The specimens from Pecos (two workers) have unusually
short spines, which are hardly longer than broad at their bases.

3. Var. decedens var. nov.

Worker. Length 3.5—4 mm. Scapes evenly curved at the base
as in the typical form. Spines short, straight and acute, somewhat
more than half as long as the base of the epinotum. Sculpture of head
as in the typical form, but the thorax above vermiculately and reticu-
lately, instead of longitudinally rugose; sides of pronotum densely
punctate, meso- and metapleure longitudinally rugose. Sculpture of
petiole and postpetiole as in the typical form. Body and appendages
yellowish brown; head dark brown or blackish above; gaster black.

Male. Length 4.5 mm. Scapes straight, nearly 144 as long as the
funiculi. Wings uniformly whitish hyaline, not suffused with yellow
at the base; veins and stigma very pale brown. .

Colorado: Buena Vista, 7,900 feet, and Florissant, 8,500 feet
(Wheeler).

Colonies rather small, nesting under stones in grassy places
on the banks of streams.

4. Var. sulcinodoides Emery.

Emery included more than one variety under this name, as
shown by the localities which he cites (South Dakota, Utah,
Maine). I would restrict the name to a distinct, large and dark-
colored form, which is very common in the Rocky Mountains, at
an altitude of 8,000 to 10,000 feet under stones and logs along
the margins of subalpine streams and meadows. The larve and
immature pupe of this form have a pecular greenish yellow color
and oily luster, which I have not observed in any of the other
varieties. Emery’s statement that sulcinodoides approaches the
European sulcinodis, is true of the worker but not of the male,
which has extremely short antennal scapes.

Worker. Length 4.5—5.3 mm. Antennal scapes with a distinctly
angular bend at the base, which is narrow and somewhat compressed.
Spines as long as the base of the epinotum, slender, straight, acute
and diverging. Sculpture strong; rugz# on the sides of the head

76 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 2.

reticulate and not longitudinal, those on the thorax somewhat reticu-
late above, but longitudinal on the sides, even of the pronotum.
Petiole and postpetiole sharply and longitudinally sulcate, the node of
the latter sometimes more finely and irregularly rugose or more or
less punctate. Hairs yellow, acute, rather short and moderately
abundant. Head and gaster black; thorax, petiole and postpetiole
deep red or, in some colonies, almost black; mandibles, antennze and
legs of a somewhat lighter red.

Female. Length 6—6.5 mm. Resembling the worker. Spines as
long as the base of the epinotum, straight, rapidly tapering and blunt
at their tips. In some specimens the thorax is entirely black, like the
head and gaster, and there is a black spot on each node of the pedicel ;
in others the thorax is deep red, with the mesopleure, metanotum,
posterior border of scutellum and the mesonotum, except for a pair of
small red anterior and a larger posteromedian spot, black. Wings
distinctly brown at the base, with light brown veins and stigma.

Male. Length 5.5—6 mm, Scapes very short and straight, only
about 4% as long as the funiculus and as long as its two basal joints.
Club distinctly 5-jointed. Hairs yellow, long and abundant, especially
on the legs. Body and appendages black; antennal clubs dark red,
tarsi dark brown, articulations of legs yellowish. Wings like those
of the female.

Utah: (Emery).

Colorado: Florissant, 8,000-9,000 feet; Cheyenne Cafion,
5,990 feet (Wheeler) ; Westcliffe, 7,849 feet, and Boulder, 5,347
feet (P. J. Schmitt); Ward, 9,000 feet, and Hali-way, House,
Pike's Peak (1. DAC Cockerelly;

New Mexico: Top of Las Vegas Range, 11,000 feet; Har-
vey’s Ranch, Las Vegas Range, 9,600 feet; Beulah, 8,000 feet;
(T. D. A. Cockerell), Beatty’s Cabin, Upper Pecos Valley (Mrs.
W. P. Cockerell).

5. Var. canadensis var. nov.

Worker. Length 4—5 mm. Differs from the variety sulcinodoides
in its somewhat smaller size and in the coloration, which is yellowish
brown, with the upper surface of the head and the gaster, except at
the base and tip, dark brown or blackish. The sculpture on the head
is somewhat. weaker, the hairs on the body slender and pointed.

1907.] Wheeler, A New Guest-ant. 77

Female. Length 5—5.5 mm. Resembling the worker. Thorax
yellowish brown with the metanotum, posterior border of scutellum,
an anteromedian, often double, blotch and two large parapsidal blotches
on the mesonotum, black. Wings distinctly brown at the base, with
brown veins and stigma.

Male. Length 5—5.7 mm. Closely resembling the male of the
var. sulcinodoides, and with equally short antennal scapes. The wings,
however, are of a deeper brown at their bases, the mesonotum is more
densely and more extensively striated, and*the hairs on the legs are
shorter and stiffer.

Connecticut: Colebrook, Litchfield County, 1,000-1,600 feet.

Massachusetts: New Boston, Berkshire County, 1,400 feet.

Maine: (Pergande); Ogunquit (H. S. Platt).

Pennsylvania: Lehigh Gap.

Michigan: Marquette (M. Downing); Isle Royale (O.
Gleason). !

Wisconsin: Milwaukee (C. E. Brown).

Nova Scotia: Digby (J. Russell).

British Columbia: Golden (W. Wenman).

This is the only form of brevinodis which descends to lower
levels in the Northern States. Transitional forms between it and
the true sulcinodoides undoubtedly occur. Females from several
of the Nova Scotia colonies have the thorax nearly black, and the
workers of many colonies from the same region are almost yellow,
with only the posterior portion of the head and a broad band
across the gaster dark brown. The var. canadensis rarely reaches
as great a size as the variety to which I have restricted the name
sulcinodoides, and nests in cool bogs or meadows, under stones or
logs. Its larve and young pupe are pearly white and not
greenish yellow.

6. Var. subalpina var. nov.

Worker. Length 4—5 mm. Resembling canadensis in color but

differing both from it and sulcinodoides in having the hairs on the

body obtuse, instead of pointed, and somewhat stouter than in the
other varieties.

Female. Length 4.,—5 mm. Colored like the female of canadensis,
but with the wings whitish hyaline throughout, with very pale brown

78 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 2.

veins and stizma, and the upper surfaces of the petiole and postpetiole
black.

Male. Length 4.3—4.8 mm. Closely resembling the male of cana-
densis, but with the wings colorless at the base as in the covarietal
female.

Colorado: Florissant Cafion, occuring at a higher level
(8,500) than sulcinodoides and replacing this variety along the
_margins of some of the streams and meadows.

7. Var. frigida Forel.

According to Forel, the worker of this variety has “the head
longitudinally rugose, also at the sides, and nearly without trans-
versal reticulations (in the typical brevinodis, the sides of the
head are more reticulated). The abdomen highly polished, with
only a few scattered erect hairs (more hairy and with slight
scattered punctures in the typical brevinodis.) The whole body
less hairy than in the typical brevinodis. Red; the abdomen and
the upper side of the head brown. In all other parts like the
typical form of the subspecies.

“Ice River Valley, British Columbia, 5,000 feet.” [Edw.
Whymper |.

A single worker from Homer, Alaska, (A. Mehner) and a
number of workers and males from the Bay of Islands, New-
foundland (L. P. Gratacap) in my collection agree very well
with Forel’s description. The color of the workers and the shape
of the antennal scapes are the same as in the var. sulcinodoides.
The sculpture is also very similar, except that the sides of the
head are longitudinally rugose, and the petiole is coarsely longi-
tudinally rugose in front and transversely rugose behind.
In the male, the scapes are very. short, not longer than
the two succeeding joints together, or % of the funiculus. The
hairs on the body and legs are nearly white. Length of worker,
4.8—5.3 mm; of the male, 5.5—6 mm.

The host of the typical Leptothorax emersoni is the variety
above described as canadensis, that of L. glacialis the var.
subalpina. I have been unable to detect any differences in the
habits or behavior of these two host ants. The nest of the Colo-

1907.] Wheeler, A New Guest-ant. 79

rado variety resembled in every way that of the Connecticut
form, and the small nests of L. glacialis were arranged around the
periphery under the edges of the stones in the same manner as
those of the typical emersoni in the bogs of the Litchfield Hills.
That the habits of the Western inquiline, however. are somewhat
different from those of the Eastern type, is indicated by the follow-
ing notes on the colony kept under observation in an artificial nest
from July 17th to August 31st.

The artificial nest was of the design which I have described
and figured in a former paper.* and consisted of two cham-
bers of the same size, one of which was kept dry and illum-
inated, the other darkened and kept moist with a slice of
sponge soaked in water. The installed colony consisted of
the broods of both species, about a hundred Leptothorax
workers, and a few males and females, and about seventy-five
Myrmica workers. The queen of the latter species escaped while
the ants were being collected. As soon as the ants and their
broods. together with some of the earth in which they had been
living, were placed in the lighted chamber, the Myrmicas hastened
to transport their own larve and pupe to the dark chamber. The
Leptothorax, however, remained behind, and by the following day
had hollowed out a small cavity in the earth and had brought into
it all their young. This cavity was immediately beneath the glass
roof-pane and fully exposed to the light. The Myrmicas kept
visiting the Leptothoray continually, but the latter pulled the
intruders by the forelegs or antennz, and in every way showed
the same desire to be left alone in their own habitaculum, as I have
observed, under similar circumstances, in the Eastern emersoni.
The Myrmicas endured no end of tweaking and pulling, but
nevertheless kept pushing their way into the Leptothorax cavity
as if unable to forego the society of their little inquilines.

Although so jealously guarding their own habitaculum against

*On the Founding of Colonies by Queen Ants, with Special Refer-
ence to the Parasitic and Slave-Making Species. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist. XXII, 1906, p. 48, fig. 1.

80 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol.5, No. 2.

the intruders, the Leptothorax workers did not hesitate to
enter the chamber in which the Myrmicas had taken up their
abode. ‘There they ran about, accosting the Myrmicas, which
had gorged themselves with the sugar water in the manger in one
of the corners of the chamber. The Leptothorax mounted their
backs, shampooed their bodies and then, turning to the ventral
side, promptly placed their tongues in contact with those of their
host and imbibed the regurgitated sweets. The shampooing, how-
ever, was of much briefer duration and much more perfunctory
than in the colonies of the typical emersont. Often the glacialis
worker omitted these manipulations altogether and went at once
to the mouth of its host. Sometimes as many as five or six of the
little ants would remain standing on the floor of the nest and
drink simultaneously from the tongue of a single Myrmica. If
the host failed to proffer the droplet of food, the Leptothorax
would usually pinch her fore leg or antenna, and this more
emphatic and probably more painful appeal rarely failed to elicit
the desired response. The Leptothorax undoubtedly obtained all
of their food from their hosts, for during the entire six weeks
they were under observation, I never found one of them eating
from the manger, or even showing the slightest interest in its
contents. In the privacy of their own quarters, however, they
freely fed one another by regurgitation with the food they had
obtained from the Myrmicas.

As by July 2oth the Leptothorax had shown no disposition to
move their brood into the dark chamber with the Myrmicas, I
undertook to coerce them by exposing their quarters to the bright
sunlight. Even this had no effect, till the glass roof-pane became
heated, when they slowly and reluctantly took up their larve and
pupz and migrated into the dark chamber. Then the entrance
between the two chambers was closed. I expected the Leptothorax
to establish themselves in one of the larger cavities of the sponge,
as had been done by some of my colonies of the typical emersoni,
but they merely stacked their brood in three piles at the end of the
sponge. Here they were, of course, fully exposed to the Myrmica
workers and the latter began to visit them assiduously. The

1907.] Wheeler, A New Guest-ant. 81

presence of the brood, however, caused the Leptothorax to react
by pulling and tweaking the fore legs and antenne of their
visitors. By the following day they had brought all their lar
and pupz together in a single pile on the side of the sponge
opposite that occupied by the Myrmicas and their brood.

July 23rd I left Florissant, and for several days traveled about
in Colorado, carrying the nest in my luggage. The jarring of
the railway train must have had a tendency to mingle the broods
of the two species, for during the night of July 23rd to 24th, the
Leptothorax built a wall of agglutinated sugar crystals about 4
cm. long, parallel with and about a cm. from the edge of the
sponge. This wall they were apparently unable to carry up to
the roof-pane, so that the long, narrow chamher which they had
endeavored to construct, and in which they had placed their brood,
was open above and at both ends. The visiting Myrmicas were
in.no wise restrained by the crystalline rampart, but in their
uncontrollable craving to be near the little inquilines kept climbing
over it or pushing their way into the openings at the ends.

No change was observed in the relations of the two species
till I reached Colorado Springs, July 26th, when I found that the
Leptothorax had abandoned their useless abode at the edge of the
sponge and had moved their brood in under a delicate film of
sugar, which they had built inside the food-cup. This film was
fastened to the floor and to the vertical wall of the cup, so as to
enclose a triangular cavity, which communicated with the outside
by means of a single small opening. Structurally this little cell
was, of course, an admirable contrivance for preventing the visits
of the Myrmicas, but, unfortunately, by August Ist, its sugar
wall had been partly dissolved by the moisture in the chamber,
and partly eaten by the host ants, so that the little guests and their
brood were again exposed on all sides. They now gave up all
attempts at keeping their brood sequestered, and by August 3rd,
when I arrived in New York, to my surprise, both species had
collected and mingled their broods together in a single large
cavity in the sponge. Henceforth, till all of the pupz of both
species had hatched, the workers of one species did not hesitate

82 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 2.

to seize and carry the offspring of the other indiscriminately,
although up to this time neither had shown the slightest interest
in the brood of the other. By reversing the illumination of the
chambers and keeping damp sponges in both of them, it was
possible to make the ants move back and forth from one to the
other, but, although this was repeated on several successive days,
the ants always ended by keeping their brood intermingled, either
at the edge of the sponge, or in one of its cavities. The original
compound nest had, therefore, been converted into a mixed colony:
This was quite unexpected, as I had found it extremely difficult to
bring about such a result in my colonies of the typical L. emersoni
and M. canadensis. ‘The rapidity of this conversion may have
been connected with the condition of the inquiline and host broods,
for at the time of its occurrence all the larve had become pupe,
and many of these were pigmented and ready to hatch. The
presence of eggs or larve among the Leptothoraxr brood would
probably have rendered such a fusion of the’ two colonies
impossible.

Early in August a few males and females of the Leptothorax
and seven males of the Myrmica made their appearance. The
behavior of the inquilines towards the latter was the same as
towards the workers. The little ants shampooed these black,
winged creatures and licked their mouth-parts, but I was unable
to ascertain whether any food was regurgitated. The Leptothorax
were always on hand whenever a Myrmica male was being fed by
a worker of its own species. Sometimes the guests would congre-
gate in numbers and lap up portions of the food as it was passing
‘from the tongue of the worker to that of the male.

August toth I isolated twenty of the Leptothorar workers
and a few of their pupz in a nest provided with honey and a few
dismembered house-flies. ‘The ants lived for a few days in a
cavity of the sponge till their pupz had hatched and then wandered
aimlessly about the nest. They were never seen to approach the
food in the manger and gradually died one by one before the end
of the month. This result was very different from that obtained
with isolated colonies of the typical L. emersoni, for these soon

1907. ] Wheeler, A New Guest-ant. 83

learned to eat from the manger and lived several months’‘as a
pure colony.

During August the gaster of one of the larger Myrmica
workers in the original nest became unusually distended, and as
small packets of eggs were continually appearing and being as
rapidly devoured by the workers, I concluded that this unusual
individual had become gynzcoid and was trying to function as
the queen of the colony. At the end of the month, after all the
brood of both species had hatched and the ants had become demor-
alized, as usually happens when there are no young on which to
concentrate their attention, I discontinued my observations. The
gynecoid worker was dissected and found to contain a number
of mature eggs.

The above observations indicate that the habits of L. glacialis
are similar to those of the typical emersomi, although differing in
two important respects: first, the Colorado form feeds less on
the surface secretions of its host and more on regurgitated food ;
and, second, this ant seems to have lost the instinct to secure its
food in any other way. If further observations should prove that
these differences are common to all colonies of L. glacialis, and
not an idiosyncracy of the colony which I happened to have under
observation, or due to the depressing and demoralizing effects of
confinement in an artificial nest, we should be justified in con-
cluding that this subspecies has reached a more advanced stage
of inquilinism or parasitism than the typical form of the Eastern
States.

American Museum of Natural History,
New York City, March 9th, 1907.

WISCONSIN FLOWERS AND THEIR POLLINATION.
&
If.

By S. GRAENICHER.

SAXIFRAGACIAL anp GROSSULARIACEA.*

FAM. SAXIFRAGACE/.

Saxifraga Pennsylvanica L. Swamp Saxifrage.

The genus Saxifraga is represented by a very large number
of species in Europe, and for many of these their relations to
insect visitors have been recorded, while for our North American
species this has not been done in a single instance. The only one
occurring in our immediate neighborhood is the species named
above. It is fairly common in swampy grounds, and is rather
large for a saxifrage, some specimens attaining a height of about
1m. In the Menomonee Valley, between Milwaukee and Wau-
watosa, the plants were seen in blossom from May 15 to June 18.
The numerous small flowers (about 5 mm. in diameter) are
arranged in cymes, and the latter form a long panicle on a stout
scape. In the erect flower the small greenish calyx-lobes are re-
flexed, but the lanceolate white petals assume an horizontal posi-
tion, and the 10 stamens in 2 rows are also directed laterally from
the time on that they begin to shed their pollen. The upper por-
tion of the ovary forms a disc-shaped nectary around the two
styles, and nectar is secreted in abundance. These flowers are
decidedly proterandrous, and in this respect they agree with the
majority of the European species, very few of which are proter-
ogynous. Dehiscence starts in the stamens belonging to the
outer row, and a few days later those of the inner row become

*Classification and nomenclature according to “Britton’s Manual
of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada.”

84

1907.] Graenicher, Pollination of Wisconsin Flowers. 85

involved in the same process. At the beginning of this, the male
stage of the flower’s existence, the styles are very short, and the
stigmas hardly noticeable. But the styles gradually: rise above
their surroundings, and after all the anthers have emptied their
reddish-yellow pollen the small capitate stigmas become receptive.
The female stage is therefore very plainly separated from the
male stage, and in such a flower self-pollination is entirely out of
the question. Cross-pollination is insured by the visits of numer-
ous insects, and these obtain a bountiful supply of nectar and
pollen. The individual flower is unsightly, but the grouping of
such a large number as are usually present in the inflorescence of
each plant renders the whole more or less attractive. Correspond-
ing with the entirely exposed situation of the nectar we find these
small flowers visited nearly exclusively by insects with short
tongues. Several European species of Saxifraga are especially
attractive to flies, but in our S. Pennsylvanica other short-tongued
insects are just as well represented, and the small bees of the
genus Halictus are always regular attendants. According to the
list given below the flies and short-tongued bees together represent
64% of the entire number of visitors, and this agrees quite well
with the figures obtained for other flowers with entirely exposed
nectar.
A. Hymenoptera.

Apide: (1) Apis mellifera L., worker, s.; Andrenide: (2)
Andrena marwe Rob., female, s.; (3) Halictus pilosus Sm.,
female, s. and ¢. p.;. (4) A. zephyrus Smi., female, s. and c. p.;
(5) Ho sparsus Rob., female, s. and c..p.; (6) H. hortensis Lov.,
female, s. and c. p.; (7) H. anomalus Rob., female, s. and c. p.;
(8) Sphecodes cressonu Rob., female, s.; (9) S. arvensis Patton,
female, s.; (10) Prosopis pygmea Cr., male, s.; Eumenide: (11)
Odynerus philadelphie Sauss., s.; Crabronide: (12) Crabro
obscurus Sm., s.; (13) C. trifasciatus Say, s.; (14) Oxybelus
4-notatus Say, s.; Ichneumonide: (15) Ichnewmon sp., s.; (15)
Cryptus persimilis Cr., s.; (17) Cryptus sp., s.; (18) Chorineus
carinatus Cr., s.; Tenthredinide: (19) Dolerus similis Norton, s. ;
(20) D. aprilis Norton, s.

86 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol.5, No. 2.

B. Diptera,

Stratiomyide: (21) Odontomyia pubescens Day; Syrphide:
(22) Paragus bicolor Fab.; (23) Platychirus quadratus Say;
(24) Allograpta obliqua Say; (25) Mesogramma marginata Say ;
(26) Spherophona cylindrica Say; (27) Syritta pipiens L,.; Con-
opide (28) Zodion fulvifrons Say; Tachinide: (29) E-rorista
confins Fall.; Sarcophagide: (30) Sarcophaga helicis Town.;
Muscide: (31) Lucila cesar L.; (32) L. sylvarum Meig.; An-
thomyide (3) Phorbia fusciceps Zett.; (34) Phorbia sp.; (35)
Hydrotea sp.; Geomyzide: (36) Agromysa eneiventris Fall.—
all s. or f. p.

C. Coleoptera.

Elateride: (37) Glyphonyx recticollis Say; Cerambycide:
(38) Acmeops bivittata Say; Chrysomelide: (39) Orsodachna
atra Ahr.—all s. or f. p.

Heuchera hispida Pursh. Rough Heuchera. Alum-root.

This plant is remarkable on account of the close relations
existing between it and the bee Colletes estivalis Patton. The
latter is an oligotropic bee, collecting pollen from the flowers of
some species of Heuchera only, and it has been observed by
Patton (1) in Connecticut, on the flowers of H. americana, and
by Robertson (2) in Southern Illinois, on H. Mispida. Around
Milwaukee it is a regular visitor of the latter species, and last
year, on June 3, I also came across it at Eagle, Waukesha Co.,
Wis., where H. lispida occurs in great numbers along the rail-
road leading to Palmyra. In Illinois Roberson found the plant
visited by this bee exclusively, but in our region bees of the

(1) W. H. Patton. Proc. Bost: Soc. Nat. Hist. XX, pp. 142-144
(1879).
(2) Chas. Robertson. Flowers and Insects. VIII. Bot. Gaz.

XVII, pp. 178-179 (1892).
Chas. Robertson. Notes on Bees, ete. Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. XXII,

p. 116 (1895).

1907. ] Graenicher, Pollination of Wisconsin Flowers. 87

genera Halictus and Augochlora also resort to these flowers in
search of pollen, as shown by the heavy and very conspicuous
load of brick-red pollen that they carry away. The earliest
flowers of Heuchera hispida make their appearance several days
ahead of their special pollinator Colletes estivalis. In 1901, for
example, the first flowers were noticed on June 7. On June II
the females of Halictus and Augochlora were busy at these
flowers, but of Colletes a single specimen was seen, a male flying
around the flowers in search of the females, which had not arrived
up to this time. Four days later, however, (at the time of my
next visit) they were also present, sucking and collecting pollen.
Judging from the description of the flowers as given by Robertson,
those of our surroundings agree essentially with those from South-
ern Illinois. The inflorescence is a panicle containing numerous
greenish tubular flowers, which have been observed in blossom
from June 3 to July 2. Along its upper side the flower is longer
than along the lower side; in other words, it is obliquely cut off,
and the width of 4 mm. enables the visiting short-tongued bees to
insert their heads into the tube in search of nectar at the bottom,
The tube is 6 mm. long, and nectar is secreted in drops on the
upper surface of the ovary and on the adjacent walls of the calyx.
These flowers are proterogynous, but the upper anthers shed their
pollen soon after the stigmas have become receptive. The two
divergent styles, with their small stigmas, reach the mouth of the
flower, but since the dehiscent anthers are situated 2 or 3 mm.
beyond the mouth of the flower, spontaneous self-pollination can
the flowers are visited early before their anthers begin to open, and
this insures cross-pollination. The following bees were taken on
the flowers:

Andrenide: (1) Colletes estivalis, Patton, male and female,
s.and c. p.; (2) Halictus provancheri D. T., female, s. and c. p.;
(3) H. zephyrus Sm., female, s. and c. p.; (4) H. hortensis Lov.,
female, s. andc. p.; (5) Augochlora confusa Rob., female,
er andtc? pi.

88 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 2.

Mitella diphylla L. Mitrewort.

The small, white, cup-shaped flowers, blooming from about
May 5 to June 15, are adapted to small-sized insects. Syrphid-
flies and short-tongued bees are'the principal visitors, and the
smallest among these belonging to the fly-genus Paragus, and the
bee-genus Halictus are the most’ frequent ones, as far as the
number of individuals is concerned. The flowers are arranged in
a terminal raceme on a scape that attains a length of 30 to 40 cm.
At its entrance the flower is 2 mm. wide, its depth is the same,
and the nectar-drops on the lower portion of the calyx-tube are
easily reached by insects with very short mouth-parts. The small,
triangular calyx-lobes are erect, while the much longer white
petals, with their fringed appearance, are spread out laterally or
reflexed, as in the older flower. There are Io stamens, all of
them arising at the same level from the wall of the calyx and con-
verging towards the middle, thereby forming with their anthers
a small circle below the mouth of the flower. The very short
styles, with their stigmas, are situated somewhat below the anthers.
In the opening flower the anthers are all nearer to the calxy-ttube
but as those of the 5 stamens that alternate with the petals begin
to open, they move towards the middle, and later on the 5
remaining stamens undertake the same movements. Proterandry
is present, but of short duration, since the stigmas reach maturity
very soon after the first anthers have burst open. In view of the
vertical position of the flower, spontaneous self-pollination by the
falling of pollen can hardly be expected, at least not in the young
flowers. But the styles increase in length and place the stigmas
beneath the anthers, and in the older flower this kind of pollina-
tion may take place if pollination through insects has not been
accomplished previously. The latter are mostly present to such
an extent as to insure either cross or self-pollination. Pollen is
transported by the mouth-parts of the visitors. When in search
of nectar an insect has to insert its proboscis between the stigmas
and the introrse anthers, whereby some of the pollen adheres to
the sides of the proboscis and in this way may be brought in con-

1907.] Graenicher, Pollination of Wisconsin Flowers. 89

tact with the stigmas of the same or of another flower. Following
is a list of the bees and flies observed on the flowers:

A. Hymenoptera.

Apide: (1) Ceratina dupla Say., female, s.; Andrenide:
(2) Augochlora confusa Rob., female, s.; (3) Halictus quadri-
maculatus Rob., female, s. and c. p.; (4) H. pilosus Sm., female,
s. and c. p.; (5) H. albipennis Rob., female, s. and c. p.; (6)
H. hortensis Lov., female, s. and c. p.

-B.. Diptera.

Syrphide: (7) Paragus bicolor Fab.; (8) Allograpta
obliqua Say.; (9) Mesogramma marginata Say.; (10) Sphero-

phoria cylindrica Say all S..0f is "p.

FAM. GROSSULARIACE.

Within the genus Ribes (currants and gooseberries) the
species differ considerably in the structure of the flowers, and
accordingly in their adaptation to insects, as has been shown by
' Hermann Mueller (3) for several species of Europe. The same
is clearly illustrated by the 5 species of our region considered
below. We have on one side the primitive and saucer-shaped
flowers of R. rubrum receiving the attention of small and poorly
adapted insects; on the other side, the campanulate flowers of
R. gracile and R. foridum adapted to the largest among the spe-
cialized bees (the bumble bees), and between the two extremes we
find R. oxyacanthoides and R. Cynosbati, adapted to bees in
general.

They all bloom close together, as will be seen from the follow-

(3) H. Mueller. Weitere Beobachtungen, pp. 298-300. See also
P. Knuth Handb. d. Bluetenbiologie, Vol. II, p. 437.

90 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 2.

ing dates, indicating the blooming periods of these species as
observed around Milwaukee:

R. rubrum, April 24—May 27.

R. Cynosbati, May 2—May 29.

R. floridum, May 6—June 7.

R. gracile, May 6—May 25.

R. oxyacanthoides, May 9—June 16.

According to these observations, all of the species have their
flowers open together between May 9 and 27.

Ribes rubrum L. Red currant.

This plant is an inhabitant of damp woods, and is rapidly
disappearing from the immediate surroundings of Milwaukee on
account of the changed condition of most of the woods of our
territory. It occurs also in Europe and Asia, and H. Mueller (4)
has given an account of its pollination. The structure of the
flower, as it occurs with us, does not quite agree with Mueller’s
description and the figure presented by Knuth (5). The
flower of our region is purplish, has a diameter of about
6 mm., and is rather flat, with entirely exposed nectar like R.
alpinum (6), while the European one is more campanulate, with
slightly concealed nectar. From this we must conclude that the
flower of the North American Ff. rubrum has remained nearer to
the primitive type of the ancestral flower, while in Europe the
flower has progressed in the direction of a campanulate flower.
The same may be stated for the cultivated form, the red currant
of our gardens.

There are 20 or more flowers in a drooping raceme. The
stamens, with their introrse anthers, and the style with the greenish
2-parted stigma, are all of the same length, hardly reaching I mm.
above the disc. The anthers and the stigma become mature at the
same time (homogamy). Nectar appears as small drops on the

- (4) H. Mueller. Die Befruchtung der Blumen durch Insekten,
p. 95.
(5) P. Knuth. Handb. d. Bluetenbiologie, Vol. II, part 1, p. 439.
(6) H. Mueller. Loc. cit., p. 94.

1907. ] Graenicher, Pollination of Wisconsin Flowers. 9]

uneven purplish disc, and the flowers are slightly sweet-scented,
Insects crawling around on them may effect either self or cross-
pollination. Some of the flowers are directed upwards, while
others assume a vertical position, and in the latter pollen may fall
down on the stigma and cause spontaneous self-pollination. The
only visitors I have been able to observe on the few plants met
were with a small fly, Themira putris L., (family Sepsidz),
and a small parasitic wasp, Orthocentrus nigricoxis Prov.,
(Tryphoninz).
Ribes oxyacanthoides |. Northern gooseberry.

In this species the greenish pendulous flower is campanulate.
_ The different parts at the entrance, i. e., the calyx-lobes, petals, and
long stamens are more or less divergent, and for this reason insects
can easily gain access to the flower. The white petals are inserted
near the upper margin of the calyx-tube, and in this region the
latter measures 3 mm. across and is just as deep. The flowers are
homogamous. From its middle on the style is divided into 2 long
slender branches, and these gradually become divergent, and carry
the stigmas a short dlistance past the anthers. There is hardly
any possibility of the latter coming in contact with the stigmas, -
but spontaneous self-pollination due to the falling of pollen may
take place in the drooping flower. Nectar is present at the bot-
tom, and is to some extent hidden from view and protected by hairs
on the lower part of the calyx-tube and the style. In some flowers
round openings may be noticed in the wall of the calyx-tube near
its base, and these are made by ants, and enable the latter to steal
nectar from the outside instead of proceeding along the natural
route which is protected by hairs. The structure of these flowers
and their pendulous position point to an adaptation to bees, and
7 of the 9 visitors figuring in the following list are bees:

A. Hymenoptera.

Agia: 63) Bombus consumits Cr., fetndle,.s.;°, (2). B.
apmims “Cr., female, s.; -(3) .B., ternarius Say., female, s.;

92 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol.5, No.2.

Andrenide: (4) Andrena milwaukeensis Graen., female, s.;
(5) A. vicina Sm., female, s.; (6) Halictus coriaceus Sm., female,
s, and c..p.; (7) A. forbesu Rob., )fenidle; Ss: andee a
Eumenide: (8) Eumenes fraternus Say, s.

B. Diptera.

Syrphide: (9) Melanostoma obscurum Say., f. p.

Ribes Cynosbati L. Wild gooseberry. ©

There are usually 3 of the greenish campanulate flowers form-
ing a small raceme only 3 cm. in length. The calyx-lobes are
entirely reflexed, but the much smaller white petals are erect. At
its entrance the flower has a diameter of 3 mm., it widens out
somewhat below, and has a depth of 4 mm. The stamens arise
from the calyx-tube a short distance below the petals and converge
towards the style. The anthers form a ring around the style about
114 mm.- beyond the mouth of the flower, and, as a rule, the
dark-green two-parted stigma surpasses the white anthers by at
least 1 mm. But the style shows a tendency to variation, and in
some plants the stigma hardly surpasses the anthers at all, thereby
favoring spontaneous self-pollination in these homogamous
flowers. Nectar is present at the bottom of the tube, a sweet odor
is noticeable, and the laterally directed flowers are well visited by
insects, mostly bees. Numerous hairs arising from the inner wall
of the calyx-tube, as also from the style, serve to protect the
nectar from unwelcome visitors, but so far as ants are concerned,
I have on several occasions seen specimens of Cremastogaster
lineolata (Say) Emery and Formica fusca 1. var. subsericea
(Say) Emery force their way down to the nectar. Not rarely
these ants also gain an entrance to the flower by biting a piece out
of the calyx-wall, and Trelease (7) has seen the white-faced hor-
net (Vespa maculata L,.) perforating these flowers in the same
manner; although on other occasions he witnessed this insect

(7) Wm. Trelease. ‘Note on the Perforation of Flowers. Bull.
Torr. Bot. Club, VIII, pp. 68-69 (1881).

1907.] Graenicher, Pollination of Wisconsin Flowers. 93

visiting the flowers in a legitimate way. The following insects
were seen on the flowers:

A. Hymenoptera.

Apide: (1) Apis mellifera L., worker, s.; (2) Bombus
virginicus Oliv., female, s.; (3) B. americanorum Fabr., female,
Ss, (4) By separatus Cr., female, s.; (5) B. ternarius, Say.,
female, s.; Andrenide: (6) Andrena mulwaukeensis Graen.,
female, s.andc. p.; (7) A. vicina Sm., female, s. and c. p.; (8)
A. nivalis Sm., female, s. and c. p.; (9) A. dubia Rob., male, s.;
(10) Halictus ierouxu Lep., female, s.; Vespide: (11) Vespa
germanica Fabr., s.

B. Diptera.

Syrphide: (12) Pipiza femoralis Lw.; (13) Syrphus amer-
icanus Wied. ait sor £2) p.

Ribes gracile Michx. Slender gooseberry.

Robertson (8) has made us acquainted with the mode of
pollination of this species. In the slender, pendulous flower, the
calyx-lobes are reflexed, and together with the petals, they serve
as footholds for the visiting bees. The converging stamens are
rather long, and extend in the flowers of our region about II mm.
beyond the calyx-tube. The latter is 3 mm. deep. By pressing
up against the filaments, the erect petals, which are only 2 mm.
long, form a tube which practically constitutes an elongation of
the calyx-tube. In order to reach the nectar at the bottom of the
flower, the insect must have a proboscis of at least 4 mm. length.
This is inserted through one of the openings between two fila-
ments and the top of a petal. In this species, as in the two pre-
ceding ones, there are numerous hairs at the bottom of the tube.

In these flowers we are dealing with proterandry. When the
first anthers dehisce the stigma is still 4 mm. below the anthers
(above in the pendulous flower), but on account of a gradual

(8) Chas. Robertson. Flowers and Insects. IX. Bot. Gaz. XVII,
pp. 270-271 (1892). ’

94 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 2.

lengthening of the style, the stigma surpasses the anthers before it
becomes receptive. Pollination is generally due to insects and the
flowers are, as Robertson states, adapted to bumble bee females.
the only sex of bumble bees represented so early in the year. On
account of their size, they are the only bees which, while hanging
on to the flowers, are capable of sucking, and at the same time
touching the anthers and stigma. These parts of the flower come
in contact with the ventral surface of the base of the abdomen.
Robertson observed 4 species of bumble bees, and in addition to
these, 18 smaller bees which he regards as intruders, for the rea-
sons set forth above. But in several instances I have seen some
of the smaller bees (species of Andrena) visiting the flowers for
nectar, and besides crawling to the top of the flower for the pur-
pose of collecting pollen. Such visits of the smaller bees are of
course of as much importance to the flower as the visits of bumble-
bees, although these flowers are undoubtedly adapted to the
latter. The exceptional visits of flies to such a flower are of
little significance. At Milwaukee I have seen the following
insects as visitors:

A. Hymenoptera.

Apide: (1) Bombus americanorum Fabr., female, s.; (2)
B. consinulis Cr., female, s.; (3) Nomada cressonu Rob., female,
s.; (4) Ceratina dupla, Say, male,s.; Andrenide: (5) Andrena
nivalis Sm., female s. and c. p.; (6) A. milwaukeensis Graen.,
female, s. and c. p.; (7) A. cressoni, Rob., female, s. and c. p.;
(8) <Augochlora confusa Rob., female, s.; (9) Halictus
lerouxtt Lep., female, s.; (10) H. provancheri, D. T., female, s.;
(11) A. quadrimaculatus Rob., female, s.; (12) H. connexus
Cr., female, s.;- (13)-H. albipenms Rob., female, si) tae
Sphecodes clematidis Rob., female, s.; Eumenide: (15)
Odynerus philadelphie Saus, s.

B. Diptera.

Syrphide: (16) Syrphus americanus Wied., f. p.

1907. ] _ Graenicher, Pollination of Wisconsin Flowers. 95

C. Lepidoptera.

Sphingide: (17) Hemaris diffinis Bsdv., s.
Ribes floridum L’Her. Wild black currant.

When visiting the yellowish-green pendulous flowers of this
species, the bees hold on to the reflexed calyx-lobes the same as
in the case of R. gracile. The white, erect petals form together
with the slightly shorter stamens, a tube of 3 mm. length on top
of the calyx-tube, which is 4 mm. long. The whole tube is, there-
fore, 7 mm. long; it has a diameter of 3 mm. at its entrance, and
widens out to 4 mm lower down. The anthers are situated just
inside of the mouth of the flower, but the two-parted stigma pro-
trudes slightly. Anthers and stigma reach maturity together, and
spontaneous self-pollination is very apt to take place on account
of the falling of the pollen. There is a free supply of nectar at
the bottom of the flower, but no protecting hairs are present as
in the three preceding species with campanulate flowers.
These flowers are adapted to bumble bees, but smaller bees also
pay their attention to them on account of the pollen near the mouth
of the flower. Any of these bees may be instrumental in effecting
either self or cross-pollination, but the latter is favored by the
advanced position of the stigma. Bees, the names of which I
herewith present, were the only visitors witnessed on the flowers:

Apide: (1) Bombus pennsylvanicus Deg., female, s.; (2)
B. separatus Cr., female, s.; Andrenide: (3) Andrena nivalis
~m., female, c. p.; (4) Halictus coriaceus Sm., female, C. Pp.
(5) H. forbes Rob., female, c. p.; (6) H. versatus Rob.,
Female; Cc: p:

NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. IV.

By CHARLES THOMAS BRUES.

A very interesting lot of small Hymenoptera collected by
Mr. Charles Schaeffer, of the Museum of the Brooklyn Academy
of Arts and Sciences, have furnished most of the material
contained in the following pages.

They were collected principally in the Southwest, and were
kindly sent to me by Mr. Schaeffer for examination. The types
of these species are in the Brooklyn Museum, those of the others
in the Milwaukee Public Museum.

FAMILY BETHYLIDZ.

Epyris Westwood.

A considerable number of species of this large cosmopolitan
genus have been described from the United States. Some of
them are very closely allied, but the following table will aid in
their identification.

Kieffer includes in Epyris all species previously put into
Mesitius by Ashmead and others, restricting Mesitius to certain
forms not occurring in our fauna. I have followed his arrange-
ment, and our species heretofore placed in this latter genus will
be found in the table:

1. Scutellum with two distinctly separated foveze at the base.... 2
Scutellum with a broad transverse impressed line at the base,

or at least a narrow one connecting two fovee............. 16
Seutellum without either groove or fovee; black, legs and

antenne brown, wings brownish............ reticulatus Kieffer.

2. Wings. fully. developed ic. . cin.nc Ven <.s oo. eo unas spe tee 3

Wings short, reaching to only a little beyond the base of the
abdomen; legs rufous, metanotum with a’ faint median
Carita! 20s dS Riel o:cce pe eee Cee brachypterus Ashmead.

1907. ] Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera. 97

10.

tk

12.

13.

14.

eR ETIG EC OLY) LGN oily we hubs AGip a b's, e ele, «4a id a gle Oa s Noida gt ates 5
Body pale, or the tip of the abdomen conspicuously red...... 4
Brownish-testaceous, head piceous, antenne and legs honey

pel ler wots t)4 5.2 SALES CRORE pCO Bret. FORTE ae flaviventris Kieffer.
Only the tip of the abdomen reddish........... texanus Ashmead.
Metanotum with a median raised longitudinal line or carina

which extends to the tip, and often with shorter basal ones

Be CIC eee ee aS cl hs Os oe Wythe SEU E wk ale gv wis oats ee Beale 6
Metanotum without a median carina except toward the base,

four anterior tibiz and all tarsi rufous....... indivisus Kieffer.
aM ee VITCVGT BOALIL SOs ais dw x a's wR diene 6 WE, oe ats Was 5.0m Re T
Se Casi MeIYy, SUMTISCOUG e205 ance owe dad a bis die oi a eto wd pees 15

Metanotum with only a single median carina, aside from the
PAG er RoE ISel (OAT O INS sso.) <a gaedonne baste adie) aye acy ately apd dss ows 8
Metanotum with additional longitudinal carine on each side

of the median .one toward the base ..... 05 sje. eee ie see ne es 11
Pronotum twice as long as the MeSONOtUM......... see eeeseee 9
Pronotum at most one-third longer than the mesonotum..... 10
ives Mare, femora Black... oF oot ete ies clarimontis Kieffer.
Eyes hairy, legs entirely reddish.............. longicollis Kieffer.
Head aboye inely punctate... i... 6 6s eee. ..--nudicornis Kieffer.
PR etCh ea OPV AOL UENO UE oN a aie ole sale Bier Wis Caisse ne ts erigoni Kieffer.
Hers A pare wide, au least some of the COs 2.6. se hale 12

Legs including cox pale rufous or pale honey-yellow, meta-
thorax with about seven raised lines, the lateral ones abbre-
MeO rat rots A xin nh xen no: costo ayaio on pla tie bos bifoveolatus Ashmead.

Legs entirely black, the tibize and tarsi brownish pubescent.

monticola Ashmead.

Legs not entirely black..... RGRAY see 8 GA Ae Wrap Or Us SM Dat ant ary ae A a 13

Prothorax twice as long as the mesonotum; legs rufous, coxee
and anterior femora black, middle and posterior femora
Be Racer ee canal tered wes wre gine u wepepac dla deve 5 ie ao minutus Ashmead.

Prothorax at least three times as long as the mesonotum.... 14

Head one-half longer than broad, joints 2-5 of the flagellum
One halt ras lone’ ‘as thick s.2.....00 6665 californicus Ashmead.

Head scarcely longer than wide, joints 2-5 of flagellum quad-

Rea eC ap ts aia Neniha <nteaa Gas ida Sisk dah pode Sd myrmecophilus Brues.

98

16.

fe gs

18.

19;

20.

21.

22.

Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol.5, No. 2.

Mandibles with only a large outer tooth, the inner margin
scarcely denticulate, femora distinctly reddish.
nevadensis Ashmead.
Mandibles with inner denticulations besides the large outer

tooth, all the femora black........... vancouverensis Ashmead.
Wings well-developed, 6 2). Gisie teen ein oe oie 2 ene ee 17
Wings very small, reaching only to the tip of the metathorax;

legs including coxe rufo-ferruginous; head nearly twice as

POI AS NV TOE Sov yd = ape hal in subapterus Melander and Brues.
Head and thorax metallic green, abdomen black, with ferru-

PIBOUS AIP 2 3's 22h Re ie epee ww eee aero ges ere 18
Body black, sometimes zneous, especially the head........... 19

Head and thorax bright golden green, posterior face of
metanotum polished, with a median raised line..fulgens sp. nov. .
Head and thorax dark metallic green, posterior face of meta-

notum transversely aciculated.................- analis Cresson.
Four posterior coxze and legs pale or rufous.................. 20
All .coxze DIAG. 2). cin's Bis ed ie ae es ei 2 ae 24
Head black or bluish, not at all metallic. ......... 508.2 see 21

Head zneous, abdomen bluish-black, wings fuscous.
zneiceps Ashmead.
Head very large, broader than the thorax and strongly punc-
PURE an. inte se SPO Sere eb Me megacephalus Ashmead.
Elead normal ooo. ce od ols ocage oi eine els « aod ence. aes a ee 22
Head and thorax bluish, transverse median nervure in wing
giving out a spurious vein toward the disk of the wing.
grandis Ashmead.

Head and thorax black... sais. oa. oes oe bo 8 eee 23
Mesopleura foveated, mandibles 5-dentate............ rufipes Say.
Mesopleura areolated, mandibles 6-dentate..columbianus Ashmead.
Metathorax with five raised longitudinal lines............... 25
Metathorax with only one distinct delicate raised longitudinal
MiG. pyeee aha oS ee Rie eee ee carbonarius Ashmead.

Wings sub-hyaline, abdomen entirely black. .occidentalis Ashmead.
Wings sub-fuscous, abdomen red at the tip.
hzemorrhoidalis Kieffer.*

*This is placed by Kieffer (Archiv f. Zool. I, 528 (1904), in his

genus Rhabdepyris, characterized by simple tarsal claws, but this
species as well as others later placed by him in Rhabdepyris have bifid
claws. I have therefore included it provisionally in Epyris.

1907.] Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera. 99

Epyris fulgens sp. nov.

Female. Length 7 mm. Head, thorax, and scutellum brilliant
metallic green, metanotum purplish; abdomen black, with the tip of
the fourth and all the following segments rufo-ferruginous. Legs
except anterior cox and base of posterior pair ferruginous. Legs and
antenne, except second joint, rufous. Head as long as wide, polished,
not shagreened, but covered with very sparse distinct punctures, with-
out any median groove on the front. Eyes bare, separated by one-third
their length from the posterior margin of the head. Malar space
short. Antennal scape much swollen apically and bent, as long as the
three following joints together; pedicel and second flagellar joints
of equal length, the first flagellar joint only one-half as long; following
gradually increasing, the fifth quadrate. Pronotum punctured like the
head, rounded in front and on the sides, without any lateral or anterior
carine. Mesonotum and scutellum smooth, with scarcely any punc-
tures; the parapsidal furrows complete, but stronger behind; lateral
furrows strongly convergent anteriorly, but not extending much more
than halfway toward the anterior margin. Scutellum with a narrow
straight basal groove connecting the two basal fovee. Metanotum
quadrate, with five longitudinal carine that extend to the posterior
margin; between them the surface is transversely rugulose and on
the sides microscopically transversely aciculated. Sides and posterior
edges with a submarginal ridged groove like those between the discal
carine. Posterior face polished, divided by a median line. Abdomen
considerably shorter than the thorax, polished except for delicate
seattered punctures on the anterior half of the apical segments.
Venter with the posterior parts of the apical segments finely punctured.
Legs stout, incrassated, middle and posterior tibiz strongly spinulose.
Tarsal claws with a single tooth within, the anterior metatarsus a little
longer than the three following joints. Mesopleurz polished, with a
few punctures, below with a grooved line, and behind with an arcuate
elongate fovea; above with a shallow oval fovea. Metapleure
shagreened. Wings sub-hyaline, the anterior part distinctly infuscated.
Stigma quadrate, postmarginal vein wanting, radial one-half as long
as the basal, which is a little shorter than the strongly arcuate
transverse median.

Described from one female collected by Mr. Schaeffer at
Esperanza Ranch, Brownsville, Texas, August 4.

4

100 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol.5, No. 2.

This resembles E. aurichalceus Westwood, from the West
Indies , but this species as identified by Kieffer (Bull. Soc.
Hist. Nat. Metz., XII (2 Ser.) 1905, p. 12), belongs to
Anisepyris, in which the pronotum is margined anteriorly. It
differs also by the entire lateral carine of the metanotum. From
the South American E. planiceps Fabr., it differs by its lighter
color, more evenly darkened wings and purplish metanotum, and
from E. analis Cress. by the brighter color and different sculpture
of the posterior face of the metanotum.

It is the most handsome species yet to be discovered in our
fauna.

Parasierola bicarinata sp. nov.

Female. Length 3.5 mm. Shining black; mandibles, antenne,
coxe and legs yellowish ferruginous. Head as high as broad, finely
shagreened and covered with large thimble-like punctures that are
separated by about twice their width. Front below with a median
carina which reaches up as far as the middle of the eye and is con-
tinued onward about the ocelli as a widening polished strip. Eyes
oval, bare, separated by one-half their length from the occiput. Head
behind sculptured as in front. Projecting lobe of clypeus rounded,
honey-yellow; mandibles with four teeth, of which the outer one is
considerably the largest. Antenne reaching to the tip of the pronotum,
slender, 13-jointed, attenuated at the tips. Scape rather slender, as
long as the first two flagellar joints together; pedicel and first two
flagellar joints of about equal length, from thence the joints become
shorter and narrower, the apical six joints being moniliform. The
basal flagellar joints are scarcely longer than wide. Prothorax about
as wide as long, shagreened and punctured like the head. Mesonotum
about as long as the pronotum and similarly sculptured, without any
trace of furrows except posteriorly very near the lateral margins,
which evidently correspond to the outer pair of furrows seen in some
genera. Scutellum rounded-triangular, two-thirds as long as the
mesonotum, with a broad transverse groove at the base which is
widened to form a rather distinct fovea on each side; its posterior
edge with a series of about six large punctures. Metathorax quadrate,
finely sculptured, with a smooth space medially in front that bears a
pair of nearly confluent foveze and with a carina on each side one-half
way to the margin; its posterior face margined above and on the

1907. ] Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera. 101

sides. Abdomen oval, shining black. Legs stout, tarsal claws with a
large triangular pointed tooth at the base which is very large and
longer than the claw. Wings faintly tinged with fuscous; stigmata
piceous; veins fuscous; radial vein reaching nearly half-way from the
stigma to the wing tip; basal nervure broken at the middle, the closed
discoidal cell as large as the stigma, its cubital side the shortest.

Brownsville, Texas. Mr. Schaeffer.

This form is related to P. favicoxis Kieffer, from Nicaragua,
but the mandibles are quadridentate and there is a longitudinal
discal carina on each side of the median smooth space on the
metanotum. It differs from P. cellularis Say, by the much shorter
pronotum, as I have identified Say’s species. It is evident, how-
ever, that what Kieffer rediscribed as cellularis (Berliner Entom.
Zeitschr, L., p. 254 (1905) is still another species different from
the one here described.

Chelogynus schaefferi sp. nov.

Female. Length 5 mm. Black; base of antenne, mandibles and
elypeus yellowish; prothorax, four anterior legs and the coxe and
basal parts of the femora of the posterior pair bright ferruginous.
Head not quite twice as wide as thick, the vertex distinctly convex.
Antenne 10-jointed, the scape distinctly shorter than the first flagellar
joint, which is twice as long as the pedicel, but distinctly shorter than
the second and third together. Scape, pedicel and first two flagellar
joints ferruginous, following black, the black joints being distinctly
thickened. Front and vertex rugulose. Face and clypeus with a fine
median keel between the antenne. Mandibles pale yellowish, with
black teeth. Head behind and cheeks rugulose, not at all striate below,
palpi black. Prothorax bright ferruginous, smooth and polished, with
scattered punctures; as long as the mesonotum and scutellum together.
Remainder of thorax black, mesonotum and scutellum shining and
with very sparse punctures. Mesonotum with four furrows; scutellum
with a transverse crenulate impressed line at its base, and another
simple one separating it from postscutellum. Metathorax rugulose,
its posterior face nearly smooth above and faintly transversely acicu-
late below. Pleurz rugulose. Abdomen entirely shining bluish black.
Chela of anterior tarsus reaching nearly to the base of the second
tarsal joint, whitish, dark at the tip, somewhat curved, especially at

102 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 2.

the base. Posterior legs, except coxze and base of femora, black, the
tarsal joints each tipped with yellowish. Body everywhere except the
flagellum of the antenne conspicuously whitish pubescent. Wings with
the usual two fuscous bands, which are very strong. Stigma lanceo-
late, pale at the base and piceous at the tip. Veins fuscous, except
the submarginal, median and anal veins, which are pale yellow.

One female from the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, collected
by Mr. Schaeffer.

This species resembles C. atriceps Brues, a species occurring
in the Northeastern United States, but the typical form differs
conspicuously by the black metathorax, scutellum and. meso-
thorax. The head behind is also much more coarsely sculptured,
while the punctures of the prothorax are sparse. The first flagellar
joint is shorter, being but little longer than the scape, while in
atrieeps it is nearly twice the length of the scape.

Var. a. Colored like C. atriceps, with the entire thorax red-
dish, but having the structural characters of the type. One
female from Brownsville, Texas.

FAMILY SCELIONIDAZ.

Hoplogryon grandis sp. nov.

Female. Length 2 mm. Brownish-yellow; head, abdomen and
antennal club black. Head two and one-half times as wide as thick,
shining black; front smooth, with a median line extending from the
anterior ocellus to the antenne, the anterior orbits, cheeks and face
below strongly vertically striated. Vertex irregularly rugose. Man-
dibles strongly curved, yellow, with two long, equal brown teeth.
Mesonotum and scutellum very coarsely and almost confluently punc-
tate; no parapsidal furrows; ferruginous, with a large orbicular spot
which reaches nearly to the scutellum. Scutellum black, postscutellum
ferruginous, with a long sharp spine. . Metathorax ferruginous, with
the lateral angles very acutely produced to form long spine-like teeth;
its posterior face irregularly rugulose, truncate or slightly concave.
Abdomen ovate, convex; shining black, the first segment brown, as
long as broad at the tip and roughly striated; second segment sculp-

1907. ] Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera. 103

tured like the first, two and one-half times as wide at the base as it is
long. Third segment occupying two-thirds of the remaining surface,
smooth and shining, with a few scattered punctures. Legs, including
coxee, yellow, the pleura with a dark spot just above the posterior
coxe. Wings very short, ciliated, reaching only to the tip of the first
abdominal segment. Antenne 12-jointed, bright yellow, with the apical
eight joints black. Scape slender, three-fifths the length of the
flagellum; first and second flagellar joints subequal, each twice as long
as thick and considerably longer and thicker than the pedicel; third
and fourth short, moniliform or quadrate, forming the base of an
unusually slender club; seventh flagellar joint the shortest, twice as
broad as long and twice as thick as the second flagellar joint.

One specimen, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York.

This is a large and prettily marked species, distinguished at
once by its large size, vestigial wings, and acutely toothed lateral
metathoracic angles.

FAMILY EURYTOMID®.

Chryseida inopinata sp. nov.

Female. Length 5.5 mm. Metallic green, the abdomen more or
less blue. Femora reddish, tarsi whitish; antenne ferruginous or
rufous. Head two and one-half times as wide as thick, coarsely con-
fluently puctate. Antenne inserted at the middle of the face; their
cavity transversely rugose, narrowed above and enclosing the anterior
ocellus; lateral ocelli set in large foveee near the eyes. The punctures
of the row along the anterior margin of the eyes are elongated, giving
the groove a transversely rugose sculpture; medially the groove is
margined by a very sharp carina. Cheeks margined behind; mandibles
rufous. Eyes oval, reddish, microscopically pubescent; a little longer
than the malar space. Antenne with only nine visible joints. Scape
slender, but little longer than the first flagellar joint. Pedicel very
small, rounded, only one visible ring-joint. Flagellum slightly clavate
apically, the first joint one-half longer than the second which is two
times as long as thick; third, fourth and fifth smaller; sixth oval, one-
third longer than the fifth. Prothorax nearly three times as wide as
long, sculptured like the head, as are also the mesonotum and scutellum,

104 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol.5, No. 2.

the punctation becoming coarser posteriorly. Mesonotum scarcely
longer than the pronotum; scutellum half longer than the mesonotum.
Metathorax excavated behind, the cavity coppery, faintly aciculated
medially and punctate around the sides. Metapleure purplish blue,
coarsely punctate. Abdomen ovate, more or less compressed especially
at the tip; sixth segment carinate above; fourth segment longest. All
coxe green; femora bluish, the hind pair reddish; base and tips of
tibize and tarsi except last joint whitish, the tibize medially rufous.
The legs are all rather stout, but the femora are not particularly
thickened. The body is more or less sparsely whitish hairy, and the
fourth, fifth and sixth segments each bear a well marked spot of white
pubescence on each side. Wings with a brown cloud that. extends
entirely across the wing, although it is stronger in front where it
extends apically a short distance along the costa beyond the post-
marginal vein. Marginal vein four or five times as long as thick;
postmarginal a trifle longer and the stigmal two-thirds as long,
knobbed.

One female from Brownsville, Texas. Mr. Schaeffer.

This is the first representative of this handsome and attractive
genus to be found in North America, other species being known
only from Tropical South America and the Island of Grenada, in
the Caribbean Sea.

The occurrence of this, together with the other Chalcidid
genera Kapala, Schizaspidia and Chalcedectes, is extremely inter-
esting and serves to emphasize the truly neotropical character of
the fauna in this part of ‘Texas. All these genera occur commonly
in Brazil, where they reach their highest development. Kapala
is also represented by a species from southern Florida, but none of
the others have hitherto been found within our faunal limits.

FAMILY BUCHARID.

Schizaspidia septentrionalis sp. nov.

Female. Length 7mm. Black, marked with luteous or testaceous ;
legs pale testaceous. Head black, twice as wide as high, coarsely
striate, the strize vertical on the sides of the face above, but curving in

1907. ] Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera. 105

transversely to the median line below the antenne. Lower half of
the sides of the face cross-striated. Clypeus smooth, occiput cheeks
and malar space finely striated. Malar space distinctly longer than
the eye-height. Mandibles faleate; testaceous, with long sharp tips
and no teeth within. Antenne 11-jointed, reaching as far as the tip
of the scutellum; scape and ring-joint yellow; flagellum black, except
the apical four joints, which are fuscous. First flagellar joint three
times as long as the scape and more than twice as long as the second ;
following joints growing shorter, the seventh twice as long as thick.
Prothorax entirely pale testaceous. Mesonotum pale testaceous, with
a large median horseshoe-shaped spot, a large oval spot on each of the
parapsides, basal half of axille, narrowed medially and connected with
a median scutellar stripe that includes the scutellar teeth, also black,
The entire surface of the thorax is coarsely reticulately punctate with
the sutures crenulate. Scutellum triangular, with two blunt divergent
teeth at the apex; it is as long as the mesonotum medially. Metathorax
deeply constricted at the base and bilobate behind, but without teeth
or sharp protuberances; more or less black on the sides and with a
dark line above. Propleure entirely pale testaceous; mesopleure with
three confluent testaceous spots above, the second of which extends
farther down. Legs and abdominal petiole pale testaceous, slender,
the latter as long as the posterior femora. Coxe blackened at the
extreme base, and last tarsal joint piceous. Abdomen as high as the
thorax and one-half as long, squarely truncate at the base; polished
black, the second segment concealing all the following ones. It is
black, with a large honey-yellow crescentic mark on each side. Ovi-
positor very minute. Wings hyaline, tinged with yellow; marginal
vein long, two-thirds the length of the submarginal; stigmal quadrate,
sessile; postmarginal very short.

One specimen from the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.

This is the first member of this genus to be discovered in
North America although two species are known from Brazil.

Kapala furcata Fabr.

Mr. Schaeffer sent me a number of specimens of this beautiful
Eucharid from Brownsville, Texas. The species occurs in Brazil,
and has also. been found in Grenada, but I believe that this is the
first time that it has been recorded from so far north as the United

106 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 2.

States. Quite recently Kieffer* has redescribed the species, but
he does not mention any locality.

The Brownsville specimens have the scutellar processes more
approximated at the tips, but otherwise they agree well with
Kieffer’s description, and also with Lepeletier’s figure, published
in his Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Hymenoptéres (Pl. 38,
fig. 5. The species is also figured in the Biologia by Cameron.t

FAMILY ;CLEONY MIDAS.

Chalcedectes texanus sp. nov.

Male. Length 7 mm. Bluish-metallic, with reddish cupreous
reflections. Abdomen neous, hind femora more or less purplish; base
of all tarsi pale. Head very strongly transverse, four times as wide
as thick; seen from the front as wide as high; its color greenish, the
antennal depression purple; surface’ whitish-hairy and closely, coarsely
punctate, but not confluently so. Occiput but faintly punctulate ;
mandibles piceous, tridentate. Palpi piceus, the apical joint of the
maxillary pair long and suddenly swollen at the base, apical joint of
the labial pair triangular and flattened. Antenne black, the flagellum
one-half longer than the scape; first flagellar joint equal to the ring-
joint and pedicel together; second, third and fourth decreasing; fifth
and sixth quadrate; seventh transverse; eighth obliquely truncate.
Malar space with a furrow, its height two-thirds the length of the eye.
Thorax somewhat more coarsely punctured than the head; middle
lobe and scutellum greenish-violet, the parapsides behind blue; pro-
thorax blue in front and greenish on the sides. Metanotum reticulate
medially and smooth on the sides, where there is a large distinct patch
of white pubescence. Pleure variegated in color, coarsely punctate
except for the smooth posterior side of the mesopleural and the finely
arcuately aciculated propleural furrow. Abdomen narrowly ovate,
shining greenish-black; margin of the first segment notched medially,
the others entire; second, third and fourth segments short, the fifth
long. Legs cupreous, the reddish tint very pronounced. Posterior
femora twice as long as thick, with four long teeth below, and another

*Berliner Entom. Zeitschr. LXIX, p. 243 (1904).
7Biol. Centr-Amer. Hymenoptera, Pl. 5, fig. 17.

1907.] Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera. 107

broad quadridentate one near the apex, the apical denticles of which
are smaller. Hind tibie reddish at the base; first joint of all the
tarsi whitish, the second brown and the rest piceus. Wings hyaline,
the marginal vein two-thirds as long as the submarginal and four
times as long as the stigmal. Postmarginal fully as long as the
marginal.

Described from one specimen collected by Mr. Schaeffer at
Brownsville, Texas.

This is the first species of Chalcedectes to be discovered out-
side of the South American fauna.

There is also a male of a second species from Brownsville,
but is is too poorly preserved for description.

FAMILY. ENCYRTIDA::

Anastatus laticeps sp. nov.

Female. Length 4.5 mm. Rufo-ferruginous varied with black.
Entire body clothed with sparse glistening pubescence. Head flat,
nearly four times as wide as thick; viewed from in front the eyes
reach distinctly below the middle, being two-thirds as long as the
head-height; above the eyes are close together so that the lateral
ocelli are nearer to the eye-margin than to the median ocellus. Cheeks
long, malar furrow distinct, eyes distinctly hairy. Antenne long and
slender, the scape pale rufous, black at tip and reaching to the anterior
ocellus. Flagellum imperceptibly thickened apically, black, twice as
long as the scape; pedicel and first flagellar joint nearly equal; second
a little longer, following decreasing in length until the ones near the
tip are nearly quadrate. Surface of head microscopically rugulose,
with a metallic reflection in certain lights. Front very slightly and
broadly excavated. Antenne inserted just below the base of the eyes.
Palpi blackish toward the tip, the apical joint slender, rounded at the
tip. Prothorax very short. Mesonotum with the parapsidal depres-
sions meeting behind the middle and continuing as a median de-
pression to the hind margin; the elevations sharp on the posterior
third, then becoming very weak and broadly rounded: Scutellum very
strongly convex, almost pyramidal anteriorly, with a wide base on
the mesonotum, clothed with a few scattered black hairs and bearing

108 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol.5, No. 2.

a median row of more or less bristle-like ones anteriorly. Metathorax
exceedingly short. The thorax is brownish-yellow, the mesonotum
with a greenish reflection that conceals the brown; metathorax brown
and mesopleura with a green stripe. Abdomeg as long as the head and
thorax, greenish-black, the venter brownish at the base. Posterior
margins of all the segments entire, the basal segments smooth and
shining, but the apical ones becoming very distinctly punctate. Venter
smooth. Ovipositor pale yellow, distinctly longer than the abdomen.
Legs brown, middle tibize, posterior femora and tibie and metatarsi
greenish-piceous; posterior coxe green black. The posterior tibiz are
distinctly compressed, with a whitish line externally; middle tarsi
except the last joint and the hind tarsi, except the first and last joints,
whitish. Wings hyaline, with a dark gray transverse band embracing
the marginal and stigmal veins. Marginal vein as long as the sub-
marginal and about four times as long as the short, very oblique and
slightly knobbed stigmal. Postmarginal a little shorter than the
stigmal.

Described from one female from Esperanza Ranch, Browns-
ville, Texas.

This is a close relative of the following species.

Anastatus longiceps sp. nov.

Female. Length 4.25 mm. Ovipositor 1 mm. Rufo-ferruginous,
abdomen black toward the tip. Head transverse, seen from above three
times as wide as thick and distinctly longer than high. The eyes do
not reach below the middle of the head so that the malar space is
as long as the eye. Eyes widely separated above; the lateral ocelli as
far from the eye-margin as from the anterior ocellus. Eyes faintly
hairy. Head microscopically rugulose, the front scarcely impressed.
Antenne inserted considerably below the level of the lower eye-margin.
Antennal scape reaching to the anterior ocellus, slender, rufous;
flagellum black, scarcely thickened apically. Pedicel and first flagellar
joint of equal length, the following joints shorter, the subapical ones,
however, longer than wide. Malar furrow distinct. Palpi black
toward the tip, the apical joint swollen and obliquely truncate at the
apex. Mesonotum short, the furrows very distinct anteriorly, forming
a wide median depression behind the middle. Parapsidal elevations
sharp posteriorly, rising to the posterior third, then suddenly declivous
and rounding off anteriorly. Scutellum with a wide base against the

1907.] Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera. 109

mesonotum; slightly convex, sparsely covered with black hairs, but
without a median row. Metathorax one-half as long as the scutellum.
The thorax is entirely rufo-ferruginous except for greenish reflections
on the mesonotum behind. Abdomen almost as long as the head and
thorax, shining basally and finely but closely punctate apically; first
three segments pale brown, with greenish reflections, apical segments
greenish black. Ovipositor pale, one-half as long as the abdomen.
Legs pale rufous, the middle tarsi brown, and the entire hind legs
piceous brown with greenish reflections. Hind tibize not at all com-
pressed. Wings hyaline, with a broad brown cross-band which includes
the marginal and stigmal veins. Marginal vein as long as the
submarginal and five times as long as the stigmal, which is indistinctly
knobbed.

One female from Brownsville, Texas. April.

This species is superficially extremely similar to the preced-
ing, both in color and wing pattern. It is readily distinguished,
however, by the shorter, more widely separated eyes, flat scu-
tellum and non-compressed hind tibiz.

FAMILY MYMARIDAL.

Gonatocerus americanus sp. nov.

Female. Length .75 mm. Shining black, the anterior knees and
all tarsi light yellowish; scape and pedicel of antenne more or less
pale. Head large and flattened, very wide, nearly one-half’ wider than
the thorax. Antenne 11-jointed, slender, especially toward the base
of the flagellum. Scape extending to the vertex, about five times as
long as thick; pedicel oval, as stout as the scape. First three flagellar
joints very small, together only a little longer than the pedicel; fourth
longer but slender; fifth and sixth stouter, about equal; seventh and
eighth longer; last joint nearly as long as the four preceding taken
together, but no thicker. Mouthparts piceous brown. Thorax smooth
and shining, the scutellum distinctly longer but considerably narrower
than the mesonotum. Metathorax very short, depressed. Abdomen
small, as long as the thorax, but only about one-half as wide as long;
somewhat concave and compressed above. Legs slender, the tarsi
five-jointed. Wings hyaline, broad, being only three times as long as

110 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 2.

broad. Marginal vein short, extending to one-third the length of the
wing. Wings with short cilia, the longest ones less than one-third
the greatest breadth of the wing.

Milwaukee, Wisconsin, June 8, 1906. ‘This seems to be the
first species of Gonatocerus to be described from this country,
although it is probable that a number occur here.

FAMILY BRACONID/A.

(?) Pambolus dispar sp. nov.

Female. Length 3 mm. Subapterous. Rufo-ferruginous, abdomen
varied with darker and pale spots. Legs testaceous. Head rufous,
distinctly wider than long, the temples full, but strongly rounded and
narrowed behind; its surface smooth and shining. Posterior margin
of the head very distinct. Seen from the side the head is as high as
thick. Antenne 18-jointed, ferruginous, a little shorter than the body.
First flagellar joint as long as the scape, second and third shorter,
the second two-thirds as long as the first. Apical four or five joints
submonilform. Thorax slender, narrower than the head and three
and one-half times as long as wide; ferruginous, the small wing pads
reaching barely beyond the tip of the metathorax. They are laceolate
in shape and clothed with long whitish hairs. Pro- and mesothorax
shining, the former with some coarse punctate sculpture laterally
behind, and the latter with irregularly marked parapsidal furrows that
coalesce before the scutellum. Scutellum triangular, with a deep broad
fovea at its base, divided by several raised cross-lines. Metathorax
cylindrical, truncate, its surface roughly reticulate. Abdomen broad,
oval, as long as the head and thorax together. First segment longer
than wide, and two times as wide at the tip as at the base, laterally
with strong carine, its surface rugulose, with indications of two
weaker central longitudinal carine that unite before the tip of the
segment. Second segment large, as long as wide, shining and
microscopically punctulate; third to sixth segments together as long
as the second, indistinctly differentiated. Basal segment ferruginous,
the rest piceous; third segment with an indistinct broad pale band
near the middle, which is repeated less distinctly on the third, fourth
and fifth. Ovipositor brownish-yellow, shorter than the first abdominal
segment. Legs slender, testaceous, hairy.

1907. ] Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera. EY

Two females from Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New
York.

This little subapterous species might perhaps be referred to
Ashmead’s genus Pambolidea, the type of which has ‘not been
described, so far as I can ascertain. However, the ovipositor is
short and the second abdominal segment much smaller. The
more or less distinctly differentiated abdominal segments separate
it from the more typical species of Pambolus.

Ecphylus texanus sp. nov.

Female. Length 3.5 mm. Piceous black; head rufous; antennze
brownish-yellow at the base, piceous apically. Palpi and legs, except
four posterior femora, pale testaceous; tip of abdomen, ovipositor and
its sheaths except at apex rufous or brown. Head polished behind, in
front microscopically rugulose, with a median raised polished stripe
below the antennz. Cheeks as wide as the eyes. Antennz slender,
21-jointed, extending to beyond the middle of the abdomen; first
flagellar joint longest, as long as the width ot the eye, following sub-
equal but growing shorter, the last few only a little more than half
as long as the first. Middle lobe of mesonotum transversely rugulose,
impressed in front and depressed behind; lateral lobes shining,
elevated posteriorly; scutellum triangular, with a transverse fovea
erossed by numerous carine at its base. Metanotum finely rugulose,
with a median carina and two less clearly defined lateral carine on
each side. Abdomen one-half longer than the head and _ thorax
together, sessile, spatulate; first segment longitudinally striated, twice
as wide at the tip as at the base; following smooth and highly polished.
Ovipositor one-fourth shorter than the body, but its sheaths are fully
as long as the body. Wings hyaline, stigma and veins fuscous. Second
transverse cubitus entirely wanting and the cubitus beyond the first
cubital cell is very indistinct. Transverse median nervure in front
/ wings wanting.

One female from Esperanza Ranch, Brownsville, Texas.

This is quite closely related to E. hypothenemi, Ashmead, but
differs by its much greater size, pale-color and longer ovipositor.

Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis.
April 4, 1907.

ON THE FERTILIZATION OF, THE EGGS OF 257.5
RIAS AND ARBACIA BY SPERM IMMERSED
IN SOLUTIONS “OF [ALCOHOL (i: ier
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE, OR
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE.

By EZLEen TORELLE.

Alcoholic solutions of sea-water, ranging from .5% to 8%,
may induce activity in inactive spermatozoa of Asterias forbesii,
but an 8% or a 10% solution is more frequently effective.

When inactive immature spermatozoa are immersed in ether,
the greatest activity is induced by 1% or 2% solutions. A .5%
solution of ether produces some activity, as does a 5% solution,
but the activity so produced is of short duration. Weak solu-
tions (.1% to 1%) of ammonium hydroxide, or of ammonium
chloride, are also effective.

When active spermatozoa of Asterias forbesti, normally
capable of fertilizing eggs, are placed in alcoholic solutions of
sea-water, ranging from 1% to 8% in strength, their activity is
increased. When they are placed in stronger solutions, their
activity is decreased. In solutions above 10%, the spermatozoa
usually become immediately quiescent. The activity of sperma-
tozoa placed in weaker solutions, may continue for twelve hours
or more;* those placed in 9% and 10% solutions usually become
quiescent within two hours.

In solutions of ether, ranging from .5% to 2%, the activity
is greatly increased, the spermatozoa in the .5% and 1% solutions
may continue active for twenty-four hours.f

In ammonium hydroxide solutions of .co1%, .005% and
.o'%, the spermatozoa become very active immediately upon
immersion, but remain so only about five minutes in the first two,
while in the last, they may continue active for two hours.

*This may be due to the fact that the solute is constantly evaporat-

ing, gradually producing a weaker solution.
¢+In solutions above 2% the activity is decreased.

112

_

1907.] Torelle, Fertilization of Eggs of Asterias and Arbacia. 113

In the ammonium chloride solutions of .1% and .5%, the
activity of the spermatozoa is increased; but they continue active
for some hours, only in the .o1% solution.

Active and inactive sperm of Arbacia is affected by the solu-
tions named above, in essentially the same’ way as is that of
Asterias, with the difference that Arbacia sperm does not become
active so readily.

During August and Séptember, 1903, at the Marine Biological
Laboratory, in Woods Hall, Mass., a series of experiments were
carried out on the eggs of Asterias forbesii and Arbacia punctu-
lata, with the object of discovering if spermatozoa normally
ineffective in fertilization, could be rendered effective by immer-
sion in the solutions named above, and also to see if changes
brought about in active spermatozoa by an immersion in such
solutions, would affect the development of the egg. In this paper
no account will be given of the results as seen in sections of the
eggs; these will be given in a later paper.

In the care of eggs and sperm, and in the manipulation of
instruments and dishes, the usual precautions to prevent contam-
ination, were taken. ‘The eggs to be fertilized were placed in
small glass crystals, or in finger-bowls, with an ample amount of
sea-water.. The spermatozoa, after immersion, were added to the
eggs by means of a pipette, at intervals of one, five, ten and fifteen
minutes, and, in some experiments, after an immersion of twenty
and thirty minutes. The eggs so fertilized were compared with
eggs normally fertilized and kept as a control. In each experi-
ment, the condition of the spermatozoa before immersion was
observed; the effect of immersion for shorter or longer periods
of time in the various solutions used; the per cent of eggs which
divided after fertilization by the spermatozoa which had been
immersed; and, in most cases, the development of the eggs was
watched for two days or more.

It was observed that spermatozoa, rendered inactive by being
placed in certain of the stronger solutions, recovered their activity

to some extent on being replaced in sea-water.* It is, therefore,

*See Table II. Exper. b.

114 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 2.

probable that spermatozoa from all solutions recover to a greater
or less degree on being added to the sea-water containing the eggs.
That recovery is not complete, as Hertwig ** found it to be in
the case for spermatozoa immersed in nicotin, is shown by the
fact that eggs fertilized by spermatazoa, which had been immersed
in weak solutions for a considerable time, or by spermatozoa
immersed in strong solutions for a shorter time, the amount
transferred invariably being the same, showed a large percentage
of abnormalities in cleavage. The relation between the time of
immersion of the spermatozoa and the number of eggs which
divide after fertilization by such spermatozoa, is very striking, as
shown by the following table, in which the results of the first
series of experiments with Arbacia eggs and sperm are given.
The eggs of one female, and the active sperm of one male, were
used. The development of the eggs was observed for six days:.

LABWE: a:
Experiment a. SOLUTIONS oF ALCOHOL.

Arbacia Eggs and Sperm.

Per cent. Time Effect on Per cent. Development after Development after
Alcohol. immersed. sperm. ivided. 24 hours. 48 hours.
10 1 min. | inactive 2M Dead.
y 1 min. | active 20 Gastrulae. Plutei.
+5 1 min. | active 95 Gastrulae. Plutei.
+3 1 min. | active 98 Gastrulae. Plutei.
+1 1 min. | active 99 Gastrulae. Plutei.
10 10 min. | inactive .) «Dead.
7 10 min. | active 1 Dead.
5 10 min. | active 90 Blastulae & beg. Gast.| Gastrulae.
3 10 min. | active 90 ¢ & 3% ‘* | Gastrulae.
1 10 min. | active 99 aS & 10% ‘ | Gastrulae.

**Hertwig, O. and R. “Ueber den Befruchtungs und Teilungsvor-
gang des tierischer Eies unter dem Einfluss ausserer Agentien,” Jena,
1887. :

+The embryos developed from spermatozoa immersed in these
solutions for 1 min. were alive the sixth day. All others were dead
the fourth day.

1907.] Torelle, Fertilization of Eggs of Asterias and Arbacia. 115

From the above experiment, it is seen that an immersion in
a 10% alcoholic solution produces inactivity in the spermatozoa,
and a consequent ineffectiveness in their fertilizing ability.
Although they recover to some extent on being placed in sea-
water, the few eggs fertilized by such spermatozoa do not develop
into gastrule. ‘The experiment also shows that in solutions rang-
ing from 1% to 5%, the activity is not lessened, nor is the fer-
tilizing ability greatly impaired; and it is clearly seen that an
immersion for ten minutes in 7%, 5% and 3% solutions not only
causes a lesser number of eggs to divide, but retards the devel-
opment of those which so divide.

Spermatozoa from the male used in Experiment a, were also
immersed in solutions of ether, and the eggs fertilized by such
spermatozoa were compared with those normally fertilized. The
eggs normally fertilized practically all divided. Experiment b,
Table II, shows the result of the immersion of the spermatozoa.

SABIE, TE:
Experiment b. ETHER SOLUTIONS.

Arbacia Eggs and Sperm.

Oe EAN ees | seta Further development.

a) 1 min. | active 99 All blastulae in 16 hrs. Apparently
more active than those normally
fertilized.

ft. ie Sy VELy 99 All blastulae.

active

2 Bee 5) AGEING 98 |All stages of division as well as
blastulae.

5. 1 ‘* | inactive RE eM aw ketene weet. in kal 4 ates a Bie" se ash alates

5 10 min. | active 99 Development further advanced
than in .5% 1 min.

i, 1B. | very 99 Beginning gastrulae when 12%, 1

active min. were blastulae; very active;
shoot across field.

2. 10 « *“ “aetive 90 All stages of development seen,

from 4 cell to gastrulae.
™O.. 10° “* | inactive 25 All stages from 4 cell to gastrulae.

116 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 2.

From Experiment b, Table II, it is seen that a r% ether
solution produces the greatest activity in spermatozoa, while a
5% solution, produces quiescence. Eggs fertilized by spermatozoa
immersed in .5% and 1% solutions for one or for ten minutes,
develop apparently normally; but the embryos seem more active
than those normally fertilized. Also, eggs fertilized by sperma-
tozoa immersed for ten minutes develop more rapidly than do those
fertilized by spermatozoa immersed for one minute, and are in
the gastrula stage when the latter are in the blastula stage. I
cannot account for the fact that the spermatozoa immersed for
ten minutes in 5'% ether and rendered inactive, recovered suffi-
ciently to fertilize 25% of the eggs to which they were added,
while the spermatozoa immersed for one minute, did not fertilize
any eggs. Later in the season, spermatozoa immersed in 5%
ether did in no case fertilize eggs. 7

In Experiment c, Table III, the effect of immersion in ammo-
nium hydroxide is shown. Eggs and sperm from the male and
female, used in Experiments (a) and (b), were also used in this
experiment.

LAL Pert.

Experiment c. AMMONIUM HyproxIDE SOLUTIONS.

Arbacia Eggs and Sperm.

Per cent. Effect on Time Per cent.

H.OH sperm. immersed. divided. Further Development.
.01 jinactive | 5 min. 3 Did not~develop after first few
cleavages.
.005 |inactive | 5 min. 5 Did not develop after first few
cleavages.
.001 | active 5 min. 95 Became abnormal morulae.
.01 |inactive | 10 min. 2 No development after jirst
division.
.005 |inactive | 10 min. 2 No development after jirst
division.

.001 | active 10 min. 95 Became abnormal morulae.

1907.] Torelle, Fertilization of Eggs of Asterias and Arbacia. 117

Experiment c, Table III, shows that .or% and .005% solu-
tions of ammonium hydroxide produced inactivity in the sperm-
atozoa, and that only a few eggs (2%-5%) divided after fertili-
zation by such spermatozoa. The eggs which were fertilized by
such spermatozoa after immersion for ten minutes divided only
once; those fertilized after an immersion of one minute divided
several times, but did not reach the morula stage. Spermatozoa
immersed in a .oor% solution remained active and fertilized a
large percentage of eggs which later developed into abnormal
morule.

In general, the experiments show that the immersion of the
spermatozoa of Arbacia in alcoholic solutions of certain strengths,
seems to retard the development of eggs subsequently fertilized
by them. Immersions in ether solutions, on the other hand, seems
to accelerate the rate of development. After immersion in ammo-
nium hydroxide (.01% and .005%), practically no development
follows, although division and abnormal development takes place
after immersion of the spermatozoa in very weak (.001'%) solu-
tions. When ammonium chloride was tried in .1% and .5%
solutions, a few eggs segmented even when fertilized by spermat-
ozoa immersed for twenty minutes. When eggs were fertilized
by sperm immersed in .5% ether for thirty minutes, they devel-
oped into plutei like the normal ones, with the difference that the
rays (arms?) were shorter, and the alimentary canal projected
outward ventrally.

After immersion of the sperm in 5% alcohol for thirty minutes,
division of practically all eggs followed, but the cells were
atypical, and the morulz assumed a crenate, shrunken appear-
ance. In many cases, eggs fertilized by spermatozoa immersed
for ten and fifteen minutes in 8%, 7%, and 5% alcohol, showed
a tendency to divide in one plane only (the horizontal) after the
four-cell stage.

Very active sperm, when immersed in alcohol for some time,
was rendered incapable of fertilizing. In one experiment, designed
to test the effect of prolonged immersion, the eggs, quite mature,
and in excellent condition—practically all developing after normal

¢

118 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 2.

fertilizatilon—were fertilized by spermatazoa immersed for
twenty minutes in 5%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, and 12% alcohol
solutions, respectively; in .5%, 1%, 2%, and 5% ether solu-
tions; and in .1% and .5% ammonium chloride solutions. Of
these, 25% of the eggs fertilized by spermatozoa, immersed in 5%
alcohol developed, 1% of the eggs fertilized: by spermatozoa
immersed in the 2% ether solutions; practically all from the
spermatozoa immersed in .5% and 1% ether; and none from any
of the other and stronger solutions. Early in the season, eggs
sometimes, although rarely, divide (as indicated in Table IT)
after fertilization by spermatozoa immersed in 5% ether. Later,
several experiments showed no division after immersion in 5%
ether for ten minutes.

In Asterias, the relation between a prolonged immersion of
spermatozoa in weak solutions, and an immersion in stronger
solutions for a shorter period of time, becomes quite evident.
Table IV, p. 119, shows the results of a series of experiments
carried out to test this relation.

This table shows that immersion for twenty minutes
in alcoholic solutions, ranging from 5% to 12%, is fatal
to the spermatozoa of Asterias, at least as regards their ability
to fertilize the eggs to which they are added. An immersion for
ten minutes in solutions above 10% is also fatal. When immersed
for one minute, eggs are fertilized from all solutions, except 12%.
Immersion in 5% ether is fatal for all the periods of time indi-
cated, and immersion in a .1% solution of ammonium chloride
for a longer period than one minute, prevents fertilization of the
eggs by the sperm, as does a .5% solution after all the intervals
of time designated.

In all the experiments carried out, abnormal division of many
eggs was observed after immersion of the sperm in strong solu-

tions, or in weak solutions for a longer period of time, although
a larger number of eggs might divide as a result of fertilization

by such sperm. In one series of experiments, eggs were selected,
which, normally fertilized, showed a division of practically all
of theeggs. Very active spermatozoa were immersed in solutions.

1907.] Torelle, Fertilization of Eggs of Asterias amd Arbacia, 119

TABLE. FV.

Asterias’ Eggs and Sperm.

Per cent Time | Per cent. || Per cent. Time Per cent. || Per cent. Time Per cent.
Alcohol. | immersed.| divided. Ether, | immersed.| divided. || NH4 Cl. | immersed. | dfvided.
5 1 min. 50 m3) 1 min. 75 t 1 min 25
8 OY Say 50 nyt ) Taek 50 Py 0. 0
9 ine 40 2 Rie? 50 be, eas 0
10 | Cots 25 5 Le 0 Brau. fs 0
11 Bite SF 20
12 og 0
Pile WhO s 4 25 On en 28 75 3) Bae 0
Saleen 1 ills 8 eo 50 Be VE ee 0
9 105 2°* 1 yf tek 25 OL Kage iS" 0
AO PIGS 0 Byers: 0 Be [e0re. 0
0) I 0
12 1s 0
5) 20. .** 0 oe eee 70
Sacha. Ss 0 ae pZOre et 33
eyes 40 0 ye 44 ee 1
BOC ~) 20° ** 0 Oy t20, os 0
il 20): * 0
12 1 a 0
Sie . [pene 50
Fe TAO 1S 20
es OO" Fen 0
Bit fan 0

for ten and twenty minutes. Among the eggs fertilized after an
immersion of ten minutes, abnormal division occurred from the
1%, 2%, and 5% ether solutions. Of those fertilized from the
8% and 9% alcoholic solutions, 75% were abnormal, although
more than 75% divided. Very few divisions occurred from the
10% and 11% solutions, but abnormalities were conspicuous
among those that did divide. From the 12% solutions, only about
5% of the eggs divided, and all abnormally. In most cases, the
protoplasm became merely constricted. The eggs fertilized by
spermatozoa immersed for twenty minutes were more abnormal
than those fertilized after ten minutes, and a smaller per cent
divided. Eggs developed to the morula stage from r% and 2%

120 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol.5, No. 2.

solutions and from 8% and 9% solutions of alcohol. There were
none from the other solutions.

No division occurred after the immersion of spermatozoa in
weak (.001% ) solutions of ammonium hydroxide.

When inactive sperm of Asterias or of Arbacia is immersed
in solutions of alcohol, ether or ammonium chloride in sea-water,
it not only becomes active, but in some cases is rendered capable
of fertilizing eggs not normally fertilized by the same sperm.
Fertilization did not always take place, even when the spermatozoa
became active and surrounded the eggs on being added to them.

In order to discover whether the eggs or the sperm. were
responsible for this lack of fertilization, a series of experiments
was carried out, in which the eggs of two females and the sperm
of two males, was used. The eggs were ripe and in good condi-
tion. The spermatozoa were altogether inactive and did not
normally fertilize the eggs. Eggs and sperm were used inter-
changeably, as shown in Table V, p. 121.

After immersion in solutions of alcohol, ether, and ammonium
chloride, as indicated in Table V, the inactive spermatozoa of both
males became active. The spermatozoa of Male I fertilized the
eggs of both Female I and Female II, except after immersion in
10% alcohol solutions, and, in one case, an immersion in 2%
etier.; [see fd).]

The spermatozoa of Male I did not in any case fertilize the
eggs of Female I, but in all cases, except after immersion in 10%
alcohol, they fertilized the eggs of Female II.

After fertilization by the spermatozoa of Male I, immersed in
1% solutions of alcohol and of ether for five minutes, 50% to
95% of the eggs of Female I and of Female II divided, and 1%
divided after an immersion of the spermatozoa in 0.1% NH,Cl.

A small number only divided after fertilization by spermat-
ozoa immersed in the stronger solutions for the same length of
time; and, with one exception [See 6], none divided after immer-
sion in the strongest solution used.

After fertilization by the spermatozoa of Male II. immersed in
1% alcohol for five minutes, 80% of the eggs of Female II divided,

1907.]

TABLE V.

Asterias’ Eggs and Sperm.
(Used Interchangeably.)

Torelle, Fertilization of Eggs of Asterias and Arbacia.

121

(a)
Female! | Percent. |Time sperm) Per cent.
ale Alcohol. | immersed. jeggs divided
ve 1 5 min. 90
ce Hp 5 “e 5
ce 5 5 “é 5
‘ 10 5 4s 0
(¢)

Female II | Per cent. |Time sperm) Per cent.
Male Alcohol. | immersed. \eggs divided
) 1 5 min. 50
cé¢ ) 5 ce l
x: 5) 5 i. 1
6 10 5 6¢ 0

(¢)

Female I | Per cent. |Time sperm) Per cent.
Male Il Alcohol. | immersed. \eggs divided
“ia 1 5 min. 0
ce 9, 5 oe @)

4 5 3) ne 0
ce 10 5 ia 9 0)
(g)

Female II | Per cent. /Time sperm! Per cent.
Male II Alcohol. | immersed. leggs divided
1 5 min. 80
‘“ 9 Boo oa 2
2 5 5 : Z,

i 10 3) ~ )
(2)
Female 1 | Percent. /Time sperm| Per cent.
ale I NH, Cl | immersed. leggs divided
‘s 0.1 5 min. ]
(2)
Female I | Per cent. {Time sperm| Per cent.
ale NH.z Cl | immersed. |eggs divided
a Ort 5 min. 0

Female Il
Male I

Female |
ale

ae

Female II
Male II

ale

oe

im

Female Il
Male Il

(6)

Per cent. |Time sperm

Per cent.

Ether. | immersed. |eggs divided
Ly bot niin. 95
ye Bie 5
(d)
Per cent. /Time sperm] Per cent
ther. immers eggs divided
1 5 min. 90
2 Ses se 0
(A)
Per cent. |Time sperm Per cent.
ther. immersed |eggs divided
1 5 min. 0
v4 Bye oe 0
(h)
Per cent. |Time sperm| Per cent.
Ether. | immersed. leggs divided
1 5 min. 90
3 Le 5
Cpe
Per cent. |Time sperm) Per cent.
NHg Cl | (immersed. ‘eggs divided
0.1 | 5 min. ]
(Z)
Per cent. |Time sperm) Per cent.
NH, Cl | immersed. |eggs divided
0.1 |5 min. 2

122 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 2.

and 90% of the eggs of the same female divided after an immer-
sion of the sperm in 1% ether. No eggs of Female II divided after
immersion of the sperm in 10% alcohol, but 5% of the eggs
divided after the immersion of the sperm in 2% ether; 2% of
the eggs of Female II divided after the immersion of the sperm in
0.1% NH,Cl—a larger number than any which divided aiter
immersion of the sperm—NH,Cl.

Table V also shows that a smaller percentage of the eggs of
Female II divided after fertilization by spermatozoa from Male I,
than was the case with the eggs of Female I, although the spermat-
ozoa were immersed in solutions of the same strength and for
the same periods of time.

From these results, it appears that inactive sperm can be made
functionally active by immersion in the above named solutions,
and that the absence of fertilization in the same cases cannot be
said to be due to the sperm alone; or, on the other hand, to the
eggs alone, but to a mutual incompatibility of the two elements,
even after the spermatozoa have become active.

SUMMARY:

Inactive spermatozoa of Asterias or of Arbacia are rendered
active by immersion in solutions of alcohol, ether, and ammonium
chloride, in sea-water. In some instances, spermatozoa, thus made
active, fertilize eggs not fertilized by them before immersion in
the solutions.

In Arbacia, strong solutions of alcohol (10% and above),
produce inactivity in active spermatozoa. A few of the eggs to
which such inactive spermatozoa are added, divide, but they do
not reach the later development stages.

Weak solutions of alcohol (from 1% to 5%) produce greater
activity in the spermatozoa, and a large per cent of the eggs to
which they are added, divide. But if the spermatozoa are
. immersed for ten miuntes or longer in these solutions, the devel-
opment of the eggs fertilized by them is retarded.

1907.] Torelle, Fertilization of Eggs of Asterias and Arbacia. 123

A 5% ether solution produces inactivity in active spermatozoa ;
their activity is increased in .5% and 1% solutions.

Eggs fertilized by spermatozoa immersed in .5% and 1% ether
solutions develop more rapidly, and the embryos are more active
than those produced by normal fertilization. The rate of develop-
ment is increased by an immersion before fertilization of the
spermatozoa for several minutes, instead of one minute in the
5% and 1% ether solutions.

In most of the experiments, when the spermatozoa were
immersed in 5% ether for one or for ten minutes, and then added
to eggs in sea-water, division of the eggs did not take place.

An immersion of spermatozoa in the ammonium hydroxide
solutions used, stronger than .0oo1% produces inactivity in the
spermatozoa; only a few eggs divide after such spermatozoa have
been added to them, and the eggs which divide do not survive the
first few cleavages. A large precentage of eggs divide after fertili-
zation of spermatozoa, which have been immersed in .oo1% of
ammonium hydroxide, but do not reach the gastrula stage.

In Asterias, no eggs divide when spermatozoa are added to
them after an immersion of twenty minutes in solutions of alcohol,
ranging from 5% to 12%.

Eggs of Asterias divide when spermatozoa are added to them
after an immersion of ten minutes in 5% to 8% solutions of
alcohol; when spermatozoa are immersed for one minute only in
solutions ranging from 5% to 11%, division occurs in the eggs
to which they are added.

Abnormal division and development follows the fertilization
of eggs by sperm immersed in 10% to 12% alcohol solutions, and
by sperm immersed in 2% to 4% ether solutions.

CONCLUSIONS.

The entire series of experiments show:

1. That inactive (immature?) spermatozoa can be made

124 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 2.

functionally active by immersion in certain solutions of alcohol,
ether or ammonium chloride.

2. That the number of eggs which divide after fertilization
by active spermatozoa immersed in the various solutions, is
dependent upon the time of immersion.

3. That abnormal development is produced by a prolonged
immersion of the spermatozoa in the solutions used.

4. That prolonged immersion in weak solutions tends to have
the same effect as a shorter immersion in strong solutions.

A NEW APIOCERA FROM SOUTH AFRICA.*

By A. L. MELANDER,
Professor of Entomology, The State College of Washington.

The family Apioceride is small. About a dozen species are
known the world over, and of these about one-half are from
North America. According to a recent catalogue of African
diptera,** by Professor Mario Bezzi, no African species of this
group has been described. Apioceridz live in the arid plains .
of the Western States, but, with the exception -of Apiocera
haruspex Osten Sacken, they are quite rare.

In a most interesting collection of Diptera received from Dr.
Hans Brauns of Willowmor, Cape Colony, I find a beautiful spe-
cies of this archaic group. It gives me much pleasure to dedicate
the species to this observant entomologist. The collections sent
by sors Brauns seem temarkable to: the American collector,
although the forms, he states, are the commoner ones of his
locality. A preponderance of the specimens belong to the Asilidz.
Several different Mydaidz, numerous Tabanide, especially Pan-
gonias, curious Bombyliide, Cyrtidze, and Conopids, all bespeak
the dry and arid character of the high steppes of the Cape. In
one letter written in late April, Dr. Brauns stated that it had not
rained since the September previous. Accordingly, there is a
dearth of the moisture-loving diptera, such as Leptidz, Dolicho-
podie, Empidide, Tipulide, etc. To many of us it may seem
strange to recall that the collecting season of the entomologist of
the antipodes is confined to our winter months.

*Contributions from the Zoological laboratory of the State College
of Washington, Pullman, Washington.

**Ditteri Eritrei. Bull. del. Soc. entomol. ital., XXXVII, 1905.
125

126 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol.5, No. 2.

Apiocera braunsi sp. nov. Plate 1.

Male. Length of body 18 mm., length of wing 9.5 mm. A black
species ornate with white pollen and pubescence. Head very small.
Front broad, white pollinose, but with a broad mesial vitta piceous.
This vitta is suddenly narrowed just above the antenne. The very
sparse pile of the front corresponds in color to its basement, except
that there is an irregular row of blackish hairs along the margin of
the eye at the vertex. Anterior ocellus crescentic, light-colored, the
posterior pair small, situated on the borders of the median vitta. Face
short, fuscous, bare; gene with a narrow white-pollinose stripe sep-
arating the eyes from an elongate velvet-black macula. Upper part
of the flattened occiput blackened except at the margin of the eyes,
where it is white pollinose like the lower portion; upper portion of
the occiput with numerous black bristly hairs; the dense beard white. —

The securiform palpi testaceous, white pollinose, and provided with
sparse black hairs above. Proboscis short, piceous, loosely provided
with dusky pubescence below, and with a bunch of white hairs behind.
Antenne short, black, the second joint smaller than the first, the upper
and outer sides of the globose third joint dull fuscous; the first two
joints provided with black bristles above, the first joint with long white
hairs below.

Thorax short, mesonotum blackish, provided with brownish pollen,
except on four equidistant broad white-pollinose vitte, the middle pair
of white vittz are abbreviated on the last fourth of the dorsum, the
outer pair begin on the humeri and extend back to include the
white pollinose scutellum, pleurz entirely white pollinose. Pronotum
white pubescent and with a collar of short black bristles, mesonotum
loosely provided with dusky hairs, pleure bare, prosternum with bushy
white pubescence. All the bristles of the thorax comparatively short,
black; humeri with four or five bristles; the outermost black vittz
with black hairs and about six bristles; about four supra-alar bristles
present; post-alar callus with three longer bristles; a single pair of
prescutellar bristles present; scutellum with six marginals.

Abdomen long, black, subshining, especially posteriorly, white
fasciate on the hind border of the first six segments, the white border
excised in the middle in front on the first and second segments, and
on the third and fourth segments it becomes attenuated at the sides,
the fifth, sixth, and seventh segments white pollinose at the base, on
the sixth segment the black ground color is obliterated except on the

Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1906—Melander.

PLATE I.

MELANDER.

APIOCERA BRAUNSI

1907.] Melander, A New Apiocera from South Africa. 127

sides, venter loosely white pollinose. Hairs of the abdomen black,
short, and sparse, the first four ventrals with longer white pubescence.

Hypopygium large, terminal, valvate, black, shining, and more
densely black hairy than the rest of the body; the upper valves slightly
shorter than the lower, the hairs becoming longer at their apex, the
middle of the upper side bowed out so as to accommodate a pair of
short black filaments; lower valves tipped with a dense fascicle of
pure white, flattened hairs.

Ground color of legs black, becoming reddish apically. Coxee
closely white pollinose; front coxze white pubescent and with a few
white bristles beneath; middle and hind coxe with straggling white
hairs, and each with a lateral vertical row of three black bristles as
well as with an apical fringe beneath. Femora more loosely pollinose,
all the femora with a row of about six black bristles along the outer
lower edge, front femora with a similar row of longer bristles along
the upper edge. Tibize and tarsi subshining, more closely black bristly,
the bristles of the hind tarsi long, pulvilli small.

Wings small, clear hyaline, veins narrow, blackish; neuration
normal, second submarginal cell four times as long as broad, fourth
posterior cell narrowly sessile with the second basal. Halteres
destroyed.

Described from a single male taken by Dr. Hans Brauns,
January 1, 1905, at Willowmore, Cape Colony, South Africa.

ADDITIONS TO THE LEPIDOPTEROUS FAUNA gen
MILWAUKEE COUNTY.

By RicwHarp A. MuTTKOWSKI.

The following list, comprising 187 species of Lepidoptera
from Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, in intended as a supplement
to a former list published in the Bulletin of this Society,* where
QOI species are enumerated. This, therefore, brings the recorded
number of species up to 1,088. Probably a very few of these will
have to be eliminated in the future, but in its present form the
list represents very well the local fauna. Most of the additional
names here recorded are based on material contained in the col-
lections of the Milwaukee Public Museum, but a few species not
represented in the Museum collection are cited on the authority
of Mr. Valentine Fernekes.

PAPILIONID/.. NYMPHALIDAg

IPHIDICLES Hbn. AGRAULIS Bdv. & LeC.
5a telamonides Feld. ,
5b marcellus Bdv. & LeC.

PAPILIO Linn. LEMONIAS Hbn.

14. thoas Linn. 166 hoffmanni Behr.

91 vanille Linn.

LAERTIAS Hbn. CHARIDRYAS Scudd.

Be SA SL Sar — pascoensis Wright.

PIERIDA. PHYCIODES Hbn.
187 vesta Edw.

CALLIDRYAS Bdv. & LeC. 188 phaon Edw.

52 eubule Linn .
EURYMUS Swain. POLYGONIA Hbn.

66a anthyale Hbn. 209 faunus Edw.

*Vol. 4, Nos. 1-2, April 1906, pp. 39-58.
128

1907.] Muttkowski, Lepidoptera of Milwaukee County. 129

LYCAUNIDA.

URANOTES Scudd.
335 melinus Hbn.

THECLA Fabr.
345 edwardsii Saund.

STRY MON Hbn.
384 titus Fabr.

HESPERIIDAL.

AMBLYSCIRTES Scudd.
459 vialis Edw.
464 «nus Edw.
HYLEPHILA Billb.
512 campestris Bdv.
515 phyleus Dru.

THYMELICUS Hbn.
516 brettus Bdv. & LeC.

LIMOCHROES Scudd.
556 pontiac Edw.
560 arpa Bdv. & LeC.

PHYCANASSA Scudd.
564 viator Edw.
566 vitellius Fabr.

EUDAMUS Swain.
577 proteus Linn.

PHOLISORA Scudd.
605 catullus Fabr.

THANAOS Bdv.
617 brizo Bdv. & LeC.

SPHINGID.

AMPELOPHAGA Brem. & Grey.

682a cnotus Hbn.

SATURNIID/.

CALLOSAMIA Pack.
745 angulifera Walk.

HEMILEUCA Walk.
757a lucina Edw.

LITHOSIIDAs.

CRAMBIDIA Pack.
802 cephalica Gr. & Rob.

HYPOPREPIA Hbn.
809 cadaverosa Streck.

ARCTIID.

EUBAPHE Hbn.
834b ferruginosa Walk.
834¢ brevicornis Walk.

HAPLOA Hbn.
842a lumbonigera Dyar.

HYPHANTRIA Harr.
856 ‘textor Harr,

DIACRISIA Hbn.
862a fumosa Streck.

APANTESIS Walk.
878a approxrimata Stretch.
885 proxima G-M.

893 placentia S. & A.

NOCTUIDZ.

APATELA Hbn.
982 leporina Linn.
994 furcifera Gn.
995 hasta Gn.
1001 spinigera Gn.
1007 connecta Grote.
1027 hasitata Grote.
1039 impleta Walk.

130 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society.

MEROLONCHE Grote.
1050 lupini Grote.

CATABENA Walk.
1084 lineolata Walk.

PLATYSENTA Grote.
1088 videns Gn.
1089.1 angustiorata Grote.
CARADRINA Ochs.
1103 exigua Hbn.

OLIGIA Hbn.
1136 festivoides Gn.

HADENA Schrank.
1202 miseloides Gn.
1214 burgessi Morr.
1228 plutonia Grote.
SEMIOPHORA Steph.
1426 elimata Gn.
1428 tenebrifera Walk.
PERIDROMA Hbn.
1468 incivis Gn.
NOCTUA Linn.

1491 collavis G. & R.
1514 lubricans Gn.

CHORIZAGROTIS Smith.

1518 introferens Grote.
1519 agrestis Grote.

FELTIA Walk.
1551 malefida Gn.

PARAGROTIS Pratt.
1574 quadridentata G. & R.
1578 oblongostigma Smith.
1598 perpolita Morr.
1603 velleripennis Grote.
1662 comosa Morr.
1699 titubatis Smith.

MAMESTRA Ochs.
1837a illaudabilis Grote.
1843 erecta Walk.

GRAPHIPHORA Hbn.
2035 saturnus Streck. (?)
XYLINA Ochs.
2079 petulca Grote.
2106 wuniimoda Lint.
2113 ‘ecapan-G. & RK:
CALOCAMPA Steph.
2121 curvimacula Morr.
CUCULLIA Schrank.
2128 florea Gn.
2132 intermedia Spey.
NONAGRIA Ochs.
2151 subflava Grote.
GORTYNA Ochs.
2167 obliqua Harv.
PAPAIPEMA Smith.
2181 necopina Grote.

2183 cerussata G. & R.

SCOPELOSOMA Curt.
2237 moffatina Grote.

TRILEUCA Grote.
— delicia Dyar.

HELIOTHIS Ochs.
—— ochracea Ckll.

SCHINIA Hbn.
2366 brevis Grote.

MELANOPORPHYRIA Grote.

2397 oregona Edw.

AXENUS Grote.
2419 arvalis Edw.

EUTHISANOTIA Hbn.
2428 unio Hbn.

[ Vol. 5, No; 2.

1907.] Muttkowski, Lepidoptera of Milwaukee County. 131

AUTOGRAPHA Hbn.
2515 epigwa Grote.
2519 falcifera Kby.

MARASMALUS Grote.
2551 inficita Walk.

PHIPROSOPUS Grote.
2573 callitrichoides Grote.

ISOGONA Gn.
2739 natatrig Gn.

DRASTERIA Hbn.

2755a ochrea Grote.
2755b distincta Neum.

SYNEDA Gn.
2795 howlandii Grote.

CATOCALA Schrank.
2806 epione Dru.
2811 viduata Gn.
2814 dejecta Streck.
2815 retecta Grote.
2827a sylvia Edw.
2828a nurus Walk.
2841 junctura Walk.
2857b petulans Hulst.
28650 uxor Gn.
2865¢ osculata Hulst.
2868 piatria Grote.
2873a annida Fag.
2888 clintonii Grote.
2892a crategi Saund.
2898 fratercula G. & R.
2898b jaquenetta Edw.
2898f gisela Meyer.

HYPOCALA Gn.
2912 andremona Cram.

PANOPODA Gn.
2920 rufimargo Hbn.
2920a carneicosta Gn.

. CELIPTERA Gn.
2946 frustulum Gn.

ZANCLOGNATHA Led.
3023 protumnusalis Walk.

TETANOLITA Grote.
3052 mynesalis Walk.

CAPIS Grote.
3060 curvata Grote.

BOMOLOCHA Hbn.
3064 manalis Walk.

NOTODONTID#.

MELALOPHA Hbn.
3092 apicalis Walk.
3093 inornata Neum.

PHEOSIA Hbn.
3119 portlandia Edw.
HETEROCAMPA Doub.
3142 bilineata Pack.
SCHIZURA Doub.
3152 apicalis B. & R.
GLUPHISIA Bdv.
3168 severa Edw.
3169 lintneri Grote.

LASIOCAM PID.

HETEROPACHA Harv.
3222 rileyana Harv.

EPICNAPTERA Ramb.
3223b roseata Stretch.

BRATYPIE RY GEDAL,

DREPANA Schrank.
3229a genicula Grote.

132 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society.

GEOMETRIDAE.

TEPHROCLYSTIS Hbn.
3277 miserulata Grote.
3284 rotundopuncta Pack.

EUCH(CECA Hbn.

— Salienta Pears.

EUSTROMA Hbn.
3351a lugubrata Moesch.

MESOLEUCA Hbn.
3372 gratulata Walk.

PETROPHORA Hbn.
3458 spadicearia D. & S.

SYNELYS Hulst.
3486 alabastaria Hbn.

CHLOROCLAMYS Hulst
2562 phyllinaria Zell.

SYNCHLORA Gn.
3580 denticulata Walk.

EUFIDONIA Pack.
3604 notataria Walk.
3604a fidoniata Walk.

DEILINEA Hbn.
3624 erythremaria Gn.

SCIAGRAPHIA Hulst.
3647 granitata Gn.
3650 punctolineata Pack.
MACARIA Curt.
3673 eremiata Gn.
3675 «quiferaria Walk.
CYMATOPHORA Hbn.
2709 pustularia Hbn.

ANAGOGA Hbn.
3898 pulveraria Linn.

THERINA Hbn.
3909 athasiaria Walk.
3910 fiscellaria Gn.
3911 fervidaria Hbn.
XANTHOTYPE Warr.
3925a celaria Hulst.

PLAGODIS Hbn.
3927a rosaria Grote.
3928a nigrescaria Hulst.
3929 fervidaria H-S.
3932 emargataria Gn.

EUCHLZENA Hbn.
3962 vinulentaria G. & R.

SABULODES Gn.
4026a goniata Gn.

BLIPEEMI DAY

CALLIZZIA Pack.
4043 amorata Pack.

THY REDD,

THYRIS Lasp.
4132 lugubris Bdv.

DYSODIA Clem.
4134 oculatana Clem.

SESHDA,
SESIA Fabr.
4224 pyri Harr.
PYRALALD AR

DIASTICTIS Hbn.
4287 argyralis Hbn.

PYRAUSTA Schrank.
—— ochosalis Fitch.

[ Vol. 5, No. 2.

1907.] Muttkowski, Lepidoptera of Milwaukee County. 133

CRAMBUS Fabr. ARCHIPS Hbn.
4609 luteolellus Clem. 5361 rileyana Grote.
BENTA Walk 5379 persicana Fitch.

4649a diluculella Clem. PLATYNOTA Clem.

ELASMOPALPUS Blanch 5382 flavedana Clem.

4779 floridellus Hulst. TORTRIX Linn.

5395 citrana Fern.
PPE ROPHORIDA, PHALONIA Hbn.

5433 straminoides Grote.
PLATYPTILIA Hbn.
4939 acanthodactyla Hbn. GiCOPHORID/.

4951 petrodactyla Walk. ETHMIA Hbn.

5898 arctostaphylella Wals.
TOR FRICTD A. ;
BEPTALIDA.

OLETHREUTES Clem. STHENOPIS Pack.

atee tina Peck. |. sp. 6604 argenteomaculatus Harr.

5055 chalybeana Wals. 6605 quadriguttatus Grote.
ANCYLIS Hbn. 6606 thule Streck.

5261 goodelliana Fern. HEPIALUS Fabr.
ALCERIS Hbn. 6609 mustelina Pack.

5312a viburnana Clem. 6610 gracilis Grote.

BRIEBER ARTICLES.

SOME RECENT RESEARCHES IN THE QUARTERNARY BEDS OF
MARIGNAC IN THE COMMUNE OF TAURIDE, GIRONDE, FRANCE.

A paper read before the Linnean Society of Bordeaux, by
Francois Daleau, presents some interesting recent discoveries
made by that indefatigable explorer. .

The quaternary alluvial deposits in many localities of the
cantons of Bourg and Saint Savin have long been exploited at
different altitudes for building sand and road gravel. His excava-
tions in the sands of Sexcommunes had, until recently, not brought
to light any finds except fossil wood, i. e., the silicified trunk of
a tree that undoubtedly had been washed out of a lower formation
by quaternary waters. In 1870, however, an incomplete maxillary
and two teeth of an undetermined elephant taken from the sand
of the left bank of the Dordogne River were given him, but with-
out information as to the particular quarry whence they were
taken. In 1889 he found im situ in a pit in Marignac, some flint
implements shaped by man. ‘The depth of the excavation reached
7 I-15 metres (30 feet) below the surface, penetrating the recent,
middle and lower quaternary strata for 18 feet, and the upper
and lower Tongrien beds of the Tertiary 12 feet or more.

The following relics were found in the neolithic strata, as
defined by G. de Mortillett’s schedule: A black flint nucleus; a
quartzite hammer showing traces of battering; an oval, stationary
mill, much used on both sides, all of the Solutréenne and Mada-
lunéenne forms. In the middle Quaternary, ten bulbose and con-
choidal flint flakes, due to a peculiar percussion characteristic of
the Monstérienne period; a Monstérienne kind of pointed flint
scraper chipped only on one side, covered by a white patine; and
a very pretty small Acheuléen (perfected Chelléen form) flint
implement, finely chipped on both sides, with a white patine on

* iad

1907.] Doerflinger, Recent Archeological Discoveries. 135

one side and a yellow patine on the other; and an Acheuléen
flaked flint, finely chipped on both surfaces.

In the lower Quaternary were found a superb Chelléen brown
flint fist-ax, of almond shape, with large flakings on both sides,
and over six inches long, taken from a wide cistern formed by
currents in the Tertiary formation underlying the Quaternary ;
two other flint implements from the same bed; and four more
that were not taken out of the undisturbed matrix. No prehistoric
bones were found. A local peasants’ adage explains it thus:
“Le sable maigre mange les os; la terre gros les conserve.” ‘The
meagre (siliceous) sand eats the bones; the fat earth (argilocal-
careous) preserves them.”

The discovery of such tools im situ 12 feet under the lowest
quaternary stratum would mean great glory for Daleau, but he
candidly states that the quaternary waters probably drilled out
the pothole and deposited in it the implements. Nevertheless,
the discovery was the first in Southern France, where Mon-
steréen and Acheuléen (middle Quaternary) flint tools of human
make were superimposed in their proper order over the Chelléen
type of the inferior Quaternary, and where the latter were in con-
tact with the Tertiary, thus corroborating the chronology of the
Mortillets (father and son) who established the following
schedule, now generally approved, although the localities Acheul
and Chelles are nearly one hundred miles apart.

TABLE SHOWING THE SUCCESSION OF THE FRENCH
QUATEKNARY FORMATIONS.

Lacustrine
Upper Quaternary | Neolithic Madalunéenne
} : Solutréenne
: Ae Monstérienne
Middle Quaternary Paleolithic Pe ey
Lower Quternary Chelléenne

136 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 2.

I wish to call attention to a circumstance which Daleau does
not mention. The finely chipped “perfected Chelléen” implement,
with white patine on one side and yellow patine on the other face,
would indicate that its owner pursued his game on the surface of
the yellow tertiary bed of sand and that the implement assumed
the yellow tint on its under side from the yellow sand which had
become fine enough to hold it in place during the time that the
earliest quaternary deposit was forming. This seems to justify
the idea that the implement in question was made and deposited
during the Tertiary, before the Quarternary sands were deposited.

CuHarLEs H. DoERFLINGER.

KING EIDERS AT MILWAUKEE,—A CORRECTION.

My attention has recently twice been called to a misleading
statement on p. 113, Vol. IV of this Bulletin in my Notes Of
(should read On) the Herring Gull and Caspian Tern, where,
writing of the ducks coming into the river between the factory
lined docks in winter, I mention them as being “principally Old
Squaws, Lesser Scaup and King Eiders.” This is an error, and
as the sentence stands American Golden Eyes should be substi-
tuted for King Eiders. I have an imperfect recollection of hav-
ing left the third place open for reference to some misplaced
notes on the comparative numbers of the ducks and intending to
record the king eider as occasional.

I know of only three specimens of king eider actually and
certainly taken at this point. _ Two of these are recorded by
Hollister in The Birds of Wisconsin, Wis. Nat. Hist. Society,
Bull. Nos. 1, 2 and 3 of Vol. III, i. e., a female taken Dec. 25,
1899, and a male Jan. 1, 1900, both in the Copeland-Russel col-
lection in this city; and a female taken within the harbor Nov. 28,
1903, and now in the Public Museum. The museum also pos-
sesses two other specimens, an adult and an immature male
received by gift from the Wis. Nat. Hist. Socy. about twenty-five
years ago, at the time of the founding of the museum. The only

1907. ] Ward, King Riders at Milwaukee,—A Correction. 137

data accompanying these are those of sex and “Lake Michigan,
Wis.” One of these is evidently referred to by Mr. Hollister
when he writes, /. c., “and there is now a specimen in the Mil-
waukee Public Museum, taken at Milwaukee many years ago.”’
Various times I have heard of water men about the harbor
describing ducks seen in or near the harbor that were probably
this species. Mr. Hollister writes, /. c., “During our sojourn on
the Great Lakes we are positive of having seen king eiders in
small flocks several times in late fall. Being very familiar with
the bird in the Arctic regions, we think there was no mistake.”
We incline to the belief that this species is not as uncommon in
this region as its scarcity in local collections would indicate; but
it is far from being the third commonest winter species.
Henry L. Warp.

General

cht Fe NESE iniomachon Vercins von Wisconsin, 1871,

+1873, 1874, 1876, each..... ee EN ec et fr vepte he Sa nb dia nite 4 SLU, CENTS
Bordo ters tes hie 10 cents
: 7,785; Jan. 11,86, to Dec. 13, ’86; Mar. 14, "81,
‘0 ees 19, 87; ae 23, 88,40 Dec. 17,88, each’s< o.. ../ 15 cents
uiletin af tiie Wisconsin Natural History Society (New Series).
Vol. I, No. 1, Jan., 1900; Vol. I, No. 2, Apr., 1900; Vol. I,
No. 3, July, 1900; Vol. I, No. 4, Oct., 1900; Vol. II, No. 1,
Jan., 1902; Vol. II, No. 2, Apr., 1902; Vol. II, No. 3, July,
1902; Vol. II, No. 4, Oct., 1902, rer200) 0 eee os, Rea Ee LG oe HO BELLS
etin« of the Wisconsin Natural History Society (New Series).
ol, III, Triple number, Jan., Apr. and July, 1903...... $1.00
ulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society (New Series). :
Cele III, No. 4, Nov., 1905: Vok:-EV; Nos.’-1-2,-Apr-, 1906;
Vol. LVS No. 3, July, 1906; Vol. IV, No. 4, ek 1906; Vol.
aia 50 cents

WN 1, Jan., 1907; Vol. V, No. 2, Apr., 1907, each .

/ The Sie Occasional Papers published by the Society may be :

% ped for seventy- -five cents apiece: .
seri
“

Vol 2, “No. sh, ‘Ant: like Spiders of the Family Attides,” Wir Sx

‘You. 2, ‘No. 2, “Spiders of ie Marptusa Group of the Beciges
a G. W & EB, G. Peckham, Nov., 1894.

‘ol. 2, No. 8, “Spiders of the Homalattus Group of the Family
E ae W. & E.G. Peckham, Dec., 1895.

; , “Spiders of the ambi Attide from Central America and |
"6 W. & E. G. Peckham, April, 1896. : ,

=

the Wisconsin Archeologist,” Vol. I, No. i Oct., 1901; Vol. I, °
N 2, Jan., 1902; Vol. I, No: 3, Apr., 1902; Vol. I, No. 4,
% Lone. Vol I, a L2Oets,,1902 each... 0. Bec ne ee

ae

1907

*
.

9

_ ‘JULY,

a,

aif

PS RTE TS I TE

Au
ANG

re

ACD LCs TEN A

BY THE SECRETAR

}

ITED

ED

Hn

g.

ONTENTS

P. J R . ps
CONSTI RUDE D6 ET MT RE CORTE EE BR

ile

orytes cana
Pa

Ne
6.

os
8.
a

~Barth

sas George P
tic

rasi

-
-

ort

the Nesti

ms on t

escripti

beers

fG
merican’

h An

mg
nis of Ne

Brues

i. Charles T

SE, WISCONSIN. _

: ‘MILWAU

‘EDW.

gress.

-office, Milwauke

. Cesued quarter]:

KEOGH PF

ass mat

Le

f Con

to

, under Ac

-

ig.,

=

e,

atthe

06,

0
16,

——"
s

©)

| The Wisconsin Natural History Society,
SAG S "MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. Bie ae ae :
ete “Og ORGANIZED MAY 618540 < 22
Tee ae ee ‘OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS. Se
: Edgar E. Teller, President. beep eteeeeeees 165 27th, Street, Milwanke e. ae :
William ‘Pucer, Treasurer... Be ya Sey eM AWS “4297 12th Street, ‘Milwaukee.
Sigmund Graenicher.. . Bere re es 5 ith Street, Milwauke ee
ee " PUBLISHING COMMITTEE, ae a ete
: 3 ‘Henry re ‘Ward, Bez. Geo. Ww. - Peckham,
Chas, E. Monroe. tig ge ex

Sig pte ae os REGULAR ‘MEETINGS. eae Ss
g 2 “These are all held on the last Thursday of each month, ‘except

Ag ss July and August, in the trustees’ room in- the Public Museum 9 Building,
_ Milwaukee. : = ee Cas Se gen ig et potter ee

; Se : | MEMBERSHIP DUES. ae ean

7
aN ¥
- °F
Fe
<
>
é

Bee. LIN

OF THE

WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Vol. 5, New Series. JULY, 1907. No. 3.

PROCEEDINGS.

Milwaukee, April 11, 1907.

Meeting of the combined sections.

President Teller in the chair, and Messrs. Brues, Carpenter, Case,
Copeland, Doerflinger, Ogden, Russell and Ward present.

Mr. Howland Russell gave some ‘Notes on Wisconsin Oaks.” He
read a recent paper by Prof. E. J. Hill from the Botanical Gazette,
referring to the common occurrence of Quercus ellipsoidalis Hill in the
vieinity of Milwaukee, and the probable absence of Quercus palustris
Moench. in this region. Mr. Russell exhibited specimens of leaves and
acorns of these and several other species, pointing out the various
differential characters that separate them. Later the discussion was
taken up by several members. after which the meeting adjourned.

Milwaukee, April 25, 1907.

Regular monthly and annual meeting of the Society.

President Teller in the chair and about ninety persons present.

The minutes of the last monthly meeting were read and approved.

Mr. Teller asked for nominations for the election of officers.

Ma. Doerflinger moved that the secretary be instructed to cast a
unanimous vote for the re-election of the present incumbents.

The motion was seconded and passed and the officers elected as
follows:

President—-E. E. Teller.

Vice-President-—H. L. Ward.

General Secretary—C. T. Brues.

Member of Board of Directors—S. Graenicher.

Publishing Committee-—H. L. Ward, Geo. W. Peckham, C. E.

Monroe.
139

140 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol.5; Naver

The names of Mr. A. J. Wright and Rev. Frederick Edwards were
proposed for membership and subsequently, approved by the Board of
Directors.

There being no further business, Mr. H. L. Ward addressed the
meeting on “Museum Collecting.” He deseribed his experiences in
collecting animals for museums in various parts of this country,
Mexico, and the West Indies. The rediscovery of the West-Indian Seal
was mentioned, and the manner in which he had obtained them. The
collecting of sea lions on the Pacific Coast was described at length
and the topography of the islands on which they live. The speaker
also described several more recent trips which he had made into the
northern parts of Wisconsin, made principally to obtain birds and
accessories for bird groups in the Public Museum.

The lecture was illustrated by stereopticon slides prepared from
negatives made by Mr. Ward on the various collecting trips to which
he srererred,

Milwaukee, May 9, 1907.

Meeting of the combined sections.

President Teller in the chair and Messrs. Barth, Brues, Clowes.
Colles, Carpenter, Doerfiinger, Graenicher, Russell and Sherman
present.

Dr. Graenicher described a recent classification of entomophilous
flowers and insects first proposed by Loew for the European Flora.
Ile mentioned the several categories illustrating each by specimens of
fresh flowers. He then showed the degree of mutual adaptation among
the several classes which he compared with the results obtained by
Loew in Europe.

Mr. Brues then exhibited two svecies of insects. One, Jgnotus
anigmaticus, was a peculiar beetle of very anomalous structure which
has puzzled svstematists since its discovery several years ago. The
specimens exhibited had been found feeding on some dried Echinoderms
in the Public Museum. This was the second time that the species has
been collected, its original habitat being unknown, but probably the@
West Indies... The second was a new species of wingless fly belonging
to the genus Puliciphora, recently bred from cattle tick eggs by the
United States Department of Agriculture, and sent him for identifica-
tion. Mr. Teller then exhibited’ some specimens of a rare fossil
Echinoderm, /chthyechinus corbis, from the Chicago formation of the
Niagara limestone. After considerable discussion about these, the
meeting adjourned,

PeseRVATIONS ON THE NESTING HABITS — OF
GORYTES “GANALICULATUS, PACKARD

By Grorcr P. BartH.

While sojourning at Cedar Jake, Washington Co., Wiscon-
sin, during the latter part of July of this year, my attention was
attracted by a beautiful yellow-banded wasp busily engaged in
performing its nesting labors among a large colonv of
Aplhilanthops frigidus, an occasional Bembex, Cerceris, Anacra-
bro ocellatus, Oxybelts, leaf. cutter bees and even an Osmua.
All lived in perfect harmony on a little hill of sand not over
twenty feet long and six feet wide located at the edge of a gravel
pit bordering a wide, deep, though small ravine still in pristine
state. An immense oatfield on the other three sides made this a
secluded corner which received the full glare and heat of the
sun during the greater part of the day.

It was a treat as well as a study to see the methods by which
these busy workers accomplished their aim of procuring an
abiding place wherein their young could develop undisturbed:
Aphilanthops vigorously scratched, sending showers of sand to
a distance of more than a foot with a rasping sound which could
easily be heard at a distance of from ten to fifteen feet; restless
Anacrabro diving into her burrow only to emerge again flying
backwards to scatter broadcast a. mass of sand grasped between
her legs and body; Bembex with her angry hum when she
attempted to pull out a pebble too large for even her strong man-
dibles; Cerceris digging away at a rate which caused her fore-
feet to resemble a blur of moving matter, while now and then
Gorytes smoothed away her load of sand to make room for more.

Although the primary object of my visit to this hill was to
_ become acquainted with Anacrabro, I found that it was still too
early in the season for that interesting insect, as she had not
begun to store her cells, and so turned my attention to the

141

142 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [ Vol. 5; Nowe:

worker whose habits, as far as I saw them, it will be my pleasant
task to describe below. Unfortunately part of almost every day
was marred by a shower of rain, or the conditions of the sky was
such as is designated part cloudy in our weather reports.

The notes will be given just as they were entered in my field
hook at the time:

Gorytes begins her nest by scratching at the chosen spot with
her forefeet, occasionally helping with the mandibles when a
pebble or particularly hard spot is met, until she has loosened a
small pile of sand when she backs out and smooths this away to
some distance. Pebbles are grasped by the mandibles and car-
ried a short distance and there dropped. After the burrow has
reached a depth greater than the length of the wasp, the sand
accumulates behind her and is then pushed out with the abdomen
at the same time assisting with the legs as she backs out.

NEES EY NIG ae

This nest was about one inch in depth when first seen at
5:25 p. M. July 14th. Activities were continued until nearly six
o'clock, when the opening was closed from within. At 6: 40 the
nest was still closed and remained closed until I left as darkness
fell, so the presumption was that labor had ceased for the night.
It rained steadily during the morning of July 15th, and the nest
was not visited until 4:00 p. mM. It was still closed. The sand
was blown away until the opening was free and the depth of the
gallery tested with a grass stem. At 4:3:30 the wasp returned,
carrying a leaf hopper. Although wide open, she instinctively
began scratching at the entrance of the nest as if to clear it and
then entered head foremost, carrying her prey. She came out
at 4:4: 20, closing the hole as she came, using mandibles and feet
in the operation. She then turned around to examine the work
but a Formica subenescens running by disturbed her inspection,
when she flew away a short distance and, upon the ant leaving,
returned and proceeded to close more effectively with further
materiai gathered by forelegs and mandibles from a radius of
ahout one inch. After a short localitv study in gradually widen-

1907 | Barth, Nesting Habits of Gorytes canaliculatus, 145

ing circles departure took place at 4: 11:00, leaving a smooth hill
of sand over the entrance. Her further activities were as follows:

Returned at 4:55 with hopper. Opened the nest without
dropping her prey.

Came out at 4:56. Closed the opening.

Flew away at 4:57:35. No locality study.

Returned at 5:17:15 with hopper, Aving directly to the nest.

Entered at 5: 17: 38.

Came out at 5:17:55. Closed nest by scratching sand from
a distance of about one inch. .

Away at 5:17:59. No locality study.

Returned at 5:52:45 with hopper.

Pntered at 6252 (57.

Came out at 5: 53: 30.- Closed the nest.

July 16th. Part cloudy. Observations begun at 8:45 A. M.

Wasp came at 9: 14. :

Away at 9:14:40, A-few seratches to close. No locality
study.

Returned at 9: 40 with hopper.

Entered. at 9: 40:15.

Caiiie. out at. 9:40: 20,. “A-few scratches. to close.

Away at 9:40:30. No locality study.

Returned at 9:50:45 with hopper.

Hatered. atsQ: 50% 55. q

Came out lan g:51- 10). A. few scratches to close.

Away at 9:51:14. No locality study.

Returned at 10:00: 25 with hopper.

Entered at 10:00: 30.

Came out 10:00:40. Began filling the entrance by scratching
towards herself while still in the hole.

Away at 10: 00: 50.

The wasp had not returned by 11 o'clock, so thinking the nest
complete [| excavated. At 11:15 she returned with a hopper and
sat about eighteen inches away watching the destruction going
ona. Ithen caught her.

The entrance of the nest was 0.4 cm. in diameter and widened

144 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [ Vol. 5, No. 3.

to 0.8 cm. one inch down. Whole nest following the curve
A to G., 11.cm2; “A to B:, 4°em73. © to: Dats sen eee
2cm.; a. a—firmly packed sand. The cells and gallery were

practically in the same plane, cell 2 being about 1 cm. lateral to
cells 1 and 3.

Si a

I}!

i)
[ene ee a0

|
|

a ee ieee

!
|

i!

— =

SS
_

—

NEST No. 1.

CELL I. Contained eight leaf hoppers, seemingly placed
haphazardly in the cell. The egg was on the left side of the
thorax of a hopper in the middle of the cell, beginning at the
neck and running parallel to the hopper’s body at the edge of the
wing. Cell practically spherical in shape, 0.7 cm. in diameter.

CELL 2. Egg shaped; 1.3 cm. long and 0.8 cm. in its greatest
diameter; 14 leaf hoppers. No egg found.

CELI, 3.°.1.2 .em. long: .and-.o:9: cm) im: diameters) ga meas
hoppers. No egg found. |

NEST NO). 2

July 16th. Wasp came at 2:54 with a hopper. A locality
study of considerable care was made both before entering and
on leaving, probably due to the fact that I had disturbed the
surface to some extent in excavating an Anacrabro nest three
inches away. ‘The entrance was under a small, round stone and

1907 | Barth, Nesting Habits of Gor ytes canaliculatus, 145

the gallery descended at a very slight angle. ‘The wasp left at
2:54:10 without closing the entrance. The nest was probably
abandoned, as I did not see her again during my stay.

RES yey oe,

July 16th, 4:35 p. mM. This nest was already quite deep
when discovered, but the wasp was still digging. The entrance
was in the side of the hill which had a slant of about 45°.

July 17th. Warm and dry. At 9 A. mM. the nest was closed
by a small hill of sand. This was blown away, completely
exposing the entrance. At 9:18:30 the wasp came carrying a
hopper and went directly into the nest seemingly undisturbed by
the fact of the nest being open.

Came out again at 9:18:50 and closed by scratching sand
from a radius of about one inch. Flew away at 9:20. Nest
smoothly covered.

Returned at 9: 50:7 with hopper.

Entered at 9: 50: Io.

Came out at 9:50:25. Closing by a few scratches.

Away at 9:50:30. No locality study.

Returned at 10:45:30 with hopper. Rested on sand near
the nest.

Entered at 10:45:55.

Came out‘at' 10; 46:5. -Head first.

Away at 10:46:10. No locality study.

Returned at tr: 12: 10 with hopper.

Entered at 11: 12: 12.

Came-out at 11 712; 26,

Away at 11:12:32. No locality study.

At 11:21:20, a. Nysson fidelis (Cres.) entered the nest by
quickly scratching it open. Came out at 11: 21:48, closing the
opening much less perfectly than the Hoplysis and flew away.

_ At 11:45:20 the Gorytes returned with a hopper and entered
at 11:45:22, seemingly not disturbed by the fact of the Nysson
having been there. 12:2:10 looking out of the nest. At

146 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [ Vol. 5, Norse

12:13:10 began to close the nest while’ still part’ way~ i dthe
gallery scratching considerable quantities of material into the
nest. She finally closed by taking material from around the nest,
occasionally stamping it down with her abdomen. ‘This she
continued until a perfectly smooth surface was_ presented.
Believing this careful closing to indicate the completion of the
nest, the wasp was caught as she was flying away at 12: 18.

As far as could be determined the entrance was but slightly
narrower than the gallery. «Cell 1 was 2 cm lateral to;caiha
which again occupied the same plane as the entrance. A to B,
8 cm. Rather loosely packed with sand. C to D, 2 cm. also
packed.

\\S ‘
\\ x x SN ~S WS SKS NN RES

x, ee \ \ SO \ S\N
~~ » WS RS YES AN NON Sh \ \,

\
\ \

CELL 3. 1.3 cha. long and-o8 cm. im drameter, ieculaa
oval; 12 leaf hoppers. The egg was placed on the right side
of the thorax parallel with the edge of the wing, but starting
shghtly posterior to the neck of the hopper.

CELL 2. Seven hoppers and an egg which showed beginning
larval segmentation. Placed on the right side of the thorax of
the hopper as in cell 1.

The Nysson egg was not found.

1907 | Barth, Nesting Habits of Gorytes canaliculatus. 147

NEST ONO: 4.

niy 7th, 1907." Nest found atthe ‘base of a tussock. of
erass. Wasp came at 9:47:10 with a hopper; came again at
9:54: 10 with hopper.

Entered at 9:54:45.

Samo 21 OO, with, nopper; .entered; . 1021-220; “out;
iene: 22; away, 10:21:45; closing rather careful. Locality
study none.

Paiiew 10-25 .25,, withhopper;. entered, 10: 28::35;. out;
fO226; 55; away, 10:29:6: .A few scratches. Locality. study
none.

PamiepotO. 4225.5 With shopper» “entered, 10: 32:37; out,
10: 32:40; away, 10:33:00. A few scratches. Locality study
none.

ame, 10° 26.10, with hopper; “entered; 10:48:15; out,
——; away, 10:48:20. A few scratches. Locality study
none.

Smo i OO With hopper. . emiered, 11° 13:16; out,
Peo 1400; -away, 1b1:1422: A. few. ‘seratches.> ‘Locality .study
none.

Came 11:40:00, with hopper, and entered an Aphilanthops
frigidus nest which was in the building close besides its nest.
Seemed much puzzled by the change in the surface which the
ejected sand of the Aphilanthops made. Hunted around, scratch-
ing here and there, and finally found the entrance.

Returned to post of observation at 1 p. m. Nest was very
well closed.

' Came, 1:59:30, with hopper; entered, 2:00:00; out,
2:2:00; away, 2:2:20. Rather careful closing. Locality study
none.

While the wasp was in the nest a Nysson fidelis (Cres.), iden-
tified for me by Mr. Viereck) started to enter the open nest but,
becoming aware of the presence of the owner, backed out and
flew to a distance of a foot, there resting quietly on the sand and

148 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society.

[ Vol. 5, No. 3.

watching. At 2:3:00 it rapidly opened the nest and entered,

remaining till

2:10:00, when she came out again and closed the

entrance. She was then caught.

July 18th.

The nest was excavated this morning. It ran
northeast one and one-half inches, down and southeast by south

two inches, east one inch to cell.
la i . .
The gallery was regularly round, with smooth inner surface,
the entrance being about the same size as the prssage.

Bi rok

length being about I cm., and greatest diameter 0.7 cm.

tained 9 leaf hoppers. The egg was on the thorax slightly below

Z o (ya EaG
a BOY Pe
E ee - ‘ae
ee ee a | LOK
Sees — ¥ ee
eee ce aoe, = a5 RON ayy pe 2 eat ee
Se Ae ake a ; NGS oe
Be pie ieee eee
s wp —_— ANE C2
ET ee re ee
Be ge gp Sears ee
Pees oS ee: ee a Oe -_ ae
ig Se a ek ee OL an Ne Ee, ee ee
_— - or _ _—. -
Cee oe) ae UML gE See FEE; Shee
eae a Ze Sa ee —_—
ee GEL LLL IE E oo tee Ee es ee
Se tog et Fart setae
NEST No. 4.

Was regularly oval, as shown in the drawing, its

Con-

and parallel to the edge of the left wing, beginning at the neck.
On the floor of the cell, about one-third from the entrance,

another egg was found unattached.

the wasp egg,

curved.

Cary 2:

In shape it was similar to

but smaller and the surface less shining; slightly

Fight hoppers, irregularly round and_ partially
back of the stone. The egg was placed in a position on the hopper
like that in the other cell.

1907 | Barth, Nesting Habits of Gorytes canaliculatus, 149

NESPUNOY 5,

jiily. 2oth, 1907.' Wasp came at 10:27:00 A, M., with a
hopper. Left at 10: 27: 40. after carefully closing the entrance.
Returned at’ 11:16:20 with a hopper. Entered at 11:16: 35,
after resting about a foot from the nest. Came out at 11:17:15
and flew away at 11:17:30, with no locality study.

Rain set in at noon and continued all the next day, and as I
was compelled to return to the city on an early train, July 22nd,
this closed my observations.

GENERAI, REMARKS.

The prey of the wasp seems to be exclusively leaf hoppers of
the species Cyrtolobus fenestratus Fitch and Atyma inornata
Say in all stages from the nympth to the adult as found in the
cells. They were not closely packed and lay at all angles to each
other as though carelessly thrown into place. None of the hop-
pers responded to stimulation with fingers or forceps, so pre-
sumably they were stung to death.

In all cases the entrance was opened just sufficiently to allow
“the wasp to slip in and careful watching failed to give any evi-
dence of a shifting of hold on the prey as the wasp carried it in.
This was carried tightly grasped about the neck or anterior
thorax by the middle legs and, whether the wasp walked or flew,
was never dropped. The wasp always entered the cell head
foremost, carrying the hopper with her. The entrance was com-
pletely closed when the wasp left, the little work required to pro-
duce this being due to the small opening which the wasp made
to enter, this being often but one-half of the actual size of
the door.

The quickness with which the insects were able to return with
prey was due no doubt to a plentiful supply in the densely over
grown ravine close by, as the wasps seemed invariably to go and
come from that direction. The presence of an observer seemed
to have no disturbing influence on her actions, as very frequently
I sat within a few feet of the nest with an umbrella over my head
for protection against the heat of the sun.

NOTES AND. DESCRIPTIONS OF NORTH AMERICA
PARASITIC#HY ME NOPT BRAG ve

By Cuar.es T. Brus.

FAMILY BE THYLIDAE:

Goniozus hortorum sp. nov.

Female. Length 2.25 mm. Black; antenni, except apex, pale
yellow, legs piceous, the anterior pair and all the tarsi brownish-
vellow. Head sub-shining, shagreened and with scattered large
punctures; one and one-half times as long as wide. Face with a
median carina between the antenne that. extends just above the level
of the lower eye-margin, and a lateral one of the same extent on each
side above the antenns. Seen from above the head is three times as
long as the eyes. Eyes bare, ocelli in a small triangle near the
posterior margin of the head. Antenne 13-jointed, extending only a
short distance beyond the vertex; slender, with the joints submonili-
form. Seape stout, two times. as long as thick. First flagellar joint
only one-half as long as the pedicel, which is a little longer than the
second; following subequal, becoming distinctly moniliform before the
tip. . Mandibles varying from piceous to black. Palpi piceous, malar
space very short. Pronotum and mesonotum sculptured like the head,
the former evenly narrowed in front, and about two and one-half times
as long as the mesonotum, the latter almost two times as wide as long.
Scutellum shagreened, distinctly longer than the mesonotum and as
broad as long, separated from the mesonotum by a very delicate suture
and with a short oblique linear fovea on each side basally. Metanotum
strongly shagreened laterally, but smooth and polished medially ;
the entire lateral margins and the lower edge of the posterior slope
margined, but otherwise without carine, except for a trace of one
laterally at the top of the posterior edge. It is slightly longer than
the mesonotum and scutellum together, with the posterior face coarsely
shagreened. Abdomen oval, polished, as long or slightly longer than
the head and thorax together; second and following segments broadly
emarginate on their posterior margins. Legs stout but not at all
spinose.. Claws bifid, with a long slender inner tooth. Wings hyaline,
both stigmata piceous, the stigma somewhat but only slightly larger
than the parastigma. Basal nervure angularly broken, but without

150

1907 | Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera. 151

any stump of a vein, its upper section one-half the length of the lower.
Two basal cells defined by pale yellow nervures. Marginal cell open,
the radial vein three times as long as the stigma, separated by its
own length from the wing tip.

Three females bred by Prof. H. A. Surface from the larva
of a microlepidopteron folding the leaf of the Apple; Floradale,
Pa.: August 16, issued September 7.

As can be seen from the following table, it is most closely
related to Goniozus foveolatus Ashmead.

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF GONIOZUS.*

1. Metanotum smooth medially, without trace of a median carina. 2
Metanotum with a delicate median carina; stump of cubital

etme lle CEVGLOPESC ores. s cso) bias ease ale afew erecta le ss platynote Ashm.

2. Head unusually large; legs piceous; tips of tibiae and tarsi
pale; stump of cubital vein very small..... megacephalus Ashi.
ner Pee NII MSI ZG. siege cise oP al'e ol atd osha Kiule od b\6 ope FE Dols cam ees 3

3. Stump of cubital vein as long as the upper section of the basal
vervure; legs, except tarsi, black; wings hyaline; head with-
out larger punctures interspersed: .... 605... clarimontis Kieff.

Stump of cubital vein much shorter, often scarcely developed... 4

4. Abdomen as long the the head and thorax together............ 6
Abdomen shorter than the. head and thorax together.......... 5
Pe ete MGIC: “CORES VOLO O55 crc e sche cas nie eye es be hubbardi Howard.
Legs piceous, with trochanters, tibiz and tarsi more or less
ea URO RLS DUM a ot aay ds sah Pa od ha oh oh ase: oid je) vile wen We dR columbianus Ashm.
ee AU VETS WNCCOUS VOT’ DEO WI. e'e ic oe ww wie stapece eres @ da are ee dies 7
Wis veins cestaceous or honey-yellow.a.. 0... 0.6 6 ods ovine os )
7 lead of female one and one-half times as long as wide,
with more or less distinct scattered punctures............ os
Head of female two times as long as wide, smooth and impune-
TEE SIM Gy eect SRR cy ee Grae oe ee a politus Ashm.
8. Metanotum not margined laterally, parastigma as large as the
SI OTS Ned Sh age eae Ot Gee ee ne a longiceps Kieff.
Metanotum margined laterally, stigma larger than the para-
AAI AMER RMF so sci pne See tag ie oan Some ovale eee ey oc occipitalis Kieff.

* Exclusive of West Indian and Mexican species, and also of those
with a closed discoidal cell. These latter are more properly to be
regarded as forming the Genus Parasierola Cameron.

152 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 3.

9. Stump of cubital vein distinct; wings subhyaline, with black
stigma’ and honey yellow veins 2.35 7. + <a. oe foveolatus Ashm.
Stuinp of cubital vein obsolete, wings hyaline, with piceous stigma

and: pale. mellow. Vernet yc: 2 es: eae nineteen hortorum sp. noy.

Phorbas longicornis sp. nov.

Male. Length 2.25 mm. Black; the anterior trochanters and all
knees pale yellow; tibis and tarsi fuscous. Wings nearly hyaline,
iridescent, stigma and marginal vein fusco-piceous. Head twice as
wide as thick. the occiput evenly arcuated and excavated behind.
Ocelli distinctly in a triangle, the anterior one being its own diameter
in front of the lateral ones. [Eyes oval, pubescent. Clypeus strongly
protukerant below. Mandibles pale, with black tips, palpi pale.
Head everywhere finely shagreened and thinly whitish pubescent.
Antenne long and slender, almost as long as the body. Scape and
pedicel short, the former a little the longer, the pedicel two times as
long as thick; first six fiagellar joints subequal, growing gradually
shorter, the first fully five or six times as long as thick. Prothorax
seareely visible from above, but attaining the tegule on the sides.
Mesonotum broad, shining, faintly shagreened, with two very fine
parapsidal furrows. Scutellum large, subeonvex, shining, with a
cross-furrow at its base. Metathorax about one and one-half times
as long as wide, obliquely truncate behind, its surface regularly and
finely rugulose.. Abdomen small, flattened, smooth and shining, as
long and about as broad as the thorax. Wings large, stigma very
narrow, obliquely truncate basally, and prolonged into a thickened
postmarginal vein apically. Radial cell nearly closed. Two basal
cells indicated by yellow veins. No trace of any discoidal cells,
although the subdiseoidal nervure is distinct nearly to the margin of ,
the wing. Both pairs of wings distinctly ciliated. Legs slender,

pubescent, the tibiee each with a small very slender spur.

Described from one male sent me for identification by
Prof. H.. A. Surface.of Harrishure, Pa. It) was bred: by soi
from a cocoon thought to be that of a species of microlepidopteron
collected at Saegerstown, Pa., January '30. As all members of
the group are parasites of leaf-hoppers, feeding externally and
later spinning their own cocoons, it is probable that the parasite’s
own cocoon was mistaken for that of a moth.

1907 | Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera. 153

The present species differs from the only other described
species by its long antennz, and by the presence of a subdiscoidal
vein in the wing.

I think it undoubtedly belongs to Ashmead’s genus Phorbas,
although it will-not run to it in Kieffer’s recent table (Genera
Insectorum Fascicle 54, p. 12, 1907). He has placed Phorbas
in his sub-family Dryininz, characterized by the short pronotum
which does not attain the tegulz on the sides. Ashmead, in his
diagnosis of Pharbas, says, “Thorax as in Aphelopus, but with-
out distinct parapsidal furrows, the prothorax only slightly visible
from above.” In Aphelopus the prothorax attains the tegule.
1 think, therefore, that Kieffer has incorrectly placed the genus,
and that it undoubtedly falls near Labeo. It seems probable to
me also that Perkins’ Euvkolbeleia is a synonym of Phorbas.

PANY SCHEVION IDA.

Macroteleia surfacei sp. nov.

Dentale:, Length 4-5 mm. ° Black; the legs more or less pale
rufous. Wings hyaline. Head quadrate, slightly broader than thick.
Its surface shagreened and covered with moderately thick regular
large punctures. Eyes oval, bare, ocelli in a triangle, the lateral ones
as far from the eve-margin as from the median ocellus. Mandibles
rufous, with black teeth. Antenne 12-jointed; the scape about one-
half the length of the fiagellum. Scape, pedicel and first four flagellar
joints more or less rufous or brownish. Pedicel long, a trifle shorter
than the first flagellar joint which is about four times as long as
thick. Second. third and fourth growing shorter, the fourth slightly
longer than wide. Club six-jointed, black; slender, fusiform, the
joints quadrate or slightly transverse, and all of nearly equal thick-
ness, except the apical joint, which is more slender and a little longer.
Occiput and cheeks margined behind. Mesonotum with well separated
round punctures like those of the head, with distinctly impressed
parapsidal furrows. Scutellum sculptured like the mesonotum, with
a coarsely punctate frenum at its base and a more delicate one at the
apex. Metathorax very short, the metanotum scarcely visible from
above, elevated into a transverse ridge anteriorly and rugulose behind,
without raised lines. Abdomen long, acuminate, seen from the side
is is two and three-fourth times as long as the head and thorax

154 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. | Vol. oe ioe

together, slightly depressed on the basal half and compressed apically.
Its surface with moderately large regular punctures; the first seg-
ment also strongly striated and the second, fifth and sixth -slightly so.
Second segment one and one-half times as long as the first and equal
to the third and sixth. Fourth and fifth equal, each three-fifths the
length of the second. Venter finely punctate, weakly aciculated
basally. Legs honey-yvellow, or pale rufous, the tips of the middle
femora, most of the posterior pair, and the apical tarsal joints infus-
eated. Coxe.black. Wings hyaline, stigmal vein slender, knobbed,
one-hal¥ as long as the marginal. VPostmarginal one-third longer than
the marginal. Basal vein obsolete. The wings when folded reach to
the base of the fifth seoment.

Described from 10 female specimens reared during May by
Prof. H. A. Surface from the eggs of a locustid: + Chester. ieee

This is the fifth species of the genus to be discovered within
the United States, and may be distinguished from the others by
the aid of the following table:
be TE VOR DATE ig, oni ahs alas a eB helm Soin todd ahha wallet aiees Set SRR eee 2

lives pubescent; legs, including coxe, brownish-yellow; first and

second akdominal segments about equal in length.
virginiensis Ashin.

2. Flagellum of antenne wholly or partly reddish-yellow....... 3
Antenne. except scape, dark brown, marginal vein about two
tities as lone sas “the: stiemal>:s 5 ca 2 ane floridana Ashm.

2%. Wings fusco-hyaline, marginal vein one and one-half times as long
as. thes stimimalll.:c: t-te. accents Soe eee macrogaster Ashi.
Wing's: Any alime 5.0%. 22s an < 0 She leke ooh a phe pe eeateen ce en aie Dedeeneee

4. Eead not "nargined behind, marginal vein one-third longer than
the stigmas... 7+ ty ee ee oh ca Gt oe RRS Reet eaear ago punctata Kieff.
Occiput and cheeks margined behind, marginal vein almost two
times as long as: the stiomaliac.:. . 1s. stasheeee ..surfacei Sp. nov.

Sparaison gregarium sp. nov.

Female. Jength 4 mm. Black; legs, except coxz; mandibles and
scape and pedicel of antenne, honey-yellow. Head coarsely rugoso-
reticulate, frontal ridge projecting one-half the diameter of the eye
in front of the eye-margin. Seen from above, the head is as wide as
thick, the frontal ledge one-half as wide as the front, rounded anter-
iorly, with a reflexed smooth margin. Face below the ridge arcuately
transversely striated. Mandibles ferruginous. Antenne 12-jointed,

1907 | Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera. 155

black. the seape, except extreme tip and the pedicel ferruginous.
Seape broadly dilated at the tip; pedicel two-thirds the length of the
first flagellar joint; second to seventh slightly wider than long, the
following growing more slender, but of equal length. Prothorax very
closely and rather finely punctate in front. Pronotum and mesonotum
deeply and coarsely punctate, the pronotum closely, but the mesono-
tum more sparsely apically toward the center. Parapsidal furrows
vaguely defined by punctures, scapule punctate, with no trace of any
groove. Seutellum with a punctate frenum, two times as wide as long,
its surface coarsely punctate, the punctures much sparser toward the
center. Postscutellum with a very short spine. Metanotum finely
rugose, more or less distinctly areolated anteriorly, and with a
V-shaped carina on each side, but no median one anteriorly. Meso-
pleura with a large smooth space, metapleura with a smaller one.
Metanotum with its upper lateral angles produced. Abdomen elongate
ovate, as long as the head and thorax, coarsely longitudinally striated
above, except along the posterior margins of the segments which are
smooth and polished. Apical segments more or less punctate; sutures
crenulate. Venter sparsely and rather coarsely punctate. Leg's
weakly spinous, clothed with glistening hairs. Wings infuscated, the
costal cell hyaline. Stigma separated from the submarginal vein;
stigmal vein recurved, a trifleslonger than the indistinct postmarginal
one, with an imperceptible knob at the tip. Marginal vein indistinctly
indicated. except at base and tip, where it is not visible.

Two females sent me by Mr. Nathan Banks. They were
collected at Falls Church, Va., August 2.

This species can be readily distinguished by the pale legs from
any other in our fauna, except S. famelicum Say, which, however,
has hyaline wings.

The species of Sparaison so far discovered within the United
States may be separated by means of the following table:
1. Wings hyaline, scapule with a distinet grooved longitudinal line,

lego, (excepn Cox, loney-vyellow'(.) ..66 06... 6 san famelicum Say.
Wings infusecated, scapule without a distinct grooved line.... 2

©

Legs, except coxee, honey-yellow, antennal scape, honey-yellow.
gregarium sp. nov.

Lees principally black, sometimes with the tibiz and tarsi lighter,

emote Ayan IG. S252 B.TiGecst ecelo nis hides ols aSW Mla So palace ove 3

156 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [ Vol. 5, No. 3.

3. Abdomen smooth and polished except at the sutures.
pacificum Ashm.

Abdomen longitudinally rugose or striate......... alat ands oe 4

4. Metanotum rugulose medially, without a central carina...... 5
Metanotum with a distinct carina medially at the base; scapule
PUMCUDGR” oe 5-50) wdereo oem eee ile eet eet ar ae graenicheri Brues,

5. Frontal ledge broad, on the same plane as the vertex, scapule
ENP UNE LAU. wie ore site lite Aa stent cis at ee ane pilosum Ashm.
Frontal ledge not so broad and not on the same plane as the
vertex, more “Obnque.o.. esc). oe ot ae = © eee ee ee nigrum Ashm.

Hadronotus robustus sp. nov.

Female. Length 1.7 mm. Entirely black; the tibize and tarsi dull
rufcus. Head large, considerably wider than the thorax, and three
times as wide as thick, the occiput arcuately excavated; its surface
coarsely rugose. Occiput above with a finely raised line, vertex with-
out any smooth areas; lateral ocelli about their own diameter from
the eye margin. Eyes bare. Facial excavation above the antennze
deep. transversely striated and margined by a raised’ line laterally.
Antenne 12-jointed, clavate, black, with the tip of the pedicel rufous.
Pedicel and first flagellar joint of equal length, second distinctly
shorter, third small, quadrate, club fusiform, not very stout, the
joints slightly transverse. Mesothorax and scutellum coarsely rugose ;
no parapsidal furrows. Metathorax very short. Abdomen short, sub-
globose. about as wide and as long as the thorax; first segment
deeply grooved and ribbed longitudinally near its base, apically rugu-
lose. Second segment twice as long as the first, and one-third as long
as wide, rugulose basally and microscopically so near the apex;
third segment less than one-half as long as the second; fourth still
shorter, both sculptured like the apical half of the second. Venter
finely punctulate. Pleurze rugose but still more or less shining.
Legs black. knees, tibie and tarsi, except terminal joint, rufous.
Wings hyaline, the venation yellowish brown. Marginal vein short,
about one-half the length of the stigmal; postmarginal nearly twice
the length of the stigmal.

Described from one female specimen collected by the writer
at Austin, Texas.

The species is related to H. insularis Ashm. from Grenada,
West Indies, and to H. rugiceps Ashm. from the United States.
It differs from both in the relative lengths of the antennal joints
and the seginents of the abdomen.

1907] Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera. 157

FAMILY ICHNEUMONID.

Orthopelma thompsoni sp. nov.

Male and female. Length 3.75-4.25 mm. Head and thorax black;
legs in part and abdomen beyond the petiole reddish. Head broad.
almost three times as wide as thick. Face distinctly narrowed below.
more strongly so in the male. Clypeus with an impressed line near
the anterior margin which is raised and weakly emarginate. Mandi-
bles black, elypeus reddish in the male. Palpi pale. Antenne short
and rather stout, 18-19-jointed in the female and 22-jointed in the
male. Flagellar joints decreasing in length apically except the last,
which is twice as long as the preceding; first flagellar joint four
times as long as thick, penultimate only slightly longer than thick.
Surface of head shining, faintly punctate, more distinctly so on the
occiput and cheeks. Eyes bare, elongate, twice as long as wide.
Oeciput and cheeks margined behind. Mesonotum finely punctate, no
trace of parapsidal furrows. Scutellum with a depression anteriorly
and strengly convex posteriorly. Metanotum areolated, all the areas
separated and distinct. Abdomen with a long petiole. which is at least
four times as long as broad} spiracles prominent, placed near the
basal third; its surface finely rugose, with a carina on each side from
the spiracle nearly to the tip of the segment. Following segments
polished. Ovipositor as long or a little longer than the abdominal
petiole, reddish, its sheaths narrow, black and nearly bare. Meso-
pleura polished. with a fovea near the center, margined behind and
with a wide finely crenate furrow below. Legs moderately stout;
pale ferruginous, hind femora except tip piceous, and hind tibize
darker apically. Coxe and first joint of hind trochanters black.
Tegule pale yellow, abdomen, except petiole, bright ferruginous, the
segments often with darker spots laterally behind, especially in the
male. Wings hyaline, stigma and veins piceous, the former broad and
paler at the base. <Areolet open behind and small in position.

Described from numerous specimens bred by Prof. M. T.
Thompson from the galls of Rhodites rosw at Worcester, Mass.
Most of the known species of the genus are parasites of various
members of the genus Fhodites.

158 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. E Vol. 5, Nowak

FAMILY BRACONID-..

Helcon ferrugineus sp. nov.

Female. Length 9-10 mm. Ovipositor 7-9 mm. Entirely pale,
ferruginous, tips of hind tibize and antennal flagellum except for pale
annulus, piceous. Head large, transversely quadrate, about one-half
wider than thick. Face irregularly rugose, antennal excavation with
a median carina, sharp lateral margins and a few irregular striz
below ; ‘above immargined, polished and including the anterior ocellus.
Antenne setaceous, 35-jointed, piceous, the first two joints rufous.
Flagellum with a whitish annulus that occupies about seven joints.
The basal joints are long, four or five times as long as thick, while
those after the annulus become much shorter, those nearer the apex
being only one-half longer than thick. Head above and behind highly ~
polished, occiput and cheeks faintly punctate. Vertex with a finely
impressed longitudinal line. - Eves rather small, oval, about as broad
as the cheeks. Mandibles slender, edentate, black at tips. Palpi pale
rufous. Prothorax rugose, with a small strip above on the sides
closely punctate; nowhere striate. Mesonotum shining, sparsely
punctured; trilobed, the parapsidal furrows crenulate anteriorly;
behind, the space between them is roughly rugose. Scutellum small,
narrow, with a broad rugose depression at its base. Metathorax
coarsely rugose reticulate, the reticulations defining rather irregularly
six longitudinal carine on the posterior three-fourths. Metapleure
more finely rugose. Abdomen as long as the head and thorax, clavi-
form. First segment twice as long as wide at the tip, coarsely rugose
punctate. with two prominent longitudinal carinz on the basal half
and a much less distinct median one on the posterior half. Second
segment with sparse coarse punctures except along the median line
and the posterior margin. Following segments smooth and polished.
Legs slender, except the posterior femora which are thickened and
furnished with a_ single stout tooth beneath near the apex.
Hind tarsi, except terminal joint, whitish. Ovipositor ferru-
ginous, its sheaths black and hairy.’ Wings hyaline, stigma and
nervures ferruginous. Recurrent nervure received near the posterior
third of the first cubital cell: second cubital cell narrowed above, only
half as long on the radius as on the cubitus. Submedian cell scarcely
longer than the median; subdiscoidal nervure inserted at the lower
fourth of the discoidal nervure. Transverse median vein in hind
wing not broken.

1907 | Brues, North American Parasitic Hymenoptera. 159

Two females from Fedor, Lee County, Texas, sent me by
Rey. G. Birkmann.

This species is rather closely related to H. dentipes Brullé, but
is evidently distinct. Although variable in color, the latter is
always in considerable part black, and also differs in the sculpture
of the prothorax and metanotum. The mesonotum of the present
species is also more roughly sculptured, and the recurrent nervure
in the wing inserted farther from the transverse cubitus.

Calyptus collaris sp. nov.

~

Female. Length 2-5 mm. Ovipositor 2.8 mm. _ Black, the pro-
notum, mesonotum, cox and legs bright honey yellow. Wings hyaline.
Head transverse, slightly more than twice as wide as thick. Face
evenly convex, microscopically rugulose and whitish pubescent. Front,
vertex, and occiput smooth, polished, and impunctured. Cheeks faintly
shagreened. Mandibles and clypeus wholly ferruginous. Eyes rather
small, elongate oval, one-half as long as the head height. Antennee
26-jointed, black, the scape and pedicel more or less rufous. Second
flagellar joint one-third longer than the first, five times as long as
thick, following rapidly growing shorter, becoming quadrate near the
apex. Ocelli large and prominent, in a small triangle. Pronotum
rugose striate, smooth and polished near the lateral angles. Meso-
notum impunctate or nearly so. Parapsidal furrows deep and crenu-
late, meeting before the scutellum. Scutellum piceous, with a broad
fovea anteriorly. which is divided By a delicate median carina. Meta-
notum rugose, with two small triangular smooth basal areolas side
by side anteriorly; a less distinct pentagonal areola behind these
which gives off two delicate longitudinal carine. Abdomen as long
as the thorax, with three visible dorsal segments; first segment as
long as wide and longitudinally aciculated, with a pair of carinz
basally which converge behind. Second segment as long as the first
and a little wider, finely aciculated; third smooth and polished. Legs
and cox honey-yellow, the posterior tibize at tips and hind tarsi
fuscous. Ovipositor rufous, its sheaths black, pubescent. Wings
hyaline, stigma piceous, pale at the base, venation. brownish testaceous.
Recurrent nervure received beyond the apical third of the first cubital
cell. Submedian cell distinctly longer than the median; second
diseoidal cell closed at apex, the subdiscoidal nervure interstitial; anal
cell with no trace of dividing nervure. Transverse median vein in
hind wing not broken. .

160 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol, 5. Nowe:

Described from one female collected by Mr. Charles Schaeffer
at Esperanza Ranch, Brownsville, Texas.

This resembles in color the West Indian Calyptus thoracicus
Ashmead, but differs by its much smaller size, and in having only
26 joints instead of 35 joints to the antenne.

PAMiEY AV SiDp As,

Acrisis americanus sp. nov.

Male. Length 1.75 mm. ‘Thorax piceous, head, pleure, coxe, legs,
and second abdominal segment brownish-yellow. Wings hyaline.
Head smooth and shining, faintly shagreened above; transversely
quadrate, the temples rather narrow. Eyes moderately small, bare.
Cheeks one-half as long as the greatest length of the eye. Antenne
slender, filiform, not quite as long as the body, about 18-jointed, the
joints poorly differentiated and difficult to count; second to sixth joints
about equal, each about four or five times as long as thick,. following
growing shorter. Palpi pale testaceous. Mesonotum — shining,
shagreened, trilobed, the parapsidal furrows deep anteriorly, approxi-
mated and less distinct posteriorly, where they become confused with
some other longitudinal striate sculpture. Scutellum shagreened like
the mesonotum, with a broad crenulated transverse furrow across the
base and a semi-circular fovea just before the center. Metathorax
finely rugulose, not at all areolated. Pleure rugulose above and
shagreened below; dark above, but pale yellowish below on the meso-
pleure. Abdomen ovate, sessile, the first segment piceous, a little
longer than wide, its base two-thirds as wide as the apex, surface
finely aciculate; second segment aciculate, pale yellow, longer than
the first and twice as wide. Following segments indistinctly separated,
shining piceous. Legs moderately stout, the posterior femora strongly
incrassated, their tibize slightly so. Apical joint of all tarsi piceous.
Wings hyaline, stigma and venation very pale fuscous. Two cubital
cells; first cubital, first discoidal and submedian cells all distinctly
separated from one another. Radius and cubitus obsolete beyond the
first transverse cubitus; subdiscoidal nervure distinct at its base.

Described from a single male sent me by Dr. M. T. Thompson.
It was bred by him from an unidentified gall collected at
Worcester, Mass.

1907] Barth, The Syrphid Fly, Condidea Lata Coq., in Wisconsin. 161

This is the first American species to be discovered, and the
second member of the genus. To judge from the diagnoses of
Forster, Ashmead and Szépligeti, it is a typical representative of
the genus. .

Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis.
June 10, 1907.

BRIBPER ARTICLES:

THE OCCURRENCE OF THE SYRPHID FLY, CONDIDEA LATA
COQ., IN WISCONSIN.

It may be of interest to record the fact that a female speci-
men of Condidea lata Coq. was collected from the flowers of the
Sumach, Rhus glabra, at Cedar Lake, Washington Co., Wis-
consin, July 15, 1907. A male was taken at the same place
July 19. These were the only two specimens obtained by two
collectors in ten days, although flies were very abundant on the
plants during that time. A few days later, Mr. Henry L. Ward
obtained a single specimen from Little Cedar Lake, in the same
county. The species was first described by Coquillett from
Norn, saueus, Mass, (Can. Ent., Vol..39, p. 75, March, 1907)
and later mentioned by Jones (Journ. N. Y. Entom. Soc., Vol. 15,
p. 95, June, 1907) as occurring in several parts of Nebraska.
The sudden appearance of this conspicuous fly in a place which
has for years been collected over by entomologists is, therefore,
of considerable interest.

GrorGE P. BARTH.

CORRECTION.

Mr. Editor:

Though I reauested the sending of proof for my article in the last (April)
Bulletin, the printer sent me neither proof sheets, nor my MS., nor the plates.
I regret to find the following corrections necessary :

Page 134. Quarternary should be Quaternary.

Page 134. Linnean should be Linnéan.

Page 134. Sexcommunes should be six communes.

Page 134. Madaleunéenne should be Madelainéenne.

Page 134. Monstérienne should be Moustérienne.

Page 135. The same as the last two.

Page 135. Acheulléenne should be Acheuléenne.

Page 136. fine should be firm.

The French adjectives freauently cause confusion on the pnart of English
writers and nrinters who have not studied French grammar and do not know
that and why the feminine form differs from the masculine.

I vropose to English writing archeologists that they avply the English
‘jan’ to the French name; it will always fit ‘both genders and numbers in
English.

Chelléen and Chelléenne are the masculine and feminine forms derived
from Chelles, the name of a prehistoric station in the valley of the Marne
river, about 11 miles nearly due east of Paris. Let us write the derived
adjective Cheliian, which is plain English for both of the above adjectives and
always correct for the masculine, feminine, singular and plural forms;

Likewise Acheulian, from St. Acheul (gravel beds in the valley of the
Somme river) ;

Mousterian, from Le Moustier, the cavern near the bank of the very
interesting Vezére river. a tributary to the Dordogne;

Solutrian. from Solutré, a rock shelter near Macon in the valley of the
Sadne river, some 50 miles almost due west from Geneva.

Madelainian, from La Madelaine. a rock shelter also on the Vezére, only a
short distance below Le Moustier.

If my suggestion is adopted, it will save many who read or write on
Irrench archeology doubts and vexation.

You will oblige me by causing vroof sheets of the above to be sent me for

revision with my MS.
Yours Aruly;
C: H. DOERFELINGER.

162

‘

st 1876, MecKeavg Be OR Oe ien

ee of the N atural ibtoty Seeictyt of Wisconsin, Apl.
a 6, °85, to Dec. 7, ’85; Jan. 11,°86, to Dec. 13, ’86; Mar. 14, ’87,
to Dec. 19, 187; Jan. 23, '88, to Dec. 17, ’88, Gach us. e523

bs Molt. ae 1 Jan., 1900; Vol. E, No. 2, apes 1900; Vol. I
No. 3%. July, 1900; Vol. Te No. 4, Oct., 1900; Vol. II, No. 1
SS Jan., 1902; Vol. II, No. 2, Apr., 1902; Vol. II, No. 3, Tule,

- fat

y -BaL
Wiereo tes
F. Bs. : 2

Vol. 8 No. gs -Noy., 1905: “Wol., IV, Sad 1- 2 “Apr., 1906;
Vol. FV, Nee3, July, 1906; Vol. IV, No. 4, Oct:, 1906; Vol.

.
<

as ag, Soe i, “Ant like 2 Spiders « of the Family Attidas,” @
eM G. Peck, “1892,

We Se Bs ‘G. a eae Dee. 1895.

+e

es Jan., 1902; ‘Vol Te No. 3, pees Volt, No. «:

Suis Vol. ‘U, Node Gabe 1902,. es.

es 1, aan 1907; ‘Vol. Bis No. ci ABTS 1907; ‘Vol. V; No.

General .

10 cents |

a ae cents

15 cents

> }

es W. &

F

3) vepiders of. the Homalattus Cisne of the Family

Z

tee 2. , “Spiders of the Marpeusa Group of the = Family.

- July: 1902; ‘Vol. Il, No.1, Oct., 1902, CBO Rea en bil 25 cents” ee

is publication is now “issued by” the Wisconsin ‘Archeological ©
y of Dewan kee, from whom. the later volumes s may. be ebm:

yy

Ge

_DECEM

EDITED BY THE SECRETARY

3 ‘ dp) |
‘bos : ih Ms
be) pe | |

’ y
A j
i UgiP A
VA f
Seal
EF,
rk
“*y
; 4
y
4 \
}
i
:
Mo a
r
ys {
1
¢
/ lenperk *
} { ary
ys 7)
ba 1% ( ¥ y
- US j }
H Sen
; av
;
LJ
, )
j

ft ; ! d

ONTEN

c¢

- Howland Russel

=. ©

of Mil

ora |

st of the Fl

et

wau

kee County,

a

ss of Psen

ok

Se Heures L. Vierec

Society.

>

“George P. Barth’

tory

1s

nsin- ‘Natural H

barth |

1sco

sen

Ps
WwW

AUKEE, WISCONSIN

a gem ;

of

s

_MILW

KEOGH PRESS.

THE EDw.

der Act of Congress

office, M

(issued quarter

Oct
~ Of

tter;

d as second-cl

S., un

Wi

by
=

ilwaukee
Ty.)

. 24, 1906, at the post-

as8. ma

July 16, 1894,

per es OFFICERS AND D DIRECTORS. ae

Zax

| Bagar E. Teller, | President. Satie gee hee. 165, 27th a Street, Mi wa

— "Sigmund Graentcher oc tered 51

; E ‘cal 4

al "PUBLISHING COMMITTEE, Se

| Henry L. Ward, - => Geo. Ww. Peckham,
eee 5 CBee E, “Monroe. Pate vu eeeee

i

oe : = > Spee RAE s EFS oy TR , ar Oe

ure are all held on the last einanders of Sick ae

tly and August, in the trustees’ ‘room in the Public » um suild:
| Milwaukee. f ere es

Ee ‘annum; Life ‘Members, one payment of Bitty dollars. A

Spee

BULLE TLN

OF THE °

Wisconsin Natural History Society

VOLUME V

(NEW SERIES)

EDITED BY THE SECRETARY.

MILWAUKEE
1907

CONTENTS OF VOLUME V.

eee RENNER gate eats PV oe weave boas wakes p slat edie 5 eardes C ewan eee Sede.
The Origin of Species. By Charles Otis Whitman...............
Wisconsin Flowers and Their Pollination. By S. Graenicher.....
New Chalcid-flies from Cape Colony. By Charles T. Brues.......
Notes and Descriptions of North American Parasitic Hymenop-

pene eee ey Charles TS BEves sac. die cc vle msec weer tgs dees
A Weasel New to Wisconsin’s Fauna. By Henry L. Ward........
Pee NEE Qa ai ates tala veer diet eia a's s.c1u's! seas Ps eM al te tem tice
Notes on a New Guest-ant (Leptothoraz glacialis) and the Varities

of Myrmica brevinodis. By William Morton Wheeler........
Wisconsin Flowers and Their Pollination. II. By S. Graenicher.
Notes and Descriptions of North American Parasitic Hymenop-

Setar lv. ot CHarlesi t. EUCK. Fe rcico a5 ve sien e's © ss sin eie oa ates
On the Fertilization of the eggs of Asterias and Arbaca, By Ellen
| MRED ayy leh aet practi eae Ome shal epee. a econ) ha 6 wid vista ela a cid n'a’ ca ade ale do es
A New Apiocera from South Africa. By A. L. Melander..........
Additions to the Lepidopterous Fauna of Milwaukee County.

i OMEN. MIRC RICOWWSICL. 5 6s o <.5 5) auis olejaaicls ae pcslese sen ere ove s
tte BRN ote COS ea alae: ote oop 8 ars) sic wae dis. a)s de 6i8 01d daenee 2
UE CERN er tayo! le ga shel aide oie ol iA Psi e wi <'aie nae sles sem aieleanelal Seda
Observations on the Nesting Habits of Gorytes canaliculatus,

Papeate PeveGeeree .. BAPE. i o6.'os sen sce sea de ase cmacn et «
Notes and Descriptions of North American Parasitic Hymenop-

temneee try re Wenrbes sls ESS aid wicrarc v0 es's ee e'ea Sie es eee ei
aeRO PAE UUCLOS So sie gig gf dele dd can tely oS S044 ode led ga cease spe dade ee ae
RRR UNCUT ia) nets a hes aor dio nial sili g Sama Ausle Ca ae eee Ved Re ees
BeOUCCOUIMOS® cose ac se veh asa, s ss vera sett a, Scaincicr A visticlsatwid w’e- aheva. sis yaetn."<
A Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. By Howland

ae aR rates yale aa W ae 0a wena ahah w favave’ oo Shier @ dic. 6 do eco aes @ ole 0i ee wwe
A New Species of Psen. By Henry L. Viereck.............s0e8>
On the Nesting Habits of Psen barthi. By George P. Barth......
List of Members of the Wisconsin Natural History Society.......

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

New species and new names are marked with an asterisk.

OMIT ORCL ECIINUG 20 rac sia arais stare sles eves aie 's Uiale e146 os tind die a0's 160
Leeman OW UCL. WADILS: OF, 6)0.4.5.6. 0d, giao scl sash 4 aisles sdlee va ss sa 2
Uae COMUACTISE, DOUMIUAGION OF pare oc '< eine Sicls.a 6 ceo oa oiei6oae wleisiy eos 24
SPEC GOT RIUM: OMINATION, OF o/s 6 cies.c «)s.036 oan sis) 06 ovale (eo a.s.el eine eats 25
Tit bTLCOCCUNG, POLUMATION Of . 05.5. ive ds koa se tev eraceccessene 23
Pe AES OP LILUIOCODG co tek Gio tinle die eld Ose eS ee jtd Wie Nee Sawa e de e's Sees 107
BEM CEES CO PT CCU BE fa mars ok a 6 oi Beare. rashid Wale alg dard are e acecd Oe eyie Oe alah 108
ECC EO OR OUI SU a saber dra. ci okorG, avo ores. dood are'd shes a 6a; oe 6 bre: ataloeh: GW ea: ool 088 126
PENTOCCTUNMETUS TCLS TIOGG OF. <n bere le ess s/olec 20.8.5) cds 0 Seg mee de sliod etic 125
Paaeiag TeEiUIZA LION! Of CHES OF osu a6 4:65 400 saealels ke wei te sels la aes 112
mareneolory of Drench Quaternary, NOte ON... ed wed eck eceesees 134
BreieE Me TAMROESIONUD Sree he i pico 2 ¢ pate Sin Gyo'di 4) « ot! ergh Rio ns ofaee oie 'diaye seg deelw ie, we 57
Asparagus officinalis, pollination Of... 6csec ceeded ewc swe vesedes 31
Pec iiGs Ter ULUizaglOn OF (OO OS OL. 5 va.dhe os. vase qejels ad dee 0d 6 sad eh acts 112
Prat GEOL SEE <q MOU OV ag) 9 hae ehece oe ine! < 058 Win. dai 4, a\'e\sree ee ohe'e i are 4
Banco, George Pon: Conmdidea: latays « . <icr. b5c cei oa ono oeie's wei cit oles 161
Barth, George P.,.onthe habits.of Psen barthi.... 06.0.5 cs00cesces 237
Barth, George P., on nesting habits of Gorytes canaliculatus...... 141
Pet CONOLY OF mio 6 dele 3 p.civle We ee Re ee we Mrs: bin Seid Shae abt) dard ane epstd aoa's Sys sl
Rea a epAU CC OME M INV 6 oa. ta 2 « aide rad h 60.5 0/8 watmedale Sie depaterde ckeleas 66
Pies Ce i Oth NEW st CHaAICIG: TIES 66 fc oes e Ponts ac do clee.e bu eede 46
Brues, C. T., on North American parasitic Hymenoptera....54, 96, 150
EAI OG Cy MUNSON SIS osha o ot a wo 6 there Row goa 6 6 ol vie) ora ebare 6's wreis bleia dine 55
BO CIES COLOURS a icyaen on iain id sla aie tole ae 0.6 $e! elds ne deie!s ¢ oe vieiaiarseles 159
Cane Colony, New chalcididae from. 2.502550 6 ie nig tse cece sence 46
Case, E. C., lectures by...... sete eee c cree etter aseesecesseecces aan 0G
EEC ILOCOS, COLON NS crchiig as os 6.0.0 ja. 6 oo 65 6 ei aleldla sel 60 4% 6 dpe.e(ni'dte, ou oie 106
Merete nies TPO, Cape, COLONY <a) 5 «8 eysj0 Viele o)e 5 o,c06 © oeieve o'sln, 6 tas 'eyeiere 46
CPOMEODUS CIDODPUIDOANIS™ 2 oe cod cue 8 oe oe Wd0ieb o:s ole owe 06.0 oie ole 8 0s. oe 47
Check list of flora of Milwaukee County.........cccsudcosccvoes 167
eee SCHEICTIS sor aa Oe soared diel Nate vais Gaye age die DLS Gee ccem heteeces 101
PAS CHIIR DUO MUIELG © © 008 sls. o ov dis ctkles were Soteis ev cae qcoclers olsia sue t:0.8.000 103
Peel GunG UOLEMUS, NOMIMALION OF 6. o. <j care « slafatie 0 sie’ a wiaiele ele 4a e's epaie 32
re TES LOU WES AS TOA coe wah a, 010. 00) 00:81 0, 5, 0:5, dane? algie wlave e's) 4:68 0 00,0 58

DOMessGEOrse, VW, MOLE DY sc wong w otee carci sc wid tpg sla ere bi5s Be 66a die. weve 68

vi Index to Volume VY.

Colors ‘of birds. 2... 4530s os os von ste: chem bath lene ble ee : 1
Condidea lata Coq., occurrence in Wisconsin............... ees
Convallariacez, pollination of. ..........0ceescscnccncns os beaten 15
Grabro, habits of. 3... jo d20 5 bo 4% be OLE Be ee 4
Dinotreme - 807 or. 0 bod pa vp he wen ete pe tees FEL ae eee eats 59
Doerflinger,. Chas. H.;\Artacle’ by... s.-...5+5 00s) eee ee Ce 134
Eophylus: texans oc. ers oo ven ee es We ee ee Oe ee ee 111
Eggs, imcubahion: ‘OF. 2. sl ka spe ¢ oiens bin Crier ioe ae ett ot eevee 5
Elephant, phylogeny’ of, ‘lecture on... . 2.5.05 dcs ore eck eke ee 67
PEDYTis: FULGOTS® ooo vi vedi win en eb S dig ois oda dia a eee Jee 99
Epyris, table of North American species of...........cccscescsve 96
Erythronium albidum, pollination of. ...........cccscccecccenses 29
Erythronium americanum, pollination of............06. vides wigwen 30
Bupeiminus robustaus* 5 odds feed cosa CEN Re io ae cee ee eee 50
Hapetarvs ‘Cursor™ & 3603 ou dtd oe dds dle a ie a dee see ae
Eupeimus -melanderi* «..40.4206% .%614 tt tp ter tees seb eee oc a
Eupeimus: mubifer® ......455..5cctbtcutktecsee besser vues eee ‘Pp 51
Bapetmus COlstor™ . 5 oc os eee Cette en Lew ele eae ent oe eee 0 tek ee ee
Flora of Milwaukee County £3.25 62 6230-<cd Stews eae eee oe eee 167
Geological development of scenery, lecture on............. cece 3
GONnGTOCETUS | AMETICWHUS® © 6 os 5 Sas gi 6 od os odd add dee aE ee 109
Gons0zus’ HOrtorwn® «6 <3. <.' ies nin Ses Sew de eee ewe Le eee eee 150
Goniozus, table of North American species of.............06. ee
Gorytes canaliculatus, nesting habits of...........e66. Peery. ok
Graenicher, S.,Tiote | Dy’. :../..%0525 5% stu we blce bw elvis akties out e eee aeee E 2
Graenicher, S.,on pollination of flowers................eecee- 15, 84
Grossulariaceze, pollination (G£.: 5.0 vse l6 <4 Ge oe 2 Ue a in eee eee 89
Hadronotus :robusius* : o3 66) 4 De ncias sili issadedsiddesaers 0 os oy
Hetcon Terreqgineust. <2)... .G ek ae eee cuek vee ce Gee ee eee 158
Heuchera hispida, pollination of: . 22... 22.6 ese 2c eet ed eee Ls ae . 2
Hoplogryon grandis*s so. 0.25 654 tS A aoe nn treomees ‘yr ata 102
Hormiopterus CaOudequs? 655s acess cid ci sed onde eee ph eee bees :) ) Sane
Hormiopterus claripennis*... cca ccs cst essccncas écihate ian wide e Sy Cte
Hormiopterus, North American species Of........ccccscsseess red
Ichthyechinus corbis, note on........... es 4 coe o WS Siw tran pee cies 140
Ignotus enigmaticds, Note ON: 25.6.5 65 bc sdsceicegeeeeusva’ ei
Incabation of ‘Gepsi.s fre iid bis c 3 esas. ee eee vidas eee pee 5
Instinct ‘of ‘bees, variation Th..4).65) oooh eee ts Gerth Shes Sarees 2
Kapala furcata Fabr...... EB S:5 a bl bh tape etehe iv sk eRe ROIS ciao se
King Eiders at Milwaukee, a correction. .. ......s06 s00scccete “ee
Lepidoptera of Milwaukee County, additions to list of............ 128
Leptothoragz emersoni glacidlis*.........00005 ciheualeteboke cite b ONRE = 71
faliace, ‘pollination Of. 554 ....65 -kseces Sect eee seen Oe aie hele es k Se

Lilium canadense, pollination of.............ceeeeeee ae ee Syl

Index to Volume V. vil

Lilium umbellatum, pollination of...........206.- UpRswlae tare needs 28
WeteOk NETADETS OF SOCIEDY cicis sr oS eve mde ted sane toe uo ¥'d sla viielela'e 258
PEE OT CTOLO. SSURI OCOD Whetehctsneiat<’chsts lon’ 4.26 6 \alerdield velco: §.v bold s elel beth alia are 153
Macroteleia. table of North American Species..........c0ceceee. 154
PSCC) DMOEUS Oilr, sei nia einre ten wite wie wneleiwiw ie Waais ns sec eadeselesioeie 2
Melander, A. L., on a new Apiocera from South Africa........... 125
Melanthace®, pollination Of. .......sccecescceesicccceneceetence 15
BUC CNET SAGE ISOGICL VS WISE WiEjayi\c>sceiaiae old are 6 edie alniec ce ae @ Wie as oho melee 258
ee eV EET DIGIC Tried ho ee at Bi ak oh hol Pwd de a1 due be, Bae lala cs we oho metals 56
Stieas s Classineation ‘ANd. OFICIN Of... ds ea eas nade c dense el eeve 68
merece county, Ora Olt. iis. scse das ae ities. patos ase to aiokae 167
maiwvankee county, Lepidoptera. Of 5.605. 2s cen eee a eee tans sede 128
Mitella diphylla, pollination Of........ce.cscccscees Oars ee ‘e 88
Pireeimit COlMlECIING, BOAITESS ON ie faces de cliaec nancacetes ahaa Seah abbas 140
PaO GUCOLY.: CASEUSSION OE o ou ty oo 5ah<i dione alsa io wns esline ¢ oi Sin catsiele 8
Mutkowelki, Kh. A. List of Lepidoptera Dy. b.... se cede cee ac esas 128
MPMEIICG TUOTH. DFEUINOGIS & di.co.0 08 bccn a bv sian Seve ces cwewee ews rode $3:
MATHACE*FUOTA: OTEVINOGIS' MECEDENS® oo ce cccivessdes css cleeee. see 75
PP TIRG CA RUUTO: VYEUUISNUUE™ «ce oo olds sc dieca as eee SS ed ds udaw's cbse 74
Myrmica TROT COM MUCIISPS 2 2 6d Gra5G 4 Fuld Gewese le WE sae eh erod eee 76
MEO tS TUTE SE TTOUE oo he oo BA i'd oo okie 6 fF PRA ite Be bees we 78
TOD CCS OU Sl SID OL DTING 5 © fine o a U0) ooh ls Gore & alot oie X chile Oe e'm ace @ 48% 7%
PME MeraUAE RS 01) COG OIA A okt Wa aA 'ver Mi do Oa) oh ae data sele ate bates’ bCb jae ob etateiele Se are 66
North American parasitic Hymenoptera... sc ce. ccc ee es 54, 96, 150
Notes on a new guest-ant, Leptothoraz glacidlis...... ccc cee wees 70
PRIDE SECIS 9 6 loca ays 029.2) b.g'4 Sad, 8, Disielee 40.6%: bis cin oH ete «, Beale Hee en als 6
eR COM CHTARME NSS 3 lis 4. ath s.bi5.8,8 duce ed adie la pioia Warded es Be UES 47
es HUG s CILOUMMINOIEL™ ss hac b's 0,4 G30 a b's bale IO wa oe eleva ees bole O oelel ore 157
eT LOG 5 OC MNCRICUIUG. ©. oi do 0h 31 3) oh a shai) hh Dardis lees Ups Wielalne b elk sls e-Os baas 59
Sede WV USOCMSII)s TIOGS, OWS 32 ts 'yi od wos je als craves: suateelel deo. 8 viv ob + & wee Ole ele 139
PAT LON TIEPO TITS SA LH Oe nh te a Wl od ace io Se edp da Mie abel Wid wr'e.'s ata wialeve'e a tee 110
Reet S OUD) ODOM RUGIOGS 52.0 ot 0501 oot ahciaicl cy eitleticig ale eb a be btu deedee dees 100
Parasitic Hymenoptera of North America............... 54, 96, 150
POPASOUNGENAG GPCETA* in ccc scents acevesuccs Pcs Pts ee Saks werd tne 49
PRM IAM ATS OUIES: NOC! OFlivn 7 tole oisis lee cle's dhe Cae letisesvewscavavses 66
PCR MLORAITEL ILI AECULCTE 0's oj vio G06» e.0 4) mb btw. Sala wed eels Ae ars hada 3
ES SOIR G TOIUUST bce nia lute (ol tyes hel ofa dcdia SU eats, «ck 41d wae, bshe wip a Wha leie ei 152
eV GIGI CHL vio) « Fes, sin ek, tiie ous Venere wf SNe W Vie ag ede Sew hee 12
PC COINS OL SOCICUY os ac a's) s a, dieis' oes ele 6 a te's'e ed @ BY Uo. tao Sa Go
BaP UE CUe ao Wea Wale c ith sera eA en dae is Way Sle es dis al ee; Hele +, Manly oe Garsves 237
Peer WUT ht, DADS Of 65.600. ese oes Sie Serato WEG ee ea ke ONE wee rare 237
Putorius rivosus alleghenhensis (Rhoades) ......-..ceccccceeees 63
Seema ING CMs siaiats vicie ee 6 x '9.n sleds Sp elas wielws ait civ h mee «oa ce 66

ieee Pe OSOGe!, POUMALMOM GE. 0a. n6 5s oS cass end ee noes deccens 92

viii Index to Volume V.

Ribes fiortdum, pollination. of. 2.2. 2... «eis nace wd ele « dees 95
mbes gracile, pollination (of soa as... sees $s. sn ama pes ae eee ee 93
kibes oxycanthoides, pollination. Of......5...sveseccvcnscassuvae 91
Ribes rubrum, pollination of... 02% 4 oss +. dese obese eee 90
Russel, Howland, note by: . 6.052 Sew. os oo ew sine oe ole eee ee 139
Russel, Howland, on the Flora of Milwaukee County.............. 167
Salomonia biflora, pollination, of «.. .. 00+ sess» s se ows re ese eee
Salomonia commutata, pollination’ Of............sccccsseesccece 41
Sazifraga pennsylvanica, pollination of...........ccececccccecs ‘ 84
SChiZASpidid SCptENntTiONMs*® © = 2n.< 2.0 ble wie oo 8h ss eee eee ae eee 104
ScOpiorus: NVONTCOlA™ 2. the oie wie Oe oe a es EE eee 56
SPATUSON QTCOOTIUMNET ic. ac acs ste Gc de pink Re eid Beas oo oe ae 154
Sparaison, table of. North American species... s...:>5....usseneee 155
Species, Origin’ Of. yo. ik. cape etek hae bp oni eee = eee eee enn 6
Streptopus. roseus, pollination OF. o.2s os = cece ea ss bias oa sitid Pee 38
Strong, R. M., lecture Di «andl beak weak Goce dent eke a
Tofeldim giutinose, pollination Of... 2.2.5 agi bwie one be eee wea
Torelle, Ellen, on fertilization of echinoderm eggs...........- ‘pea
‘Transmission of diseases: by. insectS.......,:.. .. suk o> «sve Calis eee > —ie
Trilium. cernuwm,. pollination. OF5 2 ...\s 6). sans ss wbinw ess a beeen . 44
Trillium. erectum,. pollination. Of... 3.25. 5 .:..s ss» siseiwe «yee 43
Tritium grandifiorum, pollination of. ..........00ces0ccevececaves 42
Trillium. nivale, pollination Of... .¢.2.ss 01%). vs» 65<5a ee 43
Tritium recurvatum, pollination Of... 2. 2 Ao .i sce ss cou es bee 45
Unifoum canadense, pollination Of ...........05e+sceseecccsesws 37
Utularia grandifiora, pollination of... 0.22.5. osc ns 2 oes See Eee 21
Vagnera racemosa, pollination. Of 722% owt... se hese eee ey
Vagnera .steliata, pollination <of.. .\....45 <2) «sss «40s oar eee . 35
Vagnera trifotia, pollination. of... 3:25... es «st pees > heen Lee oe
Viereck,. H. L., on a-new’ species of PSeMn. . os. 0ises 2 ds acts Ss oe 237
Ward,. HH: i., ona new; Wisconsin, Weasel...) .. i 2 .5.2s seme eee 63
Weasel new to Wisconsin.............. o pp 8 sino hive & Sip ates ee 63
Weasel skins, exhibition of..... ane tis nek sh est eeeee mee eee Le 67
Waltliston, S. Wij sdechure by snk cass eee er ee so ae
Wheeler; W.. 'M., on -a new-fuest-ants. + ove. ss oes comes Se »: | (agi
Whitman, -C.:0., tecture: by 2s Fo 2b ses. a5 - 2 Sere eee eee ee eee : 5

Whitman, C. 0.,; on-the origin of Species. ....:....% oe Mieke Ree 5 6

eb iN

OF: THE

WISCONSIN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Vol. 5, New Series. DECEMBER, 1907 No. 4
PROCEEDINGS.

Milwaukee, Sept. 26, 1907.

Regular monthly meeting of the Society.

President Teller in the chair and about fifty persons present.

The name of Mrs. E. Ruemmelin was proposed for membership
and she was elected by the board of directors.

There being no further business Prof. I. N. Mitchell of the State
Normal School spoke on “Burbank’s Work With Plants.” He de-
scribed the early life of Mr. Burbank, his first experiments in plant
breeding and the difficulties which he encountered at the beginning of
his work. After referring to the peculiarly acute observation of
Mr. Burbank and his fine and discriminating methods of plant selection,
the speaker turned to a consideration of a number of the more im-
portant new varieties of plants which Mr. Burbank has produced, il-
lustrating his remarks by means of stereopticon pictures.

After the lecture the meeting adjourned.

Milwaukee, Oct. 10, 1907.
Meeting of the combined sections:

President Teller in the chair and Mrs. Ruemmelin. Messrs. Brues,
Colles, Edwards, Finger, Graenicher, Landau, Monroe, Russell and
Ward present. Mr. Colles exhibited some rocks and minerals from
Northern Ontario. Among them was a fine specimen of dendritic sil-
ver, probably deposited from solution; some cobalt bloom and some
glaciated slate.

Mr. Monroe exhibited specimens of asters collected in September
in the east. These included the following forms: Aster divaricatus,
L., and varieties; A. Claytoni Burg; A undulatus L., and variety; A.
patens, L., and A. aeuminatus Michz.; all from western Massachusetts
or Connecticut; A. ericoides Iu. from western Connecticut and A. eri

163

164 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

coides pilosus (Willd.) from northern Ohio. He also exhibited in con-
nection with the two last, specimens of A. favoni Porter and A. prin-
. glei Gray, the former from northeastern Illinois, the latter from cen-
tral Wisconsin. Mr. Monroe knew of no reason why the species above
named should not all occur in Wisconsin, but he had never found the
New England species in this state.

The members were very much interested in Mr. Monroe’s exhibi-
tion and there’ was a considerable amount of discussion concerning
certain species.

The meeting then adjourned.

Milwaukee, Oct. 24, 1907.

Regular eae nehte meeting of the Society.

Vice President Ward in the chair and 47 persons present.

The names of Mr. Charles B. Weil, 286 Knapp St.; Dr. Geo. W. C.
Meyer, Oconomowoc, Wis.; Robert W. Martin, Jr., 3107 Cedar St., and
Miss Alice Childs, East Side High School, were proposed for active
membership in the Society, and they were elected at the directors’
meeting following. ,

There being no further business, Mr. Howland Russel addressed
the meeting on “A Visit to Linnzus,” a retrospection on the life,
home and character of the great pioneer naturalist gleaned from the
writings of his contemporaries.

Mr. Russell gave a brief description of the personality of Linnzus,
followed by a biography considering the more important epochs in his
life with his achievements during each. At the close he pointed out
the immense amount of work accomplished by Linnzus and its place
as the basis of all present systematic botany and zoology. After some
discussion on the part of various members the méeting adjourned.

Milwaukee, Nov. 14, 1907.

Meeting of the combined sections.

President Teller in the chair and about 50 persons present.

Mr. Colles spoke on the origin and deposition of the Principal Ores
of Copper and its extraction.

The speaker described the most important ores of copper and
classified them according to their chemical constitution. He de-
scribed the manner in which ores are deposited, more particularly
their relation to watery solutions, their geographical distribution and
abundance. He also described the methods of extracting the metal
from several of the more important types of ores. After he had
finished some of the members joined in a short discussion on certain

1907] Proceedings. 165

points. Mr. Brues then exhibited a series of plants collected by the
Museum expedition into northern Wisconsin during the past summer.
He also showed a number of lantern slides illustrating the general
aspect of the localities examined by the expedition.

The meeting then adjourned.

Milwaukee, Nov. 21, 1907.

Regular monthly meeting of the Society.

President Teller in the chair and about 60 persons present.

Dr. Geo. W. Peckham spoke on Recent Additions to Our Knowl-
edge of the Habits of Wasps. The speaker described the wonderful
stinging instincts of certain wasps and then showed the advancing
steps in the evolution of such instincts as illustrated by living species
in different families. He was followed by Dr. S. Graenicher, who dis-
cussed the habits of bees from the standpoint of recent discoveries.
He dealt particularly with the locality and direction senses so fre-
quently attributed to certain Hymenoptera. The recent concensus of
opinion seems to be that these instincts are largely built up on indi-
vidual experience and visual memory of objects whose position has to
be learned by the bees.

The meeting then adjourned.

Cmeck (lIst) OF VTHE;thLORA |.OF. MILWAUKER
COUNTY.

By HowLAND RUSSEL.

The following list is, of course, mainly a compilation of the
two lists of W. M. Wheeler, published in April, 1888, and April
’89, with those of W. T. Bennetts, published July, 1900, and
Jan. 1902, all of which were issued as bulletins of this society. To
them have been added the names of such species as have been re-
ported since the last of those lists was published. The generic
and specific names used in those lists have been altered, wherever
necessary, to bring them in accord with the latest authorities.
There are several species given in the old lists which probably
were never found in this county, but were so recorded as a result
of imperfect identification. But, as this cannot be conclusively
proven, these names have been included in the present list,
although those plants are not now found in the localities men-
tioned. There are others reported from localities the character
of which has so changed that the species recorded are no longer
found there, although they may perhaps grow elsewhere in the
county. This is notably the case with those plants given as found
in “Larkins Tamarack Swamp” (Sec. 1 Town of Greenfield.)
This swamp has entirely disappeared, the trees have been cut
away, the soil drained and the entire tract divided into vegetable
gardens, so that there is now practically no trace of the original
flora. The same is true of one or two localities from which spe-
cies were reported by Rev. T. A. Bruhin. Some of these spe-
cies, it may be confidently stated, no longer grow in the county.
The present list is doubtless more or less incomplete in several
ways, for new species are constantly being added to our records
as certain groups of plants and certain localities are more care-
fully studied. Except in the neighborhood of the lake, the ex-
treme Northern and Southern parts of the county have received
very little attention or study, and there are but few records from

167

168 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

these districts. The increase in facilities for reaching them, by
means of electric cars, will probably add to our acquaintance with
their flora. So, too, there are doubtless many in the city who
are interested in botany and who could greatly aid in making a
more complete plant census, if they would but report the results
of their studies where they could be properly recorded. New
plants also are added to our flora. by the introduction of seeds,
brought here in rubbish and waste materials. The list is, how-
ever, as complete as our present knowledge of the flora of the
county makes possible.

In this list the arrangement of families is that given by Engler
and Prantl; the nomenclature is that adopted, so far as com-
pleted, by the editors of the new Gray’s Manual, which is soon
to be published. Where the names so given differ from those
used in the second edition of Britton’s Manual, the latter are in-
serted as synonyms, printed in italics. There are a number of
generic and specific names which are liable to still further change
to bring them in full accord with the rules of nomenclature
adopted by the Vienna Botanical Congress, but these changes have
not as yet been fully decided upon, nor are American botanists
agreed as to the acceptance of this code.

In the genus Crategus the names of the original species, from
which Prof. Sargent has made numerous new species, are here
given as svnonyms, although not strictly such.

The editors of the new Gray’s Manual have very kindly given
a great deal of time and labor in so correcting the names in the
list as to bring them up to date. Thanks are also due to Dr. S.
Graenicher, Mr. Wm. Finger, Dr. H. V. Ogden and Prof. E. J.
Hill of Chicago for the great assistance they have given in the
preparation of this list.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 169

OPHIOGLOSSACE A‘.

Botrychium viginianum (L.) Sw. Botrychium.
Throughout county. Common.

OSMUNDACE.

Osmunda regalis L. Royal Fern.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

O. cinnamomea L. Cinnamon Fern.
Common near St. Francis and locally throughout county.

O. Claytoniana L. Clayton’s Fern.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

POLYPODIACEA®.

Adiantum pedatum L. Maiden-hair Fern,
Throughout county. Common.

Pteris aquilina L. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn.
Throughout county. Occasional.

Cryptogramma Stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl. Rock-brake.
In Town of Franklin.

Asplenium Filix-femina (L.) Bernh. Lady Fern.
Throughout county. Common.
Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Walking-fern.
Menomonee Valley. Very rare. Reported from Town of
Franklin.
Aspidium Thelypteris (L.) Sw. Dryopteris Thelypteris (L.) Gray.
Shield Fern. Sec. 27, Oak Creek. Abundant.
A. cristatum (L.) Sw. Dryopteris cristata (L.) Gray.
Throughout county.
A. spinulosum (O. F. Muller) Sw. Dryopteris spinulosa (Retz.) Kuntze.
Sec. 5 Greenfield. Abundant.
A. spinulosum var. intermedium. .D. C. Eaton. Dryopteris spinulosa
intermedia (Muhl.) Underw. Sec. 27, Town of Lake.
Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Filic bulbifera (L.) Underw.
Bladder Fern. Menomonee Valley, and in Sec. 29, Town of
Milwaukee.
C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. Filix fragilis (L.) Underw.
Throughout county. Common.

170 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol.5, No. 4.

Onoclea Struthiopteris (L.) Hoffm. Mateuccia Struthiopteris (1.)
Todaro. Ostrich Fern. Wauwatosa.

O. sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

EQUISETACEA.

Equisetum arvense L. Field Horse Tail.
Everywhere. Common.

E. sylvaticum L. Throughout county. Occasional.
E. fluviatile L. Menomonee Valley. Occasional.

E. hyemale L. Scouring-rush.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

E. variegatum Schleich.
Lake shore and Milwaukee River. Common.

LYCOPODIACEAS

Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Club-moss.
Near New Coeln.

L. clavatum L. Running Pine.
Near New Coeln.

PINACE 4.

Pinus strobus L. White Pine.
Found sparingly along lake shore from Whitefish Bay to
northern limit of county.

Larix laricina (Du Roi.) Koch. Larch. Tamarack.
Confined to a few small unreclaimed swamps throughout
county. Formerly abundant.

Thuja occidentalis L. Arbor Vite.
Not uncommon along lake shore, also in a few scattered
localities.
Juniperus communis L. Common Juniper.
Found sparingly along lake shore bluffs.

J. communis var. depressa Pursh. J. nana Willd. Low Jupiter.

More or less common throughout county, especially so near
lake.

J. vinginiana L. Red Cedar.
Occasional.

J. horizontalis Moench. J. Sabina L. Shrubby Red Cedar.
Reported by T. Bruhin. Not found now in county.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 171

TY PHACHCAS.

Typha latifolia L. Broad-leaved Cat tail.
Locally common.

SPARGANIACE A.
Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Broad Fruited Bur-reed.
Occasional throughout county.

S. simplex Huds. Simple-stemmed Bur-reed.
Along the Kinnickinnic River.

NAIADACE.
Potamogeton natans L. Common Pondweed.
Common.

P. amplifolius Tuckerm. Large-leaved Pondweed.
Collected in county by Dr. H. E. Hasse.

P. Nuttallii Cham. and Sch. Nutall’s Pondweed.
Collected in county by Dr. H. E. Hasse.

P. foliosus Raf. Leafy Pondweed.
Not uncommon.

P. diversifolius Raf. Rafinesque’s Pondweed.
Collected in county by Dr. H. E. Hasse.

P. pectinatus L. Fennel-leaved Pondweed.
Reported by T. A. Bruhin from lake shore.

JUNCAGINACEZ:.

SCHEUCHZERIACEAE.

Triglochin palustris L. Marsh Arrow-grass.
Locally along lake shore north of city. Not common.

ALISMACE A.
Alisma Plantago-aquatica L. Water Plantain.
Abundant.

Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Broad-leaved Arrow-head.
Throughout county. Common.

S. rigida Pursh. Sessile-fruited Arrow-head.
Collected in county by Dr. H. E. Hasse.

172 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

HYDROCHARITACE.

VALLISN ERIACEAE.
Elodea canadensis Michx. Philotria Canadensis (Michx.) Britton.

Water-weed. Common.

Vallisneria spiralis L. Tape grass.
In Milwaukee River in northern part of county.

GRAMINEE.

Andropogon scoparius Michx. Broom Beard-grass.
Near rolling mills in Bay View.
A. furcatus Muhl. Forked Beard-grass.

In southwestern part of county.

Digitaria humifusa Pers. Syntherisma linearis (Krock.) Nash.
Small Crab-grass. Town of Franklin.

D. sanguinale (L.) Scop. Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac.
Large Crabgrass. Near New Coeln.

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard-grass.
Not uncommon.

Panicum capillare L. Witch-grass.
Common everywhere.
P. dichotomum L. Forked Panicum.
Near New Coeln.
P. Porterianum Nash. Porter’s Panicum.
In Wauwatosa and along banks of Milwaukee River, near
city limits.
Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scribn.
Yellow Fox-tail. Locally common.
S. viridis (L.) Beauv. Chaectochloa viridis (L.) Scribn.
Green Fox-tail grass. Menomonee Valley and other localities.

Cenchrus tribuloides L. Bur-grass.
Southern part of Bay View.

Zizania aquatica L. Wild Rice.
Common in the Menomonee Valley.

Leersia virginica Willd. Homalocenchrus Virginicus (Willd.) Britton.

White-grass. Common.

1907 | Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 173

L. oryzoides (L.) Sw. Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll.
Rice Cut-grass. Common.

Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary-grass,
In the Menomonee Valley and north of New Coeln. Bruhin.

P. cananariensis L. Canary-grass.
Found in several places in the city.

Hierochloe odorata (L.) Wahlenb. Savastana odorata (L.) Scribn.
Holy grass. Occasional in the Menomonee Valley.

Stipa spartea Trin. Porcupine grass.
Southern part of Bay View.

Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. White-grained Mountain Rice.
Southern part of county.

Milium effusum (L.) Trin.. Meadow Muhlenbergia.
Town of Lake.

Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Meadow Muhlenbergia.
Occasional in Wanwatosa.

M. sylvatica Torr. Minnesota Muhlenbergia.
Wauwatosa.

Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Brachyelytrum.
In Town of Lake.

Phleum pratense L. Timothy.
Common everywhere.

Alopecurus geniculatus L. Marsh Fox-tail.
Common.

Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray. Sand Dropseed.
In Bay View.

Agrostis alba L. Red top. Herd-grass.
Within the city.
A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Thin-grass.
Wauwatosa.
A. hyemalis (Walt.) B.S. P. Rough Hair-grass.
Common in Town of Lake.
Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Blue Joint-grass.

Near New Coeln.

174 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol.5, No. 4.

Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link. Sea Sand-reed.
Occasional.

Avena sativa L. Oat.
Occasionally escaped from cultivation.

Melica striata (Michx.) Hitch. Avena striata Michx. Purple Oat.
Town of Greenfield.

Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Wild Oat-grass.
Common throughout county.

Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth. Tall Marsh-grass.
Milwaukee river, north of city limits.

Phragmites vulgaris (Lam.) B. S. P. Phragmites Phragmites (U.)
Karst. Reed. Southern part of county.

Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. Capillary Eragrostis.
Near New Coeln.

E. minor Host. £. Eragrostis (l.) Karst. Low Eragrostis.
Bay View.
E. major Host. Strong-scented Eragrostis.
Reported by W. J. Bennetts from Menomonee Valley, near
Sixth St. viaduct.
E. hypnoides (Lam.) B.S. P. Creeping Eragrostis.
Near Forest Home Cemetery.
Dactylis glomerata I.. Orchard grass.
Throughout county. Rare.
Poa annua L. Low Spear-grass.
Throughout county.
P. triflora Gilib. P. flava L. False Red-top.
Within city limits.
P. pratensis L. Kentucky Blue-grass. June-grass.

Common everywhere.

P. glauca Vahl. Glaucous Spear-grass.
Reported by Dr. L. Sherman.

P. debilis Torr. Weak Spear-grass.
Reported by Lapham.

P. compressa L. Wire grass.
Near New Coeln.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 175

Glyceria nervata (Willd.) Trin. Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze.
Nerved Manna-grass. Southern part of county.
G. grandis Wats. Panicularia Americana (Torr.) Mac M.
Reed Meadow-grass.
Reported by A. Conrath as found in county.
G. septentrionalis Hitch. Panicularia fluitans (L.) Kuntze.
Floating Manna-grass.
Reported by A. Conrath as found in county.

Festuca ovina var. duriuscula (L.) Koch. Sheep’s Fescue-grass.
Reported by A. Conrath as within city limits.

F. nutans Spreng. Nodding Fescue-grass.
Near New Coeln.

Bromus ciliatus L. Fringed Brome-grass.
Throughout county.

B. Kalmii Gray. Kalm’s Chess.
Near New Coeln.

B. hordeaceus L. Soft Chess.
In Menomonee Valley.

B. secalinus L. Cheat. Chess.
Throughout county.

Lolium perenne L. Ray grass.
Town of Franklin.

Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Couch grass.
Menomonee Valley.

Hordeum jubatum L. Squirrel-tail grass.
Abundant in northern part of county.

Elymus virginicus L. Terrell-grass.
Town of Lake.

E. canadensis L. Nodding Wild-rye.
Near New Coeln.

E. arenarius L. Downy Lyme-grass.
Bay View.

Hystrix patula Moench. Hystrix Hystrix (L.) Mills.
Bottle-brush grass. Throughout county. Common.

176 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

CYPERACEA#,.

Cyperus flavescens L. Yellow Cyperus.
Town of Greenfield.

C. diandrus Torr. Low Cyperus.
Common in south and west part of county.

C. esculentus L. Yellow Nut-grass.
Milwaukee River, north of city limits.

C. Engelmanni Steud. Engelmann’s Cyperus.
Milwaukee River, north of city limits.

C. strigosus L. Straw-colored Cyperus.
Near New Coeln.

Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton. Dulichium.
Common throughout county.

Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & S. Creeping Spike-rush.
Common throughout county.

E. palustrus var. glaucescens (Willd.) Gray.
Milwaukee River, north of city limits.

E. acicularis (L.) R. & S. Needle Spike-rush.
National Ave., just west of city limits.

E. tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. Slender Spike-rush.
Town of Lake.

E. acuminata (Muhl.) Nees. Flat-stemmed Spike-rush.
Reported by Dr. L. Sherman.

Scirpus americanus Pers. Three-square. Chair-maker’s rush.
Locally common.

S. validus Vahl. S. lacustris L. Great Bulrush.
Wauwatosa.

S. atrovirens Muhl. Dark-green Bulrush.
Common everywhere.

S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Wool-grass.
In southern part of county.

S. Eriophorum (L.) Michx. 8S. cyprinus Eriophorum (Michx.) Britton.
Dark-green Bulrush. Common everywhere.

Eriophorum polystachyon L. Tall Cotton-grass.
In southern and western parts of county.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 177

E. gracile Roth. Slender Cotton grass.

Reported from Sec. 1, Town of Greenfield.

Rynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl. Clustered Beaked-rush.

South side of Menomonee Valley, near city limits.

Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Twig-rush.

Reported by Dr. L. Sherman.

Carex intumescens Rudge. Bladder Sedge.

Cc.

Near New Coeln.

lupulina Muhl. Hop Sedge.
Common.

lupuliformis Sartwell. Hop-like Sedge.
Occasional.

vesicaria L. var. monile (Tuckerm.) Fernald. C. monile Tuckerm.
Necklace Sedge. Near New Coeln.

lurida Wahlenb. Sallow Sedge.
Occasional south.

hystricina Muhl. Porcupine Sedge.
Whitefish Bay and Menomonee Valley.

trichocarpa Muhl. Hairy-fruited Sedge.
See. 1. Town of Greenfield.

Houghtonii Torr. Houghton’s Sedge.
Occasional.

filiformis L. Slender Sedge.
Southern part of the city.

stricta Lam. Tussock Sedge.
Locally common.

gracillima Schwein. Graceful Sedge.
Near New Coeln.

granularis Muhl. Meadow Sedge.
Near New Coeln.

conoidea Schk. Field Sedge.
Near Wauwatosa.

laxiflora Lam. TLoose-flowered Sedge.
Lake Woods.

178 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

C. aurea Nutt. Golden-fruited Sedge.
Wauwatosa and along lake shore.

C. pennsylvanica Lam. Pennsylvania Sedge.
Common.

C. nove-anglie Schwein. New England Sedge.
National Ave., near city limits.

C. przcox Jacq. Vernal Sedge.
New Coeln, according to T. A. Bruhin.

C. pubescens Muhl. Pubescent Sedge.
New Coeln. Rare.

C. scirpoidea Michx. Scirpus-like Sedge.
Sec. 1, Town of Greenfield.

C. leptalea Wahlenb. Bristle-stemmed Sedge.
See. 1, Town of Greenfield.

C. stipata Muhl. Awl-fruited Sedge.
Within city limits.

C. vulpinoidea Michx. Fox Sedge.
Common, especially south.

C. setacea Dewey. Bristly-spiked Sedge.

Common.

C. Sartwellii Dewey. Sartwell’s Sedge.
In a tamarack swamp Sec. 5, Town of Greenfield.

C. tenella Schk. Soft-leaved Sedge.
Occasional in southern part of county.

C. rosea Schk. Stellate Sedge.
National Ave., near city limits.

C. sparganoides Muhl. Bur-reed Sedge.
New Coeln.

C. cephalophora Muhl. Oval-headed Sage.
New Coeln.

C. stellulata Good. C. sterilis Willd. Little Prickly-sedge.
See. 1, Town of Greenfield.

C. stellulata Good. var. cephalantha Bailey. C. sterilis cephalantha
Bailey. Sec. 1, Town of Greenfield.

1907 | Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County.

C. interior Bailey. Inland Sedge.
Fish Creek.

C. tenuiflora Wahlenb. Sparse-flowered sedge.
Same locality as above.

C. trisperma Dewey. Three-fruited Sedge.
Same locality as above.

C. Deweyana Schwein. Dewey’s Sedge.
National Ave., near city limits.

C. bromoides Schk. Brome-like Sedge.
New Coeln.

C. siccata Dewey. Hillside Sedge.
See. 1, Town of Greenfield.

_C. scoparia Schk. Pointed Broom Sedge.
Within city limits, according to A. Conrath.

ARACE AX.

Arisema triphyllum (L.) Schott. Indian Turnip.
Common,

Calla palustris L. Water Arum.

Reported by T. Bruhin from near New Coeln.
Symplocarpa feetida (L.) Nutt. Spathyema fetida (L.) Raf.

Skunk Cabbage. Common.

Acorus Calamus L. Sweet Flag.
Occasional throughout county.

LEMNACE/.

Spirodela polyrhiza (l.) Schleid. Greater Duckweed.
Common.

Lemna trisulca L. Ivy-leaved Duckweed.
Common.

L. minor L. Lesser Duckweed.
Common.

COMMELINACE AL.

Tradescantia virginiana L. Spiderwort.

Occasional in south and west parts of county.

179

180 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

PONTEDERIACE A.

Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) Mac M. Water Star-grass.
In Milwaukee River, near city limits.

JUNCACEZE.
Juncus effusus L. Common Rush.
Locally common.

J. bufonius L. Toad Rush.
Locally common.

J. marginatus Rostk. Grass-leaved Rush.
Reported by Dr. L. Sherman.

J. alpinus Vill. var. insignis Fries. J. Richardsonianus Schult.
Richardson’s Rush. Lake shore, south of: city.

J. mnodosus L. Knotted Rush.
‘Common.

Luzula pilosa Willd. Juncoides piloswm (L.) Kuntze.
Hairy Wood-rush.
Lake Woods, Whitefish Bay and Fish Creek. Occasional.

L. campestris (L.) DC. var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak. Juncoides
campestre (L.) Kuntze. Common Wood-rush. Occasional.

LILAACE AS.

MELANTHACEAE.

Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. Tofieldia.
Locally along bluffs of lake shore.

Uvularia perfoliata L. Perfoliate Bellwort.
Whitefish Bay.

U. grandiflora J. E. Smith. Large-flowered Bellwort.

Common.
LILIACEAE.
Allium tricoccum Ait. Wild Leek.
Common.

A. cernuum Roth. Nodding Wild Onion.
Locally common.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 181

A. canadense L. Meadow Garlic.
Common.

‘Lilium philadelphicum L. var andinum (Nutt) Ker. LL. wmbellatum

Pursh. Western Red Lily.
Bluffs of lake shore, north of Whitefish Bay.
Reported by Wheeler as L. Philadelphicum L.

L. canadense L. Canada Lily.
Common.

L. superbum L. Turk’s-cap Lily.
Reported by Bennetts. No specimen in Public Museum.
Not found since.

Erythronium americanum Ker. Yellow Adder’s tongue.
Common.

E. albidum Nutt. White Adder’s-tongue.
Common.

CONVALLARIACEAE.

Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus.
Common.

Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. Yellow Clintonia.

Locally common.

Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. Vagnera racemosa (U.) Morong.
Wild Spikenard. Common.

S. stellata (L.) Desf. V. stellata (L.) Morong.
Star-flowered Solomon’s Seal. Common.

S. trifolia (L.) Desf. V. trifolia (L.) Morong.
Three-leaved Solomon’s Seal. Common.

Majanthemum canadense Desf. Unifoliwm Canadense (Desf.) Greene.
False Lily-of-the-Valley. Common,

Streptopus roseus Michx. Sessile-leaved Twisted-stalk.
Whitefish Bay and Wauwatosa. Not Common.

Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Salomonia biflora (Walt.) Britton.
Hairy Solomon’s Seal. Common.

P. commutatum (R. & S.) Dietr. Salomonia commutata (R. & S.)
Britton. Smooth Solomon’s Seal. Common.

182 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

Trillium recurvatum Beck. Prairie Trillium.
In western part of county.

T. nivale Riddell. Early Trillium.
Wauwatosa, Very local, rare.

T. grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. Large-flowered Trillium.
Abundant in most woods.

T. erectum L. Ill-scented Trillium.
Reported from several parts of county.

T. cernuum L. Nodding Trillium.
Fairly common.

SMILACEAE.

Smilax herbacea L. Carrion Flower.
Fairly common.

S. ecirrhata (Engelm.) S. Wats. Upright Smilax.
Common.

S. hispida Muhl. Hispid Greenbrier.
Fairly common.

AMARYLEIDACEH A:

Hypoxis hirsuta L. Coville. Star-grass.
Not common.

DIOSCORE ACE AL.

Dioscorea villosa L. Wild Yam-root.
Not uncommon.

IRIDACE..

Iris versicolor L. Larger Blue Flag.
Common.

I. lacustris Nutt. Dwarf Lake Iris.
Wauwatosa. One station.

Sisyrinchium angustifolium Miller. Northern Blue-eyed Grass.
Locally common.

S. gramineum Curtis. S. graminoides Bicknell. Common Blue-eyed
Grass. Keported from Wauwatosa by John A. Brandon.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 183

ORCEIDACEH Au.

Cypripedium acaule Ait. Stemless Ladies Slipper.
Reported by W. M. Wheeler. Not now found in county.

C. hirsutum Mill. C. reginae Walt. Showy Ladies Slipper.
In a few places. Becoming very rare.

C. parviflorum Salisb. Small Yellow Ladies Slipper.
Very: rare,
C. parviflorum Salisb. var. pubescens (Willd.) Knight. C. hirsutum
Mill. Large Yellow Ladies Slipper.
Throughout county. Not common.

Orchis spectabilis L. Galeorchis spectabilis (.) Rybd.
Showy Orchis. Throughout county. Not common.
Habenaria bracteata (Willd.) R. Br. Coeloglossum bracteatum
(Willd.) Parl. Low Bracted Orchis.
Throughout county. Not common.

H. hyperborea (L.) R. Br. Limnorchis hyperborea (L.) Rybd.
Tall Leafy Green Orchis.
Reported by Wheeler. Probably the following.

H. media Rybd. Limnorchis media Rybd. Intermediate Bog Orchis.
Throughout county. Common.

H. dilatata (Pursh.) Gray. Limnorchis dilatata (Pursh.) Rybd.
Tall White Bog Orchis.
Reported by Wheeler. Not reported recently.
H. Hookeri Torr. Lysias Hookeriana (Gray.) Rybd.
Hooker’s Orchis. South and west parts of county. Rare.
H. lacera (Michx) R. Br. Blephariglottis lacera (Michx.) Rybd.
Ragged Orchis. In Wheeler’s list, as from Sec. 1, Greenfield.

H. psycodes (L.)Gray. Blephariglottis psycodes (.) Rybd.
Smaller Purple-fringed Orchis.
Throughout county. Occasional,
Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Rose Pogonia.
Reported by T. A. Bruhin. Probably not now found in
county.

walopogon pulchellus (Sw.) R. Br. Limodoruwm tuberosum L.
Grass-pink. Calopogon. Reported by T. A. Bruhin. Prob-
ably not now found in county.

184 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Cham. Gyrostachys stricta Rybd.
Hooded Ladies Tresses. One locality near Whitefish Bay.

S. latifolia Torr. Gyrostachys plantaginea (Raf.) Britton. :
Wide-leaved Ladies Tresses. Along Milwaukee River. Rare.

S. cernua (L.) Richard. Gyrostachys cernua (l.) Kuntze.
Nodding Ladies Tresses.
Reported by Phillip Wells from Greenfield.

Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. Peramium pubescens
(Willd.) Mae M. Downy Rattlesnake Plantain.
Seo. 32, Town of Oak Creek.

Acroanthes monophylla (l..) Greene. White Adders mouth.
Collected in county by Dr. H. E. Hasse.

Aplectrum spicatum (Walt.) B.S. P. Putty-root. Adam and Eve.
Two localities in Wauwatosa and Greenfield. Becoming rare.

Corallorrhiza neottia Scop. C. Corallorhiza (L.) Karst.
Early Coral-root. Reported by Wheeler from Sec. 1, Green-
field. Not reported since.

C. multiflora Nutt. Large Coral-root.
Collected in county by Dr. H. E. Hasse.

SALICACE.

Populus alba L. White or Silver Poplar.
Escaping from cultivation. Planted along streets.

P. candicans Ait. Balm of Gilead.
Escaping from cultivation. Planted as a shade tree.

P. balsamifera L. Balsam Poplar.
In Wheeler’s list. Not reported since.

P. nigra L. var. italica Du Roi. Lombardy Poplar.
Escaping from cultivation. Formerly planted extensively.

P. deltoides Marsh. Cottonwood. Occasional throughout county.
Common in Menomonee Valley.

P. grandidentata Michx. Large-toothed Aspen.
Common throughout county.

P. tremuloides Michx. American Aspen.
Common throughout county.

1907 | Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County.

Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow.

S.

Throughout county. Not common.

nigra var. falcata (Pursh.) Torr.
Probably conspecific with S. nigra.

amygdaloides Anders. Peach-leaved Willow.
Abundant throughout county.
lucida Muhl. Shining Willow.
Common.
serissima (Bailey.) Fernald.
Whitefish Bay. Near New Coeln.
fragilis L. Crack Willow. Sparingly planted.

Occasionally escaped from cultivation.

alba LL. White Willow.
Cultivated in city parks under name of S. regalis.

alba var. vitellina (L.) Koch. S. vitellina L. White Willow.

A shade tree throughout city.

pentandra L. NS. laurifolia Hort.
Cultivated in city parks.

babylonica L. Weeping Willow.
Cultivated. Occasionally escaped.

babylonica var. dolorosa. Wisconsin Weeping Willow.
Cultivated in city parks.

glaucophylla Bebb. Broad-leaved Willow.
Common in neighborhood of lake shore.

cordata Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow.
Common throughout county.

pedicellaria Pursh. 8S. myrtilloides L. Bog Willow.
In Wheeler’s list. Not reported since.

longifolia Muhl. S. fluviatilis Nutt. Sand-bar Willow.
Common.

petiolaris J. E. Smith. Slender Willow.
Throughout county. Fairly common.

discolor Muhl. Glaucous Willow.
Very common.

rostrata Richards. 8S. Bebbiana Sarg. Bebb’s Willow.
Common.

185

186 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

S. tristis Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow.
Reported by J. A. Brandon in 1900. Not reported since.
S. candida Fluegge. Hoary Willow.
Reported from Greenfield and Oak Creek. Very rare, if not
now extinct in county.
S. viminalis L. Osier Willow.
In Wheeler’s list. Probably confused with the following
species.
S. purpurea L. Purple Willow.
Escaped from cultivation. Locally common throughout
county.

JUGLANDACEZ.

Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut.
Formerly abundant. Not common now.

J. cinerea L. Butternut.
Throughout county. Occasional.

Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch. Hicoria minima (Marsh.)
Britton. Bitter-nut. Throughout county. Not common.

C. ovata (Mill.) Ik. Koch. Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britton. Shag-bark
Hiecory. Throughout county. Fairly common. Given in
Wheeler’s list as C. alba Nutt.

C. glabra (Mill.) Spach, Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton. Pignut.
Reported from Wauwatosa. Probably planted.

BE TULAGE As.

Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Blue Beech. Hornbeam.
Throughout county. Occasional.

Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. Iron-wood. Hop-hornbeam.
Throughout county. Common.

Corylus americana Walt. Hazel-nut.
Common.

C. rostrata Ait. Beaked Hazel-nut.

Not so commo as C. americana..

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 187

Betula alba var. papyrifera (Marsh.) Spach. B. papyrifera Marsh.
Paper Birch. Common near lake shore.

B. lenta L. Black Birch.
In northern part of county, also reported from Greenfield.

B. iutea Michx.f. Yellow Birch.

Throughout county. Occasional.

B. glandulosa Michx. Scrub Birch.
“Lincoln Ave. Swamps,” Menomonee Valley in Wauwatosa
and Kinnickinnic River, near Forest Home Cemetery.

B. pumila L. Low Birch.
Reported by W. M. Wheeler from Sec. 1, Greenfield.
Alnus mollis Fernald. A. Alnobetula (Ebrh.) K. Koch.
Green Alder. Near Oak Creek Station.

A. rugosa (Du Roi.) Spreng. Smooth Alder.
Common throughout county.

FAGACE

Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. /'. Americana Sweet. Beech.
Throughout county. Common.

Quercus rubra L. Red Oak.
Common throughout county.

Q. coccinea Muench. Scarlet Oak.

Throughout the county.
Q. cellipsoidalis E. J. Hill. Hill’s Oak.

Throughout county. Given as Q. palustris in Wheeler’s list.
Q. velutina Lam. Black Oak.

Throughout county.

Q. alba L. White Oak.
Common.

Q. stellata Wang. Q. minor (Marsh.) Sarg. Post Oak.
Reported by Wheeler. Probably Q. alba L.

Q. macrocarpa Michx. Bur Oak.

Common throughout county.

Q. bicolor Willd. Q. platanoides (Lam.) Sudw. Swamp White Oak.
Common throughout county. s

188 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

URTICACE As

ULMACEAE.

Ulmus americana L. White Elm.
Common.

U. racemosa Thomas. Cork or Rock Elm.
In western part of county and occasional in eastern portion.

UL. fulva Michx. Red or Slippery Elm.
Throughout county.

Celtis occidentalis L. Sugar-berry. Nettle-tree.
Along Milwaukee River in extreme northern part of county;
also in Menomonee Valley.

MORACEAE.

Humulus Lupulus L. Hop
Occasionally escaped from cultivation.

Cannabis sativa L. Hemp.
Occasionally escaped from cultivation.

URTICACEAE.
Urtica dioica L. Great Nettle.
Common.
U. gracilis Ait. Slender Nettle.
Common.

Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaud. Urticastrwm divaricatum (L.) Kuntze.
Wood Nettle. Common sounth and west.
Pilea pumila (L.) Gray. Adicea pumila (L.) Raf.
Clear-weed. Richweed. ‘Throughout county. Common.
Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. False Nettle.
Common.

Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl. Pellitory.
A weed in gardens.

SANTALACE:.

Commandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Bastard Toad Flax.
In southern part of county, in Menomonee Valley and at
Whitefish Bay. Not common.

1907 | Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 189

ARISTOLOCHIACEL.

Asarum canadense L. Wild Ginger.
In Menomonee Valley and along Milwaukee River. Not
common.

A. canadensevar. acuminatum Ashe. A. dcuminatum (Ashe.) Bicknell.
Long-tipped Wild Ginger. Reported by P. H. Dernehl from
See. 29, Town of Milwaukee.

POLY GONACE A,

Rumex Acetosella L. Sheep Sorrel.
Common.

R. verticillatus L. Swamp Dock.
In Menomonee Valley and near New Coeln. Not common. |

R. Patientia L. Patience Dock.
In yards in city. Not common.

R. crispus L. Curled Dock.
Common.

R. conglomeratus Murr. Clustered Dock.
Wauwatosa.
R. obtusifolius L. Bitter Dock.

Wauwatosa.

Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. fF. Fagopyrum (1.) Karst.
Buckwheat. Occasionally escaped from cultivation.

Polygonum amphibium L. Water Persicaria.
Throughout county. Not common.

P. amphibium var. Hartwrightii (Gray.) Bissel. P. Hartwrightii Gray.
Hart Wrights’ Persicaria. One locality in Wauwatosa.

P. Muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats. P. emersum (Michx.) Britton.
Swamp Persicaria. In Menomonee Valley.

P. lapathifolium L. P. incarnatwm Ell. Slender Persicaria.
Town of Lake and Jones Island. Abundant.

P. pennsylvanicum L. Pennsylvania Persicaria.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

P. Persicaria L. Lady’s Thumb.
Common.

P. Careyi Olney. Carey’s Persicaria.
Town of Lake.

190 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

P. hydropiperoides Michx. Mild Water Pepper.
Throughout county. Occasional.

P. Hydropiper L. Water Pepper. Smartweed.

Throughout county. Occasional.

P. acre HBK. P. pwnctatum Ell. Dotted Smartweed.
In Menomonee Valley, Wauwatosa.

P. orientale L. Prince’s Feather.
Waste places throughout city.

P. virginianum L. Virginia Knotweed.
Spring Meadow and Williamsburg.

P. aviculare L. Doorweed.
Common everywhere.

P. maritimum L. Seaside Knotweed.
A single specimen reported from Bay View by 'l’. Kumlien.

P. erectum L. Erect Knotweed.
Locally abundant.

P. Convolvulus L. Black Bindweed.
Common everywhere.

P. cilinode Michx. Fringed Black Bindweed.
On lake shore at Oak Creek. Cudahy.

P. dumetorum L. Hedge Buckwheat.
Near New Coeln.

P. sagittatum L. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb.
Southern part of county.

CHE NOPQOPIACEH A,

Chenopodium album L. Lamb’s Quarters.
Common everywhere.

C. glaucum L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot.
Gardens in city:

C. Boscianum Mog. Bose’s Goosefoot.
Occasional in western part of city.

C. hybridum L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot.
Gardens and waste places. Common.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 191

C. Botrys L. Jerusalem Oak.
Forest Home Cemetery and along streets of city.

C. capitatum (L.) Asch. Blitwm capitatum L. Strawberry Blite.
Throughout county. Not common.

Atriplex patula L. Spreading Orache.
Gardens and waste places throughout city.
A. patula var. hastata (L.) Gray. A. hastata L. Halberd-leaved

Orache. Throughout city. Common.

Salsola Kali L. Saltwort.
Reported by Lapham along lake shore in 1852.

S. Tragus L. Russian Thistle.
Common nearly everywhere, in neighborhood of R. R. tracks.

AMARANTHACE/E.

Amaranthus retroflexus L. Rough Pigweed.
Common.

A. hybridus L. Slender Pigweed.
Menomonee Valley. Sparse.

A. paniculatus L. Paniculate Pigweed.
Menomonee Valley. Sparse.
A. blitoides S. Wats. Prostrate Amaranth.
Common.
A. grecizans L. Tumble-weed.
Common.
Acnida tamariscina (Nutt.) Wood. Western Water-hemp.

Occurs within the city limits according to Conrath.

A. tuberculata Mog. A. tamariscina tuberculata (Mogq.) U. & B.
Menomonee Valley. One locality.

NYCTAGINACEAE.

Oxybaphus nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet. Allionia nyctaginea Michx.
Heart--leaved Umbrella-wort.
In several localities. Spreading rapidly.
O. hirsutus (Michx.) Sweet. Allionia hirsuta Pursh. Hairy Umbrella-
wort. Along railway tracks. Local.

192 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol.5, No. 4.

AIZOACHAT

Mullugo verticillata L. Carpet-weed.
In Menomonee Valley. Two localities.

PORTULACACH AL

Claytonia virginica L. Spring Beauty.
Common.

Portulaca oleracea L. Purslane. Pussley.
A weed in gardens.

CARYOPHYLEACH AL.

Agrostemma Githago L. Corn Cockle.
In southern part of county. Not common.

Silene stellata (L.) Ait. Starry Campion.
Common.

S. vulgaris (Moench.) Garcke. Bladder Campion.
In southern part of county. Uncommon.

S. antirrhina L. Sleepy Gatchfly.
A single specimen in Public Museum from Sechweichert’s
woods. Menomonee Valley.

S. Armeria L. Sweet William Catchfly.
Escaped from gardens. Rare.

S. noctiflora L. Night-flowering Catchfly.
Common.
Lychnis alba Mill. White Campion.
Becoming common.
L. calcedonica L. Scarlet Lychnis.
Escaped from gardens. St. Francis.
Saponaria officinalis L. Soapwort. Bouncing Bet.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.
S. Vaccaria L. Vaccaria Vaccaria (L.) Britton. Cowherb.

Occasional along railroads. Common south among grain.

Stellaria media (L.) Cyrill. Alsine media L. Common Chickweed.
Abundant.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 193

S. longifolia Muhl. Alsine longifolia (Muhl.) Britton. Long-leaved
Stitchwort.
Menomonee Valley and Sec. 29, Town of Milwaukee.

S. longipes Goldie. Alsine longipes (Goldie.) Coville. Long-stalked
Stitchwort. Menomonee Valley and Wauwatosa.
Cerastium viscosum L. Mouse-ear Chickweed.
Common.
C. vulgatum L. Larger Mouse-ear Chickweed.

Common.

Arenaria lateriflora L. Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl. Blunt-leaved
Sandwort. Throughout county.

NYMPHAVACEAL.

Nuphar advena Ait f. Nymphaea advena Soland. Large Yellow Pond
Lily. Milwaukee River. Rare. Formerly in Menomonee and
Kinnickinnie Rivers.
Nympheza odorata Ait. Castalia odorata (Dryand.) Woody. & Wood.
White Pond Lily. Milwaukee River. Rare. Formerly in
Menomonee and Kinnickinnic Rivers.

CHERATOPHYLLACE As.

Ceratophyllum demersum L. Horn-wort.
In Menomonee Valley at foot of 18th Str.

MAGNOLIACE/..

Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tulip Tree.
A few in city parks.

RANUNCULACEAE.

Hydrastis canadensis L. Golden Seal.

Wauwatosa and Oak Creek. Locally abundant.
Caltha palustris L. Marsh Marigold.

Common.

Coptis trifolia (.)Salisb. Gold-thread.
Near Whitefish Bay.

194 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.) T. & G. False Rue Anemone.
Wauwatosa. Not common.

Actewa rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red Baneberry.
Throughout county. Not common.

A. alba (L.) Mill. White Baneberry.
Throughout county. Occasional.

Aquilegia canadensis L. Wild Columbine.
Throughout county. Not common.

A. vulgaris L. European Columbine.
Reported by P. Dernehl from Milwaukee River.

Delphinium Consolida L. Field Larkspur.
Occasionally escaped from gardens.

D. azureum Michx. D. Carolinianum Walt. Carolina Larkspur.
Bennetts reports it from waste places in city.

Anemone cylindrica Gray. Long-fruited Anemone.
Throughout county.

A. virginiana L. Tall Anemone.
Throughout county.

A. canadensis L. Canada Anemone.
Throughout county. Occasional.

A. quinquefolia L. Wind-flower.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

A. patens L. var. Wolfgangiana (Bess.) Koch. Pulsatilla hirsutissima
(Pursh.) Britton. Nuttalls’ Pasque Flower.
In Wheeler’s list on authority of Mr. Wernich.

Hepatica triloba Chaix. H. Hepatica (l.) Karst. Round-leaved
Hepatica. Common.

H. acutiloba DC. #H. acuta (Pursh.) Britton. Sharp-lobed Hepatica.
Very common.

Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach. Syndesmon thalictroides (L.)
Hoffmg. Rue Anemone. Common.

Clematis virginiana L. Virgin’s Bower.
Throughout county. Occasional.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 195

Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr. Yellow Water Crowfoot.
Common.

R. laxicaulis (T. & G.) Darbey. RR. obtusiusculus Raf. Water-
plantain Spearwort.

Reported by T. Bruhin from southern part of county.

R. rhomboideus Goldie. R. ovalis Raf. Prairie Crowfoot.
Wauwatosa.
R. abortivus L. Kidney-leaved Crowfoot.
Common.
R. micranthus Nutt. Rock Crowfoot.
Occasional.
R. sceleratus L. Celery-leaved Crowfoot.
Occasional in south and west parts of county.

R. recurvatus Poir. Hooked Crowfoot.
Throughout county.

R. acris L. Tall Buttercup.
Throughout county.

R. bulbosus L. Bulbous Buttercup.
Wauwatosa.

R. pennsylvanicus L. f. Bristly Buttercup.
Southern part of county.
R. repens L. Creeping Buttersup.

Common.

R. septentrionalis Poir. Marsh Buttercup.
Wauwatosa.

R. fascicularis Muhl. Tufted Buttercup.
Throughout county.
R. aquatilis var. capillaceus DC. Batrachiwm tricophyllum (Chaix.)
Bossch. White Water Crowfoot. South and west.
Thalictrum dioicum L. Early Meadow-Rue.
Common.
T. revolutum DC. T. purpurascens L. Purplish Meadow Rue.

Common.

T. polygamum Muhl. Tall Meadow-Rue.
Throughout county.

196 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

BERBERIDACE/.

Berberis vulgaris L. European Barberry.
Occasionally escaped from cultivation.

Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Blue Cohosh.
West and south. Not common.

Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. Twin-leaf.
Wauwatosa. One locality. Abundant.

Podophyllum peltatum L. May Apple. Mandrake.
Abundant.

MENISPERMACEAK.

Menispermum canadense L. Canada Moonseed.
Throughout county. Not common.

PAPAVERACEZ.

Papaver somniferum L. Garden Poppy.
Occasionally escaped from cultivation.

P. Rheas L. Field Poppy.
Rarely escaped from cultivation.

Argemone mexicana L. Prickly Poppy.
A single specimen in Public Museum herbarium. Reported
from south side of city.

Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot.
Common.

Dicentra Cucullaria (L. Bernh. Bicuculia Cucullaria (L.) Millsp.
Dutchman’s Breeches. Throughout county. Local.

D. canadensis (Goldie.) Walp. Bicuculla Canadensis (Goldie.) Millsp.
Squirrel Corn. Menomonee Valley.

Corydalis aurea Willd. Capnoides aurewm (Willd.) Kuntze.
Golden Corydalis. Reported by Wheeler from lake beach in
northeast part of county.

Fumaria officinalis L. Fumitory.
Near Forest Home Cemetery.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 197

CRUCIFER.

Lepidium ruderale L. Roadside Pepper-grass.
Waste-places in the city.

L. virginicum L. Wild Pepper-grass.

A weed along roads.

L. apetalum Willd. Apetalous Pepper-grass.
Waste-places and roadsides. Greenfield. Locally abundant.

Thlaspi arvense L. Penny-cress.
Menomonee Valley.

Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. var. leiocarpum DC. Sisymbrium
officinale (L.) Scop. Hedge Mustard. Common.
S. altissimum L. Tall Sisymbrium.

Common.

Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. Sea Rocket.
Common in sand along lake shore.

Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Black Mustard.

Common.

B. juncea (L.) Cosson. Indian Mustard.
Common.

B. arvensis (L.) Kuntze. Charlock.
Common.

B. campestris L. Turnip.
Occasionally escaped from cultivation.

Diplotaxis bracteata Gren. & Godr.
Menomonee Valley. One locality.

Raphanus sativus (L.) Garden Radish.
Occasionally escaped from cultivation.

Roripa palustris (L.) Bess. Yellow Water-cress.
é Not common.

R. Nasturtium (L.) Rusby. Water-cress.
Common.

R. Armoracia (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. Horse-radish.
Occasionally escaped from cultivation.

Cardamine pratensis L. Meadow Bitter-cress.
Menomonee Valley and Johnson’s Woods.

198 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

C. hirsuta L. Hairy Bitter-cress.
Wauwatosa. Sec. 6, Greenfield.

C. pennsylvanica Muhl. Pennsylvania Bitter-cress.
South and west. Occasional.
C. parviflora L. C. arenicola Britton. Sand Bitter-cress.

Menomonee Valley.

C. purpurea (Torr.) Britton. Purple Cress.
Common.

C. bulbosa (Schreb.) B.S. P. Bulbous Cress.
Throughout county. Occasional.

Dentaria laciniata Muhl. Cut-leaved Pepper-root.
Wauwatosa and Oak Creek.

D. maxima Nutt. Large Toothwort.
Wauwatosa and Greenfield.

Capsella Bursa-pastoris Moench. Bursa Bursa-pastoris (1.) Britton.
Shepherd’s Purse. Everywhere.

Camelina sativa (Il) Crantz. False Flax.
Reported by Wheeler from south and west.

Arabis levigata (Muhl.) DC. Smooth Rock-cress.
Southern part of county and in Wauwatosa.

A.- canadensis L. Sickle-pod.
Throughout county.

A. brachycarpa (T. & G.) Britton. Purple Rock-cress.
Menomonee Valley.

A. glabra (L.) Bernh. Tower Mustard.
North of Whitefish Bay.

Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Worm-seed.
Not common.

Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Hoary Alyssum.
Wauwatosa.

Hesperis matronalis L. Dame’s Rocket.
Occasionally escaped from cultivation.

Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. MHare’s-ear.
Along lake shore. Rare.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 199

CAPPARIDA CH As.
Cleome spinosa L. Spider-flower.
Reported by Dr. L. Sherman.

Polanisia graveolens Raf. Clammy-weed.
Reported from Menomonee Valley by F. Runge. Specimen
in Public Museum herbarium.

SARRACENIACE.

Sarracenia purpurea L. Pitcher-plant.
Once abundant. . Now probably extinct.

DROSERACE A.

Drosera rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Sundew.
Reported by T. A. Bruhin. Probably now extinct.

CRASSULACEA:.

Sedum Telephium L. Live Forever.
Occasionally escaped from cultivation.

PENTHORACEAE.

Penthorum sedoides L. Ditch Stone-crop.
Common.

PARNASSIACE.

Parnassia caroliniana Michx. Grass of Parnassus.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

SAXIFRAGACE A.

Saxifraga pennsylvanica L. Swamp Saxifrage.
Common.

Heuchera hispida Pursh. Rough Heuchera.
Occasional throughout county.

Mitella diphylla L. Two-leaved Mitrewort.
Common.

M. nuda L. Naked Mitrewort.
North of Whitefish Bay and near New Coeln.

200 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

GROSSULARIACEAE.
Ribes Cynosbati L. Wild Gooseberry.

Common.
R. oxyacanthoides L. Hawthorn Gooseberry.

In southern parts of county and in Wauwatosa.
R. rotundifolium Michx. Eastern Gooseberry.

Common.

R. gracile Michx. Slender Gooseberry.
Common.

R. prostratum L’Her. Fetid Currant.
Wauwatosa.

R. rubrum L. Red Currant.
Throughout county. Not common.

R. floridum L’Her. Wild Black Currant.
Not uncommon.

HAMAMELIDACE A.

Hamamelis virginiana L. Witch Hazel.
Common.

PLATANACE:.

Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore. Button-wood.
Planted in city parks.

ROSACEAL.

Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. Opulaster opulifolius (L.) Kuntze.
Ninebark.
Wauwatosa and Milwaukee River.
Spirza salicifolia L. Willow-leaved Meadow-sweet.
Throughout county. Common.
Rubus triflorus Richardson. R. Americanus (Pers.) Britton. Dwarf
Raspberry. Throughout county. Not common.
R. strigosus Michx. Wild Red Raspberry.
Throughout county. Common.

a |

R. occidentalis L. Blackcap. Thimble-berry.
~Throughout county. Not common.

1907) Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 201

R. nigrobaccus Bailey. High-bush Blackberry.
Occasional. A division of R. villosus Ait.

R. canadensis L. Dewberry.
Throughout county.

R. Baileyanus Britton. Bailey’s Blackberry.
Milwaukee River.

R. hispidus L. Running Swamp Blackberry.
Occasional throughout county.

Fragaria virginiana Duchesne. Scarlet Strawberry.
Throughout county. Common.

F. vesca L. Wood Strawberry.
Throughout county. Common.

Potentilla arguta Pursh. Drymocallis arguta (Pursh.) Rybd.
Tall Cinquefoil. Northeast portion of county.

P. fruticosa L. Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rybd. Shrubby Cinquefoil.
Wauwatosa, also reported by F. Runge from Menomonee
Valley.
P. palustris L. Scop. Comarum palustre L. Purple Cinquefoil.
In south and west parts of county.

P. Anserina L. Argentina Anserina (L.) Rybd. Silver-weed.
Along railroad tracks and on lake shore.
P. argentea L. Silvery Cinquefoil.

Near Hales Corners. .

P. monspeliensis L. Rough Cinquefoil.
Throughout county. Common.

P. canadensis L. Five-finger.
Throughout county.

Geum canadense Jacq. White Avens.
Common.

G. virginianum L. Rough Avens.
Southern part of county and Whitefish Bay.

G. macrophyllum Willd. Large-leaved Avens.
Whitefish Bay.

G. strictum Ait. Yellow Avens.
Throughout county. Common.

202 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol.5, No. 4.

G. rivale L. Purple Avens.
Throughout county. Not uncommon.

Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. A. hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell. Tall
Agrimony. Very common.
Rosa blanda Ait. Smooth Rose.

Common.

R. acicularis Lindl. R. Sayi Schwein. Prickly Rose.
Common.

R. carolina L. Swarmp Rose.
Common.

R. virginiana Mill. R. lucida Ehrh. Glossy Rose.
Reported by Wheeler. Not reported since.

R. humilis Marsh. Pasture Rose.
Common.

R. rubiginosa L. Sweetbrier.
Reported by Bennetts from Oak Creek and Wauwatosa.

POMACEAE.
Pyrus americanus (Marsh.) DC. Sorbus Americanus Marsh.
Mountain Ash. Known here only in cultivation.

P. coronaria L. Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. Crab Apple.
Common.

P. arbutifolia (L.) L.f. Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Medic. Chokeberry.
Reported from two localities, south and west.

Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. Service-berry.
Throughout county.

A. canadensis (L.) Medic. var. Botryapium (L. f.) T. & G. A. Botrya-
pium (L. f.) DC. Shad-bush.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.
A. spicata (Lam.) C. Koch. A. rotundifolia (Michx.) Roem. Round-
leaved June-berry. Northeast portion of county. “A. spicata
(Lam.) Dee. Low June-berry.” Reported by Bennetts from
top of bluff just northwest of Wells Str. viaduct.

Cratzgus punctata Jacq. Large-fruited Thorn.
Throughout county. Very common.

C. sertata Sarg. C. flabellata (Spach.) Rybd. Fan-leaved Thorn.
Fox Point.

1907 | Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 203

C. cordata (Mill.) Ait. Washington Thorn.
Reported by F. Runge from Greenfield.

C. conjuncta Sarg. C. prwinosa (Wendl.) Beadle. Pruinose Thorn.
Johnson’s Woods. Abundant.

C. coccinea L. Scarlet Thorn. ‘
Johnson’s Woods.

C. subrotundifolia Sarg. C. coccinea L. Scarlet Thorn.
Honey Creek in Wauwatosa.

C. tarda Sarg. C. tenuifolia Britton. Thin-leaved Thorn.
Fox Point. Abundant.

C. cyanophylla Sarg. C. tenuifolia Britton.
Throughout county. Abundant.

C. lucorum Sarg. C. tenuifolia Britton.
Honey Creek in Wauwatosa.

C. macracantha Lodd. Long-spined Thorn.
In southern part of county. Occasional.

C. sera Sarg. C. mollis (T. & G.) Scheele. Red-fruited Thorn.
Throughout county. Common.

C. tomentosa L. Pear Thorn.
Throughout county. Common.

C. rutila Sarg. C. tomentosa L.
Along Milwaukee River. Occasional.

DRUPACEA:

Prunus americana Marsh. Wild plum.
Throughout county. Common.

P. spinosa L. Blackthorn.
One specimen reported by T. Bruhin.

P. pennsylvanica L. f. Wild Red Cherry.
Not common.

P. virginiana L. Choke Cherry.
Throughout county. Common.

P. serotina Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry.
Very common.

204 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

LEGUMINOSAK.

CAESALPINIACEAE.

Cassia Chamezcrista L. Partridge Pea.
Reported from one location in city.

Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honey Locust.
Along several roads leading to city. Probably planted.

PAPILIONACEAE.

Baptisia leucantha T. & G. White Indigo.
A few specimens reported from Bay View.

Genista tinctoria L. Dyeweed.
Reported from lake shore, Seventh Ward.

Medicago sativa L. Alfalfa.
Becoming common.

M. lupulina L. Black Medic.
Very common.

Melilotus alba Desr. White Sweet-clover.
Very common.
M. officinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow Sweet-clover.
Not uncommon.
Trifolium agrarium L. 7. aureum Poll. Hop Clover.

Menomonee Valley and Oak Creek. Occasional.

T. procumbens L. Low Hop-clover.
Throughout county.

T. dubium Sibth. Least Hop-clover.
North Greenfield. Occasional.

T. incarnatum L. Italian Clover.
One locality in Wauwatosa. Escaped from cultivation.

T. arvense L. Rabbit-foct Clover.
Menomonee Valley and Whitefish Bay. Not common.

T. pratense L. Red Clover.
Everywhere.
T. hybridum L. Alsatian Clover.

Common.

T. repens L. White Clover.
Everywhere.

1907 | Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 205

Psoralea Onobrychis Nutt. Sainfoin Psoralea.
Reported by E. Brunken from lake bluffs near county line.

Amorpha canescens Pursh. Lead-plant.
Wauwatosa. Probably elsewhere.

Robinia Pseudacacia L. Locust.
Common along roads. Planted.

Astragalus canadensis L. A. Carolinianus L. Milk Vetch.
Throughout county.

A. neglectus (T. & G.) Sheldon. Phaca neglecta T. & G.
Coopers Milk Vetch. Throughout county.

Desmodium grandiflorum (Walt.) DC. Meibomia grandiflora (Walt.)
Kuntze. Large flowered Tick-trefoil. Everywhere.

D. pauciflorum (Nutt.) DC. Meibomia paucifiora (Nutt.) Kuntze.
Few-flowered Tick-trefoil. Lake Woods. Rare.

D. paniculatum (L.) DC. Meibomia paniculuta (L.) Kuntze.
Panicled Tick-trefoil. Wauwatosa and Whitefish Bay.
D. canadense (L.) DC. Meibomia Canadensis (L.) Kuntze.
Showy Tick-trefoil. Common.
Lespedeza repens (L.) Bart. Creeping Bush-clover.
Wauwatosa.
L. capitata Michx. Round-headed Bush-clover.
Bay View.
Vicia Cracca L. Tufted Vetch.
Whitefish Bay, Town of Oak Creek, Town of Greenfield. Rare.
V. americana Muhl. American Vetch.
Throughout county. Common.
V. caroliniana Walt. Carolina Vetch.
Throughout county. Common.
V. sativa L. Common Vetch. Tare.
Whitefish Bay. Common.
V. sativa L. var. nigra L. V. angustifolia Roth. Smaller Common
Vetch. Whitefish Bay and vacant lots in city.

Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. Beach Pea.
Along lake beach. Abundant.

206 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

L. venosus Muhl. Veiny Pea.
Throughout county. Common.

L. palustris L. Marsh Vetchling.
Throughout county. Not uncommon.

L. ochroleucus Hook. Cream-colored Vetchling.
Very common.

Amphicarpa comosa (L.) G. Don. Falcata comosa (U.) Kuntze.
Hog Peanut. Throughout county. Common.

A. Pitcheri T. & G. Falcata Pitcheri (T. & G.) Kuntze. Pitcher’s
Hog Peanut. Lake Woods and Whitefish Bay. Abundant.

Apios tuberosa Moench. Apios Apios (L.) Mae M. Ground-nut.
Wauwatosa and Milwaukee River. Not common.

GERANIACE/.

Geranium maculatum L. Wild Crane’s-bill.
Everywhere.

G. carolinianum L. Carolina Crane’s-bill.
National Ave., east of Soldiers’ Home.

OXATIMACE Ar.

Oxalis repens Thumb. 0. corniculata L. Procumbent Wood-sorrel.
A weed in city gardens.

O. stricta L. Upright Wood-sorrel.
Common.

LINACEA:.

Linum usitatissimum L. Flax.
Throughout county. Occasional along R. R. tracks.

L. Lewisii Pursh. Lewis’ Wild Flax.
Reported by Bennetts from a vacant lot on east side of city.

RUTACEAS.
Xanthoxylum americanum Mill. Prickly Ash.
Common in open woods, south and west.

Ptelea trifoliata L. Three-leaved Hop-tree.
Common in Menomonee Valley.

1907} Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 207

SIMARUBACE.

Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Ailanthus.

Cultivated as a shade tree.

POLYGALACE:.

Polygala Senega L. Snakeroot.

Wauwatosa and Whitefish Bay. Locally abundant.

Senega var. latifolia T. & G.
In woods near waterworks at Wauwatosa.

EKUPHORBIACE..

Croton texensis (Klotzsch.) Muell. Arg. Texas Croton.

Near Kinnickinnic River. Reported from one locality.

Acalypha virginica L. Three-seeded Mercury.

Reynolds’ Woods. Copious.

Ricinus communis L. Castor-bean.

Occasionally escaped from cultivation.

Euphorbia polygonifolia L. Knotted Spurge.

E;

In sand of lake beach. Locally abundant.

glyptosperma Englm. Ridge-seeded Spurge.
In sand of beach and along R. R. tracks. Locally abundant.

glyptosperma var. pubescens Engelm.
Along railroad tracks. Locally abundant.

maculata L. Spotted Spurge.
Common in sand.

Preslii Guss. EH. nutans Lag. Large Spotted Spurge.
Western and southern parts of county. Locally abundant.
corollata L. Flowering Spurge.
Throughout county. Common.
marginata Pursh. White-margined Spurge.
Reported from one locality in Cudahy. Probably escaped
from cultivation.

Helioscopia L. Sun Spurge.
Collected in county by Dr. Hasse.

Peplus L. Petty Spurge.
City gardens and waste places. Sparse.

Cyparissias L. Cypress Spurge.
Wauwatosa. Along roadsides. Gregarious.

208 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

CALLITRICHACEA«.

Callitriche verna L. CO. palustris L. Water Starwort.
Southern part of county.

LIMNANTHACE/E.

Fleerkea proserpinacoides Willd. False Mermaid.
Reynolds’ Woods. Sec. 21, Greenfield. Dominant and copious.

ANACARDIACEAE.

Rhus typhina L. R. hirta (L.)Sudw. Staghorn Sumac.
Eastern portion of county. Common.

R. glabra L. Smooth Sumac.
Western portion of county. Common.
R. Vernix L. Poison Sumac.
Near St. Francis and New Coeln. Rapidly disappearing.
R. Toxicodendron L. var. radicans Torr. &. radicans L. Poison Ivy.

Reynolds’ Woods and New Coeln. Not common.

R. microcarpa (Michx.) Steud. Northern Poison Oak.
Throughout county. Common.

AQUIFOLIACEZ.

ILICACEAE.
Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray. Black Alder.
In southern part of county and formerly near Whitefish Bay,
also in Town of Granville. Rare.
I. levigata (Pursh.) Gray. Smooth Winter-berry.

Specimen in Public Museum herbarium, collected at New
Coeln by T. A. Bruhin.

CELASTRACH AS,

Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Burning Bush.
Sec. 27, Wauwatosa; Secs. 11 and 12, Greenfield; Sec. 22, Oak

Creek. Sparse.

Celastrus scandens L. Bittersweet.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 209

ACEKRACEA.

Acer saccharinum L. Silver Maple.
Planted as a shade tree along vireets.

A. rubrum L. Red Maple.
Throughout county. Not uncommon.

A. saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple.
Throughout county. Common.

A. Saccharum var. nigrum (Michx.) Britton. A. nigrwm Michx.
Black Sugar Maple.
Throughout county. Not uncommon.

A. spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple.
One locality in Sec. 29, Town of Milwaukee. Numerous.

A. Negundo L. Box Elder.
Occasionally escaped from cultivation.

SAPINDACEAE.
HIPPOCASTAN ACEAE.

Aesculus Hippocastanum L. Horse-chestnut.
Commonly planted as a shade tree.

Ae. glabra Willd. Fetid Buckeye.
Rarely planted as a shade tree.

Ae. octandra Marsh. Yellow Buckeye.
Rarely planted as a shade tree.

BALSAMINACE.

Impatiens biflora Walt. Spotted Touch-me-not.
Throughout county. Abundant.

I. pallida Nutt. J. aurea Muhl. Pale Touch-me-not.
Sees. 18 and 29, Town of Milwaukee. Not abundant.

RHAMNACE.

Rhamnus cathartica L. Buckthorn.
Escaped from cultivation. Wauwatosa and Town of Milwaukee.

R. alnifolia L’Her. Alder-leaved Buckthorn. Merrill Park. West
end of Wells Str. viaduct. Formerly in Sec. 1, Greenfield.

Ceanothus americanus L. New Jersey Tea.
In south and west parts of county. Locally abundant.

210 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

VITACE AS.
Vitis zstivalis Michx. Summer Grape.

Throughout county. Not common.

V. cordifolia Michx. Frost Grape.
Menomonee Valley.

V. vulpina L. Riverside Grape.
Menomonee Valley.

Ampelopsis quinquefolia (.L) Michx. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.)
Planch. Virginia Creeper. Throughout county. Common.

iA ACE AS

Tilia americana L. Basswood. Linden.
Throughout county. Common.

MALVACE.

Malva sylvestris L. High Mallow.
A garden weed, escaping to woods.

M. rotundifolia L. Cheeses. Dwarf Mallow.
A common weed.

M. moschata L. Musk Mallow.
In southern part of county. Common.

Abutilon Theophrasti Medic. A. Abutilon (L.) Rusby. Velvet Leaf.
A weed in gardens and along roads.

Hibiscus Trionum L. Bladder Ketmia.
Escaped from gardens in southern part of county.

HYPHRRICACE..

Hypericum Ascyron L. Great St. John’swort.
Throughout county. Occasional.

H. perforatum L. Common St. John’s-wort.
Near Forest Home Cemetery.

H. maculatum Walt. Spotted St. John’s-wort.
Wauwatosa.

H. canadense L. Canadian St. John’s-wort.
Wauwatosa.

H. virginicum L. Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf.
Marsh St. John’s-wort. Near New Coeln.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. Zit

VIOLACEA.

Viola sororia Willd. V. cuspidata Greene. Common Blue Violet.
Abundant throughout county.

V. subsagittata Greene. (Western form of V. sagittata Ait.)
Arrow-leaved Violet. Reported from one locality in Wauwa-
tosa and one in Oak Creek.

V. cucullata Ait. Marsh Blue Violet.
| In open grassy marshes. Rare.

VY. affinis Le Conte. Thin-leaved Wood Violet.
In rich wet woods. Not common.

VY. conspersa Reichenb. V. labradorica Schrank. Dog Violet.
Common.

VY. pubescens Ait. Hairy Yellow Violet.
Not common.

VY. scabriuscula Schwein. Smoother Yellow Violet.
Abundant throughout county.

V. blanda Willd. Woodland White Violet.
Abundant locally in cold damp woods.

V. lanceolata L. Lance-leaved Violet.
Given in Wheeler’s list on authority of Dr. L. Sherman. Not
reported since.

THYMELEACEAE.

Dirca palustris L. Leather-wood.
Occasional throughout county.

BLAVAGNACEAE.

Shepardia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Lepargyraea Canadensis (L.) Greene.
Canadian Buffalo-berry. Banks of Milwaukee river and
bluffs of lake shore. Locally abundant.

LY THRACE.

Lythrum alatum Pursh. Wing-angled Loosestrife.
North line of See. 33, Town of Franklin.

212 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

ONAGRACE/E.

Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell. Jsnardia palustris L. Marsh Purslane.

Southern part of county. Locally abundant.

L. polycarpa Short & Peter. Ludwigia.

Very common near New Coeln.
Epilobium angustifolium L. Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop.

Great Willow-herb. Fire-weed. North of Whitefish Bay and

oceasional elsewhere. Gregarious.

E. coloratum Muhl. Purple-leaved Willow-herb.
Throughout county. Common.
E. alpinum L. var. fontanum Wahlenb. E£. Hornemanni Reichenb.
Alpine Willow-herb.

Reported from Sec. 18, Town ot Milwaukee.

Oenothera cruciata Nutt. Onagra cruciata (Nutt.) Small.
Small-flowered Evening Primrose.

A single specimen from near Whitefish Bay.

Oe. biennis L. Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. Common Evening Primrose
Throughout county. Common.

Oe. biennis L. var. Oakesiana Gray. Onagra Oakesiana (Gray.)
Britton. Oakes’ Evening-Primrose.
In southern part of county. Not uncommon.

Oe. rhombipetala Nutt. Rhombie Evening-Primrose.

Railway tracks near Juneau Park.
Oe. pallida Lindl. Anogra pallida (Lindl.) Britton.
White-stemmed Evening Primrose.
Near the city limits and the Kinnickinnic River.

Gaura biennis L. Biennial Gaura.:
In Menomonee Valley near Grant Marble Works.

Circea Lutetiana L. Enchanter’s Nightshade.
Throughout county. Common.

C. alpina L. Smaller Enchanter’s Nightshade.
Throughout county. Common.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 213

HALORAGIDACE.

Proserpinaca palustris L. Mermaid-weed.
Swamps in Menomonee and Kinnickinnic Valleys.

Myriophyllum spicatum L. Spiked Water-milfoil.
Throughout county. Common.

ARAL EAC ha &

Aralia racemosa L. Spikenard.
Throughout county. Not uncommon.

A. nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla.
Throughout county. Occasional.

Panax quinquefolium L. Ginseng.
In southern part of county. Occasional.

P. trifolium L. Dwarf Ginseng.
Throughout county. Occasional.

UMBELLIFER.
Sanicula marylandica L. Black Snake-root.
Common.

S. gregaria Bicknell. Clustered Snake-root.
Reynolds Woods. Town of Greenfield.

S. canadensis L. Short-styled Snake-root.
Locally abundant.
S. trifoliata Bicknell. Large-fruited Snake-root.
Throughout county. Rare.
Eryngium aquaticum L. Button Snake-root.
Southern part of county. Occasional.
Osmorhiza Claytoni (Michx.) Clarke. Washingtonia Claytoni (Michx.)
Britton. Wooly Sweet-cicely. Throughout county. Common.
0. longistylis DC. Washingtonia longistylis (Torr.) Britton.
Smoother Sweet-cicely. Throughout county. Occasional.
Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. Harbinger of Spring.

Wauwatosa. Locally abundant.

Cicuta maculata L. Water Hemlock.
Menomonee Valley and Milwaukee River. Locally abundant.

214 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

C. bulbifera L. Bulb-bearing Water Hemlock.

Menomonee Valley.

Cryptotenia canadensis (L.) DC. Deringia Canadensis (L.) Kuntze.

Honewort. Throughout county. Common.

Carum Carui L. Caraway.
Escaped from cultivation. Common.

Tenidia integerrima (L.) Drude: Yellow Pimpernel.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

Sium cicutefolium Gmel. Hemlock Water-parsnip.
Southern and western parts of county. Common.

Thaspium aureum Nutt. var. atropurpureum Coult. & Rose.

foliatum (L.) Britton. Purple Meadow Parsnip.

South and west. Locally abundant.

Conioselinum chinense (L.) B.S. P. Hemlock Parsley.
Throughout county. . Not common.

Angelica atropurpurea L. Angelica.
Throughout county. Common.

Polytenia Nuttalliit DC. Polytaenia.
Menomonee Valley.

Tiedemannia rigida Coult. & Rose. Oxypolis rigidus (1.) Raf.
Cowbane. Hemlock. Wauwatosa.

Pastinaca sativa L. Wild Parsnip.
Very common.

Heracleum lanatum Michx. Cow-parsnip.
Common.

CORNACE,

Cornus canadensis L. Dwarf Cornel.

West of North Greenfield and north of Whitefish Bay.

abundant in Sec. 1. Greenfield.

C. circinata L’Her. Round-leaved Dogwood.
Throughout county. Not common.

C. Amomum Mill. Kinnikinnik. Silky Dogwood.
Throughout county. Common.

ERS

Once

1907 | Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 215

C. stolonifera Michx. Red Osier Dogwood.
Throughout county. Common.

C. paniculata L’Her. (0. candidissima Marsh. Panicled Dogwood.
Throughout county. Common. .

C. alternifolia L. f. Alternate-leaved Dogwood.
Wauwatosa and Whitefish Bay.

ERICACE Ay.

PYROLACEAE.

Pyrola americana Sweet. P. rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Wintergreen.
Whitefish Bay. Formerly also See. 1, Greenfield.

P. elliptica Nutt. Shin-leaf.
Near lake, Whitefish Bay and Town of Lake.

P. asarifolia Michx. var. incarnata (Fisch.) Fernald. P. uliginosa
Torr. Bog Wintergreen. Whitefish Bay. Locally abundant.

P. secunda lL. Serrated Wintergreen.
Whitefish Bay.
MONOTROPACEHAE.
Monotropa uniflora L. Indian Pipe.
Throughout county. Rare.
ERICACEAE.

Gaultheria procumbens L. Creeping Wintergreen.
North of Whitefish Bay.

Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Red Bearberry.
On bluff north of Whitefish Bay. Rare.
VACCINIACEAE.

Gaylussacia resinosa (Ait.) T. & G. High-bush Huckleberry.
Near New Coeln.

Vaccinium corymbosum L. Tall Blueberry.
Reported only from See. 1, Greenfield.

VY. pennsylvanicum Lam. Dwarf Blueberry.
Near New Coeln and Whitefish Bay.

VY. macrocarpon Ait. Oxycoccus macrocarpus. (Ait.) Pers. Large
Cranberry. Reported from a small lake in See. 1, Franklin.

216 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

PRIMULACE..

Samolus floribundus H B K. Water Pimpernel.
Near Layton Park.

Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. Fringed Loosestrife.
Throughout county. Common,

S. quadriflorum (Sims.) Hitch. Prairie Moneywort.
Near the cement works on Milwaukee River.

Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. Naumburgia thyrsiflora (l.) Duby.
Tufted Loosestrife. South and west. Not common.

Trientalis americana (Pers.) Pursh. Star Flower.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

Anagallis arvensis L. Scarlet Pimpernel.
Hawley Road south of National Ave.

Dodecatheon Meadia L. Shooting Star.
Throughout county. Occasional.

OLUEBACEAL.
Fraxinus americana L. White Ash.
Throughout county. Common.

F. pennsylvanica Marsh. [Red Ash.
Throughout county. Occasional.

F. pennsylvanica Marsh. var. lanceolata (Borck.) Sargent. F. lance-
olata Borek. Green Ash. Lake Woods and Whitefish Bay.

F. nigra Marsh. Black Ash.
Throughout county. Common.

GENTIANACE.
Gentiana crinita Froel. Fringed Gentian.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

G. quinquefolia L. Stiff Gentian.
Milwaukee River near cement works, also Bay View near lake.

G. quinquefolia var. occidentalis (Gray.) A. S. Hitchcock.
Same as last.

G. saponaria L. Soap-wort Gentian. Specimen in Public Museum
herbarium collected in Wauwatosa by W. M. Wheeler.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 217

G. Andrewsii Griseb. Blind Gentian.
Throughout county. Occasional.

G. flavida Gray. Yellowish Gentian.
Fox Point. Sparse.
MENYANTHACEAE.

Menyanthes trifoliata L. Buckbean.
Reported from Sec. 1, Greenfield. Probably now extinct.

APOCYNACE/..

Apocynum androsemifolium L. Spreading Dogbane.
Throughout county. Common.

A. cannabinum L. Indian Hemp.
Wauwatosa and Town of Milwaukee.

A. cannabinum L. var. hypericifolium (Ait.) Gray. 4A. hyperici-
folium Ait. ;
Near Pilgrims Rest Cemetery, according to Bennetts.

ASCLEPIADACE ZA.

Asclepias tuberosa L. Butterfly-weed.
Oak Creek. Reported once.

A. purpurascens L. Purple Milkweed.
Southwestern part of county. Occasional.

A. incarnata L. Swamp Milkweed.
Throughout county. Common.

A. phytolaccoides Pursh. A. exaltata (L.) Muhl. Poke Milkweed.
Throughout county. Common west.

A. syriaca L. Common Milkweed.
Throughout county. Common.

CONVOLVULACE.
Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth. Morning Glory.
Eseaped from cultivation. Occasional.

I. hederacea Jacq. Ivy-leaved Morning Glory.
Menomonee Valley, foot of 17th Str.

218 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

Convolvulus sepium L. Great Bindweed.
Throughout county. Common.

C. spithamzus L. Upright Bindweed.
Wauwatosa and Whitefish Bay. Locally abundant.

C. arvensis L. Small Bindweed.
On bank of Juneau Park and in neighboring gardens.

CUSCUTACE/:.

Cuscuta obtusiflora HBK. C. polygonorwm Engelm. Smartweed Dodder.

Menomonee Valley and near New Coeln.

C. Gronovii Willd. Love-vine.
Throughout county. Occasional.

POLEMONIACEE.

Phlox pilosa L. Downy Phlox.
Wauwatosa and Oak Creek. Locally common.

P. divaricata L. Blue Phlox.
Throughout county. Common.

Polemonium reptans L. Greek Valerian.
Throughout county. Common.

HYDROPHYLLACE/:.
tydrophyllum virginicum L. Water-leaf.
Throughout county. Common.
BORAGINACE A.

Cynoglossum officinale L. Hound’s-tongue.
Common everywhere.

C. virginicum L. Wild Comfrey.

Bay View and lower part of 18th Ward, city. Not common.

Lappula Myosotis Moench. L. Lappula (.) Karst. Stickseed.
Wauwatosa.

L. virginiana (L.) Greene. Virginia Stickseed.
Common everywhere.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 219

Myosotis palustris (L.) Lam. Forget-me-not.

Bay View.
Lithospermum officinale L. Gromwell.

Wauwatosa, Menomonee Valley near Merrill Park.
L. latifolium Michx. American Gromwell.

Wauwatosa.

L. Gmelini (Michx.) A. S. Hitchcock. Hairy Puccoon. °*
Southern part of county. Occasional.

L. canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Hoary Puccoon.
West of North Greenfield along R. R. tracks. Not numerous.

Onosmodium carolinianum (Lam.) DC. False Gromwell.
Once found by T. A. Bruhin in Sec. 4, Oak Creek.

Symphytum officinale L. Comfrey. In southern and western parts
of county and in waste places in city. Occasional.

Echium vulgare L. Blue-weed. Viper’s Bugioss.
Formerly along C. & N. W. R. R. tracks near Mineral Spring
Park. Now extinct in that locality.

VERBENACE/E.

Verbena urticaefolia L. White Vervain.
Throughout county. Common.
V. hastata L. Blue Vervain.
Throughout county. Common.
¥. stricta Vent. Mullen-leaved Vervain.
Along R. R. tracks. West of Layton Park, also Menomonee
Valley near 21st Ave.
Vv. bracteosa Michx. Large-bracted Vervain.
Along R. R. tracks. Juneau Park, Bay View and Menomonee
Valley, also west of Wauwatosa. Locally abundant.

LABIAT Az.

Teucrium canadense L. Wood Sage.
Throughout county. Occasional.

Scuteilaria lateriflora L. Mad-dog Skullcap.
Wauwatosa and banks of Milwaukee River.

220 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

S. versicolor Nutt. S. cordifolia Muhl. Heart-leaved Skulleap.
Wauwatosa, Oak Creek and Franklin.

S. galericulata L. Marsh Skullcap.
In southern part of county.

Agastache scrophularizfolia (Willd.) Kuntze. Giant Hyssop.
In southern and western parts of county. Occasional.

Nepeta Cataria L. Catnep.
Throughout county. Common.

N. Glechoma Benth. Glechoma hederacea L. Ground Ivy.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

Prunella vulgaris L. Heal-all.
Everywhere.

Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. Lion’s Heart.
Throughout county. Occasional.
P. parviflora Nutt. Purple Lion’s Heart.

Menomonee Valley near Merrill Park.

Galeopsis Ladanum L. Red Hemp-nettle. Specimen in Public Museum
herbarium, collected by F. Runge.

G. Tetrahit L. Hemp-nettle.

Once found by T. A. Bruhin near New Coeln.

Leonurus Cardiaca L. Motherwort.
Throughout county. Common.

Lamium amplexicaule L. Henbit.
City gardens and waste places. Locally abundant.

Stachys aspera Michx. Rough Hedge-nettle.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

S. aspera Michx. var. glabra Gray. S. tenwifolia Willd.
Smooth Hedge-nettle. West of Village of Wauwatosa.

Monarda fistulosa L. Wild Bergamot.
Throughout county. Common.

Blephilia ciliata (L.) Raf. Downy Blephilia.
Wauwatosa.

B. hirsuta (Pursh.) Torr. Hairy Blephilia.
In southern and western parts of county. Occasional.

1907 ] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 221

Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. American Pennyroyal.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

H. hispida Pursh. Rough Pennyroyal.
Near Whitefish Bay. One locality.

Pycnanthemum lanceolatum Pursh. Koellia Virginiana (L.) Mac M.
Mountain Mint. One locality on bank of Milwaukee River.
Lycopus virginicus L. Purple Bugle-weed.
Menomonee Valley in Wauwatosa. Locally abundant.

L. rubellus Moench. Water Hoarhound.
Wauwatosa and Town of Milwaukee. Occasional.

L. europzus L. var. sinuatus Gray. L. Americanus Muhl.
Cut-leaved Water Hoarhound. Wauwatosa. Locally abundant.

Mentha viridis L. M. spicata L. Spearmint.
In southern part of county.

M. arvensis L. Corn Mint.
Near New Coeln.

M. arvensis var. canadensis (L.) Briq. J. Canadensis L. Wild Mint.
Throughout county. Common.

SOLANACE Al.

Physalis pubescens L. Hairy Ground-cherry.
_ Whitefish Bay. Common.

P. virginiana Mill. Virginia Ground-cherry.
See. 34, Greenfield. Abundant.

P. heterophylla Nees. Clammy Ground-cherry.
Sec. 9, Oak Creek. Sparse.

Solanum nigrum L. Black Nightshade.
Everywhere.

S. triflorum Nutt. Cut-leaved Nightshade.
Waste places in city. Occasional.

S. carolinense L. Horse-nettle.
Waste places in city. Occasional.

S. rostratum Dunal. Sand Bur.
Waste places in city. Occasional.

222 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

S. Dulcamara L. Bittersweet.
Throughout county. Not uncommon.

Lycium halimifolium Mill. L. vulgare (Ait. f.) Dunal. Matrimony-vine.
Escaped from cultivation. Occasional.

Hyoscyamus niger L. Black Henbane.
A single specimen from Menomonee Valley reported by F. Runge.

Datura Stramonium L. Jimson-weed.

Throughout county. Rare.
D. Tatula L. Purple Stramonium.

Waste places in city. Rare.
D. Metel L. Entire-leaved Stramonium.

Waste places in city. Occasional.

Nicotiana rustica L. Wild Tobacco.
-New Coeln and Menomonee Valley. Reported twice.

SCROPEULARIACE Ax.

Verbascum Thapsus L. Great Mullen.
Common.

V. Blattaria L. Moth Mullen.
Menomonee Valley near Merrill Park.
Linaria Cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Cymbalaria Cymbalaria (.) Wettst.
KXennilworth Ivy. A weed in gardens.
L. vulgaris Mill. LZ. Linaria (L.) Karst. Toad-flax.
Throughout county. Common.
Scrophularia marylandica L. Figwort.
Locally common.
Chelone glabra L. Turtlehead.
Throughout county. Common.
Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. Hairy Beard-tongue.

Near Milwaukee River. Locally abundant.

P. lzevigatus Soland. var. Digitalis (Sweet.) Gray. P. Digitalis
(Sweet.) Nutt. Fox-glove Beard-tongue.
Wauwatosa and Whitefish Bay. Rare.

Mimulus ringens L. Monkey-flower.
Throughout county. Common.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 223

Veronica Anagallis-aquatica L. Water Speedwell.

See. 1, Greenfield, and Sec. 32, Town of Milwaukee.

V. americana Schwein. American Brooklime.
Near New Coeln.

V. scutellata L. Skullcap Speedwell.

In southern and western parts of county. Common.

V. serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell.
In lawns in city and near Soldiers’ Home.

V. peregrina L. Purslane Speedwell. Neckweed.

Near Soldiers’ Home.

Vv. arvensis L. Corn Speedwell.
Whitefish Bay and on National Ave.

V. Byzantina (Sibth. & Smith) B.S. P. Byzantine Speedwell.
A weed in city gardens and at Fox Point.

V. virginica L. Leptandra Virginica (L.) Nutt. Culver’s Root.

Throughout county. Occasional.

Gerardia grandiflora Benth. Dasystoma grandiflora (Benth.) Wood.
Western False-Foxglove. Bay View. Rare.

G. tenuifolia Vahl. Slender Gerardia.
In northern and western parts of county. Not common.

Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Scarlet Painted-cup.
Throughout county. Not common.
Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. Swamp Lousewort.

Throughout county. Common.

P. canadensis L. Wood Betony. Lousewort.
Throughout county. Common.

Melampyrum lineare Lam. Cow-wheat.
Whitefish Bay.

LENTIBULARIACEA:.

Utricularia vulgaris L. Greater Bladderwort.
“Tn .a pool near Soldiers’ Home.” Wheeler.

224 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

OROBANCHACE
Orobanche uniflora-L. Thalesia uniflora (L.) Britten. Broom Rape.
North of Whitefish Bay and banks of Milwaukee River.

Conopholis americana (L. f.) Wallr. Squaw-root. Oak Creek and
banks of Milwaukee River, also Town of Greenfield.

Epiphegus virginiana (L.) Bart. Leptamniwm Virginianum (L.) Raf.
Beech Drops. Throughout county. Locally abundant.

PHRYMACE..

Phryma Leptostachya L. Lopseed.
Throughout county. Common.

PLANTAGINACE/:.

Plantago major L. Common Plantain.

Everywhere.
P. Rugelii Dec. Rugels’ Plantain.

Throughout county. Fairly common.
P. lanceolata L. Ribwort.

In lawns in city. Along roadside Franklin. Occasional.
P. cordata Lam. Heart-leaved Plantain.

Wauwatosa and Oak Creek.

P. Purshii R. & S. Pursh’s Plantain.
Whitefish Bay. One locality.

RUBIACE..

Mitchella repens L. Partridge-berry.
Near New Coeln.

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Button Bush.
Towns of Milwaukee, Greenfield, Oak Creek and Franklin.
Occasional.

Galium verum L. Yellow Bed-straw.
Near Hopkins Road, Wauwatosa.

G. Aparine L. Cleavers. Goose-grass.
In southern and western parts of county. Occasional.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 225

G. circezans Michx. Wild Liquorice. Castalia Park and Black’s
Woods in Wauwatosa, also Bay View and St. Francis. Sparse.

G. boreale L. Northern Bedstraw.

Near the Cement Mills, Milwaukee River. Abundant.

G. triflorum Michx. Fragrant Bedstraw.
In southern and western parts of county. Common.

G. tinctorium L. Stiff Marsh Bedstraw.
See. 18, Town of Milwaukee.

G. trifidum L. Small Bedstraw.
See. 1, Greenfield.

G. concinnum T. & G. Shining Bedstraw.
Reported from Wauwatosa.

G. asprellum Michx. Rough Bedstraw.
In southern and western parts of county. Not uncommon.

CAPRIFOLIACEA.

Sambucus canadensis L. Sweet Elder.
Throughout county. Common.

S. racemosa lL. S. pubens Michx. Red-berried Elder.
Common in Town of Milwaukee. Rare in southwestern part
of county.
Viburnum Opulus L. High Bush-cranberry.
In southern and western parts of county. Not uncommon.

V. acerifolium L. Dockmakie.
Throughout county. Common.

Vv. pubescens (Ait.) Pursh. Downy-leaved Arrow-wood.
Town of Milwaukee and southern part of county. Occasional.
VY. dentatum L. Arrow-wood.
Throughout county. Not uncommon.
V. cassinoides L. Withe-rod.
Whitefish Bay.
V. Lentago L. Nanny-berry.
Near New Coeln and Whitefish Bay. Occasional.

Triosteum perfoliatum L. Horse Gentian.
Throughout county. Common.

226 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

Linnza borealis L. var. americana (Forbes.) Rehder. JL. Americana
Forbes. Twin-flower. Reported from Sec. 1, Town of
Greenfield, also from New Coeln.

Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. Snowberry.
Throughout county. Common.

S. occidentalis Hook. Wolfberry.
Menomonee Valley and North Greenfield. Abundant.

Lonicera dioica L. Smooth-leaved Honeysuckle.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

L. Sullivantii Gray. Sullivant’s Honeysuckle.
Throughout county. Common.

L. flava Sims. Yellow Honeysuckle.
Reported by Wheeler as common in southern part of county.
Probably confused with L. Sullivantii.

L. japonica Thumb. Japanese Honeysuckle.
Occasionally escaped from cultivation.

L. oblongifolia (Goldie.) Hook. Swamp Fly-Honeysuckle.
New Coeln and Menomonee Valley. Occasional.

L. canadensis Marsh. UL. ciliata Muhl. American Fly-Honeysuckle.
Throughout county. Common.

L. tatarica L. Tartarian Bush-Honeysuckle.
Occasionally escaped from cultivation.

Diervilla trifida Moench. D. Diervilla (L.) Mac M. Bush-Honeysuckle.
Throughout county. Common.

VALERIANCE.

Valeriana edulis Nutt. Valerian.
Menomonee Valley. Occasional.

CUCURBITACE.

Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) T. & G. Micrampelis lobata (Michx.)
Greene. Mock Apple. Throughout county. Common.

Cyclanthera dissecta (T. & G.) Arn. Cyclanthera. Reported by W. J.
Bennetts from Menomonee Valley, foot of 23rd Str. .

1307] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 227

CAMPANULACEE.

Campanula rotundifolia L. Harebell.
Menomonee Valley. Near Cement Mills on Milwaukee River,
also Town of Milwaukee. Occasional.

C. rapunculoides L. Creeping Bell-flower. A single plant in a vacant
lot on Prospect Ave. No longer there.

C. aparinoides Pursh. Marsh Bell-flower.
See. 1, Greenfield, and Sees. 15 and 22, Oak Creek.

C. americana L. Tall Bell-flower.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

LOBELIACE AS.

Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal Flower. Town of Granville. Lake
bank north of Whitefish Bay. Reynolds Woods, (S. W. %4
Sec. 12, Greenfield). Formerly in other parts of county.
L. syphilitica L. Great Lobelia.
Throughout county. Common.
L. spicata Lam. Pale Spiked Lobelia.
Oak Creek. Franklin. Whitefish Bay. Not common.
L. inflata L. Indian Tobacco.

Throughout county. Common.

L. Kalmii L. Brook Lobelia.
Near the Cement Mills on Milwaukee River.

COMPOSITE.

CICHORIACEAE.

Cichorium Intybus L. Chicory.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

Lapsana communis L. Nipplewort.
In a vacant lot in 7th Ward. Copious.

Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. Adopogon Virginicum (L.) Kuntze. Cynthia.
Menomonee Valley and Whitefish Bay. Locally common.

Tragopogon pratensis L. Yellow Goats-beard.
Escaped from cultivation. Occasional.

228 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol.5, No. 4.

T. porrifolius L. Oyster Plant. Menomonee Valley and along
C. & N. W. R. R. tracks near lake. Occasional.
Taraxacum officinale Weber. 7’. Taraxacum (U.) Karst. Dandelion.
Everywhere.

Sonchus arvensis L. Corn Sow-thistle.
Throughout county. Common.

S. oleraceus L. Annual Sow-thistle.
Throughout county. Common.

S. asper (L.) All. Spiny Sow-thistle.
Throughout county. Common.

Lactuca scariola var. integrata Gren. & Godr. Prickly Lettuce.
A weed everywhere. Incorrectly referred to as L..virosa L.
in Britton’s Manual.

L. ludoviciana (Nutt.) DC. Western Lettuce.
Near swamp at New. Coeln. Occasional.

L. canadensis L. Tall Lettuce.
Throughout county. Common.

L. canadensis L. var. integrifolia (Bigel.) Gray. UL. sagittifolia Ell.
Arrow-leaved Lettuce.
Wauwatosa and Whitefish Bay. Not uncommon.

L. hirsuta Muhl. Hairy Wood Lettuce.
Wauwatosa. Occasional.

L. pulchella (Pursh.) DC. Large-flowered Blue Lettuce.
Near swamp at New Coeln. Rare.

L. floridana (L.) Gaertn. False Lettuce.
Near Milwaukee River above city limits.

Hieracium venosum L. Rattlesnake-weed.
Near New Coeln and in Lake Woods.

H. canadense Michx. Canada Hawkweed.
Wauwatosa and Whitefish Bay. Occasional.

H. scabrum Michx. Rough Hawkweed.
Wauwatosa, Oak Creek and Lake Woods.

Prenanthes alba L. Nabulus albus (L.) Hook. White Lettuce.
Throughout county. Common.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 229

AMBROSIACEAE.

Iva xanthiifolia (Fresen.) Nutt. Marsh Elder.
Waste places in Menomonee Valley, also in Third and Fifth
Wards. Locally abundant.

Ambrosia trifida L. Great Ragweed.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

A. trifida var. integrifolia (Muhl.) T. & G.
Throughout county. With the preceding.
A. artemisizfolia L. Ragweed.
Everywhere.
A. psilostachya DC. Western Ragweed.

Menomonee Valley. Not common.

Franseria Hookeriana Nutt. Guertneria acanthicarpa (Hook.) Britton.
Franzeria. Menomonee Valley, along railroad tracks.

Xanthium strumarium L. XX. glabratum (DC.) Britton.
Smootish Cocklebur. Throughout county. Common,

X. pennsylvanicum Wallr. Pennsylvania Clotbur.
Waste places and along railroad tracks. Occasional.

COMPOSITAE.

Vernonia fasciculata Michx. Western Iron-weed.
Menomonee Valley and Oak Creek. Locally abundant.
Eupatorium purpureum L. Joe-pye Weed.
Throughout county. Common.
E. perfoliatum L. Boneset.
Throughout county. Common.
E. ageratoides L. f. White Snake-root.
Throughout county. Not uncommon.
Liatris pycnostachyaMichx. Lacinaria pycnostachya (Michx.) Kuntze.
Prairie Button Snake-root.
Menomonee Valley, Wauwatosa. Not common.
L. spicata Willd. Lacinaria spicata (L.) Kuntze. Gay Feather.
Bay View. Locally abundant.

Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh.) Dunal. Broad-leaved Gum-plant.
Granville. Wauwatosa. Becoming common.

230

Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

Solidago ce#sia L. Blue-stemmed Goldenrod.

Ss.

S.

Near New Coeln and Bay View.

latifolia L. S. flevicaulis L. Broad-leaved Goldenrod.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

stricta Ait. Willow-leaved Goldenrod.
In southern part of county.

speciosa Nutt. Showy Goldenrod.
Bay View.
rugosa Mill. Hairy Goldenrod.

Wauwatosa, Granville & Milwaukee River near Cement W’ks.

patula Muhl. Rough-leaved Goldenrod.
Whitefish Bay and Wauwatosa. Locally abundant.

ulmifolia Muhl. Elm-leaved Goldenrod.
Whitefish Bay and Wauwatosa. Not uncommon.

neglecta T. & G. Swamp Goldenrod.
Bay View and Menomonee Valley.

juncea var. scabrella (T. & G.) Gray. Sharp-toothed Goldenrod.
Wauwatosa and Whitefish Bay. Locally abundant.

arguta Ait. Cut-leaved Goldenrod.
Wauwatosa and northern part of county.

serotina Ait. Late Goldenrod.
Occasional. North and south.

canadensis L. Canada Goldenrod.
Throughout county. Common.

nemoralis Ait. Field Goldenrod.
Throughout county. Not uncommon.

rigida L. Stiff Goldenrod.
Town of Franklin and Milwaukee River near Cement Works.

ohioensis Riddell. Ohio Goldenrod.

Menomonee Valley, Wauwatosa.

Riddellii Frank. Riddell’s Goldenrod.
North of city.

Houghtonii T. & G. Houghton’s Goldenrod.
Reported by Dr. L. Sherman.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 231

S. graminifolia (L.) Ell. Huthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt.
Fragrant Goldenrod.
Whitefish Bay and New Coeln. Locally abundant.
Boltonia asteroides (L.) L’Her. Aster-like Boltonia.
Sec. 21, Town of Lake; Sec. 33, Oak Creek. Abundant.

Sericocarpus linifolius (L.) B.S. P. Narrow-leaved White-topped Aster.
Near North Milwaukee.

Aster divaricatus L. White Wood Aster.
Banks of Milwaukee River.

A. leptocaulis Burgess. Smooth-stemmed Aster.
Lake Woods and Whitefish Bay.
A. macrophyllus L. Large-leaved Aster.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.
A. Shortii Hook. Short’s Aster.
Throughout northern part of county. Locally abundant.
A. azureus Lindl. Sky-blue Aster.
Menomonee Valley and Milwaukee River. Occasional.
A. cordifolius L. Common Blue Wood Aster.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.
A. cordifolius L. var. levigatus Porter. A. Lowrieanus Porter.
Smooth Wood Aster. Throughout county. Common.
A. sagittifolius Willd. Arrow-leaved Aster.
Reported by A. Conrath as found in county.
A. Drummondii Lindl. Drummond’s Aster.
Wauwatosa and Whitefish Bay. Locally abundant.
A. undulatus L. Wavy-leaved Aster.
Whitefish Bay and New Coeln.
A. nove-anglie L. New England Aster. Near the Cement Works,
at Lake Woods and Whitefish Bay. Locally abundant.
A. puniceus L. Red-stalk Aster.
Throughout county. Common.
A. puniceus var. lucidulus Gray.
Sec. 5, Greenfield.

A. prenanthoides Muhl. Crooked-stem Aster.
Throughout county. Not uncommon.

232 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

A. levis L. Smooth Aster.
Throughout county. Abundant, especially north.

A. junceus Ait. Rush Aster.
In western part of county. Locally abundant.

A. longifolius Lam. Long-leaved Aster.
Whitefish Bay.

A. ptarmicoides (Nees.) T. & G. Upland White Aster.
Sec. 1, Greenfield.

A. paniculatus Lam. Panicled Aster.
Banks of Milwaukee River.

A. paniculatus var. simplex (Willd.) Burgess.
See. 1, Greenfield.

A. Tradescanti L. Michaelmas Daisy.
Wauwatosa and Whitefish Bay. Occasional.
A. ericoides L. Frost-weed Aster.
Cement Works on Milwaukee River. Sec. 6, Greenfield.
A. lateriflorus (L.) Britton. Starved Aster.
Throughout county. Locally common.
A. angustus (Lindl.) T. & G. Brachyactis angustus (Lindl.) Britton.
Rayless Aster. In waste places in city. Spreading.
Erigeron pulchellus Michx. Poor Robin’s Plantain.
Menomonee Valley.

E. philadelphicus L. Philadelphia Fleabane.
Throughout county. Common.

E. annuus (L.) Pers. Sweet Scabious.
Throughout county. Common.

E. ramosus (Walt.) B.S. P. Daisy Fleabane.
Throughout county. Common.

E. canadensis L. Leptilon Canadense (L.) Britton. Horse-weed.
Everywhere.

Dellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees. Tall Flat-top White Aster.
Menomonee Valley and Whitefish Bay. Locally abundant.

Antennaria neodioica Greene. Smalier Cat’s-foot.
Throughout county. Common.

A. neglecta Greene. Field Cat’s-foot.
Banks of Fish Creek, Town of Milwaukee.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 233

A. petaloides Fernald.
Banks of Fish Creek, Town of Milwaukee.

A. plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. Plantain-leaf Everlasting.
Throughout county. Common.

Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth & Hook.
Large-flowered Everlasting. New Coeln.

Gnaphalium polycephalum Michx. G. obtusifolium L.
Sweet Everlasting. Throughout county. Common.

G. decurrens Ives. Clammy Everlasting.
Near St. Francis Seminary.

G. uliginosum L. Low Cudweed.
Southern part of county.

Inula Helenium L. Elecampane.
Southern part of county, also Lake Woods. Locally abundant.
Polymnia canadensis L. Small-flowered Leaf-cup.
Wauwatosa.
Silphium perfoliatum L. Indian-cup.
Sec. 8, Greenfield, according to Bennetts.
-S. integrifolium Michx. Entire-leaved Rosinweed.
Bay View and Sec. 20, Franklin. Locally common.

S. laciniatum L. Compass-plant.
Sees. 20, 32 and 33, Franklin. Occasional.

S. terebinthinaceum Jacq. Prairie Dock.
Bank of Milwaukee River and in Town of Franklin. Locally
abundant.

Heliopsis scabra Dunal. Rough Ox-eye.
Throughout county. Common.

Rudbeckia hirta L. Black-eyed Susan.
Throughout county. Common.

R. laciniata L. Green-headed Cone-flower.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

Lepachys pinnata (Vent.) T. & G. Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barn-

hardt. Gray-headed Cone-flower.
Menomonee Valley, Wauwatosa. Abundant.

L. columnaris (Sims.) T. & G. Ratibida columnaris (Sims.) D. Don.

Prairie Cone-flower. Menomonee Valley, Wauwatosa and
Whitefish Bay. Locally abundant.

234 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

Helianthus annuus L. Common Sun-flower.
Escaped from cultivation. Occasional.

H. petiolaris Nutt. Prairie Sun-flower.
Menomonee Valley. Common.

H. scaberrimus Ell. Stiff Sunflower.
“Near C. & N. W. R. R. tracks, foot of Florida Str.” Bennetts.

H. giganteus L. Giant Sunflower.
Menomonee Valley and Whitefish Bay. Occasional.

H. Maximiliani Schrad. Maximilian’s Sunflower.
North Greenfield.

H. divaricatus L. Rough or Woodland Sunflower.
Southern and western parts of county. Common.

H. mollis Lam. Hairy Sunflower.
Menomonee Valley, near foot of 17th Str.

H. doronicoides Lam. Obijiong-leaved Sunflower.
Reported by Mr. Runge.

H. decapetalus L. Thin-leaved Sunflower.
Throughout county. Common.

H. strumosus L. Pale-leaved Wood Sunflower.

In southern and western parts of county. Occasional.

H. tuberosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke. In Menomonee Valley and
along Milwaukee River. Not uncommon.

Coreopsis palmata Nutt. Stiff Tickseed.
Wauwatosa.

C. lanceolata L. Wance-leaved Tickseed. Reported by C. E. Brown
from 8S. E. 44, Sec. 19, Town of Milwaukee.

Bidens chrysanthemoides Michx. B. levis (L.) B.S. P.
Smooth Bur Marigold. Throughout county. Occasional.

B. cernua L.: Nodding Bur Marigold.
Throughout county. Occasional.

B. connata Muhl. Purple-stemmed Beggar-ticks.
Reported by T. Bruhin from near New Coeln.

B. frondosa L. Black Beggar-ticks.
Everywhere. Common.

B. vulgata Greene. Tall Beggar-ticks.
Throughout county. Common.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County. 235

B. trichosperma (Mich.) Britton. Tall Tickseed Sunflower.
See. 1, Greenfield.

B. aristosa (Michx.) Britton. Western Tickseed Sunflower.
Locally common.

Galinsoga parviflora var. hispida DC. Galinsoga.
Throughout city. Locally abundant. Spreading.

Helenium autumnale L. Swamp Sunflower. Sneezeweed.
Throughout county. Common.

Achillea Millefolium L. Yarrow. Milfoil.
Everywhere. Common.

Anthemis Cotula L. Mayweed.
Everywhere. Common.

A. arvensis L. Field Camomile.
“Along Lincoln Ave. west of Forest Home Cemetery.” Bennetts.
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L. Ox-eye Daisy.
Throughout county. Locally abundant.

C. Balsamita L. Costmary.
Eseaped from gardens. Occasional.

Matricaria inodora L. Scentless Camomile.
“Forest Home Ave. opposite Pilgrims Rest Cemetery.” Bennetts.

M. Chamomilla L. Wild Camomile.
Along streets of city.

Tanacetum vulgare L. Tansy. Menomonee Valley, Fond du Lac road,
Mineral Spring road and elsewhere. Locally copious.

Artemisia caudata Michx. Tall Wormwood.
Waste places in city, also on lake shore.

A. canadensis Michx. Canada Wormwood.
Along lake shore, south of city.

A. Absinthium L. Common Wormwood or Absinth.
Escaped from cultivation. Occasional.

A. biennis Willd. Biennial Wormwood.
Waste places in city. Common.

A. vulgaris L. Common Mugwort.
Throughout county. Common.

236 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol.5, No. 4.

A. Pontica L. Roman Wormwood.
Escaped from gardens. Rare.

A. ludoviciana Nutt. Lobed Cudweed. Menomonee Valley and waste
places in city, also recorded as A. gnaphalodes Nutt.
Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Fireweed.
Whitefish Bay.
Cacalia reniformis Muhl. Mesadenia reniformis (Muhl.) Raf.

Great Indian Plantain. Menomonee Valley. Common.

C. atriplicifolia L. Mesadenia atriplicifolia (L.) Raf.
Pale Indian Plantain. Throughout county. Occasional.
C. suaveolens L. Synosma suaveolens (L.) Raf.
Sweet-scented Indian Plantain.
Milwaukee River near city and near Whitefish Bay..
Senecio Balsamitz Muhl. Balsam Groundsel.
“West of National Home.” Occasional.
S. aureus L. Golden Ragwort.
Menomonee Valley and southern part of county.
S. palustris (L.) Hook. Marsh Fleawort.
Throughout county. Occasional.
S. vulgaris L. Common Groundsel.
In southern part of county. Common.
Arctium Lappa L. Great Burdock.
Everywhere.
Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop. Carduus lanceolatus L.
Common Thistle. Everywhere.

C. altissimum (L.) Spreng. Carduus altissimus L. Tall Thistle.
Menomonee Valley and Whitefish Bay. Not uncommon.

C. discolor Spreng. Carduwus discolor (Muhl.) Nutt. Field Thistle.
Throughout county. Common.

C. muticum Michx. Cardwus muticus (Michx.) Pers. Swamp Thistle.
“A mile east of New Coeln.” (T. Bruhin.)

C. arvense (L.) Scop. Carduus arvensis (L.) Robs. Canada Thistle.
Everywhere.

Centaurea Cyanus L. Blue-bottle.
In southern and western parts of county.

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County.

' ACERACE AD
AIZOACE AD
ALISMACEA5
AMARANTHACEZS
AMARYLLIDACEAD
AMBROSIACE
ANACARDIACEZ
APOCYNACED
AQUIFOLIACEZ®
ARACE
ARALIACEZ45

_ ARISTOLOCHIACE
ASCLEPIADACE45
BALSAMINACEZ
BERBERIDACEZ5
BETULACEZ
BORAGINACEA®D
CAESALPINIACER
CALLITRICHACE.AS
CAMPANULACEZ®
CAPPARIDACEZ
CAPRIFOLIACEZ
CARYOPHYLLACEAS
CELASTRACEZD
CERATOPHYLLACEZA
CHENOPODIACE4
CICHORIACEH
COMMELINACE A
COMPOSIT 45
COMPOSITE
CONVALLARIACE#
CONVOLVULACE
CORNACEZD
CRASSULACE AD
CRUCIFERA
CUCURBITACEA4
CUSCUTACEZ5
CYPERACEZ
DIOSCOREACEZ
DROSERACEAS
DRUPACE2
ELAEBAGNACEAD
EQUISETACE AS

INDEX TO FAMILIES.

PAGE
209
192
a oy gil
191
182
229
208
217
208
179
213
189
217
209
196
186
218
204
208
227
199

225 |

192
208
193
190
227
179
227
229
180
217
214
199
197
226
218
176
182
199
203
211
170

ERICACEZ&
EUPHORBIACEA
FAGACEZ
GENTIANACEZ®
GERANIACEA4
GRAMINEA®
GROSSULARIACE
HALORAGIDACE AS
HAMAMELIDACEZ®
HIPPOCASTANACE
HYDROCHARITACEZ®
HYDROPHYLLACE ZS
HYPERICACE 45
ILICACE
IRIDACEZ®
JUGLANDACEZ&
JUNCACE.Z&
JUNCAGINACE A
LABIATAD
LEGUMINOSA5
LEMNACEZ=
LENTIBULACE45
LILIACE AD
LILIACE
LIMNANTHACEZ®
LINACE 4a
LOBELIACE 45
LYCOPODIACEA®
LYTHRACEZ®
MAGNOLIACEZD
MALVACEZ5
MELANTHACE
MENISPERMACEZ®
MENYANTHACE
MONOTROPACES
MORACEZ
NAIADACEZ3
NYCTAGINACEAD
NYMPHABACE A
OLEACE.2
ONAGRACEZD
OPHIOGLOSSACE Aa
ORCHIDACE ZS

237

PAGE
215
207
187
216
206
172
200
213
200
209
172
218
210
208
182
186
180
17t
219
204
179
223
180
180
208
206
227
170
211
193
210
180
196
217
2156
138
171
191
193
216
212
168
133

238 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society.
PAGE

OROBANCHACEA® 224 SALICACEAD
OSMUNDACEZ= 168 SANTALACEA®
OXALIDACEZ 206 SAPINDACEZ
PAPAVERACEZ® (196 SARRACENIACEZ
PAPILIONACEZ 204 SAXIFRAGACEZ®
PARNASSIACE 4 199 SCHEUCHZERIACEZ
PENTHORACEZ 199 SCROPHULARIACEZ
PHYRMACEA® 224. SIMARUBACEZ
PINACEZ® 170 SMILACEZ
PLANTAGINACEZE 224 SOLANACEZ®
PLATANACEZ® 200 SPARGANIACE4
POLEMONIACEZ® 218 THYMELEACEZ
POLYGALACEZ® 207 TILIACE4
POLYGONACE AS 189 TYPHACEZ
POLYPODIACE4 169 ULMACEZ
POMACEZ 202 UMBELLIFERAZ
PONTEDERIACE4 180 URTICACEZ
PORTULACACEZ& 192 URTICACEZ
PRIMULACEZ 216 VACCINIACE2
PYROLACEZ 215 VALERIANACE AS
RANUNCULACEZ 198 VALLISNERIACEZ
RHAMNACEZ= °209 VERBENACEZ
ROSACEZ® 200 VIOLACEA®
RUBIACEZ 224 VITACEZ®

RUTACEA&

206

[Vol. 5, No. 4.

PAGE
184
188
209
199
199
171
222
207 |
182
221
171
211
210
171
188
218
188,
188
215
226
172
219
211
210

1907]

Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County.

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

abortivus (Ranunculus)
Absinthium (Artemisia)
Abutilon

Acalypha

acanthicarpa (Gertneria)
acaule (Cypripedium)
Acer

acerifolium (Viburnum)
Acetosella (Rumex)
Achillea

acicularis (Eleocharis)
acicularis (Rosa)
Acnida

Acorus

acre (Polygonum)

acris (Ranunculus)
Acroanthes

Act#2a

acuminatum (Asarum)
acuminata (Eleocharis)
acuta (Hepatica)
acutiloba (Hepatica)
Adiantum

Adicea

Adopogon

advena (Nuphar)
A®sculus

estivalis (Vitis)

affinis (Viola)
Agastache

ageratoides (Eupatorium)
agrarium (Trifolium)
Agrimonia

Agropyron

Agrostemma

Agrostis

Ailanthus

alatum (Lythrum)

alba (Actz@a)

alba (Agrostis)

alba (Betula)

alba (Lychnis)

alba (Melilotus)

alba (Populus)

alba (Prenanthes)

alba (Quercus)

alba (Salix)

albidum (Erythronium)
album (Chenopodium)
Alisma

Allionia

Allium

alnifolia (Rhammus)
Alnobetula (Alnus)
Alnus

Alopecurus

alpina (Circea)

alpinum (Epilobium)
alpinus (Juncus)

Alsine

alternifolia (Cornus)
altissimum (Cirsium)
altissimum (Sisymbrium)
altissimus (Carduus)
Amaranthus

DR ee UtotoH
SCWOOl0oH O43

Ambrosia

Amelanchier

americana (Campanula)
americana (Conopholis)
americana (Corylus)
Americana (Fagus)
americana (Fraxinus)
americana (Linn&a)
Americana (Panicularia)
americana (Prunus)
americana (Pyrola)
americana (Tilia)
americana (Trientalis)
americana (Ulmus)
americana (Veronica)
americana (Vicia)
americanum (Hrythronium)
americanum (Xanthoxylum)
americanus (Ceanothus)
Americanus (Lycopus)
americanus (Pyrus)
americanus (Scirpus)
Ammophila

Amomum (Cornus)
Amorpha

Ampelopsis

amphibium (Polygonum)
Amphicarpa

amplexicaule (Lamium)
amplifolius (Potamogeton)
amygdaloides (Salix)
Anagallis
Anagallis—aquatica (Veronica)
Anaphalis

andinum (Lilium)
Andrewsii (Gentiana)
Andropogon
androsemifolium (Apoecynum)
Anemone '

Anemonella

Angelica
augustifolia (Vicia
angustifolium (Epilobium)
angustifolium (Sisyrinchium)
angustus (Aster)

annua (Poa)

annuus (Hrigeron)

annuus (Helianthus)
Anogra

Anserina (Potentilla)
Antennaria

Anthemis

antirrhina (Silene)
Aparine (Galium)
aparinoides (Campanula)
apetalum (Lepidium)
Apios

Aplectrum

Apocynum

aquatica (Zizania)
aquaticum (Eryngium)
aquatilis (Ranunculus)
Aquilegia

aquilina (Pteris)

Arabis

239

240 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society.
PAGE

Aralia Pads: Berberis
arbutifolia (Pyrus) 202 Berteroa
Arctium 236 Betula
Arctostaphylos 215 Bidens
Arenaria © 193 bicolor fOnerens)
arenaria (Ammophila) 174 Bicuculla
arenarius (Elymus) i biennis (Artemisia)
arenicola (Cardamine) 198 biennis (Gaura)
Argemone 196 biennis (CGnothera)
argentea (Potentilla) 201 biflora (Impatiens)
Argentina 201 biflorum (Polygonatum)
arguta (Potentilla) 201 biternatum (Isopyrum)
arguta (Solidago) 230 blanda (Viola)
Arisema 179 Blattaria (Verbascum)
aristosa (Bidens) 23D Blephariglottis
Armeria (Silene) 192 Blephilia
Armoracia (Roripa) 197 blitoides (Amaranthus)
Artemisia 235 Blitum
artemisiefolia (Ambrosia) 229 Boehmeria
arundinacea (Phalaris) a UiFfas Boltonia
arundinaceum (Dulichum) 176 boreale (Galium)
arvense (Trifolium) 204 borealis (Clintonia)
arvense (Cirsium) 236 borealis (Linnea)
arvense (Equisetum) 170 Boscianum (Chenopodium)
arvense (Thlaspi) 197 Botryapium (Amelanchier)
arvensis (Anagallis) 216 Botrychium
arvensis (Anthemis) 235 Botrys (Chenopodium)
arvensis (Brassica) 197 Brachyactis
arvensis (Carduus) 236 brachyearpa (Arabis)
arvensis (Convolvulus) 218 Brachyelytrum
arvensis (Mentha) 221 bracteata (Diplotaxis)
arvensis (Sonchus) 228 bracteata (Habenaria)
‘arvensis (Veronica) 223 bracteosa (Verbena)
asarifolia (Pyrola) 215 Brassica
Asarum 189 bromoides (Carex)
Asclepias 217 Bromus
Ascyron (Hypericum) 210 bufonius (Juncus)
Asparagus 181 bulbifera (Cicuta)
asper (Sonchus) 228 bulbifera (Cystopteris)
aspera (Stachys) 220 bulbosa (Cardamine)
asperifolia (Oryzopsis) 173 bulbosa (Erigenia
Aspidium 169 bulbosus (Ranunculus)
Asplenium 169 Bursa
asprellum (Galium) 225 Bursa-pastoris (Capsella)
Aster Bol: byzantina (Veronica)
asteroides (Boltonia) 2aL
Astragalus 205 Cacalia
Atriplex 191 cesia (Solidago)
atriplicifolia (Cacalia) 236 Cakile
atropurpurea (Angellica) 214 Calamagrostis
atropurpureum (Thaspium) 214 Calamus (Acorus)
atropurpureus (HKuonymus) 208 calcedonica (Lychnis)
atrovirens (Scripus) 176 Calla
aurea (Carex) 178 Callitriche
aurea (Corydalis) 196 Calopogon
aureum (Thaspium) 214 Caltha
aureus (Senecio) 236 Camelina
autumnale (Helenium) 235 Campanula
Avena 174 campestris (Brassica)
aviculare (Polygonum) 190 campestris (Luzula)
azureum (Delphinium) 194 Camptosorus
azureus (Aster) 231 canadense (Allium)

‘ canadense (Asarum)
babylonica (Salix) 185 canadense (Desmodium)
Baileyanus (Rubus) 201 canadense (Geum)
balsamifera Populus) 184 canadense (Hieracium)
Balsamita (Chrysanthemum) 235 canadense (Hypericum)
Balsamite (Senecio) 236 canadense (Lilium)
Baptisia_ 204 canadense (Majanthemum)
Batrachium ‘ 195 canadense (Menispermum)
Bebbiana (Salix) 185 canadense (Teucrium)

[Vol. 5, No. 4.

1907]

canadensis (Amelanchier)
canadensis (Anemone)
canadensis (Aquilegia)
canadensis (Arabis)
canadensis (Artemisia)
canadensis (Astragalus)
canadensis (Calamagrostis)
canadensis (Cornus)
canadensis (Cryptotenia)
canadensis (Dicentra)
canadensis (Elodea)
canadensis (Hlymus)
canadensis (Hrigeron)
canadensis (Hydrastis)
canadensis (Lactuca)
canadensis (Laportea)
canadensis (Lonicera)
canadensis (Mentha)
canadensis (Pedicularis)
canadensis (Polymnia)
canadensis (Potentilla)
canadensis (Rubus)
canadensis (Sambucus)
canadensis (Sanguinaria)
canadensis (Sanicula)
canadensis (Shepardia)
canadensis ( (Solidago)
cananariensis (Phalaris)
candicans (Populus)
candida (Salix)
candidissima (Cornus)
canescens (Amorpha)
canescens (Lithospermum)
cannabinum (Apocynum)
Cannabis

capillaceus (Ranunculus)
capillare (Panicum) |
capillaris (Eragrostis)
capitata (Lespedeza)
capitatum (Chenopodium)
Capnoides

Cardamine

Cardiaca (Leonurus)
cardinalis (Lobelia)
Carduus

Carex

Careyi (Polygonum)
carolina (Rosa)
carolinense (Solanum)
caroliniana (Carpinus)
earoliniana (Parnassia)
earoliniana (Vicia)
Carolinianum (Delphinium)
carolinianum (Geranium)
carolinianum (Onosmodium)
Carpinus

Carui (Carum)

Carum

Carya

Cassia

cassinoides (Viburnum)
Castalia

Castilleja

Cataria (Nepeta)
cathartica (Rhamnus)
caudata (Artemisia)
Caulophyllum

Ceanothus

Celastrus

Celtis

Cenchrus

PAGE

202
194

Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County.

Centaurea

cephalantha (Carex)
Cephalanthus
cephalophora (Carex)
Cerastium
Ceratophyllum

cernua (Bidens)

cernua (Spiranthes)
cernuum (Allium)
cernuum (Trillium)
Chetochloa

Chamecrista (Cassia)
Chamenerion
Chamomilla (Matricaria)
Chelone

cheiranthoides (Hrysimum) )
Chenopodium

chinense (Conioselinum)
chrysanthemoides (Bidens)
Chrysanthemum
Cichorium

Cicuta

cicutefolium (Sium)
ciliata (Blephilia)
ciliata (Lonicera)
ciliatum (Steironema)
ciliatus (Bromus)
cilinode (Polygonum)
cinerea (Juglans)
cinnamomea (Osmunda)
Circea

cireezans (Galium)
circinata (Cornus)
Cirsium

Cladium

clavatum (Lycopodium)
Claytoni (Osmorhiza)
Claytonia

Claytoniana (Osmunda)
Clematis

Cleome

Clintonia

coccinea (Castilleja)
coccinea (Cratzegus)
coccinea (Quercus)
Caloglossum

coloratum (Epilobium)
columnaris (Lepachys)
Comandra

Comarum

communis (Juniperus)
communis (Lapsana)
communis (Ricinus)
commutatum (Polygonatum)
comosa (Amphicarpa)
compressa (Poa)
concinnum (Galium)
conglomeratus (Rumex)
Conioselinum

conjuncta (Crategus)
connata (Bidens)
conoidea (Carex)
Conopholis

Conringia

Consolida (Delphinium)
conspersa (Viola)
Convolvulus .
Convolvulus (Polygonum
Coptis

Corallorrhiza

cordata (Cratzegus)

242 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

cordata (Plantago)
cordata (Salix)
cordifolia (Vitis)
cordifolia (Scutellaria)
cordifolius (Aster)
cordiformis (Carya)
Coreopsis

Cornus

corollata (Euphorbia)
coronaria (Pyrus)
Corydalis

Corylus

corymbosum (Vaccinium)
Cotula (Anthemis)
Cracea (Vicia)

Crategus

crinita (Gentiana)
erispus (Rumex)
eristatum (Aspidium)
Croton

eruciata (C®£nothera)
crus-galli (Echinochloa)
eryptandrus (Sporobolus)
Cryptogramma
Cryptotenia

Cucullaria (Dicentra)
cucullata (Viola)
cuspidata (Viola)
Cuscuta

cyanophylla (Cratzegus)
Cyanus (Cencaurea)
Cyclanthera

cylindrica (Anemone)
cylindrica (Boehmeria)
Cymbalaria

Cymbalaria (Linaria)
Cynoglossum

Cynosbati (Ribes)
eynosuroides (Spartina)
Cyparissias (Euphorbia)
eyperinus (Scirpus)
Cyperus

Cypripedium

Cystopteris

Dactylis

Danthonia

Dasiphora

Dasystoma

Datura

debilis (Poa)

decapetalus (Helianthus)
decurrens (Gnaphalium)
delphinifolius (Ranunculus)
Delphinium

deltoides (Populus)
demersum (Ceratophyllum)
Dentaria

dentatum (Viburnum)
depressa (Juniperus)
Deringa..

Desmodium

Deweyana (Carex)
diandrus (Cyperus)

Dicentra .
dichotomum (Panicum)
Diervilla :

Diervilla (Diervila)
Digitalis (Pentstemon)
Digitaria

dilatata (Habenaria)

dioica (Lonicera)

dioica (Urtica)

dioicum (Thalictrum)
Dioscorea

diphylla (Jeffersonia)
diphylla (Mitella)
Diplotaxis

Dirca

discolor (Cirsium)

discolor (Salix)

dissecta (Cyclanthera)
divaricata (Phlox)
divaricatum (Urticastrum)
divaricatus (Aster)
divaricatus (Helianthus)
diversifolius (Potamogeton)
Dodecatheon

Doellingeria

dolorosa (Salix)
doronicoides (Helianthus)
Drosera

Drummondii (Aster)
Dryopteris

dubia (Heteranthera)
dubium (Trifolium)
Dulcamara (Solanum)
Dulichium

dumetorum (Polygonum)
duriuscula (Festuca)

Echinochloa
Echinocystis

Echium

ecirrhata (Smilax)
edentula (Cakile)
edulis (Valeriana)
effusum (Milium)
effusus (Juncus)
Bleocharis

ellipsoidalis (Quercus)
elliptica (Pyrola)
Elodea

Elymus

emersum (Polygonum)
Engelmanni (Cyperus)
Epilobium

Epiphegus

Equisetum

Eragrostis

EBrechtites

erectum (Brachyelytrum)
erectum (Polygonum)

‘erectum (Trillium)

ericoides (Aster)
Erigenia

Erigeron

Eriophorum

Eriophorum (Scripus)
Eryngium

Erysimum

Erythronium

esculentum (Fagopyrum)
esculentus (Cyperus)
Euonymus

Eupatorium

Euphorbia

europeus (Lycopus)
eurycarpum (Sparganium)
Euthamia

exaltata (Asclepias)

1907] Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County.

Fagopyrum

Fagus

Faleata

faleata (Salix)
fascicularis (Ranunculus)
fasciculata (Vernonia)
Festuca

filiformis (Carex)

Filix

Filix-femina (Asplenium)
fistulosa (Monarda)
flabellata (Crategus)
flava (Lonicera)
flavescens (Cyperus)
flavida (Gentiana)
flexicaulis (Solidago)
Floerkea

floribundus (Samolus) —
floridana (Lactuca)
floridum (Ribes)
fluitans (Panincularia)
fluviatile (Equisetum)
fluviatilis (Salix)
feetida (Symplocarpa)
foliosus (Potamogeton)
fontanum (Epilobium)
Fragaria

fragilis (Cystopteris)
fragilis (Salix)
Franseria

Fraxinus

frondosa (Bidens)
fruticosa (Potentilla)
fulva (Ulmus)

Fumaria

fureatus (Andropogon)

Gertneria

Galeopsis
Galeorchis

galericulata (Scutellaria)
Galinsoga

Galium

Gaultheria

Gaura :
Gaylussacia

gZeniculatus (Alopecurus)
Genista

Gentiana

Geranium

Gerardia

Geum

giganteus (Helianthus)
Githago (Agrostemma)
glabra (A%sculus)
glabra (Arabis)

glabra (Carya)

glabra (Chelone)

glabra (Rhus)

glabra (Stachys)
glabratum (Xanthium)
glandulosa (Ailanthus)
glandulosa (Betula)
glauca (Poa)

glauca (Setaria)
glaucescens (Eleocharis)
glaucophylla (Salix)
glaucum (Chenopodium )
Glechoma

Glechoma (Nepeta)

Gleditsia

glomerata (Rhyncospora)
glomerata (Dactylis)
glutinosa (Tofieldia)
Glyceria

glyptosperma (Euphorbia)
Gmelini (Lithospermum)
Gnaphalium

Goodyera

gracile (Eriophorum)
gracile (Ribes)

gracilis (Urtica)
gracillima (Carex)
grecizans (Amaranthus)
gramineum (Sisyrinchium)
graminifolia (Solidago)
grandidentata (Populus)
grandiflora (Gerardia)
grandiflora (Uvularia)
grandiflorum (Desmodium)
grandiflorum (Trillium)
grandifolia (Fagus)
grandis (Glyceria)
granularis (Carex)
graveolens (Polanisia)
gregaria (Sanicula)
Grindelia

Gronovii (Cuscuta)
gryposepala (Agrimonia)
Gyrostachys

Habenaria

halimifolium (Lycium)
Hamamelis

Hartwrightii (Polygonum)
hastata (Atriplex )
hastata (Verbena)
Hedeoma

hederacea (Glechoma)
hederacea (Ipomca)
Helenium

Helenium (Inula)
Helianthus

Heliopsis

Helioscopia (Huphorbia)
Hepatica

Heracleeum

herbacea (Smilax)
Hesperis

Heteranthera
heterophylla (Physalis)
Heuchera

Hibiscus

Hicoria

hieracifolia (Erechtites )
Hieracium

Hierochloe
Hippoecastanum (Aisculus)
hirsuta (Agrimonia)
hirsuta (Blephilia)
hirsuta (Cardamine)
hirsuta (Hypeloxis)
hirsuta (Lactuca)
hirsutissima (Pulsatilla)
hirsutum (Cypripedium)
hirsutus (Oxybaphus)
hirsutus (Pentstemon)
hirta (Rudbeckia)
hispida (Galinsoga)
hispida (Hedoma)

244

hispida (Heuchera)
hispida (Smilax)

hispidus (Rubus)
Homalocenchrus

Hookeri (Habenaria)
Hookeriana (Franseria)
Hookeriana (Lysias)
hordeaceus (Bromus)
Hordeum

horizontalis (Juniperus)
Hornemanni (Hpilobium)
Houghtonii (Carex)
Houghtonii (Solidago)
humifusa (Digitaria)
humilis (Rosa)

Humulus

hybridum (Chenopodium)
hybridum (Trifolium)
hybridus (Amaranthus)
Hydrastis

Hydrophyllum
Hydropiper (Polygonum)
hydropiperoides (Polygonum)
hyemale (Equisetum)
hyemalis (Agrostis)
Hyoscyamus

hyperborea (Habenaria)
hypericifolium (Apocynum)
Hypericum

hypnoides (Eragrostis)
Hypoxis

hystricina (Carex)
Hystrix

Ilex

Impatiens

incana (Berteroa)
incarnata (Asclepias)
incarnata (Pyrola)
incarnatum (Polygonum)
incarnatum (Trifolium)
inflata (Lobelia)
inodora (Matricaria)
insignis (Juncus)
integerrima (Tenidia)
integrata (Lactuca)
integrifolia (Ambrosia)
integrifolia (Lactuca)
integrifolium (Silphium)
interior (Carex)
intermedium (Aspidium)
intumescens (Carex)
Intybus (Cichorium)
Inula

Ipomcea

Iris

Isnardia

Isopyrum

Iva

japonica (Lonicera)
Jeffersonia

jubatum (Hordeum)
Juglans

juncea (Brassica)
juncea (Solidago)
junceus (Aster)
Juncoides

Juncus

Juniperus

Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society.

Kali (Salsola)
Kalmii (Bromus)
Kalmii (Lobelia)
Kellia

Krigia

labradorica (Viola)

lacera (Habenaria)
Lacinaria

laciniata (Dentaria)
laciniata (Rudbeckia)
laciniatum (Silphium)
Lactuca

lacustris (Iris)

lacustris (Scirpus)
Ladanum (Galeopsis)
levigata (Arabis)
levigata (Ilex)

levigatus (Aster)
levigatus (Pentstemon)
levis (Aster)

Lamium

lanatum (Heracleum)
lanceolata (Coreopsis)
lanceolata (Fraxinus
lanceolata (Pedicularis) '
lanceolata (Plantago)
lanceolata (Viola)
lanceolatum (Cirsium)
lanceolatum (Pycnanthemum)
lanceolatus (Cardwuus)
lapathifolium (Polygonum)
Laportea

Lappa (Arctium)

Lappula

Lapsana

laricina (Larix)

Larix

lateriflora (Arenaria)
lateriflora (Scutellaria )
lateriflorus (Aster)
Lathyrus

latifolia (Polygala)
latifolia (Sagittaria)
latifolia (Solidago)
latifolia (Spiranthes)
latifolia (Typha)
latifolium (Lithospermum)
laurifolia (Salix)
laxicaulis (Ranunculus)
laxiflora (Carex)

Leersia
leiocarpum
Lemna
lenta (Betula)

Lentago (Viburnum)
Leonurus

Lepachys

Lepargyrea

Lepidium

leptalea (Carex)

Leptamnium

Leptandra

Leptilon

leptocaulis (Aster)
Leptostachya (Phryma)
Lespedeza

leucantha Baptisia )
Leucanthemum ( wtidemtieiicor
Lewisii (Linum)

(Sisymbrium)

[Vol. 5, No. 4.

PAGE

191
175
227
221
227

1907] Check List of the tlora of Milwaukee County.

Liatris

Lilium

Limnorchis

Limodorum

Linaria

lineare (Melampyrum)
linearis (Syntherisma)
linifolius (Sericocarpus)
Linnea

Linum

Liriodendron
Lithospermum

lobata (Echinocytis)
Lobelia

Lolium

longifolia (Salix)
longifolia (Stellaria)
longifolius (Aster)
longipes (Stellaria)
longistylis (Osmorhiza)
Lonicera

Lowrieanus (Aster)
lucida (Rosa)

lucida (Salix)
lucidulum (Lycopodium)
lucidulus (Aster)
lucorum (Crategus)
ludoviciana (Artemisia)
ludoviciana (Lactuca)
Ludwigia

lupuliformis (Carex)
-lupulina (Carex)
lupulina (Medicago)
Lupulus (Humulus)
lurida (Carex)

lutea (Betula)
Lutetiana (Circea)
Luzula

Lychnis

Lycium

Lycopodium

Lycopus

Lysias

Lysimachia

Lythrum

macracantha (Crategus)
macrocarpa (Quercus)
macrocarpon (Vaccinium)
macrophylum (Geum)
macrophyllus’ (Aster)
maculata (Cicuta)
maculata (Euphorbia)
maculatum (Geranium)
maculatum (Hypericum)
Majanthemum

major (Eragrostis)
major (Plantago)

Malus

Malva

margaritacea (Anaphalis)
marginata (Euphorbia)
marginatus (Juncus)
mariscoides (Cladium)
maritimum (Polygonum)
maritimus (Lathyrus)
marylandica (Sanicula)

marylandica (Scrophluraia)

Mateuccia
Matricaria
matronalis (Hesperis)

maxima (Dentaria)
Maximiliani (Helianthus)
Meadia (Dodecatheon)
media (Habenaria)

media (Stellaria)
Medicago

Meibomia

Melampyrum

Melica

Melilotus

Menispermum

Mentha

Menyanthes

Mesadenia

Metel (Datura)

mexicana (Argemone)
mexicana (Muhlenbergia)
Micrampelis

micranthus (Ranunculus)
microcarpa (Rhus)
Milium

Millefolium (Achillea)
Mimulus

minima (Hicoria)

minor (Hragrostis)

minor (l.emna)

minor (Quercus)
Mitchella

Mitella

Mehringia

mollis (Alnus)

mollis (Crategus)

mollis (Helianthus)
Mollugo

Monarda

monile (Carex)
monophylla (Acroanthes)
Monotropa

monspeliensis (Potentilla)
moschata (Malva)
Muhlenbergia
Muhlenbergii (Polygonum)
multiflora (Corallorrhiza )
multiflora (Luzula)
muticum (Cirsium
muticus (Carduus)
Myosotis

Myosotis (Lappula)
Myriophyllum
myrtilloides (Salix)

Nabulus

nana (Juniperus)
Nasturtium (Roripa)
natans (Potamogeton)
Naumburgia

neglecta (Antennaria)
neglecta (Solidago)
neglectus (Astragalus)
Negundo (Acer)
nemoralis (Solidago)
neodioica (Antennaria)
neottia (Corallorrhiza)
Nepeta

nervata (Glyceria)
Nicotiana

niger (Hyoscyamus)
nigra (Brassica)

nigra (Fraxinus)

nigra (Juglans)

nigra (Populus)

246 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

nigra (Salix)

nigra (Vicia)
nigrobaccus (Rubus)
nigrum (Acer)

nigrum (Solanum)
nivale (Trillium)
noctifiora (Silene)
nodosus (Juncus)
nove-anglie (Aster)
nove-anglie (Carex)
nuda (Mitella)
nudicaulis (Aralia)
Nuphar

nutans (Festuca)
Nuttallii (Polytenia)
Nuttallii (Potamogeton)
nyctagineus (Oxybaphus)
Nymphea

Oakesiana (C#inothera)
oblongifolia (Lonicera )
obtusiflora (Cuscuta)
obtusifolius (Rumex )
obtusiusculus (Ranunculus)
occidentalis (Celtis)
occidentalis (Cephalanthus)
occidentalis (Gentiana)
occidentalis (Platanus)
occidentalis (Rubus)
occidentalis (Symphoricarpos)
occidentalis (Thuja)
ochroleucus (Lathyrus)
octandra (A%sculus)
odorata (Hierochle)
odorata (Nymphea)
C#nothera

officinale (Cynoglossum)
officinale (Lithospernum)
officinale (Sisymbrium)
officinale (Symphytum)
officinale (Taraxacum)
officinalis (Asparagus)
officinalis (Fumaria)
officinalis (Melilotus)
officinalis (Saponaria)
ohioensis (Solidago)
oleracea (Portulaca)
oleraceus (Sonchus)
Onagra

Onobrychis (Psoralea)
Onoclea

Onosmodium
ophioglossoides (Pogonia)
Opulaster

opulifolius (Physocarpus)
Opulus (Viburnum)
Orchis

orientale (Polygonum)
orientalis (Conringia)
Orobanche

oryzoides (Leersia)
Oryzopsis

Osmorhiza

Osmunda

ovalis (Ranunculus)
ovata (Carya)

Ostrya

ovina (Festuca)

Oxalis

oxyacanthoides (Ribes)
Oxybaphus

Oxycoccus
Oxypolis

pallida (Impatiens)

pallida (GMnothera)
palmata (Coreopsis)
palustris (Calla)

palustris (Caltha)
palustris (Dirca)

palustris (Eleocharis)
palustris (Lathyrus)
palustris (Ludwigia)
palustris (Myosotis)
palustris (Potentilla)
palustris (Proserpinaca)
palustris (Roripa)
palustris (Senecio)
palustris (Triglochin)
Panax

Panicularia

paniculata (Cornus)
paniculatus (Amaranthus)
paniculatum (Desmodium)
paniculatus (Aster)
Panicum

Papaver

papyrifera (Betula)
Parietaria

Parnassia

Parthenocissus

parviflora (Cardamine)
parviflora (Physostegia)
parviflorum (Cypripedium)
Pastinaca

patens (Anemone)
Patientia (Rumex)

patula (Atriplex)

patula (Hystrix)

patula (Solidago)
pauciflorum (Desmodium)
pectinatus (Potamogeton)
pedatum (Adiantum)
pedicellaria (Salix)
Pedicularis

peltatum (Podophyllum)
pennsylvanica (Cardamine)
pennsylvanica (Carex)
pennsylvanica (Fraxinus)
pennsylvanica (Parietaria)
pennsylvanica (Prunus)
pennsylvanica (Saxifraga)
pennsylvanicum (Polygonum)
pennsylvanicum (Vaccinium)
pennsylvanicum (Xanthium)
pennsylvanicus (Ranunculus)
pentandra (Salix)
Penthorum

Pentstemon

Peplus (Euphorbia)
Peramium

peregrina (Veronica)
perennans (Agrostis)
perenne (Lolium)
perfoliata (Uvularia)
perfoliatum (Eupatorium)
perfoliatum (Silphium)
perfoliatum (Triosteum)
perforatum (Hypericum)
Persicaria (Polygonum)
petaloides (Antennaria)
petiolaris (Helianthus)

PAGE

215
214

1907]

petiolaris (Salix)

Phaca

Phalaris

philadelpicus (Hrigeron )
philadelphicum (Lilium)
Philotria :
Phleum

Phlox

Phragmites

Phryma

Physalis

Physocarpus

Physostegia
phytolaccoides (Asclepias)
Pilea

pilosa (Luzula)

pilosa (Phlox)

pinnata (Lepachys)

Pinus

Pitcheri (Amphicarpa)
plantaginea (Gyrostachys)
Plantago

plantaginifolia (Antennaria)
Plantago-aquatica (Alisma)
platanoides (Quercus)
Platanus

oa

Podophyllium

Pogonia

Polanisia

Polemonium

polycarpa (Ludwigia)
polycephalum (Gnaphalium)
Polygala

polygamum (Thalictrum)
Polygonatum
polygonifolia (Euphorbia)
polygonorum (Cuscuta)
Polygonum

Polymnia

polyrhiza (Spirodela)
polystachyon (Eriophorum)
Polytenia

Pontica (Artemisia)
Populus

porrifolius (Tragopogon)
Porterianum (Panicum)
Portulaca

Potamogeton

Potentilla

precox (Carex)

pratense (Phleum)
pratense (Trifolium)
pratensis (Tragopogon)
pratensis (Cardamine)
pratensis (Poa)
Prenanthes
prenanthoides (Aster)
Preslii (Euphorbia)
procumbens (Gaultheria)
procumbens (Trifolium)
Proserpinaca
proserpinacoides (Flerkea)
prostratum (Ribes)
pruinosa (Crategus)
Prunella

Prunus

Pseudacacia (Robinia)
psilostachya (Ambrosia)
Psoralea ©

psycodes (Habenaria)

Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County.

ptarmicoides (Aster)
Ptelea

Pteridium

Pteris

pubescens (Sambucus)
pubescens (Carex)
pubescens (Cypripedium)
pubescens (Huphorbia)
pubescens (Goodyera)
pubescens (Physalis)
pubescens (Viburnum)
pubescens (Viola)
pulchella (Lactuca)
pulchellus (Calopogon)
pulchellus (Hrigeron)
pulegioides (Hedeoma)
Pulsatilla

pumila (Betula)

pumila (Pilea)

punctata (Crategus)
punctatum (Polygonum)
puniceus (Aster)
purpurascens (Asclepias)
purpurascens (Thalictrum)
purpurea (Cardamine)
purpurea (Ipomea)
purpurea (Salix)
purpurea (Sarracenia)
purpureum (Eupatorium)
Purshii (Plantago)
Pycnanthemum
pycnosthachya (Liatris)
Pyrola

Pyrus

quadriflorum (Steironema)
Quercus

quinquefolia (Ampelopsis)
quinquefolia (Anemone)
quinquefolia (Gentiana)
quinquefolium (Panax)

racemosa (Aralia)

racemosa (Sambucus)

racemosa (Smilacina )

racemosa (Ulmus)

racemosus (Symphoricarpos)

radicans (Rhus)

ramosus (Erigeron)

Ranunculus

Raphanus

rapunculoides (Campanula)

Ratibida

recurvatum (Trillium)

recurvatus (Ranunculus)

regalis (Osmunda)
-reniformis (Cacalia)

repens (Agropyron)

repens (Lespedeza)

repens (Mitchella)

repens (Oxalis)

repens (Ranunculus)

repens (Trifolium)

reptans (Polemonium)

resinosa (Gaylussacia)

retroflexus (Amaranthus)

revolutum (Thalictrum)

Rhamnus

rhizophyllus (Camptosorus)

Rheeas (Papaver)

rhombipetala (C#nothera)

248 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society.

rhomboideus (Ranunculus)
hus

Rhyncospora

Ribes

Richardsonianus (Juncus)

Ricinus :

Riddellii (Solidago)

rigida (Saggitaria)

rigida (Solidago)

rigida (Tiedemannia )

ringens (Mimulus)

rivale (Geum)

Robinia

Romanzoffiana (Spiranthes)

Roripa

Rosa

rosea (Carex)

roseus (Streptopus)

rostrata (Corylus)

rostrata (Salix)

rostratum (Solanum)

rotundifolia (Amelanchier)

rotundifolia (Campanula)

rotundifolia (Drosera)

rotundifolia (Malva)

rotundifolia (Pyrola)

rotundifolium (Ribes)

rubellus (Lycopus)

rubiginosa (Rosa)

rubra (Actea)

rubra (Quercus)

rubrum (Acer)

rubrum (Ribes)

Rubus

Rudbeckia

ruderale (Lepidium)

Rugelii (Plantago)

rugosa (Alnus)

rugosa (Solidago)

Rumex

rustica.( Nicotiana)

rutila (Crategus)

sabina (Juniperus)
saccharinum (Acer)
saccharum (Acer)
Sagittaria

sagittatum (Polygonum)
saggittifolia (Lactuca)
sagittifolius (Aster)
salicifolia (Spirea)
Salix

Salomonia

Salsola

Sambucus

Samolus

sanguinale (Digitaria)
Sanguinaria

Sanicula

Saponaria

Saponaria (Gentiana)
Sarracenia

Sartwellii (Carex)
sativa (Avena)

sativa (Camelina)
sativa (Cannabis)
sativa (Medicago)
sativa (Pastinaca)
sativa (Vicia)

sativus (Raphanus)
Savastana

Saxifraga

Sayi (Rosa)
scaberrimus (Helianthus)
scabra (Heliopsis)
seabrella (Solidago)
scabriuscula (Viola)
scabrum (Hieracium)
scandens (Celastrus)
seariola (Lactuca)
sceleratus (Ranunculus)
scirpoidea (Carex)
Scirpus
scoparia (Carex)
scoparius (Andropogon)
Scrophularia
scrophulariefolia (Agastache)
Scutellaria

scutellata (Veronica)
secalinus (Bromus)
secunda (Pyrola)
sedoides (Penthorum)
Sedum

Senecio

Senega (Polygala)
sensibilis (Onoclea)
sepium (Convolvulus)
septentrionalis (Glyceria)
septentrionalis (Ranunculus)
sera (Crategus)
Sericocarpus

serissima (Salix)
serotina (Prunus)
serotina (Solidago)
serpyllifolia (Veronica)
sertata (Crategus)
setacea (Carex)

Setaria

Shepardia

Shortii (Aster)

siccata (Carex)

Silene

Silphium

simplex (Aster)
simplex (Sparganium)
sinuatus (Lycopus)
Sisymbrium
Sisyrinchium

Sium

Smilacina

Smilax

Solanum

Solidago

somniferum (Papaver)
Sonchus

Sorbus

sororia (Viola)
Sparganium
sparganoides (Carex)
spartea (Stipa)
Spartina

Spathyema

speciosa (Solidago)
spectabilis (Galeorchis)
spectabilis (Orchis)
spicata (Amelanchier)
spicata (Danthonia)
spicata (Liatris)
spicata (Lobelia) )
spicata (Mentha)
spicatum (Acer)
spicatum (Aplectrum)

[ Vol. 5, No. 4.

PAGE

199
202
234
233
230
211

1907 |

spicatum (Myriophyllum)
spinosa (Cleome)
spinosa (Prunus)
spinulosum (Aspidium )
Spirea

spiralis (Vallisneria)
Spiranthes

Spirodela

spithameus (Convolvulus)
Sporobolus

squarrosa (Grindelia)
Stachys

Steironema

Stellaria

stellata (Quercus) ©
stellata (Silene)

stellata (Smilacina)
Stelleri (Cryptogramma)
stellulata (Carex)
sterilis (Carex)

Stipa

stipata (Carex)
stolonifera (Cornus)
Stramonium (Datura)
Streptopus

striata (Melica)

stricta (Carex )

stricta (Gyrostachys)
stricta (Oxalis)

stricta (Solidago)

stricta (Verbena)
strictum (Geum)
strigosus (Cyperus)
strigosus (Rubus)
strobus (Pinus)
strumarium (Xanthium)
strumosus (Helianthus)
Struthiopteris (Onoclea)
suaveolens (Cacalia)
subrotundifolia (Crategus)
subsagittata (Viola)
Sullivantii (Lonicera)
superbum (Lilium)
sylvatica (Muhlenbergia) .
sylvaticum (HEquisetum)
sylvestris (Malva)
Symphoricarpos
Symphytum
Symplocarpa

Syndesmon

Synosma

Syntherisma

syphilitica (Lobelia)
syriaca (Asclepias)

Tenidia

Tanacetum
tamariscina (Acnida)
Taraxacum

tarda (Crategus)
tatarica (Lonicera)
Tatula (Datura)
Telephium (Sedum)
tenella (Carex)
tenuiflora (Carex)
tenuifolia ,Crategus)
tenuifolia (Gerardia)
tenuifolia (Stachys)
tenuis (Eleocharis)
terebinthinaceum (Silphium)
Tetrahit (Galeopsis)

Check List of the Flora of Milwaukee County.

Teucrium

texensis (Croton)

Thalesia

Thalictroides (Anemonella)

thalictroides (Caulophyllum)

Thalictrum

Thapsus (Verbascum)

Thaspium

Thelyppteris (Aspidium)

Theophrasti (Abutilon)

Thlaspi

Thuja

thyrsiflora (Lysimachia)

Tiedemannia

Tilia

tinctoria (Genista)

tinctorium (Galium)

Tofieldia -

tomentosa (Crategus)

Tradescanti (Aster)

Tradescantila

Tragopogon

Tragus (Salsola)

tremuloides (Populus)

triacanthos (Gleditsia)

Triadenum

tribuloides (Cenchrus)

trichocarpa (Carex)

trichophyllum (Batrachium)

trichosperma (Bidens)

tricocceum (Allium)

Trientalis

trifida (Ambrosia)

trifida (Diervilla)

trifidum (Galium)

triflora (Poa)

triflorum (Galium)

triflorum (Solanum)

triflorus (Rubus)

trifolia (Coptis)

trifolia (Smilacina)

trifoliata (Menyanthes)

trifoliata (Ptelea)

trifoliata (Sanicula)

trifoliatum (Thaspium)

Trifolium

trifolium (Panax)

Triglochin

Trillium

triloba (Hepatica)

Trionum (Hibiscus)

Triosteum

triphyllum (Arisema)

trisperma (Carex

tristis (Salix)

trisulea (Lemna)

tuberosa (Asclepias)

tuberosa (Apios)

tuberosus (Helianthus)

tuberculata (Acnida)

tulipifera (Liriodendron)
ypha

typhina (Rhus)

uliginosa (Pyrola)
uliginosum (Gnaphalium)
ulmifolia (Solidago)
Ulmus

umbellata (Comandra)
umbellata (Dellingeria)
umbellatum (Lilium)

250 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society.

undulatus (Aster)
uniflora (Monotropa)
uniflora (Orobanche)
Unifolium

Urtica

urticefolia (Verbena)
Urticastrum
usitatissimum (Linum)
Utricularia

Uva-ursi (Arctostaphylos)
Uvularia

Vaccaria (Saponaria)
Vaccaria

Vaccinium

Vagnera

Valeriana

validus (Scirpus)
Vallisneria

variegatum (Equisetum)
velutina (Quercus)
venosum (Hieracium)
venosus (Lathyrus)
Verbascum

Verbena

verna (Callitriche)
Vernix (Rhus)
Vernonia

Veronica

versicolor (Iris)
versicolor (Scutellaria)
verticillata (Ilex)
verticillata (Mollugo)
verticillatus (Rumex)
verum (Galium)

vesca (Fragaria)
vesicaria (Carex)
Viburnum

Vicia

villosa (Dioscorea)
viminalis (Salix)

Viola

virginiana (Anemone)
virginiana (Clematis)
virginiana (Epiphegus)
virginiana (Fragaria)
virginiana (Hamamelis)
virginiana (Juniperus)
Virginiana (Kellia)
virginiana (Lappula)
virginiana (Ostrya)

231
215
224
181

virginiana (Physalis)
virginiana (Physostegia)
virginiana (Prunus)
virginiana (Rosa)
virginiana (Tradescantia)
virginianum (Botrychium)
virginianum (Geum)
virginianum (Polygonum)
virginica (Acalypha)
virginica (Claytonia)
virginica (Krigia)
virginica (Leersia)
virginica (Veronica)
virginicum (Cynoglossum)
virginicum (Hydrophyllum)
virginicum (Hypericum)
virginicum (Lepidium)
virginicus (Elymus)
virginicus (Lycopus)
viridis (Mentha)

viridis (Setaria)

virosa (Lactuca)
viscosum (Cerastium)
Vitis

vitellina (Salix)

vulgare (Echium)

vulgare (Lycium)

vulgare (Tanacetum)
vulgaris (Aquilegia)
vulgaris (Artemisia)
vulgaris (Berberis)
vulgaris (Linaria)
vulgaris (Phragmites)
vulgaris (Prunella)
vulgaris (Senecio)
vulgaris (Silene)

vulgaris (Utricularia)
vulgata (Bidens)
vulgatum (Cerastium)
vulpina (Vitis)
vulpinoidea (Carex)

Washingtonia
Wolfgangiana (Anemone)

xanthifolia (Iva)
Xanthium
Xanthoxylum

Zizania

[ Vol. 5, No. 4.

221

ANEW SPEGCINS OR PSEN.
By Henry L. VIERECK.

Psen (Mimesa) barthi n. sp.

Wings brownish transparent, nervures and stigma dark brown.
Belongs to Fox’s group Kohli, but clypeus subbidentate.

Female. 10 mm. Head: Pretty much the same as in simplici-
cornis; polished portions with a steel blue reflection.

Thorax: Dorsulum approximately as in simplicicornis; scutel
punctured and striate; mesopleura distinctly but sparsely punctured ;
dorsulum and mesopleura with a steel blue reflection; knees black,
spurs whitish, tarsi brownish testaceous to brown; otherwise as in
simplicicornis.

Abdomen: ‘Pygidium bounded by a distinct carina; otherwise as
in simplicicornis.

Barring the exceptions already alluded to, this insect is almost
uniformly black.

Type Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis. Type locality, Mil-
waukee, Wis. One specimen collected by Dr. Geo. P. Barth.

ON THE NESTING HABITS OF PSEN BARTHI VIERECK
By GeorcsE P. BartH.

Revenge is sweet. This spirit may have tinged the feeling of
satisfaction which was derived from demolishing the abiding place
of the above described intruder on what I fondly regarded as my
crabro preserve. During the years 1905 and 1906 this old log
in Bradley’s Woods, on the Milwaukee-Waukesha County line,
had been a continuous source of pleasure and profit to me in my

251

252 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

growing intimacy with the habits of the Crabronidce and a feel-
ing of disappointment and chagrin was experienced when it was
seen that a colony of slender, black wasps had usurped this haunt
of a more beautiful though coarser structured family. Nothing
remained of the numbers of Crabro obscurus, chrysarginus, sex-
maculatus and montanus which formerly nested here. During the
summer but one Crabro brunneipes ventured to dispute the right
of possession with Psen and built her nest in the log. One speci-
men of Psen was caught carrying a leaf-hopper to thts log last
year, but others must have builded to account for the numbers
that chose this for a nesting site during the present season. °

The flight of the wasp is rather slow and not graceful. When
hunting for a place to begin excavations she frequently alights and
tests rather methodically here and there, walking from place to
place, occasionally taking wing along the log in arcs with the
side of the log. She is not at all shy, seemingly indifferent as to
whether she is being watched or not even though the observer
be quite close to the nest. The numerous parasitic flies which were
constantly about the nests also did not seem to be a disturbing
factor, although several times the returning wasp lunged at one
which happened to be too close to the entrance. The prey of the
was, seems to be exclusively adult leap-hoppers, of which the
following species were found in the nests: Cyrtolobus fenestra-
tus Fitch and Atyma inornata Say.

The method of carrying the hopper was practically the same
in all instances. It was firmly grasped at the neck or anterior
part of the thorax by the middle legs, ventral or lateral side
uppermost, and projected backwards under the abdomen of the
wasp. Occasionaily the body was carried somewhat to the right
side and below thus pushing the abdomen of the wasp to the left.
In no instance was the wasp seen to fly directly into the nest, but
alighted some inches away and deliberately walked in without
shifting its grasp on its victim.

1907] On the Nesting Habits of the Psen Barthi Viereck. 253

NEST.

The entrance to the nest was usually marked by a quantity of
sawdust scattered about without definite form or arrangement.
The nest remained open during the absence of the wasp though
material was at hand with which it might easily have been closed
to intruders. Frequently the entrance was in the side of a crack
which extended into the log and in this event the sawdust was in
large part carried to the surface and deposited there. A short
gallery, smooth and evenly rounded, from three to four milli-
meters in diameter, led perfectly straight or rather tortuously to
the cells. . The accompanying drawings and measurements will
illustrate. In all nests the cell was rather sharply divided from
the gallery by a ridge formed by the abrupt incline into the bowl
of the cell. In shape these varied to a considerable degree, the
oval in some form being maintained however. ‘The cell was pro-
visioned with from three to five leaphoppers which were in the
majority of cases mixed with a little sawdust. These, presum-
ably, were stung to death as neither the ones taken from. the
- wasp immediately on her return from a hunting expedition nor
those in any of the cells responded to stimulation with forceps,
fingers or alcohol and they soon dried up. All the nests except
number three were in the log. This nest was found in the debris
which littered the ground about one foot from the log proper, the
entrance being concealed under several chips of wood. ‘Thence
it took its course downward irregularly, then horizontally and
finally in a sweeping curve downward to the cell. This irregu-
larity was not due to a desire on the part of the wasp to avoid
costructions as where a piece of wood was encountered the wasp
bored its way through instead of around it, at least three pieces
of wood, none larger than three-fourths of an inch in any diameter
being thus perforated. The cell itself occupied the center of a
smal' square piece not over one inch each way.

254 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.

Gallery aA to Cc 0.4 em. in diameter.
B to D 4.5 cm.
At E 0.8 em. of packed saw-
dust.
Cell 1.2x0.6 em; irregularly oval.
Entrance 0.3 em.
4-leaf hoppers.

‘A
ene fea et ee Gallery A to B extending vertically. 0.4
Pee ae em. in diameter ; B to C= 4 cm.
ee ee horizontally.
ge es ee Cell regularly oval; 1.0x0.7 cm. En-
a =. = = trance 0.4em. Contained 2 hoppers.

|
it

ie SAS = Gallery cto D = 5 cm. in a sweeping
curve... C.to 8B == ..6 Gm

\

mn CS SS curved. B to A = 5 cm., almost

ee Sa Wej straight. aA to D in a straight
= = — line:== 11 em,

ae Ky:— Cell Egg-shaped as drawn; 1.3x0.7 cm.
“x RY = Entrance 0.4 em. Contained 2 hop-
a (Sam pers.

se i. ae a

1907] On the Nesting Habits of the Psen Barthi Viereck. 255

Gallery © filled with sawdust and
0.3 cm. in diameter. D and
~ = B open. D— 11% cm. long.
Cell 1 Irreg. oval;. 1.2x0.7 «m.;
ty clean and contained a
= cocoon very lightly attached
Sa — SS | to the walls.
- =o Cell 2 regularly oval; empty and
Nest No. A. clean; 1.0x0.6 em.

= B-

_— — — —

Gallery Ato B= 2.2 cm.
Co: D ==.) em.
A to B = 5.9 emi:
A to D. = 4.6 cm.
@ -==.03! iem.. In
diam. and packed
with sawdust.
Bos Of .ems ‘Tn
diam. and open.

Nest No. 5.

Cell 1 1.3x0.7 cm.; 3 hoppers; egg on left thorax at edge of wing
beginning at neck and extending parallel to the body.
Cell 2 practically spherical; 0.8 ecm. in diameter. Empty.
Wasp caught in gallery F.

Nest No. 6.

TOP VIEW. LATERAL VIEW.
Ate D4 em. Cell 1 1.0x0.6 em.; 3 hoppers; contents mildewed.
Ate C= 3) em: Cell 2 1.3x0.6 cm.; rather flat on one side, dome-
Ato L = 3.7 em. like on other; cocoon.
A to F= 1.2 cm. Cell 3 1.2x0.6 cm.; empty.
D to B= Leem. Gallery H 0.3 em. in diam.; filled with sawdust.
c to B= 0.6 em. Gallery G 0.4 em.; filled with sawdust.
FtoL=2.5cem. — Gallery 1 0.4 em.; open.

Wasp caught in nest. Entrance in a crack.

= cashes

F¢: gpa

AS: — — —_—

a —_—
ag =
= =

lege =

Big ay aes hg is

a) —_ _— » ——_
ee | ee ee Semmes ——

—_— ececendiliieer ee ——

fs ee

Sarat, rae mee =

— = —

Nest No. 7
SEA EES bn Se ceed
PO Eg an
— — = — — —_

Fr SS << = SS

ae pe — ey fo =e
o. Tc Re et sas) an
—_—_ — —_— _— —_—_

Sa ails

_ _— — ed

—— — _— —— _ —_

Se ee se
—_—_——_— —

_— — _— — -_
— is
_— 7 ——_— —_—

= + ee

_—_—— _ i -_

Bree =
= =

— ae
So —

r= =

Ee = f

ate =
= s
—_ —

\/

Vy

Nest No. 8.
SURFACE VIEW.
fron

A to B 13 cha

BR to C'=2 (cH.
B tO Ds ty) Semis
A tO 8 SH09 sem.
A to E)== 4, “eim:

Gallery H = 0.4 cm. in diam.; open.
Gallery G@ = 0.3 em. in diam.; packed.
Cell 1 a cocoon.

Cell 2 1.1x0.7 cm. Empty.

Galleries and cells were practically on
the same horizontal plane, the entrance being
in a crack in the log. All the galleries were
packed with sawdust. |
Cell 1 1.2x0.7 em.; contained a cocoon.

Cell 2 very irregular in shape; contents
mildewed.

Cell 3 1.3x0.6 cm.;
tained a cocoon.

Cell 4 1.2x0.6 em.; regularly
tained a cocoon.

regularly oval; con-

oval; con-

All the cells and galleries on practically
the same vertical plane. All galleries packed
with sawdust.

A to D = 1.5 cm.
A to C = 3.8 em.
Ato H == 7.0em.
Cell 1 1.1x0.7 em.; regularly oval; 3 hoppers;
entrance 0.3 cm. in diam.
Cell 2 1.1x0.5 cm.; regularly oval; 4 hoppers.
Cell 3 1.1x0.6 em.; one side considerably flat-
ter than the other; 4 hoppers; egg on
right thorax along the edge of the
wing; contents beginning to mildew.

A to B = 2.7 cm.
4 (OCB SS 3.7 Cu
F to G@ = 12 cat

1907] On the Nesting Habits of the Psen Barthi Viereck. 257

MISCELLANEOUS CELLS OF WHICH THE NEST STRUCTURE WAS
NOT TRACED.

Cell No. 1: 1.1x0.5 cm.; empty; sharply differentiated from
gallery ; regularly oval; 0.35 cm. at entrance; gallery 0.4 cm. not
packed.

Celi 2. 1.2x0.7; 4 hoppers somewhat mildewed; regularly
oval; gallery to cell packed with sawdust.

Celi 3. 1.1x0.7 cm.; regularly oval; 4 hoppers.

Cell 4. 1.1x0.6 cm.; regularly oval; 5 hoppers; a small fly
larva crawling about.

Cell 5. 1.0x0.6 cm.; regularly oval; 3 hoppers; egg on right
thorax along edge of wing.

Cell 6. 1.2x0.7; egg shaped; entrance packed with sawdust
and scmewhat smaller than the gallery beyond; 3 hoppers.

Cell 7. 1.0x0.6 cm.; irregularly oval, one side being some-
what flattened ; 3 hoppers; 3 fly larvae in cell.

Cell 8. Very irregular; contents mildewed.

Cell 9. Irregularly oval; 1.2x0.6 cm.; 3 hoppers; 2 fly larvae.

Cell 10. 1.1x0.5 em.; regularly oval; cell and gallery empty ;
sharply differentiated by ridge; 0.35 cm. at entrance to cell; 0.4
em. in gallery.

In no case did the hoppers completely fill the cell, being
gathéred in a ball either at one end or in the middle. Most
of the cocoons, however, filled the cell and were lightly attached ©
to its walls with the hopper rests attached to its outer surface.

The cocoons are buff or yellowish buff in color, frequently
with whitish fibres or masses of fibre scattered over the surface.
One larva in an artificial glass cell spun a cocoon which is entirely
paper white. They are rather tough, tearing with difficulty,
though quite thin.

Nests one, two and three were excavated August 4th. The
remainder were obtained September Ist. On this day but two
wasps were seen about the log, one resting in the gallery of Nest
No. 5 and the other carrying prey into Nest No. 6.

LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE WISCONSIN NATURAL
HISTORY “SOCIETY,

ACTIVE MEMBERS.

DrcAs We Aketly 364k osteo, ae Nat. Soldiers’ Home, Wauwatosa. Wis.
Clarence J. Allen..............555 Juneau Place.
Hugo. Alisthwager. os... 0. = si 118 Harmon St.

Dr HKdwin’ P., Bartlett): } 7. 6a 05 422 Jefferson St.

Dr Geo. Fs Barc 2 tke aera Goldsmith Bldg.

Dr. Wm. A: Batehelor..; -... 223. = 1109 Kinnickinnie Ave.
Adotph: Brersaeh ois Fix ions ete 1011 Second St.

Mrs, As Gra ara bys. aie otelase's ofecee 1300 Grand Ave.

Weal sauiee peeing ee «ie ane cee 236 Prospect Ave.

Cr ETE BOsserpe7 ip seiciee ke ee 719 Franklin Place.
Gottlob TOssent. 2h ua. .csenas ee a 719 Franklin Place.
Charles EE. Brow s b's p-e)4 «52s ep gs 1214 Chestnut St.

Gira Trlesi 2. Fir Wes ia a Nene! sat ote hae Public Museum.

Wr, At A Brundage. no. ese 2404 State St.

Dr: Arti), Burgess soe ass wis 1102 Grand Ave.
Charles €; Carpenter.:......... 841 Cass St.

Mass: Alnce: Childs 5 6 i<20? 22 need East Side High School.
Herbert Clowesi. 2 02:5. bs Public Museum.

Geo; WW; Colles i655 70 tae Sees Alhambra Bldg.

Dr A. lvans-Comtorts.. 2c oe National Soldiers’ Home, Wauwatosa.
Dr: Ernest Copeland. 22% .j.0.. <5 141 Wisconsin St.
Pw (CLrOspyints esse sake 1k eo 2426 Wells St.

Charles. H. Doerflinger........'.. 254 Ninth St.

Rev. Frederick Edwards........ 184 Twenty-fourth St.
Be. bss Marian. on’. "oot Gave ikans Sees 2918 Cedar St.

JOM CMISERs Jy han eat ce ae tel ene 472 Cass St.

Wim.” WanGer ss . oi. 6s ceca be yecs nee sere 297 Twelfth St.
Adived WiSGher. . .ssc~ <n seb ae 751 Island Ave.

Dr f.. Bo Pullers ssn Sete ere 422 Camp Bldg.

Mrs) Albertsl. ‘Gallumis. 7-0 ct. 456 Lafayette Place.
DeeS.. Graenieher 5%: ts. vids ow eek 551 Seventh St.

Dr. Nathaniel Gray............514 Goldsmith Bldg.
Cos Habhepeer' ss :syiieaes ea 438 East Water St.

1907] List of Members. 259

PHP GUM. 6. sce eee es 623 Second St.

Gmarles i, Kiewert. 2.00. .8. 9 Waverly Place.
Charles A. Koeliler, 1.5.6 eae 909 Pabst Bldg.

PTR G PERE ELEN cis six cis' sce woe ewe 6 2816 Chestnut St.

= UAL Sg 2 6 (6 ogee See eeaee 419 East Water St.

2 OS lig 1 ahs eet Dr: 1 a ae 1111 Sycamore St.
ee TAOS. re. is said ie 900 First St.

Le SES 8c, Olga ae 615 Galena St.
BOGUT ence aia sks se S's Soe ww 1248 Burleigh St.

eve cise hie Nam y co isic es wc eas 8 124 Farwell Ave.
Hover’ Wie Martin; Jr: . snc oo here 3107 Cedar St.

Dr. Patrick H. McGovern....... 2036 Grand Ave.
Ferdinand Meinecke............ 693 Milwaukee St.

Miss. Harriet B. Merrill......,. The Martin.

fee. s VV Gor Meyer. 6 sc ece 8s Oconomowoc, Wis.
eM eee NETS AT 8. es ora sto a ws 102 Wisconsin St. F
Proce oN. Mitchell... ce ee State Normal School.
araries i, ‘NMOnTOe. Js sos. <3 800 Pabst Bldg.

Me MOMSLCU «2 filcnt' «ccs ws os. «00% Pabst Bldg.

Mire IN SO RACTEs wos Lie Sele tld ees Goldsmith Bldg. ¢
Pe GeO OAV. F CCAM oe oa at Publie Library.

Seen O TCLS 4 oo5 oi 5th. x's ete 0 Se 08 529 Astor St.

ea OTCICG i etc a ast ceca nes Doo. AStor St.

Richard M. Philipp.......2.....596, Jackson St.

Albert P. Puelicher..... Ms Peat 137-139 Wisconsin St.
@names Ouarles.onc i. vaek ees 539 Farwell Ave.

ie USUAV CECH SS. 9. cdtves sae dares 32 668 Sixth St.

rare e ROUGEG 9 o3-5 ohaley a vv aie’ es oe Public Museum.

ie Sect. RIPCTANECIIO «oo ee ersse ca 0 763 Weil St.

Peay lant HAISSel =. i Sis vis os ow oe 5 106 Mason St.

a NE OES oe 2 re ar 652 Twenty-seventh St.
Dr Wewis Sherman. ....0. 0... < 448 Jackson St. .
RSCO Mt LOS BECOs. Sele sete 8s bape es Public Museum.

EN f MAMI. pretense i 37 gene's 34 New Insurance Bldg.
Mrs. Mary Steinmeyer......... 2427 Grand Ave.
Gardner PS Stickiiey 3. 6s... 5.5 Pabst Bldg.

eae es POET A Soe aie ees els we 165 Twenty-seventh St. .
MERE EeED eon etre nod os SE ee oie ks Public Museum.

Miss Millen Torelie.ni. 6 cw. oe 6 6s Milwaukee-Downer College.

260

Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society. [Vol. 5, No. 4.
Charles ‘ Prieschmanp. «...s/0:- 20.05 430 Hanover St.
Gustav..J.:A: Pregiel. 202 ee 555 Terrace Ave.
John: H.“Fweed ys. guts .. ee 508 Marshall St.
August Uihlein.....2... 2... .3032-Galena St.
Wit B.S Vogele 2 2c reat 108 Seventh St.
Bred AV GSE) ites i wie hee tae 538 Cass St.
Hewry 1:2 Wakd 23 2s ..0k se eae Public Museum.
Charles’ 3 Werl..<. 65 soe oer 286 Knapp St.
George A. Wests soe ae tere 97 Wisconsin St.
Gen. ‘Ered C.. Winlkiers> 2. 330 at 131 Eleventh St.
A, 5k WUE Gia Ss Sis a lela ae ere 201 Wisconsin St.
Charlies” Hz Junker. s\< «5 420 te 2520 Cedar St.
CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.
Dr: BR: Buckleye wee ee Rolla, Mo.
Miss: Mioreénec Buck. <;.<i7.% ck. 247 Congress St., Kenosha, Wis. —
George ‘H. Ghadwick. . =... <2 ¢ > St. Lawrence University, Canton, N. Y._
WAS - Claes oss. ahi op ee eae eS Milton, Wis.
‘Henry W. Frieden.............Mineral Point, Wis.
Wot Hodlaster:. 2 S72 1ce eee eae Biological Survey, Department Agri-
culture, Washington, D. C.
Fi; SY aC ESR. st eee oe ee Milton, Wis.
Mass (Clara 1G. J0nes. 24 ence West Bend, Wis.
udolph.. Kuehne... 2 is ats eens 825 N. Market St., Sheboygan, Wis.
BS EL. Ayana. 3a 5.8 a Cie OR SEE ee 205 Market St., Kenosha, Wis.
Dr Do Meu Millet: <2 sca. eee Oconomowoc, Wis.
hey. 6. ©. Matehell | cscea tye ek 534 Summit Ave., St. Paul, Minn.
Miss Marion Murdock.......... 247 Congress St., itenosha, Wis.
Henry... Skayvlem 7. Se 22 os 3.2 2 Janesville, Wis.
Dr: Charles HE. Slocum. «24.5% . Defiance. Ohio.

HH. A}. Winkenwerdet...2..2 24.2. Watertown, Wis.

10 cents |

Sovicht. pe Space erica. Vereins yon Wisconsin, a eS ae
1877- 78, 1879-80, 1880-81, BACH. EG Saiyan iaei ey ber iOveentey 2 ies
2785s Jan, 11, 486, to Dee. 13,.°86;-Mar. 14, 87, — 4 as

: a

att 95. oz Jan, 23, oe to Dee. Gee cael i 15 cents ext eee

13 : Pe wih Natural 1 Hist AS Seretst New Series), We Sc apet ete rae
Hu jee Jan., 1900; Vii Pe No. Oy ae 1900; els I; Pe, Ne 8 ae

eae

: Vol i, No; 3, ee 1902; Vol, Il, No. 4 Oct. - pp ae ee A
ithe e dese ernst eee eee ete e etree tee a
IO Sok

ae 1907; Vol, ENo, 22 “Apr., 1907: Vol. V, No. Sot ae
100% ‘Vol. Vv, No. 4, Dec., 1907 ieee aet 50 cents” ee

= J = Lf. 2 r i ae

oo casionel Papers: published by the Society may ‘be ‘e * ae ee
; sive: cents 7 apiece: . a * OMe as. Se

; ce . AMsayse < os res
et “Ant-like Spiders of the Family. Attide,” GW. & ot

3 sigpidens of ‘the SaeothSh Gionb of the Family,
ws & E. G. evaekiany Nov., 1894.

2 & ‘&. Ge + Peckham, Apri 1896. Ae. ; a as we =

<2 i 7
ff z \ ; < ie
BAS Se ee “fi cents ESS.
ae
4 » -
ms
¢
7 4
; > a
erie SY