Author: Pennsylvania Dept. of Forestry

Title: Bulletin, no. 11

Place of Publication: Harrlsburg, Pa.

Copyright Date: 1928

IVIaster Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg249.5

FILMED WHOLE OR IN
PART FROM A COPY
BORROWED FROM:

STATE LIBRARY OF
PENNSYLVANIA

THE FATHER OF PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY
DR. JOSEPH T. ROTHROCK

Pennsylvania Trees

By

Joseph S. Illick,
State Forester of Pennsylvania

BULLETIN 11
(Reprint of Fifth Edition of 1925)

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND WATERS

Charles E. Dorworth, Secretary
1928

/'

COPYRIGHT. 1928
BY THE

Bureau of Publications
Department of Property and Supplies

FOR THE

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND WATERS

Charles E. Dorworth, Secretary
Joseph S. Tllick, Deputy Secretary and State Forester

Bureau of Forest Protection George H. Wirt, Chief

Bureau of Forest Management Alfred E. Rupp, Chief

Bureau of Forest Parks Jacob M. Hoffman, Chief

Bureau of Forest Extension John W. Keller, Chief

Bureau of Lands Irvin W. Gleason, Chief

Bureau of Research and Information R. Lynn Emerick, Chief

State Forest School E. A. Ziegler, Director

Bureau of Accounts and Maintenance . . . .W. E. Montgomery, Chief
Bureau of Waters Charles E. Ryder, Chief Engineer

STATE FOREST COMMISSION

Charles E. Dorworth, Secretary of Forests and Waters,

Chairman, Bellefonte

ICdward Bailev Harrisburg

Henry W. Shoemaker McElhattan

Mary Flynn Lawrence (Mrs. John W.) Glenshaw

N. P. Wheeler Jr Endeavor

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PREFACE

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Trees are more than mere green things. They have been man^s
friends ever since the human race began. In all ages and in every
land they have been giving valuable service to man. They are among
his best friends and greatest helpers. They produce many of our
most useful and helpful gifts and grace the earth with their beauty.
They are truly the wonderful handiwork of a beneficent God, de-
signed primarily for a life of service and to bring happiness and
comforts to the people of the earth.

The world is full of instances of great men who loved great trees
just as they would a human friend. The poet Whittier had a favorite
tree. He called it his "inspiration tree." Henry Van Dyke has a
favorite elm before his home. He calls it his "guardian tree."
James Russel Lowell wrote that he confessed to so great a partiality
for trees that he was tempted to respect a man in exact proportion
to the man's respect for trees. Robert Louis Stevenson delighted in
lying among the trees. He saw the beauty in them, admired their
make-up, enjoyed their shade and shelter and felt their warmth and
affection.

The delight and service the trees bring to us begins with the cradle
and ends with the grave. They are such commonplace things that
we are apt to overlook them and rarely do we give them full credit
for the part they play in our everyday life.

There are about 278 different kinds of trees and shrubs native to
Pennsylvania. Of this number 110 are usually classified as trees.
The trees that are now native to this State are the same as were in
the original forests, excepting one tree — white cedar — which has be-
come extinct. It was formerly found in a few localities in the ex-
treme southeastern part of the State.

While the trees in the forests of Pennsylvania remain the same as
those that made up the original forests, yet one finds a marked dif-
ference in their abundance, age, size, form, quality, value and thrifti-

ness.

The original forests of the State were large, dense and extremely
productive. The present forests are small, open and very unproduc-
tive. Each generation of mankind has seen a smaller, more open,
and less productive generation of forests. It is not a prophecy but
the statement of a bare fact, when we say that the source of our

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6

timber supply is becoming an acute and vital question. Fast-vanish-
ing forests and ever-rising lumber prices are couriers of this fact.
The Federal and some State Governments have already inaugurated
policies to offset the present dstructive tendency in our forests by
starting constructive work.

To date no State has made a greater advance in forsetry than
Pennsylvania. She has, however, just started on this useful mission.
The men who are directing her forest policies are endeavoring to
lay a substantial foundation upon which a stable superstructure may
be reared. In order to accomplish this it is necessary to have the
cooperation of every citizen of the State, especially the woodland
owners and managers.

Forestry needs the support of public sentiment. No substantial
and permanent advance is insured until our citizens understand
forestry and can distinguish the important from the inferior forest
trees. It is hoped that the sphere of usefulness of this bulletin will
not be limited to woodland owners and managers, but will extend
to laymen, students, and botanists.

Part I is intended for the layman, the student of trees, and the
beginner of forestry. A careful persual of this part will enable one
to comprehend Part II more fully.

Part II is essentially a manual of Pennsylvania trees. It com-
prises a discussion on the identification of trees and a description
of families, genera, and species, with accompanying keys. The de-
scriptive material and keys are the outgrowth of outline lecture notes
prepared by the author and used for ten years in connection with a
course in Tree Identification given at the Pennsylvania State Forest
School at Mont Alto, Pa. The classroom work is supplemented by
15 years of field work in all parts of the State.

Each kind of tree is described under about 14 headings. No special
originality is claimed for the characteristics given under these head-
ings. It is natural to expect that the descriptive material should
correspond with that found in other texts. The author is glad to
acknowledge his indebtedness to the many books of reference which
were frequently consulted to verify observations and to make the
description clear and complete. The general range of the different
species was drawn chiefly from Sargent's "The Silva of North
America" and the "Manual of the Trees of North America."

The data given under the heading "Distribution in Pennsylvania"
was brought up-to-date in each of the four editions of Pennsylvania
Trees. Since the appearance of the first edition in 1^14 the author
has personally collected much valuable information concerning the
occurence and distribution of the native trees. He visited many
localities in the State and made a careful and critical study of Ihe

4:

woody flora. Many correspondents also furnished the author with
new stations at which rare and common trees occur. Dr. Otto
Jennings, Curator of Botany, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
supplied a large quanity of reliable data concerning the native trees,
particularly those found in the western part of the State. His pub-
lication— A Botanical Survey of Presque Isle, Erie County, Pennsyl-
vania— reprinted from the Annals of the Carnegie Museum, Vol. V.,
No. 2 and 3, 1909, supplied an authoritative source of information con-
cerning the occurence of trees in the extreme northwestern part
of the State. Since the first edition of Pennsylvania Trees appeared,
new printed sources of material also became available, notable
among which is Alfred Twining's Flora of "Northwestern Pennsyl-
vania," the most accurate and complete regional check list of its kind
yet published in Pennsylvania.

The scientific names found in this bulletin are those used by the
Department of Forests and Waters, which follows the usage of the
seventh edition of Gray's New Manual of Botany. Shifting of in-
dividual plates from their proper systematic position was necessary
in a few cases in order to place two companion plates on opposite
sides of the same sheet.

The photographic illustrations, 128 in number, are all original by
the author, except Figs. 78 and 84 supplied by W. Gardiner Conklin,
and the Frontispiece, by S. T. Dana.

The drawings were made by Miss Margaretta Washington, of
Philadelphia, either from specimens supplied by the author or re-
drawn and adopted from Sargent's "The Silva of North America"
by special permission of the publisher, Houghton Mifflin Company.
In making some of the drawings Schneider's "Dendrologische Win-
terstudien" and some of the reports of the Missouri Botanical Garden
were consulted.

I take pleasure in giving sincere thanks to all others who have in
any way assisted in this publication, especially the members of the
Bureau of Information of the Department of Forests and Waters and
the Pennsylvania State Forest School for their willing cooperation
and helpful suggestions, and the Foresters of Pennsylvania for their
assistance in collecting data concerning the distribution of trees in
the State.

JOSEPH S. ILLICK

CONTENTS

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PART I

I

INTRODUCTORY

Page.

The North American Forest 11

Forests of Pennsylvania, 11

The Forests and Forestry, 14

The Structure of the Forest, 15

Forest Types in Pennsylvania, 17

The Establishment of the Forest, 20

The Development of tne Forest, 23

The Protection of the Forest 25

The Value of Forests, 27

The Value of Trees, 29

Deciduous and Evergreen Trees , 30

The Age of Trees, 31

When Trees Grow 32

Do Trees Grow at Night? 33

Historic Trees of Pennsylvania, 34

Pennsylvania's Most Unique Tree 36

Pennsylvania's Most Massive Tree 37

The Largest Sequoia in Eastern North America, 38

The Form and Structure of Trees, 38

1. Form, 38

2. Bark, 40

3. Twigs 42

4. Buds 44

5. Leaves, 46

6. Leaf-scars and Bundle-scars, 49

7. Flowers 50

8. Fruit, 51

9. Wood, 55

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PART II

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MANUAL OF PENNSYLVANIA TREES

Identification of Species, 61

Names of Trees, 61

Explanation of Terms and Headings, 62

How to Identify the Species and Use the Keys 64

General Key to the Families, 69

Tabulation of Genera and Species, 71

Description of the Families, Genera, and Species, 73

Glossary, 226

Index, 231

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1)

PARTI

INTRODUCTORY

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THE NORTH AMERICAN FOREST

There is good reason to believe that the major part of the habit-
able earth was originally wooded. North America is no exception
to this. The original forest extended from the Atlantic coast west
to about the ninetieth meridian, having only a few small openings
like meadows and the tops of mountains. It also covered a large
portion of the Rocky Mountain region and the Pacific slope. Esti-
mates place the aggregate original area of the forests of North
America at about 822,000,000 acres, that is an area about 30 times
the size of Pennsylvania. This original area has been so reduced
that not more than 463,000,000 acres remain at the present time, or
a little more than one half of the original forest and a large portion of
this acreage is in a very unproductive condition.

The original forest of this country was vast in extent and com-
posed of many and valuable species. The richness and variety of
our tree growth may be in part attributed to the different climatic
zones and variable physiographic features common to this country.
So variable is our forest structure that at least five general forest
regions may be recognized while often a local area may have its own
peculiar forest type.

Many of the trees in the original forest attained a great age and
enormous size. They yielded a vast amount of valuable products, a
source of great wealth which has been supplying the raw material
for one of our most important industries. Nature working through
many centuries developed the original forest and gave it to us gra-
tuitously. Man working through only a few centuries has established
a great industry — the lumber industry; but on the otlier hand he
has wastefully exploited our forests and left many of them in an un-
productive condition. However, there was no alternative because the
economic conditions then prevailing required, in part at least, this
wasteful procedure.

FORESTS OF PENNSYLVANIA

The word Pennsylvania means Penn's woods. It derived its name
from its early proprietor and the dense and extensive forest growth
which covered the State. The original forest covered almost its en-

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12

tire area, which is usually given as 28,692,480 acres. Practically
the entire State, with the exception of a few natural meadows and
the tops of a few mou tains, was covered with trees.

The original forest was composed of many and valuable species
often ocurring in dense stands. The richness of our forest flora is
due to its favorable location with reference to climatic and physio-
graphic factors. Pennsylvania is the meeting ground of many north-
ern and southern species. In the western part of the State one finds
outposts of species common to the Mississippi Valley, while in the
southeastern part some of the species of the coast region are found.
Some of the northern species have their southern limits here, or else
follow the mountains toward the south, while some of the southern
species have their northern limits here, usually migrating northward
through the valleys. The forests in the southeastern and the western
parts of the State are composed almost entirely of hardwoods, while
the central and the northern or mountainous parts are composed of
a mixture of hardwoods and conifers. One may find the hardwoods
by themselves and the conifers by themselves, or they may occur in
mixture.

A few of our native species are very valuable, while others are less
valuable and some mere forest weeds. The real value of a tree
changes with the change of the general economic, particularly market,
conditions. Within the last decade market prices of wood have risen
so much that they have brought about a more intensive utilization of
our forest products. Many trees formerly left standing in the forest
are now utilized. A moment's reflection upon the present tendency in
the utilization of the products of the various trees causes us to com-
prehend fully the truth of the statement that the despised trees of
today will be prized tomorrow. The richness of the arborescent flora
together with the great age and large size which some of the trees
attained justifies the statement that Pennsylvania was at one time
"one of the best timbered states of the Alantic Coast."

Nature working through many centuries developed in this State
a forest which was one of the most valuable of the many heritages
with which her citizens have been blessed. If we could see maps
showing the structure and distribution of the forests of Pennsylvania
in the years 1600 and 1900, we would be astonished by the wonder-
ful change that has taken place in a period that represents only a
few generations of trees. Many were the agents which brought about
this change, but it was left to man to play the leading role. Man
working through a few centuries has removed the forest or abused
it through fire and unregulated cutting. The establishment of pio-
neer homes, the opening of agricultural and grazing lands, the in-
crease of population, the development of industrial enterprises, the

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Fig. 1. A liEMXAXT OF I'KXXSVLVAXrA VIRdJX WHITE TINE
The kind of forost our fnrff.itlhMs iouimI. A niajjnifieent lioritagc

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A'^y^.-r.::^

"i.-:, :^'

#^r^-

Fiff. 2. THE RESILT OF EXTEXSIVE FOUES'I' EX F'l.OITATIOX

High stumps nn«l a thin scatt^'i-cd ^•''•wtli "t" intt riur tr^'cs. is all that loniaius.
The stumps indicate tlic density of the orijiinal stand, and I he size of the

primaeval trees

^rmtM^

•if rf'ry^ H*

*i* *•

*. ^i:'^'*i^^

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Fig. 3. ACRES OF 1 HvSni.ATlOX

More than 3.(MK).<MK) acros of such barren land arc found in IVnnsylvania. ;Muc1i
valual)]*' tind)rr was lost thronsh reckless and i»rcniatnrc exploitation <»f the
orisinJil forest

Fi^^ A. A("Ui:S OF SCIU li OAK

Scrub Oak has no timber value. Lar^e areas in <»ur forests contain many wred
trees which often prexent other valuable trees fmiii establishing tliemselves

13

destructive work of lumbermen, and the advent of forestry present
a picture of change and progress, which enables us in part to com-
prehend the important role that man played in transforming the
original forest into the present forest.

Pennsylvania originally contained large, dense, and extremely pro-
ductive forests. The large have become small, the dense have be-
come open, the productive have become unproductive. Each genera-
tion of mankind has been a smaller, more open and less productive
generation of forests. The march of forest destruction has been
rapid and severe and yet inevitable on account of existing economic
conditions. While originally almost the total area of the State was
covered with tree-growth, today only 45 per cent is covered by woody
growth and over 3,500,000 acres of this is barren or unproductive,
while many more acres are poorly stocked with trees. Most of our
woodland areas are at present in a very unproductive, unsanitary,
unattractive, and unregulated condition.

Economic conditions have changed and the old order of things need
not continue. We must substitute conservative lumbering for the
wasteful exploitation of the past. We must do constructive work in
our forests now to recompense for the destructive work carried on
during the last few centuries. We should aim to show our social and
civic worth by handing down to future generations a heritage equiv-
alent to that which we received from our forefathers. In order to do
proper constructive work it is necessary to establish a goal or an
ideal and develop proper methods by which it can be reached or at
least approximated. We need not be entirely original in this work
since a few countries like Germany, Switzerland, and France have
already in more than a century of experience laid the foundation
for conservative and constructive forestry. We can learn much from
these countries. A visit to their carefully managed forests together
with a general survey of the methods which they use in managing
them will be helpful in formulating plans for our Ideal or Normal
Forest. We may not be able to adopt their methods but we can
adapt them. The question at once presents itself: How can we
improve our woodlands so that they will aipproach the well managed
forests of Germany, or the ideal or normal goal which we are setting
up for them? The following answers suggest themselves:

1. By giving adequate protection. Fire is the chief agency

against which our forests need protection.

2. By procuring wise taxation.

3. By prohibiting unregulated cutting.

4. By securing quick reproduction after the removal of the

timber.

5. By establishing a complete stock of valuable trees on all

forest soils.

14

6. By removing undesirable trees and replacing them with a

better class of trees.

7. By establishing a proper proportion and a suitable distribu-

tion of age classes.

8. By making every part of the forest accessible by means of

roads, lanes, trails, paths, compartment lines, etc.

9. By making improvement cuttings.

10. By dividing the forest into working units (compartments)
just as a farmer divides his farm into fields and the fields
into patches.

THE FORESTS AND FORESTRY

The original forest was so modified by the activity of man, or man
working conjointly with natural agencies, that the sources of our
future wood supply became a question of great importance. A gen-
eral survey of the field showed that we were consuming wood faster
than we were producing it. This unbalanced economic condition
due to the unregulated condition of our forest gave birth to the sub-
ject of forestry. Man's attitude toward the forest showed that he
was a disturbing agent. Without him the forest of Pennsylvania
would have remained practically undisturbed, indefinitely. Hence
it might follow that the forest thrives best where there are no people,
and consequently no forestry. Further, one often hears the state-
ment: Formerly we had no forestry and plenty of wood; now we
have forestry but no wood. This statement does not prove that for-
estry is to be blamed for a deficiency in our wood supply, but it
does prove that forestry is the child of necessity. This child of ne-
cessity, which is at present just in its formative period, could never
have been born if we had not been compelled to see that our timber
resources were rapidly decreasing.

Th word forestry to many may be new. The most enlightened
may have a rather vague conception of its exact scope. It is often
identified with the planting of individual trees, landscape work, and
tree surgery. Forestry should be regarded as the rational treatment
of our woodlands for their products. The kind of treatment de-
pends largely upon the desire of the owner. The ownership may be
private or there may be a public owner, as a municipality, a state,
or a nation. The desire of the owner may be to supply wood ma-
terial to retain or establish a protective cover, to furnish recreation
grounds, or to maintain a game cover. The forests which are man-
aged for the purpose of producing a supply of woody material are
known as production forests or supply forests, while those which
are retained or often established as a protective cover are known as

^'

Fijf. ;■), A DFXSIO STAND OF NORWAY SPRFCK. <;i:iIMAXV

'I'lic kind of forests \\v liopc to dcwclop. Xoi'wny Si»rn('r is ,i \:ilniibl<" .-iiid a

ln'jintifiil trot'

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Fi^. (>. A CARKFrLLY .MAXACKh FOltKST

Attr.-u'tivc. siinit.'ir.v. iirodiictivc ;iimI ((ijiMiii/cd. iJooil ro;i»ls i-;miif.v tIir<Mi;;li .ill

its i»iirts

Fig. 7. TREES FRAME THE HOME I'lCriRE AND PRODUCE A
RESTFUL FEELING AND A SPIRIT OF HOMELINESS

Fig. 8. TREES BEAUTIFY THE HIGHWAYS, BYWAYS, STREETS

AND PUBLIC PARKS

Fig. 9. HAi;LIN(i DEAD FUELWOOD
The removal of dead and damaged material improves the composition of tlie forest

Fig. 10. THE RESULT OF SELLING DEAD WOOD

Proper use of forest products results in attractive, sanitary, and productive

stauds of timber

15

protection forests. Protection forests aim to prevent calamities
like destructive floods, excessive erosion, sand shifts, and snow shifts.
Forests managed primarily to enhance the beauty of the forests and
to furnish recreation grounds for the public may be known as park
forests. Park forests should always be accessible to the public.
Such outing grounds will not only be a means of preventing many
of our diseases but also help to restore to health those who are
already afflicted. Forests managed by the owner primarily to en-
joy sport are known as luxury forests.

Forestry aims to have man improve upon nature's ways of doing
things. Nature grew forests upon areas regardless of the fitness
of these areas to other more profitable pursuits. Both the thin, rel-
atively sterile soils of the mountains and the deep, fertile soils of the
valleys were covered with forests. The latter are far more valuable
for the production of food material than for the production of wood
material. Forestry aims to develop forests on forest soil. It does
not attempt to encroach on agricultural soil but aims first to classify
the land into ploughland and woodland ; and then to treat the wood-
land areas so that they will yield the largest quantity of high class
wood material in the shortest time at the least expense of time and
money and to give to mankind as many other natural blessings as
possible. The economic point of view should always be kept para-
mount. The forester's forest should supply more fully the present
and prospective human wants than they can be supplied by depend-
ing upon nature's uncertain and unregulated performances.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE FOREST

Every region and, often, even every small locality has its peculiar
kind of forest. The composition of the forests along streams, on
slopes and upon mountain tops usually shows great differences. The
climatic factors and physiographic features of a region influence the
composition of the forest very much. The more varied the factors
of the habitat are, the more varied the composition of the forest usu-
ally is Upon the same mountain slope one can often find three and
sometimes more zones of trees. Each zone is composed of different
kinds of trees or groups of trees, which groups vary not only in com-
position, but also in form, density, and thriftiness.

The forester seldom considers trees raised in isolated positions,
but rather concerns himself with trees raised in masses or stands.
Such masses of trees, irrespective of their kind, size, density form,
number or value are known as woodlands. Woodlands may be com-
posed of a single species or of two or more species. If one species

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1.313309

16

composes ninety per cent or more of the total stand it is known as
a pure stand and if the stand is composed of two or more species
none of which forms ninety per cent of the total stand it is known
as a mixed stand. Woodlands are rarely quite pure. A slight ad-
mixture of some species is usually present. The forests of Pennsyl-
vania are decidedly mixed in their composition. The conifers are
found oftener in pure stands than the broad-leaved species. Since
the forests of this State are composed largely of hardwood species it
is rather unusual to find pure stands. Occasionally one may find
small pure stands of such trees as Pitch Pine, White Pine, or Red
Cedar.

About 125 species of trees are native to the State of Pennsylvania
but not more than 25 species are of sufficient importance to deserve
to be developed on an extensive scale in our future forests. A large
proportion of our native trees is found as undergrowth. They form
dense and somtimes almost impenetrable thickets. This dense and
complex structure of our underwood aids considerably in increasing
the number of participants in our forests. Dense and tall under-
growth tends to protect the soil from erosion, to conserve the fertil-
ity of the soil, and to afford shelter to birds which prey upon the in-
sect enemies of the forest ; but it may also impede the utilization of
forest products and make the tending of the forest more difficult.

The tendency of forestry is to eliminate the undesirable trees.
We should eliminate cautiously since the despised trees of today
may be prized tomorrow. If this process of elimination is developed
on an intensive scale, it means a reduction in the number of species
and, in extreme cases, leaves only one species, i. e. a pure stand.
This is especially true where a forester aims to establish a stand by
artificial seeding or planting. He is apt to choose a tree which he
thinks will give the highest returns. If he selects the proper species
and it is not injured during its development he may possibly obtain
satisfactory results.

Before establishing stands one should consider the subjoined advan-
tages of pure and mixed stands.

The principal advantages of pure stands are: —

1. Pure stands are easier and cheaper to establisli.

2. Pure stands are easier to tend and manage.

The principal advantages of mixed stands are:—

1. Mixed stands utilize the available plant food in the soil and
air more fully. Close utilization of the factors of the habitat
and keen competition by every forest tree upon its neighbor
are requisites for optimum quantity and quality production.

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composes ninety per cent or more of the total stand it is known as
a pure stand and if tlie stand is composed of two or more species
none of which forms ninety per cent of the total stand it is known
as a mixed stand. Woodlands are rarely quite pure. A slight ad-
mixture of some species is usually present. The forests of Pennsyl-
vania are decidedly mixed in their composition. The conifers are
found oftener in pure stands than the broad-leaved species. Since
the forests of this State are composed largely of hardwood species it
is rather unusual to find pure stands. Occasionally one may find
small pure stands of such trees as Pitch Pine, White Pine, or Red
Cedar.

About 125 species of trees are native to the State of Pennsylvania
but not more than 25 species are of sufficient importance to deserve
to be developed on an extensive scale in our future forests. A large
proportion of our native trees is found as undergrowth. They form
dense and somtimes almost impenetrable thickets. This dense and
complex structure of our underwood aids considerably in increasing
the number of participants in our forests. Dense and tall under-
growth tends to protect the soil from erosion, to conserve the fertil-
ity of the soil, and to afford shelter to birds which prey upon the in-
sect enemies of the forest ; but it may also impede the utilization of
forest products and make the tending of the forest more difficult.

The tendency of forestry is to eliminate the undesirable trees.
We should eliminate cautiously since the despised trees of today
may be prized tomorrow. If this process of elimination is developed
on an intensive scale, it means a reduction in the number of species
and, in extreme cases, leaves only one species, i. e. a pure stand.
This is especially true where a forester aims to establish a stand by
artificial seeding or planting. He is apt to choose a tree which he
thinks will give the highest returns. If he selects the proper species
and it is not injured during its development he may possibly obtain
satisfactory results.

Before establishing stands one should consider the subjoined advan-
tages of pure and mixed stands.

The principal advantages of pure stands are:—

1. Pure stands are easier and cheaper to establisli.

2. Pure stands are easier to tend and manage.

The principal advantages of mixed stands are: —

1. Mixed stands utilize the available plant food in the soil and
air more fully. Close utilization of the factors of the habitat
and keen competition by every forest tree upon its neighbor
are requisites for optimum quantity and quality production.

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INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

17

The forester can meet the demands of the market better with

a number of species than with one species.
A larger numl)er of trees per unit of area is usually found in

a mixed stand than in a pure stand.
Most trees are less subject to damage by wind, frost, fire,

fungi, and insects, in mixture than when grown pure.
Trees usually develop a better form if mixed properly than if

grown pure.
Mixed stands are more attractive than pure stands.

A great many pure stands may be seen in the forests of continental
Europe. Some of them were established over 100 years ago and are
now ready to be cut. After more than a century of experience in
planting, foresters are abandoning the policy of establishing pure
stands and are advocating mixed forests. Mixed forests may consist
of a mixture by single trees or of a mixture by groups. The mixture
may be temporary or permanent, even-aged or uneven-aged.

We should aim to improve the composition of our forests by re-
ducing the percentage of inferior species and increasing that of the
more valuable ones. The present cover types which consist of many
despised, some neutral, and a few prized species, should.be trans-
formed into the future management types which will be characterized
by a simpler but better composition.

FOREST TYPES IN PENNSYLVANIA

The wide range of altitude, latitude, topography and soil condi-
tions that occur within Pennsylvania produced and now maintain
a large and variable woody flora. Many northern and southern
trees meet within the limits of the State. The former follow the
mountains towards the South and the later extend northward into
the valleys.

The forest structure of Pennsylvania varies widely from place
to place. A systematic description, of this variable forest make-up
requires that the aggregate forest area be divided into suitable units.
Present usuage suggests that these units be termed Forest Types.
Within Pennsylvania the following major forest types may be found:

1. Spruce-Fir Type (Northern Swamp Type)

2. Beech-Birch-Maple Type (Mixed Northern Hardwood Type)

3. White Pine-Hemlock Type

4. Aspen-Fire Cherry Type

5. Chestnut-Rock Oak-I»itch Pine Type

G— 2

18

6. Scrub Oak Type

7. Oak-Hickory Type

8. Eiver Birch Swamp Maple Type (Eiver and Swamp Hard-

wood Type)

9. Sweet Gum-Willow Oak Type.

The Spruce Fir (Northern Swamp) Forest Type is not common in
any part of Pennsylvania. It occurs locally in the northeastern
and northern parts of the State. Additional sprinklings occur else-
where in the State; for example, in the Bear Meadows in Centre
County and Pymatuning Swamp in Crawford County. This forest
type also occurs in the mountains south of Pennsylvania but does
not appear in the southern part of this State. Mountain Ash, which
is a member of this type in the northern part of the State, however,
is found on the mountain slopes of Bedford County.

The principal members of this type are: Red Spruce, Black Spruce,
Balsam Fir, American Larch, and Mountain Ash. In addition to
these five principal indicator trees, the following trees and shrubs
are frequently associated with them: American Yew, Red-berried
Elder, Hobble Bush, Small Cranberry, Mountain Holly, Labrador
Tea, Soft Maple, Black Ash and Yellow Birch.

The Beech-Birch-Maple Type is found chiefly in the northern part
of the State with a number of local southward extensions in the
mountain region. The principal members of this type are: Beech,
Yellow Birch and Sugar Maple. In addition to these three principal
members there often occurs with them sprinklings of White Pine,
Hemlock, Wild Black Cherry, Ironwood, Red Maple, Striped Maple,
Mountain Maple, White Ash and Paper Birch.

Yellow Birch, Beech and Sugar Maple comprise about 60 per cent
of the total stand, while the other hardwoods constitute 30 per cent
and the conifers as a rule do not exceed 10 per cenf. The Beech-
Birch-Maple Type is one of the most important forest types of the
State, for it covers a considerable acreage in the northern part of
the State which is primarily a forest region.

The White Pine-Hemlock Type occurs in the northern central part
of the State and extends southward along the Alleghenies and other
nearby mountain ranges. The limits of this type are not clearly
demarcated, for on the north this type mixes with the Beech-Birch-
Maple Type and on the south it blends with the southern hardwoods.

The principal members of the White Pine-Hemlock forest type are :
White Pine, Hemlock, Red Maple, Gray Birch, Striped Maple, Moun-
tain Ash, Witch-hazel and Basswood. In addition to these principal
members there are also found Yellow Birch, Beech, Sugar Maple,
Blue Beech, Wild Black Cherry, White Ash, Cucumber, Yellow Pop-
lar and Sycamore.

19

Locally a pure White Pine-Hemlock type may be present, while in
other places a pure Hemlock type occurs. Some Foresters subdivide
this type into two distinct types, but for the present it seems recom-
mendable to recognize only one general White Pine-Hemlock type
and as rapidly as a more intensive refinement becomes necessary
additional types or sub-types may be designated.

The Aspen-Fire Cherry Type is confined chiefly to the northern
part of the State where it follows after fires and lumbering of the
Beech-Birch-Maple and the White Pine-Hemlock types. It is a tem-
porary forest type, and shows no particular preference for soils or
sites, it springs up rapidly on burned-over areas with bare mineral
soil.

The principal members of this type are : Fire or Bird Cherry,
Trembling Aspen and Large Toothed Aspen. With the trees the
following plants are frequently associated: Bracken Fern, Sweet
Fern, Blackberry, Wintergreen, Willows and a moderate sprinkling
of Black Locust, Red Maple, Sugar Maple, Beech, Red Pine, and
White Pine may occur locally.

Since this is a temporary type its composition varies with the age
of the trees. Towards the end of the type's development the distinc-
tive features of the type will be displaced by the permanent type
that is replacing it. In most places the type begins to disappear
rapidly when the trees are about 25 years old. It is followed by more
valuable types, such as Beech-Birch Maple and White Pine-Hemlock.

The Chestnut — Rock Oak — Pitch Pine Type is very complex and
widely distributed in Pennsylvania. It occurs on most of the moun-
tain slopes in the eastern, southern, south central and north central
parts of the State. The principal members of this type are: Chestnut,
Rock Oak and Pitch Pine. Associated with them one frequently
finds Black Birch, Mountain Laurel, Table Mountain Pine at higher
elevations and Jersey or Scrub Pine on lower elevations. In the
past some Foresters have recognized a distinct Chestnut type, but
this is now rapidly disappearing, for the chestnut is doomed. Local-
ly it may seem desirable to have a distinct Pitch Pine type, but gen-
erally it is not necessary to make such a detailed refinement.

The Scrub Oak Type is common on the montain slopes of the
southern central and northeastern parts of Pennsylvania. It is the
prevailing temporary forest type in the anthracite coal regions, parts
of the bituminous coal region and other adjoining forest areas. The
conversion of this inferior type to stands of valuable trees is one
of the biggest problems that confronts Pennsylvania forestry today.

The principal members of the Scrub Oak type are: Scrub Oak,
Chestnut Oak, Rock Oak, Pitch Pine, Bracken Fern, Sweet Fern,
Huckleberries and Blueberries. Scrub Oak is tlie principal tree in
this type. Some areas are occupied by this inferior forest tree to

20

the exclusion of all other trees. The Scrub Oak type usually follows
after forest fires that occur on land coxeved with the Chestnut-Rock
Oak-Pitch Pine type. The Aspens also occur locally with the Scrub
Oak. Pitch Pine, the most lire resistant tree native to Pennsyl-
vania, often forms an open shelter growth over the Scrub Oak

The Oak-Hickory Type comprises more diflferent kinds of trees than
any other forest type found in Pennsylvania. It prevails in the
woodlots in the agricultural valleys and on the bordering foothills
It IS common in the Delaware, Schuylkill, Susquehanna, Cumberland,'
Chester, Lancaster, Lebanon and Buffalo valleys and it is the pre-
vailing forest type in the western part of the State. It is very irree-
ular in outline. Usually one finds it at lower elevations but some of
Its arm-hke extensions reach far into the mountain valleys The
principal members of this forest type are : White Oak, Black Oak
Red Oak, Scarlet Oak, Bur Oak, Shagbark Hickory, Mockernut Hlck^
ory. Pignut Hickory, Black Walnut, Red Mulberry, Sassafras, Hack-
berry and Red Cedar. , «,v,b.

The River and Swamp Hardwood Type occurs along all the princi-
pal rivers of the State and their main tributaries. The principal
members of this type are: Silver Maple, Ash-leaved Maple, River
Birch, Walnut, White Oak, Black Ash, Swamp Hickory and Syca-
more. At higher elevations Red Maple, Black Gum and the Tulip
Tree may also be found in this type and at lower elevations the Red
Osier Dogwood, Buttonwood and Willows are associated with the
tree members of the type.

The Sweet Gum-Willow Oak Forest Type is found only in the ex-
!lZ '''"*^^"^'«" P^'t "f Pennsylvania. Outposts of it are found
along the Susquehanna River and a few important tributaries of the

wTlloTo r'p. "^'I' ^"''''''"' '''"''^'' ''' ''''' tyP*- «••«= Sweet Gum,
Willow Oak Christmas Holly and Persimmon. In addition to these

Maloir r"' '^'■"' ''""^*' ^"^' «hort-leaved Pine and Laure
Magnolia sometimes occur in this type.

The nine forest types which have been described are sufficient to
piepare an accurate forest description of Pennsylvania. They will
be of great help in classifying the forest structure of the State and
n working out practical methods of handling the forest We mus
more tuU.T Z" T ''""'" """ ""^erstand the forest structure
successSy "'" '"'* '"'''''''''' ^^'^^'^'^ -"^^^^ -> ^ aPP»e<i

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FOREST

As rapidly as the mature forests on absolute forest soil are re-
which follow in the wake of those removed may be established by one

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20

the exclusion of all other trees. The Scrub Oak type usually follows
after forest flres that occur on land covered with the Chestnut-Rock
Oak.Pitch Pine type. The Aspens also occur locally with the Scrub
Oak. Pitch Pme, the most Are resistant tree native to Pennsyl-
vania, often forms an open shelter growth over the Scrub Oak

The Oak-Hickory Type comprises more different kinds of trees than
any other forest type found in Pennsylvania. It prevails in the
woodlots in the agricultural valleys and on the bordering foothills
It IS common in the Delaware, Schuylkill, Susquehanna, Cumberland,'
Chester, Lancaster, Lebanon and Buffalo valleys and it is the pre-
vailing forest type in the western part of the State. It is very irree-
ular ,n outline. Usually one finds it at lower elevations but some of
Its arm-like extensions reach far into the mountain valleys The
principal members of this forest type are: White Oak, Black Oak
Red Oak, Searlet Oak, Bur Oak, Shagbark Hickory, Mockernut Hick'-
ory. Pignut Hickory, Black Walnut, Red Mulberry, Sassafras, Hack-
berry and Red Cedar. , av-*^

The River and Swamp Hardwood Type occurs along all the princi-
pal rivers of the State and their main tributaries. The principal
members of this type are: Silver Maple, Ash-leaved Mapie, River
Birch, Walnut, White Oak, Black Ash, Swamp Hickory and Syca-
more. At higher elevations Red Maple, Black Gum and the Tulip
Tree may also be found in this type and at lower elevations the Red
Osier Dogwood, Buttouwood and Willows are associated with the
tree members of the type.

The Sw-eet Gum-Willow Oak Forest Type is found only in the ex-

TZ 'rT'""'"? P""* °' Pennsylvania. Outposts of it are found
along the Susquehanna River and a few important tributaries of the

WiZ^n^nu ' ^"''"P^' '^'"^^'^ »' ^•'■^ type ^^^- S^eet Gum,
Willow Oak Christmas Holly and Persimmon. In addition to these

ZLT' ^"^'^ '"'''' ^""^^^ '''^' Short-leaved Pine and Laure
Magnolia sometimes occur in this type.

JnL^T ^'"'^"' l^T ^'"* ^"^^ ^^"^ ''^'^'^"•'ed are sufficient to
prepare an accurate forest description of Pennsylvania. They will

in IE '? " r ^"^'"^ '"^^ ^--* ^t'--*"- ot the Sta7e Ind
learn to / "'"''*''"' '"'*'"'*'^ "' '^^"'^""^ *"« ^^^est. We must

mo e fullv^in'oT *r ''"" ^"' ""•**'-^*^"*' *^« '»-«* «t'--<=t"re
succesJSy '" ''''' '"'"''''''' ''^'^''^ ^^'^'^^^ -"^ ^e applied

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FOREST

r.,^\^T^\^^ ^^^ '"''*"'■•' ''"■^«t« «° absolute forest soil are re-
which follow in the wake of those removed may be established by one

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INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

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Fijf. 14. DEVELOPMENT OF WHITE PINE SEEDS

S<'«'(llings taken from imrsny in May after growth had started. From left to
rifjlit : Four seeds; six see<lling:s from fall-sown seeds siiowinj,' .*> stages of
development directly after breaking tliroujjli the fjronnd ; two 1-year old's«'ed-
lings ; two 2-year old see<llinjis.

Fi« IT). STIDEXTS PLANTIXiJ TREES

From I.HOO to 2.750 trees are planled per acre. A crew of 20 men can
plant 20,000 trees per day if conditions are very favorable

1

Fis. 10. PLANTATION OF WHITE PINE

Four years after planting.

About 2,700 trees per acre. They range from 2 to 3
feet in height

Fig. 17. PLANTATION OF WHITE PINE

Eight years after planting. About 2,500 trees per acre. They range from 5 to 12

feet in height

I

FiK.18. M()NA(iIIAN FIKLD PLANTATION OF WHITE PINE

Photograph taken in thi' fall of V.)M\ when the trees had completed seven-
teen seasons of i;r<>vvtli. Average height 14.t> feet

Fig. 10. SAMPLE PLOT J\ :\[( )NA(;iLV\ FIELD PLANTATION OF

WHITE PIXE

Each tree bears a six-cial number and the breast-high point (4.5 feet from
the ground) is marked by a white horizontal line. All diameter measure-
ments are taken at the breast-high mark. A complete record of each tree
is kept on file at the office of the forester in charge of the forest

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or by a combination of the following methods: — (1) Natural, where
nature, aided to a limited extent by man, sows seeds and produces
sprouts. (2) Artificial, where man sows the seeds or plants the
seedlings. The former is usually spoken of as natural regeneration
and the latter as artificial regeneration. In both methods nature
does most of the work; but man helps nature more in the artificial
method than in the natural method. Nature working through many
centuries produced the original forest. We cannot wait for nature
to produce another original forest on our forest soils. It will take
too long. We may assist nature and attempt even to improve upon
its way of doing things; but we must be careful that we do not de-
viate too far from its methods for fear of being punished.

In the case of artificial regeneration it is necessary to collect seeds
from desirable trees. These collected seeds may be sown imme-
diately or stored. If stored, they must be protected from such ani-
mals as mice, squirrels and birds, and from drought. These seeds
may be placed betw'een layers of sand to prevent drying out. Those
seeds which are sown immediately may be sown directly upon the
area where they are expected to germinate and establish themselves
or they may be sown in beds in a nursery where they in time develop
into seedlings. Direct sowing may be in the form of broadcasting,
where the seeds are scattered rather uniformly over the area, or spot
planting, where only isolated or scattered spots, often regularly
spaced, are sown with seeds.

The nurseries in which the seeds are sown may be permanent and
located in the open, or temporary and located in the forest under the
shelter of trees. The nursery is divided into a great number of beds
which are usually about tw'enty-five feet long and four feet wide.
The seeds may be sown in these beds in spring or fall, either by sow-
ing them broadcast or in rills. Here the seeds germinate and after
an incubation period of usually less than a month, but occasionally
extending over a year, they appear above the ground. The germi-
nation can sometimes be stimulated by soaking the seeds in water
before planting. These young tender plants like children succumb
very readily to adverse conditions. Consequently they must receive
careful treatment and adequate protection while they remain in the
nursery. They must receive protection from the intense sun, ex-
cessive moisture, drought, weeds, fungi, and animals.

The plants which develop from the sown seed may remain for one,
two, or three years in the nursery. Those plants which remain for
more than one year may be kept in the same place where the seeds
which produced them were sown. If too dense they must be lifted
and planted in another place where they will have more room. This
process of lifting the seedlings and planting them again is known

riUMM

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71

or by a combination of the following methods: — (1) Natural, where
nature, aided to a limited extent by man, sows seeds and produces
sprouts. (2) Artificial, where man sows the seeds or plants the
seedlings. The former is usually spoken of as natural regeneration
and the latter as artificial regeneration. In both methods nature
does most of the work; but man helps nature more in the artificial
method than in the natural method. Nature working through many
centuries produced the original forest. We cannot wait for nature
to produce another original forest on our forest soils. It will take
too long. We may assist nature and attempt even to improve upon
its way of doing things; but we must be careful that we do not de-
viate too far from its methods for fear of being punished.

In the case of artificial regeneration it is necessary to collect seeds
from desirable trees. These collected seeds may be sown imme-
diately or stored. If stored, they must be protected from such ani-
mals as mice, squirrels and birds, and from drought. These seeds
may be placed betw'een layers of sand to prevent drying out. Those
seeds which are sown immediately may be sown directly upon the
area where they are expected to germinate and establish themselves
or they may be sown in beds in a nursery where they in time develop
into seedlings. Direct sowing may be in the form of broadcasting,
where the seeds are scattered rather uniformly over the area, or spot
planting, where only isolated or scattered spots, often regularly
spaced, are sown with seeds.

The nurseries in which the seeds are sown may be permanent and
located in the open, or temporary and located in the forest under the
shelter of trees. The nursery is divided into a great number of beds
which are usually about twenty-five feet long and four feet wide.
The seeds may be sown in these beds in spring or fall, either by sow-
ing them broadcast or in rills. Here the seeds germinate and after
an incubation period of usually less than a month, but occasionally
extending over a year, they appear above the ground. The germi-
nation can sometimes be stimulated by soaking the seeds in water
before planting. These young tender plants like children succumb
very readily to adverse conditions. Consequently they must receive
careful treatment and adequate protection while they remain in the
nursery. They must receive protection from the intense sun, ex-
cessive moisture, drought, weeds, fungi, and animals.

The plants which develop from the sown seed may remain for one,
two, or three years in the nursery. Those plants which remain for
more than one year may be kept in the same place where the seeds
which produced them were sown. If too dense they must be lifted
and planted in another place where they will have more room. This
process of lifting the seedlings and planting them again is known

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

22

as transplanting, and the resulting plants are transplants. Trans-
planting usually produces better plants because they are stockier
and better prepared for the shock they will receive when planted
in the forest. Trees like White Pine, Red Pine, and Norway Spruce
are usually left in the nursery for two or three years before final
planting, while other species like Ash, Walnut, and Oak are left in
the nursery only one year.

The seedlings planted in the forest are usually raised in nurseries
but occasionally they may be taken from the forest floor where nature
often produces them abundantly. The cost of raising plants in the
nurseries varies with the species, cost and quality of the seeds, and
the length of time left in the nursery, but is usually from about ?2.50
to $4.00 per thousand. The source, method of collection, preparation,
and storage of the seeds have a marked influence on the quality of the
resulting plants. The plants, taken from the nursery or lifted in
the forest, are usually planted in the forest about 4x4 or 5x5 feet
apart. This requires from about 1,700 to 2,725 trees per acre. The
total cost of planting an acre of cleared land to forest trees, including
cost of plants, is about f 12. In individual cases the cost may exceed
this figure and again it may be lower. This artificial method of re-
generation is generally used where forests have been clear-cut or
where openings are to be reforested. It is also used for underplant-
ing where a better humus covering is desirable. In Europe, especial-
ly in Germany, this method was used extensively during the last cen-
tury as may be seen in the many even-aged forests found there at
the present time. During the last decade a reaction has been setting
in, based on scientific investigations. Many of the forests which
were established artificially are now reaching maturity. Disad-
vantages of this method are becoming more evident and the foresters
are gradually substituting the natural method for the artificial.

The natural regeneration of forests may take place in two ways :
(1) By coppice and (2) by seed. By coppice is meant the shoots
which spring up from the stump when the tree is cut (Figs. 10, 28,
88, 98) and the suckers which spring from the roots. Coppicing
is a rather important method of reproduction in Pennsylvania since
some of our most valuable species, like Chestnut, Ash, and Oak re-
produce readily by this method. Natural seed regeneration leaves
most of the work to nature. Man attempts to hasten it somewhat by
regulated cutting in the stand and by wounding the soil so that the
seeds will find a favorable mineral soil upon which to germinate.
The trees which produce the seed may be scattered singly, or occur
in groups, in strips, or in open stands. These trees are known
as seed trees or mother trees. Some form of natural regeneration
must be used in protection forests, is advisable for game and park

1

I

Fig. 22. NATURAL KEGENERATION OF THE FOREST

Norway Spruce before seeding cutting. Opening the leaf-canopj- stimulates seed

production

I
I

Fig. 23. NATURAL RECJENERATION OF THE FOREST

Norway Spruce after seeding cutting. Regeneration follows regulated seed pnt-

ductiou

4

22

as transplantmg, and the resulting plants are tratvsplatvts. Trans-
planting usually produces better plants because they are stockier
and better prepared for the shock they will receive when planted
in the forest. Trees like White Pine, Red Pine, and Norway Spruce
are usually left in the nursery for two or three years before final
planting, while other species like Ash, Walnut, and Oak are left in
the nursery only one year.

The seedlings planted in the forest are usually raised in nurseries
but occasionally they may be taken from the forest floor where nature
often produces them abundantly. The cost of raising plants in the
nurseries varies with the species, cost and quality of the seeds, and
the length of time left in the nursery, but is usually from about ?2.50
to f4.00 per thousand. The source, method of collection, preparation,
and storage of the seeds have a marked influence on the quality of the
resulting plants. The plants, taken from the nursery or lifted in
the forest, are usually planted in the forest about 4x4 or 5x5 feet
apart. This requires from about 1,700 to 2,725 trees per acre. The
total cost of planting an acre of cleared land to forest trees, including
cost of plants, is about ?12. In individual cases the cost may exceed
this figure and again it may be lower. This artificial method of re-
generation is generally used where forests have been clear-cut or
where openings are to be reforested. It is also used for underplant-
ing wliere a better humus covering is desirable. In Europe, especial-
ly in Germany, this method was used extensively during the last cen-
tury as may be seen in the many even-aged forests found there at
the present time. During the last decade a reaction has been setting
in, based on scientific investigations. Many of the forests which
were established artificially are now reaching maturity. Disad-
vantages of this method are becoming more evident and the foresters
are gradually substituting the natural method for the artificial.

The natural regeneration of forests may take place in two ways :
(1) By coppice and (2) by seed. By coppice is meant the shoots
which spring up from the stump when the tree is cut (Pigs. 10, 28,
88, 98) and the suckers which spring from the roots. Coppicing
is a rather important method of reproduction in Pennsylvania since
some of our most valuable species, like Chestnut, Ash, and Oak re-
produce readily by this method. Natural seed regeneration leaves
most of the work to nature. Man attempts to hasten it somewhat by
regulated cutting in the stand and by wounding the soil so that the
seeds will find a favorable mineral soil upon which to germinate.
The trees which produce the seed may be scattered singly, or occur
in groups, in strips, or in open stands. These trees are known
as seed trees or mother trees. Some form of natural regeneration
must be used in protection forests, is advisable for game and park

Fig. 22. NATURAL REGENERATION OF THE FOREST

Norway Spruce before seeding cutting. Opening the leaf-canopy stimulates seed

production

I

Fig. 23. NATURAL REGENERATION OF THE FOREST

Norway Spruce after seeding cutting. Regeneration follows regulated st'ed pro-
duction

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

-~«''J jmll J- l»l>..

1 .

Fig. 24. NATURAL KE(iEXERAT10N OF OAK
A large mother tree with its off-spring

I

23

forests, and applicable to the forests which are managed for the pro-
duction of wood. In some cases it is advisable to begin with natural
regeneration and then fill in artifically all places which are not
stocked with trees.

Fig. 25. NATITRAL REGENERATION OF THE FOREST

An opening being filled in by n dense growth of White Pine, Tulip, and Hemlock
seedlings, from seed scattered by bordering large trees

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOREST

The raising of some farm crops and the raising of a wood crop
have many points in common. A farmer after planting his field to
corn in spring does not leave it to nature to develop and mature, but
he cultivates it and sometimes even cuts out undesirable sprouts
called suckers, knowing that careful tending will result in a larger
yield. Likewise the forester is not satisfied in establishing a forest
but he also aims to develop or tend it so that it will yield a large
and valuable crop.

The method of developing a forest depends upon the nature of the
forest and the desire of the owner. The forest may have been es-
tablished by nature and even partly developed by it or it may have
been established by man. The forests established and developed by
nature without the aid of man are usually in a rather unsanitary,
unattractive, unproductive, and unregulated condition. Under such
conditions it is necessary for man to transform these into forests
which are clean, attractive, productive, and which show evidence of
proper regulation on every hand.

The forests which man establishes usually start out with 2,000 to
20,000 or even 50,000 seedlings to the acre, depending upon the meth-
od of establishment. If artificial methods of regeneration are used
about 2,500 seedlings per acre are required but where natural regen-
eration is used one may find 20,000 or even 100,000 seedlings per acre.
If we go into a mature forest stand and count the trees per acre we
will find probably 150, or sometimes 250, and occasionally 400 ; hence,
we must conclude that a large proportion of the trees which start
out cannot survive. Two questions suggest themselves: What hap-
pens with the large number of trees which cannot mature? Why is
it necessary to plant so many when only a small number can ma-
ture? If one inspects a plantation of trees a few years after it Wsls
established he will be a'ble to note a difference among the trees.
Some are thrifty, which is shown by their rapid growth, others are
average, while still others show no signs of growth whatever or may
have died. If one returns ten years later this condition is still more
pronounced. By this time they will have grown to such dimensions
that their branches are beginning to interlace. A struggle has
started between them. There is no longer sufficient space for all of

23

Fig. 24. NATURAL HECJKXERATION OF OAK

A larj;(' mother tree with its off -spring

forests, and applicable to the forests which are managed for the pro-
duction of wood. In some cases it is advisable to begin with natural
regeneration and then fill in artifically all places which are not
stocked with trees.

Fig. 25. NATURAL REGENERATION OF THE FOREST

An opening Inking filled in by .i dense growth of White Pine, Tulip, and Hemlock
seedlings, from seed scattered by bordering large trees

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOREST

The raising of some farm crops and the raising of a wood crop
have many points in common. A farmer after planting his field to
corn in spring does not leave it to nature to develop and mature, but
he cultivates it and sometimes even cuts out undesirable sprouts
called suckers, knowing that careful tending will result in a larger
yield. Likewise the forester is not satisfied in establishing a forest
but he also aims to develop or tend it so that it will yield a large
and valuable crop.

The method of developing a forest depends upon the nature of the
forest and the desire of the owner. The forest may have been es-
tablished by nature and even partly developed by it or it may have
been established by man. The forests established and developed by
nature without the aid of man are usually in a rather unsanitary,
unattractive, unproductive, and unregulated condition. Under such
conditions it is necessary for man to transform these into forests
which are clean, attractive, productive, and which show evidence of
proper regulation on every hand.

The forests which man establishes usually start out with 2,000 to
20,000 or even 50,000 seedlings to the acre, depending upon the meth-
od of establishment. If artificial methods of regeneration are used
about 2,500 seedlings per acre are required but where natural regen-
eration is used one may find 20,000 or even 100,000 seedlings per acre.
If we go into a mature forest stand and count the trees per acre we
will find probably 150, or sometimes 250, and occasionally 400 ; hence,
we must conclude that a large proportion of the trees which start
out cannot survive. Two questions suggest themselves: What hap-
pens with the large number of trees which cannot mature? Why is
it necessary to plant so many when only a small number can ma-
ture? If one inspects a plantation of trees a few years after it Was
established he will be a'ble to note a difference among the trees.
Some are thrifty, which is shown by their rapid growth, others are
average, while still others show no signs of growth whatever or may
have died. If one returns ten years later this condition is still more
pronounced. By this time they will have grown to such dimensions
that their branches are beginning to interlace. A struggle has
started between them. There is no longer suflScient space for all of

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

24

them. They must battle with each other for light and food. Some
will conquer and be known as dominant trees, while others wpl just
about hold their own and be known as intermediate trees, while still
others will be conquered and be known as suppressed or dead trees.
This struggle for existence is found in all places where trees grow in
the form of a forest, and results in the elimination of the weaker
specimens. At the same time it gives such drastic discipline to the
dominant ones that they will produce a much higher grade of wood.
Trees grown in dense stands are usually free from lateral branches
for a considerable distance from the ground and as a consequence
the logs cut from them will be relatively free from knots ; while trees
grow'n in open stands or in open situations bear crowns which often
reach almost to the ground and produce numerous knots. Such trees
as the latter, consequently, yield an inferior grade of wood.

In developing forests the owner or forester in charge should aim
to maintain a proper number of trees per acre and to treat them
so that they will not only yield a large quantity but also a good
quality of wood. He should not aim to differ from nature's ways
of doing things but improve on them. In order to improve the for-
est it is necessary that the forester carry on certain operations in
the immature stand which aim to improve the composition of the
stand and form of the individual trees. He should also aim to
increase the rate of growth of the individual trees and as a result
increase the yield in volume and value of the final product. The
principal operations which one must carry out in order to realize
the above objects are: Cleanings, Assistance Cuttings, Liberation
Cuttings, Thinnings, Damage Cuttings, Pruning, Weedings, and Un-
derplanting.

Cleanings are cutting operations in young rather even-aged stands
which remove undesirable trees with little prospective value, and
favor other species with a good prospective value. These later may
have been overtopped by the undesirable ones.

Liberation Cuttings are operations in immature stands in which
the mam crop of trees is overtopped by scattered older trees with
very wide-spreading crowns. These older trees which at present have
but little prospective value retard the development of a great num-
ber of younger trees with good prospective value. The removal of the
larger trees is known as a Liberation Cutting.

Thinnings are cutting operations in immature stands for the pur-
pose of accelerating the growth of individual trees and, as a con-
sequence, increase the total yield and improve the quality of the
product. Thinnings result not only in a large quantity and quality
mcrement but aim to improve the appearance and health of the forest
They decrease the danger from fire since a large amount of inflam-

Fig. 26. DENSE STAND OF SPRUCE

Crowns shallow, stems cloan, little taper, relatively large quantity of high
class wood. Nature pruned off tlie lateral branches

Fig. 27. A SY^rMETRlCAL WHITE OAK

Will produce considerable cord wood, but little saw timber. Compare
forest-grown White Oak in Fig. 12

I

24

them. They must battle with each other for light and food. Some
will conquer and be known as dominant trees, while others wpl just
about hold their own and be known as intermediate trees, while still
others will be conquered and be known as suppressed or dead trees.
This struggle for existence is found in all places where trees grow in
the form of a forest, and results in the elimination of the weaker
specimens. At the same time it gives such drastic discipline to the
dominant ones that they will produce a much higher grade of wood.
Trees grown in dense stands are usually free from lateral branches
for a considerable distance from the ground and as a consequence
the logs cut from them will be relatively free from knots ; while trees
grow'n in open stands or in open situations bear crowns which often
reach almost to the ground and produce numerous knots. Such trees
as the latter, consequently, yield an inferior grade of wood.

In developing forests the owner or forester in charge should aim
to maintain a proper number of trees per acre and to treat them
so that they will not only yield a large quantity but also a good
quality of wood. He should not aim to differ from nature's ways
of doing things but improve on them. In order to improve the for-
est it is necessary that the forester carry on certain operations in
the immature stand which aim to improve the composition of the
stand and form of the individual trees. He should also aim to
increase the rate of growth of the individual trees and as a result
increase the yield in volume and value of the final product. The
principal operations which one must carry out in order to realize
the above objects are: Cleanings, Assistance Cuttings, Liberation
Cuttings, Thinnings, Damage Cuttings, Pruning, Weedings, and Un-
derplanting.

Cleanings are cutting operations in young rather even-aged stands
which remove undesirable trees with little prospective value, and
favor other species with a good prospective value. These later may
have been overtopped by the undesirable ones.

Liberation Cuttings are operations in immature stands in which
the main crop of trees is overtopped by scattered older trees with
very wide-spreading crowns. These older trees which at present have
but little prospective value retard the development of a great num-
ber of younger trees with good prospective value. The removal of the
larger trees is known as a Liberation Cutting.

Thinnings are cutting operations in immature stands for the pur-
pose of accelerating the growth of individual trees and, as a con-
sequence, increase the total yield and improve the quality of the
product. Thinnings result not only in a large quantity and quality
increment but aim to improve the appearance and health of the forest
They decrease the danger from fire since a large amount of inflam-

Fig. 26. DENSE STAND OF SPRUCE

Crowns shallow, stems clean, little taper, relatively large quantity of high
class wood. Nature pruned off the lateral branches

i

{

Fig. 27. A SYMMETRICAL WHITE OAK

Will prwluce considerable cord wood, but little saw timber. Compare
forest-grown White Oak in Fig. 12

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

Fig. 28. THINNED CHESTNUT STAND

About 35 years old. Approximately 28<) trees over 4 inches in diameter breast-
high, still standing. Eight cords of wood per acre were removed. The Chestnut-
blight has killed practically all the Chestnut trees of conunercial size in the State

Fig. 29. THINNED SCOTCH TINE
About 70 years old. Undcrplantcd with Beech

Fig. 30. WHITE PINE STAND BEFORE AND DURING PRUNIN<J

Fig. 31. SAME STAND AS SHOWN IN FIG. 30, TEN YEARS AFTER

PRUNING

\

Fijr. :V2. OIL VIVK LINK AS A FIUK P.REAK AND SUBDIVISION LINE

A bast' from which to fi^lit fins. Am rxcvUrnt subdivision line

MX

'■'.^-N^Xr-V

:^^t^^

Fig 83. COMl'AKTMENT LINE IN A YOUNG CHESTNUT FOREST
Sucli linos afford a base for controlling tires, and make the forest accessible

25

mable debris is removed. If thinnings are conducted properly the
remaining trees are usually more windfirm. Thinnings also enable
one to get returns upon a forest investment without waiting until the
crop is finally harvested. Today, under our crude method of regu-
lating the returns from our forests, the thinnings or intermediate
yield play a minor role, while the final yield comprises practically
the total yield; but as our methods are developed and perfected, the
intermediate yields will comprise, as in the intensively managed for-
ests of Germany, 25%, and later 50% of the total yield. All forest
owners should aim to improve their forest stands by thinning them
properly so that they will become more attractive, more sanitary,
and more productive. This may be accomplished by thinning early,
regularly, and with increasing intensity; but always cautiously, so
that the fertility of the soil will be conserved and all available food
properly utilized.

Damage Cuttings comprise operations wliich remove all damaged
material from the forest. The damage may be caused by wind, light-
ning, snow, insects, fungi, fire, or any of the many other agents
•which operate in the forest. Damage cuttings should be made as
soon as possible after the damage is done, not only in order to utilize
the material before it depreciates too much in value, but also to pre-
vent the spread of such destructive agents as insects and fungi.

Pruning is an expensive operation and consists mainly in cutting
off the lower branches of trees where they were not pruned natu-
rally, in order to produce stems with as few knots as possible and
at the same time increase the beauty of the stand.

Underplanting is an intensive cultural operation which is practiced
only under systems of intensive management of the forest. It may
aim to conserve or even improve the soil or to establish advance
reproduction. The aesthetic value of underplanting is also a valu-
able asset in developing our forest.

Environmental influences and inherent tendencies are factors which
are constantly discussed in connection with the development of our
youth into useful men and women. These same factors should be
considered in developing the young seedlings of the present forest
into the veterans of the future.

THE PKOTECTION OF THE FOREST

The protection of the forest surpasses in importance all other for-
est activities during the early or formative period of forestry in any
country. Forest protection is not only the oldest but also the most
necessary branch of forestry. Many and varied are the destructive
agents at work in the forest or upon the products derived from it.

iiix. :v2. OIL riiM-: lim: as a firk iihkak and subdivision line

A b.isc from which to fi^ht lins. Am rxct'U.'iit subdivision Vuw

#

* \

If

-.^ ^

ii

Fif,' .T{. COMI'AKTMFNT LINF IN A YOINCJ (MIFSTNIT FORFST
Such lints nff<»r(l a base for controlling tires, an«i make the forest accessible

25

mable debris is removed. If thinnings are conducted properly the
remaining trees are usually more windfirm. Thinnings also enable
one to get returns upon a forest investment without waiting until the
crop is finally harvested. Today, under our crude method of regu-
lating the returns from our forests, the thinnings or intermediate
yield play a minor role, while the final yield comprises practically
the total yield; but as our methods are developed and perfected, the
intermediate yields will comprise, as in the intensively managed for-
ests of Germany, 25%, and later 50% of the total yield. All forest
owners should aim to improve their forest stands by thinning them
properly so that they will become more attractive, more sanitary,
and more productive. This may be accomplished by thinning early,
regularly, and with increasing intensity; but always cautiously, so
that the fertility of the soil will be conserved and all available food
properly utilized.

Damage Cuttings comprise operations which remove all damaged
material from the forest. The damage may be caused by wind, light-
ning, snow, insects, fungi, fire, or any of the many other agents
'Which operate in the forest. Damage cuttings should be made as
soon as possible after the damage is done, not only in order to utilize
the material before it depreciates too much in value, but also to pre-
vent the spread of such destructive agents as insects and fungi.

Pruning is an expensive operation and consists mainly in cutting
off the lower branches of trees where they were not pruned natu-
rally, in order to produce stems with as few knots as possible and
at the same time increase the beauty of the stand.

Underplanting is an intensive cultural operation which is practiced
only under systems of intensive management of the forest. It may
aim to conserve or even improve the soil or to establish advance
reproduction. The aesthetic value of underplanting is also a valu-
able asset in developing our forest.

Environmental influences and inherent tendencies are factors which
are constantly discussed in connection with the development of our
youth into useful men and women. These same factors should be
considered in developing the young seedlings of the present forest
into the veterans of the future.

THE PKOTECTION OF THE FOREST

The protection of the forest surpasses in importance all other for-
est activities during the early or formative period of forestry in any
country. Forest protection is not only the oldest but also the most
necessary branch of forestry. Many and varied are the destructive
agents at work in the forest or upon the products derived from it.

I

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

26

The destructive work of fire is very evident while that of fungi is
often hidden. One cannot help but comprehend the destructive work
of a forest fire which may sweep over an entire mountain, kill every
trace of tree growth, and, in addition, destroys buildings and oc-
casionally human lives ; but few even apprehend the extent of dam-
age by such agents as fungi which often cause the decay of the entire
interior of a tree without giving any external evidence of their pres-
ence.

In order to give adequate protection to our forests, it is neces-
sary to know the dangers which threaten them. We must also
know how to offset attack by employing preventive and remedial
measures. The principal dangers which threaten the forest and
against which man must protect it may be grouped as follows:—!,
Damage from human agencies. 2. Damage from organic agencies,
3. Damage from inorganic agencies.

Man's disturbing influence in the forest can be comprehended in
part when one compares our present forests with those of the past.
Primitive man had few wants, but as his civilization progressed his
wants multiplied and his destructive tendencies became more ap-
parent. The early settler found it necessary to destroy valuable
forests for the purpose of establishing a home and for opening agri-
cultural and grazing lands. He had no alternative then, but now
conditions have changed. He is just at the beginning of forest ap-
preciation. He must introduce system and substitute conservative
forestry for destructive lumbering, which latter has always been
characterized by profligate exploitation and wanton waste.

Man is directly or indirectly responsible for most forest fires,
since they usually originate through his carelessness or malicious-
ness. Lightning is resij)onsible for a very small percentage. Of all
the enemies of the forest none is so destructive as fire. A single fire
may burn over a few acres only or it may burn over thousands of
acres in a single day. It not only destroys present but prospective
value, since it consumes or kills mature trees and the young seed
lings and saplings which would have produced the forest of the
future. In 1924, 1,997 fires occured in the State of Pennsylvania,
and burned over 95,792 acres. The estimated amount of damage was
over $200,000. The annual loss to the people of Pennsylvania on ac-
count of forest fires is estimated to be not less than $100,000,000.

Three kinds of forest fires are usually recognized: Surface fires,
which burn the surface layer of leaves, grass, twigs, and some trees ;
Qrownd fires, which burn through soils with abundant vegetable
materials and Crovm fires, which burn through the crowns of trees.
Many fires can be prevented by educating the people concerning
the real value and significance of the forests. Vigilant patrol dur-

Fijr. 34. A DESTKUCTIVE FOKKST FIKE WKLL INDKR WAY

%

Fis. 3.-.. SEVERE FOREST FIRES CONSUME PRACTICALLY EVERY-

TU1X(; JX THEIR coritsE

lloinos, e\eu ontiro towns lia\e been ilrstrny*''!

26

The destructive work of fire is very evident Vhile that of fungi is
often hidden. One cannot help but comprehend the destructive work
of a forest fire which may sweep over an entire mountain, kill every
trace of tree growth, and, in addition, destroys buildings and oc-
casionally human lives ; but few even apprehend the extent of dam-
age by such agents as fungi which often cause the decay of the entire
interior of a tree without giving any external evidence of their pres-
ence.

In order to give adequate protection to our forests, it is neces-
sary to know the dangers which threaten them. We must also
know how to offset attack by employing preventive and remedial
measures. The principal dangers which threaten the forest and
against which man must protect it may be grouped as follows:— 1,
Damage from human agencies. 2. Damage from organic agencies,
3. Damage from inorganic agencies.

Man's disturbing influence in the forest can be comprehended in
part when one compares our present forests with those of the past.
Primitive man had few wants, but as his civilization progressed his
wants multiplied and his destructive tendencies became more ap-
parent. The early settler found it necessary to destroy valuable
forests for the purpose of establishing a home and for opening agri-
cultural and grazing lands. He had no alternative then, but now
conditions have changed. He is just at the beginning of forest ap-
preciation. He must introduce system and substitute conservative
forestry for destructive lumbering, which latter has always been
characterized by profligate exploitation and wanton waste.

Man is directly or indirectly responsible for most forest fires,
since they usually originate through his carelessness or malicious-
ness. Lightning is res,J)onsible for a very small percentage. Of all
the enemies of the forest none is so destructive as fire. A single fire
may burn over a few acres only or it may burn over thousands of
acres in a single day. It not only destroys present but prospective
value, since it consumes or kills mature trees and the young seed-
lings and saplings which would have produced the forest of the
future. In 1924, 1,997 fires occured in the State of Pennsylvania,
and burned over 95,792 acres. The estimated amount of damage was
over $200,000. The annual loss to the people of Pennsylvania on ac-
count of forest fires is estimated to be not less than f 100,000,000.

Three kinds of forest fires are usually recognized : Swrface fires,
which burn the surface layer of leaves, grass, twigs, and some trees;
Oroimd fires, which burn through soils with abundant vegetable
materials and Croimi fires, which burn through the crowns of trees.
Many fires can be prevented by educating the people concerning
the real value and significance of the forests. Vigilant patrol dur-

Fig. 34. A DESTRUCTIVE FOREST FIRE WELL LNDER WAY

:^CT"::%^

Fig. 'So. SEVERE FOREST FIRES CONSUME PRACTICALLY EVERY-

TUING IX THEIR COURSE

Homes, eveu entire towns liave been dcstroytMl

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

Kij!. 3«. ESTIMATINO THE DAMAGE OF A WINDFALL
n- r .ton,. ,n,nK,.om,.„,. a sysfmn.jc -tablisl.mo.,t of ^utti^.j^n^^^l^i^

area on tlic Mont Alto State Foirst

Fig. 38. HEMLOCK TRUNK WITH
FRUITING BODIFS OF A FI'N-
GUS

Fi^'. 8J). F.LAUK r.lR(^IT TRUNK AT-
TA(^KEI) r.Y TWO DIFFERENT
Sl'ECIES OF FUNGI

Fiff 37 AN EXAMPLE OF THE DESTRUCTIVE WORK OF MOUND-
BUILDING ANTS

No tnico of woody vegetation remains near the hills. Bedford connty, Pa.

Fig. 40. CHESTNUT POST ATTACKED BY BROWN ROT (POLYPORUS

SULPHUREUS)

Some fungi attack only living wood, others attack only dead wood

_ipK?-fr!^|

\-43ir»r^

'?:^^

^^n^

■*nyi«yEw;

^..•^*f^

■.... N "^V

■ ^^^-''-'iiC

•T ^^^

"^-"^53fc, ,;:_^

^-^^^j

Fig. 41. WHITE OAK AND TINE L()(;S ATTACKED liY FUNGI
The White Oak logs in foreground attacked by 3 different si)ecies of fungi. Cut
about 8 months bef(ne photographing. The vahie lias depreciated with ex-
posure and fungous attack.

■ 7 W

-^^ ^

1 ..<*■ -■■^\v*«*^

557)^^

.. . ■ '- <••

f'^^'a

Fig. 42. RESULT OF DESTRUCTIVE FOREST EXPLOITATION

Denuded hillsides covered with a dense growth of grass, which practically prev
the establishment of a forest growth. Tioga county, I*a.

ents

27

ing the clanger season, the construction of fire towers, telephone lines,
roads, fire-lanes, compartment lines, and the proper disposal of com-
bustible material, help to minimize the fire danger.

The damage which man does in the forest is very noticeable to his
fellowman, while that done by other agents often goes unnoticed.
Due to the development of our biological sciences in the receut past
we are beginning to appreciate the extent of the damage done by
such agents as insects and fungi.

The organic agencies which damage the forests are plants or ani-
mals. The principal types of plants which do damage to the forest
or to the products of the forest are parasitic floVering plants, as the
mistletoe, and fungi which cause the decay of wood. The extent of
damage which fungi do to trees as well as construction timber is
usually underrated. They may be found upon living or dead trees,
stumps, logs, railroad ties, and construction timber in bridges,
houses and barns (Figs. 38-41). The Chestnut-Bark disease is an
example of a parasitic fungous disease which attacks the Chestnut
tree. It is now found in all parts of Pennsylvania. The Chestnut
tree is doomed for in a few years no Chestnut trees of commercial
size will remain in the State.

Many different kinds of animals do damage to the forest. Domes-
tic animals, as cattle, sheep, goats, and hogs, and wild vertebrates,
as deer, rabbits, squirrels, mice, and beavers, are among the most im-
portant damaging agents.

Next to fire, insects are the most destructive enemies of the forest.
They may infest young seedlings in the nursery, the fruit or seeds,
the twigs, the cambial bark, and the wood. They also do consider-
able damage by attacking the leaves. Complete defoliation is not
uncommon.

The damage from inorganic agents may be in the form of wind-
fall, wind-break, snow-break, excessive cold, excessive heat, shifting-
sands, erosion, floods and noxious gases.

Proper protective measures can sometimes be carried out success-
fully by the individual, but in other cases the co-operation of the
nation, state, or municipality may be required. By developing the
forest fire organization in Pennsylvania, forest fires will be rare
events, as in the managed forests of Europe, and if they break out
will cause relatively little damage.

THE VALUE OF FORESTS

Prior to the time that the conquest of Constantinople closed the
route to the Orient, the Atlantic was regarded the world's back
door. Columbus, a mere sea captain, to his own surprise, discovered

Fij?. 41. WHITE OAK AND I 'INK LOHS ATTACKED JiY FIJNCJI

The White Oak h»j;s in forcgnmiMl artacUcd hy .*> (litfcrciit siiceics of fuiiffi. t'nt
about 8 months before i)h(»tograi»liing. 'JMie vahie has depreciated with ex-
posure and fungous attack.

Fig. 42. RESULT OF DESTRUCTIVE FOREST EXPLOITATION

Denuded liillsides covered with a dense growtli of ;;rass, which practically prevents
the establishment <»f a forest growth. Tioga county, Fa.

27

ing the danger season, the construction of fire towers, telephone lines,
roads, fire-lanes, compartment lines, and the proper disposal of com-
bustible material, help to minimize the fire danger.

The damage which man does in the forest is very noticeable to his
fellowman, while that done by other agents often goes unnoticed.
Due to the development of our biological sciences in the receut past
we are beginning to appreciate the extent of the damage done by
such agents as insects and fungi.

The organic agencies which damage the forests are plants or ani-
mals. The principal types of plants which do damage to the forest
or to the products of the forest are parasitic flow'ering plants, as the
mistletoe, and fungi which cause the decay of wood. The extent of
damage which fungi do to trees as well as construction timber is
usually underrated. They may be found upon living or dead trees,
stumps, logs, railroad ties, and construction timber in bridges,
houses and barns (Figs. 38-41). The Chestnut-Bark disease is an
example of a parasitic fungous disease which attacks the Chestnut
tree. It is now found in all parts of Pennsylvania. The Chestnut
tree is doomed for in a few years no Chestnut trees of commercial
size will remain in the State.

Many different kinds of animals do damage to the forest. Domes-
tic animals, as cattle, sheep, goats, and hogs, and wild vertebrates,
as deer, rabbits, squirrels, mice, and beavers, are among the most im-
portant damaging agents.

Next to fire, insects are the most destructive enemies of the forest.
They may infest young seedlings in the nursery, the fruit or seeds,
the twigs, the cambial bark, and the wood. They also do consider-
able damage by attacking the leaves. Complete defoliation is not
uncommon.

The damage from inorganic agents may be in the form of wind-
fall, wind-break, snow-break, excessive cold, excessive heat, shifting-
sands, erosion, floods and noxious gases.

Proper protective measures can sometimes be carried out success-
fully by the individual, but in other cases the co-operation of the
nation, state, or municipality may be required. By developing the
forest fire organization in Pennsylvania, forest fires will be rare
events, as in the managed forests of Europe, and if they break out
will cause relatively little damage.

THE VALUE OF FORESTS

Prior to the time that the conquest of Constantinople closed the
route to the Orient, the Atlantic was regarded the world's back
door. Columbus, a mere sea captain, to his own suri)rise, discovered

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

28

a land which, as the old voyagers related, no one approached without
appreciating the beauty of the forest. Those old voyagers appreciated
the beauty of the forests but not the prospective value The forests
at first had a negative value. They were something which must be
conquered. Their removal was necessary for the establishment of
homes and the opening of agricultural lands. Thousand of acres of
the best forests were simply burned to get rid (Jf them. They were
obstacles in the way of development.

Gradually as our forest acreage decreased, as our population in-
creased, and as the demand for wood goods multiplied, the forests
became not only objects of interest and beauty, but also of value
4fter four centuries of rapid development we are just beginning to
'comprehend the real importance of our forests They ^uPPly J«
with wood which is the most indispensable and universally used
product of nature. Wood as a necessity or a luxury is used in our
various activities from the cradle to the cofBn. Many of our houses
are built, finished, and heated with wood. Most of the paper upon
which we write and upon which our books are printed is made of

''''The forests supply us not only with wood but with many minor
products like maple sugar, tanning materials, naval stores charcoal,
wood alcohol, etc. Artificial silk and even whole suits of clothing
have been made from wood. In addition, the forests furnish leaves
for stable litter, pasturage for cattle, pannage for swine, and great
quantities of nuts wliich are used as food by men. Pasturage was
formerly carried on more extensively than at present. It may be a
legitimate industry if it pays and if it is so directed that the young
seedlings in the forest, which will produce our future forests, are
not eaten or injured. As a rule, grazing should not be permitted in
young forests where the shoots are still tender and readily eaten by
animals, nor where the grazing animals may tramp out the seed-
lings. . , ,
The original forest may be regarded a great reservoir of wealtn
filled by nature working through many centuries, and exploited by
man either for its products or to establish in its place a more neces-
sary industry. The present forest on the other hand may be rep-
resented by a much smaller reservoir only partly filled, and with
material which is inferior not only to that found in the original
forest but also far inferior to that which we hope to develop in the
future forest. The present forest if properly managed, which im-
plies improvement, is capable of producing continuously a large
quantity of major and minor forest products representing an enor-
mous value. In addition to the usual monetary value of forests we

Fig. 4;;. TKKES FrRXISFT A PROTECTIVE (U)VEK TO STEEP
MOl'NTAIX SLOPES. AXI> COXSEf^lENTLY ('IIE(Mv ERO-
SIOX AXI) PREVENT FLOODS P.V RE(J1 LA'IM\(; THE RFX-
OFF OF WATER PJOSFLTLVC FROM IIIOAVV RALXS AND
MELTLN(; SXOW

Fi^. 44. MORE THAX (MKl.OOO ^FREES HAVE PEEX PLANTED P.Y
THE YORK WATER COMPANY OX ITS WATERSHEDS .VP.OIT
THE WATER LMPOCXDENi; J5ASLNS

28

a land which, as the old voyagers related, no one approached without
appreciating the beauty of the forest. Those old voyagers appreciated
the beauty of the forests but not the prospective value The forests
at first had a negative value. They were something which must be
conquered. Their removal was necessary for the establishment of
homes and the opening of agricultural lands. Thousand of acres of
the best forests were simply burned to get rid 6t them. They were
obstacles in the way of development.

Gradually as our forest acreage decreased, as our population in-
creased, and as the demand for wood goods multiplied, the forests
became not only objects of interest and beauty, but also of value^
4fter four centuries of rapid development we are just beginning to
'comprehend the real importance of our forests They ««PPly J«
with wood which is the most indispensable and universally used
product of nature. Wood as a necessity or a luxury is used in our
various activities from the cradle to the coffin. Many of our houses
are built, finished, and heated with wood. Most of the paper upon
which we write and upon which our books are printed is made of

''The forests supply us not only with wood but with many minor
products like maple sugar, tanning materials, naval stores, charcoal,
wood alcohol, etc. Artificial silk and even whole suits of clothing
have been made from wood. In addition, the forests furnish leaves
for stable litter, pasturage for cattle, pannage for swine, and great
quantities of nuts which are used as food by men. Pasturage was
formerly carried on more extensively than at present. It may be a
legitimate industry if it pays and if it is so directed that the young
seedlings in the forest, which will produce our future forests, are
not eaten or injured. As a rule, grazing should not be permitted in
young forests where the shoots are still tender and readily eaten by
animals, nor where the grazing animals may tramp out the seed-
lings. . , ,,,
The original forest may be regarded a great reservoir of wealth
filled by nature working through many centuries, and exploited by
man either for its products or to establish in its place a more neces-
sary industry. The present forest on the other hand may be rep-
resented by a much smaller reservoir only partly filled, and with
material which is inferior not only to that found in the original
forest but also far inferior to that which we hope to develop in the
future forest. The present forest if properly managed, which im-
plies improvement, is capable of producing continuously a large
quantity of major and minor forest products representing an enor-
mous value. In addition to the usual monetary value of forests we

Fig. 4:f. TKKKS rf-RXISII A I'ROTIX'TIVE COVEU TO STEEP
.MOI'NIAIN SLOI'E.'^. AND ('()NSE(}rENTI.V CHECK ERO-
SION AXI) PREVENT FLOODS P.Y REdll.ATINi; THE RIN-
OEE OF WATER PiESIT-TINc; FROM HEAVY ItAINS AND
MEl/ri\(i SNOW

Fij;. 44. .M()1!E THAN (WMUKlfl TREES HAVE PEEX PLANTED RY
THE YORK WATEI! COAH'ANY ON ITS WAl'KRsnEDS AIIOIT
THE WATER IMPOUNDIXO P.ASINS

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

Fig. 45. I'KESIDKNT JAMES UrC^ITANAN'S lilUTIIPLAC'E

St.mv P.atter, liuH.aiian State F<,n.st near M.'^•orsh^u•f,^ Franklin county, Pa.
Pyramidal r..uj:l. st<»ne' nnnmnn'nt. Norway Sprucr planted in the torej-HninU

in 1012

Fi- 40 NORWAY SFKUrE AT PUFSI1>1<:XT lUKUIANAN'S lUUTll-

PLACE, la YEAKS AFTEK PEAXTlXd

should also consider their value as soil formers, soil fixers, soil im-
provers, preventers of floods, sanitary agents, suppliers of natural
blessings, and beautifiers of the earth.

THE VALUE OF TREES

Trees are among the commonest and most conspicuous objects of
nature. They vary considerably depending upon their kind, their
environment, and the artificial treatment which they may have re-
ceived during their development. The trees which surrounded the
simple home of the early pioneer differed very much from those
which adorn the grounds of some of our wealthy citizens to-day,
showing that nature, unaided by man, produces trees in the forests
which differ considerably from those which man has planted and
cared for. Environment is a very potent factor which not only in-
fluences the general appearance of a tree but also the structural
parts which compose it. Trees as members of the forest stand have
been considered in the preceding chapter. The subjoined material
treats of trees used for purposes other than forestry.

Trees are not only valuable for their products, as wood, resin,
fruit, and litter, but in addition have an aesthetic and a protective
value. Although tree-planting for shade and ornament has been
practiced assiduously in past generations, yet the value of such plant-
ing and the care which such trees require and should receive has not
been fully appreciated until lately. To-day individual trees or small
groups of them are planted rather extensively about homes, along
streets, in parks and public squares, for their shade and shelter.
They are also used about the home to screen objectionable objects,
to direct and restrict the views along general lines, to frame the
home picture and to give the surroundings the expression of comfort
and homeliness.

The establishment and care of shade and ornamental trees is en-
tirely different from the care of forest trees. Knowledge concern-
ing the life-history of trees in general is, however, a prerequisite for
the proper treatment of both classes of trees, but the art by which
this knowledge is applied is entirely different. The Forester grows
trees to harvest, and at harvest time he aims to obtain from them
as much and as high grade wood as possible. The tree warden grows
trees to preserve. He aims to develop a tree with as desirable an
appearance as possible and to retain it as long as the vitality of
the tree will permit.

Thousand of dollars are spent annually by shade and park com-
missions in developing the aesthetic side of our cities, towns, and
many of our rural districts. The commissions or individuals who

Fi- 45. PUKSIDKNT .JAMES urCIIANAN'S IM UTIII'LACK
St.uiv r>'Mivv. IJucl.a.ian Slate Vowst near Mwcvvshuva. Franklin rounty, Ta.
Pvi-an.idal nmfrl. st.Mw nM.nummt. Norway Sprucr plant.-<l in tlu' Un-v'Aiuniul

in 1012

I'Il'. 4<j.

.NORWAY SI'UUCE AT I'UKSI I HINT lUCIIAXANS
PLACE, 1:J years after RLANTINU

RIRTII-

29

should also consider their value as soil formers, soil fixers, soil im-
provers, preventers of floods, sanitary agents, suppliers of natural
blessings, and beautifiers of the earth.

THE VALUE OF TREES

Trees are among the commonest and most conspicuous objects of
nature. They vary considerably depending upon their kind, their
environment, and the artificial treatment which they may have re-
ceived during their development. The trees which surrounded the
simple home of the early pioneer differed very much from those
which adorn the grounds of some of our wealthy citizens to-day,
showing that nature, unaided by man, produces trees in the forests
which differ considerably from those which man has planted and
cared for. Environment is a very potent factor which not only in-
fluences the general appearance of a tree but also the structural
parts which compose it. Trees as members of the forest stand have
been considered in the preceding chapter. The subjoined material
treats of trees used for purposes other than forestry.

Trees a*re not only valuable for their products, as wood, resin,
fruit, and litter, but in addition have an aesthetic and a protective
value. Although tree-planting for shade and ornament has been
practiced assiduously in past generations, yet the value of such plant-
ing and the care which such trees require and should receive has not
been fully appreciated until lately. To day individual trees or small
groups of them are planted rather extensively about homes, along
streets, in parks and public squares, for their shade and shelter.
They are also used about the home to screen objectionable objects,
to direct and restrict the views along general lines, to frame the
home picture and to give the surroundings the expression of comfort
and homeliness.

The establishment and care of shade and ornamental trees is en-
tirely different from the care of forest trees. Knowledge concern-
ing the life-history of trees in general is, however, a prerequisite for
the proper treatment of both classes of trees, but the art by which
this knowledge is applied is entirely different. The Forester grows
trees to harvest, and at harvest time he aims to obtain from them
as much and as high grade wood as possible. The tree warden grows
trees to preserve. He aims to develop a tree with as desirable an
appearance as possible and to retain it as long as the vitality of
the tree will permit.

Thousand of dollars are spent annually by shade and park com-
missions in developing the aesthetic side of our cities, towns, and
many of our rural districts. The commissions or individuals who

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

30

have this in charge, aim, by beautifying the environments, not only
to improve the health and efficiency of the citizens, but also to raise
their moral standards and hence increase their social worth.

DECIDUOUS AND EVERGREEN TREES

All trees native to the State of Pennsylvania, when in a healthy
condition, bear green foliage in summer. In autumn many of the
green leaves change to brilliant colors, yellow, scarlet, deep red, or
purple, and gradually fall to the ground. The trees whose leaves
lose their green color and fall in autumn are known as deciduous
trees Most of the trees native to the State of Pennsylvania are
deciduous. The deciduous trees are also known as hardwoods or
broad-leaf trees. The Oaks, Maples, Birches, and Chestnuts are com-
mon examples of this group. Many of the representatives in this
group yield valuable products and furnish interesting objects of
study on account of their variation in form. In winter the deciduous
trees are far more conspicuous than in summer since the dense leaf
canopy is absent. This affords an opportunity to study the trees
with special reference to their form, branching, and bark. These
characters are among the most helpful in distinguishing our common
trees, especially since they are at hand at all seasons of the year.
The leaves of a few deciduous trees like the Beech and some of the
Oaks die in autumn but often persist through the winter.

Some trees, however, do not shed all of their leaves in fall. Such
trees are known as evergreen trees. The evergreen habit is char-
acteristic for most trees commonly known as conifers. Most of
the conifers have needle shaped leaves which persist for two or more
years. The Larch, native to this State, and the introduced Bald Cy-
press are, however, two trees which shed all their leaves in fall and
during the winter appear like dead conifers. The persistence of the
foliage of most of the conifers enriches the winter scenery and af-
fords shelter for birds and other animals. Many conifers are highly
prized for ornamental purposes and some yield valuable commer-
cial products. The Pines, Spruces, Firs, Cedars, and Hemlocks are
the commonest exaini)les of this group. In addition to the conifers
a few broad-leaf species, such as Rhododendron, Mountain Laurel,
and American Holly, are evergreen. A transition from the evergreen
to the deciduous habit may be found in the Deciduous Holly and the
Laurel Magnolia which are deciduous in the northern and evergreen

in the southern states.

The deciduous trees are commonest in the eastern part of North
America while the evergreen are commonest in the western part.
The former are usually found in mixed stands, while the latter often
occur in extensive pure stands. The hardwood trees usually occur

on rather fertile soils while the conifers may thrive on more sterile
ones. Both the deciduous and the evergreen habits have their ad-
vantages. The shedding of the leaves in fall is a protective adapta-
tion since it reduces transpiration, danger from snow-break, and
damage from noxious gases. The evergreen trees have the advantage
of lower summer transpiration and are ready at any season of the
year for constructive activity. They are also less subject to damage
by frost during the growing season. The advent of forestry may
change the structure and distribution of our forests. The present
tendency seems to be gradually and cumulatively in favor of the
conifers.

THE AGE OF TREES

Some trees reach great size and enormous age while others re-
main small and die young. The size and age which a tree attains
depend upon their inherent tendency and the factors of the environ-
ment. Some trees which naturally grow tall and become old may
remain small under unnatural and unfavorable growth conditions.
Others never become large and old even under the most favorable
growth conditions since it is inborn in them to remain small.

A definite age limit cannot be fixed for each kind of tree but for
general convenience we may classify our common trees as short-lived,
or long-lived. Of the trees native to the State of Pennsylvania the
Oaks, Chestnut, Buttonw'ood, Tulip Tree, White Pine, and Hemlock
may be regarded as long-lived trees, and the Poplars, Willows, most
Birches, and some Cherries as short-lived. Some of the White Oaks
found in the original forest of Pennsylvania showed an age of ap-
proximately 500 years. Some of the trees of this State reach a great
age and enormous size, still none approach such trees- as the Big
Cypress Tree of Tule found in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, or the
Sequoia of California.

It is not always easy to tell the age of a tree or that of an even-
aged stand of trees. Planting records are often very valuable in
determining their exact age. The best means of finding out the
exact age of a tree is to ask the owner who kept a record when the
tree was planted. This method may be used for some ornamental
trees and for forest stands which were artificially established. De-
tailed records should be kept of all forest stands whether established
artificially or naturally. The determination of the age of trees in
the original forest or in an unregulated forest is a more difficult
task. The age of a young tree like that of a child is more readily
determined than that of an old tree. The best test for telling the
age of a tree, if planting records are wanting, is to count the annual

32

rings on a cross-section of the stem near to the ground and add-
ing to this number, as many years as it took the tree to grow to
that height. (Plate 1, two lower series of drawings, and Plate XI,
1, 3). Each ring usually represents the growth of one year. A
second test will apply to such trees as White Pine, which develop
their lateral branches in distinct and rather regular whorls. (Plate
1, upper right figure, and Fig. 16.) Each whorl normally represents
a year's growth. If the branches have fallen off one can often find
the scars of the branches on the stem. (See Figs. 30 and 31.)
The age of young trees or small branches can also be determined
by counting the rings of terminal bud-scale scars (Plate I, upper
left figure). The portion of the branchlet from the end down to
the first ring of bud-scale scars represents the last season's growth
while that between the first and second rings represents the next
to the last season's growth and so on.

To tell the age of trees may sometimes be difficult but it is usually
fascinating. After you have been successful in determining the age
of a few trees, you may find yourself questioning the age of others
as you walk or drive by them. A careful study of their growth will
often indicate the successes and failures which they met during their
development, since a relatively narrow ring often indicates a struggle,
while a wide ring indicates favorable growth conditions.

WHEN TREES GROW

Every boy and girl knows that trees grow, but few people know
exactly when they grow. Most people believe that trees rest during
the winter and grow throughout the entire growing season, wliich
comprises from 150 to 200 days in the middle Atlantic states, and
in other regions of the country may be greater or less, depending
upon the latitude and altitude. It is the popular belief that trees
grow continuously from early spring when the leaves begin to come
out of the winter buds until the first frost of autumn when they
start to exhibit their rich autumnal coloration.

A careful sudy of this subject has shown without a doubt that
this widespread belief is not founded on fact. It is decidedly mis-
leading, for in the latitude of Pennsylvania 90% of the height growth
of our native trees is laid on in less than 40 days of spring and
early summer.

Not all trees begin to grow at the same time. Some begin very
early in spring, while others wait until the days are long and w'arm.
The Wild Black Cherry usually starts about the first of April, while
the Tulip Tree, also known as Yellow Poplar, does not begin until
the latter part of April, and the Norway Spruce waits until early

33

Hay. This difference of time when trees start to grow may not seem
strange, but I wonder where there is a boy or girl who knows, and
to whom it does not seem strange, that our Sweet Buckeye has com-
pleted all its height growth of the entire season by the 10th of
May and then has already formed its winter buds in preparation for
a long resting period. For eight years I have watched specimens
of this tree, and upon examining them on the 10th of May I always
find that height growth for the season is finished completely. They
will grow no more until the following year. It is indeed strange
that this tree, so common throughout the upper Mississippi Valley,
makes all of its height growth in about 35 days of early spring.

The time when trees start and stop their growth will naturally
vary from place to place, but the popular belief that growth con-
tinues until late fall must give way to the bare fact that most height
growth takes place in early spring.

An even greater revelation resulted from a careful study of the
growth of trees, and that was the fact that the growth of trees does
not proceed regularly but is frequently laid on by leaps and bounds.
Periods of rest often occur between successive forward thrusts or
elongations of the shoot. The rest periods are sometimes long and
again they may be short. In this respect trees work in a manner
somewhat similar to that of boys, who are willing to have long rest
periods scattered throughout their working hours.

I recall a Chestnut Oak tree that I watched growing a few' years
ago. It began growth on April 17 and continued rather regularly
until May 23. Then it began a rest period of 32 days. On June 24
it started to grow again and continued until July 13. The first in-
stallment of growth extended over 36 days, during which the shoot
elongated 10 inches, an average of about one-third of an inch per
day. Then followed a rest period of 32 days, when the final growth
period of 20 days began, during which time the shoot elongated 13.5
inches— an average of one-half inch per day.

DO TREES GROW AT NIGHT?

For many generations boys and girls have been taught that "mighty
oaks from little acorns grow." Our fathers have told us repeatedly
about the small tree he planted twenty years ago that is 40 feet
high, and that he knows of no superior. But it seems strange that
from' the vast amount of information that is available about trees
nothing is mentioned about whether trees grow more during the
day or at night.

G— 8

34

A few years ago I told a small group of boys about this interest-
in^ aurstL They became interested at once and agreed to help
:Lrrrdy of Ls feature of tree growth. Ko «- - ^J^
Plans were immediately made for a careful study of this interest mg
Sot The first thing we did was to select 100. trees represenU^^^^^
about twenty different kinds. Among them were White Pine, Nor
way Spruce, Wild Black Cherry, Rock Oak, Tulip and White Ash^
Ealh tree was tagged and given a number. The numbering of the
frees made it eafy to keep records of daily measurements. Each
morning at 7:30 and again at 7:30 in the evening the growth o
Tach of the 100 trees was measured and recorded. This meant that
each morning and evening about two hours were ^Pe'^tm measuring
he tr^s. AU the measurements were recorded in the book that was
especTa'^ prepared for the study. Every effort was put forth to
make thJsfudy worth while. It was great training or the^oys and
gave results which were not only new but really worth while_ The
study showed the remarkable fact that trees make about 67% of
Siowth at night and only 33% during the ^^y- tha^ is, they
grow about twice as much at night as during the day. The study
went a little bit further and showed that the greatest height growth
Tf tees usually occurs late at night and that the least growth takes
Dlace in the middle of the afternoon of clear days.
' This study was really worth while. It brought forth new fac^
and interesting information about tree growth, and ft the same
time gave the boys a real look into nature's way of doing things.
E^ch year a greater number of boys are going to the woods for a
vacation. There is no better place for them to rest and to play, but
while there it will surely be worth while for them to study the ways
of the wild folks and become more intimately acquainted with the
work of the trees and other wonderful plants of nature.

HISTOKIC TREES OF PENNSYLVANIA

Some trees have a history in story to tell. Under many trees
events of Nationwide and World-wide importance have taken place.

The tree with the best story in Pennsylvania history is the Penn
Treaty Elm. It stood at Shackamaxon on the Delaware only a few
miles north of Philadelphia. It was a noble tree '"easuring 24 feet
in circumference at the base and had a branch spread of loO feet.
It was under this tree that William Penn met the Indian chiefs in
1682. Many a conncil among the chiefs of various Indian nations
was held under its spreading branches.

The Treatv Elm came into the possession of the ancestors of
General Paul Oliver, who discovered that a shoot was springing

1

I

\>

IS.

y

Fig. 47. Till-: WIIITK OAK WITNESS TUKIO

It stands before the historic Doiwjial rresbyterinii Cliinvh in Lancaster

county, Ta.

85

from the roots of the old tree. He transplanted this shoot to Bay
Ridge, New York where it flourished for about 50 years. When it
had grown to be a meditim-sized tree, General Oliver transported
the whole tree to his home near Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, where
it still stands before the town chapel. On April 10, 1896 a shoot
from the General Oliver tree was planted on the campus of the
University of Pennsylvania by Governor Hastings in honor of Wil-
liam Penn, the first Governor of the Commonwealth. This tiny tree
has grown into a healthy tree of stately proportions. It has rounded
out its first quarter of a century and promises to become a worthy
offspring of the famous Penn Treaty Elm.

Other scions of this historic tree stand at the Pennsylvania Hos-
pital in Philadelphia, another in the yard of the Friend's Meeting
House on 12th Street, in Philadelphia and still another on the Haver-
ford College Campus. The grandson of the famous Penn Treaty Elm
that is on the Haverford College Campus stands immediately in
front of the main building. This tree was presented to the college
by Joshua Baily, at one time head of the J. L. Baily Cloth Manu-
facturing Company, Philadelphia. On April 11, 1923 this tree had
a breast-high circumference of 9.6 feet, a height of 80 feet and a
branch spread of 100 feet.

Another grandson of the Penn Treaty Elm stands on the campus
of the Westtown School, about four miles east of West Chester.
This tree was planted by Dr. Wills. It is now 48 feet in height and
15.5 inches in diameter.

Seven greatgrandsons of the Penn Treaty Elm are growing on the
Haverford College Campus about 250 feet southeast of Robert's
Hall. These trees were developed from cuttings taken from the
grandson of the Penn Treaty Elm also on the Haverford campus.
In 1916 the late Mr. Wystar, a Haverford alumnus, presented these
historic trees to the college. In giving seven trees for planting he
followed an old English custom of planting seven trees of the same
species in a group. These seven trees now range in diameter from
1.8 to 4 inches and their height ranges from 12 to 21 feet.

There are other historic trees in the State. Among them is a
White Oak standing near the historic Donegal Presbyterian church,
between Marietta and Mount Joy in Lancaster County. It is known
as "The Witness Tree." This magnificent White Oak stands out in
grandeur and loveliness among all its associates. Almost 150 years
ago an impressive expression of National patriotism took place under
this stately tree that was then already past middle age. At its base
is a tablet that gives the record of the historic event that took place
beneath its mighty branches. The tablet reads :

36

"Beneath this witness tree a new patriotism found notable expres-
sion on a Sunday morning in September 1777. An express rider
came to tell the congregation of Donegal church that the British
army, under Lord Howe had left New York to invade Pennsylvania.
This news demanded from all a new attitude towards the facts which
challenged them to show proof of their patriotism. Their pastor,
Rev. Colin McFarquhar, had been accustomed to offer prayers for
the King of England. Pastor and congregation joined hands under
its shade and pledged their loyalty to the cause of liberty and the
founding of a new nation in this Western World."

This historic White Oak is one of the grandest in the State. It
is a veteran of more than 300 years and it may live for 100 years or
more. A pilgrimage to it is worth while.

Another historic tree is the Lafayette Sycamore. It stands on a
hill about 200 yards east of the Brandywine Baptist church, near
Chadds Ford, Delaware County. Its branches over-hang the stone
house occupied by General Lafayette for headquarter purposes be-
fore the battle of Brandywine, September 10-11, 1777. Historians
tell us that Lafayette Was laid under this tree after being wounded.
Local reports inform us that he tied his horse to this tree on the
evening before the battle.

It is now a massive tree measuring almost 20 feet in circumference
breast-high. At the ground it is over 25 feet in circumference. It
is very accessible for observation and study, for it stands less than
100 yards from the Baltimore pike.

There are other historic trees in Pennsylvania. Not all of them
can be listed here. Undoubtedly there are many whose records are
not yet fully known. The Department of Forests and Waters is
anxious to compile full information about all the historic trees of
the State. If the readers of this book know of a Pennsylvania tree
that has a story in history to tell, they will do a good turn by send-
ing a full history of it to the Department of Forests and Waters.
It is quite probable that some day a book will be published on the
"Historic Trees of Pennsylvania.''

PENNSYLVANIA'S MOST UNIQUE TREE

What is probably the most unique tree in Pennsylvania is a Pros-
trate Juniper. It is growing in the woodlot owned by the late
Christian Schenk, located in Conewago Township, Dauphin County.
This tree is also called "trailing juniper," because of its trailing
habit of growth. The tree has an average spread of 45 feet and aver-
ages only 3 feet in height. It is indeed unique in that it is 15 times
as wide as high and covers just about 2,000 square feet. Its estimated
age is 165 years.

^ '

<

^ C

2 ^

X

X —

-f

36

"Beneath this witness tree a new patriotism found notable expres-
sion on a Sunday morning in September 1777. An express rider
came to tell the congregation of Donegal church that the British
army, under Lord Howe had left New York to invade Pennsylvania.
This news demanded from all a new attitude towards the facts which
challenged them to show proof of their patriotism. Their pastor,
Rev. Colin McFarquhar, had been accustomed to offer prayers for
the King of England. Pastor and congregation joined hands under
its shade and pledged their loyalty to the cause of liberty and the
founding of a new nation in this Western World."

This historic White Oak is one of the grandest in the State. It
is a veteran of more than 300 years and it may live for 100 years or
more. A pilgrimage to it is worth while.

Another historic tree is the Lafayette Sycamore. It stands on a
hill about 200 yards east of the Brandywine Baptist church, near
Chadds Ford, Delaware County. Its branches over-hang the stone
house occupied by General Lafayette for headquarter purposes be-
fore the battle of Brandywine, September 10-11, 1777. Historians
tell us that Lafayette was laid under this tree after being wounded.
Local reports inform us that he tied his horse to this tree on the
evening before the battle.

It is now a massive tree measuring almost 20 feet in circumference
breast-high. At the ground it is over 25 feet in circumference. It
is very accessible for observation and study, for it stands less than
100 yards from the Baltimore pike.

There are other historic trees in Pennsylvania. Not all of them
can be listed here. Undoubtedly there are many whose records are
not yet fully known. The Department of Forests and Waters is
anxious to compile full information about all the historic trees of
the State. If the readers of this book know' of a Pennsylvania tree
that has a story in history to tell, they will do a good turn by send-
ing a full history of it to the Department of Forests and Waters.
It is quite probable that some day a book will be published on the
"Historic Trees of Pennsylvania."

PENNSYLVANIA'S MOST UNIQUE TREE

What is probably the most unique tree in Pennsylvania is a Pros-
trate Juniper. It is growing in the woodlot owned by the late
Christian Schenk, located in Conewago Township, Dauphin County.
This tree is also called "trailing juniper," because of its trailing
habit of growth. The tree has an average spread of 45 feet and aver-
ages only 3 feet in height. It is indeed unique in that it is 15 times
as wide as high and covers just about 2,000 square feet. Its estimated
age is 165 years.

'

•^

,

o* 8

l-H

f^- .::

02

^ ^

>

V.

c

-t

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

Fig. 49. THE LAR(JEST RIVER OR RED BIRCH IN PENNSYL-
VANIA STANDS ALONG THE WEST IIRANCH OF THE
SUSQUEHANNA IN CLINTON COUNTY

Fig. 50. THE LARGEST COTTONWOOD IN PENNSYLVANIA

It is over 22 feet in cimimforonce breast-higli, 82 fret liij^li. .'ind lias a

branch spread of 90 feet

Fig. 51. A VETEKAN I'ENNSYLVANIA BUR OAK

It is 18 feet in circumfer(!nee at breast-hoipht. Stands in the southwe8t«'rn part

of Franklin county

Fiff. 52. THE LAU(;KST KKD MAI'LK IX PENNSYLVANIA

It is over 4 ivvt in diamotcr and clear of branches for 40 feet from the ground.

Stands near Cohurn in Centre county

37

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HH

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The people who live in the vicinity of the tree call it the "green
tree" for it is a green tree and stands in strong contrast to all other
trees in the neighborhood. In fact there is no other tree exactly like
it in Pennsylvania. It is a variety of the Common Juniper which
varies from an extremely erect to a decidedly prostrate habit. The
erect form is usually called "Irish Juniper'^ and the prostrate form
is the "Prostrate Juniper."

A large number of cuttings have been taken from the Prostrate
Juniper of Dauphin County. Many of them have developed into
thrifty young trees. About 100 are thriving at the Masonic Homes
at Elizabethtown in Lancaster County. No seeds have ever been
found on the parent tree and consequently, the only way to produce
it has been by the cutting method.

The Prostrate Juniper is a native of the northwoods. One meets
it in northern Europe and in Siberia and it occurs rather commonly
in Canada. It is also found in a few localities about the Great
Lakes and in New England. The Dauphin County specimen is the
most southern outpost of this unique tree. It is thought that a wild
pigeon or some other migratory bird carried the seed from the north-
woods and deposited it in Dauphin County where it has developed
into Pennsylvania's most unique tree.

The Boy Scouts of Elizabethtown serve as custodians of this unique
tr^e. They have posted signs requesting all visitors to help protect
the tree. It is a natural object worthy of protection and every effort
should be put forth to protect it from unnecessary damage. If well
protected, it may live many more years.

PENNSYLVANIA'S MOST MASSIVE TREE

What is believed to be the most massive tree in Pennsylvania is
a Sycamore or Buttonwood that stands about four miles south of
Lancaster between the Lincoln Highway and the Marietta turnpike.
It has a circumference of 27 feet and 6 inches, at 18 inches above
the ground and at five feet above the ground it is over 22 feet in
circumference. The tree has a height of 102 feet and its branch
spread from east to west is 118 feet and from north to south 138 feet.

It has three main branches. They are 70, 72, and 84 feet long re-
spectively. All three of these branches are fully as large as an
average sized tree. One of them is more than nine feet in circum-
ference at 18 inches from the stem and reaches out horizontally for
40 feet where it is only six feet from the ground and sweeps upward

for more than 30 feet.

This is truly a wonderful tree. It is unquestionably more than
two centuries old and stands out as a veteran among all the other
trees of the neighborhood.

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37

The people who live in the vicinity of the tree call it the "green
tree" for it is a green tree and stands in strong contrast to all other
trees in the neighborhood. In fact there is no other tree exactly like
it in Pennsylvania. It is a variety of the Common Juniper which
varies from an extremely erect to a decidedly prostrate habit. The
erect form is usually called "Irish Juniper" and the prostrate form
is the "Prostrate Juniper."

A large number of cuttings have been taken from the Prostrate
Juniper of Dauphin County. Many of them have developed into
thrifty young trees. About 100 are thriving at the Masonic Homes
at Elizabethtown in Lancaster County. No seeds have ever been
found on the parent tree and consequently, the only way to produce
it has been by the cutting method.

The Prostrate Juniper is a native of the north woods. One meets
it in northern Europe and in Siberia and it occurs rather commonly
in Canada. It is also found in a few localities about the Great
Lakes and in New England. The Dauphin County specimen is the
most southern outpost of this unique tree. It is thought that a wild
pigeon or some other migratory bird carried the seed from the north-
woods and deposited it in Dauphin County where it has developed
into Pennsylvania's most unique tree.

The Boy Scouts of Elizabethtown serve as custodians of this unique
tr^e. They have posted signs requesting all visitors to help protect
the tree. It is a natural object worthy of protection and every effort
should be put forth to protect it from unnecessary damage. If well
protected, it may live many more years.

PENNSYLVANIA'S MOST MASSIVE TREE

What is believed to be the most massive tree in Pennsylvania is
a Sycamore or Buttonwood that stands about four miles south of
Lancaster between the Lincoln Highway and the Marietta turnpike.
It has a circumference of 27 feet and 6 inches, at 18 inches above
the ground and at five feet above the ground it is over 22 feet in
circumference. The tree has a height of 102 feet and its branch
spread from east to west is 118 feet and from north to south 138 feet.

It has three main branches. They are 70, 72, and 84 feet long re-
spectively. All three of these branches are fully as large as an
average sized tree. One of them is more than nine feet in circum-
ference at 18 inches from the stem and reaches out horizontally for
40 feet where it is only six feet from the ground and sweeps upward
for more than 30 feet.

This is truly a wonderful tree. It is unquestionably more than
two centuries old and stands out as a veteran among all the other
trees of the neighborhood.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

38

The Largest Sequoia in Eastern North America

The bis Trees of California, also known as Redwoods and Sequoias
are among the best known trees of Korth America. Few people
know that a thrifty specimen of this wonderful tree is growing in
Pennsylvania. It stands along the fence at the Pf ter^Arboretum
near Lima, Delaware County and has attained a height of 50 feet.
It is 26 inches in diameter at breast high and promises to live long.

Tree experts say that it seems remarkable that this tree does so
well in southeastern Pennsylvania. Every effort should be put for h
to protect it. It may never reach the size of ^^e Sequoias of Cali-
fornia, some of which are 30 feet in diameter and over 4,000 years
old, but it does promise to develop into a big and wonderful tree
An appropriate out-door exercise for nearby schools is to visit this
rare tree, which is the largest of its kind in eastern North America.

THE FORM AND STRUCTURE OF TREES

1. Form :

Bv form is meant the generaf appearance of a tree. One can
study the form of deciduous or broad-leaved trees best in win er
when they are devoid of their foliage. After one is familiar with
the general form of different trees it is possible to distinguish kinds
even at a great distance. The form, together with the color and
figure of the bark, is a character by which many of our trees may be
accurately distinguished. The form of trees varies with the species,
the environment, and the sylvicultural treatment.

Some trees attain an enormous size and great age while others
never become large or old. The Sequoias of California, also known
as Redwoods and Big Trees, and the Cypre.ss trees o Mexico have
representatives which are regarded the largest and oldest in exist-
ence A section of a Big Tree now in the American Museum of Nat-
ural'Historv in New York City shows that the tree when cut was
1,341 years'old. It was 90 feet in circumference at the base over
350 feet in height, and estimated by lumberman to contain 400,000
board feet of lumber. Probably the largest Cypress in the world
stands in a churchyard about five miles from the City of Oaxaca,
in Mexico. This tree has a circumference, according to recent meas-
urements, of 154 feet 2 inches, 6 feet above the ground. It is about
125 feet high and, according to various estimators, can scarcely be
less than 4,000 years old, and may possibly be over 5,000 years

Specimens of this large size and great age have never been found
in the State of Pennsylvania. Some of our native trees the Chest-
nut White Oak, Red Oak, Tulip Tree, Hemlock, and White Pine

Fig. 54. TIIK LAU<iKST SWllOIA IN KASTKllN NOUTIl AMKUICA
It stands aloiiK a fi'iicc iioai- Lima, Chester couiity, Pa.

u

38

The Largest Sequoia in Eastern North America

The bie Trees of California, also known as Redwoods and Sequoias
are among the best known trees of North America. Few people
know that a thrifty specimen of this wonderful tree is growing m
Pennsylvania. It stands along the fence at the Pamter ^f "f"^'
near Lima, Delaware County and has attained a height of 50 feet.
It is 26 inches in diameter at breast high and promises to live long.

Tree experts say that it seems remarkable that this tree does so
well in southeastern Pennsylvania. Every effort should be put forUi
to protect it. It may never reach the size of *« ^^l-^f. .°f ^^^^'^
fornia, some of which are 30 feet in diameter and over *.000 yei«:s
old, bit it does promise to develop into a big and won<iertu tree
An appropriate out-door exercise for near-by schools is to visit this
rare tree, which is the largest of its kind in eastern North America.

THE FORM AND STEUCTUBE OF TREKS

1. Form :

Bv form is meant the general appearance of a tree. One can
study the form of deciduous or broad-leaved trees best in winter
when they are devoid of their foliage. After one is *«»>!•« J'^
the general form of different trees it is possible ^o distinguish kinds
even at a great distance. The form, together with the color and
figure of the bark, is a character by which many of our trees may be
accurately distinguished. The form of trees varies with the species,
the environment, and the sylvicultural treatment.

Some trees attain an enormous size and great age while others
never become large or old. The Sequoias of California, also knowB
as Redwoods and Big Trees, and the Cypress trees of Mexico have
representatives which are regarded the largest and oldest in exist-
ence A section of a Big Tree now in the American Museum of Nat-
ural History in New York City shows that the tree when cut was
1,341 years old. It was 90 feet in circumference at the base, over
350 feet in height, and estimated by lumberman to contain 400,000
board feet of lumber. Probably the largest Cypress in the world
stands in a churchyard about five miles from the City of Oaxaca,
in Mexico. This tree has a circumference, according to recent meas-
urements, of 154 feet 2 inches, 6 feet above the ground. It is about
125 feet high and, according to various estimators, can scarcely be
less than 4,000 years old, and may possibly be over 5,000 years.

Specimens of this large size and great age have never been found
in the State of Pennsylvania. Some of our native trees, tte Chest-
nut White Oak, Red Oak, Tulip Tree, Hemlock, and White Pine

-ifj^ '^ >-.

Fig. 54.

THE LARGP]ST SEQl'OIA IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
It stands along a fence near Lima, Chester county, Pa.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

* GrOh/f/) of /9/4

y CrOh"//? 0//9/>5

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GROl^TH O/'

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t year-j

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o yeans

PLATE I. THE AGE OF TREES

Fig. 55. orp]X-(;K<nvx pines

White l*iiio on left, Yellow Pine on ri^lit. Both trunks cknelopod in same en-
vironment. Difference of form is due to inherent qualities. One tapers, with
persistent lateral branches; the other with little taper and few branches.

Fig. 50. OiaON-UPvOWN AMiOPaCAN ELM

Its trunk branches near the base and then repeatedly subdivides. Such a trunk

is known as a deliquescent trunk

1

Fig. 57. FORM OF LOMBARDY
POPLAR

Fijf. 58. FORM OF WEEPING
WILLOW

Fiji. (H. FORM OF SASSAFRAS

FiM. 02. FORM OF A Y()rX<J OPFX-
(JROWN TFLIP TREF

Fig. 59. FORM OF YOIIN("t PIN
OAK

Fig. 60. FORM OF AN OLD PIN
OAK

Fig. 63. FORM OF A RED PINE Fig. 04. i'^^\^[/<)'\i^^•;.^^^'^^'' ^^^^^^'

It developed iu a. closed stan«l. Dinniotor
22 inches

a9

have, however, attained great size. A few large specimens which
were cut in recent years, showed by count of their annual rings that
they had started life before Columbus discovered America. In Forest
Leaves, Vol. IX, No. 10, Dr. J. T. Kothrock describes a White Oak
standing near Kutztown, Berks county. It was 31 feet in circum-
ference at the level of the ground and had a spread of branches of
104 feet and an estimated height of almost 74 feet. This tree was
probably the largest White Oak in Pennsylvania. During a storm
on March 20, 1923 this forest monarch was blown over. Larger speci-
mens of Chestnut have been found in this State.

The largest Chestnut tree on record had a diameter of 17 feet.
It was found near Waynesville, North Carolina. Other species like
the Scrub Oak (Fig. 4), Gray Birch (Fig. 85 and 90), and Scrub
Pine never become large. Some trees may remain small in one re-
gion and yet become large in another. The Chinquapin, which
reaches its northern limit in Pennsylvania seldom exceeds a height
of 10 feet in this State while it reaches a height of 50 feet in south-
ern Arkansas.

The character of the stem, to a large extent, determines the form
of the tree. The main axis of a tree usually grows erect. The lateral
branches vary according to the species and the position of neighbor-
ing branches. In some trees like the Weeping Willow (Fig. 58)
they are drooping, in others like the Black Gum and Pin Oak (Fig.
59) they are horizontal, while those of the Lombardy Poplar are
ascending (Fig. 57). If the terminal shoot is removed or killed a
lateral branch in time may take its place. Sometimes two lateral
branches strive for the leadership but they are such close competitors
that neither can win out. The result is a "stag-headed" tree. Again
a dormant bud may be stimulated into activity with the result that
no lateral branch obtains the leadership. After studying these
growth forms, one is inclined to think that the terminal shoot pre
vents the erect growth of the lateral branches.

Environment has a marked influence. The form of a tree growing
on an exposed mountain top differs very much from one growing on
sheltered bottomland. An open grown tree has a form entirely dif
ferent from one grown in dense forest stand. The form of open
grown specimens varies with the species. Two different kinds of
Pine shown in Fig. 53 grew side by side in the same environment
and still developed entirely different crowns. Open-grown trees
usually branch near the ground and have a broad, deep, symmetrical
crown, while trees grown in dense forest stands usually branch far
ther from the ground and have a long clean trunk with a shallow
and often irregular and unsymmetrical crown. Trees grown in a
dense stand may not be so attractive as those grown in the open
but they yield a much higher grade of wood, since the lateral

40

branches which produce „>a„y of the knots - /"f -/^ ^^^^^^^^
early in the life history of the tree. The density of the fo^««t ^tand
should be so regulated that on every acre of soil not only the
frea er quantity but also the best quality of wood be produced.
' TWO ktl of branching are usually recognized, the e.curre.nt or
upn^ht and the mnuescent or spreading. When the main trunk
scont nuous and extends upward to the tip without dmdmg it s
„ ^as excurrent, and when the main trunk is not -« >nuoi^s bu
divides and subdivides into more or less equal par s ^J - J^-^" -
deliquescent. Most of our evergreen species have the ^^^rent type
of brTnching while most of our deciduous trees have the deliques-
cent type A few of the latter, as the Pin Oak, Tulip Tree, and But-
tonwS?often show an excurrent or upright tendency ,n the form
of their trunk, especially when young.

2. Bark :

If we examine the growing point of a seeding we will And that
there is very little difference among the parts composing it. Soon
as a result of growth, various kinds of tissue will be formed. At
L end of its ftrst growing season we can cliff-ennate roots, ^tem,

and leaves. The stem is still further ^^ '"f '^'^^^J^/^ ^i'taTele-
and bark (Plate XT, 1). Nature seems to know that the vital ele
ments in the stem nUd protection. This protection is given by the

Xtk is that portion of the stem which lies outside o^ the cam^
hi„m liver It consists of an outer and an inner bark. The former
L omm' nly known as the outer or dry bark and functions primarily
as a protective covering while the latter is known as the inner or
^vingTark and helps to convey the food which was -anu actured
„ the leaves to various parts of the ^t-.-Jhe thickness of the bark
is often determined by the rapidity with which it V^J^^J^
thickness, together with its larger number of dead «"^^'^»"t«"^ J
cells, makes it a very effective protective covering but the chief
prot;ctive feature of bark is the formation of -f ^ '^y;-^^^^^^
chief function of the protective covering plants ,s the P'-e^^"*'"^
of excessive transpiration. The regular cork formatu,ns >« he bark
help very much in controlling transpiration. Cork is one of the
Lst valuable elements of the bark. Its structure - -mp^^ ^d
variable. Cork is impermeable to air and water, "^ P""'' /^"'^"f J
of heat, and a preventer of penetration by parasites. ^^^\^^l
growths of cork like the wings of the Sweet Gum and Hackber^y
are probably of no value to the plants producing them In some
Tecles the bark is not fully "ripened" at the end of the growing
season, consequently the subjacent tissues do not have the neces

Fij;. ft"). WHITE PINE
Trunk 2.'5 indues in diann'ter

Fig. 66. RED PINE
Trunic 20 iiieiies in diameter

Fig. 07. PITCH PINE
Trunk 22 inclies in iliametor

Fig. 68. YELLOW PINE
Trunk 29 inclies in diameter

40

branches which produce many of the knots -/«-'';'• ^^^^^tl^^
earlv in the life history of the tree. The density of the i^vM^^
ZoL be so regulated that on every acre of soil not only the
'greater quantity but also the best quality of wood be produced.
' TWO ktds of branching are usually recognized, the e.current or
upSt and the aeliquescent or spreading. When the mam trunk
Ts cont n«o«« and extends upward to the tip without dmdmg ,t s
; wn as excurrent, and when the main trunk is not continuous bn
divides and subdivides into more or less equal parts >* -J-~
delinuescent. Most of our evergreen spec.es have the excurrent type
orbranching while most of our deciduous trees have the dehques-
It SS i few of the latter, as the Pin Oak, Tulip Tree, and But-
tonwS often show an excurrent or upright tendency m the form
of their trunk, especially when young.

2. Bark :

If we examine the growing point of a seeding we will And that
there is very little difference among the parts composing it. Soon
as a result of growth, various kinds of tissue will be formed. At
the end o its first gr;wing season we can differentiate roots, stem,
ndTeavel'^The ste'm is stll further distinguished into pith,^^^^^^^^^^
and bark (Plate XT, 1). Nature seems to know that the vital ele
Tents in the stem need protection. This protection is given by the

'tark is that portion of the stem which lies outside of the cam^
biumlaver It consists of an outer and an inner bark The former
L Im' nly kno>vn as the outer or dry bark and functions primarily
as a protective covering while the latter is known as the inner or
Hving bark and helps to convey the food which was ""^ ^<^7^^J
n the leaves to various parts of the ^tem- The thickness of the bark
i. often determined by the rapidity with which it V^l^^J^
thickness, together with its larger number of dead «J /^""^J^^^
cells, makes it a very effective protective covering but the chief
prot;ctive feature of bark is the formation of -'"''y l^y;-" ^^^^
chief function of the protective covering plants is the ^^^^J^^'^^
of excessive transpiration. The regular cork formations >« the bark
help very much in controlling transpiration. Cork is one of the
most valuable elements of the bark. Its structure is -mp^- -j
variable. Cork is impermeable to air and water, ^ Poo-'^^^^^f;;
of heat, and a preventer of penetration by Paras.tes^ ^^l^be^y
growths of cork like the wings of the Sweet Gum and Hackberry
are probably of no value to the plants producing them In some
:;ecL the bark is not fully "ripened" at the end of «•« g™- "f
season, consequently the subjacent tissues do not have the neces-

Fig. 65. WHITE PINE
Trunk 25 inches in diameter

Fig. 66. RED PINE
Trunk 20 inches in diameter

Fig. 67. PITCH PINE
Trunk 22 inches in diameter

Fig. 68. YELLOW PINE
Trunk 29 inches in diameter

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

Fig. 69. JERSEY OK SCUUB TINE
Trunks 7 and 14 inches in diameter

Fig. 70. AMERICAN LARCH
Trunk 18 inches in diameter

Fig. 71. BALSAM FIR
Trunk 16 inches in diameter

Fig. 712. r.LACK SPRUCE
Trunk 14 inches in diameter

Fig. 73. RED CEDAR
Trunk 24 inches in diametrr

Fig. 74. HEMLOCK
Trunk -'2 inehi's in diameter

Fig. 7'). AMERICAN HOP HORN-
BEAM

Trunk 18 inches in diameter

Fig. 76. RED MULBERRY
Trunk 17 inches in diameter

Fig. 77. Ui:i)]{UD
Trunk 8 inches in diamotor

Fig. 78. BUTTONWOOD
Trunk 18 inches in diameter

Fig. 79. SWEET BUCKEYE
Trunk 32 inches in diameter

Fig. 80. HONEY LOCUST
Trunk 30 inches in diameter

Fig. 81. RED MAPLE
Trunk 8 inches in diameter

Fig. 82. RED ^L^PLE
I'ruiik .'!<> iiiclirs in diameter

M

r-HKam^ i^B^^nr^ ^v^B^Eki

-"J^Tuit CRISIS

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m

'}■ ^^'4'i

wm
m'h

mm

mm

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Fig. 83. SUGAR ^LVPLE
Trunk 32 inches in diameter

Fig. 84. STRiriM) MAPLE
Trunk 4 inches in (liam<!ter

Fig. 85. GRAY BIRCH

Trunks 4-9 inclips in diameter

Fif;. SO. UIVKR BIRCH
Trunks <5 luchds in diameter

Fis. 87. SLirPKRY ELM
Trunk 20 inclios in diMnudr

Fig. 88. S,\SS.\FRAS
'I'mnk 20 indies in dinmetcr

Fig. 80. YELLOW IJIIiCMI
Trunk 8 inches in diameter

Fig. 90. GRAY BIRCH
Trunk 4 inches in diameter

i%ft\ .•>

i>.i

Fig. 91. BLACK BJRCH (Young)
Trunk 7 inrlies in diameter

Fig. 92. BLACK BIRCH (Old)
n'runk 27 inches in diameter

Fig. 93. RED OAK
Trunk 46 inches in diameter

^^^^^^^^^^^H^^^M

'^m^x:.

Is

Fijf. 95. BLACK OAK

Trunk 42 inches in diameter

Fig. 94. WHITE OAK
Trunk 30 inches in diameter

Fig. 06. ROCK OAK
Trunk 34 inches in diameter

Fig. 97. PIN OAK
Trunk 15 inches in diameter

Fig. 98. SWAMP WHITE OAK
Trunk 32 inches in diameter

Fig. 99. SCARLET OAK
Trunk 14 inches in diameter

Fig. 100. BASSWOOD
Trunks 8-14 inches in diameter

Fig. 101. BUTTERNUT
Trunk 20 inches in dinmett'i-

FiR. ]0a. CHRSTNUI^
Trunk i\'2 inolios in dininctcr

Fig. 102. liL.VUK WALNUT
Trunk 24 inclMs in <li:imeter

Fig. 104. BLACK LOCUST

Trunk IS inches in diameter

Fig. 105. TULIP TREE
Trunk 21 inches in diameter

Fig. 106. CUCUMBER
Trunk 26 inches in diameter

\m 1

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t1/-*5k:i

w^^St^^

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r:.

i 'V'H*5 i

*"' '- ''^9F

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'-m

t '^^^^^^4^^

A ■ £'- ■ ' .axvi ••';.m1\

i ^ i'^'v^ 3^^^' 'TIfw

W^UMt^

f'M-'^i^^

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mmr^ ^'<4m

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Fig. 107. Wlim*: A ST I
Trunk JiO inches in dinrnder

Fig. 108. BLACK ASH

Tiniik -1 in<-Iies iti dinrnctor

Fig. 101). SIIAU BARK UICKORY
Trunk 2(» inches in diameter

Fig. 110. PIGNUT HICKORY
Trunk 22 inehes in diameter

Fig. 111. MOCKER NUT HICKORY
Trunk IS incln'S in diameter

Fig. 112. lilTTKR NUT HICKORY

Trunk 21 inches in diamolcr

Fig. 113. BFJX^H
Trunk 30 inches in diameter

Fig. 114. AMERICAN HORXREAM
Trunk (J inches in diameter

Fig. 115. HONEY LOCUST
Trunk 10 inches in diameter

Fig. IIG. LARCiE-TOOTHEO ASPENS
Trunks 16 aud 18 inches in diameter

Fig. 117. WILD BLACK CHERRY

Trunk (3 iiiclu's in (liiinictcr

Fig. 118. WILD BLACK CHERRY
Trunk 18 inches in diameter

Fig. 110. DOMESTIC CHERRY
Trunks 12 and 14 inches in diameter

Fig. 120. TREE OF HEAVEN
Trunk 12 inches in diameter

Fig. 121. BLACK GUM
Trunk 22 inches in diameter

Fig. 122. I'ERSIMMON
Trunk 12 inches in diameter

r

•f- ^

M-x

^m^m

■sU'jy-

i til*

^ r'^^^>-^

Fig. 123. UACKBERRY
Trunk 8 inches in diameter

Fijr. 124. FLO\VEUL\<; DO(;\V()(>D
Trunk 6 inches in diameter

Fig. 125. A STAND OF RED OR RIVER BIRCH

Common along all the principal rivors of tl.e State and

their main tributaries

1^ ig. 126. A STAND OF (JRAY lilRCH
One of the most attractive trees of the State

Fig. 127. A :\riDDij:-A(;Er) stand of European beech

It reocivcs proper protootion and good tr«>arment. The ground is furrowed
to prevent the run-off of tho water and to expose mineral soil so as to
stimulate regenerati<m of young trees on I lie forest fi<H)r

Fig. 128. A WELL CARED FOR STAND OF EIKOI'EAN UEECH
(Fagus sylvatica). TUE AMERICAN BEECH WILL RESPOND
EQUALLY WELL TO PROPER TREATMENT

41

sary protection and frequently die back during the winter. The
color of the bark varies in different species, in different situations,
in different parts of the same species, and with the age of the trees.
Young bark is usualh^ green, but it soon loses this color due to
the formation of cork and other substances. A few species like Sas-
safras retain their green color for a relatively long time due to
deferred or late cork formation. Gray, brown, and black are the
prevailing bark colors while red and white are also common.

Color of the bark is very helpful in distinguishing many of our
common trees. All of the Birches native to Pennsylvania may be
distinguished from each other by the color of their bark together
with a few other bark characteristics. The bark on some of the
older trunks becomes rough and then the characteristic color of the
trees may be present only on the branches and younjj stems. The
outer bark may be uniform, mottled, or variegated in color. The
interior and exterior parts of the bark may differ in color. Black
Oak bark is yellow within and black without, while Hemlock is red
dish within and brown to black without. The bark of the Button-
wood is peculiar since it is dark brown without and green, yellow,
or white within. The inner bark often becomes very conspicuous
due to the complete peeling off of the outer bark.

Young branches and stems are usually smooth since the bark ex
pands sufficiently to accommodate the increased diameter growth
of the interior. Later, in most species, the bark begins to crack,
since the growth of the interior is too rapid for the expansion of
the bark. In a few trees like Beech, Blue Beech, and Balsam Fir
the bark remains thin and smooth throughout life. Others like
Basswood and Pin Oak remain smooth for a long time but become
furrowed later, while many others become rough early in life. The
manner in which the bark cracks open or peels off affords a ready
means of identification for many of our trees. The exfoliation of
the bark is rather constant for each species. Tn some such as the
Yellow Birch and Paper Birch it peels off in thin film-like papery
layers. In the Shag Bark Hickory it is shaggy; in the I*ines and
Spruces it is scaly; while in others like the White Cedar it is shred-
dy. Many trees have furrowed bark. The furrows usually run in
a longitudinal direction but may run transversely. The furrows or
fissures separate ridges. These vary with the species. The fissures
may be short or long, close or distant, narrow or wide, longitudinal,
transverse, or diagonal. The ridges may be pointed or broad, high
or low, smooth or scaly. The bark may be broken up into small
square or rectangular blocks as in the Black Gum. ' This form of
bark is often spoken of as ''alligator bark." See figures 65-120 for
bark of most of our important native trees.

G— 4

42

The bark may be of considerable technical value. Hemlock and
some of the Oaks and Spruce have bark which is rich in tannin.
The bark of these trees is used extensively In the leather industry.
The bark of a European Oak is highly prized on account of the large
quantity of cork which it produces. The inner bark of some trees
Yields dyeing material while that of others is used in the manu-
facture of fibre cloth. Formerly the bark of the Paper Birch was
used in the construction of canoes.

3. Twigs:

Twigs are the terminal parts of branches. The term twig usually
refers to that portion of the terminal part of the branch which
grew in the last season. Those portions of the branch which began
their growth a few seasons ago are usually spoken of as older twigs
or branchlets. The twigs have their origin in the vegetative buds
which may be located on the terminal end of the twig of the previous
season's growth or along its side. If they emerge from terminal
buds they become leaders, and if from lateral buds they will develop
into lateral branches. The lateral branches may be alternate, op-
posite, or tvhorled (Plate II). The method of branching is very
helpful in distinguishing our common trees. The lateral branches
of most of them alternate with each other, while a fair number are
opposite and a few whorled. The terminal twig elongates rapidly
while the lateral ones usually remain shorter and occasionally are

compressed to a stub or spur. +„•„„

When the vegetative buds burst open in spring young twigs,
which are often covered with developing leaves, emerge from them.
These twigs are, at first, usually delicate, greenish in color and
often hairy. As they develop during the season they become firmer
and often lose their green color and their hairs The direction of
the new growth is variable. In many trees it takes at first a
drooping direction and later, as its elements become firmer, it as^
sumes a horizontal or ascending position. The new growth of the
Pines is conspicuous in that it grows in an erect direction at first
and later becomes horizontal or drooping.

The taste, smell and color of the twigs are helpful in distinguish-
ing some of our common trees. The twigs of some such as the
Black Birch, Spice Bush, Sassafras, and Wild Cherry have a char
acteristic taste and smell. The color of the twigs may be green as
in the Sassafras, red as in the Basswood and Red Maple or brown
as in the Sughr Maple. Many other different colors and combina-
tions of color aid materially in distinguishing our trees. ^

Some twigs are rough while others are rather smooth. They may
be roughened by hairs, lenticels, raised leaf-scars, bud-scale scars,

PLATE II. TYPES OF TWIGS AND PITH

I7

1. Tulip Tree (alternate branching).

2. Catulpa (whorled branching).

3. White Ash (opriosite branching).

4. Gray Birch (Blender and warty).

5. Staghorn Sumach (hairy).

6. Kiderberry (ienticeis prominent).

7. Black Cherry (lenticels transversely elon-

gated).

8. Chestnut (lenticels small and onmerous).

9. Black Cum (lenticels few iiii'I imousji -

our).

10. Black Walnut (chaml'crcd pttii).

11. Sumach (large pith).

12. Sassafras (inedium-stzed pitli).

13. Oak (star-shaped pith).

14. Black Alder (triangular pitlil.

15. Common Locust (angular j-itli).

16. Blm (circular pith).

17. Birch (semicircular or Irregular pith).

Drawings are about one-half natural size.

\

N

42

The bark may be of considerable technical value. Hemlock and
some of the Oaks and Spruce have bark which is rich in tannin.
The bark of these trees is used extensively in the leather industry.
The bark of a European Oak is highly prized on account of the large
quantitv of cork which it produces. The inner bark of some trees
yields dyeing material while that of others is used in the manu-
facture of fibre cloth. Formerly the bark of the Paper Birch was
used in the construction of canoes.

3. Twigs:

Twigs are the terminal parts of branches. The term twig usually
refers to that portion of the terminal part of the branch which
grew in the last season. Those portions of the branch which began
their growth a few seasons ago are usually spoken of as older twigs
or branchlets. The twigs have their origin in the vegetative buds
which may be located on the terminal end of the twig of the previous
season's growth or along its side. If they emerge from termmal
buds they become leaders, and if from lateral buds they will develop
into lateral branches. The lateral branches may be alternate, op-
posite, or Phoned (Plate II). The method of branching is very
helpful in distinguishing our common trees. The lateral branches
of most of them alternate with each other, while a fair number are
opposite and a few whorled. The terminal twig elongates rapidly
while the lateral ones usually remain shorter and occasionally are
compressed to a stub or spur.

When the vegetative buds burst open in spring young twigs,
which are often covered with developing leaves, emerge from them.
These twigs are, at first, usually delicate, greenish in color and
often hairy. As they develop during the season they become firmer
and often lose their green color and their hairs. The direction of
,he new growth is variable. In many trees it tak^ at first a
drooping direction and later, as its elements become firmer, it as^
sumes a horizontal or ascending position. The new growth of the
Pines is conspicuous in that it grows in an erect direction at first
and later becomes horizontal or drooping.

The taste, smell and color of the twigs are helpful in distinguish-
ing some of our common trees. The t^vig8 of some such as the
Black Birch, Spice Bush, Sassafras, and Wild Cherry have a char^
acteristic taste and smell. The color of the twigs may be green as
in the Sassafras, red as in the Basswood and Red Maple or brown
as in the Sngtir Maple. Many other different colors and combina-
tions of color aid materially in distinguishing our trees ^

Some twigs are rough while others are rather smooth They may
be roughened by hairs, lenticels, raised leaf-scars, bud-scale scars,

>
K

1,

2.
S.
4.
6.
8.
7.

J2 '^'-^ '5^ "

PLATE II. TYPES OF TWIGS AND PITH

Tulip Tree (alternate branching).

Catalpa (whorled branching).

White Ash (opposite branching).

Gray Birch (slender and warty).

Staghorn Sumach (hairy).

Elderberry (lenticels prominent).

Black Cherry (lenticels transversely elon-

Chestnut' (lenticels small and numerous).

rr

Drawings are about one-half natural size.

0.

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
10.
17.

BInrk Gtim (lenticels few and iiiiousjnni-

oiis).
IMiKk Walnut (chambered pitli).
Sumach (largo pitli).
SassafrBH (incfllum-»Ir-ed pith).
Oalc (star-Hhapod pith).
Black Alder (triangular pith).
Common Ix)CU8t (angular pith).
Kim (circular pith).
Birch (semicircular or Irregular pith).

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

41

sary protection and frequently die back during the winter. The
color of the bark varies in different species, in different situations,
in different parts of the same species, and with the age of the trees.
Young bark is usually green, but it soon loses this color due to
the formation of cork and other substances. A few species like Sas-
safras retain their green color for a relatively long time due to
deferred or late cork formation. Gray, brown, and black are the
prevailing bark colors while red and white are also common.

Color of the bark is very helpful in distinguishing many of our
common trees. All of the Birches native to Pennsylvania may be
distinguished from each other by the color of their bark together
with a few other bark characteristics. The bark on some of the
older trunks becomes rough and then the characteristic color of the
trees may be present only on the branches and young stems. The
outer bark may be uniform, mottled, or variegated in color. The
interior and exterior parts of the bark may differ in color. Black
Oak bark is yellow within and black without, while Hemlock is red-
dish within and brown to black without. The bark of the Button-
wood is peculiar since it is dark brown without and green, yellow,
or white within. The inner bark often becomes very conspicuous
due to the complete peeling off of the outer bark.

Young branches and stems are usually smooth since the bark ex-
pands sufficiently to accommodate the increased diameter growth
of the interior. Later, in most species, the bark begins to crack,
since the growth of the interior is too rapid for the expansion of
the bark. In a few trees like Beech, Blue Beech, and Balsam Fir
the bark remains thin and smooth throughout life. Others like
Basswood and Pin Oak remain smooth for a long time but become
furrowed later, while many others become rough early in life. The
manner in which the bark cracks open or peels off affords a ready
means of identification for many of our trees. The exfoliation of
the bark is rather constant for each species. In some such as the
Yellow Birch and Paper Birch it peels off in thin film-like papery
layers. In the Shag-Bark Hickory it is shaggy; in the Pines and
Spruces it is scaly; while in others like the White Cedar it is shred-
dy. Many trees have furrowed bark. The furrows usually run in
a longitudinal direction but may run transversely. The furrows or
fissures separate ridges. These vary with the species. The fissures
may be short or long, close or distant, narrow or wide, longitudinal,
transverse, or diagonal. The ridges may be pointed or broad, high
or low, smooth or scaly. The bark may be broken up into small
square or rectangular blocks as in the Black Gum. ' This form of
bark is often spoken of as "alligator bark." See figures 65-126 for
bark of most of our important native trees.

I

G— 4

42

The bark may be of considerable technical value. Hemlock and
some of the Oaks and Spruce have bark which is rich in tannin.
The bark of these trees is used extensively in the leather industry.
The bark of a European Oak is highly prized on account of the large
quantity of cork which it produces. The inner bark of some trees
yields dyeing material while that of others is used in the manu-
facture of fibre cloth. Formerly the bark of the Paper Birch was
used in the construction of canoes.

3. Twigs:

Twigs are the terminal parts of branches. The term twig usually
refers to that portion of the terminal part of the branch which
grew in the last season. Those portions of the branch which began
their growth a few seasons ago are usually spoken of as older twigs
or branchlets. The twigs have their origin in the vegetative buds
which may be located on the terminal end of the twig of the previous
season's growth or along its side. If they emerge from terminal
buds they become leaders, and if from lateral buds they will develop
into lateral branches. The lateral branches may be alternate, op
posite, or whorled (Plate II). The method of branching is very
helpful in distinguishing our common trees. The lateral branches
of most of them alternate with each other, while a fair number are
opposite and a few whorled. The terminal twig elongates rapidly
while the lateral ones usually remain shorter and occasionally are
compressed to a stub or spur.

When the vegetative buds burst open in spring young twigs,
which are often covered with developing leaves, emerge from them.
These twigs are, at first, usually delicate, greenish in color, and
often hairy. As they develop during the season they become firmer
and often lose their green color and their hairs. The direction of
The new growth is variable. In many trees it takes at first a
drooping direction and later, as its elements become firmer, it as-
sumes a horizontal or ascending position. The new growth of the
Pines is conspicuous in that it grows in an erect direction at first
and later becomes horizontal or drooping.

The taste, smell and color of the twigs are helpful in distinguish-
ing some of our common trees. The twigs of some such as the
Black Birch, Spice Bush, Sassafras, and Wild Cherry have a char-
acteristic taste and smell. The color of the twigs may be green as
in the Sassafras, red as in the Basswood and Red Maple, or brown
as in the Sugiir Maple. Many other different colors and combina-
tions of color aid materially in distinguishing our trees.

Some twigs are rough while others are rather smooth. They may
be roughened by hairs, lenticels, raised leaf -scars, bud-scale scars,

•I

^

<

PLATE II. TYPES OF TWIGS AND PITH

rr

1. Tulip Tree (alternate branching).

2. Catalpa (whorled branching).

3. White Ash (opposite branching).

4. Gray Birch (slender and warty),

5. Staghorn Sumach (hairy).

6. Elderberry (lenticels prominent).

7. Black Cherry (lenticels transversely elun-

8. Chestnut (lenticels small and numerous).

9. Black GUm (lenticels few and iiironsiticii-
ous).

10. Black Walnut (chambered pith).

11. Sumach (large pith).

12. Sassafras (medium-sized pith).

13. Oak (star-shaped pith).

14. Black Alder (triangular pith).

15. Common Locust (angular pith).

16. Elm (circular pith).

17. Birch (semicircular or Irregular pith).

Drawings are about one-half natural size.

42

The bark may be of considerable technical value. Hemlock and
some of the Oaks and Spruce have bark which is rich in tannin.
The bark of these trees is used extensively in the leather industry.
The bark of a European Oak is highly prized on account of the large
quantity of cork which it produces. The inner bark of some trees
yields dyeing material while that of others is used in the manu-
facture of fibre cloth. Formerly the bark of the Paper Birch was
used in the construction of canoes.

3. Twigs:

Twigs are the terminal parts of branches. The term twig usually
refers to that portion of the terminal part of the branch which
grew in the last season. Those portions of the branch which began
their growth a few seasons ago are usually spoken of as older twigs
or branchlets. The twigs have their origin in the vegetative buds
which may be located on the terminal end of the twig of the previous
season's growth or along its side. If they emerge from terminal
buds they become leaders, and if from lateral buds they will develop
into lateral branches. The lateral branches may be alternate, op-
posite, or whorled (Plate II). The method of branching is very
helpful in distinguishing our common trees. The lateral branches
of most of them alternate with each other, while a fair number are
opposite and a few whorled. The terminal twig elongates rapidly
while the lateral ones usually remain shorter and occasionally are
compressed to a stub or spur.

When the vegetative buds burst open in spring young twigs,
which are often covered with developing leaves, emerge from them.
These twigs are, at first, usually delicate, greenish in color, and
often hairy. As they develop during the season they become firmer
and often lose their green color and their hairs. The direction of
The new growth is variable. In many trees it takes at first a
drooping direction and later, as its elements become firmer, it as-
sumes a horizontal or ascending position. The new growth of the
Pines is conspicuous in that it grows in an erect direction at first
and later becomes horizontal or drooping.

The taste, smell and color of the twigs are helpful in distinguish-
ing some of our common trees. The twigs of some such as the
Black Birch, Spice Bush, Sassafras, and Wild Cherry have a char-
acteristic taste and smell. The color of the twigs may be green as
in the Sassafras, red as in the Basswood and Red Maple, or brown
as in the Sughr Maple. Many other different colors and combina-
tions of color aid materially in distinguishing our trees.

Some twigs are rough while others are rather smooth. They may
be roughened by hairs, lenticels, raised leaf-scars, bud-scale scars,

I

^
^

PLATE II. TYPES OF TWIGS AND PITH

rr

i

1. Tulip Tree (alternate branching).

2. Catalpa (whorled branching).

8. White Ash (opposite branching).

4. Gray Birch (slender and warty).

5. Staghorn Sumach (hairy).

6. Elderberry (lenticels prominent).

7. Black Cherry (lenticels transversely elon-

gated).

8. Chestnut (lenticels small and numerous).

Drawings are about one-half natural size.

9. Black Gtun (lenticels few and inconspicu-
ous).

10. Black Walnut (chambered pith).

11. Sumach (large pith).

12. Sassafras (medium-sized pith).

13. Oak (star-shaped pith).

14. Black Alder (triangular pith).

15. Common Locust (angular pitb).

16. Elm (circular pith).

17. Birch (semicircular or irregular pith).

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

PLATE III. TYPES OF BUDS

1. Sugar Maple (opposite).

2. Chestnut (altemate),

3. Butternut (superposed).

4. Ked Maple (accessory).

5. Striped Maple (stalked).

6. Striped Maple (valvate).

7. Red Oak (scaly).

8. Buttonwood (sub-petiolar).

9. Beech (solitary terminal).

10. Black Oak (clustered and hairy terminal).

11. Basswood( axillary and psuedo-temiinal).

12. American Elm, showing (1) leaf buds and (f) flower buds.

13. Papaw (naked flower- and leaf-buds).

14. Common Locust (imbedded).

15. Trembling Aspen ((sharp-pointed).

43

warty or resinous exudations, corky projections, or decurrent pro-
jections of the bark. If we examine a young twig just after it has
emerged from the bud we will find that it is usually green in color.
At the end of the first season^s growth a thick bark has usually
developed which i« no longer green on the surface, but by cutting
a cross section of a twig, one will often find that the inner bark is
still green. This green tissue develops chlorophyll and manufac-
tures food just as does the green tissue of the leaves. As the bark
increases in thickness the chlorophyll decreases, eventually disap-
pearing entirely from the stem. In order that this green tissue in
the bark may function it is necessary that gases be exchanged
through the bark. Special structural modifications on the bark
known as lentlcels (Fig. 117 and 119) make possible this exchange
of gases just as the stomata on the leaf-surfaces allow and even
regulate the exchange of the gases of the leaf.

The lenticels are very numerous and conspicuous on some trees
while on others they are rare and inconspicuous. They are raised
on some trees like the Elder, while on others they are even with the
bank. Their color varies. They may be white, gray, pinkish, yel-
low, brown, or black. In outline they are usually circular or slightly
elongated. In the Cherries and Birches they are confluent, a char-
acteristic which results in the horizontally elongated lines of lenti-
cels (Figs. 89 and 117) so common on their trunks.

The duration of the lenticels varies with the kind of trees and its
environment. As a rule the more rapidly bark is formed the shorter
is the duration of the lenticels. On some trees it is difficult to find
lenticels on any but the last season's growth while on others tliey
may persist for some years. The exfoliation of the bark causes
their diappearance. On a few trees like the Birches, Cherries, and
Honey Locust they persist for many years.

The distribution of lenticels has not yet been systematized. They
are distributed rather uniformly over the newer growth but are ir-
regularly spaced. In some trees they seem to be somewhat clustered
just below the nodes and in others like Honey Locust they are more
numerous on the lower side of horizontal branches.

The pith usually occupies the central portion of twigs, branchlets,
and roots. It is composed of thin-walled cells which are loosely ag-
gregated. It seldom increases in size after the first year. The pith
of a tree 100 years old is usually not wider than that in a year old
twig of the same species. It becomes functionless early in the life
of a tree.

The pith of conifers is rather uniform in outline, structure, and
color, but in the broad-leaved trees it is very variable. In most
trees it is small in proportion to the size of the twigs, but in a

!l

II

Drawings are about one-half natural size.

PLATE III. TYPES OF BUDS

1. Sugar Maple (opposite).

2. Chestnut (alteniate).

3. Butternut (superposed).

4. Hod Maple (accessory).

5. Striped Maple (stalked).

6. Striped [Maple (valvate).

7. Red Oak (scaly).

8. Buttonwood (sub-petiolar).

9. Beech (solitary terminal).

10. Black Oak (clustered and hairy terminal).

11. Basswood( axillary and psuedo-terniinal).

lU. American Elm, showing (1) leaf buda and (f) flower buds.

13. I'apavv (naked flower- and leaf-buds).

14. Common Locust (imbedded).

15. Trembling Aspen ((sharp-pointed).

Drawings are about one-Lalf natural size.

II^TENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

ii

43

warty or resinous exudations, corky projections, or decurrent pro-
jections of the bark. If we examine a young twig just after it has
emerged from the bud we will find that it is usually green in color.
At the end of the first season's growth a thick bark has usually
developed which is no longer green on the surface, but by cutting
a cross section of a twig, one will often find that the inner bark is
still green. This green tissue develops chlorophyll and manufac-
tures food just as does the green tissue of the leaves. As the bark
increases in thickness the chlorophyll decreases, eventually disap-
pearing entirely from the stem. In order that this green tissue in
the bark may function it is necessary that ga.ses be exchanged
through the bark. Special structural modifications on the bark
known as lenticels (Fig. 117 and 119) make possible this exchange
of gases just as the stomata on the leaf-surfaces allow and even
regulate the exchange of the gases of the leaf.

The lenticels are very numerous and conspicuous on some trees
while on others they are rare and inconspicuous. They are raised
on some trees like the Elder, while on others they are even with the
bank. Their color varies. They may be white, gray, pinkish, yel-
low, brown, or black. In outline they are usually circular or slightly
elongated. In the Cherries and Birches they are confluent, a char-
acteristic which results in the horizontally elongated lines of lenti-
cels (Figs. 89 and 117) so common on their trunks.

The duration of the lenticels varies with the kind of trees and its
environment. As a rule the more rapidly bark is formed the shorter
is the duration of the lenticels. On some trees it is difficult to find
lenticels on any but the last season's growth while on others they
may persist for some years. The exfoliation of the bark causes
their diappearnnce. On a few trees like the Birches, Cherries, and
Honey Locust they persist for many years.

The distribution of lenticels has not yet been systematized. They
are distributed rather uniformly over the newer growth but are ir-
regularly spaced. In some trees they seem to be somewhat clustered
just below the nodes and in others like Honey Locust they are more
numerous on the lower side of horizontal branches.

The pith usually occupies the central portion of twigs, branchlets,
and roots. It is composed of thin-walled cells which are loosely ag-
gregated. It seldom increases in size after the first year. The pith
of a tree 100 years old is usually not wider than that in a year old
twig of the same species. It becomes functionless early in the life
of a tree.

The pith of conifers is rather uniform in outline, structure, and
color, but in the broad-leaved trees it is very variable. In most
trees it is small in proportion to the size of the twigs, but in a

44

few species like Sumach, Elder, Sassafras, Ailanthus, and Kentucky
Coffee-tree it is relatively large. The outline in cross section may
be 5-angled or star-shaped as in the Oaks, Chestnut, and Aspens,
3-angled as in Alder, and some Birches, angular as in Common Locust,
circular as in Elm, and ovoid as in Basswood. As a rule the pith
is continuous but in a few trees such as Black Walnut, Butternut,
and Hackberry it is chambered. In the latter it is not so distinctly
and regularlv chambered as in the other two trees. A few trees
such as the Catalpa have continuous pith except at the nodes where
it is sometimes chambered. A less distinct separation of the pith is
found in Black Gum, Papaw, Tulip Tree, and the Magnolias where
plates of stone cells occur. The color of the pith may be white as
in the Sugar Maple, pinkish as in Red Maple, brown as in Striped
Maple, Mountain Maple, Sumachs, and Walnuts, red as in Kentucky
Coffee-tree, or greenish as in Shad Bush.

4. Buds:

In temperate and colder climates the growing season extends over
a part of the year only. During the warmer part of the year vegeta-
tion is active, but as soon as the weather becomes cooler, many an-
nual plants die while others make special preparation for the winter.
One of the preparations is the formation of buds. They are formed
in most trees and shrubs of cold and arid climates. If we examine
twigs of our common trees in the month of July we can usually
find buds starting to develop in the axils of the leaves. In the Buck-
eyes the winter buds can be found as early as May 10. They con-
tinue to develop until they have reached a certain size, and then re-
main in an inactive condition for a few months in winter, only to
become active again when favorable growth conditions return in
spring. A year usually includes a period of rest alternating with
a period of activity.

Buds may be divided into two classes, active and resting. Active
buds are growing or developing buds, such as one linds in late sum-
mer prior to the period of rest and early in spring when the resting
buds have been awakened from their winter's slumbers. The res-
ing buds are commonly known as imnter hiuls (Plate III).

Buds are i)rotected growing points. The degree of protection given
to the growing points varies with the kind of tree. A few of our
trees and shrubs have buds which are nearly or quite destitute of
a scaly covering. These are known as naked huds. The protection
usually consists of scales which may be supplemented by hairy out-
growths, rosin, gums, or air spaces. These are known as scaly huds.
The buds may be covered by numerous overlapping scales, known

45

as imbricated bud scales, or they may be covered by simply one or
two visible scales which do not overlap. The buds of the Willows
and Buttonwood are covered by a single visible bud-scale, while the
buds of such trees as the Striped Maple and the Black Alder have
only two visible bud-scales whose margins simply meet and do not
overlap. The latter are known as valvate huds. The buds may also
receive protection from the enlarged bases of the stalk of leaves
which often persist far into winter. The buds covered by the en-
larged base of the leaf-stalk are known as suhpctiolar huds. The
buds of some of our common trees are very inconspicuous. It is
often difficult to locate them when sunken so deeply into the bark
that only the tip is visible. The size of the buds is not indicative
of the size of the flowers or leaves which they will produce the fol-
lowing season. Many of the trees which bear small and inconspicu-
ous buds produce large and conspicuous flowers and leaves. The
principal functions of the protective covering of buds are the pre-
vention of the loss of water from the tender parts within and the
protection of their delicate interior from mechanical injury. Some
tree experts also add that the protection minimizes the damaging
effect of sudden temperature changes.

IThe position of buds is of considerable value in distinguishing
many of our trees and shrubs. They may occur at the end of the
twigs or along their sides. The former are known as terminal huds
and the latter as lateral huds. The terminal buds may be solitary
as on the Beech or clustered as on the Oaks. On most of our trees
and shrubs the lateral buds appear just above the origins of leaf-
stalks and are known as a^llary huds. They may occur in pairs,
one on one side of the twig and the other exactly opposite, or singly,
forming a spiral around the twig. The former are known as op-
posite huds and the latter as alternate huds. The axillary buds
may occur solitary or in groups, either one above the other, or side
by side. If they occur one above the other they are known as super-
posed huds and if they occur side by side they are known as acces-
sory huds. Sometimes axillary buds remain inactive for a long period
of time without losing their vitality. Such are known as dormant
huds. During their dormant period they remain on the surface of
the trunk by the elongation of their connection with their point of
origin. A superabundance of food, excessive light, or the death of
a great number of terminally located buds, may stimulate them into
activity again. A great number of these buds are often found along
the stems of such trees as Chestnut, Pitch Pine and Rock Oak. They
develop into short branches which are known as "water sprouts."
Some buds are produced at rather unusual points, and in irregular
positions along the stem, and are called adventitious huds. They
also form "water sprouts."

46

One finds a wide variation in size and form of the buds which
our common trees produce. Some are long and blender; others are
short and stout. Some of them are round in «o««f <=t^°^i °%\'^
are angular. Some are sharppointed ; others are blunt-pointed. The
buds also vary in the manner of their insertion «" *« tw.gs Some
are inserted directly on the twig; others are separated fom the twig
by a stalk, and still others may be almost entirely covered by the
twig. The former are called sessile huds, the next stalked iuds, and

the latter imbedded huds. . , ., • „„„*

The kind of buds that a tree produces is of considerable import-
ance, especially where fruit trees are considered Three principal
kinds of buds may be distinguished :-!ea/ huds, also known as vege-
tative huds, the contents of which will develop into stem and leaves ;
mixed huds, the contents of which consist of leaves and flowers in
their formative stage; and flower huds, also known as propagaiwe
huds, which contain the elements of flowers only. How can one find
out what kind of buds are at hand is a question that troubles many
beginners in their study of trees. The following suggestions will be
helpful. The buds may be cut open by means of a sharp knife and
their contents studied with the aid of a magnifying glass. One may
also take a twig and place it in a jar of water in a warm room and
in about a week the buds will have expanded far enough to reveal
the nature of their contents. The twig with its buds may also be
left on the trees and its development observed in spnng when na-
ture opens them. With all this variation in the position, insertion,
form, structure, and kinds of buds we still find here, as in all na-
ture, law and order.

5. Leaves:

The shoot of a seed plant consists of stem and leaves. The leaves
of our common trees are excellent distinguishing characters by which
the species may be recognized. They are variable in form. This
variation, as well as the work they do, is little appreciated by the
crowds which annually seek their shade and shelter. This chapter
aims to give a general description of leaves and a brief outline of

their work.

A typical foliage leaf consists of three parts: (1), the hlade or
flattened portion (lamina); (2), the leaf-stalk (petiole); and (3),
the leaf appendages (stipules).

Two kinds of leaves are usually recognized:— «impJe and com-
pound (Plate IV). Simple leaves have blades which are more or
less united into one piece, while in compound leaves each leaf is
composed of a number of smaller leaflets. Compound leaves may
have all the leaflets originate from one point as in the Buckeyes

I

PLATE IV. TYPES OF LEAVES

1. Black Cherry (simple).

2. Common Locu.st (compound).

3. Chestnut (alternate arrangement).

4. Sugar Maple (opposite arrangement).

5. White Pine (G-cIuBtered).

6. Pitch Pine (S-clustered).

7. Jersey or Scrub Pine (2-clustered).

8. Larch (many clustered).

Drawings arc al>out one-half natural size.

9. Larch (many clustered at base, .stditary ou
leading shoots).
Red Spruce (4-sided),
n. r.alsam Fir (flat and sessile).
12. Hemloclc (Hat and stalk«'d).
Ked Cedar (scale-lilte needles).
Arbor Vitae (scale-like needles).
Arbor Vitae (section eularge<l showing glands
on leaves).
Hi. Rod re<lar (awl-shaped needles).

10

i:j
14
15

46

One finds a wide variation in size and form of tlie buds which
our common trees produce. Some are long and slender; others are
short and stout. Some of them are round in ««««-^«=t!»" ' /^^*^^
are angular. Some are sharp-pointed ; others are blunt-pomted. The
buds also vary in the manner of their insertion o^^he twigs Some
are inserted directly on the tVig; others are separated from the twig
by a stalk, and still others may be almost entirely covered by the
twig. The former are called sessile huds, the next stalked huds, and

the latter imbedded huds.

The kind of buds that a tree produces is of considerable import-
ance/especially where fruit trees are considered Three principal
kinds of buds may be distinguished :-iea/ buds, also known as vege-
tative buds, the contents of which will develop into stem and leaves;
mi^d buds, the contents of which consist of leaves and flowers m
their formative stage; and flower buds, also known as propagaMve
buds, which contain the elements of flowers only. How can one find
out 4hat kind of buds are at hand is a question that troubles many
beginners in their study of trees. The following suggestions will be
helpful. The buds may be cut open by means of a sharp knife and
their contents studied with the aid of a magnifying glass. One may
also take a twig and place it in a jar of water in a warm room and
in about a week the buds will have expanded far enough to reveal
the nature of their contents. The twig with its buds may also be
left on the trees and its development observed in spring when na-
ture opens them. With all this variation in the position, insertion,
form, structure, and kinds of buds we still find here, as in all na-
ture, law and order.

5. Leaves:

The shoot of a seed plant consists of stem and leaves. The leaves
of our common trees are excellent distinguishing characters by which
the species may be recognized. They are variable in form. This
variation, as well as the work they do, is little appreciated by the
crowds which annually seek their shade and shelter. This chapter
aims to give a general description of leaves and a brief outline of

their work.

A typical foliage leaf consists of three parts: (1), the blade or
flattened portion (lamina); (2), the leafstalk (petiole); and (3),
the leaf-appendages (stipules).

Two kinds of leaves are usually recognized :—»tmpJe and com-
pound (Plate IV). Simple leaves have blades which are more or
less united into one piece, while in compound leaves each leaf is
composed of a number of smaller leaflets. Compound leaves may
have all the leaflets originate from one point as in the Buckeyes

PLATE IV. TYPES OF LEAVES

1. Black Cherry (simple).

2. Common LocURt (compound).

3. Chestnut (alternate arrangement).

4. Sugar Maple (oppo.site arrangement).

5. White Pine (5-chi8tered).

6. Pitch Pine (3-clustere<l).

7. Jersey or Scrub Pine (2-clustercd).

8. Larch (many clustered).

Drawings are about one-half natural size.

9. Larch (many clustered at base, solitary on
leading shoots).

10. Red Spruce (4-8ided).

11. Balsam Fir (flat and so.'isile).

12. Hemlock (flat and stalked).

13. Red Cedar (.scale-like needles).

14. Arbor Vltae (scale-like needles).

15. Arbor Vltae (section enlarged showing glands

on leaves).
IG. Red Cedar (awl-shaped needles).

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

47

LEAF ftPMJ

Orbicu/ar

LEAT APEXES

/^cunvnafa /icufe

Ot>tuoe
LEAE BA^EJ

Truncate

3n.3f/e -pojntecf

h/eafgo - o^ape<J

i.EAr l^ARC/^^^

/^n//re

Dcnft^fe Coarse //-^errcf/e Oerra/e Jnc/y5e(^

PLATE V. TYPES OF LEAVES

Lol>eis^

(Plates CXII, OXIII), or scattered along the main petiole as in the
Common Locust (Plate XCVTI). Each primary division of a com-
pound leaf may again be compounded as in the Kentucky Coflfee-tree
(Plate XCIV). Such a leaf is known as a doubly compound leaf.

The arrangement of the leaves on the twigs and branches of our
common trees may be altertiate, opposite, or whorled (Plate IV).
When the arrangement is alternate, the individual leaves are located
singly at a node; when opposite, two leaves occur opposite each
other at a node; and when whorled, more than two leaves occur at
a node and are distributed regularly around the twig. In a few
trees as the Birches, the leaves of the lateral spurs appear to be
opposite, but upon closer examination they are found to be alternate.

The leaves of the trees native to this State may be classified as
follows: (1) Trees with needle-shaped leaves, known as conifers
or evergreens, and (2) trees with broad leaves known as hardwoods
or deciduous trees. The needle-shaped trees show a wide variation
in the form and distribution of their needles. They may occur
singly, in bundles of 2, 3, or 5, or in clusters on lateral spurs; they
may also be stalked or sessile, scale-like or awl-shaped, and flat,
semicircular, triangular, or four-sided in cross-section. The broad-
leaved trees have an even wider variation in form. This may be in
part due to the greater number of representatives belonging to this
order. A few of the commonest leaf forms are shown on Plate V.
Other intermediate forms are commonly found among our trees. The
size of the leaves varies as much as their form. They may be small,
scale-like, or awl-shaped as in the Arbor Vitae and Common Juniper,
respectively, or large and tropical-like as in the Magnolias and

Papaw.

The point, or apex, of leaves varies with the kind of tree and the
general leaf-form. The commonest kinds of points recognized are
shown on Plate V.

The bases of leaves are also often characteristic and of consider-
able value in distinguishing trees since different species may have
the same general form but different bases. The commonest kinds
of bases recognized are shown on Plate V. Intermediate forms may
readily be found, since leaves taken from the same tree or branch
often show a wide variation.

The margins of leaves are often more variable than their apexes
and bases. The kinds most commonly recognized are shown on
Plate V. The figures represent the margins of simple leaves. The
margins of the leaflets of compound leaves follow the same termin-
ology.

Most of the leaves of our common forest trees contain a rather
complicated system of flbro-vascular bundles. These fibro-vascular
bundles, known as veins, form the framework of the leaves. Sur-

LEAF FORM'S

Orbicuhr

Liy^r APEXiCS

/^ronwiafc

c1.

3r/^t/e pointecf

i

V

i.FlF l^ARC/yi

fnf/rc

,v

/)f^f(y^<

roar^f-^v-^crrcf/e Oerra/e

/nc/^ec^

Lol>ea

PLATE V. TYPES OF LEAVES

47

(Plates CXII, CXIII), or scattered along the main petiole as in the
Common Locust (Plate XCVII). Each primary division of a com-
pound leaf may again be compounded as in the Kentucky Coffee-tree
(Plate XCIV). Such a leaf is known as a doubly compound leaf.

The arrangement of the leaves on the twigs and branches of our
common trees may be alternate, opposite, or whorled (Plate IV).
When the arrangement is alternate, the individual leaves are located
singly at a node; when opposite, two leaves occur opposite each
other at a node; and when whorled, more than two leaves occur at
a node and are distributed regularly around the twig. In a few
trees as the Birches, the leaves of the lateral spurs appear to be
opposite, but upon closer examination they are found to be alternate.

The leaves of the trees native to this State may be classified as
follows: (1) Trees with needle-shaped leaves, known as conifers
or evergreens, and (2) trees with broad leaves known as hardwoods
or deciduous trees. The needle-shaped trees show a wide variation
in the form and distribution of their needles. They may occur
singly, in bundles of 2, 3, or 5, or in clusters on lateral spurs; they
may also be stalked or sessile, scale-like or awl-shaped, and flat,
semicircular, triangular, or four-sided in cross-section. The broad-
leaved trees have an even wider variation in form. This may be in
part due to the greater number of representatives belonging to this
order. A few of the commonest leaf forms are shown on Plate V.
Other intermediate forms are commonly found among our trees. The
size of the leaves varies as much as their form. They may be small,
scale-like, or awl-shaped as in the Arbor Vitae and Common Juniper,
respectively, or large and tropical-like as in the Magnolias and
Papaw.

The point, or apex, of leaves varies with the kind of tree and the
general leaf-form. The commonest kinds of points recognized are
shown on Plate V.

The bases of leaves are also often characteristic and of consider-
able value in distinguishing trees since different species may have
the same general form but different bases. The commonest kinds
of bases recognized are shown on Plate V. Intermediate forms may
readily be found, since leaves taken from the same tree or branch
often show a wide variation.

The margins of leaves are often more variable than their apexes
and bases. The kinds most commonly recognized are shown on
Plate V. The figures represent the margins of simple leaves. The
margins of the leaflets of compound leaves follow the same termin-
ology.

Most of the leaves of our common forest trees contain a rather
complicated system of fibro-vascular bundles. These fibro-vascular
bundles, known as veins, form the framework of the leaves. Sur-

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

48

rounding and between these veins is found a green pulpy mass, the
spongy parenchyma. The whole body of the leaf is covered by a
protective covering known as the epidermis, the thickness of which
varies with the species of tree and the climate.

One can find variations in the petiole and stipules of leaves as
well as in the blade. The petiole may be absent, short, or long.
When the petiole is absent the leaf-blade is sessile. It may also be
enlarged at the base, circular, heart-shaped, flat, or triangular in
outline. The enlarged base may be hollow or clasping. The stipules
are usually not very conspicuous. In many trees they persist for
a short time only and then fall off. The main function of the stipules
is protection, but a special modification of the stipules is seen in the
Common Locust (Plate XCVII), where the thorns are modified
stipules and function as mechanical protectors.

Leaves are the most industrious organs of a plant. They work
day and night from early spring until autumn. The four chief func-
tions of leaves are: (1) Photosynthesis; (2) Respiration; (3)
Transpiration, and (4) Assimilation. Photosynthesis is the process
by which the leaf manufactures starch or sugar from carbon dioxide
and water with the aid of the energy of light. That green plants
require light for their growth and development is shown by the man-
ner in which the axis and their leaves adjust themselves so as to re-
ceive the greatest amount of light.

By respiration in plants is meant the process by which oxygen is
consumed and carbon dioxide and water are given off. It is primar-
ily a process of oxidation and resembles in general the process of
respiration as found in man and higher animals. In order to facili-
tate this exchange of gases the plants are supplied with openings on
the leaf surfaces, especially on the lower surface, and on the bark.
The openings on the leaf surfaces are known as stomata and those on
the bark as lenticels. Each slit-like opening on the leaf is surrounded
by two guard cells which are somewhat complicated in structure
and very sensitive to changes in temperature and water supply. They
function primarily as breathing pores and as outlets for the water
vapor given off during the process of transpiration. Their number
varies, but it has been estimated that the lower leaf surface of Black
Walnut contains about 300,000 per square inch.

The leaf is not only peculiary modified for the reception of light
and the absorption of gases, but also for the loss of water. This^
process of losing water in the form of vapor through the stomata
is known as transpiration. Tlie large amount of water given off by
trees is usually not appreciated. The Austrian Forest Experiment
Station has published data which show that an open-grown birch tree
with 200,000 leaves transpired on hot summer days from 700 to 900
pounds.

M

®.

:o<>

S^^T

^.

CooO

.^.

\9

PLATE VL TYPES OF LEAF-SCARS AND BUNDLE-SCARS

1. Tulip Tree.

2. Catalpa.

3. Auiericaii Hoinhcam.

4. Sassafras.
6. Persimmon.

6. Maple.

7. Poplar.

8. Red Mulberry.

9. Buttonwood.

10, Chestnut.

11. Walnut.

All drawings are slightly enlarged.

12. Basswood.

13. Birch.

14. Box Elder.

15. Papaw.

16. Horse Chestnut.

17. Dwarf Sumach.
17a. Staghorn Sumach.

18. Hercules' Club.

19. Sour-wood.

20. Kenturity CofTeo Tree.

21. Ash.

48

rounding and between these veins is found a green pulpy mass, the
spongy parenchyma. The whole body of the leaf is covered by a
protective covering known as the epidermis, the thickness of which
varies with the species of tree and the climate.

One can find variations in the petiole and stipules of leaves as
well as in the blade. The petiole may be absent, short, or long.
When the petiole is absent the leaf blade is sessile. It may also be
enlarged at the base, circular, heart-shaped, flat, or triangular in
outline. The enlarged base may be hollow or clasping. The stipules
are usually not very conspicuous. In many trees they persist for
a short time only and then fall off. The main function of the stipules
is protection, but a special modification of the stipules is seen in the
Common Locust (Plate XCVII), where the thorns are modified
stipules and function as mechanical protectors.

Leaves are the most industrious organs of a plant. They work
day and night from early spring until autumn. The four chief func-
tions of leaves are: (1) Photosynthesis; (2) Respiration; (3)
Transpiration, and (4) Assimilation. Photosynthesis is the process
by which the leaf manufactures starch or sugar from carbon dioxide
and water with the aid of the energy of light. That green plants
require light for their growth and development is shown by the man-
ner in which the axis and their leaves adjust themselves so as to re-
ceive the greatest amount of light.

By respiration in plants is meant the process by which oxygen is
consumed and carbon dioxide and water are given off. It is primar-
ily a process of oxidation and resembles in general the process of
respiration as found in man and higher animals. In order to facili-
tate this exchange of gases the plants are supplied with openings on
the leaf surfaces, especially on the lower surface, and on the bark.
The openings on the leaf surfaces are known as stomata and those on
the bark as lenticels. Each slit-like opening on the leaf is surrounded
by two guard cells which are somewhat complicated in structure
and very sensitive to changes in temperature and water supply. They
function primarily as breathing pores and as outlets for the water
vapor given ofif during the process of transpiration. Their number
varies, but it has been estimated that the lower leaf surface of Black
Walnut contains about 300,000 per square inch.

The leaf is not only peculiary modified for the reception of light
and the absorption of gases, but also for the loss of water. This^
process of losing water in the form of vapor through the stomata
is known as transpiration. The large amount of water given off by
trees is usually not appreciated. The Austrian Forest Experiment
Station has published data which show that an open-grown birch tree
with 200,000 leaves transpired on hot summer days from 700 to 900
pounds.

^<rp

®.

JtXi

8J

\y'

"^^^

li

\o/,2

^^,

\9

PLATE VI. TYPES OF LEAF-SCARS AND BUNDLE-SCARS

1. Tulip Tree.

2. Catalpa,

3. Ainerlcaii Hornboain.

4. Sassafras.
6. Persimmon.

6. Maple.

7. Poplar.

8. Red Mulberry.

9. Buttonwood.

10. Chestnut.

11. Walnut.

All drawingrs are slightly enlarged.

12. Basswood.

13. Birch.

14. Box Elder.

15. Papaw.

16. Horse Chestnut.

17. Dwarf Sumach.
17a. Staghorn Sumach.

18. Hercules' Club.

19. Sonr-wood.

20. Kentucky ColTeo Tree.

21. Ash.

i

INTENTI6NAL SECOND EXPOSURE

49

Assimilation, the fourth of the functions named above, comprises
a series of changes which are necessary to transform the raw or
newly manufactured food material into actual plant tissue.

6. Leaf-scars and Bundle-scars:

Most of our trees and shrubs, except the cone bearers, shed prac-
tically all their leaves in autumn. Those which shed their leaves
in this manner are known as deciduous trees, while those which re-
tain them for two or more seasons are known as evergreen trees.
When a leaf falls a scar is left at the point of its attachment. The
leaf-scars vary in size, form, position, occurrence, and in the number
of vascular bundles which they contain (Plate VI). They may oc-
cur singly, in pairs, or in whorls, just as the leaves which precede
them. They appear at points on the twigs known as nodes. The
portion of the twig between the nodes is called the internode. They
may be large, medium, or small in size depending upon the kind of
tree. If they occur in pairs on opposite sides of the twig they may
be so large that they completely encircle the stem, or only a portion
of it. Their form may be round, oval, elliptical, heart-shaped, shield-
shaped, crescent-shaped, lobed, or triangular. They may be raised,
depressed, or even with the surface of the twig. Their surface may
be flat, concave, smooth, or wavy.

The leaf-scar contains bundle-scars. The bundle-scars mark the
position of the vascular bundles which formed a connection between
the leaves and the twigs. They carry liquid material to and from
the leaves. Two distinct portions may be distinguished in these
vascular bundles; the woody portion which serves to carry water
into the leaf, and the sieve-tube portion which serves to carry plant
food from the leaves where it was manufactured, down into the
twigs, branches, and stem. These bundle scars vary in size, form,
and number in a leaf-scar, and the manner in which they are dis-
tributed. Some of our common forest trees have only one bundte-
scar in a leaf scar, while many have three, and others four, five, to
many. The number is constant in some species and variable in
others. The individual bundle-scars usually are circular in outline
but may be linear, crescent-shaped, or irregular.

Where more than one bundle-scar is found in a leaf-scar they vary
in their arrangement. They may form a closed ellipse, a lunate line,
a double line, V-shaped or a U-shaped line, or they may be irregu-
larly scattered over the leaf-scar, or grouped in clusters. A number
of bundle-scars may sometimes be grouped so close together so as to
form a compound bundle scar or a line of confluent bundle-scars.

G— «

60

The leaf scars together with their bundle scars are excellent char-
acters with which to distinguish many of our common forest trees
during winter when most of the distinguishing characteristics which
one can use in summer are absent. By carefully studying these
characteristics, together with others, it is as easy to distinguish the
forest trees in winter as in summer when the foliage is present.

7. Flowers:

Sometime in their life history plants usually give rise to others
of their kind. The method which they use to accomplish this varies
with the species or the tree group. Most of our trees develop flowers
whose chief function is pollination, the initial step in the production
of seeds. The existence of flowers is consequently for the good of
the plant and not for the good of man, even though their beautiful
forms and colors do please his fancy and make his life happier.

The flowers of our common trees vary considerably in form, struc-
ture, and color (Plates VII, VIII). Most of them are very modest
in appearance while a few of them are conspicuous on account of
their large size and brilliant color. In speaking of the flowers of
our trees collectively, one often hears the phrase "The uncommon
flowers of our common trees." The truth of this phrase becomes
clear when we think of the small and inconspicuous pistillate flowers
produced by such trees as the Oaks, Birches, American Hop Horn-
beam, Walnuts, and Hickories. A few trees as the Magnolias, Cher-
ries, Dogwoods, Tulip Tree, and Basswood produce rather conspic-
uous flowers.

The parts of a flower are of two general kinds — the essential organs
which are concerned in the production of seeds and the floral en-
velopes which act as protecting organs. The essential organs con-
sist of two series, — the outer which is composed of stamens and
bears the pollen, and the inner which is composed of pistils and
bears the seed. The floral envelopes also usually consist of two
series, — the outer which is composed of sepals, collectively known
as the calyx, and the inner which is composed of petals, collectively
known as the corolla. The corolla is usually the showy part of a
flower while the calyx is usually green in color. A flower which
has calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistils is said to be complete. If
any part is wanting it is incomplete. When both the floral envelopes
are wanting it is naked. A flower in which the pistils are lacking
is known as a staminate flower, while one in which the stamens are
lacking is known as a pistillate flower. Sometimes the staminate
and pistillate flowers are not only found on different parts of the
same tree but on entirely different trees.

15

19

PLATE VII. FLOWERS AND FLOWER ARRANGEMENT

1. White riiic (stiiiniiiatf .luster), x \. 1-'.

-'. White Tine (two pislilhite (hitters i, x I- l.X.

."{. Willow (staniiimte jiineiit), x ^. 1^-

1. Willow (pistillate aiiieiit), x \. jl"'-

."». Wahnit (staiuiiiate ai(ient), x \. l'>-

»i. Walnut (a jtistillate llower), enhiryeil. 17.

7. Hif'kor.v (staminate anient), x >.. 1^-

•S. Hiekor.v (a pistillate (lower), natuial size. 1!>.

f». liirch (a staminate anient), x \. -"•

10. Birch (a pistillate amenti, x l. -1-

11. Beocli (a staniinato head) x A.

I?eeeli (t\v<. pistillate Howers), iintnral size
Chestnut (a staminate aineiit), x A.
Chestiiul ( a iiistilhite am-'Ut ). x \.
Wiiite Oak ( 4 staminate am-iits).
White Oak (a pistillate llower i. e
Kim (.'{ eliisters of incomplete (lowers
.Mullierrv (a staminate spike), x A.
Millheriy (a dense pistillate spike).
Tniiit Tree (a compIet<' (lower), x j
Papaw (a complete flower), x I.

X

'iilai

i-s).

ued.
X .', .

H

60

The leaf scars together with their bundle scars are excellent char-
acters with which to distinguish many of our common forest trees
during winter when most of the distinguishing characteristics which
one can use in summer are absent. By carefully studying these
characteristics, together with others, it is as easy to distinguish the
forest trees in winter as in summer when the foliage is present.

7. Flowers:

Sometime in their life history plants usually give rise to others
of their kind. The method which they use to accomplish this varies
with the species or the tree group. Most of our trees develop flowers
whose chief function is pollination, the initial step in the production
of seeds. The existence of flowers is consequently for the good of
the plant and not for the good of man, even though their beautiful
forms and colors do please his fancy and make his life happier.

The flowers of our common trees vary considerably in form, struc-
ture, and color (Plates VII, VIII). Most of them are very modest
in appearance while a few of them are conspicuous on account of
their large size and brilliant color. In speaking of the flowers of
our trees collectively, one often hears the phrase "The uncommon
flowers of our common trees." The truth of this phrase becomes
clear when we think of the small and iuconspicuous pistillate flowers
produced by such trees as the Oaks, Birches, American Hop Horn-
beam, Walnuts, and Hickories. A few trees as the Magnolias, Cher-
ries, Dogwoods, Tulip Tree, and Basswood produce rather conspic-
uous flowers.

The parts of a flower are of two general kinds — the essential organs
which are concerned in the production of seeds and the floral en-
velopes which act as protecting organs. The essential organs con-
sist of two series, — the outer which is composed of stamens and
bears the pollen, and the inner which is composed of pistils and
bears the seed. The floral envelopes also usually consist of two
series, — the outer which is composed of sepals, collectively known
as the calyx, and the inner which is composed of petals, collectively
known as the corolla. The corolla is usually the showy part of a
flower while the calyx is usually green in color. A flower which
has calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistils is said to be complete. If
any part is wanting it is incomplete. When both the floral envelopes
are wanting it is naked. A flower in which the pistils are lacking
is known as a staminate flower, while one in which the stamens are
lacking is known as a pistillate floioer. Sometimes the staminate
and pistillate flowers are not only found on different parts of the
same tree but on entirely different trees.

"f

19

PLATE VII. FLOWERS AND FLOWER ARRANGEMENT

1. Whito riiio (stiiiniiiato rlustor). x 1. i !-•

li. White IMnc (two pistillate clusters), x h IM.

a. Willow (staminate anient), x >.. !■*•

4. Willow (pistillate anient), x h. 1;'|-

5. Wahuit (staminate ament), x S. TJ-
0. Walnut (a pistillate flower i, enlarfred. 17.

7. Hickor.v (staminate anient), x L ^^•

8. Hickory (a pistillate flower), natural size. 1!>.
0. Birch (a staminate ament), x S. -•••

10. Birch (a pistillate anient), x \. -1-

11. Beech (a staminate head) x 1.

Beech (two jiistillate flowers), natural
Chestnut (a staminate anient I, x •'.
Chestnut ( a pistilhite anient I. x ^
White Oak ( 4 staiiiinafe ani-'iit.s). x
White Oak (a pistillate Hower). enhir

Elm (.'{ clusters of iiu iplete flowers).

Mulberrv (a staiiiiiiate spike), x A.
Mulh«'rr.v (a dense pistillate spike), x
Tulip Tree (a complete (lower), x i.
I'upaw (a complete flower), x ^

size,

ued.

V 1

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

PLATE VIII. TYPES OF FLOWERS

1.

2

n.

4.

5.

6.

7.

H.

!».
10.
11.
12.
l.H.
14.

Svveot Gum (staniinato heads), x i-
Sweet Gum (a pistiilate head), x *.
Common Locust (a drooping raceme), x J.
Striped Maple (a drooping staminate raceme), x J.
Striped Maple (a drooping pistillate raceme), x J.
Red Maple (staminate iHscicles). x h.
Red Maple (pistillate fascicles), x i.
Rasswood (a drooping cyme), x J.
Flowering Dogwood (a dense cluster), x J.
White Ash (a staminate panicle), x i.
Wliite Ash (a pistillate panicle), x J.
Rhododendron (a single flower), x J.
Wild Black Cherry (a raceme), x J.
Buttonwood (a head), x J.

51

The chief role of flowers is pollination. Pollination is the transfer
of pollen from the anther of the stamen to the stigma of the pistil.
When pollen is transferred from the anthers to the stigma of the
same flower it is known as close-pollination, and when pollen is
transferred from the anthers of a flower of one plant to the pistil of
a flower of another it is known as cross-pollination. Wind and in-
sects are the chief agents which carry the pollen in the case of cross-
pollination. The flowers of the Tulip Tree, Papaw, and Cherries, are
examples in which close-pollination can take place, while the flowers
of the Willows and Poplars are good examples in which cross-pol-
lination takes place. When the staminate and pistillate flowers are
on the same plants, e. g. Oaks, American Hop Hornbeam, Beech,
Chestnut, Hickories, and Walnuts, the plants are known as monoe-
cious and when they are on different plants as in the Willows, Pop-
lars, and occasionally some Maples, they are known as dioecious.

Flowers vary not only in the size, form, shape of their parts, and
color, but also in their arrangement. In a few cases the flowers
of trees like the Tulip tree and Papaw are borne singly and known
as solitary flowers. The flowers may also be arranged in clusters like
that of the Lily of the Valley or the Wild Black Cherry (Plate VIII,
13). Such an inflorescence is known as a raceme. A raceme may be
compact as in the Wild Black Cherry ; or loose as in the Common
Locust (Plate VIII, 3) and the Striped Maple (Plate VIII, 4-5).
When the flower cluster is dense and the flowers sessile, or nearly
so, it is known as a spike. Spikes may be 2-5-flowered as in the
pistillate flowers of the Hickory (Plate VII, 8), or densely flowered
as in the staminate flowers of the Mulberry (Plate VII, 18). A
very short and dense spike is known as a head (Plate VIII, 14). A
spike is sometimes short, flexible, and rather scaly as in the Willows,
Poplars, and rather long as in the staminate flowers of the Oaks,
Hickories, Birches, and Alders (Plate VII, 7, 9 and 15). Such a
spike is known as an am^nt or catkin. Other types of inflorescence
are the umhles (Plate LXXXVII), panicles (Plate VIII, 10-11), and

corymbs.

The time at which the flowers appear and their duration varies
with the kind of tree. The Alders, Hazlenut, and some Maples pro-
duce their flowers early in spring before the leaves are out. Others
produce them with the leaves, while still others produce them after
the leaves. The Witch-hazel produces its flowers late in fall. It is
the last of our trees to blosson.

8. Fruit:

Sometime after pollination the egg cell or ovule is fertilized, and
as a result of fertilization, the ovule, together with the surround-
ing ovary, enlarges. The enlarged ovules, together with inclosing

li

ii

PLATE VIII. TYPES OF FLOWERS

4.

r>.
♦i.

7.

s.

!t.
10.
11.
12.

i:i.

14.

Sweet (ium (staniiiiiito lH'a<ls), x h-
Sweet (Uiiu (a pistiihite lieii(!), x *.
("oiiiinoii L(K'ii.st (n iljoniiiiiK nieenio), x h.
Striped IMiiple (a driMipiiis; staiiiinate raceniel
Striped Maple (» dniupiny pistillate raceme),
Red Maple (staniiimte fiseicles). x >•.
Ked Maple (pistillate faseieles), x h.
Hasswood (a drooping e.viiie), x i.
Floweriii}; Dogwood (a dense cluster), x *.
White Ash (a staniinato panicle), x J.
Wliite Ash (a pistillate panicle), x h.
Rhododendron (a single tiower), x h-
Wild Klack Cherry (a raceme), x J.
But ton wood (a head), x J.

X i.

51

The chief role of flowers is pollination. Pollination is the transfer
of pollen from the anther of the stamen to the stigma of the pistil.
When pollen is transferred from the anthers to the stigma of the
same flower it is known as close-pollination, and when pollen is
transferred from the anthers of a flower of one plant to the pistil of
a flower of another it is known as cross-pollination. Wind and in-
sects are the chief agents which carry the pollen in the case of cross-
pollination. The flowers of the Tulip Tree, Papaw, and Cherries, are
examples in which close-pollination can take place, while the flowers
of the Willows and Poplars are good examples in which cross-pol-
lination takes place. When the staminate and pistillate flowers are
on the same plants, e. g. Oaks, American Hop Hornbeam, Beech,
Chestnut, Hickories, and Walnuts, the plants are known as monoe-
cious and when they are on different plants as in the Willows, Pop-
lars, and occasionally some Maples, they are known as dioecious.

Flowers vary not only in the size, form, shape of their parts, and
color, but also in their arrangement. In a few cases the flowers
of trees like the Tulip tree and Papaw are borne singly and known
as solitary flowers. The flowers may also be arranged in clusters like
that of the Lily of the Valley or the Wild Black Cherry (Plate VIII,
L3). Such an inflorescence is known as a raceme. A raceme may be
compact as in the Wild Black Cherry; or loose as in the Common
Locust (Plate VIII, 3) and the Striped Maple (Plate VIII, 4-5).
When the flower cluster is dense and the flowers sessile, or nearly
so it is known as a spike. Spikes may be 2-5-flowered as in the
pistillate flowers of the Hickory (Plate VII, 8), or densely flowered
as in the staminate flowers of the Mulberry (Plate VII, 18). A
very short and dense spike is known as a head (Plate VIII, 14). A
spike is sometimes short, flexible, and rather scaly as in the Willows,
Poplars, and rather long as in the staminate flowers of the Oaks,
Hickories, Birches, and Alders (Plate VII, 7, 9 and 15). Such a
spike is known as an ament or catkin. Other types of inflorescence
are the timhles (Plate LXXXVII), panicles (Plate VIII, 10 11), and

corymbs.

The time at which the flowers appear and their duration varies
with the kind of tree. The Alders, Hazlenut, and some Maples pro-
duce their flowers earlv in spring before the leaves are out. Others
T^roduce them with the leaves, while still others produce them after
the leaves. The Witch-hazel produces its flowers late in fall. It is
the last of our trees to blosson.

8. Fruit:

Sometime after pollination the egg cell or ovule is fertilized, and
as a result of fertilization, the ovule, together with the surround-
ing ovary, enlarges. The enlarged ovules, together with inclosing

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

n

ovary, form what is termed the fruit. The fruit may in addition
comprise modifications of other organs intimately connected with

the ovary.

Seeds are productive of the flower and are usually regarded as
reproductive organs, but in reality they are the result of reproduc-
tion. Their chief work is the dissemination and the protection of the
offspring of reproduction. They are usually covered by hard and
impermeable coats which protect the young plant contained within
from the many dangers with which it is beset. Nature tries to
guard against these dangers by developing suitable protective cover-
ings for each species. Nature, however, is not always satisfied by
simply developing a thick and impermeable coat, but in addition it
develops an internal tissue which is compact and contains little
water. If a seed possess these essentials it is well protected against
most of the destructive agencies to which it is exposed. The chief
dangers to which seeds are subject are premature germination, loss
of vitality, and destruction by animals. Each seed usually has a
suitable covering which regulates the germination in spring. This
regulation is necessary so as not to allow the tender plant to emerge
before the external growth conditions are favorable for its develop-
ment. An embryo within a thin-coated seed would often be stimu-
lated by a few warm days in spring with the consequence that the
resulting tender plants would be killed by later frost. Nature acts
as a guardian and places a thick coat around such embryos, and as
a result they are not stimulated until later when frost danger is

past.

Food is stored in various plant organs such as roots, stem, and
branches, and is usually most abundant and conspicuous in the
seeds. It occurs in various forms and may often differ in composi-
tion. Food stored in the seed is very valuable because it supplies
nourishment to the small and tender plants before they have de^
veloped the roots with which they draw nourishment from the soil
and supply water to the leaves where starch and sugar are manu-
factured. Primitive man obtained considerable food from the seeds
of trees, and present man derives certain foods for himself and his
animals from some of our common trees. The food value of seeds
varies with the species. Some species like the Willows contain very
little food, while others like Chestnut are rich in food.

The time at which the fruit matures varies with the kind of tree.
Willows, Poplars, and Elms mature their fruits in spring; others,
like the Cherries, Mulberries, and some Maples, in summer ; but most
of them, like the Oaks, Chestnut, Pines, and others in autumn. The
seeds of some trees like the Willows die unless they germinate
soon after they mature. Most seeds retain their capacity to germi-

I

v., J I,

^VT^

i

15

PLATE IX. TYPES OF FRUIT

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.

White IMiic (<-ont>). x \.

White Pine (winjiod seed), iiiitiiial size.

Willow (eapsules), x J.

Willow (a wingort seed), eiilarsed.

TrembliiiK Aspen (r-apsnles), x A.

Trembling Aspen (a winged seed), enlarged.

Black Walnut (a nut with indehiscent husk),

Hickory (a nut with dehiscent Inisk). x h.
American Hornbeau (a nut with 3-lobed
bract), X J.

10.

11.
12.

14.

k;.

17.

Ameri<'an Hop Honibeaiii (a nut iii<

bladder-like bract), x A.
Black Birch (a membranous strnlnle)
Black .\lder (a wood.v strobile), x A
BetH'h (a nut with priekl,v bur), x
Chestnut (a nut with spiny bur), x A
Ked Oak (an innnature acorn), x A
Red Oak (a mature acorn), x A.
Ked Mulberry (an aggregate fruit),

losed in
. x A.

A.

X A.

n

ovary, form what is termed the fruit. The fruit may in addition
comprise modifications of other organs intimately connected with

the ovary.

Seeds are productive of the flower and are usually regarded as
reproductive organs, but in reality they are the result of reproduc-
tion. Their chief work is the dissemination and the protection of the
oflfspring of reproduction. They are usually covered by hard and
impermeable coats which protect the young plant contained within
from the many dangers with which it is beset. Nature tries to
guard against these dangers by developing suitable protective cover-
ings for each species. Nature, however, is not always satisfied by
simply developing a thick and impermeable coat, but in addition it
develops an internal tissue which is compact and contains little
water. If a seed possess these essentials it is well protected against
most of the destructive agencies to which it is exposed. The chief
dangers to which seeds are subject are premature germination, loss
of vitality, and destruction by animals. Each seed usually has a
suitable covering which regulates the germination in spring. This
regulation is necessary so as not to allow the tender plant to emerge
before the external growth conditions are favorable for its develop-
ment. An embryo within a thin-coated seed would often be stimu-
late<i by a few warm days in spring with the consequence that the
resulting tender plants would be killed by later frost. Nature acts
as a guardian and places a thick coat around such embryos, and as
a result they are not stimulated until later when frost danger is

past.

Food is stored in various plant organs such as roots, stem, and
branches, and is usually most abundant and conspicuous in the
seeds. It occurs in various forms and may often diflFer in composi-
tion. Food stored in the seed is very valuable because it supplies
nourishment to the small and tender plants before they have de*
veloped the roots with which they draw nourishment from the soil
and supply water to the leaves where starch and sugar are manu-
factured. Primitive man obtained considerable food from the seeds
of trees, and present man derives certain foods for himself and his
animals from some of our common trees. The food value of seeds
varies with the species. Some species like the Willows contain very
little food, while others like Chestnut are rich in food.

The time at which the fruit matures varies with the kind of tree.
Willows, Poplars, and Elms mature their fruits in spring; others,
like the Cherries, Mulberries, and some Maples, in summer ; but most
of them, like the Oaks, Chestnut, Pines, and others in autumn. The
seeds of some trees like the Willows die unless they germinate
soon after they mature. Most seeds retain their capacity to germi-

^m^

PLATE IX. TYPES OF FRUIT

1. White Piiu' (cone), x i. ...

2. White Pine (winged seed), natural size.

3. Willow (capsules), x J.

4. Willow (a winged seed), enlarged.

5. Trembling Aspen (capsules), x h.

6. Trembling Aspen (a winged set>d), enlarged.

7. Black Walnut (a nut with Indehiscent husk),

X }. , ,

8. Hickory (a nut with dehiscent husk), x J.

9. American Hornbeau (a nut with 3-lobed

bract), X J,

10. American Hop Hornbeam (a nut inclosed in

bladder-like bract), x ^ , ^,, , .

11. Black Birch (a membranous strobile), x j.

12. Black Alder (a woody strobile), x J.
\A. Beech (a nut with prickly bur), x J.
14. Chestnut (a nut with spiny bur), x J.
lo. Red Oak (an immature acorn), x j.

16. Red Oak (a mature acorn), x *.

17. Red Mulberry (an aggregate fruit), x

k,

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

PLATE X. TYPES OF FRUIT

M.
4.
Ti.
(i.

7.

8.

!>.
10.
11.
12.

Osan*' Oralis*' 'a coiiiiu'iiikI dniiM). x >..
HacklK-rry (a (Irupc), x A
Ann'iiciiii Elm (oiH'-s«'<'<l»'d samara), x t.
Tulip Tree (a lijjht brown coin' coiuiHisfd
Papaw (a ticsliy or pulpy fruit), x i.
Sutrar Maple (jmirfd samara), x A.
Wild Black ("lii'rry (a dnipc), x h.
Basswood (a uut-likp druiM'). \ A.
Sw«'«'t Ginu (multicapsular head), x J.
rcrsimmun (a juicy berry), x >■.
Wliito Ash (samaras), x A.
Buttouwood la head), x i.

<il" iiiiiiiy carpels), x J.

68

nate for several months or several years while the seed of a few
members of the Pulse family are reported to retain their vitality for
more than 125 years.

The mature fruit and seeds of our conunon trees show a wide
variation in their form and structure. Fruits are usually classified
on the basis of their texture, as fleshy fruits and dry fruits. Fleshy
fruits are represented by the fruits of such species as Cherries,
Papaw, Osage Orange, etc. (Plate X, 1, 2, 5, 7, 10). Dry fruits are
those which do not have any flesh or pulp and are represented by
the fruits of such species as the Maples, Ashes, and Oaks (Plate
IX, 1-16, and Plate X, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12). Fleshy fruits including
the stone fruits, are indehiscent. Indehiscent fruits (Plate X, 1, 2,
5, 7, 10) are those which do not split apart regularly along certain
lines for the liberation of the seeds, while dehiscent fruits do split
open. Dry fruits may be indehiscent or dehiscent.

The following general types of fruits are commonly recognized:
the pome (Plate XCII), the drupe (Plate X, 2, 7), the nut (Plate IX,
7, 8, 9, 14, 15), the samara (Plate X, 3, 6, 11), the follicle (Plates
LXXVI-LXXVIII), the capsule (Plate IX, 3, 5, and Plate X, 9),
the legume (Plate XCIV-XCVII), the cone (Plate IX, 1) and the
collective or aggregate fruits, (Plate IX, 17). The trees belonging
to a single genus usually produce a common type of fruit, but genera
belonging to the same family often have entirely different kinds
of fruits. This difference of fruit of genera in the same family is
shown very clearly in the Nettle family, to which belong the Elms,
Hackberry, Osage Orange, and Mulberry, whose fruits are shown on
Plate X, 3, 2, 1, and Plate IX, 17.

A wide variation may also occur within the general types men-
tioned above. The nut is one of the commonest types of fruit found
in the forest and will possibly show this wide variation best. Nuts
may be small and light, as in the Buttouwood and Birches, or large
and heavy as in the Oaks and Chestnut. Light nuts often have
appendages attached to them in the form of a membranous wing or
a tuft of hairs. The nuts may be produced singly or in strobiles as
in the Birches and Alder. They may also be covered or naked. If
covered, the covering may be indehiscent and semi-fleshy (Plate IX,
7), or dehiscent and dry (Plate IX, 8). It may also consist of a
stalked prickly dehiscent bur (Plate IX, 13), a large spiny dehiscent
bur (Plate IX, 14), a bladder-like bag (Plate IX, 10) or a leafy
involucre, as in the Common Hazlenuts (Plate LI).

In some trees the seeds are not covered entirely but simply sub-
tended by a leafy bract (Plate IX, 9). In the Birches and Alder the
small winged nuts are produced on 3-lobed bracts which are so ar-
ranged that they form a cone-like fruiting body known as a strobile.
It is rather hard to classify the fruits of some trees in terms of the

<>.
7.
8.
!t.
It).

12.

PLATE X. TYPES OF FRUIT

Osajic Oi-iiii;;<- (a ti)iii|Miuii(l diuitii, \ '_..

Hjirklicriy (a <lni|"'), x '

Aniciiciiii Kill) ((tiic-srcilcd saiiiiii'ai. si.

'riilip Tree (a liirlit Itrowii cuiic cuiuiH.scd of iiiiii:y carju'ls), x u-

r(il)au (a tloliy <>r pulpy Irnit). x '

Siiuar .Ma)>Ic (paired samara i, x I.

Wild I'.lack riicriy (a dnipti. x \.

Hasswuiid (a luit-likr dni]M'). \ '

Sweet (Jiim ( imilticapsiilai- liead), x !■.

rersiiimiuii (a juicy lierryi, x >..

White Ash (samaras), x I.

IJutteinvoud (a headj, x i.

63

nate for several months or several years while the seed of a few
members of the Pulse family are reported to retain their vitality for
more than 125 years.

The mature fruit and seeds of our common trees show a wide
variation in their form and structure. Fruits are usually classified
on the basis of their texture, as fleshy fruits and dry fruits. Fleshy
fruits are represented by the fruits of such species as Cherries,
Papaw, Osage Orange, etc. (Plate X, 1, 2, 5, 7, 10). Dry fruits are
those which do not have any flesh or pulp and are represented by
the fruits of such species as the Maples, Ashes, and Oaks (Plate
IX, 1-16, and Plate X, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12). Fleshy fruits including
the stone fruits, are indehiscent. Indehiscent fruits (Plate X, 1, 2,
5, 7, 10) are those which do not split apart regularly along certain
lines for the liberation of the seeds, while dehiscent fruits do split
open. Dry fruits may be indehiscent or dehiscent.

The following general types of fruits are commonly recognized:
the pome (Plate XCII), the drupe (Plate X, 2, 7), the nut (Plate IX,
7, 8, 9, 14, 15), the samara (Plate X, 3, 6, 11), the follicle (Plates
LXXVI LXXVIII), the capsule (Plate IX, 3, 5, and Plate X, 9),
the legume (Plate XCIV-XCVII), the cone (Plate IX, 1) and the
collective or aggregate fruits, (Plate IX, 17). The trees belonging
to a single genus usually produce a common type of fruit, but genera
belonging to the same family often have entirely different kinds
of fruits. This difference of fruit of genera in the same family is
shown very clearly in the Nettle family, to which belong the Elms,
Hackberry, Osage Orange, and Mulberry, whose fruits are shown on
Plate X, 3, 2, 1, and Plate IX, 17.

A wide variation may also occur within the general types men-
tioned above. The nut is one of the commonest types of fruit found
in the forest and will possibly show this wide variation best. Nuts
may be small and light, as in the Buttonwood and Birches, or large
and heavy as in the Oaks and Chestnut. Light nuts often have
appendages attached to them in the form of a membranous wing or
a tuft of hairs. The nuts may be produced singly or in strobiles as
in the Birches and Alder. They may also be covered or naked. If
covered, the covering may be indehiscent and semi fleshy (Plate IX,
7), or dehiscent and dry (Plate IX, 8). It may also consist of a
stalked prickly dehiscent bur (Plate IX, 13), a large spiny dehiscent
bur (Plate IX, 14), a bladder-like bag (Plate IX, 10) or a leafy
involucre, as in the Common Hazlenuts (Plate LI).

In some trees the seeds are not covered entirely but simply sub-
tended by a leafy bract (Plate IX, 9). In the Birches and Alder the
small winged nuts are produced on 3-lobed bracts which are so ar-
ranged that they form a cone-like fruiting body known as a strobile.
It is rather hard to classify the fruits of some trees in terms of the

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

64

types enumerated above, e. g., the fruit of the Basswood has the
Sarance of a nut, but is in reality a drupe; while the fruit of
E the Mountain Ash and the Shad Bush has the appearance of a
be ry but is actually a pome. A superficial examination ,s often not
sufficient to determine the type of fruit. The fruit of our common
Sumachs is a drupe, but is usually covered with acid hairs, so that
it is difficult to recognize the type of fruit to which it belongs.

If ter the fruits and seeds have been produced, it ,s necessary that
they be scattered on a mineral soil upon which they may germinate.
The distance over which they are scattered may be «hort or long
depending upon the nature of the seeds and the agents by which they
are dispersed. The fruit as a whole, is usually scattered m the case
TinSlcent fruits, while the seeds only are scattered in the case
of dehiscent fruits. The drawings on Plates IX and X show various
structural modifications of fruits and seeds which aid in their dis-
persal. The chief dispersal agents are P'^'P^^^'.^^f'' .^""if '
water wind, and gravity. The Witch-hazel (Plate LXXXII), is a
good example of a tree whose seeds are scattered by mechanical
propulsion. Man has been distributing seeds for forest trees mten
tionallY or unintentionally for many centuries, with the result that
the forest structure and landscape in many localities have been en-

tirely changed. , . .

Many European and Asiatic species have been planted in America,
and many of our native species like the Common Locust and White
Pine have a wide distribution abroad. Wind is the most powerful
of the dispersal agents. Many seeds have special structural modi-
fications which adapt them to be scattered by the wind. The modi-
fications may be a-sac-like envelope (Plate IX, 10), a mat of straight
capillary hairs (Plate IX, 4, 6) or a membranous winged, or flat-
tened seed (Plate IX, 2 and Plate X, 3, 6, 11).

Animals also scatter many seeds. A great number are scattered
involuntarily by animals, especially such seeds as will hang fast to
their bodies. Other fruits are juicy and edible and are often eaten
by birds and other animals. A large number of our common birds
swallow seeds to get the juicy edible portion surrounding them.
These seeds are not injured in passing through their alimentary
canal, but in some cases it is thought that the seeds are even bene^.
fited The robins, thrushes, and blue birds eat a large quantity of
fleshy fruit and should be regarded as valuable agents for dispersing
seeds The blue jay is also an agent that helps to scatter heavy
seeds like chestnuts and acorns. Other animals, especially rodents,
are also valuable as seed dispersal agents. Water, while not so
important as wind, must still be regarded as an agent of seed dis-
persal It transports some seeds over great distances, especially
those which will float or are inclosed in bladder-like inclosures like

J/)M/

ar

4

■^pw

ow

PLATE XI. THE STRUCTURE OF WOOD

1 Cro'is section of sixvear-old stem of White Pine showing (bb) bark, (c) cambium, (ar) annual

• rinu (I.) I'ith. :iii(l (ri.t nun.oious sma 1 c-iiTnlar resm pasnagis, natural size.

o A ro«iii riHssHiro with bounding epithelial cells, enlarged. ,

3 Non poroSrwood of VVhite Pine showing (spw) spring wood, (sw) summer wood, (ar) annual

ring, and (rp) resin passage, x ?>.

4. Ring-porous wood of Chestnut, x 2.

5 Ring-porous wood of Red Oak, showing large medullary rays, x ?,.

( ffi'oTS;tn^ttoodSing^t.s) cross section, (rs) radial section, (ts) tangential section,
(spw) spring wood, and (sw) sunnner wood, natural size.

55

the American Hop Hornbeam (Plate IX, 10), or the Bladder Nut, a
small shrub very commonly found along our streams. Gravity on
slopes is a minor agent of seed dispersal, but sometimes does effective
work, especially with heavy seeded species like Oak and Beech.

9. Wood:

Wood, next to food, and clothing, is probably the most useful and
indispensable material which man uses. It is found in many of the
higher plants but becomes of commercial importance only in the sper-
matophytes or seed-bearing plants. In the timber-producing trees it
is found in the roots, branches, and stems. The wood derived from
the roots is limited in quantity and inferior in quality. The branches
produce wood which, in some respects, very closely resembles that of
the stem, but is inferior on account of its smaller size, irregular
shape, and more knotty structure. The wood obtained from the stem
is of the greatest utility and value on account of its desirable dimen-
sions and satisfactory structure. The stem should not only yield a
large quantity of wood but also a superior quality. The quality of
wood which a stem will yield depends largely upon its age, inherent
tendencies of the species, and its environment during its develop-
ment. High grade material is usually obtained from the stems of
valuable species which have attained a large size, are free from
lateral branches, and possess little stem taper. The form and charac-
ter of the stem are dependent on the environment. A suitable en-
vironment may be created by applying the fundamental principles
of forestry which will not only increase the productivity of our for-
ests but also the quality of the yield.

In order to identify the different kinds of wood it is necessary
to study them from the following three sections: cross, radial, and
tangential (Plate XI, 7). An examination of a cross-section of a
woody stem will show that the major part of the structure consists
of wood which is covered with bark on the outside and has a narrow
cylinder of soft tissue known as pith running through the center
(Plate XI, 1).

The woody portion of most of our trees, especially the older ones,
may be differentiated into two parts on the basis of colors. The
central colored part is known as the heartwood, while the outer al-
most colorless part is known as the sapwood, A narrow zone of cells
located between the sapwood and the bark is known as the cambium
(Plate XI, 1). All the wood elements have their origin in this zone.
For some time after their origin these elements are living, but later
they become functionless and die. The sapwood comprises the peri-
pheral zone of wood which lies next to the cambium and contains
the only living elements of the wood. The heartwood comprises all

\

J/?M/

*r9 'VqP^o^«' "% oO

"•"6

''^■fv&>.<xy3^S&^--^A

■rj

■jpiv

oy\/

4.

">.

ti.

7.

PLATE XL THE STRUCTURE OF WOOD

Oo^s s.M-ti(.n of six-voaiM.ia strin of Wliito Pin.- showiiiR (Lb) bark, (c) rambiuiii. (ar) annual
liii'' (P) I'iHi. and (ri>» nunnTons snni 1 cinnl.-ir r.'sin pas^a;:; s, natnral size.

\ riwhi n-m><jisr«' Avith bounding; t'i)itlu'lial colls, onlaigcd. ,

N,.nVpon,ns"vaml of White Pine 'showing (spw) spring wood, (sw) summer wood, (ar) annual
ring, and (rp) resin passage, x ^^.

Ring-porous wood of (Miestnut, x 2.

Uing-pon.us wood of Ufd <»ak. showing huge m.-dnlhiry rays. \ -i.

lS"n-Et,urwi^how\n^(ts) eross seotion, (rs) radial s.vtion, (ts) tangential section,
(spw) spring wood, and (sw) sunnner wood, mitnnil size.

55

the American Hop Hornbeam (Plate IX, 10), or the Bladder Nut, a
small shrub very commonly found along our streams. Gravity on
slopes is a minor agent of seed dispersal, but sometimes does effective
work, especially with heavy seeded species like Oak and Beech.

9. Wood:

Wood, next to food, and clothing, is probably the most useful and
indispensable material which man uses. It is found in many of the
higher plants but becomes of commercial importance only in the sper-
matophytes or seed-bearing plants. In the timber-producing trees it
is found in the roots, branches, and stems. The wood derived from
the roots is limited in quantity and inferior in quality. The branches
produce wood which, in some respects, very closely resembles that of
the stem, but is inferior on account of its smaller size, irregular
shape, and more knotty structure. The wood obtained from the stem
is of the greatest utility and value on account of its desirable dimen-
sions and satisfactory structure. The stem should not only yield a
large quantity of wood but also a superior quality. The quality of
wood which a stem will yield depends largely upon its age, inherent
tendencies of the species, and its environment during its develop-
ment. High grade material is usually obtained from the stems of
valuable species which have attained a large size, are free from
lateral branches, and possess little stem taper. The form and charac-
ter of the stem are dependent on the environment. A suitable en-
vironment may be created by applying the fundamental principles
of forestry which will not only increase the productivity of our for-
ests but also the quality of the yield.

In order to identify the different kinds of wood it is necessary
to study them from the following three sections: cross, radial, and
tangential (Plate XI, 7). An examination of a cross-section of a
woody stem will show that the major part of the structure consists
of wood which is covered with bark on the outside and has a narrow
cylinder of soft tissue known as pith running through the center

(Plate XI, Ij.

The woody portion of most of our trees, especially the older ones,
may be differentiated into two parts on the basis of colors. The
central colored part is known as the heartwood, while the outer al-
most colorless part is known as the sapwood. A narrow zone of cells
located between the sapwood and the bark is known as the cambium
(Plate XI, 1). All the wood elements have their origin in this zone.
For some time after their origin these elements are living, but later
they become functionless and die. The sapwood comprises the peri-
pheral zone of wood which lies next to the cambium and contains
the only living elements of the wood. The heartwood comprises all

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

I

66

the wood inside of this zone. The elements of the latter are dead
and usually dark in color. The line of demarcation between the
two regions is usually sharp. The width of the sapwood is variable.
In some trees like Sassafras it is very narrow, while in other trees
like Hickory it is wide. The depth of color of the heartwood is also
variable. In some trees like Persimmon it is very dark in color
while in other trees like Hemlock there is very little difference in
color between the heartwood and sapwood.

The cross-section also shows that the wood is divided into numer-
ous concentric zones or rings. These are known as annual rings
since each one usually represents the growth of a season (Plate XI,
1, 3). Certain disturbances like frost, drought, and insect damage
may cause the formation of a second ring in the same season. These
rings are known as false or fictitious growth rings. Growth rings
have a physiological origin. They represent alternating periods of
rest and activity, and occur in practically all trees of the temperate
region, characterized by an active vegetative period in summer and a
resting period in winter. As one approaches the equator the growth
rings disappear, since the seasonable changes are not so sharp. Each
growth ring may be divided into two parts, the inner, called early
or spHng wood, and the outer, called late or summer loood (Plate

XI, 3).

The cross-section further shows radial lines crossing the growth
rings at right angles. These are known as medullary or pith rays,
or simply as rays. A few of them originate in the pith and extend
through the wood into the bark. Such are known as primary rays.
As the stem increases in size additional rays are necessary. These
originate in the wood, extend into the bark and are known as sec-
ondary rays. The rays are very valuable in distinguishing the wood
of many of our common trees since the different woods possess rays
which vary in height, width, and structure. The very wide rays of
the Oaks enable one to distinguish their wood from that of all other
trees. These large rays are a valuable asset to Oak wood since
they give rise to the beautiful figure which one finds on some oak
furniture and interior finishings. The best figure is obtained by
quarter-sawing, i. e., cutting it radially.

The end of a freshly cut log of pine is often covered with small
drops of resin, which were given forth from small openings in the
wood. These openings are known as resin ducts (Plate XI, 1, 2).
They are long intercellular channels bounded by a layer of epithelial
cells. Their presence in the wood of the Pines, Larches, and Spruces
enables one to distinguish them from all other trees. Injury may
sometimes stimulate the formation of abnormal resin ducts in woods
in which they do not occur normally.

57

In some woods elements occur, known as vessels, which facilitate
the transportation of water in the stem. Their presence or absence
and their structure and distribution are among the most valuable
characteristics in classifying woods. On the basis of porosity one
may divide the woods into three classes, viz: (1) Ring porous or
Unequal Pored, (2) Diffuse-porous or Equal Pored, and (3) Non-
porous. Chestnut and Oak wood are excellent samples of the ring-
porous class (Plate XI, 4, 5). A zone of large pores is found in the
early wood and smaller pores in the late wood. Maple and Beech are
common examples of the diffuse-porous class (Plate XI, 6). The
pores of this class are approximately of the same size and distributed
uniformly throughout the growth ring. Pine and Hemlock are com-
mon examples of the non-porous class in which pores are entirely
absent (Plate XI, 3). The wood of this class is also classified as
Homogenous, while that with pores is classified as Heterogenous.

The various woods possess other characteristics which are valu-
able in distinguishing them and in using them in the arts. The
wood of the different species varies almost as widely as do their flow-
ers, fruits, and leaves, especially with reference to grain, weight,
hardness, color, gloss, smell, shrinkage, durability, penetrability, etc.
These variable properties and the manifold uses to which the dif-
ferent woods are put are discussed under each kind of tree described
in Part II.

PART II

MANUAL OF PENNSYLVANIA TREES
The Identification, Tabulation, and Description of Species

(59)

MANUAL OF PENNSYLVANIA TREES

identljfication of our common trees

Names of Trees :

Trees have two kinds of names, common and scientific. Some
trees have only one common name while others may have as many
as thirty. The same tree may have one common name in one locality
and an entirely different one in another locality. The Pitch Pine
is known in some parts of Pennsylvania as Jack Pine and in other
parts as Nigger Pine, Black Pine, Torch Pine, or Yellow Pine. The
common name given at the top of each descriptive page is the proper
common name and the one used throughout this publication for that
particular tree. Under the heading "Distinguishing Characteristics,"
other common names are given.

Since Linnaeus published his "Species Plantarum'* in 1753, plants
have been known by scientific names. These names, as a rule, con-
sist of two parts, the generic and the specific, as is shown by the
following examples: Pinus Strobus, Quercus alba, Fraxinus
americana, Acer rubrum. The first or generic part refers to the
genus and corresponds to a surname. The second or specific part re-
fers not to a group of trees, but to a particular kind and corre-
sponds to the Christian name of a man. The White Pine, Red Pine,
and Pitch Pine are different kinds of pines. They belong to the
same genus or group and hence have the same generic name, Pinus.
Each one, however, is designated by a different specific name. For
example, the White Pine is known as Pinus Strobus, the Red Pine
as Pinus resinosa, and the Pitch Pine as Pinus rigida. Closely re-
lated species are placed in the same genus and closely related genera
(plural of genus) in the same family. Such closely related trees as
the Pines, Spruces, Firs, and Larches, are placed in the Pine family
— Pinaceae.

At the time when plants first were studied seriously the Latin
language was the one used most commonly to preserve knowledge.
The plants consequently were given Latin names. The giving of
Latin names to plants and animals has continued down to the
present time and no doubt will continue. In the Latin language one
finds that plant-names have gender, and that the termination differs

(61)

62

in each gender. The specific part of the name must agree in gender
with the generic part. The generic name Quercus is feminme, hence
The Red Oak is known as Quercus rubra while the generic name Acer
is neuter, hence the Bed Maple is known as Acer rubrum.

The scientific names used in this publication are those found m
the Seventh Edition of Gray's Manual of Botany, and are m keeping
vTth the rules of nomenclature laid down at a Congress m Vienna
On account of the present unsettled condition of our nomenclature it
S otten possible to find a certain species designated by two or more
diffe nt'scientific names, e. g., the Scrub or Bear Oak is known as
Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.; Quercus nana, Sarg.; or Quercus pu^nHa
Sudw The authorized scientific name is given at the top of each
descriptive page, and where other scientific names are in common
use they are given as synonyms just below the authorized one or in

*'' Jhe'merrknowledge of the names of trees is of little value or
satisfaction. The name is simply a means by which to ^ome nearer
to the plant. Learning the names of trees serves about the same
purpose as learning the names of persons. It is merely an introduc-
er which allows'us, in fact often stimulates us, ^o became more
intimately acquainted with their life processes, associations, environ-
ments, and commercial importance.

Explanation of Terms and Headings:

Some readers no doubt will find terms in this publication whose
meanings they do not know. Some of the terms have been discussed
TtTnS in Part I while others will be defined in a glossary follow-
ing thf description of the species. The description of the t-es con-
tained in this publication is subdivided into a ^^^X^- ^ ^
Most of these headings are discussed at length in Part L The
significance and scope of those headings not discussed m Part I
follow at this point. Under the several headings is given such de_
scriptive material which will be of value not only to the student of
Dendrology but also to the layman who may know little concern-
ing the characters and habits of trees. The headings have been so
selected and treated that one should be able to identify our com-
mon trees at all seasons of the year. . . „ . r^^^y.
Under the heading -Distinguishing Characteristics" are given both
general and specific characteristics by which the trees can be recog-
nized. Each tree is usually compared with other rather closely
related ones with which it might be confused. The distinguishing
characteristics and comparisons are based upon the trees native to
Pennsylvania, and consequently do not embrace other closely related
trees found outside of the State.

The headings -Range" and "Distribution in Pennsylvania" are
often of special importance on account of their identificational value.
Many trees have a limit to their geographical distribution in this
State, and by knowing this accurately one is often able to identify
them by the process of elimination. The Sweet Buckeye and Fetid
Buckeye are found only in a few counties in the western part of
the State. The Red Pine and Paper Birch are found only in the
northern part, while the sweet gum is found only in a few counties
in the extreme southeastern part of the State. If one finds a birch
tree growing in the forest in the southern part of the State, he can
feel certain that it is not Paper Birch, because this is beyond its
southern limit. A coniferous tree growing wild on the top of the
South Mountains in Franklin county, Pennsylvania, must be a Pine,
Hemlock, or Red Cedar, because no other coniferous trees grow there.
Further, we know that it cannot be the Red Pine, because it does not
extend so far south in the State, and on the basis of habitat we
can also be reasonably sure that it is not the Yellow Pine, the Jersey
or Scrub Pine, nor the Hemlock, because they very seldom ascend to
the tops of the mountains, but usually remain at lower elevations.
If magnolia trees are found in Centre county one can be certain that
they are not Laurel Magnolia (Magnolia virginiana), because it
has its western limit of geographical distribution at Caledonia, near
Chambersburg, Franklin county.

The habitat also aids considerably in identifying various species.
A birch tree found growing upon a mountain slope or mountain top
is rarely the River Birch, because the latter usually frequents moist
locations like banks of streams and lakes. Chemical composition of
the soil also influences distribution. A soil rich in lime seldom has
Chestnut growing upon it, at least in stands, while other species
seem to thrive upon such soil. No doubt at least 99% of the Cumber-
land Valley in this State was originally timbered with a heavy forest,
but very little of it was Chestnut, while on the adjoining mountain
slopes of both the South and North Mountains, Chestnut was the pre-
vailing tree before the Chestnut Blight killed most of it. Just as the
Chestnut is essentially a tree of the slopes so the White Oak is es-
sentially one of the bottom lands, and Table Mountain pine of the
mountain tops.

The heading "Importance of the Species" was introduced simply
to give general information concerning the forestal significance of
the trees and their adaptability for ornamental purposes. This head-
ing is especially important when we realize that of the more than
one hundred and twenty-five trees found in this State, fewer than
twenty-five are important for timber-producing purposes. Many in-
ferior species which have little present or prospective value have
been introduced into this publication, since it was thought just as

64

important to know what to favor and plant as to know what to
plant and give preference. Some trees may not be valuable for the
froduction'of timber but they may have a value as shelter to other
trees or as soil protectors and soil conservers. Many trees which
cannot be regarded as final members of a timber-producing f ore t
m"y be of temporary value in helping to establish the more valuable
permanent species. We should be cautious In eliminating the in-
ferior trees from our forest structure, because they may possess a
value which is not evident at the present time. It should be remem-
bered that the trees despised by me may be prized by my neigh^
bor, and that the trees despised today by my neighbor and myself
may be prized by both of us tomorrow. Only general statements are
made with reference to the importance of the species. A filler dis-
cussion of this heading may be found in any standard text on Gen-
eral Forestry or Silviculture.

How To Identify The Species And Use The Keys :

Since this publication is intended primarily for laymen and for
students who are just beginning the study of trees, the omission of
technical terms was thought advisable. We have many trees, some ♦
common, others uncommon, which the average layman may not know.
He can learn them readily if their distinguishing characteristics are
presented to him in ordinary language accompanied by simple and
exact drawings. This publication is designed so that the average
layman with even a limited knowledge concerning trees can use it
and identify the different trees with little, if any, difficulty.

The procedure or method of identification will naturally vary with
the individual. One may take material from a tree and compare it
with the drawings until he finds one with which it corresponds or to
which it fits, and then feel satisfied that he has learned to know the
tree To check himself and to acquire additional information he may
read over the descriptive material accompanying each plate. This
method of comparison with plates, while the one commonly used by
laymen who have little or no working knowledge concerning trees is
laborious and entirely unscientific. A better and yet simple method
is the use of an analytic key for the identification of the species.
Such keys according to their construction may be simple or complex,
serviceable or unserviceable to the average layman. In constructing
the keys of this book an attempt was made to make them simple and
yet exact, based upon permanent rather than transient, and constant
rather than variable characteristics. This publication will no doubt
come into the hands of different classes of people, some of whom
will recognize at a glance the group to which a certain tree belongs,
while others will not have the slightest idea as to what it is. An

65

attempt has been made to satisfy both types of persons. The former
can go at once to that portion of the publication where the genus
under consideration is treated and by the use of the "Key to the
Species" determine the exact tree which they have at hand, while
the latter should begin at the "Key to the Families," found on page
69, and use the key until the family to which it belongs is found,
then go to the family and use the "Key to the Genera'' and the "Key
to the Species" until the tree is accurately determined. With a little
practice one will find it easy to use such simple keys.

Before attempting to use a key, it is necessary that good material
be available. Parts of trees vary considerably, depending upon the
environments in which they were developed. An abnormal environ-
ment will produce abnormal organs, and if these should be the parts
with which you are attempting to identify the particular tree through
the use of the keys, it is natural that it would be a difficult task.
Structural variations are commonly found in leaves, flowers, fruit,
bark, as well as other plant organs. Upon the same tree or even the
same branch one may find three or more distinct varieties of leaves.
On account of this variation, which often makes identification diffi-
cult, abundant material should always be at hand, and especially
that which is normal in appearance. The keys are based upon normal
material and may not fit variable forms. Only by years of constant
and careful study of trees will one be able to distinguish accurately
between normal and abnormal material; but by carefully observing
and constantly studying the trees one will unconsciously absorb many
details concerning them which can be appreciated but not described.
This unconscious absorption of appreciable but indeseribnble detail
in trees has a greater significance than we attribute to it at first.
The writer, in conducting field work for more than ten years in
connection with a course in Dendrology given at the Pennsylvania
State Forest Academy, found that the students learn to notice many
differences between trees, which differences they cannot describe.

The keys are subdivided into three classes, viz: "Key to the Fami-
lies,'' "Key to the Genera," and "Key to the Species." The "Key to
the Families" is found on page 69, preceding the description of any
of the species. The "Key to the Genera" is found under the descrip-
tion of each family which contains more than one genus; and the
"Key to the Species" is found under sucli genera which contain more
than one species. The reason for subdividing the keys into three
classes instead of combining all three into a general key to genera
and species, was the fact that a combined key is often difficult to use
on account of its great length, and tedious to operate for those who
can recognize the family or genus at a glance but do not know the
species. Besides, keys to the genera and keys to the species are more

G— 6

ill

serviceable when placed close to the written description and its ac-
comTany^^^ plate than if they precede the descriptive material of all

'"^ThTth^ classes of keys are constructed on the same plan; conse-
auentlv they can be used in the same manner. To use them it is
Z^Xto make a choice for the most part between two alte.
nativPsTtated in two paragraphs preceded by the same number. The
choice leads to another number or to a family, a genus or a species
followed by the page upon which a further description is found^ The
Sugar Maple may be taken as an example to show how to use the
kev Under "Key to the Families," Page 69, we start with 1. We
have the choice between trees with "Leaves narrow, needle-like awl-
like, or scale-like, usually persistent except in the genus Lanx and
trees with "Leaves broad, flat, rarely five times as long as wide usu-
ally deciduous." we select the latter, which is followed by 2. Under

2 we have the choice between "Leaves opposite or whorled, i. e. 2 or

3 occur at a node" and "Leaves alternate, i. e., only one occurs at a
node " We choose the former, which is followed by 3. Here we have
the choice between "Leaves or at least most of them three at a node
and ^O^aves always two at a node." We select the a ter whi^^^^^^
followed by 4. Here we have the choice ^;Leaves simple^> T , Here
compound." We select the former, which is followed by 5. Here
we have the choice between "Leaves palmately lobed" and "leaves
not lobed." We select the former, which is followed by Aceraceae,
which is the family name for the Maples. This is followed by a
number which indicates the page upon which a ^^^ther description
of the family may be found. At this point it is advisable to check
one^s self. This can be done by carefully studying the descriptive
matter of the family indicated in order to find out if tl^e <i W
tion corresponds to the specimen under consideration. « J^f J^
scription does not correspond it is advisable to go back to the Key
to the Families" and attempt to find the mistake. If the description
does correspond it is reasonable to think that the "Key to the Fami-
lies" was used correctly. If you feel certain that this i« th^jorrect
family you should go to the "Key to the Genera," or to the Key
to the Species." No "Key to the Genera," is given under this family
because it contains only one genus. Under the '^y to the Geneva
and the "Key to the Species" the same method of procedure should
be followed that was used under the "Key to the Families." On ac-
count of the wide variation between the distinguishing characteris-
tics which are present in summer from those which are present in
winter it has sometimes been found necessary to make two keys,
one a summer key and the other a winter key. Two such keys are
found under the Maple family. If the material at hand happens to

67

be a spray of leaves of the Sugar Maple, the summer key should be
used, and if it happens to be a branchlet with buds, the winter key
should be used.

Since the family key which was used to this point was based pri-
marily upon summer characteristics, the winter key will now be used
in order to familiarize you with the slight variations which are found
between the two keys. Under "Winter Key to the Species," page 197
we start with 1. Under 1 we have the choice between "Buds stalked
with few exposed scales" and "Buds sessile or nearly so with 6 or
more exposed scales." We select the latter, which is followed by 4.
Under 4 we have the choice between "Buds with 8-16 exposed scales,
brown, acute, non-collateral; leaf-scars nearly encircle stem" and
"Buds with 6-8 exposed scales red or green, obtuse." We select the
former which is followed by Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), page
200. On this page a full description of the sugar Maple is found ac-
companied by a sketch on the opposite page of the principal charac-
teristics. If the descriptive material and the sketches show that this
is the tree under consideration, one may feel satisfied that the key
has been used properly. If the description does not correspond it is
advisable to go back to the beginning of the key, follow the same pro-
cedure indicated above but eliminating the mistake which must have
been made. The same method of identification or procedure should
be used for every other tree. In a short time one will be familiar
enough with the use of the key to identify any tree, and will do so
with considerable accuracy.

If you cannot identify the specimen at hand with the aid of the
keys, description, and plates, there are still other means which you
may use. It may be possible that an institution or a private person
in your part of the State possesses an herbarium in which may be
found a similar specimen properly labeled. If you can get access to
such an herbarium and find that your specimen and the one in the
herbarium are alike, and that the herbarium specimen was labeled
by a reliable person, it is reasonable to assume that you have identi-
fied your specimen correctly. It may also be possible that some one
connected with some local educational institution will be able to as-
sist you in identifying the material. All material sent to the Penn-
sylvania Department of Forests and Waters, Harrisburg, Pa., or
to the Dendrological Department of the Pennsylvania State Forest
School, Mont Alto, Pa., will be identified free of charge. Persons
sending material should always aim to send plenty of it. If flowers,
leaves, fruits, and bark are obtainable they should all be sent. The
wider the range of material the easier and the more accurate the
identification will be.

i

iM

68

Those who desire to collect and preserve material should proceed
in the same manner as one would in making general botanical col-
lections The dried material may be secured on strong mounting
paper The writer has found the ^'Riker Specimen Mounts" very
satisfactory for preserving and displaying the different parts of
trees Different sizes are obtainable, which allows one to select
them in proportion to the size of the material to be preserved.

69

GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES

1. Leaves narrow, needle-like, awl-like, or scale-liko, usually persistent except in the

genus Larix Pinaceaa

1. Leaves broad, flat, rarely five times as long as wide, usually deciduous, 8

Page
73

2. Leaves opposite or whorled, i. e. , two or three occur at a node,
2. Leaves alternate, i. e. , only one occurs at a node \

.10

3. Leaves, or at least most of them, three at a node, Bignoniaceae

3. Leaves always two at a node, *

4. Leaves simple, . . .
4. Leaves compound.

.6
.8

5. Leaves palmately lobed,
5. Leaves not lobed,

.Aceraceaa
6

6. Leaves serrate,
6. Leaves entire,

7. Leaves 3-6 inches long with curving parallel veins; bases of leaf stalks enlarged,

. , . . , Comus in Cornaceae

encircling twigs " " „ ^ ♦ „„

7. Leaves 4-8 inches long without curving parallel veins; bases of leaf stalks do not en-

circle twigs Chionanthus m Oleaceae

, Sapindaceae

8. Leaves palmately compound, ''"*' ^

8. Leaves pinnately compound

9. Leaflets usually 5-11, finely toothed or entire margined, •••••• 1''"'°,"' .'".°!!!^^*!

9. Leaflets usually 3. sometimes 5-lobed or coarsely serrate. . .Acer Negundo m Aceraceae

10. Leaves simple, . •
10. Leaves compound,

.11
.40

.18

11. Jjeaves persistent, . . .14

11. Leaves deciduous,

18

.15
.88

14. Leaves with entire margins

14. Leaves with toothed, lobed, or incised margins,

16. Leaves broadly heart-shaped; flowers reddish-pun>le. shaped like^^pea Wos^som^^

15. Leaveri^rbrrdlV"heart.8hap;drflowVrs'"nor shaped* U^^ pea ^^^'^^'; ^^^'^^ "^^

a pea-like pod

16. Stout axillary spines present; fruit 3-5 inches In diameter, ..Madura in Urticaceae

16. Stout axillary spines absent; ifruit smaller

17. Leaves decidedly aromatic, often somewhat lobed, twigs spicy-aromatic. ^^J^l^^
if chewed,

17. Leaves not aromatic or lobed

18. Leaves 2-6 Inches long; flowers small except pistillate of Diospyros. not soU

ous if c ewe /'twigs not spicy-aromatic, nor mucilaginous, 18

19
22

tary, ' ,' "

18. Leaves more than 6 inches long; flowers large and solitary

19. Leaves bristle-tipped, linear-lanceolate to oblong; pith «tar-shaped; fr^it an acorn^^^

Quercus imbricaria and Q. pneUos in *agac«ae
19. Leases' oval-ovate' or' oboVateV not bristle-tipped; pith not star-shaped; fruit a drupe
or a berry

20

217

196

.Viburnum in Caprifoliaceae 224
7

210
223
200

218
203

192

12. Leaves not armed with spiny teeth • • • • • ■:■'.■;',;..„.-

12. Leaves arm^d with spiny teeth, -^^^ opa^^- ^» Aqmfoliac^ae

13. Simll trees; leaves stout, white silky beneath, not tape^ P^'^^^^f 5?'"'^''!. !^"; .^^
oiijiiii i*cco. Magnolia virginiana in Magnoliaceaa 162

13. Shrub^' i;a*v'es " ieath^iV." ' yeliowi8h-'g;een " to scurfy beneath, o^n taper pointed ;
flowers in clusters Ehododendron and Kalmia in Ericaceae

180

150

.Lauraceae 3G7

152

1 %

1

i

71

II

70

page

«,. I^ave. .h.n. durtered at tip of tw,., -'* P""''"-^-"^^^,"^ ,r Oo^J^ 211
trefes- twlM greenish streaked with white, comus aiwrnuoiut »" ^^

20. Lea^rihK^I no? clustered at the tip of twigs; veins not parallel; "-;^--^«;^jJ

trees; twigs not greenish,

21. Le.«. 4-6 Inche. long: leaf P^tlolo. with one fibro.v.«.m.r bundle; fruit a^^Sl^'" j,.

1 1. !«.,- Nyssa in Oomaceae

ovoid drupe i of an inch long '

». Stlpale, .nd .tipule-ac.™ onclrcl. twig., flower. greenLh-whlte o, Tellowl^J ft^._lt
cone-like; twigs often aromatic and bitter •• »

28. StipTes a^'ent; lowers reddish-purple, ill-smelling; fruit ^«-"-"'^«' ;;;'^^;'Jj;C
not aromatic or bitter

23. Leaf margins usually lobed or Incised,

28. Leaf margins usually toothed

84. Leaves star-shaped,

84. Leaves not star-shaped,

.84
.89

.Liquidambar in Hamamelidaceae
26

86. Leaves silvery beneath, . .
26. Leaves not silvery beneath,

.Populus alba in Salicaceae
26

.Morus in XJrticaceae
87

26. Leaves rough on upper surface, with milky juice

86. Leaves not rough on upper surface, without milky juice

Z7. leaves decidedly aromatic, lobed or entire; twigs spicy-aromaUc. mucilaginous,^^^^^

27. Leaved' not' ai^tlc;' twigs not siicy-aromatic nor mucilaginous 88

28. Leaves palmately veined; base of leaf shallow; leaf lobes ^^^^^'^"'y *^^p\''^^^^;^^

88. Lea;;s" pinnaVe'ly' veined;' ' base' of ' leaf ' petioles' 'not ' '^^^^^^^'^ ^ rl^eae

bristle-pointed. Intervening spaces deep or shallow Most species in Fagaceae

212

161
166

160
100
160

167

181
129

.80
.88

157

89. Leaves virith an oblique base,

29. Leaves not with an oblique base

30. Leaves ovate or ovate- oblong ; rough on upper surface, THmus and Celtis in TJrticaceae

80. Leaves rounded, heart-shaped, or obovate; smooth on upper surface, o

81. Leave. ..ralght-velned with wavy n^rgln,, flower. '» jJf^,«rrWr<l.rd«."al 108

»1, Le«vS°lt"Vt;aigM-VeVnedVdee^'y«»4 ""^'7 f""*^^^' «»"'■" ">"*" '" ™,T.™I;

fruit with bract

. Tiliaceae 208

.88
.84

82. Leaves dentate or coarsely toothed

82. Leaves not dentate nor coarsely toothed

33. Leaves with laterally flattened petioles. Populus ^"^id-U^^ '^^ ^f^^

83. Leaves not with laterally flattened petioles Few species in a aga^ea«

36

34. Fruit dry 87

34. Fruit fleshy,

103
120

». I^aye. decidedly «,ur; flower, and fn.lt produced In ""^'""'^ "^^^^f |Jl'/„^ 2X5

the valley ' gg

86. Leaves not sour; flowers and fruit not produced in racemes

5. Fruit l-seeded. nut or samara, subtended by bracts; seeds without tuft oJ^J;«{^«^ ^^^

86. jTuii x-seeueu, iiul ui sauiaia, ou^Twv,..^^- -, , - Betulaoeae

apex; flowers monoecious, calyx present V" '-.Vv.'*!"*!' ^** VoVra «t ahpt-

36. Fruit a small capsule inclosing numerous seeds; seeds with tuft of ^airs^t^^apex. ^^
flowers dioecious; calyx absent,

87. Thorns or spine-like spurs present • j'r," V-!-*J.,"»' V« " <n"-Ro*aceae 170

Prunus americana, Pyrus ooronaria, and Crataegus sp. in Kosaceae i <u

87. Thorns or spine-like spurs not present,

38. Fruit with a single stone.
38. Fruit several seeded. ....

.Prunus in Rosacea* 171
39

39. Le.«. heart-haped or rounded at b..e, 3-4 Inche. long; «-«'nclSer'T Zt^ 180

41

40. Leaves with entire margins

40. lieaves with toothed margins

41. Leaves even-pinnate Gleditsia and Gymnocladus in Leguminosae

41. Leaves odd-pinnate

42. Leaflets small, elliptic; twigs thorny Robinia in Leuminosae

42. Leaflets large, ovate; twigs thorny

4S Iieaflets 7-21, not toothed at base, without glands •• •• ••

48. i/eaneiB ^x. ^^^ vemix and E. copallina in Anacardiaceao

43. Leaflets"ll-41."som'e't'in^s';^tii'2-4 blunt teeth ut base which have «»«"'!« °y;;;^^

side at the point of each tooth Simariibaceae

44. Twigs and leaves prickly; leaves twice or thrice compound Araliaceae

44. Twigs and leaves not prickly; leaves once compound

46. I^rge trees; staminate flowers in aments; fruit a nut, ■■'■■■■ Juglandaceae

45. Small trees; staminate flowers not in aments; fruit red and fleshy »o

46. Leaflets 13-15; sap not milky; branches heavy-tipped, ..Pyrus americana in Rosaceae

4(t Tonflpts 11-31* sao milky; branches h«a>T-tipped • ••

46. Leaflets li di. sap y, ^^^ ^^^.^ ^^^ ^ copallina in Anacardiaceae

Page

is;{
187

189
193
205

10(5

179
189

TABULATION OF TREE GENERA AND TREE SPECIES

1

1

! 70

34

10

3

19

8

25

10

8

4

i 6

3

Gymnospermae.

Pam. I. Pinaceae.

Gen. 1. Pinus, -

Gen. 2. Larix - - '

Gen. 3. Plcea, - - ■

Gen. 4. Abies,

Gen. 5. Tsuga.

Gen. 6. Chainaecyparls, — , ^

Gen. 7. Thuya, -- -- " ^q

Gen. 8. Juniperus,

Anglospermae. | !

Fam. n. Salicaceae. . j^g

Gen. 9. Salix "" 27

Gen. 10. Populus,

Fam. ni. Juglandaceae. jg

Gen. 11. Juglans, — -- — ^5

Gen. 12. Carya I

Fam. IV. Betulaoeae. ! 7

Gen. 13. Ctorylus, ' ^

Gen. 14. Ostrya, - 12

Gen. 16. Oarpinus, — - " 25

Gen. 16. Betula, - - 35

Gen. 17. Alnus "■

Fam. V. Fagaceae. 5

Gen. 18. Pagus, - - " 5

Gen. 19. C«a8tanea, " jqq

Gen. 20. Quercus, - -

Pam. VI. Urticaceae. 15

Gen. 21. Ulmus - go

Gen. 22. Oeltis, — - i

Gen. 23. Madura - - jq

Gen. 24. Morufl, — —

2

16

100
19 ■

6 '
15 1

!

8

2

1

15
10

1

3

55

0

9
1
3

6 1

1 1

2 2
1

1 -

1

1

2 -

4 (15)* 3

4 *

2 i 1

5 (1) 1

1 (1) --

1 ---

1

5 1

1 (1)

1 1

2

16

2 1

1

1

"i 1

72

TABULATION OF TREE GENERA AND TREE SPECIES— Continued

Families, Genera, etc.

Species

Pam. VII. Magnoliaceae.

Gen. 91). MHgnolitt. - 26

Gen. 26. Liriodendron - - *■

Pam. VIII. Auonaceae.

Gen. 27. Asimina, *

Fam. IX. Lauraceae.

Gen. 28. Sassafras, - *

Fam. X. Hamameiidacejn'.

Gen, 29. Hamamelis, — *

Gen. 30. Liquidanibar, - *

Fam. XI. Platanaceae.

Gen. 31. Platanus, «

Fam. XII. Rosaceae.

Gen. 32. Pyrus, ^

Gen. 33. Amelanchier, 30

Gen. 34. Crataegus, -- - -- Tw

Gen. 35. Prunus, - »"

Fam. XIII. Leguminosac.

Gen. 36. Gymnocladus *

Gen. 37. Cercis, *

Gen. 38. Gleditsia, — - IJ

Gen. 39. Robinia, - "

Fam. XIV. Simarubaceacf.

Gen. 40. Allanthus, '

Fam. XV. Anacardiaceae.

Gen. 41. Rhus, -- ^^

Pam. XVI. Aquifollaeeae.

Gen. 42. Ilex, -- 276

Fam. XVII. Aceraceae.

Gen. 43. Acer, - - - '"

Fam. XVIII. Sapmdaceae.

Gen. 44. Aesculus, - — ^'■^

Fam. XIX. Tlliaceae. ^

Gen. 45. Tilia, - — - 20

Fam. XX. Araliaoeac.

Gen. 46. Aralia, — 30

Fam. XXI. Cornaeeae.

Gen. 47. Cornus, *^

Gen. 48. Nyssa, *

Fam. XXII. Ericaceae.

Gen. 49. Rhododendron, --- 100

Gen. 50. Kalmia, - 6

Gen. 51. OKydendrum, 1

Fam. XXIII. Ebenaceae.

Gen. 52. DiospyroM, - - - iw

Fam. XXIV. Oleaoeae.

(Jen. 63. Praxinus, 40

Gen. 54. Chlonantlius, 2

Fam. XXV. Bignoniaceae.

Gen. 66. Oatalpa, '

Fam. XXVI. Oaprifoliaceae.

Gen. 56. Vibunmm - -- 100

Total. -- -- 2,819

8
1

8

1

1
1

10
23
60
48

1
3
3

7

1

16
22
13

7

8

15

15
6

10
6
1

16
1

2

20

(4)
(3)
(14)
(10)

3 (3)
2 (3)
6
2
2

1 (3)

2 (©)
1

1

1 (2)
1

3 (2)
1

2 (8)

2
1

661 113 (76)*

29

•The numbers given in parenthesis refer to species native to Pennsylvania but not described
and rarely mentioned in this publication.

73

THE riNE FAMILY— PINACEAE

There is general agreement that the Pine and Yew families com-
prise the two divergent branches of the conifers wliich differ from
each other in morphological characters and geographical distribu-
tion. The conifers comprise 34 genera and about 300 species, of
which number 8 genera with 71 species belong to the Yew family
(Taxaceae) and 26 genera with 226 species to the Pine family
(Pinaceae). The representatives of these two families are found
mainly in temperate regions, both northern where the genus Pinus
predominates, and southern where the genus Podocarpus predomi-
nates. The geographical distribution of these two families is pecu-
liar since the genera of the northern temperate region are not found
in the southern and those of the southern are not found in the
northern, excepting the two genera (Heyderia and Podocarpus)
both of which cross the tropics. Geological records together with
the simplicity of floral structure show us that the members of the
Pine family are amongst the oldest living representatives of the
ancient arborescent type of vegetation. Motrphiological evidence
seems to point to the belief that the Yew family contains represen-
tatives of the most primitive form of conifers and that the genus
Pinus in the Pine family contains the most highly specialized forms.
The sole representative in Pennsylvania of the family Taxaceae is
the American Yew or Ground Hemlock (Taxus canadensis. Marsh).
It is a small evergreen shrub seldom exceeding 5 feet in height.

The Pine family is of especial economic value on account of the
many commercial products which are obtained from it and the wide
range of silvicultural characteristics which its members possess. The
annual wood production of the members of this family in the United
States far surpasses that of the members of any other family. The
woods differs markedly from that of the broad-leaved trees in its
greater uniformity, smaller porosity, and less conspicuous medullary
rays. Some members of this family yield large quantities of resin,
tar, turpentine, and pitch. The fruit of some trees is often of con-
siderable importance as food, and the bark of many is used in the
process of tanning.

The members of the Pine family have awl-shaped, scale-shaped,
or needle-shaped entire leaves, which are usually persistent. The
American Larch is the only coniferous tree native to Pennsylvania

74

which is without foliage in winter. The subjoined key gives the
characteristics of the genera commonly found in Pennsylvania:

KEY TO THE GENERA

Page
8

1. Fruit a dry oone with winged seeds, ••••••••• •• . . Junipenis 03

1; jSlt a fleThy. round, dark-colored berry with bony seeds '«*"?

2. leaves linear to needle-shaped, not closely overlapping; cone-scales numerous; b.ds

2. i^avTJ'^^cale-like; Closely oveVl^^^^^^ '^^^ ^"^« ^"* "^'^' '

„^^4. -_ vftiini? seedlines and on terminal twigs

3. Leaves in bundles of two or more, except on young seedimgs an ^

of Larix .'.'.'.'.'.V. »

3. lieaves solitary

Pinus 74

4. Leaves persistent, 2-6 in each bundle. ..... .• •••• j^^^^j^ 83

4. Leaves deciduous, more than 5 in each cluster

6. Leaves flattened, whitish on lower surface .".'!!.'.*.*."!!.*.!.! 'Picwi 84

6. Leaves 4 angled, needle-shaped

,. Leave, with ,e.f-li.e sU..., .t«ut 2/5 o. .n Inch long: twi,. 'O.,^- •^'^'^Jl^ «,
. i«.rel\SutTeaf-r.S. uauai.,- VS ' ii" an '.net '« ' mo^' ia I»^-; twi^ ™^^ «,
cones large with deciduous scales

elongated with 8-12 overlapping scales

THE PINES— PINUS (Tourn.) L.

The senus Pinus comprises more species than any other group be-
longtgT^hfpine f amV About 70 species of Pine are ^.no^ -
the world, 34 of which are found in North America and 6 m Penn
y vanT. Of the 34 species in North America ^^ J^e hLI^
eastern part and 21 in the western part. Besides the native Pines a
nutberEtH>duced species have been planted extensively for orna^
mental, and locally for forestry purposes. The eommonest in^^^^^^^
species are Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris, L.) and Austrian Pme
(Pinus Laricio var. austriaca, Etndl.).

The Pines are adapted to a wide range of climate and soil Cer^
tain species may be found bordering streams and lakes or close to
the oc^an front'while others are confined to mountain tops whei.
they ascend to the timber line. This adaptability makes some of
them of considerable economic value even though they may produce
no wood of commercial importance. They can be used for afforest-
ing mountain slopes where protection forests are to be formed and
maintained, and to reclaim sand barrens. .^ ki

The Pines are generally trees, rarely shrubs, and of considerable
commercial importance on account of the excellent quality and large
quantity of major and minor forest products which they yield Sev^
eral species of Pine have always been foremost in the estimation of

75

lumbermen and the public since the American forests began to be
exploited. Until recently more pine lumber was produced annu-
ally in the United States than all other kinds of lumber combined.
The lumber-producing pine trees have played a very important role
in our economic and industrial development. The Pines are dis-
tinguished commercially into two classes, Soft Pines and Hard
Pines. In the United States there are 12 kinds of Soft Pine, and
22 of Hard Pine. The White Pine is the sole eastern representa-
tive of the Soft Pines, while the Hard Pines have 12 representa-
tives in the eastern and southern United States.

The Pines have three kinds of leaves: seed, primary, and secondary
leaves. The primary leaves soon disappear and are seldom seen ex-
cept on seedlings. The secondary leaves occur singly or in clusters
of 2 to 5 and often have a persistent or deciduous sheath surrounding
them at the base. They are semicircular or triangular in cross-sec-
tion, depending upon the number which occur in a cluster. The
flowers usually appear in spring. The staminate are borne at the
base of the season's growth in clusters and produce enormous quanti-
ties of sulphur-like pollen. The pistillate occur near the terminal
part of the new shoot or laterally along.it, solitary or in whorls of
2-5 or more. Prior to pollination they normally stand erect but
after this process has been completed they begin to droop. The wind
is the chief agent of pollination. Fertilization takes place about 13
months after pollination. The result of these processes is usually
a cone which matures at the end of the second or sometimes the
third season. The cones are composed of numerous scales at the
base of which the seeds are produced in pairs.

KEY TO THE PINES

rage
1. Leaves 5 in a sheath, slender, with l-flbro-vascular bundle .... .P. Strobus 70

1. Leaves fewer than 5 in a sheath, usually stout, with 2 flbro- vascular bundles 2

a. Leaves 3 in a sheath P. rigida 77

2. Leaves 2 in a sheath,

3. Leaves 5-6 inches long; cones subtermlnal, scales unarmed P. '^f^^"''** ^^

8. Leaves less than 5 inches long; cones lateral, scales armed with spmes or prickles, 4

4. Cones 2J-3J Inches long, armed with stout spines; leaves very s^'^'T-PJ^"*^^^ ""^ -g

,-— Jr. pungens i v

4. Cones 8 inch^' or lew ^n Ven^\" arined' ^th pVidcles ; leaves slender to slightly stiff, 6

6. Leaves slender, straight, occasionally 3 in a sheatn, 4 inches long or less, P. echinata 80
6. Leaves stout, twisted, 1 J-Si Inches long

6. Twig, smooth, greenish-purple to grayish-brown; cones at '^S'^* *"«;^^^ *^^^"^^^ gl

6. TwiW 'rough,' 'duli-Vr;J3ish "yellow;' 'fines' polniing'b^^^ bark on «PPf' ^JJ^'^^^^jJ gg
trunk reddish; a European species, ■^* '

Ill

it

76

WHITE PINE

Pinus Strobus, Linnaeus

FORM-At i,n.«cnt s.ldom cxco.din« 8 ft. in diameter and 125 ft in |»-^«J-^-X%f;jf i';
, u ^ 11 /« ^ ft in diameter Wlien grown in dense stands (IMgs. 1 and li) me "ees u^
MU '.ttalVht trerf^m Ute.^' branchesSor . eonalderable a.atance tr«n ">« «^nd have
mt 'e rmti.rTnd'.>..Uow crowns. When .rown .« "". "i^-^^-^^'.^tS T'eraT i^ncheS

Fig. 65).

TWIG^SIender. flexible, at first hairy, slightly ^^X'^l^Z^lZLKrireotTv^^C
at first light green and erect. During first winter light brown in color, less erect v»

very resinous if punctured.

BUDS-In terminal cluster, ovate-oblong. «harp-polnted with "7«XntTr'an^nTJong''
and overlapping scales. Apical bud i-J of an inch long. Lateral buds about i of an inch long

LEAVES-Light green when young and bluish-green. «««. flex'^^e 2i-5 ^^^^^^^J^n^^^X
mature; persist usually until end of second season oc^r in ^ers^o^^^^^^^
cross-section, contain one fibro- vascular bundle, have finely serrate cages
at the base by a decidiious sheath.

.eZ^^!^r"v3TL^n^b rrp^.,ran„rr :^.f r ria^;::.t =

along new^wth. pinkish-purple, cylindrical, about i of an inch long.

FRUIT-A cone maturing in two senBons. 5-10 Inches long, drooping, stalked slightly curved
anrrveriwlT tS^ilaLed scales without ^^<^:i^-fj^^\^l^l^^ ^"^^^' ' °^ ^" ^"''
long, dark brown in color on both sides and mottled with black spots.

WOOD-Non-porous; resinous, soft, straight-grained, easily worked, light ^J>r. "^^'^^^der' wn^
whTch S^^ Almost white. Weighs 24 lb«. per cubic f^t J^^^ [ - f „! 'except whe':
of purposes than any other native species and adapted '«^ P"***^*!^"/ reauirS
strength, hardiness, flexibility and durability In contact with soil are required.

DISTINOUISHINa CHARACTERISTICS-The White Pine is the^nl^ ""^^ Z^'^^^t TatS

S^^lSherrr^srffn fi:.X^.^^T.^l.^Sr^^ -cones are 5-10
inches lonriong-stalked. and their cone-scales are thin. flat, and unarmed.

RANGi^Newfoundland to Manitoba on the north, south through "O^hern states to Penn-
sylvania and along the Allegheny Mountains to Georgia, and southwest to Iowa.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA^ommon in t^e mountainous portion of the Sta^e.
OrTginally formed heavy stands especially in the central ^-\ZJ'rZ^ontLZeTTn6. Sh-
times pure but usuaUy mixed with other species. ^^0""^ ^J^^'^^^.^ \" ^^^ RareirfS at present
eastern parts where it is usually limited to cool ravines and ^""'^^ ^^""J^^.^^l^'^^^ ^ few

in valleys like the Cumberland. Lancaster. Chester, lower Lehigh and lower Delaware,
renmants of original White Pine remain in northwestern Pennsylvania.

WABITAT— Prefers a fertile, moist, well-drained soil, but will grow well on dry sfndy soils

swamps and ridges exposed to severe winds.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES-Whlte Pine Is one of the most in^ortant ^l^^^J^^^^^^

iablawL. I. adapt. l«.f to a great variety of ~» ^I"""'' '' ^.'^XttiriS' LtZ t
tractive onuunentally. and viU thrive In pure or '>^«'» »«"°^\''"^'^° ^"'lal return, from

'^L:^:-L^A"^ro.'':^rz.r^ iT:^^'f.rr.ti:. deve.op.e„t .,

seedlings and plantations In Fig. 14 and Figs. 16-20.

i

PLATE XII. WHITE PINE

1. Uniiicli with needles niul tenniuiil chister of lni'ls, x \.

2. A cluster of five needles, x h.

:i. Tip (if needle with siuirply serrate niar«iii, cnliUfieil.

4. Braneh with staniinate tU»wers, x I. ,, ,i . ->.,.. ,....■■ .,M ....iic .m hist season's
:►. Hranch w tli (a) pistillate liowers -mi n<w ;;T.)wth do one-H'ai old <<'ii< "n i.i. i

growth, y J. , , , ,

0. liraneh with an open and j-lnsed cone, x j.

7. I>uwer side of a eone scale, x h. ^

5. I'pper side of a eone scale with two winjied set (ts, x ■..
y. A Avinged seed, x *.

10. A seed, natural size.

11. Seetion of seed with end>r.v(», natural size.

12. A seedling, x J.

m

76

WHITE PINE
Pinus Strobus, Linnaeus

FORM-At pn.sent seldom oxcee<lli.g 8 ft. In diameter and 125 ft In ^^^'^^J'^^^ji'/ ^,^ i',

5is -:sz-^-^-r^ -^?TlrS> i^^»^"^-

Fig. 65).

TWIGB-Slender. flexible, at flrat hairy, slightly -^^^f J^^^i'^X' t«'"^t T J^^^^
at first light green and erect. During first winter light brown in color, less ereci i~

very resinous if punctured.

BUD»-In temxinal cluster. ovate-oblo«g. sharp-pointed with "XXutTr^nTnTl^n^g^
and overlapping scales. Apical bud ii of an Inch long. Lateral buds about i of an Inch

LEAVE^Light green when young and bluish-green, soft. AexiWe 2i-5 '-^''J^^^.^X
„JS^; persist^s^ly until end of second season, ^^ll" ^te efgerand are s^onded
cross-section, contain one fibro-vascular bundle, have finely serrate edges
at the base by a deciduous sheath.

along new^wth. pinkish-purple, cylindrical, about i of an inch long.

FRUIT-A cone maturing in two seasons. 5-10 inches long %^^:'^'^^:^U'T^\T7rl
and covered with thin unarmed scales without ^^'^^^^f^^^JP^^: . ^^^'^^ '^*"^' ' *
long, darlc brown in color on both sides and motUed with black spots.

WOOD-Non-porous; resinous, soft. «tralght-grained. easily work^Ughtbr^^
which may be almost white. Weighs 24 Ibe. per cuWc foot ^^^ /«jf ^^g except where
nf nurooses than any other native species and adapted for practically all uses exc«y
sfreng^har^i^L flexibility and durability In contact with soil are required.

BISTINGUISHINa CHABACTERI8TIC8-/rhe White Pine !« thej.nly ^jne native to easte^

North America having soft, flexible. ^^"*«^«7„^° . "^^^^^.^^.J^^^^^ rS^e cones are 6-10

branches, usually 3-7 In a whorl, are arranged in ^*f"°«* ^J^^^^;"^

Inches long, long-stalked, and their cone-scales are thin. flat, and unarmed.

EANGI^Newfaundland to Manitoba on the north. .'^'^ J^.^^^^^'Z^''''' *' """""
sylvanla and along the Allegheny Mountains to Georgia, and southwest to Iowa.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA^ommon in t^e mountainous portion of the State.
OrrginlSTformed heavy stand, especially In the central '^"'^"^^^^"..^^.^^."^Je^^^^^ Sh-

times pure but usuaUy mixed with other species. Found sparingly in the B^thwe«teni an^
eastern parts where It is usually limited to coo^ ravines and J^^.'^.^^^f^,''- ^^^V^^ A few

in valleys like the Cumberiand. Lancaster. Chester, lower Lehigh and lower Delaware,
remnants of original White Pine remain in northwestern Pennsylvania.

HABITAT— Prefers a fertile, moist, well-drained soil, but will grow well on dry ^""^V J^^l

swampB and ridge* exposed to severe winds.

rmnsTAHRE OF THE SPECIES— Wliite Pino Is one of the most imjwrtant tlinlier treM of
t^Z^Z^ ^> n.Te ,o Amerlc but «., .ntr«i«oed '"to^^/;''"'*.^^'^ e^t^

s:n«? ."iu'^iirzrnf-i:ernrrLt"'"-,^.'%rry^^^ -

tractive ornamentally, and wiU thrive in pure or f^^f.^'^^'^'^^'^^l Uncial r«Wns from
count of less danger from dii^ase, better natural P™«»°5;»"f «j"«\/^^^'%^;;; ^nt of
thinnings. Nursery beds of seedling White Pines are shown In Jig. 18. and aeveiopm
seedlings and plantation* in Fig. 14 and Figs. 16-20.

PLATE XII. WHITE PINE

1. Kniiirh with noodlos nn<l terminal cluster of Jttuls, x \.

2. A cluster of live needles, x J.

.H. Tip of needle with siiaii'l-V serrate niarKin, enlarged.

4. Branch with staminate tlowers, x i. „„« vour i.ld cone on last season's

5. Branch wth (a) pistillate Howers on new growth (b) one-jear old cone on

growth, y }.

Ct. Branch with an open and closed cone, x J.

7. Lower side of a cone scale, x J. . , a i

8. Upper side of a cone scale witli t^^o winged secrts, x j.

9. A winged seed, x *.

10. A seed, natural size.

11. Section of seed with embryo, natural size.

12. A seedling, x i.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

mfm^mmmmm-^'^-^sem

11

i

0>

PLATE XIII. PITCH PINE

1 Branch with needles and terminal cluster of buds, x J.

i- ^np^n?"' nLdirwith""e7rat'L *margi„ and an^lar cross-section, enlarged.

V. Branch with needles and a closed cone, x i.

T). An open cone, x J.

?■ Ki; slll!,%i".'ore""»o.'i-e"'^vi.i; .'wo winded seeds, x i.

8. A winged seed, natural size.

9. A seed, natural size.

77

PITCH PINE
Pinus rigida, Miller

FORM — Usually attains a height of 40-60 ft. and a diameter of 1-2 ft. and seldom exceeds 70-
80 ft. in height and 3} ft. in diameter. Trunk rather tapering except in occasional pure and
closed stands. Open grown trees have an irregular wide pyramidal crown. Branches nunoerous,
irregular, gnai'led, often drooping, and covered by small plate-like scales and numerous persistent
cones. Crown is often so irregular and scraggy in appearance that it becomes picturesque.

BABK— On young branches green and smooth soon becoming yellowish, later grayish-brovm
and roughened by persistent bases of tlie bud-scales. On young trunks roughened with red-
dish-brown scales, with age becoming rougher through deep furrows and flat ridges which
separate into ttiin reddish-toown scales. The scales sometimes appear black, whence the name
Nigger Pine. See Fig. 67.

IWIOS — Stout, brittle, smooth, browna and very rough on account of persistent elevated and
decurrent bases upon which the leaf-clusters rested.

BUDS— Ovate, sharp-pointed, often resinous, i-S of an inch long, covered with iniitricated,
loose, brown, and shining scales.

LEAVES— In sheathed clusters of 3, stout, rigid, dull-pointed, closely and sharply toothed,
at first light green, later yellowish- green, 2i-6 inches long, with stomata on all sides, and con-
tain 2 flbro-vascular bundles and 3-7 resin-ducts.

FLOWEBS— Appear in April or May. Stanilnate flowers clustered at base of new growth of
season, are cylindrical, yellow, i of an inch long, and produce an enormous amount of pollen.
Pistillate flowers are solitary or clustered, lateral on new growth, at first green, later tinged
with red.

FRUIT — ^A cone maturing in 2 seasons, lj-3i Inces long, sessile or short-stalked, ovate,
occurs solitary or whorled, often stands at right angles to the branches, and persists for 10 or
more years. Cone scales thickened at apex, armed with short rigid recurved prickles. Seeds
winged, dull or glossy black, sometimes mottled with gray or red dots.

WOOD — Non-porous; resinous, light, brittle, coarse-grained, rather durable, browTilsh-red with
abundant lighter sapwood. Weighs 32 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for railroad ties, charcoal,
mine props, fuel, sonoetimes for constniction timber and lumber.

DISTINOUISHINO CHABA0TEBISTIC8— The pitch Pine, also known as Jack Pine, Hard Pine,
Yellow Pine, Torch Pine, Black Pine, and Nigger Pine is the only native Pine of Pennsylvania
with leaves regularly in sheathed clusters of 3. The Yellow or Short-leaf Pine may occasionally
have the needles in clusters of 3, but usually 2. Pitch Pine has a very irregular and scraggy
appearance due to the dead and gnarled branches which are often covered with clusters of
persistent cones. The bark is thick and irregulary fissured with intervening flat ridges which
separate into thin reddish-brown sometimes black scales. Tiunks are often scarred. Such
trunks are frequently covered with distinctive dense mats or clusters of leaves and short branches.

BANGE — ^New Brunswick to Lake Ontario on the north, south to Virginia and along moun-
tains to Georgia, and west to western New York, Kentucky and Tennessee.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — ^Found in practically all parts of the State, but rare
and local in the southeastern and southwestern parts. Occurs in excellent pure stands at the base
of the South Mountains in Franklin county, and in Centre, Huntingdon, and Pike comities.
Sparse in the rich agricultural sections of the State. In many regions it occurs only as a
scattered tree mixed with hardwoods.

HABITAT— Common on dry, burned-over areas, sterile plains, gravelly slopes, rocky cliffs,
and sometimes found in swamps. In the glaciated area it is conunon on rocky glacial soil.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— lYom a commercial point of view Pitch Pine is not so im-
portant as the White Pine or the Red Pine, but it is gradually growing in importance since
new uses are found for the wood and prices of other woods are rising. Silviculturally it is
valuable on account of its adaptability to poor soil and its fire resisting qualities. These
qualiUes recommend it for reforesting neglected or fire endangered lands on mountain slopes
as well as low sandy areas. It may not be the tree ultimately desired upon the area, but
may act as a shelter during the establishment of a stand of a more valuable species. More
than 1,800,000 Pitch Pine trees have been planted on the State Forests of Pennsylvania.

77

0.

1.

2.
fi'.
4.
').
0.
7.
8.
9.

PLATE XIII. PITCH PINE

with nCLKllos and terminal clustor of V)U(ls, x h-

and ang-ular cross section, cnlarncd.

lirandi ,, ,

\ cluster of three needles. \ h-

Tin of a needle witii serrate nmrjiin

Hranch with needles and a closed cone, x ,.

An open cone, x *.

T nwpi- side of a eone seale, x 5- , i. ^ i

Upper side of a cone seale with two winded seeds, x h-

A winged seed, natural size.

A seed, natural size.

PITCH PINE
Pinus rigida, Miller

FORM — ^Usually attains a height of 40-50 ft. and a diameter of 1-2 ft. and seldom exceeds 70-
80 ft. in height and 3i ft. in diameter. Ti-unk rather tapering except in occasional pure and
closed stands. Open grown trees have an irregular wide pyramidal cro^vn. Branches numerous,
irregular, gnarled, often di-ooping, and covered by small plate-like scales and numerous persistent
cones. Crown is often so irregular and scraggy in appearance that it becomes picturesque.

BAEK— On young branches green and smooth soon becoming yellowish, later grayish-brown
and roughened by persistent bases of the bud-scales. On young trunks roughened with red-
dish-brown scales, with age becoming rougher through deep furrows and flat ridges which
separate into thin reddish-brown scales. The scales sometimes appear black, whence the name
Nigger Pine. See Fig. 67.

TWIGS — Stout, brittle, smooth, brown and very rough on account of persistent elevated and
deciuTent bases ujjon which the leaf- clusters rested.

BUDS— Ovate, sharp-pointed, often resinous, i-f of an inch long, covered with imbricated,
loocre, brown, and shining scales.

LEAVES— In sheathed clusters of 3, stout, rigid, dxill-pointed, closely and sharply toothed,
at first light green, later yellowish- green, 2i-5 inches long, with stomata on all sides, and con-
tain 2 flbro-vascular bundles and 3-7 resin-ducts.

FLOWERS— Appear in April or May. Staminate flowers clustered at base of new growth of
season, are cylindrical, yellow, J of an inch long, and produce an enormous amount of pollen.
Pistillate flowers are solitary or clustered, lateral on new growth, at first green, later tinged
with red.

FRUIT — ^A cone maturing in 2 seasons, li-3J inces long, sessile or short-stalked, ovate,
occurs solitary or whorled, often stands at right angles to the branches, and persists for 10 or
more years. Cone scales thickened at apex, armed with short rigid recurved prickles. Seeds
winged, dull or glossy black, sometimes mottled with gray or red dots.

WOOD — Non-porous; resinous, light, brittle, coarse-grained, rather durable, brownish-red with
abundant lighter sapwood. Weighs 32 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for railroad ties, charcoal,
mine props, fuel, sonietimes for constioiction timber and lumber.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The pitch Pine, also known as Jack Pine, Hard Pine,
Yellow I'ine, Torch Pine, Black Pine, and Nigger Pine is the only native Pine of Pennsylvania
with leaves regularly in sheathed clusters of 3. The Yellow or Short-leaf Pine may occasionally
have the needles in clusters of 3, but usually 2. Pitch Pine has a very irregular and scraggy
appearance due to the dead and gnarled branches which are often covered with clusters of
persistent cones. The bark is thick and irregulary fissured vrtth intervening flat ridges which
separate into thin reddish-brown sometimes black stales, 'n-unks are often scarred. Such
trunks are frequently covered with distinctive dense mats or clusters of leaves and short branches.

RANGE — New Brunswick to Lake Ontario on the north, south to Virginia and along moun-
tains to Georgia, and west to western New York, Kentucky and Tennessee.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Found in practically all parts of the State, but rare
and local in the southeastern and southwestern parts. Occurs in excellent pure stands at the base
of the South Mountains in Franklin county, and in Centre, Huntingdon, and Pike counties.
Sparse in the rich agricultural sections of the State. In many regions it occurs only as a
scattered tree mixed with hardwoods.

HABITAT — Common on dry, burned-over areas, sterile plains, gravelly slopes, rocky cliffs,
and sometimes found in swamps. In the glaciated area it is conunon on rocky glacial soil.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— J'rom a commercial point of view Pitch Pine is not so im-
portant as the White Pine or the Red Pine, but It is gradually growing in importance since
new uses are found for the wood and prices of other woods are rising. Silviculturally it is
valuable on account of its adaptability to poor soil and its fire n^sisting qualities. These
qualities recommend It for reforesting neglected or fire endangered lands on mountain slopes
as well as low sandy areas. It may not be the tree ultimately desired upon the ai'ea, but
may act as a shelter during the establishment of a stand of a more valuable species. More
than 1,800,000 Pitch Pine trees have been planted on the State Forests of Pennsylvania.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

78

RED PINE

Pinus resinosa, Alton

FORB^-Usually from 50-76 ft. in heigrht with a diameter of 2-8 ft. but reacliing a maximum
height of 140 ft. with a diameter of 4} ft. The largest Red Pine trees in Pennsylvania
probably stand on a mountain top below Driftwood in Cameron County. In closed stands trunk
is traight, tall, slightly-tapering, and free from lateral branches for a considerable distance
from the baae, while in open stands the lateral branches extend nearly to the base and the
trunk is often branched and strongly- tapered. Crown usually broad, irregular, pyramidal, with
dark green foliage tufted at the ends of the branches. See Figure 63.

BAEK— Reddish-brown, J-li inches thick, divided by shallow furrows into broad flat ridges
which peel off in thin scales. See Figure 66.

TWIGS— Stout, slightly roughened by persistent bases of bud-scales; at first yellowish-brown,
later reddish-brown.

BUDS— Ovoid, pointed, i-i of an inch long. Btid-scales brown, thin, loose, and fringed on the
margin.

LEAVES— In sheathed clusters of 2, 4-6 inches long dark green, rather slender and flexible,
sharp, persisting for 8-5 years.

FLOWERS— Appear in May. Stamlnate flowers are about } of an Inch long, occur in dense
clusters at base of growth of season, have dark purple anthers. Pistillate flowers are sub-
terminal, 2 to 3 in a whorl, short-stalked, scarlet.

rRUIT— A cone about 2 inches long, nearly sessile, light brown, ovate-conical when closed
and somewhat spherical when open, persisting until the following year. Cone-scales chestnut-
brown with ends slightly thickened and transversely ridged but not armed with spines or
prickles.

WOOD— Non-pon>us; resinous, hard, pale red, with thin light sapwood, and very conspicuous
medullary rays. Weiglis 30 lbs. per cubic foot. Green wood is very heavy and will sink.
Used for heavy construction, piles, masts, in general for nearly all other purposes for which
White Pine is used.

DISTINGinSHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Red Pine, also known as Norway Pine, is es-
sentially a northern tree and is the only native Pine of Pennsylvania with needles 4-6 inches
long, sheathed in clusters of 2. Its cones are about 2 Inches long, subterminal, and bear scales
which are not armed with spines or prickles. The needles are borne in tufts at the ends of
branches.

RANGE — Distinctly a northern tree occurring from Nova Scotia and Quebec on the north to
Pennsylvania on the south, and west to aiUnnesota.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA^— Found only in the northern part of the State. Its
southern limit in the central part of the State is about at Williamsport. A small stand was
recently located near Selinsgrovo in Snyd«- county. A single tree of natural origin has been re-
ported as growing near Charter Oak in Huntingdon county. In the eastern and western parts
it does not come as far south as in the central part. Found In Bradford, Cameron, Centre,
Clinton, Lackawanna, Lycoming, Luzerne, McKean, Potter, Snyder, Susquehanna, Tioga, Wayno,
and Wyoming counties. The York Water Company has planted more than 300,000 Red Pine
on the watershed about its reservoir, and 1,180,000 have been set out on the State Forests of
Pennsylvania.

HABITAT — ^Usually found on dry gravelly ridges, mountain-tops, and dry sandy plains. Rare
on flat lands with wet clay soil.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Red Pine is a valuable timber tree usually mixed with
other trees, but occasionally found in dense pure stands in Minnesota. This tree is remarkably
well adapted to natural seed regeneration since it produces a great quantity of light, large-
winged seeds which are readily dissemJnated by the wind, and does not shed all its seeds at the
same time. It readily adapts itself to variable conditions, is attractive ornamentally, and should
be regenerated naturally where seed trees are at hand and artifically upon such areas where
it will thrive.

PLATE XIV. RED PINE

I. ItraiK-li Avitli iii'odli's and tcnniuiil

II. A <'liist<'r of two needles, x J.

.■{. Hnim'h Avitli needles and cones, x

4. Lower side of an unarmed cone

'». rpi»er side of a eone seale with

Ij. A Avinged seed, natural size.

7. A seed, natural size.

8. A seedling, x A.

fluster of buds, x J.

scale, natural size,
two winded s. <•(

I-, natural size

78

RED PINE
Pinus resinosa, Alton

FOBM— Usually from BO-76 ft. in height with a diameter of 2-3 ft. but reaching a maximum
height of 140 ft. with a diameter of 4i ft. The largest Red Pine trees in Pennsylvania
probably stand on a mountain top below Driftwood in Cameron County. In closed stands trunk
is traight, tall, slightly-tapering, and free from lateral branches for a considerable distance
from the base, y/htte in open stands the lateral branches extend nearly to the base and the
trunk is often branched and strongly- tapered. Crown usually broad, irregular, pyramidal, with
dark green foliage tufted at the ends of the branches. Etee Figure 63.

BAEK— Reddish-brown, 1-lJ inches thick, divided by shallow furrows into broad flat ridges
which peel off in thin scales. See Figure 66.

TWIGS— Stout, slightly roughened by persistent bases of bud-scales; at first yellowish-brown,
later reddish-brown.

BUDS— Ovoid, pointed, i-| of an inch long. Blid-scales brown, thin, loose, and fringed on the
margin.

LEAVES— In sheathed clusters of 2, 4-6 inches long dark green, rather rtender and flexible,
sharp, persisting fbr 8-5 years.

FLOWEB&-^Appear in May. Stamlnate flowers are about } of an Inch long, occur In dense
clusters at base of growth of season, have dark purple anthers. Pistillate flowers are sub-
terminal, 2 to 3 in a whorl, short-stalked, scarlet.

FBUIT— A cone about 2 inches long, nearly sessUe, light brown, ovate-conical when dosed
and somewhat spherical when open, persisting until the following year. Oone-scales chestnut-
brown with ends slightly thickened and transversely ridged but not armed with spines or
prickles.

WOOD— Non-porous; resinous, hard, pale red, with thin light sapwood, and very conspicuous
medullary rays. Weighs 30 lbs. per cubic foot. Green wood is very heavy and will sink.
Used for heavy construction, piles, masts, in general for nearly all other purposes for which
White Pine is used.

DISTINOUISHINa CHAEACTEBISTICS — The Red Pine, also known as Norway Pine, is es-
sentially a northern tree and is the only native Pine of Pennsylvania with needles 4-6 inches
long, sheathed In clusters of 2. Its cones are about 2 inches long, subterminal, and bear scales
which are not armed with spines or prickles. The needles are borne in tufts, at the ends of
branches.

RANGE — Distinctly a northern tree occurring from Nova Scotia and Quebec on the north to
Pennsylvania on the south, and west to Minnesota.

DISTBIBUTION IN KSINSTLVANIAr— Found only in the northern part of the State. Its
southern limit in the central part of the State is about at Williarasport. A small stand was
recently located near Selinsgrovo in Snyder county. A single tree of natural origin has been re-
ported as growing near Charter Oak in Huntingdon county. In the eastern and western parts
it does not come as far south as in the central part. Found In Bradford, Cameron, Centre,
Clinton. Lackawanna, Lycoming, Luzerne, McKean, Potter, Snyder, Susquehanna, Tioga, Wayne,
and Wyoming counties. The York Water Company has planted more than 300,000 Red Pine
on the watershed about its reservoir, and 1,180,000 have been set oat on the State Forests of
Pennsylvania.

HABITAT — ^Usually found on dry gravelly ridges, mountain-tops, and dry sandy plains. Rare
on flat lands with wet clay soil.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Red Pine is a valuable timber tree usually mixed with
other trees, but occasionally found in dense pure stands in Minnesota. This tree is remarkably
well adapted to natural seed regeneration since it produces a great quantity of light, large-
winged seeds which are readily dissemJnated by the wind, and does not shed all Its seeds at the
same time. It readily adapts Itself to variable conditions, is attractive ornamentally, and should
be regenerated naturally wh«e seed trees are at hand and artiflcally upon such areas where
it will thrive.

>^!^^^^

ip#r"

PLATE XIV. RED PINE

1. Branch with needles and terminal cluster of buds, x J.

'2. A cluster of two needles, x J.

'A. Branch with needles and cones, x J.

4. Lower side of an nnarnied cone scale, natural size.

'). Upper side of a cone scale with two winded s; i-ds, natural size

(J. A winged seed, natural size.

7. A seed, natural size.

8. A seedling, x i.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

79

'1

■ i

f

PLATE XV. TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE

7. A Avinged seed, x i.

8. A seed, natural size.

TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE
Pinus pungens, Lambert

FORM — ^Usually attains a height of 30-40 ft. with a diameter of 1-2 ft., but when crowded in
a closed forest stand it may attain a height of 60 ft, with a diameter of 2i-3 ft. What was
probably the largest Table Mountain Pine tree ever recorded in the world grew near Mont Alto,
Franklin county, Pennsylvania. It was 73 feet high and 23 inches in diameter. Crown in
closed stands shallow, irregular, narrow, and round-topped. In the open the trunk is short,
bearing short lateral branches, the upper ones ascending and the lower ones drooping. Often
the tree Is covered with branches to the base of the trunk so that the lower branches lie prostrate
on the ground. See Fig. 64.

BABK — ^Dark reddish-browrn, J-3 of an inch thick, roughened by shallow Assures into irregular
plates which peel off in thin films.

TWIGS— Stout, rather brittle, at first smooth and light orange to purplish, later rather rough
and dark brown.

BUDS— Besinous, narrowly elliptical, blunt-pointed, covered with overlapping brown scales.
Terminal buds about i-i of an inch long, the lateral shorter.

LEAVES — In clusters of 2 surroundetl by a persistent sheath, 2-4 Inches long, light bluish-
green, stout, very stiff, mwe or less twisted, very sharp-pointed, tufted at the end of the
branches, persisting for 2-3 years.

FLOWEBS— Appear in April or May. Staminate flowers occur In long, loose clusters at the
base of the growth of the season; have yellow anthers. Pistillate flowers appear laterally along
new growth in whorls of 2 to 5 or 7, and are very short and stout-stalked.

FBUIT— A cone 8-4 inches long, sessile, oblique at the base. In whorls of 2 to 6 or 7 or even
more, light brown, short ovoid, persisting for 16 or more years but shedding seeds soon after
maturity. Oone-scales, especially those near base, much thickened and provided with a strong
curved spine. A branch 7 years old, IJ Inches thick at the thickest end and 3i ft. long bore
36 cones. Trees 5 years old and 2-3 ft. tall can be found bearing young cones.

WOOD— Non-porous; resinous, brittle, coarse-grained, pale reddish-brown with light sapwood.
Weighs 31 lbs. per cubic foot. Used primarily for fuel and charcoal, and occasionally sawed
into lumber.

DISTINaUZSBIKa CHABACTEBISTICS— The Table Mountain Pine, also known as Prickly
Cone Pine, and Poverty Pine, can readily be distinguished by its coarse and massive cones armed
with very stout curved spines. The cones appear usually in whorls of 3, 5, 7 or more and persist
for many years. The stout, twisted, and very sharp-pointed needles are also (Aaracteristic. The
growth is rather slow and the terminal shoots are stout, stiff, and rough.

BAHOE— From Pennsylvania and New Jersey along the mountains to North Carolina and north-
em Georgia.

mSTBIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Sparse to abundant upon the mountains in the soutli-
central part of the State and extends northeast on the mountains to Schuylkill county. It i.^
primarily a southern tree occurring in pure stands on the mountains In Franklin county. Common
on some mountains in Adams. Berks, Blair, Centre, Clinton, Dauphin, Franklin, l^ton. Hunting-
don, Mifflin, Perry, Schuylkill, and Union counties. Outposts also occur in Lancaster and York
counties.

HABITAT— Commonly found on dry. rocky, and gravelly slopes. Occasionally found at the base
of the mountains on somewhat moist clayey soil. A few years ago the writer found a con-
siderable number of Table Mountain Pine trees on an island of the Susquehanna river in southern
Pennsylvania at an elevation of about 200 feet above sea level. The roots were washed
continuously by water— by no means a typical habitat for this tree. Another unusual location
was found by the writer in the centre of the Cumberland Valley on a shale embanliment along
the East Branch of the Conococheague Creek, midway between Greencastle and Williamson, in
Franklin County.

nCPOBTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The lumber of Table Mtountaln Pine is of lltUe CMiimercIal
Importance on account of Its small size and numerous knots which it contains. It is a very ag-
gressive tree and Is adapted for the regeneration of worn-out fields as well as to protect rocky
slopes and prominences from erosion. It occasionally reaches a size which will yield umber. Trees
20 inches in diameter and with a clear length of 25 feet are not uncommon locally in the
southern part of the State.

79

PLATE XV. TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE

lies una tcriniual duster of buds, x J.

i: X''riS..^r .^ 'r>;:;;"»;,;;;"WM;:. ,;„ i;';.i;an,-p..im."i ■."•■»■ -

:s.
\.
r..
<i.

7.

New ciowth of two i)istillat(
Urancli with iitf'llcs iiml a
U)W«'r view of a cone scalr
IJppiM- vifw of a cono scan
A wiiint'd ^<'«'<l- X \.
A sctMl, natural size.

Itowcrs x .
vvliicl of lliM'<' cont's, x
with a spine, x J.

witli two winded seeds,

TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE
Pinus pungens, Lambert

FOBM — ^Usually attains a hei^rht of 30-40 ft. with a diameter of 1-2 ft., but wlien crowded in
a closed forest stand it niay attain a beight of 60 ft, with a diameter of 2i-3 ft. What was
probably the largest Table Mountain Pine tree ever recorded in the world grew near Mont Alto,
Franklin county, Pennsylvania. It was 73 feet high and 23 inches in diameter. Crown in
closed stands shallow, irregular, narrow, and round-topped. In the open the trunk is short,
bearing short lateral branches, the upper ones ascending and the lower ones drooping. Often
the tree is covered with branches to the base of the trunk so that the lower branches lie prostrate
on the ground. See Fig. 64.

BABE — Dark reddish-brown, \-\ of an inch thick, roughened by shallow Assures into Irregular
plates which peel off In thin films.

TWIGS— Stout, rather brittle, at first smooth and light orange to purplish, later rather rough
and dark brown.

BUDS — Besinous, narrowly elliptical, blimt-pointed, covered with overlapping brown scales.
Terminal buds about \-\ of an inch long, the lateral shorter.

LEAVES — In clusters of 2 surroundetl by a persistent sheath, 2-4 inches long, light bluish-
green, stout, very stiff, more or less twisted, very sharp-pointed, tufted at the end of the
branches, persisting for 2-3 years.

FLOWEBS— Appear in April or May. Staminate flowers occur In long, loose clusters at the
base of the growth of the season; have yellow anthers. Pistillate flowers appear laterally along
new growth in whorls of 2 to .5 or 7, and are very short and stout-stalked.

FBinT— A cone 3-4 inches long, sessile, oblique at the base, in whorls of 2 to 5 or 7 or even
more, light brown, short ovoid, persisting for 15 or more years but shedding seeds soon after
maturity. Oone-scales, especially those near base, much tliickened and provided with a strong
curved spine. A branch 7 years old, li inches thick at the thickest end and 3i ft. long bore
36 cones. Trees 5 years old and 2-3 ft. tall can be found bearing young cones.

WOOD — Non-porous; resinous, brittle, coarse-grained, pale reddish-brown with light sapwood.
Weighs 31 lbs. per cubic foot. Used primarily for fuel and charcoal, and occasionally sawed
Into lumber.

DISTINGUI8IUNG CHABACTEBISTICS— The Table Mountain Pine, also known as Prickly
CSone Pine, and Poverty Pine, can readily be distinguished by Its coarse and massive cones amu'd
with very stout curved spines. The cones appear usually in whorls of 3, 5, 7 or more and persist
for many years. The stout, twisted, and very sharp-pointed needles are also characteristic. The
growth is rather slow and the terminal shoots are stout, stiff, and rough.

BANGE— From Pennsylvania and New Jersey along the mountains to North Carolina and north-
ern Georgia.

DISTBIBTJTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Sparse to abundant upon the mountains iu the south-
central part of the State and extend.s northeast on the mountains to Schuylkill county. It is'
primarily a southern tree occurring in pure stands on the mountains in Franklin county. Common
on some mountains in Adams, Btrks, Blair, Centre, Clinton, Dauphin, Franklin. Fulton, Hunting-
don, Mifflin, Perry, Schuylkill, and Union counties. Outposts also occur in Lancaster and York
counties.

HABITAT— Commonly found on dry, rocky, and gravelly slopes. Occasionally found at the base
of the mountains on somewhat moist clayey soil. A few years ago the writer found a con-
siderable number of Table Mountain Pine trees on an island of the Susquehanna river in southern
Pennsylvania at an elevation of about 200 feet above sea level. The roots were washed
continuously by water— by no means a typical habitat for this tree. Another unusual location
was found by the writer in the centre of the Cumberland Valley on a shale embankment along
the East Branch of the Conococheague Creek, midway between Greencastle and Williamson, in
Franklin County.

IHPOBTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The lumber of Table Wtouutaln Pine is of lltUe commercial
importance on account of its small size and numerous knots which it contains. It is a very ag-
gressive tree and is adapted for the regeneration of worn-out fields as Avell as to protect rocky
elopes and prominences from erosion. It occasionally reaches a size which will yield lumber, irces
20 Inches In diameter and with a clear length of 23 feet are not uncommon locally in the
southern part of the State.

X J.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

80

m

YELLOW PINE
Pinus echinata, Miller

rORM-Attains height of 80-100 ft., occasionally 120 ft^ and aja.a^^^^ ^^'''li^htirtaS
4 T^^rotl Hhallow' wide, pyramidal - --'^.^tole^t of b^^^^^^ and con^quently drop off
tJlnl branches xvlatively ^'^^^'' ^'\^l''^l:J^'ZT See Fig.. 12 and 55.
very early producing the clean, tall, and state y ,^,i,^.^rown and acaly.

BAEK-^n young branches at first pale green ^"d «.nooJh later ^^^^^ ^^

coming reddish-brown.

BTO8_0v.ld, dun.,K,i»..a, covered «i.h .harp-fluted dark bro... »c..e.. ^ ^^ ^^^^^

sistlng for 2-6 years. * kooo nf new erowth «f

TLOWEES-Appear .„ AprU or ^y-^^;^^:^^7^\T:^'tu^rr'^: ^^^r ^^ '" "

=.:rSor:i'd\r;:w-'rwt."-ro/:t^^^ «- — - -7- 7-^. ...

JEUIT-A e„„e n,.n,r.„« m 2 --I'- /^ rJiV'tT whrcti'tl'fnd Z^^^ -hen o,«»,
01 an inch Ions. Mature cone, '''"''■"."^^^"^^^ Ton. -acle. have ..Ightljr enlMf^J end»
i'rL'n-r lTU'r"or'"7eSr.rpHc.°-""°^er an«", trtan^Ur, 3/.6 o, .n ..ch ton,,
';':S'"."tcrwr;e pale brown mottled with black apo...

WOOI^Non-poroua; realnou., hard. »'-J j'* ,f 'TVrSllhL '"he '■lir^Ji.hi; if the
;^,o: pr =o.rrer?: r .-Lr .--.0^0 1.0 .u„^ uaed ,or genera. «..
Btruction and carpentry. Short leaf Pine.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTEEISTICJ-The y^«"«\.^;^"^*Virpre^v"nrco"^^^^ it v.lth the
is rarely found in the northern part of ^;-';'l^^'^,'';j'''^ ^7l^^^^^ ^<>^ *^« «*^f

Sed Pine native only to the northern Jf-^^^^^'fs^jfbyits rather slender, flexible leaves In
Secies of Pine found g-^ing with it in ^h»« J^ff J^^ ^ ^,,^ .^ales terminated ^y -f'^^^^

SVr; ra^t1ntrre^::/.^Mn^ --Tair S^eedles are shorter and slenderer than

tho« of the Pitch Pine. ^eatward to IlUnol..

KA»0.^«.he.stem New York and northern Penn^rlvanl. to Florida. we.t
Kansas and southeastern Texas.

„„TKIBUTXON ™ P-NSYLVAKIA-Th^^ -".-.^■' --- rr.r .0^*"^ the

Pennaylvania. It la >»>»»\f ""'.""''CSr^nnty^ It l» 'l"- ««""«» o" '"" *^\n
Georse tn.ct me- W "«»' M™' *i^ ,rZtou Juniata. Lancaster, Perrr. Lifconuns. Mont-

^:„?errd 'l^irrntr'lr'he aShi" .7Xi.\. occurrence In norths --""■"^

n Tt is a tree of the plains and foothills.
„e^hr;^!T5rn;Z%:"eOnTr\hTn'2S Tnd nndulatm. plain, weat o. the MlaalaalPPL
in'he ea"t It la UBUallj nJxed with hardwoods.

XMPOKTAKCE OP THE BPE0«8_Ne.t . t- -n..ea, P^^^
Important of the Southern Plnea. It 1. *«'''»^* .'^f "^^h ire favorable, on account of It.
n,anagement In the region, where the ""i""™' " ^t of the eaae with which It regenerate.
,.,.„n„S.c and conunercla. -'- Jf -^U^ handn.the foreater. It can be planted ,pon
Cri'e%urrJ':iUt'rPenn.,.vanl..

PLATE XVI. YELLOW PINE

1. BrancJi with needles and terminal cluster of buds, x i.

2. A cluster of two needles, x i. , .
;{. Tip of a needle with finely serrate margin, enlarged.

4. Branch with needles and an open cone, x J.

5. Upper side of a cone scale with two winged seeds, x J.

6. Lower side of a cone scale, x i.

7. A -winged seed, natural size.

8. A seed, slightly enlarged.

H

m

80

YELLOW PINE
Pinus echinata, Miller

4 ft. crown »1..11«». wide, pjrr.ml.1.1 « ,'°'""5'^,^™t ., ,ia<l. »nA oon-QUently *op o«

very early prodnolng the cle... fli. .nd .t.Uly ,^,uh-br»wn .»d «..y.

BAUK-On youB, bnuich.. .t «r.t pie «"™ '"* 'T^H nob ebfe^ b^Men by dl.tl«.t

£J£^rr^JTril."'p™bfe•b"^- .'« ye. -- - — -

coming reddish-brown.

,,„^yb.d. d.l -...., oovered „..b „.,.^ J^^^ ^^-^--I,. ^Uy ...-•

.bJ;X^^rL;r^r^rj;J.,^3r--or^»^- - --« — - -

8l8ting for 2-6 years. * Ka«> nf new irrowth of

TLOWEK^Appear in April or ^y-J^^tLT:^'^^^^^^^,''^^^^ ^" '

season, nearly sessile. ^'^ ^^^'^.^^'^^'VZ^ erect stems, and pale rose colored,
whorl just below end of new growth. Dome ou » ^ i .bout 1/6-1

FBUIT-A cone maturing In 2 seasons. One l^^^;'lX%r^T'^i^f^^^^^^^^ -'^^ '>^"'
of a^ inchtong. Mature cones ^^on-.t^l^e^^^^^^^^ Tone'ciiles have slightly enlarged ends
U-2 inches long, often P-^^duous _He^^^^^^ triangular. 3/16 of an inch long,

terminated by weak or J^*^"**"* ^.^''^f^h black spots.
4 of an inch wide, pale brown mottled with Dia y" ^^^^

WOOD-Non-porous; resinous, hard, strong with distinct H^jin^^ ^^le-ir.bi; It the

J^or'^^^\^^^'r.. weighs 38 lbs. ^f f^ ^^ J:^^^^^^^^^^^^ used for g«.eral con-

yellow pine lumber of commerce and is largely ma
Btruction and carpentry. _ Short-leaf Pine.

DISTINGUISHINa CHA1iACTEIU8TlO|_T»je^^^^^^^^^ ,, ith the

is rarely found in the northern part of ^«""«f;i''"'** ^ ^ can be distinguished from the other
^d Pine native only to the northern If '^/'{fg^^'^by Vs rather slender, flexible leave- In
^ies of Pine found growing with it in J^*« J^f ^/^, ^^^h scale, terminated by weak or
Bheathed clusters of 2. 8on»etimes 3 or 4. *" 7"'*" . ^^gw giightly-tapering trunk, the

Secfduous prickles, its brittle ^'T'^^f'^^^'lltr^'i^V/^^^ Plates which peel

fark of wLh is marked -^^^^^^'^^JZ^UT ihe'^^e^es are shorter and slenderer than
oft very readily into numerous Ibin fllm UKe Bcai«»
those of the Pitch Pine. westward to Illinois.

BANG^-^utheastem New York and northern Pennsylvania to Florida, westw
Kansas and southeastern Texas. * a i to

„„xKXBv™.H ™ ^™»«^'r't;;:"rdir"rie%^r«Ti:%r.:rt «e

, ono It is a tree of the plain* and foothUla.

HABITAT-Common on poor. »andy. or clayey wu ^^.^ „, the Missl«.lppl.

Reaches its optimum development on the uplands ana uu
fu the east it^s unually n^xed with hardwoods.

XMPOBTA.CE or THE SPECIES^Next to ^he^-^^^^^^
important of the Southern Pines. It is ^«t\°^„^^**„f "^^tth L favorable, on account of it.
management in the regions ^^^re the conditions olgr ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ regenerates

^onoSc and commercial value This species o"J^«^»\^^ ^^^^^r. It can be planted ^pon
naturally, requires little assistance from the hands oi
favor^We situations anywhere in Pennsylvania.

■1 »

PLATE XVL YELLOW PINE

1. Branch with needles and terminal cluster of buds, x i.

2. A cluster of two needles, x i. , ^

3. Tip of a needle with finely serrate margin, enlarged.

4. Branch with needles and an open cone, x 1 .

5. Upper side of a cone scale with two Avinged seeds, x i.

6. Lower side of a cone scale, x i.

7. A winged seed, natural size.

8. A seed, slightly enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

PLATE XVII. JERSEY OR SCRUB PINE

1. Bran,.,, «»„ ,„.,»1U» .„„. ..-„>".> o.,.»t,.,- ,.f 4. »;--\;v'J^/rj-,"'';.'„,';.-'TV'''' ^ ''

b\ids, X J. , , I ({■ Unnor side of a cone scale with two wiiiKcU

2. A cluster of two needles, x A. , • n , _. ,

i!. A. CIUBlfl "1 <"■' ■•'»»•"•■■" - ,.,.,, ..rill

;{. Tip of a needle with finely Herra.e mniRln.
enlarged.

seeds, x J.
7, A winged seed natuiaH si«e-

81

JERSEY OR SCRUB PINE
Pinus virginiana, Miller

FOSM — ^Usually attains a height of 80-40 ft. with a diameter of 18 inches, bat reaches larger
dlmenslona, especially in Indiana. Trunk iMaally short since the long horizontal or pendnlous
branolies cover it almost to the Imse. Young trees liave a pyramidal form while older trees
develop a rather flat-topped oonio form.

BAEX^-On the trunk |-} of an inch thick, dark reddish-brown, shallowly Assured into small
flat idates separating Into thin film-like scales. Smoother than that of our other native Pines.
See ^g. 69.

TWIG6— Blender, tough, flexible, rather smooth, at first greenish-purple and covered with a
glaucous bloom, later light grayish-brown.

BUDS— Ovate, sharp-pointed, i-i of an inch long, covered with overlapping, sharp-pointed,
brown scales.

LEAVES— In clusters of 2 with persistent sheath, lJ-3 inches long, twisted, bright green, rather
stout, fragrant, sharply thick-pointed, toothed, divergent abo^re the sheath, and closely dispersed
on twigs.

FLOWEBS — ^Appear in April or May. Staminate flowers clustered at base of new growth of
season, 1/3 of an Inch long, oblong, with yellowish-brown anthers. Pistillate flowers appear
near the middle of the season's growth and are long stalked, sub-globose, solitary, or few in a
whorl.

FEXnT— A cone, 2-3 inches long, usually sessile, sometimes slightly curved, conical when
dosed and ovoid when open, seldom persisting for more than 8 or 4 years. Oone-scales thin,
nearly flat, thickened at apex, and terminated with a prickle. Seeds rounded, 1/8 of an inch
long, I of an Inch wide, and pale brown.

WOOD^Non-porous; slightly resinous, light, soft, brittle, pale orange, with very light sap-
wood. Weighs 83 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fuel, and to some extent for railroad ties,
mine props and lumber.

DISTXNaiTISHIira CHABACTEBISTIOS — ^The Jersey or Scrub Pine can be distinguished by
its short, twisted, and divergent needles distributed in pairs along the smooth, purple, slender,
often curved, and tough branchlets. The cones are small, with thin rather flat scales and provided
with slender prickles. The divergent and twisted needles closely dispersed on the twigs give
rather a disheveled appearance to them, and permits one to distinguish this tree at a distance
since the light of the background is diffused through it so evenly. The bark Is smoother than In
the other native Pines, and upon older specimens decidedly reddish in color.

BANOE— Southeastern New York and Pennsylvania, south to Georgia and Alabama, west to
Indiana and Kentucky.

DI8TBIBTJTI0N IN PENNSYLVAKIA— Found locally throughout the southern and central part
of the State. It is primarily a southern tree but extends as far north as Allegheny county in
the western part, Clinton and LyconUng counties In the central part, and Northampton county
in the eastern part. In Franklin county it Is usually found at the base of the mountains, seldom
ascending the mountains or extending into the limestone part of the Cumberland Valley. It is,
however, common on the shale hills, which occur locally throughout the valley, and is numerous
southwest of GreencasUe. Very common In the abandoned fields of central and north central
Pennsylvania.

HABITAT— <Jommon on light sandy or poor rocky soil. It Is common on some of the sand
barrens of New Jersey, and on exhausted farm land and cut-over areas.

DCPOBTANCE OF THE SPECIES — It Is rarely of much Iniportance as a timber tree on ac-
count of Its small size. While It Is of little commercial importance still it is of considerable
economic value as a ref<.rester of worn-out and neglected lands. It has reclaimed many abandoned
fields in Clinton county. On the country estate of Col. Henry W. Shoemaker near McElhattan
m Clinton county occurs the most northern heavy stand of this tree. Some of the trees are 30
Inches in diameter and clear of branches for 45 feet from the ground. For ornamental purposes
it has been used very little, other trees being preferred.

G— 7

i

81

PLATE XVII. JERSEY OR SCRUB PINE

1. Brnncli ^vitll ii.m"(1I.-s and terminal cluster <•!

buds, X A
2 A cluster of two needles, x ...
;;, Tip ot a needle with linely serrM.e inMitrm.

pnlargod.

4 liraiieh with needles and <l<.'sed cones, x i.

r» Ijowcr side of a cone s<-Hle, x ]. .

ti! Uppor side of a cone scale with two w nme<i

seeds, x J.
7. A wiufjed seed naturaj aim.

JERSEY OR SCRUB PINE
Pinus virginiana, Miller

FOKM — Usually attains a height of 30-40 ft. with a diameter of 18 inches, but reaches larger
dlmenBions, especially In Indiana. Trunk asually .short since the long horizontal or pendulous
branohes cover it almost to the base. Young trees have a pyramidal form while older trees
develop a rather flat-topped conic form.

BABK— On the trunk i-} of an inch thick, dark reddish-brown, shallowly fissured into small
flat plates separating into thin fllm-like scales. Smoother than that of our other native Pines.
See ^g. e9.

TW106— Slender, tough, flexible, rather smooth, at first greenish-purple and covered with a
jjrlaucous bloom, later light grayish-brown.

BUDS— Ovate, sharp-pointed, J-} of an inch long, covered with overlapping, sharp-pointed,
brown scales.

LEAVES— In clusters of 2 with persistent sheath, lJ-3 inches long, twisted, bright green, rather
stout, fragrant, sharply thick-pointed, toothed, divergent above the sheath, and closely dispersed
on twigs.

FLOWERS — Appear in April or May. Staminate flowers clustered at base of new growth of
S(>a8<m, 1/3 of an inch long, oblong, with yellowish-brown anthers. Pistillate flowers appear
near the middle of the season's" growth and are long-stalked, sub-globose, solitary, or few in a
whorl.

FB.UIT— A cone, 2-3 inches long, usually sessile, sometimes slightly curved, conical when
closed and ovoid when open, seldom persisting for more than 3 or 4 years. Cone-scales thin,
nearly flat, thickened at apex, and terminated with a prickle. Seeds rounded, 1/8 of an Inch
long, i of an inch wide, and pale brown.

WOOD^Non-porous; slightly resinous, light, soft, brittle, pale orange, with very light sap-
wood. Weighs 33 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fuel, and to some extent for railroad ties,
mine props and lumber.

DISTINGUISHING CHABACTERISTIOS— The Jersey or Scrub Pine can be distinguished by
its short, twisted, and divergent needles distributed in pairs along the smooth, purple, slender,
often curved, and tough branchlets. The cones are small, with thin rather flat scales and provided
with slender prickles. The divergent and twisted needles closely dispersed on the twigs give
rather a disheveled appearance to them, and permits one to distinguish this tree at a distance
since the light of the background is diffused through it so evenly. The bark is smoother than In
the other native Pines, and upon older specinbens decidedly reddish in color.

RANGE— Southeastern New York and Pennsylvania, south to Georgia and Alabama, west to
Indiana and Kentucky.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Found locally throughout the southern and central part
of the State. It is primarily a southern tree but extends as far north as Allegheny county in
the western part. Clinton and Lycoming counties in the central part, and Northampton county
in the eastern part. In Franklin county it Is usually found at the base of the mountains, seldom
ascending the mountains or extending into the limestone part of the Cumberiand Valley. It is,
however, common on the shale hills, which occur locally throughout the valley, and is numerous
southwest of Greencastle. Very common In the abandoned fields of central and north central
Pennsylvania.

HABITAT— Common on light sandy or poor rocky soil. It is common on some of the sand
barrens of New Jersey, and on exhausted farm land and cut-over areas.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— It is rarely of much imiwrtance as a timlxT tree on ac-
count of its small size. While It is of little commercial imiwrtance still it is of considerable
economic value as a reforester of worn-out and neglected lands. It has reclaimed many abandoned
tields in Clinton county. On the country estate of Col. Henry W. Slioemaker near McB-lhattan
in Clinton county occurs the most northern heavy stind of this tree. Some of the trees are ,iO
Inches in diameter and clear of branches for 45 feet fi.m the ,Tround. For ornamental purjwses
it has been used very little, other trees being preferred.

G— 7

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

82

SCOTCH PINE

Pinus sylvestris, Linnaeus

rOEM-Usnally 70 ft. high with a diameter of U-3 ft. ^"^ "J^. «\*;f ^^^^.^^^ ^^nsSnentlT^ «
a mameter of 3-5 ft. In the United States It la ^''jjl^^f '^^^ oTTesa dr^pi^g lateral
has a Short clean, often branched trunk ^"/"/."^.'TaTteUTwith little taper and a short
branches. Trees In closed stands ^-^^^'I'^^^'J^^^ f^ *'""^' """^
compact cnmn. At a distance it resembles the Pitch Pine.

BAHK-On the trunk seal, and peels o« in ^^Z^^^: t^X^Tr:Zr^'S' .^^
SinS^ddr ^iu cor ^Sde'b^Jk rL'lowrtrunK is .a^sh-brown while the inner
Is reddish-brown.

TWIGS-Pairly stout, brittle, dark yellowlsh-grax. smooth, not glossy.

BUDS-Ovate, blunt-pointed, brown, often somewhat resinous.

i

LEAVES-In 8h..th.a clorter. of 2. IJ-SJ Inche. long, bli.l.l.-free„ or tok gree». .tout,
tw^.^ »tfclr*i.r In oro«-.«>tion and conUlnlng 2 .bro-v^nlM bnnfflo..

rxowEBs-AppoT .n Apr., or >^y «nr.or"p.:tmair«.^er:\i';:r.rnror°'.n'"S

jriU"rte°r:;^^.m Sii 2rn-r^^n%«"'rr.n. .bort..t...e..

FEinT-A cone U-2| inoh« long, .hort-.talked, conlc^blong. «.lit«7 or In 2. n«..1.7 pointing
backward and grayish or reddish in color.

t,ngai,bcd from the other Pine, '^Jf'^^'C_XX^,Tllu^^ry<m,. .nd T. back-
of the trunk and adjoining branches, the bluish P^^™ 'O'"" .' ' ,, ,~y„tb. It has rougher

$?if:JpL and Mmur pointed needles than the Table Mountain Pine.

.^aE-.o. native « --, -^^JJ, ^^^^0^ r^Z iT. t T^^rS^^
IrTe ir's.«er.nnme TSe'U'rie sta'te.. P.«..«. m pr.ct.oall. .U par., of Penn-
syWaiia for reforestation and for ornamental purposes.

HABITAT-Scotch Pine 1. Indlirerent " •»".,«0°'«'r"'\ ZJf.f ^'^J' Ihri^'of^^o^h

Sr welTdralned sandy loam. It 1. very Intolerant of rtMide.

«POBTANCE OP THE BP=«^^« ^^ ^^^ ■,■„ \rfJlZT;^ o? '^.To.' ^
adopted European home It •>'''''' •/""'"Sinrand the large sandy areas of northern and
many, such a. the sandy jW™^"^ "^ch p?neTn EuKpe Is showi In Fig. 29. Ewellent
eastern Prussia. A thinned stand °* *^™ * '"„, ',, „ „.t necessary to Introduce It Into the
forests of this species con be seen In O^m^y. but It ^ ^'J- "^^tdl/ln youth, but later more
United States extensively for '"^'^P^IXe consuT^eoISer 191? num\>er of Forest Leaves.
Ce'^thaTs-^^-'i^ rt:rPlnl r^lnrbarCn'planted' and distributed by the Penn-
sylvania Department of Forests and Waters.

PLATE XVIIL SCOTCH PINE

■

3.

4.

").

«.

7.

H.

9.
10.
11.

A branch with needles and bnds, x i.
A cluster of two needles, x i.
Cross sectictn of two needles, enlarged.
Branch Avlth needles ; i, inuiiature cone ;
A closed cone, x i.

cone scale with two winded seeds,

winged seed enlarged.

seed, enlarged.

seedling, natural size. „:afninto flowers x ^.

small portion of. a .ln"«>r^:y^tL„^vo^p.stm«te A^^^^^-^V,

branch with a

m, mature ("ne. x
eii!iir};e(l.

U!s^.s^r£r:^ sri v .„c ne». g.o».h, . ,

82

SCOTCH PINE
Pinus sylvestris, Linnaeus

compart cromi. At a dlaunce It rewmWes the Pitch Pine.
BABK-^ the truor. ««.y «.* peel. »« ■» r:!,^" *%?*'^«:"f Xr'^S*.^

is reddish-brown.

TWIGft-Pairly stout, brittle, dark yellowtah-grai. smooth, not glossy.
BUDS-Ovate, blunt-pointed, brown, often somewhat resinous.

LEAVES-In sheathed clusters of 2. U-S* inches long, bluish- green, or dark green, stout.
t.v^s^ s^ cir-lar^ cr«»-section and containing 2 fibro-vascular bundles.

FLOWEK^Appear in April or May. SUminate i^^^^^
season's growth, ovate, scarcely 2/5 of an inch long. ^^■*^""® °owe«i ^^
JurSeJow ™iermlnal buds of this season's growth, are ovoid and short-stalked.

FBXnT-A cone U-2| inches long, short-stalked, conlc-oblong. solitary or in 2s tumaUy pointing
backward and grayish or reddish in color.

wood. UMd for general ooMtruotlon, lomher, railroad tle^ hoi^polea, grape yme po

tlnguiaied from the other Pine, of ^'rf'^^T'^ ^^^^T^■i^lnok^ long, and the hack-
of the tmnk and adjoining branches *^__*'}^:^^l,^"f,^^; growth. It ha. rougher
^''■Cart^heTe::;r"1^«r'.ho*^er .iSSS tC Se'R^'pine. Itonter needle, than the
?S!:^%"L* and Sur-lTnted needle, than the Table Monntaln Pin..

BAKO^No. nat.« to America. Abroad It exUna. «er t^ grea^ J^ "J SfeTrt^f..?:™
"LTZ r-.ta'uranrr.TS.'U^lSeltar^'pi^tldVZctlc.l.. an part, of Penn-
sylvai^a for reforestation and for ornamental purposes.

HABITAT-«cotch Pine is ^^^^^1^1/^^,^^^!^';:^^'^' ^r^%f"^o^'

Sr wen drained sandy loam. It is very intolerant of shade.

• TTyn.OMANCE OF THE SPECIES-The Scotch Pine Is a very important tree in »tf^*"7 »»f
IMPORTANCE O* inJi. »**'YrCrT nromlnent role in the forest structure of parts of Ger-
adopted Eiuropean home. It plays a P^™^"®"* f**;„ '".aT. ,--ge g^ndy areas of northern and
„Z. BHch as the sandy f^^^j'^^^,^ ^''^.^^Z ^ ^l^o^T^ showi in Fig. 29. Excellent
eastern Prussia. A thinned stand «* ^^^tcn f ine in ^u p necessary to introduce it into the
forests of this species can be seen in Germany, but it ^ ^^1, "r^^t^m Touth. but later more
United States extensively for ^^T^fZ^FT^Z' Jiu^recIXr 1917 number of Forest Leaves.
reVT8%S.^JS rr Pi?e ^ZTr.^r^^'mr^^' - distributed by the Penn-
gylvanla Department of Forests and Waters.

PLATE XVIIL SCOTCH PINE

1. A branch with needles and buds, x i.

2. A cluster of two needles, x i.

3. Cross section of two needles, enlarged. ^„x,,__ ,.,,np x J.

4. Branch with needles; I, iinmature cone; m, mature (ono. x 3.

5. A closed cone, x i. „.,i„r,r<.,i

6. A cone scale with two winded seeds, eiilaikHi.

7. A winged seed enlarged.

8. A seed, enlarged.

iS: i S/"fortro.J"o7^ bra" ch with two pistillate «---«•/,/ ,,e new growth, x i-

11. A branch with a cluster of stamlnate flowers at the Dase 01

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

I

PLATE XIX. AMERICAN LARCH

1. r.ranch with developing leaves and flowers,

2. ISranch with needles (clustered and solitary)

and fruit, x J. . , , , „

a. A cone scale with two wiiiKed seeds, en-
larged.

4. A winged seed, enlarged.

5, A seed, enlarged.

0. A seedling, enlarged.

7. Terniiiml portion of a winter brand), natural

size. , ,

8 Section of a winter branch, enlarged.
9. A winter branch with lateral spurs, x J.
10 A cone of Europ-au Larch (Larix decidna),

11. Leaf of European Larch, x J.

12. Cross-section of leaf of European Larch, en-

larged.

83

AMERICAN LARCH
Larix laricina, (Du Roi) Koch

OENUB DESOBIFTION — ^The irenus Larix comprises about 10 species foiind In the cooler
portion of the northern hemisphere and occasionally extends beyond the Arctic Circle. Of the
10 known species 8 are found in North America, 2 in the western part and 1, a transcontinental
species. The latter is found in PennsylTsnia. The Larches all shed their leaves every fall and
the following spring put out new ones. This deciduous habit gives the trees an appearance in
winter of dead conifers. A single foreign si>ecie8 kno^-n as the European Larch (Larix decidua
Kill.), is planted extensively for ornamental purposes, and lately to a limited extent for forestry
purposes. It is a very rapid grower and will thrive on drier and less fertile mil than our
native eastern species. It should not be planted pure Imt mixed with other species. Mixture
with Norway Stnruce, however, is not recommended.

FOSM— A mediuna-sized tree usually attaining a heigh of 30-60 ft. with a diameter of l-2i
ft., but may reach a height of 110 ft. with a diameter of 8 ft. Shrubby towards the northern
limits of its range. Trunk straight, continuous, and bearing rather straight, slender, and
slightly ascending branches which form in the open a narrow pyramidal crown.

BABK-^n main trunk rather close but roughened by small, thin, roundish, reddish-brown
scales. On the smaller branches it is smooth, thin, bluish-gray. See Fig. 70.

TWIGS — ^At first covered with a bloom, fdender, smooth, becoming dull brown, covered with
numerous, short, spur-like lateral branches.

BUDS— Occur at end of spur-like lateral branches and along last season's growth; small, about
2/6 of an inch long, globose, smooth, shinning, and dark red in color.

LEAVES— (Linear, triangular in cross-section, f-li inches long, rounded above, keeled below
and deciduous. Tliey occur either along terminal shoots or clustered in fascicles on short
spur-like lateral branches.

LEAF-SCABS— Distinctly decurrent, very small, triangular in outline, and contain a single
bundle-scar.

FLOWEBS— Appear about May with the leaves. Stamlnate flowers sessile, sub-globose, yeUow,
and borne on one or two-year-old branches. Pistillate flowers short-stalked, oblong, reddish,
and borne on lateral branches of previous year.

FBTTIT— An ovoid cone, light brown with blunt apex, i-f of an inch long, consisting of about
20 scales which are largest near the middle and smaller towards the base and apex. Seeds
winged, about I of an inch long and mature In one year.

WOOIV-Non-porous; somewhat resinous, very heavy, hai-d, strong, very durable in contact with
the soil; heartwood bright red; sapwood narrow and white. Weighs 39 lbs. per cubic foot.
Used for fence posts, telegraph poles, railroad ties, and in ship building.

DISTTNGinSHIKG- OHABACTEBISTICS— The American Larch, also known as Tamarack, Hack-
matack, and Black Larch, is the only native deciduous conifer of Pennsylvania. In winter it
is without leaves and presents the appearance of a dead tree. The leading branches with their
spur-like lateral branches bearing tufts of linear leaves in summer and small reddish buds in
winter, are characteristic. It bears little resemblance to any of our native conifers but does
resemble the European Larch (Larix decidua Mill.). The latter may be distinguished by its larger
cones, stouter and yellower twigs, and longer and more abundant leaves.

BAKaE— Newfoundland south to Preston county. West Virginia, west to Minnesota and the
Rocky Mountains, through British Columbia to Alaska. It is one of only a few forest trees
whose natural range extends across the continent.

DISTlflBDTIOK IN FENNSYLVANIA— Pound locally in moist locations in Carbon, Centre,
Clinton, Crawford, Lackawanna, Lycoming, Mercer, Monroe, Pike, Potter, Susquehanna, Tioga and
Warren counles.

HABITAT— Frequents swamps, banks of lakes and rivers, but also thrives on well-drained hill-
sides. It Is one of the most boreal of eastern conifers, extending north beyond the Arctic Circle
to the limit of tree growth. On account of its wide range It experiences a great range In climate.
Bach varied habitat seems to stamp the tree with some peculiarity which is evident In Its
form and structure. It requires abundant light throughout life.

IMFOBTANQE OF THE SPECIES— The American Larch is essentially a northern tree but
grows naturally in parts of Pennsylvania and may be grown artlflclally in other parts. The
tree is especially adapted for wet locations and hence may be used where other more valuable
trees will not grow. Seedlings can be grown In the nursery and transplanted with success,
but they should not be planted in dry locations. It has a very destructive enemy in a saw fly.
which has recently destroyed a large number of trees over an extensive territory in the northeast.

m

t

. It

PLATE XIX. AMERICAN LARCH

1. IWanch ^vlt!. .l.-vlupin, h.-vs a-ul now.Ts. 7. T.nninal purtio,, ..f a winfr hn,..<.l.. natural

'2. lUaiirli witli needles (clustc'red and solitary)

and fruit, x J. . ,

.'{. A COUP scale with twn wiiitft'd s<'e<ls, en

lar^fi'd.
4. A wiiigod seed, enlarKe<l.
'). A seod, cnlarKod.
U. A seedling, enlarged.

size

S. Seetion of a winter liranrh, enlarueil.
J» A \vint<'r liraneii with lateral spurs, x h.
1(1 A cone . if Kun.p'iin I.anli ( I.arix <h'cidua),

X h

11. Leaf of Kunipean Lareh. x h-

12. Cross-s^Ttion of leaf of European Lareh, en-

larged.

83

AMERICAN LARCH

Larix laricina, (Du Roi) Koch

G^ENUS DESCKIPTION — ^The genua Larix comprises about 10 species found in the cooler
)>ortion of the northern hemisphere and occasionally extends beyond the Arctic Circle. Of the
10 known species 3 are found in North America, 2 in the western part and 1, a transcontinental
species. The latter is found in Pennsylvania. The Larches all shed their leaves every fall and
the following' spring put out new ones. This deciduous habit gives the trees an appearance in
winter of dead conifers. A single foreign species Icno^-n as the European Larch (Larix decidua
Mill.), is planted extensively for ornamental purposes, and lately to a limited extent for forestry
purposes. It is a very rapid grower and will thrive on drier and less fertile soil than our
native eastern species. It should not be planted pure but mixed with other species. Mixture
with Norway St)ruce, however, is not recommended.

FORM — ^A medium-sized tree usually attaining a heigh of 30-60 ft, with a diameter of l-2i
ft., but may reach a height of 110 ft. with a diameter of 3 ft. Shrubby towards the northern
limits of its range. Trunk straight, continuous, and tearing rather straight, slender, and
slightly ascending branches which form in the open a narrow pyramidal crown.

BABK-^On main trunk rather close but roughened by small, thin, roundish, reddish-brown
scales. On the smaller branches it is smooth, thin, bluish-gray. See Fig. 70.

TWIGS — ^At first covered with a bloom, slender, smooth, becoming dull brown, covered with
numerous, short, spur-like lateral branches.

BUDS— Occur at end of spur-like lateral branches and along last season's growth; small, about
2/6 of an inch long, globose, smooth, shinning, and dark red in color.

LEAVES — Linear, triangular in cross-section, J-IJ inches long, rounded above, keeled below
and deciduous. They occur either along terminal shoots or clustered in fascicles on short
spur-like lateral branches.

LEAF-SCABS— Distinctly decurrent, very small, triangular in outline, and contain a single
bundle-scar,

FLOWERS— Appear about May with the leaves. Staminate flowers sessile, sub-globose, yellow,
and borne on one or two-year-old branches. Pistillate flowers short-stalked, oblong, reddish,
and borne tm lateral branches of previous year.

FBXriT — ^An ovoid cone, light brown with blunt apex, }-3 of an inch long, consisting of about
20 scales which are largest near the middle and smaller towards tlie base and apex. Seeds
winged, about i of an inch long and mature in one year.

WOOD— Non-porous; somewhat resinous, very heavy, hard, strong, very durable in contact with
the soil; heartwood bright red; sapwood narrow and white. Weighs 39 lbs. per cubic foot.
Used for fence posts, telegraph poles, railroad ties, and in ship building.

DISTINGUISHING CHABACTEBISTICS — Tlie American Larch, also known as Tamarack, Hack-
nmtack, and Black Larch, is the only native deciduous conifer of Pennsylvania. In winter it
is without leaves and presents the appearance of a dead tree. The leading branches with their
spur-like lateral branches bearing tufts of linear leaves in summer and small reddish buds in
winter, are characteristic. It bears little resemblance to any of our native conifers but does
resemble the European Larch (Larix decidua Mill,). The latter may be distinguished by its larger
cones, stouter and yellower twigs, and longer and more abundant leaves.

BANGE — Newfoundland south to Preston county, West Virginia, west to Minnesota and the
Rocky A«ountains, through British Columbia to Alaska. It is one of only a few forest trees
whose natural range extends across the continent.

DISTABUTION in PENNSYLVANIA — Found locally in moist locations in Carbon. Centre.
Clinton, Crawford, Lackawanna, Lycoming, Mercer, Monroe, Pike, Potter, Susquehanna, Tioga and
Warren counies,

HABITAT— Frequents swamps, banks of lakes and rivers, but also thrives on well-drained hill-
sides. It Is one of the most boreal of eastern conifers, extending north beyond the Arctic Circle
to the limit of tree growth. On account of its wide range it experiences a great range in climate.
Each varied habitat seems to stamp the tree with some peculiarity which is evident in its
form and structure. It requires abundant light tlu-oughout life.

IMPOETANQE OF THE SPECIES— The American Larch Is CHSentially a northern tree but
grows naturally in parts of Pennsylvania and may be grown artlftclally in other parts. Tlie
tree is especially adapted for wet locations and hence may be used where other more valuable
trees will not grow. Seedlings can be grown In the nursery and transplanted with success,
but they should not be planted In dry locations. It has a very destructive enemy In a saw fly.
which has recently destroyed a large number of trees over an extensive territory in the northeast.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

84

THE SPKUCES— PICEA, Link

The Spruces are evergreen trees with stiff, often sharp-pointed
needles which persist for 7-10 years. All the Spruces found in east-
ern North America and all but two species found in western North
America have four-sided needles. The two exceptions have flattened
needles and bear stomata, commonly known as breathing pores, only
on the upper surface, while the species with four-sided needles have
stomata on all sides. The needles are spirally arranged on the
branches and are not stalked but borne on decurrent projections
of the bark known as sterigmata. The staminate and pistillate
flowers occur separate on the same tree, usually on the same branch.
The staminate, which bear the pollen, are yellow to red m color
cylindrical in outline, and open lengthwise. The pistillate, which
develop into cones, are erect, cylindrical, short stalked, and pale
yellow to scarlet in color. The cones mature at the end of one sea
son and are always drooping and usually cylindrical to ovate in
outline The cones usually fall entire during the first winter or
sometimes persist for a few years. They consist of numerous per-
sistent cone scales which are thin and unarmed, and consequently
stand in strong contrast with the thick, usually armed, cone-scales
of the Pines. The cone-scales are largest near the center and de-
crease in size towards the apex and the base. The fertile scales bear
two winged seeds under each cone-scale. The seeds are usually light
and bear a rather large wing, by means of which they are scattered
over great distances by the wind.

The trunks of the Spruces are straight, continuous, and taper
gradually to the top. The lumbermen for a long time looked un-
favorably upon the Spruces but owing to changed economic condi-
tions and a more thorough knowledge of their technical value, these
same trees are now considered among our most important commer-
cial forest trees. Their wood is now considered amongst the most
important of the northern hemisphere and especially adapted for
the manufacture of paper pulp. .

The spruce forests of North America for a long time remained
practically untouched, but are now being exploited on a gigantic
scale The march of forest destruction is very rapid since an enor-
mous supply is required for the paper pulp industry. Tn order to
supply this growing demand and not diminish the available supply
of spruce wood it is necessary that proi)er and systematic treatment
be given to the existing spruce areas< since we cannot hope to im-
port a supply sufficient to satisfy our demand.

85

This genus Picea comprises about 19 to 20 known species, of which
number 8 are found in North America, 3 in the eastern part and 5
in the western part. Two of the eastern species are native to Penn-
sylvania. In addition to the two spruces native to Pennsylvania,
2 introduced species are commonly planted for ornamental purposes,
viz: the Norway Spruce (Picea Abies (L.) Karst.), and Colorado
Blue Spruce (Picea Pungens Engelm.). The subjoined key will dis-
tinguish the Spruces commonly found in Pennsylvania.

KEY TO THE SPECIES

Page
1. Cones cylindrical, over 3 inches long; terminal part of lateral branclilets pendulous;

leaves slender, dark green, glossy, sharp-pointed ?• Abies 88

1. Cones ovate to oblong, less tlian 3 inches long; terminal part of lateral branchlets

not decidedly pendulous; leaves rather stout; often blunt-pointed, »

8. Leaves dark yellowish-green; cones elongated-ovoid with clear brown, entire-margined ^^
scales

2. leaves bluish-green; cones short ovoid; often persisting beyond first season; cone-scales

dull, grayish broAvn with jagged margin ^- manana

86

RED SPRUCE
Picea rubra, (Du Roi) Dietrich

FOBM_A uM^diuxn sized tree u^mlly reaehin. a height of 70-80 ''^^\^^f^''^J^^Ji^^,

ascending above and drooping below. Crown narrow, conical in form.

BARK-UP to i of an inch in thiclcness and roughened by Irregular, thin, close, reddish-
brown scales.

TWIGS-Rough, slender, light brown to dark brown, covered with pale to black hairs.

BUDS-Ovoid. Sharp-pointed, i-i of an inch long, covered by overlapping sharp-pointed reddish-
brown scales.

TEAVES-About a Of an inch long. 1/16 of an inch wide. 4 sided, yellowish-green, rounded
at ?tx^^^. and pJ^ting out^rd in ail directions on twig, without real leaf-stalks
out raised on decurrent projections of bark, known as sterigmata.

LEAF-SCARS-Small. with a single bundle-scar, borne on decurrent projections of bark.

TTT ftwFTia^Annear in Aoril or May. Staminate and pistillate flowers occur separate, but
appero^ t^tamrtree" sTaVnate o^al. almost sessile, reddish In color. Pistillate cylindrical.
i of an inch long, and consist of rounded thin scales.

FRUIT-A cone about H-2 Inches long. elongated-ovoId. short-stalked, maturing at the end
of first season: cone-scales rounded, reddish-brown, with entire margin.

.rpr.r-'^r. JTi.-'i.-::.?'?:^. rj\rZ' .tScr „n;rpr ".J:^:

ing boards for musical instnunents, and construction.

Soruce are grayish-brown and more jagged. The needles of the R«d Spruce '^^J^^f h^ dis-

tfe^orwty SpTuce b^ Its much smaller cones and absence of long pendulous branchlets.

RANGI^Newfoundland to Pennsylvania and south along the ^"«^^^«"»« Voli^"'^*"' ""''' ^'^
Minnesota. Heavy stands occur upon the high mountains of western North Carolina.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA-Frequents the swamps of Monroe, Pike. Carbon, Wayne.
Lackawanna, Luzerne, and probably a few other nearby counties.

HABITAT-Common upon mountain slopes and well drained upland, but also found on moun-
tain tops and on the margin of swamps and streams.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIE&-^e Bed Spruce Is one of the most Important trees which
su^ fh^ w^ ^ed in the manufacture of paper pulp. Where natural regeneration Is po^
Ze this tT^e d^enres to be developed, especially In places too wet for other spectes to
^ow In th?s State the Bear Meadowfln Centre county and the lake regions of Pike, Wayne.
Sd Mo^oe LnC JSth th'lr adjoining swamps, give excellent conditions for the natural de-
velopment of the Red Spruce.

\

1

a

/

PLATE XX. RED SPRUCE

1. Itraiicli with pislillnte llowcrs. x l-

•2 r.raiicli with stamiiiato llowcrs, x 2.

•A. liraiiHi with needles aii<l eoiies, x J.

4. A cone scale with two winded seeds, x j.

;"). A win>fe«l sied, natural size.

T: Tenni^auSon- ,.f a twi, with Uuds and without ucedh-s, natural >i.e

b. A seedling, uaturul tiisc.

86

RED SPRUCE
Picea rubra, (Du Roi) Dietrich

rORM-A xnedium sUed tree usually reaching a height of 70-80 %^\^f^''^J^^J;^,

ascending above and drooping below. Crown narrow, ooalcal In form.
BARK-UP to I of an Inch in thlcknea. and roughened Xyy irregular, thin, cloae. reddirti-

brown acaleb.

TWIOS-Rough, Blender, light brown to dark brown, covered with pale to black hair^
BXJDS-Ovoid. «harp-pointed. M of an inch long, covered by overlapping aharp-polnted reddish-

brown scales.

LEAVES-About J-| of an inch long. 1/16 of an inch wide. 4 rided. yf"«^'*^-f'n;*fTalS
at Ipex^wded. and pointing outward in all direction, on twig, without real leaf-stalks
out raised on decurrent projections of bark, known as sterlgmata.

LEAF-SCARS-Small. with a single bundle-scar. borne on decurrent projections of bark.

FLOWERS-Appear in April or May. Staminate and p^tlllate flowers ^^J^^^^^^^^^
appear on the same tree. Staminate oval, almost sessile, reddish in color. Pistillate cyllnoncai.
i of an inch long, and consist of rounded thin scales.

FRTHT-A cone about 11-2 Inche. long, elongated-ovoid, short-stalked, maturing at the end
of first season; cone-scales rounded, reddish-brown, with entire margin.

WOOD^Non-porous. light, soft, not strong, pale In color, tinged with red. ^«» Jf'" P*?*
sa^ pr^n? ^Tg\^ M lbs. per cubic foot. Used in the manufacture of paper pulp, sound-
ing boards for musical instnunents. and construction.

DISTINGUISHED CHARACTERISTIOS-The Red Spruce, sometimes ^"*>^^, " ^.,f ^^ii
Pinr can be disUnguished from the Black Spruce by its larger cones, which «««f"y *»"
dX Te ^t wint^ whUe those of the latter usually Pemist for a longer time. The ««e^

the Norway Spruce by its much smaller cones and absence of long pendulous branchlets.

RANOE-Newfoundland to Pennsylvania and south along the Alleghenles *<> G«<"^«»»' ^««* *°
Minnesota. Heavy stands occur upon the high mountains of western North Carolina.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Frequents the swamps of Monroe. Pike, Carbon. Wayne,
Lackawanna. Luzerne, and probably a few other nearby counties.

HABITAT-Common upon mountain slopes and well drained upland, but also found on moun-
tain tops and on the margin of swamps and streams.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES-The Red Spruce is one of the most Important trees whl^
su^fhe w^ used In the manufacture of paper pulp. Where "^tural regeneration is po^
S this tT^d^wrves to be developed, especially in places too wet for other spectes to
^w in tSs StatT, the Bear Meadowfin Centre county and the lake regions of Pike, ^ayne^
STkonroe counties, with their adjoining swamps, give excellent conditions for the natural de-
velopment of the Red Spruce.

\

a

PLATE XX. RED SPRUCE

1.

2.
"i.
4.

r».

(5.
7.
b.

Branch with pistillate flowers, X h

Branch with staminate flowers, x J.

liranoh with needles and cones, x J.

A cone scale Avith two winged seeds, x *.

A winged seed, natural size.

A seed, enlarged.

Terminal portion of a twig with

A seedling, natural t;ize.

buds and witliout netMlU's, natural size.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

a

0

PLATE XXI. BLACK SPRUCE

1. Branch with pistillate fl(»w*rs, x J.

2. Branch with stamina to flowers, x J.

3. Branch with needles and rones, x J.

4. A cone-scale with two winged seeds, x j.

5. A winged seed, natural size.

Terniinal^po^r'tfon' of a twig with buds and witliout needles, enlarged.
A seedling, natural size.

6.

7.
8.

87

BLACK SPRUCE
Picea mariana, (Miller) BSP

FOEl^-A nwill tree usually attaining a height of 20-30 ft. with a diameter of 1 ft.^t
mav reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 3 ft. Trunk straight, continuous, very taper-
S faring S^e^lar. rather short, horizontal branches, often with ascending tips which give
the tree a very narrow. Irregular, conic form.

BABK— Up to J of an inch in thickness and roughened by irregular, thin, dose, grayish-brown
scales. See V\g. 72.

TWIGfl—Rough, stoat, brown to yellowish-brown , covered with pale to black hairs.

BTOS-Ovold, sharp-pointed, ii of an inch long, covered with overlapping, sharp-pointed,
reddish-brown scales.

LEAVES-About i-J of an inch long, 4-slded, bluish-green, rounded at ''f^'^^^^^^ ^
slightly curved, without real leaf-bases, but resting on decurrent projections of bark known as
sterigmata.

LEAF-8CAKS— «»ee "Leaf -Scars" under Red Spruce.

FLOWEKS-Appear about May. Staminate and pistillate flowers *>f,<^ «"/;™^„^^„^^*
oft«; on differenrparts of it. Staminate are sub-globose, almost sessile, i of an inch long,
reddish In color. Pistillate are oblong, cylindrical, | of an inch long.

FRUIT-A cone about U inches long. shortH)void. short-stalked, maturing at the end of the
first season; cone-scales rounded, dull grayish-brown with Jagged margin.

WOOI>-Non.porous; with resin passages present; light, soft, not strong I«le yellowish^
w^talolor. Weigh. 83 lbs. per cubic fdot. Used in the manufacture of paper pulp and
occasionally in lumber.

DISTINGUISHING CHAEACTEKISTIOS-See "Distinguishing Characteristics" under Red Spruce,
page 86.

RANGE-It is a transcontinental tree extending from Labrador to Alaska and south to
Pennsylvania and Wisconsin.

Wyoming counties.

HABITAT-^ BU* sprue.. ^ ^<':r ^.^T .^^^' ^TllZ'^^Zt' ^7.

tolerant of shade.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPEOIES-The Black Spruce Is of llttie commercial »n«POrt««ce In

where other more valuable trees will not ««>w. " ^ ^nrnose

planting since other species of Spruce far surpass it for this purpose.

6

0

PLATE XXI. BLACK SPRUCE

'A.
4.
"».
6.
7.
8.

UraiK'h Avitli itistiUatc llowcrs, x h.
HraiH'h with staiiiiiuitc llowiTs, x h.
lU-aiK'h with lu'cdlcs and coiios, x A.
A o<»ne-scale with two wiiiiiod soc-ds,
A winded swd, natural size.
A sctul, enlarged.

Terminal portion of a twi;;- with buds
A seedling, natural size.

X h

and witliuut needles, enlarged.

87

BLACK SPRUCE
Picea mariana, (Miller) BSP

FOEMr-A Binall tree usually attaining a height of 20-30 ft. with a diameter of 1 ft. but
may reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 3 ft. Trunk straight, continuous, very taper-
ing, bearing irregular, rather short, horizontal branches, often with ascending tips which give
the tree a very narrow, irregtilar, conic form.

BARK— Up to i of an Inch in thickness and roughened by Irregular, thin, close, grayish-brown
scales. See Fig. 72.
TWI&S— Rough, stout, brown to yellowish-brown, covered with pale to black hairs.

BTTDS-Ovold, sharp-pointed, i-i of an Inch long, covered with overlapping, sharp-pointed,
reddish-brown scales.

LEAVES— About J-J of an inch long, 4-sided, bluish-green, rounded at apex, straight or
slightly curved, without real leaf-bases, but resting on decurrent projections of bark known as
sterigmata.

LEAF-SCARS— See "Leaf -Scars" under Red Spruce.

FLOWERS-Appear about Mlay. Stamlnate and pistillate flowers occur on same tree but
often on diflerenrparts of it. Stamlnate are sub-globose, almost sessile, i of an inch long,
reddish in color. Pistillate are oblong, cylindrical, i of an inch long.

FRUIT^A cone about IJ inches long, short-ovoid, short-stalked, maturing at the end of the
first season; cone-scales rounded, dull grayish-brown with jagged margin.

WOOD-.Non-porous; with resin passages present; light, soft, not strong !«»« y^"^'^"^"
white in color. Weighs 83 lbs. per cubic fdot. Used in the manufacture of paper pulp and
occasionally in lumber.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— See "Distinguishing Characteristics" under Red Spruce,
page 86.

RANGE-It IS a transcontinental tree extending from Labrador to Alaska and south to
Pennsylvania and Wisconsin.

nTRTPTBTITION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Frequents swamps, rather com.mon along lakes and In
swX of Inr'L and m? counties and in Bear Meadows, ^'^^-f^ ^^^^^^^ jrTnd
Also reported In Cambria. Carbon, Clinton. Lackawanna. Lycoming, Mifflin, Tioga, Wayne, ana

Wyoming counties.

HABITAT-The Black Spruce, also known as Swamp Spruce, usually frequents cold, poorly
drS^tamrtS^ugho'ft its range. It sometimes ascends well drained hillsides butja
usually stunteTln such situations. It makes Its best growth on moist alluvial soils and very
tolerant of shade.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES-/rhe Black Spruce Is of little commercial importance In

where other more valuable trees will not grow, ii ^""""'^ "
planting since other species of Spruce far surpass it for this purpose.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

88

NORWAY SPRUCE
Picea Abies, (Linnaeus) Karsten

FOB,!!;— tA large tree usually attnliilnff a height of 50-80 ft. with a diameier of 2 ft.
but may reach a height of 126 ft. with a diameter of 3 ft. Trunk atraight, continuous,
slightly tapering, and sometimes free from lateral branches for a considerable distance from
the base. Crown less acutely pyramidal than that of our native species.

BARK — On old trunks roughened with large, rather thick feddish-brown scales, on younger
trunks the scales are thinner and closer. Used in tanneries of Europe, but only slightly charged
with tannin.

TWIGS — Slender, rather pendulous, light reddish-brown and roughened by projecting leaf-
buses.

BUDS — Ovate to conical, smooth, pointed, covered by overlapping, sharp-pointed, light brown
scales.

LEAVES — ^About J-l inch long, sharp-pointed, 4-sided, dark green, without real leaf-stalks,
but resting on decurrent projections of bark known as sterlgmata.

Fertilization takes place In

LEAF-SCABS— See "Leaf -Scars" under Red Spruce.

FLOWEBS — ^Appear about May when pollination takes place.
June.

FKUIT— A cone about 4-7 inches long, cylindrical-oblong, pendant, almost sessile, maturing
at the end of the first season; cone-scales thin, stiff, rather broad, reddish-brown, with finely
toothed margins.

WOOD — Non-porous; resin passages present; straight- grained, strong, not durable in con-
tact with the soil, medium in hardness, works easily, heaxtwood yellowish-white with thin
white sapwood. Weighs 30 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in the manufacture of paper pulp, general
construction, interior finish, basket making and for masts and oars on small vessels.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Norway Spruce, also known as the E-uropean
Spruce, can readily be distinguished by its large cones, which are from 4-7 inches long, and
by the long, pendulous branchlets terminating the lateral branches. The sharp-pointed, bluish-
green, 4-sided needles will also aid in distinguishing it from some of the other closely related
trees.

RANGE — Its native home Is in middle and northern Europe. It forms a very important part
of tne forest structure of Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and Russia. Planted extensively in
the United States for ornamental purposes from Maine south to Washington and west to Kansas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— It is found throughout the State as an ornamental
tree, and planted rather extentively for forestry piu-poses by the State Departmient of Forests
and Waters. More than 5,000,000 Norway Spruce trees have been planted on the State Forests of
Pennsylvania.

HABITAT — In Europe it grows in valleys and upon the mountain slopes. It prefers rather
rich moist soils, in this respect somewhat resembling the White Pine. It cannot endure very
dry, very sterile, or extremely rich vegetable soil. It is rather tolerant of shade and some-
what susceptible to late frosts.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Norway Spruce is a foreigner in our forest flora,
but before long it will be regarded a naturalized member of our forest structure. It will
be an extremely valuable addition to our list of forest trees. To the present time it has been
planted mostly for ornamontal purposes and for wind breaks, but in the future It will also
be planted extensively as a forest tree. It grows rapidly and is rather hardy and free from
organic enemies and product's valuable wood. A noted European authority on forestry has said:
"Spruce is the best paying forest species in the world." Norway Spruce may be planted pure
or mixed with other forest trees. It is being grown at a profit for Christmas trees.

I

1/

PLATE XXII. NORWAY SPRUCE

1. Branch with staminate flowers, x h-

2. Branch witli pistillato Howits, x h.

3. A needle, natural size.

4. Cross section of a nocdio, oiilaiK'-d.

5. Branch with needles removed showiiif; \vuit< r

buds, \ i.

6. Brancli with noetlles and a coikn x J.

7. A cono scale with Iw.i wiiii;<'<l seeds, iiatnnil

size.
S. A winded seed, eidarKed.

!i. A seed. eiihirK<'<l- , , ,

1(1. A seedling slieddin;,' a seed coat, na.uiai

size.
11. A seedling, natural size.

ill

•3 if

'II

ii

I

88

NORWAY SPRUCE
Picea Abies, (Linnaeus) Karsten

FOJIM— eA large trp« vusually attaining a height of 60-80 ft. with a diameter of 2 ft.
but may reach a lieight of 125 ft. with a diameter of 3 ft. Trunk atraight. oontlnuona.
Blightly tapering, and sometimes free from lateral branches for a considerable distance from
the baae. Grown less acutely pyramidal than that of our native species.

BASK^-On old trunks roughened with large, rather thick reddish-brown scales, on younger
trunks the scales are thinner and closer. Used In tanneries of Europe, but only slightly charged
with tannin.

TWIOS— Slender, rather pendulous, light reddish-brown and roughened by projecting leaf-
bases.

BUDS — Ovate to conical, smooth, pointed, covered by overlapping, sharp-pointed, light brown
scales.

LEAVES— About |-1 inch long, 8haii>-pointed, 4-sided, dark green, without real leaf-stalks,
but resting on decurrent projections of bark known as sterlgmata.

LEAF-SCARS— See "Leaf -Scars" under Bed Spruce.

FLOWERS— Appear about May when pollination takes place. Fertilization takes place In
June.

FRUIT— A cone about 4-7 Inches long, cyllndrlcal-oblong, pendant, almost sessile, maturing
at the end of the flrst season; cone-scales thin, stiff, rather broad, reddlsh-brown, with finely
toothed margins.

WOOD — Non-porous; resin passages present; straight-grained, strong, not durable in con-
tact with the soil, medium in hardness, works easily, he<irtwoodt yeUowlah-white with thin
white sapwood. Weighs 30 lbs. per cubic foot. Uaed In the manufacture of paper pulp, general
construction, interior finish, basket making and for masts and oars on small vessels.

DISTINOUISHINO CHARACTERISTICS — ^The Norway Spruce, also known as the European
Spruce, can readily be distinguished by its large cones, which are from 4-7 inches long, and
by the long, i>endulou8 branchlets terminating the lateral branches. The sharp-pointed, bluish-
green, 4-sided needles will also aid in distinguishing it from some of the other cloaely related
trees,

RANGE— Its native home Is in middle and northern Europe. It forms a very Important part
of tne forest structure of Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and Russia. Planted extensively in
the United States for omaniental purposes from Maine south to Washington and west to Kansas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— It is found throughout the State as an ornamental
tree, and planted rather extemively for forestry purposes by the State Department of Foreats
and Waters. More than 5,000,000 Norway Spruce trees have been planted on the State Forests of
Pennsylvania.

HABITAT — In Europe It grows in valleys and upon the mountain slopes. It prefers rather
rich moist soils, in this respect somewhat resembling the White Pine. It cannot endure very
dry, very sterile, or extremely rich vegetable soil. It la rather tolerant of shade and some-
what susceptible to late frosts.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Norway Spruce Is a foreigner in our forest flora,
but before long it will be regarded a naturalized member of our forest structure. It will
be an extremely valuable addition to our list o£ forest trees. To the present tinae It has been
planted mostly for ornamioutal purposes and for wind breaks, but in the future It will also
be planted extensively as a forest tree. It grows rapidly and is rather hardy and free from
organic enemies and produces valuable wood. A noted European authority on forestry has said:
"Spruce is the best paying forest species in the world." Norway Spruce may be planted pure
or mixed with other forest trees. It is being grown at a profit for Christmas trees.

)/

PLATE XXIL NORWAY SPRUCE

1. Branch with staminate flowers, x h

2. Branch with pistillate flowers, x J.

3. A needle, natural size.

4. Cross section of a needle, enlarged.

5. Branch with needles removed showing winter

buds, X 2.

6. Branch with needles and a cone, x J.

7. A cone scale Avlth tAvo winged seeds, natural

size.

8. A Avinged seed, enlarged.

9. A seed, enlarged. ^ ^ * „i

10. A seedling shedding a seed coat, natural

siz6

11. A seedling, natural size.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

PLATE XXIII. HEMLOCK

1 Branch with needles and staminate flowers, x J

2 Branch with needles and pistillate flowers, x J.
Branch with needles and mature cones, x J.
A cone scale with two winged seeds, natural
A winged seed, natural size.

^,. A seed, enlarged.

7. Leafless branch with buds, enlarged.

8. A seedling, natural size.

'A.
4.
').
(i

size.

89
HEMLOCK

Tsuga canadensis, (Linnaeus) Carriere

naU^o%^r!"^f°''""r;\*"r ^^'^ ^"^P^*^^- « «^^'«« *° the world. 4 of which «e
Jnnln I fl ^;"«'*«^ /°d 1 '« Pennsylvania. Of the 4 species native to Norih AmerUa 2 a^
found m the eastern and 2 In the western part. The 2 eastern gpeclea are th^ CmoM^* LT
ock (TsugH caroliniana Engelm.) found only ,n the mountains ^Virginia to^:i^.^
the common HenUock described below. The Hemlocks are trees of the northeL Ssoh^
found In North America and A»ia. but absent In Europe. The eastern LmSflTln^rt^^^^
are slow growers and rather difflcmt to transplant. A weU-known student of fomiSy^ «"'
•HemlcK^k trees are like the Indians; they will not stand civilization.'' R^eTt ex«S,^t.
show that a number of foresters have been transplanting Hemlock successfully *^«»«t«

FOEM-.A large tree usually attaining a height of 00-80 ft. with a diameter of 2-3 ft. b«t

and Wgh with limbs extending almost to the ground. In dense stands It has a bole clet^ froi^
lateral branches for a considerable distance from the ground and with little taper

BARK--GrayIsh-brown to reddish-brown, rich in tannin, becoming 4/5 of an Inch thick «■
r L^°V *"t '•«"«^J«°«d by long Assures separating rather broad ridges which are covered with
close scales. Inner bark Is cinnamon-red. See Pig. 74.

TWIOS-nSlender, rough on account of deCurrent projections of bark upon which the leaves
rert.^^at first somewhat hairy and yellowish-brown, later smooth grayish-brown tinged with

Bimft-Altemate, ovate. 1/16 of an Inch long, blunt-pointed. leddlsh-brown, not glossy.

LEAVES— Linear, flat, about J of an inch long, rounded or notched at apex, dark green and
shining above pale green and dull below with a white line on each side of midrib. 'n»e leave,
persist for about 3 year, and are jointed to short, persistent, woody stalks. They are spirally
arranged around the twig but aj^pear two-ranked. ** /

LEAF-SCABS— Small, round, raised on decurrent projections of bark.

^^"^^a^^^^"' *^"' ^^^^ **' ^^- St»nalnate and pIstlUate flowers are separate, bat
iT^^«^%"° "'^^f'"® '^'•^c'*- Staminate are small, globose, yellow, about i of an inch
long. Pistillate are oblong and pale green. « * •« *"vi,

FBXriT— A small, short-stalked cone maturing at the end of the first season, about i of an
Inch long, usually persIsUng during first winter. . » •»

7^^^^'^:,^'."^"' ^***»°«' "»*» passages; light, hard, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained,
not durable, "able to splinter, difficult to work, Ught-brown with lighter sapwood. Weigh.
-6 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for construction, coarse lumber, and especially for frame work
and wtather-boarding of buildings, paper pulp, and laths.

DISTINGUISHING CHABACTEEISTICS-The Hemlock, also known as Hemlock Spruce and
Spruce line, can be distinguished by Its flat linear needles with two longitudinal white sti«aks
on the lower surface; the needles are Jointed to short persistent woody stalks known as sterig-
mata and appear two-ranked, but in addition to the two conspicuous lateral rows there is a
rather Inconspicuous row of small needles on top of the twig extending in the same direction
as the twig. The lateral twigs occur rather irregularly along the main branches and diverge
from the latter at an angle of usually less than 76 degrees. The cones are about J of an
nch long, and often persist through one winter. The inner bark is cinnamon-red. The early
lumbermen recognized two varieties of Hemlock, namely. White Hemlock and Ked HenUock.

RANGE— Nora Scotia south to Pennsylvania and along the mountains to Alabama, and west
to Minnesota.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA-Rather commonly distributed in moist situations through-
out the mountainous regions of the State. Most common In the central and northern parts.
Scattered in local groups In narrow, cool ravines, and on rocky slopes in the southeastern and
southwestern iMirts.

HABITAT— Usually found in moist locations, such as northern slopes of rocky ridges banks of
streams, ponds and lakes, swamps, river gorges, and mountain slopes. It prefers a dense ftorest
structure since it is shade loving and not very wind-firm.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES-^hc Hemlock yields not only lumber but also bark rich in
tannic acid and a volatile oil to which a medicinal value is attached. The ordinary wood which
It produce, coupled with Its rather slow growth and the difficulty with which it Is established by
planting will tend to decrease Its prevalence in our forest structure, especially since more valu-
able and more rapid-growing species like Pine and Spruce will thrive on the same area. Wher-
ever It can be regenerated naturally without sacrificing more valuable species it should be retained
in the forest .tructure. It is one of the most attractive, if not the most attractive, of our
coniferous evergreen trees.

1.

2.
4.

r>.
<;.

7.

8.

PLATE XXIII. HEMLOCK

with noodles and staiulnato flowors. x

liranch ., „

ltran<'h with noodh-s and pistiUate tlowers, x

Itranrh with noodlos and mature conos, x h.

A cono scalo with two witiiiod soods, natural

A wiuKod seod, natural size.

A seed, cnlarsed.

Leafless branch with buds, enlarged.

A seedling, natural size.

h.

size.

HEMLOCK
Tsuga canadensis, (Linnaeus) Carriere

n«H^fy^v^^.f ^^^^f^^-''^**" «*""* ^«*«* comprises 8 species in the world 4 of which are

the common Hemlock described below. The Ilendocks are troo7nf thl ♦k t^eorgJa and
found in North An«.rlca and A.ia. but absent 1^^ E^r^pe Tireastern HemTo^kr,n^f^^^^^^^
a^ Slow growers and rather diftlcmt to transplant. A w;iiILwn Htu^"enf o 7o«s^^

Hem ock trees are like the Indians; they will not stand civilization. '• ReceTt^xi^rim^its
Show that a nunxber of foresters have been transplanting Hendock successfully ^^I^^'-'n^ents

FORM—A largo tree usually attaining a height of 60-80 ft. with a diameter of 2-3 ft but
may reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 4 ft. In the open Its crml^ Is dPnL ".'.ni^

lateral branches for a conrtderable distance from the ground and with little taper

n,H^t*^r^''*J*'*''^"'^ *° reddish-brown, rich in tannin, becoming 4/5 of an inch thick on
od trunks and roughened by long Assures separating rather broad ridges which are cove^d with
close scales. Inner bark is cinnamon-red. See Fig. 74. toverea wiin

r^^^<^^r^^ Tf K°r *''''*!I"^ ^' deCuiTent projections of bark upon which the leaves
puSle «>™«what hairy and yellowish-brown, later smooth grayish-brown tinged with

BUDft-Alternate, ovate, 1/16 of an inch long, blunt-pointed, reddish-brown, not glossy.

„hf'f^^^^"'^?' ****' ''^'^^ * °' *" '"^^'^ ^°"»' rounded or notched at apex, dark green and
shining above pale green and dull below with a white line on each side of midrlS TheTeaves
persist for about 3 years and are jointed to short, persistent, woody stalks. They are spI^Uy
arranged around the twig but appear two-ranked. spirauy

LEAF-SCARS— Small, round, raised on decurrent projections of bark.

nZ^^^Jirt^^fH' ""^"^ k"^^'"k **" ^''^- Staminate and pistillate flowers are separate, but
Zl ^>,^m / t^^fa'"^ branch. Staminate are small, globose, yellow, about i of an inch
long. Pistillate are oblong and pale green. « "i. «"

»nl*^«^""^ ^T"' ^i^'^*-**"*'^^^* cone maturing at the end of the first season, about J of an
inch long, usually persisting during first winter. ^ i wi «u

nnrH!?r^^**1;^r"!' '^\?*'"* '^^''' passages; light, hard, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained,
not durable, liable to splinter, difficult to work, light-brown with lighter sapwood. Weight

:L : f.^' rlS, . ^^^^ '*''' ^construction, coarse lumber, and especially for frame work
and weather-boarding of buildings, paper pulp, and laths. ^ '

^^^^^.^^^^^^^ CHARACTERISTICS-The Hemlock, also known as HenUock Spruce and
Spruce line, can be distinguished by its flat linear needles with two longitudinal white streaks
w» the lower surface; the needles are jointed to short persistent woody stalks known as sterig-
mata and appear two-ranked, but in addition to the two conspicuous lateral rows there Is a
Z Z V"T«^*«"^'»«, 7^^ .o' "^» needles on top of the twig extending In the same direction
?!^^ Ik , ;* \ ^^^"^^ ^"^^ "^"^^ '****^' irregularly along the main branches and diverge
from the latter at an angle of usually less than 75 degrees. The cones are about J of an
nch long, and often persist through one winter. The inner bark is cinnamon-red. The early
lumbermen recognized two varieties of Hemlock, namely. White Hemlock and Red Hemlock.

RANGB-Nova Scotia south to Pennsylvania and along the mountains to Alabama, and west
to Amnnesota.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA-Rather commonly distributed in moist situations through-
r„*. H ";''"ft*^'n«"« '«»*on8 «' the State. Most common in the central and northern parts.
Scattered in local groups in narrow, cool ravines, and on rocky slopes In the southeastern and
southwestern parts.

HABITAT—Usually found in moist locations, such as northern slopes of rocky ridges, banks of
streams, ponds and lakes. swan>p8. river gorges, and mountain slopes. It prefers a dense forest
structure since it is shade loving and not very wind-firm.

t.^^^l^^ OF THE SPECIES-The Hemlock yields not only lun.ber but also bark rich in
tannic acid and a volatile oil to which a medicinal value Is attached. The ordinary wood which

L^n^"*"^ «?"/!, 7"^" "" ""****'' "^^"^ 8^''«^*'' *n<* th« difficulty with which It is established by
planting will tend to decrease its prevalence in our forest structure, especially since more valu-
able and more rapid-growing species like Pine and Spruce will thrive on the same area. Wher-
ever it can be regenerated naturally without sacrificing more valuable species it should be retained
in«??l. structure. It is one of the most attractive, if not the most attractive, of our

coniferous evergreen trees.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

« f

90

BALSAM FIR
Abies balsamea, (Linnaeus) Miller

to North America and 1 to ^^^f ^1^^^^. kZ^S rwie on^y 2 species are native east of the
Eight species are found in western North America while omy J ^j^^ ^ther eastern

foot hills of the Rocky Mountains. One °5 ^^^f^.^^^^j'^p^ ,^ found only in the Appalachian
Boecies not native to Pennsylvania. Abies Fraseri (Pursh.) roir,
TuTtlins from Virginia to North Carolina and Tennessee.

FOHM-A medium-Sized tree attaining a height of 30^ f^,f;;\^rX'tnd\'gh Vat^^^^^^^
- rsldr^^^^c^- '^V^rZ'^lXi^^^^r\.. Often hroader in older
specimens.

IWiaS_S.ender, .t «r,t Mir. and ,eUow.*-«ree., U.« ..nco.. .„d ,r.yi.h-bro™, «u.Uy
arranged opposite one another.

BVD^;.tere* .t e„. ot t.nn.n.. .w.^, ova^ « .P^eHC, about 1/0 .« -n U>c. loa..
00^ with »er, gl«..y. vamlahed, ora-ge-green »=ale..

upon drying. .

PLOWEE^Appe., aW Ma. or ,une. ^^^»- ^^ Jtrr^r^UTnoTro. -a

='LgnuLrro.Cc;iinS-."-- ^ - -

-V o A (n/>h(>a lone with broad round
FOTIT_An erect oWo«g<2Hn«oa^j'"\»»7^^„S,»«i,f.* ^.t/JaT^e a. the end of tat

-r-'s^sfarun rarr r;;xraoarn.e o. ^...^^^.

brown not strong nor durable. Weighs 24 lbs. per cudic iwi.

puircratel paclJng boxes, and occasionally for lumber. ^

BISTINGUISHINO CHAEACTERISTICB-The mi^^^^^^^^^^ fror^ay-

Blister Pine, is distinguished ^^l^^^^^^^^^.^fZ oWong cylindrical erect cones with deciduous
ish-brown bark covered with proj^ting "^^t^v *?anked leaves which are stalkless and leave a
iTales. and by its ^athe^flattened apparently ^^^^"^^f^^^^^^^ ^^.^^at resemble those of the

rmrk'bltTey-Ce ^^^ned^" Tl'X ^^^^ while those of the latter species are pointed
S short 'persistent stalks known as sterigmata.

. to AihPrta Bouth to Pennsylvania and Minnesota and along the moun-
B.ANOE— fLabrador west to Alberta, Bowui w jtchuoj

tains to Virginia.

WSTBIBUTION IK ^^^^^^^^-^^.X^U^f^l ^arn." Wa^e, "sl^^,^".

-d%ir?.un?r ^•f^^r v^turrk r :u' .oc.f «....

« «.. thPlr borders In the north found commonly in low
HABITAT-Usually Inhabits «wamp« or their ^^^^^^^J^ ^^^ ^opes. Generally occurs

associates. -ooTmiivi

XMPOBIAKOE OF THE ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^t^^.^'^l^t 'SSTWS^^^
vaS. OB account o( It, "><^'^J'"WJ»*^" '°* ijt ^nlung percentage, «.d the «.b,e,uent
.„ regenerate "tlflclally ^ce the^ ed^- « '«« T^genemted naturally upon »«ch area.

^hrrnr .rTaiuir^ir^i^jot^^g^^^ .he b -. -- -rrh.nu:.e

rptrtr^.'B^le'L'-rr erilSr.n'Vll^e couuty^'.u ^. The tree, are now ™re
than 26 feet high.

4.
5.

(i.

PLATE XXIV. BALSAM FIR

Branch Avith needles and stamlnate flowers, x i.

Branch with needles and pistillate flowers, x ... „.,,!, .i, tii.> s.nU's hnvc fallen, x

Branch with needles, three cones and one cone axis from mIik-Ii tin stauh lunt

A cone scale with two winged seeds, natural size.

A winged seed, slightly enlarged.

A seed, enlarged. ,

Leafless branch with buds, slightly enlarged.

A seedling, x J.

90

Hi

BALSAM FIR
Abies balsamea, (Linnaeus) Miller

QEinJS DESOEIPTION-Thc Fir. comprise ^^^^ ^5 ^pecieB o^^^^^
to North America and 1 to Pennsylva^a^ They ^e --^^ ^^^ '^^^ ^, satire east of the
Bight .pedes are found In western ^^^\^!^''^^^J'^ Pennsylvania. The other eastern
foot hlUs of the Rocky Mountains. One J^^hese^ native to Fe J^^ ^^ ^^ Appalachian

anecies not native to Pennsylvania, Abies Fraserl (imrsn.) ruir,
i^uttlir^^m Virginia to North Carolina and Tenne«ee.

. . t.»i..h«^ ft* an "sn ft but may reach a height of IW

FORlfr-A medium-sized tree attaining a J»ei«" o' ^^ ]l;'^^^ oltifudes and high latitudes.

specimens .

arranged opposite one another.

oOTered with »ery .low. vamlAed, orange-gteen K.l«.

upon drying. .

^r«aT«., pacing box... .»* occuiionaW for l»n.l*r.

BUater Pine, la dlrtlngalahel ^^^ \^« "'f,^^",'^ rMonrcyUndrtcarerect eon., with d«!l*K.o.

i±.'^.rs.rJi r'?oU" r;s.;'a:.^rre"th^i o, th. ..tt^ ^.^ a. .o>at«>

to short 'persistent stalks known as sterlgmata.

a.w -* «.„ft. to Pennsylvania and Minnesota and along the moun-
KANOE-JLabrador west to Alberta, south to Pennsyi^ ama n

tains to Virginia.

irsiv^'^un'Jir ittr 'rn^^s^i r ShS .oc? 0......

*v I. K«,.iior« In the north found commonly in low
HABITAT-Usually Inhabits swamps or their ^<f^!"^ ^ ^^ slopes. Generally occurs

^rzsru'ufU rcurroanx'h^s ;^r.taTrtp™r aa. He^<«h ... .« 00.^0^

associates. ,

• IMPOETANCE OF THE SPEOIES-Balsam ^^ ^^of^n.^^rci^ ^r^Itls^Su
v,^on account of Its "^^^ed jilstributlon and the ^^^j^/J^^^i^e. and the «ib.eQuent
to regenerate artificially since the weds have a low "^^J^J^ naturally upon such area,
establishment is aUo dlflBcult. This ^des ^ould t^««^ ^^^ ,. commonly um^ m a

where other more valuable '^^''\Z^^L^tme U may pay to ralst. It for this purpose.
rpl^UorofClim^Tr erilS^ri^^^^^^ county^- 1903. The tree, are now more
than 26 feet high.

PLATE XXIV. BALSAM FIR

1. Branch with needles and stamlnate flowers, x i.

2. Branch with needles and pistillate flowers, x J. , j fallen, x J.
». Branch with needles, three cones and one cone axis from wbicU tne staies

4. A cone scale with two winged seeds, natural size.

5. A winged seed, slightly enlarged.
t> A. H6od. 6nlH.r£r6d

1. Leafless branch with buds, slightly enlarged.

8. A seedling, x J.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

in

PLATE XXV. WHITE CEDAR

1. A floweriuB branch, X h- ,

2 V luancli with needles sincl funt, x 2.

:{■ A «'<.ne, slightly enlarued.

4 V winged seed, slightly enliirge(L

r.. A seedling, natural size

a, I'ortiou of branch, enlarged.

91

WHITE CEDAR

Chamaecyparis thyoides, (Linnaeus) BSP

GENUS DESCSIPTION — The genus Chamaecyi>ari8 comprises about 6 species In the world,
of which number 3 ore native to North Anwrlca. Of the 3 species native to North America 2 are
found in the western part, while only 1 is found in the eastern part. The latter was at one
time native to a small portion of Pennsylvania. The Cedars are not very well known as forest
trees, bat are planted extensively in this country and abroad for ornamental purposes. The
lumberman Is Just beginning to appreciate the value of the wood which is obtained from the
western species.

FORM— A small tree usually attaining a height of 30-50 ft. with a diameter of 1-2 ft. but may
r<^ach a height of 90 ft. with a dianteter of 4 ft. Trunk straight, continuous, tapering, and bears
slender horizontally spreading branches which form a narrow, pointed, conical crown.

BAILK — Rather thin, reddish-brown, somewhat furrowed, peels off into long, fibrous, fllm-like
scales.

TWIGS— Rather slender, somewhat flattened, at first bluish-green, later after the leaves have
fallen they become roundish and reddish-brown. The terminal twigs are often arranged in fan-
like clusters.

BTJDS— Very uuali and inconspicuous, usually covered by the closely overlapping scale-like
leaves.

LEAVES— Small, ovate, sharp-pointed, bluish-green, closely overlapping, scale-like, 4-ranked
but presenting a compressed appearance. Often spreading and awl-shaped on vigorous shoots.
A conspicuous but rather small glandular dot is often found on the back.

LEAT-SCAES— Not present because leaves preslst for 4 or more years; then die and dry up
upon the branches.

FLOWERS— Appear in Mlarch or April. Stamdnate flowers are oblong, about i of an inch long,
with 10-12 stamens on shield-shaped filaments. Pistillate flowers are globular, about 1/10 of an
inch in diameter, with about six shield-shaped scales each usuaUy bearing 2 ovules.

FRUIT — A small globose cone which is rather common but inconspicuous, about i of an inch
in diameter and maturing at the end of the first season. Scales of cone shield-shaped and
joined to axis of cone by stalk. Outer face of scale is marked by a slight projection. Each
fertile scale bears 1 or 2 fertile winged seeds.

WOOD^Non-porous, light, soft, not strong, very durable, slightly fragrant, light brown
tinged with red; sapwood pale. Weighs 21 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in cooperage and boat
building, for fence posts, railroad tiea, shingles, and woodenware.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The White Cedar, also known as Cedar and Coast
White Cedar, can be disUnguished by its characteristic globose fruit with shield-shaped scales
which are fastened to the main axis by means of short stalks. It somewhat resembles the Arbor
Vitae but the f<wmer has less flattened and less distinctly fan-shaped twigs. The twigs of the
White Cedar are not so stout as those of the Arbor Vitae. The former also has bluish-green
leaves while the latter has yellowish-green. It can be distinguished from the Red Cedar and the
Common Juniper by its more prominent glandular dots on the leaves and its round twigs; the
twigs of the latter species are 3 to 4-sided. It also lacks the awl-shaped leaves found on the
Common Juniper and usually present on the Red Cedar.

RANGE— Cape Breton Island southward along coast region to Florida and Mississippi.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— A Coastal Plains species, which occurred originally
in a few swamps in the extreme southeastern part of the State, but is now entirely extinct
in Pennsylvania. The two stations, where it was found at an early date, are at Tinicum
Swamp, in Delaware county, and the swamps in the vicinity of Bristol, Bucks county. Found
as an ornamental tree in every part of the State.

HABITAT— Prefers swamps and marshes but will grow in dry locations. Occupies many swamps
to tiie exclusion of other tree species. In tiie soutii it is often found in tiie swamps with the
Bald Cypress and in the north with Arbor Vitae, Fir, and Spruce.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The White Cedar is so limited In Its distribution in Penn-
sylvania and the wood of so little commercial importance tiiat it cannot be recommended for
forestry purposes. It may be recommended for very swampy locations where other more
valuable trees wUI not grow, and deserves to be planted extensively for ornamental puriwses
since it is one of the most beautiful coniferous trees of eastern Nortii America on account of lu
attractive form and beautiful foUage. More than a dozen varieties of it are known.

X

i

,#4,

PLATE XXV. WHITE CEDAR

1 A lln\vfiin« braiu'li, X i-

•» V iMHiicli with noodles iiiul Iniit, x ::.

n' A cniio, slifilllly CMhllUCd.

4' V wiiwd seed, slitfhtl.v onlavge(L

.-. A s.-c(lliii«. iiatuial size.

<1 I'nrtiou of brunch, oularsod..

91

WHITE CEDAR

Chamaecyparis thyoides, (Linnaeus) BSP

GENUS DESCRIPTION — The genus Chamaecyparis comprises about 6 species in the world,
of which number 3 ore native to North Annerlca. Of the 3 species native to North America 2 are
found in the w^istem part, while only 1 is found in the eastern part. The latter was at one
time native to a small portion of Pennsylvania. The Cedars are not very well known as forest
trees, but are planted extensively in tliis country and abroad for ornamental purposes. The
lumberman is just beginning to appreciate the value of tlie wood which is obtained from the
western species.

FORM— A small tree usually attaining a height of 30-50 ft. with a diameter of 1-2 ft. but may
rtach a height of 90 ft. with a diameter of 4 ft. Trunk straight, continuous, tapering, and bears
slender horizontally spreading branches which form a narrow, pointed, conical crown.

BARK — Rather thin, reddish-brown, somewhat furrowed, i^eels off into long, fibrous, fllm-llke
scales.

TWIGS— Rather slender, somewhat flattened, at first bluish-green, later after the leaves have
fallen they become roundish and reddish-brown. The terminal twigs are often arranged In fan-
like clusters.

BUDS — Very small and inconspicuous, usually covered by the closely overlapping scale-like
leaves.

LEAVES— Small, ovate, sharp-pointed, bluish-green, closely overlapping, scale-like, 4-ranked
but presenting a compressed appearance. Often spreading and awl-shaped on vigorous shoots.
A conspicuous but rather small glandular dot is often found on the back.

LEAP-SCARS — Not present becavse leaves presist for 4 or more years; then die and dry up
upon the branches.

FLOWERS— Appear in Mlarch or April. Stamdnate flowers are oblong, about \ of an inch long,
with 10 12 stamens on shield-shaped filaments. Pistillate flowers are globular, about 1/10 of an
inch in diameter, with about six shield-shaped scales each usually bearing 2 ovules.

FRUIT — A small globose cone which Is rather common but inconspicuous, about \ of an inch
in diameter and maturing at the end of the first season. Scales of cone shield-shaped and
joined to axis of cone by stalk. Outer face of scale is marked by a slight projection. Bach
fertile scale bears 1 or 2 fertile winged seeds.

WOOD— Non-porous, light, soft, not strong, very durable, slightly fragrant, light brown
tinged with red; sapwood pale. Weighs 21 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in cooperage and boat
building, for fence posts, railroad ties, shingles, and woodenware.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The White Cedar, also known as Cedar and Coast
White Cedar, can be distinguished by its characteristic globose fruit with shield-shaped scales
which are fastened to the main axis by means of short stalks. It somewhat resembles the Arbor
Vltae but the former has less flattened and less distinctly fan-shaped twigs. The twigs of the
White Cedar are not so stout as those of the Arbor Vltae. The former also has bluish-green
leaves while the latter has yellowish-green. It can be distinguished from the Red Cedar and the
Common Juniper by its more prominent glandular dots on the leaves and its round twigs; the
twigs of the latter species are 3 to 4-8ided. It also lacks the awl-shaped leaves found on the
Common Juniper and usually present on the Red Cedar.

RANGE— Cape Breton Island southward along coast region to Florida and Mississippi.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANL/U-A Coastal Plains species, which occurred originally
in a few swamps in the extreme southeastern part of the State, but is now entirely extinct
In Pennsylvania. The two stations, where it was found at an early date, are at Tinicum
Swamp, in Delaware county, and the swamps In the vicinity of Bristol, Bucks county. Pound
as an ornamental tree In every part of the State.

HABITAT— Prefers swamps and marshes but will grow in dry locations. Occupies many swamps
to the exclusion of other tree species. In the south it Is often found in the swamps with the
Bald Cypress and In the north with Arbor Vltae, Fir, and Spruce.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The White Cedar is so limited In Its distribution In Penn-
sylvania and the wood of so little cominercial Importance that it cannot be recommended for
forestry purposes. It may be recommended for very swampy locations where other more
valuable trees will not grow, and deserves to be planted extensively for ornamental purposes
since It is one of the most beautiful coniferous trees of eastern North America on account oi us
attractive form and beautiful foUage. More than a dozen varieties of it are known.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

92

i

ARBOR VITAE

Thuja occidentalis, Linnaeus

GENVS DESCRIPTION-The genuB Thuja comprises 4 known species 4" t^J^.^^^'/' "^^^^
n,^er 2 are found in North America. One of the 2 species native to North Ame^ca is found
r^f eastern part, and the other in the western part. The westenx spec es ^ttah^s a h.rge
Bize while the one found in the East usually remains a smaU tree. They are ^^IJ^l^
ar;r^ment«rtrrs but furnish some lumber, which is very valuable on account of its great
SLa^^! The S^k also yields tanning material and the twigs and leaves contain a volatile
oil which possesses stimulating properties.

FORM-A medium-sized tree usually attaining a height ol 20-50 ft. with a diameter of 1-2 ft.
but may reach a height of 75 ft. with a diameter of 3-4 ft.

TRUNK-Tapering. furrowed, buttressed and often divided. Crown dense, conical, very high,
and often covered with foliage almost to the base.

BARK-Grayish to reddish-brown, thin, furrowed, separating into long rather thin, fibrous and
often persistent strips.

TWIG&-Yellowi8h-green, evidently flattened, somewhat 4-8ided. completely covered by closely
adhering leaves, zigzag or arranged in fan-shaped clusters.

BUDS— Leaf-buds not scaly, covered by closely adhering scale-like leaves.

lEAVES-Opposite. scale-like, closely overlapping, aromatic when c'Tf f ' ^"^,J^7,,„^°'^^\^"*
ous glandular s^ts on the thrifty shoots. | of an inch long, of two kinds in altematmg pairs.
Those on the side of the twigs keeled; those on the face of the twigs flat.

FTOWERS-Annear about April or May. Stamlnate and pistillate flowers usually «>ccur on
di™^ tw?^ Stai^nat"lre ro^^^^ inconspicuous and yellowish. PistiUate are small, ovoid,
purplish, with 4-6 pairs of thin oval scales.

FRUIT-An oblong cone with 6-12 obtuse scales. i-§ of an inch long, reddish-brown, matures
in one season. Seeds oblong, winged, about i of an inch long.

WOOD-Non-porous; resin passages absent; light. ^<>'^'^^^'''''''^f^;^'''JT^^^^
white, heartwood yellowish brown. Weighs 20 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fence posts, rails,

• shingles, spools, and railroad ties.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS-The Arbor Vltae, also known as White Ce^" n^"^
Cedar rnay be distinguished at any season of the year by its scale-like and <;l««^»y °T«J^*PPi"«
leaVes f^m all the other trees native to the State of Pennsylvania except the true WWt« ?f^-
It I^n 1^ distinguished from the latter, which also has scale-like leaves, by its more flattened
L l^^r tX whSi are also more fan-shaped. The fruit of the Arbor Vitae is oblong with
thin oWong scale's, while that of the White Cedar is spherical with thick shield-shaped scales.

RANGE-Southem Labrador west to Manitoba and Minnesota, and south along the mountains
to North Carolina and eastern Tennessee.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA-The Arbor Vitae is found to the north and south of
Penwlvania. but so far no authentic records are available which show that it is native to this
St^^ It is. however, found very conunonly throughout the entire State as an ornamental tree
and sometimes as a hedge.

HABITAT— Usually found In low swampy situations on the borders of ponds, streams, and
lafetbuf^casonany ascends to drier ground. In the north it is often found in the sphagnunj
l^g^ with S^ce and Fir. while in the south it is usually found on the mountain slopes and tops
with the Spruce and other coniferous species.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Arbor Vitae is one of our most valuable trees for or-
nalnenUl imrises It is common throughout the State as an ornamental tree and occasionally
Planted for hfdges. As a timber tree, however, it is surpassed by many other native trees and
should be plant^ for forestry purposes only in such habitats where other more valuable trees
will not grow.

iyfOa^^^S^^-

.fi'

PLATE XXVL ARBOR VITAE

1. A tluwt'iiiij: Itraiicli, x J.

•1 A hrsiiK-li "itU iicfdh's hihI Iriiit, x j- .

;;. A foiM'-scali' witii wiiiK<'«l seeds, iiiitiniil size

4. A winded seed, eiihirued.

."). A seedliuK, natural size.

6. Portion of branch, natural size.

••^■i.

N

w

1

I I

N

ARBOR VITAE
Thuja occidentalis, Linnaeus

OENUS DE8CEIPTI0N-The genus Thuja oompriseB 4 known species »»**;« Tl^^*;:/,', "^^^^

durability. The bark also yields Unnlng material and the twigs and leaves contain a volatile
oil which possesses stimulating properties.

rOEM-A medium-sited tree usually attaining a height of 20-50 ft. with a diameter of 1-2 ft.
but may reach a height of 76 ft. with a diameter of 8-4 ft.

TRUNK-Tapering. furrowed, buttressed and often divided. Crown dense, conical, very high,
and often covered with foliage almost to the base.

BAM-Grayish to reddish-brown, thin, furrowed, separating into long rather thin, fibrous and
often persistent strips.

TWIGS-Yellowish-green. evidently flattened, somewhat 4.8lded. completely covered by closely
adhering leaves, zigzag or arranged In fan-shaped clusters.

BUD&-Leaf-buds not scaly, covered by closely adhering scale-llke leaves.

LEAVES-Opposite. scale-like, closely overlapping, aromatic when <^ff'^^^^J^.,^'^^i^'
ous glandular Xts on the thrifty shoots, i of an Inch loj^. of two kind, in alternating pairs.
Those on the side of the twigs keeled; those on the face of the twigs flat.

TiXOWERft-Anoear about April or May. Stamlnate and pistillate flowers usually occur on
diSi^rtwf^XminaTare Roundish, inconspicuous and yellowish. Pistillate are small, ovoid,
purplish, with 4-6 pairs of thin oval scales.

FRTHT-An oblong cone with 6-12 obtuse scales, i-i of an inch long, reddlsh-brown. matures
in one season. Seeds oblong, winged, about | of an inch long.

WOOD-Non-porous; resin passages absent; light, soft, durable. '«/7»*; »*P^^„^,/1",*;!*
white. Wt^ yellowish brown. Weigh. 20 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fence posts, rails.
• shingles, spools, and railroad ties.

DISTINGUISHINO CHARAOTEEISTICS— The Arbor Vltae. also known as White Cedar and
CeS^f. may nXguished at any season of the year by its «-^-"^%7^/^f ^X ^^C^
leaves from all the other trees native to the State of Pennsy vanla except the ^^^ J^^»^*«^^^^
It can be distinguished from the latter, which also has scale-like leaves, by its more flattenea
L lar^r tX wh^h are alw more fan-shaped. The fruit of the Arbor Vltae isoblong with
Jwn oWong scale's, while that of the White Cedar Is spherical with thick shield-shaped scale..

BANGE-Southem Labrador west to Manitoba and Minnesota, and south along the mountains
to North Carolina and eastern Tennessee.

MSTRIBUTION IX PENNSYLVANIA— The Arbor Vltae is found to the north and 80«th of
F^^^U^a Srt sTfi no authentic record, are available which show that It is native to this
StZ It is. however, found very commonly throughout the entire State as an ornamental tree
and sometime, as a hedge.

HABITAT-Usually found in low swampy situations on the borders of pond.. »t«»r,' *"^
lafel but occasionally ascend, to drier ground. In the north It Is often '°«f* *» .^^^^^'^^J^""™
Jig^ with Spruce and Fir. while in the south It is usually found on the mountain slope, and tops
with the Spruce and other coniferous species.

IMPOETANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Arbor Vltae Is one of our most valuable tree, for or-
namental pur«,ses It is common throughout the State as an ornamental tree and occasionally
pfa'tS for hSges As a timber tree, however. It is surpassed by many other "'^tlTe tree, and
shoum be plant^ for forestry purposes only in such habitats where other more valuable trees
will not grow.

PLATE XXVL ARBOR VITAE

1. A flowerinp branch, x -J.

2 A branch with noc(ll«'s aiul fruit, x j-

.{. A cone-scale with winKcd scctls, luitunil size.

4. A winged seed, enlarged.

.'). A seedling, natural size.

6. Portion of branch, natural size.

1

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

M

PLATE XXVII. RED CEDAR

1.

4.

A
A
A
A
A
A

).ian«li witli pistillate flo\v«rs, x 1
branch with staminate flowers?, x i.
I»raiicl> with needles and fniit, x A.
seedling, natural size,
branch with scale-like needles and
branch with awl-shaped needles, x

J.

single berry-lilte fruit, natural size.

m I

98

RED CEDAR

Juniperus virginiana, Linnaeus

GENUS DESCRIPTION — The genus Juniperus comprises about 40 species of trees and shrubs
la the world, of which number 16 species are native to North America and 2 to Pennsylvania.
The Junipers are usually mtdlum-slzed trees or occasionally shrubs. This Is possibly the most
widely distributed genus of trees In North America, since there is hardly a state In the United
States in which some one or a few of them do not grow. They have little value as timber
trees since only 1 species reaches a sUe large enough to produce timber. The fruit of the
Junipers usually called berries, is the most distinctive character of the trees. These berries are
in reality cones, but have the appearance of a berry. In addition to the species described here,
the Common Juniper (Juniperus c»mmunl8, Linnaeus) Is also native to this State. It is usually
a shrub, found locally In the eastern and northern parts of the State and extends as far south
as Cornwall, In Lebanon county.

PORK— An average-sized tree usually attaining a height of 26-40 ft. with diameter of 1-2 ft.
but may reach a maximum height in the south of 120 ft. with a diameter of 3-4 feet. Crown
usually deep, dense, narrow, and conic, but occasionally in old specimens broad, spreading, and
round-topped.

BAEK— Rather thin, often grooved, reddish-brown, peeling off into rather long, narrow, stringy
fllm-like strips. See Pig. 73.

TWIGS— Slender, usually four-sided and green as long as leaves persist, but after leaves have
fallen are round and reddish-brown.

BUDS— Inconspicuous, because they are small in size and covered with leaves.

leaves-Two kinds are recognized, scale-shaped and awl-shaped. Scale shaped form is typical.
ThPv are about 1/16 of an inch long, ovate, closely appressed. acute to round at apex, daric
WulL^er^^n^tlmes glandular on back, and four-ranked giving the twig an angular appearance^
The a^shap^. which usuaUy occur on young trees or on vigorous shoots, are narrow, sharp-
pointed, spreading, scattered, not overlapping, opposite, in 2s or in 38.

FMWEES-^ppear about April or May. SUminate and pistillate flowers usually occur on dif-
fer^^ees but'^^sionaUy are found on the same tree. Staminate «u^ short-stalk^ y^^^^
consisting of about 10 stamens, and produced in great numbers. Pistillate are small, with
about 6 spreading, sharp-pointed, bluish scales.

FRUIT-A dark blue berry about 1 of an inch in diameter, often covered with a white bloom
and niaturing at the end of the first or second season. Plesh sweet and covering 1-2 seeds.
Fruit often persists during the winter and furnishes food for birds.

WOOD-Non-porous; without resin passages; with distinct red heartwood and nearly ^Wt« «aiH
wood U^t soft, fragrant, weak, durable in contact with the soil, easily worked. Weighs 31
^r^ier ^bic fo;>t. Used largei; for fence posts, lead pencils, moth-proof cherts and closets,
interior finish, furniture, rustic work, pails and tubs.

DISTDfGUISHINQ CHARACTERISTICS— The Red Cedar, also known as Red Juniper, Ced«ur.
and ™n ^afleadily be distinguished from all other conifers of Pemisylvania except toe
SSi o; Dwai? Juniper, by its^berry-like fruit, if present. The common funl^'doe^ not
hRvTthP 8cale-like leaves of the Red Cedar, and the awl-shaped leaves of the Red Cedar are
^llX d«ker on toluppLr aurface and Aot regularly in 3s. The awl-shaped leaves of the
Com^f jXer Lur regS^y in 3s. are larger, sharper-pointed than those of the Red Ceda .
white on the upper surface, not decurrent along the tv^g, and diverge almost at '^l*^* J^^Kles
Se R^ Ceda^ also reach*; a larger size and is usually more er^- but bears less conspicuous
wlnteTbud^ See also "Distinguishing Characteristics" under White Cedar.

RANGE-Nova Scotia west to Ontario and South Dakota, •o'^th to Florida and Texas. The
Com^n Juniper has the widest range of any tree in the northern hemisphere.

MSTMBirTION IN PENNSYLVANIA-Pound throughout the State, but rare in northern and
werteT^r Usu^y Imary and scatte^ in abandoned ^e^d- a^^ '^ongje-^^^^^^^

of thf Delaware River in Mtonroe and Pike counties. Common on shale soils.
HABITAT-It will accept almost any location from a swamp to a poor rocky cliff ^ut reaches

shade for many years.

IMPORTANCE OP THE SPECIES-The Ited Ceda. p^^^^^^^^
slowly. Other more valuable and more rapid growing trees ^\^°^^^l Xases especially when
bring much earlier returns. It U also subject to the attack ^'^^J" ^^^^V^'JJgSy prized
young. Many ornamental varieties and ^^rms h^y^ ^en^lo^^^^^^^ ^

for landscape work. It is used rather extensively in certain localities
Christmas tree.

ilj

PLATE XXVII. RED CEDAR

IdMiiili Willi i)is1illatc tlo\v( is. x I
liianch witli staiuinato ll(nve!>-, x h.
I)niii(li with ii«'»'(U('s and fruit, x >..
scfdliiiK, natural sizo.
ln-nnch vitli s«-alf-liko noodles and
l.ranth witli awl-sliaped ucedles, x

i-

iiiglo bi'iry-likc fruit, natural size.

93

RED CEDAR

Juniperus virginiana, Linnaeus

GENUS DESCRIPTION — ^The genus Juniperus comprises about 40 species of trees and shrubs
ia the world, of which number 16 species are native to North America and 2 to Pennsylvania.
The Junipers are usually medium-sized trees or occasionally shrubs. This is possibly the most
widely distributed genus of trees in North America, since there is hardly a state in the United
States In which some one or a few of them do not grow. They have little value as timber
trees since only 1 species reaches a size large enough to produce timber. The fruit of the
Junipers usually called berries, is the most distinctive character of the trees. These berries are
in reality cones, but have the appearance of a berrj'. In addition to the species described here,
the Common Juniper (Juniperus communis, Linnaeus) Is also native to this State. It is usually
a shrub, found locally in the eastern and northern parts of the State and extends as far south
as Cornwall, in Lebanon county.

FOEM— An average-sized tree usually attaining a height of 25-40 ft. with diameter of 1-2 ft.
but may reach a maximum height in the south of 120 ft. with a diameter of 3-4 feet. Crown
usually deep, dense, narrow, and conic, but occasionally In old specimens broad, spreading, and
round-topped.

BAEK— Rather thin, often grooved, reddish-brown, peeling off Into rather long, narrow, stringy
fllm-like strips. See Fig. 73.

TWIGS— Slender, usually four-sided and green as long as leaves persist, but after leaves have
fallen are round and reddish-brown.

BUDS— rnconspicuous, because they are small in size and covered with leaves.

LEAVES— Two kinds are recognized, scale-shaped and awl-shaped. Scale shaped form is typical.
They are about 1/16 of an inch long, ovate, closely appressed, acute to round at aP^^- ««
bluish-green, sometimes glandular on back, and four-ranked giving the twig an angular appearance
The awl-shaped, which usually occur on young trees or on vigorous shoots, are narrow, sharp
pointed, spreading, scattered, not overlapping, opposite, m 2s or in 3s.

FMWEES-Appear about April or May. Stamlnate and pistillate flowers usually occur on dif-
fered trees but'^^sionally are found on the same tree, stamlnate axe short-stalke^ yellow^
consisting of about 10 stamens, and produced in great numbers. Pistillate are small, with
about 6 spreading, sharp-pointed, bluish scales.

FEUIT-A dark blue berry about i of an inch in diameter, often covered with a white bloom
and maturing at the end of the first or second season. Flesh sweet and covering 1-2 seeds.
Fruit often persists during the winter and furnishes food for birds.

WOOD-Non-porous: without resin passages; with distinct red heartwood and nearly ^Wte "aP-
woivi- Heht soft fraerant weak, durable in contact with the soil, easily worked. Weighs 31
Tbs ier '^blc fL S for fence posts, lead pencUs. moth-proof chests and closets,

interior finish, furniture, rustic work, pails and tubs.

DISTINGUISHING CHAEACTEEISTICS-The Red Cedar, also known as Red Juniper, Cedar,
and Sa^n ™rreadily be distinguished from all other conifers of Pennsylvama except the
"L^n t Dwarf Jun^iper. by its berry-like fruit. If present. ,^« --™-J"^',7ctS«^ l^
have the scale-like leaves of the Red Cedar, and the awl-shaped leaves of the Red Oedar are
generaUy diker on the upper surface and not regularly In 38. The awl-shaped leaves of the
CoXf Jumper occur reguTrly In 3s. are larger, sharper-pointed than '^^^^^''^'^^f^^^Z'
white on the uDDer surface, not decurrent along the twig, and diverge almost at right angles.
ThTR^J Cedar'^^lso'reache; a larger size and Is usually more -^t but bear« less conspicuous
winter buds. See also "Distinguishing Characteristics" under White Cedar.

EANGE-Nova Scotia west te Ontario and South Dakota, south te Florida and Texas. The
Common Juniper has the widest range of any tree in the northern hemisphere.

T>lfiTRlBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found throughout the State, but rare In northern and
we^sLTZ Usua^y Sry and scatte^d In abandoned «eld. a^^^ aiongje^^^^^^^^^^
on the shale hills, abandoned fields, and pasture lands of ^<^"™«' ^^^'^f' /X ^^^ ^ank
Montgomery and Franklin counties. Abundant on the ledges and c iff a along the west banic
S the DelH^vare River in Mtonroe and Pike counties. Com«ion on shale soils.

HABITAT-It will accept almost any location from a swamp to a P<>«!„^f ^ f^^^^^^'lf/.'^jf ^J

sliade for many years.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIE^The Red Cedar V^<>^^<^Z^^ ;;^\^f'^J^'^^^^
slowly. Other more valuable and more rapid growing trees w^ll thrive J^" the ^^^^^\
bring much earlier returns. It is also subject to the attack of '"^« ^^^^^^^Vc ^^7 Pri"^
young. Many ornamental varieties and forms have been de^«l'^P!j,,;^^^^^ .".^^ |taL as a
for landscape work. It is used rather extensively In certain localities of the State

Christmas tree.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

u

THE WILLOW FAMILY— SALICACEAE

The Willow family comprises about 200 species belonging to two
genera, the well-known Willows and the Aspens or Poplars. The
members of this family comprise both trees and shrubs found chiefly
in the north temperate and arctic zones. A few shrubby species ex-
tend far into the arctic regions. They usually prefer moist habitats
but may also be found on drier locations. One is very apt to as-
sociate the Willows with wet habitats.

The flowers appear in early spring, usually before the leaves. The
staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers are produced on
different trees. A tree bearing staminate flowers does not bear pis-
tillate. As a consequence one will find fruit only upon pistillate
trees. The pistillate flowers are fertilized by insects, usually bees,
which carry the pollen from the staminate flowers. The fruit con-
sists of capsules which split into 24 parts and are arranged in
drooping tassel-like clusters. The fruit matures in late spring at
about the same time that the leaves reach their full-size. The seeds
are small and surrounded by a dense covering of long white hairs
which aid considerably in their dispersal. The seeds must germinate
soon after they mature or they will lose the power of germination.
The bark is usually rather bitter.

Kepresentatives of both Willows and Poplars are noted for their
remarkable ability to grow both from root and shoot cuttings. One
can cut a small twig from a tree, put it into moist ground, and feel
assured that it will grow. They also sprout very freely from stumps
irrespective of the age of the stump. The following key will distin-
guish the two genera belonging to this family.

KEY TO THE GENERA

1. Buds with one bud-scale; bracts of the catkins entire; stamens fewer than 10, usually
„ Solix

Page
94

1. Buds with more than one bud-scale; bracts of the catkins fringed or lobed; stamens

usually 10 or more Populus 100

THE WILLOWS— SALIX (Tourn.) L.

The genus Salix comprises about 175 species of which number
about 100 species are native to North America and about 15 to
Pennsylvania. The members of this family are met as trees and
shrubs. Most of our native species are small trees or shrubs. Those
which attain tree-size are usually found near buildings and have
been introduced.

95

The Willows produce wood which is light, soft, not durable, and
weak. It is of little commercial importance. The value of the Wil-
lows lies in the shoots or rods which are used in the manufacture of
baskets and furniture. Some reach a large enough size to be used
for saw lumber but the trunks are usually of a poor shape and also
begin early to decay in the center. They are valuable to bind the
border of streams by means of their interlacing roots and thus pre-
vent erosion. They may also be used to prevent the movement of
shifting sands.

Few trees possess such a tenacious vitality as the Willows. They
live a long time after they appear to be dying and repair broken
parts very readily and often replace them with new growth. They
reproduce freely by means of sprouts, cuttings, and seeds. On very
wet situations, like islands or the borders of streams, they often
form dense thickets to the exclusion of almost all other growths.

The Willows as a group are easily recognized even by a layman.
They have a characteristic external appearance which one can soon
learn to appreciate. It is however, difficult to distinguish the dif-
ferent Willows from each other. They sport and hybridize freely.
Veiy often one leaves a Willow in despair because of the fact that it
was impossible to identify it. Only 4 of the 15 or 20 Willows found
in Pennsylvania are described below because many of them are mere
shrubs and others have been introduced from the eastern hemisphere.
The Weeping Willow (Salix babylonica L.) (Fig. 58) is very com-
mon in cultivation and in some localities it has escaped cultivation.
It can readily be distinguished by its drooping branches. The Crack
Willow (Salix Fragilis L.) is a native of Europe. It is common
along our streams where it reaches a large tree-size. The lateral
branches are very brittle and after a windstorm the ground around
the tree is usually covered with branchlets which have cracked off,
whence the name Crack Willow.

KEY TO THE WILLOWS*

ra>r<»

1. Leaves persistently hairy at least beneath S. rostrata

1. Leaves smooth or nearly so when mature

S. Large tree; leaves narrowly lanceolate, nigra

2. Shrub or small tree rarely 20 feet tall; leaves broadly lanceolate »

8. Capsules pubescent; petioles and stipules not glandular; buds large ^' H''td^ ^7

8. Capsules glabrous; petioles and stipules glandular; buds sniall »• *«"<»» '

~^ls not intended that this key will enable one to distinguish all ^'^^'f^'^'^y^J'^^^^^'^i^
m Pennsylvania. It simply aims to point out the distinguishing «^"«^f f »^« .«' *Jf^^^^^^
which are described here. Other species may be distinguished by the use of Porters Flora

Pennsylvania.

96

BLACK WILLOW

Salix nigra, Marshall

FOEM-I^rgest of our native tree-willows, usually 25-30 ft. high with » diameter of 10^
inches, but may reach a height of CO-80 ft., with a diameter of 2-3 feet. Trunks usually crooked,
often inclined and occurring in small groups. Crown wide, open and round-topped.

BAEK-Thick, rough, deeply furrowed, blackish-brown, with wide ridges covered with thick
scales. Ridges of bark often connected by narrow, transverse or diagonal ridges.

TWIGS— Slender, smooth, brittle, drooping, bright reddish-brown to orange colored.

BUDS^Altemate. small, about | of an inch long, sharp-pointed, reddish-brown covered by
a single scale.

LEAVES^Altemate. simple, narrowly-lanceolate, very long-pointed, tapering or ""ghtly round-
ed at base, finely serrate on margin, usually smooth and dark green above, pale green below.

LEAF-SCARS-Altemate, narrow, with 8 bundle-scars in a lunate line. Terminal scar often
larger than lateral ones. Stipule- scars large and prominent.

FLOWEBS-Appear in March or April before the leaves. Staminate and P^«"" V\^Tnn . "**"
cur^n sfparlTe trees, and both are borne in drooping aments or catkins from 1-3 inches long.

FRUIT-A reddish-brown, smooth, ovate capsule which splits open and liberates many small
seeds. Seeds covered with a dense tuft of fine long hairs.

WOOD— Diffuse-porous; with very inconspicuous medullary rays; reddish-brown, «>«. y«f*^'
firm. closT-grained: not durable. Weighs about 28 lbs. per cubic foot. Used mainly for fuel and
charcoal.

DISTmGTJISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Black Willow is the largest of our native Wil-
lows The rough, thick-scaled, blackish-brown bark is characteristic. The narrowly-lanceolate
Lnd'short-petioled leaves which are always smooth or nearly so are also distinctive The trunks
often^cur in small groups. The slender drooping branches are easily broken off at their ends.

RANGE— New Brunswick to Florida, west to Dakota. Kansas, southern Arizona and central
California.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Throughout the State. Most conmion In eastern and
southern parts.

HABITAT— Prefers moist or wet situations like banks of streams and lakes. Requires plenty
of light. Occasionally found on moist, gravelly and sandy soil,

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Black Willow is the largest tree-wlUow native to our

aora and is very conspicuous in its appearanco. It is of no present or prospective value except

as a soil conseTver and to a limited extent as a producer of fuel wood and charcoal. Other
more valuable and more attractive Irees should be grown in place of it.

PLATE XXVin. BLACK WILLOW

4.

r».

<i.
7.
S.
}).

stiiiiiiiiato flowering biaixli.
staminate Jiower, enlarged,
pistillate tloweriiig braiieli,
jtistillate flower, eiilartied.

.. I'ruiting lirancli. x h.

A seed with hairs, eiilaryed.

A winter twig, x J.

Serti«)n of a winter twig with

A leafy branch, x J.

A
A
A
A
A

X h.

l)Ud ami leaf scar,

erilaryi'd.

96

m t

BLACK WILLOW

Salix nigra, Marshall

FOEM-Largest of our native tree-wlllow«, usually 25-30 ft. high with a dian^eter of lO-W
infherbut^y reach a height of 00^80 ft., with a tUameter of 2-8 feet. Trunks usually crooked,
often inclined and occurring in small groups. Crown wide, open and round-toppea.

BAXK-Thick. rough, deeply furrowed, blackish-brown, with wide ridge, wvercd with thick
scales. Ridges of bark often connected by narrow, transverse or diagonal ridges.

TWIO&-«lender. smooth, brittle, drooping, bright reddish-brown to orange colored.

BTOa-Altemate, sinall. about i of an Inch long, sharp-pointed. reddUh-brown covered by
a single scale.

LEAVES-Altemate. simple, narrowly-lanceolate, very long-pointed, tapering or -"gbtly round-
ed at base, finely serrate on margin, usually Mnooth and dark green above, pale green below.

LEAF-BCAES-^ltemate. narrow, with 8 bundle-scars in a lunate line. Terminal scar often
larger than lateral ones. Stipule-scars large and prominent.

FLOWEBS-Appear In March or AprU before the leaves. Stamlnate and P»*«"**f .?-T«n/''"
cur ^n separate trSi. and both are borne In drooping aments or catkins from 1-3 inches long.

FEUIT-A reddish-brown, smooth, ovate capsqle which spllU open and liberates many small
seeds. Seeds covered with a dense tuft of fine long hairs.

WOOD-Dlfluse-porous; with very inconspicuous medullary ray«; reddish-brown. •»«. ^jf •
ftrm/^close-grained: not durable. Weighs about 28 lbs. per cubic foot. Used mainly for fuel and
charcoal.

DISTINGinSHING CHARACTEEISTICft-The Black Willow Is the largest of our native Wil-
lows The^S^thlS^aled. blackish-brown bark Is characteristic. The narrowly-lanceolate
anT AoS^Jloed leav^ which are always smooth or nearly so are also distinctive. The tm,J.8
oJteu^^in small groups. The slender drooping branches are easily broken off at their ends.

EAHGE-New Brunswick to Florida, west to Dakota, Kansas, southern Arizona and central
California.

DIBTBIBUTIOK IN PENNSYLVANIA— Throughout the State. Most common in eastern and
southern parts.

HABITAT— Prefers moist or wet situations like banks of stireams and lakes. Requires plenty
of light. Occasionally found on moist, gravelly and sandy soil.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— Tlie Black Willow is the largest tree-wlUow native to our
fiora and is very conspicuous In Its appearance. It Is of no present or prospective value except
as a soil oonwrver and to a limited extent as a producer of fuel wood and charcoal. Otiier
more valuable and iivore attractive trees should be grown in place of it.

Hi it

PLATE XXVIIL BLACK WILLOW

1. A stamina te Howering branch, x i.

2. A staminate flower, enlarged.

:i. A pistillate flowering branch, x J.

4. A pistillate floAver, enlarged.

5. A fruiting branch, x i.

(!. A seed with hairs, enlarged.

7. A winter twig, x i. ... , , , i,..,f ^,.. iiiMi-.-cd

8. Section of a winter tAvig with bud und leal-M.-Mi, enlaifeMi.

J). A leafy branch, x 3-

i 1

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

!l

^^i

Si

i\

97

SHINING WILLOW
Salix lucida, Muhlenburg

FOSM— A shrub or Minall tree Bometimes reaching a height of 25 ft. with a diameter of 8
inches. Trunk short, bearing rather ascending branches which form a rather symmetrical and
broad crown.

BABK — Smooth, thin, bitter, tarown to reddish-brown.

TWIGS — Shining, yellowish-brown, later dark brown.

BUDS— Alternate, smooth, ovate, pointed, about i of an Inch long, covered by a single yeUow-
ish brown scale.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, broadly lanceolate to ovate, long-pointed at apex, tapering or
rounded at base, finely toothed on margin, smooth and shining above, paler below.

LEAr-SCABS—Alternate, somewhat raised, lunate, with 3 conspicuous buudle-scars.

FLOWERS— Appear in catkins about April before the leaves have unfolded. Stamlnate and
pistillate flowers occur on separate trees. The sUminate have five stamens, and are arranged
in dense flovrered catkins about 1-lJ inches long. The pistillate ars arranged in slender catkins
from li-2 inches long.

FEUTT— A narrowly-ovoid, smooth, dull, evidently-stalked, straw-colored to pale brown or
greenish capsule which is evidently-rounded at the base,

WOOD— Same as that of other Willows. See description under Black WlUow, page 96.

DISTDfOTHSHUrG OHABAOTEEISTICS— The Shining Willow, also knovm as Glossy Willow,
may be distinguished by its shining leaves which are lanceolate to ovate In outline, and by its
glandular petioles and stipules. The shining brownish or yellovdsh twigs are also characteristic.
The capsules are smooth and the stamlnate flowers usually have 6 stamens.

RANGE— Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Pennsylvania, west to Kentucky and Nebraska.

DISTBIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Locally throughout the State except in the southern
part.

HABITAT— Prefers wet habitats. Common along streams, on islands, and In wet semi-boggy
situations.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Shining Willow Is a very common shrub or small tree
in wet situations throughout this State. The wood Is of no commercial importance. The tree
often acts as a soil binder upon areas where erosion is to be feared. It Is also one of the most
attractive of our small Willows, both in its natural haunts and artificial enrlronmentB.

:l

11

T I

PLATE XXIX. SHINING WILLOW

1. A staniiuate flowering hrancli, x J.
2 A staminato flower, slightly enlarged.
3. A pistillate flowering branch, x J.

4. A pistillatp flower, slightl.v enlarged

5. Section of a fruiting branch, x J.

6. A branch with mature leaves, x J.

G— «

PLATE XXIX. SHINING WILLOW

I

1 A staminato flowering Itraiicli, x I.
1», A staminato flower. fjliRlitly oiiIarKod.
3. A pistillate flowering Idaiirli, -v i.

4. A pistillatP flower, slightly onlarged

.,. Section of a fruiting branch, x
G. A branch with mature leaves, x

97

SHINING WILLOW
Salix lucida, Muhlenburg

YOBM ^A shrub or small tree sometimes reaching a height of 25 ft with a diameter of 8

inches. Trunk short, btaring rather ascending branches which form a rather synunetrical and
broAd crown.

BAEK— Smooth, thin, bitter, brown to reddish-brown.

TWIGS — Shining, yellowish-brown, later dark brown.

BUDS— Alternate, smooth, ovate, pointed, about i of an inch long, covered by a single yeUow-
ish brown scale.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, broadly lanceolate to ovate, long-pointed at apex, tapering or
rounded at base, tlnely toothed on margin, smooth and shining above, paler below.

LEAF-SCAKS— Alternate, somewhat raised, lunate, with 3 conspicuous bundle-scars.

FLOWERS Appear in catkins about April before the leaves have unfolded. StanUnate and

pistiUate flowers occur on separate trees. The staminate have five stamens, and are arranged
in dense flowered catkins about 1-lJ inches long. The pistillate ar« arranged in slender catkins
from li-2 inches long.

FRUIT— A narrowly-ovoid, smooth, dull, evidently-stalked, straw-colored to pale brovra or
greenish capsule which is evidently-rounded at the base.

WOOD— Same as that of other Willows, See description under Black Willow, page 96.

DISTINGUISmKG CHARACTERISTICS— The Shining WiUow, also knoAvn as Glossy Willow,
may be distinguished by its shining leaves which are lanceolate to ovate in outline, and by its
glandular petioles and stipules. The shining brownish or yellowish twigs are also characteristic.
The capsules are smooth and the staminate flowers usually have 5 stamens.

RANGE— Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Pennsylvania, west to Kentucky and Nebraska.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Locally throughout the State except in the southern
part.

HABITAT— Prefers wet habitats. Common along streams, on Islands, and In wet semi-boggy
situations.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Shining Willow is a very common shrub or small tree
in wet situations throughout this State. The wood is of no conunerclal Importance. The tree
often acts as a soil binder upon areas where erosion is to be feared. It is also one of the most
attractive of our small Willows, both in Its natural haunts and artificial environments.

G— 8

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

98

II

II

1

GLAUCOUS WILLOW

Salix discolor, Muhlenburg

FORM— A shrub or gmall tree usually from 6-16 feet high but may reach a height of 25 ft.
wlfh a matete^ of 8 Ses. Trunk short and bearing stout ascending branches which form .
round-topped crown.

BARK— Thin, smooth, occasionally scaly, reddish-brown.

TWIGS-At first hairy, later smooth, stout, reddish-purple to dark green, rather flexible.

BUDS-Altemate, closely appre^sed. flattened, pointed, about i-J of an inch long, covered by
a solitary shining reddish-purple scale. Flower buds much larger than leaf-buds.

LEAVES-Altemate. simple, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate ^t^^PP^^^^^^^^^.^f^^^ """^^^^^^^
base, coarsely toothed on margin, glaucous or white beneath, green and smooth above. Petioles
and stipules not glandular.

LEAF-SCAKS— Alternate, somewhat raised, lunate, contain 3 bundle-scars.

FLOWEBfr-Appear in March on twigs of previous season's growth before the »eav«8 unfold,
Stamirmte and p^^illate flowers occur on separate trees; catkins densely flowered, with brown-
tipped bracts.

FBUIT— A large, hairy, long-beaked, light brown capsule.

WOOD-Same as that of other Willows. See description under Black Willow, page 06.

nTRTlVOTTISHmG CHABACTERISTICS— The Glaucous Willow, also known as Pussy Willow,
J^'irZ^f^sL'^^it^.nceoUte to elliptic leaves which -smooth and bright ««"
above and glaucous beneath. The blossoms are thick, about half as wide as long. Capsules are
pubescent. The scales of the blossoms are clothed with long shining hairs.

EANGE— Nova Scotia and Manitoba, south to Delaware and Missouri.

DISTRIBTTTION IN PENNSYLVANIA-Locally throughout the State. Rather common along
the main streams and their tributaries.

HABITAT— Prefers wet habitats such as one finds along streams, on the borders of lakes in
sw^psTd ^^ bogr^ituations. Occasionally on moist hillsides. Planted specimens often
grow on rather dry situations.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Glaucous Willow produces wood wliich is of no special
co^ero^al imJ^rtance ThT main value of the tree lies in its attractive blossoms which appear
rarTln spring Se the leaves have unfolded. It also possesses a rather handsome form and
an attractive bark.

PLATE XXX. GLAUCOUS WILLOW

4.

r».

(i.
7.

A staniinato
A stainiiuiti'
A pistillaic
Sortion of a
A i>istillat('
A braiioii wi

liraiu'li, X I.
liulitly <Milaiu('(l.

tltnvt'rina;

lldwcr, s
flow.'rinn liraiirh, x

fruitiim lir:m,-li, x h.
tlowcr. slightly t'liiar;
th inaturc leaves, x \

;cil.

A winter t\vi«, x
Scftion of a twin

'with a l>U(l

ami leat scar. eiilar«<'tl.

98

II

11

GLAUCOUS WILLOW
Salix discolor, Muhlenburg

FORl^-A shrub or nnall tree uroally from 6-16 feet high but may reach a »»«*«*;* «' 25 ft.
with VdTameter of 8 inches. Trunk abort and bearing stout ascending branches which form a
round-topped crown.

BARK— Thin, smooth, occasionally scaly, reddish-brown.

TWIGS-At first hairy, later smooth, stout, reddlsh-puiple to dark green, rather flexible.

BTJDS-Altemate. closely appressed, flattened, pointed, about ii of aninch long, covered by
a solitary shining reddish-purple scale. Flower buds much larger than leaf-buds.

LEAVES-Altemate, simple, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, sharp-pointed «»* '^Pf/'^J^""^^^ .**
bat coarsely toothed on margin, glaucous or white beneath, green and smooth above. Petioles
and stipules not glandular.

LEAF-SCABS— Alternate, somewhat raised, lunate, contain 3 bundle-scars.

FLOWEBS-Appear in March on twigs of previous season's growth before the leaves unfold,
Staminate and piaTillate flowers occur on separate trees; catkins densely flowered, with brown-
tipped bracts.

FBUIT— A large, hairy, long-beaked, light brown capsule.

WOOD— Same as that of other Willows. See deacrlptlon under Black Willow, page 96.

DISTINGUISHING CHABACTERISTIOS-The Glaucous WUlow, also known »» /""y ^y*"^^'
may be distinguished by its lanceolate to elliptic leaves which are smooth and bright green
Xve^nd glaucous beneath. The blossoms are thick, about half aa wide as long. Capsules are
pubescent. The scales of the blossoms are clothed with long shining hairs.

BANGE— Nova Scotia and Manitoba, south to Delaware and Missouri.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA-Locally throughout the State. Rather common along
the main streams and their tributaries.

HABITAT— Prefers wet habitats such as one finds along streams, on the borders of lakes In
sw^ps and semi-boggy situations. Occasionally on moist hillsides. Planted specimens often
grow on rather dry situations.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Glaucous Willow produces wood which is of no special
commercial Importance. The main value of the tree lies in its attractive blossona« which appear
ear^ in spring before the leaves have mifolded. It also possesses a rather handsome form and
an attractive bark.

PLATE XXX. GLAUCOUS WILLOW

1. A staniinate flowering branch, x i.

2. A staniinate flower, slightly t'lilaigi'd.
•A. A pistillaU' flowering branch, x i-

4. Spotion of a fruiting brancij, x J.

r.. A pistillate flower, sliglitly eiilariied.

(i. A branch with mature leaves, x J.

I: iecUoirof*a'*twU? with a bud and leaf scar, eMl;n«e,l.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

I i

^

<^

PLATE XXXI. BEAKED WILLOW

1. A stamina te flowering |>ran<'li, x *.

2 A staminate flower, slightly enlarged.

:^ A pistillate flowering branch, x J.

4 Section of a fruiting brantli, x i-

5 A pistillate flower, slightly on 1 a !•},'('( 1.
G A branch with mature leaves, x {.

8'. tecTiof of'a''twii with a bud and leaf-scar, enlarged.

BEAKED WILLOW
Salix rostrata, Richards

meter. a^.„k .hort. often Inclined 'and ^steV^'^Vbrd" ^'' "^ '^'^'^ «"^ ^-4
BABK-On trunk tWn smooth «« .. ""** wund-topped.

.=.^SU' ■"' --■ -- --. ..».. ..„.. .0 ..„„, ^, ,„,^„^ ,^^_ ^__^'

it:u, witn 3 consplcnous bundle-

IMPOHTANCE OF THE SPP^Tro^ «,

*^ y-= ^-

99

»'

Nil

■i:

-^'

PLATE XXXI. BEAKED WILLOW

1 A stamiiiato flowering laanch, x h
•2 A stauiinato flower, slightly eiilar>;»'a-
:', A i)lstillate flowering branch, x A.
4 Seotion of a fruiting Imuu li, x^.
-.■ V idstillate flower, sliglitly enlar^'.-d.
(J. A liraiicli witli iiiaUire leaves, x ,..

8. teetioirof^a' Uvig with a bud and leaf-scar, enlarged.

BEAKED WILLOW
Salix rostrata, Richards

Inches irTitame'ler tI^^I *T' ''^'•*^''^ exceeding 20 ft in h.i k*

jTsu' - -- - »»... ..... ..,„, .„ _ ^,^^ __^^ __^ _^^'

LEAVER_ covered by a single

=.~?£i ~ »"''^°-' --""; s:r„'; r/-"'"'- - ---'-- «

HOWEBS-A co-Plo-ou. bundle-

WOOI.-n,» '^^ ""'™"^'-«'''> and sU.ked cap.„,e

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPFPirc r.

-". ...« p«ve„rr."„'.r .::^"':::,:s -- - "«""i-«" anrr'..r;: sj,- r'

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

100

THE ASPENS AND COTTONWOOD S—POPULUS (Tourn.) L.

The genus Populus comprises about 27 species native to the north
temperate and arctic zones, of which number 19 are native to North
America and 4 to Pennsylvania.

The trees belonging to this genus have many common names, as
Aspens, Cottonwoods, Poplars, or Popples. Although some of them
are called Poplar, still they are in no way related to the well known
Yellow Poplar or Tulip Tree which belongs to the Magnolia family.

The leaves of some of the representatives become very conspicuous
on account of their trembling or quaking habit. This fluttering of
the leaves, even when only a slight breeze is at hand, is due to their
laterally compressed leaf stalks. The buds of a few species are evi-
dently resinous and often pungent. Possibly no group of trees, ex-
cept the Willows, is so well equipped to disseminate its seeds. The
seeds are very light, produced in great abundance, and furnished
with a dense covering of long white hairs which aid in their dis-
persal.

The wood of this group of trees is just beginning to be of com-
mercial importance. It was formerly despised but is now used for
various purposes, especially for paper pulp. These trees have some
valuable merits in that they grow very fast, often on situations
where other species refuse to grow, especially in wet places, and
may easily be reproduced by cuttings, sprouts, or seeds.

In addition to the 4 species described, and contained in the sub-
joined key, a few other species are rather common throughout the
State especially as ornamental trees. The White or Silver-leaf
Poplar (Populus alba L.) is a native of Europe and Asia but very
common as an ornamental tree. It can be distinguished by its lobed
leaves, covered by a dense white persistent wool on the lower sur-
face, and by its twigs, usually covered with white cottony felt which
rubs off easily. The Lombardy Poplar (Populus nigra var. italica
Du Roi) is frequently cultivated in this State. It can best be dis-
tinguished by its form (Fig. 57). The lateral branches are almost
erect forming a high but narrow crown. The leaves have flattened
petioles, are finely toothed, smooth, and sharp-pointed. The Balm
of Gilead (Populus candicans Ait.), sometimes regarded a variety of
the Balsam Poplar, is occasionally found as a cultivated tree and
frequently escapes cultivation. It can be recognized by large resi-
nous buds, reddish-brown twigs, and its ovate leaves with round or
channeled petioles and heart-shaped base. The leaves of the closely
related Balsam Poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) do not have a cor-
date base.

101

SUMMER KEY TO THE SPECIES

Page

1. Leaves with rounded or channeled petioles; twigs with orange-colored pith

P. heterophylla 104

1. Leaves with flattened petioles ; twigs with white pith, 2

2. liCaves broadly deltoid, abruptly acuminate; stigma-lobes exjmnded in all direc-

tions, P. deltoides 105

2. Leaves broadly ovate to nearly round, usually acute at apt>x; stigiiia-lobes tliread-

like 8

3. Leaves finely serrate on margin; bark prpenish- white P. tremuloides 102

3. Leaves coarsely dentate on margin; bark ypllowish-gray to black, ..P. grandidentata 103

WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES

1. Terminal buds about i of an inch long, devoid of rrsln or only slightly rosinous; lateral

tendency to become vertical, P. deltoides 105

1. Terminal buds about J of an inch long, devoid of resin or only slightly resinous; lateral

branches without the vertical tendency 2

2. Twigs with orange-colored pith, P. heterophylla 104

2. Twigs with white pith 8

3. Buds smooth, glossy, conical, sharp-pointed; often incurved and closely appressed,

bark greenish-white, P- tremuloides 102

8. Buds downy, dull, ovate, blunt-pointed, straight, divergent; bark yellowish-gray to

IjJuqJj P. grandidentata lO.'i

•(

I*

102

AMERICAN ASPEN
Populus tremuloides, Michaux

FOBJC— A small tree usually 30-40 ft. high but nwiy roach a heiplit of 80 ft. with a diameter
of 20 inches. In Pennsylvania usually very small. Trunk contiimouH, tapering, bearing sltnder,
brittle, and rather ascending lateral branches. Crown high, narrow, rather round-topped.

BARK — On old trunks thick, deeply flsnurPd and Mack; on upper portion of trunk and young
stems yellowish-green to white, with dark blotches below the branches. Usually whiter at high
altitudes.

TWIGS— Rather slender, reddish-brown, glossy, smooth, round, sometimes covered with a scaly
bloom; marked by reddish-yellow ientlcels; roughened by loaf scars; pith white and 5-anglfed.

BUDS— Alternate, narrowly conical, sharp-polntetl, smooth, shiny, usually appressed, often
incurved; covered by 6-7 reddish-brown, smooth, shiny, bud-scales; basal scale of lateral buds
outside.

LEAVE^^Altemate, simple, ovate to nearly round, cordate to truncate at base, acute at
ai)ex, finely serrate on margin, lJ-2 inches long, thin, dark green and shiny above, pale green
below. Leaf-stalks laterally flattened.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, large, conspicuous, lunate, with a cork -like surface; bundle-scars
S, simple or compounded. Stipule-scars linear, blackish, rather distinct.

FLOWERS — ^Appear about April, Staminate and pistillate flowers occur on different trees.
Staminate aments are drooping, lj-2i inches long, bearing many closely packed individual flowers
with 6-12 stamens. Pistillate aments are drooping, ll-2i Inches long; when mature 4 inches long,
bearing relatively few individual flowers with thick stigmas divided into thread-like lobes.

FRUIT— An oblong conical capsule, 2 valved, light green, borne on a drooping stalk about 4
inches long. Seeds light brown, surrounded by a mat of long, soft, white hairs.

WOOD — Diffuse-porous; medullary reys very fine and indistinct; pores very minute, Invisible
without a lens. Fine in texture, light brown to white in color, neither strong nor durable.
Weighs 25 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for paper pulp, boxes, jelly buckets, lard palls, spice kegs,
wooden dishes.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The American Aspen, also known as Quaking Aspen,
Trembling Aspen, Small-toothed Aspen, Popple, Poplar, and Asjjen, may be distinguished by
the round or ovate leaves which have a finely serrate margin and are short-pointed. The
petioles of the leaves are decidedly flattened which causes them to tremble or flutter in response
to even a light breeze, whence the name Tremtollng Aspen. The alternate, sharp-pointed, conical,
often incurved, closely appressed, shiny buds are also characteristic. The buds of the closely
related Large-toothed Aspen are stouter, not so sharp-pointed, usually divergent, and covered
with a flour-like, crusty, pale, woolly, substance. The twigs are reddish and usually smooth while
those of the Large-toothed Aspen are yellowish-brown, often pale-downy or pale-scaly. The lateral
branches are more ascending and the bai-k is lighter in color than that of the Large-toothed
Aspen. The bark is yellowish-green to white often marked with dark blotches.

RANGE — A transcontinental species extending from Newfoundland to the Hudson Bay region
and Alaska, south to Pennsylvania and along the mountains to Kentucky, west to the Rocky
Mountains, Mexico, and California. The widest range of any trfe« in North America.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Pound locally throughout the State. Commonest In
the mountainous part. Raro and small in the southern part. Abundant on cut-over and recently
burned areas in northern part. The writer counted 24,792 specimens per acre of this tree upon
a recent lumbered area in Lycoming county.

HABITAT — Found upon practically all soil conditions except swamps. Prefers dry situations.
Common in abandoned fields, on cut-over areas and bums. Frequently mixed with Fire Cherry
and Scrub Oak, The latter shades out In time.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The American Aspen Is of no commercial importance in
Pennsylvania, It remains too small and is too local in its distribution. Next to Spruce and
Hemlock it is the principal pulpwood of the country. It Is also beginning to be used for
lumber. The wood is white and turns well. Ordinarily it is a poor competitor in the forest
but it does overcome the Scrub Oak upon burnt-over areas by shading It out. It Is also valuable
as a temporary shelter species for other valuable trees.

%

PLATE XXXII. AMERICAN ASPEN

1

\ stanilniito llnwcriii;; liriiiidi
2. A stMiiiiniito liowcr, ciilaiKcil.
.'J. A pistillate lltJwiTinj; luaiicii, x i

4. A pistillate flower, onlargod.

5. Section of a fniiting branch, x i

X

8.

A sfcd Willi liiiirs. ciiiiirjicil.
A lirai't'li witli iiialurc loaves, x J.
A Aviiitor twi^r, x i. . , ,

Section of u twiK with a l>u<l and
scar, enlarged.

a leaf-

I

I

I!

102

AMERICAN ASPEN
Populus tremuloides, Michaux

FO&M-^A small tree usually 30-40 ft. high but nwy reach a height of 80 ft. with a diameter
of 20 inches. In Pennaylvania asually very small. Trunk continuous, tapering, bearing slender,
brittle, and rather ascending latoj-al branches. Crown high, narrow, rather round-topped,

BARK — On old trunks thick, deeply fissured and black; on upper portion of trunk and young
stems yellowish-green to white, with dark blotches below the branches. Usually whiter at high
altitudes.

TWIGS — Rather slender, reddish -broAvn, glossy, smooth, round, sometimes covered with a scaly
bloom; nuirked by reddish-yellow ienticels; roughened by loaf scars; pith white and 5-angled.

BUDS— Alternate, narrowly conical, sharp-pointed, smooth, shiny, usually appressed, often
incurved; covered by 6-7 reddish -brown, smooth, shiny, bud-scales; basal scale of lateral buds
outside.

LEAVES— tAltemate, sin^ile, ovate to nearly round, cordate to truncate at base, acute at
apex, finely serrate on margin, l}-2 inches long, thin, dark green and shiny above, pale green
below. Leaf-stalks laterally flattened.

LEAF-SCABS — ^Alternate, large, conspicuous, lunate, with a cork-like surface; bundle-scam
S, simple or compounded. Stipule-scars linear, blackish, rather distinct.

FLOWERS — Appear about April. Stamlnate and pistillate flowers occur on different trees.
Stamlnate amenta are drooping, 1}-21 inches long, bearing many closely packed individual flowers
with 6-12 stamens. Pistillate aments are drooping, 1^-2) inches long; when mature 4 inches long,
bearing relatively few Individual flowers with thick stigmas divided into thread-like lobes.

FRTTIT — ^An oblong conical capsule, 2 valved, light green, borne on a drooping stalk about 4
inches long. Seeds light brown, surrounded by a mat of long, soft, white hairs.

WOOD — Diffuse-porous; medullary rays very flne and indistinct; pores very minute, invisible
without a lens. Pine in texture, light brown to white in color, neither strong nor durable.
Weighs 25 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for paper pulp, boxes, jelly buckets, lard pails, spice ke^s,
wooden dishes.

DISTINGUISHING OHARACTERISTICS— The American Aspen, also known as Quaking Aspen,
Trembling Aspen, Small-toothed Aspen, Popple, Poplar, and Aspen, may be distinguished by
the round or ovate leaves which have a finely serrate margin and are short-pointed. The
petioles of the leaves are decidedly flattened which causes them to tremble or flutter in response
to even a light breeze, whence the name Trembling Aspen. The alternate, sharp-pointed, conical,
often incurved, closely appressed, shiny buds are also characteristic. The buds of the closely
related Large-toothed Aspen are stouter, not so sharp-pointed, usually divergent, and covered
with a flour-like, crusty, pale, woolly, substance. The twigs are reddish and usually smooth while
those of the Large-toothed Aspen are yellowlsh-l»own, often pale-downy or pale-scaly. The lateral
branches are more ascending and the bark is lighter in color than that of the Large-toothed
Aspen. The bark is yellowish-green to white often marked with dark blotches.

RANGE— A transcontinental species extending from Newfoundland to the Hudson Bay region
and Alaska, south to Pennsylvania and along the mountains to Kentucky, west to the Rocky
Mountains, Mexico, and California. The widest range of any tree in North America.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found locally throughout the State. Commonest in
the mountainous part. Rare and small in the southern part. Abundant on cut-over and recently
burned areas in northern part. The writer counted 24,792 specimens per acre of this tree upon
a recent lumbered area in Lycoming county.

HABITAT — Found upon practically all soil conditions except swamps. Prefers dry situations.
Common in abandoned fields, on cut-over areas and bums. Pi-equently mixed with Fire Cherry
and Scrub Oak. The latter shades out in time.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The American Aspen is of no commercial Importance In
Pennsylvania. It remains too small and is too local in its distribution. Next to Spruce and
Hemlock it Is the principal pulpwood of the country. It Is also beginning to be used for
lumber. The wood is white and turns well. Ordinarily it is a poor competitor in the forest
but it does overcome the Scrub Oak upon burnt-over areas by shading it out. It is also yaluable
as a temporary shelter species for other valuable trees.

&

PLATE XXXII. AMERICAN ASPEN

1. A stainiuate flowering branch, x

2. A stmninate flowi'r, enlargiMl.

3. A pistillate floweriug bruufh, x i.

4. A pistillate flower, enlarged.

5. Section of a frxiiting branch, x i.

(1 A st'cd with liairs, ciilarKtil.

7. A l>rai!cli with mature leaves, x J.

8. A wintor twig, x i.

9. Section of a twig with a buil and a leaf-

scar, enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

103

)■'

LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN
Populus grandidentata, Michaux

ot i f«t. More ftequent and larger <» «"' »f *« .^" ^° ^„^", 3cl. have been broke.
If^rj^i. „r;;::>r°S.rrV„"L^ra„rr atS\b.n ^ .. .b, ..er.^
Afipen.

BAKK-Near the b.«= o, 0.4 tr.„k. Mac*. Tery rough .b|«k "j;^^-' Ji°^.-'t:riS

ss:fbe.T.rurr'io.rjrr^- -^""-^^^^ ^-" --

9e€< I*iff 110«

gubBtance. Basal scale of lateral buds on outside.

.^-— -rfrrr'.sr»TJ:;r.srrrr.re:r^^^^

stalks laterally flattened.

rEAF.SCAB8-^a™ a. leaf-«=ar. of An^»u. An««. page 102. Stlp,fl.-«.r. are I... «.-
tinct.

FLOWERS— See "Flowers" under American Agpen. page 102.

™iT_An ament bearln. scattered. IW green ^^.ed capsules which contain minute
dark brown seeds surrounded by a mat of long white hairs.

WOOD— Same as American Aspen, page 102.

DI8TINaTII8HIN(. OHAEACTEEISTIOS^e I-«-toothe^, Aspen, also known^^- Popi> e
and Poplar, may be distinguished by Its ^^^'^'lJ^7^^,'^^,^ll''i^^!c^^^^^ under the
American Aspen which it closely re^^^J^es^ See ^^^^J^^^^^^ ^^^ ^g,, „or the deltoid
latter. It does not have the resinous buda. "^^f «^^«^^* ^n covered with oyster-shell-llke
IZTs Z:r.::1^'^l^^^^^''-'^^ C^lXlU. Many ^nan trees are killed by
thia scale. ^ ,, ^

KAKOI^-Kovia Soot.. ^ OnUr., ««U. .. Peawlva^a. -»« -"■"•'" *° ""'*'' '^""
and west to Minnesota.

.iSL"!^le?J^rt'tb='^^.— nXrVe^^^^^^^^^
mixture, but occasionally in small pure stands.

It^ «e B.rch, Bird Cbemr. 8bad Ba.b. and Scrub Oak.

XKPOKTAKOE or THE BPECIES-^. I-^e.^^«-^Aap.« J. of no ~-^«;.^»^«°-
in^ State. It to of Ta.ae .n oar , »"*«"* •™' ^"X. act aa a temporarr rtielter «or

z:^ :S;Tr^ ■:Lfz/i:.':^'^p^---i tben»e.«. « a^o a.d. .n ..d.^,

out the most aggressive forest weed-Scrub Oak.

^!ll III

PLATE XXXIII. LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN

1, A staminate flowering branch, x i.

2. A staminate flower, enlarged.

:^. A pistillate flowering branch, x J.

4. A i)i8tlllate flower, enlarged.

r». A fnilting catkin with capsules, x J.

(i. A seed with hairs, enlarged,

7. A branch with mature foliage, x .J.

K. A winter twig, x i.

9. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

Ik;

1

'■I

♦I

i'i

103

LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN
Populus grandidentata, Michaux

FOBM^Xr^uaUy a small tree 30-40 ft. ^gh bnt xnay rea^ ^^^^ d^'a^nl ^^^ZZ
of 2 feet. More frequent and \^^^'\'^'l^Z^^::J^^^^ have been broken

;;\iTrnt TZJ''i:nt::^Tir^^:r.:::^JrtZ a«cen.n. t^an those Of the American
Aspen.

BAltK_Ne„ the b.,. of old trunk, b,.c», yery rough thU* "l^^^^"- J^L-'lLT/r

9ee Pig. 116.

substance. Basal scale of lateral buds on outside.

stalks laterally flattened.

lEAF-SCARS-Sa™. a, le.f-««« o. Amerlcn A««n, page 102. Stlpn.^«.« .re le» di.-
tinct.

rLOWERS—See "Flowers" under American Aspen, page 102.

FRTTIT-An ament bearing scattered, light green 2.valved capsules which contain minute
dark brown seeds surrounded by a mat of long white hairs.

WOOD— Same as American Aspen, page 102.

DISTINaTXISHIKG OHAEACTEEISTIO^The I-rge-to^^ed Aspen, also known^^« Popp^e

and Poplar, may be distinguished by its ^^"« ^ .^f^^f/^tsW^ C^^^^^^^^^ ""^«^ *^^

American Aspen which it closely 'e^enjJi^'';^ ^^^ rXd bark on the twigs, nor the deltoid
latter. It does not have the resinous buda. "^^ f ? J^^^Jf ^n covered with oyster-shell-like
S: w^crar^a^^'ed^^^n-^^^ O^^te^S:^!^^. Many small trees are killed by
this scale.

KAKOB-No^ Scot., and Ontario sooth to Penns...an,a. along mountain, to North Carolina
and west to Minnesota.

.u='^d"^.?.rTZT=^F^^^^
mixture, but occasionally in small pure stands.

Zt^T, llrch, Bird Cherrr, Shad Euah, and Scrub Oak.

m thl. state. It 1. of value lu <"«, »"^'f,/7t' ^'X art aa a temporary *elter for
Z;^ '^r 'S whVr/Le\':»;^taJfuM„^g then.ae.e.. „ al. alda .u .hadtng
Tt the moat aggreaatye foreat weed-Scrub Oak.

PLATE XXXIII. LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN

1. A staininate flow«'ring liraiK-Ii, x ^.

2. A staminato Howor, onlurKod.

."{. A i):stillat«! flowering brunoli, x i.

4. A i»istillate flower, eiilargwl-

."(. A fruiting catkin with capsules, x

(!. A sei'd Avith hairs. enlarKod.

7. A l»rancli with mature foliuj!*-, x i-

5. A winter twig, x i.

U. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

104

i

I

\i

DOWNY POPLAR

Populus herterophylla, Linnaeus

FORM— In the north usually a small tree from 30-50 ft. Mgh; In the south may reach a height
of 100 ft. with a diameter of 3 ft. Crown high, rather broad and round-topped. Trunk short,
continuous, and tapering.

BARK — On old trunks thick, light reddish-brown, rough, broken by long fissures Into long
narrow plates. On younger trunks and large branches thinner, not so rough; fissures shallower
and ridges smoother than on old tnuiks.

IWIOS — Stout, light yellowish, marked by a few scattered pale lenticels, roughened by
elevated leaf -scars; pith orange-colored.

BUDS— Alternate, broadly ovate, slightly resinous, bright reddish-brown, covered with 4-7
scales which are slightly pubescent towards the base. Leaf-buds about i of an inch long.
Flower-buds about I of an inch long.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, broadly ovate, cordate, rounded or trancate at base, rounded
or acute at apex, coarsely serrate on margin, 4-7 inches long, dark green above, pale green
below; leaf-stalks round.

LEAF-SCABS— Alternate, large, elevated, often 3-lobed, indented on upper margin; with
3 conspicuous bundle-scars.

FLO WEBS— Appear in March or April. In general similar to the Cottonwood, only both
staminate and pistillate aments are shorter.

FBVIT — ^A drooping ament, when mature about 4-6 inches long, bearing a few scattered,
dark green, 3-4 valved capsules containing small seeds surrounded by a mat of white hairs.

WOOD — Seme as that of the Cottonwood only slightly heavier. See description page 106.

DISTZKOinSHHra CHABACTEBISTICS — The Downy Poplar, also known as Swamp Cotton-
wood, Black Cottonwood, River Cottonwood, and Swamp Poplar, may be distinguished from
all the Aspens, Poplars, and Cottonwoods native to this State by Its round leaf-stalks. The
leaf-stalks of all the others are laterally flattened. The leaves are large and more bluntly
pointed than those of the other species. Tlie leaf-margins are not so finely toothed as those
of the American Aspens but finer than the other two native species. The bark on old trunks is
light reddish-brown. The twigs are stouter than those of the Aspens and contain orange
colored pith. The Aspens have white pith. The buds are Iwlght reddish-brown, slightly resinous,
covered with scales which are often pubescent near the base.

BANGE— Connecticut along const to (xeorgla, west to Louisiana, and northward to Kentucky
and Missouri. Its range suggests a somewhat contorted horseshoe.

DIBTBIS17TI0N IN PENNSYLVANIA— Reported from Chester, Delaware and Franklin counties.
Very rare and local. Recent investigations Indicate that this tree is probably not native to
the State.

HABITAT — Found only in low and wet situations, and always mixed with other species In this
State.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Downy Poplar is too rare and local to be of any com-
mercial Importance. It is not attractive ornamentally on account of its heavy limbs and sparse,
rounded crown. The wood is not listed separately on the market but bought and sold as Cotton-
wood.

•

PLATE XXXIV. DOWNY POPLAR

1. A stamina to flowerins: bnincli, x h

2. A staminate flower, enlarged.

.3. A pistillate flowering branch, x §.

4. A pistillate flower, enlarged. , . , , ,

.'». Scrtion of a branch -with a fruitinf,' nitliin iiiid ciipsulcs, x i.

6. A seed with hairs. enl;uK<'d.

7. Section of a branch witli mature foliage, x A.

8. A winter twig, x i.

9. Section of a winter twig, enlarge<l.

104

,»

111!

DOWNY POPLAR

Populus herterophylla, Linnaeus

FOSlt— In the north usually a small tree from 30-50 ft. high; In the south may reach a height
of 100 ft. with a diameter of 3 ft. C5rown high, rather broad and round-topped. Trunk short,
continuous, and tapering.

BABK — On old trunks thick, light reddish-brown, rough, broken by long fissures into long
narrow plates. On younger trunks and large branches thinner, not so rough; fissures shallower
and ridges smoother than on old trunks.

TWIQS — Stout, light yellowish, marked by a few scattered pale lentlcels, roughened by
elevated leaf -scars; pith orange-colored.

BXrSS— Alternate, broadly ovate, slightly resinous, bright reddish-brown, covered with 4-7
(;cales which are slightly pubescent towards the base. Leaf-buds about i of an inch long.
Flower-bods about i of an inch long.

LEAy£S— Alternate, simple, broadly ovate, cordate, rounded or truncate at base, rounded
or acute at apex, coarsely serrate on margin, 4-7 inches long, dark green above, pale green
below; leaf -stalks ivund.

LEAF-SCABS— Alternate, large, elevated, often 3-lobed, indented on upper margin; with
8 conspicuous bundle-scars.

FLOWEBS— Appear in March or April. In general similar to the Cottonwood, only both
staminate and pistillate amenta are shorter.

FBTJII — ^A drooping ament, when mature about 4-6 inches long, bearing a few scattered,
dark green, 3-4 valved capsules containing small seeds surrounded by a mat of white hairs.

WOOD — Same as that of the Cottonwood only slightly heavier. See description page 106.

DISTINGXnSHIirG OHABAOTEBISTICS— The Downy Poplar, also known as Swamp Cotton-
wood, Black Cottonwood, River Cottonwood, and Swamp Poplar, may be distinguished from
all the Aspens, Poplars, and Cottonwoods native to this State by its round leaf-stalks. The
leaf-stalks of all the others are laterally flattened. The leaves are large and more bluntly
pointed than those of the other species. The leaf-margins are not so finely toothed as those
of the American Aspens but finer than the other two native species. The bark on old trunks is
light reddish-brown. The twigs are stouter than those of the Aspens and contain orange
colored pith. The Aspens have white pith. The buds are bright reddish-brown, slightly resinous,
covered with scales which are often pubescent near the base.

BAHOE— Connecticut along coast to (Georgia, west to Louisiana, and northward to Kentucky
and Missouri. Its range suggests a somewhat contorted horseshoe.

DISTBIBTJTION IK PEKHSTLVAiriA — Reported from Chester, Delaware and Franklin countiec.
Yery rare and local. Recent investigations Indicate that this tree is probably not native to
the State.

HABITAT — Found only in low and wet situations, and always mixed with other species in this
State.

IMFOBTAKCE OF THE SPECIES— The Downy Poplar is too rare and local to be of any com-
mercial importance. It is not attractive ornamentally on account of its heavy limbs and sparse,
rounded crown. The wood is not listed separately on the market but bought and sold as Cotton-
wood.

PLATE XXXIV. DOWNY POPLAR

1. A staminate flowering branch, x J.

2. A staminate flower, enlarged.

3. A pistillate flowering branch, x }.

4. A pistillate flower, enlarged. .... , i
.'). Section of a branch with a fruiting catkin and cnpsulos, x }.

6. A seed with hairs, enlarged.

7. Section of a branch with mature foliage, x J.

8. A winter twig, x i.

8. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

105

f

II

[

m

.

PLATE XXXV. COTTONWOOD

1. A staniinato floworing branch, x h-

2. A staininate flower, enlarged.

a. A pistillate flowering branch, x J.

4. A pistillate flower, enlarged.

r>. A fruiting catkin with capsules, x }.

(). A seed with hairs, enlarged.

7. A branch with mature foliage, x i.

8. A winter twig, x i.

9. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

COTTONWOOD

Populus deltoides, Marshall

FOBM-^ large tree uroally 60-75 ft. high but may reach a height of more than 100 ft.
with a diameter of 6 feet. Trunk tapering, continuous, sometimes clean for a considerable
distance from the ground. Crown usually high and pyramidal. Lower lateral branches hori-
zontal, while most of the upper branches are decldely ascending. The largest Cottonwood in
PennaylTanla is shown in Fig. SO.

BARK— On old trunks thick, ashy-gray roughened by long deep furrows which are usually
longitudinally parallel, and often connect with one another. Rather thin, smooth, and greenish-
yellow on younger tmnks.

TwIOS — Stout, usually yellow tinged with green or brown, round or ridged below the buds;
covered with Urge, longitudinally-elongated lentlcels; pith white and angular.

B'^*— Alternate, large, resinous, glossy, smooth, chestnut-brown, covered with numerous
bud-scales which are sticky, resinous on the Interior and smooth on the exterior. Terminal buds
often 5-angled and larger than lateral ones; lateral buds usually divergent and often recurved.

LEAYES— Alternate, simple, broadly deltoid, truncate to wedge shaped at base, acuminate at
KptXt coarsely serrate on margin, 3-5 inches long, thick, deep shining green above, pale green
below. Leaf-stalks laterally flattened.

LEAF-SOAKS— Alternate, large, lunate, elevated, depressed on upper margin, sometimes 3-lobed;
with 8 bundle-scars. Stipule-scars dark and conspicuous.

FLOWERS— Appear about March or April. Stamlnate and pistillate flowers occur on different
trees. The stamlnate are arranged in drooping amenta 3-4 Inches long and are densely flowered;
the pistillate occur In drooping aments 2i-3i inches long and sparsely flowered.

FRXriT— A drooping ament bearing dark green 3-4 valved capsules which contain small
seeds surrounded with a mat or long white hairs. Fruiting aments 8-12 Inehes long.

WOOD— DifToset-porous; with very Indistinct rays; pores in early wood visible to unaided
eyes; heartwood dark brown; sapwood wide and white; wood is soft, warps easily, and is
difficult to split. Weight about 23 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for paper pulp, boxes, crates, berry
boxes, pails, and tubs.

DISTINGXTISHINa CHARACTERISTICS— The Cottonwood, also known as Carolina Poplar,
Cotton Tree, and Whitewood may readily be distinguished at any season of the year by its lateral
branches, which have a tendency to ascend like the Lombardy Poplar (Fig. 57), and by its
yellowish twigs which often have prominent ridges, running down from the leaf-scars. The
buds are larger, more resinous, and often more flattened than those of any other member
of this genus; usually divergent and often Incurved. The leaves are very characteristic since
they have laterally flattened leaf-stalks, are deltoid in outline, truncate at the base and long-
pointed at the apex. The pores in the early wood are visible to the unaided eye while those
of the American and Large-toothed Aspens are not visible.

RAVOE— Quebec and Ontario south to Florida, west to the Rocky Mountains.

DISTRIBUTION IK PEKVSTLVAKIA— Natural distribution is very limited. Reported from
Presque Isle, BrlCf county, and from Lancaster county. Locally escapes cultivation. Planted ex-
tensively for ornamental purposes and in a few plantations for forestry purposes. A large
plantation is frowing near Hollidaysburg in Blair county.

HABITAT— Prefers rich moist soil, like banks of streams, borders of lakes, and seml-swamps.

nCPORTAirCE OF THE SPECIES— The Cottonwood Is planted extensively as an ornamental
tree but as such it has few merits except its rapid growth, rather attractive form in winter,
and the pleasant balsamic odor from Its coated young developing leaves. It is well adapted
to wet locations and may be planted where other more valuable trees will not grow. It grows
rapidly, and produces an excellent pulp-wood. This tree is known to grow 5 feet in a single
year and 40 fdet In 10 years. Cuttings taken from trees and placed in the grotmd grow very
readily. When planted in the streets its roots often lift pavements, and clog drains and sewers.
It is not adapted for street planting.

105

■'4

'I

Ml

1 1, .1

PLATE XXXV. COTTONWOOD

1. A sltiiiiiiiatc flowoiing l)raiicli, x *.

2. A stsmiiiuite llowcr, enlarged.

;{. A pistillate flowering braucli, x h.

4. A pistillate tlower, enlarged.

.'.. A fruiting catkin with capsules, x J.

{>. A seed with hairs. enlarg»'d.

7. A hranch with mature ftiliuge, x A.

8. A winter twig, x 4.

9. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

COTTONWOOD

Populus deltoides, Marshall

■ FO&Mr-A large tree usually 60-75 ft. high but may reach a height of more than 100 ft.
with a diameter of 6 feet. Trunk tapering, continuouB, sometimes clean for a considerable
distance from the ground. Crown usually lilgh and pyramidal. Lower lateral branches hori-
zontal, while most of the upper branches are decldcly ascending. The largest Oottonwood In
Pennsylvania is sdiown in Fig. 50.

BABX— On old trunks thick, ashy-gray roughened by long deep furrows which are usually
longitudinally parallel, and often connect with one another. Rather thin, smooth, and greenish-
yellow on younger trunks.

TWIGEk-Stout, usually yellow tinged with green or brown, round or ridged below the buds;
covered with large, longitudinally-elongated lenticels; pith white and angular.

BITDS— Alternate, large, resinous, gloRsy, smooth, chestnut-brown, covered with numerous
bud-scales which are sticky, resinous on the interior and smooth on the exterior. Terminal buds
often 5-angled and larger than lateral ones; lateral buds usually divergent and often recurved.

LEAVES — ^Alternate, simple, broadly deltoid, truncate to wedge-shaped at base, acuminate at
apex, coarsely serrate on margin, 3-5 inches long, thick, deep shining green above, pale green
below. Leaf-stalks laterally flattened.

LEAF-SCABS— Alternate, large, lunate, elevated, depressed on upper margin, sometimes 3-lobed;
with 3 bundle-scars. Stipule-scars dark and conspicuous.

FLOWEBB— Appear about March or April. Stam-inate and pistillate flowers occur on different
trees. The stamina te are arranged in drooping aments 3-4 inches long and are densely flowered;
the pistillate occur in drooping aments 2J-3J Inches long and sparsely flowered.

FBTTIT — ^A drooping ament bearing dark green 3-4 valved capsules which contain small
seeds surrounded with a mat or long white hairs. Fruiting aments 8-12 Inches long.

WOOD — ^Dlflfuse>-porous ; with very indistinct lays; pores in early wood visible to unaided
eyes; heartwood dark brown; sapwood w^ide and white; wood is soft, warps easily, and is
difllcult to split. Weight about 23 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for paper pulp, boxes, crates, berry
boxes, pails, and tubs.

DISTINGUISHING CHABACTEBISTICS— The Cottonwood, also known as Carolina Poplar,
Cotton Tree, and Whitewood may readily be distinguished at any season of the year by its lateral
branches, which have a tendency to ascend like the Lombardy Poplar (Fig. 57), and by its
yellowish twigs which often have prominent ridges, running down from the leaf-scars. The
buds are larger, more resinous, and often more flattened than those of any other member
of this genus; usually divergent and often incurved. The leaves are very characteristic since
they have laterally flattened leaf-stalks, are deltoid in outline, truncate at the base and long-
]x>inted at the apex. The pores in the early wood are visible to the unaided eye while those
of the American and Large-toothed Aspens are not visible.

BANGE— Quebec and Ontario south to Florida, west to the Rocky Mountains.

DISTBIBTTTION IN PENNSYLVANIA—Natural distribution is very limited. Reported from
Presque Isle, Erie county, and from Lancaster county. Locally escapes cultivation. Planted ex-
tensively for ornamental purposes and In a few plantations for forestry purposes. A large
plantation is growing near Hollidaysburg In Blair county.

HABITAT— -Prefers rich moist soil, like banks of streams, borders of lakes, and semi-swami)s.

mPOBTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Cottonwood is planted extensively as an ornamental
tree but as such It has few merits except its rapid growth, rather attractive form in winter,
and the pleasant balsamic odor from its coated young developing leaves. It is well adapted
to wet locations and may be planted where other more valuable trees will not grow. It grows
rapidly, and produces an excellent pulp-wood. This tree is known to grow 6 feet in a single
year and 40 feet In 10 years. Cuttings taken from trees and placed In the ground grow very
readily. When planted In the streets Its roots often lift pavements, and clog drains and sewers.
It is not adapted for street planting.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

106

107

fi

!l!

THE WALNUT FAMILY— JUGLANDACEAE

This family comprises about G genera with 35 species of trees and
shrubs found chiefly in the warmer portion of the north temperate
zone. Two genera with about 19 species are native to North America.
Both of these genera, Juglans and Carya, have representatives
in Pennsylvania. The genus Juglans has 2 species and the genus
Carya has 5 species native to the State. In addition to the existing
species a great number of fossil species have been referred to this
family. Thirty fossil species belonging to the genus Juglans and 10
species belonging to the Carya have been described.

This is one of the most important families of trees native to Penn-
sylvania. Both the Hickories and the Walnuts yield very valuable
wood. The wood of the Walnuts is esteemed especially for cabinet
work and that of the Hickories on account of its strength and flexi-
bility. The bark and husks of the Walnuts are used sometimes as a
dyestuflP. The fruit of both genera is edible.

The staminate and pistillate flowers are separate but borne on
the same tree and usually on the same branch. The staminate flow-
ers are in long drooping aments while the pistillate appear as buds
and occur in small few-flowered clusters. The leaves of both genera
are compound and alternate. The fruit is a nut. The nut of the
Walnuts is sculptured and covered with a fleshy, indehiscent, pulpy
husk while the nut of the Hickories is not sculptured but is covered
with a dehiscent husk.

KEY TO THE GENERA

Page

1. Pith of twigs cliambered; nuts sculptured or rugose witli Indehiscent husk; staminate

catlting thiclc, compact, usually sessile and solitary; wood diffuse-porous,. .Juglans 107

1. Pitii of twigs continuous; nuts smooth or ridged with dehiscent huslt; staminate

catltins slender, loose, long-slallced, in 3s; wood ring-porous Carya 110

THE WALNUTS— JUGLANS, L.

This genus comprises about 15 species which are found chiefly in
the north temperate zone. Five species are native to North America
ica, two of these are found in Pennsylvania. In addition to the
native species, a European species known as the English Walnut
(Juglans regia L.) is widely distributed in the United States as an
ornamental tree. It is this European species which yields the val-
uable Circassian Walnut wood used so extensively in the manufac-
ture of furniture and it also produces the English walnuts so com-
mon in our markets.

Our native species produce materials which are of considerable
commercial importance. The wood is highly prized. The nuts are
delicious and valuable as a food. The bark and husks are used as
dyes and tans. The wood of our walnuts is diffuse-porous and brown
to black in color. The leaves are alternate and compound. The
pith is chambered. The fruit ripens in one season and consists of a
sculptured or rugose nut covered by a pulpy husk which does not
split open into regular segments. The kernel of the nut is 2-4
lobed, large and oily. The nuts are scattered mainly by rodents
which bury them for food, and by floods which carry them along
their courses.

SUMMER KEY TO THE WALNUTS

Page
1. Leaflets 11-17, often viscid-hairy, the terminal leaflet usually present; pith darlc

brown, darlc gray; fruit sticky-hairy; nut elongated-ovate J. cinerea 108

1. Leaflets 13-23, not viscid-hairy, the terminal leaflet often absent; pith light brown;

bark dark brown ; fruit sticky-ha iry ; nut globose J. nigra 1 09

WINTER KEY TO THE WALNUTS

1. Bark gray; pith dark brown; nut elongated-ovate; upper surface of leaf-scar not
notched; hairy transverse fringe above leaf-scar present; terminal buds evidently
flattened, not less than J of an inch long J. cinerea 108

1. Bark dark brown; pith light brovm; nut globose; upper margin of leaf-scar notched;
hairy fringe above leaf-scar absent; terminal buds slightly flattened, i of an inci»
or less in longth J- nigra 100

108

l'«

BUTTERNUT

Juglans cinerea, Linnaeus

FORM— A small to medium-sized tree uKually attaining a height of 30-50 ft. with a diameter
of 1-2 ft., but may reach a height of 80-100 ft. with a diameter of 3-4 feet. Trunk usually short,
like that of the apple tree. Crown usually broad, deep, round-topped, rather open, often unsym-
metrical.

BARK— On branches and young trunks rather smooth, light gray; on older trunks roughened
by black fissures which separate widfc, smooth, light gray ridges. Inner bark bitter, light In
color, becoming yellow on exposure. See Fig. 101.

TWIGS— Alternate, stout, round; at first hairy and sticky, later smooth; roughened by
Ifraf-scars, bitter to taste, preenlsh-gray to buff in color, covered with a few pale lentlcels;
pith chambered, dark brown. If chewed, twigs and young bark color the saliva yellow.

BUDS— Alternate, covered with dense pale down. Terminal bud }-i of an inch long, flattened,
blunt-pointed, with its outer scales lobed. Lateral buds smaller than terminal, ovate, very
blunt-pointed, often superposed. Scaly cone-like lateral buds often present. These are in reality
partially developed catkins.

LEAVES — Altenate, compound, 15-30 Inches long, with 11-17 leaflets. Leaflets 8-5 inches long,
serrate on margin, acute at apex, unequally roimded at base and usually sessile or nearly so.
Petioles hairy and sticky.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, large, 3-lobed, concave, with raised margins, with 8 clusters of
bundle-scars arranged in a U-shaped line. Upper margin of leaf-scar asnally convex, rarely
notched.

FLOWERS— Appear about May when leaves are half developed. Staminate and pistillate
flowers separate, but occur on the same tree and usually on the same branches. Staminate
arranged in unbranched catkins, which become 8-6 inches long. Pistillate produced in 6-8
flowered spikes.

FRUIT — ^Aji elongatfed-o\atc sculptured nut covered with a fleshy Indehiscent husk. Husk
very hairy and sticky. Nut foiur-ribbed, pointed at one end; contains a sweet edible and very
oily kernel.

WOOD — Diffuse-porous with ring-porous tendency; with inconspicuous medullary rays; soft,
not strong, light brown, and coarse-grained. Weighs 25 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in fur-
niture, Interior finishings, and occasionally in church altars, ceilings, and flooring.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — ITie Butternut, also known as White Walnut and
Oilnut, resembles the Black Walnut, but is distinguished from It by Its shorter and light-
barked trunk, dark brown pith, larger and more flattened terminal buds, lighter colored wood,
elongated-ovate fruit, and unnotched upper margin of the leaf-scar with a hairy fringe above it.

RANGE — New Brunswick and Quebec, west to Minnesota, and south to Delaware and Arkansas,
and along the mountains

to Georgia.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSTLVAKIA— Local throughout the State in rich bottom lands and on
fertile hillsides. Very common locally in the southeastern and southern parts. It is commoner
in the northern part of the State than the Black Walnut, and in the southern part It ascends
the mountains to higher elevations than the Black Walnut.

HABITAT — ^Prefers rich moist soil,
found on high mountains.

Common along fences, streams, and roads. Occasionally

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Butternut can hardly be classed as a valuable timber
tree. It produces a beautiful wood and delicious nuts but the trees seldom reach a large size.
ITie old trees are very susceptible to the attack of wood-destroying fungi. The tree Is attractive
ornamentally. It branches freely, often forming many crooks and notches which yield the highly
figured wood.

PLATE XXXVI. BUTTERNUT

1.

2

3.

4.

5.

6.

Branoh with lialf developed Ituves, (s) ;'.

unbranched catkins ot staminate fiowcis,

and (11) a duster of pistillate tiu\Mr>.

X i.
A mature leatlet, x J.
A stuiiiinate Hower, slightly eularjied.
A liistillute flower, sliglitly eiiluryi.il.
A cluster of mature fruit, x i.
A winter twig tihowiug liuds, Icniivrls.

leaf-Bcars, and pith x j.

0.

lU.

u.

12.

l.,<iiigitiidiiial section of twig slmwing clium-

hered pitli, slightly enlarged.
.Section of winter hraneli showing l(iif-

SL'urs, liair.v fringe aluive b-af-scars iiiid

superposed buds, slightly enlarged.
A uut with busk removed, x i.
A terminal bud, natural size.
A termiuul bud (broad-side view), natural

size.
Section of a branch showing sui" rp".>-i d

lateral flower buds, enlarged.

108

BUTTERNUT
Juglans cinerea, Linnaeus

FOKM— A Bmall to medlum-glzed tree usually attaining a height of 30-50 ft. with a diameter
of 1-2 ft., but may reach a height of 80-100 ft. with a diameter of 3-4 feet. Trunk usually short,
like that of the apple tree. Crown usually broad, deep, round topped, rather open, often unsym-
metrical.

BAEX— On branches and young trunks rather smooth. light gray; on older trunks roughened
by black Assures which separate wide, smooth, light gray ridges. Inner bark bitter, light In
color, becoming yellow on ejcposure. See Fig. 101.

TWI&S— Alternate, stout, round; at first hairy and sticky, later smooth; roughened by
l*^af-scars, bitter to taste, greenish-gray to buff in color, covered with a few pale lentlcels;
pith chambered, dark brown. If chewed, twigs and young bark color the saliva yellow.

BUDS— Alternate, covered with dense pale down. Terminal bud i-f of an inch long, flattened,
blunt-pointed, with its outer scales lol>ed. Lateral buds smaller than terminal, ovate, very
blunt-pointed, often superposed. Scaly cone-like lateral buds often present. These are In reality
partially developed catkins.

LEAVES— Altenate, compound, 15-30 Inches long, with 11-17 leaflets. Leaflets 8-6 Inches long,
serrate on margin, acute at apex, unequally rounded at baae and usually sessile or nearly so.
Petioles hairy and stl<^.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, large, 8-lobed, concave, with raised margins, with 8 clusters of
bundle-scars arranged in a U-shaped line. Upper margin of leaf-scar usually convex, rarely
notched.

FLOWEES— Appear about May when leaves are half developed. Stamlnate and pistillate
flowers separate, but occur on the same tree and usually on the same branches. Stamlnate
arranged In unbranched catkins, which become 8-5 Inches Ion;. Pistillate produced In 6-8
flowered spikes.

FETJIT — An elongated-ovate sculptured nut covered with a fleshy indehiscent husk. Husk
very hairy and sticky. Nut foiir-rlbbed, pointed at one end; contains a sweet edible and very
oily kernel.

WOOD — ^Diffuse-porous with rlng-porons tendency; with Inconspicuous medullary rays; soft,
not strong, light brown, and coarse-grained. Weighs 25 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in fur-
niture, Interior finishings, and occasionally in church altars, ceilings, and flooring.

DISTINGUISHHra CHAEACTERI8TICS— aiie Butternut, also known aa White Walnut and
Oilnut. resembles the Black Walnut, but is distinguished from it by its shorter and light-
barked trunk, dark brown pith, larger and more flattened terminal buds, lighter colored wood,
elongated-ovate fruit, and unnotched upper margin of the leaf-scar with a hairy fringe above it.

EANOE — New Brunswick and Quebec, west to Minnesota, and south to Delaware and Arkansas,
and along the mountains to (Georgia.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Local throughout the State in rich bottom lands and on
fertile hillsides. Very common locally in the southeastern and southern parts. It is commoner
in the northern part of the State than the Black Walnut, and in the southern part It ascends
the mountains to higher elevations than the Stack Walnut.

HABITAT — ^Prefers rich moist soil. Common along fences, streams, and roads. Occasionally
found on high mountains.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Butternut can hardly be classed as a valuable timber
tree. It produces a beautiful wood and delicious nuts but the trees seldom reach a large size.
The old trees are very susceptible to the attack of wood-destroying fungi. The tree is attractive
omamfntally. It branches freely, often forming many crooks and notches which yield the highly
figured wood.

PLATE XXXVI. BUTTERNUT

1. Branch with half developed leaves, (s) li

unbranched catkins of staminate flowers,
and (I)) a cluster of pistillate doweis,

2. A mature leaflet, x }.

3. A staminate flower, slightly eularsed.

4. A pistillate flower, slightly enlarged.

5. A cluster of mature fruit, x h.

6. A w-lnter twig showiug buds, k'litioels.

leaf-scars, and pith i §.

7. LougitiidiiiHl section of twig showiug cham-
bered pith, slightly enlarged.
S. tjectioii of winter branch showing l»nf-
scars, hairy fringe above leaf-scars and
superposed buds, slightly enlarged.
9. A nut with husk removed, x A.
lU. A terminal bud, natural size.
H. A terminal bud (broad-side view), uatuiiil

size.
12. Section of a branch showing suiierposii'd
lateral flower buds, enlarged.

IN

\i

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

109

m

PLATE XXXVII. BLACK WALNUT.

1 Branch with devtlopinK leav.s and (s) thrco s. lltar.v ratkins ..f staniinate flowers and (P)

a spike with three pistillate flowers, x A.

2 A staminate flower, slightly enlarged.

3. A pistillate flower, slightly enlarged.

4. A branch with a mature leaf and trult, x J.

scars and notched upper surface, slightly enlarged,
o: TeSlllnS'^S or^Slater^tiig showing leaf-.car and tcmilnal bud with bud-scales, slightly
eularged.

BLACK WALNUT
Juglans nigra, Linnaeus

FORM— A large tree, uwiaUy attalntasr a height of 80-100 ft. with a diameter of 2-3 ft but
may reach a height of 180 ft. with a diameter of 6-8 feet. Trunk usually straight clean
slightly tapering, bearing a round-topped crown. ' '

BAEK— Seml-flbrous, thick, rough, longitudinally and occasionally dlagonaUy Assured Outer
bark dark brown to grayish-black. Inner bark light colored, but turns yellow upon exposure.
See fjg. 102.

TWiaS— nAt first hairy, later smooth, orange-brown to dark brown, stOMt, covered with rather
Inconspicuous, Bomewhat raised lenticels; pith light brown, chambered.

BUDS— Alternate, covered with thick, pubescent scales. Terminal buds usually less than
i of an inch long, flattened, ovate, blunt-pointed. Lateral buds usually less than 1/6 of an
inch long, obtuse at apex, often superposed.

LEAVES— Alternate, compound with 13-23 leaflets. Leaflets 8-4 inches long, oblique at base,
acute at apex, serrate on margin, almost sessile and arranged opposite or alternate to each
other.

LEAF-SCABS— Alternate, large, 3-lobed, often heart-sliaped, raised; upper margin notched
In which an axillary bud is often located. Bundle-scars grouped in three clusters, arranged
in a U-shaped line.

FI/)WEXS— Appear in May when the leaves are about half-developed. Staminate and pis-
tillate flowers are separate, but occur on same tree and usually on same branch. Staminate
arranged in unbranched catkins. Pistillate produced in 2-5 flowered spikes.

FKUIT— A sculptured nut with a fleshy indehlscent covering. Nut round, very rough, 1-2
Inches in diameter, occurs solitary, In pairs, sometimes In 3s; contains an edible somewhat oily
kernel.

WOOD— Diflf use jwrous with a ring-porous tendency; medullary rays Inconspicuous; rich dark

brown, very durable, hard, strong, splits easily, takes glue well. Weighs 38 lbs, per cubic

foot. Used In furniture, interior flnishlngs, musical Instruments, automobiles, sewing machines,

flre-arms. ^

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTIOS— The Black Walnut, also known as Walnut, some-
what resembles the Butternut or White Walnut but bears little resemblance to other trees.
It may be distinguished from the Butternut by its Ught brown chambered ptth, shorter and
less flattened terminal buds, darker bark, larger size, more globose nut. notched upper margins
of leaf-scars, and the absence of a hairy fringe above the leaf-scar.

RANGE— New England and New York to Minnesota, and south to Florida.

DISTEIBTJTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Local throughout the State in rich bottomlands and
on fertile hillsides. Very rare in the northern part, where it is entirely absent over large areas.

EABITAT— Prefers rich moist soil. Bequires plenty of light and deep soil since it is evi-
dently tap-rooted. It does not thrive in the uOTthem part of the State. It is generally
absent throughout the cold Black Forest region of Pennsylvania. The Butternut extends farther
northward and grows at higher altitudes.

IMPOBTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Black Walnut is one of the most valuable timber trees
native to this State. It reaches a large size, is attractive ornamentally, and produces wood
valuable for its color, figure, and the fine polish which it takes. The nuts are highly prized.
Forest grown trees rarely produce much fruit. Open grown trees produce abundant fruit and
often highly figured wood.

m It'

109

PLATE XXXVII. BLACK WALNUT.

tlinc

litjiiv liitkins of stJiininatc Howers and U'l

X

X y.

0.

r.raiicli witli di-v.lopiiin h-avts iind (si
ii spike witli throe pistillate llowers,
stHininate flower, slichtly enlarged,
pistillate flower, slightly enlarged,
branch with a niaturu leaf and truit,

T^onckud^inal 's'erUon' <.f twig showing chambered pith, enlarcod.

ScXn of t\vig showing superposed and gaping buds aud lcat-«cars with

scars and notched upper surface, slightly enlarged.
Teminr^'ic'tiS or^ater^t.iis showing leuf-.car and tonninal bud with bud-scales, slightly

eularged.

A

A
A

A

clusters of bundle-

BLACK WALNUT
Juglans nigra, Linnaeus

FORM— A large tree, usually attaining a height of 80-100 ft. with a diameter of 2-3 ft but
may reach a height of 150 ft. with a diameter of 6-8 feet. Trunk usually straight, clean
slightly tapering, bearing a round-topped crown, ' '

BAEK— Semi-fibrous, thick, rough, longitudinally and occasionally diagonally fissured Outer
bark dark brown to grayish-black. Inner bark light colored, but turns yellow upon exiwsure.
See Fig. 102.

TWIGS— At first hairy, later smooth, orange-brown to dark brown, stoqt, covered with rather
inconspicuous, somewhat raised lentlcels; pith light brown, chambered.

BUDS— Alternate, covered with thick, pubescent scales. Terminal buds usually less than
i of an Inch long, flattened, ovate, blunt-pointed. Lateral buds usually less than 1/6 of an
inch long, obtuse at apex, often superposed.

LEAVES— Alternate, compound with 13-23 leaflets. Leaflets 3-4 inches long, oblique at base,
acute at apex, serrate on margin, almost sessile aud arranged opposite or alternate to each
other.

LEAF-SCAES— Alternate, large. 3-Iobed. often heart-shaped, raised; upper margin notched
in which an axillary bud is often located. Bundle-scars grouped in three clusters, arranged
in a U-shaped line.

FIX>WESS— Appear in May when the leaves are about half-developed. Staminate and pis-
tillate flowers are separate, but occur on same tree and usually on same branch. Staminate
arranged in unbranched catkins. Pistillate produced in 2-5 flowered spikes.

FEIXIT- A sculptured nut with a fleshy Indehiscent covering. Nut round, very rough, 1-2
inches in diameter, occurs solitary, in pairs, sometimes in Ss; contains an edible somewhat oily
kernel.

WOOD— Diffuse porous with a ring-porous tendency; medullary rays inconspicuous; rich dark
brown, very durable, hard, strong, splits easily, takes glue well. Weighs 38 lbs. per cubic
foot. Used in furniture, interior finishings, musical instruments, automobiles, sewing machines,
fire-arms. ^

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTEEISTICS-/rhe Black Walnut, also known as Walnut, some-
what resembles the Butternut or White Walnut but bears little resemblance to other trees.
It may be distinguished from the Butternut by its light brown chambered pfth, shorter and
less flattened terminal buds, darker bark, larger size, more globose nut, notched upper margins
of leaf-scars, and the absence of a hairy fringe above the leaf-scar.

EANGE — ^New England and New York to Minnesota, and south to Florida.

DISTEIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Local throughout the State in rich bottomlands and
on fertile hillsides. Very rare in the northern part, where it is entirely absent over large areas.

HABITAT— Prefers rich moist soil. Requires plentj- of light and deep soil since it is evi-
dently tup-rooted. It does not thrive in the northern part of the State. It is generally
absent throughout the cold Black Forest region of Pemisylvania. The Butternut extends farther
northward and grows at higher altitudes.

IMPOETANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Black Wahiut is one of the most valuable timber trees
native to this State. It reaches a large size, is attractive ornamentally, and produces wood
valuable for its color, figure, and the fine polish which it takes. The nuts are highly prized.
Forest grown trees rarely produce much fruit. Open grown trees produce abundant fruit and
often highly figured wood.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

110

I

«

m\i

THE HICKORIES— CARYA, Nuttall

The Hickories and the Walnuts belong to the same family. All but
one species of Hickory, so far as known, are native to the part of
North America lying east of the Rocky Mountains. Geological rec-
ords inform us that the ancient forests of hickory extended into
Greenland and Europe. None of the fossil species shows evidence of
living after the ice age. This suggests the presumption that the
hickory forests were completely destroyed by sheets of ice advancing
from the North towards the South. These sheets covered a large part
of Europe and North America. To day no native species of Hickory
are found in Europe, showing that they were completely exterminated
during the ice age. In North America the ice covered only a portion
of the range of hickory. Hickory is found today not only in the non-
glaciated region of North America but in addition it has regained
some of the lost territory. The northern limit of Hickory is, how-
ever still about 1,000 miles south of its northern limit in the ancient
flora of Greenland. The range of some of the more important species
of Hickory has been extended by man.

The Hickories have alternate, compound and odd-pinnate leaves.
The leaf-scars are large and conspicuous. The flowers are unisex-
ual The staminate or male (pollen-bearing) flowers are produced in
long slender, drooping aments. The aments are usually in 3s, united
near the base of twig into a common stalk which is attached to the
twig at the base of the new growth. The pistillate or female flowers
which develop into the fruit occur at the end of the season's twigs m
spike-like clusters of 2-6. The fruit resulting from the development
of the pistillate flowers matures in one season. The nuts are ovoid
to cylindrical and covered with a husk which is 4-valved. In most
species the husk splits open at least to the middle when it becomes
dry, but in a few species it separates very little.

The Hickories are amongst our most important timber trees. They
are not important because they produce a large quantity of wood
but because they produce a special quality of wood used for special
purposes for which no substitutes have been found. The wood is
unsurpassed for such uses where strength combined with lightness
is desired. It is largely used for handles and in the manufacture
of our best carriages, especially in the construction of the wheels.
Not all of the species, however, produce valuable wood. The wood
of the Bitter Nut Hickory is relatively of little value. The nuts of
a few species are edible. These nuts were used for food and for

111

oil by the Indians and at the present time they are used extensively
for food. The most valuable and edible nuts are obtained from the
Shag-bark Hickory (Carya ovata).

The genus Carya comprises about 10 species found in eastern North
America and 1 species in Mexico. Six species are native to this
State. One species, the small-fruited Hickory (Carya microcarpa,
Nutt.), sometimes considered a variety of the Pignut Hickory, is
found locally in the State but not described in this publication. In
addition to our native species the Pecan Hickory (Carya illinoensis)
is planted extensively for ornamental purposes and for the sweet
nuts which it produces.

SUMMER KEY TO THE HICKORIES

Page
1. Leaflets 7-11, small, lanceolate, usually curved C. oordiformis 116

1. Leaflets 5-7, large, broader than lanceolate, rarely curved 8

2. Husk of fruit splits tardily Into 4 valves; valves of fruit thin and ratlier friable at

maturity; twigs smooth, relatively slender, cherry-colored to gray, 0. glabra 115

2. Husk of fruit splits promptly into 4 valves; valves of fruit thick and hard at

maturity; twigs often hairy towards tip, rather stout, buff, gray, or brownish, ..3

3. Bark close, rough but not shaggy on old trunks; twigs relatively stout; foliage scurfy

or pubescent C. alba 114

8. Bark shaggy separating Into long plates on old trunks; twigs not so stout; foliage
smooth or sometimes downy beneath 4

4. Leaflets usually 7; nuts dull white or yellowish and pointed at both ends, ..C. laciniosa 113
4. Leaflets usually 5; nuts white, rounded or notched at the base C. ovata 112

WINTER KEY TO THE HICKORIES

1. Buds yellow with 4-6 bud-scales valvate in pairs; lateral buds often fcvidently-

stalked; terminal buds elongated snd flattened, C. cordifomxis 116

1. Buds not yellow, truly scaly; bud-scales 10 or more usually overlapping, except outer

ones on lateral buds which may form, a closed sac but in time split from th^
top; Inner scales hairy, 2

2. B-uds small; terminal buds 1/5 to 2/5 of an Inch long, their outer scales glandular

dotted; twigs smooth, relatively slender, cherry- colored to gray; husk of fruit
thin, not freely splitting to base, with thin-shelled nut, C. glabra 115

2. Buds large; terminal buds 2/5 to 3/5 of an inch long, their outer scales almost

glandless; twigs often hairy towards tip. rather stout, buff, gray, or brownish;
husk of fruit thick, freely splitting to base, 3

3. Twigs relatively stout; bark rough and close, not shaggy; nut brownish, thick-

shelled, with small kernel; terminal buds broadly-ovate with their outer scales

early deciduous ^- *^** ^^*

8. Twigs not so stout; bark shaggy; nut white, dull-white, or yellowish with large
kernel; terminal buds elongate with their outer scales tardily deciduous 4

4. Nuts dull white or yellowish and pointed at both ends 0. laciniosa 11.3

4. Nuts white, rounded or notched at the base, C. ovata 112

\\

i

112
SHELL-BARK HICKORY

Carya ovata, (Miller) K. Koch

FORM— A larire tree uroally reaching a height of 60-75 ft. with a diameter of 2 ft but
nJy^Jtdi^a heTghfof m ff. with a* diameter of 3-4 ft. Trunk straight, -le-^er Jn d^
stands ?ree from branches for the greater part of its length; In open grown tree, rtiort. with
an oblong-cylindrical high crown.

BARK-On old trunks shaggy, light gray. 2/5-1 inch thick, peeling off in ^^^ '^^^
pla^s which are usually loose at both ends and fastened in the middle. On young trunks smooth
and light gray. See Fig. 109.

TWIGS-Intermediate in thickness between the Mocker Nut and the Pignut Hickory, usually
sliglJ^ly d^w^r^metimes .mooth and glossy; reddish-browu to grayish, covered with numerous
conspicuous and longltudlnally-elonga*ed lentlcels; pith angular.

BUDS-Alternate more than 2-ranked. Terminal bud broadly ovate, blunt-pointed 2/5-4/5
of ^n^^long! ^su^Uy covered by about 10 bud-scales. The 3-4 outer ^les dark »>rovn,
broadly trian^far. shai^-pointed. often hairy especiaUy along margin. «>"f"«'«%«^*^' "^
often with thfapex terminating in a long rigid point. Imier scales increase in «^« ^» JP"^"*'^^^^^
JardVly deciduous yellowish-green or reddish, densely downy on outer surface and smooth within.

LEAVES-Altemate. 8-14 inches long, compound, with 6-7 leaflets. Leaflets differ in size;
basal pair small, relatively short and widest near the base; upper f *^ «^,*>7*«/"^i"«;" *^"
i.a8al pair; terminal large and obovate. Leaflets serrate on margin, acute at apex, tapering
or rounded at base, usually smooth but sometimes hairy on lower surface.

LEAF-SOAES— Alternate, more than 2-ranked. large, conspicuous, somewhat raised, heart-
shaped or 3 lo^d or inversely-triangular or sometimes elliptical, contain ng numerous con-
spfcuous bundle-scars which are distributed irregularly or grouped in 3 clusters or arranged In
a curved line.

FLOWEBS-Appear about May when leaves are almost fuUydeyeloped. Stamlnate and pist^
late flowers occir separately. Staminate are hairy and arranged In aments which are clustered
in 38 and 4-5 inches long. Pistillate rusty-woolly arranged in 2-6 large spikes.

FKUIT— Glolmlar or depressed at apex. 1-2 inches long, with a thick husk ^^^^^^ "»"*» *"*J *^
pie^s coIiSetely to the base. Nut Is white, oblong, somewhat flattened, ridged, barely tipped
with a point, with thin shell and large sweet kernel.

WOOD-Ring-porous; i>ores of summer wood rather large. Isolated rather evenly di«<j;»«t»J'
norm groups oi lines; medullary rays rather abundant but '^<^^^'<^;^^'^:^''''^Z^^^^'
wood mrenchyma present. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough, elastic. c»o^-K»»°?f'
Zflly^trTST^ained, not durable in contact with soil. Heartwood light brown or reddish ^th
white sapwo^. Weight from 50 to 52 lbs. per cubic foot. Used chiefly for handles and light
vehicles. Valuable for fuel and smoking meat.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Shell-bark Hickory also known as Shag-bark
Hickory^n be distinguished from the Bitter Nut Hickory by means -'^^^^X'S oTZ^^^^r
buds which are not flattened nor yellow, and by its bark which is shaggy, ;^*^"« ""** ^„f * /*"!^
is close and rough. The bark of the Pignut Hickory is also close and rough. T^^® P^^'^,^^ ^J^'J^yj
has scaly ll^but they are much smaller than those of the Shell-bark Hickory. The fruit of both
the Pliant mckory and Bitter Nut Hickory is smaller and has a thin tardily or "on-splittlng
imsk aS a sniaHe? bitter kernel, and their leaves are smoother and their leaflets narrower than
SsVof theThen-Mrk Hickory.' The Mocker Nut Hickory has ^^-^-J-J^^' -^'SJ^..^^^^^^^
foliage, closer and rougher bark, and browner nuts with a small kernel. For distinguishing
characteristics between Carya ovata and Carya laclniosa. see page 113.

RANGE Quebec west to Minnesota and south to Florida and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA-Most common in the southeastern «^»^d /outhwestern
narts of the State. Rare in the mountainous parts, except locally in the valleys. BatJ«;
ubrndant i^ally east of the Allegheny mountains especially in the fertile valleys along the rich
foothills. Reported rather abundant locally in the northern part.

HABITAT-Prefers rich moist soil and plenty of light. Common in the valleys and in the moist
hillside woods. Also common along streams, and on the border of swamps.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— This is a very important species on account of the valuable
w^rnu'jr wWchT^roduces. It is not very common in the State "J -*>«;[«• ^"*jf^i
does occur it should be protected and regenerated as much as possible. Seeds rather than ■eefl
Cs sh^ld be planted because the latter are sensitive to transplanting on account of their
Ions taproot

PLATE XXXVIII. SHELL-BARK HICKORY

I. A ttowt'iiiig luaiuli, X *.

-'. X branch with fniit and a matiii*' leaf, x A.

•<• A nut with part of husk removed, x h-

4. A nut, X }.

r». Cross-sertiou of a nut showing kernel, .x ].

G. A winter twig, x J.

7. Terniinul part of a winter tvipr. natural size.

8. Section of a winter twig t;bo\>ing a lateral bud ami Iciifacar, lulur^cl.

if

J

III!

iHi ''

t :

1;

I ;

112
SHELL-BARK HICKORY

Carya ovata, (Miller) K. Koch

FORM-A large tree imuaUy reaching a height of 60-75 ft with . dl«neter of 2 «^
may reach a height of 120 ft. with a diameter of 3-4 ft. Trunk straight, "Jefder, in dmwe
ZLrTr^e from branches for the greater part of it. length; in open grovm tree, rtiort. with
an oblong-cylindrical high crown.

BABK-On old trunk, irtiaggy. light gray. 2/6-1 inch thick, peeling off In ^ugh .trlpi or
pla^eTwhich are uroally loose at both ends and fastened In the middle. On young tmnks smooth
and light gray. See Fig. 100.

TWIOS-Interraedlate in thickness between the Mocker Nut and the P^8^«* ?*?;»7' ^*,i
Slightly dTwSy, sometimes .mooth and glossy: reddish-brown to grayish, covered with numerous
conspicuous and longttudinally-elongated lentlcels; pith angular.

BTOS-Alternate. more than 2-ranked. Terminal bud broadly ovate Wunt-PO»°ted 2/M/6
of an il^h long dually covered by about 10 bud-scales. The 3-4 outer Males dark brown,
ladly tHaSr "har^pointed. often hairy especiaUy along margin. -«"f t^™- "^^^ *"t
often with the apex terminating in a long rigid point. Inner scales increase In ske l» »Pri"«; "«
Sy deciduous yellowish-green or reddirt,. densely downy on outer surface and smooth within.

LEAVES-Altemate. 8-14 inches long, compound, with 6-7 leaflets. Leaflets differ in sUse;
basal pair small, relatively short and widest near the base; upper P^^^^'I'^/^^i'^^^J^
basal pair; terminal large and obovate. Leaflets serrate on margin, acute at apex, tapering
or rounded at base, usually smooth but someUmes hairy on lower ararface.

LEAF-SOAES— Alternate, more than 2-ranked. large, conspicuoos, somewhat raised, heart-
shaped oV3-lobed or inversely-triangular or sometimes elliptical, containing n^^n^o^VT^-
'pSs bundle-scars which are distributed irregularly or grouped in 3 clusters or arranged in
a curved line.

FIOWEES-Appear about May when leaves are almost fuUy developed. Stamlnate and plrtU-
la^lwers ocnTseparately. Stamlnate are hairy and arranged in ament. which are cluatered
in 3. and 4-6 inche. long. Pistillate rusty-woolly arranged in 2-6 large spikes.

FRiriT-Globular or depressed at apex. 1-2 inches long, with » ttlck husk ^J^^J), "^^i^/"*; *^
pieces completely to the base. Nut is white, oblong, wmewhat flattened, ridged, barely tipped
with a point, with thin shell and large sweet kernel.

WOOD-Ring-porous; pores of summer wood rather large, isolated, rather evenly dlsMbuted.
not in groups or lines; medullary rays rather abundant but '-<^<>n^'^or^'CO^'''n^ Unes^f
wood wirenchyma present. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough, elastic. c»<»e-K«^»°«f'
ZTlly^raSJaiSed. not durable in contact with soil. Heartwood light brown or reddi* ^th
white sapwo^ Weight from 50 to 52 lbs. per cubic foot. U«ed chiefly for handles and light
vehicles. Valuable for fuel and smoking meat.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTEEISTIC8— The Shell-bark Hickory also known as Shag-bark
Hickory, can be distinguished from the Bitter Nut Hickory by means of its larger ^jy-'cal"^
buds whlcrare not flattened nor yellow, and by its bark which is shaggy, while that ottiiel^tt^
18 dorand rough. The bark of the Pignut Hickory is also close and rough Th* ^^K"^* ^J'^J^'J
has Hly buds but they are much smaller than those of the Shell-bark Hickory The fruit of both
the pSut mckory and Bitter Nut Hickory Is smaller and has a thin tardily or non-spUttlng
husk aS a snmlleT bitter kernel, and their leaves are smoother and their leaflets »"^«f tha^
Sose of the Shell-berk Hickory. The Mocker Nut Hickory has «^-*- JJ^ «^' '^J,^^^^^^
foliage, closer and rougher bark, and browner nuts with a small kernel. For distinguishing
characteristics b^'tween Oarya ovata and Carya laclniosa. see page 118.

BANGE— Quebec west to Minnesota and south to Florida and Texas.

DISTBIBTTTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Most conunon in the southeastern "*„ »<"*'*'^*^
narts of the State. Rare in the mounUlnous parts, except locally In the valleys. BA^ei
abundant l^lly east of the Allegheny mountains especially in the fertile valley, along the rich
footliills. Reported rather abundant locally in the northern part.

HABITAT— Prefers rich moist soil and plenty of light. CJommon in the valleys and in the moist
hillside woods. Also common along streams, and on the border of swamps.

ntPOBTANCE OF THE SPECIES— This Is a very important species on account of the ▼jl«»W«
wood and nut. which it produces. It 1. not very common in the Sljte "J^^tker thl^^"
doe. occur it should be protected and regenerated as much as po.sible. Seeds »t*^ «»»J "^^
H^s should be planted because the latter are sensitive to transplanting on account of their

long taproot.

PLATE XXXVIIL SHELL-BARK HICKORY

I. A flowering branch, x i.

ti. .A. branch Mith fruit and a mature leaf, x *.

H. A nut with part of husk removed, x *.

4. A nut, X }.

5. CrosH-sectiou of a nut showing kernel, x J.

6. A winter twig, x J.

7. Terminal part of a winter twig, natural size.

8. Section of a winter tA\ig showing u laterul bud and Icaf-acar, eiilurgea.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

1

i,

PLATE XXXIX. BIG SHELL-BARK HICKORY

1. A flowering branch, x 5.

•J. A branch with fruit and a mature leaf, x J.

3. A uut, X i.

4. Cross-section of a nut, x S.

5. A winter twig, x i.

6. Terniinal part of a winter twig, sliglitly enlarged.

7. A Ifuf-scar with bundle-scurs, slightly enlarged.

113

BIG SHELL-BARK HICKORY
Carya laciniosa, (Michaux f.) Loudon

FOBX — In greneral it Is the same as the Shell-bark (Carya ovata) except that It doea not attain
so larg« a diameter. When grown In a dense forest its trunk la very long, clean, and slightly
tapertng.

BASE— Same as Shell -bark Hickory (Carya ovata) or probably somewhat less shaggy.

TWIG8— (Btout, usoally a little velvety or tomentose, buif to nearly orange in color, covered
with nnmeroiur rather Inconspicnoas longitudinally-elongated lentlcels; pith angular.

Bin>8--81]nilar to those of the shell-bark (Carya ovata) except that they are a little larger
and hare 1«m keeled and more hairy outer scales.

LEAYEfr— Alternate, compound, with 7-9 leaflets, 10-22 inches long. l>aflets differ In size; basal
pair smallest, about } sl*e of tlie terminal; the upper pair broadest between the middle and the
apex. Leaflets sharp-pointed at apex, serrate on margin, tapering or rounded at base, thick, firm,
dark green and smooth above, pale green to brownish and hairy below. Leaf-stalks grooved, stout,
smooth or hairy, thickened at base, often persist for a long time.

LEAF-SCAR&— Alternate, more than 2-ranked, large, conspicuous, somewhat raised, heart-shaped
or 3-lobed or inversely triangular or sometimes elliptical, containing numerous conspicuous bundle-
scars which are distributed irregularly, grouped in 3 clusters or arranged in a curved line.

FLOWESS— Similar to those of Shell-bark Hickory (Carya ovata). See page 112.

FBUIT—Ovoid or broadly-oblong. 4-rlbbed above the middle, covered with very thick husk
which splits readily to the base. Nut dull white or yellowish, thick-walled, usually strongly
pointed at both ends, containing a sweet, light brown and deeply lobed kernel.

WOOD— EHmllar to that of the Shell-bark (Carya ovata), see page 112. Lumbermen do not and
manufacturers cannot distinguish between wood of the two species.

DISTINGUISHnSTG- CHAEACTERI8TI08— The Big Shell-bark Hickory, also known as Shag-bark
Hickory and King Nut, is most closely related to the Shell-bark Hickory (Carya ovata). It can
best be distinguished by its doll white or yellowish nuts which are usually strongly pointed at
both ends, while those of the latter are white and barely tipped with a point and often rounded
or notched at the base. The leaflets of this species number 7-9 to a leaf and are more downy
on the lower surface than in Carya ovata which has only 5-7 leaflets to each leaf. For dis-
tlngulshlng characteristics between this species and other Hickories see "Distinguishing Charac-
teristies" under Carya ovata, page 112.

KAKOE— Central New York and Pennsylvania, west to Iowa and Nebraska and south to Ten-
nessee and Arkansas.

DISTBXBtrTION IK PENNSYLVANIA— Common in the southeastern part of the State. Most
common east of the Allegheny mountains. Rare In the mountainous region except locally In the
fertile valley* between the mountains. Locally present in the western part. Probably most com-
mon In Northampton, Bucks, and Montgomery counties.

HABITAT — ^Prefers wet, rich soil. Often found on situations which are temporarily flooded in
spring. Fr«quent In rich bottomlands and on fertile hillsides.

DCPORTANOE OF THE SPECIES — This Is a very Important tree on account of the valuable
wood and nuts which it produces. It is not very comnwn in the State as a whole, but where it
does occur it should be protected and regenerated as much as possible. Seeds should be planted
rather than seedlings because the latter are sensitive to transplanting on account of their long
taproot.

G— 0

I !i

^11

:'*

if

PLATE XXXIX. BIG SHELL-BARK HICKORY

.\ lliiwoi'iiig branch, x \.
A liianch with fruit and

a maliiie leaf, .\ I.

o. A nut, X i.

4. Cross-sofliou uf a nut, .\ A.

r». A winter twiy, x i.

U. Tonniiial part uf a wiuter twig, sliylitly tiilaiytd.

7. A iiiil-sciir witb buntllti-bLurji, slightly eulari^'ed.

113

BIG SHELL-BARK HICKORY

Carya laciniosa, (Michaux f.) Loudon

FORM — Bi general it Is the same as the Shell-bark (Carya orata) except that It does not attain
Ro large a diameter. "When grown in a dense forest its trunk is very long, clean, and slightly
taperlnir.

BARK— Same as Shell-bark Hickory (Carya ovata) or probably somewhat less shaggy.

TWIGS — Stout, usually a little velvety or tomentose, buflf to nearly orange in color, covered
with nnmeroiur rather Inconspicuous longitudinally-elongated lenticels; pith angular.

BXTDS— Similar to those of the shell-bark (Carya ovata) except that they are a little larger
and hare leM keeled and more hairy outer scales.

LEAVES— Alternate, compound, with 7-9 leaflets, 10-22 Inches long. Leaflets diflTer in size; basal
pair smallest, about i size of the terminal; the upper pair broadest between the middle and the
apex. Leaflets sharp-pointed at apex, serrate on margin, tapering or rounded at base, thick, Arm,
dark green and smooth above, pale green to brownish and hairy below. Leaf-stalks grooved, stout,
smooth or hairy, thickened at base, often persist for a long time.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, large, conspicuous, somewhat raised, heart-shaprd
or 3-lobed or inversely triangular or sometimes elliptical, containing numerous conspicuous bundle-
scars which are distributed irregularly, grouped in 3 clusters or arranged in a curved line,

FLOWERS — Similar to those of Shell-bark Hickory (Carya ovata). See page 112.

FRTJIT— Ovoid or broadly-oblong. 4-ribbed above the middle, covered with very thick husk
which splits readily to the base. Nut dull white or yellowish, thick-walled, usually strongly
pointed at both ends, containing a sweet, light brown and deeply lobed kernel.

WOOI>— fflmllar to that of the Shell-bark (Carya ovata), see page 112.
manufacturers cannot distinguish between wood of Ihe two species.

Lumbermen do not and

DISTINOTTISHIKa CHARACTERISTICS— The Big Shell-bark Hickory, also known as Shag-bnrk
Hickory and King Nut, is most closely related to the Shell -bark Hickory (Carya ovata). It can
best be distinguished by its dull white or yellowish nuts which are usually strongly pointed at
lK>th ends, while those of the latter are white and barely tipped with a point and often rounded
or notched at the base. The leaflets of this species number 7-9 to a leaf and are more downy
on the lower surface than In Carya ovata which has only 6-7 leaflets to each leaf. For dls-
tingulflhing characteristics between this species and other Hickories see "Distinguishing Charac-
teristics" under Carya ovata, page 112.

RANGE— Central New York and Pennsylvania, west to Iowa and Nebraska and south to Ten-
nessee and Arkansas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Common In the southeastern part of the State. Most
common east of the Allegheny mountains. Rare In the mountainous region except locally in the
fertile valley* between the mountains. Locally present In the western part. Probably most com-
mon In Northampton, Bucks, and Montgomery counties.

HABITAT— Prefers wet, rich soil. Often found on situations which are temporarily flooded in
spring. Frequent in rich bottomlands and on fertile hillsides.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— This is a very Important tree on account of the valuable
wood and nuts which it produces. It is not very common In the State as a whole, but where It
does occur it should be protected and regenerated as much as possible. Seeds should be planted
rather than seedlings because the latter are sensitive to transplanting on account of their long
taproot.

0—9

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

114

i !

I

N

MOCKER NUT HICKORY
Cary alba, (Linnaeus) K. Koch

FORM— A large tree usually 50-75 ft. high with a diameter of about 2 ft. but may reach a
height of 90 ft. with a diameter of 3 ft. Crown narrow oblong to broad round-topped. Trunk
often swollen at base, In dense stands straight, clean, with little taper and free from branches
for one-half of Its height.

BARK— Dark or light gray, i-i of an Inch thick, close, not shaggy nor smooth, roughened by
Irregular furrows which separate broad, flat, close, more or less scaly and rounded ridges. See
Fig. 111.

TWIGS— Compared with the other Hickories very stout, usually decidedly downy, reddish-
brown, covered with numerous pale and longitudinally-elongated lentlcels; pith angular.

BUDS— Alternate, more than 2-ranked. Terminal bud very large, ovate, 2/6-4/5 of an Inch
long, densely hairy, usually blunt-pointed, covered with o%'erlapping scales, the outer pair of
which drops off in autumn and exposes the Inner yellowishrgray silky scales. Lateral buds
reddish-brown and do not split open very early.

LEAVES— Alternate, 8-12 Inches long, compounded with 7-0 leaflets. Leaflets lanceolate-obovate,
sharp-pointed at apex, toothed on margin, rounded or tapering at base, very fragrant, often
downy on lower surface. Leaf-stalks hairy, flatttened, grooved, and enlarged at base. Upper pair
of leaflets largest, with greatest width between the middle and the apex; lower pair often
oblong-lanceolate.

LEAF-SCARS — Similar to those of Shell-bark Hickory (Carya ovata).

FLOWERS— Appear about May when the leaves are half developed. Stamlnate and Pj8t"|ate
flowers occur separate. Staminate borne in slender catkins 4-5 Inches long, which are clustered in
38 on a common stalk. Pistillate borne in 2-5 flowered pale hairy spikes.

FRTTIT— Globular or ovoid, lJ-2} inches long, with a very thick or hard husk which splits to
the middle or base. Nut globular, brownish, not evidently-flattened but 4ndged towards apex,
with a very thick shell and comparatively small and sweet kernel.

WOOD— Similar to that of the Shellbark Hickory (Carya ovata.) See description, page 112.
Has a somewhat wider sapwood which is very white In color whence its specific name— alba.
Heartwood dark brown.

DISTINGITISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Mocker Nut Hickory, also known as the Bull Nut
Hickory the Big Bud Hickory, and the White-heart Hickory, can be distinguished from the two
Shell-bark Hickories by its bark, which is rough and close-fitting and does not shag off, its
stouter twigs, its scurfy pubescent foliage and its globular fruit which contains a globular brown-
ish thick-shelled nut with a relatively small kernel. The buds are somewhat larger than those
of the Shell-bark Hickories and thicker than the Pignut and Bitter Nut. The kernel of the latter
two species is bitter and their leaflets are narrower and smoother.

RANGE— Massachusetts and Ontario, west to Nebraska, and south to Florida and Texas.

MSTRIBITTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found most commonly in the rich valleys In the eastern
and southern parts of the State with local outposts In the central part. Also found In the
hardwood forest region In the western part.

HABITAT-Prefers rich, moist woods. Requires considerable moisture and sunlight. Does not
thrive in shaded situations. Found mainly In valleys and in fertile situaUons at the botvom of
slopes.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES-^he Mocker Nut Hickory produces as valuable a wood as
any of the Hickories. Some think that the wood is better than that produced by our other native
HiLorierbecause of the large amount of white sapwood. It Is difficult to transplant on account
ff its long taproot^ hence it Is advisable to plant the seeds rather than seedlings, f-ery effort
which one puts forth In developing and perpetuating this tree in our forests, especially In the
Jan^er'B woodlot, Is justified. The fruit Is large but the kernel is small and as a consequence It
has no special market value.

PLATE XL. MOCKER NUT HICKORY

]. Branch with immature It-avcs ;iii<l ll<'\\(i>. x ',.

'2. Branch with a iiuituie k'sil jiiid I'niil, x '.

.i. A nut with luisic nMiiovcd, x >..

I. LoiiRitudinal section of n nut, x I.

.".. A winter hranohlct, \ \.

»i. A winter liraiicliiet, sliuhtly »'nl»ir«ii|.

7. Section of winter hnuirli. enl)ir;;e<l.

s. Sectiiin of winter luiimli. I'niiirued.

if

I

114

MOCKER NUT HICKORY
Cary alba, (Linnaeus) K. Koch

FORM— A large tree usually 80-75 ft. high with a diameter of about 2 ft. but may reach a
height of 90 ft. with a diameter of 3 ft. Crown narrow oblong to broad round-topped. Trunk
often swollen at base, in denae stands straight, clean, with little taper and free from branches
for one-half of its height.

BAEK— Dark or light gray, M of an inch thick, close, not shaggy nor smooth, roughened by
irregular furrows which separate broad, flat, close, more or less scaly and rounded rldgea. See
Fig. 111.

TWIGS— Compared with the other Hickories very stout, usually decidedly downy, reddish-
brown, covered with numerous pale and longltudlnaUy-elongated lentlcels; pith angular.

BUI>S— Alternate, more than ^-ranked. Terminal bud very large, ovate. 2/5-4/6 of an Inch
long, densely hairy, usually blunt-pointed, covered with overlapping scales, the outer pair or
which drops off in autumn and exposes the inner yeUowisb-gray silky scales. Lateral buds
reddish-brown and do not split open very early.

LEAVES— Alternate, 8-12 Inches long, compounded with 7-9 leaflets. Leaflets lanceolate-obovate,
sharp-pointed at apex, toothed on margin, rounded or tapering at ^»«' ^«7^ ''*'^*"*' ,°"^,"[
downy on lower surface. Leaf-stalks hairy, flatttened. grooved, and enlarged at bawj. Upper pair
of leaflets largest, with greatest width between the middle and the apex; lower pair often
oblong-lanceolate.

LEAF-SCARS— Similar to those of Shell-bark Hickory (Carya ovata).

FLOWERS— Appear about May when the leaves are half developed. Staminate and £}■«»»*•
flowers occur separate. Staminate borne in slender catkins 4-5 Inches long, which are clustered In
38 on a common stalk. Pistillate borne In 2-5 flowered pale hairy spikes.

FRXrrr— Globular or ovoid. lJ-2} inches long, with a very thick or hard husk which splits to
the middle or base. Nut globular, brownish, not evidently-flattened but 4-ridged towards apex,
with a very thick shell and con^aratively small and sweet kernel.

WO0I>-SlmUar to that of the Shellbark Hickory (Oarya ovata.) See description, page 112.
Has a somewhat wider sapwood which is very white In color whence its speciflc name— alba.
Heartwood dark brown.

DIBTINGTJISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Mocker Nut Hickory, also known as the Bull Nut
Hickory the Big Bud Hickory, and the White-heart Hickory, can be distinguished from the two
Shell-bark Hickorie* by its bark. >«hich is rouiph and close-fitting and does not shag off .its
stouter twigs, its scurfy pubescent foliage and its globular fruit which contains a gl«^«J" t'^r^;
ish thick-shelled nut with a relatively small kernel. The buds are somewhat la'^K®'^ t^» *^^®
of the Shell-bark Hickories and thicker than the Pignut and Bitter Nut. The kernel of the latter
two species Is bitter and their leaflets are narrower and smoother.

RANGE-Massachusetts and Ontario, west to Nebraska, and south to Florida and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA- Found most commonly in the rich valleys in the eastern
and southmi parts of the State with local outposts in the central part. Also found In the
hardwood forest region In the western part.

HABITAT— Prefers rich, moist woods. Requires considerable moisture and «"mlight. Does not
thrive m shaded situations. Found mainly in valleys and In fertile situations at the bottom of
slopes.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Mocker Nut Hickory produces as valuable a wood as
anyof the Hickories. Some think that the wood is better than that produced by our other native
Sckorles because of the large amount of white sapwood. It Is difficult to transplant on account
^It^ long taproot hence it is advisable to plant the seeds rather than seedlings. Every eff^
which one puts forth in developing and perpetuating this tree in our forests, especially In the
?armerW<SSlot. is Justified. The fruit is large but the kernel is small and as a comiequence it
has no special market value.

Ill

PLATE XL. MOCKER NUT HICKORY

1. Branch with iininature leaves mul Jlowcrs. x I.

2. Branch with a mature loiif and fniit, x J.
A. A nut with husk ieiiiov(Ml, x A.

4. Ijongitudlnal section of a nut, x h.
."». A winter branchlet. x J.

<!. A winter Itranchlot. siiwhtly t'n)«r«<<I.

7. Section of winter Inaruh. enlaiwd.

5. Section of Avinter branch, cnhumd.

^ I'l'

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

115

I I

4.
5.
U.
7.

PLATE XLI. PIGNUT HICKORY

Branch with iiuinature h-avps sind ttowtMs, x h.

Uranch with matun' Whyvs and fruit Avitli liusk iMirtly leniovort, x J.

A nut with husli removed, x \.

Cross-section of a nut, x i .

A winter branch, x i.

Terminal se<'tinn of h winter lnnncli. enlarged.

A leaf-scar with bundle-sears, cnliiriied.

PIGNUT HICKORY
Carya glabra, (Miller) Spach

FORM — ^A fair-sized tree usually 50-60 ft. In height with a diameter of 2-8 ft., but may reach
a height of 90 ft. with a diameter of 3-4 ft. Tnmk slender, slightly-tapering, often clean and
long. Crown oblong in shape, rather narrow, sometimes high, formed by short, 8i)reading
branches, the lower ones often drooping.

BAKK — Rarely peels off or exfoliates, is close, dark gray, shallow-flssured, narrowly ridged,
tough, J -I of an incA thick. Resembles the bark of the White Ash. See Fig. 110.

TWIGS — Rather slender, usually smooth, at first yellowish- green, later reddish-brown, covered
with numerous pale longitudinally-elongated lenticels, roughened by leaf scars and bud-scale
scars; pith angular.

BUDS— Alternate, more than 2-ranked, reddish-brown to gray, oval, blunt-pointed. Terminal
bud i-J of an inch long, larger than the laterals. All buds covered with reddish-brown, smooth,
sharp-pointed, somewhat keeled outer scales and pale-silky inner scales. Outer scales often
drop off during winter.

LEAVES— Alternate, compound, with 5-7 leaflets, 8-12 inches long. Leaflets oblong to obovate-
lanceolate, sharp-pointed at apex, finely toothed on margin, tapering or obliquely rounded at
base, thick, smooth, dark green above, paler below.

LEAF-SCARS— ^Alternate, heart-shaped or oblong or inversely triangular or S-lobed, contain-
ing nunterous prominent bundle-scars irregularly scattered or arranged in a curved line or in 3
clusters.

FLOWERS— Appear about May when leaves are about half developed. Staminate and pistillate
flowers occtir separately. Staminate arranged in aments about 8-5 inches long and clustered in
3s on a common stalk. Pistillate occur in 2-6 flowered spikes on the new growth.

FRXTIT— Matures about October, variable in shape and size, pear-shaped or spherical to obovoid,
1-2 inches long, tapering at the base, reddish-brown, sometimes pubescent. Husk may remain
closed or split open from apex towards the middle or occasionally along the entire length. Nut
oblong to oval, with thick bony shell containing a kernel which is at first sweet, later bitter.

WOOD— Simdlar to that of the other Hickories of the State, except the Bitter Nut Hickory.
See description of wood, page 112.

DISTINOVISHINa CHARACTERISTICS— The Pignut or Broom Hickory, also known as the
Bitter Nut Hickory, can be distinguished by its smooth and rather slender twigs which bear
small oval reddish-brown buds covered with scales, the outer pair of which is smooth or glandular
dotted and often falls off before spring, thus exposing the inner velvety scales. Its buds are not
yellow like those of the Bitter Nut Hickory and are smaller than those of our other native Hick-
ories. The pear-shaped to ovoid fruit, with a thick bony-shelled nut is characteristic. The bark is
close and does not exfoliate like that of the Shag-bark Hickory. The leaves, with 5-7 usually
smooth and oblong to obovate- lanceolate leaflets are distinctive.

RANGE— Maine and Ontario west to Minnesota and Nebraska, and south to Florida and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Common in the southeastern and southwestern parts.
Also found locally in other parts. More common in the mountainous portion of the State than
any other Hickory.

HABITAT— Most common on dry ridges and hillsides. Rarer in swampy situations. Commonly
scattered amidst our Oaks and Chestnut. Prefers plenty of sunlight.

mPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Pignut Hickory produces a very valuable wood, espec-
cially for the farmer. The fruit is not edible. It should be grown In the farmer's woodlot and
in our larger forests In mixture with other forest trees. The seedlings are difficult to transplant
on account of their long taproots, which are rather sensitive to handling. In attempting to
grow this tree one should plant the nuts and not the seedlings. The great value of its wood
Justifies every effort that one can put forth in growing it.

115

PLATE XLI. PIGNUT HICKORY

PIGNUT HICKORY
Carya glabra, (Miller) Spach

FORM — A falr-ertzcd tree usually 50-60 ft. In height with a diameter of 2-3 ft., but may reach
a height of 90 ft. with a diameter of 3-4 ft. Trunk slender, slightly-tapering, often clean and
long. Crown oblong in shape, rather narrow, soniietimes high, formed by short, spreading
branches, the lower ones often drooping.

BARK — Rarely peels off or exfoliates, is close, dark gray, shallow-Assured, narrowly ridged,
tough, J-J of an Inch thick. Resembles the bark of the White Ash. See Fig. 110.

TWIGS — Rather slender, usually smooth, at first yellowish-green, later reddish-brown, covered
with numerous pale longrltudlnally-elongated lentlcels, roughened by leaf scars and bud-scale
scars; pith angular.

BUDS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, reddish-brown to gray, oval, blunt-pointed. Terminal
bud i-i of an inch long, larger than the laterals. All buds covered with reddish-brown, smooth,
sharp-pointed, somewhat keeled outer scales and pale-silky Inner scales. Outer scales often
drop off during winter.

LEAVES— Alternate, compound, with 5-7 leaflets, 8-12 inches long. Leaflets oblong to obovate-
lanceolate, sharp-pointed at apex, ftnely toothed on margin, tapering or obliquely rounded at
base, thick, smooth, dark green above, paler below.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, heart-shaped or oblong or Inversely triangular or 3-lobed, contain-
ing numierous prominent bundle-scars Irregularly scattered or arranged in a curved line or in 3
clusters.

FLOWERS— Appear about May when leaves are about half developed. Staminate and pistillate
flowers occur separately. Staminate arranged in aments about 3-5 inches long and clustered in
3s on a common stalk. Pistillate occur in 2-5 flowered spikes on the new growth.

FRUIT — Matures about October, variable in shape and size, pear-shaped or spherical to obovoid,
1-2 inches long, tapering at the base, reddish-broAvn, sometimes pubescent. Husk may remain
closed or split open from apeji towards the middle or occasionally along the entire length. Nut
oblong to oval, with thick bony shell containing a kernel which is at first sweet, later bitter.

WOOD — Similar to that of the other Hickories of the State, except the Bitter Nut Hickory.
See description of wood, page 112.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Pignut or Broom Hickory, also known as the
Bitter Nut Hickory, can be distinguished by its smooth and rather slender twigs which bear
small oval reddish-brown buds covered with scales, the outer pair of which Is smooth or glandular
(lotted and often falls off before spring, thus exposing the inner velvety scales. Its buds are not
yellow like those of the Bitter Nut Hickory and are smaller than those of our other native Hick-
ories. The pear-shaped to ovoid fruit, with a thick bony-shelled nut is characteristic. The bark Is
close and does not exfoliate like that of the Shag-bark Hickory. The leaves, with 5-7 usually
smooth and oblong to obovatelameol.ite leaflets are distinctive.

RANGE— Maine and Ontario west to Minnesota and Nebraska, and south to Florida and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Common In the southeastern and southwestern parts.
Also found locally in other parts. More coniimon in the mountainous portion of the State than
any other Hickory.

HABITAT— Most conwnon on dry ridges and hillsides. Rarer in swampy situations. Commonly
scattered amidst our Oaks and Chestnut. Prefers plenty of sunlight.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Pignut Hickory produces a very valuable wood, espec-
clally for the farmer. The fruit is not fdible. It should be grown in the farmer's woodlot and
in our larger forests in mixture with other forest trees. The seedlings are ditftcult to transplant
on account of their long taproots, which are rather sensitive to handling. In attempting to
grow this tree one should plant the nuts and not the seedlings. The great value of its wood
justifies every effort that one can put forth In growing it.

1.

4.

o.

ItraiK'h with ininiatuio l«avfs iind tinMcrs,

liranoh with niHtiirr 1«'hv«s hikI liiiit with

A nut Avith husk rcniovt'd, x y.

("ross-sectioM ut a nnt, x A.

A winter luanrh, x i.

Terminal se<"tioii uf a wiiili r liiaiich. en

A l«'al-scar with Imnille xais. eiila luecl.

X \.
liiisk

lar;;eil.

jMirtly removed, x i .

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

i

116
BITTER NUT HICKORY

Carya cordiformis, (Wangenheim) K. Koch

FORM-A rather large tree usually 60-75 ft. high with a diameter ^' ^V^lt'L^^oeT^C^o'^
Za^TZ^ inn f* with a diameter ot 21-3 feet. Trunk long, clean, with litUe taper, crown

•tout and ascending, often with semi-pendulous branchlets.

BARK—Lieht gray rather thin, roughened by shallow Assures and narrow ridgeBj tight-
litt^ng f^ does n^^el off or shag off In loose scales like the Shag-bark Hickory. See Fig. 112.

TWIGS-Slender smooth glossy, often yellow-glandular and hairy towards apex, grayish
or o^ngt;^^ o; redS' ro'ughe^ned with numerous pale and longitudinally-elongated lenticels;
pith brown and angular.

BTIDS— Alternate covered by 4 yellowish, glandular-dotted scales occurring In valvate pairs.
TeSrtun^denTlyXga'^^ed. flattened, blunt-pointed. Lateral buds ^^"^ ^"JP^^Jf^^
toe^west Tainary one usSuy smaU and sharp-pointed; the upper one larger, evidently-stalked

and angular.

tEAVES-Altemate 6-10 Inches long, compound, with 7-11 leaflets. Leaflets l|^<=eo'f,te *°
oviS^I^^e. ^teAl ones sessile. sLrp-pointed at apex, finely toothed onj^r,^.ol>mneiy
tearing ?r hea^t-shaped at base; when mature dark yellowish-green above, paler below.

LEAF-SCARS-Altemate. large, conspicuous, raised, heart-shaped, triangular to ^^'Pt^^J^
lighter than twigs, containing numerous bundle-scars arranged in 3 groups or In a single curved
Une or occasionally scattered Irregularly over whole scar.

TT.OWERS— Annear about May when leaves are half-developed. Staminate and Pi«tlllate
flo™ o^.^^pSa" .'^SJmlnarc are green and arranged in trlpl-lustered arnen^ a^^^^^^^
inches long. Pistillate grouped in small clusters on the new growth about } of an Inch long,
somewhat angled and scurfy-hairy.

FRUIT-Matures about October; spherical to obovate. about Ml inches long. Husk thin
yeno^i" g^nd^L-dotted. splits open to about the middle into four valves; before splitting
IppeT™ 4-XeS from ap^x to about the middle. Nut thin-shelled, at least a. broad as long,
smooth, short-pointed, with reddish-brown and very bitter kernel.

WOOI>-Wood resembles that of the other Hickories, described on Pa»e 112. only It Is
wmewhaT lighter, not quite so strong, of somewhat less fuel value, more brittle, less stiff,
and yields more ash when burned.

DISTINGinSHING CHARACTERISTICS-The Bitter Nut Hickory, also known as Tight Bark
Hicko™s™mpHickory and Bitter Hickory, can be distinguished by its lanceolate leaflets which
are nX^ent beneath, and smaller than those of any other native Hickory. " ^ the only native
spX Thich has yel ow buds with 4-6 bud-scales arranged in valvate pairs. Its terminal buds
a?^ Stt^nS^ and elongated whUe the lateral buds are evidently-stalked and supeijosed. The
Tt is globular, short-iinted, thin-walled, containing a bitter kernel, "^"d is covered by a thin
husk which in time splits open from the apex to about the middle. The bark is rough, but
Joes not scale oS^^hich characteristic it has in common with the Pignut and the Mocker Nut.

RANGE— Quebec to Minnesota and Nebraska and south to Florida and Texas.

■DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Local throughout the eastern and southern parts. Com-
mon Intoe southwestern part. wl>ore it attains a large size. Also reported ^«™^ ,tfe <^n^laad
northern Darts In the northern part it Is rare. It follows the streams and vaUeys northwards
^fa^asTcan withstand the coTd. Beyond this it is occasionally found cm the mounUin tops
above the severe frost line. Usually solitary and scattered.

HABITAT— Prefers low. wet and fertile situations such as borders of streams and farmer's
woodlots located in rich agricultural regions. Often found, however, fax up *»»« «|*>P!V*>' ?J!^:
Tains. It ascends almost to the top of the South MIountains in Pennsylvania. Not very tolerant

of shade.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Bitter Nut Hickory produces valuable wood but Its
fruit is not edible. It grows best on rich moist soil such as one usually finds ^" »/arin^ J
woodlot. It endures transplanting better and grows more rapidly than any other of our
Hickories This valuable tree is becoming rare. A future supply of wood should be Insured
fy developing this tree in mixture with others in the farmer's woodlot and In ferti e port ons
ot larger forests. It Is not gregarious but prefers to grow as a single specimen In mixture
with other trees.

PLATE XLII. BITTER NUT HICKORY

1. Branch with iminaturc k-avi's and rtowcis. x ].

2. Branch with a inaturo leaf and fruit, x I.
li. A fruit witli liusk partly opcnod, x \.

4. A nut with husk removed, x J.

{">. Longitudinal section of nut, x A.

«. A winter branch, x J.

7. Section of winter branch showing su|HT|ii>s(d Imil

8. Section of winter branch slunvin>r superposed buds

9. A leaf-scar with lunulle-scars, enlarged.

■;. >lit;hll.v fiilaii,'ed.

iind b'iir^ciir. sliuhllv eiiliiiKed

I'<

r:

'^?l

}» ir

116

BITTER NUT HICKORY

Carya cordiformis, (Wangenheim) K. Koch

FOEM-A rather large tree aaually 60^75 ft. high with a diameter »' ^V^,JJi«Tne?'^(^
. yZtZZtiaa ft wltii a diameter of 2J-3 feet. Trunk long, clean, with little taper. Crown
^^C^.^roa-de:?":.e'ar^tr rather Ihallow In forest grown apeclmen.. lateral tranche,
stout and aacendlng, often with aeml-penduloag branchlets.

BAEK^LIght gray, rather thin, roughoned by shallow flBBures and na^ow ^l^ge.; tight-
ntmgZtlLn n^l^ off or riiag off in looae ^.alea like the Shag-bark Hickory. See Pig. 112.

TWIOS-Slender wnooth. glossy, often yellow-glandular and hairy towards apex, grayish
or^ngt;^^ ?; i^dTsh.' ro'ughe^ned with numerous pale and longitudinally-elongated lentlcels;
pith brown and angular.

Bnns-Altemate covered by 4 yellowish, glandular-dotted scales occurring in Talrate pairs.
TS^^uH^denTy "on^'ted. flattened, blunt-pointed. Lateral buds ^'-"f. "".^^^i
SiTto^it w- axillary one usually small and shanhpolnted; the upper one larger, eridently-stalked

and angular.

LEAVES-Altemate. 6-10 inches long, compomid. with 7-11 ]^'^^^-^J^''^^2rlT^lmuX
oTateianceolate. lateral ones sessile, shan^polnted at apex, finely toothed o° T'^"' °^"*"*'^
teS^eait-shaped at base; when mature dark yellowish-green above, paler below.

LEAF-BCAES-Altemate. large, conspicuous, raised, heart-shaped, triangular t?^ «»'P««*J'
lighter than twigs, containing numerous bundle-scars arranged in 8 group, or in a single curved
line or occasionally scattered Irregularly over whole scar.

FLOWEES-Appear about May when leave, are half-developed. Stomlnate and Pjjtmate
flo™ <Sc^sepMate. Stamlnate are green and arranged in triple-clustered amenta about 8^
fX7l^ SSitate grouped in small clusters on the new growth about J of an inch long,
somewhat angled and scurfy-hairy.

FEUIT-Matures about October; spherical to obovate. about MJ inches ^W. ^"* ,Jf/"'
yeU^sh glandular-dotted, split- open to about the middle into four ^Ives; before splimng
Ippear. 4-wlnged from apex to about the middle. Nut thin-sheUed. at least a. broad as long,
smooth, short-pointed, with reddish-brown and very bitter kernel.

WOOD-Wood resembles that of the other Hickories, described on P»«e l^J- only It ta
BomewhaT lighter, not quite so strong, of somewhat less fuel value, more brittle, less stiff,
and yields more ash when burned.

DISTINOinsmNG CHAEAOTEEISTICft-The Bitter Nut Hickory, also known as Tight Bark
mcS^SwampHlckory and Bitter Hickory, can be distinguished by it. lanceolate leaflets wWch
Me oX^^t beneath, and smaller than those of any other native Hickory. It 1. the only native
™Lfr^ch has ^1 ow buds with 4-6 bud-scales arranged In valvate pairs. Ws termtoal buds
ST Stt^^^ and C^tS while the lateral buds are evidently-stalked and -np^posed. The
Tt li glciula?. short-^mted. thin-walled, containing a bitter kernel. "* is covered^ a thin
husk which in time ^Its open from the apex to about the middle. The Nirk i- «»^8h, but
d^s not^ale off. wWch characteristic it has in common with the Pignut and the Mocker Nut.

EANGE— Quebec to Minnesota and Nebraska and south to Florida and Texaa.

DKTEIBUTION DT PENNSYLVANIA— Local throughout the eastern and southern parts. Oom-
mon in the southwestern part, where it attains a large size. Also reported ^^'^^'^'^^^l^
Trthem parts. In the northern part it Is rare. It followa the streams and valley. ««f hward.
^^^^t can withstand the cold. Beyond this it is occasionally fomxd on the mountain top.
above the severe frost line. Usually solitary and scattered-

HABITAT— Prefers low. wet and fertile situations such as borders of stream, and farmer*,
woodlots located in rich agricultural regions. Often found, however, far up «^« 'J^^P^l?' jj!^:
taZ! It ascends almost to the top of the South Mountains in Pennsylvania. Not very tolerant

of shade.

IMPOETANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Bitter Nut Hickory produces valuable wood but its
fruit is not edible. It grows best on rich moist soil such as one usually finds in a fanuCT s
woodlot. It endures transplanting better and grows more rapidly than any other of our
mckorie.. Thi. valuable tree 1. becoming rare. ^ f"*^'* »»PP»y ?' 7*><^ f^°?*i„^ *°!^
by developing this tree in mixture with others in the farmer's woodlot and in f erti e porttons
of Urger forests. It is not gregarious but prefers to grow a. a single specimen to mixture
with other tree..

PLATE XLII. BITTER NUT HICKORY

1. Branch with immature leaves and Howers. x h.

2. Branch with a mature leaf and fruit, x h.

3. A fruit with husli partly opened, x J.

4. A nut with husk removed, x J.

5. Longitudinal section of nut. x 4.

6. A winter branch, x i.

7. Section of Avinter brancli showing supcrpostMl buds, sliulitly »'rilai«;ed.

8. Section of winter branch showing 8Ui)eriMise<l liudn and leaf scar, slightly enlarged

9. A leaf-scar with bundle-sears, enlarged.

11

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

117
•THE BIRCH FAMILY— BETULACEAE

The Birch family comprises 6 genera with about 75 species of
trees and shrubs which are confined to the colder part of the northern
hemisphere. Of this number 5 genera with about 30 species are
native to North America and 5 genera with 11 species to Pennsyl-
vania.

All the members of this family, even though they may belong to
different genera, have many morphological features in common. The
leaves are simple, alternate, borne singly or in pairs on the branches
but never opposite each other. The staminate and pistillate flowers
are separate, but are borne on different parts of the same tree and usu-
ally on different parts of the same branch. The staminate flowers are
long, usually in dropping aments, or in spike-like or knob-like aments
and may be with or without a perianth. The fruits are small, one-
celled, usually subtended by a large bract which in the most impor-
tant genera develops into a cone-like structure called a strobile.

Various products of high commercial importance are produced by
this family. The wood of the Birches is used extensively for furni-
ture, flooring, interior finishing and has a very high fuel value. The
fruit of the Hazelnuts is prized as food. The wood of some of the
Alders is especially adapted to the manufacture of gunpowder and
charcoal. The bark of the Black Birch yields a volatile oil of con-
siderable importance. The technical value of the products derived
from the members of this family is becoming more important every
year. The wood of some of the species which was despised formerly,
is now considered of high value in some particular industries, on ac-
count of the new uses to which it is being put. The science of Wood
Technology, which is merely in its formative period, will do much
in advancing the position of the wood of species at present despised
or at least not fully known. The subjoined key will aid in distin-
guishing the genera of this family.

KEY TO THE GENERA

Page

I. Staminate flowers solitary on each bract; pistillate flowers with a perianth; fruit
not a strobile, "

1. Staminate flowers 2 to several on each bract; pistillate flowers without a perianth;

fruit a strobile *

t. Shrubs; twigs covered with stiff red hairs standing out at right angles; nuts large,

covered by leaMlke involucre Corylus 128

2. Trees; twigs not covered with stiff red hairs; nuts small and subtended by a large

bract

8. Bark close, tmooth and fluted; nut subtended by a flat 3-lobed bract, terminal
lobe serrate on one side ••'V^T""'

3. BtLik thin covered by loose ribbon-like narrow brown scales; nut subtended by a

close bract arranged In hop-like clusters Ostrya i-a

4. Shrub with close, somewhat fluted bark; wood yellowish upon exposure; buds stalked

obtuse at apex, covered with two exposed valvate scales; fruit woody and

... Ainus 1^1

p^nlatent, •

4. Small to large trees with loose bark usually peeling off Into thin film-like wj^s:

buds not stalked, acute at apex, covered with 8 or more overlapping scales; fruU^ ^^^
membranous and deciduous

il

if
'If

>l

118

THE BIRCHES— BETULA, TOURNEFORT (L.)

The genus Betula comprises about 35 known species of which
number 25 are trees and the others shrubs. About 15 are native to
North America and 5 to Pennsylvania.

The members of this genus are without exception called Birches.
In most of them the bark of the trees when young is smooth and
peels off into film-like papery layers which vary in color according
to the species from chalky white to reddish brown. A few species
have, however, a close and smooth bark which does not peel off into
thin 'film-like papery layers. The wood is dense and hard, does not
show the annual rings very clearly, is of high fuel value and usually
reddish-brown in color, sometimes possessing a highly prized curly
or wavy figure. The twigs of the seasoi;, produce only one leaf at a
point, while the twigs of the previous season produce two leaves from
the lateral buds situate on the short spur-like branches. The leaves
are simple, always alternate, occur singly or in pairs but never op-
posite. The flowers appear before or with the developing leaves. The
staminate flowers appear clustered in long tassel-like bodies hanging
down from the end of the twigs and are known as aments. The pis-
tillate flowers appear below the staminate and are nearly erect,
rather small and slender. The fruit is a cone-like structure known
as a strobile, consisting of a central axis to which numerous scales
are attached. The scales are thin, 3-lobed, and bear the small flat
nuts with their wings. The nuts are very light and easily scattered
by the wind for considerable distance from the mother or seed trees.

The commercial products derived from some of the Birches are
rather important and valuable. Those found in the eastern part of
North America yield products of more value than those found in
the western part. Most of the birches found in the western part of
North America are too small, or infrequent in the form of stands,
to be commercially important for general or even domestic use.
Some of those found in the eastern part of North America are also
small shrubs but others reach the size of large timber trees which
yield not only excellent wood but also valuable oils, flavors, and

bark.

The subjoined key will aid in distinguishing the Birches found
in Pennsylvania. Separate summer and winter keys were not de-
veloped since the following key is based primarily upon bark char-
acteristics which are present at all seasons of the year.

119

KEY TO THE BIRCHES

Page

1. Bark usually separating Into thin fllm-Uke papery layers 8

1. Bark close, not separating into film-like papery layers, 4

8. Outer bark white in color, B, alba var. papyrlfera 120

8. Outer bark not white in color, 8

3. Outer bark yellow in color, strobilos usually sessile; leaves usually rounded at

base B. lutea 121

3. Outer bark reddish-brown, close, inner bark tinged with red; strobiles slender- stalked;

leaves usually wedge-shaped at base, B. nigpra 122

4. Bark chalky white, covered with black triangular spots below insertion of lateral

branches; small tree, often in clumps; leaves long-acumdnate, B. populifolia 123

4. Bark dark reddish-brown; large tree, usually occurs singly; leaves ovate with acute

apex; twiga and inner bark with wintergreen-Uke taste B. lenta 124

120

PAPER BIRCH
Betula alba var. papyrifera, (Marshall) Spach

FOEM— A large tree usually attaining a height of 60-76 ft. with a diameter of 1-2 ft.; but
may reach a height of 80 ft. with a diameter of 3 feet. Trunk in open grown trees short and
covered nearly to the base with lateral, often ascending branches; In close stands branchless
below and bearing a narrow open head.

BARK— On trqnk and older branches chalky to creamy white and peeling off In thin fllm-
like layers which are tinged with yellow and covered with horixonUUy-elongated lenticelt.
On older trunks rough and often fissured Into irregular thick scales.

TWIGS-aather stout, somewhat viscid, decidedly hairy, at first greenish, later becoming
smooth, reddish-brown and after several years, bright white, like the trunk, covered with
pale, horizontally-elongated, orange-colored lentlctls.

BUDfr-Altemate. ovate, sharp-pointed, divergent, about i of an Inch long, dark chestnut-
brown in color, covered by a few overlapping bud-scales with downy margins.

LEAVES-Altemate, simple, ovate, 2-3 inches long, lJ-2 inches wide, rather firm in texture;
upper surface dark green, under surface light green; narrowed or rounded at the base, sharply
toothed on the margin and sharp-pointed at the apex.

LEAF-SCAKS— See "Leaf -Scars" under Black Birch, page 124.

FLOWEBS-Appear in April or May before the leaves. The staminate are arranged in
aments, which occur in groups of 2-3 and are about MJ inches long, becoming 31-4 inches
long in spring. The pistUlate have light green lanceolate scales and bright red styles, and are
arranged in clusters about 1-1 i inches long.

FEUIT— A cylindrical, short-stalked strobile about U inches long. Scales long, with thick
lateral lobes and a rather long terminal lobe. Seeds are small and winged. Wings are wider
than the nut.

WOOD— Diffuse-porous; rays small and inconspicuous; light, strong, hard, light brown tinged
with red, with rather thick, light sapwood. Weighs 37 lbs. per cubic foot. Used extensively
for spools, shoe lasts, pegs, fuel, and in the manufacture of paper pulp.

DISTINGUISHING CHAEACTEBI8TICS— The Paper Birch, also known as Canoe Birch and
White Birch, may readily be distinguished from all the other species of Birch in Pennsylvania
except the Gray Birch, by its characteristic white bark which is never renewed when once
removed The European White Birch, which is introduced extensively for ornamental purposes,
also has a white bark. To distinguish it from the Gray Birch see "Distinguishing Charac-
teristics," page 123.

BANGE— Prom Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Michigan, Colorado, and Wash-
ington. This is one of the few transcontinental species.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Pound only in the northern part of the State. Occurs
locally in Cameron. Clinton. Lackawanna. Luzerne. Lycoming, Potter, Tioga, Union. Susquehanna.
Wayne, and a few adjoining counties. Reported from Blair. Centre, and Huntingdon counties.

HABITAT— Usually found on rich wooded slopes and on the borders of lakes, swamps, and
streams; also scattered through the forests of other hardwoods and occasionally through
coniferous forests.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Paper Birch is commercially of lltUe importance in
Pennsylvania on account of its Umlted distribution. It is not of suflScient importance to
justify its artificial propagation, but whenever it occurs naturaUy it should be protected so as
to insure an abundant future growth. The wood is sufficiently prized to justify its conservative
utilization, and also its protection, where nature produces it gratuitously.

PLATE XLIII. PAPER BIRCH

;{. A winK«'(l s('«'«l, »'nlHr»{«'<l.

t: i :inSr'bSl^ ^urU'pHH.y .hv.-,..,.. d t.^minal st:nninat,. .n.n.ts. x i.
«>. Section of a latoral Avint.-r spiir-J.raiith. i'Mlar«*'«l.
7. Section <»f a terminal -wiuifi- IhumcIi, i-ulargoa.

120

PAPER BIRCH
Betula alba var. papyrifera, (Marshall) Spach

FOEM-A large tree umially attaining a height of 60-76 ft. with a diameter of 1-2 ft. ; but
may reach a height of 80 ft, with a diameter of 8 feet. Trunk In open grown tree, 'hort and
covered nearly to the base with Uteral, often awjendlng branchea; In dose atanda branchlesa
below and bearing a narrow open head.

BARK— On trunk and older branchea chalky to creamy white and peeling off In thin fllm-
llke layers which are tinged with yellow and oov«red with horiaonUUy-elongated lentloela.
On older trunka rough and often fissured Into Irregular thick scales.

TWIGS— Bather stout, somewhat viscid, decidedly hairy, at first greenish, later becoming
smooth, reddish-brown and after several year., bright white, like the trunk, covered with
pale, horlaontally-elongated. orange-colored lentlcels.

BUDS— Alternate, ©vate. shaip-polnted, divergent, about i of an Inch long, dark chestnut-
brown m color, covered by a few overUpplng bud-scales with downy margins.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, ovate. 2-8 Inches long, li-2 Inches wide, rather firm In texture;
upper surface dark green, under surface light green; narrowed or rounded at the base, sharply
toothed on the margin and sharp-pointed at the apex.

LEAF-SOABS— See "Leaf -Scars" under Black Birch, page 124.

ELOWEBft-Appear In April or May before the leaves. The stamlnate are arranged in
amenta, which occur In groups of 2-3 and are about M* Inches long, becoming 3M Inches
long in spring. The plstUlate have Ught green lanceolate scalea and bright red styles, and are
arranged In clusters about 1-1 i Inches long.

FEXTIT— A cylindrical, short-stalked strobile about 1| Inches long. Scales long, vrith thick
Uteral lobes and a rather long terminal lobe. Seeds are smaU and winged. Wings are wider
than the nut.

WOOD— DiiTuse-porouB: rays small and inconspicuous; light, strong, hard, Ught brown tinged
with red. with rather thick, light sapwood. Weighs 37 lbs. per cubic foot. Used extensively
for spools, shoe lasts, pegs. fuel, and In the manufacture of pap«* pulp.

DISTIUGUISHllfO CHABACTEEI8TICS— The Paper Birch, also known as Canoe Birch and
White Birch, may readily be distinguished from all the other species of Birch In Pennsylvania
except the Gray Birch, by Its characteristic white bark which Is never renewed when once
removed The European White Birch, which is Introduced extensively for omamentol purposes,
also has a white bark. To distinguish It from the Gray Birch see "Distinguishing Charac-
teristics." page 123.

EAHOE— From Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Michigan, Colorado, and Wash-
ington. This Is one of the few transcontinental species.

DI8TBIBUTI0N IN PENNSYLVAHIA— Pound only in the northern part of the State. Occurs
locally m Cameron, Clinton. Lackawanna, Luzerne, Lycoming, Potter. Tioga, Union, Susquehanna,
Wayne, and a few adjoining counties. Reported from Btalr, Centre, and Huntingdon countlea.

HABITAT— Usually found on rich wooded slopts and on the borders of lakes, swamps, and
streams; also scattered through the forests of other hardwoods and occaaionaily through
coniferous forests.

DfFOBTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Paper Birch la commercially of little Importance In
Pennsylvania on account of its limited distribution. It is not of suflBdent Importance to
Justify its artificial propagation, but whenever It occurs naturaUy it should be protected so aa
to Insure an abundant future growth. The wood Is sufflcienUy priaed to Justify its conservative
utilization, and also lU protection, where nature produces it gratuitously.

PLATE XLIII. PAPER BIRCH

I: ss'-ir;;2..^^r;"VStr^o..a/s^x.?^^^^ ^s^i^ =: ^

.3. A wiiiKod s»^«'(l, onlar>r«'<l.

5. i X^hSih ^ithTpHrUy .l..v..lo,K.d tonninHl sta.ninat. a.nonts, x I.

6. Section of a lateral winter spurbrancU, enlargeU.

7. Section of a teniilnal winter brauch. enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

PLATE XLIV. YELLOW BIRCH

1. Floworinjf hraiirh widi (s) sfamiiiate flowors, ami (p) pistillate flowers x h.

1'. Hranch with niatun' Jeavis and four fniitiiig strobiles, x A. ' "

.!. A winged seed, enlaixed.

4. A strobile scale, enlarged.

r». Wiuter brancii witli partly developed terininul stamina te ameuts, x S.

t>. Section of a lateral spur-like winter twig, i-nlarged.

". Section of a teruiiuai winter twi^', euliirijred.

121

YELLOW BIRCH
Betula lutea, Michaux

rr.*f;;;trjrn^^.rtr/^irfrt^ 'V? f '".*-*- <>' ^-« «• ^-^ «.,

BhoTt, bnmchlnr near the baBe- lIV Z^ x ^*™®'®' <>' 3-4J feet. Trunk in the open usually
ta7ei,. On old tnmto ll tonf ^LZ^ JSf^ k^"^ "," ""'" *""• ^"l""- <Un>-llke. Paperr

.^.tioeu ^uo. to S'jrs'f^r'.ct^^.r;?^^.'^""' """ ""-^'''^ ''•'^■"-

WDS-Btauu, t. «.<« of the Black Blrcb, b« «,metlme. rtlgbtlr more down,. See paip, 124.

^S^a^SSr^ a-i-^LMrjsi rL-riVe^t- "Zi

BlS^i^^^Sfi;;? '"""^^ "^ """" °' "^* ^^•^^^^^ «''^^ ^- ^^'<-^-. -<> •« of the other

nl^u^'^^^^^^" **^"* -*^P'" *^'°'<^ "»« »e»^e.. Stamlnate and pistillate separate but
usually on the «une branch. Stamlnate formed in the fall. remaiUg Vi wtnterT aments

f K , * '''Jl^v^** ^°^ ^^^^^^ *^*^"«*^ ^ ''*>«°* 8 ^che* in spring, /istilute iJout ^73^ an
inch long, with acute scales which are light red and hairy above! ^ green iSow

raUIT—An erect, usually very short-stalked strobile, about 1-lJ inches lonjr ovat* in ««♦

iaS ^^rr^er^'n^Tw^ng^ ^ ^^^ ''^^'^"^ ^ » -"^''' ^- -^ ^ "- -" '^^^

i^^^®/*!:^*?^^"^""' "^'' indistinct; heavy, hard, strong, compact, not durable when
In contact with Uie soil. Heart-wood light brown, tinged witk redfiS-w^ wS^ wllrhs

Im^mnZr^l'"^'- ""^^ ''' '^™*^^' ^°^'^*' ^'^'^' anIsh.'box^:rnrs!-ha]^wSd"

DISTDrOXTISHIKG CHAKACTERISTICS-The Yellow Birch, also known as SUver and Grav
Birch can readily be distinguished from the other Birches of PeSm^viX by^te^eSot ^l

Hit «rth °S '"""^^'^ ^'"■"'^^ '^P^'y •'"'^^•'- ^» *^ method TpeeZg ^e barf rL^m^ei
that of the Pap^ Birch and the Red Birch, but It does not havr the white ^oloro? the

STe R^ r! 'f "'*** '" greenish-brown color of the latter. The loose. ^ ilie! ^^ Lies
of the Bed Birch are smaller than those of the Yellow Birch and the strobUes of S7 former
are slender-stalked while those of the latter are usually sessile or very shor? S^.

an?1^2n^^!^rT£lnrrj° ^^^^»^'"^^' ^^ *»«^ "»« "«>-tain. to North Ca«>lina

AlSSS^"^^'' "^ PEHNSYLVANIA-Pound locally throughout the State but commonest in the
Alleghenles. Rare or absent In the southeastern and southwestern parts. Small pure stands
occur along some of the streams and on moist lower slopes In the northern p^rof t^Stote

HABITAT— Common on moist rich uplands, borders of streams, and in swamps.

of^^^?.!^^^ ?^ f^^ SPECIES-The Yellow Birch is one of the largest deciduous trees
of northeastern America. Until recently the value of its wood was not fully appreciated
at"^ir.*M ''.^Jf ' '»!y. J>««i"on on the lumber market and in the future it Ul'^^rdoubi

vliitii! nlL i:Z *^i ''"; J} ^*' ^*" ""^""^^ ** "^"^ <»' "^« ™««* «^»'»«c. reliable, and
ISr^H i»ardwoods of this country. With all Its good qualities, it has superior assocl-

!!!!i. f 5**"**2.^^""y *^"»o^ ^ recoiianended for forestry purposes except in the farmer's
woodlot where fuel is especially desired and In such other places where it comes up naturally
and other more desirable trees wUl not grow to advantage.

PLATE XLIV. YELLOW BIRCH

1. Fhiworiiij; hraiuli with (si slnmiuato Mowors. and (|») jiistillati' flowers, x I.
'2. Hranch with matiiir hjivis and fonr liiiitiu;,' .siiobilcs, x h.

A win^od socd, eiil!irK<'d
4. A strobile scak-, I'ulaisjcd.

.".. Winter liraiicli witli partly d»;vclopL-d tcruiiaal stamiuate auututs,
'j Sec'ti>tn of a luttaal simr-lil^e -winter l^^iy, ''nlargi-d.
7. Section iif a ttruiiu;il ^villt('r twiy, culiiracd.

X .{.

121

YELLOW BIRCH
Betula lutea, Michaux

.hort. branching ne^^ebag^ Ite l^ii !^ ^ T"" **' ^■** '""*• ^^"^ *^ ^he open usually

...Uoei. ^Mch .a U^ J« ^ f^^. C rii.„?:,T.. "'""■ -'"' "»"""" ■"""""""'
OTDS-SlmllT to thOM of the Black Birch, but wmctlmc. MtM, more do™,. See page 124

BlrS^if^fenSlf'"^'" '" '^'^ "' ''« ^'^^'^ «^'^»» I'* I«rtlcnlar. and all of the other

FLOWEBS— Appear about April before the leaves. Staminate and Distillate senaratP hnf

aZt'^i^f I^^rton'^'^^h^ ^r^T' '^"^ *" "^^ "^'' reLiZ'oferwUrTVmen^^^
about S of an Inch long which elongate to about 3 inchea In gprlnir Pirtillate nbmit a/q «/ ««
inch long, with acute scales which are light red and hairy above! ^d grein ^l^w ^' ' *

FRUIT— An erect, usqaUy very short-stalked strobile, about 1-14 Inches lone ovate m nut

ioS X'-^l^er-'jrror -^ -^^ '"""'^ " * "■""' '^" "^^' °'- ^" '^•^

WOOD-Diffuse-porous; rays indistinct; heavy, hard, strong, compact, not durable when
In contact with the soil. Heart-wood light brown, tinged witk red; sai-w<Si p^e Vl^Jhs
ImS^^nZ^tl'""'' """^ '"' '"'""'"'• ^"^^*' *"*^'^"' finish,' boxes, ven^l! ha^^wj^'

Birch can readi y be distinguished from the other Birches of Pennsylvania by its yellow bark

that of the Paper Mrch and the Bed Birch, but It does not have the white color of the
SThI ^ n? ""f *"* greenish-brown color of the latter. The loose, film-like, papery scales

«L^,!n?^ ^^^ are 8,„aller than those of the Yellow Birch and the strobiles of Sf former
are slender-stalked while those of the latter are usually sessile or very short-stalked.

-«?^^^^^®'^*"^**^*"'^' '^°*** *° Pennsylvania, and along the mountains to North Carolina
and Tennessee, west to Minnesota.

DISTBIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA-Pound locally throughout the State but commonest in the
Alleghenies. Bare or absent in the southeastern and southwestern parts. Small pure stands
occur along some of the streams and on moist lower slopes In the northern part of the State.

HABITAT— Common on moist rich uplands, borders of streams, and in swamps.

IMPOKTANCE OF THE SPECIEfi^The Yellow Birch Is one of the largest deciduous trees
of northeastern America. Until recently the value of its wood was not fully appreciated,
but today it holds a fair position on the lumber market and in the future it will no doubt
attain a still better position. It has been classed as one of the most artistic, reliable, and
versatUe of the hardwoods of this country. With all its good qualities, it has superior associ-
*^,*" consequently cannot be reconanended for forestry purposes except In the farmer's
woodlot where fuel is especially desired and in such other places where it comes up naturally
and other more desirable tree* wUl not grow to advantage.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

122

RED BIRCH

Betula nigra, Linnaeus

near Avis in Clinton county. See Fig. 49.

BARK-Varles with the age of the tree and Its location on the trunk. On lower part of

Fig. 86.

TWIGS-Slender. at first hairy and greenish, later smooth, reddish-brown, covered by pale
horizontally-elongated lenticels.

BUDS-Alternate. ovate, sharp-pointed, shining, smooth or slightly hairy, covered with usually
S-7 chestnut-brown overlapping scales.

T^VES-Altemate simple, occur singly or in pairs but never opposite 3-4 inches long.
at^I^tJ^ "er^te on'm^rgin. deep green above, pale yellowish-green below.

LEAF-SCAES— Similar to those of the Black Birch. See page 124.

FTOWERS-ADoear about April before the leaves. Staminate and pistillate are separate, but

situate below the staminate flowers.

FEUIT-An erect, slender-stalked. pubescent, cylindrical «t~^"f ' ^^^^j^^'all'TaW'" w^^^^^^
of munerous 3-lobed pubescent scales fastened to central ax^s and bearing small, hairy, wlngea
nuts. Terminal lobe of the scales is larger than the laterals.

Jure, slack-cooperage, fruit ana vegetable baskets, woodenware and turnery.

DISTDtaVISHrUG OHARACTERISTIOS-The Red Birch, also known as the B"« Birch, can ^
recogn™ b?" s reddlsh-brown to clnn.mon-red bark wh^h Peel, »,«„^-^%'^^"t\,5r':7.

rd'::idX".rw%rsuX";eurrred'"js.The;rck°^^^^^^

fs-^suMnfarg :rr:ri:ther'^t-=s'rh ;Lrif^rin Sn^h^g It.
EANGE-Massachusetts south to Florida, west to Minnesota. Kansas, and Texas.
DISTEIBTTTION IN PENNSYLVANIA-Found throughout the State along the banks of the

srHrrrs-arirr-ibrrr'c^^^^^^^^^^

the western part of the State.

HABITAT-Prefers the banks of streams, lakes, pools, and swamps Occasionally found
up^di^t^Ss It is called River Birch because it is usually found along the banks of
rivers or other locations having similar moisture conditions.

T«T>nPTAvrF OF THE SPECIES— The Red Birch is of little commercial importance In Penn-
sy^anfa as a lumber t?e^ on acSuVof the relatively small size which It attains, the sof^ess
Tits wo'od.'anTthe absence of figure and attractive color *" f «,J,«,f^^^^^^
distribution. It is essentially a southern tree reaching "s best development mworin j.
and aSning states. While it is of little commercial ^^P^^^t^nce it may be of economic
fmm,rtance in such situations where moisture-loving trees are required to W°f •°»; /« Jf^j^
scrams or where it is desirable to establish stands in extremely swampy locations. It
attractive as an ornamental tree.

PLATE XLV. RED BIRCH

tlowors, (p) iiistillalt' tlowcis, x
stroliiU's, X A.

1. Flowering branch with (s) ^;«'"!''f i;^"!

" Branch with mature U-avvs and two Irultinp .

.{ A -vvinKOd sp»'<1. «*nl«»««'*l-

t- -^ r,";""..'?.'''.; »"."''■''.';..■ ,.»fM,_j.v ■ > -

«: Socli.in ..I a »int.T l.rai.<li, enlmswl.

laiiiinatc aintiilr

122

RED BIRCH

Betula nigra, Linnaeus

near Avis in Clinton county. See Fig. 49.

Fig. 86.

TWIGB-Slender. at first hairy and greenish, later smooth, reddish-brown, covered by pale
horizontally-elongated lenticels.

BUDS-Alternate. ovate, sharp-pointed, shining, smooth or slightly hairy, covered with usually
8-7 chestnut-brown overlapping scales.

I^VES-Altemate simple, occur singly or in pairs but never opposite 8-4 inches lonf.
nt^l^tn^te rm^rgin. deep green above, pale yellowish-green below.

LEAP-SCAES-Similar to those of the Black Birch. See page 124.

FLOWEE^Appear about April before the leaves^ Jaminate and ^:^Zro^l7^nt^''T.
UHually occur on the same branch. , Staminate form^^^^^ ^-S inches

r tlCnL Un^ "p^-tit?; re^U" roran^inr^ngntetpS in -pHng fro. buds
situate below the staminate flowers.

FETTIT-An erect slender-stalked, pubescent, cylindrical strobile. 1-lj ^"^'^^^/^"^•^""f**^^
Of nlerouf 3-irbrd pubescent scales fastened to central axis and bearing small, hairy, winged
nuts. Terminal lobe of the scales is larger than the laterals,

Jure. sllckZ^"age.T^i't and vegetable baskets, woodenware and turnery.

DISTINGTJISHmG CHAEACTEEISTlCS-^e Red Birch, also known »« the Elver Birch, can ^
recognl^rits reddish-brown to cinnamon-red l^k ^^\^f;^ fellow BTi^whic'h'J7s
scales. The layers are smaller and less ragged ^han thoae of the Ye»o^ ^^ ^^^^^

a decidedly yellow or silvery-yellow colored bark. The Black "I'^f /" * ^ j.. ^i^^h

5o^ not ^ef off and the other species of Pennsylvania have ^ white bark ^hj JMver Blrc
is usually found along streams or in other wet locations which may also aid in mstingu

EAHGE-Massachusetts south to Florida, west to Minnesota. Kansas, and Texas.

DI8TEIBTJTI0N IN PENNSYLVANIA-Found throughout the State along the ^^"^ j' *J®
prlX^TeTLd^lhel chief tributaries. Abundant aiong the Delaw«^^ ^^^^^

and Susquehanna rivers and their main tributaries. Reported from Westmoreiana co
the western part of the Stote.

HABITATL-Prefers the banks of streams, lakes, pools, and swamps Occasionally found
uiTdi^t^SionB It is called River Birch because it is usually found along the banks of
rivers or other locations having similar moisture conditions.

mPOETANCE OF THE SPECIES-The Red Birch is of "Jtle commercial i^PJ^^^^^^^J^^^,
syivania as a lumber tree on account of the l^''"'';!''/ ;^'\^IIJ^'^^^^
of its wood, and the absence of figure and attractive color ^/'^^f «. J^?^ " ™n^^^^
distribution. It is essentially a southern tree '«a<''>i"«/*%^^^* ^^if^'fJ^^^^
and adjoining states. While it is of little commercial ^^P^^^tance it may be oi e
fmDort^ce iS such situations where moisture-loving trees are required to "nd wil. as along
Itrfa^ or wh?re it is desirable to establish stands in extremely swampy locations. It i.
attractive as an ornamental tree.

1.
4.

r».

6.

PLATE XLV. RED BIRCH

1*1. /a\ etrtiiiiiiate flowers, (p) pistillate tlowors, x i.

A winged seed, enlarged.

1 wlnt*;M-%nanH; wlth'Thn.e partly d.v-lo.K.d ...nnnal s.a.ulnato a.u.nts. x

SecUoa of a wintor branch, enlarged.

PLATE XLVI. GRAY BIRCH

1. FloweriiiR bran«-h witli immatuic leaves (») stauiinate flowers, (p) pistillate flowers, x h
'J. Branch with mature leaves and fruiting strobiles, x J.

3. A winged seed, enlarged.

4. A strobile scale, enlarged. .

n. A winter bran* h with a i)artl.v developed terminal stammate ajnent, x *.
U. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

123

GRAY BIRCH
Betula populifolia, Marshall

FOKM — ^A small tree asuallj occurring in clump« and attaining a height of 20-30 ft. with
a diameter of 9 inches, but may reach a height of 45 ft. and a diameter of 18 inches.
Trunk slender, often inclined, continuous, and covered with ascending lateral branches with
drooping ends which form a narrow pyramidal, rather open, and {minted crown.

BABE — ^Dull white, close, smooth, not peeling oif into thin film-like layers but covered with
triangular black spots below the insertion of the lateral branches. On old trunks black and
roughened with fissures. Inner bark orange-yellow. See Figs. 85 and 90.

TWIOS— Slender, greenish to l»rown, roughened by warty projections and by raised, pale,
and horizontally-elongated lenticels, later smooth and dull white.

BUDI^-Altemate, 2-ranked, ovate, 1/5 of an inch long, sharp-pointed, divergent, covered
with 3-4 visible, smooth, slightly resinous, brovni bud-scales with downy margins.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, triangular, ovate, 2i-3 inches long, li-2 inches wide, wedge-
shaped at base, decidedly serrate on margin, with long-toothed apex and long, slender petioles
which cause the leaves to quiver when stimulated by a slight breeze only.

LEAF-SCABS— See "Leaf -Scars" under Black Birch, page 124.

FLOWEBS — ^Appear about April before the leaves. Staminate occur in solitary or occasionally
paired amenta wtilch are about li-H inches long and i of an inch wide during the winter,
but develop in spring to a length of 2-4 inches. Pistillate are cylindrical, slender, about i of an
inch long and stalked.

FBXTIT — A slender, cylindrical, stalked strobile about I of an inch long and obtuse at the

apex. Scales are small and downy; their lateral lobes broad and recurving, while the terminal

one is rather straight and narrow. Seeds small, oval and winged. Wings are broader than the
•eed.

WOOD — Diffuse-porous; rays inconspicuous; light, soft, not strong, not durable; heartwood
light brovra; sapwood light. Weighs 36 lbs per cubic foot. Used for fuel, and in the
manufacture of paper pulp, spools, shoe pegs, and hoops for barrels.

DJBTINOUISHIN'a CHABACTEBISTICS— The Gray Birch, also known as Oldfleld, White,
Poverty, or Poplar Birch, can be distinguished from all the other Birches of Pennsylvania,
except the native Paper Birch, and the commonly introduced European White Biroh, by its
white bark which is never renewed when once removed. The bark is close, dull white, and
marked with black triangular blotches just below the insertion of the lateral branches and does
not peel off in thin paper-like layers like that of the Paper Birch. The Gray Birch is usually a
small tree with a rather continuous trunk and frequently occurs in cliunps. The twigs of the
Gray Birch are also rougher than the Paper Birch and its leaves are long-acuminate, while
those of the Paper Birch are ovate.

BAlfOE — ^Nova Scotia south to Delaware and southern Pennsylvania, west to the southern
shores of Lake Ontario.

DISTBIBTJTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Occurs chiefly in the northeastern and northern parts.
Common in Monroe, Schuylkill and Pike counties. Abundant along streams in northern part of
the State and on the piles of coal refuse (culm) in the anthracite region. Pure stands occur near
Tamaqua, Schuylkill county. A few specimens found on the Knob of South Mountains, in Adams
cotmty, and on the Tuscarora mountains west of Mercersburg in Franklin county near the
Mason and Dixon line, and on Tussey mountain in Huntingdon county. A pure stand of
medium and large trees occurs south of Baston, Northampton county.

HABITAT — ^Usually occvu-s on moist soil along streams, ponds, and lakes; also grows on
hillsides and occasionally on rocky mountain tops.

nCPOBTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Gray Birch Is of little commercial value on account of
the small size which it attains due to its short life. The existing stands should, however, be
conservatively utilized. It cannot be recommended for forest planting, but is an extremely
attractire tree for ornamental purposes.

PLATE XLVI. GRAY BIRCH

1. Flowoniiff bniiM-h with iiiiiiiatmo Icavi-s (s) staiiiimite flowers, (p) pistillate flowors, x l.

■2. Branoli witli mature leaves aiitl fniitiug strobiles, x *.

:!. A winged seed, «>nlHrued.

4. A strobile seale, «'iilarKed.

."i. A winter bran< h with a jiarlly dt velMjtcd lennhial staniinat*' aineiit, x *.

0. Section <d' a wint<'i- twii;, enlarged.

123

GRAY BIRCH
Betula populifolia, Marshall

FOBM — A small tree usually occurring In clumps and attaining a height of 20-30 ft. with
a diameter of 9 inches, but may reach a height of 45 ft. and a diameter of 18 inches.
Trunlc slender, often inclined, continuous, and covered with ascending lateral branches with
drooping ends which form a narrow pyramidal, rather open, and pointed crown.

BARK — Dull white, close, smooth, not peeling off into thin film-like layers but covered with
triangular black spots below the insertion of the lateral branches. On old trunks black and
roughened with fissures. Inner bark orange-yellow. See Figs. 85 and 90.

TWIGS— Slender, greenish to brown, roughened by warty projections and by raised, pale,
and horizontally-elongated lenticels, later smooth and dull white.

BUDS— Alternate, 2-ranked, ovate, 1/5 of an inch long, sharp-pointed, divergent, covered
with 3-4 visible, smooth, slightly resinous, brown bud-scales with downy margins.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, triangular, ovate, 2}-3 inches long, l}-2 inches wide, wedge-
shaped at base, decidedly serrate on margin, with long-toothed apex and long, slender petioles
which cause the leaves to quiver when stimulated by a slight breeze only.

LEAF-SCABS— See "Leaf-Scars" under Black Birch, page 124.

FLOWERS — ^Appear about April before the leaves. Staminate occur in solitary or occasionally
paired aments which are about li-li Inches long and i of an inch wide during the winter,
but develop in spring to a length of 2-4 inches. Pistillate are cylindrical, slender, about i of an
inch long and stalked.

FRUIT — A slender, cylindrical, stalked strobile about J of an inch long and obtuse at the
apex. Scales are small and downy; tlieir lateral lobes broad and recurving, while the terminal
one is rather straight and narrow. Seeds small, ovul and winged. Wings are broader than the
tieed.

WOOD — Diffuse-porous; rays inconspicuous; light, soft, not strong, not durable; heartwood
light brown; sapwood light. Weighs 36 lbs per cubic foot. Used for fuel, and in the
manufacture of paper pulp, spools, shoe pegs, and hoops for barrels.

DISTIKGUISHnra characteristics— The Gray Birch, also known as Oldfleld, White,
Poverty, or Poplar Birch, can bo distinguished from all the other Birches of Pennsylvania,
except the native Paper Birch, and the commonly introduced European White Birch, by its
white bark which is never renewed when once removed. The bark is close, dull white, and
marked with black triangular blotches just below the insertion of the lateral branches and does
not peel off in thin paper-like layers like that of the Paper Birch. The Gray Birch is usually a
small tree with a rather continuous trunk and frequently occurs in climips. The twigs of the
Gray Birch are also rougher than the Paper Birch and its leaves are long-acuminate, while
those of the Paper Birch arc ovate.

RANGE— Nova Scotia south to Delaware and southern Pennsylvania, west to the southern
shores of Lake Ontario.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Occurs chiefly in the northeastern and northern parts.
Common in Monroe, Schuylkill and Pike counties. Abundant along streams in northern part of
the State and on the piles of coal refuse (culm) in the anthracite region. Pure stands occur near
Tamaqua, Schuylkill county. A few specimens found on the Knob of South Mountains, in Adams
county, and on the Tuscarora mountains west of Mercersburg in Franklin county near the
Mason and Dixon line, and on Tussey mountain in Huntingdon county. A pure stand of
medium and large trees occurs south of Easton, Northampton county.

HABITAT— Usually occurs on moist soil along streams, ponds, and lakes; also grows on
hillsides and occasionally on rocky mountain tops.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Gray Birch is of little commercial value on account of
the small size which it attains due to its short life. The existing stands should, however, be
conservatively utilized. It cannot be recommended for forest planting, but is an extremely
attractive tree for ornamental purposes.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

124

BLACK BIRCH
Betula lenta, Linnaeus

... * Ki\Mi ft with a diameter of 1-3 «■• ^"*
,OKH-TM. tree ^^^^^^^^ ^ £^^'0^^""^^^ '''^^7* «„ "".rruierCr

very close fitting, reddish-brown, w«n

elongated lenticels. becoming reddish-brown,

smooth, shining, wim v . „* ^nd short.

.vbile lateral spurs are numerous, stout. ^ ^^^^ ^^^^

X,EAVE8-...ernate, ■'-•- -'- r^^^ "S^^^V^ ^^^T^^' "'^ '"*'• -"^■
pointed at apex, dark green above. p..e .ree ^„.«,„idl.t.nt

IXAI-.SOAK^A,.er„.te. .n,a... .eml-ova. .n ouUlne. cootainin,
bundle-scars. , , ^ ii remaining over

ITs « 4 mX. me foLwing .prln.. PLtmate are about .-I

pale green. ^ smooth S-lot«d acalea

««X_. .tr„...e a^-t ij;--- r.J' .Ta'::' .-rt'U't Tengt. but the tem^na, ..
,nd smal. winged nuUets. Lobe, oi u..
narrower and sharporpointed. ^ . ^ hrown with tWn yellwlah

WOOD-m«a.e.porou»; raya IndUtlncti Ue^. •„'J»;J;„:;'^; ^en in >mW.lon of >Ub<*.ny.

r Wckory. Tree, cat ,n .P''« " J^^' Z^^ tZ that of the Maplea.

tree, but the MP contain. le» Mcoharme ^^^^^ ___^^

Birch are hairy and irregularly lobed.

^„0^„„...nd to .orlda, woa. to Ontario, -- -;;™7_„^ .,„„^,,
PISIKBUIIOI. W PENNSYLVANIA-^mmon throughout the State.

especial.. In the mountalnoua reg.on.. ^^^_^^__ ^__ ^^^ „

BABITAT-W.u..lr found '" /'f r^^ky rMge" .Tthe Tu.h Mountain. In Penn.,l.an...
Blope. and top.. Conunon on the rockyriages ^^^ ^ ^^^ ^^

IMPORTASCE OF THE SPEOIE&-The Blrche., next '» «"= ^^'.''^^ Vch rank, high a. a
Hubstitute for Mahogany and CUj^' /^^'^^^ been carried on rather "tenBivelyon a ^e^

steeT^untain slopes and rocky mountain tops.

1.

2.
4.

PLATE XLVII. BLACK BIRCH

Floviiim l.ranrh vith (s) stnniinute fl<.«cis (p) i-isUllat.' fluw.is. x
br«ncli with niatiin- l.-avrs an<l Ihr.'. fn,itih« sn-l.il.-s, x ...
A uiiiKtMl s«'i'<l. fiilaruftl.

^hr"LnS^ith'pi^tly .levol<,p..cl lor.ninal .tan.ina.- -s x 5-

Sf'ttii.n of a winter twi^^ cnlarstMl.

124

BLACK BIRCH

Betula lenta, Linnaeus

. ^ « KAAA ft With a diameter of 1-3 ft., but

elongated lentlceU. becoming reddish-brown,

lEAVES-AItemaU. •'"'P'^V »'«''• ,"^2'. ST^J^ i^^«"^. l»-3 i»o.«. wide,
pointed .t .per, d«k ,reeu t-oT., p.le l^» '«'«''• . , ,„ . -j,^ ,„™>u.«,uldl.t..t

bundle-Bcars. ... remaining over

nX>WEE^Appe.r .boo. April •«'»"»« "'rSu-t'TT^S^tJ^ «i.ieh e,ong.« ..

~/f:n^e/r.oU'..-X.'-?£-.J'r7- .. ». . .^ ... ..e... .nd

pale green. smooth 8-lobed acalea

„„I_A rtrobUe .bout VL"'rttr,J-.ir.« ."^ .;."" Jl l.n^ «.« «.« tennin.. ..
,Bd .nuiU winjed nutlets. Lolx* of tt« Kale. »
Mrrower and Bharper-polnted. . > ^ ^0,^ with thin yeUcwlah

WOOD-DLuae-poro".; ray. Indlatlnct; ho.^, ^^^'^ ftLn In lai«tlon »'^M^}^

-rr h:^:?^ -«ua.s:n rr^'s^r^^^^^^^

— r -J^e ^r^U^ r '.a'c^r rte,. than that o. th. Map.. ^^^

the Yellow Birch but the latteJ *^« J^^^^^'7_.u,ch Is absent In the other species. T°® JSTow
rrfLrit%f r^BfarZraie'^-tJ .- •-• «.»..r .o^ed whll. .ho.. o. the
Birch are hairy and Irregularly lobed.

^O^Ke«,ou.dl.nd to n.ld.. .eat to Ontario, ^"-^^^^'^^^ .^„,,,
DIBTEnniTIOl. m PEH»8VI.VAKIA^hm»n throughout the State. U>.
e.„eola«y .n the n»untalnou. region.. ^^__^_^ ^ ^^ ^^^„

KABITAI_U«..llr '»""4 '".t"' *"y-rrage?<rthf ITuth Mountain. In Penn«,lyanla.
.lope, and topa. Common on the rocky riagea oi ^^ ^ ^^ ^^

UtPOMAHOE OF THE SFEOIE^Th. B.rch». next ^"Jl-'^f* „/ Vh rank, high a. a
.old of all the native apecle. ol P™""'''."'''"'"- ™' "ufacture of lomltore, MP«'^^ " '
*ue7,ld and 1. beconUng more Important '" '"^Jf™"^ an oil «ld a. a ""-''"t* .^^
aubatltute Jor Mahogany and Chernr. ^^ ""b^rca^rled on rather "t""""' °'' "hum
wloterireen The manufacture of this oil "" ,°""J: ,,, ,«, ,ree has many good <1»»»"?"
S«tT toe" . in the northern part of the S««'^^ J^'^ t^e atSck of fungi, which materially
^UlUt 1. a .low grower and "5» f ''^""'"f.'Ll^i of -.Sc'ent ImporUno. t. t. «^n«a^
dprrrease the technical value of the \vood. u « ~^_ naturally. It occur* naturally upou
tSc'Sly^U .hould be de^loped ^^^-J^^^e "^bll^ln. prot«=Uo. forert. npon
extremely rocky ridges and may be a very oesxrauie
stS m^uiu^ -lopes and rocky mounUln top..

J

PLATE XLVII. BLACK BIRCH

1.

2.
3.
4.
fi.
6.

Vlo\x*nluK biaiuh with («) staminate flowers, (p) Pi«|»>"t;:
Branch with mature leaves aiul tlirec fruitinj,' stn.biles, .\
A wiiijted seed, enlarged.

UuTXr^:S:%Si!v& developed tern.inal stnn.inate an.enl
Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

tloweis, X 1-
1

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

125

PLATE XLVIII. AMERICAN HOP HORNBEAM

1. Flowering branch with immature loavt's. (s) stam'.uatc ttuweis, (p) plstillato rtowois, x }

2. Branrh with mature leavt's and hop-like fruit elusters. x A.
M. A seed with inclosing membrane, slightly enlarged.

4. A Heed with part of inclOHing membrane renK»ved, slightly enlarged.

.'. A winter branch with partly devel<»ped terminal stitminate aments, x i.

6. Section of winter twig, enlarge<l.

AMERICAN HOP HORNBEAM
Ostrya virginiana, (Miller) K. Koch

OEinrS DESCRIPTION— This genus comprlst'S about 4 species which are wldelj distributed
In the northern hemisphere. Two Hpecies are native to America and 2 to the eastern hemisphere.
One of the American species is more limited In its distribution than any other known tree,
being found only In the Grand Canyon of the Colorado Elver In Arizona while the other American
species la rather widely distributed over the eastern part of the country.

FOBM— Uaoally attains a height of 20-80 ft. with a diameter of li ft. but may reach a
height of eo ft. with a diameter of 2 feet. Crown high, open, and very broad, formed by
widely spreading often drooping branches with ascending branchlets.

BARK — Grayish-brown, thin, roughened by loose flattlsh scales which are loose at the ends.
See Fig. 76.

TWIGS — Slender, tough, dark, reddish-brown, zigzag, at first hairy and green, later smooth,
lustrous, dark brown.

Bin>S — ^Alternate, axillary; termJnal bud absent, ovate, i of an Inch long, sharp-pointed,
distinctly divergent, slightly pubescent, smooth, gummy, covered by about 8 visible, longi-
tudinally-striated, 4-ranked scales which Increase In rtze from the base towards the apex.

LEAVES — ^Alternate, simple, ovate-oblong, acute at apex, doubly-serrate on margin, rounded
or heart-shaped or wedge-shaped at baae. 8-5 inches long; dull yellovrlsh-green above, paler
green below.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, smaU, flattened, 2-ranked, with usually 3 small bundle-scani.

FLOWERS— Appear about April with the leaves. Stamlnate aments appear about midsummer
usually In about 8s at the end of the twigs and persist during the winter; they are stilf, hairy
about i of an Inch long, becoming about 2 inches long in spring and covered with reddish-brown
scales. Pistillate flowers appear In erect aments, each one Inclosed In a hairy bladder-like bract.

FRUIT— A small flat nutlet, inclosed in an Inflated bladder-like bract which Is covered at
the baae with long hairs irritating to the skin. Bracts arranged In hop-like, pendant clusters
which fall during winter and leave the persisting naked stalk.

WOOD— DifTuse-porons; rays indistinct; strong, hard, durable, light brown to white. Weighs
about 51 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fence posts, tool handles, and mallets.

DIBTIKOTTISHIKa CHARACTERISTICS— The American Hop Hornbeam, also known as Iron-
wood, Leverwood, and Deerwood, can readily be recognized by its thin grayish-brown bark which
peels off into narrow flat scales often lose at both ends and attached only In the middle. The
hop-like clusters of sac-like fruit are also peculiar, which usually fall before winter but the stalks
to wrhich they are attached often persist. In virlnter the very slender Interlacing branches, the
sUmlnate catkins usually occurring in Ss at the end of the twigs, the small 2-ranked leaf-
scars with 8 bundle-scars, and the small reddish-brown buds with 4-ranked scales are charac-
teristic. The autumnal color of the leaves is yellow while that of the closely related American
Hornbeam is brilliant orange to deep scarlet. The liardness of the wood Is also dlstlncUve. The
wood is about 30 per cent stronger than White Oak.

RAirOE— Cape Breton to Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found locally throughout the State but nowhere
abundant. Usually mixed with other species. Rarely conspicuous in the composition of the
forest.

HABITAT— Prefers dry gravelly slopes and ridges, occasionally moist situations. Usually
seeks cool and shaded places, and is not found In pure stands or groups, but occurs singly In
mixture, often as an undergrowth of Oak, Maple, Chestnut, and other forest trees common to
its range.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— 'Ihe American Hop Hornbeam produces a valuable wood and
grows rapidly, but its solitary habits as well as Its sllvlcultural characteristics and the
relatively small sire which It attains do not recommend it for forestry purposes. It Is well
adapted for planting in lawns and parks.

I

*■ ill

III!

125

PLATE XLVIII. AMERICAN HOP HORNBEAM

Flnweriue branoh with iiniiiHtun' Iciivcs, (si stHinlimtf tl<»w«'is. (pt pistillii'*' l\<»w<'is, x h

Branch with iiiatiin- I«'nvt's and h<i| -lik*- fruit clustiTs, x A.

A siM'd with iiiflosinK iiHdiibraiit'. slinhtly <'nlart:«'d.

A s«'<'<l with part of inclosinj; iiu'iiihiiinc n'movfil, sliyhtly »'iihn';r»'(l.

A winter lirancli willi partly dovi'lnpcd icriiiinal stnininatc anti-nts, x h.

Section of winter twig, enlargwl.

AMERICAN HOP HORNBEAM
Ostrya virginiana, (Miller) K. Koch

OEKUS DESCRIPTION— This genus comprfsett alwut 4 8i)ecle8 which are widely distributed
in the northern hemisphere. Two species are native to America and 2 to the eastern hemisphere.
One of the American species is more limited in its distribution than any other known tree,
being found only in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River in Arizona while the other American
species is rather widely distributed over the eastern part of the country.

FOBM— Usually attains a height of 20-30 ft. with a diameter of 1} ft. but may reach a
height of 60 ft. with a diameter of 2 feet. Crown high, open, and very broad, formed by
widely spreading often drooping branches with ascending branchlets.

BARK — Grayish-brown, thin, roughened by loose fiattish scales which are loose at the ends.
See Fig. 75.

TWIGS— Slender, tough, dark, reddish-brown, zigzag, at first hairy and green, later smooth,
lustroi}s, dark brovtm.

BITDS— Alternate, axillary; terminal bud absent, ovate, { of an inch long, sharp-pointed,
distinctly divergent, slightly pubescent, smooth, gununy, covered by about 8 visible, longi-
tudinally-striated. 4-ranked scales which increase in size from the base towards the apex.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, ovate-oblong, acute at apex, doubly-serrate on margin, rounded
or heart-shaped or wedge-shaped at base, 3-5 inches long; dull yellovdsh-green above, paler
green below.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, small, flattened, 2-ranked, with usually 3 smaU bundle-scars.

FLOWERS — ^Appear about April with the leaves. Staminate aments appear about midsummer
usually in about Ss at the end of the twigs and persist during the winter; they are stiff, hairy
about } of an inch long, becoming about 2 inches long In spring and covered with reddish-brown
scales. Pistillate flowers appear In erect aments, each one inclosed in a hairy bladder-like bract.

FRUIT— A small flat nutlet. Inclosed in an Inflated bladder-like bract which is covered at
the base with long hairs irritating to the skin. Bracts arranged In hop-like, pendant clusters
which fall during winter and leave the persisting naked stalk.

WOOD— Diffuse-porous; rays indistinct; strong, hard, durable, light brown to white. Weighs
about 51 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fence posts, tool handles, and mallets.

DISTINGUISHIITG CHARACTERISTICS— The American Hop Hornbeam, also known as Iron-
wood, Leverwood, and Deenvood, can readily be recognized by Its thin grayish-brown bark which
peels off into narrow flat scales often lose at both ends and attached only in the middle. The
hop-like clusters of sac-like fruit are also peculiar, which usually fall before winter but the stalks
to which they are attached often persist. In winter the very slender interlacing branches, the
staminate catkins usually occurring in 3s at the end of the twigs, the small 2-ranked leaf-
scars with 3 bundle-scars, and the small reddlsh-brovoi buds with 4-ranked scales are charac-
teristic. The autumnal color of the leaves is yellow while that of the closely related American
Hornbeam is brilliant orange to deep scarlet. The liardness of the wood is also distinctive. The
wood Is about 30 per cent stronger than White Oak.

RAKGE— Cape Breton to Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found locally throughout the State but nowhere
abundant. Usually mixed with other species. Rarely conspicuous In the composition of the
forest.

HABITAT— Prefers dry gravelly slopes and ridges, occasionally moist situations. Usually
seeks cool and shaded places, and is not found In pure stands or groups, but occurs singly in
mixture, often as an undergrowtli of Oak, Maple, Chestnut, and other forest trees conmwn to
Its range.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The American Hop Hornbeam produces a valuable wood and
grows rapidly, but its solitary habits as well as Its sllvicultural characteristics and the
relatively small size which it attains do not recommend It for forestry purposes. It is well
adapted for planting In lawns and parks.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

126

AMERICAN HORNBEAM
Carpinus caroliniana, Walter

PFNTIS DESCRIPTION— This genus comprises about 12 species which are confined to the
JS^\f^'^^e' On^yl sp^cles ,s found In Anverica A few of the other species are
native to Europe, while most are found in northern and central Asia.

FOMJ^A small tree or shrub usually attaining a height of 10-30 ft., with a diameter of 8-12

often pendulous towards the end.

BARK-Vertically comigated, smooth, thin, close-fitting, bluish-gray tinged with brown. See
Fig. 114.

TWIGS-Slender. at first silky, hairy and green, later smooth, shining, reddish to orange;
covered with scattered pale lenticels.

BTTTiS—AUPrnate axllary terminal bud absent; ovate, pointed, i of an inch 10"^- /'«^<l*f'^-
br^n^trred wVtiT'visibl. 4-rnnked bud-scales. Bud-scales increase in size from the
base iowairthe apex, are longitudinally-strlate and often dilate on margins.

LEAVEfr-Altemate. simple, ovate-oblong, acute at apex, doubly-serrate on margin, rounded
or wedge-shaped at base. 2-4 inches long, deep green above, paler below.

LEAF-SCARS-Alternate. ^U. elevated, elliptical, with generally 3 Inconspicuous bundle-
scars.

imoWEES-ADPear about April with the leaves. Staminate start to develop in 'all and
re^in^fr wfntS In thTform of buds which resemble the leaf-buds, only are larger. JVben
flil^y de'l^ped thV are drooping aments about IJ inches long. Pistillate appear as aments.
about i of an inch long, with bright scarlet styles.

FRTJIT-A small corrugated nut about J of an inch long inclosed by a leaf-like, 3-lobed bract
which is usually serrate only on one margin of middle lobe.

WOOD-Diffuse-porous: rays conspicuous and broad along short radii; heay. ^^• f™"^|
light brown, with broad sapwood. Weighs about 45 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fuel, tool
handles, and levers.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS-The American Hornbeam, also '^"^^T^. *J. *^J ^''®
Beech™onw^. and Water Beech, may be distinguished by its vertical, ^^^^^'f'^l^^.f'^l^
smooth bark The leaf -like 3-lobed bract with its corrugated nut is also characteristic. The
Umlnate catkins remain in the bud during the winter, while those of the ^™7^;«" ^^^ J^^^,"^
beam are developed in autumn. It resen^bles the American Beech, ^^^ ««" //^^"J. ^^^^ ^and^har,^
from it by its corrugated bark and the absence of the long, slender, conical ^"d shar^
pointed buds so characteristic of the Beech. The buds are usually doxvny at *»»« «P^^ J^^^'^^
SJose of the American Hop Hornbeam are smooth and slightly gummy within. The autumnal
color of the leaves is brilliant orange to deep scarlet.

RANGE— Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA-Found locally throughout the State and frequently
abundant in localities where wet sites are plentiful.

HABITAT-Usually found in swamps and on the border of streams, whence its name Water
Be^c^ In Penn^lvania it is found in the valleys, along streams, in swamps, and in similar
habitats on the mountain flats and on moist, fertile mountain slopes.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The American Hornbeam on account of its small size, slow
ero^hJnd preference for wet locations is of little commercial importance. It cannot be
flc^mended ?or forestry purposes but Is attractive as an ornamental tree on account of its
flutedTarrpeculiar branching, and the beautiful orange and scarlet autumnal foliage.

PLATE XLIX. AMERICAN HORNBEAM

1. FloweriiiK branch -with iiimiatiirc Icavrs, (s) stiiniiiial.- tluwors, (p) iiistillatc llnwcis, x }.

2. Branch with nialnro loavt-s ami fruit, x >..

A. A nut with .subtendinK: iirai't. slightly .iilarKid.

4. Nut witli l)ract removed, •Milars<'d.

."». A wintor branchlot, x A.

U. Soction of wintor twls, fnlarscd.

126

AMERICAN HORNBEAM

Carpinus caroliniana, Walter

native to Europe, while moet are louad In northern and central A.la.

^^. .n.11 tree or *n.b -n..^ -^^^:^^ J ^^^^^ '^.^ '^^^'ir^.^^l".^^.
Sra^l.-lllTnr.'^Me.rpr.LI la^Cd"to"lX"- with too.. a-cenOln, branCe.
often pendulous towards the end.

BAEK-Vertically oomigated. smooth, thin, close-flttlng. bluish-gray tinged with brown. See
Fig. 114.

TWIGS-Slender. at first silky, hairy and green, later smooth, shining, reddish to orange;
covered with scattered pale lentlcels.

broT ^tr ^::;^h^r Viir:^^^^^^ ^"tr r r %r 'tt

MsTtowaMs the apex, are longltudinally-strlate and often dilate on margins.

LEAVEB-Altemate. simple, ovate-oblong, acute at apex, doubly-serrate on margin, rounded
or wedge-shaped at base. 2-4 inches long, deep green above, paler below.

LEAF-SOAES-Altemate. small, elevated, elliptical, with generally 3 Inconspicuous bundle-
scars.

ITLOWER^Appear about April with the leaves. Stamlnate start ^.^^'^^^^^J'^'^yZl
remain over winter in the form of buds ^^'^ J^:t'^^\'^\'^^'-''lfj^^^^ ap^irTs ai^nts.
fully developed they are drooping aments about 1| Inches long. Pistillate appear
about i of an Inch long, with bright scarlet styles.

FRXHT-A small corrugated nut about i of an inch long Inclosed by a leaMike. 3-lobed bract
which is usually serrate only on one margin of middle lobe.

WOOD-Dlffuse-porous; rays conspicuous and broad along -hort ja^; ^^^J^JJ' t^tJ^7£i
light brown, with broad sapwood. Weighs about 45 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fuel, tool

handles, and levers.

DISTDfainSHIlIG CHARACTEEISTICS— The American Hornbeam, also *^"0^^ " *^® J?i^®
Be^ch™on^Xlnd Wer Beech, may be distinguished by its vertical. ^--^^^If'Jl^^^'^^
smooth bark The leaf -like 3-lobed bract with its corrugated nut is also characteristic. The
r^Le'c^tkins re^n In the bud during the winter, while those of *»- Amer^an Hop H^^^^^
l^am are developed In autumn. It resembles the American Beech, but can readily be dlstlngulsnea
b^am a e developed^ i^ bark and the absence of the l-^' «l«f ^^/^f ,t l^^Tme

pSnted buL so Characteristic of the Beech. The buds are usually downy at *»»« apex wh^le
S?o»rof the American Hop Hornbeam are smooth and slightly gummy within. The autumnal
color of the leaves Is brilliant orange to deep scarlet.

RANGE— Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYI.VANIA-Found locally throughout the Stete and frequently
abundant In localities where wet sites are plentiful.

HABITAT-Usually found in sveamps and on the border of streams, whence its name Water
Be^c^^ PeXlvania it is found In the valleys, along streams, in swamps, and In similar
habitats on the mountain flats and on moist, fertile mountain slopes.

TurPORTANCE OF THE SPEOIES-^The American Hornbeam on account of Its small size, slow
J^ and Deference for wet locations Is of little commercial importance. It cannot be
?Ic^nded f^rfo^stry pulses but is attractive as an ornamental tree on account of its
SutedTwk Peculi^ br^chinTand the beautiful orange and scarlet autumnal foliage.

1

I

PLATE XLIX. AMERICAN HORNBEAM

1. Flowering branch with iinmatun' li':iv«'s, (s) staminat*' rtowers, (p) pistillato tlowris, x J.

2. Branch with mature leav«s and fnilt, x J.

3. A nut with subtending hra<t, slislitly .nlarRctl.

4. Nut with bract removed, ftnlargcd.
."). A winter branchlet, x A.

U. Section of winter twig. enlaiKod.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

PLATE L. SMOOTH ALDER

4.

«.

7.

S.

ft,
10.

Winter branch showing buds, (s) staminate catkins, (p) pistillato catkins, x L
A mature staminate catkin, x h.
Mature pistillate catkin, x i.
Branch with leaves and fruit, x *.

i..,:^iri,r"';v'h;,™'"r;.u .„...m ...i^o., bud, .,.„.io<.,.. „..f s,..,. ■»■■ -»-. »i"--"'-

onlarRed.
(^.^IXn ."'IShI showin. triangular pith, enlarged.

127

SMOOTH ALDER

Alnus rugosa, (Du Roi) Sprengel

G-ENTTS DESOBIFTIOK — The Alders comprise about 26 known species, of which number
about 10 are native to North America and 2 to Pennsylvania. The members of this genus
are distributed widely In the northern hemisphere and extend south through Central America
and along the Andes Mountain* to Bolivia. Most of them are shrubs or small trees, while
a few attain a fair tree-size.

FORM — ^A small shrub usually from 4-10 ft. In height. Son»etimes solitary, usually In clumps,
often forming thickets which are almost impenetrable, especially In wet locations.

BARK — Thin, smooth, fluted, astringent, at first brownish-green, later grayish -green, and often
covered with white blotches.

TWIOB— Rather slender, at first greenish, later greenish-brown and finally grayish-brown.
Often grayish-white towards ends of fruiting twigs. Lentlcels numerous, scattered, brownish,
roundish or longitudinally-elongated. Pith greenish and Irregular or triangular.

Bin>S--AItemate, evidently stalked, about } of an Inch long; greenish-red, laterally com-
pressed, blunt-pointed, apparently covered with two valvate scales which in reality are stipules.
Stipular bud-scales are often whitish towards apex and usually slightly sticky.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, obovate, blunt-pointed or rounded at apex, usually wedge-shaped
at base, almost regularly serrate on margin, at first slightly gummy, later smooth, rather thick,
2J-44 inches long; green on both surfaces, but darker on upper surface, brownish pubescent
below especially In the axils of the veins. Veins depressed above and ridged below.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, raised, usually 2 or 3-ranked, somewhat triangular, containing about
8 bundle-scars which are often compounded. Stipule scars narrow, triangular, brownish and very
<^08e to leaf-scan.

FLOWERS— Appear in March or April before the leaves. Staminate and pistillate occur sep-
arately but on the same twig. Staminate arranged in aments which develop partly in previous
autumn and remain dormant over winter. In winter they are stiff, pendant, greenish, and about
one inch long; in clusters of 2-5 at the end of bare stalks. Pistillate also develop in the
previous autumn and remain dormant over winter, about i-i of an inch long, usually clustered
In 28 or 3s and greenish to purplish In color. The first warm days of spring bring forth the
scarlet styles of the pistillate flowers.

FRUIT-^ cone-like woody structure, about }-f of nn Inch long, orbicular, persistent, com-
posed of thick and woody scales on which the little, practically wingless, round and flattened
nutlets are produced.

WOOD— Diffuse-porous; growth of rings distinct; rays variable In width. Sapwood turns yellow-
ish-broAvn upon exposure.

DISTINGUISHINO CHARACTERISTICS— The Smooth Alder, also known as Black Alder, can
be distinguished by the woody cone-like fruit which is usually present at all seasons of the
year. The wet habitats which it frequents may also aid in recognizing it. Ii\ t^e "pring It is
one of the first of our small trees to blossom. In summer the stiff leaves with their rounded
apexes are also characteristic. In winter the mature fruit, developing sUrainate and PlstiUatc
flowers, stalked buds, and triangular green pith, are distinctive. The only other Alder
native to Pennsylvania is the Speckled or Hoary Alder (Alnus incana (^- > ^°«°<'^- >,,„™"
species can be distinguished from the Smooth Alder by its leaf-blades which are usually
glaucous or finely pubescent underneath and rounded at the base.

RANGE-Bssentially a southern species, extending from Maine to Florida f ^ /exas and
westward to Minnesota. Sparse and often entirely absent along the streams flowing through
limestone soil.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Very common in the eastern and southern parts of the
State. Sparse, but locally abundant in northern and western parts.

HABITAT-Common along streams and in swamps. Rarely ascends the hi"«jd«»- J"" ^«'
situations it often forms dense thickets. Disappears from the banks of stream* as soon as they
reach limestone soil.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES-The two species of Alder native to Pennsylvania do not
attain a size which makes them Important commercially. ;^^Tr J^^J.^.^^^.^^Zn^ JScy
binders and soil conservers along the banks of streams or In very wet situations since tncy
develop large and atrong roots that throw off many sqckers.

r

PLATE L. SMOOTH ALDER

1.
•»

:i.

4.

.'.

ti.

I .

S.

•I
10

Winter ».ra.u-h showing 1.u.1h. (s) stan.hutto catkinH. (p) pistiUal.. c-atkins. x 4-

A iiiat\irc slaininatc catkin, x A.

Matun- i)istillate catklii, x i.

BraiKli witli h-avos and fruit x^

KraiHh with mature fruit stroltih-s x *.

\ strohih' scale witl. seeds, sliulitly ..|.lar!,'e<l.

A winged seed, <>nlarged. . ,,. , i.,ui lenticeU leaf >;<ar wllli InnHlle sears, s'.intil'.^

Seeti.Mi of wiiiter l.ran.h sl.nvvinu stalked bnd. lentiM Is, n .n .

enlarged.
AJ:;'irt(;:i; ."''nS s. m. lri.n.ular pilh. .nlar.ed.

127

SMOOTH ALDER

Alnus rugosa, (Du Roi) Sprengel

&EinrS DESCRIPTION-— The Alders comprise about 25 kno^ii species, of which number
about 10 are native to North America and 2 to Pennsylvania. The members of this genus
are distributed widely In the northern hemisphere and extend south through Central America
and along the Andes Mountains to Bolivia. Most of them are shrubs or small trees, while
a few attain a fair tree-size.

FORM — ^A small shrub usually from 4-10 ft. in height. Sometimes solitary, usually in clumps,
often forming thickets which are almost impenetrable, especially in wet locations.

BARK— Thin, smooth, fluted, astringent, at first brownish-green, later grayish-green, and often
covered with white blotches.

TWIGS — Rather slender, at first greenish, later greenish-brown and finally grayish-brown.
Often grayish-white towards ends of fruiting twigs. Lenticels numerous, scattered, brownish,
roundish or longitudinally-elongated. Pith greenish and irregular or triangular.

BUDS— Alternate, evidently stalked, about } of an Inch long; greenish-red, laterally com-
pressed, blunt-pointed, apparently covered with two valvate scales wlilch in reality are stipules.
Stipular bud-scales are often whitish towards apex and usually slightly sticky.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, obovate, blunt-pointed or rounded at apex, usually wedge-shaped
at base, almost regularly serrate on marjjin, at first slightly gummy, later smooth, rather thick,
2i-4i inches long; green on both surfaees, but darker on upper surface, brownish pubescent
below especially in the axils of the veins. Veins depressed above and ridged below.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, raised, usually 2 or 3-ranked, somewhat triangular, containing about
3 bundle-scars which are often compounded. Stipule scars narrow, triangular, brownish and very
close to leaf-scars.

FLOWERS— Appear in March or April before the leaves. Staminate and pistillate occur sep-
arately but on the same twig. Staminate arranged in aments which develop partly in Previous
autumn and remain dormant over winter. In winter they are stiff, pendant, greenish, and about
one inch long; in clusters of 2-5 at the end of bare stalks. Pistillate also develop in the
previous autumn and remain dormant over winter, about i-i of an inch long, usually clustered
in 28 or 3s and greenish to purplish In color. The first warm days of spring bring forth the
scarlet styles of the pistillate flowers.

FRUIT-^ cone-like woody t^tructure. about M of nn inch long, orbicular, persistent, com-
posed of thick and woody scales on which the little, practically wingless, round and flattened
nutlets are produced.

WOOD— Diffuse-porous; growth of rings distinct; rays variable in width. Sapwood turns yellow-
ish-brown upon exposure.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Smooth Alder, also known as Black Alder, can
be distinguished by the woody cone-like fruit which is usually present at /» «^*«^"f ?' *^,^
year. The wet habitats which it frequents may also aid in recognizing it. ^ *J»«. «P^*"^ **;'
one of the first of our small trees to blossom. In summer the stiff leaves wl h their rounded
apexes are also characteristic. In winter the mature fruit, developing staminate ^nf Pl««"j^«
fl^vers, stalked buds, and triangular green pith, are distinctive. The only other AWer
native to Pennsylvania is the Speckled or Hoary Alder (Anus mcana ^^±.^^'^l\^^^^l'
species can be distinguished from the Smooth Alder by its leaf-blades which are usually
glaucous or finely pubescent underneath and rounded at the base.

RANGE-Essentlally a southern species, extending from Maine to Florida J"^ Teiais and
westward to Minnesota. Sparse and often entirely absent along the streams flowing through
limestone soil.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Very common in the eastern and southern parts of the
State. Sparse, but locally abundant in northern and western parts.

HABITAT-Common along streams and in swamps. Rarely «;«««f .^^^^"^'J^^n as t^ey
situations it often forms den«re thickets. Disappears from the banks of streams as soon as they

reach limestone soil.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES-The two species of Alder native *« J^;"^^;^"'^^ Ji!
attain a size which makes them important commercially. They "^^^ ^. j' J^^^^j^J^ ^'
binders and soil conservers along the banks of streams or in very wet situations since they
develop large and strong roots that throw off many stjckers.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

128

HAZELNUT

Corylus americana, Walter

GENUS DESCEIPTION— The Hazelnuts comprise about 7 known species, of which number
about 3 are native to North America and 2 to Pennsylvania. The members of this genus
are usually shrubs, rarely trees, found In the northern hemisphere. They do not produce wood
of any commercial Importance, but their fruit, which Is a nut. Is very common In our markets.
The nuts are sold under the name of Hazelnuts or Filberts.

FORMr-A shrub or small tree reachliig a height of 3-8 feet. Occurs In clumps and often
forms thickets.

BARK— Rather smooth, thin, dark brown, sometimes roughened with shallow longitudinal
fissures.

TWIGS— Smooth but marked with a few scattered lentlcels. and covered with numerous
pinkish hairs which usually stand at right angles to the twigs; gray to russet-brown in color.

BUDS— Alternate, ovate to globular, reddish-brown, somewhat hairy, covered with about 3-6
scales with hairy and slightly glandular margins.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, ovate, obtuse or heart-shaped at base, acute at apex, serrate on
margin, smooth on upper surface and slightly hairy on lower surface.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, semicircular to globular, raised, with scattered bundle-scars usually
5-10 In number.

FLOWERB-Appear In April or May before the leaves. Stamlnate occur In catkins Which
usually appear before the leaves at the end of the twigs of the previous season's growth and are
3-4 Inches long. Pistillate are snuiU. develop from short scaly buds, with long, slender, pro-
jecting, crimson stigmas.

FRUIT— A pale brown ovoid nut about J of an inch long, slightly flattened, somewhat
roughened at base where the Involucre It attached. Involucre consists of two leafy bractlets which
are distinct In the Common Hazelnut and united into a tubular beak In the Beaked Hazelnut.
Ripens In July and August. Kernel sweet and edible.

DISTINGUISHmO CHARACTERISTICS— The Hazelnut, also known as An»erican Hazel and
Filbert, can be recognized by Its characteristic fruit, which consists of a nut with a leafy
Involucre of 2 distinct bracts. The closely related Beaked Hazelnut (Corylus rostrata, Alt.)
has Its bracts united and much prolonged Into a narrow tubular beak. The younger twigs are
covered with numerous somewhat glandular pinkish hairs. The stamlnate flowers, occurring
In catkins which develop somewhat In autumn and then remain dormant over winter, are char-
acteristic. The partially developed stamlnate aments are often abnormal and twisted due to
the attack of some organic agent.

RANGE— Maine and Ontario, south to Florida and Kansas. The Beaked Hazelnut ranges
from Quebec to British Columbia, south to Gteorgia and Missouri.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Both species of Hazelnut are found locally throughout
the State.

HABITAT— Both species frequent the borders of woodlands, hillsides, thickets, and loose stone
fences. The Beaked Hazelnut Is, however, restricted more to mountainous areas.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— These shrubs do not produce any wood of commercial Im-
portance, but yield valuable and greatly rrlzed nuts. The nuts are common on our markets.
Both Hazelnuts are very attractive and planted extensively for ornamental purposes.

J> *

\f<-

'^S''-

-V'

*', - '

3„

^^'

%

:«

-:.'

>v'

.'-. H-

->^',r

^- -

"-..

s. -

\ ■^^-N

'*-■

#,<■• ^ -

^^.

PLATE LI. HAZELNUT

1. Bramh with (s) staiiiinute tlower.s, aud (p) pistillate flowers, x \.

•2.. Brauch with leaves and truit, x i. , . ^ . . *i : ,. i

W. Winter branch with dense cover of haiis showing (s) stauiinato cutknih, i J.

4. Leaf-scar with bundle-scars, enlarged.

0. rruJt of Bcalied Hazelnut (Corylus rostrata), x }.

128

HAZELNUT
Corylus americana, Walter

GENUS DESCRIPTION— The Hazelnuts comprise about 7 known Bpecles, of which number
about 3 are native to North America and 2 to Pennsylvania. The members of this genus
are usually shrubs, rarely trees, found in the northern hemisphere. They do not produce wood
of any commercial Importance, but their fruit, which Is a nut, Is very common In our markets.
The nuts ate sold under the name of Hazelnuts or niberts.

FOEM^A shrub or small tree reaching a height of 3-8 feet. Occurs in clumps and often
forms thickets.

BAKK— Rather smooth, thin, dark brown, sometimes roughened with shallow longitudinal
Assures.

TWIGS-Smooth but marked with a few scattered lentloels, and covered with numerous
pinkish hairs which usually stand at right angles to the twigs; gray to russet-brown in color.

BUDS— Alternate, ovate to globular, reddish-brown, somewhat hairy, covered with about 8-6
scales with hairy and slightly glandular margins.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, ovate, obtuse or heart-shaped at base, acute at apex, serrate on
margin, smooth on upper surface and slightly hairy on lower siu^ace.

LEAF-SOARS-Altemate, semicircular to globular, raised, with scattered bundle-scars usually
5-10 in number.

FLOWERS-Appear in April or May before the leaves. Stamlnate occur in catkins Which
usually appear before the leaves at the end of the twigs of the previous season's growth and are
8-4 inches long. Pistillate are small, develop from short scaly buds, with long, slender, pro-
jecting, crimson stigmas.

FRUIT-A pale brown ovoid nut about i of an inch long. sUghtly ^"^n^*- »^"™*^';**
roughened at base where the Involucre It attached. Involucre consists of two lea^ ^"^"!!« ^^^T*
are distinct in the Common Hazelnut and united into a tubular beak In the Beaked Hazelnut.
Ripens in July and August. Kernel sweet and edible.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Hazelnut, also known as American Hazel and
Filbert, can be recognized by its characteristic fruit, which consists of a nut with a leafy
involucre of 2 distinct bracts. The closely related Beaked Hazelnut (Corylus rostrata. Alt.)
has its bracts united and much prolonged into a narrow tubular beak. The younger twigs are
covered with numerous somewhat glandular pinkish hairs. The stamlnate flowers, occurring
in catkins which develop somewhat in autumn and then remain dormant over winter are char-
aoteristlc. The partially developed stamlnate aments are often abnormal and twisted due to
the attack of some organic agent.

RANGE— Maine and Ontario, south to Florida and Kansas. The Beaked Hazelnut ranges
from Quebec to British Columbia, south to Georgia and Missouri.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Both species of Hazelnut are found locaUy throughout
the State.

HABITAT— Both species frequent the borders of woodlands, hiUsides, thickets, and loose stone
fences. The Beaked Hazelnut is. however, restricted more to mountainous areaa.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— These shrubs do not produce any woofl of commercial Im-
portance, but yield valuable and greatly prized nuts. The nuts are common on our markets.
Both Hazelnuts are very attractive and planted extensively for ornamental purposes.

ill

r

■, I

i

PLATE LI. HAZELNUT

1. Branch with (s) stamlnate flowers, and (p) pistillate flowers, x J.

2. Branch with leaves and fniit, x i. . , ^ . , . „*L.i.... v i

3. Winter branch with dense cover of hairs showing (s) stamlnate catl^Uus, x j.

4. Leaf-scar with bundle-scars, enlarged.

5. Fruit ot BeakeU Hazelnut (Corylus rostrata), x J.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

129

THE BEECH FAMILY— FAG ACE AE

The Beech family contains some of the most important timber trees
and has its representatives distributed in nearly all regions of
the world. The Pine family alone surpasses this one in economic
importance. It yields not only high grade wood but also food in the
form of nuts, tanning and dyeing materials, and cork. The wood is
of a high grade and used extensively.

The members of the Beech family have alternate, simple, pinnately-
veined, mostly deciduous leaves. A division of the family known as
the Live Oaks retains its leaves during the winter. The flowers,
staminate and pistillate, which are rather inconspicuous, are usually
yellowish to greenish in color and found on different parts of the
same tree and usually on different parts of the same branch. The
inconspicious flowers of this family stand in strong contrast with
the conspicious flowers of such trees as the Magnolias, Cherries,
Apples, Papaw, and other broad-leaved trees. The fruit consists of
one or more one-seeded nuts covered by an outer cartilaginous and
an inner membranous covering. It is usually heavy and in some
species matures in one season while in others it requires two seasons.
On account of the heavy weight of the seeds they usually fall imme-
diately below the tree and remain there unless disseminated by
animals, birds, water, or gravity on slopes. The seed fills the entire
cavity of the nut.

This family consists of 6 genera and about 400 species of trees and
shrubs of which number 5 genera with about 60 species occur in
North America and 3 genera with 19 species in Pennsylvania. The
3 genera not found in Pennsylvania are Castanopsis, Pasania, and
Nothofagus. Kepresentatives of Castanopsis and Pasania are found
in the western part of the United States, while the genus Nothofagus
is confined to the southern hemisphere. The subjoined key will dis-
tinguish the 3 genera found in Pennsylvania.

KEY TO THE GENERA

Page

1. Staminate aments In globose heads; nuts triangular; buds long, slender, sharp-
pointed, conical. 5 times as long as wide 1 "l^^*!*,*

1. Staminate aments elongated, slender ; nuts not triangular; buds shorter, stout, dull-

pointed, not 5 times as long as wide. *

2. Staminate aments erect or ascending; nuts enclosed In a prickly bur; buds covered

with a few overlapping scales, terminal ones absent ....Castanea idu

2. Staminate aments drooping; nuts seated In an open scaly cup; buds covered with many

overlapping scales and clustered at the terminal end of twig Quercus is*

G— 10

130
BEECH— FAGUS, (Tourn.) L.

The genus Fagus comprises trees with a close, smooth and grayish
bark, a light horizontal spray, simple straight-veined leaves, hard
and diffuse-porous wood and long, slender, conical, sharp-pointed
buds. The members of this genus are limited to the northern hem-
isphere with only 1 native representative in America and 4 in the
eastern hemisphere. One of the latter is widely distributed in
Europe and southwestern Asia. It is the Beech which figures in
ancient literature and is now known as the European Beech (Fagus
sylvatica L.). This tree is now planted extensively for ornamental
purposes in America, especially 3 varieties of it, viz:— with purple
leaves, cut leaves, and pendant branches respectively. The wood
of the European Beech is used extensively in France and Germany
for lumber and fuel and the nuts are fed to swine. The nuts also
yield a valuable oil. The other species of the eastern hemisphere
are found in eastern Asia. The description of the sole native
American representative, found on page 131, will suffice for the
genus.

CHESTNUT— CASTANEA, (Tourn.) L.

The genus Castanea comprises 5 species of trees and shrubs with
furrowed bark, round branchlets without terminal buds, ring-porous
wood which is rich in tannin and durable in contact with the soil.
The leaves are simple, alternate, stiff, sharp-toothed, and straight-
veined. The members of this genus blossom in summer and mature
their fruit the same autumn at about the time when the first frost
appears. The fruit consists of a large spiny bur in which 1-5 nuts
are borne. The nuts are highly prized as food. Three kinds of
Chestnuts are cultivated in this country for their fruit, the Amer-
ican, the European, and the Japanese. The Chestnuts are confined
to the northern hemisphere, both eastern and western. No repre-
sentatives are at present found in the western part of North Amer-
ica, but records show that the Chestnut was at one time indigenous
to this region. Three species of Chestnut are native in eastern
North America, 2 of which attain tree-size, while 1 (Castanea alni-
folia, Nutt.) seldom exceeds 3 ft. in height and is found in the
south Atlantic states. The subjoined key will aid in identifying the
two species native to Pennsylvania.

KEY TO THE SPECIES

1. lATge trefe«; leaves oblong-lanceolate, smooth and green on both sides; nuts 1-5,
tisually 2-3, in a bur; buds i of an Inch long covered by smooth chestnut-brown

Fag*

scales,

.C. dentata 132

1. Small trees or shrubs; leaves oblong, whitish downy beneath; nuts rounded, usually
one In a bar; bods i of an Inch long, covered by scor^ red scales 0, jmrniU

188

131

PLATE LII. BEECH

1. Branch with HtamiuatL' and pistillate flowers ami immature leaves, x J.

2. A staminate flower, enlarged.
A pistillate flower, enlarged,

A branch with mature leaves and three fruits, x ».
A seed, natural size. • * , i „,i . ,. i

A winter branch with long, slender and sharp-i»()inted Imds, x I.

T,.';;:,;-:,."";.';'."!;:;";.'; rwh;...^;':.'.';;.':;'''"™.''',,.,,... ,i.™..t. ..,„ « ,.-p...n..,. „„„ o..voro„ «„.,

3.

4.

r..

0.

n

BEECH

Fagus grandifolia, Ehrhart

FORM— Large tree usually attaining a height of 50-60 ft. with a diameter of 2-8 ft. but
may reach a height of 125 ft. with a diameter of 4i feet. Forest grown trees are tall, slender,
free from lateral branches for a considerable distance from the base, with a rather compact
shallow crown. Open grown trees are short-trunked, covered with many lateral branches which
are often drooping below and erect above, forming a dense, deep symmetrical cr«wn.

BARK — Very close, smooth, light gray, mottled with dark spots. It inyltes the cutting of
initials and other outline carvings. See Fig. 118.

TWIGS— Slender, dark yellow to gray, at first hairy, later smooth, sigzag. covered with
yellowish lenticels, and marked by bud-scale scars.

BUDS— Alternate; terminal bud present; five times as long as wide, slender, sharp-pointed,
conical, usually smooth, covered by 10-20 reddish-brown bud-scales vdth hairy margins.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, ovate, 3-4 inches long, stiff leathery, with tajtering apex and
sharp-tooth margin; light green above, yellowish-green below.

LEAF-SOARS— Raised, crescent- shaped to elliptical with a few scattered bundle-scars. Stipule-
scars narrow, alnwMt encircling twig; one end of each stipule-scar is raised above the other end.

FLOWERS— Appear about April when leaves are one-third developed. Staminate flowers occur
in a stalked round head about one inch in diameter; pistillate flowers occur in 2-flowered clusters
from the axil of the upper leaves.

FRUIT — ^A stalked, prickly, 4-valved bur containing triangular pale brown, shining nuts with
sweet edible kernel.

WOOD — ^DifTuse-porous with minute pores; broad medullary rays present with narrow ones
intervening; hard, strong, tough, not durable, difficult to season, light red In color. Weighs
43 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for railroad ties, parquet flooring, novelty wares, carpenter
tools, fuel, and charcoal.

DISTIKQUISHIKO CHARACTERISTICS— The American Beech can readily be distinguished by
Its close, smooth, light gray bark. Its simple, leathery, often persistent leaves, its prickly
and stalked fruit v»rlth triangular seeds, and Its long slender, conical, sharp-pointed reddish-
brown buds.

RAK6E — Nova Scotia to Ontario and Wisconsin, south to Florida and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found In every part of the State, but most abundant
In the northern part. Heavy stands occur In the northern tier counties. Local in the southeast-
em and southwestern parts. Bare in the South Mountains of Adams, Cumberland, Franklin, and
York counties. Generally absent in the Talleys of the southern part of the State.

HABITAT — Commonly found on rich moist bottom lands, but is also abundant on gravelly
slopes and rich uplands. It endures dense shade and variation of temperature. Bare in the lime-
stone valleys.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES^The Beech was formerly not of very much commercial
Importance, but It is now becoming more Important since the process of timber in^regnatlon has
been developed. It furnishes excellent fuel and In some regions It Is now converted into
railroad ties and also manufactured into various by-products on a rather extensive scale. It
cannot, however, be recommended for extensive planting for forestry purposes but should be
retained and developed In the farmer's woodlot where the production of fuel Is Important. In
the future when more Intensive systems for forest management have been developed it can be
used for underplantlng and as a soil conscrver.

131

PLATE LII. BEECH

1. Branrli with staminatt- and pistillate tl..\v( rs smd iininature loaves, x i.

2. A staininate flower, enlaiKed.
'A. A pistillate flower, enlarged.

4. A branch with mature leaves and tliree Irnits, x *.

.'.. A srcd, natural size. • . , , .i ,. i

(5 V winter braueh with lony, slmdrr and shari«-i><.int('d l.uds, x

sliyhtl)
7. Tcrniinal scetiMii v( a winter l.nnicli willi juni,', sl<'M<hr

\\ llll<;i Mini IV II >> 1 1 II •■■••f,, - ■

iiinnv itvei'lai)i>inu scalt-s, sliyiitly cnlai'tfcd. . ^ ■. , . ,....„i i -..-hi.

"'""■' "'»' ""I I !•__ , -^ , , ..:.,. , .i,„,,i..,. „|,(f sliarp |><iint»'d hml cnvered with

BEECH

Fagus grandifolia, Ehrhart

FORMr- Large tree usually attaining a lielght of 50-60 ft. with a diameter of 2-3 ft. but
may reach a height of 125 ft. with a diameter of 4J feet. Forest grown trees are tall, slender,
free from lateral branches for a considerable distance from the base, with a rather compact
shallow crown. Open grown trees are short-trunked, covered with many lateral branches which
are often drooping below ond erect above, forming a dense, deep symanetrical cr»wn.

BARK — Very close, smooth, light gray, mottled with dark spots. It invites the cutting of
Initials and other outline carvings. See Fig. 113.

TWIGS — Slender, dark yellow to gray, at first hairy, later smooth, zigzag, covered with
yellowish lenticels, and marked by bud-scale scars.

BUDS— Alternate; terminal bud present; five times as long as wide, slender, sharp-pointed,
conical, usually smooth, covered by 10-20 reddish-brov^n bud-scales with hairy margins.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, ovate, 3-4 inches long, stiff leathery, with tapering apex and
sharp-tooth margin; light green above, yelloAvish-green below.

LEAF-SCARS^Raised, crescent-shaped to elliptical with a few scattered bundle-scars. Stipule-
scars narrow, almost encircling twig; one end of each stipule-scar is raised above the other end.

FLOWERS — ^Appear about April when leaves are one-third developed. Staminate flowers occur
in a stalked round head about one inch in diameter; pistillate flowers occur in 2-flowered clusters
from the axil of the upper leaves.

FRUIT — A stalked, prickly, 4-valved bur containing triangular pale brown, shining nuts with
sweet edible kernel.

WOOD — Diffuse-porous with minute pores; broad medullary rays present with narrow ones
lnter\'ening ; hard, strong, tough, not durable, difficult to season, light red in color. Weighs
43 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for railroa;d ties, parquet flooring, novelty wares, carpenter
tools, fuel, and charcoal.

DISTINGVISHINa CHARACTERISTICS— The American Beech can readily be distinguished by
its close, smooth, light gray bark, its simple, leathery, often persistent leaves, its prickly
and stalked fruit with triangular seeds, and its long slender, conical, sharp-pointed reddish-
brovm bt^ds.

RANGE — Nova Scotia to Ontario and Wisconsin, south to Florida and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found in every part of the State, but most abundant
ill the northern part. Heavy stands occur in the northern tier counties. Local in the southeast-
em and southwestern parts. Rare in the South Mountains of Adams, Cumberland, Franklin, and
York counties. Generally absent in the valleys of the southern part of the State.

HABITAT — Conunonly found on rich moist bottom lands, but is also abundant on gravelly
slopes and rich uplands. It endures dense shade and variation of temperature. Rare in the lime-
stone valleys.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — Tlie Beech was formerly not of very much commercial
importance, but it is now becoming more important since the process of timber impregnation has
been developed. It furnishes excellent fuel and in some regions it is now converted Into
railroad ties and also manufactured into various by-products on a rather extensive scale. It
cannot, however, be recommended for extensive planting for forestry purposes but should be
retained and developed in the farmer's woodlot where the production of fuel is Important. In
the future when more intensive systems for forest management have been developed it can be
used for underplanting and as a soil conscrver.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

132

CHESTNUT
Castanea dentata, (Marshall) Borkhausen

FOEM— A large tree usually attaining a height of 60-80 ft. with a diameter of 8-4 ft. but
may reach a height of over 100 ft. with a diameter of 10 feet. A tree with a diameter of 17
ft has been recorded from Francis Cove, western North Carolina. Open grown trees have
short trunks with deep, widespreading crowns. Trees in close stands tall, with little stem taper
and few lateral branches.

BARK— On old trunks, fibrous, deeply fissured; fissures separate; somewhat oblique ridges
which are covered vvith dark brown scales. On young trunks and older branches much smoother.
See Fig. 103.

TWIGS— £W;out, smooth, greenish to brown, round or angular, swollen at the nodes, covered
with numerous small, white, raised lenticels. Pith star-shaped.

FUDS— Alternate, axillary; terminal bud absent; ovoid, i of an inch long, sharp to blunt-
pointed; covered by 2-3 dark chestnut-brown scales.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, oblong-lanceolate, sharp-pointed at apex, toothed on margin,
smooth on both lower and upper sides.

LEAF-SCARS— Sfcmi-oval in outline; raised from twig; with numerous, rather Inconspicuous,
scattered, occasionally clustered bundle-scars.

FLOWERS— Appear in June or July. Stamlnate are In crowded clusters along ament; pistillate
appear at base of upper aments as globular involucres.

FRUIT— Matures in September or October. A bur covered with numerous, prickly spines
and containing 1-5, usually 2-3 nuts.

WOOD— Distinctly ring-porous; with indistinct medullary rays; quite strong in young tre«8.
rather weak in older ones; yellowish-brown, very durable, splits easily, rich in tannic acid.
Weighs 28 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for railroad ties, telegraph poles, fence posts, rails, cheap
furniture, and tannic acid.

DISTHTGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Chestmjt can readily be distinguished from all
other trees except the Chinquapin by its characteristic fruit. See "Distinguishing Characteristics,
under Chinquapin, page 133. For Genus Description and key to Species, see page 130.

RANGE— Maine to Michigan, south to Delaware and along the mountain to Alabama, Mis-
sissippi and Arkansas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Very common in the eastern, southern and central parts
and locally In other parts. It was formerly the most common tree of Pennsylvania.

HABITAT— Grows almost on any kind of soil, from bottom lands to mountain tops, but does
not love limestone or extremely wet soil. Iti the north it is common on glacial drift but in
the south it remains close to mountains and reaches its best development In western North
Carolina and eastern Tennessee.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Chestnut, which reproduces itself by sprout, but
also by seed and seedling, was one of the most important commercial trees in this State.
It has shown Itself to be the surest of all our trees to reproduce a stand fully from sprouts.
It grows fast and is used for many purposes in small as well as large sizes, and thus can be
managed in short rotations, which insures a certain profit on the investment. A Chestnut
forest managed for the purpose of producing telegraph poles should be run on rotations of
about 55 years. On poor soil it may be necessary to increase the length of the rotation. Good
tendance reduces the length of the rotation while the absence of It will not only Increase
the length but also result in an inferior grade of wood. Tlie great variety of uses to which
the wood of Chestnut Is put will drain tlie existing forest to an enormous extent. There
Is urgent need to reproduce, develop, and improve our existing stands and also to guard
against such destructive organic enemies as the Chestnut Bark Disease (Endothia gyrosa var.
parasitica) commonly known as the Chestnut Blight. This disease Is found In all parts of the
State, and has killed practically all stands of commercial trees. No practical control measures
are known.

%

PLATE LIII. CHESTNUT

1. Branch with staniinate and pistillate flowers and niatuit' h-avts, x *.

2. A stamlnate flower, enlarged.
;?. A pistillate flower, enlarged.

4. A branch witli a clii^Jter of closfil and ..I'fii l.iirs, \ '..

.">. A nut, X A.

»». A winlfr hrancli, x l.

7. A s<'i'tiiiii of wiiilrr liniiicli. i'iiliiii;<'(l.

132

CHESTNUT
Castanca dentata, (Marshall) Borkhausen

FORM— A large tree usually attaining a height of 60-80 ft. with a diameter of 8-4 ft., but
nuiy reach a height of over 100 ft. with a diameter of 10 feet. A tree with a diameter of 17
ft has been recorded from BVancis Cove, western North Carolina. Open grown trees have
short trunks with deep, widespreadlng crowns. Trees in close irtands tall, with little stem taper
and few lateral branches.

BARK— On old trunks, fibrous, deeply fissured; fissures separate; somewhat oblique ridges
which are covered with dark brown scales. On young trunks and older branches much smoother.
See Pig. 108.

TWIGS— Stout, smooth, greenish to brown, round or angular, swollen at the nodes, covered
with numerous smaU, white, raised lenticels. Pith star-shaped.

Bin)8— Alternate, axillary; terminal bud absent; ovoid, i of an Inch long, sharp to blunt-
pointed; covered by 2-3 dark chestnut-brown scales.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, oblong-lanceolate, sharp-pointed at apex, toothed on margin,
smooth on both lower and uw)er sides.

LEAF-SCARS— Semi-oval in outline; raised from twig; with numerous, rather Inconspicuous,
scattered, occasionally clustered bundle-scars.

FLOWERS— Appear in June or July. Stamlnate are In crowded clusters along ament; pistillate
appear at base of upper aments as globular involucres.

FRXriT— Matures in September or October. A bur covered with numerous, prickly spines
and containing 1-6, usually 2-3 nuts.

WOOD— Distinctly ring-porous; with Indistinct medullary rays; quite strong in young trfe«8.
rather weak in older ones; yellowish-brown, very durable, splits easily, rich in tannic acid.
Weighs 28 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for railroad ties, telegraph poles, fence posts, rails, cheap
furniture, and tannic acid.

DISTINGVISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Chestnijt can readily be distinguished from all
other trees except the Chinquapin by its characteristic fruit. See "Distinguishing Characteristics,"
under Chinquapin, page 133. For Genus Description and key to Species, see page 130.

RANGE— Maine to Michigan, south to Delaware and along the mountain to Alabama, Mis-
sissippi and Arkansas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Very common in the eastern, southern and central parts
and locally In other parts. It was formerly the most common tree of Pennsylvania.

HABITAT— Grows almost on any kind of soil, from bottom lands to mountain tops, but does
not love limestone or extremely wet soil. Ita the north it is common on glacial drift but in
the south it remains close to mountains and reaches Its best development in western North
Carolina and eastern Tennessee.

nCPORTANOE OF THE SPECIES — The Chestnut, which reproduces itself by sprout, bqt
also by seed and seedling, was one of the most important commercial trees in this State.
It has shovm itself to be the surest of all our trees to reproduce a stand fiiily from "P"^"^
It grows fast and is used for many purposes in small as well as large slaes, and thus can be
managed in short rotations, which insures a certain profit on the Investment. A Chestnut
forest managed for the purpose of producing telegraph poles should be run on rotations of
aboat 55 years. On poor soil it may be necessary to increase the length of the rotation. Good
tendance reduces the length of the rotation while the absence of It will not only Increase
the length but also result In an inferior grade of wood. The great variety of uses to which
the wood of Chestnut is put will drain the existing forest to an enormous extent. There
is urgent need to reproduce, develop, and improve our existing stands and also to guard
against such destructive organic enemies as the Chestnut Bark Disease (Bndothia gyrosa var.
parasitica) commonly known as the Chestnut Blight. This disease is found in all parts of the
State, and has killed practically aU stands of commercial treea. No practical control measures
are known.

W

m

Ji

PLATE LIII. CHESTNUT

1. Branch with .staminate and pistillate flowers and mature leaves, x J.

2. A staminate flower, enlarged.

3. A pistillate floAver, enlarged.

4. A branch with a cluster of closed and open luus, x *.
"i. A nut. X i.

tj. A winter Immch, x J.

7. A section of winter hnincli, enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

4

PLATE LIV. CHINQUAPIN

1. A flowering branch with leaves, x }.

2. A fruiting branch with mature leaves, x h.

3. A nut, X i.

4. A winter branch, x §.

5. A section of winter branch, enlarged.

133

CHINQUAPIN

Castanea pumila, (Linnaeus) Miller

FORK— A small tree or shrub UKuaily attaining a height of 20-80 ft., but may reach a height
of 60 ft. with a diameter of 3 feet. In Pennsylvania seldom exceeds 20 ft. In height and
often 1b only 8-5 ft. in height. Pennsylvania Is the northern limit of its distribution. Trunk
Is usually short and crown roundish.

BARK — May attain a thickness of one inch, usually Assured and broken Into light reddish-
brown loose plate-like scales. On branches and young trunks rather smooth, dark grayish-brown.

TWIGS— Slender, at first pnle woolly, later pubescent, finally smoother, reddish-brown to
dark-brown; covered with numerous lenticels.

BUDS— Alternate, axillary; terminal bud absent; ovoid, blunt-pointed, about i of an Inch
long; covered with scurfy red scales.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, oblong, thick, firm, straight-veined, sharp-pointed at apex, sharply
toothed on margin, yellowish-green and smooth on Qpper surface, pale green and whitish-downy
beneath.

LEAF-SOABS— Semi-oval, somewhat raised; with scattered, occasionally clustered, rather in*
conspicuous bundle-scars.

FLOWEKS— Appear in May or June in more or less spreading aments. Stamlnate occur In
crowded clusters along ament; pistillate are grouped at base of upper aments in ovoid, prickly
Involucres.

FBUIT — Matures In September or October. A bur covered with numerous stiff spines and
containing usually 1, seldom 2, ovoid bright brown and sweet nuts with a more or less hairy
apex.

WOOD— Bing-poroqs; with indistinct medullary rays; hard, strong, brown, durable, rich
in tannic acid; splits easily. Weighs about 28 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fence posts, rails,
and railroad ties.

DISTINaVISHIKO CHARACTEKI8TI0S— The Chinquapin Is a little brother of the Chestnut
which one may see by comparing their characteristic fruit. It can be distinguished from tiie
Chestnut by its snaaller size, Its whitish down on lower surface of leaf-blades. Its smaller
scurfy red buds, and smaller burs containing usually one nut. It is found only in the southern
part of the State.

XAKOE — ^New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida, Missouri, and Texas.

DISTBIBUTION nr PENNSYLVANIA— Locally In a few counties in the southern part of the
State. Known to occur in the counties of Franklin, Adams, York, Lancaster, Cumberland, and
Chester.

HABITAT — ^Usually found on dry, sandy slopes, rather fertile hillsides, and margins of ponds
and streams.

nCPOBTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Chinquapin Is of no commercial Importance In this
State on account of Its small size and its limited distribution. It Is very attractive as an
ornamental shnib and yields delicious nuts.

,

il

!

4

133

PLATE LIV. CHINQUAPIN

1. A flowering branch with leaves, x *.

1.'. A fruiting branch with mature leaves, x A.

:5. A nut, X i.

4, A winter branch, x i.

.'i. A section of winter linnich, enlnrgetl.

CHINQUAPIN
Castanea pumila, (Linnaeus) Miller

FORK— A gmall tree or shrub utmally attaining a height of 20-30 ft., but may reach a height
of 50 ft. with a diameter of 3 feet. In Pennsylvania seldom exceeds 20 ft. in height and
often is only 3-5 ft. in height. Pennsylvania is the northern limit of its distribution. Trunlc
is usually short and crown roundish.

BABE — May attain a thickness of one inch, uerually fissured and broken into light reddish-
brown loose plate-like scales. On branches and young trunks rather smooth, dark grayish-brown.

TWIGS — Slender, at first pnle woolly, later pubescent, finally smoother, reddish-brown to
dark-brown; covered with numerous lenticels.

BUDS — ^Alternate, axillary; terminal bud absent; ovoid, blunt-pointed, about | of an inch
long; covered with scurfy red scales.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, oblong, thick, firm, straight-veined, sharp-pointed at apex, sharply
toothed on margin, yellowish-green and smooth on ypper surface, pale green and whitish-downy
beneath.

LEAF-SCABS— S«mi-oval, somewhat raised; with scattered, occasionally clustered, rather in-
conspicuous bundle-scars.

FLOWEBS — ^Appear in May or June in more or less spreading antents. Stamlnate occur In
crowded clusters along ament; pistillate are grouped at base of upper aments in ovoid, prickly
involucres.

FBTTIT — Matures in September or October. A bur covered with numerous stlflf spines and
containing usually 1, seldom 2, ovoid bright brown and sweet nuts with a more or less hairy
apex.

WOOD — Ring-porous; with indistinct medullary rays; hard, strong, brown, durable, rich
in tannic acid; splits easily. Weighs about 28 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fence posts, rails,
and railroad ties.

DISTINaUISHINO CHARACfTEBISTICS— The Chinquapin is a little brother of the Chestnut
which one may see by comi)aring their characteristic fruit. It can be distinguished from the
Chestnut by its smaller size, its whitish down on lower surface of leaf-blades, its smaller
scurfy red buds, and smaller burs containing usually one nut. It is found only in the southern
part of the State.

BANOE — ^New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida, Missouri, and Texas.

DISTBIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Locally in a few counties In the southern part of the
State. Known to occur in the counties of Franklin, Adams, York, Lancaster, Cumberland, and
Chester.

HABITAT — ^Usually found on dry, snndy slopes, rather fertile hillsides, and margins of ponds
and streams.

IMPOBTANCE OF THE SPECIES— Tlie Chinquapin is of no commercial importance in this
State on account of its small size and Its limited distribution. It is very attractive as an
ornamental shrub and yields delicious nuts.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

134

TflE OAKS— QUERCUS, (Tourn.) L.

The genus Quercus, which consists almost entirely of trees, com-
prises about 300 species in the world. The Oaks are world famous
on account of their wide distribution, physical sturdiness, great
strength, and the high commercial value of their wood. Most of them
attain a great age and are aggressive competitors in the constant
struggle which is going on in the forest. They can be reproduced by
sprouts or by seed, naturally or artificially. Their modesty recom-
mends them from a silvicultural point of view since they will grow in
habitats which are moist or dry, sterile or fertile, cold, temperate or
tropical, at low altitudes or at high altitudes up to the timber line.
They prefer the temperate climate.

Economically this genus is one of the most important among the
trees. Its wood is used extensively and is especially adapted for
high grade work. The bark is rich in tannin, while that of a few
European species is used for cork. The galls which are caused by
insect stings are also often rich in tannin. The nuts are used in
some places as food for man and swine, and occasionally when
roasted form a substitute for coffee.

The leaves are alternate, simple, and usually shed in autumn. A
division of the Oaks known as the Evergreen or Live Oaks, sheds
the leaves at the end of the second or third season. The flowers,
staminate and pistillate, appear on different parts of the same tree
and often on difiPerent parts of the same branch. The staminate or
male flowers are small and arranged singly on a long slender and
drooping ament which emerges from the buds on the twigs of the
previous year's growth. The pistilliate or female flowers are small,
inconspicuous, urn like bodies which appear singly or in groups from
the base of the developing leaves of the season. The flowers are
fertilized by the wind and develop into a nut-like fruit known as an
acorn. The fruit is distinctive in having a scaly, often bristly cup
separate from the thin shelled nut which it partly or almost wholly
encloses. In autumn the nuts may fall to the ground while the cups
persist on the tree, or the nut and cup may fall together. The acorns
may germinate immediately after falling to the ground, but us-
ually they remain dormant until the following spring. The seed
leaves of the nut remain in the shell and furnish nourishment
to the developing seedling.

A long tap root is characteristic of an oak seedling. This makes
them difficult to transplant in a nursery or to plant in the place
where they are to develop into large trees. A large part of the first
two seasons' growth of many of our Oaks is concentrated mostly in
the development of a root system.

135

The acorns are heavy and disseminated mainly by water, mammals,
birds, and gravity on slopes. The fruit of some Oaks matures in one
season while others require two seasons. At the end of the first
season the latter appear as immature acorns. The mature fruit of
the annual fruiting Oaks is attached to the growth of the season,
while that of the biennial fruiting Oaks is attached to last season's
growth. During the winter season, immature acorns of the biennial
fruiting Oaks are found on the growth of the previous season. The
Oaks of Pennsylvania may be classified in two groups :

A. Acorns mature In one season; leaves with rounded lobes, not bristle-pointed; Rhell

of nut usually smooth Inside; kernel usually sweet; bark pale, often scaly — WHITE
OAKS, ANNTJAL OAKS. LEPIDOBALANTJS.

B. Acorns mature in two seasons; leaves or their lobes bristle- pointed; shell or nut usually

pubescent inside; bark dark, usually furrowed— BLACK OAK, BIENNIAL OAKS,
ERYTHBOBALANTJS.

The subjoined list shows the respective groups to which the several
Oaks of Pennsylvania belong:

White Oak frroup:

1. White Oak Quercus alba.

2. Swamp ^Vhite Oak Quercus hicolor.

3. Post Oak Quercus stellata.

4. Chestnut Oak Quercus Priiius.

5. Yellow Oak, Quercus Muhlenhergii.

6. Bur Oak Quercus mncmcarpa.

7. Chinquapin Oak Quercus prinoldes.

Black Oak group :

8. Black Oak, Quercus velutlna.

9. Red Oak, Quercus rubra.

10. Scarlet Oak Quercus coccinea.

11. Pin Oak, Quercus palustrls.

12. Spanish Oak Quercus falcata.

13. Scrub Oak Quercus illclfolla.

14. Black Jack Oak, Quercus niarilanrtica.

15. Laurel Oak Qnerrus ImLrlcarla,

16. Willow Oak Quercus plitllos.

Of the 300 Oaks which are known, about 55 are native of North
America, and 16 to the State of Pennsylvania. Of the 16 species
native of Pennsylvania, 7 belong to the White Oak group and 9 to
the Black Oak group. The centre of distribution of the oaks is in
the mountains of Central America and Mexico. A few species are
found in Europe. The subjoined keys will identify the oaks native
to Pennsylvania :

136

137

KEY TO THE OAKS BASED PRIMARILY ON FRUIT AND BUDS

Page

1. Acorns maturing at end of second season on last season's growth; immature acorns
may be present in winter; shoU of mjt hairy inside; scales on acorn-cup usually
broad and thin *

1. Acorns maturing at end of first season on growth of season; inunature acorns never

present In winter; shell of nut not hairy Inside; scales of acorn-cup more or less
knobby ^®

a. Buds large; terminal ones usually over one-flfth of an inch long 8

2. Buds smaller; terminal ones one-flfth of an inch or less in length, 7

3. Buds coated with rusty brown hairs prominently angled 4

8. Buds not coated with rusty brown hnirs; not prominently angled 5

4. Inner bark yellow; buds i-§ of an inch long; acorn-cup top-shaped to hemispheric

Q,. velutina 148

4. Inner bark not yellow; buds J of an Inch long or less; acorn-cup hemispheric,

Q. jnarilandica lol

5. Buds sharp-pointed

6. Buds blunt-pointed, the widest part at or just below middle; evidently woolly above

middle ^- coccinea 147

6. Acorn-cups saucer-shaped; buds glabrous except sometimes slightly hairy near apex;

bark Assured with intervening broad smooth ridges; branches straight, ..ft. rubra 146

6. Acom-cups hemispheric: buds light brown and hairy; bark shallowly ftssured, with

scaly ridges, branching zigzag, ^- falcata 149

7. Twigs during first winter dull, Anally hairy; shi-ubs, ft- ilicifolia 150

7. Twigs smooth and shining during Ai-st winter; trees 8

8. Pin-like projections on lateral branches numerous, standing almost at right angles to

branches; trunk continuous; acorn-cup saucer-shnped ft. palustns 146

8. Pin-like projections not present, trunk divided 9

9. Acorn-cups saucer-shaped; buds dark-brown; twigs stouter ft. phellos 153

9. Acom-cups hemispheric; buds light brown and angular; twigs slender, ..ft. imbricaria 152

10. Buds narrow, conical, sharp-pointed, i of an inch or more in length 11

10. Buds obtuse, short usually about J of an inch long 13

11. Buds pubescent, ueually phnrp-iwlnted, lateral buds generally appressed; bark on

older twigs with corky ridges; acom-cr.ps fringed ft. macrocarpa 140

11. Buds smooth, lateral buds divergent; twigs without corky ridges; acom-cups not

fringed ^*

12. Acorns sessile; twigs slender and hairy to smooth ft. Muhlenbergii 142

12. Acorns evidently stalked; twigs stouter and smooth ft. Pnnus 143

18. Bark on branches peeling Into long, dark layer-like scales; acorns long stalked,

ft. bicolor 141

18. Bark on branchlets not peeling off into long, dark, layer-like scales, 14

14. Twigs coated with yellowish-brown wool; buds as long as broad ft. ttellata 139

14. Twigs smooth *'

16. Twigs slender; shrubs or small tree; buds about as long as broad; acorn-cup encloses

i of nut <*• P'inoides 144

15. T>vigs stout; large tree; buds longer than broad; acorn-cup encloses i of nut.. ft. alba 138

KEY TO THE OAKS BASED PRIMARILY ON LEAVES AND FRUIT

1. Leaf-blades or their lobes bristle-tlppcd ; acorns maturing at end of the second season;

nuts often pub«>8cent within, £

1. Leaf-blades or their lobes or teeth without bristle tips; acorns maturing at end of

the first season; nuts often glabrous within, jq

8. Leaf -blades entire; rarely lobed or toothed except on vigorous coppice shoots 8

8. Leaf-blades pinnatifld, pinnntely-lobed or dilated at apex 4

3. Lower surface of leaf-blades glalwrous, q. phellos 153

8. Lower surface of leaf-blades pubescent, Q. imbricaria 162

4. Leaf -blades pinnatlAd or pinnatcly-lobed 5

4. Leaf -blades dilated at apex; brown tomentose on lower surface ft. marilandica 151

5. Leaf-blades green on both upper and lower surfaces 6

5. Leaf -blades pubescent on lower surface 8

6. Lobes of leaf-blades about equal the width of the middle portion or body of the

leat ft. rubra 146

6. Lobes of leaf-blades 2-6 timts as long as the breadth of the narrowest portion or

body of the leaf 7

7. Trunk continuous, covered by short, slender, often horizontal lateral branches; acom-

cups saucer-shaped, ft. palustris 140

7. Trunk usually branched; covered by rather long, usually stout and ascending lateral

branches ; acom-cups top-shaped ft. coccinea 147

8. Leaf -blades brown or rusty pubescent on lower surface; inner bark yellow, ft. velutina 148

8. Leaf-blades gray or white pubescent on lower surface; inner bark not yellow, 9

9. Lobes of leaf -blades long and lanceolate, often scythe shaped; large tree, ..ft. falcata 149
9. Lobes of leaf -blades short and triangular usually Ave in number; small tree

or shrub, ft. ilicifolia 150

10. Leaf-blades deeply lohed 11

10. Leaf -blades coarsely toothed 18

11. Mature leaf-blades glabrous and pale on lower surface; cups shallow ft. alba 138

11. Mature leaf -blades pubescent on lower surface; cup encloses at least one-third of

nut 12

18. Mature leaf-blades rusty-pubescent below; leaves usually 5-lobed; stellate pubescent

below with three terminal large rounded or tiquarish lobes; upper scales of acorn-

cnp not awned ft. stellata 139

12. Mature leaf-blades white tomentose beneath; leaves usually 5-7 lobed with single

large oval and crenate terminal lobe; upper scales of acorn-cup awned with a
heavy fringe ft. macrocarpa 140

13. Leaf-blades broadest at or below the middle, oblong to lanceolate, decidedly pointed

at apex, usually exceeding six inches in length 14

13. Leaf-blades broadest above the middle, oblong to oblong obovate, pointed to rounded

at apex, seldom exceeding six inches in length 16

14, Leaf-blades with acuminate apex; slender petiole; acom sessile, ....ft. Muhlenbergii 142
14. Leaf-blades with acute apex; stouter petiole; acorn stalked, ft. Prinus 143

16. Tall tree; bark on small branches often peeling off in dark scales; acoms long-
stalked, ft. bicolor 141

16. Shmb or small tree; bark on small branches smooth; acom sessile ft. prinoides 144

138
WHITE OAK

Quercus alba, Linnaeus

FOUM-A ver. large and valuable tree. usuaUy jttaining^helgM o,^ J^^^^^ -c^

a n,axi„,un> height o^ ^^O ft. with a ^ia^-ter of 8 ^^J^lJ^Z^\^,,, ^ ^™ Jate,.!
from In > aeMe lUnd (Fl». 12) " "" « ""»' , , „, ,v1imi groi™ 1° ">«

C^he. for 75 ft, with . ^'J""'^.,"' f "" ""^t ",^y l.t«.l LnchM which are gnarled
open (Fig. 27) It divide, near ^'''<^'^^\^°!^.f^„rir ocoaalonall7 . .ymmetrlcal crown,
and twlated forming a deep, wide and l^P-'" ^^" °, ^m™,rclal Importance, The largeat
Open grown tree, produce a very amaU quantity of timber of <^™' ^ "" „ wa. 31 feet In
yhlt. Oak known In Pennaylvanla "f »\"' '^•^'° J ijj Sef ^ M"«l' =»• '»23' " *"
rrn^S'nr tCran^lt rnrn^r'on'oiV Urgeat White Oaka now atandlng

"'ann".:rr':r:hr.ight green to ^r^f'St'rr^^T^'ofZr^ ^^^

wir^.=-a^r. "= rgr™Ve*r^tn«"e1.rr.rndnnte;e,evated. .enUce...

'"'ivT^M^.i^: tennlna. hnda Cnrtered; broadly ovate, obtoae, reddlah-brown. » of «. Inch

'"LEAyES-Altemate. almple, 5-9 Inche. long, 2J inchca wide '^^ZZZ^^^^^'sL'-'^n
?:r^L"S.n%r i.r aTL-llotrr;^ 'Z-'X.'l^l «- oocaalonauy gUncon.

•"'^^^.SCAK^Altemate. raised ooncvo t^ ^^ T tVlg ^afgled T actnnroTl™ "S
oft™ contlnnona from raised les'-jcar »'"f„'"j!' *^ ^tterJi! Inconaplcaoua. The leaf-

'-^rz oL'':rrir«urrc.r,'y r"^m"brs'.tr.h.t'. deacnption of . ..,..0.,

°'.;"o;n;l:r::er,:".^. when - ..vea .re .houM de^.op«,^ SUmlnate «owe™

s:^rc:.;^'iShrr. %r:^ :z^.^^^^^^:7o.'^'''''^l on .h„rt ^... wth

hairy Involucral scale, and red spreading styles.

FBUIT-An acorn, maturing during one «>ason sessile or "^•"''^''S,"',^ ^up M« o' -"» '■
a, a^x. shiny, light brown. I of an '"«^ '""^ ^"5"°^ tn T"s de ~vU« wTth numerous «.ales

7^ -ar* tlSrshort V^^^intirl-r "^^^^^^^-^-i^-^^^Z T«..gr..ned,

WOOD-Rlng-porous; with -^^J-^"''^'^:^^ ::;:;jr^4i,.''ZIi vSble^?.. oai

dnrable in contact with soil, light brown wllb ' f ^^-^^J^' ™' ^„„a,„g, „gM cooperage.

J^thre^Vrita^ «». "nLnu^tr of ZUl "aT.ltnr.; Implements. Interior .nlsh of

n:jT.r;srr'^K.CTBBXSTXCS^Xn^sum.« one can -..-rco^rr'L^'S

readily by its loose scaly, K'^'^^^^^ «J ^^^^Xlnr^le lower surface when matnre. I« winter
its deeply rounded-lobed leaves with a smooth and ^P*'^^^^"'";.",'^^.^^ ^ut can be distinguished

It has Some characteristics aPP^-J^^^^^.^^^^^low Oak'Ty i^^^^^^ rath^J small buds: from

from the Ited, Blaclc. Scarlet, Che^tnu*' ^"'^ to ^ylsh t^L and the absence of dark loose
the swamp White Oak by the Blunder *J ^^^f .^^^ence of greenish rusty pubescence
peeling flakes on the branches; from the Post Oak by fhe absen^ b branches and the more

on the twigs; from the Pin Oak by the ^beence of stilt late^^^^ The \r«n-hes. In addition to

obtuse bud«; from the Bur Oak by '''l^^ZlTchotZ^T^^I^v^ins.ia considerably in recognizing
r^^dir^T^rerrc^frrdrV^^^^^ ^pedes wm h^p m brmglng out

additional distinguishing characteristics.

southern AUegheny. Washington, and Greene counties.

HABITAT-It is tolerant of many boIIb. growing on sandy Pla»°«. 8",^'="^ '*^«*''' "*''' °^

Pemisylvanla. It is a slow ^^^er but developa ^^^^^^'''^^^J^rnP. Natural seed regen-
regeneration by Pla-W'^K J.» ^Ifficu t f P^^^^^'i^ ^J^"^' s^ccesKy reproduced. German expert-
eration is the bert method by wh ch thl. t'«;^°„^~7,"^ior ?o the artificial, especially
^'Sl ^e^^^t^^rri^ts^bfr^^lTti^^^^^^^^ S grow the White Oak in forest
stands of considerable extent.

'<

1

PLATE LV. WHITE OAK

1. l-'lowciiii}; Itniiicli with inmiatnrc havts (s)
slaiiiinate i>los.sonis, (p) i)istillate lilo.s-

SOIIIS, X J.

li, .\ stHiniiiHto rtowcr, cnlarKtMl.
.!, A pistillate tl<)\vei", t'liiaitred.
». ItraiH'h witli iiiaturo Icitvis and iiiatiiic

acnni sliiiwiiijr oiii-

acorn.x. x h.

.">.

Aidin <u|), X §.

<;.

Acorn, basal view, x *.

1 .

liOimitiKliiial section oi

S, tJcriiiiiiiitiii;;' acuiii witli its young root aii'l

slioot. X .J.
n. Winter luancli, x \. . , •

](». Tirminii! section of winter 1>ran<"li sliowmsr
1)11(1 with overlappins.' scales, a leaf-scar
with hiindle scars, and leiiticels, ♦Mi-
ll Cross" section of twit,' .sliowin« fivo-sidc«l
pitli, wood witJi con.spicuons medullary
ravs. inner and imter hark, onlargi'd.

hrvo, X ', ,

138

WHITE OAK

Quercus alba, Linnaeus

. ™.x.n.m» height .. "« J^'^* ' "^TT dt^ ^U^L'^ruB* often fre. from l.t«Ji
,nwB In a ««nM atMia ^rH■ U) It nn« « ""J" .,^j„ gTO,n, in the

S«>d.e. for 75 ft. with a 1'a«»«"' »' f ."• !^,™ny 1.^.1 Sa-che. which .r. gnarled
open (Fig. 27) It divide, near *«,.«~»?*^'1^,^^'„""^ ixwlonaUj a fl^netrlcal crown
and twUled forming a deep, wide and ^f^' «J»"" " ^„^„i„ importance. The largeat
Open grown treee prodnce a verr amaU Q^nftT ^"J^' ,„T^ connty. It wa. 81 feet In
X^te Oa* known In P.nnaTl.anla """iXjr^Id TlS ^t S^ March M. im " wa.
rr^o^ln^nr trran-^ant rnrn;rt,rof the Urgeet White Oak. now atandlng

-'^^nn'-anrnLVnght g^n .^^-^-". rrTaT^'oftTn ^er,^ ^^X

.r^aun^r = r^-^;e^^rn^.rs.rxTej::?:ui --.

"^BTOtirteCte; tennlnaa hod. c,ur.e;«., h»ad.x ovaU, ohtnae, reddl-hrown. . ,. an inch

'7EAyi»-A«em.te, ..mp.e, .-. Inche. long, .-4 ^chc. ^a. »f^tu,;:.-^"';int^.'VS
namilly 7 a«=endlng lot.., lohe. ^^J^^^'^ '^"^e. '.^tt an* occa.Ionally glaocoo.
foil grown thin, bright green and amooth above, ana poie, .m

'•'^.SOAW^-Altemate. ra.«d, concv« to roond •J^^l^^-.^.^r .ctonrTfranJS
often contlnnoo. from ral«d leaf-jcar ''"f^"^^^^ "^tterJ^ IncLploooo.. The leaf-
•^rTal oIh.'"J-^rWr«^ir. ^^nSZ'S'o.he'r that'a de^rlptlon of a leaf^ar

''z^:^z.Tz:^^^^r »-«•-——-- irxw.^rm"^ =

^^^.r^^i.-ar-a;: ^.fe^-r nSed.i:Slu':t:^w.r.'Le .»me on .hort .talha, wtth

hairy Involucral scaleu and red spreading Btyles. rounded

SiriT-An acorn, maturing during one scaiK^n seaslle or ""f ^^^^^^''^^ ^^J'"* M^a o^^^^ 1-

at^f^x. Shiny, light brown » «' ^ 1"^,,;-^^^^^^^^^ ^'h numerous .cales

7^X -t tCVtC"-^-- ^^ - -— -trrJ^Z T«.-.ained.

WOOD-Rlng-porous; with -^^--P^^^T .rS^eT "^^^^^^ -^

durable In contact with soil, light brown with 1 f tj ;^^; ™ building, tight cooperage.

Z^ture'^l^^at S:.. CJ^ tif C ^ns. ^^^^Situral implement., interior Bnish o,

it has Some characteristics -PP«r^''\'\TYeTlow OaJ^Ty i^b?^^. rather small buds; from
from the Red, Black. Scarlet, Cbestnut. and YeUow Oaks tjlts^Dtus ^^ ^^^ ^^^

the swamp White Oak by the l^^^er tj ^^'^^ .^^^e^, ^l greenish rusty pubescence
peeling flakes on the branches; from the Post Oak by Jbe aDsen^ ^ branches and the more
on the twigs; from the Pin Oak by the '^^^^^l''l.*''^^'Xg^'Z 'he brashes. In addition to
obtuse bud.; from the Bur Oak by the ^^"^."'l.^^^^^lin M considerably in recognizing
T\^^T'l^..'''r::^Z'ZTo7'^T^r^Uc.^ - help m bringing out
additional distinguishing characteristics.
BANOE-Maine to Minnesota. W)uth to Florida and Texas. southern

wsiBiBi^iioH m '^«^::f^f r-h* 'nrhr*.nrw?.'r-.sr»r.^"p^

S rX^r^^S:^-^ Trir U- ^Kean conntle,. I. .. .he conunoneat tre. ta
Mothem AUegheny, Wa.hlngton, and Greene conntlc..
»ABITAT-It I. tolerant of mMiy »U.. growing on wndy plain. graTeUj rldgea, rich opiano

srr „"Ain =rrr £-rSr SJ-s^r =

eratlon 1. the bert method by which thl. *«• "" '^^''^'^J^or to the artMclal. eapecWly
standi of considerable extent.

1

PLATE LV. WHITE OAK

1. FlowtTlnj,' branch with iiiuimture leaves (»)
staminate blossoms, (p) pistillate blos-
soms, X i.

stHininate flower, enlarged.
l)istillat«> flower, enlarged.

ranch witli mature leaves and mature
acorns, x §.

r-orn cup, x J.

corn, basal view, x }.

mgitiKlinal section of acorn showing em-
bryo. X .}.

with its young root and

2.
ti.
4.

\
A
II n

.\C(

.Vc(
Ijor

n.

10.

11. <

Germinating acorn

shoot, X J.
Winter l>ranch, x J. . . i „

Terminal .section of Avinter branch showing
bnd with overlapping scales, a leaf-scar
Avith bundle-scars, and lenticels. en-
larged. . „ ,, ,
ross section of twig showing five-sided
pith, wood witli conspicuous niednllary
ravs, inner and onter bark, enlarged.

II

"ili

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

PLATE LVI. POST OAK

1.

2.
'A.
4.
'(.
<i.
7.

acorns, x J.

(^) stllMlillMtJ'

blossoms, (|i) i)istinntr lilossoiiis, x

Branch -NvitU niatun' leavos and iiiatun-
FloweriMK liranch with iniinatuiv loaves,
All aourn cup, x i.

i'm"rsu;fa"'"iiew'of "^niturc leaf sh..AvinR the dense star-shape,! ,ml.es<enr.. x J.
Winter tiraneli covered with a dense rusty pub«'s<en<e x A . i.,...rfi<. «ciirs

Section of "vinter hran<h sh<.winK slinhtly i.uh.-s.ent bi,<ls, leat-srars with bundle-scnrs.
ticels, and the denso rusty pultescent l>ark, natural size.

139

leu-

POST OAK

Quercus stellata, Wangenheim

FORM — A medlum-Rized tree usually attaining height of 60-60 ft. but may reach a maximum
height of 90 ft., with a diameter of 4 feet. In the open it forms a dense, broad, deep, round-
topped crown with atout and spreading branches. Toward its northern limit it is a large shrub.

BABX—On trunks somewhat similar to that of White Oak only darker and often rougher and
less scaly. On young branches It Is often covered with loose, dark scales.

TWIGS — Stout, covered with yellowish rusty pubescence, at first light orange in color, later
dark brown. Season's growth stands in strong contrast with later growth on account of much
lighter color. Pubescence soon turns dark and finally disappears.

BUDS — ^Alternate, broadly ovate, about i of an Inch long, sometimes as broad as long, blunt-
lointed, covered with numerous overlapping, reddish-brown, slightly pubescent scales.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, obovate In outline, 4-7 Inches long, 3-5 inches wide, thick,
leathery, generally 6-lobed; the middle pair of lobes is the largest and is separated by deep
sinuses; upper surface is bright green, shiny; lower surface is paler and coated with
rusty pubescence.

LEAF-SCABS— See "Leaf -Scars" under White Oak, page 138.

FLOWEBS— Appear about May. Staminate borne in slender amenta 4-6 inches long. Pistillate
are sessile or short-stalked, woolly stigmas bright red.

FBUIT — ^An acorn, maturing at end of first season usually sessile, occurs solitary, in pairs or
clustered. Nut oval, }-| of an Inch long, hairy at apex, longitudinally striped with darker
brown, inclosed by cup for i-i of its length. Cup thin, hairy within, and covered with thin,
pale, flat woolly scales.

WOOD — Ring-porous; with conspicuous medullary rays; heavy, hard, close-grained, very durable,
light to dark brown, with light sapwood. Weighs 62 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for the same
purposes as White Oak. It Is fotmd on the market mixed with White Oak.

DISTINGUISHING CHABACTERISTIGS— In summer the Post Oak, also known as Iron Oak,
may at once be recognized by the peculiar form of its leaves, with large rounded or squarish
lobes. The three terminal lobes are the largest and the basal lobes taken together are wedge-
^aped in outline. The rigid leathery leaves with their shiny green upper surface and rusty
pubescent lower surface, and the rusty pubescent twigs are characteristic. In winter its short
obtuse buds and stout rusty pubescent twigs are distinctive. The buds have also a brighter
reddish color than those of the White Oak.

RANGE — Massachusetts to central Pennsylvania, Kansas, and south to Florida and Texas.

DISTBIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found locally In the eastern and southern parts, but not
In the western and northern. Near Mont Alto, lYanklin county, it is locally common. A
tree felled in 1912 about one-half mile south of this village measured over three feet breast-high.

HABITAT— Common on dry rocky soil. Pound on gravelly uplands, limestone hills, and sandy
plains.

IMPOBTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Post Oak closely resembles the White Oak, especially
in the wood, which is sold as White Oak. On account of its limJtefi distribution in Pennsyl-
rania, and the superiority of the White Oak, the Post Oak cannot be recommended for forestry
purposes on an extensive scale. It will, however, grow on poorer soil than the White Oak and
might be established upon such areas. It is difficult to transplant and grows slowly.

I

139

PLATE LVI. POST OAK

1.

2.
."{.
4.

*;.

7.

BniiK'li "^vith iiiatuif leaves ninl matun- aiorns, x \.

l"lo\v<'iiiin hraiuli witli iiiiiiiiiturf leaves, (si sta'imiate

All aeoiii cup. X }..

All acorn, basal view, x J.

Lower surfaee view ol' mature leaf showing' the dense

Winter Inaiieli eoveied with a dense rusty |iiiliesieiiee

Seetion of vinter hraiieh sliowinu slightly imlMseeut

tilossoins. (pi pistillate hlnssums, x

star-sllHpi'd ptiheseellee. X A.

leaf scars witli Ixiiidle scars, leii-

X

Imds,

ticels, aiKl the (Ilmisc rusty pulieseeiit Imik. natural size.

POST OAK

Quercus stellata, Wangenheim

FOEM — A medium-8ized tree usually attaining height of 50-60 ft. but may reach a maximum
height of 90 ft., with a diameter of 4 feet. In the open It forms a dense, broad, deep, round-
topped crown with stout and spreading branches. Toward Its northern limit it Is a large shrub.

BARK— On trunks somewhat similar to that of White Oak only darker and often rougher and
less scaly. On young branches it Is often covered with loose, dark scales.

TWIGS — Stout, covered with yellowish rusty pubescence, at first light orange In color, later
dark broAvii. Season's growth stands in strong contrast with later growth on account of much
lighter color. Pubescence soon turns dark and finally disappears.

BUDS— Alternate, broadly ovate, about | of an Inch long, sometimes as broad as long, blunt-
lK)inted, covered with numerous overlapping, reddish -brown, slightly pubescent scales.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, obovate in outline, 4-7 inches long, 3-5 inches wide, thick,
leathery, generally 5-lobed; the middle pair of lobes is the largest and is separated by deep
sinuses; upper surface is bright green, shiny; lower surface is paler and coated with
rusty pubescence.

LEAF-SCABS— See "Leaf -Scars" under White Oak, page 138.

FLOWEES— Appear about May. Staminate borne in slender aments 4-6 inches long. Pistillate
are seBsile or short-stalked, woolly stigmas bright red.

FEUIT — ^An acorn, maturing at end of first season usually sessile, occurs solitary, in pairs or
clustered. Nut oval, i-i of an inch long, hairy at apex, longitudinally strli)ed with darker
brown, inclosed by cup for i-} of its length. Cup thin, hairy within, and covered with thin,
pale, flat woolly scales.

WOOD — Ring-porous; with conspicuous medullary rays; heavy, hard, close-grained, very durable,
light to dark brovm, with light sapwood. Weighs 52 lbs, per cubic foot. Used for the same
purposes as White Oak. It is foimd on the market mixed with White Oak.

DISTIKOUISHIKG CHAEACTEEISTICS — In summer the Post Oak, also known as Iron Oak,
may at once be recognized by the peculiar form of its leaves, with large rounded or squarish
lobes. The three terminal lobes are the largest and the basal lobes taken together are wedge-
shaped in outline. The rigid leathery leaves with their shiny green upper surface and rusty
pubescent lower surface, and tlie rusty pubescent twigs are characteristic. In winter its short
obtuse buds and stout rusty pubescent twigs are distinctive. The buds have also a brighter
reddish color than those of the White Oak.

EANGE — Massachusetts to central Pennsylvania, Kansas, and south to Florida and Texas.

DISTEIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found locally in the eastern and southern parts, but not
In the western and northern. Near Mont Alto, lYanklln county, it is locally common. A
tree felled In 1912 about one half mile south of this village measured over three feet breast-high.

HABITAT — Common on dry rocky soil. Pound on gravelly uplands, limestone hills, and sandy
plains.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Post Oak closely resembles the White Oak, especially
in the wood, which Is sold as White Oak. On account of its limited distribution in Pennsyl-
vania, and the superiority of the White Oak, the Post Oak cannot be recommended for forestry
purposes on an extensive scale. It will, however, grow on poorer soil than the White Oak and
might be established upon such areas. It is difficult to transplant and grows slowly.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

140

BUR OAK
Quercus macrocarpa, Michaiix

FOEM— Usually attains height of about 70 80 feet but may reach a maximum height of 170
feet with a diameter of 6-7 feet. It attains its greatest height In Illinois and Indiana. It has
broad spreading branches which form a broad round-topped crown. In the forest the crown is
usuaUy contracted and covers only the upper part of the trunk. It is a giant among its associ-
ates. One of the largest Bur Oaks in Pennsylvania is shown in Fig. 51.

BARK— Intermediate between flaky bark of White Oak and very roughly ridged bark o£
Chestnut Oak.

TWIGS— Stout, covered with pale, raised and inconspicuous lenticels, yellowish-brown, at first
hairy, later snaooth, with corky wings often IJ inches wide.

BTJDS-Altemate. broadly-ovate, about i of an Inch long, acute or obtuse, reddish-brown,
slightly pubescent. Lateral buds are closely appressed.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, 6-12 inches long, 3-6 inches wide, obovate or oblong; 5-7 lobed;
sinuses round-based; terminal lobe largest; smooth, shiny, and dark green above; paler and finely
hairy beneath.

LEAF-SCABS— See "Leaf -Scars" under White Oak, page 138.

FLOWERS— Mature about May. Staminate flowers borne In slender ament 4-6 inches long.
Pistillate sessile or short-stalked, with bright red stigmas and hairy scales.

FRUIT— An acorn, maturing during flrst season; sessile or stalked, usually solitary. Nut
ovate 4/6-2 inches long, covered with down. Cup deep, embracing from i to entire nut, light
brow^. downy on inner side, covered with large imbricated scales forming a distinct fringe near
the margin.

WOOD— Ring-porous; with conspicuous medullary rays; heavy, hard, strong, close-grained,
very durable, brownish with light thin sapwood. Weighs 46 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for the
same purposes as White Oak, from which It Is not distinguished on the market.

DISTINOUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— In summer the Bur Oak, also known as Over-cup or
Mossy-cup Oak, can be distinguished by its unique leaves, which have deep, rounded sinuses
that reach almost to the midrib and divide each side of a leaf almost into two parts. The lobes
on the front part are rather squarish and those on the basal part triangular. The pubescence
on the lower side of the leaves and the corky winged projections on the branches are also
characteristic In winter the corky winged projections on the branches, the closely appressed and
pubescent buds, the distinctly fringed acorn cups, and the persistent leaves are characteristic.

RANGE— Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Pennsylvania, Kansas and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Rare or local in the eastern, southern, central, and
western parts of the State. Not reported from the northern part of the State. An unusually
large specimen stands In a field near Petersburg, Huntingdon county. What is probably the
largest oak In Pennsylvania is a Bur Oak. It stands near Neff's Mill in Huntingdon county. It
is 39 feet and 9 Inches In circumference at tht ground, and at breast high it is almost 7 feet
in diameter. This tree was destroyed during a storm In 1924.

HABITAT— Prefers low rich bottomlands but can grow upon a variety of soils. It does not
thrive on uplands so well as tht White Oak, grows much slower than the Red Oak, and is rather
Intolerant of shade.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — ^The Bur Oak is one of the very largest of American Oaks,
has a wide distribution, and occurs in pure and in mixed stands. It produces valuable wood
especially adapted to quarter-sawing on account of conspicuous medullary rays. It should be re-
generated especially in the Mississippi basin where it develops at its optlmiim. This tree is also
very attractive as an ornamental or shade tree, since It withstands smoke more than most other
Oaks, and Is relatively free from disease.

^1

0.

I.

2
4.

(;.

7.

PLATE LVII. BUR OAK

Floweting hraiieh with immature leaves, (s) staminal.- Mossoms, (p) pistillate blossoms, x *.

Branch with mature leaves and maturt* acorns, x *.

An acorn cup, x A.

An acorn, x A.

A winter branch stinwins,' IhkIs, Ical'-scars, ;>.nil raised cniky lid^es, x §.

Terminal section ol win.er lnHnch sJmwiii!; Imds with nvcrlHiipinK s.iilrs and Icnf scar

Inni'llc-scars. cnlarycd.
Hasal hnd-scalt' with hairy niar^in. cidnrntd.
Apical Imd-scalc with hairy .sorralo margin, ciUar-cil.

^^itll

140

BUR OAK
Quercus macrocarpa, Michaux

FORM-Umially attain, height of about 70 80 feet but may reach a maximum height of 170
feet with a diameter of 6-7 feet. It attain. It. greatest height in minoi. and !»<"»»»• "^T
broad .Dreading branche. Mrhlch form a broad round-topped crown. In the fore«t «»« ^rown J*
UBuaUy contracted and cover, only the upper part of the trunk. It i. a giant among Ita a8«)Cl-
ates. One of the largest Bur Oak. In Pennsylvania is shown in Pig. 61.

BARK— Intermediate between flaky bark of White Oak and very roughly ridged bark of
Chestnut Oak.

TWI08— Stout, covered with pale, raised and inconspicuou. lenUcels, yellowish-brown, at first
hairy, later snaooth, with corky wings often IJ inches wide.

BUDS— Alternate, broadly-ovate, about i of an inch long, acute or obtuw. reddlrti-brown,
slightly pube«jent. Lateral buds are closely appresMd.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple. 6-12 inche. long. 3-6 Inches wide, obovate or oblong; 5-7 lobed;
sinuses round-based; terminal lobe largest; smooth, shiny, and dark green above; paler and finely
hairy beneath.

LEAF-SCABS— See "Leaf -Scar." under White Oak. page 188.

FL0WEB8— Mature about May. Stamlnate flowers borne in slender ament 4-6 inches long.
Pistillate sessile or short-stalked, with bright red stigmas and hairy scales.

FRUIT— An acorn, maturing during first season; sessile or stalked, usually solitary. Nut
ovate. 4/6-2 inches long, covered with down. Cup deep, embracing from i to entire nut, light
brov»Ti, downy on Inner side, covered with large imbricated scales forming a distinct fringe near
the margin.

WOOD— Ring-porous; with conspicuous medullary rays; heavy, hard, strong, cloae-grained,
very durable, brownish with light thin sapwood. Weighs 46 lbs. per cubic foot. U«d for the
same purposes as White Oak, from which it is not distinguished on the market.

DISTDraUISEINO CHARACTERISTICS— In wunmer the Bur Oak, also known a. Over-cup or
Mowy-cup Oak. can be distinguished by its unique leave., which have deep, roqnded .inures
that reach almost to the midrib and divide each side of a leaf almost Into two parts. The lobes
on the front part are rather squarish and those on the basal part triangular. The pubescence
on the lower side of the leaves and the corky winged projection, on the branches are also
characteristic. In winter the corky winged projections on the branches, the closely appressed and
pubescent buds, the distincUy fringed acorn cups, and the persistent leaves are characteristic.

RANOE— Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Pennsylvania, Kanu. and Texa..

DISTRIBUTION DT PENNSYLVANIA— Rare or local In the eastern, southern, central, and
western parts of the State. Not reported from the northern part of the State. An "n"8"a"y
large specimen sUnds in a field near Petersburg. Huntingdon county. What is probably the
largest oak in PennsylvanU Is a Bur Oak. It stands near Neff's Mill In Huntingdon county. It
Is 39 feet and 9 inches in circumference at tht ground, and at breast high it is almost 7 feet
in diameter. Thi. tree was destroyed during a storm in 1924,

HABITAT— Prefers low rich bottomlands but can grow upon a variety of soils. It does not
thrive on uplands so well a. the White Oak. grows much slower than the Bed Oak, and 1. rather
intolerant of shade.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Bur Oak is one of the very largest of American Oaks,
has a wide distribution, and occurs in pure and In mixed stands. It produces valuable wood
especially adapted to quarter-sawing on account of conspicuous medullary rays. It should be re-
generated especially in the MIsBlssIppI basin where It develop, at its optimum. This tree Is alM
very attractive as an ornamental or shade tree, since it withstands .moke more than most other
Oak., and is relatively free from diseare.

11

il

< I

1

h

a.

a

PLATE LVII. BUR OAK

1. Flowering branch with immature leaves, (s) staminato blossoms, (p) pistillate blossoms, x i.

2. Branch with mature leaves and mature aoorns, x *.

3. An acorn cup, x *.

4. An acorn, x i.

■"'. A winter branch sliowins buds, leaf-scars, ami raisod <<iiky ridges, x J.

(>. Terminal snction of wlii.i-r hraiuli sliuwiiiK buds witi! ovcrlaitping sciilcs and h-af sciir willi

lnindl<!-8fars. culargi-d.

7. Hasal bud-scab^ with hairy niargiu, <iilflrm'd.

5. Apical bud-scale with hairy serrate iiiart'in, enlars,'od.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

141

PLATE LVIII. SWAMP WHITE OAK

1 Flowering branch with immature leaves, (s) staminate blossoms, (p) pistillate blossoms, x i.

2.' Branch with mature leaves and mature long-stalked acorns, x J.

3. An acorn, x J.

4. All ac<»rn cup, \ }.

Is' 'v wlllter twi? Willi' J.u.ls. l.Miti.rls, Icaf-scurs. and live sj.lcd pith cnl.ir«(Ml.

7'. SVMti'm!.! winter »,ran<-h showing dark, broken, and scaly .mter bark. onlarKcd.

SWAMP WHITE OAK
Quercus bicolor, Willdenow

K°.*fi~"'t",^^*®****^ *^ "*"*"^ attaining a heiRiit of 60 70 ft., occasionally attaining
a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 3 feet. In the open it develops a broad, open, roand-
topped crown with the upper branches aacending, the lower often drooping. Scraggy and peeling
branches make It rather unattractive. In the dense stands the trunk is clean and continuous.

BAKK— On young branches reddish-brown, smooth, soon becoming rough and unkempt by peel-
ing into long, persistent, dark scales and exposing light inner bark. On old trunks, thick,
grayish-brown, deeply flssured Into long, often continuous, flat ridges which break up Into smaU
gray scales. See Fig. 98.

TWI08— Stout, yellowish to reddlah-brown, usually smooth, covered with pale raised lentlcels:
pith star-shaped.

BUDS— Alternate, broadly ovate, obtuse, i-i of an inch long, covered with light chestnut-
brown scales, often slightly hairy towards the apex.

LEAVES— Atemate, simple, usually obovate in outline, 5-6 inches long, 2-4 Inches wide,
rounded at narrowed apex, coarsely dentate on margin, with shallow rounded lobes; upper
surface shining dark yellowish-grefcii ; lower surface light green and finely hairy.

LEAF-SCABS— See "Leaf -Scars" under White Oak, page 138.

FLOWEBS— Appear about May when leaves are about | developed. Staminate flowers occur
in hairy amenta 4-6 Inches long. Pistillate are borne on short stalks, either solitary or few In a
cluster.

FBUIT— An acorn, maturing during one season, solitary or few In a cluster, usually borne on
a long stalk. Nut oblong, ^-1^ Inches long, chestnut-brown usually hairy at apex. Cup deeply
saucer-shaped, thick, enclosing i of nut, hairy inside, covered with pale woolly scales which
are rather thickened near base, and thin, often fringed at margin.

WOOI>— Dlffuae-poroua; with rather conspicuous medullary rays. It possesses the same physical
characteristics as the White Oak, and Is sold on the market as White Oak. Weighs 48 lbs.
per cubic foot.

DISTINOUlSHUra CKABACTEBISTICS— The Swamp White Oak can be distinguished from all
other Oaks at any season of the year by the bark on the younger branches which peels off into
thin large plates shallow sinuses between the lobes, giving the leaf a broad effect. In fall the
long-stalked acorns with their cups enclosing about i of nut are characteristic. In winter the
rather stout, yellowish to reddish-brown twigs bearing buds with light chestnut-brown scales and
the irregular, often drooping, growth of the lower lateral branches is peculiar to this species.

BANOE — Aflaine and Quebec to Michigan, south to Georgia and Arkansas.

DISTBIBVTIOIT DT PEHNSYLVAKL^— Reported from eight counties in the eastern and south-
em parts of the State, one In the western, one In the northeastern, and common In the north-
western part. What Is probably the largest Swamp White Oak in this State stands near
Waterfall in Huntingdon county. At breabt-high it is 16 feet 6 Inches In circumference.

HABITAT — Frequents rich soils on borders of swamps and streams.

IMPOBTANOE OF THE 8PE0IES— The Swamp White Oak Is an Important tree but its propa-
gation should not be recommended or attempted where the White Oak will grow. Its lateral
branches have a tendency to persist which results In an inferior grade of lumber. It has no
ornamental qualities which especially recommend It for such planting.

t

1.

2
3.
4.
• I .
fi.
'i .

PLATE LVIII. SWAMP WHITE OAK

Flowering branch with immature leaves, (s) stan.inate blossonis, (p) pistillate blossoms, x J.

Branch with mature leaver and mature long-stalked acorns, x *.

An a«'orn, x J.

An acorn <'ii|>, \ !■ .

\ rvi'ilt!-r txviu' Willi l'U.l<. l<-iili.',-ls, Laf-siius, and live sidc.l pith enlarged.
Section -d winter branch sliuwin;; darl;, brol^en, and scalv ..nt.-r l.aiU, ciilai ;,<•.!.

141

SWAMP WHITE OAK
Quercus bicolor, Willdenow

FOEM— An average-sized tree usually attaining a height of 60-70 ft., occasionally attaining
a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 3 feet. In Uie open it develops a broad, open, round-
topped crown with the upper branches ascending, the lower often drooping. Scraggy and peeling
branches make it rather unattractive. In the dense stands the trunlt is clean and continuous.

BAKK— On young branches reddish-brown, smooth, soon becoming rough and unkempt by peel-
ing into long, persiBtent, dark scales and exposing light inner bark. On old trunks, thick,
grayish-brown, deeply fissured into long, often continuous, flat ridges which break up into small
gray scales. See Fig. 98.

TWIGS— Stout, yellowish to reddish-brown, usually smooth, covered with pale raised lenticels;
pith star-shaped.

BUD&— Alternate, broadly ovate, obtuse, J-J of an inch long, covered with light chestnnt-
brown scales, often slightly hairy towards the apex.

LEAVES— Aternate, simple, usually obovate in outline, 5-6 inches long, 2-4 inches wide,
rounded at narrowed apex, coarsely dentate on margin, with shallow rounded lobes; upper
surface shining dark yellowlsh-greeu; lower surface light green and finely hairy.

LEAF-SCAES— See "Leaf-Scars" under White Oak, page 138.

FLOWEES— Appear about May when leaves are about i developed. Staminate flowers occur
in hairy aments 4-5 inches long. Pistillate are borne on short stalks, either solitary or few in a
cluster.

FEUIT — An acorn, maturing during one season, solitary or few in a cluster, usually borne on
a long stalk. Nut oblong, i-lj inches long, chestnut-brown usually hairy at apex. Cup deeply
saucer-shaped, thick, enclosing i of nut, hairy inside, covered with pale woolly scales which
are rather thickened near base, and thin, often fringed at margin.

WOOD— Diffuse-porous; with rather conspicuous medullary rays. It possesses the same physical
characteristics as the White Oak, and is sold on the market as White Oak. Weighs 48 lbs.
per cubic foot.

DISTINGUISHING CHAEACTEEISTICS— The Swamp White Oak can be distinguished from all
other Oaks at any season of the year by the bark on the younger branches which peels off into
thin large plates shallow sinuses between the lobes, giving the leaf a broad effect. In fall the
long-stalked acorns with their cups enclosing about i of nut are characteristic. In winter the
rather stout, yellowish to reddish-brown twigs bearing buds with light chestnut-brown scales and
the irregular, often drooping, growth of the lower lateral branches is peculiar to this species.

EANGE — Maine and Quebec to Michigan, south to Georgia and Arkansas.

DISTEIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Reported from eight counties in the eastern and south-
em parts of the State, one in the western, one in the northeastern, and common in the north-
western part. What is probably the largest Swamp White Oak in this State stands near
Wutcrfall in Huntingdon county. At breast-high it is 16 feet 6 inches in circumference.

HABITAT — Frequents rich soils on borders of swamps and streams.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Swamp White Oak is an important tree but its propa-
gation should not be recommended or attempted where the White Oak will grow. Its lateral
branches have a tendency to persist which results in an inferior grade of lumber. It has no
ornamental qualities which especially recommend it for such planting.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

142

YELLOW OAK

Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelmann

FORM^An average-Bized tree usually attaining a height of 40-50 ft , but ^^J'^fi^^^f^y "[^^
reach a height of 160 ft., with a diameter of 3-4 feet. Rather stunted in growth i" ^^e north-
eaHtem part of Ita distribution and attaining its maximum development along the Wabash river
In Indiana and Ullnois. Lateral branches are relatively small formJng a narrow, often shallow,
round-topped head. Trunk often widely buttressed at base.

BAEK— Thick, rough, close, fissured Into long. Irregular ridges which break up into grayish
to brownish scales.

TWIGS— Slender, reddish-brown to grayish-brown, at first hairy, becoming smooth, longitu-
dinally ridged, covered with pale lentlcels; pith star-shaped.

BXTDa-Ovoid, sharp-pointed, about 1/6 of an inch long, covered by numerous overlapping, light
chestnut-brown scales which are slightly hairy along margin. The buds show a general resem-
blance to those of the Chestnut Oak only are smaller.

LEAVES— Resemble those of the Chestnut Oak but have a more acuminate apex; also re-
semble those of the common Chestnut with incurvod teeth.

LEAF-SCARS— See "Leaf -Scars" under Wliite Oak, page 138.

FLOWEES-Appear about May when leaves are about » developed. Sta™inate flowers occur
m^iry amTnts, 3-4 Inches long. Pistillate flowers sessile or short-stalked with bright red
stigmas.

FRUIT— An acorn, maturing during one season, usually sessile, occasionally short-stalke<L
Nut ovoid i-l inch long, pubescent at apex, light chestnut-brown. Cup thin, encloses about f
of nut Severed by pale brown woolly scales with thickened bases and thin tips often forming a
fringe along the margin.

WOOD— Diffuse-porous; with less prominent medullary rays than most Oaks; heavy, hard,
strong, durable in contact with soil. A distinct difference between spring »"d summer wood
Used for same purposes as White Oak except for tight cooperage and cabinet work, because It
checks very badly. Weighs 54 lbs. per cubic foot.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Yellow Oak, also known as Chinquapin Oak,
can be distinguished from the Chestnut Oak by its usually sessile and smaller ^^corns^maller
buds, more acuminate leaves, and flaky gray bark. It can also be /^^l^^'^^'^^^^^^JJ';^
Dwarf Chinquapin Oak by Its larger size, sharp-pointed buds, larger and sharper-pointed leaves
and the absence of gray blotches on the bark of the young trunks.

RANGE— Vermont to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Rare. Found locally in the southeastern and south-
em parts. Also reported from Beaver and LauTence counties. In the western part. " fr^»«"^
the valleys more than the Chestnut Oak. It Is common locally in the Cumberland Valley,
especially near the streams.

HABITAT— Usually found on dry ridges, especially upon limestone soil.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The wood of Yellow Oak Is not equal to that of the "WTiite
Oak and in addition it grows slower. Iti all localities where both grow the White Oak should be
favored, while in localities where the White Oak is absent this Oak might be propagated It
is a beautiful tree and should be planted extensively in parks and lawns on account of its hand-
some form and attractive foliage.

^1

^s»:

PLATE LIX. YELLOW OAK

1. Flowering hrandi with imiiiMtiin- li-avi-s. (s» stiimiimtf hlossonis, (p) plstilhitf Moss..in-<, x *.

2. lirauch with iiiHtiii-f leaves and iiiatun- iKmiis. x ^.
'.). Ati at'orn, x J.

4. An Ht'orn <'iii», x h-

.">. TtTniinHl sect ion uf winter twis;. x ?.. ,, . i

(J. Section of winter twiy showing ImkIs, lenticejs, ;in<l leu f scars willi Innulle sears, enhn-eM.

142

YELLOW OAK

Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelmann

FORM^An avera^-«i«ed tree u«i«Uly attaining a height of 40-50 ft , ^^ ^^f''''^l\^
reach a height of 160 ft,, with a diameter of 8-4 feet. Rather stunted In growth i" ^he nmlh-
^tem part of ita diatrlbution and attaining its maximum development along the ^abaah rtjer
S^Tlndlana and Dlinoto. Lateral branchea are relatively nnaU forming a narrow, often shallow,
round-topped head. Trunk often widely buttressed at base.

BAEK>-Thlck. rough, clo«j. fissured Into long, Irregular ridges which break up into grayish
to brownish scales.

TWmS-Slender, reddish-brown to grayish-brown, at first hairy, becoming smooth, longitu-
dinally ridged, covered with pale lentlcels; pith sUr-shaped.

BTOS-Ovoid, sharp-pointed, about 1/6 of an inch long, covered by numerous ^^^W'^^^ J^Jf;*
chestnut-brown scales which are slightiy hairy along margin. The buds show a general resem-
blance to those of the Chestnut Oak only are smaUer.

LEAVES-Resemble those of the Chestnut Oak but have a more acuminate apex; also re-
semble those of the common Chestnut with Incurvod teeth.

LEAF-SCASS— See "Leaf -Scars" under White Oak, page 138.

FLOWEES-Appear about May when leaves are about i developed^ ^^^!^,^Z^y.rTA
in hai^ amenta,^ inches long. Pistillate flowers sessile or short-stalked with bright red

stigmas.

FEUnV-An acorn, maturing during one season, usually sessile, occasionally «»»«rt."talked.
Nut ovoid M inch long, pubescent at apex, light chestnut-brown. Cup thin, encloses about J
TnTo^rirU by pale brown woolly scales with thickened bases and thin tips often forming a
fringe along the margin.

WOOD-Dlffuse-porous; with less prominent medullary rays than most Oaks; heavy hard,
strong, durable in contact with soil. A distinct difference between spring and «?™"^' T^:
u3 for same purposes as White Oak except for tight cooperage and cabinet work, because it
checks very badly. Weighs 64 lbs. per cubic foot.

MSTINGUI8HIKO CHAEAOTEKISTICS— The Yellow Oak. also known as Chinquapin Oak.
can be distinguished from the Chestnut Oak by Its usually sessile and smaller acorns smaller
^ds mo^Tuminate leaves, and flaky gray bark. It can also ^ f^l'^«^'^'f '^^J^Jl
Dwarf Chinquapin Oak by its larger size, sharp-pointed buds, larger and sharper-pointed leave,
and the absence of gray blotches on the bark of the young trunks.

RANGE— Vermont to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Rare. Found locally In the southeastern and south-
ern parts. Also reported from Beaver and Lawrence counties, in the western part^ " ^equents
Te val"ys more ttan the Chestnut Oak. It is common locally in the Cumberland Valley,
especially near the streams,

HABITAT— UsuaUy found on dry ridges, especially upon limestone soil.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The wood of Yellow Oak Is not equal to that of the White
Oak and in addition it grows slower. I« nil localities where both grow the White Oak should be
"avored, while in localities where the White Oak is absent this Oak might be P'0P«/Jted Jt
is a beautiful tree and should be planted extensively In parks and lawns on account of its hand-
some form and attractive foliage.

^'

H

ll

PLATE LIX. YELLOW OAK

1. Flowering l.raru'li with iinmatuif h-av^'s, (s) staminatv hlossoms, (p) pistillate l.lossoins, x *.

2. ItraDoh with niatiin- leaves and nmtun- ac<»rns, x A.
y. Au acorn, x J.

4. An acorn cup, x J.

a. Terminal section of Avintcr twlff, x h .^, , „ ^. , ,

0, Section of winter twiy showing l»'i«ls, lentkn-ls, an.l leaf sen is with Imndlo-scars, enlaiucM.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

PLATE LX. CHESTNUT OAK

1. Flowering braiith with Imnmture leaves, (s) stainiuat<" l.lossnni.s, (i») plstillat.' Mossoius, x i-
J. Branch with mature leaves and mature acorns, x i.
3. An acorn cup, x i.

.-.'. A^winter' twlK, showlnR buds, lenticcls, leaf-scars, fluted hark, and pentangular pith, x *.
C Section of a winter twig, enlarged. .

7. Cross-section of a twig showing pentangular i»itli. wf.<Kl with coiispKuous medullary niys, iiim-r

and outer bark, enlarged.
S. A basal bud-scale with hairy margin, enlarged.
U, An apical bud scale with hairy margin, enlarged.

143

CHESTNUT OAK
Quercus Prinus, Linnaeus

FOEM— A medium-Bized tree vsaally attaining a height of 60-70 ft. occasionally 100 ft., with
a diameter of 6-7 feet. In dense stand* the trunk is straight and continuous while in open
stands it la low and divided, forming a very broad open crown.

BABK— On young stems and smaller branches smooth, thin, yellowish-broAvn. On older branches
and trunk rough, thick, brown to black, rich In tannin, divided Into long, broad and continuous
fissures. Ridges are very solid, sharp-angled, not scaly. ' Base of the fissures often cinnamon-red,
especially on the larger branches and smaller tnmks. See Fig. 96.

TWIGS—Flrst summer greenish-purple; first winter orange or reddish-brown; stout, smooth,
bitter; with inconspicuous lenticels and star-shaped pith.

BXTDS— Alternate, ovate-conical, distinctly sharp-pointed, i-i of an inch long,
chestnut-brown, imbricated, slightly hairy towards apex and along margin.

Bud-scales light

LEAVES Alternate, simple, obovate, thick, stiff, 5-9 Inches long, 2-4 inches wide, usually
wedge-shaped at base, coarsely dentate with rounded teeth on margin; green and smooth on
upper leaf-surface, pale green and at first hairy on lower,

LEAF-SCAES— See "Leaf -Scars" under White Oak, page 138.

FLOWEES— Appear about May when leaves are about i developed. Stanrtinate flowers are
yellow and borne in hairy aments 2-3 inches long. Pistillate flowers have a short divergent, red-
dish style, and occtur in small groups upon stout stalks.

FEUIT— -Solitary or in pairs matures in one season on short stalks. Nut 4/S-li inches long,
2-3 times as long as Inroad, smooth, glossy, oval, chestnut-brown, acute or round-pointed, and
contains a sweet kernel. Cup thin, hemispheric, covers i of nut, hairy inside. Scales of cup
are thin-tipped, reddish-brown, rather knobby near the base.

WOOD — Ring-porous; with prominent medullary rays; heavy, strong, close-grained, durable in
contact with soil, dark brown with lighter sapwood. Weighs 46.73 lbs. per cubic foot. U»ed
for railroad ties, fencing, fuel and construction. Ranks close to White Oak.

DISTIKainSHINO CKAEACTEEISTICS— In sununer the Chestnut Oak, also kno%vn as Rock
Oak, can be distinguished by its oblong leaves margined with coarse rounded teeth and the
roughly fissured and non-scaly bark. In winter one can readily recognize it by its characteristic
bark, its sharp-pointed conical buds and its distinctive fruit. The persistent leaves often aid in
recognizing it in winter, as well as the absence of 1-year old developing acorns. The slender,
angular, orange-brown twigs terminated by a cluster of light brown sharp-pointed buds with a
idight apical pubescence will always determine this species with certainty.

EANOE— Maine to Ontario, south to Alabama and Tennessee.

DI8TEIBUII0K DT FENNSYLVANIA — Common in the mountainous region of the State.
Locally it is the prevailing tree. A historic clump of Chestnut Oak trees stand within a metal
fence enclosure at the high water mark on the (Jettysburg battlefield.

HABITAT Usually found on dry hillsides and towards the south in the mountains. It reaches

its best development in the mountains of western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee and Ken-
tucky upon rich moist soil. It is light-demanding and unless crowded will develop often into a
crooked tree.

DfPOETANOE OF THE SPECIES— The Chestnut Oak belongs to the White Oak group. Its
wood is used practically for the same purposes as that of the White Oak. The wood is valuable
and in addition the bark is very valuable because it is richer in tannin than that of any other
Oak. Large quantities of this bark are harvested annually at the present time in the southern
Appalachians. This species deserves to be regenerated extensively, especially by natural seed
regeneration methods and admixed with the well-known Chestnut. In case of artificial regenera-
Uon it may be advisable to sow the seeds rather than plant seedlings since this species is rather
sensitive to transplanting.

PLATE LX. CHESTNUT OAK

1. FloAveiiiit; l.iaii.li with liiiiimtuif leaves. (s( staiiiiiiMtf l.l..ss<.ni,s, (V) pisliHat.- Llossmns, s *.

2. Branch witli iiiatun' leaves ami mature aeurns, x i.
u. An acorn cup, x i.

:•". A winter' twitf, showing buds, hmtierls, leaf-M-ars, tinted hark, and pentangular jdth. x *.

(». Section <»f u winter twig, enlargctl.

7. Cn.ss-se.-tion of a twig sliowiiig pentaiiKular pith. w.mmI witli ••..i.spi.iHMis mrdiilhuy rays, inner

and outer harlc, enlarged.
S A hasal liud-srale witli hairy niar^'in. enlarged.
!» All apical huil scale with hairy niargiii, enlarge*!.

143

CHESTNUT OAK
Quercus Prinus, Linnaeus

FORM— A medium-Bljted tree usually attaining a height of 60-70 ft. occuuionally 100 ft., with
a diameter of 6-7 feet. In dense stands the trunlc is straight and continuous while in open
stands it Isr low and divided, forming a very broad open crown.

BABK — On young stems and smaller branches smooth, thin, yellowish-brown. On older branches
and trunk rough, thick, brown to black, rich in tannin, divided into long, broad and continuous
fissures. Ridges are very solid, sharp-angled, not scaly. ' Base of the fissures often cinnamon-red,
espe'Clally on the larger branches and smaller trunks. See Fig. 96.

TWIGS — First sunmier greenish-purple; first winter orange or reddish-brown; stout, smooth,
bitter; with Inconspicuous lenticels and star-shaped pith.

BUDS — Alternate, ovate -conical, distinctly sharp-pointed, i-i of an inch long.
chestnut-brown, Imbricated, slightly hairy towards apex and along margin.

Bud-scales light

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, obovate, thick, stiff, 5-9 Inches long, 2-4 Inches wide, usually
wedge-shaped at base, coarsely dentate with rounded teeth on margin; green and smooth on
upper leaf -surf ace, pale green and at first hairy on lower.

LEAF-SCABS— See "Leaf -Scars" under White Oak, page 138.

FLOWERS — Appear about May when leaves are about i developed. Staminate flowers are
yellow and borne in hairy aments 2-3 inches long. Pistillate flowers have a short divergent, red-
dish style, and occur in small groups upon stout stalks.

FBUIT — Solitary or in pairs matures in one season on short stalks. Nut 4/5-1} inches long,
2-3 times as long as broad, smooth, glossy, oval, chestnut-brown, acute or round-jwinted, and
contains a sweet kernel. Cup thin, hemispheric, covers i of nut, hairy inside. Scales of cup
are thin-tipped, reddish-brown, rather knobby near the base.

WOOD — Ring-porous; with prominent medullary rays; heavy, strong, close-grained, durable in
contact with soil, dark brown with lighter sapwood. Weighs 46.73 lbs. per cubic foot. Used
for railroad ties, fencing, fuel and construction. Ranks close to White Oak.

DISTINaUISHINa CKARACTEBISTICS — In summer the Chestnut Oak, also known as Rock
Oak, can be distinguished by its oblong leaves margined with coarse rounded teeth and the
roughly fissured and non-scaly bark. In winter one can readily recognize it by its characteristic
bark, its sharp-pointed conical buds and Its distinctive fruit. The persistent leaves often aid in
recognizing It in winter, as well as the absence of 1-year old developing acorns. The slender,
angular, orange-brown twigs terminated by a cluster of light brown sharp-pointed buds with a
slight apical pubescence will always determine this species with certainty.

RANGE — ^Maine to Ontario, south to Alabama and Tennessee.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Common In the mountainous region of the State.
Locally it is the prevailing tree. A historic clump of Chestnut Oak trees stand within a metal
fence enclosure at the high water mark on the Gettysburg battlefield.

HABITAT Usually found on dry hillsides and towards the south in the mountains. It reaches

Its best development in the mountains of western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee and Ken-
tucky upon rich moist soil. It is light-demanding and unless crowded will develop often Into a
crooked tree.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Chestnut Oak belongs to the White Oak group. Its
wood is used practically for the same purposes as that of the White Oak. The wood is valuable
and in addition the bark Is very valuable because it is richer in tannin than that of any other
Oak. Large quantities of this bark are harvested annually at the present time in the southern
Appalachians. This species deserves to be regenerated extensively, especially by natural seed
regeneration methods and admixed with the well-known Chestnut. In case of artificial regenera-
Uon It may be advisable to sow the seeds rather than plant seedlings since this species is rather
sensitive to transplanting.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

lU

SCRUB CHESTNUT OAK
Quercus prinoides, Willdenow

FORM^Usually a low shrub from 2-8 ft. high, but may attain a height of 18 ft. with a
diameter of 4 inches. Usually occurs in clumps but may occur solitary.

BASK— Thin, bitter, light brown, marked with light gray blotches, at flrst smooth, but later
when trunk reaches a diameter of 4 inches it becomes rough.

TWIGS— Smooth, slender, at first dark green and rusty-pubescent but later reddish-brown and
smooth, marked with rather inconspicuous pale lenticels.

BVDS— Alternate, ovate, rounded at apex, light brown, covered with thin overlapping scales
which are sometimes hairy on margin.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, obovate, 3-6 inches long, 2-3 inches wide, covered beneath with
pale tomentum, short and stout-petioled, margined with 8-7 rounded teeth on each margin and
terminated with acute or acuminate apex.

LEAF-SCABS — See "Leaf-Scars" under "White Oak, page 188.

FLOWERS— Appear about May when leaves are about i developed. Slamlnate aments lj-2i
inches long, yellow and somewhat hairy. Pistillate flowers are short-stelked and bear bright
red pistils.

FRUIT— An acorn, maturing at end of flrst season; M of an inch long, sessile or short-
stalked, often produced In great abundance, singly or in pairs. Nut oval, light chertnut-brown ;
when young striated with dark longitudinal lines; blunt-pointed, shiny except at apex where It
is often covered with pale down. Kernel sweet and edible. Cup thin, rather deep, covers about
4 of nut, pale woolly outside, downy Inside. Scales are indistinct, thinner towards apex, often
knobby or tumid towards base.

WOOD — Ring porous; with conspicuous medullary rays,
of small size. Locally used for fuel.

DISTINOUISHINa CHARACTERISTICS— The Scrub Chestnut Oak, also known as Dwarf Chin-
quapin Oak, Chinquapin Oak and Scrub Oak, can readily be distinguished from most of the Oaks
of Pennsylvania by its dwarf forms. It resembles the Bear Scrub Oak rather closely but can
be distinguislied from it by its round-lobed leaves, knobby acorn-scales, scaly and often gray-
blotched bark on larger stems, and sweet kernel of the acorns. The young branches of this
species are pubescent while tliose of the Scrub Oak are usually smooth. The buds are small and
not ao sharp pointed as those of the Chestnut Oak and the Yellow Oak.

RANGE— Maine to North Carolina, west to Kansas and Texas.

DISTRIBTJTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found locally In the eastern, northeastern, southern,
and central parts of the State. Also reported from Allegheny county. Common near Milford,
Pike county.

HABITAT— Prefers dry woods, rocky slopes or sandy soils. Occasionally found In hillside
pastures and moist woods.

IBCPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Stenib Chestnut Oak is so small In size that It has
practically no commercial value. It is hardly more than a forest weed and should not be planted
or protected except where it might be used as an advance growth.

Commerically not important on account

PLATE LXI. SCRUB CHESTNUT OAK

1 I'lowfiiii;;,' liniiicli with iiniiiiiturf itiivcs. x l.

A stiiiiiiiiHt*' rtowcr. ciiliiiufd.

A pislillalc thiwrr, ciiliiryiil.

A fruitiiu; hraiidi. x A.

An acoin cuii, x h-
«i. All acoiii, X A.
7. A winter t« iu:. x }.
,s. Section (if a winlcr Iwiu'. (•iilai>:<'<l.

141

SCRUB CHESTNUT OAK

Quercus prinoides, Willdenow

FORlft— Usually a low ahrub from 2-6 ft. high, but may attain a height of 18 ft. with a
diameter of 4 Inches. Usually occurs in clumps but may occur solitary.

BARK— Thin, bitter, light brown, marked with light gray blotches, at flrst amooth, but later
when trunk reaches a diameter of 4 Inches It becomes rough.

TWIGS— Smooth, slender, at first dark green and rusty-pubescent but later reddlsh-lwown and
smooth, marked with rather Inconspicuous pale lentlcels.

BUDS— Alternate, ovate, rounded at apex, light brown, covered with thin overlapping scales
which are aometlmes hairy on margin.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, obovate, 8-6 Inches long, 2-3 Inches wide, covered beneath with
pale tomentnm, short and stout-petloled, margined with 8-7 rounded teeth on each margin and
terminated with acute or acuminate apex.

LEAF-SCABS— See "Leaf -Scars" under White Oak, page 138.

FLOWERS— Appear about May when leaves are about i developed. Stamlnate aments 1J-2J
Inehea long, yellow and somewhat hairy. Pistillate flowers are short-stalked and bear bright
red pistils.

FRUIT— An acorn, maturing at end of first season; i-i of an Inch long, sessile or short-
stalked, often produced In great abundance, singly or In pairs. Nut oval, light chestnut-brown;
when young striated with dark longitudinal lines; blunt- pointed, shiny except at apex where It
is often covered with pale down. Kernel sweet and edible. C5up thin, rather deep, covers about
i of nut, pale woolly outside, downy Inside. Scales are Indistinct, thinner towards apex, often
knobby or tumid towards base.

W00&— Blng-porou«; with conspicuous medullary rays. Oomroerlcally not Important on account
of small size. Locally used for fuel.

DISTIKaUISHINa CHABACTEBI8TICS— The Scrub Chestnut Oak, also known aa Dwarf Chin-
quapin Oak, Chinquapin Oak and Scrub Oak, can readily be dlstingruished from most of the Oaks
of Pennsylvania by its dwarf forms. It resembles the Bear Scrub Oak rather closely but can
be distinguished from it by its round-lobed leaves, knobby acorn-scales, scaly and often gray-
blotched bark on larger stems, and sweet kernel of the acorns. The young branches of this
species are pubescent while those of the Scrub Oak are usually smooth. The buds are small and
not M> sharp pointed as those of the Chestnut Oak and the Yellow Oak.

BANOE— Maine to North Carolina, west to Kansas and Texas.

DIBTBIBVTIOK IK PEKMBYLVANIA— Found locally In the eastern, northeastern, southern,
and central parts of the State. Also reported from Allegheny county. Common near Mllford.
Pike county.

HABITAT— Prefers dry woods, rocky slopes or sandy soils,
pastures and moist woods.

IMPOBTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Scrub Chestnut Oak is so small In slse that It has
practically no commercial value. It Is hardly more than a forert weed and should not be planted
or protected except where it might be used as an advance growth.

Occasionally found In hillside

I

PLATE LXI. SCRUB CHESTNUT OAK

riowt'ring braiifli witli iiiiiimtiin' Iciivf:

A sttimlnate tiowfr. ciilaiKcd.

A pistlllat*' Howcr. ciilMrgfil.

A frnitiiitf brand), x A.

An acorn cup, x h-

An acorn, x *.
t. A winter twijr, x J.
8. Section of a winter twiff, enlarRed.

1.
•»

:\.

4.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

PLATE LXII. RED OAK

1. Flowering branch with iimnatuie leaves, (s) stHiniiiate l.h.ssonis, (]•) i»istlll«t(" l»los8«.ms, (i)

immature acorns, x J.

2. A staiiiinate flower, i-nlaryed.

;{. A pistillate flOM-er, enlarged. , . . ,

4. Branch with mature leaves, (i) iiniiiatun- acorns, (ir.) mature aconis, x i.
.5. Winter twig witli immature acorns, lui'ls, and h'af-sears, x J.

r». An immature acorn, enlarged.
7. An acorn cup, x J.

5. An aconi, x J.

!>. Section of a twig, enlarged.
It). A hud-scale, enlarged. ^

145

RED OAK

Quercus rubra, Linnaeus

of^tSf^ witi 1 HI ** To"! I'*** "*' ^^^ Northern States, usually attaining « height
nf. J.t^, T; «^ ♦ diameter of 2^ ft. but occasionally reaching a height of 160 ft. with a
diameter of 5 feet. When grown in the open has a short trunk and a broad symmetrlSl crown-

^t^ilTlJ'"^^" "^^'T" V"^'^"^'' ''^^ ^^^ «>«t»nuou« bearing a smiTnrn^ ZZ'.
The straight ascending and clean branches of the crown are characteristic.

BAEK-On young sterna and branches smooth, gray to brown; on older trunks it is thick,
l^ ^ T..^ "''*"'''^ ^^'^^^ ^^^'^ ''®«^'»'' continuous, dark-brown and distinctly flat-
i^im ^^' *^^ f^^"" ^ **• '" <»»ameter are often very rough near the base, having
SP S* '^*"''*®''''"<' flnt-topped ridges which are, however, retained higher up on the stem.

TWIOS-^ther slender, smooth, greenish-brown to dark brown, covered with pale Indistinct
lentloels; jdth Rtar-shai>ed.

BUDB— Alternate, ovoid, 1/6-1/8 of an Inch long, widest part near middle, narrowed up-
ward to a sharp point, Ught brown, and free from coolly covering. Bud-scales numerous, over-
lapping, a light brown, slightly longltudlnaUy-strlate. with slightly pubescent margins.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, oval to obovato In outline, 6-0 Inches long, 4-6 Inches wide,
7-0 lobed. with sinuses extending half-way to the midrib and separating ascending lobes with
entire margin or few bristle-pointed teeth. Mature leaves Arm, dull green, with yellowish to
reddish nridrlb above, and pale with a yellowish midrib below.

LEAF-SOABS- See "Leaf-Scars" under White Oak, page 188.

FLOWEBS— Appear about May when leaves are about i developed. Stamlnate borne In
Blender, hairy amenta. 4-6 Inches long, with greenish 4-5 lobed calyx and 4-6 stamens terminated
by yellow anthers. Pistillate borne on short stalks; Involucral scales broadly ovate, blunt,
pubescent; calyx lobes sharp-pointed; style spreading, recurved, light green.

FBUIT— An acorn, maturing at the end of second season, solitary or paired, short -stalked.
Nut OTOld. l-li Inches long, flat at base, narrowed at apex. Cup Is velvety on Inside, broad,
•Aallow, covering only base of nut. with closely Imbricated, sometimes hairy, reddish-brown
scales. Immature acorns usually divergent from twig, with basal scales reaching about J of
the way up, and appearln<;: as If arranged in 3 rows.

WOOD— Ring-porous; with conspicuous medullary rays; heavy, strong, hard, close-grained,
light reddish-brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood. Used for furniture, cooperage, con-
strnction, Interior finish of houses, and railroad ties. Weighs 41 lbs. per cubic foot. The
wood of Red Oak as well as that of the Black Oak and Scarlet Oak is coming more and more
Into use dally. The despised tree« of to-day may be prized to-morrow.

OISTDTGUISHINO CHABACTEBISTIOS— The Red Oak may be recognized by Its flat topped
ridges of the bark. Its straight clean branches, its large dull green leaves with red midribs
and ascending lobes with entire or few bristle-teeth. Its light reddish inner bark. Its glabrous,
sharp- pointed, light brown buds which are often constricted at the base, and its large acorns
with broad and shallow cups.

*AHOB— Nova Scotia to Minnesota and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas,
tensively in Europe for ornamental and forestry purposes.

Planted ex-

DISTBIBVTIOK IN FENNSTLVAKIA— Found throughout the State. At Its optimum in the
Cumberland Valley and adjoining lower slopes. Rarer in the northern than in other parts of the
State. It is one of the few oaks which occurs in the northern pert of the State. What Is
probably the largest Red Oak in Pennsylvania stands In Guldln's Woods In Berks county. It Is
68 inches in diameter at breast-high.

HABITAT— Prefers porous sandy or gravelly clay soil. It will not grow In wet soils and Is
also intolerant of shade, except when young.

IMPOBTAKOE OF THE SPECIES— The Red Oak Is the most rapid growing species of all
the Oaks. In one year It has grown to the height of 10 Inches, in 10 years 18 feet, 20 years
38-30 feet, 60 years 60-67 feet. It deserves to be planted and regenerated naturally on an
extensive scale. In a single small nursery the Pennsylvania Deiwirtment of Forestry In 1011
raised over 200,000 Red Oak seedlings. A large number are being planted annually in all parts
of the State. In Germany it has at present a wider distribution than any other American
hardwood species. It is very attractive ornamentally on account of Its smooth bark, straight
branches, and the form and autumnal coloration of its leaves.

G—ll

PLATE LXII. RED OAK

I. Flowering branc-h with iiimiiilmi' Ifiivcs, is) stnininutt; l.losM.ins, (j.) pistijlith- l.lussoms. (i)

iiimiature m'diiis, x h.

•J. A stiiiiiiiiat*' flowiT. t'lihirycd.

.?. A pistillate flower, enlarged.

4. Branch with iimturt' li-aves, lii inmuiturf acinus, (ii. i mature ii<<.rns. x A.

."). Winter twit; with iimnature aiuin-.. Ini'ls. -iml lent --<;ir^., x h.

»;. An ininiaturi' aeoru, eiilarucd.

7. An acdrn enp, x J.

s. .\ii acorn, x *.

II. .Section of a twitf, enlargetl.
10. A liiKl-scaie, eiilarRed.

145

RED OAK

Quercus rubra, Linnaeus

of^fSJl? with i H, ^ f o"! i"'* °' **** Northern States, usually attaining a height
mu^Z T; /i * ^™'*"' ""^ ^-^ '*• ^"* o^-casionally reaching n height of 150 ft. with a
diameter of 5 feet. When grown In the open has a short trunk and a broad symmetrical crown-

The Btralght ascending and clean branches of the crown are chnractoristlo.

BAEK-On young stems and branches smooth, gray to brown; on older trunks it is thick.
I "^ ^ T-*"^ ''*'*"'*'^ ^'"^^^^ '"^'^ regular, continuous, dark-brown and distinctly flat-
topp«l ridges. Trunks above 3 ft. In diameter are often very rou^-h near the base, having
IL" I* characteristic flat-tapped ridges which are, liowever. retained higher up on the stem.

TWiaS— Rather slender, smooth, greenish-brown to dark brown, covered with pale indistinct
lentioels; pith atar-shaped.

BTO8— Alternate, ovoid, 1/6-1/8 of an Inch long, widot part near n.iddle, narrowed up-
ward to a sharp point, Ught brown, and free from ^oolly covering. Bud-scales numerous, over-
lapping, a light brown, slightly longitudinally-strlate. with slightly pubescent margins.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, oval to obovato in outline. 5-9 inches long. 4-6 Inches wide.
7-0 lobed, with sinuses extending half-way to the midrib and separating ascending lobes with
entire margin or few bristle-pointed teeth. Mature leaves Arm, dull green, with yellowish to
reddish midrib above, and pale with a yellowish midrib below.

LEAF-SOARS- See "Leaf-Scars" under White Oak, page 138.

FLOWERS— Appear about May when leaves are about } developed, Staminate borne in
Blender, hairy aments, 4-6 Inches long, with greenish 4-5 lobed calyx and 4-5 stamens terminated
by yellow anthers. Pistillate borne on short stalks; involucral scales broadly ovate, blunt,
pubescent; calyx lobes sharp- pointed; style spreading, recurved, light green.

FRXTIT — ^Au acorn, maturing at the end of second season, solitai-y or paired, short-stalked.
Nut ovoid, i-li Inches long, flat at base, narrowed at apex. Cup Is velvety on Inside, broad,
shallow, covering only base of nut, with closely Imbricated, sometimes hairy, reddish-brown
scales. Immature acorns usually divergent from twig, with basal scales reaching about J of
the way up, and appearing; as if arranged in 3 rows.

WOOD — Ring-porous; with conspicuous medullary rays; heavy, strong, hard, close-grained,
light reddish-brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood. Used for furniture, cooperage, con-
Btroctlon, Interior finish of houses, and railroad ties. Weighs 41 lbs. per cubic foot. The
wood of Red Oak as well as that of the Black Oak and Srarlet Oak is coming more and more
into use dally. The despised trees of to-day may be prized to-morrow.

DISTINGUISHINa CHARACTERISTICS— The Red Oak may be recognized by its flat topped
ridges of the bark, Its straight clean branches. Its large dull green leaves with red midribs
and ascending lobes with entire or few bristle-tee tb, its light reddish Inner bark. Its glabrous,
sharp-pointed, light brown buds which are often constricted at the base, and Its large acorns
with broad and shallow cups.

RANGE— Nova Scotia to Minnesota and Kantms, south to Florida and Texas,
tenslvely In Europe for ornamental and forestry purposes.

Planted ex-

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found throughout the State. At Its optimum in the
Cumberland Valley and adjoining lower slopes. Rarer in the northern than in other parts of the
State. It 1b one of the few oaks which occurs In the northern part of the State. What Is
probably the largest Red Oak in Pennsylvania stands in Guldin's Woods in Berks county. It Is
68 Inches In dlan>eter at breast-high.

HABITAT— Prefers porous sandy or gravelly clay soil.
also intolerant of shade, except when young.

It will not grow in wet soils and Is

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Red Oak Is the most rapid growing si)ecle3 of ail
the Oaks. In one year It has grown to the height of 19 inches. In 10 years 18 feet, 20 years
38-39 feet, 60 years 60-57 feet. It deserves to be planted and regenerated naturally on an
extensive scale. In a single small nursery the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry In 1911
raised over 200,000 Red Oak seedlings. A large number are being planted annually In all parts
of the State. In Germany It has at present a wider distribution than any other American
hardwood species. It is very attractive ornamentally on account of Its smooth bark, straight
branches, and the form and autumnal coloration of its leaves.

G— 11

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

146

PIN OAK

Quercus palustris, Muench

l.ut may reach a maximum height of 120 f t w, h « ^^7«!«J/'j^y;7,teral branches are short
clean, contlnuouB. and bears a ^y";™^*'^^* .^""J^^JJ^^^^^^^ The form of Pin Oak is very

and drooping, the middle horizontal, and the upper ascending.

distinctive. See Figs. 59 and 60.

.^^:^ rrrr L:r.r-r Jr. -r 1:^.^^ = '^^'^

brown to reddish. See Fig. 97.

IWIG^Iender, tough, lustrous, at .r.t hairy, later .n.«..h, dark r^ t. g»yl.h-bro™.
covered with pale and inconspicuous lenticels.

BUB^Altemate, .n,ooth, . of an inch-ong, -"JU"™^-. ^Zf"'^' """^ ^'^^ "'"
browu scales which may sometimes be slightly hairy on the margin.

1EAVB»-Alternate, simple. 4-6 inches long, 2-4 '-"^^.TlZ^" ^^TS\'^l^''^i^

rur^rtre, -sr^L'-ixiT^vi'sT^^ rrtu^o, ha.rs ^. .. .««

axis.

LEAF-SCARS-See "Leaf -Scars" under White Oak. page 138.

,n=\v/x artsn-r^m-is- i:s:s%rg. -^rtiifatrrr^ortsr^^^^^^

by spreading bright red styles.

FEWT-AU acorn, maturing at the end of the »«»"« »'«^"' J^"7j;.2pS','"haUow!

scales. Kernel Is bitter and pale yellow.

WOOD-Uing.l»ro„«: with conspicuous medulian. -^^j J»;J- ^^^'iJ^'iJttr^^^^
rrLC-^rp^^l^rarrUrrS .rS^asla'S f^rinterlor «nlsh.

w!J^?arr%r^d°=t?.^re^^

rd'rrefLra.e^rhrL^xiiYdr::^^^^^

."r^?.en"hSr:;:h Thr. srer-^ro^s iz^7::vi^ rr ^me. .he h„as .r.

•mall, smooth, sharp-polnted, and light brown In color.

EAMOi^From Massachusetts to Michigan and Missouri, south to Virginia, Tennessee, «.d
Oklahoma.

DISTRIBUTION m PENNSYLVANIA-<3ommon in the eastern and southern parts. Occa-
sional in the mountainous parts. Sparse in the western part.

IMPOaTANCE OF THE SPECIE^The Pin Oaij doe. not rank^igh ^om «„^™-{;^'„'j;ij;
„, view, even among the Black Oak <^^''^^^^^'\ll^,^:^l- ." ha'de Srk, or avenn.
for ornamental purposes. It deserves to ^P''°'~"„/ autumnal foliage, and the ease
rS.°:hX"ris°%™i;'^"ed"°C'io^m^r\r'var'hreve"r doe. not recommend It for
extensive planting for forestry purposes.

€^3 O^

PLATE LXIII. PIN OAK

1. riow.M'intf J.ianch uith i.ninatuiv Irav.-s. (si sliiiuinntr l.lnss s, (pj pistillalc l.lo.<si..ii<

iiiiniHture ueoins, x •}. ^

2. I'.niiu'h witli inatiirc Ichvcs. iimiiiitnn- ami inalnic acuriis. \ .,.
.'J. All acorn tui», x A.

.-.'. Winter txviir with iiimiatiin' ac(.in.>;. tnids. and pin-iiU.- Iiranciil.-t, x A.

«!. Winter l.ranrli with two pin-iikr hranchli-ts, x I.

7. Section of a winter hraiicli, enlar;;ed.

H)

146

]!

PIN OAK

Quercus palustris, Muench

and drooping, the middle horizontal, and the upper aacenmng.
distinctive. See Figs. 69 and 60.

low ridges which are covered by sniall close scaiea. un yuu «
Ijrown to reddish. See Fig. 97.

IWiaS-SUnder, t»o,h, l^trou., at .m talry, I.t.r »no«th. *»!. r«l to ,r.yl.Vbro™.
covered with pale and inconspicuous lenticels.

BUDS-Altemate. smooth. » of an inch^ong. --".. ovoid ^-P-J«i»ted. covered with light
brown wiles which may sometimes be slightly hairy on the margin.

LEAVi»-Alternate. simple. 4-6 inches long. 2-4 '-fZ.T:L:^'"^eT^l','J^'T^^
10^ bristle-pointed, separated by broad deep and round-based ^^^ntUo^^^ i^ the leaf
ihining green above, pale green and smooth below, often with «naU tufts

axis.

LEAF-SCARS— See "Leaf -Scars" under White Oak. page 138.

by spreading bright red styles.

fT.o'rK'':::^;r.«:L"^V"rutSr»"'»..'°ooLed ■■».«> «... co«.. .^eruppu..

scales. Kernel is bitter and pale yellow.
WOOD-B.n,.porou.; w.«. ~n.p.cuouj, n..d„.>.^ TlJ^r c^i^^hJ^^'^^^r^

ss^eCorp r^r-^sts. rs^rs^- r; Jen.. .....

small, smooth, sharp-pointed, and light broAvn in color.

EANGE-From Massachusetts to Michigan and Missouri, south to Virginia. Tennessee, and
Oklahoma.

DISTEIBXTTION IN PENNSYLVANIA-^mmon In the eastern and southern parts. Occa-
sional in the mountainous parts. Sparse in the western part.

IKPORIAKCE OF THE SPEOmS^he Pin 05* -o«. not '^^^f ^^■^ l^ZlTrauCl
extensive planting for forestry purposes.

4

€5^3 0.

PLATE LXIII. PIN OAK

IS) staniinatc l.lossonis, (p) pistillate hlossoms, (I)

1. Flowering branch with imiiiaturt' haves, c

ininiature acorns, x J. ,

2. Rram-h with mature leaves, imniatine iiiul miituie acorns, \ .,.

.'{. An aeoru cup, x J.

-*'. Winter twig w'itli iiiiinature aronis, l.uds. and one piii lilio l.ranehlet, x i-

6. Winter liraneli with two pin-like branehlets, x ...

7. Section of a winter brancli, enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

PLATE LXIV. SCARLET OAK

1. Flowi'iing branch with iinmaturu leaves, (s) staminate bh>ssoms, (p) pistillate blossoms, (i)

immature acorns, x i.

2. Branch with mature leaves, immature and mature acorns, x J.
H. An aconi, x i.

4. An acorn cup, x i-

5. Terminal section of a winter twig, ^t J. ,*u i n .. „„^ ♦»« c,n,ri,fiv
G Section of a winter twig, showing lenticels, leaf-scars with bundle-scars, and two hhahUy

angular buds covered with numerous overlapping scales, enlarge<l.
7 Vn aph-al bud-scale with ciiiatc margin, luliirp'd.
8. A busal bud-scale, enlarged.

147

SCARLET OAK
Quercus coccinea, Muench

FOEJt-An average-sized tree usually attaining a height of 60-80 ft., but occaslonaUy
reaching a height of 150 ft. with a diameter of 4 feet. Lateral branches ascending abovt^.
horizontal In middle, drooping below. Lateral branches are slender and lower ones die readily
fron> shading, only persist for many years. Trunk very tapering, crown shallow and narrow.

BARK— On old trunks Intermediate between the Red Oak and the Black Oak. It Is broken
up into rough. Irregular, deep Assures which separate ridges not so rough as those of the
lUack Oak and not so flat-topped as those of the Red Oak. Inner bark red to gray. On younger
limbs thin, smooth, light brown. See Fig. 99.

TWIGS— Slender, smooth, reddish or grayish-brown, covered with numerous, small, pale len-
ticels; pith star-shaped.

BUDS— Alternate, broadly ovate, narrowed to a blunt apex, J-J of an Inch long, dark reddish-
broAvn, covered with a pale wool from the middle to the apex,

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, broadly oval to obovate, 3-6 Inches long, 2}-6 inches wide,
5-9 lobed, lobes bristle-pointed and separated by deep round-based sinuses extending at least
i of the distance to the midrib. In autumn brilliantly scarlet before falling.

LEAF-SCABS— See "Leaf-Scars" under White Oak, page 138.

FLOWEBS — ^Appear about May when leaves are i developed. Staminate flowers are borne in
Blender pubescent aments 3-4 inches long. Pistillate on short pubescent stalks, reddish In
color, with reflexed bright red stigmas.

FBXTIT — An acorn, maturing at the end of the second season, sessile or short-stalked, solitary
or paired. Nut ovoid, 2/5-4/5 of an inch long, reddish brown, occasionally striate. Cup thin,
covering about i of the nut, narrowed at base, with closely imbricated, sharp-pointed, slightly
downy scales often forming a fringe at the cup margin which is closely appressed to the nut.

WOOD — Ring-porous; with prominent medullary rays; strong, heavy, coarse
Weighs 46 lbs per cubic foot. The wood has little commercial value as timber.

in texture.

DISTIKOniSHIKO CHARACTERISTICS— The Scarlet Oak is one of the commonest of the
Black Oak group and can readily be distinguished from the Black Oak by its smoother bark
ridges on the trunk. Its paler inner bark. Its deeper round-based leaf-sinuses, its smooth, close-
fitting scales of the acorn-cup, and its stouter, often smaller, less angular buds which are
covered with pale wool only from the middle to the apex while the Black Oak is distinctly
woolly over the entire bud. It can be distinguished from the Red Oak by its smaller and more
deeply lobed leaves, its less flat-topped ridges of the bark, its smaller and deeper-cupped acorns,
and its buds which are covered with a iiale wool from the middle to the apex while those of
the Red Oak are free from wool. The persistent, stunted, often drooping and dead lateral
branches are also peculiar to this tree. This characteristic is common to trees on the border of
bodies of water.

RANGE — Maine to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Nebraska.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Common in the eastern, central, and southern parts
Sparse in western part. Rare in northern part.

HABITAT — Prefers dry sandy soil. fVequently met upon light stony or sandy uplands, but
the best individuals occur on good soil at the base of the slope where it is often found
bordering hollows filled with water during spring.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The wood of the Scariet Oak is of little commercial Im-
portance as compared with some of the other oaks. It is sold on the market as Red Oak but
Is inferior in quality to the latter. This tree Is often attacked by fungi when it has reached
medium size, which causes the wood to rot and often results In wind-break in the forest. On
account of its fast growth, and beautiful foliage with its special autumnal coloration, it Is
regarded as one of the most desirable trees for street or i>ark planting.

Q

PLATE LXIV. SCARLET OAK

1. I'lowt'iiuK l.raiR-h with iiiiniatuiir loaves, (sj stamina te lilossoins, (p) lustillale blossoms, (i)

immaturo acorns, x i.
li. Ilrauch with mature leaves, immature and mature aeorns, x *.
;i. An acorn, x h.
4. An aeorn lUii, x J.

n. Terminal section of a ^^ inter twij?, x J. ,, , „ .,i *„. , ii..i.<iv

0 Section of a winter twijr, slu.winK h-nticels, leaf-scars wilh l.umlle scars, ami two blii4htl\

angular buds covered with numerous overlapping scales, enlarged.
7 \n apical bud-scale with ciiiatc imMBiii, inliiip<l.
8. A basal bu<l-scale, enlarj-ed.

147

SCARLET OAK

Quercus coccinea, Muench

FOEM^An average-sized tree usually attaining a height of 60-80 ft., bqt occasionally
reaching a height of 150 ft. with a diameter of 4 feet. Lateral branches ascending above,
horizontal In middle, drooping below. Lateral branches are slender and lower ones die readily
from shading, only persist for many years. Trunk very tapering, crown shallow and narrow.

BAEK— On old trunks Intermediate between the Red Oak and the Black Oak. It is broken
up Into rough, Irregular, deep lissures which separate ridges not so rough as those of the
lHack Oak and not so flat-topped as those of the Red Oak. Inner bark red to gray. On younger
limbs thin, smooth, light brown. See Fig. 99.

TWIGS— Slender, smooth, reddish or grayish-brown, covered with numerous, small, pale len-
ticels; pith star-shaped.

BUDS— Alternate, broadly ovate, narrowed to a blunt apex, J- J of an inch long, dark reddish-
broAvn, covered with a pale wool from tlie middle to the apex.

LEAVES — ^Altemate, simple, broadly oval to obovate, 3-0 inches long, 2i-5 Inches wide,
5-9 lobed, lobes bristle-pointed and separated by deep round-based sinuses extending at least
§ of the distance to the midrib. In autumn brilliantly scarlet before falling.

LEAF-SCARS— See "Leaf-Scars" under White Oak, page 138.

FLOWERS — Appear about May when leaves are § developed. Staminate flowers are borne in
slender pubescent aments 3-4 inches long. Pistillate on short pubescent stalks, reddish In
color, with reflexed bright red stigmas.

FRUIT — An acorn, maturing at the end of the second season, sessile or short-stalked, solitary
or paired. Nut ovoid, 2/5-4/5 of an inch long, reddish brown, occasionally striate. Cup thin,
covering about i of the nut, narrowed at base, >vlth closely imbricated, sharp-pointed, slightly
downy scales often forming a fringe at the cup margin which is closely appressed to the nut.

WOOD — Ring-porous; with prominent medullary rays; strong, heavy, coarse in texture.
Weighs 46 lbs per cubic foot. The wood has little conmiercial value as timber.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Scarlet Oak is one of the commonest of the
Black Oak group and can readily be diirtinguished from the Black Oak by its smoother bark
ridges on the trunk, its paler inner bark, its deeper round-based leaf-sinuses, its smooth, close-
rttting scales of the acorn-cup, and its stouter, often smaller, less angular buds which are
covered with pale wool only from the middle to the apex while the Black Oak is distinctly
woolly over the entire bud. It can be distinguished from the Red Oak by its smaller and more
deeply lobed leaves, its less flat-topped ridges of the bark, Its smaller and deeper-cupped acorns,
and its buds which are covered with a i»ale wool from the middle to the apex while those of
the Red Oak are free from wool. The persistent, stunted, often drooping and dead lateral
branches are also peculiar to this tree. This characteristic Is common to trees on the border of
lK)die8 of water.

RANGE — Maine to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Nebraska.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Common in the eastern, central, and southern parts
Sparse in western part. Rare in northern part.

HABITAT — Prefers dry sandy soil. Frequently met upon light stony or sandy uplands, but
the best individuals occur on good soil at the base of the slope where it is often found
bordering hollows filled with water during spring.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The wood of the Scarlet Oak is of little commercial Im-
portance as compared with some of the other oaks. It is sold on the market as Red Oak but
is inferior in quality to the latter. This tree is often attacked by fungi when it has reached
medium size, which causes the wood to rot and often results in wind-break in the forest. On
account of its fast growth, and beautiful foliage with its special autumnal coloration, It is
regarded as one of the most desirable trees for street or park planting.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

148

BLACK OAK

Quercus velutina, Lambert

rORM-One of the larger Oa.. «" Pennsylvania -^Uy^^^ ^^^.^^^^^^'^^ aT^^^^^
maximum height of 150 «• with a diameter of 45 feet ^"^/«°,^^^/^j^^^ ^.^^r atout and
giving off ascending branches above and ho^*2«"**i °"®^ , r,„ • "tiinP
Sgzag. Crown deep, irregular, narrow to wide-spreading, oblong in outline.

BAKK-On young stems smooth and dark brown, but «>- ^f^-™^;'^, ^^b' w^^^^^

yellow and bitter, a good distinguishing characteristic. See lig. 90.

TWIGS-Stout. rusty-pubescent, rt^ddish-brown. angular, longitudinally ridged from leaf-scars;
taste bitter; covered by rather conspicuous pale lenticels.

BTTD^Alternate. ovate, large. M of an inch long strongly -^^^^^ ^^^^^ lo^'d^ry-Xit;
covered with numerous overlapping bud-scales with a coating of yeuowisn

pubescence.

I,EAVE8-A,.er„..e, .l»>pl.. otovate .. oblong. *±'^^ ^' .^''a 'I^J^l^Tna'U
lobed terminated by brl.tle points Mature "7" "^ 'xilTf yei™ TmmT The leive.

r.r/'Str:.ritert "^ ot.na.';';:.j"e.t"n;;^^^^^^^^ ...p^^ .-.. .»

the same tree.

LEAF-BCARS— See "Leaf-Scars' ' under White Oak, page 138.

FLOWEES-Appear about May when leaves are 4 ^e-j^p;^ J,^"^-^« ^^^^^ ^^^'^^ *" '''^
aments 4-6 inches long. Pistillate are borne on short hairy stalks.

rK,II-.n acorn --'- <"«'.- ^la^Zn.'':Z Z^"^^ pn'iSSn:' ^dToS:
Nut ovate to oval, J-1 inch long, light '^e<*'**«" ^'°3' " . embracing i nut, covered with

.rr-irr^n, X^:inXi".?r;"acr; tr«r^ri.S^'.?bre .n^a'.ooae,y oyer.app.n.
at Margins so as to form a fringe-like margin to the cup.

WOOD-Bin..poro„a: with conaplouou. ^^^^^^^^'^^^i^.'^^JZI^^ZL^'' ^^
rrVefrb.e'C%.rrrrnr;^\er^>,t'chea^ coopera^, and ordinary con-
■tructlon. In general it finds the same uses as Red Oak.

^^^OV^-^\^^f^^^'Z!r^A "^e daS ^.or andTu," rr°"b.r e"n
Qaercltpon on account of lt» yellow Inner oart '^^ "» , ^^ definite marka of

on young aten,a and the 5'»"°"J"."«; ""^^^ \''/ ,.^^^^7^^^^^ to thoae of the

rrrrtneTeenS iTal^'Hr T»£. - 1^ f .n°*?heTn.rr "^ '°U.rCS

to distinguish it from some species like the R«d oak ana tne ± »" ^"l"
covered over the whole surface with a pale wool are sure characteristics.

RANGE— Maine to Western Ontario, south to Florida and Texafc

T.TflTUTTiTTTTON IN PENNSYLVANIA— Conanon in the eastern, central, and southern parts.
SparrweS pan.^SJ!.Tthe northern part. Only one .p^cimen of thia tree is known to
occur near Hull, Totter county.

TTABITAT-Usually found on dry uplands, gravelly plains and ridges, especially In the Appa-
lacUnftot^irTeldr found in rich bottomlands. In the west usually found on sterile,
■andy, or glaciated hills.

,,^«»T>»i«i.rr.r> ATT TWP SPECIES— The Black Oak should be propagated only where no better
IMPORTANCE OF ^f ^ /^^^^^^ desirable It should be attempted by natural

trees can be grown. If "« "^P™;^^^^^^ nlanting of young seedlings from the nursery is ex-

seed regeneration or planting °' ««^^^^^/*"/=; ^^^^^ m demand because an extract

pensive and success doubtful. Formerly }^^J^^^^^^T^^^^^^^^ from it. The introduction of

tZe'TesV. dC^LeTthe'doranl ^rck' Oak" t^t attractive as an ornamental tree.

PLATE LXV. BLACK OAK

<. X h-

1. Flowering l.i-Hi.rl. Mith i.nu.atuio l.avos, (s) sVmuUuMo hh.ss<m.s. (p) pistillate Mossnn.s.

2. A mature leaf, x J.

H. Branch with leaves and mature fruit, x A.

4. An acorn cup, x A.

Ti. An acom, x J. . ^ . ,

H. Winter twig with Imds, leaf-scars, ami inminturc ncoriis, x a.

7. Sertioii of twig with iiiimatine a<'onis, \ i. „„i.,>^,.,.,,t i,i„i nnfi leaf-scars with

8. Section of winter twijr sh.:xvii!;,' the lai«e, angular and puhcM-cnt bud and leai scar.

I>ui)«lle-8cars, enlarged.

I'M

148

BLACK OAK

Quercus velutina, Lambert

mail^m height of 160 It. with . «'™»«« "'J* '"'„ ^w ShM r.th« .tout .n4
><vli» off ascending hranchei ahovo and horizontal ones ueiow. """>-
TJll Lr^Stp irregolar. narrow to wlde-preadlng, oblong In «.ain..

BABK-^ ,o»ng .t.™ «nooth and dart, bi^wn, but ^t tT'Sl^l "X." whlTir."^

S^-?onngfr;o:T.^rrinTu^S ^J^^T^ZIT'^^- ^ - -
y"lTw and bluer, a good distinguishing characterlsUc. See Fig. 95.

TWI08--Stont. rusty-pubescent, rcddlrtx-brown. angular. longitudinally ridged from leaf-scars;
taste bitter; covered by rather conspicuous pale lentlcels.

BTTDS-Altemate. ovate, large. i-J of an luch long -^"^^^J^^^^f ^^ V'^J-^^^
covered with numerous overlapping bud-scales with a coating or yeaow

pubescence.

lEAVES-AUomate. .l>nple. ohoyaf to obloag, «^ Inc^ ^ M ^/.'^;.°^^^^
,„^ terminated by brlatle point. ^T";'^''ZX"',„^SilTy'^ T^U The le^e.
v".r/rJtr:,r'U'?..r'l;o"o'th« r^^.:S-t'.^ d..er.nur ^^ .e..„ on
the same tree.

LEAT-BOAEB-See "Leaf-Scars" under White Oak, page 188.

FLOWEES-Appear about May when leave. - * <le-IjL^<L f Umlnate flowers occur In hairy
aments 4-6 Inches long. Pistillate are borne on short hairy stalks.

rETTIT-An acorn, maturing ^^^in, ^^^^^^^^^ -^-^alked^ ^rJi^nc? ^TfoSl
Nut ovate to oval. M inch long light '^^Ish-bn,^ often c^^^ ^^^^ ^^.^

t^ irr^n. ^hirJl^^inrXtaU^.^- tl^Tt'^^^.'.t .aa. aSd l.sely overlapping
at Margins so as to form a fringe-like margin to the cup.

"s,""^r£Trd;i."^e.rrr ..r'rn.-^^ihrht.rX^d"^^'" ^^

nrp^'^blc^^'V.^^dU'.n.erlor hidah, cheap c<»perage. and ordlnarr con-
•traction. In general It toda Uie aame Die. a. Bed Oak.

DISTIHOTnsHIHO 0HAIACTEBI8II0S-^he Black Oak ta al«. k«"™ " ^"1°^^ ,"^
iiioxix<iTu*o«.**i« >«— . ^j^ ^^^ oolwred and rough outer DarK, even

Quercitron on account of Its yellow »"««'?*«• ^"* " -easons of the year definite marks of

on young stems, and the J^^^oy^Anner ^^^f ««/*j^^ J^i^'^ ^^e. slLlar to those of the

identification. The leaves, which vary from the ***f"<*Y^^°^° ° " ^^ ^elp to Identify

Red oak to the deep lobed ones similar to those of ^^^ ^'^\^'^J^JX^'' I, the Black

^vfre^ o^er the whole surface with a pale wool are sure characteristics.

EANOE-Malne to Western Ontario, south to Florida and Texa«.

>.^»^mT#%v TV wTnTMRVTVANIA— Common In the eastern, central, and southern parts.
SpS^'^eS ^.'SS'^Thf n";;r^. on., on. ««cln..n o, thl. txee 1. known to
occur near Hull, Potter county.

WABTTAT-Usually found on dry uplands, gravelly plains and ridges. ^'^V^^^jj^J^ «^' J^'
lac^arftothiUs Seldr found In rich bottomlands. In the west usually found on aterile,

■andy, or glaciated hills.
,«»/«« rr A vnir nF THE SPEOIEB—The Biack Oak should be propagated only where no better
"^°* i^n^ if^tsVeurSu^on IS thought desirable It should be attempted by natural
trees can be grown. If *^** ^'^P'^"^^^^ of young seedlings from the nursery Is ex-

seed regeneration or panting ^^^'''l^^^^l'^l^^^ In demand because an extract

pensive and »«««««« f^^ve kno^ as ''Qurcltron,'' was obtained from it. The Introduction of
L^'d^li Je^^LeTihelman" ?hr Black Oak I. not attractive a. an orm^mental tree.

i|

PLATE LXV. BLACK OAK

(p) pistillate blossoms, x i-

1. Flowering branoli with iniinatuie leaves, (s) stan.inate blossoms.

2. A mature leaf, x §.

3. Branch witli leaves and mature fruit, x J.

4. An acorn cup, x J.

'». An acorn, x j. . , x ... i

6. Winter twig with buds, leaf-srars, ami immature nroins, x *.

7. Section of twig with immature aoonis, x J. ^..i.nBPont hiul and leaf-scars with

8. Section of winter twig showing the large, angular and pubescent imd ana leai sea

bundle-scars, enlarged.

e

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

I«

PLATE LXVI. SPANISH OAK

1. B'lowerinK branch with Iniinature h-Hvcs, (s) staiiiiiiate hhtssoiiis, (p) i»ibtillate blossoms, (!)

innnature acorns, x i.

2. Braiu-h witli mature b-iivcs, Immatiirc and mature acorns, x J.
H. An at'<M-n cup, x i.

4. An acorn, x i. ,

5. Winter twig with immature acorns, bu«ls, and leaf-scars, x J.

0 Section of a winter twig sliowhiK buds, leiif-s<ars and l>undle-sc(irs, enlitrgod.

i

149

SPANISH OAK

Quercus falcata, Michaux

FOKM — ^A ukedlnm-aized tree usually attaining a hei(?ht of 70-80 ft. with a diameter of 2-3
ft. but may reach a maximum height of 120 ft. with a diameter of 4} feet. Crown open,
broad, rotmd-topped, rather deep.

BAB.K — On old trunks divided by shallow ftssures which separate low, brown, scaly ridges.
On young parts thin, smooth, dark reddish-brown to gray and rich In tannic acid.

TWIGS— Stout, at first covered with rusty hairs, later almost smooth and reddish-brown to
ashy-gray.

BUDS— Alternate, ovoid, sharp pointed, i of an inch long, bright chestnut-brown, hairy.

LEAVES — ^Alternate, simple, 6-7 inches long, 4-6 Inches broad, ovate In outline, 8-7 lobed,
lobes bristle-pointed and separated by broad variable sinuses. They are dark green and shining
above, covered with grayish down beneath. The leaves are very variable In outline.

LEAF-SCARS— See "Leaf -Scars" under White Oak. page 188.

FLOWERS— Flowers appear in April or May when the leaves are about J developed. Staml-
nate flowers are borne In slender hairy amenta about 3-6 inches long. Pistillate on stout hairy
■talks and terminated by rather short, divergent, dark red styles.

FRXTIT An acorn, maturing at the end of the second season; short-stalked. Nut ovoid to glo-
bose, rounded at apex, about } of an inch long, pale orange-brown, enclosed only at base for
i length. Cup hemispheric, l-I of an Inch across, covered by thin reddish scales which are
pale pubescent especially on the margins.

WOOD Ring-porous; vrlth conspicuous medullary rays, hard, strong, not durable, with light

red heartwood, lighter sapwood. It warps and checks badly. Weighs 48 lbs. per cubic foot.
Largely used for fuel and also used in construction. Bark is rich in tannin.

DISTIKOinSHINO CHARACTERISTICS— The Spanish Oak bears leaves which resemble those
of the Scrub Oak, only that the lobes of the latter are usually short and triangular while those
of the former are mostly long and larceolate. The Bcmb Oak attains the height of a small tree
only while the Spanish Oak may reach the height of 100 feet. It can be distinguished from the
other closely related members of the Block Oak group in this State by Its white or grayish-
tomentose coating on the lower leaf surface.

RANOE— New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania to Missouri, south to Florida and Texaa.

DISTRIBTTTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Reported only from the southeastern and southern
imrts of the State. A fine grove occurs on Militia Hill. Montgomery county. Also reported from
Berks, Chester, Delaware, Franklin, Lancaster and Philadelphia counties.

HABITAT— It is usually found on dry gravelly or sandy soil. In the South It Is common
between the Costal Plain and the Appalachian mountains.

mPORTANOE OF THE SPECIES-Since the natural distribution In this State is limited
to a few local places in the southeastern and southern parts and on account of its inferior
woJi,T4"not't recommended for forestry I-H-ses^Other more valuable t^^^^^^
be pi^pagated. It is rather attractive as an ornamental tree and its bark is rich in tannin.

149

^

'

PLATE LXVI. SPANISH OAK

1. Flo\v»'riiiK brniich witii Imiiuituii' Iciivcs, (s» stHiiiliintc hlussoiiis, (pj jMstillatc lil.i.ssi.nis, (i)

iininaturc acfiiiis, x J.

L*. ItraiK-h with mature Iciivcs, iiimiatiir*' and iiiatiirt' acinus, x h.

'.'>. All aiMMii cup, X k.

4. An acorn, x h.

."». Winter \\v\k with iinmatni*' acorns. ImhIs, anil leaf s<-ars, x ^.

»!. Section iil' ii winter twin slmwini; ImkIs, leitl-scars iiml liunille-sciirs, enlarj^cil.

4

SPANISH OAK
Quercus falcata, Michaux

FORM — A iikedlnm-sized tree usunlly attainingr a height of 70-80 ft. with a diameter of 2-3
ft. but may reach a maximum height of 120 ft. with a diameter of 4| feet. CJrown open,
broad, roimd-topped, rather deep.

BARK — On old trunks divided by shallow fissures which separate low, brown, scaly ridgeB.
On young parts thin, smooth, dark reddish-brown to gray and rich in tannic acid.

TWIGS — Stout, at first covered with rusty hairs, later almost smooth and reddish-brown to
ashy-gray.

BTJDS— Alternate, ovoid, sharp pointed, i of an inch long, bright chestnut-brown, hairy.

LEAVES — ^Alternate, simple, 6-7 inches long, 4-6 Inches broad, ovate In outline, 8-7 lobed,
lobes bristle-pointed and separated by broad variable sinuses. They are dark green and shining
above, covered with grayish down beneath. The leaves are very variable in outline.

LEAF-SCARS— See "Leaf-Scars" under White Oak, page 138.

FLOWERS — Flowers appear in April or May when the leaves are about } developed. Stamf-
nate flowers are borne In slender hairy aments about 3-5 inches long. Pistillate on stout hairy
stalks and terminated by rather short, divergent, dark red styles.

FRUIT An acorn, maturing at the end of the second season; short-stalked. Nut ovoid to glo-
bose, rounded at apex, about } of an inch long, pale orange-bro^vn, enclosed only at base for
\ length. Cup hemispheric, i-J of an inch across, covered by thin reddish scales which are
pale pubescent especially on the margins.

WOOD Ring-porous; with conspicuous medullary rays, hard, strong, not durable, with light

red heartwood, lighter sapwood. It warps and checks badly. Weighs 43 lbs. per cubic foot.
Largely used for fuel and also used in construction.

Bark Is rich in tannin.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Spanish Oak bears leaves which resemble those
of the Scrub Oak, only that the lobes of the latter are usually short and triangular while those
of the former are mostly long and larceolate. The Scrub Oak attains the height of a small tree
only while the Spanish Oak may reach the height of 100 feet. It can be distinguished from the
other closely related members of the Black Oak group in this State by its white or grayish-
tomentose coating on the lower leaf f^urface.

RANGE— New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Reported only from the southeastern and southern
parts of the State. A fine grove occurs on Militia Hill. Montgomery county. Also reported from
Berks, Chester, Delaware, Franklin, Lancaster and Philadelphia counties.

HABITAT-It Is usually found on dry gravelly or sandy soil. In the South it is common
between the Costal Plain and the Appalachian mountains.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES-Since the natural distribution in this State Is limited
to a few local places in the southeastern and southern parts and on account of its inferior
wo<S,irca"l't recommended for forestry purposes, ^^her more valuable trees J^^^^^
be p^pagated. It is rather attractive as an ornamental tree and its bark Is rich in tannin.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

150

SCRUB OAK

Quercus ilicifolia, Wangenheim

FORM— Shrub or small tree with many crooked interwined branches; usually 4-8 ft. high
with a diameter of 1-3 Inches, but occasionally attaining a height of 18-20 feet. See Fig. 4.

BARK— Thin, smooth, becoming scaly on older stems, gray to dark brown in color.

TWIGS— When young slender, dark green, tinged with red, and tomentose; becoming gray
to reddish-brown, Anally dark brown and smooth.

BUDS-Altemate, ovate, obtuse, i of an inch long, chestnut-brown; covered by numerous small
dark-margined closely appressed scales.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, 2-5 Inches long, l}-3 Inches wide, obovate In outline, with a
wedge-shaped base, 3-7 lobed. usually 5; with shallow sinuses and acute and bristle-tipped lobes.
Mature leaves dark green and glossy above, covered with a dense whitish pubescence beneath,
thick and leathery in texture, with conspicuous yellow midribs and veins. Petioles round,
tomentose and about 1 inch long.

LEAF-SCARS — See "Leaf -Scars" under White Oak, page 138.

FLOWERS— Appear about May when leaves are i developed. Staminate aments 4-5 inches
long, often clinging to twigs until late summer. Pistillate flowers borne upon stout tomentose
stalks, have an Involucre of red scales, and red stigmas.

FRUIT— An acorn, maturing at end of second season, very abundant, sessile or nearly so,
usually clustered, seldom solitary. Nut broadly ovoid, with a flat rounded base, acute or rounded
apex, about half enclosed In the cup, light brown, shiny and often slightly striate, J of an inch
broad and long. Cup pale and reddish-brown and soft downy within, covered on the outside with
many closely set reddish-brown scales whose free tips form a fringe around the edge of the cup.
Kernel bright yellow.

WOOD— Ring-porous; with conspicuous medullary rays; pale brown, strong, hard, tough, and
fine-grained. Commercially not important on account of its small size. Locally used for fuel.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Scrub Oak, also known as Bear Oak and Ground
Oak can easily be distinguished by characteristic bristle-pointed leaves sho^^-n on the opposite
plate which turn reddisJi -brown or browi. in autum, and often persist throughout the winter.
It is small In size and forms dense thickets over large areas, especially recently burned areas.
The smooth non-scaly bark, persistent clusters of fruit and the small, brown, bluntly conical
buda covered with slight pubescence are characteristic. In habit it resembles the Scrub Chestnut
Oak, but the latter has a flaky bark, round-lobed leaves and characteristic fruit.

RANGE— Maine to Ohio, south to North Carolina and Kentucky.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Common In most of the counties in and east of the
Allegheny Mountains. Pound in some of the counties in the southwestern portion of the SUte.
Sparse in the north-central and northern parts. Only one specimen known to occur near Hull.
Potter county. It is generally absent or rare in the northern tier of counties, i. e., in McKean,
Potter and Tioga counties. In fact. It is rare or absent north of a line passing east-west through
the center of Cameron coimty.

HABITAT— Usually foimd on rocky hillsides, sandy plateaus, and mountain tops. It Is gregari-
ous and able to flourish upon barren, dry, infertile soils, but cannot endure much shading, hence
It seldom occurs In mixture with other siiecies. It has overgrown extensive areas of burnt-over
land in this State.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Scrub Oak is of no commercial value but Is econom-
ically important on account of its ability to grow upon the most exposed and Inhospitable situa-
tions. This makes It worthy of consideration In protection forests, where It shelters the forest-
floor, prevents erosion and enriches the soil with accumulations of humus. In time it Is usually
displaced by trees of greater commercial importance as Scarlet Oak. Chestnut Oak, lllaple, and
Aspen. Areas once covered with thickets of Scrub Oak now often have only a few single
representatives left.

«f

PLATE LXVII. SCRUB OAK

i

1 Kluw.MinK l..aurh «ith iiniuatun- l.-av.-s, (si shiminut.. blossoms. I|M pistilh.t.. I-I

1'. HiiMKli wilh mature leaves, inmiatuie ami matnie ii.oiiis, v ^

.;. Terminal section of a winter twis, x i-

4. \Viii1<'i- \\\\ii witli all aeorii, x i-

.">. All awuiii cup, X i-

1. i"•t'!on'■'!;f^.^ winter twlc sl,owln« a l.af-scar with bundle-sears. Ictie.ls. I

numerons overlHppinK scales, enlarged.

is--iims, \ }i.

il lillll uitli

150

I'M
ll

SCRUB OAK

Quercus ilicifolia, Wangenheim

FOEM— Shrub or small tree with many crooked Interwined branches; usually 4-8 ft. high
with a diameter of 1-8 Inches, but occasionally attaining a height of 18-20 feet. See Fig. 4.

BARK— Thin, smooth, becoming scaly on older stems, gray to dark brown in color.

TWIOS— When young slender, dark green, tinged with red, and tomentose ; becoming gray
to reddish-brown, finally dark brown and smooth.

BUDS— Alternate, ovate, obtuse, i of an Inch long, chestnut-brown; covered by numerous small
dark-margined closely appressed scales.

LEAVEft-Altemate, simple, 2-6 inches long. l}-3 Inches wide, obovate In outline, with a
wedge-shaped base. 3-7 lobed. usually 6; with shallow sinuses and acute and bristle-tipped lobes.
Mature leaves dark green and glossy above, covered with a dense whitish pubewsence beneath,
thick and leathery in texture, with conspicuous yellow midribs and veins. PeUoles round,
tomentose and about 1 inch long.

LEAT-SCARB— See "Leaf -Scars" under White Oak, page 188.

FLOWERS— Appear about May when leaves are i developed. Staminate aments 4-5 inches
long, often clinging to twigs until late summer. Pistillate flowers borne upon stout tomentose
stalks, havt an involucre of red scales, and red stigmas.

FRUIT— An acorn, maturing at end of second season, very abundant, sessile or nearly so.
usually clustered, seldom solitary. Nut broadly ovoid, with a flat rounded base, acute or rounded
apex, about half enclosed in the cup, light brown, shiny and often slightly striate, i of an Inch
broad and long. Cup pale and reddish-brown and soft downy within, covered on the outside with
many closely set reddish-brown scales whose free tips form a fringe around the edge of the cup.
Kernel bright yellow.

WOOD— Ring-porous; with conspicuous medullary rays; pale brown, strong, hard, tough, and
fine-grained. Commercially not important on account of its small size. Locally used for fuel.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Scrub Oak, also known as Bear Oak and Ground
Oak can easily be distinguished by characteristic bristle-pointed leaves shown on the opposite
nlate which turn reddish -brown or brown in autum, and often persist throughout the winter.
It is' small m size and forms dense thickets over large areas, especially recently burned areas.
1 he smooth non-scaly bark, persistent clusters of fruit and the small, brown, bluntly conlca
buds covered with slight pubescence are characteristic. In habit it resembles the Scrub Chestnut
Oak, but the latter has a flaky bark, round-lobed leaves and characteristic fruit.

RANGE— Maine to Ohio, south to North Carolina and Kentucky.

DISTKIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Common in most of the counties in and east of the
Allegheny Mountains. Found in some of the counties in the southwestern portion of the State.
Sparse in the north-central and northom parts. Only one specimen known to occur near Hull.
Potter county. It is generally absent or rare In the northern tier of counties, 1. e., in McKean.
Potter and Tioga counties. In fact, it is rare or absent north of a line passing east-west through
the center of Cameron county.

HABITAT— Usually found on rocky hillsides, sandy plateaus, and mountain tops. It is gregari-
ous and able to flourish upon barren, dry, infertile soils, but cannot endure much shading, hence
It seldom occurs in mixture with other species. It has overgrown extensive areas of burnt-over
land in this State.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Scrub Oak is of no commercial value but Is econom-
ically important on account of its ability to grow upon the most exposed ""f J^^°^^^^^^^ ^^^^'l'
tions ThTs makes it worthy of consideration in protection forests, where It "Afters the forest-
floor, prevents erosion and enriches the soil with accumulations of humus. ^ time "il' ,T«n5
disDlaced by trees of greater commercial Importance as Scarlet Oak, Chestnut Oak, Maple, and
Aspen Areas once covered with thickets of Scrub Oak now often have only a few single
representatives left.

',

i|

V

'^l

PLATE LXVII. SCRUB OAK

1

1.

«>

*. .

4.

a.

7.

Flnw^rlug l.iaiub with in.iuature h-avH. (s) stHn.li.al.- blossoms, (|)» pistillat..
Branch with mature leaves, inunature and mature aoorns. x *.

Idossoms, X i.

T«'iiiilnal section of a winter twig,
Winter twifj with an acorn, x i.

X

An a worn cup.

Sect"ioirof''a^ 'winter twlp showing a leaf-scar with bundle-soarH,
numerous overlapplns s<ales, enlarged.

lenticels, and a bud witli

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

m

PLATE LXVIII. BLACK JACK OAK

1. Flowering branch with immature leaves, (s) staminate blossoms, (p) pistillate blossoms, (i)

immature acorns, x §.

2. Branch with mature leaves, immature and mature acorns, x J.

3. An acorn cup, x J,

4. An acorn, x i, , , , , , ,
.'». Winter twicr witli iimiiaturc acnriis, liu<ls, and lenf-sciiiR, x *.
(!. Soctioii of ii >viittrr Iwitr, <'iil!ir««Ml.

151

BLACK JACK OAK

Quercus marilandica, Miiench

FORM— This tree usually attains a height of 20-30 ft. with a diameter of 18 inches, but may
reach a height of 60 ft. with a diameter of 2 feet. It reaches its maximum size In Texas and
Arkansas. Crown usually compact, round-topped, and narrow on account of short branches. Upper
branches are ascending, lower ones spreading.

BARK — ^Thick, roughened by deep fissures which separate broad angular plates covered with
dark brown to nearly black scales.

TWIGS— Stout, coated at first with pale woolly covering of hairs, later becoming smooth
and dark brown to gray.

BUDS — ^Alternate, ovate, distinctly angular; sharp-pointed, i of an inch long, reddish-brown
and rusty pubescent.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, broadly ovate in outline, 6-7 inches long with an almost equal
width, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, 3-5 lobed. Mature leaves deep green, thick, leathery,
and smooth above; often rusty brown below.

LEAF-SCARS — See "Leaf-Scars" under White Oak, page 138.

FLOWERS— Appear about May when the leaves are i developed. Staminate flowers in slender,
often persistent nments 2-4 inches long. Pistillate flowers on short, stout, pubescent stalks.

FRUIT— An acorn, maturing at the end of the second season, solitary or paired, short stalked.
Nut ovoid, i of an inch long, nearly same width throughout, often striate, light brown. Cup
hemispheric, deep, covers one-half or more of nut, light brown and downy on inside, covered by
large reddish brown, loosely overlapping kcale. Small scales form a thin rim around the margin.

WOOD— Ring-porous; with conspicuous medullary rays; dark brown, heavy, hard, strong.
Weighs 46 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fuel, charcoal, and manufactured into lumber to a
limited extent.

DISTINOUI8HINO CHARACTERISTICS— The Black Jack Oak, also known as Jack Oak and
Barren Oak, can be distinguished by the large obovate leaves which are usually 3-6 lobed above
the middle, or someUmes entire and covered with rusty bro^v^l pubescence. It is the on y
Oak of Pennsylvania which has Its leaves dilated near apex. Its sharp-pointed, distinctly
angular and somewhat hairy bud and its hemispheric acorn cup also aid in disUnguIshing it
from the other closely related species.

RANGE— New York and Pennsylvania west to Nebraska and south to Florida and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Occawional in the eastern and southern parts of the
State and a few local outposts In the western part. Common on Mount Penn near Reading.
Berks county. Also reported from Berks. Bucks, Delaware, Chester. Crawford. Lancaster, Mont-
gomery, and Northan^ton counties.

HABITAT-Usualiy found on poor, dry, sterile, sandy soil, but in the South It is also ^>»nd on
claT^ It reaches its best development upon the rich soil In the southern part of its distribution.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— In the North the Black Jack Oak is a shrub only, or a
snSS^J^e of no com ™al imi>ortance, while In the South it becomes somewhat larger and is
u^ flrfuel, ch«coal and lumber. In Pennsylvania it is of no foresUl Importance, but is a
IZ amactlve tree for ornamental purposes on account of its compact and deep crown.

151

BLACK JACK OAK

Quercus marilandica, Muench

FOEM— This tree usually attains a height of 20-30 ft. with a diameter of 18 inches, but may
reach a height of 60 ft. with a diameter of 2 feet. It reaches its maximum size in Texas and
Arlcansas. Crown usually compact, round-topped, and narrow on account of short branches. Upper
branches are ascending, lower ones spreading.

BARK — ^Thlck, roughened by deep Assures which separate broad angular plates covered with
dark brown to nearly black scales.

TWIGS— Stout, coated at first with pale woolly covering of hairs, later becoming smooth
and dark brown to gray.

BXXD8— Alternate, ovate, distinctly angular; sharp-pointed, { of an Inch long, reddish-brown
and rusty pubescent.

LEAVES — Alternate, simple, broadly ovate In outline, 6-7 inches long with an almost equal
width, rounded or heart-shaped at tlie base, 3-5 lobed. Mature leaves deep green, thick, leathery,
and smooth above; often rusty brown below.

LEAF-SCARS— See "Leaf-Scars" under White Oak, page 138.

FLOWERS— Appear about May when the leaves are i developed. Stamlnate flowers in slender,
often persistent aments 2-4 inches long. Pistillate flowers on short, stout, pubescent stalks.

FRUIT— An acorn, maturing at the end of the second season, solitary or paired, short stalked.
Nut ovoid i of an inch long, nearly same width throughout, often striate, light brown. Cup
hemispheric, deep, covers one-half or more of nut, light brown and downy on inside, covered by
large reddish brown, loosely overlapping bcale. Small scales form a thin rim around the margin.

WOOD— Ring-porous; with conspicuous medullary rays; dark brown, heavy, hard, strong.
Weighs 46 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fuel, charcoal, and manufactured into lumber to a
limited extent.

DISTINGUISHDra CHARACTERISTICS— The Black Jack Oak, also known as Jack Oak and
Barren Oak, can be distinguished by the large obovate leaves which are usually 3-5 lobed above
the middle, or sometimes entire and covered with rusty bro>vn pubescence. It is the on y
Oak of Pennsylvania which has Its leaves dilated near apex. Its sharp-pointed, distinctly
angular and somewhat hairy bud and Its hemispheric acorn cup also aid In distinguishing It
from the other closely related species.

RANGE— New York and Pennsylvania west to Nebraska and south to Florida and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Occaffional In the eastern and southern parts o' the
State and a few local outposts in the western part. Common on Mount Penn near Reading,
Berks county. Also reported from Berks, Bucks. Delaware, Chester, Crawford, Lancaster. Mont-
gomery, and Northampton counties.

HABITAT-Usually found on poor, dry. sterile, sandy soil, but in the South it is also found on
clay. It reaches its best development upon the rich soil in the southern part of its distribution.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPEOIES-In the North the Black Jack Oak is a shrub only, or a
8maT tree o? no commercial Importance, while In the South it becomes somewhat larger and Is
u^ for fuel, charcoal and lumber. In Pennsylvania it is of no forestal importance, but is a
veS attractive tree for ornamental purposes on account of its com<,act and deep crown.

PLATE LXVIIL BLACK JACK OAK

1. Flowering branch with immature leaves, (s) stamlnate blossoms, (p) pistillate blossoms, (i)

immature acorns, x A.

2. Branch with Tiinture h*av»'.s, iininatun' Hiui iimtuiv at'ctrns, x J.
:;. An acorn cnp. x h.

•I. An acorn, x A.

.'». Winter twiir willi itiiuiMliirc .nroins, Iniils, iinil lent srars, x *.

(■>. S<'«"tH>ii oT a wiiitir l\\iu', tiilaii^iwl.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

152

LAUREL OAK
Quercus imbricaria, Michaux

FO&M— A tree usaally attaining a height of 50-60 ft. but may reach a height of 100 ft. with a
diameter of 8 feet. Crown in mature trees rather open, often ghallow, while In younger speci-
mens it is pyramidal, rather closed, and the lateral drooping branches often touch the ground.

BAEK— Up to IJ Inches in thickness, roughened by shallow fissures which separate rldgea
covered by close light brown scales. On younger stems thin, often smooth and shiny.

TWIGS— Slender, at first dark green and lustrous; later light brown to dark brown.

BUDS — Alternate, ovate, sharp-pointed, slightly angular, i of an inch long and covered with
numerous close-fitting, overlapping, erose, chestnut-brown scales with serrate margins.

LEAVES— Alternate, oblong to lanceolate, 4-6 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, wedge-shaped or
round at the base, acute at apex, with usually entire or undulate margins. Mature leaves are
thin, dark and shiny above; pale green and hairy below.

LEAF-SCABS— See "Leaf-Scars" under White Oak, page 138.

FLOWEBS— Appear about May when leaves are i developed. Stantinate flowers in hairy amenta
2-3 inches long. Pistillate on short stalks above staminate.

FBUIT — ^An acorn, maturing at the end of the second season, solitary or in pairs, stalked.
Nut ovoid, J-J of an Inch long, dark brown. Cup embraces almost i of nut, saucer-shaped, brown
and shining inside, covered by numerous, closely overlapping, reddish-brown, hairy scales.

WOOD— Ring-porous; with conspicuous medullary rays; hard, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.
It checks easily and consequently finds a limited use in construction work. Weighs 47 lbs.
per cubic foot. Used for fuel, charcoal, shingles, and manufactured into lumber.

DISTINGUISHING CHABACTEEISTICS— The Laurel Oak, also known as Shingle Oak, Jack
Oak, and Water Oak, may readily be distinguished from all other Oaks of Pennsylvania except
the Willow Oak, by its characteristic leaf. The Willow Oak is smaller, has narrower and sharper-
pointed leaves which are not hairy beneath. The leaves of this species are hairy beneath. The
acorns are larger and the cups not so flat as those of the Willow Oak. The winter buds of
the Laurel Oak are light chestnut-brown and somewhat angular, while those of the Willow Oak
are dark chestnut-brown.

BANGE— Pennsylvania to Michigan and Nebraska, south to Georgia and Arkansas.

DISTBIBUTION IN PENNSYLVA NIA— Found locally west of the AJleghenies. Occurs in Le-
high, Huntingdon, P^anklin, Bedford, Westmoreland, Greene, Clarion, Indiana, Butler, Washing-
tun, Mercer, Venango, Lawrence, Clearfield, Beaver, Union, Fayette, Somerset, and Allegheny
counties. The most eastern station in the State is near Dorney's Park in Lehigh county. About
100 trees of this species occur in a woodlot near Dry Run in Path Valley in western Franklin
county.

HABITAT— It occurs in rich bottomlands, often near streams, and also in ratlier moist fertile
uplands.

IMPOBTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Laurel Oak reaches dimensions so that it can produce
lumber of commercial size and quantity, but other superior species will grow in the same place
and consequently it cannot be recommended for forestry purposes. It is, however, one of the
most attractive ornamental Oaks and deservea to be planted extensively for such purposes.

PLATE LXIX. LAUREL OAK

.. FlosuMin, ...anct. with Immatur.- Ie«^.s. .s) staminate hl..s....ns, . P . l-tillat. bl..s..,n.. M,

iiiunntnrf nconis, x A. , .. . ....,^. v i

2. BniiM'h with iiuitun' l»'!iv«'s, iiimiutur.' himI niHlur." a(«>iii>, x ..

.*{. .\n tirorn mp. x A.

t: WinfV77w»B with l.n,ls. lontirHls. iH-ntan^^iInr pith. «n.l iunnnturr M.-rns. x ».

U. Srotion of a winter twig, enlarged.

162

LAUREL OAK
Quercus imbricaria, Michaux

FOSM— A tree nsaally attaining a height of 50-60 ft. toot may reach a height of 100 ft. with a
diameter of 8 feet. C5rown in mature trees rather open, often shallow, while In younger specl-
meni It li pyramidal, rather clorod. and the lateral drooping branches often touch the ground.

BAKK— Up to IJ Inches In thickness, roughened by shallow Assures which separate ridges
covered by cloae light brown scales. On younger stems thin, often smooth and shiny.

TWIGS— Slender, at first dark green and lustrous; later light brown to dark brown.

BUDS— Alternate, ovate, sharp-pointed, slightly angular, i of an inch long and covered with
numerous close-fitting, overlapping, erose, chestnut-brown scales with serrate margins.

LEAVES— Alternate, oblong to lanceolate, 4-6 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, wedge-shaped or
round at the base, acute at apex, with usually entire or undulate margins. Mature leaves are
thin, dark and shiny above; pale green and hairy below.

LEAF-SCABS— See "Leaf -Scars" under White Oak, page 188.

FLOWEBS— Appear about May when leaves are i developed. Stamlnate flowers in hairy amenta
2-3 Inches long. Pistillate on short stalks above stamlnate.

FBUIT— An acorn, maturing at the end of the second season, solitary or in pairs, stalked.
Nut ovoid, J-J of an Inch long, dark brown. Cup embraces almost h of nut, saucer-shaped, brown
and shining Inside, covered by numerous, closely overlapping, reddish-brown, hairy scales.

WOOIJ— Elng-porous; with conspicuous medullary rays; hard, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.
It checks easily and consequently finds a limited use In construction work. Weighs 47 lbs.
per cubic foot. Used for fuel, charcoal, shingles, and manufactured Into lumber.

DISTINGUISHING CHABACTEBISTICS— TJie Laurel Oak, also known as Shingle Oak, Jack
Oak, and Water Oak, may readily be distinguished from all other Oaks of Pennsylvania except
the Willow Oak, by its characteristic leaf. The Willow Oak is smaller, has narrower and sharper-
pointed leaves which are not hairy beneath. The leaves of this species are hairy beneath. The
acorns are larger and the cups not so flat as those of the Willow Oak. The winter buds of
the Laurel Oak are light chestnut-brown and somewhat angular, while those of the Willow Oak
are dark chestnut-bro^'U.

BANGE— Pennsylvania to Michigan and Nebraska, south to Georgia and Arkansas.

DISTBIBUTION IN PENNSYLVA NIA— Found locaUy west of the Alleghenlea. Occurs In Le-
high, Huntingdon, Franklin, Bedford, Westmoreland, Greene, Clarion, Indiana, BuUer, Waahlng-
ton, Mercer, Venango, Lawrence. Clearfield, Beaver, Union, Fayette, Somerset, and Allegheny
counties. The most eastern station in the State is near Dorney's Park In Lehigh county. About
100 trees of this species occur in a woodlot near Dry Run in Path Valley in western Franklin
c-ounty.

HABITAT— It occurs in rich bottomlands, often near streams, and also in ratlier moist fertile
uplands.

IMPOBTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Laurel Oak reaches dimensions so that it can produce
lumber of commercial size and quantity, but other superior species wUl grow in the same place
and consequentiy it cannot be recommended for forestry purpoaes. It is, however, one of the
most attractive ornamental Oaks and deserves to be planted extensively for such purposes.

i

PLATE LXIX. LAUREL OAK

i) slaminate blossoms, (p) pistillate blossoinH. (l)

1. Flowering brancli witli imniatiir,' leavfH. <h)

iminature acorns, x *. „„,„„« v i

2. Branch with niatun' loaves, inunature and mature aioins, x ...

3. An ac«>vn nip, x A.

t: ^^Mn?er7w^c with hmls. lontirals, prntanpular pith, and inunature acorns, x »•
0. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

153

WILLOW OAK

Quercus phellos, Linnaeus

FOBK— This tree usually attains a height of 60-60 ft. with a diameter of 11-2 ft., but may
reach a height of 80 ft. with a diameto: of 4 feet. Crown usually narrow, rather open,
pyramidal and round-topped.

BASK — Beddish-brown, i-f of an Inch thick, gballowly fissured and scaly.

TWIOfr— Rather stout, snMioth and shining during first winter, reddlsh-brovm to dark brown.

BVDB— Alternate, ovate, about i of an inch long, strongly angled, sharp-pointed, covered
by loosely overlapping dark brown scales which are slightly serrated on the margin.

LEAVES— Alternate, narrowly elliptic, sometimes lanceolate, narrowed at apex and base, 3-5
Inches long, i<l inch wide, entire or with slightly wavy margins; terminated by a sharp bristle-
pointed apex.

LEAJ-SOABS— See "Leaf -Scars" under White Oak, page 138.

FLOWEBS— Appear aboqt May when leaves are i developed. Staminate flowers slender, hairy,
yellowish, 2-3 inches long. Pistillate flowers borne on smooth slender stalks.

FBVIT— An acorn, maturing at the end of the second season, usually solitary, sessile or nearly
so. Nut hemispheric, i Inch In diameter, pale yellow-brown, sometimes striate. Cup saucer-
shaped, covers only a amall portion of the base of the nut and is covered with close, thin, hairy,
reddish-brown scales. Kernel is very bitter end yellowish in color.

WOOD — Bing-porous; with conitpicuous medullary rays; strong, coarse-grained, rather soft and
light brown. Weighs 47 Iba. per cubic foot. Used for fuel and to a limited extent for general
construction and for felloes in wagon wheels.

DISTEKGUIBHIKa OHARACTEBISTICS— The Willow Oak, also known as the Peach Oak,
Water Oak, Swamp Oak, and Pin Oak. may readily be distinguished from all the other oaks
of Pennsylvania except the Laurel Oak by Its characteristic leaf, which resembles the leaf of
a willow rather than the typical oak leaf. The Laurel Oak is the only other Oak which bears
a leaf that shows any resemblance, but its leaf is long and broader, more obtuse-pointed, and
hairy beneath. The cups of the acorns of this species are flatter and the acorns smaller than
those of the Laurel Oak. The budu of this species are dark chestnut-brown In color, while those
of the Laurel Oak are light brown and not angular.

BAKGE — ^Prom New York to Florida, westward to Kentucky, Missouri, and Texas.

DISTBIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found only in the southeastern part of the State. Re-
ported from Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Lancaster, and Philadelphia counties.

HABITAT — ^Usually found on wet sandy soil, and occurs frequently along swamps and streams,
but oocasionally is found on higher areas where it may reach a fair size.

mPOBTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Willow Oak is so limited in its natural distribution in
this State and Its wood is of so little commercial importance that it cannot be considered of
forestal value. It should not be planted for forestry purposes but deserves to be planted orna-
mentally, especially In parks and along avenues. It hybridizes with several species of other
Oaks, especially the Bed Oak, and these hybrids are often very attractive ornamentally.

o.

PLATE LXX. WILLOW OAK

) ,'

1.

4.

riiiwtiiiiy liniiuh with imiiuilniv leaves, (s)
stiiinlnatc lilossoins, (p) pistlllHtc lilos-
soiiis (i) iniiiiatun' a<M>riis, x J.

LSi-HiH-h with inatiiro loaves, iininature nmi
iiintHro acorns, x J.

An acorn <Mip, x J.

An acuni, x i.

Winter

ma tun

twiji with liiKis,
acorns, x '
twiK.

Icnticels,
enlarsed.

an<l im-

mature acorns, x •'. .
n. Section of winter twly. enlarsed.
7. Cross-secti »f twljj showing pentangular

pith, woimI witli conspienous i lullHr.T

rays, and l»urk, enlarge*!.

153

t

PLATE LXX. WILLOW OAK

Khiwciiiiu liiiiiiili with iiiniiiitiiir leaves, (s(
stiiiiiiimte lilussoiiis, f|i| pistillHle lilns-
soins (i) iiimiHt\iif aioriis. x h.

r.niiich witli nintiire leaves, iiimiatuie and
inaturo ncciriis, x j.

All ae«iin nip. x A.

All ai'oni, X \.

:,. Winter tuia with I.ikIs. jentieels, ai)<l im

Illiltlire iieoflis, X \.
»;. Seetii.ii i.f winter twi;.'. eiilaructl.
7. (iMss seeti r IwIk sh<>\viii« |ieiitiin;:iilii r

|tifh. wihhI with eiiiis|iieiiiMis iiiediillarj

pays, aiMl liark, eiilai;;<Ml.

WILLOW OAK
Quercus phellos, Linnaeus

FOBM— This tree usually attains a height of 50-60 ft. with a diameter of l}-2 ft., but may
reach a height of 80 ft. with a diameter of 4 feet. Crown usually narrow, rather open,
pyramidal and round-topped.

BARK — Beddish-brown, )•} of an inch thick, shallowly Assured and scaly.

TWIOS^Rather stout, smooth and shining during first winter, reddish-brown to dark brown.

BUDS— Alternate, ovate, about i of an inch long, strongly angled, sharp-pointed, covered
by loosely overlapping dark brown scales which are slightly serrated on the margin.

LEAVES— Alternate, narrowly elliptic, sometimes lanceolate, narrowed at apex and base. 3-5
inches long, }-l inch wide, entire or with slightly wavy margins; terminated by a sharp bristle-
pointed apex.

LEAF-SOABS— See "Leaf -Scars" under White Oak, page 138.

FLOWER&— Appear about May when leaves are J developed. Staminate flowers slender, hairy,
yellowish, 2-3 Inches long. Pistillate flowers borne on smooth slender stalks.

FBVIT — An acorn, maturing at the end of the second season, usually solitary, sessile or nearly
so. Nut hemispheric, i inch in diameter, pale yellow-brown, sometimes striate. Cup saucer-
shaped, covers only a small portion of the base of the nut and is covered with close, thin, hairy,
reddish-brovm scales. Kernel is very bitter and yellowish in color.

WOOD — Ring-porous; with con&.picuouB medullary rays; strong, coarse-grained, rather soft and
light brown. Weighs 47 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fuel and to a limited extent for general
construction and for felloes in wagon wheels.

DISTINGUISHINa CHARACTEBISTICS— The Willow Oak, also known as the Peach Oak,
Water Oak, Swamp Oak, and Pin Oak, may readily be distinguished from all the other oaks
of Peimsylvania except the Laurel Oak by its characteristic leaf, which resembles the leaf of
a willow rather than the typical oak leaf. The Laurel Oak is the only other Oak which bears
n leaf that shows any resemblance, but its leaf is long and broader, more obtuse-pointed, and
hairy beneath. The cups of the acorns of this species are flatter and the acorns smaller than
those of the Laurel Oak, The buda of this species are dark chestnut-brown in color, while those
of the Laurel Oak are light brown and not angular.

KANGE — From New York to Florida, westward to Kentucky, Missouri, and Texas.

DISTBIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found only in the southeastern part of the State. Re-
ported from Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Lancaster, and Philadelphia counties.

HABITAT — Usually found on wet sandy soil, and occurs frequently along swamps and streams,
but oocasionally is found on higher areas where it may reach a fair size.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Willow Oak is so limited in its natural distribution in
this State and its wood is of so little commercial importance that it cannot be considered of
forestal value. It should not be planted for forestry purposes but deserves to be planted orna-
mentally, especially in parks and along avenues. It hybridizes with several species of other
Oaks, especially the Red Oak, and these hybrids are often very attractive ornamentally.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

154

THE NETTLE FAMILY— URTICACEAE

This family contains a great number of representatives, the ma-
jority of which are tropical. It contains trees, shrubs, and many
other small plant forms. The trees and shrubs alone comprise over
1 000 species and are found in the temperate and tropical regions
of both hemispheres. They grow usually at relatively low altitudes
frequenting wet and swampy as well as dry and arid habitats.

Several representatives of this family are important timber trees
while others are of less commercial importance. Occasionally they
may form pure stands but usually are mixed with other trees.
This family contains representatives which are attractive orna-
mentally and used for hedges. ,

The leaves are simple, alternate, and usually deciduous. The fruit
matures in one season, in some species in spring shortly after the
blossoms, while in others it matures in fall. The seeds may germi-
nate the same season or lie dormant over winter and germinate the
following spring. The fruit of some genera is edible. It varies
greatly in form and structure. The subjoined key based primarily
on fruit will aid in distinguishing the genera of this family native
to Pennsylvania:

KEY TO THE GENERA

Page

. ^ ^ ^ . Celtis 158

1. Fruit a berry; pith chambered ^

1. Fruit not a berry, pith not chambered '

2. Fruit a dry samara, winged all around; fllowers mostly polygamous; sap not milky. ^^^
S. Fruit * an' acheir^," not d^,' not winged ; flowers unisexual ; sap milky 8

8. Fruit elongated, edible; leaves dentate. 3-nerved; branches unarmed; both Btamlnate ^^
nnA nlntillate flowers in separate spikes.

,. Prult .^ant not Jble; le.ve> entire; br..che. -rmed; ,ta™in.te «ower. In r,^em«^ ^^^
pistillate In heads

155

THE ELMS— ULMUS, (Tourn.) LINNAEUS

The members of this genus are usually trees, rarely shrubs. About
15 species are known of which number 6 are native to North Amer-
ica and 2 to the State of Pennsylvania.

The leaves are simple, alternate, two-ranked, straight-veined, and
unequal-based. The flowers may appear before or after the leaves.
The 2 Elms native to this State produce their flowers early in
spring before the leaves. The fruit of the native Elms ripens in
spring shortly after the flowers have matured. It consists of a fiat
seed surrounded by a thin papery wing.

The trees yield valuable wood and some of them also produce a
tough inner bark which is used for food, in medicine, and manu-
factured into ropes and coarse cloth. The Elms are not only val-
uable commercially but also attractive ornamentally. The native
American Elm and the introduced English Elm (Ulmus campestris
L.) are not only beautiful in summer when covered with a dense
foilage but also in winter when the little twigs and branches, and
the massive trunk and limbs stand out against the sky. The sub-
joined key will aid in distinguishing the two native species of Elm
and the commonly introduced English Elm: —

SUMMER KEY TO ELMS

Page
1. Leaves smooth above or nearly so; fruit ovate or oval, dilate on margin; flowers on

slender, drooping stalks U. americana 157

1. Leaves very rough above; fruit circular, not dilate; flowers nearly sessile, 2

S. Small to medium-sized native tree; inner bark mucilaginous; branchlets and pedicels

downy; fruit densely brown-hairy over seed, U. fulva 156

2. Large Introducpd trte; inner bark not mucilaginous; branchlets and pedicels smooth;

fruit smooth throughout U. campestrii 155

WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES

1. Bud-scales densely brown-hairy; inner bark mucilaginous; twigs grayish and rough.

XJ". fulva. . . 186

1. Bud-scales not densely brown-hairy; inner bark not mucilaginous; twigs not grayish

nor rough

2. Buds chestnut-brown; bud-scales with darker margin; bark ridged; twigs without

corky-ridges; form of the tree decidedly deliquescent U. amencana 157

2. Buds smoky-brown to almost black; bud-scales rather uniform in color; bark ratlier
Arm. often roughened into oblong blocks; form of tree intermediate with an excur-
rent tendency ^' campestris 15..

156

SLIPPERY ELM
Ulmus fulva, Michaux

FORM-A small to a medium Bized tree usually attaining a height of 40-W ft. wl^ a
diame^r of 1-2 J ft., but may reach a maxinnim height of 80 ft. with a diameter of 2 J feet.
Crown broad and flat-topped. Limbs stout and ascending.

BARK-Thick. rough, longitudinally Assured, dark brown, tinged with red within. Inner
bark fragrant, mucUaginous and slippery, whence its common name. See Fig. «7.

TWIGS-ftather stout, difficult to break on account of flexible bark, at first hainr and greenish,
later smoother and grayish-brown, roughened by raised lentlcels and raised leaf-scars.

BXTDS-Alternate; terminal bud absent; ovate, about i of an Inch long ^ark che8tnut-b«>wn
covered with about 12 overlapping bud-scales coated with rusty brown hairs. Flower-bud« stout
and ^Tedafong side of twig while leaf-buds axe relatively slender and located towards end
of twig.

LEAVES-Altemate. simple, 6-7 inches long, oval to obovate, thick dark green, rough on
both sides, rounded and oblique at base, acute at apex, doubly toothed on margin.

LEAF-SCARS-Altemate, oval, raised, lighter than twig, contain usually 3 rather small and
inconspicuooa bundle-scars.

FLOWEES-Appear before the leaves from lateral propagatlve buds. The smaller vegatatlve
buS^ l^ted ntr X end of the twigs open later. Flowers are perfect and clustered on short
stalks.

FEUrr-A short-stalked samara J-! of an inch broad, consisting of a A;' !««%.7^,^f^
by a wing and maturing in spring a few weeks after the flowers have matured. The fruit is
hairy only over the seed.

WOOD-Rlng-porous; with rather indistinct medullary rays; pores of the smnmer wood
arrangedln tangentlally concentric bands; pores of spring wood form a broad band of 3 or
m"re rows. Wood is heavy, hard, strong, dark brown to red. «««f ^^^^l'^^'^' J,^"^ *^ «jlf/
Ten durable in contact with the soil. Weighs 45 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for posts, rail-
way ties, slack cooperage, agricultural Implements.

DISTINGUISHING CHAEACTERISTICS-The Slippery Elm. also known as the Red Elm and
Moose^m can be distinguished from the other Elms of Pennsylvania ^^J^ b«r"U"
mucilaeinous inner bark and its dark chestnut-brown buds covered with dusty brown pubes-
cence It "s a sillier tree than either the American or the English Elm. The leaves are rough,
wwfe thise of t^ AmerLan Elm are slightly rough or smooth. The bark is -t so ro„gb nor
The buds so dark colored as those of the English Elm. Its lateral branches are rather straight
while those of the American Elm are drooping.

EANGE— Valley of the St. Lawrenc*', south to Florida, and west to North Dakota and Texas.

D18TEIBUTI0N IN PENNSYLVANIA— Scattered locally throughout the State. GeneraUy ab-
sent in the high mountainous region. Most common in the valleys. Does not form pure stands.

HABITAT— It is commonly found on low rich soil, along streams, and on hillsides. In the
southern part of Pennsylvania common on limestone outcrops.

IMPOETANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Slippery Elm dofe« not attain a large size nor grow in
habltate where other more valuable species will not grow, consequently It cannot be re«>m-
mendM for extensive planting for forestry purposes. It may be ^^^^^''^if^J^' ""'""'*
plant^g m wet places, especially on the borders of streams and on limestone outcrops.

/

k

it

1.

2.
3.
4.

7.

PLATE LXXL SLIPPERY ELM

A rt((Wciiiin liraiirli, x k.

A flower, cnlarm'd.

BrjiiK'li Willi imitun' Iravi-s, x J. , ,, , .

Bniuch with mature fruit and cxpaiKliiiK leaf-buds, x ,.

Winter twit: with {() tlDWcr hmls. and (I I l«iif-l'iid< \

Section of a winter twiu with a densely l^llH•^eenl hiid,

A leaf-sear with Imndle-seurs, eiilar^ied.

n!aij;ed.

156

ii

SLIPPERY ELM
Ulmus fulva, Michaux

FORM-A small to a medium Biased tree aimally attaining a height of 40-60 ft. with a
di^" of 1-2* ft., bat may reach a maximum height of 80 ft with a diameter of 2J feet.
Crown broad and flat-topped. Llmba stout and ascending.

BARK-Thlck. rongh. longitudinally fissured, dark brown, tinged with red within. Imier
bark fragrant, mucUaglnoua and slippery, whence its common name. Bee Jng. w.

TWIOS-ftather stout, difficult to break on account of flexible bark, at first hairy and greenish,
later smoother and grayish-brown, roughened by raised lentlcels and raised leaf-scars.

BUDS— Alternate- terminal bud absent; ovate, about i of an inch long, dark chestnut-brown.
cofe^^Uh Xit' iJ^^tapp?ng bud-scales coated with rusty brown hairs. Flowej-bud. stou^
^d^T^ alonrBide of twig while leaf-buds axe reUtively slender and located toward, end
of twig.

LEAVES-Altemate. simple. B-7 Inches long, oval to obovate, thick dark green, rough on
both sides, rounded and oblique at base, acute at apex, doubly toothed on margin.

LEAT-SOAKB-Altemate. oval, raised, lighter than twig, contain usually 3 rather small and
Inoonsplouous bundle-scars.

FLOWEES-Appear before the leaves from lateral propagative buds. The smaller ;^«Ka**«^
bu™iocated ne^ the end of the twigs open Uter. Flowers are perfect and clustered on short
stalks.

FRUIT-A short-stalked samara M of an inch broad, consisting of a «»' seed wrrounded
by a wing and maturing In spring a few weeks after the flowers have matured. The fruit is
hairy only over the seed.

WOOI>-Ring-porous; with rather Indistinct meduUary rays; pores of the ««";"«' ^o^^
arranged in tan^nUaUy concentric bands; pores of spring wood *orm a broad Mnd of 3 or
more ^ws. Wood I. heavy, hard, strong, dark brown to '«**' ««%"«-*«^^^' „^*'^JS 'jj ,1
very durable In contact with the soil. Weighs 46 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for posts, rail
way ties, slack cooperage, agricultural Implements.

DISTIN&UI8HING CHARACTERISTICS— The Slippery Elm, also known as the Red Elm and
mZ™™: can be distinguished from the other Elms of Pe^Wlvania by I^ ^^^^^^^
mucilaginous Inner bark and its dark chestnut-brown bqds covered with dusty brown pubes-
mucUaglnous ^^ ^^^^^ ^^ American or the English Elm. The leaves are rough

whi?; those^of ^ American Elm are slightly rough or smooth. The bark is not «« '<>ugh nor
The buds so dark colored as those of the English Elm. Its lateral branches are rather straight
while those of the American Elm are drooping,

BAHOE— Valley of the St. Lawrence, south to Florida, and west to North Dakota and Texas.

DZBTRIBnTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Scattered locally throughout the State. GeneraUy ab-
sent in the high mountainous region. Most common in the valleys. Does not form pure stands.

HABITAT— It is commonly found on low rich soil, along 8tr.>ams, and on hillsides. In the
southern part of Pennsylvania common <m limestone outcrops.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Slippery Elm does not attain a large size nor grow In
habitat, where other more valuable species will not grow, consequently It cannot be recom-
mended for extensive planting for forestry purposes, ft may be Jf«>™^^f ^J J«^ "™"*^
planting In wet places, especially on the borders of streams and on limestone outcrops.

/

k

i

4-

1.
2.
3.
4.

t;.

PLATE LXXL SLIPPERY ELM

A flowciiiifr braiicli, x J.

A Hower, onlai'ued.

Branch with mature Jeaves, x J. , -, , i

Branch with mature fruit and expaiidiiig loaf-buds, x i. ^

Winter twi>; witli (f) flower bii((s. aii<l (1) '«'«f-'"".'^-\ •■„,.,,.,,,.,,

Section of a winter twig with a densely inibescent hml, nil.iiM*!-

\ loaf-scar with hnndlo-scars. enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

II

'•I

157

r

PLATE LXXII. AMERICAN ELM

1, Floworiiig Jininch witli h'al Imils, x J.

I'. BiS wUh"uHUiio fniit, iininaturfi loavos and an cximiuling )md. x *.

4. BraiH'li with mature lpav»>8, x i. .,,.,*,, i

r. Winter twig with (fl Hower hurts, and (1) Ifaf-budK. x ».

fi V Ipaf-scar with liundle-srars, «'nlarged. , , , ,

?: SoSm of a winter twig, with a slightly pui.os<ent bud. onlargod.

AMERICAN ELM
. . Elmus amcricana, Linnaeus

FOEM— A large tree UBually atUlning a height of 80-100 ft. with a diameter of 2-4 ft.,
bnt may reach a height of 120 ft. with a diameter of 8-11 feet. A tree In Jefferson county.
Pennsylvania, reached a height of 140 ft. and had a crown spread of 76 feet. It cut almost
9 000 board feet of lumber. The form Is very valuable. The most common kinds which are
recognized are "Vase Form," "UmbreUa Form," "Oak Form," and "Feathered Form." Some
trunks are tall and straight terminated by a shallow but broad crown composed of very
gracefully drooping lateral branches. In open grown trees, the trunk often divides near
the ground. The form may resemble the spray of a fountain. See Fig. 66.

BARK— Rather thick, grayish, whence its name Gray Elm, roughened by long and Irregular
furrows separating rather broad, flat ridges which are usually firm but occasionally flaky or
corky. Cross-section of bark often shows alternating white and brown layers.

TWIGS— Slender, at first greenish and pubescent, later smooth and reddish-brown, roughened
by leaf-scars and pale, inconspicuous, scattered lentlcels. Base of twigs marked with persistent
ring-like bud-scale scars.

BTJDS-Altemate; terminal bud absent; ovate, sharp-pointed, slightly flattened '««»dl8»'-bro^.
usually smooth, rarely slightly hairy, covered with about 6-10 overlapping reddish-brown scales
^thdar^r margin Leaf-buds are smaller than the flower buds and located toward end of
twfg. I^owerTuds are larger and located along side of twig. Btads are usually located above
one end of leaf scar.

LEAVEB-Altemate, simple, ovate. 4-6 inches long, thick rough. 7^^J»»J '^"jf ' ""J*'
at^x, doubly-toothed on margin. Primary veins run straight ttom midrib to points of the

teeth.

LEAF-flCARS-Altemate. 2-ranked. elevated, semi- circular, with corky surface, marked with
three equidistant bundle-scars which may be compounded and are usually sunken.

FMWER8— ADoear before the leaves from lateral propagative buds. Flowers occur In 8-4
flo™rcm^e«'^n doping stalks about 1 inch long. They are perfect with greenish calyx,
reddish anthers, and light green styles.

FRTTIT-An oval samara, about J of an inch long, borne on a slender stalk; consists of a
flaT^!" s^^'Sld bT a wing which is terminally deeply notched and ciliated on margin.
Itetures early in spring shortly after flowers.

WOOD-^n^wh.t .imllar to Slippery Eln.. «««*/»«• ^'.""t^ ^\ Z^^'^Ut.

rjr S'«?^x.:^T^i Hj''S7»S3"i.r. r.jn.rro/"J'...L.

Slippery Elm.

o ,o„»o It Mtends from Nevrfonndland across Canada to
RAHOE-Few trees have so ^"/« »/f "f.^ "„!!* t^d w"tt to Fl<Sda and Texas, a distance
the Rocky Mounteins a distance of almost 3,000 miles ana soum w *i

of 1.200 miles.

W8TBIBUT10K DT PEiraSYLVAHIA-Found local., tbroo^t the 8t.t.. Mo.. «n»non 1.

thr^-wSered portion,. Le.. ftequont ta tho mountalnou. pKtti.

HABITAT-P«fer. rich moLt bottomUnd.. I. commonly fonnd >'»"f •""""• '»'^"'"«
u"^"r^."?'n 'loh aimvl.1 «.ll. V«..lly mtt«l with other b^dwood.,

account of lU ^de dletrlbutlon. '"»=. f'^'/i^^^i' "^^ ,'L." U hM not been planted
died It "the met mngnldcant ■'<^»''»^'\°' *° A^'T" "ally on rich wll which may be too

Imnehes.

157

/'

PLATE LXXII. AMERICAN ELM

rioworiiig biiiiich witli h-al limis, x h.

HnmX'^^viUi 'nuiniVo fruit, iniiiiiilur.' Iciiv.-s niKl nii cxpaiKliny l.ud, x i.

HiaiHli with inatun- Iriivcs, x J. ,,,,,,, , ,

Winter twiff with (ft tiDwer »»U(ls. ami (1) Icaf-liiius, x h.

A loaf scar with l.uiullc scais, »'iilart{«'<l. , . , , i

S<.<tl..M of a wiMt«T twin, with a slightly pub. s.«-Mt l.ii.l. onlarj,MMl.

AMERICAN ELM
. . Elmus americana, Linnaeus

FORM— A lar^ tree usually attaining a height of 80-100 ft. with a diameter of 2-4 ft.,
but may reach a height of 120 ft. with a diameter of 8-11 feet. A tree in Jefferson county,
Pennsylvania, reached a height of 140 ft. and had a crown spread of 76 feet. It cut almost
9 000 board feet of lumber. The form is very valuable. The most common kinds which are
recognized are "Vase Form," "Umbrella Form," "Oak Form." and "Feathered Form." Some
trunks are tall and straight terminated by a shallow but broad crown composed of very
gracefully drooping lateral branches. In open gro>vn trees, the trunk often divides near
the ground. The form may resemble the spray of a fountain. See Fig. 56.

BARK— Rather thick, grayish, whence its name Gray Elm, roughened by long and irregular
furrows separating rather broad, flat ridges which are usually firm but occasionally flaky or
corky. CJross-sectlon of bark often shows alternating white and brown layers.

TWIGS— Slender, at first greenish and pubescent, later smooth and reddish-brown, roughened
by leaf-scars and pale. Inconspicuous, scattered lenticels. Base of twigs marked with persistent
ring-like bud-scale scars.

BUDS-Altemate; terminal bud absent; ovate, sharp-pointed, slightly flattened, reddish-brown,
usually smooth rarely slightly hairy, covered with about 6-10 overlapping reddish-brown scales
wUhLrTermar^^. Leaf-buds are smaller than the flower buds and located toward end of
twig. I^owerTuds are larger and located along side of twig. Buds are usually located above
one end of leaf scar.

LEAVEfr-Altemate. simple, ovate. 4-6 Inches long. ^^^Ick rough, unequally based, ^a^^^^^
at apex, doubly-toothed on margin. Primary veins run straight from midrib to points of the
teeth.

LEAF-SCARS-Altemate. 2-ranked. elevated, semi-circular, with corky surface, marked with
three equidistant bundle-scars which may be compounded and are usually sunken.

FT^WERS— ADoear before the leaves from lateral propagatlve buds. Flowers occur In 3-4
flo^eT cuS;ts'^l d^opTngUalks about 1 Inch long. They are perfect with greenish calyx,
reddish anthers, and light green styles.

FRUIT-An oval samara, about J of an Inch long, borne on a slender -tjjj' J^'J^'^^ j' *
flat seed surrounded by a wing which Is terminally deeply notched and ciliated on margin.
Mhtures early In spring shortly after flowers.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS-The American ^^Jl^ ^i^:r.r:\r^^"on'''^^e
Gray Elm. and Water Elm. -" "^^^^ ^;..,:t:^^^^;' iXe" ^^r on slender drooping

upper surface, and by the oval fruit with <=»»**« ™^^f". ^^^^ chestnut-brown scales. The form

Slippery Elm.

„ -„„»o Tf ATtenda from Newfoundland across Canada to

t.fr^rour ar«reeT/:.irro«« irr --.«. .» „.,.-. an. t.,... . .....nee

of 1,200 miles.

MSTMBTJTIOH IK PEHNSYLVAHIA-Found locally throughout the SUte. Mo.t common In
the w™wT«d portloL I.™ frcueut in the mount.lnou. part..

HABITAT-Prefer. rich moist bottomland,. I. eommonly found alon, rtr«m,. bordering
uSt ."^7^ i«d in rich alluvial eoil. Usually mixed wlU. other hardwood..

account of It. wide dl.trlbutlon, '"S' .f'^', 7'^"' "S °one." It ha. not been planted
called It "the met magnlflcant "e«'»''\°' 1*1.^ ^" Tally on rich .oil which may be too
•Z\L\'^^^r'^r:.^^T;::^'^°^^'ojTX'Z'.L.. ... development Of lateral

branches.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

158

HACKBERRY

Celtis occidentalis, Linnaeus

GENUS DESCRIPTION— The genus Celtis comprises about 60 species, of which number
about 9 are native to North America and 1 to Pennsylvania, Representatives of this genus are
found In temperate and tropical regions of both the eastern and western hemispheres. Another
fcpecies known as Rough-leaved Hackberry (Celtis crassifoUa, Lamarck) is also reported from
8 counties in this State. The leaves of the latter are very rough and the fruit is subglobose.

FORM— Usually a small tree 20-35 ft. in height, but single specimens with a height of
80 ft. and a diameter of 30 inches have been reported from this State. In the South it be-
comes larger. Trunk usually short. Crown rather wide-spreading and round-topped. Witches'
brooms are frequently found upon it.

BARK— Grayish-brown, sometimes as smooth as Beech bark; others have very rough bark
due to harsh, warty projections. Younger branches are dark brown to reddish-brown in color.
See Fig. 123.

TWIGS— Slender, somewhat shiny, occasionally slightly downy, brownish, covered by scattered
raised and often longitudinally-elongated lentlcels; contain chambered white pith.

BUDS— Alternate, 2-ranked, small, often malformed and swollen, i of an inch long, ovate,
sharp-pointed, appressed, covered with 3-4 visible and closely overlapping bud-scales. Bud-
scales sometimes longitudinally-striated and dark margined. Swollen buds caused by insects.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, ovate, 2-4 Inches long, acute at apex, obliquely rounded at base,
serrate on margin, entire near base, rough on upper surface, with prominent primary veins.
Petioles slender, slightly hairy and grooved.

LEAP-SCARS— Alternate, 2-ranked, small, semi-oval, at or almost at right angles to twig
on projections of twig, with 1-3 bundle scars,

FLOWERS — Appear about May. Three kinds, stamlnate, pistillate, and perfect, may be found.
They are greenish and borne on slender drooping stalks.

FRUIT— A berry-like, dark purple, globular drupe about }-i of an inch in diameter, tipped with
persistent style and borne on a slender stalk. Matures about September and often persists into
winter.

WOOD — Ring-porous; rays very distinct; pores in summer wood arranged In tangentlally
wavy bands; heavy, not strong, coarse-grained, yellowish. Weighs 46 lbs. per cubic foot.
Used for fencing, crates, boxes, slack cooperage, hoe handles, agricultural Implements. Re-
sembles Ash. Most mills sell it as Ash.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Hackberry, also known as SUgarberry, Nettle-
tree, Hoop Ash, and Hack-tree, can be distinguished by its pith which is usually chambered,
its bfcTry-like fruit, warty or corky bark and disfigured twigs and buds. Abnormally swollen
twigs are due to stings of gall Insects. Witches' brooms are also common and very distinctive.
The leaves resemble those of the Elms only are sharper pointed.

RANGE— Its range covers about 2,000,000 square miles In the United States, extending over
the major part of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Occasional throughout the State. Abundant along the
Conococheague creek In the Cumberland Valley. Sometimes only a single tree is known in a
locality. Large specimens are found in Northampton and Montgomery counties.

HABITAT— Prefers rich moist soil, but also grows on gravelly uplands. Does not form
pure stands, but usually occurs solitary.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Hackberry Is of little commercial importance In this
State since It Is a rare tree and seldom reaches a large size. Only a few large trees have been
recorded in this State. It cannot be recommended as a timber tree, neither has It any specially
attractive ornamental qualities. Its continuity is Insured because the birds carry the seed far
and wide.

1.
4.

PLATE LXXIIL HACKBERRY

Uranch witli iiimiHtine leaves, slainiimtt' and pistilla).' How. is, x

A staminHle llo«or, enlarged.

A pistillate flower, eiilaiyed.

A branch with mature leaves and inattiie fruit, x i.

Section of a'"xviiiler Iwijr sliowinc ehanil.ered pitii, eiilHiKed.
A leaf-scar witli Imndle scars, eiiliirired.

158

'!!

HACKBERRY

Celtis occidentalism Linnaeus

GEKTJS DE80KIPTI0N— The genus C5€ltl8 compriges about 60 species, of which number
about 9 are native to North America and 1 to PennsylTanla. Representatives of this genus are
found in temperate and tropical regions of both the eastern and western hemispheres. Another
bpecles known as Rough-leaved Hackberry (Celtls crasslfoUa, Lamarck) Is also reported from
3 counties In this State. The leaves of the latter are very rough and the fruit Is subglobose.

FOEM— Usually a small tree 20-36 ft. In height, but single specimens with a height of
80 ft. and a diameter of 80 Inches have been reported from this State. In the South It be-
comes larger. Trunk usually short. C5rown rather wide-spreading and round-topped. Witches'
brooms are frequently found upon it.

BABK— Grayish-brown, sometimes as smooth as Beech bark; others have very rough bark
due to harsh, warty projections. Younger branches are dark brown to reddish-brown in color.
See Fig. 128.

TWIGS— -Slender, somewhat shiny, occasionally slightly downy, brownish, covered by scattered
raised and often longitudinally-elongated lenticels; contain chambered white pith.

BXTDS—Altemate, 2-ranked, small, often malformed and swollen, J of an inch long, ovate,
sharp-pointed, appressed, covered with 3-4 visible and closely overlapping bud-scales. Bud-
scales sometimes longitudinally-striated and dark margined. Swollen buds caused by Insects.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, ovate, 2-4 Inches long, acute at apex, obliquely rounded at base,
serrate on margin, entire near base, rough on upper surface, with prominent primary veins.
Petioles slender, slightly hairy and grooved.

LEAP-SCAB-S— Alternate, 2-ranked. small, semi-oval, at or almost at right angles to twig
on projections of twig, with 1-3 bundle scars.

FLOWERS— Appear about May. Three kinds, stamlnate, pistillate, and perfect, may be found,
lliey are greenish and borne on slender drooping stalks.

FRUIT— A berry-like, dark purple, globular drupe about J-} of an Inch In diameter, tipped with
persistent style and borne on a slender stalk. Matures about September and often persists into
winter.

WOOD Ring-porous; rays very distinct; pores in sunomer wood arranged In tangentially

wavy bands; heavy, not strong, coarse-grained, yellowish. Weighs 46 lbs. per cubic foot.
Used for fencing, crates, boxes, slack cooperage, hoe handles, agricultural implements. Re-
sembles Ash. Most mills sell it as Ash.

DISTINGUISHINa CHARACTERISTICS— The Hackberry, also known as SUgarberry, Nettle-
tree, Hoop Ash, and Hack-tree, can be distinguished by its pith which is usuaUy chambered.
Its berry-like fruit, warty or corky bark and disfigured twigs and buds. Abnormally swollen
twigs are due to stings of gall insects. Witches' brooms are also common and very distinctive.
The leaves resemble those of the Elms only are sharper pointed.

RANGE— Its range covers about 2,000,000 square nailes In the United Estates, extending over
the major part of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains.

DISTRIBTTTION IK PENNSTTLVANIA— Occasional throughout the State. Abundant along the
Conococheague creek in the Cumberland Valley. Sometimes only a single tree is known in a
locality. Large specimens are found in Northampton and Montgomery counties.

HABITAT— Prefers rich moist soil, but also grows on gravelly uplands. Does not form
pure stands, but usually occurs solitary.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Hackberry Is of little conmiercial innwrtance in this
State since it is a rare tree and seldom reaches a large size. Only a few large trees have been
recorded in this State. It cannot be recommended as a timber tree, neither has It any specially
attractive ornamental qualities. Its continuity is Insured because the birds carry the seed far
and wide.

M

PLATE LXXIII. HACKBERRY

1.
2.
3.
4.

i).
6.
7.

Branch with immature leaves, stamiiiate and pIstillHte flowers, x

A stamlnate flower, enlarged.

A pistillate flower, enlarged.

A branch with mature

A w i 1 1 1 p I* t w i £ X •'i

Section of a winter twig shnwiuif «-liaiiil.ere<l pith, enlarRed.

A leaf-scar with luindle scars, eiilarifed.

leavt's and matiiic fruit, x }.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

159

PLATE LXXIV. OSAGE ORANGE

1 Branrh with iiiimatiin' Icavi'S and heads i.f staiiiiiiate Huw.ts, x ?..

2! A stamiiiate Hower, enlarged.

3 Kianch with a liead of pistillate flowers, x J.

4. A pistillate flower, enlarged. ,

r. Branch witli mature leaves, and a single mature fiult, x ..

¥: Lc^n'^ot 7'^i.:ior"t«'rs.i-i;^'i''on1i?els. huds. and leafsoars with hund.e-scars. enlarged.

OSAGE ORANGE

Madura pomifera, (Raf.) Schneider

aENXrS DESCEIFnOH— The apecies described on thla page Is the sole represfcntatlve of the
Genus Mftclura.

FORM—A small or medium-sized tree usually attaining a height of 20-40 ft. with a diameter
of 12 inches but reaches a height of 60-60 ft. with a diameter of 2-3 feet. Trunk usually
short stout often covered with dense growth of sprouts. Crown round-topped, rather open,
often irregular. Branches in interior of crown often covered with stiff, spiny, and interlacing
branchlets.

BAEK— On older trunks, rough, dark gray, about M Inch thick, longitudinally and sometimes
diagonally furrowed, with prominent ridges which scale off into thin close-fitting scales. On
branches it is thinner, pale brown tinged with yellow. Branches are often armed with straight
axillary spines and contain yellow pith.

TWIGS-Altemate. rather stout, at first greenish and slightly pubescent, ^^ter yellowish,
brown, contain yellow pith, marked by pale yellow lenticels. Younger branches are often armed
with stout, straight, axillary spines and stout, spur-like, lateral branchlets.

BXTDS-Altemate; terminal but absent; eqyal-sized. broad, circular, with 8-7 small chestnut-
brown scales.

LEAVES-Alteraate, simple, about 4 inches long and 2J Inches wide, ovate in outline, wedge-
shaped at base, acute at apex, entire on margin, dark green above, pale green below.

LEAF-SOAEB-Altemate; located on twig enlargement at nodes; small to medium-sized,
broamy triangular to elliptical, contain usually 1 or S bundle-scars, sometimes more.

FLOWERS-Appear about June when leaves are almost fully developed »taminate flowers
arranged in racemes on long slender drooping stalks; pistillate in dense beads with short stalks.
Ovary Is terminated by a long, slender, hairy style.

rEUIT-Pale green, orange-like in appearance. 4-5 l°«b«» ^^^Z^";!*;;' ^X'lui^' Xlch
small drupes which are closely grown together. When punctured exudes a milky Juice which

turns black upon exposure.

WOOD-Rlng-porous: rays rather inconspicuous; golden-yellow In Ojlor rtrea^ed vertically

with red stripes; heavy, very hard and strong, veiy durable. ^«^*^^* ^j^ %^ dub.!

foot. Used for fence posts, wagon felloes and rings, bridge piling, Insulator pins, ponce cm
rustic chairs, and tobacco pipes.

DISTIKOinSHING CHARACTERISTICft-The Osage Orange atao l^o^j^ as Bowood 0^g«

Apple-tree. Yellow-wood, and Hedge-tree, can be ^ist nguished by "» ^^^^/^'ij^ j„iee an^

fruit The twigs are armed with stout straight axillary spines, contain * ^"^ J"

RAK(lE-OM.hom. «,uth to DUl... Te«.. Al»o r.r.rt.4 fr<»a At1^«^ . To tot. It M.
been planted In po»lbly evciy St«te In the Union.

DISTRIBUTION IK PENNSYLVANIA-Introduced ^ J^cUca^ly ^-^jf^,^,"^:,"^'' " "
hedge or ornamental tree. In many localities in the State it has escaped cuitivai

HABITAT-It is less exacting in soil t'^-^-^* ^^ToH; blr'f?rti\e ^
it Chooses the best. In its natural range it ^'^'^^^^^ ^^* ?." 'J^Jj j? ^ s ands.

occiir. on sandy soil. Occasionally found in swamps. Originally found in smau p

IMFOETANCE OF THE SPECIES-The Osage Orange is not native t. PenW^a°\a^^^^^^^ ^^
been planted extensively for hedge and "'^^'"^"tal puiposes. No wood ^s m ^^^^^ ^^^^^^
fence posts. We have other trees which are .^"J";;^;^'^. it is difficult to eliminate It
the tree bears are also objectionable when it is used as a neage.
from an area where It has established itself.

i i

PLATE LXXIV. OSAGE ORANGE

1. Braii<-h with in.inalun' haves iiiid lu-iuls ..f stHininalr lluw.-is, x h.

2. A staininatn tlowiT, I'lilai^t'tl.

;{. Itniiu-h with a lit'a<l of pistillate iLiwers, x h.

4 V ulstlllatf llowtT. «'iilarK<'(l.

-.' IJi-am-h with inatun- h'uv.-s, ami a siiigh' uiatur." fruit, x ,.

i?;C^...;r^:f7'^i.:?^:''tw'rs.:winr-|o;;ti^o,K. ...K a.,., h.ars..a,s with hnn.n..s..a.-s. ..,.,„.«..

159

OSAGE ORANGE

Madura pomifera, (Raf.) Schneider

GEKVS DE8CKIPTI0N— The species described on this page is tlie sole represtntative of the
Genus Mfetclura.

FOEM— A small or medium-sized tree usually attaining a height of 20-40 ft. with a diameter
of 12 inches but reaches a height of 50-60 ft. with a diameter of 2-3 feet. Trunk usually
short stout, often covered with dense growth of sprouts. Crown round-topped, rather open,
often irregular. Branches in interior of croAvn often covered with stiff, spiny, and Interlacing
branchlets.

BARK-On older trunks, rough, dark gray, about J-l inch thick, longitudinally and sometimes
diagonally furrowed, with pronilnent ridges which scale off into thin close-fitting scales On
branches it is thinner, pale brown tinged with yellow. Branches are often armed with straight
axillary spines and contain yellow pith.

TWIGS-Alternate. rather stout, at first greenish and slightly pubescent. I'^t^'' ye"«J*«*;:
brown, contain yellow pith, marked by pale yellow lenticels. Younger branches are often armed
with stout, straight, axillary spines and stout, spur-like, lateral branchlets.

BUDS-Altemate; terminal but absent; eqqal-sized. broad, circular, with 5-7 small chestnut-
brown scales.

LEAVES-Altemate. simple, about 4 inches long and 2J inches wide, ovate in outline, wedge-
shaped at base, acute at apex, entire on margin, dark green above, pale green below.

LEAF-SOAES-Altemate; located on twig enlargement at nodes; 8™all to me«ilum-sized,
broadly triangular to elliptical, contain usually 1 or S bundle-scars, sometimes more.

FLOWEES-Appear about June when leaves are almost fully developed Stami"ate flowers
arranged in racemes on long slender drooping stalks; pistillate in dense heads with short stalks.
Ovary is terminated by a long, slender, hairy style.

rEUIT-Pale green, orange-like in appearance. 4-5 Inches in diameter, composed °f man,
mnall drupes which are closely grown together. When punctured exudes a milky juice which
turns black upon exposure.

WOOD-Rlng-porous; rays rather inconspicuous; golden-yellow in color freaked ^ertically
With red stripes; heavy, very hard and strong, -ery "e- ^e^f^^*^ 48 bs. per
foot. Used for fence posts, wagon felloes and rings, bridge piling, Insulator pms, pw
rustic chairs, and tobacco pipes.

DISTINGUISHING CHAEACTEEISTIC^The Osage Orange a kno.vn as Bov^ood. O^age
Apple-tree, Yellow-wood, and Hedge-tree, can be dist nguished by "^ 'arge o b
fruit The twigs are armed with stout straight axillary spines, contain ^ "7^ JJ*^^^*
Sck orlSge-colored pith and are covered with a light brown bar^ ^^^^^^ge ^ '-^^" ^^^^
The leaves are alternate, simple, and entire. Wood is ^^'J^J^'*^ .%^r-,eacWng
with light yellow sapwood. The roots are deep yellow in color, and far reaching.

EANGE-Oklahoma south to Dallas, Texas. Also reported from Arkansas . To date it has
been planted in possibly every State in the Union.

nSTEIBOTIOK IK "^'^S^^^^'I^-^'T^'^XXTT^ rJZJ'li^^l^"' " '
hedge or ornamental tree. In many localities in the State u nas e»c«y

HABITAT-It is less exacting in soil than most «' -^ f -; ^.^jL^TrtUe TaV V^^^^^
it Chooses the best. In its natural range it th'-'j^^ ^«^* ^J/^^^^^^^d 1 ,m^^^^^ stands.

occi;rg on sandy soil. Occasionally found in swamps. Originally found m sraau p

IHPOETANCE OF THE SPECIES-The Osage Orange is not native to Penw^janla^^^^^^ has

been planted extensively for hedge and <>">*"^«;^^^„ P"^.^ ''as a hldge and the thorns which
fence posts. We have other trees which are ,7" j";^"*^,'^;^^:. It Is difficult to eliminate It
the tree bears are also objectionable when it is used as a neage.
from an area where it has established itself.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

160

RED MULBERRY

Morus rubra, Linnaeus •

OENXrS DESOEIPTION"— The genus MoruB comprises about 10 speclea of which number 3
are native to North America and 1 to Pennsylvania. Its representativeB occur as trees or
shrubs in eastern North America, Central America. South America and Europe but are most
abundant in Asia. The White Mulberry (Moms alba L.) a native of Asia, has been planted
extensively in this State, and In some localities has escaptd cultivation.

FOEM— Usually attains a height of 35-50 ft. with a diameter of 12-18 inches but may reach
a height of 70 ft. with a diameter of 3 feet. Largest in Ohio and Mississippi valleys. Trunk
usually short, subdividing near the ground. Crown usually broad, round-topped, and dense.

BARK— Begins to roughen about third year by splitting longitudinally or diagonally. On
older trunks rather thin, dark grayish-brown, peels off in long narrow flakes which somewhat
resemble the flakes of CaUlpa bark. See Fig. 76.

TWI&S— Stout, smooth, glossy or occasionally dull, slightly jsigzag, greenish-brown tinged
with red, enlarged at nodes to bear buds and leaves, covered with few scattered inconspicuous
lenticels, roughened at base of season's growth by ring-like bud-scales scars. A milky juice Is
excreted from twigs if they are cut or punctured.

BUDS— Alternate; terminal bud absent; ovate, round in cross- sect ion, sharp-pointed, about
2/5 of an inch long, sllghUy divergent and laterally inclined, covered by 8-9 exposed bud-scales
which are 2-ranked, greenish-brown to greenish-red with darked margin. Buds are located on
twig enlargements. A bud is often found at end of twig; it is not a terminal bud but an
axillary one sometimes called a pseudo-terminal bud, which means false terminal bud.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, ovate, 3-5 inches long, often cordate at base, serrate on margin,
acute at apex, usually with 8 primary veins, except in lobed forme where more may be
present. Usually not lobed but occasionally glove-form, 8-lobed or 5-lobed. Leaves are slightly
rough on upper siu-face.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, 2-ranked, raised on twig enlargementB, hollow or concave, almost
circular, with raised bundle-scars arranged In an ellipse or distributed irregularly over leaf-scar.

FLOWERS— Appear May or June. Staminate flowers occur In narrow spikes about 2 Inches
long originating In axils of profepectlve or developing leaves or short hairy green stalks. Pis-
tillate flowers occur in dense spikes about 1 Inch long. Occasionally the staminate and pistillate
are slightly mixed on a spike.

FRUIT— Appears about July. Compound or aggregate, about 1 Inch long, composed of many
small drupes, at first green, later red, finally dark purple, juicy, sweet and edible.

WOOD— Ring-porous; pores in sumnier wood small, In groups of 3-6 rays usually quite distinct;
orange yellow to yellowish-brown, with thin nearly white sapwood; soft, not strong, durable
in contact with soil. Weighs 87 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fence posts, scythe snaths,
cooperage, boat building.

DISTINGUISHIKG CHARACTERISTICS— The Red Mulberry, also known simply as Mulberry
and sometimes Black Mulberry, can be distinguished by its large alternate 2-ranked greenish-
brown buds with darked colored bud-scale margins, by its 3-veined leaves which hafe their
veins sunken and are usually rough on the upper surface. The milky Juice of the twigs and
its peculiar flowers and fruit are distinctive. The leaves are occasionally lobed. In winter the
elevated and hollowed leaf-scars with bundle-scars arranged In an ellipse are characteristic.
Its roots are bright yellow with a fibrous tendency.

RANGE — Massachusetts to Florida, west to Kansas and Nebraska.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Local and sparse In the eastern, southern, and south-
weatern parts, occasional in the central part, and rare In the mountainous parts.

HABITAT— Prefers rich moist soil. Most common In valleys and on foothills. Usually mixed
with other hardwoods,

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Red Mulberry does not produce wood of any special
commercial importance because It Is nowhere abimdant and does not reach a large size. It
is used for fence posts because it Is durable in contact with the soil. The wood resembles Black
Walnut when polished, only is somewhat lighter. It produces a pleasing effect when made up
into furniture. It cannot be strongly recommended for forestry purposes but it is an excellent
ornamental tree and also furnishes food for birds.

0 t » »00g

0 4 00 ft I

1.

*>

*t .

4,

"».
G.

PLATE LXXV. RED MULBERRY

Branch witli inimaturo leaves and f.-ur staiuiiiHio ilowi-r «P'|^;'^. ^ ^■•

Branch with innnaturc leaven and thiw pistillate no>N.i splk* s, x j.

Branch with mature leaves and matme Iniit, x ,.

A winter twip, x *.

Section of a winter twic, eidarued.

A loaf -scar witli Imndle-scars. enlai«ed.

160

RED MULBERRY
Moms rubra, Linnaeus •

OENTJS DESOEIPTIOir— The genus Moras comprises about 10 species of which number 3
are native to North America and 1 to Pennsylvania. Its representaUves occur as trees or
shrubs in eastern North America, Central America, South America and Bqrope but are most
abundant In Asia. The White Mulberry (Moms alba L.) a native of Asia, has been planted
extensively In this State, and In some localities has escaped cultivation.

FOEM— Usually attains a height of 36-50 ft. with a diameter of 12-18 inches but may reach
a height of 70 ft. with a diameter of 8 feet. Largest in Ohio and Mississippi valleys. Trunk
usually short, subdividing near the ground. Crown usually broad, round-topped, and dense.

BAEK— Begins to roughen about third year by splitting longitudinally or diagonally. On
older trunks rather thin, dark graylsh-brown, peels off in long narrow flakes which somewhat
resemble the flakes of Catalpa bark. See Pig. 76.

TWIGS— Stout, smooth, glossy or occaslonaUy dull, slightly eigsag, greenish-brown tinged
with red, enlarged at nodes to bear buds and leaves, covered with few scattered inconspicuous
lentlcels, roughened at base of season's growth by ring-like bud-scales scars. A milky juice is
excreted from twigs If they are cut or punctured.

BUDS— Alternate; terminal bud absent; ovate, round In cross-section, sharp-pointed, about
2/6 of an inch long, sllghUy divergent and laterally Inclined, covered by 8-0 exposed bud-scales
which are 2-ranked, greenish-brown to greenish-red with darked margin. Buds are located on
twig enlargements. A bud is often found at end of twig; It is not a terminal bud but an
axUlary one sometimes called a pseudo-terminal bud, which means false terminal bud.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, ovate, 8-6 Inches long, often cordate at base, serrate on marghi,
acute at apex, usuaUy with 8 primary veins, except in iobed forms where more may be
present. UsuaUy not Iobed but occasionally glove-form, 8-lobed or 6-lobed. Leaves are slightly
rough on upper surface.

LEAF-SCABS— Alternate, 2-ranked, raised on twig enlargements, hollow or concave, almost
circular, with raised bundle-scars arranged In an ellipse or distributed Irregulariy over leaf-scar.

FL0WEK8— Appear May or June. Staminate flowers occur in narrow spikes about 2 inches
long originating in axils of prospective or developing leaves or short hairy green stalks. Pis-
tillate flowers occur In dense spikes about 1 inch long. Occasionally the staminate and pistillate
are slightly mixed on a spike.

FEUIT— Appears about July. Compound or aggregate, about 1 inch long, composed of many
small drupes, at first green, later red, finally dark purple, juicy, sweet and edible.

WOOD— Ring-porous; pores In summer wood small, in groups of 8-6 rays usually quite distinct;
orange yellow to yellovdsh-brown, with thin nearly white sapwood; soft, not strong, durable
in contact with soil. Weighs 87 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fence posts, scythe snaths,
cooperage, boat building.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Red Mulberry, also known simply as Mulberry
and sometimes Black Mulberry, can be distinguished by its large alternate 2-ranked greenish-
brown buds with darked colored bud-scale margins, by Its 3-velned leaves which hafe their
veins sunken and are usually rough on the upper surface. The milky juice of the twigs and
its peculiar flowers and fruit are distinctive. The leaves are occasionally Iobed. In winter the
elevated and hollowed leaf-scars with bundle-scars arranged In an ellipse are characteristic.
Its roots are bright yellow with a fibrous tendency.

RANGE— Massachusetts to Florida, west to Kansas and Nebraska.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Local and sparse in the eastern, southern, and south-
western parts, occasional in the central part, and rare In the mountainous parts.

HABITAT— Prefers rich moist soil. Most comnwn In valleys and on foothills. UsuaUy mixed
with other hardwoods.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Red Mulberry does not produce wood of any special
commercial Importance because it Is nowhere abundant and does not reach a large size. It
Is used for fence posts because it Is durable In contact with the soil. The wood resembles Black
Walnut when polished, only Is somewhat lighter. It produces a pleasing effect when made up
Into furniture. It cannot be strongly recommended for forestry purposes but it is an excellent
ornamental tree and also furnishes food for birds.

PLATE LXXV. RED MULBERRY

1. Brauch witti immature leaves and four stainiiiatc flower spikes, x h

2. Branch with immature leaves and three pistillate flowei spJkos, x 4.
.3. Branch with mature leaves and mature fnilt, x :...

4. A winter twig, x J.

.5. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

6. A leaf-soar with bundle-scars, enlnr>;ed.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

161

THE MAGNOLIA FAMILY— MAGNOLIACEAE

The Magnolia family comprises about 10 genera with about 8r»
species of trees and shrubs, which are widely distributed in teini>er
ate and tropical regions. The flora of North America embraces 4
genera, 2 of which comprise only shrubs while the other 2 contain
some of our well-known and important timber trees. Tlie 2 arbor
escent genera, Magnolia and Liriodendron, include about 0 species in
North America. Both genera are represented in the flora of Penn-
sylvania, the former with '> and the latter with 1 species.

KEY TO THE GENERA

1. Leaves not lubed; fruit a cone of fleshy coherent follicles; buds ovate to conical,
sharp-pointed, hairy at least within; leaf-scars lunate to oval usually with 3,
sometimes many bundle-scars Magnolia

1. Leaves 4-lobed or 6-lobed; fruit a spindle-shaped cone of dry carpels; buds tlattened,
oblong, blunt-pointed, smooth on both outside and inside; leaf-scars cinular or
son^etimes slightly flattened at top, with many scattered bundle-scars. ..Liriodendron

Page

161

165

THE MAGNOLIAS— MAGNOLIA, Liunaous

The Magnolias are among the most beautiful trees native to the
State of Pennsylvania. All the Magnolias have the appearance of
tropical trees and in fact most of them do not venture far beyond
warm latitudes. Their large, entire-margined, pinnately veined
leaves and their large, solitary and conspicuous flowers are largely
responsible for their tropical appearance. This genus derived its
name from Pierre Magnol, a French botanist, who was sometime
Professor of Botany in Montpellier and died in 1715. It embraces
about 25 species of trees and shrubs, 3 of which are native to Penn-
sylvania. The members of this genus are natives of eastern North
America, southern Mexico, the West Indies, and eastern and central
Asia.

SUMMER KEY TO THE MAGNOLLVS ^.^^^^

1. Leaves crowded at the end of the flowering branches in an "•"^'•'^"^-"'^y'^^fp.jy;^ ^^

12-24 inches long, ;","",* 2

1. Leaves scattered along the branches, and 3-12 inches long

2. Large tree; leave. 4-12 inches long and deciduous; flowers green to y-^^-^'^J^^^^ ,,,,

8. Sman '^f o; '^;^; 'iVaVes 3-6 inc^ '^^^^.^^Z?:, ""^^^ ''''' ^"S. ^^a 1C2
flowers white; follicles tapering or tipped with stjlos «■ virgin

r

WINTER KEY TO THE MAGNOLLVS

twigs slender,

2. Large tree; leaves deciduous; twigs bro.x; bark ^^'^--';^^ ^^^^ "^^['l^^l^^^ ic3

pointed, densely downy 'J'J"l"x'L"^^^^' hnrk smooth; buds ^Tcon,

2. Sman tree or shrub; leaves may pcr^st; twigs green, t»«rl^ smooth .^ virginiana 162
pointed, hairy to smooth

G— 1^

162

LAUREL MAGNOLIA

Magnolia virginiana, Linnaeus

FORM— Usually n small tree or shrub seldom exceeding a height of 25 ft. but in the south,
particularly In Florida, may attain a height of 75 ft. with a diameter of 3 feet. In Pennsyl-
vania rather small. Trunk usually short, often much swollen at the base.

BARK— On old trunks thin, gray, smooth to scaly; on young stems light gray to white,
and smooth.

TWIGS— Green, round, bitter, relatively slender, downy, later reddish-brown, roughened by
broadly cresent-shaped leaf-scars. Pith has a tendency to become chambered.

BUD&-Altemate. bright green. 2/5-3/6 of an Inch long, circular in cross section, pointed,
decidedly hairy, covered by successive pairs of stipules. Each pair of stipular scales envelops
the leaf Just above it.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, oval to broadly lanceolate, 3 6 inches long, obtuse at apex,
tapering at base, entire on margin, glaucous beneath. Fall off In autumn in the North but
persist in the South. Persist until spring In Franklin county, Pennsylvania.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, scattered along twig, narrow, oval to crestnt-shaped, with bundle-
scars arranged in a broad U-shaped line.

FLOWERS— Appear latter part of June and In July in this State. Complete, solitary,
globular, white, calyx and corolla of same color, about 2 inches long, and very fragrant.

FRUIT— Matures about October. Cone-like, fleshy to dry, scarlet, oval, about 2 Inches long,
composed of coherent follicles. Seeds are red, shiny, drupe-like and suspended at maturity
by a thin long cord.

WOOD— Similar to that of the Cucumber Tree, page 163, except that its rays are higher
and more crowded on the cross-section than those of the Cucumi)er Tree. Produces wood of com-
mercial size only in the South. Weighs 31 lbs. per cubic foot.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Laurel Magnolia, also known as Small Mag-
nolia or Sweet Bay, can be distinguished by Its leaves which are 3-6 Inches long, oval, obtuse,
glaucous beneath, scattered along the branches, and often persist until spring. The leaves of
both the other native species are larger. The flowers are globular and white while those of the
Cucumber Tree are slender-bell-shaped and greenish tinged with yellow, and those of the Umbrella
Tree are only slightlv scented. The leaf-buds are ttilky while those of the Umbrella Tree are
smooth or sllphtly hairy. Its small size will also aid in distinguishing it. The "Distribution in
Pennsylvania" of the three native species will also aid in Identifying them.

RANGE— Eastern Massachusetts, south to Florida, extending west to Caledonia near Chambers,
burg, Pennsylvania, central Norih Carolina and through the Gulf States to Texas and southern
Arkansas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found only in the southeastern part of the State.
Recorded from every county southeast of a line drawn through Northampton. I^ehigh, Lebanon.
Cumberland, and Franklin counties. Its western limit is at Caledonia near Chambersburg In
IiYanklin county.

HABITAT— Prefers swamps and wet places. Found along creeks or In bottomlands, adjoining
creeks lakes or ponds. Often a low shrub under moisture-seeking trees like Red Maple. Yellow
Birch,' Black' Gum. White Oak, Hemlock, White Pine, and Tulip Tree. Its associates often are
Rhododendron and Mountain Laurel.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Laurel Magnolia Is of no comnwrclal Importance In
Pennsylvania because of Its small size, limited distribution, slow growth, and Inferior wood. It
Is extremely attractive and may be classified among our most beautiful native shrubs. It Is
well adapted for omamental planting, only It grows rather slowly.

PLATE LXXVL LAUREL MAGNOLIA

A flowering branch with mature and developing leaves, x k.
A fruiting branch with portion of the leaves removed, x i.

2. A fruiting branch with portion

;{. A seed, natural size.

4. A winter twig, x A. i.,„„ii.. s.-i

.-.. Section oC a winter tui^' sli..wnifr a lent s.mi- with l.uii.ll. s. .i

Uiiluriil size.

162

LAUREL MAGNOLIA

Magnolia virginiana, Linnaeus

FORM— Usually a Bmall tree or uhrub seldom exceeding a height of 25 ft. but in the wnth.
particularly in Florida, may attain a height of 76 ft. with a diameter of 3 feet. In Pennsyl-
vania rather araall. Trunk usually short, often much swollen at the base.

BARK— On old trunks thin, grny, smooth to acaly; on young stems light gray to white,
and smooth.

TWIGfr-Green. round, bitter, relatively slender, downy, later reddish-brown, roughened by
broadly cresent-shaped leaf-scars. Pith has a tendency to become chambered.

BTOS-AItemate. bright green, 2/5-8/5 of an inch long, circular in cross section, Pointed^
d««id«u7 hairy, covered by successive pairs of stipules. Each pair of stipular scales envelops
the leaf Just above it.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, oval to broadly lanceolate, 8-6 inches long, o^*"*« ■* J*!^^'
tapering at base, entire on margin, glaucous beneath. Fall off in autumn in the North but
persist in the South. Persist until spring in Franklin county, Pennsylvania.

LEAF-BCARS— Alternate, scattered along twig, narrow, oval to crestnt-shaped, with bundle-
scars arranged in a broad U-shaped line.

FLOWERS-^ppear latter part of June and in July in this State. Complete, solitary,
globular, white, calyx and corolla of same color, about 2 Ihches long, and very fragrant.

FRUIT— Matures about October. Cone-like, fleshy to dry. scarlet, oval, about 2 inches long,
composed of coherent follicles. Seeds are red, shiny, drupe-like and suspended at maturity
by a thin long cord.

WOOD— Similar to that of the Cucumber Tree, page 168, except that Its rays are higher
and more crowded on the cross-section than those of the Cucumber Tree. Produces wood of com-
mercial size only in the South. Weighs 81 lbs. per cubic foot.

DISTINGinSHIirG CHARACTERISTICS— The Laurel Magnolia, also known as SmaU Mag-
nolia, or Sweet Bay, can be distinguished by its leaves which are 3-6 inches long, oval, obtuse,
glaucous beneath, scattered along the branches, and often persist until spring. The leaves of
both the other native species are larger. The flowers are globular and white while those of the
Cucumber Tree are slendtr-bell-shaped and greenish tinged with yellow, and those of the Umbrella
Tree are only slightlv scented. The leaf-buds are silky while those of the Umbrella Tree are
smooth or slightly hairy. Its small sirei will also aid in dlBtlnguishing it. The "Distribution in
Pennsylvania" of the three native species will also aid in identifying them.

RAHGE— Eastem Massachusetts, south to Florida, extending west to Caledonia near Chambers-
burg, Pennsylvania, central North Carolina and through the Gulf States to Texas and southern
Arkansas.

BISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYI.VANIA— Found only in the southeastern part of the State.
Recorded from every county southeast of a line drawn through Northampton, I^high, Lebanon,
Cumberland, and JVanklin counUes. Its western limit is at Caledonia near Chambersburg in
Franklin county.

HABITAT— Prefers swamps and wet places. Pound along creeks or in bottomlands, adjoining
creeks lakes or ponds. Often a low shrub under moisture-seeking trees like Red Maple, Yellow
Birch.' Black' Gum. White Oak, Hemlock, White Pine, and Tulip Tree. Its associates often are
Rhododendron and Mountain Laurel.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Laurel Magnolia is of no comm.ercial Importance in

Pennsylvania because of its small size, limited distribution, slow growth, and inferior wood. It

is extremely attractive and may be classifled among our most beautiful native shrubs. It is
well adapted for ornamental planting, only It grows rather slowly.

i

PLATE LXXVL LAUREL MAGNOLIA

1. A flowering branch with mature and developing leaves, x J.

2. A fruiting branch with portion of the leaves removed, x 4.

3. A seed, natural size.

t: SecTio"n'oi*rf;in"er*-twi« showing a loafs,.:..- with ..u,..lIo-sc«rs, natural size.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

f

PLATE LXXVII. CUCUMBER TREE

J

A lli»\v«'rliiK Inaiirli with niatmi' and develop-
ing iPHA-es, X i. , , ,

2. Branch with a cono-like fruit, seed liangliig
by threads, and a mature leaf, x I.

y A carpel just starting t«» open, showing two
seeds' on the inside, natural size.

4, A seed, enlarged.

n. A winter twig, X }. . , i

0 Section of a winter twig showing n hud nnd
a leaf scar witli inindle scars, enlarged.

163

CUCUMBER TREE

Magnolia acuminata, Linnaeus

FORM— A large tree, which may attain a height of 90 ft. with a diameter of 8-4 feet. The
form of the forest-grown tree is distinct from the open-grown. Open-grown specimens have
a pyramidal crown with llmba originating all along the trunk from near the base to the narrow
top. lateral branches are wide-spreading and rather horizontal near the base, ascending and
Mhort at the top. Forest-grown specimens have straight, slightly tapering, rather smooth
trunks which are freer from branches often for 80 ft. from the ground. The largest log hauled
out of the Hammersley Run of Potter county was a Cucumber. R was over 6J feet in diameter
at the small end.

BASK— Oraylsh-brown to brown, with long furrows separating long, rather loose, scaly ridges.
See Fig. 106.

TWIGS— Usually slender, round, usually smooth but sometimes slightly hairy, shiny, bitter,
covered with a few orange-colored inconspicuous lenticels, and contain white pith which may
show a tendency to become chambered.

BUDS— Alternate, circular in cross-section, densely covered with thick, pale, silky hairs,
terminal buds about 2/6-4/8 of an inch long and oblong; lateral buds J-J of an inch long, blunt-
pointed, nearly surrounded by leaf-scars. Buds are covered with valvate scales, the outer
ones falling in spring, the inner ones developing into stipules.

LEAVES — ^Alternate, simple, ovate to oblong, thin, 4-12 inches long, pointed at apex, tapering
or rounded at base, entire on margin, green and slighUy downy beneath, with prominent midrib
and primary veins on lower surface. Fall in response to Arst heavy frost In autumn.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, scattered along the twigs, narrow, cresent to broadly U-shaped
w^ith its bundle-scars arranged in a U-shaped line. Bundle-scars numiber about 6-8.

FLOWERS — Appear from April to June. They are upright, solitary, complete, slcmder-bell-
shaped, greenish tinged with yellow, about 8 Inches long.

FRUIT — statures about October. A red, cone-like or cucumber-like, cylindrical mass about
2-2i inches long, composed of numerous coherent follicles. Seeds scarlet, drupe-like, and sus-
pended at maturity by long, slender white threads.

WOOD — ^Diffuse-porons ; rays distinct and rather uniform In width; light, soft, brittle, straight-
grained, durable, does not warp when seasoning, light yellowish-brown to reddish-brown; 8ap»
wood Is thin and yellowish-white. Weighs about 20 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for interior finish,
furniture, pump stocks, as a substitute for Yellow Poplar, and for. the same uses as White
Pine. It is not so strong but more durable than the latter.

DISTINGUISHnfG CHARACTERISTICS— The Cucumber Tree can be distinguished by Its
leaves which are thin, oblong, pointed and green beneath. The leaves are larger than those
of the Laurel Magnolia and smaller than those of the Umbrella Tree. The corolla Is greenish
tinged with yellow and the follicles of the conelike fruit are rounded while the other two
native species have white flowers and tapering follicles. It attains a much larger size and
has sharper-pointed buds than the Laurel Magnolia and is considerably larger than the Umbrella
Tree but has smaller and more downy buds. The bark is thicker and deeper ridged than either
of the other species. The twigs are brown while those of the Laurel Magnolia are bright greea

RANGE— Western New York and southern Ontario south through West Virginia to Georgia;
west to Illinois and Arkansas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Found locally across the State from north to south
in the mountainous regions and on their eastern and western slopes. Recorded as far east as
Lancaster county. It, however, occurs only at isolated stations east of the Allegheny and North
or Blue Mountains. The author foujul one small 8i)ecimen in the South Mountains of Franklin
county. Some large specimens have been reported from the western part of the State, where it
occurs in Erie, Crawford, Lawrence. Mercer, Allegheny, Washington, and Greene counties.

HABITAT — ^Usually found In rich woods close to streams, also inhabits slopes. In West Virginia
and In this State It grows weU on the soils of the carboniferous formation. It Is light-demanding.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Cucumber Tree Is the most important of the Magnolias
native to the United States. The wood is similar to that of YeUow Poplar. In addition to
producing valuable wood It grows rapidly and Is rather free from the attack of destructive
agents. The value of the wood alone will Justify reasonable efforts in attempting to propagate
It. It Is also attractive ornamentally on account of its large leaves and symmetrical crown.

163

PLATE LXXVII. CUCUMBER TREE

A llowi'iiiiu liraiH-h willi iiiatiiri' nii«l (Icvcioi)

iii<r l<'itv<'s, X i.
I'.Viincli with a coiu'-like fruit, seed liaiifimg

l.v threads, and n Jiiaturo loaf, x J.
A liirptl iiist startiim t" <>\>'-\\. showing two

seeds on tiie inside, natural si7-e.

1.

0.

A seed, eiilar;,'ed.

A winter twlR, X ». , , ,

Section of a winter twis; sliowiiij,' a Imd aim
a leafsrar with hiindlc scars, c.-hhirged.

CUCUMBER TREE
Magnolia acuminata, Linnaeus

FORM—A large tree, which may attain a height of 90 ft. with a diameter of 8 4 feet. The
form of the forest-grown tree is distinct from the open-grown. Open- grown specimens have
a pyramidal crown with limtos originating all along the trunJc from near the base to the narrow
top. Lateral branches are wide-spreading and rather horizontal near the base, ascending and
Hhort at the top. Forest-grown specimens have straight, slightly tapering, rather wnooth
trunks which are free from branches often for 60 ft. from the ground. The largest log hauled
out of the Hammersley Run of Potter county was a Cucumber. It was over 6J feet in diameter
ftt the small end.

BABK— Orayish-brown to brown, with long furrows separating long, rather loose, scaly ridges.
See Fig. 106.

TWIGS— Usually slender, round, usually smooth but sometimes slightly hairy, shiny, bitter,
covered with a few orange-colored inconspicuous lenticels, and contain white pith which may
show a tendency to become chambered.

BUDS— Alternate, circular In cross- sect ion, densely covered with thick, pale, silky hairs,
terminal buds about 2/5-4/5 of an inch long and oblong; lateral buds J-i of an inch long, blunt-
IK>inted, nearly surrounded by leaf-scars. Buds are covered with valvate scales, the outer
ones falling in spring, the inner ones developing Into stipules.

LEAVES — Alternate, simple, ovate to oblong, thin, 4-12 inches long, pointed at apex, tapering
or rounded at base, entire on margin, gre^n and slightly downy beneath, with prominent midrib
and primary veins on lower surface. Fall in response to first heavy frost in autumn.

LEAF-SCABS — ^Alternate, scattered along the twigs, narrow, cresent to broadly U-shaped
with its bundle-scars arranged in a U-shaped line. Bundle-scars number about 6-8.

FLOWERS — Appear from April to June. They are upright, solitary, complete, sleuder-bell-
shaped, greenish tinged with yellow, about 3 inches long.

FRUIT — Mlatures about October. A red, cone-like or cucumber-like, cylindrical mass about
2-2J inches long, composed of numerous coherent follicles. Seeds scarlet, drupe-like, and sus-
pended at maturity by long, slender white threads.

WOOD — ^Diffuse-porous; rays distinct and rather uniform In width; light, soft, brittle, straight-
grained, durable, does not warp when seasoning, light yellowish-brown to reddish-brown; sap«
wood is thin and yellowish-white. Weighs about 29 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for interior finish,
furniture, pump stocks, as a substitute for Yellow Poplar, and for • the same uses as White
Pine. It is not so strong but more durable than the latter.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Cucumber Tree can be distinguished by its
leaves which are thin, oblong, pointed and green beneath. The leaves are larger than those
of the Laurel Magnolia and smaller than those of the Umbrella Tree. The corolla is greenish
tinged with yellow and tlie follicles of the conelike fruit are rounded while the other two
native species have white flowers and tapering follicles. It attains a much larger size and
has sharper-pointed buds than the Laurel Magnolia and is considerably larger than the Umbrella
Tree but has smaller and more downy buds. The bark is thicker and deeper ridged than either
of the other species. The twigs are brown while those of the Laurel Magnolia are bright greea

RANGE— Western New York and soqthern Ontario south through West Virginia to Georgia;
west to Illinois and Arkansas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found locally across the State from north to south
in the mountainous regions and on their eastern and western slopes. Recorded as far east as
Lancaster county. It, however, occurs only at iscdated stations east of tlie Allegheny and North
or Blue Alountains. The author found one ainall specimen in the South Mountains of Franklin
county. Some large specimens have been reported from the western part of the State, where it
occurs in Erie, Crawford, Lawrence, Mercer, Allegheny, Washington, and Greene counties.

HABITAT— Usually found in rich woods close to streams, also inhabits slopes. In West Virginia
and In this State it grows well on the soils of the carboniferous formation. It is light-demanding.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Cucumber Tree Is the most important of the Magnolias
native to the United States. The wood is similar to that of Yellow Poplar. In addition to
producing valuable wood it grows rapidly and is rather free from the attack of destructive
agents. The value of the wood alone will Justify reasonable efforts in attempting to propagate
it. It is also attractive ornamentally on account of its large leaves and symmetrlciU crown.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

164

UMBRELLA TREE
Magnolia tripetala, Linnaeus

rORM-A sumll tree son.eti.n.s attaining the height of 45 ft. -'J'' J^^*^/^";*;^^;,^;' Znfana
Trunlc short and Blender, bearing a broad round topDcd crown. Lateral bramlus stout ana
spreading, often turned up towards the end.

BARK-Smooth. thick, light gray, roughened by small irregularly scattered projections.

TWIOS-Stout smooth shining, at first greenish, later reddish to greenish-brown; bitter,
Bwo^n trth?*baseTf each year's growth, covered with a few conspicuous lenticels; contain
large, white, pink dotted pith,

BUDS-Alternate- covered with valvate scales in pairs; each successive pair encloses a leaf;
ternUna^^nd mttal buds differ much; terminal up to 2 inches in length na^w -"cal long-
pointed, often curved towards the apex, smooth or glaucous, purple, with ^all dots, lateral
small, often barely visible, t^nical, divergent.

LEAVES-Alternate, simple, obovate-lanceolnte, 12-24 inches long, thin-pointed at apex,
tapering at base, entire on ;nargin; smooth when old; petioles 1-li inches long.

LEAF-SCARS-Altemate. often clustered at swellings along the ^'^'L^'^uZJiolZs
o^al. somewhat raised, contain numerous irregularly scattered bundle-scars. Stipulate scars
conspicuous, encircle twig, and originate from the side of the leaf-scar.

FLOWERS-Appear about May. Upright, solitary, complete, surrounded by a spray of leaves,
whit" slightly and unpleasantly odorous. 4-6 inches long. Sepals fall away early.

FRUIT-Matures about October. An oblong rose-colored, cone-like "'^/^j;;^"^;;;^^"';?,^^
long composed of many coherent follicles which split open and liberate red ftattish seeds. Ihe
fruit is very beautiful in autumn.

WOOD-In general resembles that of the Cucumber Tree, page 163. J* '«"*** ^f^^/js
commercial ptoses because it is rare, small in size, light, weak, and brittle. Weighs 28
lbs. per cubic foot.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Umbrella Tree, also known as ElJ^^oo^' J^
na^e™ y to a lilted portion of the State in the Susquehanna «»>- -U^^ ^ '"aU" and
. of York and Lancaster. It has larger !««'-«««"■ «*«»*^^ ^^^^f' J*:^^'^"*'; \"X« are
smoother buds, and larger leaves than the two other species of ^^^^if'^^.^^^^^^JZ the
cr.»wde.l on the sununit of the flowering branches in an umbrella-like f »«t«yj^^"^ Att^el Ma«
other two species are scattered along the branches. It is larger in size than the Laurel Mag
n«>lia but smaller than the Cucumber Tree.

RANGE-Southern Tcnnsylvania south to Georgia, west to Kentucky. Arkansas, and northern
:MisHissi])pi.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA-lUcorded only in the extreme southern part of the
State in Lancaster and York counties along the Susquehanna Kiver.

KABITAT-Usualiy found in swamps, along streams, or in ravines. It is tolerant of shade
and usually occurs solitary; sometimes m-ixed with other hardwoods.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES-The Umbrella Tree is of no commereial *"^P"'"t«"««J" ?!"";
sylvania on account of its lin.ited distribution, its local and solitary "^^^T'L^awi and park
wood which it produces. It is attractive and hence may be recommended for lawn and park
planting, but it cannot be recomniended for forestry purposes.

PLATE LXXVin. UMBRELLA TREE

I: BranJi^witl^'a'shJe rtower and the bases of Hve leavs arn,n«ed in an un...nHa like .hel... x J.

;{. A carpel split ot)en siiowing seeds, natural size.

4. A seed, enlarged. . .^ ,

."». Branch with a terminal cone-like fruit, x *,

6. A winter twig, x i.

7. Set'tioii of a winter twig, enlarged.

164

UMBRELLA TREE
Magnolia tripctala, Linnaeus

rOElt-A 8umU tree Bon.etimes attaining the height of 45 ft. with a cllaineter of 1« ;»c»'"-
Trunk ^iTort and .lender, bearing a broad round-to,»ped crown. lateral branches Btout and
spreading, often turned up towards the end.

BARK-Smooth. thick, light gray, roughened by small irregularly scattered projections.

TWIOS-Stout. smooth, shining, at first greenish, later reddish to S^^^^^^^;^'^^' ^"7^
swollen at the i>ase of each year's growth, covered with a few consplc-uous lentlcels. contain
large, white, pink dotted pith.

BUDS— Alternate- covered with valvate scales in pairs; each successive pair encloses a leaf;
terraina^^nd lateral buds differ much; terminal up to 2 Inches in 1-^th »an^^, it 'lal^ai
pointed, often curved towards the apex, smooth or glaucous, purple, with small dots, lateral
small, often barely visible, conical, divergent.

LEAVES-Alternate, simple, obovate-lanceolate, 12-24 Inches long, thln-polnted at apex,
tapering at base, entire on margin; smooUi when old; petioles 111 Inches long.

rEAF-SCARS— Alternate often clustered at swellings along the branch, large, conspicuous,
oval imethfrtllsX -ntain numerous irregularly scattered bundle-scars. Stipulate-scars
conspicuous, encircle twig, and originate from the side of the leaf-scar.

FLOWERS-Appear about May. Upright, solitary, complete, surrounded by a spray of leaves,
white, Kllghtly and unpleasantly odorous, 4-6 Inches long. Sepals fall away early.

FRTJIT-Matures about October. An oblong rose-colored, cone^lke "»»««. ^;^"*;;i'"^^^^
long composed of many coherent follicles which split op.'n and liberate red flattlsh see#s. The
fruit is very beautiful in autumn.

WOOD-In general resembles that of the Cucumber Tree, page 163. It is ''o* ^f«J 'JJ
commercial pisses because it is rare, small In size, light, weak, and brittle. Weighs 28
lbs. per cubic foot.

DISTINairiSHIHG CHARACTERISTICS-The Umbrella Tree, also known a^ f'^'^^^f' ,*"
naSve only toTilmlted portion of the State In the Susquehanna River valley In the counties
. "York and ^ncaster. "^It has larger leaf-scars, «to»*-. *-*««. J"'^-.'™"' ^^^ ^."^
smoother buds, and larger leaves than the two other species of Magnolia. «"!«*''** "^
c'wJed on the summit of the flowering branches In an umbrella-like c^-ter while those of the
other two species are scattered along the branches. It is larger in size than the Laurel Mag
nolla but smaller than the Cucumber Tree.

RANGE-Southem Pennsylvania south to Gwrgia, west to Kentucky, Arkansas, and northern
MissiMRippi.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Recorded only in the extreme southern part of the
State In Lancaster and York counties along the Susquehanna River.

HABITAT-Usually found in swamps, along streams, or in ravines. It Is tolerant of shade
and usually occurs solitary; sometimes mixed with other hardwoods.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIEa-The Umbrella Tree Is of no cx)mmtTclal Importance In Penn-
sylvania on account of Its limited distribution, lt« local and solitary ^^^^^Z^^;'/"^**'*^ 'P'"^
wood which it produces. It is attractive and hence may be recommended for lawn and park
planting, but It cannot be recomn*ended for forestry purposes.

'

PLATE LXXVIIL UMBRELLA TREE

I: Bra"?i"witK'Bh.gie flower and the bases of ttve leaves a.n.n.ea in an u,u..rella-like circle, x i-

a. A carpel split open showing seeds, natural size.

4. A seed, enlarged. ,. , .^ i

5. Branch with a terminal cone-like fruit, x i,

6. A winter twig, x i.

7. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

«

!!

PLATE LXXIX. TULIP TREE

A rtoweriiiK branch with mature and dovelojiinK h-avos, x J.

Branch with a cone-like fnilt, x i.

A single carpel, natural size.

Portion of a carpel showing sefds, natunil sizo.

A seed, enlarged.

Side view of a seed, enlarged,

A winter twig, x i.

A terminal bud just opening, x J.

A twig showing developing leaves, x J.

165

TULIP TREE
Liriodendron Tulipifera, Linnaeus

GEKXJS DESCEIFTIOK— This genus lias numerous fo^il representatives, but only one other
livinsr species, a native of China (Liiiodendron chinensis, Sarg. ) is known.

FORK — ^A large and interesting tree often attaining a height of 50-70 ft. with a diameter of
2-3 ft. and sometimes reaching a height of 200 ft. with a diameter of 10-11 feet. Prof. Guyot
recorded a tree In Francis Cove, western North Carolina, known as the "Guyot or Granny
Poplar," which had a diameter of 16 ft. and was free from lateral branches for more than lOO
ft. from the base. Trunk tall, straight, very slightly tapering, free from lateral branches for
a considerable distance frono the base. Crown in young trees pyramidal, in older trees rather
shallow, broad, and spreading. See Fig. 62.

BARK — ^When young smooth, bitter, ashy-gray. On trunks brown, thick, distinctly marked
with long and regular furrows and ridges. At a distance it resembles the bark of the White
Ash but lacks the characteristic diamond-shaped Assures of the latter. See Fig. 108.

TWI68 — ^During the first summer green, smooth, rather slender, often branching, marked with
indistinct lentlcils, encircled by a pair of stipules at each node. During first winter reddish-
brown, smooth, shiny, marked by conspicuous pale lenticels, elevated leaf-scars and stipular
rings encircling the twigs, which often persist for many years,

BUDS— Alternate, large, snMoth, flattened, oblong, bhint-pointod, reddish-brown mottled with
wliite dots and covered with glaucous bloom. I^uteral buds rather divergent, smaller than the
terminal, sometimes euperiwsed. Bud-scales smooth, white-dotted. sp<»on-8haped, valvate in pairs
forming a distinct ridge where thiy meet. E«ch pair of stipular scales Incloses in succession a
reflexed, folded, stalked leaf with its 2 stipular stales. Stipular scales enlarge when the Imd
opens, to a length of 2 Inches and width of 1 Inch. Each succeeding leaf is reflexed in the oppo-
site direction of tl»e preceding one.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, broadly ovate In outline, truncate at apt<x, with 2 apical and
2-4 basal lobes, bright green above, i>aler below. Petioles slender, r»-6 inches long.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, elevated, conspicuous, large, orbicular. BUndie-scars small, numerous
scattered uniformly over the leaf-scar,

FLOWERS— Appear after the leaves; large, li-2 Inches deep, cup-shaped, greenish-yellow, with
8 leflexed sepals and 6 converging petals.

PRXriT— Matures In September or October; a light brown, oblong, pointed cone 2}-3 Inches long,
} of an Inch wide, consisting of carpels 1-1 i inches long In the base of which the seeds are
contained.

WOOD— DifTuse-porous; with small inconspicuous medullary rays; soft, not strong, light, not
durable in ground, easily worktd, light yellowish or brownish hoartwood with thin white sap-
wood Weighs 26 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in construction, interior finish, furniture espe-
cially in veneering, shingles, wooden-ware and automobile ladles. Its uses are somewhat
similar to White Pine.

DISTIMOVISHIHO CHARACTERISTICS-^he Tulip Tree, also known as Yellow Poplar, White-
wood, Tulip Poplar and sometimes Popple, can vea<lily be n-cogni/.e<l in summer by its straight
clean fissured bole, its characteristic leaves with truncate apex and large stipules. The leaf can-
not be confused with that of any other species since it appears from a |"«tance to have its
apex cut off at right angles to th<. midrib. In f-prlng the flower Is also dlstinct)ve. J" w'"*"
Zl^t c"an tru^s wi?h their peculiar fissures in the bark together with the fruit which often
persists are characteristic. At cloee range the buds with the stim.lo-scars «"«'';;""J^ ^^^ ,*TJf"
will always enable one to recognize this species without fail. The rather large pith often divided
by partitions of stone cells Is peculiar.

RAMGE-Botanlcal range from Rhode Island to Michigan and Missouri, south to Florida and
Arkansas. Conunercial range not so wide.

DlSTRIBTJTIOir IN PEKNSYLVAiriA— Commonest along streams or moist locations in the
eastern, southern, and central parts of the State. Also found in western P«rt. w».ere it 1^« "X
becomes abundant. Very rare in northern part of this State where it '""^ ^^"'^ .^Vj^^,; ^'^'^
vations, if sheltered from frost, or at higher elevations In regions where ^J^ J"'''* ^"^f^^^/^^^!
valleys is severe. It does not appear in pure stands, but some excellent stands almost approach
Ing pure stands are found In Franklin, Adams, and Northampton counties.

HABITAT-It pefers deep, rather rich, and mol.t soil. Common along streams on Islands
upon seml-swampy areas, and at the base of mountain slopes. Sometjmes 'ound on the tops of
n^untain. esp^ji.lly where small streams and springs are ^evalent^ Jnd Heml^k DoJs
scattered Individuals mixed with other hardwoods and sometimes White ?»"« J"^ H^'^^^' jj*^.
not occur upon the real limestone soil of the Cumberland ^^"f y-. *»", ^^^j^^^^"™^,^ VTcts ^^
tlons along the adjoining mountain slopes and nearby ravines. This species, just as the Lhesi

does not seem to thrive on limestone soil.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES-The Tulip Tree '• «"« <" the "^'^J* j/"'^,t","^p,;e"
sirable timber tree, of Pennsylvania. Its wood belongs In the first rank ^'t** mite^ Plne^
It is rather difficult to propagate artlfically on account of the l«7^f;""*[/ft ^Jj Zl^n.^
Its sensitiveness to transplanting. Attempts j»-«,.^-" .^^^ ,^^^^^^^^ with

outings but without success. Natural seed '*«7f'****'"°f„*^*VThe artificial This species is
success ...d should bc^ advocated and developed in ^^'^^J^ J sJade lawn and ave^ tree,
also free from insect and fungal diseases and most desirable as a shade, lawn, ana

I

PLATE LXXIX. TULIP TREE

A rtoweriiijr branch -with inatuio and di'vclopinn h-avos, x h.

Branch with a cone-like fi-uit, x i.

A single carpel, natural size.

Portion of a carpel showing set'ds, natnml siz*'.

A seed, enlarged.

Side view of a seed, cnlargefl.

A winter twig, x i.

A terminal Itud jnst tjpcniug, x i.

A twig sliowing dev«'ioping leaves, x J.

i

165

TULIP TREE
Liriodendron Tulipifera, Linnaeus

GENUS DESCRIPTION — This genus has numerous fossil representatives, but only one other
living 8i»ecie8, a native of China (LiritMlendron chinensis, Sarg. ) is known.

FORM — A large and interesting Ireo often attaining n height of 50-70 ft. with a diameter of
2-3 ft. and sometimes reaching a height of 200 ft. with a diameter of 10-11 feet. I»rof. Guyot
recorded a tree in Francis CoA'e, western North Carolina, known as the "Guyot or Granny
Poplar," which had a diameter of 16 ft. and was free from lateral branches for more than 100
ft. from the base. Trunk tall, straight, very slightly tapering, free from lateral branches for
a considerable distance from the base. Crown in young trees pyramidal, in older trees rather
shallow, broad, and spreading. See Pig. 02.

BARK — When young smooth, bitter, ashy-gray. On trunks brown, thick, distinctly marked
with long and regular furrows and ridges. At a distance it resembles the biirk of the AVhite
Ash but lacks the characteristic diamond-shai)ed flssuros of the latter. See Pig. 103.

TWIGS — ^During the first summer green, smooth, rather slender, often branching, marked with
indistinct lenticels. encircled by a pair of stipules at each node. During Hrst winter reddish-
brown, smooth, shiny, marked by conspicuous pale lentieeis, elevated leaf-wars and stipular
rings encircling the twigs, which often persist for nmny years,

BUDS — ^Alternate, large, smooth, fiattened, oblong, bbnit-pointed, reddish-brown mottled with
white dots and covered with glaucous bloom. Lateral buds rather divergent, smaller than the
terminal, sometimes superiwsed. Bud-scales smooth, white-dotted. sp<>on-8hai>ed, valvate in pairs
forming a distinct ridge where they meet. Each pair of stipnlar scales incloses in 8u«;ce88ion a
reflexed, folded, stalked leaf with its 2 stipnlar s -ales. Stipnlar s<ales enlarge when the bud
opentf, to a length of 2 inches and width of 1 incli. Kach succeeding haf is reflexed in the opis>-
site direction of the preci'dlng one.

LEAVES — Alternate, simple, broadly ovat^ in outline, truncate at apt^x, witli 2 apical and
2-4 basal lobes, bright green above, paler below. Petioles slender, r.-6 inches long.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, elevated, c-onspicuous, large, orbicular. Bundle-scars small, numerous
scattered uniformly over the leaf-scar.

FLOWERS— Appear after the leaves; large. l}-2 Inches deep, cup-shaped, greenish-yellow, with
3 reflexed sepals and 6 converging petals.

FRUIT— Matures In September or October; a light brown, oblong, pointed cone 2i-3 Inches long,
} of an inch wide, consisting of carpels 1-1} inches long in the base of which the seeds are
contained.

WOOD— Diffuse-porous; with small inconspicuous medullar}^ rays; soft, not strong, light, not
durable in ground, easilv worktd, light yellowish or brow.ish heartwood with thin white sap-
wood Weighs 26 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in eonsti-uction. interior finish, furniture espe-
daily in veneering, shingles, wooden-ware and automobile bodies. Its uses are somewhat
Bimilar to White Pine.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Tulip Tree, also known as Yellow Poplar. White-
wood, Tulip Poplar and sometimes Popple, can readily be ncognized in summer by its straight
clean fissured bole, its characteristic leaves with truncate apex a.ul large stipulis. The leaf can-
not be confused with that of any other species since it appears from « '""tance to have its
apex cut off at right angles to th.. n>ldrib. In spring the flower is al.so distinct. ye. I" winter
,h^ large clean trunks wi?h their peculiar fissures in the bark toMeth< r with the f m t which often
persists, are characteristic. At cloee range the buds with the stinnle s.ars •""'^'.';;'»"5 /''« .^jlj^
will always enable one to recognize this species without fail. The rather large pith often divided
by partitions of stone cells is peculiar.

RANGE-Botanlcal range from Rhode Island to ilichigan and Missouri, south to Florida and
Arkansas. Commercial range not so wide.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Commonest along streams or moist locations in the
eastern, southern, and central parts of the State. Also found in western ^'^^^'^XtlLXZ
becomes abundant. Very rare In northern part of this State, wherejt ^^ «^^^"'- " J^^7„ ^^^
vations, if sheltered from frost, or at higher elevations in regions where the J«>«\ ^ J^ '^^^^t
valleys is severe. It does not appear in pure stands, but some excellent stands almost approach
Ing pure stands are found In Franklin. Adams, and Northampton counties.

HABITAT-It pefers deep, rather rich, and mois't soil. Common along streams on islands
upon semi-swamprareas. and at the base of mountain slopes. Sometimes found on the ops o
nl»untalns especially where small streams and springs are Prevalent ^^'^""y «^^""p„^*,
scattered Individuals mixed with other hardwoods and sometimes White Pf'^ ""^ Tm^^ Bltim
not occur upon the real limestone soil of the Cumberland Valley ^"^^Is common in mo^K^stua
tions along the adjoining mountain slopes and nearby ravines. This species, just as the Chestnut,
does not seem to thrive on limestone soil.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIEfr-The Tulip Tree is one of the most ^^l;'"^ ""^ J^"
Birdie timtTr trees of Pennsylvania. Its wood belongs l\'\'^^'\'^^^ZT^^^^
It is rather difficult to propagate artifically on account of the low fertility of the s^eds
Its sensitiveness to transplanting. Attempts have been made *« P/^r^^'j **„„^,d^^^
cuting« but without success. Natural seed regeneration of this «P;f « 7" ^^ Zs sT^ciel is
success and should be advocated and developed in Pr-ference to t^e ««•* fjj'' ^^'iZl tree,
also free from Insect and fungal diseases and most desirable as a shade, lawn, and

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

166

COMMON PAPAW
Asimina triloba, Dunal

FAMILY AND OENTTS DESCRIPTION— The Custard Apple family, Anonaceae, comprises
about 46 genera with 600 spccits conflned mostly to the tropics. Only a few species are found
in temperature regions. This family produces little that is of real economic importance. Only 2
genera, Asimina and Anona. are represented by tree species in the United States. The genus
Asimina does not have representatives outside of North America, where about 8 species are
known to occur. The sole representative of this family native to this State is the species de-
scribed on this page.

FORM— A small tree usually 10-40 ft. in height with a diameter up to 12 inches. Trunk short
and slender. Crown rather broad, high, and formed by straight rather spreading lateral branches.

BARK — ^Thln, close, sometimes slightly fissured, dark brown, often covered with scattered
white blotches.

TWIGS — Round, olive-brown, enlarged at the nodes, rather slender, at first often somewhat
hairy towards apex; later smooth, covered with a few fine lenticels which become evident dur-
ing second year; pith small and white.

BUDS— Alternate, 2-ranked or sometimes 3-ranked, brown, naked, hairy. Terminal, lateral
leaf and flower bnda differ in size and form. Terminal bud is much longer than the others and
evidently flattened. Lateral leaf-buds about i of an Inch long, closely appressed to twig and
located In notch on upper surface of leaf-scars. Flower- buds occur along the twig, spherical
In outline, about 1/6 of an inch in diameter, very hairy and dark brown; do not stand quite
parallel to twig.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, obovate- lanceolate, 4-12 Inches long, thin, pointed at apex,
tapering at base, entire on margin, when mature dark green above and paler below. In au-
tumn they turn rusty yellow.

LEAF-SOARS — ^Alternate, located on enlarged projections of the twig. Inclined at about an
angle of 35 degrees to the twig, broadly U-8liai)ed, almost surround bud, somewhat lighter than
the twig, contain usually 5 bundle-scars which are often compounded. A ridge extends across
the leaf-scar from the bud to the base of the scar.

FLOWERS— Appear about April or May with the leaves but are usiially located below them
along the twigs. They occur solitar>- and axillary: are perfect, at first green, later reddish-
purple, 1-11 inches wide, and borne on stout hairy stalks.

FRUIT— Suggests a stubby banana, is cylindrical, rounded, or occasionally blunt-pointed at
the ends, 3-5 inches long, at first green, later dark-brown, pulp edible, contains many dark-
brown, shiny, flattened seeds which are scattered throughout the flesh.

WOOD — Ring-porous with a diffuse-pOTOus tendency; rays very numerous and distinct; heart-
wood brownish; sapwood yellowish; weak, soft, weighs about 25 lbs. per cubic foot. Not used
comniiercially.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Common Pawpaw can be recognized best In au-
tumn by its unique fruit whic^ is very suggestive of a stubby banana. In spring the greenish-
brown to reddish-purple flowers which occur solitary along the twigs and measure 1-1 J inches
across are also characteristic. The large, tropical -like, alternate leaves will also aid In recog-
nizing It. In winter the long, slender, somewhat flattened, naked, brownish, terminal buds
and the spherical flower-buds along the side of the twigs and Uie U-shaped leaf-scars which
almost surround the buds and usually contain 5 bundle-scars, will enable one to distinguish it.
The fact that it occurs only in about the southern third of the State may also help in dis-
tinguishing it.

RANGE— Western New York and west central New Jersey south to Florida and west to
Michigan, Kansas, and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Locally found in small groups in practically every
county in the State south of a line drawn from Pittsburgh through Harrisburg and Reading to
Doylestown in Sticks county. Reported as far north as Woodcock Valley, Crawford county,
in the western part of the State. Also found near McElhattan in Clinton county. Not common
anywhere but well known on account of its peculiar fruit. Usually found below altitude of
1,000 feet but in the South Mountains in Adams and Franklin counties found at 1,200 feet.

HABITAT— Prefers rich moist situations. Usually found In river valleys near streams but
occasionally ascends low fertile slopes. It may form dense thickets but in this State usually
occurs solitary or in rather open groups. Occurs with other species in the understudy of the
forest, and is very tolerant of shade.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Pawiiaw Is of no commercial Importance as a forest
tree anywhere In Its range. The fruit which It produces is of more value than Its wood. It
never reaches a large size, and In addition is local and limited in Its distribution. It is, how-
ever, a very attractive tree on account of its somewhat drooping tropical leaves, handsomie flowers,
and peculiar fruit.

PLATE LXXX. COMMON PAPAW

1.

•>

3.'
4.
T).
G.
7.

A mature leaf, x *. .

A rtoweriug braiuli with iiiimatuie leavt's, x *.

A fruiting branch, x i.

Section of a fruit sliowing seeds, x j.

A seed, natural size.

A winter twig, x J.

Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

<ii

!l

166

COMMON PAP AW

Asimina triloba, Dunal

FAIOLT AKD 0EKU8 DESORIPTIOK— The Oustard Apple family, Anonaceae, comprise*
about 46 genera with 600 spccifeB conftned mostly to the tropics. Only a few species are found
In temperature resrions. This family produces little that Is of real economic Importance. Only 2
genera, Aslmlna and Anona, are represented by tree species in the United States, The genus
Aslmlna does not have representatives outside of North America, where about 8 species are
known to occur. The sole representative of this family native to this State Is the species de-
scribed on this page.

FORM— A small tree usually 10-40 ft. in height with a diameter up to 12 Inches. Trunk short
and slender. Crown rather broad, high, and formed by straight rather spreading lateral branches.

BASK— Thin, clore, sometimes slightly Assured, dark brown, often covered with scattered
white blotches.

TWI08— Round, olive-brown, enlarged at the nodes, rather slender, at first often somewhat
hairy towards apex; later smooth, covered with a few fine lenticels which become evident dar-
ing second year; pith small and white.

BUD^— Alternate, 2-ranked or sometimes 3-ranked, brown, naked, hairy. Terminal, lateral
leaf and flower buds differ in size and form. Terminal bud is much longer than the others and
evidently flattened. Lateral leaf-buds about i of an Inch long, closely appressed to twig and
located in notch on upper surface of leaf-scars. Flower-buds occur along the twig, spherical
in outline, about 1/6 of an Inch in diameter, very hairy and dark brown; do not stand quite
parallel to twig.

LEAVES Alternate, simple, obovate- lanceolate, 4-12 Inches long, thin, pointed at apex,
tapering at base, entire on margin, when mature dark green above and paler below. In au-
tumn they turn rusty yellow.

LEAF-SOABS— Alternate, located on enlarged projections of the twig, Inclined at about an
angle of 35 degrees to the twig, broadly U-8liai)ed, almost surround bud, somewhat lighter than
the twig, contain usually 6 bundle-scars which nre often compounded. A ridge extends across
the leaf-scar from the bud to the base of the scar.

FLOWERS— Appear about April or May with the leaves but are usually located below them
along the twigs. They occur solitary and axillary: are perfect, at first green, later reddish-
purple, 1-1 i Inches wide, and borne on stout hairy stalks.

FBUIT— Suggests a stubby banana, is cylindrical, rounded, or occasionally blunt-pointed at
the ends, 3-5 inches long, at first green, later dark-brown, pulp edible, conUins many dark-
brown, shiny, flattened seeds which are scattered throughout the flesh.

WOOD Ring-porous with a diffuse-porous tendency; rays very numerous and distinct; heart-
wood brownish; sapwood yellowish; weak, soft, weighs about 26 lbs. per cubic foot. Not used
commercially.

DISTIHOVISHINGh 0HARACTEBISTIC8— The Conunon Pawpaw can be recognized best In au-
tumn by its unique fruit whlct is very suggestive of a stubby banana. In spring the greenish-
brown to reddish-purple flowers which occur solitary along the twigs and measure 1-1 J inches
across are also characteristic. The large, troplcaMike, alternate leaves will also aid in recog-
nising it. In winter the long, slender, somewhat flattened, naked, brownish, terminal buds
and the spherical flower-buds along the side of the twigs and the U-shaped leaf-scars which
almost surround the buds and usually contain 6 bundle-scars, will enable one to distinguish it.
The fact that it occurs only in about the southern third of the State may also help in dis-
tinguishing it.

RANGE— Western New York and west central New Jersey south to Florida and west to
Michigan, Kansas, and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Locally found In small groups in practicaUy every
county in the State south of a line drawn from Pittsburgh through Harrisburg and Reading to
Doylestown in Bucks county. Reported as far north as Woodcock Valley, Crawford county,
in the western part of the State. Also found near McElhattan in Clinton county. Not common
anywhere but well known on account of its peculiar fruit. Usually found below altitude of
1,000 feet but in the South Mountains in Adams and Franklin counties found at 1,200 feet.

HABITAT— Prefers rich moist situations. Usually found in river valleys near streaxns but
occasionally ascends low fertile slopes. It may form dense thickets but in this State usually
occurs solitary or in rather open groups. Occurs with other species in the understudy of the
forest, and is very tolerant of shade.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Pawpaw is of no commercial importance as a forest
tree anywhere in its range. The fruit which it produces is of more value than its wood. It
never reaches a large size, and in addition is local and limited in Its distribution. It is, how-
ever, a very attractive tree on account of its somewhat drooping tropical leaves, handsome flowers,
and peculiar fruit.

I

f

PLATE LXXX. COMMON PAPAW

1. A mature leaf, x i- , ^ , ^ .

2. A fioweiing branch with iiiiniature leaves, x J.
3.* A fruiting branch, x i.

4. Section of a fruit showing seeds, x i.

5. A seed, natural size.
«. A winter twig, x i.

7. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

11

5!

PLATE LXXXI. SASSAFRAS

1. An ovate, entire leaf, x J.

:i. A glove-form leaf, x i.

."{. A 3-lobed leaf, x i.

4. A flowering branch with

."(. A fertile tlowei-, enlarg«'fl.

»>. A sterile flower, enlarged.

7. A fruiting branch, x ?..

8. A winter twig, x h.

S). Section of a winter twig, x J.

ninuiture leaves, x

167
SASSAFRAS

Sassafras variifolium, (Salisbury) Kuntze

FAMILY AND OEJnjS DESCRIPTION— The lAurel family, Lauraceae, comprises about 40
jrenera with between 900 and 1,000 species which are confined mostly to the tropics. Six
genera are found in North America, 4 of which reach tree-siie. Two genera, Sassafras and
Beneoln are native to Pennsylvania. The species described on this page is the sole reprtsenU-
tlve in' North America of the genus Sassafras, but another species is recorded from C5hina.
The sole representative in this State of the genus Benzoin is the Spice Bush (Benzoin aestivale
(L ) Nees) The Spice Bush can readily be distinguished by its small size, its aromatic and
spicy twigs', its simple, entire, alternate leaves, its clusters of yellow flowers which appear
before the leaves, and its scarlet fruit.

FOEM-Usually reaches a height of 40-60 ft. with a diameter of 1-3 ft. but in the South
mav reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 2-4 feet. Trunk usually stout, short, bearing
TcJo^ with «^?e or less contorted branches. Crown usually ^^t-^opped or rounded, the terminal
part rather dense, the lower part very open. Branches are extremely brittle. See Fig. 61.

BAUK— Roughened with shaUow flssures frequently as early as the third year, hence a young
tree^^^pX« Old On older trunks reddish-brown, deeply Assured, and Aat-ridged. Ridges
resemble sman blocks, or Ys, or Vs. and separate into thin apprBssed scales. Shallow, hori-
zontal, and ring-like fissures sometimes almost encircle trunk. See Fig. 88.

TWIGS— Usually slender except In sprouts, rather brittle, yellowish-green or sometimes red-
^^r^lJ^hat hai^ Xn smooth and glossy, aromatic, brittle, fall off yonng, covered with
few iric:is contTn S white pith, fnner bark of twigs is very mucilaginous upon being
chewed. Sprouts branch freely and seedlings mor« sparingly.

BTTDS-Aitemate terminal bud present, large, 1/3-3/5 of an inch long, o^***; «*;*'P-f'*"*^*
cove^^^itth T few ^her loose-fitting, slightly hairy green bud-scales with thickened veins
A 7^. ulually 8 rather thick, loose, short, narrow scales surround terminal bud. Lateral
buds are smaller, gaping, and somewhat divergent.

8-lobed, and 6-lobed ones may be found on same branch.

LEAF-SCABS-Altemate. small, raised, semi-elliptical or concave, with a single, confluent,
linear bundle-scar.

FLOWEKft-Appear about May with the leaves. Staminate and pistillate flowers are separate.
They are greenish-yellow and arranged In loose drooping racemes.

woo-Bin^-por™.; with .ndisfnc. "•«is,"s,„T.i..Cw::7 "r^b/rii:. '"^rrjc

oa. be d..tl«nl-.ed .t .n, tlm. of ".e ye<u by ♦"« «';,^'^'°^' ZL or 2-5 lobed .»d
I. decidedly mucIUglnoM and aromatic. Tbe 'f"** J™'"^, ™; The fruit, the rough and
rtln-Xly-r^TU r tJ:"Se-U.eri,f^«'"ro pecnllar to thU ..cle.. Once
recognized It la hard to conM«! It wltk another apecle..
BAKO&-MaMachn«tt. to Florida and weat to Michigan. K.n.a., and Texa..

?r.x?Lrnrh*S„ ^ ,lVtSXi'':^^<r.l the putean. and upper nKn.nU.n ..ope-,
above the line of severe frosts.

,^„.,-Very <.»»«. -^J'Z.-'l.^TTTJ'Z itJ!" '""°"" ""^
hearths. Prefers rich sandy loam. Rather toieram ux

State on accoont of It. limited «■«'>»«»» '™L*f° fJSL. a T^.tle food for bird, while
r:oS!rrr:n?SpSrirr;re.d7:rirre-t«..l,ely ««d to l^^r n-edlcm,

and candy, and to perfume soaps.

PLATE LXXXI. SASSAFRAS

Au uvat<'. entire leaf, x J.
A ylove-form leaf, x i.

:Mobed leaf, x A.

ttowerlnK branch with iniiiuituro leaves, x

fertile Hower, enlar«e(l.

sterile flower, enlarged.

;{. A

4. A
r>. A
»;. A

7. A fruitius braiieh. x

5. A winter twij;, x ?..
I). Section of a winter twia. x h.

167

SASSAFRAS

Sassafras variifolium, (Salisbury) Kuntze

FAMILY AND GENXJS DESCRIPTION— The Laurel family, Lauraceae, comprises about 40
eenera with between 900 and 1,000 species which are confined mostly to the tropics. Six
cenera are found In North America, 4 of which reach tree-size. Two genera. Sassafras and
Benzoin are native to Pennsylvania. The species described on this page is the sole representa-
tive in' North America of the genus Sassafras, but another species is recorded from China.
The sole representative in this State of the genus Benzoin Is the Spice Bush (Benzoin aestivale
(L ) Nees) The Spice Bush can readily be distinguished by its sinall size, Its aromatic and
spicy twigs. Its simple, entire, alternate leaves, its clusters of yellow flowers which appear
before the leaves, and Its scarlet fruit.

FOEM-Usually reaches a height of 40^50 ft. with a diameter of 1-3 ft. but '"Jhe South
mav reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 2-4 feet. Trunk usually stout, short, bearing
TcJo^ with mi^e or less contorted branches. Crown usually Aat-topped or rounded, the terminal
part rather denae. the lower part very open. Branches are extremely brittle. See llg. 61.

BARK— Roughened with shallow flssureg frequently as early as the third year, hence a young
irf. SfjT amfear^ old On older trunks reddish-brown, deeply fissured, and flat-ridged. Ridges
rem^rsmSrbTock'.- or%s. or Vs. and separate Into thin appre«.d scales. Shallow, hor.-
zontal, and rlng-Uke Assures sometimes almost encircle trunk. See Fig. 8».

TWI08— Usually slender except In sprouts, rather brittle, yellowish-green or sometimes red-

chewed. Sprouts branch freely and seedlings more sparingly.

BUD^Alternate, terminal bud present, large. 1/3-3/5 of «" ^""^' J^^^^tJ^i^JJi^rtelfs:

r^, Cany T^^-^: :^= = 1:^^.^^^^^^.

buds are smaller, gaping, and somewhat divergent.

LEAVEfr-Alternate, simple, obovate, 4-6 inches long acute at 7«' J^^^^^^^^e l-lobed'.
entlrf orTs-lobed. usually smooth and dark green above and paler below. Entire. lobed.
8-lobed, and 6-lobed ones may be found on snme branch.

LEAF-SCARS-Alternate. small, raised, semi-elliptical or concave, with a single, confluent,
linear bundle-scar.

nOWEES-Appear .bout M., »1U. the leave,, Stamlnate and pUtUUte flower, are separate.
They are greenlali-yellow ai.d arranged In loose drooping racemes.

r>mT_A dar. b.oe, sh,ny dr„pe borne on . bright •^^i^^^-^J^'-^J-'^JZ:'^'''"'
by an enlarged mlyx In which the drape rests. Palls rather cany, rareiy p

WOOP-Rlng-porous; with Indistinct "edoUary rays. .o« ver, -^«'-, f^s. '"por™cr
To'o*? "^'ik"J:r.i;Ss,''"ri^r"Sn,?r".ntX rshS oL„ soM .» ^.h and Chestn.t.

ra^,dX-.rgir.rair-k^7J»}£3^^^^^^^^ ^^ -2

Z.^S:,X^'^^. :rrSotterbrr^rr%c„ll.r to th. s.c,e.. once
recognised It I. hard to confuse It with another species.

BAKOB-M.««chu,ett. to Bnorlda and west to .Michigan. Kansas, and Tex...

MSTEISUIXOK ™ PEVKSYLyA»U-JR..her ~X"rn'"or"'™u'nrou,'°"pl''r' M'.oTnf "
Kfex-t^rnXn. ^^ .t'"lsTsuar "U'^^lth t" T. pl.te.us and up,.r mountain slo,..,
above the line of severe frosts.

H.B:XAX-Very oonuuon .'- '- ^ -^'^1-0"^^ itJ" *""°'"" """"'
hearths. Prefers rich sandy loam. Rather loieram

IHPOETAHOE OF THE BB^^T^,^^^^ "'jrlrwMcTlt 'rcC" U 1^
Sfte on .ccount of lU limited ,-''»''''»"°" "f ^ f,%3ls .%riu.ble toed for birds while
ThrrrrLr^Pe'c-STri^e -r;U?n rL'lc on extensively used to flavor medicine

and candy, and to perfume soaps.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

168
WITCH-HAZEL

Hamamelis virginiana, Linnaeus

FAMILY AND GENUS DESCRIPTION— The Witch-hazel family, Hamamfclldaceae, contains
about 16 genera with 50 species of which number only two genera have tree representatlyea in
North America. The 2 genera are Hamamelis and Ldquidambar. Each genus U represented by
a single Bpecles, both native to Pennsylvania. The genus Hamamelis comprises 3 species, 2
of which are found in eastern Asia and 1 described here.

FOEM— A small tree or t>hrub sometimes reaching a height of 25 ft. with a diameter of 14
inches, but usually smaller. Trunk short, bears nuntcrous spreading, crooked branches which
form a broad open head.

BAKK — About 1/5 of an inch thick, light brown, somewhat mottled with light blotches; when
young smooth, later scaly. Inner bark reddish-purple in color. Used for medicine, extract, and
gargles.

TWIGS— Zigzag, light-brown with small light grt'en pith, rather slender, often downy or
scurfy especially near the end, sometimes smooth and shiny, covered with a few, scattered, white
lt>nticels.

BUDS — Alternate, 2-ranked, flattish, sometinM^s curved or falcate, covered with scale-like
uitdeveloiMid leaves bearing dense brown hairs. Terminal buds usually sickle-shaped, about J-i
of an inch long. Lateral buds few and very small.

LEAVES — ^Alternate, simple, oval, 4-6 inches long, rounded or sometimes acute at apex,
oblitiue at base, dentate on margin, dark green above, paler beneath; midrib and primary
veins prominent.

LEAF-SCASS — Alternate, 2-ranked, heml-circular in outline with a raised margin, and contain
3 single or often compound bundle-scars which are lighter In color than the dark brown surface
of the leaf-scar.

FLOWEBS— Appear in October and November. Bright yellow, perfect, occur In small axillary
clusters, surrounded by a scale-like 3-leaved involucre. Buds which produce the flowers occur
in clusters of 3 on short stalks, are spherical in form, and start to develop about August In the
axils of the leaves.

FRUIT — Ripens in October and November at the same time that the blossoms appear. It
results from blossoms of the previous year, consists of a yellowish-brown woody pod with two
cells In which shiny black seeds are produced. The woody pods burst oi>en when ripe, and
propel the seed for 5 or more feet.

WOOD — Diflfuse-porous; rays not very distinct; little difference between spring and summer
wood; hard, close-grained, light brown. Weighs 43 lbs. per cubic foot. Not used commercially.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Witch-hazel can be distinguished in winter by
its sickle-shaped, brown, terminal buds, its yellowish-biown fruit in the form of a wo<xly ikkI
with two cells, its persistent remnants of the flowers on stalks and its white blotched or mottled
light brown bark. In late auturam the flowers with strap-like yellow petals are characteristic.
The alternate oval leaves with straight veins and oblique bases are also distinctive. It usually
frequents moist rocky locations. The Witch-hazel Is the only tree In Pennsylvania that bears
flowers and mature fruit at the same time.

RANGE — Nova Scotia and Ontario, south to Florida, and west to Minnesota and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— No doubt found In every county of the State. Reporte<l
and observed in more than one-half of tlie counties, located in every part of the State, This
is the most comnion and widely distributed small tree or shrub in Pennsylvania.

HABITAT — Usually found in moist rocky situations. Comnton along streams. In swamps, and
on the borders of ponds and lakes. Occasionally ascends slopes to rather dry locations. Tolerant
of shade, hence often found in tho understory of the forest.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Witch-hazel is of no commercial importance because it
remains too small and produces inferior wood. No records are available which show that a
single tmard foot has ever been on the market. It is, iiowever, a very Interesting small tree
because It holds a unique position in that it blossoms late In autumn when nuiny other trees
have shed their leaves and are prepared for winter. It may be protected in situations where it
does not Interfere with the growth or utilization of more valuable species. No special efforts
are necessary to insure an abundant future supply.

1

PLATE LXXXIL WITCH-HAZEL

1. A llowt'iing and Iriiiliiig Itraiioli, x J.

2. Loiigitudiual seotiun of a llower, ciilar^fil.

:j. a fruit, natural size.

'. i^. J. 1 ,. 1

,, , size

A hrancli witli niatiin

A winter Iwig, natural siz«

^^ ...„. lc;iv»'s, X *.

A winter Iwig, natural siz«'.
Settion of a winter branch, enlar^'ed.

If!

.1:

168
WITCH-HAZEL

Hamamelis virginiana, Linnaeus

FAMILY AKD 0ENU8 DESCRIPTION— The Wltch-harel fitmilj, Hamamfelldaceae, contains
about 16 genera with 50 species of which nnmber only two irenera have tree representatiyes In
North America. The 2 genera are Hamamelis and Ldqaidambar. Bach genus Is represented by
a single species, both native to Pennsylvania. The genus Hamamelis comprises 3 species, 2
of which are found in eastern Asia and 1 described here.

FOEM— A small tree or shrub sometimes reaching a height of 25 ft. with a diameter of 14
inches, but usually smaller. Trunk short, bears nunwrous spreading, crooked branches which
form a broad oi)en head.

BASK — About 1/5 of an inch thick, light brown, somewhat mottled with light blotches; when
young snHMth, later scaly. Inner bark reddish-purple in color. Used for medicine, extract, and
gargles.

TWIGS— Zigzag, light-brown with small light green pith, rather slender, often downy or
scurfy especially near the end, sometimes smooth and shiny, covered with a few, scattered, white
lenticels.

BUDS— Alternate, 2-ranked. flattish, sometln^s curved or falcate, covered with scale-like
undeveloped leaves bearing dense brown hairs. Terminal buds usually sickle-shaped, about i-J
of an inch long. lateral buds few and very small.

LEAVES — ^Alternate, simple, oval, 4-6 Inches long, rounded or sometimes acute at apex,
oblique at base, dentate on margin, dark green above, paler beneath; midrib and primary
veins prominent.

LEAF-SCABS— Alternate, 2-ranked. semicircular in outline with a raised margin, and contain
3 single or often compound bundle-scars which are lighter In color than the dark brown surface
of the leaf-scar.

FLOWEBS — Appear in October and November. Bright yellow, perfect, occur In small axillary
clusters, surrounded by a scale-like 3-leaved Involucre. Buds which produce the flowers occur
in clusters of 3 on short stalks, are spherical in form, and start to develop about August in the
axils of the leaves.

FBUIT — Ripens in October and November at the same time that the blossoms appear. It
results from blossoms of the previous year, consists of a yellowish-brown woody pod with two
cells in which shiny black seeds are produced. The woody ];>od8 burst open when ripe, and
propel the seed for 5 or more feet.

WOOD— Diffuse-porous ; rays not very distinct; little difference between spring and summer
wood; hard, close-grained, light brown. Weighs 43 lbs. per cubic foot. Not used commercially.

DISTINGUISHINO CHARA0TEBI8TICS— The Witch-haael can be distinguished in winter by
its sickle-shaped, brown, terminal buds, its yellowl8h-bit)wn fruit in the form of a woody i)od
with two cells, its persistent remnants of the flowers on stalks and its white blotched or mottled
light brown bark. In late autumm the flowers with strap-like yellow petals are characteristic.
The alternate oval leaves with straight veins and oblique bases are also distinctive. It usually
frequents moist rocky locations. The Witch-hazel is the only tree in Pennsylvania that bears
flowers and mature fruit at the same time.

BANOE — ^Nova Scotia and Ontario, south to Florida, and west to Minnesota and Texas.

DISTBIBVTION IN FENNSTLYANIA— No doubt found in every county of the State. Reported
and observed in more than one-half of tlte counties, located in every part of the State. This
is the most common and widely distributed small tree or shrub in Pennsylvania.

HABITAT — Usually found in moist rocky situations. Ck>mmon along streams, in swamps, and
on the b<»^ers of ponds and lakes. Occasionally ascends slopes to rather dry locations. Tolerant
of shade, hence often found in the understory of tlie forest.

IMPOBTANOE OF THE SPECIES— The WItch-haxel Is of no oommeroial impwtance because it
remains too small and iH'oduces inferior wood. No records are aTAilable which show that a
single board foot has ever been on the market. It is, liowever, a very interesting small tree
because it holds a unique position in that it blossoms late in autumn when many other trees
have shed their leaves and are prepared for winter. It may be protected in situations where it
does not Interfere with the growth or utilization of more valuable species. No special efforts
are necessary to insure an abundant future supply.

'

PLATE LXXXIL WITCH-HAZEL

1. A tloweiing aiul fiuiting branch, x J.

1'. Longitudinal section of a flower, enlarged.

:j. a fruit, natural size.

4. A branch with mature leaves, x i.

Ti. A winter twig, natural size.

U. Section of a winter branch, enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

'I

PLATE LXXXIII. SWEET GUM

1. A flowering branch showiiiff iiiiiiiaturo Icavi's,

(s) Htaiiiinate flowers, (p) pistilhitf flow-
ers, X i.

2. A hraiirli with mature leaves, x J.

3. A spherical fruit, x J.

4. A winter twi^;, x J.

5. Section of n winter twig, enlarged.

6. Section of u hran«-li witli corky projections,

X i.

169

SWEET GUM

Liquidambar Styraciflua, Linnaeus

OEirUS DESCRIPTION— This genua comprisea 3 Bpecles, 2 of which are found In Asia and
1 in North America. The latter Is native to a small portion of southeastern Pennsylvania.
A few fossil forms are also known. The generic uame, Liquidambar, is a mongrel, the fore-
part of which is of Latin origin and means li<iuld and the latter part of Arabic origin and means
amber in allusion to the fragrant Juice of the tree.

rOEM— A large forest tree usually from 60-75 ft. high, with a diameter of 2-3 ft., but may
reach « height of 180 ft. with a diameter of 4-5 feet. In the forest the trunk is tall, clean,
^irttly tapering, and bears a narrow head. In open grown trees the trunk is short, bearing
rather regular spreading branches which form a symmetical and rather conical crown.

BA»K— On old trunks grayish-brown, l-lj Inches thick, deeply furrowed, separating broad scaly
ridges. On younger trunks thinner and dark gray.

TWIG8— Kather stout, obscurely angular, at first rusty hairy, later smooth, light brown to
da^edd'iTh'^.^n.^ougkened by raised leaf-..ars and -^^"f ' f VtJ'tth:;' C "a^ "
the secoBd season often by corky-wlngcd projections of the bark. Pith rather large, angular.

and very light brown.

BUDS-Altemate more than 2 ranked, ovate to conical, blunt pointed to sharp-pointed, glossy
rlcf re^iii-b^n! ^grant when crushed, covered with about « jl'l^f ^^^ jtUmfs
have a short pointed apex, downy margin, and a rounded back. Lateral buds are sometimes

accessory.

LEAVES-Altemate. simple, star-shaped, 3-5 inches 'o-^'J>\^f'l'';;'^.^^^ 'XI

aB«lM to stalk or slightly heart-shaped: margin serrate, with 5-7 sharp-pointed divisions, when
mat^ bright gJ^en and "shiny above, paler below. Leaf-stalks long and round.

LEAF.BCAE8-Altemate. more than 2-ranked. raised, »"«»»«% ^"^""^.J/^^^.T^^^^^^
shaped or broadly heart-shaped, with a dark surface, containing 3 circular bundle-scars which
are white on the periphery and dark in the center.

occur In heads borne on long stalks originating in the axils of leaves,
with' sawdust-like material which consists of abortive seeds.

for Circassian Walnut.

DIBTnreUXSHIKa OHAKACTEEISTIC^he Sweet Gum '^^^^^^^^'^l^'^'l^'^J^L ToTd
and Liquidambar. can be recognized by Us f rut ^^^Jl '^'^J^^^' The corky-winged
suspended on a long slender stalk. The ^'\^'''l^^ll^l^^' ^^ ^^ToaK a native species,
projection, on the bark of the branches «"* «»«« ,f *7^f /''j^^^, J,?,\,c The ^tar-shaped leaves,
and the Cork Elm. an introduced species, also ^»^« ^^^^^i'J'^^'^^Xu^ it is native only

n^dlsh-brown twigs, and leaf-scars >^"^ \^«»'/""f;j;*" "^^y ^^^^^^^^ other parts,

to the extreme southeastern part of the State, but rather commonly piantea

BAHOI-Southem Connecticut south to Florida a,.i west to Ohio. Missouri, and Texas, and
southward to Guatemala.

DI8TEIBUTI0K IN PENNBYLVANIA-Thls is a C^^stal Plain sp.^^^^^
treme southeastern part of the State. Reported fr;"* B"«^«' ^^l"^' s. Mann. Hatboro, Pa.,
and Philadelphia counties. It is common in »«»*^"^^X*^- ^^est o' Hatbo;o, Montgomery
reports "a local group or belt of S-^f* ««- ."'J^^.^: „/ it near" Hulmeville. Bucks county.''
county," and states that there are ''^^^'^^f^J^'^l^uij specimens are growing at Mont
It appears to be hardy in other i>arts of the State, inriivy spe
Alto, Harrisburg, Gettysburg, and Baston.

HABITAT-It prefers deep rich soil such ^^-^^^ZTlZ'V£\lT:^^
Poplar. Does not tolerate shade, hence almost *;^"**J^^„ 'J"" aeration on the forest floor,
stands. On account of its intolerance one seldom finds It as regenerai

IMPOETANOE OF THE BPEOIEaj-The ^-:^^^- ^'r.li:::'^^^^^^^^
valuable wood but it usually ^^^'^^^'^'iJ^^'^^^t^ aS YeUow Poplar. It hardly pays to
valuable trees such a. White Oak Wh te A^. Hlckon^. »^^« ^^^ distribution to regenerate
propagate this tree artlflcially In this State ""^ it is too llmltea in
it by natural means. It Is a very attracive ornamental tree.

169
SWEET GUM

PLATE LXXXIII. SWEET GUM

A ll«nvcriiijj brnnrh slitnviny iiiiiiuiturc li'iivcs,
(s) sliiiuiiiut*' flowers, (p) jiistilljiU' tlow-

t'lS, X h.

A Iu-.iikIi with niiitiin havfs. \ \.
A splioiiciil fruit, x h.

4. A winter twiti, x J

5.

Section of a winter

twit;.

ciilurj,'0(l.

0.

Section of ;i iiriiiidi
X i.

witli

corky projections

Liquidambar Styraciflua, Linnaeus

OEKUS DE8CEIPTI0N— This genus comprlsea 3 species, 2 of which are found In Asia and
1 In North America. The latter is native to a small portion of southeastern Pennsylvania.
A few fossil forms are also known. The Reneric name, Liquidambar, Is a mongrel, the fore-
part of which IK of Latin origin and means liquid and the latter part of Arabic origin and means
amber in allusion to the fragrant Juice of the tree.

FORM-A large forest tree usually from 50-75 ft. high, with a diameter of 2-3 " but may
reach a height S 150 ft. with a diameter of 4-5 feet. In the forest the trunk is tall, clean,
Xhti? iap^ring and bears a narrow head. In open grown trees the trunk s short, bearmg
rather reguTar spreading branches which form a Kj-mmetical and rather conical crown.

BA»K-On old trunks grayish-brown. 1-1 1 inches thick, deeply furrowed, separating 1.rc«»d scaly
ridges. On younger trunks thinner and dark gray.

TWIGS-Rather stout, obscurely angular, at first rusty hairy later smooth, light ''rown to
darreddi;;.^rown, roughened by raised leaf-s-cars and «-"!'-^- f ^'^- j;'^;^,^:;*^ ^; ^IX.
the second season often by corky-winged projections of the bark. Pith rather large, anMiiar,

and very light brown.

BUDft-Altemate more than 2 ranked, ovate to conical, blunt-pointed to sharp-pointed. «lo»sy

accessory.

'?,tu" brStgJ^en .»d 'hlny above, paler below. I^afalalks loag and round,

TPAF«rARS_AUemate more than 2 ranked, raised, allsbtly inclined to twil!. "«»«'"«-
.u" o^t"^y be"r. :i>.;e^ wltl. « dark surface, containing 3 circular bnndle.«..rs wblch
are white on the periphery and dark in the center.

bor=r;^er%^c:rv;pj3^^^^^^ "= ^'

occur In heads borne on long stalks originating in the axils of leaves.

with' aawdnstUke material which conslata of abortive seeda.

WOOI,-Dl«,»e.p„ro„.: ray. d.atlnot: rather heavy, hard with Interlocked S^j'-;^ J--;'"'

for Circassian Walnut.

DISTIKaUISHIKG OHAKACTEEISTICS-a^be Sweet Gum "J- ^^-/^.^I'^^rplne'frke S
and Liquidambar. can be recognized by its frmt ^•*>'«»', *\*"/,^^t/Xter The corky-winged
suspended on a long slender stalk. The ^™' V"!"„^^'jXif ihe b"^^^^^^^ a native%i>ecies.
projections on the bark of the branches "«/»'''« f/"f"'j*,*;„,t„l^^ The ;tar-shaped loaves,
and the Cork Elm. an introduced species fj. »»«^J,J ..^.'^Trriunctive. It is native only
reddish-brown twigs, and leaf-scars ^;^'"^ their bund e scars a^ ^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^

to the extreme southeastern part of the State, but rather commo y

BAH0E-8o„them Connecticut south to Florida and west to Ohio, Missouri, and T.x.s, and
southward to Guatemala.

DI8TBIBUTI0N IN PEKNSYLVAHIA-This i«^ a Coastal Plain s^^^^^^^^
treme southeastern part of the State. "^^^'^J'^r^J^^' Charles S. Mann, Hatboro. Pa.,
and Philadelphia counties. It is conunon in ^^'*^^'^, 'g,"/,outhwe8t of Hatboro. Montgomery
reports "a local group or belt of Sweet Gum of large «!==« "O^^ HulmeviUe. Bucks county."
county." and states that there are 'beHUtiful ^o^es "J // \ „, „e growing at Mont

It appears to be hardy in other parts of the State, inriiiy y^
Alto, Harrisburg, Gettysburg, and Easton.

HABITAT-It prefers deep rich soil «-,\" -^tarrfou"^"'" Th^ o^^oT^n t
Poplar. Does not tolerate shade, hence almost 'J^jf "j^^'^^/^^generatlon on the forest floor,
stands. On account of its intolerance one seldom finds It as regen

IMPOBTAHOE OF THE SPECIE^The rro^ to^'aXuurtrt^ic^"^^:^^^^^^^
valuable wood but It "-«»3r 'equb^« ««» *<»«P «^^^« a^d YeUow Poplar. It hardly pays to
valuable trees such as White Oak, Wh te Ash H'^kory. a aistrihution to regenerate

propagate this tree artiflclally In this State ""^ it is too Umiten
it by natural means. It la a very attraclve ornamental tree.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

170

THE ROSE FAMILY— ROSACE AE

This is one of the largest families of plants. It comprises about
100 genera with 1,500 species, many representatives of which are
native to North America. The flora of Pennsylvania comprises
about 30 genera with more than 100 species.

The members of this family comprise trees, shrubs, and herbs.
They have a world wide distribution. A few of the trees are impor-
tant on account of the timber which they produce while many are
important on account of the valuable fruit which they yield. Most
of our common and well known fruit trees belong to this family.
Many of its shrubs are common and most attractive.

The leaves of the representatives of this family are simple or com-
pound and always alternate, that is never opposite. The flowers are
perfect, showy, and open in spring or early summer. Many species
have very fragrant and attractive flowers. The fruit matures in one
season and is variable in form and structure. It may take the form
of achenes, follicles, pomes, or drupes. Some species like the Cher-
ries, Plums, and Peaches have fruits which are edible and well
known. Their pulp is usually juicy, sweet or bitter, sometimes as-
tringent, and covers a hard-shelled, round or flat seed. On account
of the palatable nature of most of the fruits they are readily eaten
by man, birds, and wild animals. The seeds are not injured by pass-
ing through the alimentary canal of animals and hence may be thus
widely dispersed. The wood in many species is valuable but in our
flora all but one species remain too small to be of any commercial

value.

Of the large number of genera and species found in Pennsylvania
only 9 species belonging to 4 difl'erent genera are described below.
In addition to these a few other genera have well-known representa-
tives. The Ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius, (L.) Maxim.), is a
common shrub throughout the State along rocky banks of streams.
It is the only representative of its genus in Pennsylvania. The
Strawberries belonijing to the genus Fragaria have a few common
representatives. The Raspberries, Blacklwrries, and Dewberries, be-
longing to the genus Rubus, have about 20 species native to this
State. The Wild Roses, belonging to the genus Rosa, have at least
7 species native to the State. In addition to these there are many

herbaceous species.

KEY TO THE GENERA

Pa ere

1. Unbranched thorns present on twigs, situate at the nodes, Crataegus 170

1. Thorns not present on twigs 2

2. Fruit a drupe; pistil one; twig with characteristic taste and odor, usually covered

with horizontally-elongated lenticels Prunus 1 71

2. Fruit a pome; pistils more than one, usually 3-5; twigs with a different character-

istic taste, without horizontally-elongated lenticels S

3. Cavities of the ovary same number as the styles; buds not narrow^-conlcal and not

greenish-yellow Pyrus 178

8. Cavities of the ovary becoming twice the number of the styles; buda narrow-conical

and greenish-yellow AmeUnchier 180

171

THE PLUMS AND CHERRIES— PRUNUS, (Tourn.) Linnaeus

This genus comprises about 90 species well distributed over the
north temperature zone and locally in the tropics. A large number
of the representatives are found in North America. Seven species
are native to Pennsylvania and 4 foreign species have been exten-
sively naturalized. Only 4 of the native species are described on the
following pages. The other native species are Porter's Plum (Prun-
us alleghaniensis), found near Birmingham, Huntingdon county, Ap-
palachian Cherry (Prunus cuneata), and the Sand Cherry (Prunus
pumila).

Among the introduced species which have been cultivated exten-
sively are the Domestic or Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium), the Sour
Cherry (Prunus Cerasus), the Perfumed Cherry (Prunus Mahaleb),
and the Peach (Prunus Persica). The latter was introduced from
Asia and the others from'Europe.

SUMMER KEY TO THE SPECIES

1. Flowers In racemes terminating leafy branches, hence appearing after the leaves, . .2
1. Flowers in untibels developing from lateral buds before or with the leaves, 3

Page

2. Leaves thickish, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, taper-iwlnted, serrate with short Incurved

stout teelh, inner bark aromatic, P. serotina 172

2. Loaves rather thin, oval to obovate, short-jointed, very sharply serrate with some-

what spreading slender teeth; Inner bark with a rank disagreeable odor, P. virginiana 173

3. Flowers small; fruit snmll, borne in clusters; branches not thorny or armed

P. pennsylvanica 174

3. Flowers large; fruit large, borne singly; branches often thorny or armed, P. americana 175

WINTER KEY TO THE SPECIES

1. Terminal buds absent P- americana 175

1. Terminal buds present, '

2. Buds clustered at the tips of the twigs; twigs rather slender usually less than 1/16

of an Inch in thickness ^- pennsylvanica 174

2. Boida rarely clustered and if clustered only on stubby lateral spurs; twigs relatively

stout, usually over 1/16 of an inch iu tlilckness 8

3. Medium to large tree; bark on old trunks black and rough; buds relatively small

with uniformly-colored scales sharp-pointed at apex P. serotina 172

3. Small tree or shrub; bark on old trunks brown and rather smooth; buds relatively

large with grayish-margined scales rounded at the apex P. virginiana 173

172

WILD BLACK CHERRY

Prunus serotina, Ehrhart

FO&M— Usually readies a height of 50-75 ft. with a diameter of 2-3 ft., but may attain a

height of 110 ft. with a diameter of 5 feet. In forest-grown gpecimens the trunk la usually

long, clean, and with little taper, while In open-grown specimens It is usually short. Crown
rather irregularIy-6l>long.

BABK— On young trunks (Fig. 117) rather smooth, glossy, reddish-brown, marked with con-
spicuous white horizontally-elongated lenticels; peels off in thin fllm-like layers, and exposes
greenish inner bark. On old tnmks (Pig. 118) blackish, roughened by thick irregular plates
with projecting edges.

TWIGft— Smooth, rather slender, reddish-brown, marked with numerous, pale, round lenticels
which in time become horizontally-elongated; pith white or light brown. Often covered with
a thin, film like, grayish coating which rubs off readily. Inner bark has a characteristic bitter
taste and a rather pleasant odor.

BUDS— Alternate, about 1/8-1/6 of an inch long, ovate, usually sharp-pointed, smooth, glossy,
reddish-brown, covered by alwut 4 visiblfe ovate bud-scales which are sometinics coated with a
smoky or grayish film-like skin. Lateral buds usually divergent but sometimes appressed, flat-
tened, and larger than the terminal.

LEAVES — Alternate, simple, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, 2-5 Inches long, tapering or rounded
at base, taper-pointed at apex, serrate on margin with short incurved teeth, rather thick and
shiny above, paler beneath.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, more than 2-ranked, raised on projections of the twigs, seml-elllptical
tendency in outline, with 3 bundle-scars.

FLOWERS— Appear in May or June; white, perfect, about i of an inch across, borne in
elongated drooping racemes 3-4 inches long.

FRUIT— A purplish-black juicy drupe, J-i of an inch in diameter, arranged In rather open
drooping clusters; seed stony. Matureb in summer.

WOOD— Diffuse-porous; rays very distinct; heartwood reddish-brown; sapwood narrow and
yellowish; moderately heavy, hard and strong, flne-gralned, does not warp or split in seasoning.
Young wood is very durable. Its value is due to color and lustre and not to figure. Weighs
36 lbs. i)er cubic foot. Used principally in furniture and finish, also used for tools like spirit
levels, implements, patterns, cores, and for high class panels.

DISTINGIJISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Wild Black Cherry, also known as Wild Cherry,
Rum Cherry, Black Cherry, and Cabinet Cherry, may be distinguished from our other native
species by its larger size and by the rough, dark, scaly bark which is found on the older
trunks. For further distinguishing characterifetics sefc Choke Cherry, page 173, and Fire Cherry,
page 174. The introduced Domestic Cheny (Prunus avium) can be distinguished from this one
by its stouter often grayish twigs, its smoother and shiny bark (Pig. 119) with conspicuous
long and high lentictls and its clustered buds at the tips of stubby, lateral, spur-like Iwanches.
The fruit of the Domestic Cherry is larger than that of our native cherries and the leaves
have rounded teeth often with glands and are frequently slightly pubescent on the lower side.

RANGE— Nova Scotia south to Florida, westward to South Dakota, Kansas, and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found throughout the State. Rather common but no-
where very abundant. Usually occurs solitary in mixture with other species. Magnificent speci-
mens were present in the original forest ol Potter county. Thrifty pure stands of young trees
occur at present on the Hull State Forest in southern Potter county. The specimen of this species
contained In the Jessup Wood (Jollectlon exhibited In the American Museum of Natural History,
New York City, was procured in Wyoming county, Pennsylvania.

HABITAT— Thrives best on rich alluvial soil and fertile slopes. It will grow on dry and
often rather sterile slopes. On account of its long tap-root it requires loose deep soil. Forester
George Perry reports that this species suffers least from late frosts of all the native trees of
boutbem Potter county.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Wild Black Cherry Is a very Important timber tree,
especially in the northern part of the State. Its wood is valuable especially for furniture and
intertor finish. Nowhere In its range has it ever been very abundant and on account of its
prized wood It has been cut extensively. As a consequence it Is now becoming rare, in fact
marching toward extinction. It deserves to be planted extensively and to be protected care-
fully where it is found growing naturally.

PLATE LXXXIV. WILD BLACK CHERRY

1.

• »

V.

o.

Ssc'Clioii ol a tlowciinjr brancli, x i.
A fruitiim Itiauch, x i.
Section ol a limit, onlaiged.
.V winter twifc. natural size.
.Section ot a winter twig, eiilar«ea.

172

WILD BLACK CHERRY

Prunus serotina, Ehrhart

rORM— Usually reaches a height of SO-75 ft. with a diameter of 2-8 ft., but may atUln a
height of 110 ft. with a diameter of 6 feet. In forest-grown specimcna the trunk Is usually
long, clean, and with little taper, while In open-grown specimens it is usually short. Crown
rather irregularly-6blong.

BABK— On young trunks (Pig. 117) rather smooth, glossy, reddish brown, marked with con-
spicuous white horteontally-elongated lentlcels; peels off in thin fllm-Uke layers, and exposes
greenish inner bark. On old trunks (Pig. 118) blockish, roughened by thick Irregular plates
with projecting edges. ,

TWIGft— Smooth, rather slender, reddish-brown, marked with numerous, pale, round lentlcels
which In time become horizontally-elongated; pith white or light brown. Often covered with
a thin, film like, grayish coating which rubs off readily. Inner bark has a characteristic bitter
taste and a rather pleasant odor.

BVD8— Alternate, about 1/8-1/6 of an inch long, ovate, usually sharp-pointed, smooth, glossy,
reddlsh-brovm, covered by about 4 visible ovate bud-scales which are sometimes coated with a
smoky or grayish fllm-Uke skin. Lateral buds usually divergent but sometimes appressed, flat-
tened, and larger than the terminal.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, 2-? Inches long, tapering or rounded
at base, taper pointed at apex, serrate on margin with short Incurved teeth, rather thick and
shiny above, paler beneath.

LEAF-BCABS— Alternate, more than 2-ranked, raised on projections of the twigs, seml-elliptlcal
tendency in outUne, with 3 bundle-scars.

TLOWERS— Appear in May or June; white, perfect, about J of an Inch across, borne In
elongated drooping racemes 3-4 Inches long.

FKUIT— A purplish-black juicy drupe, i-i of an Inch In diameter, arranged In rather open
drooping clusters; seed stony. Matureb In summer.

WOOD— Diffuse porous; rays very distinct; heartwood reddish-brown; sapwood narrow and
yeUowish; moderately heavy, hard and strong, flne-gralned, does not warp or split in seasoning.
Young wood is very durable. Its value is due to color and lustre and not to figure. Weighs
36 lbs. per cubic foot. Used principally In furniture and finish, also used for tools like spirit
levels, implements, patterns, cores, and for high class panels.

DISTINGtriSHINO OHAKAOTEMSTICS— The Wild Black Cherry, also known as Wild Cherry,
Rum Cherry, Black Cherry, and Cabinet Cherry, may be distinguished from our other native
species by its larger slse and by the rough, dark, scaly bark which is found on the older
trunks. For further distinguishing charncterlfetics sefe Choke Cherry, page 173, and Fire Cherry,
page 174 The introduced Domestic Cherry (Prunus avium) can be distinguished from this one
by its stouter often grayish twigs, its smoother and bhiny bark (Fig. 119) with conspicuous
long and high lentictls and its clustered buds at the tips of stubby, lateral, spur-like branches.
The fruit of the Domestic Cherry is larger than that of our native cherries and the leaves
have rounded teeth often with glands and are frequently slightly pubescent on the lower side.

RANGE— Nova Scotia south to Florida, westward to South Dakota, Kansas, and Texas.

DISTRIBUTIOK IN PENNSYLVANIA— Pound throughout the State. Rather common but no-
where very abundant. Usually occurs solitary in mixture with other species. Magnificent sped
mens were present in the original forest of Potter county. Thrifty pure stands of young trees
ocCTir at present on the Hull State Forest in southern Potter county. The specimen of this species
contained In the Jessup Wood Collection exhibited in the American Museum of Natural History,
New York City, was procured in Wyoming county, Pennsylvania.

HABITAT— Thrives best on rich alluvial soil and fertile slopes. It will grow on dry and

often rather sterile slopes. On account of its long tap-root it requires loose deep soil. Forester

Cieorge Perry reports that this species suffers least from late frosts of all the native trees of
boutbem Potter county.

mPORTANOE OF THE SPECIES— The Wild Black Cherry Is a very Important timber tree,
especially in the northern part of the State. Its wood is valuable especially for furniture and
interior finish. Nowhere in its range has It ever been very abundant and on account of Its
priced wood it has been cut extensively. As a consequence it Is now becoming rare. In fact
marching toward extinction. It deserves to be planted extensively and to be protected care-
fully where it is found growing naturally.

i^

PLATE LXXXIV. WILD BLACK CHERRY

1. Section »>f a Howering l>raiicli, x J.

•2. A fruiting branch, x J.

.{. Section of a fruit, enlarged.

4. A winter twig, natural size.

5. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

I

i

PLATE LXXXV. CHOKE CHERRY

3.

A flowering branch, x }.
A fruiting brancli, x I.
Section of a fruit, oiilarupd.

4. A winter twig, natural size.

r>. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

173

CHOKE CHERRY
Prunus virginiana, Linnaeus

FOEM — A Hniall tree rarely exceeding 25 ft. in height with a diameter of 8 inches. It rpachea
Its largest size in the southern part of its geogrHphical range.

BAS.K — On young tmnks smooth, shiny, brownish, peels off easily in thin film-like layers
and exposes the green inner bark. On older trunks about 2/5 of an inch thick, dark grayish,
slightly roughened by shallow fissures. Inner layers of the bark have a very disagreeable odor.

TWIQ43 — Rather stoat, usually smooth, light brown to reddish-brown, covered with numerous
conspicnons, dull yellowish lentlcels which are not evidently horlrontally-elongated; pith white.
Uruised twigs have a disagreeable odor.

BUDS — Alternate, about 1/6 of an inch long, conical to ovate, smooth, sharp-pointed, brownish,
covered with about 6-8 vlslWe and closely overlapping scales. Lateral buds are often rather
divergent and larger than the terminal.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, oval, oblong or obovate, 2-4 inches long, tapering or rounded at
base, abruptly pointed at apex, sharply serrate on margin with slender teeth, rather thin,
bright green above, paler below.

LEAF-BOARS — ^Alternate, more than 2-ranked, somewhat raised on projections of twigs,
with a tendency to become elliptical in outline. Bundle-scars 3 in number.

FLOWERS— Appear about May when the leaves are fully-developed. They are perfect, white
i-i of an inch across, arranged in many-flowered drooping racemes, 3-6 inches long.

FRIHT- A red to dark crimson Juicy drupe, about } of an inch In diameter, arranged In rather
open drooping clusters. Seed smooth and stony. Fruit is harsh and astringent.

WOOD— Similar to that of the Wild Black Cherry, page 172, only heavltr and of no cons-
mercial importance. Not found on the market. Weighs 43 lbs. per cubic foot.

DISTINaUIBHINO CKARACTERI8TIC&-/l'he Choke Cherry can be distinguished from the
Wild Black Cherry by its smaller slee, smoother and browner outer bark and an inner berk
with a more disagreeable odor, as well as by its thinner and sharper serratt leaves with
somewhat spreading slender teeth. The leaves of the Wild Black Cherry are thicker and moder-
ately serrate with somewhat spreading slender teeth. The buds of the Wild Black Cherry are
smaller and have rather uniformly-colored scales with a sharp-apex, while the buds of this
species have grayish-margined scales with a rounded apex. This tree can be distinguished from
the rire Cherry by the absence of clustered terminal buds, by its stouter twigs, and by its
flov^rs which are borne in a raceme while those of the Pire Cherry a^^^*^"'^ *" ""'^^';-
It can be distinguished from both the Wild Black Cherry and the Fire Cherry by Its buff-
colored lentlcels which do not elongate horizontally.

RAKGE— Newfoundland to Manitoba, southward to Georgia and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION DT PEKirSYLVAHIA-Ix)cally throughout the State but nowhere abundant.
Most common in the mountains and southeastern parts.

HABITAT-JYeqnently found in thickets, in open woods, along fences, in abandonwl fields,
along streams, and on dry situations.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIE»-The Choke Cherry Is of no commercial »"'portanco. It is
rath« attractive in its natural habitat and when artlflcally planted. Even though It has no
"JIlTeX value still it n.ed not be regarded as an objectionable forest weed because it inter-
feres little with the growth of other trees or their utilization.

I

PLATE LXXXV. CHOKE CHERRY

1. A floweriiif,' Imincii, x i.

2. A fniitiiiK brancli, x A.

;}. Section <»f a fruit, nilarncd.

4. A wiiit»!r twin, nutunil size.

n. Section (if a Aviiiter twia, enlaijjed.

173

CHOKE CHERRY

Prunus virginiana, Linnaeus

FOSM — A sinull tree rarely exceeding 115 ft. in height with a diameter of 8 imiies. It reaches
ItH largest size in the southern port of its geograpl\lcal range.

BARK — On young tninks smooth, shiny, brownish, peels off easily in thin film-like hiyers
and exposes the green inner bark. On older trunks about 2/5 of an inch thick, dark grayish,
slightly roughened by shallow fissures. Inner layers of the bark have a very disagreeable odor.

TWIGS— Rather stout, usually smooth, light brown to reddish-brown, covered with numerous
conspicuous, dull yellowish lenticcls which are not evidently horizontally-elongated; pith white.
Itruised twigs have a disagreeable odor.

BUDS — ^Alternate, about 1/6 of an inch long, conical to ovate, smooth, sharp-pointed, brownish,
covered with about 6-8 visible and closely overlapping scales. liateral buds are often rather
divergent and larger than the terminal.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, oval, oblong or obovate, 2-4 inches long, tai^erlng or rounded at
base, abruptly pointed at apex, sharply serrate on margin with slender teeth, rather thin,
bright green above, paler below.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, more than 2-ranked, somewhat raised on projections of twigs,
with a tendency to become elliptical in ontline. Bundle-scars 3 in number.

FLOWERS— Appear about May when the leaves are fully-developed. They are i)erfect, white
i-J of an inch across, arranged in many-flowered drooping racemes, 3-6 inclies long.

FRUIT— A red to dark crimson juicy drupe, about } of an inch In diameter, arranged in rather
open drooping clusters. Seed smooth and stony. Fruit is harsh and astringent.

WOOD— Similar to that of the Wild Black Cherry, page 172, only heavier and of no conv
mercial importance. Not found on the market. Weighs 43 lbs. per cubic foot.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— I'he Choke Cherry can be distinguished from the
Wild Black Cherry by its smaller size, smoother and browner outer bark and an inner bark
with a more disagreeable odor, as well as by its thinner and sharper serrate leaves with
somewhat spreading slender teeth. The leaves of the Wild Black Cherry are thicker «"d nuKle^-
ately serrate with somewhat spreading slender teeth. The buds of the Wild Black Jherry are
smaller ami have rather uniformly-colored scales with a sh«rp-apex, ^^iie the buds of th^
s,«>cie8 have grayish-margined scales with a rounded apex. This tree can be distinguished from
the Fire Cherry by the absence of clustered terminal buds, by its stouter twigs, and by Its
flowers Which are borne in a raceme while those of the Fire Clierry "^^ »^"'«^ ^" 7^«»«-
It can be distinguished from both the Wild Black Cherrj- and the J Ire Cherry by its buff-
colored lenticels which do not elongate horizontally.

RANGE— Newfoundland to Manitoba, southward to Georgia and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA-Locally throughout the State but nowhere abundant.
Most common in the mountains and southeastern parts.

HABITAT-Frequently found in thickets, in open woods, along fences, in abandoned fl<lds,
along streanis, and on dry situations.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Ohoke Cherry Is of no comnwrtial innwrtance Tt is
raJJS at^rl^ctive in its natural habitat and when artiflcally planted. Even though «t has no
"mmercialviire still it need not be regarded as an objectionable forest weed because it inter-
feres little with the growth of other trees or their utilization.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

174

FIRE CHERRY

Prunus pennsylvanica, Linnaeus

FOBM — ^A Hiiiall tree reaching a height of 40 ft. with a diameter of about 18 incliee. Truuk
usually short bearing rather ascending branches which form a narrow and rather flat-topped
crown. The largest specimen the author has seen in Pennsylvania was growine upon the Hull
State Forest, Potter county, and had a breast-high diameter of fourteen and one-half inches.

BABK — On old trunks somewhat roughened but not fissured. On younger trunks al)out i of an
Inch thick, reddish-brown, rather smooth but roughened by large horizontally-elongated lenticels.
The outer bark peels off readily in thin iilm-llke layers and exposes the green inner bark which
is bitter.

TWIGS — Slender, snwoth, glossy, bright red, sometimes wholly or partly covered with a
thin grayish coating which rubs off very readily, marked with numerous pale to yellowish and
conspicuous lenticels which in lime become horizontally-elongated. The twigs have a character-
istic blttor taste and a peculiar odor.

BTTDS— Alternate, small, usually less than } of an inch long, ovate, dull-pointed, smooth
or slightly grayish, scaly, clustered at the end of twigs and often along the sides; covered
with scales which are hard to distinguish. They are sometimes clustered on stubby lateral
spurs.

LEAVES — Alternate or sometimes paired but not opposite each other, simple, oblong-
lanceolate, 3-5 inches long, tapering or rounded at base, sharp-pointed at apex, sharply and finely
serrate on margin, rather shining, green and smooth on both sides.

LEAT-SCASS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, somewhat raised on projections of twigs,
elongated, semi-elliptical in outline, with 3 bundle-scars, the central one of which is usually the
largest.

FLOWERS— Appear about May when leaves are partly developed. They are white, perfect,
about i of an inch across, borne on long stalks in 4-5 flowered umbels.

FEUIT — ^A globular, Juicy, light red drupe about 1 of an inch in diameter, tipped with parts
of persistent styles, covered with thin skin which contains sour flesh and oblong stone. Ripens
about July.

WOOD — Similar to that of the Wild Black Cherry, page 172, only lighter In weight and
of no commeTcial importance. Not found on the market. Weighs 31 lbs. per cubic foot.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Fire Cherry, also known as Wild Red, Bird
and Pin Cheriy, can be distinguished from Wild Black Cherry and Choke Cherry by its flowers
which are borne in umbels while those of the other species are borne in racemes, and by
its slender twigs bearing clustered terminal buds while those of the other cherries occur
solitary. The bark can be distinguished from the Choke Cherry by the presence of numerous
orange-colored horizontally-elongated lenticels and from the Wild Black Cherry by the absence
of dark scaly plates with projecting edges.

RANGE — Newfoundland to British Columbia, southward to Georgia, Tennessee, and Colorado.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Common in the mountainous parts of the State,
particularly among the Alleghenies. Rare or absent southeast of a line drawn from Easton
through Harrisburg to Chambersburg. Also rare in the western part of the State. The author
has found only 12 specimens in the South Mountains of Adams, Cumberland, and Franklin coun-
ties during ten years of field work.

HABITAT — Usually found in rocky woods and recent clearings. Very common along fences
and roadsides, in abandoned fields, on lumbered and bumt-orer areas, on mountain slopes and
occasionally found on bottomlands. Often forms almost impenetrable thickets In lumbered areas
in the Allegheny Mountains. Three to five thousand specimens per acre is not an unusual number
in the Black Forest region of northern Pennsylvania.

IBCFORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Fire Cherry is of no commercial importance. It is very
attractive but its short life prevents it from being planted extensively for ornamental pur-
poses. It is rather aggressive, springing up rapidly after fires and lumbering operationa, often
taking complete control of the situation. It is, however, a temporary spories acting as a
shelter or nurse tree to other more valuable species which usually follow and form the desired
forest stand. The n»iin vahie of this tree lies in the shelter which it gives to others and the
food which it furnishes for birds and wild animals.

PLATE LXXXVL FIRE CHERRY

1.

rv.

4.

A tlowciiiiK liraiu'li, \ h- , ,

V fruiting hraiicli with iiiiitiirc lt;iv.s, x *.
Section of « fruit, ciiliirucd.
A winter twin, iiiitural size.
Scftioii "f )i winter twiu. fiilinue'l.

17i

h

I

FIRE CHERRY
Prunus pennsylvanica, Linnaeus

FORM — A small tree reaching a height of 40 ft. with a diameter of about 18 Inches. Trunk
usually short bearing rather ascending branches which form a narrow and rather flat-topped
crown. The largest specimen the author has seen In Pennsylvania was growlnar upon the Hull
State Forest, Potter county, and bad a breast-high diameter of fourteen and one-half Inches.

BAEK— On old trunks somewhat roughened but not fissured. On younger trunks about i of an
Inch thick, reddish-brown, rather smooth but roughened by large horizontally-elongated lenticels.
The outer bark peels off readily lu thin fllm-llke layers and exposes the green Inner bark which
is bitter.

TWI08 — Slender, smooth, glossy, bright red, sometimes wholly or partly covered with a
thin grayish coating which rubs off very readily, marked with numerous pale to yellowish and
conspicuous lenticels which in lime bocome horizontally-elongated. The twigs have a character*
istlc bittor taste and a peculiar odor.

BVDB — ^Alternate, small, usually less than i of an inch long, ovate, dull-pointed, smooth
or slightly grayish, scaly, clustered at the fcnd of twigs and often along the sides; covered
with scales which are hard to distinguish. They are sometimes clustered on stubby lateral
spurs.

LEAVES— Alternate or sometimes paired but not opposite each other, simple, oblong-
lanceolate, 3-5 inches long, tapering or rounded at base, sharp-pointed at apex, sharply and finely
serrate on margin, rather shining, green and smooth on both sides.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, more than 2-ranked, somewhat raised on projections of twigs,
elongated, semi-elliptical in outline, with 3 bundle-scars, the central one of which is usually the
largest.

FLOWERS— Ai^>ear about May when leaves are partly developed. They are white, perfect,
about i of an inch across, borne on long stalks in 4-5 flowered umbels.

FRX7IT — ^A globular, Juicy, light red drupe about | of an inch in diameter, tipped with parts
of persistent styles, covered with thin skin which contains sour flesh and oblong stone. Ripens
about July.

WOOD— Similar to that of the Wild Black Cherry, page 172, only lighter in weight and
of no commercial importance. Not found on the market. Weighs 81 lbs. per cubic foot.

DI8TIN0UISHIN0 CHARACTERISTICS— The Fire Cherry, also known as Wild Red, Bird
and Pin Cherry, can be distinguished from Wild Black Cherry and Choke Cherry by its flowers
which are borne in umbels while those of the other species are borne in racemes, and by
its slender twigs bearing clustered terminal buds while those of the other cherries occur
solitary. The bark can be distinguished from the Choke Cherry by the presence of numerous
orange-colored horizontally-elongated lenticels and from the Wild Black Cherry by the absence
of dark scaly plates with projecting edges.

RANOE — Newfoundland to British Columbia, southward to Georgia, Tennessee, and Colorado.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Conunon in the mountainous parts of the State,
particularly among the Alleghenies. Rare or absent southeast of a line drawn from Easton
through Harrisburg to Chambei-sburg. Also rare in the western part of the State. The author
has found only 12 specimens in the South Mountains of Adams. Cumberland, and Franklin coun-
ties during ten years of field work.

HABITAT — ^Usually found in rocky woods and recent clearings. Very common along fences
and roadsides, in abandoned fields, on lumbered and burnt-over areas, on mountain slopes and
uccasionally found on bottomlands. Often forms almost impenetrable thickets in lumbered areas
in the Allegheny Mountains. Three to Ave thousand specimens per acre is not an unusual number
in the Black Forest region of northern Pennsylvania.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Fire Cherry Is of no commercial importance. It Is very
attractive but its short life prevents it from being planted extensively for ornamental pur-
poses. It is rather aggressive, springing up rapidly after fires and lumbering operations, often
taking complete control of the situation. It is, however, a temporary species acting as a
shelter or nurse tree to other more valuable species which usually follow and form the desired
forest stand. The main value of this tree lies in the shelter which it gives to others and the
food which it furnishes for birds and wild animals.

|i.

PLATE LXXXVI. FIRE CHERRY

1. A flowering brancli, x i.

2 A fruiting branch with mature leaves, x ».

a". Section of a fruit, enlarged.

4. A winter twig, natural size.

r, Section "f a winter twiij, cnlinned.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

%. i i J

PLATE LXXXVII. WILD PLUM

1. A flowering branch, x i.

2. A fruiting branch, x }.

3. Section of a fruit, naturul size.

4. A winter twig, x i.

5. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

175

WILD PLUM
Prunus americana, Marshall

FORM— A small tree from 9-30 ft. high with a diameter of 6-12 Inches. Trunk abort, bearing
many wide-spreading, often drooping branches forming a deep and rather broad crown.

BAEK— At first with a smooth grayish-brown bai*, later becoming rough like the Wild
Cherry by breaking up into thin dark brown plates.

TWIGS— Rather stout, at first hairy and light green, later smooth and reddish-brown, covered
with a few roundish lenticels. Twigs often bear nimierous spur-like spines.

BUDS— Alternate, terminal one absent; about i of an inch long, broadly conical, sharp-
pointed, brown, covered with numerous triangular scales which are pale and hairy along the
margin.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, l}-4 inches long, narrowly-obovate, taper-pointed at apex, usually
rounded at base, sharply and doubly serrate on margin, firm, dark gnreen, and rough al>ove,
paler and hairy below.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, more than 2-ranked, broadly cresent- shaped, with 3 conspicuous
bundle-scars.

FLOWERS — Appear about May when the leaves are i developed. They are perfect, white,
1 inch across, occur on slender smooth stalks arranged in 2-5 flowered umbels.

FRUIT — Matures in late summer or early autumn. It Is a subglobose drupe becoming red
at full maturity, about 1 inch in diameter, with a thick tough skin and a flattened oval stone.

WOOD — Diffuse-porous; hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, reddish-brown, shiny, with thin
sapwood. Weighs about 46 lbs. per cubic ft.

DISTIirOUISHINO CHARACTERISTICS— The Wild Plum, also known as the Wild Yellow
Plum and Red Plum, can be distinguished from the other members of this genus here described
by the absence of a terminal bud, by the characteristic bitter aromatic taste of the twigs
and by Its red globose fruit about 1 inch in diameter, covered with a thick tough skin and
containing a smooth oval flattened stone. Another species of Plum known as Porter's Plum or
Sloe (PrunuB alleghaniensis) is native to this state. It is distinguished by its purple fruit
which is usually covered with a bloom, rarely over i of an inch in diameter and seldom spiny.

RAKOE — New York south to Florida, westward to Montana, Colorado, and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IK PEKNSYLVAITIA— Found locally throughout the State. Most common in
the southeastern and southern parts,* present but rarer in other parts.

HABITAT— Prefers rather moist rich soil. Common along banks of streams and borders of
woods.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Wild Plum Is of no commercial importance on account
of the timber which it produces, but it forms an excellent stock upon which to graft the
IJomestic Plum. It responds very readily to the attention which a gardener may give to it.
The fruit is used for preserves and jellies. It i» attractive ornamentally on account of Its
fine form, beautiful foliage, and profusion of attractive flowers.

175

^ . * ' '^f-^i

PLATE LXXXVII. WILD PLUM

1. A flowering branch, x J.

2. A fruiting iiranch, x j.

.'!. Section of a fruit, nutunil si/.o.

4. A winter twitr, x A.

5. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

WILD PLUM
Prunus americana, Marshall

FORM — A small tree from 9-30 ft. high with a diameter of 6-12 Inches. Trunk short, bearing
ntanj wide-sproading, often drooping branches forming a deep and rather broad crown.

BARK — ^At first with a smooth grayish-brown bark, later becoming rough like the Wild
Cherry by breaking up into thin dark brown plates.

TWIGS— Rather stout, at first hairy and light green, later smooth and reddish-brown, covered
with a few roundish lenticels. Twigs often bear munerous spur-like spines.

BUDS— Alternate, terminal one absent; about J of an inch long, broadly conical, sharp-
potnted, brown, covered with numerous triangular scales which are pale and hairy along the
margin.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, lJ-4 inches long, narrowly-obovate, taper-pointed at apex, usually
rounded at base, sharply and doubly serrate on margin, firm, dark green, and rough above,
paler and hairy below,

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, more than 2-ranked, broadly cresent-shaped, with 3 conspicuous
bundle-scars.

FLOWERS — Appear about May when the leaves are i developed. They are perfect, white,
1 Inch across, occur on slender smooth stalks arranged in 2-5 flowered umbels.

FRUIT— Matures in late summer or early autumn. It is a subglobose drupe becoming red
at full maturity, about 1 inch in diameter, with a thick tough skin and a flattened oval stone.

WOOD — ^Diffuse-porous; hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, reddish-brown, shiny, with thin
sapwood. Weighs about 46 lbs. per cubic ft.

DISTIN0UI8HIKO CHARACTERISTICS— The Wild Plum, also known as the Wild Yellow
Plum and Red Plum, can be distinguished from the other members of this genus here described
by the absence of a terminal bud, by the characteristic bitter aromatic taste of the twigs
and by its red globose fruit about 1 inch in diameter, covered with a thick tongh skin and
containing a smooth oval flattened stone. Another species of Plum known as Porter's Plum or
Sloe (Prunus alieghaniensis) is native to this state. It is distinguished by its purple fnilt
which is usually covered with a bloom, rarely over i of an inch in diameter and seldom si)iny.

RANGE— New York south to Florida, westward to Montana, Colorado, and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found locally througliout the State. Most common in
the southeastern and southern parts,* present but rarer In other parts.

HABITAT— Prefers rather moist rich soil. Common along banks of streams and borders of
woods.

nCPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Wild Plum is of no commercial Importance on account
of the timber which it produces, but It forms an excellent stock upon which to graft tlie
Domestic Plum. It responds very readily to the attention which a gardener may give to it.
The fruit is used for preserves and jellies. It is attractive ornamentally on account of Its
fine form, beautiful foliage, and profusion of attractive flowers.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

176

COCKSPUR THORN

Crataegus Crus-galli, Linnaeus

GENUS DESCRIPTION — Tlie genns Crataegus has the center of Its distribution In eastern
North America. It reaches its best development in the groat limestone formations rather
common in this part of America. Prior to 1900 fewer than 75 species were Icnown in the world,
of which number about 30 were native to North America. At the present time about 700
species of trees and shrubs belonging to this genus have been described. In the State of New
York alone 218 species have been described. Porter, in his Flora of Pennsylvania, published
in 1903, records 16 species as native to this State. Only 2 species are described in this bulletin
Itecause they are practically of no commercial importance and very difficult to identify.

FORM— A small tree sometimes reaching a height of 25 ft. with a diameter of 10-12 inches.
Trunk short, bearing stoqt and spreading branches which form a broad and rather flat crown.

BARK — Grayish to reddish-brown, sometimes roughened by sm-all scales.

TWIGS— Smooth, rather slender, at first greenish, later light brown to gray, usually bearing
straight or slightly curved and unbranched chestnut-browm thorns about 3 Inches long,

BUDS— Alternate, i of an Inch long, often almost spherical, very blunt-pointed, terminal
bud usually present and about the same size as the laterals. Lateral accessory buds are often
found at the bases of thorns. Blids are covered with numerous, thick, blunt-pointed, chestnut-
brown scales.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, obovate to elliptical, 1-3 inches long, long-tapering at base,
rounded or short-pointt-d at apex, sharply serrate on margin except towards base; smooth, thick,
and shiny on the upper surface when full grown. Petioles short and broad.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, more tiian 2-ranked, small, cresent-shaped, containing 3 bundle-
scars.

FLOWERS— Appear about June when leaves are fully developed. They are perfect, white,
about § of an Inch across and arranged in smooth-corymbs.

FRUIT— Ripens about September but persists Into winter. A globose or pear-like pome, about
2/5 of an inch long, greenish or dull red with persistent calyx lobes at apex, containing small
nutlets which are rounded at the ends and 2-3 grooved on the back.

WOOD— Diffuse porous; rays very inconspicuous; growth rings variable in width and wavy;
heavy, hard, reddish-brown, close-grained. Weighs about 45 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for
fence posts and fuel.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Cockspur Thorn, sometimes also known as
Newcastle Thorn, Thorn Apple. Thorn, Hawthorn, and Haw, can best be recognized by its
long, usually unbranched chestnut-brown thorns, its small neariy spherical buds, its obovate to
elliptical leaves with short and flattened petioles, its flowers which are arranged in corymbs,
and Its bright, scarlet, apple-like fruit which often i)ereists far into winter.

RANGE— Southern Canada and southward through Connecticut and Virginia to northern Georgia,
westward to Michigan. Missouri, and Alabama.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Common in the eastern and southern parts of the
State. Local in the other parts.

HABITAT— Conmion on sandy and gravelly soil. Most frequent on the foothills.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Cockspur Thorn is of no commercial Importance as a
forest tree It is however, an attractive small tree which has been planted rather extensively
for ornamental purposes. It is very variable in its form, leaves, flowers, and fruit. Jt has been
planted as a hedge and iu some cases has proved equal to the general requirements. The thorns
were formerly used to close woolen sacks in carding mills.

1.
2.
3.
4.

r>.

6.

PLATE LXXXVIII. COCKSPUR THORN

A iiowering brancli. x *.

Longitudinal section «f a llnw.r. natural size.

A fruiting branch, x J.

Section of a fruit, x A.

iJSu'of 'abraS"shLvriug tl.orns .vilh bud^ at their l.as..s, .ulargcd.

176

.<l|

t

COCKSPUR THORN
Crataegus Crus-galli, Linnaeus

0ENT7S DESCRIPTION— The genns Crataegfus has the center of Itg distribution In eastern
North America. It reaches its best development In the great liroe»tone formations rather
common in this part of America. Prior to 1900 fewer than 76 species were known In the world,
of which number about 30 were native to North America. At the present time about 700
species of trees and shrubs belonging to this genus have been described. In the State »' New
York alone 218 species have been described. Porter, In his Flora of Pennsylvania, published
In 1908, records 16 species as native to this State. Only 2 species arc described in this bulletin
beca»se they are practically of no commercial Importance and very difficult to Identify.

FORM— A small tree sometimes reaching a height of 26 ft. with a diameter of 10-12 inches.
Trunk short, bearing stout and spreading branches which form a broad and rath«r flat crown.

BASK— Grayish to reddish-brown, sometimes roughened by small scales.

TWI08— Smooth, rather slender, at first greenish, lattr light brown to gray, usually bearing
straight or slightly curved and unbranched chestnut-brown thorns about 3 inches long.

BUDS— Alternate, i of an inch long, often almost spherical, very blunt-pointed, terminal
bud usually present and about the same size as the laterals. Lateral accewwry buds are often
found at the bases of thorns. Btids are covered with numerous, thick, blunt-pointed, chestnnt-
browoi scales.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, obovate to elliptical, 1-3 Inches long, long-taperlng at base,
rounded or short-pointed at apex, sharply serrate on margin except towards base; smooth, thick,
and shiny on the upper surface when full grown. Petioles short and broad.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, more than 2-ranked, small, cresent-shaped, containing 3 bundle-

scars.

FLOWERS— Appear about June when leaves are fully developed. They are perfect, white,
about i of an Inch acroas and arranged in smooth-corymbs.

FRUIT— Ripens about September but persists Into winter. A globose or pear-like pome, about
2/5 of an inch long, greenish or dull red with persistent calyx lobes at apex, conUlning small
nutlet* which are rounded at the ends and 2-3 grooved on the back.

WOOD— Diffuse-porous; rays very inconspicuous; growth rings variable In width and way;
heavy, hard, reddish-brown, close-grained. Weighs about 45 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for
fence posts and fuel.

DISTINGUISHIWG CHARACTERISTICS— The Cockspur Thorn, sometinies also known as
Newcastle Thorn, Thorn Apple, Thorn, Hawthorn, and Haw, can best be recognized by Its
long, usually unbranched chestnut brown thorns, its small nearly spherical buds, its obovate to
elliptical leaves with short and flattened petioles, its flowers which are arranged In corymbs,
and its bright, scarlet, apple-like fruit which often persists far into winter.

RANGE— Southern Canada and southward through Connecticut and Virginia to northern Georgia,
westward to Michigan, Missouri, and Alabama.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Common in the eastern and southern parts of the
State. Local In the other parts.
HABITAT— Common on sandy and gravelly soil. Most frequent on the foothills.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Cockspur Thorn Is of no commercial Importance as a
forest tree It Is, however, an attractive small tree which has been planted rather extensively
for ornamental purposes. It is very variable in Its form, leaves, flowers, and fruit. Jt has been
planted as a hedge and In some cases has proved equal to the general requirements. The thorns
vk-ere formerly used to close woolen sacks In carding mills.

■

PLATE LXXXVIII. COCKSPUR THORN

1. A flowering branch, x *. ...

2. Longitudinal section of a llowcr, natural Hlze.

3. A fruiting branch, x §.

4. Section of a fruit, x S.

I i^SI'of *r'braS"!i5iw;ug thorns with buds ut their bases, .ulargod.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

177

!

m

I

PLATE LXXXIX, SCARLET HAWTHORN

1. A flowering branch, x J.

2. Lougitudintil section of a flower, nuturul size.

3. A fruiting Jtranch, x J.

4. Section of a fruit, x J.

5. A winter twig witli u thorn, x }.

G. Section of a twij; sUowini; a tliorri and a Imd by its base. aliKhtly eolarged.

SCARLET HAWTHORN
Crataegus coccinea, Linnaeus

fnJ°5*'~'*^ '"'*" *''** ™*'**^ exceeding a height of 20 ft. with a diameter of 10 Inches,
rnuik short, stout, bearing rather crooked spreading branches which form a broad and flat crown.

-Bather thin, light brown to aghy-gray, in time roughened by shallow ftssures «epa-
rating small scales.

TWlOS-^Stlff, round in cross-section, at first greenish, later reddish, brownish or grayish,
glossy, armed with slender usually straight, brown, glossy spines about 2 Inches long.

BUDS — Alternate, aboQt i of an inch long, often almost spherical, very blunt-pointed, corered
with numerous, thick, blunt-iMlnted, chestnut brown scales. Terminal bud usually present and
jiboqt same size as laterals. Lateral accessory buds are often found at the base of a thorn.

LEAVES— Alternate, trimple, broadly ovate, 1-5 Inches long, rough -pubescent, tapering, rounded
or truncate at base, often slightly 5-0 lobed or deeply cut and finely serrate on margin, pointed
at apex.

LEAF-SCARS^Alternate, more than 2-ranked, small, cresent-shaped, containing 3 bundle-scars.

FLOWEBS— Appear about June when leaves are almost fully developed. They are perfect,
white, }-l Inch across, with disagreeable odor, arranged in few-flowered corymbs and borne
on hairy and slender stalks.

F&VIT— Ripens In September or October and Is arranged in shmII umbels. A subglobose to
ellipsoidal pome, yellowlsh-green, later dark reddish-brown, pubescent, about 2/6 of an inch
thick, crowned with calyx lobes; containing usually 3-4 nutlets.

WOOD— Similar to that of the Cocksinir Thorn, page 176, only heavier and more valuable.
Used for canes, napkin rings, engraving blocks, rulers. The wood is of a high quality, taking
a fine polish, bat the tree is small and scarce.

DIBTIKOVIBHIN& CHARACTEKISTIC8— The Scarlet Hawthorn, also known as White Thoni.
Scarlet Fruited Thorn, Thorn, Thorn Apple, and Hawthorn, can be distinguished by its broadly
ovate leaves and reddish-brown globose fruit, both of which are pubescent. The leaves are
5-0 lobed or detply cuit and flnely serrate. The small nearly spherical chestnut-brown bnds
and the slender usually straight thorns on the branches will aid in distinguishing it from most
of our native species of trees. It is next to impossible to distinguish all the species of the
genus Crataegus from each other. ,

RAKOE— ICaBtem Massachusetts and Vermont, southward through New York and Pennsylvania
to North Carolina.

DI8TB.IBVTI0N IK PENNSYLVANIA— Found throughout the State. Not so abundant In the
northern and southwestern parts as elsewhere.

HABITAT— TJsaally found in rocky woods and old pastures with sandy or gravelly soil.
Rather common along fences.

IMPORTAKOE OF THE SPECIES— The Scarlet Hawthorn is of no commercial Importance in
the forest. It Is, however, attractive on account of Its flowers, autumnal color of Its foliage,
and the color of its persistent fruit.

G— 13

.J^F^vs^

PLATE LXXXIX. SCARLET HAWTHORN

1. A (lowering liranch, x ^.

2. Lougitiidiiuil soctioii of a IIonvit, natural size.

3. A frnitinR branch, x J.

4. St'ctiun of a Iruit, x J.

5. A winter twlp with a thorn, x 3-

V,. Serlioi) of H twiff sUowintf a thorn ami a hud by its base, »lit;htly enlarged.

177

SCARLET HAWTHORN
Crataegus coccinea, Linnaeus

^ FORM— A small tree rarely exceeding a height of 20 ft. with a diameter of 10 inches,
rrunk short, stout, bearing rather crooked spreading branches which form a broad and flat crown.

•^*^"~^t^«>^ ^^^^' i*«ht brown to ashy-gray, in time roughened by shallow fissures «epa-
ratinsr small scales.

TWIGS — Stiff, round In cross-section, at first greenish, later reddish, brownish or grayish,
glossy, armed with slender usually straight, brown, glossy spines about 2 inches long.

BUDS— Alternate, aboyt i of an inch long, often almost spherical, very blunt-pointed, covere<l
with numerous, thick, blunt-pointed, chestnut brown scales. Terminal bud usually present and
abogt same size as laterals. Lateral accessory buds are often found at the base of a thorn.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, broadly ovate, 1-5 inches long, rough-pubescent, tapering, rounded
or truncate at base, often slightly 5-0 lobed or deeply cut and finely serrate on margin, pointed
at apex.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, more than 2-ranked, small, cresent-shaped, containing 3 bundle-scars.

FLOWERS— Appear about Jijne when leaves are almost fully developed. They are perfect,
white, J-1 inch across, with disagreeable odor, arranged In few-flowered corymbs and borne
on hairy and slender stalks.

FRUIT^Ripens in September or October and is arranged in small umbels. A subglobose to
ellipsoidal pome, yellowish-green, later dark reddish-brown, pubescent, about 2/5 of an inch
thick, crowned with calyx lobes; containing usually 3-4 nutlets,

WOOD— Similar to that of the Clockspur Thorn, page 176, only heavier and more valuable.
Used for canes, napkin rings, engraving blocks, rulers. The wood is of a high quality, taking
a fine polish, but the tree is small and scarce.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— ITie Scarlet Hawthorn, also known as White Thorn,
Scarlet lYuited ThM-n, Thorn, Thorn Apple, and Hawthorn, can be distinguished by its broadly
ovate leaves and reddish-brown globose fruit, l>oth of wliich are pubescent. The leaves are
5-9 lotted or deeply cut and finely serrate. The small nearly sithorlcal chestnut-brown buds
and the slender usually straight thorns on the branches will aid in distinguishing it from most
of our native species of trees. It is next to impossible to distinguish all the species of the
genus Crataegus from each other. ,

RANGE— Uastem Massachusetts and Vemwnt, southward through New York and Tennsylvania
to North Carolina.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found throughout the State. Not so abundant in the
northern and southwestern parts as elsewhere.

HABITAT — ^Usually found in rocky woods and old pastures with sandy or gravelly soil.
Rather common along fences.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Scarlet Hawthorn is of no commercial importance in
the forest. It is, however, attractive on account of its flowers, autunmal color of its foliage,
and the color of its persistent fruit.

G— 13

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

178

AMERICAN CRAB APPLE
Pyrus coronaria, Linnaeus

GENUS DESCRIPTION— This genus embraces about 40 species of small trees and slirubs
which inhabit the north temperate zone. About 10 species are native to North America and
6 to Pennsylvania. No Important tlraber trees are members of this genus but some of our
important fruit trees like the Apples and Pears belong here. Both our Common Pear and
Common Apple have been Introduced from Europe. Some authors make a distinct genus. Malus,
for the Apples and another one, Sorbus, for the Mountain Ashes. Both are Included under
Pyrus In this publication.

FORM— A small tree which may attain a height of 25 ft, with a diameter of 14 Inches. Trunk
usually short and bearing rather slender, spreading, and crooked branches which form a rather
broad round-topped crown.

BARK— -Up to } of an inch thick, reddish-brown, roughened by longitudinal furrows which
separate low ridges often covered with scales.

TWIGS— Rather stout, at first white-woolly, later smooth, reddish-brown, after first year
bearing stubby spurs or sometimes sharp spines.

BTJDS— Alternate, about |-i of an inch long, bright red, blunt-pointed or, on vigorous terminal
shoots, sharp-pointed and curved, covered \»1th 4-8 visible scales.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, ovate or elliptical, 3-4 inches long, usually rounded at base,
sharp-pointed at apex, sharply serrate on margin, usually smooth, dark green above, pale green
below. Stipules long, falling early.

LEAF-SOARS— Alternate, raised on projection of twigs, cresent-shaped ; with usually 3 con-
spicuous bundle-scars.

FLOWERS— Appear in May or June when the leaves are almost fully developed. Perfect,
fragrant, rosy-white, about li-2 Inches across, arranged In umbel-Uke cymes. The flowers
as a whole resemble those of the Common Apple.

FRinT— Ripens about October. Pome or apple-like, borne on long slender stelks, depressed-
globose, 1-lJ Inches in diameter, crowned with persistent calyx lobes and filaments, yellowish-
green, fragrant. The fltBh is clear and heavily charged with bitter malic acid, ^eeds chestnut-
brown and shiny.

WOOI>— Diffuse-porous; rays not distinct; hard, heavy, light reddish-brown. Weighs about
40 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for carving, engraving, tool handles, and some turned articles.

DISTINGinSHING CHARACTERISTICS— The American Crab Apple closely resembles our
cultivated apple, only the leaves of the former are smoother, the flowers more brilliant red,
and the fruit smaller and very bitter. The fruit often persists far into winter and does not
lot readily It can be distinguished from the closely related Narrow-leaved Crab Apple (Pyms
angustlfolia, Alt.) by its persistent calyx- lobes on the fruit, and by Its ovate leaf-blades, while
those of the latter are usually lanceolate.

RANGE— Ontario south through South Carolina to Alabama, west to Michigan, Missouri and
northern Louisiana.

DISTRIBTTTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Common in the southwestern part of the State. Local
outposts reported from the central and western parts of the State. Peter Kalm, a pupU of
Linnaeus, who traveled In America In 1753, reported this species "plentiful In Pennsylvania.
It is, however, not very abundant at the present time. In many localities It is unknown
and In others only a few specimens occur.

HABITAT— Usually found In thickets and open woods where rich moist soil Is present.
Probably occurs most frequently on little hill-tops near streams and ponds.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The American Crab Apple Is of no commercial Importance
as a forest tree. It rarely exceeds 25 ft. In height. The fruit Is used for jellies and for cider.
It Is a most attractive ornamental tree on account of Its showy and fragrant flowers produced
In great profusion.

PLATE XC. AMERICAN CRAB APPLE

1. .\ flowering branch, x *.

2. Longitudinal sertion of a Huwer, eniiirt'»''i
:','. A fniiting branch, x J.

4. Section of a fruit, natural size.

.-.. A winter twig, natural size.

6 SeetioD of a winter twig, enlarged.

m

178

«4

AMERICAN CRAB APPLE
Pyrus coronaria, Linnaeus

OEHirS DESCKIPTIOlf— Thl« genvm emtraoes about 40 species of small trees and shrubs
which Inhabit the north temperate zone. About 10 species are native to North America and
6 to Pennsylvania. No Important tlnaber trees are member* of this genus but some of our
Important fruit trees like the ApplfR and Pears belong here. Doth our Common Pear and
Common Apple have been Introduced from Europe. Some authors make a distinct genus, Mains,
for the Apples and another one, Sorbus, for the Mountain Ashes. Both are Included under
Pyms In this publication.

FOBM— A smaU tree which may attain a height of 25 ft, with a diameter of 14 inches. Trunk
usually short and bearing rather slender, spreading, and crooked branches which form a rather
broad round-topped crown.

BABK— Up to J of an Inch thick, reddlsh-brown, roughened by longitudinal furrows which
separate low ridges often covered with scales.

TWIGS— Rather stout, at first white-woolly, later smooth, reddlsh-brovim, after first year
bearing stubby spurs or sometimes sharp spines.

BXn)8— Alternate, about |-i of an inch long, bright red, blunt-pointed or, on vigorous terminal
shoots, sharp-pointed and curved, covered with 4-8 lislble scales.

LEAVES— Alternate, single, ovate or elliptical, 3-4 inches long, usually rounded at base,
sharp-pointed at apex, sharply serrate on margin, usually smooth, dark green above, pale green
below. Stipules long, falling early.

LEAF-SCABS— Alternate, raised on projection of twigs, cresent-sbaped; with usually 3 con-
spicuous bundle-scars.

FLOWEBS— Appear In May or June when the leaves are almost fully developed. Perfect,
fragrant, rosy-white, about lJ-2 Inches across, arranged In umbel-Uke cymes. The flowers
as a whole resemble those of the Common Apple.

FBUIT— Ripens about October. Pome or apple-like, borne on long slender stalks, depressed-
globose l-lj Inches In diameter, crowned with persistent calyx lobes and filaments, yellowish-
green, fragrant. The fiesh Is clear and heavily charged with bitter malic add. ^eeds chestnut-
brown and shiny.

WOOD— Dlffuae-porous; rays not distinct; hard, heavy, light reddlsh-brown. Weighs about
40 lbs. POT cubic foot. Used for carving, engraving, tool handles, and some turned articles.

DISTIVaxnSHIKO CHABACTEBISTI08— The American Crab Apple closely resembles our
cultivated apple, only the leaves of the former are smoother, the flowers more brilliant red.
and the fruit smaller and very bitter. The fruit often persists far into winter and does not
rot readily It can t)e distinguished from the closely related Narrow-leaved Crab Apple (Pyrus
angustlfolla. Ait.) by its persistent calyx-lobes on the fruit, and by Its ovate leaf-blades, while
those of the latter are usually lanceolate.

BAWOE-HOntario south through South Carolina to Alabama, west to Mchlgan, Missouri and
northern Louisiana.

DISTBIBTTTIOV IN PENKSYLVANIA— Common In the southwestern part of the Stete. Local
outposts reported from the central and western parts of the State. Peter Kalm, a pnpU of
Linnaeus, who traveled In America In 1758, reported this species "plentiful In Pennsylvania.
It Is. however, not very abundant at the present time. In many localities It is unknovra
and In others only a few specimens occur.

HABITAT— Usually found In thickets and open woods where rich moUt soil Is ivesent.
Probably occurs most frequently on little hill-tops near streams and ponds.

mPOBTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The American Crab Apple Is of no commercial Importance
as a forest tree. It rarely exceeds 25 ft. In height. The fruit Is used for Jellies and for elder.
It Is a most attractive ornamental tree on account of Its showy and fragrant flowers produced
In great profusion.

PLATE XC. AMERICAN CRAB APPLE

1. A flowering brancli, x J.

2. Longitudinal section of a flower, enlurgefl.
.'{. A fniiting branch, x J.

4. Section of a fruit, natural size.

.5. A winter twig, natural size.

6. SectioD of a winter twig, enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

PLATE XCI. AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH

1. A flowering branch, with leaves, x i.

2. Longitudinal section of a flower, enlarged.

3. A fruiting branch, x i.

4. Section of a fruit, enlarged.

5. A winter twig, natural size.

6. aection uf a winter t^vig, enlarged.

179

AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH

Pyrus americana, (Marshall) De Candolle

FORM— -A Bmall tree exceeding 20 ft. In height with a diameter of 12 Inches. A tree 14
inches In diameter is reported from Lycoming county. Trunk rather short and the crown
narrow and ronnd-topped.

BARK — ^Thln, smooth or slightly scaly and grayish.

TwIOS — Rather stout, smooth, grayish to reddish-brown, covered with conspicuoas, pale,
oblong lenticels, pith large, brownish.

BUDS— Alternate, purplish-red, smooth or slightly hairy on outside but densely hairy on
inside; terminal bqds large, about i of an inch long, broadly conical, with 2-S visible bud-
scales, sharp-pointed and often curved at apex; lateral buds about i of an inch long, closely
appressed, somewhat flattened, with 1-2 visible bud-scales.

LEAVES — ^Alternate, compound, 6-10 Inches long, with 13-17 sessile leaflets. Leaflets in pairs
except terminal one, lanceolate, 2-3 inches long, sharp-pointed at apex, serrate on margin,
tapering or rounded at base. Smooth and dark yellowish-green when full grown, turning
yellow In antnmn.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, rather large, elevated on a projection of the twig, broadly U-shaped,
with wavy margin, containing 3-6 bundle-scars.

FLOWERS— Appear about May when the leaves are fully developed,
about i of an inch across, arranged in flat cymes 3-4 inches across.

They are white, perfect,

FRUIT — Arranged in flat-topped clusters, persisting far into winter, berry-like, about the
size of a medium-sized cherry, bright red, round or pear-shaped. In winter wrinkled, its flesh
strongly acid.

WOOD^-Diffuse-porous; rays Indistinct; soft, weak, brownish, close-grained. Weighs about 34
lbs. per cubic foot. Not used commercially.

DISTINGUISHINa CHARA CTERISTIOS— The American Mountain Ash can be distingtilshed
by its alternate compound leaves with 13-17 sessile leaflets which are conspicuously toothed.
The flat-topped cymes of white flowers measuring about 3-4 Inches across and the bright red
fruit about the size of a pea and arranged in flat-topped clusters are characteristic. The stout
grayish to reddish-brown twigs with conspicuous pale lenticels and the purplish red, sharp-pointed,
somewhat gummy and usually smooth alternate buds are also characteristic.

RANGE — Newfoundland westward to Manitoba and Iowa, southward in the mountains to
North Carolina.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Limited to the mountainous region of the State. A
line drawn from the western part of Tioga county south to Somerset county, east to Bedford
county, and thence northeast to Monroe county will include the general distribution of this tree.
A small patch occurs on top of Martin's Hill (elevation 8,000 feet) in Bedford county. The
larger specimens are 8 Inches in diameter. Very abundant in Bear Meadows, Centre county.
The largest known mounUln ash in Pennsylvania stands near DalevlUe, Covington Township,
Lackawanna county. It is 60 ft. high and 24 inches In diameter.

HABITAT— Prefers moist or rocky hillsides. Often found on the border of streams and
locally common on rocky hillsides.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The American Mountain Ash is of no conunercial im-
portance. It rarely exceeds a height of 20-25 ft. with a diameter of 12-16 inches. It is
rather attractive and deserves to be planted for ornamental purposes. Its attractive ornamental
features are its form, broad cyme-like clusters of white flowers, and its bright red clusters
of fruit which ripen in autumn.

179

^

PLATE XCI. AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH

1. A lloworiiig branch, with havts, x i.

J. I.ouKitudinal section of a llower, enlarged.

."{. A fruiting branch, x J.

4. Section uf a fruit, enlarged.

Ti. A winter twig, natural size.

t». Sectiou ui a winter twig, enlarged.

I

AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH
Pyrus americana, (Marshall) De Candolle

FORM— A small tree exceeding 20 ft. In height ^vlth a diameter of 12 inches. A tree 14
Inches in dianrieter is reported from Lycoming county. Trunk rather short and the crown
narrow and round-topped,

BARK — Thin, smooth or slightly scaly and grayish.

TwIGB^Rather stout, smooth, grayish to reddish -brown, covered with conspicuous, pale,
oblong lenticels, pith large, brownish.

BTTD43 — ^Alternate, purplish-red, smooth or slightly hairy on outside but densely hairy on
inside; terminal bods large, about i of an inch long, broadly conical, with 2-3 visible bud-
scales, sharp-pointed and often curved at apex; lateral buds about i of an inch long, closely
appressed, somewhat flattened, with 1-2 visible bud-scales.

LEAVES — ^Alternate, compound, 6-10 inches long, with 13-17 sessile leaflets. Leaflets in pairs

except terminal one, lanceolate, 2-3 inches long, sharp-pointed at apex, serrate on margin,

tapering or rounded at base. Smooth and dark yellowish-green when full grown, turning
yellow in autumn.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, rather large, elevated on a projection of the twig, broadly U-shaped,
with wavy margin, containing 3-8 bundle-scars.

FLOWERS— Appear about May when the leaves are fully developed,
about i of an inch across, arranged in flat cymes 3-4 inches across.

They are white, perfect,

FRUIT — Arranged in flat-topped clusters, persisting far into winter, berry-like, about the
size of a medium-sized cherry, bright red, round or pear-shaped, In winter wrinkled, its flesh
strongly acid.

WOOD — Difl'use-porous; rays indistinct; soft, weak, brownish, close-grained. Weighs about 34
lbs. per cubic foot. Not used commercially.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — ^The American Mountain Ash can be distinguished
by its alternate compound leaves witii 13-"»7 sessile leaflets which are conspicuously toothed.
The flat-topped cymes of white flowers measuring about 3-4 inches across and the bright red
fruit about the size of a pea and arranged in flat-topped clusters are characteristic. The stout
grayi.sli to reddish-brown twigs with conspicuous pale lenticels and the purplish-red, sharp-pointed,
somewhat gummy and usually smooth alternate buds are al.so characteristic.

RANGE — Newfoundland westward to Manitoba and Iowa, southward in the mountains to
North Carolina.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Limited to the mountainous region of the State. A
line drawn from the western part of Tioga county south to Somerset county, east to Bedford
county, and thence northeast to Monroe county will include the general distribution of this tree.
A small patch occurs on top of Martin's Hill (elevation 3,000 feet) in Bedford county. The
larger specimens are 8 inches in diameter Very abundant in Bear Meadows, Centre county.
The largest known mountain ash in Pennsylvania stands near Daleville, Covington Township,
Jjackawanna county. It is 50 ft. high and 24 inches in diameter.

HABITAT— Prefers moist or rocky hillsides. Often found on the border of streams and
locally common on rocky hillsides.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— Tlie American Mountain Ash is of no commercial im-
portance. It rarely exceeds a height of 20-25 ft. with a diameter of 12-15 inches. It is
rather attractive and deserves to be planted for ornamental purposes. Its attractive ornamental
features are its form, broad cyme-like clusters of white flowers, and its bright red clusters
of fruit which ripen in autumn.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

180
SHAD BUSH

Amelanchier canadensis, (Linnaeus) Mendicus

GENUS DESCRIPTION— The genus Amelanchier comprises about 30 species of small trees
and shnibs found mainly in the temperate portion of the northern hemisphere. About 23 species
are found in North America. 6 of which attain tree-size. Four species are native to Pennsyl-
vania, only 1 of which attains tree-size.

FOBM— A small tree usually 10-25 ft. In height with a diameter of 6-12 inches but may reach
a height of 40 ft. with a diameter of 20 Inches. Trunk usually straight, slender, with little
taper, btaring a shallow and narrow crown appearing very dense on account of abundant fine
sprays of branclilets.

BAEK— Rather smooth on young and old specimens. On older specimens there Is a tendency
to roughen tlirough shallow, longitudinal, sometimes diagonal flsstireg which are rather dark and
separate broad, lighter, and smooth ridgos becoming scaly near the base.

TWIGS— Slender, somewhat zigzag, bright green to purplish-brown, smooth or often overlaid
with a grayish fllnvlike coating which peels off; covered with a few, pale, scattered lenticels;
pith small, greenish, angular.

BUDS— Alternate, usually 2-ranked, slender, conical, J-J of an inch long, 3-4 times as long
as broad, sharp-pointed, greenisli-brown often tinged with purple, sometimes smooth, often
hairy towards apex and along bud-scales. Terminal buds longer than lateral which are usually
appressed close to twig, sometimes remaining very small. Bud-scales largest near base, often
3-ner^'ed, darker and finely hairy along margin.

LEAVES— Alternate, single, ovate to ovate-oblong, 3-4 inches long, sharp-pointed at apex,
round or heart-shaped at base, finely and sharply serrate on margin, at first hairy, later
smooth, dark green above, paler below.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, usually 2-ranked, small, Inconspicuous, rather linear, with projecting
bundle-scars which are large and 3 in number.

FLOWERS— Appear about April when leaves are just starting to develop; large, white, per-
fect, stalked, arranged In drooping racemes 3-5 inches long.

FRUIT— Maturf's in June or July. Berry-like in racemes, reddish-purple, with a bloom when
fully ripe, about i of an inch in diameter, sweet, and containing small seeds.

WOOD— Diffuse-porous; rays numerous, Indistinct, dark brown often touched with red; heavy,
hard, strong, checks and wai-ps easily, very susceptible to high polish. Weighs 49 lbs. per
cubic foot. Used to a limited extent, mainly in tumrrj-.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Shad Bush, also known as Service Berry, June
Berry, and Sarvice, can readily be distinguished In winter by Its smooth, grayish often black-
streaked bark and its long, slender, conical, sharp-pointed, greenish-brown to purplish buds which
are often finely hairy towards the apex and along the margin of the scales. The buds, in form
and to some extent in size, resemble the Beech but the buds of the Beech are usually larger,
clear reddish-brown in color and have from 10-20 scales arranged in 4 rows. The twigs of the
Beech are shining reddish-brown while those of the Shad Bush are usually bright green to gray-
ish or purplish-brown. The stipule scars are absent on the Shad Bush while they nearly encircle
the twig of the Beech. The large white flowers arranged in drooping recemes 3-5 inches long
are also characteristic. The leaves and the fruit will aid in distinguishing it in summer.

RANGE— Newfoundland and Ontario, southward to Florida, westward to Kansas and Louisiana.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found in every portion of the State. Most abundant
among the mountain ranges. The largest Shad Bush reported in Pennsylvania stands In Maple
Hollow near Duncansville In Blair county. It Is over GO Inches in circumference at 4 feet from
the ground.

HABITAT— Occurs solitary or occasionally In clumps. Prefers open situations and moist soil,
but also prows on sandy rather sterile soil. Conanon along bonlers of forests, banks of streams,
forest roads, and cliffs. Small specimens common in the understory of our hardwood forests.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Shad Bush is of little commercial importance because
Its wood is rarely used. It will always be a minor species not on account of the Inferiority of
Its wood but on account of its small size and limited and scattere<l distribution. The wood
is actually stronger and stifTer than White Oak. Its conspicuous white flowers In early spring
before the leaves are out justify Its retention in the forest, especially where It does not inter-
fere with the growth of other more valuable trees. The berries are excellent food for birds,
beasts, and man.

PLATE XCIL SHAD BUSH

4.
(t.

A tlowcriiiH luiiiirli, X ^

I.uii^'itudiiiiil scftioii nf M tl.^wiT. «'iil;irm-(l.

A fruiting briinch witli iiiiitiirc Jcavt's, x :;.

Section of a Iruil. fiihirycd.

A winter twijr. natiiiiil size.

.Seetiitii of a wiiiier twiji, eiilaiyeil.

I{

180
SHAD BUSH

Amelanchier canadensis, (Linnaeus) Mendicus

OENTTS DESCRIPTION— The genua Amelanchier comprises about 30 species of small trees
and shnjbg found mainly in the temperate portion of the northern hemisphere. About 23 species
are found in North America, 6 of which attain tree-sixe. Pour species are native to Pennsyl-
vania, only 1 of which attains tree-size.

FOKM— A small tree usually 10-26 ft. in height with a diameter of 6-12 inches but may reach
a height of 40 ft. with a diameter of 20 inches. Trunk usually straight, slender, with little
taper, bearing a shallow and narrow crown appearing very dense on account of abundant fine
sprays of branchlets.

BARK — Rather smooth on young and old specimens. On older specimens there Is a tendency
to roughen through shallow, longitudinal, sometimes diagonal flssures which are rather dark and
separate broad, lighter, and smooth ridges becoming scaly near the base.

TWIGS— Slender, somewhat zlgiag, bright green to purplish-brown, smooth or often overlaid
with a grayish filmrlike coating which peels off; covered with a few, pale, scattered lenticcls;
pith small, greenish, angular.

BUDS— Alternate, usually 2-ranked, slender, conical. J-i of an inch long, 3-4 times as long
as broad, sharp-pointed, greenlsli-brown often tinged with purple, sometimes smooth, often
hairy towards apex and along bud-scales. Terminal buds longer than lateral which are usually
ai^ressed close to twig, sometimes remaining very small. Bud-scales largest near base, often
3-nerved, darker and finely hairy along margin.

LEAVES— Alternate, sin4>le, ovate to ovate-oblong, 3-4 Inches long, sharp-pointed at apex,
round or heart-shaped at base, finely and sharply serrate on margin, at first hairy, later
smooth, dark green above, paler below.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, usually 2-ranked, small, Inconsrlcuous, rather linear, with projecting
bundle-scars which are large and 3 in number.

FLOWERS— Appear about April when leaves are just starting to develop; large, white, per-
fect, stalked, arranged in drooping racemes 3-5 inches long.

FRUIT— Matures in June or July. Berry-like in racemes, reddlsli-purple, with a bloom when
fully ripe, about i of an inch in diameter, sweet, and containing small seeds.

WOOD— Diflf use-porous; rays numerous, indistinct, dark brown often touched with red; heavy,
hard, strong, checks and warps easily, very susceptible to high polish. Weighs 49 lbs. per
cubic foot. Used to a limited extent, mainly in turn<'rj'.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Shad Bush, also known as Service Berry, June
Berry, and Sarvice, can readily be distinguished in winter by its smooth, grayish often black-
streaked bark and its long, slender, conical, sharp-pointed, greenish-brown to purplish buds which
are often finely hairy towards the apex and along the margin of the scales. The buds, in form
and to some extent in size, resemble the Beech but the buds of the Beech are usually larger,
dear reddish-brown in color and have from 10-20 scales arranged in 4 rows. The twigs of the
Beech are shining reddish-brown while those of the Shad Bush are usually bright green to gray-
ish or purplish-brown. The stipule scars are absent on the Shad Bush while they nearly encircle
the twig of the Beech. The large white flowers arranged in drooping recemes 3-5 Inches long
are also characteristic. The leaves and the fruit will aid in dlstinguUhlng It in summer.

RANGE— Newfoundland and Ontario, southward to Florida, westward to Kansas and Ixmlslana.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found In every portion of the State. Most abundant
among the mountain ranges. The largest Shad Bush reported In Pennsylvania stands In Maple
Hollow near Duncansville In Blair county. It is over 66 inches in circumference at 4 feet from
the ground.

HABITAT— Occurs solitary or occasionally in clumps. Prefers open situations and moist soil,
but also grows on sandy rather sterile soil. Common along bonlers of forests, banks of streams,
forest roads, and cliffs. Small specimens comnaon in the understory of our hardwood foresU.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Shad Bush is of little commercial importance because
Its wood is rarely used. It will always be a minor species not on account of the Infertority of
Its wood but on account of Its small size and limited and scattered distribution. The wood
is actually stronger and stiffer than White Oak. Its conspicuous white flowers in early spring
before the leaves are out justify its retention in the forest, especially where It does not inter-
fere with the growth of other more valuable trees. The berries are excellent food for birds,
beasts, and man.

m
I

PLATE XCII. SHAD BUSH

1.
•>

ii!

4.

r».
(i.

A t1«>\v«'iini[? hraiicli, x h.
Longitudinal scotion <)f a ttowcr

cilia ryt'il.

A fruiting branch witli niaturc hiivos, x \.

Section of a fruit, cnlargod.

A Aviuter twig, natural size.

Section of a winter twig, ciilaigcil.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

Ill

PLATE XCIII. BUTTONWOOD

1. A flowering ])rant'li, x i.

2. A head of flowers with most of the flowers removed, x §.
'A. A staiiiinate flower, enlarged.

4. A pistillate flower, enlarged.

r>. A fruiting branch with mature leaves, x J.

6. An achene, enlarged.

7. A winter twig with two heads of fruit, x J.

8. Section of a twig showing a subpetlolar bud, x J.

9. Section of a twig showing a stipule, natural size.
10. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

181
BUTTONWOOD

Platanus occidentolis, Linnaeus

TAMILY AND aENTS DESCEIPTION-jrhe Plane ^na^ ^^o T ^^U^i^^^a^ ^S
1 gt^PUtanu.. with about J, -^-^^ « j' Ji^ ^ to th^ Static the Old World Plane Tree

Pennsylvania. /" ;^^^;\7 .fry omLnTpU^^^ - - «^«^^« ^-« *" *^« ^^"^^"^ ^*''*"-
(Platanu. orientallB L.) Ib ve^ co Y ^ ^^ ^^^^^

T^RM— Uaually attains a height of 70-125 ft., ""^ '"T deciduous trees of North America.

BAEK--On old trunks rather thick. ''8^^' ^^"^^^^^^^^J truL. and upper part- of old ones
rid^a w^h peel off Into thin dark ^^-'^^^^^ ex^r^ a whitish, yellowish, or a greenish

See Fig. 78. .n.hescent later brownish to gray and

XWIOa-Kather stout. .lg^« at ^;\^^Z.:rl^^-T'J-^-^^ «-"' ^"^^^ ^^"'^^"'
.mooth. decurrently ^^^^f'^^'^l^^^ a„d white,
encircled by stipule-scars. Pith wwe a .„„ounded by base of leaf-stalk or leaf

and slightly from sectlou below co^e ^^^ ^^^^ .^^^^ pubescent.

shining, reddish-brown, the nuddle green ^„ i^, 4-IO inches across,

j^VES-Alternate. simple. »>-^^; ^f J^ /^^^^^ --^'

^t green above. Pale J^een and - »» «^ --J^^^^,^ conspicuous, encircling twig,
with enlarged hollow bases. Stipules 14 i ^^^^^ ^^g,„ ^y

occur singly or In groups. gtaminate and pistillate flower

heads occur ou different »talK«.

greenish and often tinged with red. ^^^^^^ ^^o^t 1 mch

veHowLh, »r iree""" bark °' '"" "T" jj^ ,„rge leave. «"* «»'" ,„',;„, tbe masalve
S dark brawn •cle. of «.ter bar. _^^_^ ^^^ ■^rlSlnalve The"mo«t...r«ld....

^"il'-l^ar. it. fruit i-i clu-ter. of 2-4. ^^___^^_^,_^ „^,„^.. .„, lex...

Houthern. western, and central P**^" «' ' . headwaters of such streams as sycamore trees

r.rc^er.ror;/r™3^;- rr^e SeStr^^^/--'
.„rrt%'^s:rro'iw'u -;---, „„_^ . -rret;:;'"' ^^ -

IMPO.IAKCE OF THE """^V^^ul'S^ P>«»^ " '"", "o^arnW P"^- '-';"«
o„„„Zlai importance »"* .^""'J^ "ul. ?■.»'«" «"'"'''^„i°:,r«dl«» '"«'«' " '"-
,„ grow,, from <=■""»«• "'"^ X"«l •'«» " " '°°'' '"
(>rie.tal RjcamoM rwem. to »« V"

gou. dlMeaae..

^.

.1

i

e

f i
I

.^

ti.
7.
8.
9.
10.

PLATE XCIII. BUTTONWOOD

A tlowcriiit; Imiiuli, x h.

A Im-jkI of flnwrrs with iintst of tin' flnwcrs ifiiidv cd, x §.

A stiuiiiiiatc flowjT, »*iilaru»'(l.

A pistilhitr Howcr, en hi rued.

A fruitiiiK liiaiich with iiiHturc leaves, x J.

An a»'h<'ri«'. cnlarfrcd.

A wiiitfi- twin with two heads of fruit, x J.

Section of n iwia showinir a siihpetlolar bud, x i.

Sfftion ttf ii twijr sliowiiiir a stipule, natural size.

Section of a winter twiy, enlarged.

181

BUTTONWOOD

Platanus occidentalis, Linnaeus

1 gtnuB. PlatanuB. with about l^^\^'l^Jj\^^ "this State, the Old World Plane Tree
PeUlvania in add tion o^t^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^,^^^,^ ,^,^ ,, ,,, eastern state.

(Platanus orientalis L.) very ^^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^

FOEM-Usually attains a ^^^^S***, «' J^,f ^ ",\ve of the deciduous trees of North America.
« diameter of 10-11 feet. It is the most n assive "^^^« ^^^^ „, the city of Lan-

frhrxTfrna^sWe tree ^^^^^^^'^J^^^J^^ X^ ^ trTar'into heavy suh-trunU. which s«i>-
caster. See Fig. 53. Trunk '^""^^J ^ rather open, and irregular crown,

divide and form a very deep, wide spreaa «,i,urating broad

BAEK-^n old trunks rather thick. 'igiU. roughened by «^'^'-; J^ ^.^t- of old ones

rid^s wl^h peel off into thin dark »>'«-" «2«s ex^S a whitish, yellowish. «r a greenish

See Fig. 78. ..,.b*.sceiit later brownish to gray and

LEAVES-Alternate. simple. ^^-^^'^^X woo^Ty b^^^^ «^-^ '^ i-'-'^^^' ^"""''

Jght green above. P«l« ^•^^^ X U ncirU... conspicuous, encircling tw.g.
with enlarged hollow bases, btlpules 14 i ^^^^^ ^^g,„ „eariy

occur singly or in groups. .,,„,„ May Staminate and pistillate flower

.iroc^^n-- -^--- -^ '"^^ ""'""" '"

isreenish and often tinged with red. .^^^ ^,,„ut 1 inch

■■„„ — ,. .. »^-.. s; =" jrs.;: ;.- »■ - -"■ - -

yellowish, or greenish bark «« "'*^ J ^he large leaves with their ^"'^^ ^j^^ massive
thn. dark ^rown «cale« of (mter ber^ ^^^ ^^^ ^T ^J f^^iveNhe ^mooth-reddinh

netioles and the flowers in the ^o"" Z". ^ branches is distinctive. ^' j^^ 5-10

C. and whitewashed appearance of the up, ^^^^^ ^^^ «-ro"nd«^ by J leaj^--^^^, ,,,

rKr::ra:r:::r-o., .. . «— -— :r ..«.

„„„"!. rcla. imyortaace ..«i ,''^"''',,'^"''Tt,. Planted '^'^''"'^'^'''ZZ'^^^J auW.'ot to t"»-
,„, »ro«„ from cutti..g8 or from ae^- J^ „ „ „„„ attractl.e

,.rlw.t«l sycamore »!em. to be preK"
goua (lisonses.

d

e

r

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

182

THE PITLSE FAMILY— LEOUMINOSAE

This is a very large family and contains many well known trees,
shrubs, and herbaceous plants. It comprises about 460 genera with
7,350 species of which number more than 100 genera with about 1,400
species are native to North America. The flora of Pennsylvania com-
prises about 32 genera with approximately 90 species but only 4 spe-
cies belonging to 4 different genera can be classified as trees. Some
authors separate the members of this family into 3 distinct families
known as: (1) The Mimosa family, Mimosaceae, (2) The Senna
family, Caesalpiniaceae, and (3) The Pea family, Fabaceae.

Many domestic and foreign plants which belong to this family are
of considerable economic importance. Some of our native trees pro-
duce very heavy, hard, and strong wood. They possess additional
merits in that they grow rapidly and are well adapted to artificial
propagation. Some of them, in particular the Common Locust, are
subject to the attack of destructive insects and fungi. Some of the
shrub members of this family are among the most attractive that one
can find for ornamental planting. The herbaceous members com-
prise some of the commonest and most valuable food and forage
plants of the world, such as the peas, beans, clover, and the common
peanut. Among the valuable products which some of the foreign
members of this family produce one can mention Senna and Log-
wood. Senna is prized on account of its laxative properties and is
derived from the leaves of a few African species of Cassia. Log-
wood, the most important of vegetable dyes, is derived from the
heart wood of the trunk and roots of a tree growing in the West In-
dies and Central America. Indigo, one of our important and widely
used dyes, is also obtained from a member of this family. The well-
known Sensitive Plant (Mimosa pudica L.) so common in our green-
houses and a mere weed in the tropics is one of the most widely
known and interesting representatives of this family. In addition
they comprise a great number of plants which are important on ac-
count of the medicinal properties derived from them. Probably one
of the greatest values which we can attach to some of the members
of this family is the means which they have at their command for
restoring nitrogen to barren land. If one examines the roots of
clover, alfalfa, soy bean, or the Common Locust he may find little
swellings or enlargements upon them known as root tubercles. These
swellings are caused by bacteria which possess the power of taking
free nitrogen from the air and by means of complicated chemical
changes passing it to members of this family. As a result these
plants can be grown upon soils very deficient in nitrates. In
addition they will return sufficient nitrogen to the soil so that com-
panion or subsequent crops will thrive which would have barely ex-

183

isted without the nitrogen. The Common Locust often thrives on old
abandoned mud-dams found about ore mines while other aggressive
trees fail even to establish themselves.

The members of this family are distinctly characterized by their
fruit which matures in one season and usually resembles ordinary
garden beans or peas. The fruit of some of the trees found in the
western part of North America varies more or less from the typical
bean-like fruit pod. The flowers of our native trees may be irregular
in form, i. e. pea-like or bean-like, as in the Common Locust and Ked-
bud, or regular in form as in the Honey Locust and Kentucky Coffee
Tree. The two native tree-species with irregular flowers have also
perfect flowers, i. e. flowers with both the male (pollen [)roducing)
and female (seed producing) organs in the same flower while the
other two native tree-species have regular but imperfect flowers, i. e.
flowers with one sex so suppressed that only the other sex remains
in each flower. Whenever the male and female flowers, also known
as staminate and pistillate flowers respectively, occur separately
they may be found on the same branch, or on the same tree, or on
different trees. The leaves of nearly all the tree members of this
family are alternate and compound, but a few such as our native*
Redbud have simple leaves. Some species as our Common Locust
are normally only once compound, others as the Honey Locust may
be once or twice compound, while still others, as the Kentucky
Coffee Tree, may be normally twice compound.

SUMMER KEY TO THE GENERA ^^^^

1. Leaves simple; twigs slender and unanned Cercis 186

1. Leaves compound; twigs stout or armed with spines or thorns »

2. Twigs very stout und clumsy but not armed with spines or thorns; fruit-pods woody;

leaves twice compound, from 1-3 ft. long ; ' " IJ,' ' V ' V?^''"?™

8. Twigs relatively slender and armed with spines or thorns; fruit-pods leathery, leaves

usually once or sometimes twlc- compound, rarely over 1 ft. long »

8. Flowers greenish, regular or nearly so. imperfect, in axillary spikes; leaves once

or t^ce compound, even-pinnate; twigs, branches, and often trunks a^ni^^^^/^th ^^^

lone branched thorns, ' „,,„

3. Flowers whitish. Irregular, perfect, and occur In drooping ^'^^'^^^^J^^^'' ^^^^ ^ ,,7

once compound, odd-pinnate; twigs often with two short spines at nodes. . .Bobinia l«7

WINTER KEY TO THE GENERA

1. Twigs, branches, and trunks usually armed with spines or thorns J

1. Twigs, branches, and trunks without spines or thorns •••

2 TwlBS and branches armed with a pair of spines not exceeding } of an inch m

*• ''"length at e^ch node; fruit-pods 2-4 Inches long. J of an Inch broad; bark reddish^ ^^^

brown even on young trunks deeply furrowed • • •

S Twigs Tr'anches. and often trunks usually armed with thorns which orcur s.ngly
*• "^ 'a;e often branched and usually much exceed J of an Inch in ^^^l^^^^l^jZl^;^''

inches long. 1-1| Inches wide; bark grayish-brown to black, not ^'^"^^'^'^'^^^.^ ^^

covered with conspicuous oblong lentlcfcls

- n™_ . * * i..™o^ wnnt nolnted with large conspicuous bundle-scars and large

'■ "^'"nto/TirowrpHh ™ uS^li-lck wood/ .tubby, contain «e.br pnlP ."d ,.r,.

SIS." „r .urpu'b.'™en,'lo,,re„ed. uppermo,. one ^rrounde.. b, "--^J;^^. ,,,

flattened and appressed

184

KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE
Gymnocladus dioica, (Linnaeus) Koch

GENUS DESCRIPTION — This genus comprises only 2 spocies, one Gymnocladus chinensis,
a native of southern China, and the other described here. The generic name Gymnooladua Ig of
Greek origin and means "naked branch," referring to the stout clumsy branches which are
devoid of foliage for about 6 months of the year.

FOSM — A medium-sized tree usually 40-80 ft. in height with a diameter of 1-2 ft. but may
reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 3 feet. Trunk usually short, soon subdividing
Into 2 to 4 nearly parallel and vertical secondary stems. Crown narrow, oborate, composed of
very stout branchlets.

BAEK— Of medium thickness, dark gray to dark brown, roughened by shallow fissures separat-
ing low but sharp and horny ridges covered with thin recurved scales.

TWIGS — Very stout, blunt-pointed, greenish-brown, often coated with a whitish crusty film,
occasionally covered with fine hairs, and marked with large conspicuous lenticels usually most
nuniierous on the second years' growth. Pith large, pink to brown in color.

BUDS— Alternate ; terminal bud absent; small, downy, imbedded in twig so that they scarcely
project beyond surface, surrounded by iuciurved hairy ring of bark, superposed. The uppermost
bud is the largest; the lowest is small and located In the depression at top of leaf-scar,

LEAVES— Alternate, twice compound, 1-8 ft. long, l}-2 ft. broad, with 7-13 foliate pinnae;
1-2 basal pairs of pinnae are reduced to entire leaflets. Pinnae have 3-7 pairs of leaflets.
Leaflets ovate, 2-2J inches long, wedge-shaped to rounded at base, sharp-pointed at apex, entire
to wavy on margin.

LEAF-SCARS — ^Alternate, more than 2-ranked, large, conspicuous, raised on projections of
twigs, broadly heart-shaped, paler in color than surrounding twig; contain 3-5 large, raised
bundle-scars.

FLOWERS— tApi)ear about June. Regular, polygamous, or dioecious by abortion. Staminate
flowers greenish-white and arranged in a raceme-like corymb about 3-4 inches long. Pistillate
flowers greenish-white and arranged In terminal racenbes 6-8 Inches long.

FRUIT — A broad, flat, thick, stubby reddish-brown pod, 4-10 inches long, 1-2 inches broad,
•sometimes covered with a grayish bloom. Pods often persist far Into winter and remain closed.
Seeds dark brown, flat, 6-9 to a pod, over } of an inch across, surrounded by a somewhat
sticky sweet pulp.

WOOD — King-porous; pores in spring wood large, in late wood small; rays distinct but not
conspicuous; heavy, not hard, strong, coarse-grained, light brown to reddish-brown, durable
In contact with soil; takes a fine polish. Weighs about 43 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for
fence postfi, fence rails, and occasionally iu coiiHtruction.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Kentucky Coffee-tree, usually called Mahogany
In Pennsylvaia, but also known as Coffee Nut, Coffee Bean, and Nicker Tree, can readily be
identified by means of its strongly marked distinguishing characteristics. The trunk is short
and soon subdivides into 2-4 secondary stems which take an upright position, and are consequently
almost parallel to one another. The dark gray to dark brown bark is of medium thickness
and roughened by very sharp and Arm projecting ridges. The reddish inner bark Is often visible
at the base of the bark fissures. The twigs are stout, clumsy, without spines or thorns, and
greenish-brown in color but often coated with a whitish crusty film and occasionally with fine
hairs. They are marked with large heart-shaped leai-scars containing 3-5 raised bundle-scars,
and contain a large and round pinkish to reddish-brown pith. The buds are all lateral, no
terminal buds being present. They are small, covored with minute hairs, almost entirely im-
bedded in the twig, and superposed, I. e., placed above one another. The uppermost bud is
usually the largest and surrounded by an incurved and hairy ring of bark. The lower buds are
smaller, less evident and located within the depression on the upper margin of the leaf-scar.
The twigs are also marked with large orange-colored lenticels, which are esi)ecially con-
spicuous during the second season of their growth. The leaves are twice compound, 1-3 ft.
long and up to 2 ft. broad. The ovate and entire-margined leaflets are very distinctive. They
occur on lateral pinnae, except the lower pair or ocoasionally two pairs, which are attached to
the main petiole and are about twice the size of the other leaflets. The thick, stubby, woody,
and persistent fruit-pods with their large dark-brown seeds surrounded by a sweet and sticky
I»ulp cannot be confused with those of any other native or introduced tree. The large terminal
racemes or raceme-like corymbs of regular and greenish-white flowers, which appear about June
are also distinctive. The Aiianthus or Tree of Heaven, introduced from China, is the only tree
which bears a general resemblance to this species, and that only in the stoutness of the
b/anches, and the large size of the leaves.

RANGE — Southern Ontario and central New Y6rk, southward to the middle of Tennessee, and
westward to southern Michigan, southeastern Minnesota and Indian Territory.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Planted as an ornamental tree in all parts of the
.State. The only locality in the State where it is reported as native is along the Conococheagiie
Creek In Franklin county. Dr. Thomas C. Porter's records show that he found it along this
stream, but the writer has followed the stream from its headwaters in the South and North
Mountains to the point where it empties into the Potomac without flnding a single specimen.
The general range of the tree indicates that It may occur in the westeni7~partlcularly the north-
western part of the State, but no authentic records are available to show that it has been
found there as a native tree.

HABITAT — Rich woods and bottondands. Occurs solitary, never in clusters or pure stands.
Often only a single tree known in a locality. Will grow practically anywhere In the State, If
planted.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Kentucky CofTee-tree Is of no commercial importance
in this State. It is regarded attractive as an ornamental tree and is planted extensively in
this State. It loses Its leaves early in autumn and develops them late in spring.

■\

J

PLATE XCIV. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE

i

X J.

ti.

Stiiiiiiiialf llowcrs, x A.

I'istillatt' llowcrs, x J.

I'ortidU of a ii()Ul>l.v coinpouiKl liiil, x *. , , • < ,i„

Vrnit J.o.ls with a Dorti.-ii nf oiie p<m1 iciiM.vcd slu.wintf two seeds, - . , . , , , ,,

s"tiu,ro! a 'vin^ sl.'-i.i« s,.,....pu.s..,i and in-..nspi.M,.H» l.w.ls, leM.H.Is, puh. an.l leaf-

scars Willi liuiKllf-scais, x J.
Se.'liuii of a winter twij;, sliglitl.v enlarged.

184

KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE
Gymnocladus dioica, (Linnaeus) Koch

&EKVS DESCRIPTION — This genus comprises only 2 spocies, one Gymnocladus chinensis,
a native of southern China, and the other described here. The generic nine Gymnocladoa Is of
Greek origin and means "nalted brancli," referring to the stout clumsy branches which are
devoid of foliage for about 6 montlis of the year.

FOBlt— A medium-sized tree usually 40-80 ft. in height with a diameter of 1-2 ft. but may
reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 3 feet. Trunit usually short, soon subdividing
into 2 to 4 nearly parallel and vertical secondary stems. Crown narrow, obovate, composed of
very stout branchlets.

BAXX— Of medium thickness, dark gray to dark brown, roughened by shallow Assures separat-
ing low but sharp and homy ridges covered with thin reciurved scales.

TWIOS—Very stout, blunt-pointed, greenisfa-brown, often coated with a whitish crusty film,
occasionally covered with fine hairs, and marked with large conspicuous lenticels usually most
nuinerous on the second years' growtli. Pith large, pink to brown in color.

Bin>8— Alternate; terminal bud absent; small, downy, imbedded in twig so that they scarcely
project beyond surface, surrounded by incurved hairj- ring of bark, superposed. The uppermost
bud is the largest; the lowest is small and located in the depression at top of leaf -scar.

LEAYBS— Alternate, twice oompound, 1-8 ft. long, li-2 ft. broad, with 7-13 foliate pinnae;
1-2 basal pairs of pinnae are reduced to entire leaflets. Pinnae have 3-7 pairs of leaflets.
Leaflets ovate, 2-2i inches long, wedge-shaped to rounded at base, sharp-pointed at apex, entire
to wavy on margin.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, more than 2-ranked, large, conspicuous, raised on projections of
twigs, broadly heart-shaped, paler in color than surrounding twig; contain 8-5 large, raised
bundle-scars.

rL0W£R8~«Appear about June. Regular, polygamous, or dioecious by abortion. Staminate
flowers greenish-white and arranged in a raceiue-llke corymb about 3 4 inches long. Pistillate
flowers greenish-white and arranged in terminal racen>es 6-8 inches long.

FRUIT — ^A broad, flat, thick, stubby reddish-brown pod, 4-10 inches long, 1-2 inches broad,
t<ometimcs covered with a grayish bloom. Pods often persist far into winter and remain closed.
Seeds dark brown, flat, 6-8 to a pod, over i ot an inch across, surrounded by a somewhat
sticky sweet pulp.

WOOD — Ring-porous; pores in spring wood large, in late wood small; rays distinct but not
conspicuous; heavy, not hard, strong, coarse-grained, light brown to reddish-brown, durable
in oontact i*ith soil; takes a flne polish. Weighs about 43 ll>s. per cubic foot. Used for
fence posts, fence rails, and occasionally in construction.

DISTIKOUISHINO CHARACTERISTICS — ^The Kentucky Coffee-tree, usually called Mahogany
in Pennsylvaia, but also known as Coffee Nut, Coffee Bean, and Nicker Tree, can readily be
identified by means of its strongly marked distinguishing characteristics. The trunk is short
and soon subdivides into 2-4 secondary stems which take an upright position, and are consequently
almost parallel to one another. The dark gray to dark brown bark is of medium thickness
and roughened by very sharp and firm projecting ridges. The reddish inner bark is often visible
at the base of the bark fissures. The twigs are stout, clumsy, without spines or thorns, and
greeniah-brown in color but often coated with a whitish crusty film and occasionally with flne
hairs. They are marked with large heart-shnped leaf-scars containing 3-5 raised bundle-scars,
and contain a large and round pinkish to reddish-brown pith. The buds are all lateral, no
terminal buds being present. They are small, covered with minute hairs, almost entirely im-
l)edded in the twig, and superposed, i. e., placed above one another. The uppermost bud is
UHualiy the largest and surrounded by an incurved and hairy ring of bark. The lower buds are
smaller, less evident and located within the depression on the upper margin of the leaf-scar.
The twigs are also marked with large orange-colored lenticels, which are especially con-
spicuous during the second season of their growth. The leaves are twice compound, 1-3 ft.
long and up to 2 ft. broad. The ovate and entire-margined leaflets are very distinctive. They
occur on lateral pinnae, except the lower pair or ocoasionally two pairs, which are attached to
the main petiole and are about twice the size of the other leaflets. The thi(^, stubby, woody,
and persistent fruit-pods with their large dark-brown seeds surrounded by a sweet and sticky
pulp cannot be confused with those of any other native or introduced tree. The large terminal
racenoes or raceme-like coiTmbs of regular and greenish-white flowers, which appear about June
are also distinctive. The Ailanthus or Tree of Heaven, introduced from China, is the only tree
which bears a general resemblance to this species, and that only in the stoutness of the
branches, and the large size of the leaves.

RANGE — Southern Ontario and central New YOrk, southward to the middle of Tennessee, and
westward to southern Michigan, southeastern Minnesota and Indian Territory.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENN8YXVANIA— Planted as an ornamental tree in all parts of the
State. The only locality in the State where It is reported as native is along the Conococheague
Creek in Franklin county. Dr. Thomas C. Porter's records show that he found it along this
stream, but the writer has followed the stream from its headwaters in the South and North
Mountains to the point where it empties into the Potomac without finding a single specimen.
The general range of the tree indicates that it may occur in the westem"7~particulariy the north-
western part of the State, but no authentic records are available to show that it has been
found there as a native tree.

HABITAT — Rich woods and bottomlands. Occurs solitary, never in clusters or pure stands.
Often only a single tree known in a locality. Will grow practically anywhere In the State, If
planted.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Kentucky Coffee-tree is of no commercial Importance
In this State. It is regarded attractive as an ornamental tree and is planted extensively In
this State. It loses its leaves early in autunm and develops them late in spring.

i

i

\\

i

PLATE XCIV. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE

1. StHiiiiiiatc rtowers, x }.

2. IMstillate rtowers, x J. , , , ,

li Portion of a doubly compound Ifiit, x J. , , . . ,^„ -^ i

I iviiit nods with a Dortion of one pod removed showing two siM^ds, x §. , .^, , , .

t: LSion^^of a winter nvi" sl.owiM« superposod and i,uonspi.no,.s bu.ls, lonticols, pith, ai.d leaf-

scars with buiidlc-scars, x i.
6. Section of a winter twig, sliglitl.v enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

li

r

ifli

PLATE XCV. HONEY LOCUST

1. Flowt'iiii;; liiiiiK'h witli iniitnrc leaves, x \.

2. Section of ii brHiich vvitli liuitiii;; jidds iiid a Imincliotl tlioni, x J.
.1. A winter twifr witli tliorns, x J.

k A hiJinchcd tlioni, x J.
."). A leiif-sc'sir, onlar^ed.

/ 185
HONEY LOCUST
Gleditsia triacanthos, Linnaeus

OENTTS DESCKIPTION ThI

FOKM — ^A medium -sized tr*»P nmoii, *
BAHK— On youn^ trunks smooth covered wifh

FIOWEBS—Appear about May or Jiin« t>„i

eL^^Ml, *" i^"'*' """'^y "^<^«'"«« With Tort Btefka '" pL.nT"'« ^'*"'^- «*"'"'"«*'^ ««-«'»
eIong:ated and solitary racemes. *' ^'^""ate flowers in /ew-flowered. rather

m.p^^^7t^^^^^^^ ;:;, -f -^'---n pod. 10.8 i„ei.s ion., .ntainin.

and ocasionally are produced in laigTnSmbers ' '^"^ °^"' **"*^" P^"*'^ *»*« ^'"ter

du^5eVlrtr":^ith"rhe"Xr^^^^ tj-i.- briii.ancy. hani. ^ron.. he«vv.

Weiifha about 42 lbs. per cubic foo. U8er,S„lv fo * .r "''"^"^^^^ ^^'^ *"*" »>«'^ ««I'«'»od
^ai cnst^ction. ,» time its use -i r^L^llLr^i^Trr ^^^^^^^ ^^

DISTIN&UISHING CHARACTERISTlCS_Th. w r

Thorn Tree, Three-thomed Acacia. S.d ^e?Shuck7.« '.IL'*;,.*'*' '"^^° «« *•>« 8^«^«t Loc"«t.
thorn« located above the leaf-scars a thomfess vaHe?v^ distinguished by its large branched
lK>und or sometimes twlce-con^und 1venly"iinnatr inn \ ''*^""*''' '^»«*"- The once-co,n-
leathery fruit-pod front 1018 l^tes lonranS the „?? /k*'™'*^ '"*^"« ^^^^^^^^ ^"h the
With conspicuous oblon^f .enticel. are afso cha^cterist^;! ^T *" ^'"^'' '^^'''^ ^"*'" --"ed
nat above the origin of a leaf or a leaf so^ Z, T-f,Jn k '«"f"^»^*°«l «e<^tion of a twi^
.uda. the upper scaly and extemaily v^ibLXtLTnorsoranrhi:^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
ItAiro^ntario through Pennsylvania to Morida. westwanl to Kansas and T.xas
DISTRIBUTIOK IN PENKS'FT.vavta m
State. Its original di^ribution Ixt^tt^e^Z "iZT/ 7 ^'""**** '''' *" «" P«^t« «' «.«
of the Allegheny Mountains, except a few localTtD^i^H l„t *??.* '""''"'^ *° *^« '««»"«» >^^«t
as a planted tree in the entire eastenrport^on oJ^hl Tl *^'"*- ^^ P*"^**"* " *» ««°^*>n
cultivatiun. ^'*"*™ P***^""" «' the State and in many places has e8cai>ed

«o?t'!"h''Tri^rrt.^i Lrdsi;!en';rof"itbt.''"' '^"^^^ ^"* "'" ^^«- «- -^ ^-*"«

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIFa— ti,^ xt
a timber tre. in Pennsylvania ScausTu is IfZed^THl'.'lf ""'' commercial Importance as
of this H«te are open grown and not m^^ Its distribution. Most of the existing trees

mercial value. If pj^pert^ Znte^ it w^ll nroS^^or"! '""TT *^ ''"«**^ *" ^ «' ^^^ «""-
from insect and fungarenL^es^^s an attrae^elr^ Tn^TV " ^'^"' "P'*^'^' '» ''-

come out late in spring and. hJnce. it^is"": 1 n^'vaTue 'rsh^ar'"' '"""^'^' '^^ ''"'^■^^

185

PLATE XCV. HONEY LOCUST

1. I'liiwi'iiiiv; liriiiK'li with iii;inir<' leaves, x l.

12. Sertioii 111' a liraiieli with iriiiliiiL; |mmIs mil a luaiKlieii thmii, x :'.,

.'1. A winter twiii with tlinriis, x A.

t. A li|;llieheil thnril. X J.

."(. \ |e;i r -^i-AV, eiilar;;e(l.

HONEY LOCUST
Gleditsia triacanthos, Linnaeus

GENT7S DESCRIPTION—TliiH
FOBK — A mediuon-sized trpp iibi.uh, *

TWIGS—Rather stout, zlifzair smooth i
.o,.», rounded .. ,he b.« and .pex L"„I,':;.;;.'^;, Jn^'^ZJ^:'""'"''-'^"'"^' ')» '^r.

U-shaped; varyinjr In width;

-. — .»..,, wii Ilia J

FLOWERS— Appear about May or June Pm
arranged in short, hairy racemes wkh short «tiu""'''^f' '"'^"' ^*=''"*«''- Stamlnate flowers
elongated and solitary racemes ****'* '*"'"'''■ ^^«<"'«t« Aowers in few-flowered. raXr

many Hat. ovaH^o^Lh^^^:'^!^,^; ^s Tre ^TZ"" ^'' '''' ^"^'^ '-- -tainin.
and occasionally are produced in l«r«e numJrs "^"^ ''^"' **'^*^" P^"'^^ *"'« ^"'t-r^

^^^^^ -i.. .riiiiancy; h«.,. ..-on. heavv

Weigiu. about 42 »>«. per cubic f oo . UseTmllv foi Jr'^'''""''"'^^ " ^^Ith thin p«,e ..^^Z
.eueral const.etion. .„ time its use ^^TZ^T^oT-r^^T^:^ ,::::^' ^^

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTirs_a^K xx

Thorn Tree, Three-thorned Acl-ia a^H^ey ShSs^'ca^'r^^ '"°"" «« *»»« «--* ^---t.

thor„« located above the leaf-scars. A thornfess var e?v ? ^'f""««'«^«d ^^ 'ts large branche.1

.ound or sometimes twice-con^und evenW-ninnat- «"^ - '^'''''' ^"*'''"" ^'" on«'-con.-

leathery fruit-pod from 10 18 inches lone/nS ♦>. f alternate leaves together with the

With conspicuous oblong lenLel^ Ire "fso charac'teSir'rr *' ""'^ ^'^'"'^ «"«"" ---'
just above the origin of a leaf or a leaf^i.r .!^m n ^ 'ongtiludinal section of a twijc

KA»0^„..„„ .,^„,, Pe„„.„v„„,. to Morld., w..,w.„, ,„ K.„.a. .„d T,..,

DISTRIBUTION IN PENVRVTvavt* «
State. Its original distribution h^^i1"^^rwal "uZf'7 7 ^'""*^'' ^''^^ '" «» P-^« «' "-
of the Allegheny Mountains, except ^ few local Tt Jill. Tk '"*''*^'^ *« "'« '•«'*''^«» ^^«t
a« a planted tree in the entire eastenr portion oJThl ITl ""^ '^'"- ^* J'"^^"*^ ^^ ^« <'«''""«"
cultivation. •'"*"^"' P^'"«n »' the State and in many places has e.scai)ed

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPFPTTra—T-i, tt

a ti„.ber tree in PennsyU^if SifTu ^s hS^T.^'m ''"'** ^<""mercia. importance as
of this 5-inte are open grown and LV f!lT distribution. Most of the existing trees

mercial value. If p^perir Planted it ..7 T"""' *'*""'"'" *"« ''"""^ *« ^e of any xm.
from insect and fun'^ar^l'enrs Tas In tr«cTr?orm""T', "^''- " ''"''' ™P'^'>'- '« ^-•
come out late in spring and. hJnce. iri/r Tf* n:::e";\.:;;;e f:r:h!:r'"' '"""*''" ^'' ^'"^^"'^

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

#1*

186

REDBUD
Cercis canadensis, Linnaeus

GENUS DESCEIPTION — This genus comprises 7 species of small trees and shrubs found in
partH of Asia, Europe, and North America. Three species are native to North America, 1
inhabiting California, 1 MIexico and Texas, and 1 eastern United States. The latter Is native
to Pennsylvania and described here. They are prized mainly on account of their ornamental value
due to their bright rose-colored, pea-like flowers which cover the branches with a profuse and
brilliant flange of color In early spring before the leaves come out.

FORM— A small tree usually about 15-20 ft. high with a diameter of 6 Inches but may reach a
height of 50 ft. with a diameter of 18 Inches. Trunk short bearing rather upright branches
which form a shallow and broad crown.

BARK — Thin, shallowly fissured separating ridges whith peel off into numerous scales, reddish
brown to very dark brown. See Fig. 77.

tViOS— Slender, smooth, light brown, l)ecoming grayish-brown, covered with numerous very
small lentlcels, containing pith which sometimes has reddish longitudinal streaks.

BUDS— Alternate; terminal one absent; small, i of an inch long, blunt-pointed, dark purplish-
red, spherical or somewhat flattened when appressed. Sometinves superposed with upper one
usually the larger, or clustered at the ba»e of a lateral branch, covered with 2-3 visible scales
with hairy margin.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, rounded or heart-shaped, 3-5 inches long, coiispicuously 5-7
nerved, cordate at base, pointed at apex, .entire on margin.

LEAF-SCAR&— Alternate, 2-ranked, Inversely triangular to heart-shaped, somewhat raised, con-
taining 3 conspicuous bundle-scars. Short spreading ridges often originate at outer margin
of the leaf-scars and extend down the stem for a short distance.

FLOWERS— Appear In March or April before the leaves or sometimes when the leaves are
just appearing. Resemble the sweet pea in form; perfect and brilliant red. borne usually
In clusters of 4-8, often developing from buds located at the base of lateral branches as well as
from buds located along the branches.

FRUIT— A small, rose-colored to light brown, short-stalked pod, 2} -3 inches long, about i of
an inch wide, containing about 6 broadly ovate, flattened, light-brown seeds. Pods may persist
until early winter and are often produced in enormous quantities.

WOOD— Ring-porous; heavy, hard, not strong, rich dark reddish-brown with light sapwood.
Weighs 40 lbs. per cubic foot. Not found on the market.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Redbud. also known as the Wild Pea, and Judas
Tree, can be distinguished by its simple alternate and heart-shaped leaves, its slender unarmed
and light brown twigs with reddish streaked pith, iU small, thin, leathery fruit-pods, and its
perfect, pea-like, brilliant red blossoms wliich occur in clusters of 4-8, appearing in early spring
before the leaves and developing from a cluster of buds located at the base of a lateral branch
as well as from buds located along the twigs. This is the only tree native to this State which
develops a cluster of purplish flower buds on a brancli just below the origin of a lateral twig.

RANGE— Southern Ontario through New York and New Jersey to Florida, westward to Minne-
sota and Arkansas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Not known to occur in the northern or eastern parts
of the State. Reported from the southeastern, southern, central, and western parts. Common
in the Schuylkill and Perkiomen Valleys and along parts of the Susquehanna River Valley,
especially northwest and southeast of Harrlsburg. Common about Gettysburg, and south of
Chambersburg in the Cumberland Valley. Occurs in a dense pure stand covering about one acre
southwest of Gettysburg.

HABITAT— Prefers rich moist soils. Common in abandoned fields, cut-over and open wood-
lands. Also found in the understory of the forest. Endures shade but prefers plenty of light.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Redbud is of no commercial Importance as a forest
tree but wliere a tall shrub or a small tree is desired for ornamental planting hardly a more
attractive one could be found. It has a pleasing form at all seasons of the year, an exceptionally
beautiful and abundant bloom In spring before the leaves come out, and in addition, grows
rapidly. It Is cultivated extensively In Europe as an ornamental tree.

PLATE XCVI. REDBUD

1. A H'lwciii'j: lnjiiirli. x ).

~. A siiiylc Mower, x .'. .

.'!. A siiiKlc stHiiM'ii. chlnrir'Hl

4. A .siiij-Ie pisfil, (.|iliiit;('<I.

n: A Viuiiinr bnm..;;? x'V"''''' ^" ='^ '" ' "'" -'"•-• -'--•"

<• All ()|)<-iif(l |i<t(i sliuwiiijj tlu' sccfh X '

■^. A winter twiu'. x L • ■ ■:■

9. Section of Avinter twij?, enlarged

". I'nvium of a wiutvv tui;; sl.uwiiiu I<.<Mfioii iin.l suruui:,'U

Hiif Ml' I, lids, eiiliiryed.

t

#11

n

.il;

:
' -

186 ^

REDBUD
Cercis canadensis, Linnaeus

OENXrs DESCRIPTION — Thl« genna comprises 7 species of small trees and shrubs foand in
parts of Asia, Europe, and North America. Three species are native to North America, 1
inhabiting California, 1 Mexico and Texas, and 1 eastern United States. The latter Is native
to Pennsylvania and described here. They are prized mainly on account of their ornamental value
due to their brigrht rose-colored, pea-like flowers which cover the branches with a profuse and
brilliant flame of color in early spring before the leaves come out.

FORK— A small tree usually about 16-20 ft. high with a diameter of 6 inches but may reach a
height of 60 ft. with a diameter of 18 inches. Trunk short bearing rather upright branches
which form a shallow and broad crown.

BARK — ^Thln, shallowly fissured separating ridges which peel off Into numerous scales, reddish
brown to very dark brown. See Fig. 77.

oAviGS— Slender, smooth, light brown, becoming grayish-brown, covered with numerous very
■mall lenticels, containing pith which sometimes has reddish longitudinal streaks.

BUDS— Alternate ; terminal one absent; small, i of an Inch long, blunt-pointed, dark pnrpllsh-
red, spherical or somewhat flattened when appressed. Sometimes superposed with upper one
usually the larger, or clustered at the base of a lateral branch, covered with 2-3 visible scales
with hairy margin.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, rounded or heart-shaped, 3-5 Inches long, conspicuously 6-7
nerved, cordate at base, pointed ut apex, .entire on margin.

LEAF-SOARS— Alternate, 2-rankfed, inversely triangular to heart-shaped, somewhat raised, con-
taining 3 conspicuous bundle-scars. Short spreading ridges often originate at outer margin
of the leaf-scars and extend down the stem for a short distance.

FLOWERS — ^Appear in March or April before the leaves or sometimes when the leaves are
just appearing. Resemble the sweet pea in form; perfect and brilliant red, borne usually
In clusters of 4-8, often developing from buds located at the base of lateral branches as well as
from buds located along the branches.

FRXnT- A small, rose-colored to light brown, short-stalked pod, 2i-3 Inches long, about } of
an Inch wide, containing about 6 broadly ovate, flattened, light-brown seeds. Pods may persist
until early winter and are often produced In enormous quantities.

WOOD— Ring-porous; heavy, hard, not strong, rich dark reddish-twown with light sapwood.
Weighs 40 lbs. per cubic foot. Not found on the market.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Redbud, also known as the Wild Pea, and Judas
Tree, can be distinguished by its simple alternate and heart-shaped leaves. Its slender unarmed
and light brown twigs with reddish streaked pith, its small, thin, leathery fruit-pods, and Its
perfect, pea-Uke, brilliant red blossoms which occur In clusters of 4-8, appearing In early spring
before the leaves and devreloping from a cluster of buds located at the base of a lateral branch
as well as from buds located along tlie twigs. This Is the only tree native to this State which
develops a cluster of purplish flower buds on a iMranch just below the origin of a lateral twig.

RANGE— Southern Ontario through New York and New Jersey to Florida, westward to Minne-
sota and Arkansas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Not known to occur in the northern or eastern parts
of the State. Reported from the southeastern, southern, central, and western parts. Common
In the Schuylkill and Perkionien Valleys and along parts of the Susquehanna River VaUey,
especially northwest and southeast of Harrisburg. Common about Gettysburg, and south of
Chambersburg In the Cumberland Valley. Occurs in a dense pure stand covering about one acre
southwest of Gettysburg.

HABITAT— Prefers rich moist soils. Common In abandoned fields, cut-ovor and open wood-
lands. Also found In the understory of the forest. Endures shade but prefers plenty of light.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Redbud Is of no commercial Importance as a forest
tree but where a tall shrub or a small tree is desired for ornamental planting hardly a more
attractive one could be found. It has a pleasing form at all seasons of the year, an exceptionally
beautiful and abundant bloom in spring before the leaves come out, and in addition, grows
rapidly. It is cultivated extensively In Europe as an ornamental tree.

MM

PLATE XCVL REDBUD

1.

.\

2

A

.•{.

A

4.

A

• >.

A

«.

A

floworipp liraiicli, x J.
siimlc rtoMiT, X L
siiijjlc stHiiH'ii, f'lilarjrod.
single pistil, enlarged,
pistil witii ovaiv sectioned
fruiting l)ranch, x i.

7. An opened pod sliowing tlie seeds,
«■ A winter twig, x J.
9. Section of winter twig, enlarged.
10. rortion of a winter twig sliowin

so as to show
X i.

tlie ovules, eriliirscd.

g location and arrangement of iuids. enlarged.

1

PLATE XCVII. COMMON LOCUST

1. A tloworing branch, x }.

•2. A fniitiiijr branch, x J.

.!. A winter twig, x J.

t. Section of a winter twi«, enlarji.-fl.

5. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

187

COMMON LOCUST

Robinia Pseudo-Acacia, Linnaeus

OEirUS DESCRIPTION— Tliis genus comprises 7 species of trees and shrubs native only to
North America but some are planted extensively in Kurope. Three of the 7 species reach tree-
sire while the others remain shnibs. The generic name is in commemoration of the I'rench
botaniat Joan Robin and hlB uon Vespasien.

70B11— A medium-sized tree usually 30-45 ft. high with a diameter of 1-1 i ft. but may reach
a height of 75 ft. with a diameter of 2-2i feet. Forest-grown specimens are often straight, clean,
and free from branches for 2 of height of tree. Open grown specimens usually branch low.
Crown usually narrow, oblong, and open.

BARK — On both young and old trunks rough, reddish-brown, deeply furrowed, with liigh
rather rounded ridges which do not peel off in scales; sonietlmes 1-li inches in thickness. See
Fig. 104.

TWIGS— Rather stout, brittle, more or less zigzag, round to angular in crt)8s-Bectlon, some-
times ridged, greenish to reddish-brown; often bearing two spines at a node, covered with a few
pale lenticels; pith white and often angular.

BUDS— Alternate ; tenuinal one absent; small, 3-4 superposed, lnil>edded in twig under leaf-
scar in a rusty somewhat hairy cavity. Their iwsition is hardly visible in winter but becomes
evident in spring when growth starts.

LEAVES — Alternate, compound, 8-14 Inches long; petioles slender, grooved on top, and swollen
at the base. Leaflets odd in number and stalked, ovate to oblong, 7-21 in number, 1-2 inches long,
usually rounded at apex and tmse, entire on margin.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, rather large and conspicuous, irregular in out-
line, covering the buds; often located between two prickles wliich are developed and hardened
stipules; contain 3 bundle-scars.

FLOWERS — ^Appear about May after the leaves or occasionally before the leaves, resembling
the blossom of a pea. Perfect, cream-white, about an inch across, fragrant, borne On slender
stalks about i of an inch long, airanged In loone drooping rauemes 4-5 inches long.

FRUIT— A small, dark brown, and tliln pod, 2-4 inches long and i of an inch wide; usually
containing from 4-8 small dark brown mottled seeds. The pods often persist far into winter.

WOOD— Ring-porous; rays quite distinct, especially on radial section; heavy, very hard and
strong, very durable In contact with the soil, yellowish-brown to cherry-red or reddish-brown, with
thin greenish or yellowish sapwood. Weighs about 4« lbs. per cubic foot. Used extensively in
former time for shipbuilding, and at present for posts, in turnery, for tree nails, insulator pins,
and fuel.

DISTIN6UISHINQ CHARACTERISTICS— The Common Locust, also known as the Black
Locust, Yellow Locust, White Locust, Locust, and Acacia, may be distinguished by Its droop-
ing racemes of white irregular flowers, its odd-phmate comi-ound leaves, its twigs with two
short spines at a node, its 2-4 inch long leathery fruit pod and its deeply furrowed reddish-brown
bark The leaf scars, located between the two spines when present, and covering 3-4 rusty downy
superposed buds, arc also characteristic. The disagreeable odor and yellow color of the roots
are diatlnctlve. The characteristic coloration of the foliage of this tree when attacked by the
Locust Leaf Miner and the characteristic swelling of the branches when attacked by the Locust
Borer aid In recognizing it. The presence of the fruiting body of the Locust Rot (Femes rlmosus)
so common in southern Pennsylvania, Is a sure means of Identifying the tree.

RANGE— MounUins of Pennsylvania, south to Georgia, westward to Iowa and Kansas. Nat-
uralized over an extensive area In America and widely planted in Efurope.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Originally it was found only in the central and south-
em iKirtions of the Allegheny Mountains in this State. At present it is found all over the
State as an omamt^ntal tree or in fence rows and in many places it has escaped into the forest
and abandoned fields.

HABITAT— Grows vigorously on mcist ferUle soil, especially on rich bottomlands and along
mountain streams. Also grows on rather rocky and sterile mountain slopes. Frequent on
abandoned charcoal hearths and mud-dams found near ore mines.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The real importance of the Common Locust is somewhat
in doubt. It produces excellent wood and grows rapidly in some localities especially where
It is free from enemies. Two insects, known as Locust Borer and Locust Leaf Mttner and a
fungus known as the Jx)cust Rot (Fomes rlmosus), are doing enormous '^'^8«/" *^'" ^^
locally, in regions where these enemies are wanting and where suitable soil and climate are
at hand it may be advisable to plant this tree especially when posts, poles, or ties are desired
A large quantity of wood is being profitably disposed of In the forests of southern Pe^^jjvania
for the manufacture of insulator pirn.. During the World War *f "«-",,*" """T'^.^T^rJ
for this wood for the purpose of manufacturing tree nails used in shipbuilding. It has very
attractive flowers which may appear before, with, or after the leaves.

PLATE XCVII. COMMON LOCUST

1. A llowciiiii.' lirancli, x J.

2. A liiiitiiiji liraiiHi, x §.
:',. A Aviiitcr twin, x h.

I Section of »i winter twiu. <'iil:ns:''<l.
o Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

187

COMMON LOCUST

Robinia Pseudo-Acacia, Linnaeus

GrEirUS DESCRIPTION — This genus coiii4)rise8 7 species of trees and shrubs native only to
]North America but some are planted extensively in KuroiK". Three of the 7 species n>Hch tree-
size while the others remain shnibs. The generic name is in conmienioration <»f the lYench
l)otaniat Jean Robin and Iiis son Ves))asien.

FORM. — ^A medium-sized tree usually 30-45 ft. high with a diameter of 1-1) ft. but may reach
a height of 75 ft. with a diameter of 2-2i feet. Forest-grown specimens are often straight, clean,
and free from branches for J of height of tree. Open grown sttecimens usually branch low.
Crown usually narrow, oblong, and open.

BARK — On both young and old trunks rough, reddish-brown, deeply furrowed, with high
rather rounded ridges which do not peel off in scales; sontetimes 1-1^ inches in thickness. See
Fig. 104.

TWIGS — Itather stout, brittle, more or less zigzag, round to angular in cnms-section, some-
times ridged, greenish to reddish-browni ; often bearing two spines at a node, covered with a few
pale lenticels; pith white and often angiUar.

BUDS— Alternate ; terminal one absent; small, 3-4 superiwsed, imbedded in twig under leaf-
scar in a rusty somewhat hairy cavity. Their iwsition is hardly visible in winter but becomes
evident in spring when growth starts.

LEAVES — Alternate, compound, 8-14 inches long; p<'tioles slender, groove«l on h>p, and swollen
at the base. Leaflets odd in number and stalked, ovate to oblong, 7-21 in number, 1-2 inches long,
usually rounded at apex and base, entire on margin.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, more than 2-ranked, rather large and conspicuous, irregular in out-
line, covering the buds; often located between two prickles which are developed and hardened
stipules; contain 3 bundle-scars.

FLOWERS — ^Appear about May after the leaves or occasionally before the leaves, resembling
the blossom of a pea. Perfect, cream-white, about an inch across, fragrant, borne on slender
stalks about i of an inch long, airanged in loose drooping racemes 4-5 inches long.

FRUIT— A small, dark brown, and thin pod, 2-4 inches long and i of an inch wide; usually
containing from 4-8 small dark brown mottled seeds. The pods often persist far into winter.

WOOD Ring-porous; rays quite distinct, especially on radial section; heavy, very hard and

strong, very durable in contact with the soil, yellowish-brown to cherry-red or reddish-brown, with
thin greenish or yellowish sapwood. Weighs about 40 lbs. per cubic foot. Used extensively In
former time for shipbuilding, and at present for posts, in turnery, for tree nails, insulator pins,
and fuel.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Common Locust, also known as the Black
Locust, Yellow Locust, White Locust, Locust, and Acacia, may be distinguished by its droop-
ing racemes of white irregular flowers, its odd-pinnate comi-ound leaves, its twigs with two
short spines at a node, its 2-4 inch long leathery fruit pod and its deeply furrowed retldlsh-brown
bark The leaf scars, located between the two spines when present, and covermg 3-4 rusty downy
superposed buds, are also characteristic. The disagreeable odor and yellow color of the roots
are distinctive. The characteristic coloration of the foliage of this tree when attacked by the
Locust Leaf Miner and tlie characteristic swelling of the branches when attacked by the Locust
Borer aid in recognizing it. The presence of the fruiting body of the Locust Rot (Fomes rimosus)
so coranion in southern Pennsylvania, is a sure means of Identifying the tree.

RANGE— Mountains of Pennsylvania, south to Georgia, westward to Iowa and Kansas. Nat-
uralized over an extensive area in America and widely planted in LMrope,

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Originally it was found only in the central and south-
ern iK>rtions of tlie Allegheny Mountains in this State. At present it is found all over the
State as an ornamental tree or in fence rows and in many places it has escaped into the forest
and abandoned fields.

HABITAT— <irow8 vigorously on mcist ferUle soil, especially on rich bottomlands and along
njountain streams. Also grows on rather rocky and sterile mountain slopes. Frequent on
abandoned charcoal hearths and mud-dams found near ore mines.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The real importance of the Common Locust Is somewhat
in doubt. It produces excellent wood and grows rapidly in some localities especially where
It is free from enemies. Two insects, known as Locust Borer and Locust I^af M;"«f. «"f "
fungus known as the Jx,cust Hot (Fomes rimosus), are doing enormoiis d^;"«S« ^^,,;^'f /^^^
locally, m regions where these enemies are wanting and where suitable soil and c'mate^rc
at hand it may be advisable to plant this tree especially when posts, poles, or ties are desired.
A large quantUy of wood is being profitably disposed of in the forests of southern Pennsylvania
for the manufacture of insulator pins. During the World War ^f "«--,- """7',,t"ve'
for this wood for the purpose of manufacturing tree nails used in ship-building. It has very
attractive flowers which nwy appear before, with, or after the leaves.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

m

mf'i

188

THE CASHEW FAMILY— ANACARDIACEAE

This family contains a large number of small trees and shrubs
and a few woody climbers widely distributed over the world, but
most abundant in the tropics. Many of the representatives of this
family are noted for their acrid, resinous, or milky juice which makes
them of considerable value in medicine, tanning, and the manufac-
ture of varnishes and resins.

About 50 genera with 500 species belong to this family. North
America has few representatives. Only 3 genera with throe repre-
sentatives are embraced in its flora. The genus Khus is the only one
native to northeastern America. It has six representatives in Tenn-
sylvania.

THE SUMACHS— RHUS, Linnaeus

The Sumachs comprise a large number of trees and shrubs which
are widely distributed. About 120 species are known of which num-
ber about 16 are native to North America and 6 to Tennsylvania.
Most of the members of this genus are found in South Africa. All
have large pithy twigs and a milky, sometimes poisonous, sticky
juice. The leaves of all are alternate. One species alone is ever-
green and one other has simple leaves. All others are deciduous and
have compound leaves.

Three of the 6 species native to Pennsylvania reach tree size. The
others are mere shrubs. The Poison Ivy or Poison Oak (Rhus Toxi-
codendron L.) is very abundant along fences and by roadsides. Its
stem often trails along the ground and sends up short branchlets
which bear the compound leaves with 3 leaflets. The leaves are
poisonous to the touch. The Smooth Sumach (Rhus glabra L.)
is a low-growing and spreading shrub sometimes becoming a small
tree. It has glabrous branchlets which are more or less glaucous.
It has compound leaves with 11 31 leaflets. It is very common in
abandoned fields and seems to thrive on sandy soil. The Fragrant
Sumach (Rhus canadensis Marsh.) reaches a height of 2-6 ft. It has
compound leaves with 3 leaflets which are aromatic when crushed.
The Smoke-Tree (Rhus Cotinus L.) is one of the commonest
plants of our gardens and lawns. It is an introduced species com-
ing from Europe and warm temperate Asia. Locally it has escaped
cultivation.

189

SUMMER KEY TO THE SUMACHS

rage

1. Leaf-petioles winged; leaflets with entire margins except nfar apex R, copallina 192

1. Leaf-petioles not winged; leaflets either with entire or serrate margins 2

2. Leaflets 7-13, with entire margins, E. Vernix 190

2. Leaflets 11-31, with serrate margins 3

3. Leaflets glaxicous beneath ; twigs smooth ; shrubs, R. glabra 1 88

3. Leaflets not glaucous* beneath; twigs densely hairj-; small trees, R. typhina 191

WINTER KEY TO THE SUMACIIS

1. Terminal bud present; fruit wliite, smooth, in loose, drooping, grap<vlilic dusiers;

frequents swamps; leaf-scars broad, do not encircle budH; juice i»oisonou8, R, Vemix 190

1. Terminal bud absent; fruit red, hairy, in compact erect clusters; fre<iuent8 dry soils;

leaf-scars encircle or alniiost encircle buds; juice not poisonous 2

2. Twigs stout, with watery juice; leaf-scars broadly creHCcnt-shai>ed R. copallina 102

2. Twigs very stout, with milky juice ; leaf-scars narrower, 3

S. Twigs densely hairy B,, typhina 191

3. Twigs smooth *• glabra 188

190

\

POISON SUMACH
Rhus Vernix, Linnaeus

FORM-oA shrub or small tret, usually 5-10 ft. high but may roach a height of 20 ft. with a
diameter of 8 inches. Usually branches near ground. Crown wide, deep, and usually rounded.

BARK— Smooth, somewhat streaked, thin, liyht to dark gray, roughened with horizontally-
elongated lenticels. —

TWIGS— Stout, orange-brown, later light gray, smooth, often glossy, covered with numerous
raised lenticels, contain yellowish-brown pith; if punctiired or cut, exude watery juice which
turns yellow upon exposure.

BUDS — Alternate; terminal bqd present and larger than lateral ones; purplish, conical, acute;
about 1/5-3/6 of an inch long, covered with a few scales which are downy on back and margin.

LEAVES — Alternate, compound, 7-14 inches long, with wingless petioles, and with 7-13 leaflets;
oljovate', 3-4 Inches long, acute at apex, wedge-shaped at base, entire margined, dark green and
shiny above, pale below.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, large, broad, conspicuous, do not encircle buds, upper margin straight
or nearly so, contain numerous bundle-scars which are scattered or arranged in a curved line.

FLOWERS — ^Appear about June or July. Stamlnate and pistillate flowers borne on different
plants. The small yellowish-green flowers are arranged in long, drooping, rather narrow panicles.

FRUIT — A srmall spherical, glossy. Ivory-white to yellowish-white drupe arranged in loose,
drooping, grape-like clusters. It is about 1/5 of an inch In diameter, slightly compressed and
often persists far into winter. Ripens about September. Only pistillate trees bear fruit.

WOOD— Ring-porous; brittlf, soft-grained, light yellow In color. Weighs 27 lbs. per cubic
foot.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Poison Sumach, also known ns Poison Oak,
I'oison Dogwood, Poison Elder, and Swamp Sumach, can be recognized in winter by its alternate
buds with the terminal bud present. Its broad leaf-scars which do not encircle the bud and its
smooth and rather stout branchlets. The white berry-like fruit arranged in drooping clusters often
IKTsists far into winter. The leaves are compound, without winged petioles and have from
7-13 shiny leaflets with entire margin which turn to a brilliant scarlet or orange in autumn.
This species Is usually found in swamps.

RANGE — Ontario south to Florida, west to Minnesota and Louisana.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Occasional and local In the eastern, Bouthorn. and
Ci-ntral parts. Rarer in other parts. Numerous largo specimens occur In the swamps of tlie
South Mountains in Adams and Franklin counties.

HABITAT — Prefers low grounds and swamps. Occasionally found on moist slopes.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Poison Sumach is one of our most poisonous plants.
The wood which it produces is of no commercial importance. Some people are entirely immune
to its poisonous principles, while others are affected by simply handling It, while a few need
only to walk by it. It is claimed all traces of the poison can be removed by \Yashing the
parts thoroughly with a saturated alroholic solution of acetate of lead immediately or within
a few hours after the contact. Pure alcohol is also valuable as a wash if applied shortly after
contact.

/,

\if'

PLATE XCVIIL POISON SUMACH

1. Brand) with Immature and matun' leiivos, aii<l a staminate flower panicle, x J.

2. A pistillate flower panicle, x *. .. ,
.S. A section of a branch with two drooping clusters of fruit, x J.
4. A single fruit enlarged.

rt. A winter twitf. x §.

6. Au axillary l)ud and a leaf-scar with bundle-scars, enlarged.

Ill

y

«

u

190

POISON SUMACH
Rhus Vernix, Linnaeus

FORM— A shrub or small tret, usually 5-10 ft. high but maj- reach a height of 20 ft. with a
diameter of 8 inches. Usually branches near ground. Crown wide, deep, and usually rounded.

BABX — Smooth, somewhat Mtreaked, thin, light to dark gray, roughened with horizontally-
elongated lentlcels. —

TWIGS— Stout, orange-brown, later light gray, smooth, often glossy, covered with numerous
raised lentlcels, contain yellowish-brown pith; if punctured or cut, exude watery juice which
turns yellow upon exposure.

BUDS— Alternate; terminal bqd present and larger than lateral ones; purplish, conical, acute;
about 1/5-3/5 of an inch long, covered with a few scales which are downy on bac^ and margin.

LEAVE&— Alternate, compound, 7-14 Inches long, with wingless petioles, and with 7-13 leaflets;
obovate, 3-4 Inches long, acute at apex, wedge-shaped at base, entire margined, dark green and
shiny above, pale below.

LEAF-SOARS— Alternate, large, broad, conspicuous, do not encircle buds, upper margin straight
or nearly so, contain numerous bundle-scars which are scattered or arranged in a curved line.

FLOWERS— Appear af>out June or July. Stamlnate and pistillate flowers borne on different
plants. The small yellowish-green flowers are arranged in long, drooping, rather narrow panicles.

FRUIT — ^A wnall spherical, glossy, ivory-white to yellowlah-whitc drupe arranged In loose,
drooping, grape-Ilke clusters. It is about 1/5 of an inch in diameter, slightly compressed and
often persists far into winter. Ripens about September. Only pistillate trees bear fruit.

WOOD— Ring-porous; brittle', soft- grained, light yellow in color. Weighs 27 lbs. per cubic
foot.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Poison Sumach, also known ns Poison Oak,
I'oison Dogwood, Poison Elder, and Swamp Sumach, can be recognized in winter by its alternate
buds Mith the terminal bud present, Its broad leaf-scars which do not encircle the bud and Its
smooth and rather stout branchlets. The white berry-like fruit arranged in drooping clusters often
I)er8iKt8 far into winter. The leaves are compound, without winged petioles and have from
7-13 shiny leaflets with entire margin which turn to a brilliant scarlet or orange in autumn.
This species is usually found In swamps.

RANGE — Ontario south to Florida, west to Minnesota and Louisana.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Occasional and local In the eastern, southern, and
central parts. Rarer In other parts. Numerous large specimens occur In the swamps of tlie
South Mountains in Adams and Franklin counties.

HABITAT — ^Prefers low grounds and swamps. Occasionally found on moist slopes.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Poison Sumach is one of our most poisonous plants.
The wood which it produces is of no commercial importance. Some people are entirely immune
to its poisonoQs principles, while others are affected by simply handling it, while a few need
only to walk by it. It is claimed all traces of the poison can be removed by gashing the
parts thoroughly with a saturated alcoholic solution of acetate of lead immediately or within
a few hours after the contact. Pure alcohol Is also valuable as a wash if applied shortly after
contact.

/,

PLATE XCVIII. POISON SUMACH

1. Brancb with limnature and mature leaves, and a staminate flower panicle, x

2. A pifitillate flower panicle, x *. . ^ ,. ,

3. A section of a branch with two drooping clusters of fruit, x J.

4. A single fruit enlarged.

5. A winter twijr, x i. . , ^, , ,

6. An axillary bud and a leaf-scar with bundle-scars, enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

I

iiPi

PLATE XCIX. STAGHORN SUMACH

1. Branch with a flower panicle and mature leaves, x J.

'J. A staminate flower, enlarged.

."{. A pistillate flower, enlarged.

4. All erect cone-like fruit cluhter, x J.

■'•. A single luiiry fruit, enlarged.

U. A hairy winter twig, x J.

7. A bud almost Kurruunde<l by a |eaf-8car with Uttudle-Hcani, eoJarged-

8. A |(>8f-R08r enlarged.

'Br

191

STAGHORN SUMACH
Rhus typhina, Linnaeus

FORK— A Bhnib or small tree usually reaching a height of 10 20 ft, but may reach a height
of 40 ft. with a diameter of 16 inches. Trunk usually short, bearing a broad flat-topped crown.
Lateral branches are decidedly ascending.

BARK— On old trunks rough, dark brown, sometimes scaly; on younger trunks and branches
smooth, thin, somewhat papery, covered with numerous lenticels which later develop into rough
dots. Rich in tannin.

TWIGB— Covered for 3 years with brown to black velvety pubescence, later smooth, stout,
clumsy; If cut or pnnctured exude a milky Juice, which turns black upon exposiu-e. Twigs are
often frozen back in winter. They are covered with conspicuous orange-colored lenticels, and
contain a large yellowish-brown pith.

BUDft— Alternate; terminal bud absent; conical, spherical obtuse, covered with dense rusty
haini.

LEAVES— Alternate, compound, 16-24 inches long, with stout wingless petiole and 11-31 leaflets.
Leaflets oblong, 2-5 inches long, nearly sessile, acute at apex, serrate on margin, rounded or
hfnrt-shaped at base; when mature smooth, dark green above, and pale beneath.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, nearly encircle bud, large, conspicuous. U-shaped, contain scattered
bundle-scars sometimes grouped in 3s.

FLOWERS— Appear in May or June. Occur in dense yellowlshrgreen panicles. Staminate
panicles are about 8-12 inches long and 6-6 inches broad. Pistillate panicles are only 5-8 inches
long but more compact.

FRUIT— Arranged in compact, erect, cone-like, red clusters which are 5-8 inchea long, 2-8
inches broad and persist far Into winter. Only plants bearing pistillate flowers prodoce fruit.
The single fruit is a spherical drupe covered with red hairs and contains a small hard seed.
Sumachs with red fruit are not poisonous.

WOOD— Ring porous; brittle, soft, orange-colored, streaked with green, rather satiny to
touch. Sapwood broad and white. Weighs 27 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for manufacture of
spiles, cups, napkin rings, and balls for darning stockings.

DISTIKGTTISHIHG CHARACTERISTICS— The Staghom Sumach, also known as Velvet Sumach,
can be distinguished from all our native Sumachs by its velvety pubescent twigs The Smooth
Sumach (Rhus glabra L.) is usually smaller and has Ite twigs covered with a bloom Dot not
with pubescence. The D>varf Sumach (Rhus copallina) has winged petio es and a ^^t^^r Jnlce
while the Staghom Sumach has no winged leaf-petioles but has a mUky juice. The Poison
Sumach has a terminal bud, white drwping fruit, entire leaf-margins, leaf-scars which do not
encircle buds, and frequenta awamps. while the Staghorn Sumach has no te"«^"fl ^ud. has
red and erect fruit clusters, serrate leaf-margins, leaf-scars which almost encircle buds, and
frequents dry soils.

RANOE— New Brunswick to Minnesota, and southward to Georgia and Alabama.

DI8TRIBUTI0K IK PENNSYLVANIA— Locally throughout the State. Very common in eastern
and southern parts. Rarer In northern and western parts.

HABITAT— Usually found on fertile dry upland soil,
streams. Frequenta abandoned fields and fences.

ncPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Staghom Sunmch la of little commercial Importance.
ThTwo^ is rarely used. The bark of the stem and roots, and the leaves are rich in tannin.
It Is occasionally planted for ornamental purposes.

Rarer on borders of swamps and

li

4.

tj.
7.

8.

PLATE XCIX. STAGHORN SUMACH

Brancli with a flower panicle and mature leaves, x h.

A staniinate flower, enlarged.

A pistillate flower, enlarged.

An erect cone-like fiuit cluster, x J.

A single liairy fruit, fiilarsed.

.\ Ijairy winter twii^r, x J.

A bud almost surrounded hy a leaf-scar witb Uuudle-ticarii, eolarged.

A leaf-scar enlarged.

191

STAGHORN SUMACH
Rhus typhina, Linnaeus

FORM— A Bhrub or small tree usually reaching a height of 10 20 ft. but may reach a height
of 40 ft. with a diameter of 16 inches. Trunk usually short, bearing a broad flat-topped crown.
Lateral branches are decidedly ascending.

BARK— On old trunks rough, dark brown, sometimes scaly; on younger trunks and branches
■mooth, thin, somewhat papery, covered with numerous lenticels which later develop into rough
dots. Rich in tannin.

TWIGS— Covered for 3 years with brown to black velvety pubescence, later smooth, stout,
clumsy; If cut or panctured exude a milky juice, which turns black upon exposure. Twigs are
often frozen back in winter. They are covered with conspicuous orange-colored lenticels, and
contain a large yellowish-brown pith.

BTTDS— Alternate; terminal bud absent; conical, spherical obtuse, covered with dense rusty
hairs.

LEAVES— Alternate, compound, 16-24 inches long, with stout wingless petiole and 11-31 leaflets.
Leaflets oblong, 2-5 Inches long, nearly sessile, acute at apex, serrate on margin, rounded or
henrt-shaped at base; when mature smooth, dark green above, and pale beneath.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, nearly encircle bud, large, conspicuous, U-shaped, contain scattered
bundle-Bcars sometimes grouped In Ss.

FLOWERS— Appear In May or June. Occur In dense yellowish-green panicles. Staminate
panicles are about 8-12 inches long and 5-6 inches broad. Pistillate panicles are only 5-8 Inches
long but more compact.

FRXTIT— Arranged In compact, erect, cone-like, red clusters which are 5-8 Inches long. 2-3
Inches broad and persist far Into winter. Only plants bearing pistillate flowers P'o^uce fruit.
The single fruit Is a spherical drupe covered with red hairs and contains a small hard seed.
Sumachs with red fruit are not poisonous.

WOOD— Ring porous; brittle, soft, orange-colored, streaked with green, rather satiny to
touch. Sapwood broad and white. Weighs 27 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for manufacture of
spiles, cups, napkin rings, and balls for darning stockings.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Staghom Sumach, also known as Velvet Sumach,
can be distinguished from all our native Sumachs by Its velvety pubescent twigs The Smooth
Sumach (Rhus glabra L.) Is usually smaller and has its twigs covered with a Woom but not
with pubescence. The Dwarf Sumach (Rhus copallina) has winged petlo es and a ^^^jy J^^^
while the Staghom Sumach has no winged leaf-petioles but has a milky juice. The Poison
Sumach has a terminal bud, white drooping fruit, entire leaf-margins, leaf-scars wWch do not
encircle buds, and frequents swamps, while the Staghorn Sumach has no tennlnal bud, has
red and erect fruit clusters, serrate leaf-margins, leaf-scars which almost encircle buds, and
frequents dry soils.

RANGE— New Brunswick to Minnesota, and southward to (Jeorgla and Alabama.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Locally throughout the State. Very common In eastern
and southern parts. Rarer in northern and western parts.

HABITAT-Usually found on fertile dry upland soil. Rarer on borders of swamps and
streams. Frequents abandoned fields and fences.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES-The Staghorn Sumach Is of little commercial '"/P^^*""^^-
The^o^ is rarely used. The bark of the stem and roots, and the leaves are rich In tannin.
It Is occasionally planted for ornamental purposes.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

11

III

192

DWARF SUMACH
Rhus copallina, Linnaeus

FORM — A small shrub rnrely more than 6-8 ft. tall; becomes a tree only in Arkansas and
Texas.

BARK — Rather thin, light to reddish -browTi, often 8tiHM)th; on older specimens may peel off
into papery layers, frequently roughened by large, elervated, bro^vnlsh projections.

TWIGS — At first hairy, somewhat zigzag and greenish-rod; later smooth, reddish-brown, and
roughened by prominent leaf-scars and large d.irk-coiored lenticels; frequently roughened by large
elevated rugopities.

BUDS— Alternate; terminal bud absent; axillary, small, spherical, covered with rusty brown
pubescence. ^

LEAVES — Alternate, oomijound, 6-12 inches long, with winged petioles and 9-21 leaflets.
Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acute at apex, often unequal and wedge-shaped at base, entire on
margin except near apex where h few serrate teeth may be found, usually smooth above and
pubescent below.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, broadly crescent-shaped to inversely triangular; partly surround buds;
contain a few clusters of bundle-stars often occurring in 3s.

FLOWERS — Appear about July. Produced in axillary or terminal panicles. Staminate and
pistillate usually occur on different plants.

FRUIT — Matures about 5-6 weeks after flowers. Usually arranged in dense, stout, pubescent,
often persistent, red clusters. The individual fruit is spherical, about i of an inch across,
covered with a hairy red coat and contains a smooth orange-colored seed.

WOOD— DiflTuse-porous; soft, coarse-grained, light brown, richly striped with yellow and
black. Weight and uses are about the same as the Staghom Sumach.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Dwarf Sumach, also known as Mountain Sumach
can be distiiiguislird from our other native species of sumach by its winged leaf-petioles and its
leaflets which are entire-margined except near the apex. Its branches contain a watery juice
while the branches of the Staghorn and Smooth Sumach contain a milky juice. Its branches
are roughened by conspicuous raised lenticels while those of the Smooth Sumac are covered with
a bloom and those of the Staghom Sumach with a velvety pubescence. It has neither terminal
buds nor white fruit like the Poison Sumach.

RANGE — Mkiine to Florida, west to Nebraska and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Local, often common, throughout the State.

HABITAT— Common on dry hillsides and ridges. Occasional on rich bottomlands. Frequents
abandoned fields.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Dwarf Sumach is naerely a shrub east of the Mississippi
and consequently of no commercial importance. It may be utilized in landscape gardening on
account of its dwarf form and attractive autumnal foliage. It reaches tree-size in Arkansas and
Texas.

%^

m

PLATE C. DWARF SUMACH

1. Branch witli iiiiiturc leaves with winged rathises, and a panicle of Ilowers, i ).

2. A hninch widi nn ere<'t cluster "f fniit, x i.
.'{. A single liiiiiy fruit, enlarged.

4. A winter twig, x *.

5. A Ie«f«<'ar willi iiini<lle srarK, eijl^rged.

192

DWARF SUMACH
Rhus copallina, Linnaeus

FORM— A small shrub rarely more than 6-8 ft. tall; becomes a tree only in Arkansas and
Texas.

BARK — Rather thin, liifht to re<kU8h-bro\»-n, often smooth; on older Hpocimens may peel off
Into papery layers, frequently roughened by large, elevated, brownish projections.

IWIGi— At (Irst hairy, somewhat tAgz&g and greenish-red; later smooth, reddlsh-browB, and
roughened by prominent leaf -scars and large d.irk-colored lentlcels; frequently roughened by large
elevated mgofiities.

BUDS— Alternate; terminal bud absent; axillary, small, spherical, covered with rusty brown
pubescence. ^

LEAVES— Alternate, comfwund, 6-12 inches long, with winged petioles and 9-21 leaflets.
Lieaflets ovate-lanceolate, acute at apex, often unequal and wedge-shaped at base, entire on
margin except near apex where a few serrate teeth may be found, usually smooth above and
pubescent below.

LEAF-SOARS — ^Alternate, broadly crescent-shaped to inversely triangular; partly surround buds;
contain a few clurters of bundle-scars often occurring in 8s.

FLOWERS — Appear about July. Produced In axillary or terminal panicles. Staminate and
pistillate usually occur on different plants.

FRUIT — ^Matures about 5-6 weeks after flowers. Usually arranged in dense, stout, pubescent,
often persistent, red clusters. The individual fruit is spherical, about i of an inch across,
covered with a hairy red coat and contains a smooth orange-colored see4.

WOOD— Diffuse-porous; soft, coarse-grained, light brown, richly striped with yellow and
black. Weight and uses are about the same as the Staghom Sumach.

DISTrNGUlSHIN& CHARACTERISTICS— The Dwarf Sumach, also known as Mountain Sumach
can l>e distinguished from our other native species of sumach by its winged leaf-petioles and its
leaflets which are entire-margined except near the apex. Its branches contain a watery juice
while the branches of the Staghom and Smooth Sumach contain a mJlky juice. Its branches
are roughened by conspicuous raised lentlcels while those of the Smooth Sumac are covered with
a bloom and those of the Staghom Sumach with a velvety pubescence. It has neither terminal
buds nor white fruit like the Poison Sumach.

RAKOE — Maine to Florida, west to Nebraska and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — ^Local, often common, throughout the State.

HABITAT— Common on dry hillsides and ridges. Occasional on rich bottomlands. Frequents
abandoned fields.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — ^The Dwarf Sumach is merely a shrub east of the Mississippi
and consequently of no commercial importance. It may be utilised In landscape gardening on
account of its dwarf form and attrnctlve antumnal foliage. It reaches tree-slse In Arkansas and
Texas.

A*

4

01

PLATE C. DWARF SUMACH

1 Branch witli matnic leaves with winged rachises, and a panicle of flowers, x J.

2. A branch willi an erect cluster of fruit, x J.

li. A single hairy fruit, enlarged.

4. A winter twig, x i.

5. A le«f scHi- wUli l.uiKlle w'Mrj*. enlargwl.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

PLATE CI. TREE OF HEAVEN

1. A mature leaf, x }.

2. Lower side of two leaflets showing glands, x *.

3. A panicle of flowers, x J.

4. A small cluster uf winged seeds, x i.
r». A seedling, x A.

6. A winter twig, x J.

7. A bud and a leaf-scar with bundle-scars, natural size.

193

TREE OF HEAVEN
Ailanthus glandulosa, Desfontaines

FAMILY AND GENUS DESCRIPTION— The Quassia family, Simarubaceae, comprises about 30
gon(Ta with 150 species found mostly in the tropics and the warmer parts of both the eastern
and western hemispheres. Three genera, each with 1 tree species, are native to the southern part
of the United States. A single species of a fourth genus has l>een introduced from China. This
genus, Ailanthus, contains 7 species all native to eastern Asia. No member of this family is
native to Pennsylvania.

FORM — ^May reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 3 ft., but usually much smaller.
Trunk usually short, but sometimes long, bearing stout branches with few branchlets. Crown
wide, high, and flat-topped.

BARK — On younger trunks smooth, thin, light gray sometimes roughened with Assures. Ridges
usually dark and stand in strong contrast with the light Assures. On old trunks thin, close,
roughened with diamond-shaped fissures, dark gray and sometimes black. See Pig. 120.

TWIGS— Stout, clumsy, yellowish-green to reddish-brown, covered with a fine velvety down,
and numerous, longitudinally-elongated, ochre-colored, scattered lenticels. Pith large, rather
hard, light brown. When broken or crushed the twigs give forth a rank smell. Longitudinal
striations may appear after outer covering of twigs scales off.

BITDS — ^Alternate; terroinal bud absent; false terminal bud often present; reddish-brown,
downy, about 1/8-1/6 of an Inch long, located in notch of upper surface of the leaf -scar, covered
with scales; the two outer scales do not quite cover the bud, hence they have a narrow slit
running parallel with the twig.

LEAVES— Alternate, compound, li-3 ft. long, composed of 11-41 leaflets. Leaflets ovate-
lanceolate, 3-5 inches long, acuminate at apex, truncate to heart-shaped at base, almost entire
with a few coarse teeth towards the base of the leaf. Glands may be present on the lower side
of the leaflets near or on the small basal lobes.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, large, conspicuous, more than 2-ranked, heart-shaped, lighter in
color than twig, have raised margins and contain about 8-14 conspicuous bundle-scars arranged In
a V-shaped line. Bundle-scars sometimes curved or compounded.

FLOWERS — ^Appear about June when leaves are fully developed. Stamlnate and pistillate
flowers occur on separate trees. Individual flowers small, green, and arranged in terminal
panicles. The stamlnate have a Aery unpleasant odor.

FRUIT— Borne only on female or pistillate trees trees in conspicuous clusters which often persist
far into winter. Each fruit consists of a spirally twisted wing about IJ Inches long and }
of an inch wide. In the center of which a small seed is located.

WOOD— Ring-porous; with conspicuous rays; white to pale yellow, light, soft, weak, and open-
grained. Used in cabinet work, for wooden ware, and for charcoal. Recent experiments by the
Forest Products Laboratory show that the wood is well adapted for the manufacture of pulp.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Tree of Heaven, also known as Paradise Tree,
Ailanthus, Haven-Wood and Chinese Sumach, can be distinguished in winter by its stout twigs
Avhich are covered with fine down and conspicuous scattered lenticels. and contain a large light
brown pith; twigs are roughened by large heart-shaped leaf-scars containing a curved line of
bundle-scars. The small gaping downy buds situated In the notch on the upper-surface of the
leaf-scars, are also characteristic. In summer the large alternate leaves with 11-41 leaflets which
often have glands on the lower surface, are distinctive. The bark cannot be confused with that
of any native tree.

RANGE— Native of China. Widely planted In Ontario, Canada and the northeastern United
States. Frequently It has escaped cultivation and Is found in abandoned fields, in forest borders,
and along fences.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Naturalized extensively in the eastern, southern, cen-
tral, and western parts of the State. Rare or absent In the northern part. Escapes cultivation
in many places. Thickets of it are found in Franklin county In some places »tJB not only
found in the open fields and along fences but is migrating Into the forest with the hardwoods
and pines.

HABITAT— Tolerates almost any kind of soil and dense shade. Ita rapid growth often
enables it to dominate its associates.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Tree of Heaven is of no special importance as a forest
treTand has serious demerits as a shade or park tree. It was introduced into ^^f^^d/^out
mi by ™?sBionarIes and from there it was soon brought to America "^"J^ ^^^J^""*^ J^^f^
Philadelphia. At first it was a very popular tree, but it soon lost favor The "tamlnate fleers
are very ill smelling. The rapid and free growth of the root sprouts ^jf- "»»"•«!* S^U
to eradicate It when oBce ertablished. Its aggressive migratJoD Into ftelds and forettf Is

undesirable.

G--14

m

PLATE CI. TREE OF HEAVEN

1. A maturt' leaf, x J.

L:. Lower side of two It-aflcls showing glands, x J.
A panide of flowers, x i.

4.

' > .

0.
7.

A siiiaU cluster i)f winged si'cds, x J.

A sfedling. x A.

A winter twig, x i.

A bud and a loaf-scar with bundlc-scarH,

natural size.

193

TREE OF HEAVEN
Ailanthus glandulosa, Desfontaines

FAMILY AND GENUS DESCRIPTION — The Quaasia family, Simarubaceae, coiiipriseH about 30
genera witli 150 siKM-ies found mostly in the tropics and the warmer parts of both the eastern
and western hemispheres. Three genera, eaeli with 1 tree species, are native to the southern part
of the United States. A single species of a fourth genus has been introduced from China. This
genus, Ailanthus, contains 7 species all native to eastern Asia. No member of this family is
native to Pennsylvania.

FORM — May reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 3 ft., but usually much smaller.
Trunk usually short, but sometimes long, bearing stout branches with few branchlcts. CJrown
wide, high, and flat-topped.

BARK— On younger trunks smooth, thin, light gray sometimes roughened with Assures. Ridges
usually dark and stand in strong contrast with the light Assures. On old trunks thin, close,
roughened with diamond- shaped Assures, dark gray and sometimes black. See Fig. 120.

TWIGS— Stout, clumsy, yellowish-green to reddish-brown, covered with a Ane velvety down,
and numerous, longitudinally-elongated, ochre-colored, scattered lentlcels. Pith large, rathtr
hard, light brown. When broken or crushed the twigs give forth a rank smell. Longitudinal
strlations may appear after outer covering of twigs scales off.

BUDS — Alternate; terniinal bud absent; false terminal bud often present; reddish-brown,
downy, about 1/8-1/6 of an inch long, located in notch of upper surface of the leaf -scar, covered
with scales; the two outer scales do not quite cover the bud, hence they have a narrow slit
running parallel with the twig.

LEAVES— Alternate, compound, li-3 ft. long, composed of 11-41 leaflets. Leaflets ovate-
lanceolate, 3-5 inches long, acuminate at apex, truncate to heart-shaped at base, almost entire
with a few coarse teeth towards the base of the leaf. Glands may be present on the lower side
of the leaflets near or on the small basal lobes.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, large, conspicuous, more than 2-ranked, heart-shaped, lighter in
color than twig, have raised margins and contain about 8-14 conspicuous bundle-scars arranged in
a V-shaped line. BUndle-scars sometimes cur\-ed or compounded.

FLOWERS — Appear about June when leaves are fully developed. Staminate and pistillate
flowers occur on separate trees. Individual flowers small, green, and arranged in terminal
panicles. The staminate have a verj- unpleasant odor.

FRUIT— Borne only on female or pistillate trees trees in conspicuous clusters which often persist
far into winter. Each fruit consists- of a spirally twisted wing about li inches long and i
of an inch wide, in the center of which a small seed is located.

WOOD— Ring-porous; with conspicuous rays; white to pale yellow, light, soft, weak, and open-
grained. Used in cabinet work, for wooden ware, and for charcoal. Recent experiments by the
Forest Products Laboratory show that the wood is well adapted for the manufacture of pulp.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Tree of Heaven, also known as Paradise Tree.
Ailanthus Haven-Wood and Chinese Sumach, can be distinguished in winter by its stout twigs
which are covered with Ane do^vn and conspicuous scattered lentlcels. and contain a large light
brown pith; twigs are roughened by large heart-shaped leaf-scars containing a curved line of
bundle-scars. The small gaping downy buds situated in the notch on the upper-surface of the
leaf-scars, are also characteristic. In summer the large alternate leaves with 11-41 leaflets which
often have glands on the lower surface, are dlstmctive. The bark cannot be confused with that
of any native tree. '

RANGE— Native of China. Widely planted in Ontario, Canada and the northeastern United
States. Frequently it has escaped cultivation and is found in abandoned Aelds. in forest borders,
and along fences.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Naturalized extensively in the eastern, southern, cen-
tral, and western parts of the State. Rare or absent in the northern part. Escapes cultivation
in many places. Thickets of it are found in Franklin county. In some places It Js "ot only
found in the open fields and along fences but is migrating into the forest with the hardwoods
and pines.

HABITAT— Tolerates almost any kind of soil and dense shade. Its rapid growth often
enables it to dominate its associates.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Tree of Heaven Is of no special importance as a forp.-»t
tree and has serious demerits as a shade or park tree. It was introduced into England about
im by missionaries and from there it was soon brought to An.erica and Arst Pl^nt^J °«»^
Phllad^phla. At first it was a very popular tree, but it soon lost favor The b^™ "^f« JJ^T^^^
are very ill smelling. The rapid and free growth of the root sprouts ™«f « " ^'"^"J* ZZTu
to eradicate It when once eBtablished. Its aggressive migration into fields and forests la
undesirable.

G— 14

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

194

AMERICAN HOLLY

Ilex opaca, Aiton

FAMILY AND GENUS DESCRIPTION— Tho Holly family, Aqulfoliat«>ae, compriscB 3 genera
with about 290 species of small trees and shrubs distributed in temperate and tropical regions.
Two genera Ilex and Nemopanthus, are native to Pennsylvania. The former genus is repre-
sented by 5 species and the latter by 1 species. Two of the 5 cpecles of the genus Ilex are
described below. The Mountain Holly. Nemopanthus mucronata, is vsually a shrub rarely over
10 ft. in height.

FORM— Usually a small tree reaching a height of 15-30 ft., but attains a height of 50 ft.
with a diameter of 3 feet. It is small in the North, but becomes larger In the south. Trunk
short and bears slender, spreading and ascending branches which form a conic crown.

BARK— Close, white or grayisb-bro^vn, or yellowish-brown, up to J of an inch in thickness,
becoming rough with age.

TWIGS— Rather slender, finely rusty hairy but soon become smooth and light brown, covered
by a few Inconspicuous lentlcels.

BUDS— Alternate; terminal one present and pointed; lateral ones are short, blunt-pointed and
somewhat downy.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, evergreen, thick, mostly smooth, flat, oval, with wavy margin
and spiny teeth. Petioles are short, stout, and often hardy. Midrib is very prominent on the
lower surface of the leaf.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, semI oval, rather conspicuous, with raised margin containing solitary
bundle-scars.

FLOWERS— Appear from April to June. The stamlnute and pistillate usually occur on different
trees. The staminate are 2-9 on a common stalk while the pistillate are usually solitary.

FRUIT— A bright red drupe, about the size ol a pea, smooth, shining, persisting far Into
winter; containing a light brown nutlet with usually 4 ribs.

WOOD— Diffuse-porous; with distinct and colorless med\Ulary rays; chalky- white In color,
medium In weight, hard, tough, not strong, close-grained. Weighs 36 lbs per cubic foot.
Used in turnery, cabinet making and Interior flnishing, and for keys In pianos and organs.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The American Holly, also known as Holly or White
Holly, can be distinguished at any season of the year by its unique leaves, which are thick,
flat, and oval, have wavy margins with scattered spiny teeth and persist for 2 or more years.
Branches, bearing these unique leaves, are sold extensively about Christmas in most of our
northern markets. The small red fruit, often persisting far Into winter, is also distinctive.
In cultivation one often finds the closely related European Holly (Ilex Aquifolium) which has
leaves of a deeper green and with more wavy margins which have translucent edges. The berries
of the European species are deeper red in color.

RANGE— Maine, through Pennsylvania to Florida, westward to Indiana, Mlissouri, and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found only in the southern and southeastern parts of
the State, and a few additional Isolated outposts. Occurs In the following counties: Berks,
Bucks, Dauphin, Delaware, Clinton, Chester, Franklin, Fulton, Lancaster, Montgomery, and York.
Probably most abundant along the Susquehanna River between McCall's Ferry and the Mason and
Dixon line, and in the southern portion of Lancaster county. Dr. H. Justin Roddy, Millersvllle,
Pa states that "the tree Is quite abundant below McOall's Ferry, Lancaster county. About
every twentieth tree on the Islands and banks Is an American HoUy. Formerly many large ta^es
occurred there, some reaching a height of 50 ft. and a diameter of 12 inches or more When
these large trees bloomed they filled the whole canyon-like valley for miles with perfume.
Prof. S S. Simons. Marietta, Pa., writes that "the American Holly is common on what Is locally
known as 'Holly Island' in the Susquehanna River at Holtwood. On the mainland of Lancaster
county It can be found along the 'River Hills' from Holtwood to Maryland. In Dunmore township
it occurs In sufficient quantities to be used for decorative purposes. During the Christmas season
of 1916 I saw a wreath over 50 feet long In a rural school, made from American Holly gathered
locally." In some of the other counties It is very rare. Only one wild specimen is known In
Franklin county, and only a few in Berks, Baicks, Dauphin, and Montgomery counties. It is
also reported from Fayette, Lebanon, and Somerset counties. One specimen was found In
Clinton county in 1921, and in 1923 a single specimen was found near Black Run school house in
Buffalo Township, Union county.

HABITAT— Usually found In moist soil near water. Prefers sheltered and shaded situations.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The American Holly does not produce any wood of com-
mercial Importance In this State. Immense quantities of branches bearing the unique and
attractive leaves and bright red berries, are used for decorative purposes during the Christmas
season. It Is occasionally planted for ornamental purposes because It is very beautiful, but one
should remember that it grows slowly.

PLATE CIL AMERICAN HOLLY

1. A pisfillalf' lloworiiiK l»raiicli. \ \.

2. A stniniiiate tloweriiig Wruutli, a A.
.".. A fniitiuK branch, x J.

4. Cross section of a fruit, enlarp'd.

.'.. Lonfjitutlliiiil section of a fniit, iMil,iri;i(l.

(1. Scctiun of a twij:, onlHi«fd.

t

194

AMERICAN HOLLY

Ilex opaca, Aiton

FAMILY AND GENUS DESCRIPTIOK— The Holly family, Aqulfoliaceae, compriaeH 8 genera
with about 290 species of small trees and shrnbs distributed in temperate and tropical regions.
Two genera, Ilex and Nemopanthus, are native to Pennsylvania. The former genus Is repre-
sented by 5 species and the latter by 1 species. Two of the 6 epecles of the genus Ilex are
described below. The Mountain Holly. Nemopanthus mucronata, is usually a shrub rarely over
10 ft. in height.

rORM— Usually a small tree reaching a height of 15-30 ft., but attains a height of 50 ft.
with a diameter of 3 feet. It is small in the North, but becomes larger in the south. Trunk
short and bears slender, spreading and ascending branches which form a conic crown.

BAEK— Close, white or grayish-brown, or yellowish-brown, up to i of an inch in thickness,
becoming rough with age.

TWIGS— Rather slender, finely rusty hairy but soon become smooth and light brown, covered
by a few inconspicuous lenticels.

BUDS— Alternate; terminal one present and pointed; lateral ones arc short, blunt-pointed and
somewhat downy.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, evergreen, thick, mostly suMoth, flat, oval, with wavy margin
and spiny teeth. Petioles are short, stout, and often hardy. Midrib Is very prominent on the
lower surface of the leaf.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, semi oval, rather conspicuous, with raised margin oontalning aolitary
bundle-scars.

FLOWERS— Appear from April to June. The stamlnate and pistillate usually occur on different
trees. The stamlnate are 2-9 en a common Ktolk while the pistillate are uniaUy solitary.

FRTTIT— A bright red drupe, about the size of a pea, smooth, shining, persisting far Into
winter; containing a light brown nutlet with usually 4 ribs.

WOOD— Diffuse-porous; with distinct and colorless medullary rays; chalky-white In color,
medium in weight, hard, tough, not strong, close-grained. Weighs 36 lbs per cubic foot.
Used In turnery, cabinet making and Interior flniihing, and for keys in pianos and organs.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The American Holly, also known as HoUy or White
HoUy, can be distinguished at any season of the year by its unique leaves, which are thick,
flat, and oval, have wavy margins with scattered spiny teeth and persist for 2 or more years.
Branches, bearing these unique leaves, are sold extensively about Christmas in most of our
northern markets. The smaU red fruit, often persisting far Into winter, is also dUtlnctive.
In cultivation one often finds the closely related European Holly (Hex Aquifolium) which has
leaves of a deeper green and with more wavy margins which have translucent edges. The berries
of the European species are deeper red in color.

RANGE— Maine, through Pennsylvania to Florida, westward to Indiana, MBssouri. and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found only in the southern and southeastern parts of
the State, and a few additional isolated outposta Occurs in the following counties: Berks,
Bucks, Dauphin. Delaware, Clinton, Chester. Franklin. Fulton. Lancaster, Montgomery, and York.
Probably most abundant along the Susquehanna River between McCall's Ferry and the Mason and
Dixon line, and In the southern portion of Lancaster county. Dr. H. Justin Roddy, MlllersvUle,
Pa., states that "the tree Is quite abundant below McCall's Ferry, Lancaster county. About
every twentieth tree on the islands and banks is an American HoUy. Formerly many large trees
occurred there, some reaching a height of 50 ft. and a dianaeter of 12 Inches or more. When
theM large trees bloomed they flUed the whole canyon-like valley for miles with perfume.'
Prof. S. 8. Simons. MarietU, Pa., writes that "the American HoUy Is conmion on what Is locally
known as 'Holly Island' In the Susquehanna River at Holtwood. On the mainland of Lancaster
county It can be found along the River Hills' from Holtwood to Maryland. In Dunmore township
It occurs In sufficient quantities to be used for decorative purposes. During the Christmas season
of 1916 I saw a wreath over 60 feet long in a rural school, made fron» American HoUy gathered
locally." In some of the other counties it is very rare. Only one wild specimen is known In
Franklin county, and only a few in Berks, Bucks, Dauphin, and Montgomery counties. It Is
also reported from Fayette, Lebanon, and Somerset counties. One specimen was found In
Clinton county In 1921, and In 1923 a single specimen was found near Black Run school house In
Buffalo Township, Union county.

HABITAT— Usually found In moist soil near water. Prefers sheltered and shaded situations.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The American Holly doe* not produce any wood of oom-
mercUl importance In this State. Immense quantities of branches bearing the unique and
attraotlve leases and bright red berries, are used for decoraUve purposes during the Christmas
■eaaon. It is otcasIonaUy pUnted for ornamental purposes because It is very beautiful, but one
•bottld remember that it grows slowly.

PLATE CII. AMERICAN HOLLY

1. \ pistillalf floweiiiij,' hraucli. x ?.

2. A stamlnate flowering braucli, x A.

3. A fruiting branch, x J.

4. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged.

.'>. Longitudinal section of a fniit, enlaracd.

C. Section of a twig, enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

[Ti J-

PLATE cm. LARGE-LEAVED HOLLY

1. A pistillate flowering ]>r«nch, X i.

2. A stnininatc Howt'iinK hrancli, x A.
;{. A fniitliiK liranrli, x i.

4. A winter twig, x §.

n. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

195

LARGE-LEAVED HOLLY
Ilex monticola, Gray

ft^^Z^^^^^f *''' V'fn.^^^ """""^ ^'"" **•*" 20 ft. in height but may reach a height of 40
'^nt .hort T«hL .^r'^'L." '^'"^"•' "' ^"^^^"^ "^^^ *" North and In South Carolina,

benches ^ ' ' "^^^ *"** **'*P ^^" '^'"^ ^''^ ^^^^'^^'^ spreading, ascending

BAEK— Thin, light brown, rotigh. warty, covered with numerous lenUcels.

rirt^^?!*~f°*^i**' '«<*<'*"»»-bwwn. becoming dark gray, enlarged at nodea; with decurrent
hnt T-.r; *^ , from leaf -Bcara; round, marked by many small lentlcela at flrrt Indistinct

out uter conspicuous. Pith round, narn)w, light yellowiah-green.

-.^J"**~'^,"*'™1^*'' **™*"*^ ^d present; lateral bads often superposed and covered with
^^ZL!^^ H. r^'^l r^^l ? globular, smaU about i of an Inch long, sharp-pointed or
occasionally blunt-pointed. Bud-Bcales ovate, keeled, sharp-pointed, light brown, finely hairy

LEAVES-Altemate. single, deciduous, 4-5 inches long. 1-2 Inches wide, ovate or lanceo-
late-oblong, taper-pointed at apex, sharply serrate on margin, tapering or rounded at base,
thin, smooth, dark green above, paler below.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, elliptical to broadly triangular, very small, inclined toward twig.
Bundle-scars solitary, lunate to almost circular.

FLOWEEB— Appear on «hort lateral stalks about June, when the leaves are almost developed:
white or nearly so, small, about i of an Inch across. Stamlnate clustered, borne upon pedicels
about 2/6 of an Inch long; pistillate soliUry or few In a cluater. on very short pedicels.

FRUIT— Matures about September. Bright scarlet, globose, about 2/5 of an inch In diameter,
containing 4-6 nuUets; nuUeta narrowed at the ends, striate, prominently many-ribed on the
back.

WOOD— Diffuse-porous; hard, close-grained, nearly white. In general resembles that of the
American Holly, page 194. Weighs about 41 lbs. per cubic foot. Not found on the market.

DISTINGUISHING OHARAOTERISTICS-The Large-leaved Holly may be distinguished by Its
small size. Its small clustered white flowers, its bright, scarlet gobose clustered fruit with
striate niany-rlbbed nutlets, its ovate or lanceolate-oblong, smooth, sharply-serrate, dark green
deciduous leaves, its smaU leaf-scars each with a solitary bundle-scar, and its bitter reddish-
brown twigs marked by many small lenticels and decurrent ridges below the leaf-scars. The
cloTOly related Black Alder or Wlnterberry (Bex verticlllata) has many characteristics In common
with this species but may be distinguished by Its smooth and even nutlets, its flowers which are
all short-stalked, and Its leaves which are more downy on the lower surface.

RANGE — New York to Georgia and Alabama.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA^Rather common in the mountainous parts of the State.
Rare or absent in other parts.

HABITAT— Usually found In mountain woods. Prefers rich, moist, often rocky sltnations.
Frequently occurs in shaded places under a denie canopy of larger trees.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Large-leaved HoUy la of UtUe forestal Importance. It
remains small, grows slowly and occurs scattered or In small clumps. Its bright foliage and
brilliant fruit recommend It for ornamental ptirposes. It reaches tree-size only In the South.

I

m

PLATE cm. LARGE-LEAVED HOLLY

195

7.
•»

A |)istillnti' lliiwciiiii; Juiuieh. x ?.

A slitiniiiatc llnwciiiij; liriiiujli, .\ A.

A Iniitin;! Iiraii<'li. x I.

A Aviiitt'r twiu, x A.

Sccliiiii of a uiiit<T Iwip, <'iiliirj,'<'<1-

LARGE-LEAVED HOLLY
Ilex monticola, Gray

fl ^ w^";^dl!'^"i; 7 Ho^ /T """r"^ ^"'^ ***''" 20 ft. in height but may reach a height of 40
TnxTJortZnZ^. ^''^'J' '^''*^*' "« '"''^^'^ «'==« *" North and in South Carolina.
brTncheg ^ ''^'^'' "^^^ *"** ^^'^ *^'^*^^° '*^'^*'^ ^^ '^^''^^^' "Preading. ascending

BAEK— Thin, light bro^vn. rough, warty, covered with numerous lentlcels.

riri^^?,!lf°*'H***' '^''^*«V^^' ^^"'^"S «»»'k gray, enlarged at nodes; with decurrent

but later rn!nfn3/Tt^'*'"'";"= '"""^' ™"^''' ^^ "'^"^ «'"'^» 1«°*»««»« '^^ "^^ *"<»»«tinct
out later conspicuous. Pith round, nnm)w, light yellowish-green.

,«™?!!^'^,"*'™l'*^' .f®""*"*^ ^""^ present; lateral buds often superposed and covered with

?X.L„,? K. II r^^t *° *^°^"^''^' ^"^*" "^"' * °' »» i"c»^ »«»«. sharp-pointed or
occasionally blunt-pomted. Bud-scales ovate, keeled, sharp-pointed, light brown, finely hairy

LEAVES-Altemate. single, deciduous. 4-5 Inches long, J-2 inches wide, ovate or lanceo-
late-oblong taper-pointed at apex, sharply serrate on margin, tapering or rounded at base,
thin, smooth, dark green above, paler below.

LEAF-SCARS-.Altemate, elliptical to broadly triangular, very small, inclined toward twig.
Bundle-scars solitary, lunate to almost circular.

FLOWERS— Appear on «hort lateral stalks about June, when the leaves are almost developed;
Avhite or nearly so, small, about i of an inch across. Staminate clustered, borne upon pedicels
about 2/5 of an Inch long; pistillate solitary or few in a cluster, on very short pedicels.

FRUIT— Matures about September. Bright scarlet, globose, about 2/5 of an inch In diameter
containing 4-6 nutlets; nutlet* narrowed at the ends, striate, prominently many-rlbed on the
back.

WOOD— Diffuse-porous; hard, close-grained, nearly white. In general resembles that of the
American Holly, page 194. Weighs about 41 lbs. per cubic foot. Not found on the market.

DISTINOUISHING OHARAOTERISTICS— The Large-leaved Holly may be distinguished by Its
small size, its small clustered white flowers, its bright, scarlet gobose clustered fruit with
striate n»ny-rlbbed nutlets, its ovate or lanceolate-oblong, smooth, sharply-serrate, dark green
deciduous leaves, its small leaf-scars each with a solitary bundle-scar, and Its bitter reddish-
brown twigs marked by many small lenticels and decurrent ridges below the leaf-scars. The
closely related Black Alder or WInterberry (Ilex vertlclllata) has many characteristics In common
with this species but may be distinguished by Its smooth and even nutlets, its flowers which are
all short-stalked, and Its leaves which are more downy on the lower surface.

RANGE — New York to Georgia and Alabama.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Rather common In the mountainous parts of the State.
Rare or absent In other parts.

HABITAT— Usually found In mountain woods. Prefers rich, moist, often rocky situations.
Frequently occiirs in shaded places under a den^e canopy of larger trees.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Large-leaved Holly Is of little forestal importance. It
remains small, grows slowly and occurs scattered or in small clumps. Its bright foliage and
brilliant fruit recommend it for ornamental purposes. It reaches tree-size only In the South.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

Ii

HI

I

196

THE MAPLE FAMILY— ACER ACE AE

The Maple family comprises, in addition to the Asiatic },'eniis Dip-
teronia with only 1 species, about 70 species, all of whidi are in-
cluded in the genus Acer, and distributed with a few exceptions in
the northern hemisphere. This family consists mainly of trees and
a few 'Shrubs. The members of this family are used more than those
of any other family, as ornamental and shade trees. Further char-
acteristics of the family are included in the description of the sole
American genus.

THE MAPLES— ACER, (Tourn.) L.
This genus comprises approximately 70 species in the world, with
13 species in the United States and 6 species in Pennsylvania. A
few exotic species have been introduced exclusively for ornamental
and shade purposes. The commonest exotic species are the Norway
Maple (Acer platanoides L.) and the Sycamore Maple (Acer Pseudo-
platanus L.). On account of their abundance and wide distribution
in this State, a descriptive page, together with an accompanying
plate, has been devoted to these two species.

The leaves of the Maples are opposite, usually simi»le or in a
few species compound with ^5 leaflets, and are shed in the autumn.
The flowers are regular or polygamous, rarely perfect, and appear be-
fore with or after the leaves. The time at which the flowers appear
aids considerablv in distinguishing the various species from each
other. Some trees bear only staminate flowers, while others bear only
pistillate with the result that one may occasionally find a mature
tree which does not produce any fruit. The flowers are pollinated by
insects which are attracted in hordes by the aromatic pollen-bearmg
blo^^soms. The fruit is composed of a pair of winged seeds joined
together to form the well known maple key or samara, which matures
in early or late summer, depending upon the species. The fruit
which matures in earlv summer germinates at once, while that which
mature*^ in late summer remains dormant over winter and germi
nates the following spring. Wind is the chief agent which dissemi

nates the seeds. ^ -. •

The Maples are separated into two classes with reference to then-
commercial value, Hard Maple and Soft Maple^ ^i/^'^trwood
is based upon the phvsical characteristics of the wood. The ^^ood
of the Maple is difl^use-porous with rather small medullary rays,
usually fine-grained, dense, and in some species hard and beautifully
curled and figured, which makes it esT)ecially prized for interior
finish and cabinet work. Most species yield a saccharine sap which
may be concentrated into maple syrup or maple sugar.

Within a family one may often find a wide variatfon of plant or-
crnns but the -enus Acer possibly presents a wider range or a greater

197

variation in its organs than any other genus of trees found in this
State. The leaves may be simple or compound, large or small, smooth
or hairy. The twigs may be green, brown, or red. The flowers may
be in small lateral clusters, in long terminal racemes, or in droop-
ing clusters; appear before, with or after the leaves. Their color
may be green, yellow, or red. The fruit, while similar in all the
species so far as type is concerned, varies considerably in size, di-
vergence of the wings, and arrangement. Their habitat also varies,
some like the Red Maple, preferring moist locations, while the Moun-
tain Maple frequents rocky situations. In addition to these general
differences among the species, a greater difference becomes evident
as one studies the detailed description of the species which follows:

SUMMER KEY TO THE MAPLES

Pasre

1. Leaves simple *

1. Lieaves pinnately compound A. Negrundo 20^5

S. Leaf petioles with acrid milky sap A. platanoides 204

2. Leaf petioles without acrid milky sap '

3. Flowers in terminal racemes *

3. Flowers in lateral clusters, appearing before or with the leaves 6

4. Flowers appear with the leaves A. pseudo-platanus 204

4. Flowers appear after the leaves *

5. Flowers in erect racemes; leaves coarsely serrate and usually 3-lobed, . .A. spicatum 199

5. Flowers in drooping racemes; leaves finely serrate, 3-lobed at apex, at first brown,

pubescent beneath A. pennsylvanlcum 198

6. Flowers opening before the leaves, the drooping fruit ripening in spring or early

summer '

6. Flowers opening with the leaves, drooping fruit ripening in summer or early au-

tumn ^' saccharum 200

7. Flowers with petals; leaves bright green above, i>ale green nearly glabrous beneath,

3-5 lobed; fniit keys incurved, A. rubrum 202

7. Flowers \vithout petals; leaves green above, whitish or silvery beneath, deeply

5-lobed; fruit keys divergent A. sa^charinum 201

WINTER KEY TO THE MAPLES

1. Buds stalked, with few exposed scales *

1. I5u(l8 sessile or nearly so, with 6 or more exposed scales 4

2. Buds evidently-stalked; bark streaked longitudinally with white lines

A. i)ennsylvanicum 1 OS

2. Buds short-stalkcd; bark not streaked longitudinally with white lines, 3

3. Buds small, 1/5 of an inch long including stalk; twigs reddish-brown to ding>- gray;

pith brown A. spicatum 109

8. Buds larse. ovoid, the terminal one acute, the lateral obtuse and closely appresHed;

twigs greenish-purple and glaucous; pith light A. Negrundo -Oo

4. Buds with 8-lG exposed scales, bi-own, acute, non-collateral, leaf-scars nearly en-

circle stem ^' ^^^^^^ '^

4. Buds with 6-8 exposed scales, red or green, obtuse '»

5. Terminal burs small, generally less than 1/5 of an inch long; terminal and lateral

buds of same size ; collateral buds present ■ • ^

5. Terminal buds large, generally over 1/5 of an inch long; terminal buds larger than

lateral; collateral buds absent "

6. Twigs red and lustrous; bark rough but not flaking in large pieces A. rubrum 202

6. Twigs bright chestnut-brown; bark falling away in thin large flakes. ..A. sacchannum ^Ol

7. Buds red; loaf-scars encircle stem; lenticels scattered; lateral buds appressed;

bark black, flssiu-ed. not scaly A. platanoides 204

7. Buds green; leaf-scars do not encircle stem; lenticels numerous; lateral buds pro-

jectlng; bark brownish and scaly A. Pseudo-platanus 204

I!!

198

STRIPED MAPLE
Acer pennsylvanicum, Linnaeus

FORM— Usually from 10-26 ft. in height with a diameter of about 6-12 Inches, but may
attain a height of 40 feet. Trunk usually short, dividing into slender and straight branches
wliich form a deep and broad crown.

BARK — Thin, rather smooth, greenish or reddish -brown, conspicuously' marked with longi-
tudinal white streaks; later becomes rougher, darker, and less streaked. See Fig. 84.

TWIGS— Smooth, stout, at first greenish, later red, with very few inconspicuous lenticels, and
brown pith. Season's growth marked by i or somotimes 3 dark lines encircling the twig, formed
by fallen outer bud-scales. White longitudinal streaks appear the second season.

BUDS — Opposite, evidently-stalked, large, about 2/5 of an inch long excluding stalk, taper-
ing but blunt-pointed, red, glossy, angular, covered by a i?ingle pair of red, smooth, valvate
scales enclosing a few pairs of smaller and lighter scales. Outer scales are smooth on surface
with ciliate margins wtiile the inner scnIeH are hairy as shown in opposite plate. Terminal buds
are large while lateral biids are smaller and closely appressed.

LEAVES— Opposite, single, goose-foot like 8-lobed at apex, flnelly serrate on margin, rounded
at base, rusty-pDbescent below. Petioles long, grooved, with enlarged bases.

LEAF-SCARS— Opposite, broadly U-shaped, nearly encircle stem; adjacent edges form rather
blunt teeth which are separated by a ridge. Bundle-scars usually 3, often subdivided into 5-8.

FLOWERS— Appear in May or June after the leaves are full grown, in drooping terminal
racemes. Stamlnate and pistillate flowers occur on same plant but in different clusters.

FRUIT — Matures in Septemljer in drooping racemes; wings of the keys thin, very divergent,
about I of an inch long, marked on one side of seed with a depression.

WOOD — Diffuse-porous; soft, close-graintd, light brown with wide zone of sapwood. Seldom
used commercially. Weighs 33 lbs. per cubic foot.

DISTINGUISHING- CHAR ACTERISTIOS— The Striped Maple, also known as Moosewood,
Whistle Wood, Streaked Maple (Potter county), and Seven Bwrk (Huntingdon county), can be
readily distinguished at all seasons of the year by the light longitudinal streaks on the
branches and trunk. They often appear the second year and persist for many years on the
trunk. In winter the large, evidently-stalked, valvate, and red buds together with the smooth
branches and brown pith are characteristic. In summer the drooping racemes of flowers and the
goosefoot like leaves with their finely serrate margins and rusty pabesoence on the lower sur-
face are distinctive.

RANGE— From Nova Scftia went to Minnesota, south especially along the mountains to
Georgia.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Rather common locally in the mountainous parts of the
State especially on shaded slopes and in deep ravines. Very common In Mifflin, Centre, Blair,
and Huntingdon counties.

HABITAT — It prefers moist, cool, shaded, often rocky mountain slopes.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The wood of the Striped Maple is of practically no com-
mercial value. The chief value of the tree is its attractive ornamental qualities both as an
individual tree and as a component of the understory of the forest structure.

PLATE CIV. STRIPED MAPLE

1. liiaiicli Willi drooping iHcfiiit' of stamliiHlf llnwcrs, x \

2. Hraiicli witli tlroopiiig rnct'iiie of pistillate ilow<is. ^ i-

;!. llramli with iiiatiin! U-avcs ami droopiiifj rHccii I I mil, \ ,.

4. .\ mapli' kf.v with exposed seeds, x A. , , ., , ,...,., . »

r,. Section of winter branch Klu.wing striped l.arlv hnds. and '''f ;>•";■ /i -• . j^ „f ,„„,

«i. Termin.Ml se,-tion of winter twig showing evidently stall<e I l'«'l> ^^"1' '""" l'""^

scales M.parated, exp..sing the pubescent inner scales, natunil ;^ ' . ,„.„d|e-Mars

7. Section of winter twig showing opposite and stalked buds, an.l leals.ars witli bun.lK

X J.

198

ft

11

STRIPED MAPLE
Acer pennsylvanicum, Linnaeus

FOKlt— Usaally from 10-20 ft. in height with a diameter of about 6-12 Inches, bnt may
attain a height of 40 feet. Tmnk usually short, dividing into slender and straight branches
which form a deep and broad crown.

BAEK— Thin, rather smooth, greenish or reddish-brown, conspicuously' ntarked with longl-
tndlnal white streaks; later becomes rougher, darker, and less streaked. See Fig. 84.

TWIQ-8 — Smooth, stout, at first greenish, later red, with very few inconspicuous lentlcels, and
brown pith. Season's growth marked by 2 or sometimes 3 dark lines encircling the twig, formed
by fallen outer bud-scales. White longitudinal streaks appear the second season.

BTJI>S— Opposite, evidently-stalked, large, about 2/5 of an inch long excluding stalk, taper-
tng but blunt-pointed, red, glossy, angular, covered by a single pair of red, smooth, valvate
scales enclosing a few pairs of smaller and lighter scales. Outer scales are smooth on surface
with ciliate margins while the inner scales are hairy as shown in opposite plate. Terminal buds
are large while lateral buds are nnaller and closely appressed.

LEAVES— OpiMwlte, single, goose-foot like 8-Iobed at apex, flnelly serrate on margin, rounded
at base, rusty-pabescent below. Petioles long, grooved, with enlarged bases.

LEAF*SCAK&— Opposite, broadly U-shaped, nearly encircle stem; adjacent edges form rather
blunt teeth which are separated by a ridge. Bundle-scars usually 3, often subdivided into 6-8.

FLOWERS— Appear in May or June after the leaves are full grown, in drooping terminal
racemes. Stamlnate and pistillate flowers occur on same plant but in different clusters.

FKXTIT— Matures in September in drooping racemes; wlugff of the keys thin, very divergent,
about I of an inch long, marked on one side of seed with a depression.

WOOD — ^Diffuse-porous; soft, close-gralntd, light brown with wide zone of sapwood. Seldom
used commercially. Weighs 33 lbs. per cubic foot.

DISTINaUISHIiro- CHASACTEKISTIOS— The Striped Maple, also known as Moosewood,
Whistle Wood, Streaked Maple (Potter county), and Seven Bsrk (Huntingdon county), can be
readily distinguished at all seasons of the year by the light longitudinal streaks on the
branches and trunk. They often appear the second year and persist for many years on the
trunk. In winter the large, evidently-stalked, valvate, and red buds together with the smooth
branches and brown pith are characteristic. In summer the drooping racemes of flowers and the
goosefoot like leaves with their finely serrate margins and rusty pubesoence on the lower sur-
face are distinctive.

KAKO-E— From Nova Scotia west to Minnesota, south especially along the mountains to
Georgia.

DISTRIBUTION IK PENNSYLVAKIA — Rather common locally In the mountainous parts of the
State especially on shaded sloiies and In deep ravines. Very common in Mifilin, Centre, Blair,
and Huntingdon counties.

HABITAT — It prefers moist, cool, shaded, often rocky mountain slopes.

XMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The wood of the Striped Maple is of practically no com-
mercial value. The chief value of the tree in its attractive ornamental qualities both as an
individoal tree and as a component of the understory of the forest structure.

PLATE CIV. STRIPED MAPLE

1. liranch with drooping iHcrme of staiiiinalf flowers, x i.

2. BiaiH'h witli drooping ranine of pistillate llowers, x J

;{. Braiicli with mature leaves and drooping raceme ot fnnt, .\ j.

4. A maple key with exposed seeds, x 4. „»„,.„-„ v k

Section of winter branch showing striped bark buds, «' <l '''"'-^Vf ^•. jf., V.nter i>air of bud

Terminal section of winter twig showiuK fviclently stalked bu.ls«itl. out. i l>air

separated, exposing the pubescent inner scales, natuial sizr. i„„„np scars

'winter twig showing opposite and stalked bu<ls. and leaf-scars Mith bundl.-Mars.

0.
6.

scales se
Section of
X i.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

199

PLATE CV. MOUNTAIN MAPLE

MOUNTAIN MAPLE
Acer spicatum, Lambert

FORM — ^A shrub or small tree sometimes attaining a height of 36 ft. with a diameter of 11
Inches. Usually a shrub growing In clumps on rocky soil. Trunk usually short and bears
rather straight, slender and upright branches.

BABK — Thin, rather smooth, brown or grayish-brown mottled with dingy gray blotches.

TWIGS — Slightly hairy, at first reddlrti-purple on exposed side and yellowish-green on
shaded side, later bright red and then changing to grayish-brown, covered with few scattered
lenticels; contain brown pith, and are encircled by 2 or 3 dark rings formed by the scars of
fallen bud- scales.

BUDS— Opposite, short-stalked, rather small, about i of an inch long Including stalk; ter-
minal buds larger and more acute-pointed than lateral appressed buds; one pair or sometimes two
pairs of more or less hairy, grayish or greenish scales visible.

LEAVES— Opposite, simple, 3-5 lobed, coarsely serrate on margin, cordate at base, some-
what hairy on lower surface. Petioles long, slender and enlarged at base.

LEAF-SCABS — Opposite, V-shaped, hollow, vrtth 3 bundle-scars, and nearly encircle stem.

FLOWERS— Appear about June after the leaves are full grown, In erect terminal racemes.
Stamlnate flowers occur usually at the top and the pistillate at the base of the raceme.

FRUIT — Matures In September In drooping racemes; wings of the keys somewhat divergent,
about i of an Inch long, the seed-bearing part strongly striated.

WOOI>— DUTuse-porous; soft, close-grained, light to reddish-brown with wide zone of light
sapwood. Seldom used commercially. Weighs 33 lbs per cubic foot.

DISTINGUnSHINa CHARACTERISTICS— The Mtountain Maple, also known as Spotted Maple,
lb essentially a shrubby species growing In small - clumps, and can be distinguished from most
species of Maple by Its stalked, few-scaled winter-buds, erect racemes of flowers, hairy-purplish to
greenlsh-twigs, and sim«)le, 3-5 lobed coarsely serrate leaves. It differs from the closely related
Striped Maple in the absence of llght-strlped bark and brown pubescence on the lower sides
of the leaves, and in the presence of pubescence on the branches, and smaller often gaping buds.

RANGE— Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Michigan, Pennsylvania, and along the moun-
tains to (Georgia.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found locally In all parts of the State. Rather
common In the mountainous parts. Very rare In the southeastern part. Local In the western part.

HABITAT— It prefers moist rocky hillsides. CJommonly found bordering ravines. It de-
mands the shade of other trees. Very thrifty on the moist slopes and tops of the southern
Appalachian Mountains.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Mountain Maple Is of practically no commercial Im-
portance as a timber tree, but is valuable as a soil protector on rocky slopes where a protection
forest is desirable. This species is planted very extensively for ornamental purposes.

1. Brancii with

rHceinos

2. Brancli with

fniit, X

3. A ina'^'-" ^ov

mature leaves and two erect
of flowers, X i.
a mature and a raceme of

i.

with exposed secd.s, x J.

4. A seed, sli^litly enlarged.

5. Winter twig with buds, lenticels, and leaf-

scars Avith bundle-scars, x J.
G. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

199

PLATE CV. MOUNTAIN MAPLE

1. IWancli with iiiiituic k-aves siikI two erect

liiceiiies III" llowei'S, X h.

2. Uraiich with a iiiaturo and a raeeinc of

fill it, X J.

."'.. A jiiii'''-^ tev with exposei] sood.x, x J.

4. A seed, sliylitly eMlarj;ed.

."). Winter twiiL,' willi buds, Icnticcds, and leaf-
sears witli Imiidlc-srars, x f,.
(>. Section of a Avintor twig, enlarged.

MOUNTAIN MAPLE
Acer spicatum, Lambert

FORM — ^A shrub or small tree sometimes attaining a height of 35 ft. with a diameter of 11
Inches. Usually a shrub growing in clumps on rocky soil. Ttunk usually short and bears
rather straight, slender and upright branches.

BARK — Thin, rather smooth, brown or grayish-brown mottled with dingy gray blotches.

TWIGS — Slightly hairy, at first reddish -purple on exposed side and yellowish-green on
shaded side, later bright red and then changing to grayish-brown, covered with few scattered
lenticels; contain brown pith, and are encircled by 2 or 3 dark rings formed by the scars of
fallen bud-scales.

BUDS— Opposite, short-stalked, rather small, about i of an inch long including stalk; ter-
minal buds larger and more acute-pointed than lateral appressed buds; one pair or sometimes two
pairs of more or less hairy, grayish cr greenish scales visible.

LEAVES — Opposite, simple, 3-5 lobed, coarsely serrate on margin, cordate at base, some-
what hairy on lower surface. Petioles long, slender and enlarged at base.

LEAF-SCARS — Opposite, V-shaped, hollow, with 3 bundle-scars, and nearly encircle stem.

FLOWERS— Appear about June after the leaves arc full grown, In erect terminal racemes.
Staminate flowers occur usually at the top and the pistillate at the base of the raceme.

FRUIT — Matures in September In drooping racemes; wings of the keys somewhat divergent,
about i of an inch long, the seed-bearing part strongly striated.

WOOD — ^Diffuse-porous; soft, close-grained, light to reddish-brown with wide zone of light
sapwood. Seldom used commercially. Weighs 33 lbs per cubic foot.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The MIountain Maplfi, also known as Spotted Maple,
is essentially a shrubby species growing In small - clumps, and can be distinguished from most
species of Maple by its stalked, few-scaled winter-buds, erect racemes of flowers, hairy-purplish to
greenish-twigs, and sim^)le, 3-5 lobed coarsely serrate leaves. It differs from the closely related
Striped Maple in the absence of light-striped bark and brown pubescence on the lower sides
of the leaves, and in the presence of pubescence on the branches, and smaller often gaping buds.

RANGE— Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Michigan, Pennsylvania, and along the moun-
tains to Georgia.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found locally in all parts of the State. Rather
conunon In the mountainous parts. Very rare in the southeastern part. Local In the western part.

HABITAT— It prefers moist rocky hillsides. Commonly found bordering ravines. It de-
mands the shade of other trees. Very thrifty on the moist slopes and tops of the southern
Appalachian Mountains.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Mountain Maple is of practically no commercial Im-
portance as a timber tree, but is valuable as a soil protector on rocky slopes where a protection
forest is desirable. This species Is planted very extensively for ornamental purposes.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

200

SUGAR MAPLE
Acer saccharum, Marshall

FORM — ^A large timber tree attaining a maximum height of 120 ft. with a diameter of 5 feet.
Ope-n grown trees have short trunlcs bearing stout, ratber erect branches which form a spread-
ing, egg-shaped, often round-topp.-Kl crown. Trees in closed stands have long, straiglit, clean
trunks bearing shallow, round-tTOAvus with large limbs.

BARK — On branches and young trunks smooth and light brown; on older trunks brown,
deeply channelled into long irregular plates or flakes which often loosen vertically along the
side. See Fig. 83.

TWIGS — Slender, smooth, reddish-brown to orange-brown, covered with numerous pale lenti-
cels.

BUDS— Opposite, brown, sharp-pointed, conical, hairy at apex; terminal bud about twice as
long as appressed lateral ones; covered by overlapping scales, with from 8-16 of them exposed.

LEAVES — Opiwsite, simple, usually 5-lobed, with a sparsely toothed margin and roimd-based
sinuses, cordate at base, thin in texture, 3-6 inches long and greater in width. Mature leaves
are bright green above and pale green below.

LEAF-SCARS— Opposite, V-shaped to U-shaped nearly encircling stem. Bundle-scars usually
3, in a lunate line.

FLOWERS— Appear in April and May with the leaves, in drooping corymbs both from the
terminal mixed buds and the lateral propagatlve buds. The starolnate and pistillate occur
In dlflferent clusters.

FRUIT^Mhtures al)out September; clustered, borne on drooping stalks; wings of the keys
about J-1 inch long, parallel or slightly divergent.

VTOOD — Diffuse-porous; heavy, hard, close-grained, with fine surface, light brown to reddish.
Used for interior finish, furniture, shoe lasts, railroad ties. Abnormal modifications of the
structure of the wood known as Curly Maple and Bird's Eye Maple are rather common and
especially prized In cabinet making. AVeighs 43 lbs per cubic foot.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Sugar Maple, also known as Hard Maple and
Rock Maple, can be distinguished in summer from the other Maples by its large, simple
leaves which are thin in texture and have their lobes coarsely toothed. The flowers appear
with the leaves while those of the Red Maple and the S-ilver Maple appear before, and those
of the Mountain Maple and the Striped Maple after the leaves. The fruit clusters of the
Sugar Mbple are usually developed from terminal buds while those of the Red Maple and
Silver Maple are developed from lateral buds. The fruit of the Sugar Maple does not mature
until September and may often persist into the winter while the fniits of the Red Maple and
Silver Maple mature in early sununer and germinate at once after falling upon the ground.
In winter the Sugar Maple can be recognized by its conical, sharp-pointed, brown buds with
from 8-16 exiwsed and overlapping scales, and by the slender browni twigs marked with pale
lenticels. The rough furrowed trunk is also characteristic of older trees. The Black Sugar
Maple (Acer saccharum var. nigrum) occurs locally. It is commonest in the mountains and
western part of the Sttite. The lower surface of the leaves is usually green, sometlmies downy.
The lobes of the leaves are entire or undulate; while those of the Sugar Maple are coarsely
dentate. It is conunon in Greene county.

RANGE — Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Common, especially in the northern, western, and east-
em parts of the State. It Is possibly, next to Chestnut, the commonest tree in this State.

HABITAT — It flourishes best on well-drained rich soil, but will thrive even when the soil
is not rich. It is common on low ridges at the base of the mountains, and along slopes. It
reaches its best development in central New England, New York, northern Pennsylvania, and
the Lake Stateg.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Sugar Maple Is a valuable timber tree. Its im-
portance is being realized more as the wood finds new uses. The process of timber impregna-
tion has raised the value of the wood of this species. It is not only valuable as a timber
tree but produces annually a large quantity of maple sugar and maple syrup, and in addition
is one of our most attractive ornamental trees.

PLATE CVL SUGAR MAPLE

1. liraiicli witli iinmntiiri' Icavi's and stniiiiiiatc

lilossonis X h.
'2. Slamiimte fi<iwers witli calyx. »'iilar::iil.
:>. Lonnitudiiial section of staininatc llowcr. en

laiucii.
4. Hiaiicli \vitli imnialurc Icavts hihI jiistillati'

lil(i>;soins X f,.
'>. riblillale flowers witli <h1vx, fiiiarijiMl.

l/myitii(liiial scctinii of tluwcr with hntli a
pistil ami staim-ns cnlaiutd.

niaiich with iiiatiirc leavis and cluster nf
fruit. X *.

.\ maple key with exposed seeds, x \.

Winter twin showing' lenlieels. leaf scars,
Inul-seale sears, and sharp indnled op-
posite liiids, X i.

200

|l

SUGAR MAPLE
Acer saccharum, Marshall

FORM— A lartre timber tree attaining a maximum heiglit of 120 ft. with a diameter of 5 feet
Open grown trees liave short trunlig bearing stout, rather erect branches which form a spread-
ing, egg-shaped, often round- toppad crown. Trees in closed stands have long, straiglit, clean
trunks bearing shallow, ronnd-croAvns with large limbs.

BARK— On branches and young trunlcs smooth and light brown; on older trunks brown,
deeply channelled into long irregular plates or flakes which often loosen vertically along the
side. See Fig. 83.

TWIGS— Slender, smooth, reddish-brown to orange-brown, covered with numerous pale lentl-
cels.

BUDS— Opposite, brown, sharp-pointed, oonical, hairy at apex; terminal bud about twice as
long as appressed lateral ones; covered by overlapping scales, with from 8-16 of them exposed,

LEAVES— Opposite, simple, usually 5-lobed, with a sparsely toothed margin and round-based
sinuses, cordate at base, thin in texture, 3-6 inches long and greater in width. Mature leaves
are bright green above and pale green below.

LEAF-SOARS— Opposite, V-shaped to U-shaped nearly encircling stem. Bundle-scars usually
3, in a lunate line.

FLOWERS — Appear In April and May with the leaves. In drooping corymbs both from the
terminal mixed buds and the lateral propagative buds. The stanuinate and pistillate occur
in different clusters.

TRUIT— "Mhtures about September; clustered, borne on drooping stalks; wings of the keys
about }-l inch long, parallel or slightly divergent.

WOOD — Diffuse-porous; heavy, hard, close-grained, with fine surface, light brown to reddish.
Used for interior finish, furniture, shoe lasts, railroad ties. Abnormal modifications of the
structure of the wood known as Curly Maple and Bird's Eye Maple are rather common and
especially prized in cabinet making. Weighs 43 lbs per cubic foot.

DISTIKGUISHINO CHARACTERISTIC&— The Sugar Maple, also knovsm as Hard Maple and
Rock Maple, can be distinguished In summer from the other Maples by its large, simple
leaves which are thin In texture and have their lobes coarsely toothed. The flowers appear
with the leaves while those of the Red Maple and the SHlver Maple appear before, and those
of the Mountain I^Iaple and the Striped Maple after the leaves. The fruit clusters of the
Sugar Maple are usually developed from terminal buds while those of the Red Maple and
Silver Maple are developed from lateral buds. The fruit of the Sugar Maple does not mature
until September and may often persist into the winter while the fruits of the Red Maple and
Silver Maple mature In early summer and germinate at once after falling upon the ground.
In winter the Sugar Maple can be recognized by its conical, sharp-pointed, brown buds with
from 8-16 exposed and overlapping scales, and by the slender brown twigs marked with pale
lenticels. The rough furrowed trunk is also characteristic of older trees. The Black Sugar
Maple (Acer saccharum var. nigrum) occurs locally. It Is commonest in the mountains and
western part of the Stote. The lower surface of the leaves is usually green, sometintes downy.
The lobes of the leaves are entire or undulate; while those of the Sugar Maple are coarsely
dentate. It is conrunon in Greene county.

RANGE — Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Ck)mmon, especially In the northern, western, and east-
em parts of the State. It is possibly, next to Chestnut, the commonest tree in this State.

HABITAT— It flourishes best on well-drained rich soil, but will thrive even when the soil
is not rich. It is common on low ridges at the base of the mountains, and along slopes. It
reaches its best development in central New England, New York, northern Pennsylvania, and
the Lake States.

nCPORTANOE OF THE SPECIES— The Sugar Maple la a valuable timber tree. Its Im-
portance is being realized more as the wood finds new uses. The process of timber invpregna-
lion has raised the value of the wood of this species. It Is not only valuable as a timber
tree but produces annually a large quantity of nuiple sugar and maple syrup, and in addition
is one of our most attractive ornamental trees.

i

3 mSF3 ^1^6 -^(^ Q

PLATE CVL SUGAR MAPLE

1. Branch with iiniiiatun- h>avos and staniiuati-

blossoms X J.

2. Staminate flowers with calyx, enlarged.

:{. LonRltiKlinal section of staminate flower, en-
larged.

4. Branch with immature leav«'s and pistillate
binssoins X A.

Ti. Pistillate flower's with calyx, enlarged.

Ci. I^mgitudinal section of flower with both a
pistil and stamens enlarged.

7. Branch with mature leaves an<l cluster of
fruit, x J.

S. .\ maple key with exposed seeds, x *.

!). Winter twig sluming lenticels. leaf-sears,
bud-scale scars, and sharp pointed op-
posite buds, X }.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

i

I

PLATE CVII. SILVER MAPLE

1. Floworiiig braiicli, x J.

'2. Hranch with iiiMturt' It-avos and mature fruit,

3. A wine of H iiiaple li<'.v witli oxpost'd sm-d

A seed, onlarged.

End view <»f a sood. enlargod.

A winter twljc showlnjr buds, lontiopls, Icaf-

Rcars, biid-scale scars and liuiidle-scars,

X J.

201

SILVER MAPLE
Acer saccharinum, Linnaeus

FO&M— Usually a tree about 50-60 ft. in height but may attain a maximnm height of 120

ft., with a diameter of 4J feet. Trunk short and divides Into lateral branches which again

freely subdivide and form a broad head. Lateral branches have pronounced droop, and distinct
upward curve at the end.

BAB,Xr-On branches and young trunks smooth and gray; on old trunks brown with a some-
what furrowed surface separating into thin flakes which are fastened at the center and loose
at both ends.

TWIGS— Somewhat slender, glossy, at first green, later bright chestnut-brown, covered with
numerous light lenticels.

BUDS— Opposite, red, obtuse-pointed, sessile or short-stalked; flower buds stout, spherical,
accessory, covered with overlapping scales, 6-8 of which may be exposed. Margin of scales
.Uiated and often light In color.

LEAVES— Opposite, simple, 5-lobed, coarsely toothed; bright green on upper surface and
silvery- white on lower; with deep round-based sinuses.

LEAF-8CAK8— Opposite, U-shaped to V-shaped, not encircling stem. Bundle-scars 3, in a
lunate line.

FLOWEKS— Appear In March or April before the leaves are out, In dense, sessile, axIUary
clusters. Staminate and pistillate occur In separate clusters sometimes on the same, some-
times on different trees. Petals absent.

FRUIT— Matures about May; clustered along branchlets, borne on slender drooping stalks;
wings of the keys usually from 1-2 Inches long, divergent, sometimes straight, or curved.

WOOD— Diffuse-porous; moderately hard, rather brittle, close-grained, with wide sapwood.
Used for flooring, cheap furniture, . and paper pulp. Weighs 83 lbs per cubic foot.

DISTINGULSHINa CHARACTEEISTICS— The Silver Maple, also known as Wlilte Maple,
Klver Maple, and Soft Maple, can be recognized In summer by Its leaves with a «»v^-^^t«
lower surface and deep round-based sinuses. In winter it closely ^^^^^^^^^ *^^ .f^^^^^^!
but may be distinguished from It by the pungent odor of the broken ^"^'f^^^f '^^^''^^^l,
brown color The bark of the Silver Maple Is somewhat furrowed and separates Into thin flakes
wS are loose a? both ends and fastened In the middle. The lateral branches ^ave a pro-
nounced droop and a distinct upward curve at the ends This may -"-"mes be a ^ Mh^^^^e
character. The Red Maple and the Silver Maple are distinguished from aU the other Maples
of the State by the numerous, round, red, collateral buds.

RANGE— New Brunswick to southern Ontario, south to Florida and Oklahoma.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Occasional and local throughout the State; especially
along Targerstrels One of the prevailing trees along the lower part of the Conococh-«^« ;;^«^
"nFranWin county, but does not occur about the headwaters of this stream. It is generally
absent at higher elevations.

HABITAT-It prefers a moist deep soil such as is found along stream banks. It will exist
in drier locations but not attain a large size.

IMPORTANCE OF* THE SPECIES— The Silver Maple Is a very attractive ornamental tree. A
fe^^ciaf onmmentalvarieties have been developed. The wood is brittle a^^ c°«»«f «°*>^

"h of no special commercial importance and consequently ^^^''^J^^^^^^^^^J^'^^^l^!^^^^^
forestry pulses, except that it forms an excellent soil cover in the understory of the forest.

i|

PLATE CVII. SILVER MAPLE

1. riowci'iiiff liiiiiHli, X ?.

2. Hraiich witli inaliiic Iciivcs ami inatnif fiiiit,

X i.
;{ A wii'ir iif ii maple ki'.v Avitli (•ximi>((1 sci'd

X 4.

I. A seed, cnlaisod.

."(. Kiiil view iif ii s('c<l. oiilarK('<l-

(1. A winter twi«: sliowiiiir Inids. leiiticels, leaf-

scais, iMHi-scale scars and Imiidle scars,

X i.

201

SILVER MAPLE
Acer saccharinum, Linnaeus

FORM— Usually a tree about 50-60 ft. in height but may attain a maximum height of 120

ft., with a diameter of 4i feet. Trunlc sliort and divides into lateral branches which again

freely subdivide and form a broad head. Lateral branches have pronounced droop, and distinct
upward curve at the end.

BARK— On branches and young trunks smooth and gray; on old trunks brown with a some-
what furrowed surface separating into thin flakes which are fastened at the center and loose
at both ends.

TWIGS— Somewhat slender, glossy, at first green, later bright chestnut-brown, covered with
numerous light lenticels.

BUDS— Opposite, red, obtuse -pointed, sessile or short-stalked; flower buds stout, spliericnl,
accessory, covered with overlapping scales, 6-8 of which may be exposed. Margin of s-cales
.iliated and often light in color.

LEAVES— Opposite, simple, 5-lobed, coarsely toothed; bright green on upper surface and
silvery -white on lower; with deep round-based sinuses.

LEAF-SCARS— Opposite, U-shaped to V-shapcd, not encircling stem. Bundle-scars 3, in a
lunate line.

FLOWERS— Appear in March or April before the leaves are out, in dense, sessile, axillary
clusters. Staminate and pistillate occur in separate clusters sometimes on the same, some-
times on different trees. Petals absent.

FRUIT— MJatures about May; clustered along branchlets, borne on slender drooping stalks;
wings of the keys usually from 1-2 inches long, divergent, sometimes straight, or curved.

WOOD-Diff use-porous; moderately hard, rather britUe, close-grained, with wide sapwood.
Used for flooring, cheap furniture, . and paper pulp. Weighs 33 lbs per cubic foot.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Silver Maple, also known as White Maple
Kiver Maple, and Soft Maple, can be recognized in summer by its leaves with «^ ^"^y-^"*
lower surface and deep round-based sinuses. In winter it closely resembles the R«d Mapl^
l.„t „,ay be distinguished from it by the pungent odor of the broken t-;f «„ J"^ .^^f .^^f ^^'^^
brown color. The bark of the Silver Maple is somewhat furrowed and ««?";*«« jf^^^^'^/^.f""
which are loose at both ends and fastened in the middle. The lateral branches ha.e a pro
nounced droop and a distinct upward curve at the ends This may bo"''^*'";-^ ^^ othe Ma ^es
character. The Red Maple and the Silver Maple are distinguished from all the othei Maples
of tlie State by the numerous, round, red, collateral buds.

RANGE— New Brunswick to southern Ontario, south to Florida and Oklahoma.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Occasional and local throughout the State; especially
alo^fg Tar^r strefn.: One of the prevailing trees along the lower part of the f^onoccK.heague c-reek
rFrankfin county, but does not occur about the headwaters of this stream. It .s generally
absent at higher elevations.

HABITAT-It prefers a moist deep soil such as is found along stream banks. It will exist
in drier locations but not attain a large size.

IMPORTANCE OF* THE SPECIES-The Silver Maple is a very attractive ornamental tree A
fevTZciaf orminientai varieties have been developed. The wood is brittle «"d c^"'^^"*;^

=s of no soecial commercial importance and consequently it has little to reconuneiui ii lor
iorestrj pXsei, ex^t that it ^orms an excellent soil cover in the understory of the forest.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

202

RED MAPLE
Acer rubrum, Linnaeus

FOKM— Usually a tree about 50 ft. high, but in a moist habitat sometimes attains a height
of over 100 ft. with a diameter of 4 feet. When grown In the open It branches near the
ground and forms a deop, broad, dense crown. Upper lateral branches are rather upright while
lower ones are horizontal and slightly turned upwards at the end. What is probably the
largest Red Maple In Pennsylvania Is shown In Pig. 52.

BARK— On branches and young trunks smooth and gray; on old trunks dark grayish, thick,
shaggy, and roughened by long ridges which peel off Into long plates. See Pigs. 81 and 82.

TWIGS— Somewhat slender, glossy, at first green, later red, covered with numerous light len-
tlcels.

BUDS — Similar to those of the Silver Maple. See page 201.

LEAVES— Opposite, simple, 3-5 lobed. coarsely toothed, light green above, pale green to
whitish below, with rather shallow sharp-based sinuses.

LEAF-SCARS— Opposite, U-shaped to V-shaped, not encircling stem. Bundle-scars 8, In a
lunate line.

FLOWERS Appear in March or April before the leave* are out, In dense sessile axillary

clusters. Stamlnate and pistillate occur In different clusters, on the same or different trees.
Petals present.

FRUIT— Matures In May or June; clustered and borne on drooping stems; wings of the keys
usually less than 1 Inch long, red to brov^-n in color, at first convergent but later divergent.

■V^rOOD— IMffuse-porous; rather soft, not strong, close-grained, light brown with wide light
sapwood. Used for furniture. In turnery, and paper pulp. Weighs 38 lb«r. per cubic foot.

DISTDTGUISHIlfG CHARACTERISTICS— The Red Maple, also knovm as Soft Maple, Swamp
Maple and White Maple, can be recognized in summer by its simple, rather small, 8-5 lobed,
coarsfely-toothed leaves which are rarely silvery-white underneath, and have rather shallow
sharp-based sinuses. In winter it closely resembles the Silver Maple, but may be distinguished
by Its red lustrous twigs and the absence of a pungent odor from broken twigs. In winter
these two closely related sepcies can be distinguished from the Sugar Maple by their numerous,
round red, collateral buds; from the Striped Mlaple and the Mountain Maple by their larger
size and the absence of stalked buds; from the Ash-leaved Maple by the absence of short-
stalked downy buds and greenish twigs covered with a whitish bloom. The European species,
both Norway Maple and Sycamore Maple, have much larger buds and stouter twigs.

RANGE— Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Common locally throughout the State, especially In
regions traversed by streams and In wet habitats.

HABITAT— It prefers wet soil, often found In swamps but also frequents drier hillsides.
Conunonly found along rivers, creeks, lakes. In swamps, and as an undergrowth in the forest
ovfcT extensive and often rather hilly areas,

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Red Maple produces a wood which at present Is
of little commercial importance. It may In time become more valuable. The despised species
of to-day may be the prized species of to-morrow. It is tolerant of shade and its chief future
value in forestry may be in furnishing soil protection as a member of the understory of the
forest. It may play the same role in our future forest that Beech Is playing to-day in the
intensively managed forests of Germany, only tliat It is of less value for faeL

PLATE CVIII. RED MAPLE

1 Flowerin); bi-iiirli x ' ! •'• S<'il i"" of avjiiI.t twitf, slM.xviim: 1. iili.rls. a

2. ItraiK-h witli inatuie leav.s and iiuit.in- fniit, | leaf-scar aii.l a yapiim lat.ial hiM, na-

^^. \ maple key with cxiinsed seeds, x 1.
\. A winter branch, x J.

tural size.

G. .«;ection of twig showintf coiispicuniis lcnti<<'is
niul a cluster of a<'cess«)r.v hiKls, natural

size.

W'

•i

202

RED MAPLE
Acer rubnun, Linnaeus

FOBM— Usually a tree about 60 ft. high, but In a moist habitat sometimes attains a height
of over 100 ft. with a diameter of 4 feet. When grown In the open it branches near the
ground and forms a deep, broad, dense crow-n. Upper lateral branches are rather upright while
lower one« are horizontal and slightly turned upwards at the end. What is probably the
largest Red Maple In Pennsylvania is shown in Pig. 52.

BARK — On branches and young trunks smooth and gray; on old trunks dark grayish, thick,
shaggy, and roughened by long ridges which peel off Into long plates. See Figs. 81 and 82.

TWIGS— Somewhat slender, glossy, at first green, later red, covered with numerous light len-
tlcels.

BUDS — Similar to those of the Silver Maple. See page 201.

LEAVES— Opposite, simple, 8-5 lobed, coarsely toothed, light green abore, pale green to
whitish below, with rather shallow sharp-based sinuses.

LEAF-SCABS— Opposite, U-shaped to V-shaped, not encircling stem. Bundle-scars 8, in a
lunate line.

FLOWEBS— Appear in March or April before the leaves are out, in dense sessHe axillary
clusters. Stamlnate and pistillate occur in different clusters, on the same or different trees.
Petals present.

FBUIT— Matures In May or June; clustered and borne on drooping stems; wings of the keya
usually less than 1 Inch long, red to brown in color, at first convergent but later divergent.

WOOD— I>iffu8e-porou8; rather soft, not strong, close-grained, light brown with wide light
sapwood. Used for furniture, In turnery, and paper pulp. Weighs 88 lb«. per cubic foot.

DISTDfGUISHINa OHABACTEBISTIC&— The Red Maple, also known as Soft Maple, Swamp
Maple, and White Maple, can be recognited in summer by its simple, rather small, 8-5 lobed,
coarsely-toothed leaves which are rarely silvery-white underneath, and have rather shallow
sharp-based sinuses. In winter it closely resembles the Silver Maple, but may be distinguished
by its red lustrous twigs and the absence of a pungent odor from broken twigs. In winter
these two closely related sepcies can be distinguished from the Sugar Maple by their numerous,
round red, collateral buds; from the Striped Maple and the Mountain Maple by their larger
size and the absence of stalked buds; from the Ash-leaved Maple by the absence of short-
stalked downy buds and greenish twigs covered with a whitish bloom. The European species,
both Norway Maple and Sycamore Maple, have much larger buds and stouter twigs.

RANGE— Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas.

DISTBIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Common locally throughout the State, especially In
regions traversed by streams and in wet habitats.

HABITAT— It prefers wtt soil, often found in swamps but also frequents drier hillsides.
Conunonly found along rivers, creeks, lakes. In swamps, and as an undergrowth in the forest
over extensive and often rather hilly areas.

IMPOBTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Red Maple produces a wood which at present Is
of little commercial importance. It may in time become more valuable. The despised species
of to-day may be the prized species of to-morrow. It is tolerant of shade and Its chief future
value in forestry may be in furnishing soil protection as a member of the understory of the
forest. It may play the same role In our future forest that Beech is playing to-day in the
Intensively managed forests of Germany, only that it Is of less value for fuel.

PLATE CVIII. RED MAPLE

1. Flowerinp hniiu-li, x h-

2 IJianch Avitli mature leaves and mature fruit,

X J. , ,

.3. A maple key with exposed seeds, x J.
4. A winter branch, x i.

-,. S('(ti..n of winlfr twifj, sliowinji: lfntn'«'ls. a
leaf-scar and a gaiiin« lateral bud, na-
tural size. , ^, ,

G. Section of twig showing conspicuous lentkcls
and a cluster of accessory buds, natural
size.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

203

PLATE CIX. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE, or BOX ELDER

1. Biiuiili with immature leaves and staminate

lilossnms, X i.
J. A (Iroupin^ raceme of pistillate blossoms, x

.!. Itiaiirli with mature loaves and a rareme

of mature fruit, x i.
4. A key of fruit with exposed secdti, x i.

n. A winter twi)?, x i.

6. Section of a winter twig sliowiujr a RapiiiK

bud and a leaf-scar with l»undle-8ear
eiilarged.

7. IJiajrranunatiP section of a twij: with buds

and a covering leaf-base, enlarged.

ASH-LEAVED MAPLE, or BOX ELDER
Acer Negundo, Linnaeus

FORM— A medium-sized tree occasionally attaining a height of 70 ft. with a diameter of 3
feet. Trunk usually short, dividing Into stout, sometimes drooping branches which form a
deep broad crown. Oocaslonally an open-grown tree possesses a long clean trunk.

BARK — On branches and young trunks smooth and grayish-brown; that of older ones rather
thick, distinctly narrow ridged, and seldom scaly.

TWiaS-~8tont, parpIlBh-green or green, sometimes smooth, often covered with a whitish
bloom and scattered raised lenticels.

BUDS— Opposite, short-stalked, large, orold; the terminal acute and the lateral obtuse; white
wooly, covered by bud-scales, the outer pair osaally completely enclosing the Inner pair. Col-
lateral buds are conmion and often distend outer scales.

LEAVES— Opposite, compound, with 8-5 leaflets. Leaflets ovate, coarsely and Irregularly
serrate, 2-4 inches long and 2-3 Inches broad.

LEAF-SCARS — Opposite, V-shaped, bordered by Ilght-oolored margin, encircling stem so that
adjacent edges of opposite scars meet at a very sharp angle. Bandle-ecars usually 3, seldom
divided, arranged In a lunate line.

FLOWERS— Appear In April before or with the .leaves on the past season's growth. Stami-
nate and pistillate occur on different trees, the former on hairy drooping pedicels, the latter
in narrow drooping racemes.

FRUIT — Matures about September but Is full grown earlier. Wings of the keys about lJ-2
Inches long, parallel or incurved, borne in drooping racemes. Fruit-stalks persist far Into
winter.

WOOD — Diffuse-porous; light, soft, creamy-white, close-grained, not durable. Used In the
manufacture of woodenware, cooperage, wood pulp, and sometimes in cheap fumitore. Weighs
27 lbs. per cubic foot.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Ash-leaved Mnple, also knoAvn as Box Elder,
Is readily distinguished in summer by Its opposite, compound leaves with 3 to 6 leaflets and Its
green branchlets covered with a whitish bloom. The maple keys aranged In drooping racemes
are also characteristic. In winter the green branchleta are distinctive together with the large,
ovoid, often collateral and downy buds. The leaf-scars encircle the stem and their adjacent edges
form a very sharp angle.

RANGE — Vermont westward to Ontario, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Rare and local. Most abundant in the eastern and
southern parts of the State. Common along the streams in the southwestern part. The prevail-
ing tree along the lower part of the Conococheague creek in Franklin county, but entirely absent
about the headwaters of this stream.

HABITAT — Thrives best in moist soil, but also tolerant of drier situations. Commonly found
along streams, borders of lakes or swamps. Often planted for ornamental purposes on dry
locations.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Ash-leaved Maple is of little commercial Importance
as a timber tree. It yields a sap from which some maple sugar is made locally. This tree is
very attractive an an ornamental tree and Is planted extensively as a shade, lawn, road-side and
park tree. It grows rapidly and has an attractive form In winter and a dense green foliage in
summer.

W

203

^

PLATE CIX. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE, or BOX ELDER

1. I'liiMicli with iiiiiiiatuiH' Irincs and stjmiiiiati' , '>. A wiiitiT Iwi;;, x J.

llloSSKIIlS. X h.

-. A <lii)<»piiii; tiiitinc <if iilstillnt«' lil<is.s(>ins, X

.;. J'.iaiicli with mil til ro Icnvos ami a rarciiH-

(»f ma I tin- fniit, x .J.
4. A key of fruit with cxposrd scfds, x i.

a. .Sc<tl(»n <»f a winter twig sliowiuj: a Raping
iiiid and a leaf-scar witli Imiidle scar
onlargod.

7. Diagraniniiitic soi-tion of a twiyr with hiids
an<i a oovorinjj leaf liaso, cnlargfMJ.

ASH-LEAVED MAPLE, or BOX ELDER
Acer Negundo, Linnaeus

FORM— A medium-sized tree occasionally attaining a heljrht of 70 ft. with a diameter of a
feet. Trunk usually short, dividing into stout, sometimes drooping branches which form a
deep broad crown. Occa.sionally an open-grown tree possesses a lonfj clean trunk.

BARK— On branches and young trunks smooth and grayi8h-bro>vn ; that of older ones rather
thick, distinctly narrow ridged, and seldom scaly.

TWIGS— Stout, purplish- green or green, sometimeg smooth, often coTered with a whitish
bloom and scattered raised lenticels.

BUDS— Opposite, short-stalked, large, ovoid; the terminal acute and the lateral obtuse; white
wooly, covered by bud-scales, the outer pair osaally completely enclosing the inner pair. Ck)l-
lateral buds are common and often distend outer scales.

LEAVES — Opposite, compound, with 3-5 leaflets. Leaflets ovate, coarsely and Irregularly
serrate, 2-4 inches long and 2-3 Inches broad.

LEAF-SCARS— <)pposite, V-shaped, bordered by light-colored margin, encircling stem so that
adjacent edges of opposite scars meet at a very sharp angle. Bundle-fccars usually 3, seldom
divided, arranged in a lunate line.

FLOWERS— Appear In April before or with the .leaves on the past season's growth. Stami-
nate and pistillate occur on different trees, the former on hairy drooping pedicels, the latter
in narrow drooping racemes.

FRUIT — Matures about Septem*)er but Is full grown earlier. Wings of the keys about lJ-2
inches long, parallel or inclined, borne in drooping racemes. lYuit-stalks persist far into
winter.

WOOD — Diffuse-porous; light, soft, creamy-white, close-grained, not durable. Used in the
manufacture of woodenware, cooperage, wood pulp, and sometimes in cheap furniture. Weighs
27 lbs. per cubic foot.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Ash-leaved Maple, also known as Box Elder,
is readily distinguished in summer by its opposite, compound leaves with 3 to 5 leaflets and Its
green branchlets covered with a whitish bloom. The maple keys arangcd in drooping racemes
are also characteristic. In winter the green branchlets ar« distinctive together with the large,
ovoid, often collateral and downy buds. The leaf-scars encircle the stem and their adjacent edges
form a very sharp angle.

RANGE — ^Vermont westward to Ontario, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Rare and local. MIost abundant in the eastern and
southern parts of the State. Common along the streams in the southwestern part. The prevail-
ing tree along the lower part of the Conococheague creek in Franklin county, but entirely absent
about the headwaters of this stream.

HABITAT — Thrives best in moist soil, but also tolerant of drier situations. Commonly found
along strean.s, Iwrders of lakes or swamps. Often planted for ornamental purposes on dry
locations.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Ash-leaved Maple is of little commercial importance
as a timl)er tree. It yields a sap from which some mnple .sugar is made locally. This tree is
very attractive an an ornamental Iree and is planted extensively as a shade, lawn, road-side and
park tree. It grows rapidly and has an attractive form in winter and a dense gre«n foliage in
summer.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

204

SYCAMORE MAPLE
Acer Pseudo-platanus, Linnaeus

The Sycamore Maple Is a European species. It is native to central Europe where It attains
a height of 120 ft. ami d«>velop8 a large spreading heart. The trunk is sometimes furrowed
and the bark flakes off in thin scales.

This tree is considered the most attractive of the Maples for ornamental planting. It is
rather intolerant of soil conditions and consequently not planted so extensively as the Norway
Maple.

The Sycamore Maple is readily distinguished by its firm, 3-6 lobed leaves with sharply serrate
margins, acute-based sinuses, and pubescent lower leaf-surfaces. In winter the large, obtuse,
green buds are characteristic together with the leaf-scars which do not quite encircle the
stem. The lentioels are also more numerous and the lateral buds stand out from the twig
more than on the Norway Maple. The fruit keys are also smaller and the wings less divergent
than those of the Norway Maple.

NORWAY MAPLE
Acer platanoides, Linnaeus

The Norway Maple is a European species extending from Norway to Switzerland. It attains
a height of 100 ft. and develops a round head. The trunk of the tree is closely fissured but not
pcaly.

This tree is one our most attactive ornamental trees and is planted extensively along the
streets of cities, and in lawns and parks. It is especially adapted for city planting because
it is more tolerant of unfavorable city conditions than our native Maples. It is also rather free
from the attacks of insects and fungi, and retains the leaves longer in fall than our native
species. The wood is of no commercial importance in America, but is used for minor purposes
in Europe.

The Norway Maple can readily be distinguished in summer by its large leaves which resemble
those of our Sugar Maple, but are deeper in color and firmer in texture. The large-toothed
and almost entire-margined leaves are readily recognized from the smaller 3-5 lobed leaves of
th«' Sycanwre Mlaple wltli sharply serrate leaf-margins. A certain test for identifying the
Norway Maple is the presence of milky sap in the leaf-petiole which readily exudes upon twisting,
lu winter tlie Norway Maple can be recognized by the large, obtuse, glossy, red buds which
inay be more or less olive-green at the base and by the lateral closely appressed buds. The
leaf-scars which encircle the stem are also characteristic. The very divergent wings of the
large maple keys and the closely fissured, but not scaly bark will also aid in recognizing it.

PLATE ex. EUROPEAN MAPLES

4.

."i.
fi.

7.

SYCAMORE MAPLE

A s|)iko (tf flowers, x '.

liniiirh with leiives and fruit, x

A key of fniit, x t^.

A seed, natural size.

A seedling, x i.

A winter twig, x }.

A leaf-scar, enlarged.

s.
it.

10.

n.
12.

14.

NORWAY MAPLE

.\ elusfcr of flowers, x }.

Uninch with leaves
A key of fruit, x 1
A seed, natural size.
A seedliuR, x J.
A winter twig, x }.
A leaf-scar, enlarged.

and fruit, x

204

SYCAMORE MAPLE
Acer Pseudo-platanus, Linnaeus

The Sycamore Maple is a European sptcles. It is native to central Europe where It attains
a height of 120 ft. and develops a large spreading head. The trunk is sometlnies farrowed
and the bark flakes off In thin scales.

This tree is considered the most attractive of the Maples for ornamental planting. It is
rather Intolerant of soil conditions and consequently not planted so extensively as the Norway
Maple.

The Sycamore Maple is readily distinguished by its firm, 3-6 lobed leaves with sharply serrate
margins, acute-based sinuses, and pubescent lower leaf-surfaces. In winter the large, obtuse,
green buds are characteristic together with the leaf-scars which do not quite encircle the
stem. The lentloels are also more numerous and the lateral buds stand out from the twig
more than on the Norway Maple. The fruit keys are also smaller and the wings less divergent
than those of the Norway Maple.

NORWAY MAPLE
Acer platanoides, Linnaeus

The Norway Maple is a European species extending from Norway to Switzerland. It attains
a height of 100 ft. and develops a round head. The trunk of the tree Is closely fissured but not
scaly.

This tree is one our most attactlve ornamental trees and is planted extensively along the
streets of cities, and in lawns and parks. It is especially adapted for city planting because
it is more tolerant of unfavorable city conditions than our native Maples. It Is also rather free
from the attacks of insects and fungi, and retains the leaves longer in fall than our native
species. The wood is of no conmiercial in«)ortance in America, but is used for minor purposes
in Europe.

The Norway Maple can readily be distinguished in summer by its large leaves which resemble
those of our Sugar Maple, but are deeper In crtor and firmer in texture. The large-toothed
and almost entire-margined leaves are readily recognized from the smaller 3-5 lobed leaves of
the Sycamore Mlaple with sharply serrate leaf-margins. A certain test for identifying the
Norway Maple is the presence of milky sap in the leaf-petiole which readily exudes upon twisting.
In winter the Norway Maple can be reoogniaed by the large, obtuse, glossy, red buds which
may be more or less olive-green at the base and by the lateral closely appressed buds. The
leaf-scars which encircle the stem are also characteristic. The very divergent wings of the
large mnple keys and the closely fissured, but not scaly bark will also aid in recognizing It.

PLATE ex. EUROPEAN MAPLES

SYCAMORE MAPLE

1. A spiko of flowers, x h-

2. Brniifh Avith leaves and fiiilt, x J.
:i. A key of fruit, x h

4. A seed, natural size.

.'>. A soedlinp, x J.

0. A winter twig, x J.

7. A leaf-scar, enlarged.

NORWAY MAPLE

Si. A fluster of flowers, x }.
!). Branch with leaves and fniit,

10. A key of fruit, x {.

11. A seed, natural size.

12. A seedling, x J.
1.3. A winter twig, x J.
14. A leaf-scar, enlarged.

X

»

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

PLATE CXI. HERCULES' CLUB

1. Soction of a l)rancli with c(»iiii»ouinl leaves, x

2. A panicle of flowers, x i,
'.i. A panicle of fruit, x J.

4. A winter twifr, x }.

5. Section of u winter twig, natural size.

205

HERCULES' CLUB
Aralia spinosa, Linnaeus

FAMILY AND GENUS DESCRIPTION— Thin species belong to the Ginseng fanUly, Aralia-
ceae, which cuniprises about 62 genera with 450 species of herbs, vines, shrubs, and trees. The
nieinberH are widely distributed, but commonest in the tropics. The English Ivy (Hedera Helix
L.) an evergreen climber, is one of its most common representatives. The Common Ginseng
(Panax iiunquefolium), is a well-known member of this family. The flora of Pennsylvania
includes 2 genera with 6 species. The species described here is the only tree representative
In North Anitrica. The genus Aralia to which it belongs comprises about 30 species, mostlj
herbs, mitive to North America and Asia.

FORM — It n^y attain a height of 40 ft, with a diameter of 12 Inches, but usually 10-20 ft.
in height with a diameter of 4-8 inches. Trunk may be branchless or sometimes covered with
stout wldespreading brandies.

BARK— Thin, brown outside, yellow In«Ide, at first smooth, later divided Into rounded broken
ridges.

TWIGS — Very stout, §-3 of an inch In diameter, armed with stout, scattered prickles, rough-
ened by long narrow leaf-scars which nearly encircle the twig.

BUDS— Alternate; terminal bud present, about i-i of an inch long, chestnut-brown, conical,
blunt pointed. Lateral buda i cf an inch long, flattened, often triangular.

LEAVES— Alternate, compound or doubly compound often 3 ft. long and 2-2 J ft. wide.
Leaflets ovate, 2-8 Inches long, thick, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, sharp-pointed at apex,
serrate on margin, sometimes a little hairy on lower surface. Enlarged bases of the leaf-
petioles sheath the twigs.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, narrow, long, about half encircle the twig, taper to a point, em-
brace lateral buds, stand in a horizontal position, I. e., their plane is often at right angles to
the main axis of the twig. Each leaf-scar contains about 12 bundle-scars arranged in a curved
line.

FLOWERS— Appear from. June to August. Each flower Is usually perfect and cream white.
Many of them are grouped together in panlcled-umbels which occur solitary or In groups ofUn
3-4 ft. long.

FRUIT— An ovoid black 4>erry about i of an inch long, 5-anglfcd, and terminated with black-
ened persliitent styles. >

WOOD— Soft, brittle, weak, close-gialned, brown with yellow streaks; sapwood narrow.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Hercules' Club, also known as Angelica Tree,
can be distinguished by its large leaves which nmy be once, twice, or thrice compound. The
leaves are the largest of our native trees. They may be 3-4 ft. long and 2-2J ft. wide. The
petioles have enlarged clasping bases. The terminal buds are conical and J-i of an inch long
and the lateral ones are triangular and i of an Inch long. The elongated narrow leaf-scars
half encircle the twigs. The «tout twigs and the petioles are armed. The small white flowers
are arranged in panlcled-umbels often over 2 ft, long, its habit of growth is unique in that
a number of unbranched but armed stems may come up in rather dense clnnvps.

RANGE— Southern New York to Florida, west to Missouri and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found locally throughout the southern half of the
State. Abundant In Potter county. Local outposts of it are reported from the northwestern part.

HABITAT— Pnfers rich moist bottomland. Couunon In moist and fertile wwdlands.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Hercules' Club is of no commercial value. It remains
snmn produces inferior wood, and is local and limited in its distribution. This tree grows
rapidly and is jUanted rather extensively for ornamental purposes.

PLATE CXI. HERCULES' CLUB

1. Seel ion of ii IhjiimIi with i iixniiid Icjivi'S, x L

2. A panicle of tlowt'is. x h.
'.',. A panicle ot finil. x \.

4. A winter twiii, x J.

r>. Section of a winter twiy, naluial size.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

205

HERCULES' CLUB

Aralia spinosa, Linnaeus

FAMILY AND GENUS DESCRIPTION— This Hpicies belong to the Ginseng fauiily, Arulia-
ccufc, which comprises about 52 jrenera with 450 species of herbs, vines, shrubs, and trees. The
nienibers are widely distributed, but commonest in the tropics. The English Ivy (Hedera Helix
L. ) Jin evergreen climber, is one of its most coitunon representatives. The Common Ginseng
(I'anux qun(iuefolium), is a well-known memlHr of this family. The flora of Pennsylvania
includes 2 genera with 6 species. The species described here is the only tree representative
in ^■orth Amtrica. The genus Aralia to which it belongs comprises about 30 species, mostly
herbs?, native to North America and Asia.

FORM — It may attain a height of 40 ft. Avith a diameter of 12 inches, but usually 10-20 ft.
in height with a diameter of 4-8 inches. Trunk may be branchless or sometimes covered with
stout widespreading branches.

BARK— Thin, brown outside, yellow inside, at first smooth, later divided into rounded broken
ridges.

TWIGS — Very stout, J-s of an inch in diameter, arined with stout, scattered prickles, rough-
ened by long narrow leaf-scars wliich nearly encircle the twig.

BUDS— Alternate ; terndnal bud present, about J-i of an inch long, chestuut-browni, conical,
blunt pointed. Lateral buds i cf an inch long, flattened, often triangular.

LEAVES — Alternate, compound or doubly compound often 3 ft. long and 2 2i ft. wide.
Leaflets ovate, 2-3 inches long, thick, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, sharp-pointed at apex,
serrate on margin, sometimes a little hairy on lower surface. Enlarged bases of the leaf-
petioles sheath the twigs.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, narrow, long, about half encircle the twig, taper to a point, em-
brace lateral buds, stand in a horizontal position, i. e., their plane is often at right angles to
the main axis of the twig. Each leaf-scar contains about 12 bundle-scars arranged in a curved
line.

FLOWERS— Appear from June to August. Each flower is usually perfect and cream white.
Many of them are grouped together in panicled-umbels which occur solitary or in gi-oups often
3-4 ft. long.

FRUIT— An ovoid black Jjerry about i of an inch long, 5-angled, and terminated with black-
ened persistent styles.

WOOD Soft, brittle, weak, close-giained, brown with yellow streaks; sapwood narrow.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Hercules' Club, also known as Angelica Tree,
can be distinguished by its large leaves which may be once, twice, or thrice compound. The
leaves are the largest of our native trees. They may be 3-4 ft. long and 2-2J ft. wide. The
petioles have enlarged clasping bases. The terminal buds are conical and J-i of an inch long
and the lateral ones are triangular and i of an inch long. The elongated narrow leaf scars
half encircle the twigs. The «tout twigs and the petioles are armed. The small white flowers
are arranged in panicled-umbels often over 2 ft. long. Its habit of growth is unique in that
a number of unbranched but armed stems may come up in rather dense clunirps.

RANGE— Southern New York to Florida, west to Missouri and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found locally throughout the southern half of tiie
State. Abundant in Potter county. Local outiwsts of it are reported from the northwestern part.

HABITAT— Pnfers rich moist bottomiand. Common in moist and fertile wiKMllands.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Hercules' Club is of no commercial value. It remains
small produces inferior wood, and is local and limited in its distribution. This tree grows
rai.idly and is j.ianted rather extensively for ornamental purposes.

20G

FETID BUCKEYE
Aesculus glabra, Wildenow

FAMILY AND GENUS DESCRIPTION— The Soapberry family, Sapindaceae, comprises about
100 genera with more than 1,000 species. They are widely distributed, but commonest in
the tropical regions of the Old World. The flora of North America comprises 6 genera of
trees with about 13 species. The genus Aesculus alone has representatives in Pennsylvania.
It comprises 14 species, 10 of which are native to America and 2 to Pennsylvania. In addition
to the native species, the Horse-chestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum) is widely introduced In
this State.

FORM — Usually a small tree not over 40 ft, in height with a diameter of 12 inches, but
may reach a height of 90 ft. with a dianiieter of 24 inches. Trunk short and slender. Crown
broad, deep, round-topped.

BAEK— Gray, thick, evidently-furrowed, breaking up into plates.

TWIGS— Stout, at first doA\Tiy and brown, later smooth, reddish-brown to ashy-gray; ill-
smelling if bruised. Pith large, light green, circular in outline.

BUDS— Opposite ; terminal bud? normally present but occasionally absent; about § of an
inch long, sharp-pointed, resinous, covered by nearly triangular keeled scales. Outer bud-
scales reddlsh-bro^vn, finely hairy on margin, covered with a thin bloom; inner bud-scales
yellowish-green, enlarging in spring to 1-2 inches and i)ersisting until leaves are half developed.

LEAVES— Opposite, compound with S, rarely 7, leaflets. Leaflets ovate to oval, 3-6 Inches
long, rather long-pointed at apex, narrow at base, irregularly and finely toothed on margin;
when young rather hairy, later smooth, yellowish-green above, paler beneath. Leaf-stalks
4-6 inches long, stout, hairy when young, enlarged at base. Foliage ill-smelling if bruised.

LEAF-SCARS— Opposite, lurgo, heart-shaped to inversely triangular. Bundle-scars
usually in three groups of 3 to 9 each.

FLOWERS — ^Appear about April or May after the leaves are developed. Small, yellowish
or greenish, with four upright petals; borne In more or less downy terminal panicles about
5-6 Inches long and 2-8 inches broad. Panicles 4-6 flowered. Stamens project beyond yellow
corolla.

FRUIT — Matures about October. A thick, round or pear-shaped, prickly capsule about 1
inch in diameter, borne on a stout stalk, containing a single large, smooth, lustrous somewhat
flattened brown nut. The falling fruit leaves a large scar on the twigs.

WOOD — Diffuse-porous; rays very fine, indistinct; pores very small, invisible to unaided eye,
evenly distributed, mostly solitary; wood elements not in tier-like arrangement. Wood is
weak, soft, whitish or sometimes pale yellow, lustrous. Weighs 28 lbs. per cubic foot.
Used for paper-pulp, woodenware, artificial limbs, chip hats.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Fetid Buckeye, also known as Ohio Buckeye,
Stinking Buckeye, und American Horse-chestnut, can be distinguished by its leathery, dehiscent
fnjit containing one to three shining seeds. The fruit of this species is covered with spines
while that of the Sweet Buckeye is smooth. The leaves are opposite and digltately com-
pound with usually 5 or occasionally 7 leaflets. The buds arc free from a resinous coating;
the terminal one is often lacking. The flowers are showy, yellowish or greenish in color and
arranged in large panicles borne at the ends of branches. The stamiens project beyond the
corolla while those of the Sweet Buckeye are just as long or shorter than the corolla. It is
native only in the western part of the State.

RANGE — Western Pennsylvania south to Alabama, west to Illinois, Iowa, and Oklahoma.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found only in the extreme western part of the State.
Reported from Allegheny, Fayette, LawTence, WIercer, Washington, Greene, and Westmoreland
counties.

HABITAT — ^Usually foimd growing in moist soil. Prefers banks of streams, ravines, or
similar situations.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Fetid Buckeye Is of no commercial Importance In Penn-
sylvania. It is very limited in Its distribution and usually remains small. It is occasionally
planted as an ornamental tree, but Is less popular than the Horse-chestnut.

large,

PLATE CXII. FETID BUCKEYE

1. A Howeriii^ branch, x k.

li. A ttiiwiT with stigma lichnv anthers, natural size.

;{. A flowor wltli stigma aluive anthers, natural size.

4. A fruitinj? Iiranch, x *.

r>. A fruit Willi part of sticll roiiinvcd showing two simmIs, x J.

ti. A seed, X i.

7. Longitudinal section of u socd, x L

s. A winter twig, x A.

1). Section of a winter twig sliowing a leaf scar witii Imnillc scars, iiatunil size.

206

FETID BUCKEYE
Aesculus glabra, Wildenow

FAMILY AND GENTTS DESOSIFTION— The Soapberry family, Sapindaceae. comprise* about
100 genera with more than 1,000 species. They are widely distributed, but commonest in
the tropical regions of the Old World. The flora of North America comprises 6 genera of
trees with about 13 species. The genus Aesculus alone has representatives in Pennsylvania.
It comprises 14 species, 10 of which are native to America and 2 to Pennsylvania. In addition
to the native species, the Horse-chestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum) is widely introduced in
this State.

FORM — ^Usually a small tree not over 40 ft. In height with a diameter of 12 inches, but
may reach a height of 00 ft. with a diameter of 24 Inches. Trunk short and slender. Crown
broad, deep, round-topped.

BAKK— Gray, thick, evidently-furrowed, breaking up into plates.

TWIQS— Stout, at flrst doAvny and broMm, later smooth, reddish-brown to ashy-gray; ill*
smelling if bruised. Pith large, light green, circular in outline.

BUDS— Opposite ; terminal buds normally present but occasionally absent; about I of an
inch long, sharp-pointed, resinou8, covered by nearly triangular keeled scales. Outer bud-
scales reddish-brown, finely hairy on margin, covered with a thin bloom; inner bud-scales
yellowish-green, enlarging in spring to 1-2 inches and persisting until leaves are half developed.

LEAVES Opposite, compound with 5, rarely 7, leaflets. Leaflets ovate to oval, 3-6 inches
long, rather long-pointed at apex, narrow at base. Irregularly and finely toothed on margin;
when young rather hairy, later smooth, yellowish-green above, paler beneath. Leaf-stalks
4-6 Inches long, stout, hairy when young, enlarged at base. Foliage ill-smelling if bruised.

LEAF-SCABS— Opposite, largo, heart-shaped
usually In three groups of 8 to 0 each.

to Inversely triangular. Bundle-scars large,

FLO WEBS — ^Appear about April or May after the leaves are developed. Small, yellowl«4i
or greenish, with four upright petal?; borne In more or less downy terminal panicles about
5-6 Inches long and 2-8 inches broad. Panicles 4-6 flowered. Stamens project beyond yellow
corolla.

FRUIT — Matures about October. A thick, round or pear-shaped, prickly capsule about 1
inch in diameter, borne on a stout stalk, containing a single large, smooth, lustrous somewhat
flattened broMm nut. The falling fruit leaves a large scar on the twigs.

WOOD — ^Diffuse-porous; rays very fine. Indistinct; pores very small, invisible to unaided eye,
evenly distributed, mostly solitary; wood elements not in tier-like arrangement. Wood is
weak, soft, whitish or sometimes pale yellow, lustrous. Weighs 28 lbs. per cubic foot.
Used for paper-pulp, woodenware, artificial limbs, chip hats.

DISTINGUISHINO CHABACTEBISTICS— The Fetid Buckeye, also known as Ohio Buckeye,
Stinking Buckeye, and American Horse-chestnut, can be distinguished by its leathery, dehiscent
fruit containing one to three shining seeds. The fruit of this species is covered with spines
while that of the Sweet Buckeye is smooth. The leaves are opposite and digltately com-
pound with usually 6 or occasionally 7 leaflets. The buds are free from a resinous coating;
the terminal one is often lacking. The flowers are showy, yellowish or greenish in color and
arranged in large panicles borne at the ends of branches. The stamens project beyond the
corolla while those of the Sweet Buckeye are just as long or shorter than the corolla. It is
native only in the western part of the State.

RANOE — Western Pennsylvania south to Alabama, west to Illinois, lovira, and Oklahoma.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Found only in the extreme western part of the State.
Reported from Allegheny, Fayette, Lawrence, Mercer, Washington, Greene, and Westmoreland
counties.

HABITAT — ^Usually found growing in moist soil,
similar situations.

Prefers banks of streams, ravines, or

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIE&— The Fetid Buckeye is of no commercial Importance In Penn-
sylvania. It is very limited in its distribution and usually remains small. It is occasionally
planted as an ornamental tree, but Is less popular than the Horse-chestnut.

H\

PLATE CXII. FETID BUCKEYE

1. A flowering branch, x J.

'2. A flower Avith stigma below anthers, natural size.

;{. A flower with stigma ah(»ve anthers, natural sistf.

4. A fruiting branch, x §.

5. A fruit with part of sht'll removed showing two seeds, x J.

6. A seed, x J.

7. Longitudinal section of a seed, x J.

8. A winter twig, x J.

y. Section of a winter twig showing a loaf-scar with bundle-scars, natural size.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

II

207

PLATE CXIII. SWEET BUCKEYE

1. A Jldworinj; l>r.'iin'h, x t.

2. A rtoucr witli Nti«:iii!i 1m-1<>\v miiUhts, natural size.
.'{. A flower with stijtiiia abuvi- anthers, natural size.
4. A fruiting braiu-li, .\ A.

.">. A seed, x A.

ti. !/)iit!itiiiliiial section of a se<'<l, x J.

7. A winter twig, x i.

JS. Seeti<»n of a winter twig sliowing a leaf-scar witli bnndle-sears, slightly onlarKed.

SWEET BUCKEYE
Aesculus octandra, Marshall

FORM — ^The largest American species of the genus. Usually a small tree less thSB 60 ft.
in height with a diameter of 18 inches, but may reach a height of 110 ft. with a diameter
of oyer 8 feet. At its optimum in western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. Reported a
mere shrub in western Texas.

BA£K — Light brown to grayish-brown, evidently-ftssured, breaking up into many thin irregular
scales. See Fig. 79.

TWIGS— Stout, at first finely hairy, becoming smooth, reddish-brown to ashy-gray, slightly
ill-smelling when bruised. Pith large, light green, circular in outline.

Bin)B— Opposite ; terminal bud present and about 4/5-2 Inches long; non-resinous, somewhat
blunt-pointed, covered by nearly triangular or ovate keeled scales. Outer bud-scales reddish-
brown, covered with a thin bluish bloom: inner bud-scales yellowish-green, enlarging in spring
to 1-2 inches.

LEAVES— -Opposite, compound, with 5, sometimes 7, short-stalked or stalkless leaflets. Leaf-
lets oval to obovate, 4-10 incheis long, finely toothed on margin, long-pointed at apex, narrowed
at base, dark green and smooth on upper surface when mature, yellowish-green and somewhat
hairy on under surface.

LEAF-SOAKS— Opposite, large, heart-shaped to inversely-triangular. Bundle-scars large, usually
arranged in 3 groups of 3 to 9 ench.

FLO WEES— Appear aboqt April or May when the leaves are developed. Small, yellow or
purplish, with 4 conniving petals; borne In finely hairy terminal panicles about 4-12 inches long.
Stamens are included in yellow corolla.

FRXTIT — ^Matures about October. A smooth obovoid capsule, about 1-2 inches thick. Seeds

several, large, smooth, reddish-brown, lustrous, 1-1} inches broad, somewhat flattened. Valves

of capsule thin, pale brown, not spiny or warty. The fruit is poisonous to stock, but seldom
proves fatal.

WOOD — Similar to that of the Fetid Buckeye, page 206, but It Is somewhat lighter In
weight and has the wood elenaents in a tier-like arrangement. Used for lumber, veneer, slack
cooperage, paper-imlp, candy boxes, dishes, bowls, and artificial limbs.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— Tlie Sweet Bqckeye, also known as Yellow Buck-
eye and Big Buckeye, is native only to the extreme western part of the State. The leaves are
opposite, digitately compound with usually 5 or sometimes 7 leaflets. The flowers are showy,
yellowish in color, and arranged in large panicles borne at the ends of branches. The stamens
are usually included in the corolla while those of the Fetid Buckeye project beyond it. The
valves of the fruit-capsule are smooth. The twigs are stout, contain a large pith and are
roughened by large conspicuous bundle-scars. The buds are large and non-resinous. Th*j twigs
when bruised are less ill-smelling than those of the Fetid Buckeye. It is the largest American
species of the genus.

BANGE — ^Western Pennsylvania to Illinois, Iowa, and Oklahoma, south to (Jeorgia and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Occurs only In the extreme western part of the State.
Found in Allegheny, Greene, and Fayette counties. Very abundant along Dunkard Creek, in the
southern part of Greene county.

HABITAT — ^Usually grows in mixture with hardwoods In rich soil,
lands and valleys. Common along or near streams.

Prefers rich bottom-

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Sweet Buckeye is of no commercial importance In
Pennsylvania. It is very limited in Its distribution in the State. The wood which it produces
and the small size which it attains in the northern part of its range do not justify Its planting
for forestry purposes. It is, however, the largest American representative of the genus. It
grows rapidly and. may be planted for ornamental purposes.

207

PLATE CXIII. SWEET BUCKEYE

1. A llnwciiiii; lti;in(ii, x l.

'J. A tinwcr will) stiyiiiii hclow jiiillitis, luifnial size.

.*!. A flitwcr with sliuiiiii nlttivf iinthcrs, iiiituiiil size.

4. A fruiting' luiiinli. ,\ '..

."(. A siM'd, X I.

t'l. I,<iiit;i1mliii;il srrtinn nl' !i simm), \ A.

7. A wiiitir twij;, x A.

.S. Section I'l' a wiiilcr twi;; slmwiiiK .\ li'.if-s<!ir with liiiii(llf-s<}i is. s|i;rli(l,v niliii-^<-«l.

SWEET BUCKEYE
Aesculus octandra, Marshall

FOKM— The largest American species of tbe genus. Usually a small tree less than 60 ft.
in height with a diameter of 18 inches, but may reach a height of 110 ft. -with a dlamettr
of over 3 feet. At its optimum in western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. Reported a
mere shrub in western Texas.

BASK — Light brown to grayish-brown, evidently-ftssured, breaking up into many thin irregular
scales. See Fig. 79.

TWIGS — Stout, at first finely hairy, becoming smooth, reddish-brown to ashy-gray, slightly
ill-smelling when bruised. Pith large, light green, circular in outline.

BUDS— Opposite ; terminal bud present and about 4/5-2 inches long; non-resinous, somewhat
blunt-pointed, covered by nearly triangular or ovate keeled scales. Outer bud-scales reddish-
brown, covered with a thin bluish bloom; inner bud-scales yellowish-green, enlarging in spring
to 1-2 inches.

LEAVES— Opposite, compound, with 5, sometimes 7, short-stalked or stalkless leaflets. Leaf-
lets oval to obovate, 4-10 inches long, finely toothed on nmrgin, long-pointed at apex, narrowed
at base, dark green and smooth on upper surface when mature, yellowish-green and somewhat
hairy on under surface.

LEAF-SCARS — Opposite, large, heart-shaped to inversely-triangular. Bundle-scars large, usually
arranged in 3 groups of 3 to 9 ench.

FLOWEES— Appear about April or May when the leaves are developed. Small, yellow or
purplish, with 4 conniving petals; borne in finely hairy terminal panicles about 4-12 inches long.
Stamens are included in yellow corolla.

FRUIT — ^Matures about October. A smooth obovoid capsule, about 1-2 inches thick. Seeds

several, large, smooth, reddish-brown, lustrous, J-IJ inches broad, somewhat flattened. Valves

of capsule thin, pale browTi, not spiny or warty. The fruit is poisonous to stock, but seldom
proves fatal.

WOOD— Similar to that of the Fetid Buckeye, page 206, but It Is somewhat lighter in
weight and has the wood elements in a tier-like arrangement. Used for lumber, veneer, slack
cooperage, paper-pulp, candy boxes, dishes, bowls, and artificial limbs.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — Tlie Sweet Bqckeye, also known as Yellow Buck-
eye and Big Buckeye, is native only to the extreme western part of the State. The leaves are
opposite, digitately compound with usually 5 or sometimes 7 leaflets. The flowers are sho^vy.
yellowish in color, and arranged In large panicles borne at the ends of branches. The stamens
are usually included in the corolla while those of the Fetid Buckeye project beyond it. The
valves of the fruit-capsule are smooth. The twigs are stout, contain a large pith and are
roughened by large conspicuous bundle-scars. The buds are large and non-resinous. The twigs
when bruised are less ill-smelling than those of the Fetid Buckeye. It is the largest American
siiecies of the genus.

RANGE — Western Pennsylvania to Illinois, Iowa, and Oklahoma, south to Georgia and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Occurs only in the extreme western part of the State.
Found in Allegheny, Greene, and Fayette coimties. Very abundant along Dunkard Creek, in the
southern part of Greene county.

HABITAT — ^Usually grows in mixture with hardwoods in rich soil. Prefers rich bottom-
lands and valleys. Common along or near streams.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Sweet Buckeye is of no commercial importance in
Pennsylvania. It is very limited in its distribution in the State. The wood which it produces
and the small size which it attains in the northern part of its range do not justify its planting
for forestry purposes. It is, however, the largest American representative of the genus. It
grows rapidly and. may be planted for ornamental purposes.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

208
BASSWOOD

Tilia americana, Linnaeus

FAMILY AND GENUS DESCRIPTION— The Linden family. Tlliaceae, oomprises about 35
genera with probably .'175 species found in temperate and tropical regions. The mentbers oonsist
of trees, shrubs, and a few herbs. One genus, Tllla, alone has tree represf-ntatives in North
America. This genus comprises about 20 species, 8 of M'hich are native to North America and
three to Pennsylvania. Two species are described here. The third species, known as Mlchaux's
Passwood (Tllla Michauxil Nun.) Is very rare In this State. Its leaves which are densely
pubescent and grayiwh-grecn beneath and its floral bracts usually rounded at the base, ar<»
distinctive. The bark of the branches is usually smoother and lighter than that of the 2 other
native species.

FORM — A large tree usually attaining n height of 60-70 ft. but may reach a height of 120
ft. with a diameter of 4} feet. Trunk straight, clean, with little taper. Crown dense, broad,
rather deep, ovoid or rounded.

BARK— On old trunks flrm but easily cut, thick, longitudinally-furrowed into flat scaly ridges.
Ridges often divided by tranverse secondary furrows. On young stems dark gray and smooth.
See Fig. 100.

TWIGS— Smooth or very finely hairy, shining, bright red; second year olive, olive-red, or
covered with a gray skin; usually zigzag, tough, mucllaGrinous if chewed, covered with scat-
tered, dark, oblong lentlcels. In cross-section, characteristic blunt conical masses with inter-
vening lighter colored areas are present.

BTTDS— Alternate ; terminal bud absent; ovoid, 2-ranked, stout, often somewhat flattened,
divergent, usually deep red, occasionally greenish, mucilaginous, smooth or sometimes slightly
hairy toward apex, Bud-scnles glabrous, thick, rounded at back, usually 3 visible; one large
scale makes biid unsynimctrleal.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple ovate to orbicular, 4-7 Inches long, firm in texture, long-pointed
nt apex, deeply toothed on margin with sharp teeth, unequally heart-shaped to truncate at
base, dark green and shining on upper surface, green and smooth on lower except for a few
rusty hairs. Leaf-stalks slender, i length of blade. The side of the leaf nearest the branch Is
the largest.

LEAF-SCARS — ^Alternate, large, conspictious, raised, 2-ranked, containing few to many bundle-
scars arranged In a ring or a single curved line, or scattered. Stipule-scars distinct, one
narrow, the other broad; often show bunde-scars.

FLOWER^~Appear about June. Perfect, regular, sweet, fragrant, yellowIsh-whlte, 5-20 In
drooping cymose clusters. The long peduncle which bears the flowers is united for about half
its length with a conspicuous green bract.

FRUIT — ^A woody, spherical, nut-like drupe about the size of a pea. Occurs singly or In
small clusters with a common stalk attached to a leafy bract and often persisting far Into
winter.

WOOD — Dlfriisp-]>orous; rays distinct, but colorless; light, soft, compact, moderately strong,
light brown to nearly white, fine in texture; little difference between spring woo<l and summer
wood. Weighs 28 lbs. per cubic foot. Used In the manufacture of paper-pulp, woodenware,
cheap furniture, panels for carriages, kegs, palls, barrel headings, berry boxes.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The I'msswood, also known as Linden. LInie-tree,
Whitewood, licetree. Whistle-wood, and Lynn, may be distinguished by its large, flrm un-
equally based leaves with green and smooth lower surfaces, by its smooth bright red twigs,
by its alternate, deep red, unsj'mmetrlcal buds with 2-3 visible scales, by its white flowers
arranged in drooping clusters attached to a green bract, and by Its woody spherical nut-like
drupe about the size of a pea attached to winged bracts. The dark funnel-shaped areas In the
inner bark alternating with lighter areas as seen in a cross-section of a twig are characteristic.
The smooth dark gray bark of younger stems and the thick longitudinally-furrowed bark on
older trunks arc distinguishing features.

RANGE — New Brunswick to Manitoba, southward to Georgia and eastern Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Common in tiie eastern and southeastern parts of
the State. Rare in the mountainous i)art8 except In rich valleys. Locally abundant in the
western and southern parts.

HABITAT — Rarely grows in pure stands, but usnally mixed with other hardwoods. Prefers
rich soils in bottomlands. It ran endure considerable shade. It suffers little from windfall
but .occasionally from windbreak upon exposed situations.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— Basswood is one of our Important timber trees on account
of the valuable wood and the bark which it produces. Seeds or seedlings may be planted. If
seedlings are used, they should be planted early in spring before growth starts. The tree sprouts
from the stump very freely (Fig. 98). It grows rapidly, produces beautiful sweet-smelling flowers,
and is rari'ly attacked by fungi. II Is one of our most attractive ornnnieotal trdcs.

PLATE CXIV. BASSWOOD

1 A flnwciiiij: Uraiu'li Avith matin*' leaves, x ]. \ \. A wiiit.r Iwiu. x ^.

2. LoiiuiliKlinal section <.f a llower, sJishll.v en- .%. ^'''J'-'V. •'^. '^..^V''^'^';...f,^^.'^'.•...*!. '.".'I

hiijred.
.'',. A fniitiiifT Itraiicli, x h.

C. A

>eal

■;ii' with lilinille sea

(•iil.n-;:e

208
BASSWOOD

Tilia americana, Linnaeus

FAMILY AND GENUS DESCBIPTION— I'he Linden family. Tiliaceae, comprises about 35
genera with probably 375 species foand in temperate and tropical regions. Tlie mentbers oonsist
of trees, shrubs, and a few herbs. One genus, Tilia, alone lias tree represf-ntatives in North
America. This genus comprises about 20 species, 8 of which are native to North America and
three to Pennsylvania. Two species are described here. The third species, linown as Michaux's
Vasswood (Tilia Mlchauxll Null.) Is very rare in this State. Its leaves which are densely
pubescent and graylsh-grecn beneath and its floral bract* usually rounded at the base, are
distinctive. The bark of the branches is usually smoother and lighter than that of the 2 other
native species.

FOSM^-A large tree usually attaining n height of 60-70 ft. but may reach a height of 120
ft. with a diameter of 4J feet. Trunk straight, clean, with little taper. Cro>vn dense, broad,
rather deep, ovoid or rounded.

BARK— On old trunks firm but easily cut, thick, longitudinally-furrowed into flat scaly ridges.
Ridges often divided by tranverse secondary furrows. On young stems dark gray and smooth.
See Fig. 100.

TWIGS— Smooth or very finely hairy, shining, bright red; second year olive, olive-rtd, or
covered with a gray skin; usually zigzag, tough, mucilaginous if chewed, covered with scat-
tered, dark, oblong lenticels. In cross-section, characteristic blunt conical masses- with inter-
vening lighter colored areas are present.

BTTDS — ^Alternate; terminal bud absent; ovoid, 2-ranked, stout, often somewhat flattened,
divergent, usually deep red, occasionally greenish, mucilaginous, smooth or sometimes slightly
hairy toward apex. Bud-scnles glabrous, thick, rounded at back, usually 3 visible; one large
scale makes bud unsymmctrical.

LEAVEI^— Alternate, simple ovate to orbicular, 4-7 inches long, Arm in texture, long-pointed
at apex, deeply toothed on margin with sharp teeth, unequally heart-shaped to truncate at
base, dark green and shining on upper surface, green and smooth on lower except for a few
rusty hairs. Leaf -stalks slender, i length of blade. The side of the leaf nearest the branch Is
the largest.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, large, conspicuous, raised, 2-ranked, containing few to many bundle-
scars arranged in a ring or a single curved line, or scattered. Stipule-scars distinct, one
narrow, the other broad; often show bunde-scars.

FLOWERS— Appear about June. Perfect, regular, sweet, fragrant, yellowish-white, 6-20 in
drooping cymose clusters. The long peduncle which bears the flowers is united for about half
its length with a conspiciious green bract.

FRUIT — ^A woody, spherical, nut-like drupe about the size of a pea. Occurs singly or in
small clusters with a common stalk attached to a leafy bract and often persisting far into
winter.

WOOD — ^Diffuse-porous; rays distinct, but colorless; light, soft, compact, moderately strong,
light brown to nearly white, fine in texture; little difference between spring wood and summer
wood. Weighs 28 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in the manufacture of paper-pulp, woodenware,
cheap furniture, panels for carriages, kegs, pails, barrel headings, berry boxes.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Basswood, also known as Linden, Linoe-tree,
Whitewood, Beelree, Whistle-wood, and Lynn, may be distinguished by its large, firm un-
equally based leaves with green and smooth lower surfaces, by its smooth bright red twigs,
by its alternate, deep red, unsymmetrlcal buds with 2-3 visible scales, by its white flowers
arranged in drooping clusters attached to a green bract, and by its woody spherical nut-like
dnipe about the size of a pea attached to winged bracts. The dark funnel-shaped areas in the
inner bark alternating with lighter areas as seen in a cross-section of a twig are characteristic.
The smooth dark gray bark of younger stems and the thick longitudinally-furrowed bark on
older trunks are distinguishing features.

RANGE — Now Brunswick to Manitoba, southward to Georgia and eastern Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Common in the eastern and southeastern parts of
the State. Rare in the mountainous parts except In rich valleys. Locally abundant in the
western and southern parts.

HABITAT — Rarely grows in pure stands, but usually mixed with other hardwoods. Prefers
rich soils in bottomlands. It can endure considerable shade. It suffers little from windfall
but . occasionally from windbreak upon exposed situations.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIE&— Basswood is one of our Important timber trees on account
of the valuable wood and the bark which it produces. Seeds or seedlings may be planted. If
seedlings are used, they should be planted early In spring before growth starts. The tree sprout*
from the stump very freely (Fig. 98). It grows rapidly, producesr beautiful sweet-smelling flowers,
and is rarely attacked by fungi. It I« one of our most attractive ornamental trdes.

PLATE CXIV. BASSWOOD

1 A floworiiiff branch with iiiatnro leaves, x J.

2. Ix)iigitu(linal section of a Howcr, slightly en-

la rjiod.

3. A fruiting branch, x §.

4. A Avintcr twip. x I.

"». Section of a winter twiy:. enlarjred.

C. -\ leaf scar with liundle scars, enlarged

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

PLATE CXV. WHITE BASSWOOD

1. A flowering branch with mature leaves, x }.

2. Loii>;itii«linal section of a tiower. slife'litly enlarged.

3. A fruiting branch, x i.

4. A winter twig, x J.

5. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

209

WHITE BASSWOOD
Tilia heterophylla, Ventcnat

FORK— Usually 50-GO ft. high but may reach a height of 90 ft. with a diameter of 4i feet.
It becomes as thick but not bo high as the Common Basswood. Trunk straight, clean, slightly
tapering. Crown dense, broad, rather rounded.

BASK — Similar to that of the common BasKwood, page 208.

TWIOB— Similar to those of the conmion Basswood, pauro 208.

BVDB — Similar to these of the common Basswood, page 208.

LEAYES— Alternate, simple, variable in outline, oblong-ovatc to orbicular-ovate, 5-8 inches
long, firm in texture, short taper-pointed at apex, deeply toothed on margin with sharp teeth,
unequally heart-shaped to truncate at base; upper surface dark green and smooth, lower surface
silvery-white and finely hairy. Leaf-stalk slender, i length of blade. The side of the leaf
nearest the branch is the largest.

LEAF-SCARS — Similar to those of the common Basswood, page 208.

FLOWERS— Appear about June or July. Perfect, regular, sweet, fragrant, yellowish-white,
6-15 in drooping cymose clusters. The long peduncle which bears the flowers is united for about
half its length with a conspicuoui? green bract.

FRVIT — ^A woody, spherical, nut-like drupe about the sise of a pea. Occurs singly or In small
clusters with a common stalk attached to a leafy bract and often persists far Into winter.

WOOD— Similar to that of the common Basswood, page 208, only about 2 pounds lighter.

DISTINGUISHIira CHARACTERISTICS— The White Basswood, also known as White Linden,
has the general characteristics of the common Basswood, page 208. It can be distinguished from
the latter by its leaves which are slightly larger, silvery-white and finely hairy on the lower
surface, while those of the Basswood are green and smooth. The common Basswood also reaches
a somewhat larger size and has a wider distribution in this State, than the White Basswood.

RANGE — New York to Florida, westward to Illinois, Tennessee, and Alabama.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Occurs locally in the mountainous parts, and a few ad-
ditional outposts. Found in Franklin, Huntingdon, Stisquehanna, and Washington counties.

HABITAT— Usually found in rich woods in mountainous regions. Tolerates dense shade, but
thrive* in fqll light. Occurs in mixture with other hardwoods. Common on limestone soil.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — White Basswood is of little commercial importance in this
State on account of its limited distribution. Farther south it is more abundant, being the pre-
vailing BassAvood of West Virginia. It is one of our most attractive ornamental trees.

G— 15

PLATE CXV. WHITE BASSWOOD

1. A flowering branch wifli niaturo Icuvcs. x I.

•J. I.oiiKifndinal s«'rti<>ii of a flower, slightly fiilarjjred.

.'». A fruiting brant-h, x J.

4. A winter twig, x J.

5. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

209

WHITE BASSWOOD

Tilia heterophylla, Ventcnat

FORlt— Usually 50-00 ft. high but may reach a height of 90 ft. with a diameter of 4i feet.
It becomes as thick but not so high as the Common Basswood. Tnnik .straight, clean, slightly
tapering. Crown dense, broad, rather rounded.

BABK — Similar to that of the conwiion BasKwood, page 208.

TWIGS— Similar to those of the common Basswood, page 208.

BUDS — Similar to these of the common Basswood, page 208.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, variable in outline, oblong-ovate to orbicular-ovate, 5-8 inches
long. Arm in texture, short taper-pointed at aix-x, deeply toothed on margin with sharp teeth,
unequally heart-shaped to truncate at base; upper surface dark green and smooth, lower surfaee
silvery-white and finely hairy. Leaf-stalk slender, i length of blade. The side of the leaf
nearest the branch is the largest.

LEAF-SCARS — Similar to those of the common Basswood, page 208.

FLOWERS — ^Appear about June or July. Perfect, regular, sweet, fragrant, yellowish-white,
5-15 in drooping cymose clusters. The long peduncle which bears the flowers is united for about
half its length with a conspicuou.>? green bract.

FRUIT — ^A woody, spherical, nut-like drupe abotit the size of a pea. 000x0*8 singly or In snuill
clusters with a common stalk attached to a leafy bract and often persists far Into winter.

WOOD— Similar to that of the common Basswood, page 208, only about 2 pounds lighter.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The White Bassrwood. also known as White Linden,
has the general characteristics of the common Basswood, page 208. rt can be distinguished from
the latter by its leaves which are slightly larger, silvery-white and finely hairy on the lower
surface, while those of the B«sswood are green and smooth. The common Basswood also reaches
u somewhat larger size and has a wider distribution in this State, than the White Basswootl.

RANGE — New York to Florida, Avestward to Illinois, Tennessee, and Alabama.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Occurs locally in the mountainous parts, and a few ad-
ditional outposts. Found in Franklin, Huntingdon, Sustiuehanna, and Washington counties.

HABITAT — ^Usually found in rich woods in mountainous regions. Tolerates dense sliade, but
thriveti in fqll light. Occurs In nwxture with otlier hardwoods. Common on limestone soil.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — White Basswood is of little commercial importance in this
State on acox)unt of its limited distribution. Farther south It is more abundant, being the pre-
vailing BassAvood of West Virginia. It is one of our most attractive ornamental trees.

G— 15

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

210

FLOWERING DOGWOOD

Comus florida, Linnaeus

FAMILY AND GENUS DESCRIPTION— The Dojrwood family, Cornaceae, comprise* about 15
genera found mostly In temperate regions. Only 2 genera are native in North America, both
of which have representatives In thl.^ State. They are the Dogwoods (Comus) and the Gums
(Nyssa). The genus Comus Is widely distributed in temperate regions and comprises about
40 species of which number 15 are native to North America and 8 to Pennsylvania. A few
species reach tree- size and yield a very hard and valuable wood.

FORM— A small tree usually from 15-25 ft. high but may reach a height of 40 ft. with
a diameter of 18 inches. Tmnk with little taper up to the first branches and then practically
disappears entirely in the branches. Crovra broad, high, and rather dense.

BARK— On younger stems and branches light brown to reddish-gray and rather smooth. On
older stems reddish-brown to black, broken up into quadrangular scaly blocks. Bark rather
bitter and ill-smelling. See Fig. 124.

TWIGS— Usually red, sometimes tinged with green, smooth, glossy, often covered with a
glaucous bloom; lenticels few and small; pith white and gritty.

BUDS— Opposite; terminal bud present. Flower-buda terminal, spherical, 1/5-2/6 of an inch
broad, covered by two opposite pairs of bud-scales. Lateral buds small often covered by persist-
ent bases of leaf-stalks. Terminal leaf-buds reddish, slighOy downy, covered by 2 gaping bud-
scales.

LEAVES — Opposite, simple, clustered towards end of branches, ovate, 3-5 inches long, 2-3
inches wide, acute at apex, wedge-shaped at base, entire to wavy on margin, Iwright dark green
above, pale below. Midrib and primary veins prominent.

LEAF-SCARS— Opposite, may or may not encircle stem; bundle-scars 3 and occasionally more.
Evidently-raised on the base of leaf-trtalks on season*' growth, and forming a deep V-shaped
notch between them.

FLOWERS— Appear about April. Perfect, greenish, arranged in dense heads, and surrounded
by a large white involucre which is often mistaken for the corolla.

FRUIT — Ripens about October. A scarlet ovoid dmpe about 8/5 of an inch long, containing
a grooved stone, bome solitary or In clusters of 2-5 on a stalk. Undeveloped pistillate flowers
often persist about base of fruit.

WOOI>— Dififuse-porous; medullary rays distinct; light red or pink in color. Wood very heavy,
hard, strong, tough, pale reddish-brown to pinkish, with lighter colored sapwood. Weighs 51
lbs. per cubic foot. Used for shuttles, golf stick heads, brush blocks, wedges, engravers' blocks,
tool handles, and many kinds of turnery.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Flowering Dogwood, also known as Boxwood,
Dogwood and Flowering Cornel, can be distinguished by its opposite branching, bright red or oc-
casionally greenish twigs, small lateral buds covered by the persistent bases of the leaf-stalks,
large spherical flower-buds, terminal leaf-buds with a single pair of bud-scales, and by its
alligator bark. In autumn the fruit, and in spring the flowers, also aid in distinguishing it.

RANGE— Massachusetts we»t through Ontario to Michigan and Missouri and south to Florida
and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Locally throughout the State; most common In the
eastern and southern parts.

HABITAT— Prefers well-drained soil but will grow on most of our soils. Generally prevalent
but most common and tlu-ives best in low, moist, and rather fertile situations. Usually found
In the understory of the forest.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Flowering Dogwood is valuable for omamental pur-
poses and for its wood. Few trees surpass it in beauty when in bloom and when fruiting. In
this State it does not reach a sufficient size to be of commercial importance. It should be
maintained in our forest on account of its beauty and its value as a soil Improver, since it
is very tolerant and will grow readily in the understory of the forest.

PLATE CXVL FLOWERING DOGWOOD

1. A flowering branch, with three clusters of flowers, each surroundcil by a si

wtiit«' iuvoliicre, x i.
L*. A sin>:l<' llowir, eiilarfred.

;;. .V tr'.iiliri;; liraiicli wi'li inn tine leaves, x *.
A. A winter twi>r witli two tciiniiial splH'riral flower bmls, x h.
't. Tfriiiiiial .•.(•clidii of a wiiilt-r tu ij^ slHiwiniu luaf-scars and k-ariiutls, ciilarj;!!!.

py a sliowy -l-liiiictfil

210

FLOWERING DOGWOOD

Comus florida, Linnaeus

FAHILT AND QElTirS DESCRIPTION— The Dogwood family, Cornaceae, comprises about 15
genera found mostly In temperate regrlons. Only 2 genera are native In North America, both
of which have representatives in thU State. They are the Dogwoods (Comus) and the Gums
(Nyssa). The genus Comiu is widely distributed In temperate regions and comprises about
40 species of which number 15 are native to North America and 8 to Pennsylvania. A few
species reach tree- size and yield a very hard and valuable wood.

FOBM— A small tree usually from 15-25 ft. high but may reach a height of 40 ft. with
a diameter of 18 inches. Trunk with little taper uy to the first branches and then practlcaUy
disappears entirely in the branches. Crown Iwoad, high, and rather dense.

BAKK— On younger stems and branches light brovm to reddish-gray and rather smooth. On
older stems reddish-brown to black, broken up Into quadrangular scaly blocka. Bark rather
bitter and ill-smelling. See Mg. 124.

TWIGS— Usually red, sometimes tinged with green, smooth, glossy, often covered with a
glaucous bloom; lenticela few and small; pith white and gritty.

BUDS— Opposite; terminal bud present. Flower-buds terminal, spherioal, 1/5-2/5 of an inch
broad, covered by two opposite pairs of bud-scalea. Lateral buds small often covered by peraist-
ent bases of leaf-stalks. Terminal leaf-buds reddish, slighUy downy, covered by 2 gaping bud-
scalea.

LEAVES— Opposite, simple, clustered towards end of branches, ovate, 3-5 inches long, 2-3
inchea wide, acute at apex, wedge-shaped at base, entire to wavy on margin, bright dark green
above, pale below. Midrib and primary veina prominent.

LEAF-SCABS— Opposite, may or may not encircle stem; bundle-scars 8 and occasionally more.
Evidently-raised on the base of leaf-atalks on seasons' growth, and forming a deep Y-abaped
notch between them.

FLOWEBS— Appear about April. Perfect, greenish, arranged In dense heads, and surrounded
by a large white involucre which is often mistaken for the corolla.

FBTTIT — Ripens about October. A scarlet ovoid drupe about 8/5 of an inch long, containing
a grooved stone, borne aolitary or in closters of 2-6 on a sUlk. Undeveloped pistillate flowers
often persist about base of fruit.

WOOD^-Diffuse-porous; medullary rays distinct; light red or pink in color. Wood very heavy,
hard, strong, tough, pale reddish-brown to pinkish, with lighter colored sapwood. Weighs 51
lbs. per cubic foot. Used for shuttles, golf stick heads, brqsh blocks, wedges, engravers' blocks,
tool handles, and many kinds of turnery.

DISTINOXriSHINa CHARACTERISTICS— The Flowering Dogwood, also known as Boxwood,
Dogwood and Flowering Cornel, can be distinguished by its opposite branching, bright red or oc-
casionally greenlrti twigs, small lateral buds covered by the persistent bases of the leaf-stalks,
large spherical flower-buds, terminal leaf-buds with a single pair of bud-scales, and by its
alligator bark. In autumn the fruit, and In spring the flowers, also aid in diBtingnishlng it.

RANGE — Massachusetts weat through Ontario to Michigan and Missouri and south to Florida
and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Locally throughout the State; most common in the
eastern and southern parts.

HABITAT— Prefers well-drained soil but will grow on most of our soils. Generally prevalent
but most common and thrives best in low, moist, and rather fertile situations. Usually found
in the understory of the forest.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Flowering Dogwood is valuable for ornamental pur-
poses and for its wood. Few trees surpass it in beauty when In bloom and when fruiting. In
this State it does not reach a sufflcient slae to be of commercial Importance. It should be
maintained in our forest on account of its beauty and its value as a soil improver, since it
is very tolerant and will grow readily in the understory of the forest.

PLATE CXVI. FLOWERING DOGWOOD

1. A flowering branch, with tlirec clusters of

white involiuTe, x J.

2. A sinjirlc flower, enlarged.

.'!. A fruitiiij,' branch with inntiiro loaves, x i
4. A winter twig with two terminal splierieal
r>. Terminal section of a winter twig showing

flowers, each siirrciunded by a .siiowy 4-l»r!icte(l

flower l)U<ls, x }.

leaf-scars and leaf-buds, onlargod.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

PLATE CXVII. ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD

1. A flowering branch, x J.
•2. A fruiting branch, x }.

3. A winter twig, natural size.

4. Terminal section of a winter twig, enlarged.

211

ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD
Comus altemifolia, Linnaeus

FOEM— A gmaU tree nsually about 10-20 ft. high but may reach a height of 30 ft. with
a diameter of 8 inches. Trunk is Aort. Crown broad, deep, flat-topped, and denae.

BARK—- Rather thin; on younger stems greenish streaked with white, and smooth; on older
stems reddish-brown and roughened by shallow longitudinal fissures which are sometimes joined
transversely.

TWIGS— Alternate, rather slender and flexible, smooth, often glossy, at first reddlsh-grreen,
later dark green and often striped with white; bitter to the taste and emitting an offensive
smell if punctured; maiked with leaf -scars and scattered lenticels.

BX7D8— Alternate, rarely opposite, oval, sharp-pointed, covered with a few, usually 2-3 chest-
nut-brown scales. Outer scales are often separated towards apex.

LEAVES Alternate, sometimes opposite, sln4>Ie, frequently clustered at end of branches, 3-5
inches long, 2-8 Inches wide, ovate, acuminate at apex, wedge-shaped at base, entire or wavy
on margin, bright green above, usually almost white downy below.

LEAF-SOARS— Alternate, sometimes opposite, situated on extensions of the twigs, with their
surfaces often at right angles to twigs; in outline resembles the moon in first quarter and
contain 8 bundle-scars.

FLOWERS— Appear about April. Cream-colored, i>erfect, borne in many-flowered terminal
cymes.

FRVIT — ^A dark blue spherical drupe, i of an inch in diameter, tipped with remnants of the
style, borne in cymes. Ripens in October.

WOOI>— About the same as the flowering dogwood, but no uses of it are reported.

DISTIKOUISHIVG CHARACTERISTICS — The Alternate-leaved Dogwood, also known as Blue-
Dogwood, Purple Dogwood, Green Osier, and Pigeon-berry, may be distinguished by Its alternate
branching, reddish-green to dark green twigs, cream-colored flowers and dark blue fruit arranged
in cymes. It does not have the alligator bark of the Flowering Dogwood and usually frequents
molster habitats.

RAKG-E — Nova Scotia to Alabama, and westward to Minnesota.

DISTRIBUTIOK IN PENITSYLVAinA- Throughout the State. Conunon in the portions which
are well watered.

HABITAT— Prefers moist well-drained soil. Most common along streams and other bodies of
water and borders of woodlands. Very tolerant of shade.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Alternate-leaved Dogwood Is of little commercial im-
Iiortance. It is very pretty and may be of value as a soU-oonserver.

j

PLATE CXVII. ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD

1. A flowering: lniiiu'h, x ?. .

J. A frnitint;; branch, x h.

:',. A winter twin, iiiiluial size.

4. Terniinal seetiun t>f ii winter Iwif,', enljirfjed.

211

ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD

Comus alternifolia, Linnaeus

FORM— A small tree usually about 10-20 ft. high but may reach a height of 30 ft. with
a diameter of 8 inches. Trunk is short. Crown broad, deep, flat-topped, and dense.

BARK — Rather thin; on younger stems grreenish strealced with white, and smooth; on older
stems reddish-brown and roughened by shallow longitudinal fissures which are sometimes joined
transversely.

TWIGS— Alternate, rather slender and flexible, smooth, often glossy, at first reddish-green,
later dark green and often striped with white; bitter to the taste and emitting an ofifensive
smell if punctured; maiked with leaf-scars and scattered lenticels.

BTJDS— Alternate, rarely opposite, oval, sharp-pointed, covered with a few, usually 2-3 chest-
nut-brown scales. Outer scales are often separated towards apex.

LEAVES— Alternate, sometimes opposite, simple, frequently clustered at end of branches, 3-5
inches long, 2-3 inches wide, ovate, acuminate at apex, wedge-shaped at base, entire or wavy
on margin, bright green above, usually almost white downy below.

LEAF-SOAKS— Alternate, sometimes opposite, situated on extensions of the twigs, with their
surfaces often at right angles to twigs; in outline resembles the moon in first quarter and
contain 3 bundle-scars.

FLOWERS— Appear about April. Cream-colored, perfect, borne in many-flowered terminal
cymes.

FRUIT — ^A dark blue spherical drupe, J of an inch in diameter, tipped with remnants of the
style, borne in ojTnes. Ripens in October.

WOOD — ^About the same as the flowering dogwood, but no uses of it are reported.

DISTINGTJISHIirO CHARACTERISTICS— The Altornate-leaved Dogwood, also known as Blue-
Dogwood, Purple Dogwood, Green Osier, and Pigeon-berry, may be distinguished by its alternate
branching, reddish-green to dark green twigs, cream-colored flowers and dark blue fruit arranged
in cymes. It does not have the alligator bark of the Flowering Dogwood and usually frequents
moister habitats.

RANGE — Nova Scotia to Alabama, and westward to Minnesota.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Throughout the State. Conunon in the portions which
are well watered.

HABITAT — Prefers moist well-drained soil. Most common along streams and other bodies of
water and borders of woodlands. Very tolerant of shade.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Alternate-leaved Dogwood is of little commercial im-
iwrtance. It is very pretty and may be of value as a soil-conserver.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

212

BLACK GUM

Nyssa sylvatica, Marshall

GENUS DESCRIPTION— Thp pcnus Nyssa Is rather limited In Its distribution, beinp confined
to the eastern United Statos and fcouthem Asia. It comprises 7 species in the world, 5 of which
are native to North America and 1 to Pennsylvania. All the representatives produce wood which
is very tough on account of twisted and contorted j?rnin.

FORM— Usually a medium-sized tree with a height of 15-40 ft., but may reach a height
of 100 ft. Avith a diameter of r>-feft. Tnmk straight and rather continuous. Many lateral
branches are horizontal; some of the lower are drooping and the upper ascending. Old trees
often have a low flat crown but have their middle and lower trunk covered with small hori-
zontal branches.

BARK — Grayish, smooth to scaly on young trunks; reddish-brown to grayish-black, very
rough and scaly on older trunks. rVvrms what is known as alligator bark on very old trunks
characterized by quadrangular and hexagonal blocks. See Fig. 121.

TWIGS — Smooth, with few lenticels. grayish to reddish-brown; pith rather large, white,
separated by layers of stone cells which may 1>e .seen with magnifying glass.

BUDS — Alternate, ovate, reddish-brown, i of an inch long, usually smooth, covered by .^-.^
visible, ovate, closely overlapping scales. Ijflteral buds sometimes superpowd, smaller than
terminal one. Buds originate close to leaf-scars and occasionally protrude into them.

LEAVES — Alternate, simple, oval. 2-5 Inches long, acute nt apex, wedge-shaped at base,
entire and slightly thickened on margin, dark green and shiny above, often hairy below, turn-
ing to a gorgeous red in fall.

LEAF-SCARS — ^Alternate, conspicuous, rather large,, broadly crescent-shaped, with three single
or 3 groups of bundU-sciirs, which are conspicuous on account of size; brownish in color,
contrasting with lighter surface of the leaf-scar.

FLOWERS — Appear in M.ny or June. Borne on long slender somewhat doAvny stalks. Stam-
inate and pistillate flowers sepnrate. Staminate recur in dense many-flowered heads; pis-
tillate in open few-flowered clusters.

FRUIT — A small dark blue, fleshy berry or drupe, ovoid, 5 of an inch long, 1-3 In a cluster,
often with a few remnants of undeveloped pistillate flowers at base. Borne on long stalks.
Ripens in October.

WOOD — Diffuse-porous; rays indistinct; growth-rings usually Indistinct; pores numerous,
small, uniform in size and distribution; wood cross-grained, tough to split, difficult to work,
not hard, moderately strong and stiff, not durable, light yellow. Weighs 37 lbs. per cubic
foot. Used for hubs of wheels, boxes, ironing boards, rolling pins, chopping bowls, excelsior,
broom handles, baskets, and berry crates.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Black Gum, also known ns Sour Gum, Tupelo,
and Pepperidge. can be distinguished by its alligator l)ark whpn old, grayish to reddish-brown
smooth clear twins when young, which are marked with conspicuous leaf-scars with three
bundle-scflrs. The Itudx diverge very much from the twigs and may be sui>erpo8ed. Lateral
branclios on young trees often take a horizontal position. The separation of the pith by stone
cells, the gorgeous red color of the autumnal foliage, and the bluish berries also aid in
recognizing it.

RANGE — Maine to Tampa T'.ay, Flurida; west to southern Ontario and Michigan, southward
to Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Very common in the eastern, central, and southern
parts, local in western part, rarer in northern part. Reaches large size In swamps of Adame,
Mifflin, and Franklin counties.

HABITAT — Fotmd in vari;ible haltitats. Very common on burnt-over areas, on dry mountain
slopes, abandoned fields, abandoned charcoal hearths; but reaches its Iwst development along
streams and in low wet situations. "While it lias preferences, it is not a chooser of habitats.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — ^The Black Gum has been despised since the early farmers
tried to split it for fenc«e rails. It is slowly gaining favor, but is not of sulHcient Importance
to be recommended for forest planting. Its aiitumnal foliage is beautiful and in winter the
form of young trees is ver>' attractive.

PLATE CXVIII. BLACK GUM

A pistillate
A stJimiiiMte

llovcriii;;

lii';i ii< h,
biiintli.

4.

A fniitliig JinUK'h witli niiiluze leave;
A winter twig, uiitural size,
Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

X h.

212

BLACK GUM

Nyssa sylvatica, Marshall

OEKXTS DESCRIPTION— The genus Nyssa Is rather limited In Its distribution, belnia: confined
to the eastern United States and southern Asia. It comprlsf-n 7 species In the world, 5 of which
are native to North America and 1 to Pennsylvania. All the representatives produce wood which
is very tough on account of twisted and contorted grain.

FORIK— Usually a medium-sized tree Avith a height of 15-40 ft., but may reach a height
of 100 ft. Avlth a diameter of 5-feot. Tnink straight and rather continuous. Many lateral
branches are horizontal; some of the lower are drooping and the upper ascending. Old trees
often have a low flat crown but have their middle and lower tnuik covered with small hori-
zontal branches.

RARK — Grayish, smooth to scaly on young trunks; reddish-brown to grayish-black, very
rough and scaly on older trunks. I<\>rm8 what is known as alligator bark on very old tnmks
characterized by quadrangular and hexagonal blocks. See Fig. 121.

TWIGS — Snwoth, with few lenticels, grayish to reddish-brown; pith rather large, white,
separated by layers of stone cells which may be seen with magnifying glass.

BTIDS— Alternate, ovate, roddlsh-brown, } of an Inch long, usually smooth, covered by 3-5
visible, ovate, closely overlapping scales. Lateral buds sometimes superpofced. smaller than
terminal one. Buds originate close to leaf-scars and occasionally protrude into them.

LEAVES — Alternate, simple, oval. 2-5 Inches long, acute at apex, wedge-shaped at base,
entire and slightly thickened on margin, dark green and shiny above, often hairy below, turn-
ing to a gorgeous red In fall.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, conspicuous, rather large,, broadly crescent-shaped, with three single
or 3 groups of bundlf-scars, which are conspicuous on account of size; brownish in color,
contrasting with lighter surface of the leaf-scar.

FLOWERS^ Appear in May or June. Borne on long slender somewhat doAvny stalks. Stam-
inate and pistillate flowers sepurute. Staminate occur in dense many-flowered heads; pis-
tillate in open few-flowered clusters.

FRUIT — A small dark blue, fleshy berry or drupe, ovoid, f of an inch long, 1-3 in a cluster,
often M'ith a few remnants of undeveloped pistillate flowers at base. Borne on long stalks.
Ripens in October.

WOOD — Diffuse-porous; rays indistinct; growth-rings usually Indistinct; pores numerous,
small, xmiform in size and distribution; wood cross-grained, tough to split, difficult to work,
not hard, moderately strong and stiff, not durable, light yellow. Weighs 37 lbs. per cubic
foot. Used for hubs of wheels, boxes, ironing boards, rolling pins, chopping bowls, excelsior,
broom handles, baskets, and berry crateg.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Bla«k Gum, also known as Sour Gum, Tupelo,
and Pepppridge, can be distinsruished by Its alliqrator bark when old. grayish to reddish-brown
wmooth clear twigs when young, which are marked Avith conspicuous leaf-scars with three
bundle-sttars. The budsf diverge very mueh from the twigs and may be «iuperposed. Lateral
brandies on young trees often take a horizontal position. The separation of the pith by stone
cells, the gorgeous red color of the autumnal foliage, and the bluish berries also aid in
recognizing it.

RANGE — Maine to Tampa Bay. Florida; west to southern Ontario and Michigan, southward
to Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — ^Very common in the eastern, central, and southern
parts, local in western part, rarer in northern i>art. Reaches large size in swamps of Adams,
Mifflin, and Franklin counties.

HABITAT — Foimd in variable hat)itats. Very common on burnt-over areas, on dry mountain
slopes, abandoned fields, abandoned charcoal hearths; but reaches Its best development along
streams and in low wet situations. While it 1ms preferences, it is not a <'liooser of habitats.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Black Gum has been despised since the early farmers
tried to aipllt it for fence rails. It is slowly gaining favor, but is not of suflldent importance
to be recommended for forest planting. Its autumnal foliage is beautiful and in winter the
form of young trees is very attractive.

PLATE CXVIII. BLACK GUM

1. A pistillate flowfiiii},' branch, x J.

2. A staminate llowi-riii^' branch, x h.

.S. A fruiting branrh -with mature leaves,

4. A winter twig, natural size.

5. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

X J.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

^

I

\

PLATE CXIX. MOUNTAIN LAUREL

1. Flowcrinj? branrli with (I) initnatuif It-avrs. (n;) inatiirt.' leaves, and with oinn and closed

blossoms, X J.

2. Branch with mature leaves and mature fruit, x J.

3. A fruit, enlarged.

213
MOUNTAIN LAUREL
Kalmia latifolia, Linnaeus

FAMILY AND GENUS DESCRIPTION— The Health family, Ericaceae, embraceg specleg which
are amongst our best known and most popular shrubR. The Huckleberries, Blueberrieu, Cran-
berries, Azaleas, Kalmias, and Rhododendrons are some of the commonest representatives.
Very few representatives are of any special economic value on account of the wood which
they produce. Some are Important on accoiunt of their aesthetic value, while others yield
valuable food or are used in medicine. This family comprises about 90 srenera with more
than 1,400 species, of which number al>out 40 genera are found in the United States, 7 of which
have tree representatives. The flora of Pennsylvania comprises 27 genera with about 45 species.
Since most of them are shrubs only 3 species representing 3 genera are described here. The
genera here described are Kalmia, Rhododendron, and Oxydendrum.

The genus Kalmia comprises 5 or 6 species in North America and Cuba. The species
described on this page is the only one which reaches tree-size. Two other shrub species, Sheep
Laurel (Kalmia angustlfolia L. ) and SVamp Laurel (Kalmia pollfolla Wang.), are also native
to this State. The genus is named after Peter Kalm, a Swedish naturalist, who traveled in
North America during the middle of the 18th century.

FORK — In Pennsylvania usually a shrub 5-10 ft. In height with a stout stem which Is
usually forked, often Inclined and bearing divergent branches which form a round comimct head.
In the South it reaches a height of 30-40 ft. with a diameter of 20 inches.

BARK— Very thin, reddish-brown, furrowed, peels off Into long, narrow, thin scales exposing
cinnamon-red inner bark.

TWIG'S— At first reddish-green covered with viscid hairs, later becoming decidedly green, and
Anally brown. Rather smooth except where roughened by leaf-scars and bud-scale scars.

BUDS— Alternate, ovate, sharp-pointed, greenish in color. Leaf-buds are formed early and
appear below the clustered flower-buds. Flower-buds arp covered by numerous, downy and over-
lapping green scales which are coated with glandular hairs and enlarge with the developing
shoot In spring.

LEAVES— Alternate, sometimes paired, simple, oblong, wedge-shaped at base, entire-mar-
gined,- acute at apex sometimes tipped with bristle point, 3-4 inches long, about i of an inch
wide. Mature leaves are thick, leathery, dark green, glossy above, yellowish-green below, and
Iterslst for two seasons.

LEAF-SCARS — ^Large, imbedded in twig, with a cluster of bundle-scars.

FLOWERS— Emerge from flower buds which begin to expand in early spring and open about
May or June. Flowers are borne in red or green scurfy stalks and arranged In dense many-
flowered corymbs which have a diameter of about 4 inches. Calyx is divided into five parts.
Corolla Is white to rose-colored and viscid pubescent.

FRUIT — Matures about September. It is a many-seeded woody capsule, roundish In outline
but slightly flve-lobed and covered with viscid hairs. Both style and calyx persist. Each
capsule produces many seeds.

WOOD"— IMflfuse-porous: heavy, hard, strong, rather brittle. Heartwood reddish-brown, sap-
wood lighter colored. Weighs 45 lbs. per cubic foot. Where It grows to a fair size it Is an
excellent wood for fuel. It is also used in manufacture of tool handles, penholders, bucket
handles, turnery, and tobacco pipes. About 85.000 lbs. of this- wood are produced annually in
North Carolina for pipes.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Mountain Laurel, also known as Kalmia and
Calico Bush, is one of our few broad-leaved species whose leaves persist over winter. It can
be distinguished from all other species native to this State by Its thick leathery leaves which
are 3-4 Inches long, persistent, decidedly glossy on upper surface and yellowish-green on lower
surface. The Great Laurel or Rhwlodendron Is also evergreen but its leaves and buds are much
larger than those of the Mountain Laurel. The leaves of the Mountain Laurel are shorter,
narrower, and sharper-pointed than those of the Rhododendron,

RANGE — New Brung^vick south generally along the mountains to Florida west to Arkansas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Throughout the State. MIost common In the moun-
tainous parts, where it often forms almost impenetrable thickets. Very rare and local, or absent,
in the extreme western part,

HABITAT — Common along margins of swamps and as an understory In deciduous forests.
AlBO found on hillsides and hilltops. Very common on rocky hilltops.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Mountain Laurel remains too small in this State to
be of commercial importance on account of the wood which it produces. Next to Rhododendron,
It is the most attractive native shrub found in our flora. It is a favorite with lovers of the
woods who admire not only Its blossoms, but also its leaves and Its habit of growth.

f

;

\

PLATE CXIX. MOUNTAIN LAUREL

1. rinwciiiij; lirjiiuli with {1} iiiiiniilnrc Icavrs. ( ii.^ iiiaturc liavi>-, ami with "inn ami chiscd

lilossoiiis, X i.

2. Branch with mature leaves and jiiatuio fruit, x J.

3. A fruit, enlarged.

213
MOUNTAIN LAUREL
Kalmia latifolia, Linnaeus

FAMILY AND GENUS DESCRIPTION— Tlie Health family, Ericaceae, enVbracos specieg which
are amonffst our best known and most popular shnibf. The Huckleberries, Blueberries, Cran-
berries. Azaleas. Kalmias, and Rhododendrons are some of the commonest representatives.
Very few representatives are of any special economic value on account of the wood which
they produce. Some are Important on account of their aesthetic value, while others yield
valuable food or are psed in medicine. This family comprises about 90 genera with more
than 1,400 species, of which number about 40 genera are found in the United States, 7 of which
have tree representatives. The flora of Pennsylvanl.i comiprises 27 genera with about 45 species.
Since most of them are shrubs only 3 species representing 3 genera are described here. The
genera here described ore Kalmia, Rhododendron, and Oxydendrum.

The genus Kalmia romprist-s 5 or G species In North America and Cuba. The species
described on this page is the only one which reaches tree-size. Two other shrub species. Sheep
Laurel (Kalmia angustifolia L. ) and S\vamp Laurel (Kalmia pollfolla Wang.), are also native
to this State. The genus is named after Peter Kalm, a Swedish nat\iralist, who traveled in
North America during the middle of the 18th century.

FOBM — Tn Pennsylvania usually a shrub 5-10 ft. in height with a stout stem which is
usually forked, often inclined and bearing divergent branches which form a round compact head.
In the South it reaches a height of 30-40 ft. with a diameter of 20 Inches.

BARK — ^Very thin, reddish-brown, furrowed, peels off into long, narrow, thin scales exposing
cinnamon-red inner bark.

TWIGS — At first reddish-green covered with viscid hairs, later becoming decidedly green, and
finally brown. Rather smooth except where roughened by leaf-scars and bud-scale scars.

BUDS— Alternate, ovate, sharp-pointed, greenish in color. Leaf-buds are formed early and
appear below the «'lustered flower-buds. Flower-buds are covered by numerous, downy and over-
lapping green scales which are coated with glandular hairs and enlarge with the developing
shoot in spring.

LEAVES — Altornnte, sometimes paired, simple, oblong, wedge-shaped at base, entire-mar-
gined,- acute at apex sometimes tipped with bristle point, 3-4 inches long, about } of an inch
wide. Mature leaves are thick, leathery, dark green, glossy above, yellowish-green below, and
Itersist for two seasons.

LEAF-SCARS — Large, imbedded in twig, with a cluster of bundle-scars.

FLOWERS — Emerge from flower buds which begin to expand in early spring and open about
May or June. Flowers are borne in red or green scurfy stalks and arranged In dense many-
flowered corymbs which have n diameter of about 4 inches. CaljTC is divided into five parts.
Corolla is white to ro.se-colored and vlsrld pubescent.

FRUIT — Matures about September. It is a many-seeded woody capsule, roundish In outline
but slightly flve-lobed and covered with viscid hairs. Both style and calyx persist. Each
capsule produces many seeds.

WOOI>— Diflfuse-porous; heavy, hard, str«mg, rather brittle. Heartwood reddish -brown, sap-
wood lighter colored. Weighs 45 lbs. per cubic foot. Where It grows to a fair size It is an
excellent wood for fuel. It is also used in manufacture of tool handles, penholders, bucket
handles, turner}', and tobacco pipes. Alwut R5,000 lbs. of this wood are produced annually In
North Carolina for pipes.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Mountain Laurel, also known as Kalmia and
Calico Bush, Is one of our few broad-leaved species whose leaves persist over winter. It can
bo distinguished from all other species native to this State by its thick leathery leaves which
are 3-4 inches long, persistent, decidedly glossy on upper surface and yellowish-green on lower
surface. The Great Jjaurel or Rhododendron Is also evergreen but its leaves and buds are much
larger than those of the ^fountain Laurel. The leaves of the Mountain Laurel are shorter,
narrower, and sharper-pointed than those of the Rhododendron.

RANGE — New Brunswick south generally along the mountains to Florida west to Arkansas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA- Throughout the State. Mtost common In the moun-
tainous parts, where it often forms almost impenetrable thickets. Very rare and local, or absent,
In the extreme western part.

HABITAT — Common along ni«rglns of swamps and as an understory in deciduous forests.
Also found on hillsides and hilltops. Very common on rocky hilltops.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Mountain Laurel remains too small In this State to
be of coinmerclal importance on account of the wood which it produces. Next to Rhododendron,
it is the most attractive native shrub found In our flora. It Is a favorite with lovers of the
woods who admire not only its blossoms, but also its leaves and Its habit of growth.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

214

GREAT LAUREL

Rhodendron maximum, Linnaeus

GENTIS DESCRIPTION — ^The name Rhododendron is of Greek origin and means Rose tree. It
comprises about 100 species of shrubs and a few small trees in the northern hemisphere. About
10 species are native to North America and 1 to Pennsylvania.

FORM — A shrub or small bushy tree. In this State usually a shrub from 5-12 ft. in height,
but In the mountains of the South it may reach a height of 35 ft. Stems often twisted,
bearing contorted branches which form an irregular round head.

BAEK — Thin, reddish-brown, at flrst close, later peeling off into thin scales.

TWIGS— At first green and coated with rusty pubescence but become smooth during first
winter, and gradually turn to bright red-brown.

BUDS— Alternate; leaf -buds and flower-buds distinct. I/eaf-buds usually axillary, sometimes
terminal, dark green, cone-shaped, form in midsummer. Flower-buds usually terminal, cone-
shaped, 1-lJ Inches long, covered by numerous, overlapping, green bracts.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, persistent, clustered at apex of branches, ovate to oblong, acute
at apex, rounded to wedge-shaped at base, entire on margin, 4-11 inches long, 1J-2J Inches
wide, thick, leathery, smooth and dark green on upi)er surface, whitish on lower surface.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, slightly raised, conspicuous, rounded at base, slightly depressed
at top, with several bundle-scars arranged in a U-shaped line.

FLOWERS— Appear about June after the new leaves are fully developed, are arranged In
umbel-like clusters about 4-5 Inches in diameter, and borne on glandular pedicels. Individual
flowers are perfect, pale rose to white in color; upper petals marked by yellowish-green dots.

FRUIT — ^A dark reddish-brown capsule about J of an inch long, which persists until the fol-
lowing season. Capsules split open lengthwise liberating oblong flattened seeds. Surrounded
at the base by persistent calyx and terminated by persistent linear style.

WOOD — Diffuse-porous; hard, strong, brittle, light brown with lighter sapwood. Weighs
39 lbs. per cubic foot. Of little commercial use but occasionally manufactiired into tool handles
and engraving blocks. Excellent for fuel where it reaches a fair size.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — The Great Laurel, also known as Rhododendron and
Rose Bay, can be distinguished from all other species of trees native to Pennsylvania by Its
large, persistent, leathery, 8inH)le leaves which are clustered towards the end of the branches
and alternate In their arrangement. Its shrubby form and its preference for moist habitats
also aid In distinguishing It. The conical flower-buds, which are usually terminal and often
over an Inch long, are also characteristic. The twigs are evidently marked by the bud-scale
scars.

RANGE — Nova Scotia and Lake Erie on the north, south along the mountains to northern
Georgia.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found throughout the State. Rare in the southeastern
and western parts. Abundant throughout the mountainous parts.

HABITAT — In the North frequents a cold swampy situation. In the Soqth It ascends the
mountains to 3,000 ft. but remains along the banks of streams. Tolerates most soils except
limestone.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Rhododendron does not reach a large enough size In
Pennsylvania to produce wood of commercial Importance. In the South it often becomes a tree.
It is the most attractive shrub in our flora, and will thrive in a variety of situations but
prefers moist locations and flees from soils which contain lime.

i

f

\

PLATE CXX. GREAT LAUREL

1. I'.liinrli with Iililllllt' Jliul illilllilturc h-ivcs, ;iIh1 clllst;'!- <>f ii|m'|| llnwcis. .\ \.

'J. A ^nlitill^' liraiicli with ii hir^f Ininiiiiil lnid, x *.

;;. CiHss stM'tinii ol a Iruit cJipsuU' slmwing fivf cells, nnliiral si/c.

2U

GREAT LAUREL
Rhodendron maximum, Linnaeus

GENUS DESOBIPTION — ^The name Rhododendron is of Greek origin and meanB Rose tree. It
comprises about 100 species of shrobs and a few small trees In the northern hemisphere. Aboat
10 species are native to North America and 1 to Pennsylvania.

FORM — ^A shrub or small bushy tree. In this State usually a shrub from 6-12 ft. in height,
but in the mountains of the Bouth It may reach a height of 86 ft. 8tem« often twisted,
bearing contorted branches which form an Irregular round head.

BARS— /Thin, reddUh-brown, at first close, later peeling off Into thin scales.

TWIGS— At first green and coated with rusty pubescence but become smooth during first
winter, and gradually turn to bright red-brown.

BUDS— Alternate; leaf -buds and flower-buds distinct. Leaf-buda usually axillary, sometimes
terminal, dark green, cone-shaped, form In midsummer. Flower-buds usually terminal, cone-
shaped, 1-1} inches long, covered by munerous, overlapping, green bracts.

LEAVES— -Alternate, simple, persistent, clustered at apex of branches, ovate to oblong, acute
at apex, rounded to wedge-shaped at base, entire on niargln, 4-11 inches long, l}-2} inches
wide, thick, leathery, smooth and dark green on upper surface, whitish on lower surface.

LEAF-BCARft— Alternate, slightly raised, conspicuous, rounded at base, slightly depressed
at top, with several bundle-scars arranged in a U-shaped line.

FLOWERS— Appear about June after the new leaves are fully developed, are arranged in
umbel-Uke clusters about 4-5 Inches In diameter, and borne on glandular pedicels. Individual
flowers are perfect, pale rose to white In color; upper petals marked by yellowish -green dots.

FRUIIV-A dark reddish-brown capsule about i of an inch long, which persists until the fol-
lowing season. Capsules split open lengthwise liberating oblong flattened seeds. Surrounded
at the base by persistent calyx and terminated by persistent linear style.

WOOD— Diffuse-porous; hard, strong, brittle, light brown with lighter sapwood. Weighs
38 lbs. per cubic foot. Of little commercial use but occasionally manufactured Into tool handles
and engraving blocks. Excellent for fuel where it reaches a fair size.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS — ^The Great Laurel, also known as Rhododendron and
Rose Bay, can be distinguished from all other species of trees native to Pennsylvania by Its
large, i)er3lstent, leathery, single leaves which are clustered towards the end of the branches
and alternate in their arrangement. Its shrubby form and its preference for moist habitats
also aid in distinguishing it. The conical flower-buds, which are usually terminal and often
over an inch long, are also characteristic. The twigs are evidently marked by the bud-scale
scars.

RANGi^Nova Scotia and Lake Erie on the north, south along the mountains to northern
Georgia.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Found throughout the State,
and western parts. Abundant throughout the mountainous parts.

Rare in the southeastern

HABITAT — In the North frequents a cold swampy situation. In the South It ascends the
mountains to 3,000 ft. but remains along the banks of streams. Tolerates most soils except
limestone.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Rhododendron does not reach a large enough size in
Pennsylvania to produce wood of commercial Importance. In the South it often becomes a tree.
It is the most attractive shrub In our flora, and will thrive in a variety of situations but
prefers moist locations and flees from soils which oontain lime.

•■

■•■ t

PLATE CXX. GREAT LAUREL

1. liruiicli witli iiiatuiv niul iniiiiaturi' Icuvcs, and cluster of o]u>ii llnwcrs, x J.

2. A fruiting linnirh with a laiiic tcnninal bud, x A.

3. Cioss-sectiua of a I'ruit capsule showing live cells, natural size.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

PLATE CXXI. SOUR-WOOD

1. A flowerins branch with long one-sided racemes of flowers clustered in an open panicle x §.

2. A few ra<'emes of fruit, x i.

.'{. <'ross-se<"tion of a capsule showing five cells filled with seeds, slightly enlarged.

4. A Avinter twig, enlarged.

5. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

215

SOUR-WOOD

Oxydendrum arboreum, (Linnaeus) De Candolle

GENUS DESCRIPTION-The Sour-wood is the sole representative of the genus Oxydendrum.
The word Oxydendriuu means acid tree, in allusion to the acid foliage.

FORM-A medium-sized tree which may reach a height of 50-60 ft with a ^j^^^^^
inches, but usually is about 25 ft. in height with a diameter of 8 Inches. Trunk usually
straight, tall, slender, and bears a narrow round-topped crown.

«*i»Tr B«thP^ thlok rouirhened by fissures which separate rounded ridges covered with
thfcf sc:ref 'on' or^n^SryUh oLn tinged with red; on young branches reddish-brown.

TWIGS-Rather slender, at first yellowish-green, later orange-colored and reddish-brown.
Marked with numerous, oblong, elevated lentlcels.

BUD^Altemate, axillary: terminal buds absent; small, partly Imbedded in the bark, acute
at apex, covered with several opposite dark red scales.

LEAVE&-Altemate. simple, oblong, stalked, acute at apex, wedge-shaped at base, serrate
on margin, very smooth. 5-7 Inches long, lJ-21 inches wide.

LEAF-SOAES-Altemate, elevated, nearly triangular, with a single compounded bundle-scar.

FLOWERS-Appear about July. White, perfect, with cylindrical corolla, and borne In racemes
often 6-8 Inches long.

the Appalachian tonbark sleds, and for tool handles.

also characteristic.

EANGE-Pennsylvanla and Indiana «»uth to Florida and western Louisiana.

land county.

K4B.TAI-U».lly fr«.uenu weU-<.™.aed .oU.. Commonly to^ » """*«• '»"- •■-'
Streams.

of southwertem Penn.ylvanla. Its »maU »to and ""''^ """ .ttractlTC ornamental tree on
r.n'r'o? rJ^!rte'ir;?L?S=- .^nVat.-Sr'a.nmna. ,o„a.e.

Vic'

PLATE CXXI. SOUR-WOOD

1. A flonrrinu luiiin'h with Imit oiic-siiicd latciin's of flowers olustcrcd in ;iii ii|M'Ii pniiicle x J.

li. A few riiit'ini's of fruit, x A.

;;. (niss-scftion of a capsule sliowing fivu ci'lls filicil with seeds, slightlv enlarged.

4. A winter twiju', enlarged.

o. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

215

SOUR-WOOD

Oxydendrum arboreum, (Linnaeus) De Candolle

GENUS DESCRIPTION-The Sour-wood is the sole representative of the genus Oxydendrum.
The word Oxydendrum means acid tree, in allusion to the acid foliage.

FOEM-A medium-si^ed tree which may reach a height of 50-60 ft^ with a ^^^^er^^^^O
inches, but usually la about 25 ft. in height with a diameter of 8 inches. Trunk usually
straight, tall, slender, and bears a narrow round-topped croA^-n^.

HATlK Rather thick roughened by fissures which separate rounded ridges covered with
thfcf s^^Tes on old trlinks 'grayish of'ten tinged with red; on young branches reddish-brown.

TWIGS-Rather slender, at first yellowish-green, later orange-colored and reddish-brown.
Marked with numerous, oblong, elevated lentlcels.

BUDS-Altemate. axillary; terminal buds absent; small, partly imbedded in the bark, acute
at apex, covered with several opposite dark led scales.

LEAVES-Altemate. simple, oblong, stalked, acute at apex, wedge-shaped at base, serrate
on margin, very smooth. 5-7 Inches long. li-2J inches wide.

LEAF-SCARS-Altenuite. elevated, nearly triangular, with a single compounded bundle-scar.
FLOWERS-Appear about July. White, perfect, with cylindrical corolla, and borne in racemes
often 6-8 Inches long.

the Appalachian tanbark sleds, and for tool handles.

Gun., en be dl.tlngulshed In ^nuner by "" J''''f„;^' f Xtr ll". " b ch re.emble tbe
In racemes resembling tho lllyof-tbe-valle, The "UerMte WJ^_^^ ^JJ' „, ,^, 3,.,^ oum.

^\^y:^^Z£^T^^J:^J:^^T.T.^^:^^^l-.r .n.be.<.e.b, bar., are
also characteristic.

EANGE-Pennsylvania and Indiana south to Florida and western Louisiana.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA~i.>und o^^y JPa-ly^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
State. Reported from Mt. Pleasant. Fayette couny. and a field near Brusn we

land county.

,. ^ . ^ o«na noinmonlv found on hiUsldes, seldom along
HABITAT— Usually frequents well-drained soils. Commonly louno u

streams.

IMPOKTANOE Or THE ,»^^f^- -"—fml^L/'I^bSn t \jrs^r^r.Zl\
of southwestern Pennsylvania. Its small size ana ""J attractive ornamental tree on

S^n'r'-o? r=:ru'irr b3S al"atSra»tnmna. ,o.U.e.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

216

COMMON PERSIMMON
Diospyros virginiana, Linnaeus

FAMILY AND GENUS DESCRIPTION— The Ebony fnmily, Ebenaceao, is widely distributed
in tlie tropics, und only a few rei)re8entatives are found in tl\e temperate regions. It compriseg
about 6 genera witii more than 250 species. Tlie most imiwrtant genus i.s Diospyros which has 2
representatives in the flora of the United States and 1 in Pennsylvania. This genus comprises
about 160 species found mostly in the tropics. Members of this genus produce some of the ebony
of commerce, and valuable foods in China and Japan. The species described below is the sole
representative of this genus in eastern North America. One other species is found in the
southern and western parts of Texas.

FORM— A small tree usually from 25 to 50 ft. in height with a diameter of less than 12
inches, but may reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 2 feet. Trunk usually short and
slender. Crown high and broad topped. It often spreads by roots migrating under the ground,
forming dense thickets.

BARK— On old trunks, thick, hard, dark gray to dark brown or black, cinnamon-red at the
lx)ttom of the Assures; separate* into thick squarish blocks which peel off into thin scales.
See Fig. 120.

TWIGS— Slender, bitter, astringent, grayish to reddish-brown becoming darker In second
year, usually pale pubescent, covered with a few scattered orange-colored lenticels, and contain
large pith or pith chamber.

BUDS — Alternate, broadly ovate, closely pressed against twig, J of an inch long, sharp-
pointed, covered by 2 dark brown glossy scales; terminal bud absent.

LEAVES— Alternate, simple, oval, acute at apex, entire on margin, wedge-shaped to heart-
shaped at base, 4-6 inches long, thick, dark green and shiny above, often hairy below. Leaf-
stalks are J-1 inch long, and contain 1 ftbro-vascular bundle.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, elevated, flattened, contain 1 prominent bundle-scar which is trans-
versely-elongat'^d, or several becoming confluent.

FLOWERS— White, appearing about May or June. Staminate and pistillate flowers occur
separate. Stan>inate arranged in 2-3 flowered cymes. Pistillate solitary, and borne on short
stalks.

FRUIT — A juicy spherical orange-colored, often red-cheeked berry with remnants of style
persisting and seated in enlarged green calyx. Often very astringent. Sometimes edible be-
fore frost appears. Contains from 1-8 seeds, usually 4-6.

WOOD— Ring-pKtrous ; heavy, hard, compact, strong, susceptible to a high polish; heart-wood
is brown to black but usually fonns late; sapwood is wide, yellowish and often streaked with
black. Weighs about 49 lbs. i>er cul>ic foot. Used for shuttles, golf club heads, billard cues,
mallets, parquet flooring, brush backs, veneer.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Persimmon, also known as Date-plum and Pos-
sum-wood, can he distinguished in sunmier by Its alternate, simple, entire-margined, deep green
leaves with only 1 ftbro-vascnlar bundle in the leaf-stalk and the rough bark which is often
broken up into quadrangular IWocks and is evidently cinnamon-red at the base of the Assures.
In autunm the fruit is characteristic. In winter the rough bark with cinnamon-red color at the
Iwttoni of the Assures, the semi-orbicular leaf-scars with only 1 bundle-scar, the broadly ovate
buds with 2 dark lirovm scales, the reddish-brown slightly pubescent twigs with relatively large
pith or pith cavity, and the pi-rsistent remnants of flowers are distinctive.

RANGE — Connecticut to Florida, westward to Iowa and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Common in the eastern and southern parts. Ix)cal in
the southwestern part and occasional in the central part. Absent in the northern part and
Allegheny Mountain region. In the southwestern part reported from Allegheny, Greene, Wash-
ington, and Westmoreland counties. Planted trees do well as far north as the A. E. Ball
farm near Fredonia in Morcer county. A small group of trees have been reported from Beans
Cove, in southern Bedford county, near the Mason and Dixon line. Found in all the counties
southeast of the Blue Mountains, that is, below a line drawn fom Northan&pton, through
Dauphin to Fulton county. It extends beyond this line along the main river valleys. In the
Susiquehanna Valley it extends as far as Union county and follows the Juniata into Huntingdon
and Mifflin counties. A few small outposts are reported from Centre county. Large specimens
occur in the extreme southeastern part of the State. Trees 18 inches in diameter occur as far
north as Easton in Northampton county. Not reported north of the Delaware Water Gap.

I
I
i

HABITAT — Prefers a light, somewhat sandy well-drained soil.
CKpecially in the South.

Tolerates rich bottomlands

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — The Persimmon is too small in size and too limited In dis-
tribution In this S>tate to be of comm«eclal importance from the point of view of wood produc-
tion. It la essentially a southern tree. The tree has an attractive form, beautiful clean foliage,
and an exceptionally attractive bark. It rarely excee<ls 40 feet in height with a diameter of 12
inches In this State.

\

PLATE CXXII. COMMON PERSIMMON

1. A ln'jnicli witli pisliliair llowcrs, x J.

2. A branch witii stiiminiitc tloucrs, .\ l.

.'{. A fiiiitiiig biaiich willi niatuii' Iciivcs, x J.

1. .\ winter twij:. luitnial size.

5. Section of a winter twiy, cnlaigcd.

216

COMMON PERSIMMON

Diospyros virginiana, Linnaeus

FAMILT AND GENUS DESCRIPTION— The Ebony family, Bbenaceac, is widely distributed
In the tropics, and only a few representatives are found In the temperate regions. It comprises
about 6 genera with more than 250 species. The most iin]x>rtant genus is Diospyros which has 2
representatives in the flora of the United States and 1 in Pennsylvania. Tliis genus comprises
about 160 species found mostly in the tropics. Members of this genus produce some of the ebony
of commerce, and valuable foods in China and Japan. The species described below is the sole
representative of this genus in eastern North America. One other species is found in the
southern and western parts of Texas.

FOKM— A small tree usually from 26 to fiO ft. in height with a diameter of less than 12
inches, but may reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 2 feet. Trunk usually short and
slender. Crown high and broad topped. It often spreads by roots migrating under the ground,
forming iCense thickets.

BARK — On old trunks, thick, bard, dark gray to dark brown or black, cinnamon-red at the
bottom of the flssiu^s; separate into thick squarisAi blocks which ];>eel off into thin scales.
See Fig. 120.

TWIGS— Slender, bitter, astringent, grayish to reddish-brown becoming darker in second
year, usually pale pubescent, covered with a few scattered orange-colored lenticels, and contain
large pith or pith chamber.

BUDS — Alternate, broadly ovate, closely pressed againtrt twig, i of an inch long, sharp-
pointed, covered by 2 dark brown glossy scales; terminal bud absent.

LEAVER— Alternate, simple, oval, acute at apex, entire on margin, wedge-shaped to heart-
shaped at base, 4-6 inches long, thick, dark green and shiny above, often hairy below. Leaf-
stalks are i-1 inch long, and contain 1 ftbro-vascular bundle.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, elevated, flattened, contain 1 prominent bundle-scar which is trans-
versely-elongated, or several becoming confluent.

FLOWERS— White, appearing about May or Jime. Stamlnate and pistillate flowers occur
separate. Stanklnate arranged in 2-3 flowered cymes. Pistillate solitary, and borne on short
stalks.

FRUIT — A juicy spherical orange-colored, often red-cheeked berry with remnants of style
persisting and seated in enlarged green calyx. Often very astringent. Sometimes edible be-
fore frost appears. Contains from 1-8 seeds, usually 4-6.

WOOD— Ring-porous; heavy, hard, compact, strong, susceptible to a high polish; heart-wood
is brown to black but usually forms late; sapwood is wide, yellowish and often streaked with
black. Weighs about 49 lbs. i>er cubic foot. Used for shuttles, golf club heads, billard cues,
mallets, parquet flooring, brush backs, veneer.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Persimmon, also known as Date-plum and Pos-
srum-wood, can Xw. distinguished in sununer by its alternate, simple, entire-margined, deep green
leaves with only 1 flbro-vascular bundle in the leaf-stalk and the rough bark which is often
broken up into quadrangular blocks and is evidently cinnamon-red at the base of the flssures.
In autumn the fruit is characteristic. In winter the rough bark with cinnamon-red color at the
bottom of the fissures, the .semi-orbicular leaf-scars with only 1 bundle-scar, the broadly ovate
buds with 2 dark brown scales, the reddish-brown slightly pubescent twigs with relatively large
pith or pith cavity, and the persistent remnants of flowers are distinctive.

RANGE — Connecticut to Florida, westward to Iowa and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Common in the eastern and southern parts. Ix)cal in
the southwestern part and occasional in the central jmrt. Absent in the northern part and
Allegheny Mountain region. In the southwestern part reported from Allegheny, Greene, Wash-
ington, and Westmoreland counties. Planted trees do well as far north as the A. E. Ball
farm near Fredonia In Mercer county. A small group of trees have been reported from Beans
Cove, in southern Bedford county, near the Mason and Dixon line. Found in all the counties
southeast of the Blue Mountains, that is, below a line drawn fom Northampton, through
Dauphin to Fulton county. It extends beyond this line along the main river valleys. In the
Susquehanna Valley it extends as far as Union county and follows the Jimiata into Huntingdon
and Mifflin counties. A few small outposts are reported from Centre county. Large specimens
occur in the extreme southeastern part of thfc State. Trees 18 inches in diameter occur as far
north as Easton in Northampton county. Not reported north of the Delaware Water Gap.

HABITAT — Prefers a light, somewhat sandy well-drained soil,
especially in the South.

Tolerates rich bottomlands

li

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES — ^The Persinmion is too small in size and too limited in dis-
tribution in this State to be of comnveclal importance from the point of view of wood produc-
tion. It is essentially a southern tree. The trfc has an attractive form, beautiful clean foliage,
and an exceptionally attractive bark. It rarely exceeds 40 feet in height with a diameter of 12
inches in this State.

PLATE CXXIL COMMON PERSIMMON

1. A l»ranch witlt i)istillal«> flowois, x i.

2. A brunch with staniiiiiite flowers, x i.

H. A fruiting l»ranch with mature leaves, x i.

4. A winter twig, natural size.

5. .Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

PLATE CXXIII. CATALPA

1. A panicle of flowers, x i- ,^ , „^ , *, i .

2. A )»rHiicli with two (Iroopiug cigar-like friiits, the one split open slutwiiig the seeds, x J.

3. A winged seed, x i.

4. A winter twig, x J. See Plate II.

217

CATALPA

Catalpa bignonioides, Walter

FAMILY AND GENUS DE8CKIPTI0N— This trt>« belong to the Blgnonia family. Bignoni-
aceae, which comprises about 100 genera with l.noo species. M.^st of the representatives of this
family occur in the tropics; only a ftw ure found in the temperate zone. Tliey occur as trees.
Bhmba, woody climbers, and rarely as herbs. North America has only 6 genera with 8 species
In Its flora and Pennsylvania 3 genera Milh 3 species. The genus Catalpa is the only one which
has tree representatives occurring rather frequently in this State. This genus comprises about
7 species In the world, of which number 2 are native to North America. No representative of
this genus is native to Pennsylvania but 1 species lias been naturalized po extensively In every
l>art of the State, that a description of it in this publication was considered desirable.

FORM— Usually 25-40 ft. high but may reach a height of 60 ft. with a diameter of 3 feet.
Trunk usually short, crooked, often angular, and unattractive. Crown high, broad, and rather
symmetrical in appearance in summer, due to the dense foliage.

BAKK — ^Light brown, rather thin, simllowly-ridged, scaly, bitter.

TWICW — Stout, smooth, or slightly downy, yellowish-brown, usually frozen back in the north,
covered with numeroua large lenticels, roughened by leaf -scars. Pith large, white, sometimes
chambered at the nodes. See Plate II, 2.

BTTDS— Terminal bud usually absent. Lateral buds small, almost imbedded in bark, usually less
than i of an inch long, covered with 5-0 visible, small, brown bud-scales.

LEAVES— Opposite or whorled, 1. e., more than two at a node, simple, 6-10 Inches long, 4-5
inches broad, ovate, heart-shaped at base, acute at apex, entire or wavy on margin. Fall
simultaneously after first heavy frost.

LEAF-SCAB.8— Opposite or 3 at a node, large, conspicuous, with projecting margin, elliptical
in outline, with conspicuous bundle-scars usually arranged In an ellipse.

FLOWEKS— Appear in June or July. Perfect, arranged in many-flowered crowded panicles
from 8-10 inches long. Corolla is conspicuously wpotted on inner surface.

FBTJIT— A long, cylindrical, bean-like cap^^ule which often persists far into winter and con-
tains many flattened winged seeds. Wings surround seeds and are fringed at ends. Tree is
sometimes called Indian Bean on account of fruit.

WOOD— Ring-porous ; distinct demarcation between heartwood and sapwood; odor somewhat
like kerosene; light, soft, coarse-grained; durable in contact with soil, light brown, and has
a satiny surface. Weighs about 20 lbs. per cubic foot. Used mainly for cross-ties, posts and
poles.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Eastern Catalpa, also known as Catalpa, Indian
Bean and Cigar Tree, can be distingnished in summer by its leaves which are opposite or
whorled and its large panicles of flowers. The cigar-like or bean-like fruit is characteristic in
autumn and winter. In winter it can be distinguished by its large elliptical leaf-scars which
are opposite or whorled and have their bundle-scars arranged In an ellipse. The pith Is some-
times chambered at the nodes. The Eastern Catalpa closely resembles the Western Catalpa but
has slender and thinner walled fruit, larger flower-clusters, nwre distinct markings on inner
surface of corolla, and more blunt-pointed leaves. The Western Catalpa is more frost hardy than
the Eastern Catalpa.

RANGE— Orisrinal range was limited to parts of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida.
At present found In all parts of the country east of the Rocky Mountains and as far north
as New England.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — ^Planted for ornamental purposes In many parts of thf
State and has escaped cultivation in practically every part of the State. Individual specimens
or small groups of trees are common In the forest near settlements. Numerous plantations, some
comprising 5,000 to 10,000 trees, have been established in various parts of the State. Their
growth, as a rule, has not been satisfactory. On the Mont Alto State Forest is a large plan-
tation which at the age of thirteen years reached only an average height of seven feet.

HABITAT — Prefers moist and fertile situations. Is roost common along streams and river
banks, but also found in drier places. Prefa*s shaded to open situations.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— Two species of Catalpa are commonly recognized, the
Eastern Catalpa and the Western or Hardy Catalpa. Both have been widely advertised. The
Western species is hardier against frost and produces a straighter and cleaner trunk. Neither
of the 2 species should be planted for forestry purposes in this State. Both species produce
beautiful flowers and foliage and attractive fruit.

i

PLATE CXXIII. CATALPA

1. A piiii'cli; of fl'iwors, X l-

2. A l.iMiMh with two tir.)(»i)iiii: cigar-liki; fruits,

3. A winged seed, x J.

4. A winter twig, x j. See I'late II.

till' oiu' split iipeu showing the seeds, x §.

217
CATALPA
Catalpa bignonioides, Walter

FAMILY AND GENUS DESCRIPTION-Thls tree belong to the Bignonia family, Bignonl-
aceae. which eonu.rlses atK)ut 100 genera ANJth l.noo speeles. Mbst of the representatives of this
family occur in the tropics; only a few are found in the temperate zone. They occur as trees
shrubs, woody climbers, and rarely as herbs. North America has onlv 0 genera with 8 species
in its flora and Pennsylvania 3 genera with 3 jq.ecies. The genus Catalpa is the only one which
has tree representatives occurring rather frequently in this State. This genus comprises about
7 Bpecles In the world, of which number 2 are native to Nc.rth America. No representative of
this genus is native to Pennsylvania but 1 speiies has been naturalized po extensively in every
part of the State, that a description of it in this publication was cimsidered desirable.

FOEM— -Usually 25-40 ft. high but may reach a height of 60 ft. with a diameter of 3 feet.
Trunk usually short, crooked, often angular, and unattractive. Crown high, broad, and rather
symmetrical in appearance in summer, due to the dense foliage.

BARK — Light brown, rather thin, shallowly-ridged, scaly, bitter.

TWIGS — Stout, smooth, or slightly downy, yellowish-brown, usually frozen back in the north,
covered with numerousi large lentlcels, roughened by leaf-scars. Pith large, white, somttimes
chambered at the nodes. See Plate II, 2.

BT7DS— Terminal bud usually absent. Lateral buds small, almost imbedded in bark, usually less
than i of an inch long, covered with 5-G visible, small, l>rown bud-scales.

LEAVES — Opposite or whorled, i. e., more than two at a node, simple, 6-10 Inches long, 4-5
Inches broad, ovate, heart-shaped at base, acute at apex, entire or wavy on margin. Pall
simultaneously after first heavy frost,

LEAF-SCARS— Opposite or 3 at a node, large, conspicuous, with projecting margin, elliptical
In outline, with conspicuous bundle-scare usually arranged in an ellipse,

FLOWERS — Appear in June or July. Perfect, arranged In many-flowered crowded panicles
from 8-10 inches long. Corolla is conspicuously K[iotted on inner surface.

FRUIT — ^A long, cylindrical, bean-like capsule which often persists far into winter and con-
tains many flattened winged seeds. Wings surround seeds and are fringed at ends. Tree is
sometimes called Indian Bean on account of fruit.

WX)OD — Ring-porous; distinct demarcation between heartwood and sapwood; odor somewhat
like kerosene; light, soft, coarse-grained; durable in contact with soil, light brown, and has
a satiny surface. Weighs about 2G lbs. per cubic foot. Used mainly for cross-ties, posts and
poles.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Eastern Catalpa, also known as Catalpa, Indian
Bean and Cigar Tree, can be distinguished in summer by its leaves which are opposite or
whorled and its large panicles of flowers. The cigar-like or bean-like fruit Is characteristic in
autumn and winter. In winter It can be distinguished by its large elliptical leaf-scars which
are opposite or whorled and have their bundle-scars arranged in an ellipse. The pith is somt?-
times chambered at the nodes. The Eastern Catalpa closely resembles the Western Catalpa but
has slender and thinner walled fruit, larger flower-clusters, n»re distinct markings on inner
surface of corolla, and more blunt-pointed lejives. The Western Catalpa is more frost hardy than
the Eastern Catalpa.

RANGE — Original range was limited to parts of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida.
At present found In all parts of the country east of the Rocky Mountains and as far north
as New England.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Planted for ornamental purposes in many parts of tht
State and has escaped cultivation In practically every part of the State. Individual specimens
or small groups of trees are common in the forest near settlements. Numerous plantations, some
comprising 5,000 to 10,000 trees, have been established in various parts of the State. Their
growth, as a rule, has not been satisfactory. On the Mont Alto State Forest is a large plan-
tation which at the age of thirteen years reached only an average height of seven feet.

HABITAT — Prefers moist and fertile situations, is nwst common along streams and river
banks, but also found in drier places. Prefers shaded to open situations.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— Two species of CataU>a are commonly recognized, the
Eastern Catalpa and the Western or Hardy Catalpa. Both have been widely advertised. The
Western species is hardier against frost and produces a straighter and cleaner trunk. Neither
of the 2 species should be planted for forestry purposes in this State. Both species i>roduce
beautiful flowers and foliage and attractive fruit.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

218
THE OLIVE FAMILY— OLEACEAE

The Olive family comprises representatives which are widely dis-
tributed in temperate and tropical regions, but are commonest in
the northern portion of both hemispheres. A great variety of trees
and shrubs is embraced by this family, some of which are valuable
timber trees, while others are valuable for ornamental purposes or
for the food which they yield. The most important is the Olive
Tree (Olea Europaea, L.), whose fruit and the oil derived from it
are used almost universally as food. The Olive Tree was cultivated
in ancient times in Syria and Palestine ; later it was introduced into
the Mediterranean region, where one can find large orchards of it
at the present time; and within the past few decades it has been in-
troduced on a large scale into the southwestern part of the United
States. The Ashes which are among our most valuable timber
trees, the Forsythias and Lilacs which are among our most attract-
ive and popular shrubs, and the Privets, w^hich are used so exten-
sively as hedge plants, are also members of this family.

The Olive family comprises about 21 genera with 500 species of
trees, shrubs, and a few herbs. The flora of North America contains
5 genera with about 20 species, while that of Pennsylvania contains
4 genera with 9 species. Only 2 of the 4 genera native to Pennsyl-
vania have tree representatives.

KEY TO THE GENERA

Page

1. Leaves compound; fruit a dry samara; flowers without a corolla; winter buds with

3-4 pairs of scales Fraxinus 218

1. Leaves simple; fruit a fleshy berry; flowers with a corolla; winter buds with more

than 4 pairs of scales CHuonanthus 223

THE ASHES— FRAXINUS, (Tourn.) L.

The Ashes with one or two exceptions are trees, which occupy a
variety of situations but prefer rich, moist soil. Some species may
also be found occasionally in swamps or along streams, while others
frequent dry and poor uplands. The trees are usually straight, have
little stem taper, and often attain large dimensions. They are, lo-
cally, rather abundant and yield wood which is straight-grained,
strong and elastic. The wood of all the eastern species except that
of the Black Ash, is sold as White Ash. This classification is legiti-
mate since there is little difference for practical purposes. They
are also valuable as shade trees. Our native species and the intro-
duced European species (Fraxinus excelsior, L.) are planted rather
extensively in parks and lawns. The trunk and leaves of Fraxinus
ornus, L., a species of southern Europe and Asia Minor, yield the
manna of commerce.

The Ashes may be regenerated by natural and artificial methods.
The natural regeneration may be accomplished by means of regulated

219

cutting of the mature trees accompanied by the establishment of a
young growth from the seed scattered by the seed trees which re-
main or by means of coppicing. Coppicing is a practical method of
regeneration especially on rich, moist soils and where very large
sizes are not required. The artificial regeneration may be accom-
plished by sowing seeds, or what is still better, by collecting the
seeds, planting them in the nursery, and after a year's growth in the
nursery, lifting them and planting them out upon the area where
they are to remain and produce a timber crop.

The leaves of the Ashes are opposite and coin])ound. The leaf-
lets occur in 2s opposite each other along the principal leaf -stalks,
with a single leaflet at the end, hence the total number of leaflets is
always odd. The twigs are stout and occur in pairs opposite each
other along the main axis. The branchlets are usually flattened at
the nodes. The flowers are produced in dense clusters and usually
appear in spring before the leaves have made their appearance. The
fruit, known as a samara, occurs in clusters and matures in fall.
The individual seed is winged at one end. This wing aids in the dis
persal of the seed by the wind, which is the most important disper-
sing agent ; but water may also scatter a large quantity of the seeds,
especially of such species which are commonest near the streams or
where flood waters occur.

The Ashes are distributed throughout the north temperate zone
and comprise about 40 known species of which number 16 occur in
North America and 4 in Pennsylvania. Three species are common
in this State, while another species known as the Biltinore Ash
(Fraxinus Biltmoreana, Beadle), is found locally only over a limited
region in the southern part of the State. A variety of the Red Ash
known as the Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. lanceolata)
is also found locally in the southern part of the State.

SUMMER KEY TO THE ASHES

1. Leaves with sessile leaflets; seed surrounded by wing; bark scaly, not furrowed with
diamond-shaped fissures, ^- T^ie^A

1. Leaves with stalked leaflets; seed partly surrounded by wing; bark furrowed with

dlamond-shai)ed flssfiires, *

8. Leaves and twigs smooth or nearly so; seed usually winged only at apex

F. americana

2. Leaves and twigs velvety pubescent ; seed winged usually at apex and sides

F. pennsylvanica

Pago
221

220
222

WINTER KEY TO THE ASHES

1. Buds usually black and acute at apex; bark scaly, not furrowed with diamond-
shaped fissures, tall and slender F. nigra

1. B-uda rusty to dark brown, usually obtuse at apex; bark furrowed vdth diamond-

shaped fissures; tall but stout, 2

2. Twigs smooth or nearly so; leaf -scars evidently Indented on upper margin, F. anwricana
8. Twigs velvety pubescent; leaf -scars not evidently Indented on upper surface

F. pennsylvanica

221

220

222

220

WHITE ASH

Fraxinus americana, Linnaeus

FOEM — Usually reaches a \ic\kM of 70-SO ft. with a diameter of 2-3 ft. but may attain a
height of 120 ft. with a diaim>ter of .5-0 ft. Trunk usually tall, massive, clear of branches
for a considerable distance from the {jround when grown in thfe forest, bearing a nnirow, some-
what pyramidal crown. When onen-grown the crown is decidedly round-topped and often extends
almost to the ground. In forest-grown trees tnmk often continuous and dividing into a number
of spreading branches.

BARK— Grayish-brown, rather thick upon older trunks, decidedly divided by diamond- shaped
fissures into rather flattened ridges which are covered by thin, close fitting scales. Longitudinal
ridges often transversely-fissured to that the primary fissures are connected. See Pig. 107.

TWIGS— -Opposite, stout, usually smooth, sonnetimes covered with a slight bloom, decidedly
flattened at the nodes. During the first winter grayish-brown in color, and decidedly lustrous;
covered by scattered, large, pale lentlcols.

BUDS— Opposite, ovate, blunt-pointed, usually dark Iwown, occasionally almost black. Term-
inal bud larger than laterals, covered by 2-3 pairs of visible scales wlilch occur oi)po8ite each
other. Scales on the terminal buds may be somewhat sharp-pointed, while those on the lateral
buds are usually obtuse. Two lateral buds are usually found at base of terminal bud causing a
terminal enlargement of twi,;.

LEAVES— Opposite, compound, about 10 inches long with 5-0 leaflets. Leaflets 3-5 inches
long, about IJ inches broad, evidently-stalked, slightly serrate on margin, acute at apex,
wedge-shaped to rounded at base. When full grown usually smooth and dark grfc«n above and
pale below. A few hairs are sometimes found along the veins on the lower surface.

LEAF-SCARS — Opposite, semi-circular in outline, notched on the upper niargin, raised, con-
spicuous; bundle-scars small, numerous, arranged in a curved line.

FLOWEBS— Appear about May before the leaves. The staminate and pistillate on diffen'nt
trees. Staminate occur in dense reddish- purple clusters; pistillate in rather open panicles.

FBUIT— A samara, borne in dense drooping panicles about 7 inches long. Panicles often persist
far into vkinter. Individual samara 1-2 inches long, consists of a seed bearing portion and a
winged portion. Seed portion round in cross-section, terminated by the wing which aids in the
dispersal of the seed. Since some trees bear staminate flowers only, seeds are never found
upon them.

WOOD — Bing-porous; very heavy and strong, odorless and tasteless, tough, elastic, and white
to brown in color, with thick and lighter colored sapwood. Pores in spring wood large, usually
3-10 rows wide; in summer wood isolated or in groups of 2-3, and usually joined by wood
parenchyma. Weighs 41 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in manufacture of agricultural imple-
ments, wagon building, furniture, interior finishing of houses, and for tool handles.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The White Ash, also known as the Canadian Ash,
can be distinguished from the Black Ash by its leaves which have stalked leaflets, while the
leaflets of the Black Ash are sessile. The buds of the White Ash are usually obtuse and brown
in color, while those of the Black Ash are usually acute and black in color. The bark of the
White Ash is usually furrowed and has diamond-shaped fissures between the ridges while the
bark of the Klaok Ash is scaly, often corky and not furrowed. It can be distinguished from the
Red Ash by Jtp smooth leaves and twigs. Those of the Red Ash are usually velvety-pubescent.
The leaf-scars of the White Ash are usually evidently-indented in the upper margin, while
those of the lied Ash are not. The leaflets of the White Ash are entire-margined or obscurely
toothed and silvery white on the lower siu-face while those of the Green Ash are evidently
toothed and green on Iwth sides. The seeds of the White Ash have wings which are fastened
only to the apex of the seed, while in the Red Ash they are fastened to the apex and often
extend down along the sides, and in the Black Ash the wing usually surrounds the seed. The
Blltmore Ash (Fraxinus Biltmoreana, Beale), found only locally through the southern part of
the State, is only a pubescent form of the White Ash. The twigs and lower surface of leaflets
of the former species are pubescent. It is adapted to somiewhat drier sites, and grows more
rapidly in youth than the White Ash. Its chief occurrence Is on the limestone formation of
Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee.

RANGE — Nova Scotia to Minnesota and southward to Florida and Texn.'j.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Generally distributed throughout the State. Tonnnon
in the eastern, southern, central, and western parts. Sparse in th<> niountiiiiious parts. o.\<ept in
moist valleys and rich bottomlands. Locally it is rare in northoni IVnnsylvania, where it reaches
its best development on moist slopes with a northern exposure. A thrifty plantation occurs
near Ansonia in Tioga county.

HABITAT — I*r('fers fertile, moist soils: v<ry «oniny»n in ri<li, moist woods and along streams,
lakes, and other bodies of water. Occasionally found on rather dry hillsides.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The White Ash is one of the most important timber trees
of Pennsylvania on account of the large (size which it attains, its general distribution through-
out the State, its rapid growth, as well as its inmiunity from., the attack of fungous disea.sos
and insects. Nature did not pro<luce it in pure stands, hence in developing our future forewts wo
should aim to follow nature and iilant White Ash in mixture with sonw other desirable species.
White Ash and White Pine will undoubtedly prove to be a valuable mixture.

PLATE CXXIV. WHITE ASH

1. A liiaticli witli a cluster of staminate lli.wcis and iiimiaturc leave

li. A panicit' of jtlstillate Uowtis, x I.

.*{. A mature coinponnd leaf, x i.

4. A cluster of fruit, x J.

.'». A winter twiu, x *.

0. Section of a winter twit', enlur^'ea.

^. x

220
WHITE ASH

Fraxinus americana, Linnaeus

FORM— Usually reaches a height of 70-80 ft. with a diameter of 2-3 ft. but may attain a
height of 120 ft. with a diamieter of 5-6 ft. Trunk usually tall, massive, clear of branches
for a considerable distance from the ground when grown in the forest, bearing a naiTow, some-
what pyramidal crown. When open-grown the crown is decidedly round-topped and often extends
almost to the ground. In forest-grown trees tnmk often continuous and dividing into a number
of spreading branches.

BA&K— Grayish-brown, rather thick upon older trunks, decidedly divided by diamond-shaped
Assures into rather flattened ridges which are covered by thin, close-fitting scales. Longitudinal
ridges often transversely-fissured so that the primary fissures are connected. See Pig. 107.

TWIOS— Opposite, stout, usually smooth, sometimes covered with a slight bloom, decidedly
flattened at the nodes. During the first winter grayish-brown in color, and decidedly lustrous;
covered by scattered, large, pale lenticols.

BUDS— Opposite, ovate, blunt-pointed, usually dark brown, occasionally almost black. Term-
inal bud larger than laterals, covered by 2-3 pairs of visible scales which occur opposite each
other. Scales on the terminal buds may be somewhat sharp-pointed, while those on the lateral
buds are usually obtuse. Two lateral buds are usually found at base of terminal bud causing a
terminal enlargement of twl.v.

LEAVES-^pposite, compound, about 10 inches long with 5-9 leaflets. leaflets 3-5 inches
long, about IJ inches broad, evidently-stalked, slightly serrate on margin, acute at apex,
wedge-shaped to rounded at base. When full grown usually smooth and dark green above and
pale below. A few hairs are sometimes found along the veins on the lower surface.

LEAF>SCABS— Opposite, semicircular in outline, notched on the upper margin, raised, con-
spicuous; bundle-scars small, numerous, arranged in a curved line.

FLOWERS — Appear about May before the leaves. The stamlnate and pistillate on different
trees, Staminate occur in dense reddish-purple clusters; pistillate in rather open panicles.

FBUIT—A samara, borne in dense drooping panicles about 7 inches long. Panicles often persist
far into winter. Individual samara 1-2 inches long, consists of a seed bearing portion and a
winged portion. Seed portion round in cross-section, terminated by the wing which aids in the
dispersal of the seed. Since some trees bear staminate flowers only, seeds are never found
upon them.

WOOD — Ring-porous; very heavy and strong, odorless and tasteless, tough, elastic, and white
to brown in color, with thick and lighter colored sapwood. Pores in spring wood large, usually
3-10 rows wide; in summer wood isolated or in groups of 2-3, and usually Joined by wood
parenchyma. Weighs 41 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in manufacture of agricultural imple-
ments, wagon building, furniture. Interior finishing of houses, and for tool handles.

DISTIKGUISHINO CHARACTERISTICS— The White Ash, also known as the Canadian Ash,
can be distinguished from the Black Ash by its leaves which have stalked leaflets, while the
leaflets of the Black Ash are sessile. The buds of the White Ash are usually obtuse and brown
in color, while those of the Black Ash are usually acute and black in color. The bark of the
White Ash is usually furrowed and has diamond-shaped fissures between the ridges while the
bark of the Itlack Ash is scaly, often corky and not furrowed. It can be distinguished from the
Red Ash by lU smooth leaves and twigs. Those of the Red Ash are usually velvety-pubescent.
The leaf-scars of the White Ash are usually evidently-indented in the upper margin, while
those of the Bed Ash are not. The leaflets of the White Ash are entire-margined or obscurely
toothed and silvery white on the lower sitfface while those of the Green Ash are evidently
toothed and green on both sides. The seeds of the White Ash have wings which are fastened
only to the apex of the seed, while in the Red Ash they are fastened to the apex and often
extend down along the sides, and in the Black Ash the wing usually surrounds the seed. The
Blltmore Ash (Fraxinus Biltmoreana, Beale), found (mly locally through the southern part of
the State, is only a pubescent form of the White Ash. The twigs and lower surface of leaflets
of the former species are pubescent. It is adapted to sontewhat drier sites, and grows more
rapidly in youth than the White Ash. Its chief occurrence is on the limestone formation of
Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee.

RAlfGE — Nova Scotia to Minnesota and southward to Florida and Texas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Generally distributed throughout the State. Common
in the eastern, southern, central, and western parts. Sparse in the mountainous parts, except in
moist valleys and rich bottomlands. Locally it is rare in northern Pennsylvania, where it reaches
its best development wi moist ^opes with a northern exposure. A thrifty plantation occurs
near Ansonia in Tioga county.

HABITAT — Prefers fertile, moist soils; very romnwn in rl<>h, moist woods and along streams,
lakes, and other bodies of water. Occasionally found on rather dry hillsidcH.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The M^hite Ash is one of the most important timber trees
of Pennsylvania on account of the large size which it attains, its general distribution through-
out the State, its rapid growth, as well as its immunity from, the attack of fungous diseases
and insects. Nature did not produce it in pure stands, hence in developing our future foreirts we
should aim to follow nature and plant White Ash in nOxture with wmie other desirable species.
White Ash and White Pine will undoubtedly prove to be a valuable mixture.

PLATE CXXIV. WHITE ASH

1. A lirnnch witli a cluster of staminate llower.s and iiiinmturc leaves, x J.

2. A panicle of pistillate Howers, x J.

3. A mature compound leaf, x J.

4. A cluster of fruit, x J.
n. A winter twig, x J.

6. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

PLATE CXXV. BLACK ASH

1. Branch Avith statiiiiiatc flowors, x I.

2, A panicle of jtistillat*; flowt-rs, x h.
',1. A mature coiiipound leaf, x J.

4. A cluster of fruit, x i.

5. A winter twis, x J.

6. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

221
BLACK ASH

Fraxinus nigra, Marshall

FOKX— A medium-sized tree which usually attains a height of 60-80 ft. with a diameter of
1-2 ft., but may reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 2 J ft. It usually has a rather
tall, Blender trunk oftm free from branches for a considerable distance from the ground, bearing
a narrow and shallow crown formed by numerous rather upright branches. Usually found In the
forest, where the slender form prevails, but occasionally may be found in the open, where its
form resembles that of the White Ash.

BARK— Thin, grayish, shallowly and irregularly Assured; ridges between the fissures decidedly
scaly and somewhat corky. By rubbing the bark it breaks up into a very fine i>owdcr. See
Fig. 108.

TWIGS— Rather stout, at first fcomewhat hairy, but soon becoming quite smooth. Resemble
those of the White Ash but lighter in color, and not so smooth and glossy.

BTTDS— Opposite; terminal bqd present, ovate, sharp-pointed, black, covered with 1-2 pairs of
visible bud-scales, usually at some distance from nearest lateral buds; lateral buds usually
almost as broad as long, often obtuse at Bi>ex, closely appressed to twigs.

LEAVES— Opposite, compound, about 14 inches long, with 7-11 sessile leaflets. Leaflets are
all sessile except the terminal one, 3-5 Inches long, about IJ Inches wide, acute at the apex,
serrate on the margin, wedge-8bai>ed at the base, dark green and smooth above, paler below.

LEAF-SOARS — Opposite, large, conspicuous, crescent-shaped, upper margin usually straight
or convex; bundle-scars numerous, arranged in a curved line, sometimes joined so as to form a
compound scar.

FLOWERS— Appear about May before the leaves. Staminate and pistillate borne on the same
or different trees; the staminate in dense, dark purplish clusters; the pistillate in rather open
panicles.

FRtriT— A samara which resembles the fruit of the White and Red Ashes, but differs in that
the wing is broader, decidedly notched at the apex, and completely surrounds the somewhat
flattened seed-bearing portion.

WOOD— Ring-porous; medium In weight, hardness and strength, comparatively soft, rather
coarse grained, somewhat durable. Heartwood dark brown with white sapwood; marked differ-
ence between spring and summer wood; annual layers of the wood easily separated. Pores in
spring wood in a broad zone often comprising one-half of the ring. Pores in summer wood large,
few, scattered. Weighs 39 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in the manufacture of baskets, hoops,
chair bottoms, and the interior finishing of houses.

DISTINGTTISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Black Ash, also known as Hoop, Swamp, Basket,
and Brown Ash can be readily distinjruished from the other native species of ash in summer
by the opposite and compound leaves with sessile lateral leaflets; the leaflets on all other
native species being evidently-stalked. In winter it can be identified by its raised upper margin
of the leaf-scar and the black, ovate, and sharp pointed buds, and in autumn by its fruit, the
body and seed kernel of which are flat and the wing of which extends to the base of the seed,
while in the other native species the seed kernel is round or nearly so, and the wing does not
extend beyond the middle of the seed. In addition to these seasonal characteristics the tree
may be recognized at any period of the year by Its distinctive slender form, clean trunk, shallow-
crown, and thin, grayish, and non-fissured bark which is usually soft and corky, and if rubl)ed
with the hand it becomes mealy. The twigs, as a rule, are stouter and less numerous than in
the other native species.

RANGE— Newfoundland to Mtenltoba, south to Delaware, Virginia, and Arkansas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Generally distributed over the State, but rarer In the
high mountainous portion, except in moist valleys. Common In the eastern, southern, central,
and northwestern parts, and rarer in the southwestern part.

HABITAT— Prefers cool swampy habitats, in this respect differing very much from the other
species of Ash native to the State. Flourishes best In the cooler portions of its range. Its
chief commercial occurrence is in the northr-rn half of the I*ke States. Seldom thrives on dry
ground.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Black Ash has probably never been grown for forestry
Durposet It may be so recommended whore natural reproduction may be depended upon and in
such locations where other more valuable trees will not grow. Few better species grew in Its
chosen swanw home and consequently It may be one which we will plant In the future In
extremely wet locations together with such other trees as Spruce, Fir, and Lareh.

PLATE CXXV. BLACK ASH

1.

I.

0.

X I.

k.

r.iMiHli with stiimiiialc IIkwcis

A i>iini<'I<' lit' jiistillatc lt<»w<is,

A iiiaturt' <<iiiiiinu;i(l Icul, x

A cluster nf fruit, x ^.

A winter twiir, x I.

Section of a winter twij;, enlarged.

221
BLACK ASH
Fraxinus nigra, Marshall

FORM— A mediunvsized tree which usually attains a hoisht of 60-80 ft. with a diameter of
1-2 ft., but may reach a height of 100 ft. with a diameter of 2i ft. It usually has a rather
tall, Blender trunk often free from branches for a consideniijle distance from, the ground, bearing
a narrow and shallow crown formed by numerous rather upriglit branches. Usually found in the
forest, where the slender form prevails, but occasionally nuiy be found in the open, where its
form resembles that of the White Ash.

BARK— Thin, grayish, shalUmly and irregularly fissured; ridges between the fissures decidedly
scaly and somewhat corky. By rubbing the bark it breaks up into a ver>' ft»« powder. See
Fig. 108.

TWIGS— Rather stout, at first somewhat hairy, but soon becoming quite smooth. Resemi)!^
those of the White Ash but ligliter in color, and not so smooth and gloKsy.

BUDS— Opposite; terminal bud present, ovate, sharp-pointed, black, covered with 1-2 pairs of
visible bud-scales, usually at some distance from nearest lateral buds; lateral buds usnially
almost as broad as long, often obtuse at apex, closely oppressed to twigs,

LEAVES— Opposite, compound, about 14 inches long, with 7-11 sessile leaflets. Leaflets arc
all sessile except the terminal one, 3-5 inches long, about IJ inches wide, acute at the apex,
serrate on the margin, wedge-shaped at the base, dark green and smooth above, paler below.

LEAF-SCARS— Opposite, large, conspicuous, crescent-shaped, upper margin usually straight
or convex; bundle-scars numerous, arranged in a curved line, sometimes joined so as to form a
compound scar.

FLOWERS — ^Appear alwut May before the leaves. Staminate and pistillate borne on the same
or different trees; the staminate in dense, dark purplish clusters; the pistillate in rather open
panicles.

FRTTIT— A samara which resembles tho fruit of the White and Red Ashes, but differs in that
the wing is broader, decidedly notched at the apex, and completely surrounds the somewhat
flattened seed-bearing portion.

WOOD— Ring-porous; medium in weight, hardness and strength, comparatively soft, rather
coarse grained, somewhat durable. Heartwood dark brovn with wliite sapwood; marked differ-
ence between spring and sumimer wood; annual layers of the wood easily separated. Pores in
spring wood in a broad zone often comprising one-half of the ring. Pores in summer wood large,
few, scattered. Weighs 39 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in the manufacture of baskets, hoops,
chair bottoms, and the interior finishing of houses.

DISTmOTTISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Black Ash, also known as Hoop, Swamp, Basket,
and Brown Ash can be readily distinguished from the other native species of ash in summer
by the opposite and compound leaves with sessile lateral leaflets; the leaflets on all other
native species being evidently-stalked. In winter it can be identified by its raised upper margin
of the leaf-scar and the black, ovate, and sharp-pointed buds, and in autumn by its fruit, the
body and seed kernel of which are flat and the wing of which extends to the base of the seed,
while in the other native species the seed kernel is round or nearly so, and the wing does not
extend beyond the middle of the seed. In addition to these seasonal characteristics the tree
may he recognized at any period of the year by its distinctive slender form, clean trunk, shallow-
crown, and thin, grayish, and non-fissured bark wliich is usually soft and corky, and if rubl)ed
with the hand it becomes mealy. The twigs, as a rule, are stouter and less numerous than in
the other native species.

RANGE— Newfoundland to SBanitoba, south to Delaware, Virginia, and Arkansas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Generally distributed over the State, but rarer In the
high mountainous portion, except in moist valleys. Common in the eastern, southern, central,
and northwestern parts, and rarer in the southwestern part.

HABITAT— Prefers cool swampy habitats, in this respect differing very much from the other
species of Ash native to the State. Flourislies best in the cooler portions of its range. Its
chief commercial occuirence is in tlu; northern half of the Lake States. S(>ldom thrives on dry
ground.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Black Ash has probably never been grown for forestry
Durooses It may be so recommended where natural reproduction may be dei>ended upon and in
such locations where other more valuable trees will not grow. Few better species grow in its
chosen swanipy home and consequently it may be one which we will plant In the future in
extremely wet locations together with such other trees as Spruce, Fir, and Larch.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

222
RED ASH

Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Marshall

FOBM— Tree of middle or large size, usuallj attalnlnsr a height of 30-60 ft. with a diameter
of 1-8 ft., but may reach a height of 70 ft. with a diameter of B feet. Trunk similar to that
of White Ash, but smaller and bearing numerous upright branchea which form a rather irregular
and compact crown.

BARK — Grayish-brown, roughened by numerous fissures separating prominent ridges which In
time become scaly. Fissures usually diamond-shaped. Ridges often sub-divided by transverse
secondary fissures.

TWIGS— Similar to those of the White Ash but not so stout and covered with a dense velvety
pubescence, or sometimes almoErt smooth. See "Twigs" under White Ash, page 220.

BUDfl — Opposite; terminal bud present; ovate, brown, covered by brownish scales, 2 pairs
of which are usually visible. Scales of the lateral buds usually have an obtuse apex while those
of the terminal buds have a more acute apex. Sec "Buds" under White Ash, page 220.

LEAVES— Opposite, compound, about 11 Inches long, with 5-9 stalked leaflets. Leaflets from
3-5 inches long, 1-1} inches wide, ovate, acute at apex, slightly toothed on margin, wedge-
shaped at base. At first coated on the lower surface with white tomentum, later becoming
yellowlsh-green above, and decidedly velvety-pubescent beneath.

LEAF-SCARS — Opposite, seml-clrchlar In outline, conspicuous, slightly notched on the upper
margin, bundle-scars numerous, usually small, and arranged In a curved line. Sometimes a
number of bundle-scars unite to form a compound bundle-scar.

FLOWERS — Appear about May before or with the leaves. Stamlnate and pistillate are usually
borne on different trees. Stamlnate occur In dense purplish-red clusters; pistillate In open
greenish-red panicles.

FRUIT— A samara, borne in open panicles which often persist far Into winter. The Individual
samara varies in length from 1-2 inches, and consists of a seed-bearing portion and a winged
portion. Fruit resembles that of the White Ash, but has the winged portion attached not only
to the apex of the seed but also along the sides, while the White Ash has the wing attached
at the apex only.

WOOD— Ring-porous; heavy, hard, rather strong, light brown, with rather wide and light
colored sapwood. Pores in the spring and summer wood are similar to those of the Wlilte
Ash, but the lines of pores in the summer wood are longer than in the White Ash. Weighs
44 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for the same purposes as the White Ash, but is somewhat in-
ferior to it from a commercial point of view.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Red Ash can be distinguished at any season
of the year trom the other native species of Ash, except the Biltmore Ash, by Its velvety-
pubescent twigs and petioles and the reddish color of the Inner bark of the branches. It can
also be distinguished from the White Ash by Its somewhat smaller maximum size, the shallower
fissures of the bark and the fruit, the wings of which are attached to the apex and sides
of the seed while those of the White Ash are attached only to the apex, . The main dis-
tinguishing chaacterlstlcs between this species and the Biltmore Ash are found In the fruit
and range. The fruit of the Red Ash tapers gradually along the edges into the linear or
spatulate wing which Is decurrent along the body of the seed to the middle, while the fruit of
the Biltmore Ash is linear-oblong, tapers little, and the wing is attached only to the end of the
short and stout body of the fruit. The lateral leaflets of the Red Ash are stalked while those of
the Black Ash are stalkless. The Red Ash has brown and blunt-pointed buds; those of the
Black Ash are black and sharper pointed. The bark of the Red Ash, while not so prom.inently
fissured as that of the White Ash, can be distinguished very readily, from the non-fissured,
soft, sraly. and semi-corky bark of the Black Ash. The smoothed-branched Green Ash (Fraximus
pennsylvanica var. lanceolata (B^rkh.) Sarg. is generally regarded as only a variety of the Red
Ash.

RANGE — ^New Brunswick and Manitoba, houth to Florida and Alabama, and westward to
Dakota and Missouri.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Known to occur in the eastern and southern parts of
the State. Also reported from the central part. The Green Ash, a variety of the Red, is
reported as occurring In Westmoreland and Allegheny counties in the western part of the State.
Not reported from the northern or northwestern parts, but Its general range Indicates that It may
occur there.

HABITAT — Prefers rich soil In valleys; also found in swampy lowlands and along the
margins of streams, lakes, and iwnds; occasionally found upon rather dry hillsides.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Red Ash in many respects resembles the WTiIte Ash,
but Is of less economic importance since it does not attain so large a size as the White Ash,
its wood Is not quite so valuable, and it requires a somewhat moister soil. The White
Ash will grow In all places where the Red Ash thrives, and consequently the White Ash should
be favored. It is sometimes planted for ornamental purposes but the White Ash is generally
regarded more attractive and just as free from the attacks of insects and fungi. The only
place where the Red Ash could be recommended for planting for forestry purposes would be in
such situations where It Is too wet for the White Ash to thrive.

PLATE CXXVI. RED ASH

1, Bninch witli staminate flowers, x 5-

•2. A panicle of pistillate tl«>\\crs, x A.

;{. A mature coiiuhumkI ienf, x i.

-«. A duster of fruit, x h.

.'). A Aviiitcr Us'iii, X h.

ti. Section of a wiutn- twij:, ciilMr-cd.

222

RED ASH

Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Marshall

TORiU-JTree of middle or lar^ size, uiually attaining a height of 30^ ft. with a diameter
of IS ft., bnt may reach a height of 70 ft. with a diameter of 6 feet Trunk ■imilar to that
of White Aah, but smaller and bearing nunkeroui upright branches whleh form a rather irregular
and compact crown.

BARK — Grayish-brown, roughened by numerous flggnres aeparating prominent ridges which in
time become scaly. Fissures usually diamond-shaped. Ridges often sub-divided by transverse
secondary Assures.

TWIGS— Slndlar to those of the White Ash but not so stout and covered with a dense velvety
pubescence, or sometimes almost smooth. See "Twigs" under White Ash, page 220.

BTJDfi — Opposite; terminal bud present; ovate, brown, covered by brownish scales, 2 pairs
of which are usually visible. Scales of the lateral buds usually have an obtuse ajxix while those
of the terminal buds have a more acute npex. Sec "Buds" under White Ash, page 220.

LEAVES— Opposite, compound, about 11 inches long, with 6-9 stalked leaflets. Leaflets ftom
3-5 Inches long, 1-1} inches wide, ovate, acute at apex, slightly toothed on margin, wedge-
shaped at base. At first coated on the lower trurface with white tomentumi, later becoming
yellowish-green above, and decidedly velvety-pubescent beneath.

LEAF-SCABS— Opposite, semi-circhlar in outline, conspicuous, tdightly notched on the upper
margin, bundle-scars nunwrous, usually nnall, and arranged in a curved line. Sometimes a
number of bundle-scars unite to form a compound bmidle-scar.

FLOWERS— Appear about May before or with the leaves. Staminate and pistillate are usually
borne on different trees. Staminate occur in dense purplish-red clusters; pistillate in open
greenish-red panicles.

FRUIT— A samara, borne in open panicles which often persist far Into winter. The individual
samara varies in length from 1-2 Inches, and consists of a seed-bearing portion and a winged
portion. Fruit resembles that of the White Ash, but has the winged portion attached not only
to the apex of the seed but also along the sides, while the White Ash has the wing attached
at the apex only.

WOOD— Ring-porous; heavy, hard, rather strong, light brown, with rather wide and light
colored sapwood. Pores In the spring and summer wood are similar to those of the White
Ash, but the lines of pores in the sununer wood are longer than In the White Ash. Weighs
44 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for the sam* purposes as the White Ash, but Is somewhat in-
ferior to it from a commercial point of view.

DISTINGUISHINa CHARACTERISTICEt— The Red Ash can be distinguished at any season
of the year from the other native species of Ash, except the Blltmore Ash, by its velvety-
pubescent twigs and petioles and the reddish color of the Inner bark of the branches. It can
also be distinguished from the White Ash by its somewhat smaller maximum size, the shallower
fissures of the bark and the fruit, the wings of which are attached to the apex and sides
of the seed while those of the White Ash are attached only to the apeoc. . The main dis-
tinguishing chaacterlstlcs between this species and the Blltmore Ash are found In the fruit
and range. The fruit of the Red Ash tapers gradually along the edges into the linear or
spatulate wing which is decurrent along the body of the seed to the middle, while the fruit of
the Blltmore Ash Is linear-oblong, tapers little, and the wing is attached only to the end of the
short and stout body of the fruit. The lateral leaflets of the Red Ash are stalked while those of
the Black Ash are stalkless. The Bed Ash has brown and blunt-pointed buds; those of the
Black Ash are black and sharper pointed. The bark of the Red Ash, while not so prominently
fissured as that of the White Ash, can be distinguished very readily, from the non-fissured,
soft, scaly, and semi-corky bark of the Black Ash. The smoothed-branched Green Ash (Fraximus
pennsylvanica var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Saj^. is generally regarded as only a variety of the Red
Ash.

RANGE— New Brunswick and Manitoba, touth to Florida and Alabama, and westward to
Dakota and Missouri.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Known to occur In the eastern and southern parts of
the State. Also reported from the central part. The Green Ash, a variety of the Red, Is
reported as occurring In Westmoreland and Allegheny counties in the western part of the State.
Not reported from the northern or northwestern parts, but its general range Indicates that it may
occur there.

HABITAT — ^Prefers rich soil in valleys; also found In swampy lowlands and along the
margins of streams, lakes, and ponds; occasionally found upon rather dry hillsides.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIE6k-The Red Ash In many respects resembles the White Ash,
but Is of less economic Importance since it does not attain so large a size as the White Ash,
its wood is not quite so valuable, and it requires a somewhat molster soil. The White
Ash will grow in all places where the Red Ash thrives, and consequently the White Ash should
be favored. It Is sometimes planted for ornamental purposes but the White Ash Is generally
regarded more attractive and just as free from the attacks of Insects and fungi. The only
place where the Red Ash could be recommended for planting for forestry purposes would be In
such situations where it is too wet for the White Ash to thrive.

PLATE CXXVI. RED ASH

1. Branch with staminate flowois, x h.

2. A panicle of pistillate flowers, x i.

3. A mature compound leaf, x J.

4. A cluster of fruit, x j.

5. A winter tAvif?, x i.

6. Section of a winter twig, enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

PLATE CXXVII. FRINGE-TREE

1. A flowering branch with immature leaves, x J.

2. A fruiting branch with mature leaTcs, x J.

3. A winter twig, x J.

4. Section of a winter twig, natural size.

223

FRINGE-TREE

Chionanthus virginica, Linnaeus

aENUS DESCEIPTION—The genus to which the Fringe-tree belongs has only one other rep-
resentative, the Chinese Fringe (Chionanthus retusa, Paxton), a native of eastern Asia. Both
species are cultivated primarily for ornamental purposes. The generic name of these trees,
Chionanthus, refers to the white flowers which resemble snow.

FO&li— A slender, small-sized tree usually attaining a height of 20 ft. with a dianieter
of 6-8 Inches, but may reach a height of 40 ft. with a diameter of 12 Inches. Trunk usually
short, bearing numerous, stout, and ascending branches which form a rather deep, narrow
crown.

BARK-— On main trunk rather thin, scaly, reddish-brown; on branches light brown to orange,
and smooth.

TWIGS— Rather stout, light brown tinged with green, somewhat angled, slightly hairy.
Marked by large, conspicuous and elevated leaf-scars and dark colored lenticels.

BUDa-Opposite, ovoid, sharp-pointed, about i of an inch long, covered with about 5 pairs
of scales which increase in length from the outer towards the center, and are ciliated on
the margin.

LEAVES— -Simple, opposite, thickish, ovate, 4-8 Inches long, 1-4 inches wide, wedge-shaped at
base, entire on margin, acute at apex, dark green above, pale and smooth below except along
the veins.

LEAF-SOARS— Opposite, raised, semi-circular In outline, upper side of margin partly surrounds
bod; bundle-scars solitary, large, located on cushions.

FLOWERS-nAppear in May or June when leaves are just developing. Borne In drooping
panicles about 4-6 inches long; perfect, white, and slightly fragrant. The appearance of the
snow ^rtilte flowers resembles fringe, hence the common name Fringe-tree.

FRUIT— A berry, borne in loose clusters. Dark blue In color, about M of an Inch long, and
surrounded at the base by a persistent calyx. Stalks bearing the fruit may bear leaf like
bracts. Skin of fruit usually thick and stones usually thin.

WOOD— Light brown In color, with rather wide and Ughter colored sapwood; heavy, hard, close-
grained. Weighs about 40 lbs. per cubic foot. It is put to no special commercial uses.

DISTINGinSHING- GHARACTERISTICS-^The Fringe-tree also known as Old Man's Beard,
White Fringe. American Fringe, Flowering Ash, and Snow Flower tree, is native to on y a few
counties In the southern part of the State. This limited dlstribut^n, t^^^*'^" ^/f . "«. ^J^"
size and Its simple, opposite, entire-margined and thick leaves will enable one to distinguish
it quite readily 5uring^he summer. The white fringe-like panicles of ^^7" ^*" .^^r^"^*^^^^^^^^
during a limited portion of eariy summer. In winter, the opposite, rather ^^°^\^^^^^
bearing sharp-pointed, opposite buds covered with more than 4 ^^^^-^^^^'^^ ^^^ ^^^^l^
istlc. The berry-like fruit combined with the opposite branch will distinguish this tree from
practically all others found In the State.

RANGE— Southtni New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. It is
essentially a southern species.

DIBTRIBimON IN PENNSYLVANIA-Thls tree Is found locally in about 6 counties In the
souS^ part of the State. It is nowhere abmidant, nor does it attain large dimensions.

HABITAT-Usually found in rich, moist soil; also frequents banks of streams, lakes and
swamps.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES-^he Fringe-tree is planted extensively for ornamental
m^Tas fM^north as Massachusetts. Its beautiful flowers and Its ««ractlve form recommend
IJTr planting In lawns and parks. The main objectionable feature Is the fact that t retains
its Collage for a relatively short period during the smnmer. since the leaves are late to appear
-nrt J.rtJ t« dlMnoear The pooV quality and small size of the wood which It produces, to-
ler^th^ts'TlXd di^ribS^ilU Llective situations, do "ot recomn^nd itjor ' - try
purposes. It can readily be grafted upon our common species of Ashes. This enables one to
develop It upon situations somewhat dry for the tree Itself.

PLATE CXXVII. FRINGE-TREE

1. A fluweriug branch with imitiHture haves, x i.

2. A fruitiiij,' Itrant'h with mature leaTos, x J.
.'{. A winter twij;, a ^.

4. Section of a winter twii,' natural size.

223

FRINGE-TREE
Chionanthus virginica, Linnaeus

GENUS DESCRIPTION— The genus to which the Fringe-tree belongs has only one other rep-
resentative, the Chinese Fringe (Chionanthus retusa, Paxton), a native of eastern Asia. Both
species are cultivated primarily for ornamental purposes. The generic name of these trees,
Chionanthus, refers to the white flowers which resfcmble snow.

FORM— A Blender, small-sized tree usually attaining a height of 20 ft. with a diameter
of 6-8 inches, but may reach a height of 40 ft. with a diameter of 12 inches. Trunk usually
short, bearing numerous, stout, and ascending branches which form a rather deep, narrow
crowrn.

BARK— On main trunk rather thin, scaly, reddish-brown; on branches light brown to orange,
and smooth.

TWIGS— Rather stout, light brown tinged with green, somewhat angled, slightly hairy.
Marked by large, conspicuous and elevated leaf-scars and dark colored lenticels.

BUDS— Opposite, ovoid, sharp-pointed, about i of an inch long, covered with about 5 pairs
of scales which increase in length from the outer towards the center, and are ciliated on
the margin.

LEAVES— Simple, opposite, thickish, ovate, 4-8 Inches long, 1-4 inches wide, wedge-shaped at
base, entire on margin, acute at apex, dark green above, pale and smooth below except along
the veins.

LEAF-SCARS— Opposite, raised, semicircular in outline, upper side of margin partly surrounds
bud; bundle-scars solitary, large, located on cushions.

FLOWERS-^ppear in May or June when leaves are just developing. Borne in drooping
panicles about 4-6 inches long; perfect, white, and slightly fragrant. The appearance of the
snow white flowers resembles fringe, hence the common name Fringe-tree.

FRUIT— A berry, borne in loose clusters. Dark blue in color, about M of an inch long, and
surrounded at the base by a persistent calyx. Stalks bearing the fruit may bear leaf-like
bracts. Skin of fruit usually thick and stones usually thin.

WOOD— Light brown in color, with rather wide and lighter colored sapwood; heavy, hard, close-
grained. Weighs about 40 lbs. per cubic foot. It is put to no special commercial uses.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Fringe-tree also known as Old Man's Beard,
White Fringe. American Fringe. Flowering Ash. and Snow Flower tree, is native to on y a few
counties in the southern part of the State. This limited distribution. t«f t»^^«^^^ ^'*\/Jf. ^^^h
size and Its simple, opposite, entire-margined and thick leaves will enable one to d stingulsl^
i1" ulte r^dily SuringThe summer. The white fringe-like panicles of flowers wm also assi
during a limited portion of eariy summer. In winter, the opposite, rather stout branches
bearhfg sharp-p^intc^. opposite buds covered with more than 4 pairs of scales, are al«o character-
Sc! The be?n..iike fruit combined with the opix>8ite branch will distinguish this tree from
practically all others found in the State.

RANGE-Southtm New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. It is
essentially a southern siiecies.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVAN LA-This tree is found locally in about 6 counties in the
soutSe™ ™rt of the State. It is nowhere abundant, nor does it attain large dimensions.

HABITAT-lJsually found in rich, moist soil; also frequents banks of streams, lakes and
Bwamps.

TMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Fringe-tree is planted extensively for ornamental
^^^.tZJl a?Ls'sL^^ Its beautiful flowers and its «tt-ctive form recom^^^^^^^
it for planting in lawns and parks. The main objectionable feature is the fact that It retains
its foliage for a re atively short period during the summer, since the le'^^es are late to appear
«nd P«tlv to dLni^ar The poor quality and small size of the wood which it produces, to-
g^ttr^tirits^Tirtrd ai:i:^.Zon\.a Lectlve situation., do not recomx^^d «t ^orjo-try
purposes. It can readily be grafted upon our common species of Ashes. This enables one to
develop it upon situations somewhat dry for the tree Itself.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

224

SWEET VIBURNUM

Viburnum Lentago, Linnaeus

FAMILY AND GENUS DESCRIPTION— The Honeysuckle family, Caprlfoliaceae, is rather
widely distributed In temperate regions. It comprises about 10 genera with 275 species of
shrubs, trees, vines, and a few perennial herbs. About 8 genera are native to North America
and 7 to Pennsylvania. The 7 genera native to this State comprise about 31 species, most
of which are shrubs. The principal native genera are: The Elderberries (Sanibucas), the
Viburnums (Viburnum), the Bush Honeysuolcles (DIervilla), the Honeysuckles (Lonicera) and the
Snowberries (Symphoricarpos). Since mosrt of the representatives of these genera are shrubs
only a few have been discussed in this publication. A description of the others may be found
in Gray's New Manual of Botany, or Porter's Flora of T'ennsylvania. The Elders belonging to
the genus Samhucus, are among our best known Bhr\ibsf. The Ck)mmon JJlderberry (Sambucus
canadensis L.) Is probably the best known. The flowers are conspicuous and sometimes used in
making wine. The fruit is eaten and also made into wino, pies, and jellies. The Honeysuckles
(Lonicera) are very common in our gardens and parks as ornamental shrubs and vines. They
comprise about 100 species of which number at least 10 species are native to Pennsylvania. The
Viburnums (Viburnum) also oofhprise about 100 species of which number about 20 species are
native to North America and 11 to Pennsylvania. All of our species are usually shrubs, rarely
small trt'es. The two species described on the following pages are occasionally found as small
trees.

FORM — ^A shrub or small tree usually attaining a height of 10-15 ft., but may reach a height
of 30 ft. with a diameter of 10 Inches. Trunk usually short, bearing a round-topped crovni
formed by slender and usually drooping branches.

BARK — Disagreeable in odor, reddish, roughened In older specimens by division and subdivision
into thick plates which are scaly on the sui'face.

TWIGS— At first greenish and covered with rusty hairs, later reddish to orange and rather
smooth.

BUDS— Opposite, long, slender, scurfy, reddish- brown, covered by two rather rough scales.
Lateral buds are usually leaf-buds and closely appressed to twigs. Terminal buds are often
flower buds with a marked swelling at the base, and about i of an inch long.

LEAVES— Opposite, simple, ovate, abont 2i inches long, sharp-pointed, narrowed or rounded
at base, closely and very sharply serrate on margin, bright green, smooth on both upi)er and
lower surfaces. Veins conspicuously connected by veinlots. Petioles often winged and grooved.

LEAF-SCARS — Opposite, wide, broadly U-shaped not encircling twigs, and usually with 3
bundle-scars.

FLOWERS— Small, perfect, wliite, appearing in May or June In dense, many flowered, sessile,
terminal cymes which are usually 3-5 inches broad.

FRUIT — ^A black or dark blue, fleshy, sweet, rather juicy drupe, containing a flat oval stone,
and grouped into small clusters borne on slender, reddish, and often drooping stalks.

WOOD — Diffuse-porous; heavy, hard, dense, yellowish-brown, with Tery disagreeable and per-
sistent odor. Weighs 46 lbs. per cubic foot. Not Important commercially.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Sweet Viburnum, also knovm as Sheepberry,
Nannyberry, and Wild Raisin, resembles the Withe-rod or Wild Raisin (Viburnum cassinoides,
L.) more closely than any other native Viburnum^ The latter can be distinguished by its
opaque or dull and obscurely-veined leaves with irregularly crenulate margins and by the
peduncles which are usually shorter than the cymes. The Sweet Viburnum may attain a largt»r
size than the Withe-rod and bears ovate leaves with closely and sharply serrate margins and
winged petioles. Another closely related species Is the Black Haw described on page 225, from
which the Sweet Viburnum can bo distinguished by Its leaf-blades with acuminate apexes, its
long-pointed reddlsh-brown buds, and its winged petioles. The Black Haw usually has blunt-
pointed leaves, short-pointed and njsty pubescent buds, and no winged leaf-petioles. The
lateral branches of the Black Haw are usually stiff and stand at riglit angles to the main stem,
while those of the Sweet Vibunmm are flexible and form an angle of about 45 degrees with
the main stem. The Sweet Viburnum is usually found In wet locations while the Black Haw
frequents dry situations and often forms almost Impenetrable thickets along old fence rows.
The long, slender, sciu*fy reddish-brown buds closely appressefl to the clean, flexible, reddish*
brown twigs are jjositive winter cliaracteristics of the Sweet Vibumum.

RANGE — Quebec to Manitoba, south to Georgia, Indiana, and Missouri.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA — Common in the eastern, soutliem, and central parts of
tlie State; local in the western part, and less frequent in the northern part.

HABITAT — Usually found along or near banks of streams and borders of lakes located in or
near wooded areas,

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Sweet Viburnum has no commercial value, so far as
wood production is concerned. Its form, flowers, fruit, and foliage make it one of the most
attractive of our small ornamental trees.

PLATE CXXVIIL SWEET VIBURNUM

1. A twig sliowinj,' tlu> oimiiIm},' of a Icriiiinal bml. x -j.

'2. A branchlet witli leaves and two c-ynios of lluwerb, x ,.

3. A branchlot with liavt-s and two i- ustcis of fiult x ,

4 A winter twi« Avitl. Inloral h-af-l.u.ls ana tcriniMal llou.i

.-.. A leaf-scar witli tliree bundle-scars, .•iilar^'eil.

Iiuds, natural si/.r

224

SWEET VIBURNUM

Viburnum Lentago, Linnaeus

FAMILY AND GENUS DESCRIPTION— The Honeysuckle family. Caprlfoliaceae, Is rather
widely dlstiibated In temperate regions. It oomprlges about 10 genera with 276 species of
shrubs, trees, vines, and a few perennial herbs. About 8 genera are native to North America
and 7 to Pennsylvania. The 7 genera native to this State comprise about 31 species, most
of which are shrubs. The principal native genera are: The Elderberries (Sambucns), the
Yibymnms (Viburnum), the Bush Honeysuckles (DiervUla), the Honeysuckles (Lonicera) and the
Snowberries (Symphoricarpos). Since most of the representatives of these genera arc shrubs
only a few have been discussed in this publication. A description of the others may be found
in Gray's New Manual of Botany, or Porter's Flora of Pennsylvania. The Elders belonging to
the genus Sambucus, are among our best knovm shrubs. The Common Elderberry (Sambucus
canadensis L.) is probably the best known. The flowers are conspicuous and sometimes used in
making wine. The fruit is eaten and also made into wine, pies, and jellies. The Honeysuckles
(Lonicera) are very common in our gardens and parks as ornamental shrubs and vines. They
comprise about 100 species of which number at least 10 species are native to Pennsylvania. The
Viburnums (Viburnum) also colfiprlse about 100 species of which number about 20 species are
native to North America and 11 to Pennsylvania. All of our species are usually shrubs, rarely
small tn'cs. The two species described on the following i>ages are occasionally found as small
trees.

FORM — ^A shrub or small tree usually attaining a height of 10-15 ft., but may reach a height
of 30 ft. with a diameter of 10 Inches. Trunk usually shwt, bearing a round-topped crown
formed by slender and usually drooping branches.

BARK — ^Disagreeable in odor, reddish, roughened in older specimens by division and subdivision
into thick plates which are scaly on the sm'face.

TWIGS— At first greenish and covered with rusty hairs, later reddish to orange and rather
smooth.

BUDS— Opposite, long, slender, scurfy, reddish- brown, covered by two rather rough scales.
Lateral buds are usually leaf-buds and closely appressed to twigs. Terminal buds are often
flower buds with a marked swelling at the base, and about i of an Inch long.

LEAVES— Opposite, simple, ovate, about 2i inches long, sharp-pointed, narrowed or rounded
at base, closely and very sharply serrate on margin, bright green, smooth on both upper and
lower surfaces. Veins conspicuously connected by veinlets. Petioles often winged and grooved.

LEAF-SCARS — Opposite, wide, broadly U-shaped not encircling twigs, and usually with 3
bundle-scars.

FLOWERS— Small, perfect, white, appearing in May or June in dense, many flowered, sessile,
terminal cymes which are usually 3-6 Inches broad.

FRUIT — ^A black or dark blue, fleshy, sweet, rather juicy drupe, containing a flat oval stone,
and grouped Into small clusters borne on slender, reddish, and often drooping stalks.

WOOD— Diffuse-porous; heavy, hard, dense, yellowish-brown, with very disagreeable and per-
sistent odor. Weighs 46 lbs. per cubic foot. Not important commercially.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS— The Sweet Viburnum, also knovra as Sheepberry,
Nannyberry, and Wild Raisin, resembles the Withe-rod or Wild Raisin (Viburnum cassinoldes,
L.) more closely than any other native Viburnum^ The latter can be distinguished by its
opaque or dull and obscurely-veined leaves with irregularly crenulate margins and by the
peduncles which are usually shorter than the cymes. The Sweet Viburnum may attain a larger
size than the Withe-rod and bears ovate leaves with closely and sharply serrate margins and
winged petioles. Another closely related species is the Black Haw described on page 226, from
which the Sweet Viburnum can be dlBtinguinheil by Its leaf-blades with acuminate apexes, Its
long-pointed reddish-brown biids, and its winged petioles. The Black Haw usually has blunt-
pointed leaves, short-pointed and rqsty pubescent buds, and no wlng^ed leaf-petioles. The
lateral branches of the Black Haw are usually stiff and stand at right angles to the main stem,
while those of the Sweet Viburnum are flexible and form an angle of about 46 degrees with
the main stem. The Sweet Viburnum is usually found in wet locations while the Black Haw
frequents dry situations and often fonns almost impenetrable thickets along old fence rows.
The long, slender, scurfy reddish-bruwn buds closely am)ressed to the clean, flexible, reddish-
brown twigs are iwsitive winter characteristics of the Sweet Viburnum.

RANGE— Quebec to Manitoba, south to Georgia, Indiana, and Missouri.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Common in the eastern, southern, and central parts of
the State; local in tlie western part, and less frequent in the northern part.

HABITAT — ^Usually found along or near banks of streams and borders of lakes located in or
near wooded areas.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Sweet Viburnum has no commercial value, so far as
wood production is concerned. Its form, flowers, fruit, and foliage make it one of the most
attractive of our small ornamental trees.

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

A
A
A
A
A

PLATE CXXVIIL SWEET VIBURNUM

twig sliowing tlie optniing of a terniinal bud, x i-

branchlet with leaves and two cymes of flowers, x ..

hr«nrhl»»«- with loavcs and two clusttM's or IlUll, X }.

Sertwig'vith lateral leaf-buds and ter.nii.al llower buds, natural s./.

leaf-scar with three buiulle-scars, enlarged.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

225

PLATE CXXIX. BLACK HAW

A l.ninc-hlet with lonves and two cymos ol «';"•''■';: -^ j- ,
to the light of tlie teniilnal flower Imd, natural sizu.

BLACK HAW
Viburnum prunifolium, Linnaeus

BAEK-About 2/6 of an Inch thick, reddish-brown, rough, broken Into thick plate-like scales.

g^^^\m^ ^^t^L"^"^"^' *J«Vr""' ""^ •'*«'• ^'^'^"^ «"* ^°t«'. «Plne-like.
o^VS^ed lentl<S^: '°''''^ """^^ "*'" ''''"'''''' *'^^™- ^"^""'^ ™"»^«d -"»»

inf«^,^^^J****i!!i!' *:* °' ." *"*'*' **"«• ^^^^'^ ^"» 2 rusty pubescent scales which enlaree
into leaf-like bodies in spring when growth begins. Axillary buds i of an Inch long, flattened
clowsly appresmd to twig. Rower buds swollen near base. nattened,

LEA"VTS-Oppo8lte, simple, oval. 1-8 Inches long, obtuse or slightly pointed at apex usually
wedge-shaped at base, finely serrate on margin, sometimes leathery when old. dark ^en above
and pale green below; petioles usually round, rarely winged.

LEAF-SCABS— See "Leaf-scars" under Sweet Viburnum.

f«^i?!r^!!!r®"t?'v^''®?'. '^^'^' »PP«a'*nK about May In dense, many-flowered, sessile, and
terminal cymes which are 8-4 Inches broad.

nvfi*Il««""'^*'**^' /"."' J**"* J™^ "^^^""^ ** persistent, sweet and rather Juicy; contains a flat
oval stone; grouped In few-fruited clusters borne on reddish stalks.

WOOD— See "Wood" under Sweet Viburnum.

DI8TIN0UISHIH0 CHARACTEEISTICS-The Black Haw. also known as Sweet Haw. Sheep-
Derry, Stag-bush, and Nanny-btrry, closely resembles the Sweet Viburnum. See "Distinguishing
^wacteristlcs under Sweet Viburnum. The Black Haw and the Sweet Vibm-num may further
be distinguished from the Mtaple-leaved Viburnum (Viburnum acerlfollum) by the palmate vena-
tion of the leaf-blade and the small gaping buds of the latter, and from the Arrowwood
(Viburnum dentatum) by the coarsely dentate leaves, the small gaping buds, and the evidently-
stalked flower clusters of the latter.

RAKOE — Connecticut south to Georgia, and west to Arkansas.

DISTRIBUTION IH PENNSYLVANIA— Common In the eastern and southen parts of the
State, and local to sparse In the other parts.

SABITAT— Prefers dry rocky hillsides. Sometimes found In rather moist locations. Fre-
quent along fences and roadsides where seeds may have been dropped by birds. Often forms
alnuMt Impenetrable thickets along fences, especially when coppiced.

IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Black Haw Is of no commercial Importance as a
wood-producing tree, but for ornamental purposes deserves to be planted extensively. The bark
of the roots Is valuable medicinally. *

G— 16

PLATE CXXIX. BLACK HAW

\ hninchlt't with hs.v.'S iiiid two (yincs ol lluwcrs x ,.
\ hiiiiirlilct Willi U'iivcs aiHl two <lusl.is ;t ruit. x
wiiittT twiK witli a laiKc t.-riiiiiiiil \\«\m'V I'IkI mikI

opnosilc. iiiHl lociitcd uhuut tlii' .nid.llc ol llif twiK.

to the lijilit of the toriiiiiiiil flower ImkI. iiiitinal sizf.

A

tliree leiif l.iids. 'l'\v(. leaf-biKls nre
wliile llie thiitl is at the base ami

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

w^na^ncTi

225

BLACK HAW
Viburnum prunifolium, Linnaeus

and round-topped cn>wn formed by ItiriaterrLnchl;. ' ' '''''"" ' "''^"^ ^'^'^

BARK-About 2/5 of an Inch thick, reddish-brown, rough, broken Into thick plate-llke scales.

orX coSfed TnticS^: ''"'''^ ''"'^ '^*" ^^'""^^ ^^'^'"- ^^"""y ™'^'^e<i ^"h

1ntn^.n?r?if^^i!' ^;* **' .*"" ^"''^ ***"«' ^°''^''^* ^"»» 2 rusty pubescent scales which enlarge
Into leaf-like bodies in spring when growth begins. Axillary buds J of an inch Imig flattened
closely appressed to twig. Flower buds swollen near base. nattened,

LEAVTS-Opposite. simple, oval, 1-3 inches long, obtuse or slightly pointed at apex usually
wedge-shaped at base, ftnely serrate on margin, sometimes leathe^ when old. dark^eln abo!e
and pale green below; petioles usually round, rarely winged.

LEAF-SCARS— Stee "Leaf-scars" under Sweet Viburnum.

FLOWERS— Small, perfect, white, appearing about May In dense, many-flowered sessile and
terminal cymes which are 3-4 inches broad. nowerea, sessile, and

ovfi^y/nnrr*^*'"^^' H^"^ j^JueJruPe ^'hich is persistent, sweet and rather Juicy; contains a flat
oval stone; grouped m few-fruited clusters borne on reddish stalks.

WOOD— See "Wood" under Sweet Viburnum.

DISTINaUISHING CHARACTERISTICS-The Black Haw', also known as Sweet Haw, Sheep-
berry, Stag-bush, and Nanny-berry, closely resembles the Sweet Viburnum. See "Distinguishing
^wacteristlcs under Sweet Viburnum. The Black Haw and the Sweet Viburnum may further
be distinguished from the RHaple-leaved Viburnum (Viburnum acerlfolium) by the palmate vena-
tion of the leaf-blade and the small gaping buds of the latter, and from the Arrowwood
(Viburnum dentatum) by the coarsely dentate leaves, the small gaping buds, and the evidently-
stalked flower clusters of the latter.

RANGE — Connecticut south to Georgia, and west to Arkansas.

DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA— Common in the eastern and southen parts of the
State, and local to sparse in the other parts.

HABITAT— Prefers dry rocky hillsides. Sometimes found in rather moist locations. Fre-
quent along fences and roadsides where seeds may have been dropped by birds. Often forms
almost impenetrable thickets along fences, especially when coppiced.

IBIPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES— The Black Haw Is of no commercial importance as a
wood-producing tree, but for ornamental purposes deserves to be planted extensively. The bark
of the roots Is valuable medicinally.

F

G— 16

226

GLOSSARY.

Abortion. Imperfect development or non-development of an orgran.

Abortive. That which Is brought forth prematurely, coming to naught before It Is completed.

Aokene. A small, hard, dry, 1-celled, l-seeded fruit which does not open by valves.

Acrid. Sharp or biting to the taste.

Acuminate. Decidedly tapering at the end.

Acute. Tapering at the end.

Aeathetio. Pertaining to the beautiful.

AfforefHng. Turning ground Into forest after being vtlthout a forest for a considerable length
of time.

Alluvial. Relating to the deposits of sand, clay, or gravel made by river action.

Alternate. Not opposite to each other, but scattered singly along the axis.

Ament. A peculiar, scaly, uniseztial spike.

Anther. The enlarged terminal part of a stamen which bears the pollen.

Apew. The tip or end of a bud or leaf, 1. e. the part opposite the base.

Apical. Pertaining to the tip, end or apex.

Appreaaed. Lying tight or close against.

Arborescent. Tree-lilte in appearance, size, and growth.

Aromatic. Fragrant ; with a pleasing odor.

A$trinffent. Contracting; drawing together; binding.

Axik The upper angle formed by a leaf or branch with a stem.

Awillary. Situate In an axil.

Bark. The outer covering of a trunk or brandi.

Ba0ai. Pertaining to or situate at base.

Berry. A fruit which is fleshy or pulpy throughout.

Bisexual. Having both stamens and pistilis, i. e. male and female organs.

Bloom. A powdery or somewhat waxy substance easily rubbed off.

Bole. The body or stem of a tree.

Boreal. Pertaining to the north.

Bract. A modified leaf subtending a flower or belonging to an inflorescence.

Bnd-scalea. Modified leaves covering a bud.

Bwidlegcars. Scars on the surface of a leaf -scar. Severed ends of the fibro- vascular bundles
which connected the twigs with the leaves.

Oalyx. The outer portion of a flower, usually green in color.

Cambial. Pertaining to the cambiuiy.

Cambium. A thin-walled formative tissue between the baric and wood.

Oapntle. A dry fruit composed of more than one carpel and splitting open at maturity.

Carpel. A simple pistil or one member of a compound pistil.

Catkin. An ament or splice of unisexual flowers.

Chambered. Said of the pith when interrupted by hollow spaces at rather regular Intervals.

Ciliate. Fringed with hairs on the margin.

Coherent. Sticking together; connected.

Collateral. Accessory buds at the sides of axillary buds.

Complete. Said of flowers when all parts are present.

Compound. Composed of two or more similar parts united in a whole.

Concentric. Said of growth rings when the growth center coincides with the geometrical center.

Confluent. Flowing together; uniting. Said of the bundle-scars when the separate ones flow
together and appear as one.

Conicai. Cone-shaped.

Oonifera. A grotq> of trees which usually produce their fruit in the form of a cone.

ConiferouM. Cone-bearing.

Conniving. Brought ©lose together.

Contorted. Twisted together or back upon itself.

Convergent. Tending to one point.

Cordate. Heart-shaped.

Corotta. The Inner portion of the perianth, composed of petals. The bright colored part of
most flowers.

Corymb. A flat-topped or convex flower cluster, blooming first at the edges.

Corrugated. Shaped Into grooves, folds, or wrinkles.

CrMon. The upper mass of branches, also known as the head.

Oi/me. A flower cluster blooming from apex or middle first, usually somewhat flat.

Cymoae. In a cyme ; cyme-like.

l)ecidiuou9. Falling off, usually at the close of the season.

Drciirrent. Extending down the stem below the insertion.

Dejoliation. Removal of foliage.

Dehianent. Splitting open.

Deliquefcent. Said of the form of a tree with a broad spreading habit. The branches sub-
divide until they apparently disappear.

227

Deltoid. Delta-like, triangular.

Dentate. Toothed, usually with the teeth directed outwards.

Diffuae-porous. Equal-pored. Said of wood when pores in a growth ring are equal in size.

Digitately-compound. With the members arising at the same point at the end or top of the

support.
Dioecious. Unisexual, with the two kinds of flowers on different plants.
Diaaeminated. Scattered ; thrown broadcast.

Divergent. Pointing aAvay; extending out. Said of imds Avhich point away from the twigs.
Downy. Covered with fine hsirs.
Drupe. A fleshy fruit with a pit or stone.
Eccentric. Not circular. Said of growth rings wlien growth center does not coincide with

geometrical center.
Elongated. Long drawn out.
Embyro. A young plant in a seed.
Entire-margined. Margin smooth, not cut or roughened.
Epidermis. The outer layer or covering of plants.
Equidiatant. Equal distances apart.
Even-pinnate. With all the leaflets occurring In pairs.

Excurrent. Said of a tree with a continuous tinink and erect habit of growth.
Exfoliation. Splitting or cleaving off of outer layers of bark.
Exotic. Of foreign origin.

Exudation. Oozing out of sap, resin, or milk.
Faacicle. A cluster, usually dense.

Fertilization. The process by which pollen stimulates the ovule to proiluce a seed.
Fetid. Ill-smelling.

Fibro-vaacular bundle*. The conducting strands which connect the leaves with the stem.
Fibrous. Consisting of flbors ; woven in texture.
Filament. The stock bearing the anther.
Fieaurea. Grooves, furrows, or channels as in the bark.
Flora. The complete system of plants found in a given area.
Fluted. Grooved, corrugated, channeled.

Follicles. A dry fruit of one carpel, splitting on one side only.
Foreatry. The rational treatment of woodlands for their products.

Fruit. A developing or ripened ovary- It may also include the axis containing the real fruit.
Fungus. A plant devoid of green color puch as mushrooms and rots.
Gaping. With an open split at the end or apex.
Oenvs. A group of related species, as the pines or the oaks.
Glabrottft. Smooth, without hairs.
Glandular. Bearing glands or gland-like.

Glattcoiu. Covered with a bluish or whitish wsxy coating; a bloom.
Globose. Ball-like or nearly so.
Globular. Ball like.
Habitat. The home of a plant.

Head. A dense cluster of sessHe flowers or the croA^-n of a tree.
Heartwood. The dead, central, usually highly colored portion of the trunk.
Herbaeemis. Herb-like. soft.

Heterogenous. Composed of dissiniiliar elements, as the woo<l of the hardwoods.
Homogeneous. Composed of closely resembling elements, as the wood of the conifers.
Tmhrifated. Overlapping like the shingles on a roof.
Incomplete. Said of flowers in which one of the outer parts is wanting.
Increment. Growth ; increase.

Indchinrrtit. Applied to fruits that do not split open to let out the seeds.
Indigenous. Applied to plants that are native to a certain locality.
Inflorescence. The flowering part of a plant, and especially its arrangement.
Intolerant. Not slinrto enduring. Requiring sunlight.

Involucre. A circle of bracts surrounding a flower or ."luster of flowers.
Irregular. Said of flowers, showing Inequality in the size, form or union of similar pBrts.
Keeled. With a central ridge, like the keel of a boat.
Lamina. The blade or flattened portion of a leaf.
Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance ; several times longer than wide.
Lateral. Situated on the side, as the buds along the side of the twig.
Leaflets. One of the small blades or divisions of a compound leaf.
Leaf -scar. The scar left by the falling of a leaf.
Lenticcl. A corky growth on young or s^ometlmes older bark, which admits air to the inteiior

of the twig or branch.
Linear. Line-like, long and narrow, with parallel edges.
Lobed. Said of leaves that have the margins more or less cut or divided.
Lunate. Of the shape of n half-moon or crescent.
Manna. A sweetish secretion used in medicine as a mild laxative.
Medullary. Pertaining to the pith or medulla.
Medullary Ray. Radial lines of tissues crossing the growth of rings at right angles and extending

into the bark.
Midrib. The central or main rib or vein of a leaf.
Mongrel. Composed of two elements of entirely different origin.

228

Monoeoiout. Bearing stamenB and piatils In separate flowers on the same place.

Morphological. Pertaining to, the form and stiucture of plants.

Mueilaginoii9. Shiny, or gummy when chewed.

Naked. Said of buds witltout scales and seeds without covering.

Naval Stores. Refers to tar, turpentine, resin, etc.

Nerve. One of the lines or veins running through a leaf.

Node. A place on a twig where one or more leaves originate.

Non-porous. Without pores.

Nut. A dry, 1-aeeded, indehiscent fruit with a hard covering.

Nutlet. A small nut.

Ob-. A prefix meaning inverted or reversed.

Oblique. Slanting, uneven.

Oblong. About twice as long as wide, the sides nearly parallel.

Obwate. Reversed egg-shaped.

Obtuse. Blunt. ^ , .

Odd-pinnate. With an odd or unpaired leaflet at the tip of the compomid leaf.

Opposite. Said of leaves and buds, directly across from each other.

Orbicular. Circular.

Ovary. The part of the pistil producing the seed.

Ovate. Bgg-shaped.

Ovoid. Egg-shaped or nearly so.

Ovule. The body which after fertillEation becomes the seed.

Palmate. Hand-shaped ; radlately divided. .

Panicle. A compoimd flower cluster, the lower brarches of which are longest and bloom first.

Parasite. Growing upon and obtaining its nourishment from some other plant.

Parenchyma. A class of plant tissue found in the green layers of the bark, In wood and pith.

Pedicel. The stalk of a single flower.

Peduncle. The stalk of a iiower cluster or of a solitary flower.

Pendulous. Hanging.

Perennial. Lasting for more than one year.

Perfect. A flower with both stamens and pistils.

Perianth. A term applied to the calyx and corolla taken together.

Persistent. Remaining after blooming, fruiting, or maturing.

Petals. A part of a corolla, usually colored.

Petiole. The stalk of a leaf.

Pinna. A division, part, or leaflet of a pinnate leaf.

Pinnate. With leaflets on both sides of a stalk.

Pistil. The central part of the flowers containing the prospective seed.

Pistillate. Bearing pistils but no stamens.

Pith. The soft central part of a twig.

Pod. Any dry and dehiscent fruit.

Pollen. The dust-like substance found in the anthers of a flower. _

PoUkiatior,. The process of bringing the pollen of the male flower In contact with the stigma

of the female flower.
Polygamous. Producing stamlnate. plsUllate and perfect flowers all on the same plant.

Pome. A fleshy fruit with a core, such as an apple.
Prickle. A sharp-pointed, needle-like outgrowth.
Profiiff<ite. Wasteful, extravagant.
Propagate. Said of buds containing reproductive organs.

Pseudo-. A prefix meaning false, not true.

Pubescent. Hairy.

Pungent. Bndlnff In a sharp point; acrid.

Pyramidal. Shaped like a pyramid with the broadest part near the base. „,..„„^h nn

Baceme. A .Im^e Inflorescence of flowers borne on pedicels of equal length and arranged on

a common, elongated axis.
Rachis. The elongated axis of an inflorescence, as a raceme.
Kay. See Medullary ray.

Reflexed. Abruptly turned backward or downward.

Reforestati^. The process of putting a forest growth upon an area which had Its forest
growth removed recently.

Regular. Said of flowers which are uniform In shape or structure.

ReiLduct. A passage for the conduction of resin fpund In the leaves and wood^

Rin^.po7<ms. Said of wood which has pores of unequal size, the larger ones being found in
the spring wood and the smaller in the summer wood.

Rugose. Wrinkled.

Rugositiee. Projections, wrinkles, knobs.

Saccharine. Pertaining to or having the qualities of sugar.

Samara. An indehiscent winged fruit. i,„..*,„«^

Savwood The recently formed, usually light wood, lying outside of the heartwood.

tree divides.
Scurfy. Covered with small bran-like scales.
acpal. One of the parts of the calyx.

229

Serrate. Having sharp teeth pointing forward.

Sessile. Seated; without a stalk.

Sheath. A tubular envelope or covering.

Shrub. A low woody growth which usually branches near the base.

Silky. Covered with soft, straight, fine hairs.

Simple. Consisting of one part, not compound.

Sinus. The cleft or opening between two lobes.

Species. A group of like Individuals as Red Oak, White Oak, etc.

Spike. An elongated axis bearing sessile flowers.

Spile. A small peg or wooden pin. Sometimes synonymous with pile.

Spine. A sharp woody outgrowth.

Stamen. The partj of a flower which bears the pollen.

Staminate. Said of flowers which bear only stamens. Sometimes spoken of as male.

Sterigmata. The projections from twigs bearing leaves.

Sterile. Barren; unproductive.

Stigma. The end of a pistil through which pollination takes place.

fttipule. A leaf-appendage at the base of the leaf-stalk.

SHpule-scar. The scar left by the fall of the stipule.

Stoma, (plural stomata) An opening In the epidermis of a leaf communicating with the In-
ternal air cavities.

Striate. Marked with fine elongated ridges or lines.

Striations. Long narrow lines or ridges.

Strobile. A fruit marked by overlapping scales as in the Pine, Birches, etc.

Style. The pin-like portion of the pistil bearing the stigma.

Sub: A prefix meaning under or nearly.

Sucker. A shoot arising from an underground bud.

Superposed. Said of buds when they are arranged one above the other. ^ ^ ^ . .

Symmetrical. Regular as to the number of parts. Having the same number of parts in each
circle.

Terminal. Pertaining to buds located at the end of twigs.

Thorn. A stilT, woody, sharp-pointed projection.

Tolerant. Applied to trees which endure certain factors, particularly shade.

Tomentum. A dense layer of hairs.

Tomentose. Densely pubescent; hairy.

Truncate. Ending abruptly, as If cut off at the end.

Tubercle. A small tuber or tuber-like body.

Tufted. Growing In clusters. .... , *

Umbel. A flower-cluster with all the pedicels arising from the same point.

Unisexual. Consisting of one sex only, either staminate or pistillate.

raWate Said of buds In which the scales merely meet without overiapping.

Veaetative. Said of buds which do not contain reproductive organs.

Veins. Threads of flbro-vascular tissue in leaves or other organs.

Versatile. Used for many purposes.

"^h^l. A^rlTof '^^e" or more similar organs, as leaves or buds, arranged about the same

place of attachment.
Whorled. Borne in a whorl. * ^ „- „«„^

Xylology. The science which treats of the form and structure of wood.

231

INDEX

4

Page

Abies balsamea, 90

Abies Fraseri, 90

Acacia, 187

Three-thorned, 185

Acer: 62, 196

Negundo, 203

pennsylvanicum, 198

platanoides 204

pseudo-platanus, 204

rubrum 61, 62, 202

saccharinum, 201

saccharum, 200

spicatum, 199

Aceraceae, 66, 196

Aesculus : 206

glabra 206

octandra, 207

Hippocastanum 206

Ailanthus, 193

glandulosa , 193

Alder :

• Black, 195

Smooth 127

Alders, 51, 53, 127

Alnus rugosa, 127

Alternate-leaved Dogwood, 211

Amelanchier canadensis, 180

Anacardiaceae , 188

Angelica Tree , 205

Anonaceae 166

Apple, American Crab, 178

Aralia spinosa 205

Arbor Vitae, 47, 92

Arrow-wood, 225

Ash :

Basket 221

Biltmore 219

Black, 18,20,221

Brown, 221

Canadian, 220

Green, 219

Hoop, 221

Mountain 18, 54, 179

Red 222

Swamp, 221

White 18, 34, 220

Page
Ash-leaved Maple 203

Asimina triloba, 166

Aspen : 17, 19, 20, 44, 100, 102

American, 102

Large-toothed, 19, 103

Quaking, 102

Small-toothed, 102, 103

Trembling, 19, 102

Balm of Gilead 100

Balsam, 90

Basswood, ...18, 41, 42, 44, 50, 54, 208

White 209

Beaked Hazelnut, 128

Beaked Willow 99

Bear Oak 150

Bebb's Willow, 98

Beech :

American, 131

Blue 18, 41, 126

European, 130

Water 126

Beech family, 129

Bee Tree, 208

Benzoin aestivale, 167

Betula : 118

alba var. papyrifera, 120

lenta, 124

lutea 121

nigra, 122

populifolia, 123

Big Tree of Tule, 31

Big Trees, 38

Bignoniaceae, 217

Bignonia family, 217

Bilstead 169

Birch :

Black, 19, 42, 124

Canoe, 120

Cherry, 124

Gray, 18, 39, 121, 123

Oldfield, 123

Paper, 18. 41, 42, 63, 120

Poplar , 1-3

Poverty 123

Red 122

232

Page
Birch — Continued

River 18, 20, 63, 122

Silver, 121

• Sweet 124

Yellow, 18, 41, 121

Birch family, 117

Birches 31, 43, 44, 47, 50, 53, 118

Bladder Nut, 55

Bow-wood, 159

Box Elder, 203

Boxwood, 210

Buckeye :

Big, 207

Fetid 63, 206

Ohio 206

Stinking 206

Sweet, 33,63,207

YeUow, 207

Buckeyes, 46

Butternut 44, 108

Buttonball 181

Buttonwood, 20, 31, 40, 41, 45, 53, 181

Calico Bush 213

Canoe Birch 120

Caprifoliaceae, 224

Carolina Poplar, 105

Carpinus caroliniana, 126

Carya : 110

alba, 114

cordiformis 116

glabra, 115

illinoensis, Ill

laciniosa, 113

microcarpa, Ill

ovata, 112

Cashew family, 188

Castanea : 130

alnifolia 130

dentata, 132

pumila, 133

Catalpa : 44, 217

bignonioides, 217

Eastern, 217

Western 217

Cedar : 30, 91, 92, 93

Coast White, 91

Red, 20, 63, 93

White, 41, 91, 92

CelUs:

crassifolia, 158

occidentalis 158

Cercis canadensis, 186

Chamaecyparis thyoides, 91

Page
Cherry: 31, 43, 50, 51, 52, 53, 170, 171

Appalachian, 171

Bird 19, 174

Black, 172

Cabinet, 172

Choke, 173

Domestic, 171

Fire 17, 19, 174

Perfumed, 171

Pin, 174

Rum, 172

Sand 171

Sour 171

Sweet, 171

Wild, 42, 172

Wild Black, ..18, 32, 34, 51, 172

Wild Red, 174

Chestnut 130, 132

Chinquapin 39, 133

Chionanthus virginica 223

Cigar Tree, 217

Coffee Nut 184

Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 184

Colorado Blue Spruce 85

Cornaceae, 210

Cornel, Flowering, 210

Cornus :

alternifolia, 211

florida, 210

Corylus :

americana, 128

rostrata, 128

Cotton Tree 106

Cottonwood : 100, 105

Black 104

River 104

Swamp, 104

Crab Apple, American, 178

Crack Willow 95

Crataegus :

ooccinea, 177

Crus-galli 176

Cucumber Tree, 18, 163

Custard Apple family, 166

Cypress, Bald, 30

Date-plum, 216

Deerwood, 125

Diospyros virginiana, 216

Dogwood : 50, 210

Alternate-leaved, 211

Blue, 211

Flowering, 210

Purple 211

233

h

Page

Ebenaceae, 216

Ebony family, 216

Elder, 43, 44

Elderberry, Common, 224

Elkwood , 164

Elm: 44, 53

American, 157

English 155, 156

Gray 157

Moose, 156

Red, 156

Slippery, 156

Water 157

White, 157

Elms, 52. 155

Ericaceae, 213

Evergreen Oaks, 134

Fagaceae, 129

Fagus : 130

grandifolia, 131

sylvatica 130

Filbert 128

Fir, Balsam 18,41, 90

Fire Cherry, 17, 19, 174

Firs 17, 18, 30, 61, 90

Fraxinus, 218

americana, 61, 220

Biltmoreana 219

excelsior, 218

nigra, 221

omus, 218

pennsylvanica, 22i2

pennsylvanica var. lanceola-

ta, 219

Fringe Tree, 20, 223

Gleditsia triacanthos, 185

Great Laurel, 214

Gum:

Black, 20, 39, 41, 44, 212

Red, 169

Sour, 212

Sweet 18, 20, 40, 169

Gymnocladus dioica 3, 184

Hackberry, 20, 40, 44, 53, 158

Hackmatack 83

Hack-tree, 158

Hamamelidaceae, 168

Hamamelis virginiana, 168

Haven-wood, 193

Haw: 176

Black 225

Sweet 225

Pagf

Hawthorn : 176, 177

Scarlet, 177

Hazelnut : 51, 128

American, 128

Beaked, 128

Common, 53, 128

Heath family, 213

Hedge-tree, 159

Hemlock : 17, 18, 19, 30, 31, 38, 41, 42,

56, 57,63, 89

Carolina 89

Ground, 73

Hemlock Spruce, 89

Hercules' Club, 205

Hickory : 18, 20, 50, 51, 56, 110

Big Bud 114

Big Shell-bark, 113

Bitter, 116

Bitter Nut 115, 116

Broom, 115

Mocker Nut, 20, 114

Pecan, Ill

Pignut, 20, 115

Shag-bark 20, 41, 112, 113

Shell-bark, 112

Small-fruited, Ill

Swamp, 20, 116

White-heart 114

Holly: 194

American, 30, 194

Deciduous, 30

European, 194

Larged-leaved, 195

Mountain, 18, 195

White, 194

Honey Locust, 185

Honey Shucks, 185

Honeysuckle family, 224

Hop Hornbeam, American, 50, 51, 55, 125

Hornbeam, American, 126

Horse-chestnut, 206

Ilex:

aquifolium 194

monticola 195

opaca, 194

verticillata, 195

Indian Bean, 217

Ironwood, 18, 126

Judas Tree 186

234

Page

Juglans, 107

cinerea, 108

nigra, 109

regia, 107

Juglandaceae, 106

June Berry 180

Juniper :

Common, 47, 93

Dwarf, 93

Red 36, 37, 93

Juniperus : 36

communis, 93

virginiana, 93

Kalmia latifolia, 213

Kentucky Coflfee-tree 44, 47, 184

Larch : 30, 56, 61, 73

American, 83

Black, 83

European, 83

Larix :

laricina, 83

decidua, 83

Lauraceae, 167

Laurel :

Great 214

Mountain, 19, 30, 213

Laurel family, 167

Laurel Magnolia, 20, 30, 162

Leguminosae, 182

Leverwood, •. 125

Lime-tree, 208

Linden,

White, 209

Linden family, 208

Liquidambar, 169

styraciflua, 169

Liriodendron Tulipifera, 165

Live Oakes 134

Locust : 187

Black, 19, 187

Common, 44, 47, 48, 51, 54, 187

Honey 43, 185

Sweet 185

Yellow, 187

White, 187

Lombardy Poplar, 100

Lynn 208

Madura pomifera, 159

Magnolia, 44, 47, 50, 03, 161

acuminata, 163

Laurel 20, 30, 63, 162

Small, 162

tripetala, 164

Page

virginiana, 162

Magnoliaceae, 161

Magnolia family 161

Mahogany, 184

Maple : 17, 18, 19, 30, 51, 52, 53, 57, 63

'. 196

Ash-leaved, 20, 203

Hard 200

Mountain, 18, 44, 199

Norway, 204

Red, ..18, 19, 20, 42, 44, 62, 202

River 201

Rock 200

Silver, 20, 201

Soft 18, 201, 202

Striped 18, 44, 45, 51, 198

Sugar, 18, 19, 42, 44, 63, 67, 200

Swamp, 18, 202

Sycamore, 204

White 201, 202

Maple family, 196

Michaux's Basswood 208

Moosewood 198

Morus : 160

alba, 160

rubra, 160

Mulberry : 51, 52, 53, 160

Black, 160

Red, 20, 160

White 160

Nannyberry 224, 225

Nettle family, 53, 154

Nettle-tree 158

Nicker Tree, 184

Ninebark 170

Nyssa sylvatica, 212

Oak:

Barren, 151

Bear, 62, 150

Black, 20, 41, 148

Black Jack, 151

Bur 20, 140

Chestnut 33, 143

Chinquapin, 142, 144

Dwarf Chinquapin, 144

Ground, 150

Iron, 139

Jack, 151, 152

Laurel, 152

Mossy-cup, 140

Over-cup, 140

Peach, 163

Pin, 39, 40,41,146, 153

235

Oak — Continued.
Post, . . .
Red,

Page Page

139 Pine family, 73

,20, 38, 62, 145 Pinus : 61, 73* 74

Rock 17, 19, 20, 34, 45, 143

Scarlet, 20, 147

Scrub, 18, 19, 20, 39, 02, 144, 150

Scrub Chestnut, 144

Shingle 152

Spanish, 149

Swamp, 146, 153

Swamp White 141

Water, 146, 152, 153 Plane Tree

White, 20, 31, 39, 63, 138 Plane Tree family,

Willow, 18, 20, 35, 153 Platanaceae,

Yellow 142, 148 Platanus :

echinata, 80

laricio var. austriaca, 74

pungens, 79

resinosa 61, 78

"ffida, 61, 177

Strobus 61, 76

sylvestris, 74^ §2

virginiana 81

181

181

181

Oilnut, 108

Old Man's Board, 223

Olea Europaea, 218 Plum

Oleaceae, 218

Olive family, 218

Olive Tree, 218

Osage Apple-tree, 159

occidentalis, 181

orientalis, 181

170, 171

Porter's 171

Re<l 175

Wild, 175

Wild Yellow, 175

Osage Orange, 53, 159 Poison :

Osier, Green, 211

Ostrya virginiana, 125

Oxydendniin arboreum, 215

Papaw, 44, 47, 51, 53, 166

Paradise Tree, 193

^'each, 170, 171 Poplar :

Pepperidge, 212

Persimmon, 20, 56, 216

Physocarpus opulifolius, 170

Picea : 84

Abies 88

mariana, 87

pungens 85

rubra, 86

Dogwood, 190

Elder, 190

Ivy, 188

Oak, 188, 190

Sumach, 190

31, 51, 52, 102, 103

BalsanL^ 100

Caroliilli, 105

Downy 104

Lombardy, 39, 100

Silver-leaf, 100

Swamp, 104

White, 100

Yellow, 18, 32, 165

Pigeon-berry, 211 Poplar Birch, 123

Pinaceae, 61, 73 Popple, 102, 103, 105

Pine: 30, 41, 52,56,57,61, 63 Populus: KH>

Austrian, 74

Jack, 01, 77

Jersey or Scrub, 19, 03, 81

Nigger, 01, 77

Norway, 78

Pitch, 17, 19, 20, 45, 01, 77

I'overty, 79

Red 19, 01, 03, 78

alba, 100

balsamifera, 100

candicaiis, 100

deltoides, 105

grandideiitata 103

heterophylla, 104

nigra var. italica, 100

tremuloides, 102

Scotch, 74, 82 I Prunus : 171

Short-leaf 20, 80 alleghaniensis, 171

Table Mountain, 10, 03, 79 | americana, 175

White, ...17,18,19,31,32, 34' avium, 171

38, 54, 01, 70 Cerasus 171

Yellow, 63, 77, 80 cuneata, 171

236

Prunus — Continued. Page

Mahaleb, 1*^1

pennsylvanica, 1*^^

Persica, ^'^

pumila , ■'^ ' ■*•

serotina, ^ '"^

virginiana, ^*^

Pulse family ^' ^??

Pussy Willow,

Pyrus :

americana, ■

coronaria,

Quaking Aspen,

Quassia family,

Quercus : ^ ^^

alba : «1'1^

bicolor,

coccinea,

falcata,

ilicifoUa, 62. 150

imbricaria,

macrocarpa,

marylandica,

Muhlenbergii, . . . .

nana,

palustris,

phellos,

prinoides,

Prinus

rubra, ^' ]^

stellata,

velutina

Redbud, '^

Rhododendron, 3^' 2^'*

maximum, "^

188

canadensis, ^^

copallina, ^^^

• • • • •

98 j

... 179'
... 178 I
... 102 1
... 193 [
62, 134

141
147
149

152
140
151
142

62
146
153
144
143

62

139
148

Rhus

Cotinus,

188

glabra, ^^

Toxicodendron ^88

typhina, ^^^

Vernix, 1^

Robinia Pseudo-Acacia, 187

Rosaceae ^'^

Rose Bay, 214

Rose family,

Salicaceae,

Salix :

babylonica ^

discolor, ^^

f ragilis, ^

lucida, ^

nigra, ^

170
94
94

Page

rostrata, 99

Sambucus canadensis, 224

Sapindaceae, 206

Sarvice, 180

Sassafrac, 167

Sassafras 20, 41, 42, 44, 56, 167

variifolium, 167

Savin, 93

Saxifrax, 167

Sequoia, 31, 38

Service Berry, 180

Shad Bush 44, 54, 180

Sheepberry, 224, 225

Simarubaceae, 193

Slippery Elm 156

Smoke Tree, 188

Soapberry family, 206

Sorrel Tree, 215

Sour Gum, 215

Sour-wood, 215

Spanish Oak 149

Spice Bush, 42, 167

Spruce: ....17, 30, 41, 42, 56, 61, 84

Black, 18, 87

Colorado Blue, 85

European, 88

Norway, ' 32, 34, 88

Red, 18, 86

Spruce Pine, 89

Stag-bush, 225

Sugarberry, 168

Sumach : 44, 188

Dwarf, 192

Fragrant, 188

Mountain, 192

Poison 190

Smooth, 188

Staghorn, 191

Swamp, 190

Velvet 191

Sycamore, 18, 20, 181

Tamarack 83

Taxaceae, 73

Taxus canadensis, 73

Thorn Apple 176, 177

Thorn, Newcastle, 176

Scarlet 177

Thorn Tree, 185

Thuja occidentalis, 92

TiUa: 208

americana, 208

heterophylla, 209

Michauxii, 208

Tiliaceae, 208

237

Page

Tree of Heaven, 193

Tsuga :

canadensis, 89

caroliniana, 89

Tulip Poplar, 165

Tulip Tree, 20, 31, 32, 34, 38, 40, 44, 50,

51, 165

Tupelo ; • 212

Ulmus : 155

americana, 157

campestris, 155, 156

fulva, 156

Umbrella Tree, 164

Urticaceae, 154

Viburnum :

dentatum, 225

Lentago, 224

Maple-leaved, 225

prunifolium 225

Sweet 224

Walnut : 20, 44, 50, 51, 107, 109

Black 20, 44, 48, 109

Page

English, 107

White, 108

Walnut family 106

Whistle-wood, 198, 208

Whitewood, 208

Willow: ....19, 20, 31, 45, 51, 52, 94

Beaked, ^

Bcbb's 98

Black 96

Crack, 95

Glaucous 98

Glossy, 97

Pussy, 98

Shining, 97

I Weeping, 39, 95

Willow oak, 153

Willow family, 94

VVinterberry 195

Witch-hazel, 18, 51, 54, 168

Yellow-wood, 159

Yew, American ^8, 73

END OF NUMBER