--;,.tS*=3ft;^^^''"

.■><rr#!>«fe-

"""'^V ^_ «l o^

« . . . ^

X'^^m\^

,' 'A-l'-

><^c„" ^ .^

^^....^t.^^:-^''^'-^^-

^a,..^#T1^^-*-T^-'-i^'^' -^"^'^

'«o "^o

^ "^'^^ir-; V

.ii'-x'^^^'" .)'• *'■

«':=4'

•^Ht , ^^

•%..B«'.

!ft^-?^?t.''

■i4c'^y7>«y

^

^

■•*:. •» V . " '. ',4

,ftOO^' '•V.^'itt^"^"''

...'so

^; ://;

. •, '

a 0 <!•'«

. .^'^

y/

■^ * 1<,

'-. ^%^

~r. V

• • , .-

^^k^s^'K

V >

;Ov--o.

Ve./^^

-•i^

'"o.^,;; '^„

^" '-\<'S'>"

ir^ ""

••^"•^=>^» %,
o '>,; '

»o« 0>

-^o-r

" O a (i »

^:«^ofe;

^«S.

C? "'at*

F>" • ^

?•>%

«-<-???3

■* ■> '%• ■

.r,,.^r^

l*lV^:^"%#V'r-

-if"'^ : " ^'*.

:SS.a««'^ «*'**s.

<&i^i •":„

.-^;^^;-''n''^;.<

-«... ;./V

■-<(*'■ "Ifcs.

•^J^I-'O .0

",;^-!^-'y>v^:;^i'^^

Mu--

A-J m.^"

'^^';

--<»•» <ui

<'/i^-

■4 '..-/.

■'■A.>- V.

<V ''

J^'>-!^5"

■.^:v:v.,:yr

■.,:..v.>'^;t?%.''

c» <^t»

<f'^2'i

.«^j^^

?.>^

■^■J?%,.

,f^:.-<i

; s» .-' ".

A* .. ..-'*.*:

■<: . •-■'

yy\^:

" " V

'-^tf^^^

mh

MICROFILMED 1999

Penn State University

Libraries
University Park, PA 16802-1805

USAIN STATE AND

LOCAL LITERATURE

PRESERVATION PROJECT

PENNSYLVANIA

Pattee Library

Funded by the

NATIONAL ENDOWMENT
FOR THE HUMANITIES

Reproductions may not be made

without permission from

The Pennsylvania State University Libraries

COPYRIGHT STATEMENT

The copyright law of the United States - Title 17, United
States Code - concerns the making of photocopies or
other reproductions of copyrighted material.

Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and
archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other
reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the
photocopy or other reproduction is not to be "used for any
purpose other than private study, scholarship, or
research." If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a
photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of fair
use," that user may be liable for copyright infringement.

This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a
copy order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order
would involve violation of the copyright law.

Master Negative

Storag

Number

SNPaAg249

CONTENTS OF REEL 249

1) Pennsylvania Dept. of Forestry
Bulletin, no. 1 - no. 7

MNS# PSt SNPaAg249.1

2) Pennsylvania Dept. of Forestry
Bulletin, no. 8 - no. 9

MNS# PSt SNPaAg249.2

3) Pennsylvania Dept. of Forestry
Bulletin, no. 10 - no. 11, 1914
IVINS# PSt SNPaAg249.3

CONTENTS OF REEL 249 (CONTINUED)

4) Pennsylvania Dept. of Forestry
Bulletin, no. 11,1919
MNS# PSt SNPaAg249.4

5) Pennsylvania Dept. of Forestry
Bulletin, no. 11,1928
MNS# PSt SNPaAg249.5

Author: Pennsylvania Dept. of Forestry

Title: Bulletin, no. 1 - no. 7

Place of Publication: Harrisburg, Pa.

Copyright Date: 1901-1912

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg249.1

<2255743>**OCLC* Form: serial 2 InputHHS Edit:FMD

008 ENT: 990128 TYP: d DT1: 1901 DT2: 1923 PRE: u LAN: eng

035 (OCoLC)40694019

037 PSt SNPaAg249. 1 -250.6 $bPreservation Office, The Pennsylvania State

University, Pattee Library, University Park, PA 16802-1805
090 00 SD12 $b.P33 $l+no. $caxPX $s+U6+U8-U11+U13-U14+U16-U19+U21
090 20 Microfilm D344 reel 249.1-250.6 $l+no. $cmc+(service copy, pnnt

master, archival master) $s+U1(1901)-U32(1924)
110 1 Pennsylvania. $bDept. of Forestry.
245 00 Bulletin $cDept. of Forestry.
260 Harrisburg, Pa. $bThe Department $bWM. Stanley Ray, state pnnter of

Pennsylvania $c1 901 -1923.
300 32 V. $bill. $c22 cm.
362 0 No. 1 (1 901 )-32 (1924)
500 Each vol. has also a distinctive title.
500 First 8 issues lack title and numbering.
515 Some nos. issued in revised editions.
51 5 Some issues lack numbering and dates.
533 Microfilm $mno.1 (1901)-no.32 (1924) $bUniversity Park, Pa. :

ScPennsylvania State University $d1999. $e2 microfilm reels ; 35 mm.

$f(USAIN state and local literature preservation project. Pennsylvania)

$f(Pennsylvania agricultural literature on microfilm).
650 0 Forests and forestry $zPennsylvania.
785 00 Pennsylvania. Dept. of Forests and Waters. StBulletin
830 0 USAIN state and local literature preservation project. $pPennsylvania.
830 0 Pennsylvania agricultural literature on microfilm.

FILMED WHOLE OR IN
PART FROM A COPY
BORROWED FROM:

STATE LIBRARY OF
PENNSYLVANIA

Microfilmed By:

Challenge Industries

402 E. State St

P.O. Box 599

Ithaca NY 14851-0599

phone (607)272-8990
fax (607)277-7865

vvww.lightlink.conn/challind/micro1

.htm

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (QA-3)

1.0

I.I

1.25

145

1 5.6
163

2.8

12

16

|4^

1.4

2.5
2.2

2.0

1.8

1.6

150mm

- 6

tr

/APPLIED A IIVMGE . Inc

.sssi 1653 East Main street
'^='- Rochester, NY 14609 USA
'='-= Phone: 716/482-0300
-^=1^= Fax: 716/288-5989

© 1993, Applied Image, Inc., All Rights Reserved

no. 1
1901

no. 7
1912

-*vi

V-

mi

PENNSYLVANIA LAWS

KBLATING TO THE

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY,

FORESTRY RESERYHIOHS, TUBER LMDS, ROiDSDE TREES, 4C.

PVBUSHED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF FOREi>TRY.

I**

IQOl.

tfi21

S\U. STANLEY RAY,

STATE PRINTER OF PENNSYLVANIA.

1901.

,,«KS^V^- -- ,-— - -«•

I

I.

,H.e VUI. Offenses Against Real Property, and MaUcious MUcMe,.

,et on flre. any woods l^^f^' °;^^^'^, i„j„ry to any other person,
,o as thereby to occasion >«7' ^^^^^^J, J^, and on conviction, be

^^ r lirp^l^re^n^-eeX^ne hundred doU^
roTrpSUe-o^e.cee^^^^^

section 152. If any person «h«"^ut a ^^_^ ^^^^ ^^^^

trees, knowing the same to be g^J'°8 ^^^^ ^^ ., ^^y p,„,^

e another person, without t^e «o«««"t ^ ^„„„i„g the same

luall purchase or receive any -^e"- X'J^of another, without the
to have been cut or ^^^^f f ^^^J^ ^n purchase or receive any
consent of the owner thereof , or who s ^P^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^

planks, boards, staves, ^'""g;^^^;,^^ „, removed, knowing the
Lube,- ti-ee or trees, so a« ^^^/r^;^*^^ offending shall be guilty o<
same to have been so made. J^ P^^^J^^^j^^ed, shall be sentenced to
a misdemeanor, and being ^^'^"J^ ^^ dollars, or to such impns-
pay such fine, not e-e^-; ^ ^^.^ourt in their discretion, may
onment, not exceeding one year, a

think proper to impose. tnowinely and maliciously cut,

iction 153. If any person shall ^°*J'°8^ ^^^^, ^„owed land

,e.t^ter or remove -^i:^^;^^^^::^'^:;^ person, he shall be

„.ark. to the wrong of h s ^^f^^^'^^.^.tion, be sentenced to pay a

ment not exceeding one year.

Approved-March Slst, A. D. I860. ^^ ^ PACKER.

(3)

AN ACT

To prevent the firing of mountain and other wild lands in the

county of Union.

Whereas, There being certain nv>untain and other wild lands in
the county of Union which are fired from year to year, thereby de-
stroying the young timber and causing the land to be worthless for
the purpose of timber: And whereas, Should such young timber not
be destroyed it would add to the value of the land, in the course of
twenty years, from fifty to one hundred dollars per acre, thus in-
creasing the wealth of the county thousands of dollars, therefore

Section 1. Be it enacted, etc.. That any person or persons who
shall intentionally set fire said lands shall forfeit and pay a sum
not exceeding five hundred dollars nor less than fifty dollars, or shall
be confined in the county prison for a term not exceeding one year
nor less than thirty days, or both, at the discretion of the court, on
conviction at any of the courts of this Commonwealth; one-half of
said fine to be paid to the person or persons who make the informa-
tion and the other half to be paid into the county treasury.

Approved— The 9th day of April, A. D. 1869.

JOHN W. GEARY.

The act of June 2, 1870 (P. L. i:^16), extends the provisions of this
act to the counties of Schuylkill, Lehigh, Berks, Lycoming, Centre,
Snyder and Luzerne.

The act of May 19, 1871 (P. L. 950), exempts r.jcoming county from
the provisions of this act.

AN ACT

To prevent tenants in common of timber lands from cutting or re-
moving trees without the consent of all of their co-tenants.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c.. That from and after this date it shall
be unlawful for any owner or owners of any undivided interest in
timber land within this Commonwealth, to cut or to remove, or to
cause to be cut or removed, from the said land, any timber trees,
without first obtaining the written consent of all co-tenants in said
premises.

Section 2. That no sale of any timber cut or removed from such un-

divided lands, before or without finch -consent, eball pew any title
thereto; and the parties injured shall have every remedy in law and
equity /or the recovery of the said timber treea, and of all square tim-
ber, boards, lumber, ties, shingles and other articles whatsoever man-
ufactured therefrom; and also for the recovery of damages for the
cutting or removing of the same, which they now have against an
entire stranger to the title.

Section 3. Upon the violation of the provisions of the first sec-
tion of this act, it shall be lawful for any of the parties in interest
to sue out a writ of estrepement, to prevent any further cutting
thereon, or the removal of any timber then already cut, or both;
which said writ shall be of force until the interests of the parties
shall be set out in severality, or the writs dissolved by the court,
or the action of partition in refernce to said land finally ended; and
the said writ of estrepement shall be obtained by affidavit, and al-
lowed in the same manner and with like proceedings as to its ser-
vice and dissolution as are now by law allowed and authorized in
cases of estrepement .issued pending actions of ejectment for real

estate.

Approved — May 4th, A. D. 1869.

JOHN W. GEARY.

AN ACT

To prevent the burning of the woods in any of the counties of this

Commonwealth.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That any person or persons who shall
wantonly and wilfullv kindle any fire on the lands of another, so as to
set on fire any wood lands, barrens or moors, within the hmits of this
Commonwealth, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction
thereof shall be sentenced to pay a fine not exceeding three hundred
dollars, and undergo an imprisonment not exceeding twelve months,
or either or both, at the discretion of the court; and prosecutions for
such offenses may be commenced at any time within two years from

the commission thereof. * /v#

Section 2. Upon the conviction of any person or persons for any of
the offenses aforesaid, the commissioners of the county in which such
conviction is had, shall pay to the prosecutor in every such case the
sum of fifty dollars out of the county treasury as ^/''^J^l;''^
apprehension and conviction of the offender, and ^^^Jef^^^^^^^^^
defendants shall pay the same, with the costs as in other cases, into

-^-

6

the hands of the sheriff for the use of the county, and nothing herein
contained shall prevent the prosecutor from being a competent wit-
ness in the prosecution aforesaid.
Approved— The 11th day of June, A. D. 1879.

HENRY M. HOYT.

AN ACT

Requiring the several assessors of this Commonwealth to make re-
turn of timber lands.

Section 1. Be it enacted, Ac, Tliat it shall be the duty of the sev-
eral assessors of this Commonwealth, in their return of real estate to
the commissioners of the proper county, at the next triennial assess-
ment and at each triennial assessment thereafter, to make return
of all' the timber land in their proper district by specifying in separ-
ate columns, how many acres each tract contains of cleared land, and

how many in timber.

\DDroved— The 13th day of June, A. D. 1883.

ivpprovea ROBERT E. PATTISON.

AN ACT

For the encouragement of forest culture, and providing penalties

for the injury and destruction of forests.
Section 1. Be it enacted, &c.. That in consideration of the public
benefitto be derived from the planting and -Itivat.on ^^ f ores^ or
+iT«h^r trpps the owner or owners of any land m this Common

entitled t« receive annually from the c-onss.one. the.^-^^

«i fn ninPtv Der centum of all the taxes annually assessed ana
X^n the -^ S. or so much of the ninety per centum as
Lall not exceed the sum of W^ve cents Per a. J

For a second period of ten years a «°^Jf '^^^/X'^^hall not
of the said taxes, or so much of the eighty per centum aa
exceed the sum of forty cents per acre.

a third and flnal period of ten yea re, a sum equal to fifty per
m of the said taxes, or so much of the said fifty per centum as
'fnnot exceed the sum of twenty-five cents per acre.
" V vided That it shall be lawful for the owner or owners of the
•H r nd aiter the same has been so planted for at least ten years, to
gaidia ^,^^^ reduce the number of trees growing thereon to not
*•"" than six hundred to the acre, so long as no portion of the said
!**H »hall be absolutely cleared of the said trees;

V Ti>rovided also. That the benefits of this act shall not be ex-
tended to nurserymen or others growing trees for sale for future

P'tSSn 2 The owner or owners of forest or timber land in this
n monwealth which has been cleared of merchantable timber,
K^ .hall at any period after the said land has been so cleared, and
*'w« shall maintain upon the said land young forest or timber trees
.! round condition, in number at least twelve hundred to the acre,
Lu on maiing due proof thereof, be entitled to receive annnally
^^' the commissioners of their respective counties the sums of
Lo^ey mentled in the first section of this act: Provided, That the
Tst period of ten years shall be counted from the time that he stud
f ^ ^a« been cleared of merchantable timber, and, that after the
Sfi«t peTod "ten yeare, the number of trees upon the said land

«^ hP reduced as in the first section is provided.
""Ltln 3. Any pereon or persons who shall wilfully or carelessly
cut bark from, or otherwise cut, burn or injure any tree, plant, shrub
or sprout planted, growing or being on any land in this Common^
weXh without the consent of the owner or owners thereof first
Td obtained or who without such consent, shall kindle, or cause to
bf kSw a fire on any forest or timber land in this Common-
weaTth or who shall carry into or over any forest or timber l^d
rnv light^ candle, lamp or torch, or other fire, without having the
"me se «ed in a lantern or other closed vessel, or who shall dis-
Zrge orTet off fire works of any kind on said land or among the
t^ thereon or who shall wilfully or carelessly burn or fire upon
Lr^ Sr own land, or that of others, any tree, brush, stubble or
; heTcombustible material whereby fire shall be ^---"-f*;**;
the leaves brush or timber upon any forest or timber lands belong-
ng tHth^ parties, shall be subject to a penalty fnot exceeding one
hu'nSed dollars for' each offense committed, with e- ^ «-* /n.
vided That if the defendant or defendants neglect or refuse to pay
Tll^te penalty imposed and costs, or shall -* e"t-n^^^^^^^^^
bail for the payment of the same within ten days, he or they jha^J
Z commatterto the common jail of said county for a Pe"«J ^'^^^
less than one day for each dollar of Jh^penaltj^>mposed^An^

8

vided, When the penalty imposed is above five dollars, the defendant
or defendants may enter into a recognizance, with good security, to
answer said complaint on a charge of misdemeanor, before the coort
of quarter sessions of the peace of the county in which the offense is
committed, which court, on conviction of the defendant or defen-
dants of the offense so charged and failure to pay the penalty im-
posed by this act, with costs, shall commit said defendant or defen-
dants to the common jail of the county for a period of not less than
one day for each dollar of penalty imposed.

Section 4. Any justice of the peace or alderman, upon information
or complaint made before him by the affidavit of one or more per-
sons of the violation of this act, by any person or persons shall issue
his warrant to any constable or police officer to cause such person
or persons to be arrested and brought before the said justice of the
peace or alderman, who shall hear and determine the guilt or in-
nocence of the person or persons so charged, who, if convicted of the
said offense, shall be sentenced to pay the penalty aforesaid.

Section 5. The commissioners of each county shall, within one
month after the passage of this act, cause the same to be published
one or more times, in one newspaper of general circulation in their
respective counties.

Approved — The 1st day of June, A. D. 1887.

JAMES A. BEAVER.

AN ACT

Providing for the recovery of damajie to trees along the public high-
ways, by telegraph, telephone and electric light companies.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That from and after the passage of
this act it shall be lawful, whenever any telegraph, telephone op
electric 'light company shall have erected its poles and lines along
any turnpike, public road, street, lane, alley or highway in this Oom-
monwealth, for the owner or owners of land adjoining said turnpike
or public road, who may claim to be dami«ed by the erection or main-
tenance of said lines by reason of the cutting of trees, whether
planted in the said turnpike, public road, street, lane, alley or high-
wav or on enclosed or unenclosed land adjoining the same, to peti-
tion the court of common pleas of the county in which said damage
shall be alleged to have been committed, whereupon the said court
shall appoint three impartial men, citizens of the county in which
said damages shall be alleged, as viewers, who shall, after having
been duly sworn or affirmed to the faithful performance of their

9

- tiea assess the damages done, if any, to the petitioner, and shall
ovt the same to the court, at the first week of the nert regular
t rm thereof after the said appointment, which report shall, upon ita
p*resentation as aforesaid, be confirmed nisi; and if no appeal be en-
tered to the same on or before ten days from the Saturday of the
eek in which the same is presented, it shall then be confirmed ab-
solutely and judgment entered by the prothonotai7 of the said court
upon the same against the said company.

Section 2. The compensation of the viewers provided for by the
first section of this act shall be the same as is now provided for road
viewers, and shall be paid by the defendant company, where damages
are awarded, otherwise by the petitioner: Provided, That the provi-
sions of this act shall not apply to the police patrol or fire depart-
ment telegraph lines.
Section 3. All laws in so far as they conflict with this act are

hereby repealed.

\Dproved— The 2d day of June, A. 1). 1891.

* ^ ROBERT E. PATTISON.

AN ACT

Authorizing the purchase by the Commonwealth of unseated lands
for the non-payment of taxes for the purpose of creating a State
Forest Reservation.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c.. That from and after the first day
of January, A. D. 1898, whenever any unseated lands within this
Commonwealth shall, under existing laws, become liable to sale by
the respective county treasurers or the county commissioners for
non-payment of taxes, it shall be the duty of such treasurers and
commissioners to publish a notice once a week for six successive
weeks in at least two newspapers of general circulation within tlie
county in which the lands lie, and if two newspapers be not pub-
lished in said county, then in one newspaper in or nearest to the
same, which notice shall contain the names of the owners when
known, the warrant numbers, names of warrantees when known, the
number of acres contained in each tract, the township in which the
same is located, and the sums due upon each tract for taxes; and fur-
ther to mail to the Secretary of Agriculture and the Commissioner
of Forestry each, ten copies of such printed advertisement imme-
diately upon the publication thereof.

Section 2. It shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Forestry to

•x^

■w ^f

10

inquire into and examine the location and character of unseated
lands advertised by the respective county treasurers and the county
commissioners of this Commonwealth for sale for the non-payment
of taxes, and if in his judgment the same are so located and are of
such a character as to make them desirable for the Commonwealth
for tlie purpose of creating and maintaining a Forestry Reservation,
he shall have power, at his discretion, to purchase any such lands
for and in behalf of the Commonwealth at such tax sales, subject to
Ihe right of redemption under existing laws: Provided however, That
the bid made and the price paid for said lands, shall in no case ex-
ceed the amouilt of taxes for the non-payment of which the same are
being sold, and the costs. For all purchases so made in behalf of
the Commonwealth, the Auditor General shall draw his warrant
upon the State Treasurer to the order of the county treasurer, upon
certificate filed by the Commissioner of Forestry with the said Au-
ditor General: Provided further. That the Commissioner of Forestry
shall have power to purchase unseated lands other than such as are
advertise^ for sale for the non-payment of taxes, upon such terms
and conditions as may be agreed upon with the owners of such land:
Provided That such purchase shall be approved by the Governor
and the Board of Property, consisting of the Attorney General, Sec-
retarv of the Commonwealth and Secretary of Internal Afifaire.
And provided further, That in no case shall the price paid for such
unseated land exceed the assessed value of the same. For all pur-
chases so made in behalf of the Commonwealth the Auditor General
shall draw his warrant upon the State Treasurer to the order of the
grantor, upon certificate filed by the Commissioner of Forestry, with
approval as aforesaid: Provided, That in no case shall the amount
paid for anv tract of land purchased under the provisions of this
act exceed the sum of five dollars per acre.*

Section 3 In the event of redemption of said lands, the redemp-
tion monev paid shall be remitted to the State Treasurer by the
county treasurer, with a statement describing the tract of land so

"^^ Se^Tion 4 The title to all lands so purchased, and not redeemed
after^ the e'xi^iration of the time limited for redemption, shall be
taken as vested in the Commonwealth to the same extent, and with
like effect as though such purchase had been made by an individual
at such sale, and tlie county treasurer shall certify to the Secretary
o Lriculture, lists of all lands purchased in behalf of the Common-
wealth and not redeemed .ithin the time limited for such redemp^
tion with a description of each tract as required by section one of
S'act a;d thereafter such landssh^lMior^^ to further

is;i^U^Srir^8iriii^Sde"rbFi^o« Apm 28. A. D. 1899.

11

while the same are owned by the Commonwealth. It shall
taxation^^ o^ the Secretary of Agriculture to keep a record in a
^ k to be especially provided for that purpose, of all the lands so
^ • d by the Commonwealth, with full description of each tract,
*^^"haraeter of the same, the date of purchase, the price paid, when
^^^ ttle became absolute, or if redeemed, the date of redemption,
t^^ t* n 5 The lands so acciuired by the Commonwealth shall be
H^ the control and management of the Department of Agricul-
" but assigned to the care of the Division of Forestry, and shall
^"'^^ e part of a forestry reservation system, having in view the
^^^^^vaUon of the water supply at the sources of the rivers of the
^"^^te and for the protection of the people of the Commonwealth
^na their property from destructive floods.
^ - tion 6. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent herewith are

hAPpbv repealed.
Vnnroved-The 30th day of March, A. D. 1897.
Approveu DANIEL H. HASTINGS.

AN ACT

\fakine constables of townships exofflcio fire wardens for the ex-
tinction of forest fires, and for reporting to the court of quarter
sessions violations of the laws for the protection of forests from
fire prescribing the duties of such fire wardens and their puniah-
ment for failure to perform the same, and empowering them to re-
quire, under penalty, the assistance of other persons in the ex-
tinction of such fires.

Section 1 Be it enacted, &c.. That on and after the first day of
Janaury A D. 1898, the constables of the various townships of the
Commonwealth shall be ex-offlcio fire wardens, whose duty it shall
be when fire is discovered in the forests within their respective
townships, immediately to take such measures as are necessary for
its extinction, and to this end to have authority to call upon any
nerson or persons within their respective townships for assistance;
the said fire wardens to receive fifteen (15) cents per hour, and the
persons so assisting twelve (12) cents per hour, as compensation for
their services; the expense thereof shall be paid, one-half out of the
treasury of the respective county, and the remaining half of said
expense shall be paid by the State Treasurer into the treasury of
«ud county, out of moneys not otherwise approprmted upon war-
rant from the Auditor General, but no such warrant shall be drawn

12

until the respective county commissioners shall have first furnished,
under oath or attirmation, to the Auditor General, a written itemized
statement of such expense, and until the same is approved by the Au-
ditor General: Provided. That no county shall be liable to pay for
this purpose, in any one year, an amount exceeding five hundred dol-
lars.

Section 2. Any person w ho being called upon by the fire warden
of his township to furnish assistance in extinguishing forest fires,
as provided in section one. shall, without reasonable cause, refuse
to render such assistance, upon conviction thereof shall pay a fine
not exceeding ten dollars, or undergo imprisonment not exceeding
thirty days, or both, at the discretion of the court.

Section 3. The fire wardens of each township throughout the Com-
monwealth shall, in the first week of each term of the court of quar-
ter sessions of their respeiiive counties, make returns to said court,
under oath or amrmation. <»f all violations occurring within their
respective townshii)S, whicli may come or be brought to their notice,
of any of the provisions of ;iiiy law now enacted, or hereafter to be
enacted, for the purpose of i>rotecting forests from fire, and it shall
be the special duty of the judge of said court to see these returns
are faithfully made; and on failure of any fire warden to comply
with this provision, or if it be found upon examination or inquiry
by said court that any fire warden has either wilfully or negligently
omitted to report all such violation occurring within his township,
or having failed to perform his duty as set forth in section one of
this act, such fire warden or constable shall be deemed guilty of
wilfully or negligently making a false return, or neglect of duty, and
the court shall suspend him from office and direct the district at-
tornev to indict and try him. and if found guilty, he shall be fined in
a sum not exceeding fifty dollars, and undergo an imprisonment not
exceeding three months, both or either, at the discretion of the

court.

Section 4. The term forest herein used shall not, for the purposes
of this bill, be held to include an area of timber land or brush land
of less than fifrv acres in extent, unless such said area shall, by
proximity to other timber land, be liable to convey fire tv> an area of
brush land or timber land containing at least fifty acres.

Approved— The 80th day of March, A. D. 1897.
^^ DANIEL H. HASTINGS.

13

AN ACT

*i.„ri7P constables and other peace officers, without Bret pro-
To *"" rrant to arrest persons reasonably suspected by them

oroffending against the laws protecting timber lands.

• 1 Be it enacted, &c., That if any person or persons shall

^"T,^ bv any constable or other peace officer, in the act of
be detectea j ^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^.^^^^ ^^^ ^.^^.j^ ^^^ common-

trespassing f ^^^^ circumstances as to warrant the reasonable
'^■■' „"that such person or persons have committed, are committ-
suspicion ^^ eommit, some offence or offences against any of

'"*' ,*"' /now enacted or hereafter to be enacted for the protection
the ''I*' "" . ber land, such constable or other peace officer shall
f Truthonty at o-e, without first procuring a warrant therefor,
rearrest on vLw such person or persons, with like effect as though

K «.nrrant had first been procured,
'"iclion 2 That all acts or parts of acts inconsistent herewith be
and the same are hereby repealed.
Approved-The 29th day of AprU, A. D.^89r ^ ^ HASTINGS.

AN ACT

To secure State Forestry BeserTations, and providing for the ex-

penses thereof.

« .' 1 wa it enacted &c., That a commission, to be composed

, tre ?ommi!sion^^^^^^^^ the chairman of the State Board of

Clth trueputy secretary of Internal Affairs, and two other pe^

foTsonlof whom shall be a lawyer or conveyancer of a lea^t ten

e^ ; profeLional experience and the other one a pract.cal surveyor,

to be appointed by the Governor, be hereby created.

SctLn 2 The said Commission shall, after exammation, locate
and report to?he Governor, or to the Legislature if it be .n session,

":rre"f nTtti%rSrthousand acres upon waters which

t oi°S 'r :^ rr yloUnd acres upon waters wMch
drain mainly in the Susquehanna nver.

r,^'

U

(3). One in not less than forty thousand acres upon waters which
drain mainly into the Ohio river:

Provided, That each of these reservations shall be in one continu-
ous area so far as the same is practicable.

Section 3. That the lands selected shall be of a character better
suited to the gix>wth of trees than to mining or agriculture, and that
at least fifty per centum of the area of each reservation shall have an
average altitude of not less than six hundred feet above the level of
the sea.

Section 4. That the said commission shall have full power to take
by right of eminent domain and condemn the lands it has selected for
the purposes aforesaid as State reservations for the use and behoof
of the Commonwealth, and wherever it shall be necessary to have a
recourse to a jury to assess the damages for any property to be taken
as aforesaid, the said jury shall consist of such number and shall pro-
ceed and their award shall be reviewed and enforced in the same
manner as now provided by law for the taking of land for the open-
ing of roads in the respective counties in which said property is situ-
ated. And all the lands acquired by the State for public reserva-
tions by the action of said Commission shall be paid for by the State
Treasurer, upon a warrant drawn by the Auditor General of the
Commonwealth, after approval by the Governor.

Section 5. The Commissioners appointed under this act shall serve
without compensation, except so far as the officials designated here-
by are compensated by the continuance of their salaries as such
officials while serving as Commissioners, but the necessary expenses
of travel and all other necessary expenses incurred under the pro-
visions of this act shall be paid by the State Treasurer, on the war-
rant of the Auditor General, after due certification.

Section 6. Provided, That nothing herein contained shall authorize

the taking, for the purpose of this act, of any land held by any cor-

poration created for the purpose of the preservation of forests.

Approved— The 25th day of May, A. D. 1897.
^ DANIEL H. HASTINGS.

[The provisions of the above act have mainly become inoperative
by the passage of thf act of February 25, 1901.]

15

AN ACT

Tn amend the first section of an act, entitled -'An act to protect tim-
,>^r lands from file," approved the second day of June, A. D. 1870,
moviding for a penalty in case of the failure of county commia-
Lners to cou.ply with the terms of said act, after demand made
„non them bv the Commissioner of Forestry, and providing for the
Commonwealth bearing part of the expenses incurred under saii

d.cC>

lection I. Be it enacted, &c.. That the first section of the act, eu-
tt'led "An act to protect timber lands from fire." approved the 2d
,' „f TiiiiP V U i»10, which reads as follows,:
'''Lectin 1 llat it skall be the duty of the commissioners of the
ni counties of this Commonwealth to appoint persons under
"Xl^^l le dutv i hall be to ferret out and bring to punishmen
": tls^s who either wilfully or otherwise cause the burnmg^
in Tnds and to take measures to have such fires extmguished
tnuber lands »"d ^^ J» ^ ^^^^eof to be paid out of the

"""T nv^ urv te unseated land tax to be the first applied to
::h Lpers:- sl^l be and the same is hereby amended to read

''" f^'lCi That it shall be the duty of the commissioners of the
^''TomtlfotS Commonwealth to appoint persons, under
several < " '"t'«^ '^^ [ ^^ ^^ ferret out and bring to punishment
oath, whose duty it snau ue wilfully or otherwise cause

"" r ""V^f^TiE'rnd: withi Vuef ri'ective counties, and
the burn.ng of t'^n^er lands ,,,tinguished where it can be

to take "-a-res to ^^^ ^^^.^.^^^^J^, ,,, eounty, after de-

done; and on f-"^";^,^*;; ^^^^^^^^.^i.^ioner of Forestry of this Com-
,„and made upon them bv the ^".°"" j^ g^all be deemed

.uonwealth. to comply w.th this P'""^';"; J^^^^^i.^ thereof shall

guilty of a ■"«-- -;:^^^^^^^^^^^^ or suffer an im-

be fined in a sum not exceeding one nu discretion of

priso«me...t not exceeding two --"«• J^^;*^,;"^^!? of the persons
the court. The expense incurred '" ^j^^ ^^P^^^^^ ,, January, A.
contemplated by this act, °" ^"^^"fj.f ' J^ l^y of the respective
D. t8.,.8, shall be paid, <>^-^^;^^ ^,^'':,^ZL^^ be paid by the
county, and the remaining hal »/J^'° ^^P^^^jt^^ General; but no
State Treasurer upon warrant ^T"-" J^/J^JV^^ers of the proper
such warrant shall be drawn ""f ^^V^^.^Trafflrmation, to the
county shall have fl«t f^'-^.f ^^ "'"^"ement of such expense, and
Auditor General, a written '*«" f;^. J.f^^^^^^^^^ Provided, That
until the same is approved by the Auditor Gene

16

in no case shall the expense to the Commonwealth growing out of
thilaot exceed Ave hundred dollars for a ^ngle county la any one

'Tpproved-The 15th day of July, A. D^^897^^ ^ HASTINGS.

AN ACT

perform their duties.

wardens. . , ^ jjjg j^^ flgh wardenB

section 2. It shall ^^ ^^l^^^^^X' t^e, or that may here-
to enforce all statutes of th.s 8t^t« °** and timber lands from
after be enacted, for the r^'TZl^^T &^e, game birds,
flre, and for the P-^^^^;^ .^^^^S andV'afd said con-
game mammals song^d "^^f^l ^^ ^^t without warnmt

stables or wardens «'»«^" f'^l^^",*;;; f„ the act of violating any of
any person or persons eaught by^J^-n ^^ ^.^^^^ ^^^^^

the aforesaid laws for the P'"^^^^;^ such person or persons forth-
^n.e, and food and ga J J^h^ -^ t^^^ ^h^ ,,,i„g juris-

with before a justice of the p«ice ^^ determme

lowing the arrest. wardens shall have power without

section 3. S^'V^nrexaminelny boat, conveyance, vehicle, ftsh

warraiit to search and examine a y .^eeptacle for game

box. fish basket, game ^''^"^^I'^^^to believe that any of the laws
or fish, when they have good ejon to ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^

for the protection of forests a^d t^ ^^ time seize and

been violated; and the ^'f ^^f^.^^^J^tm^ls or fish, which have been
take possession of any and all birds, an ^^^ ^ ^^^ ^,

caugJt. taken or killed at any t m • in man ^ ^^.^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^,„„t
had in possession or under ««"*^^'. "^ ^f ^his State. Any court
Jo be shTpped, contrary to a^^^'^';';;:rre:eiving proof of probable
having jurisdiction of the offense, upo

f„r believing ia the concealment of any bird, animal or flah
eause for bel«evmg .^sslon, under control or shipped, or

caught, taken l^''';**' "'^^^^^ ^^^^ .tail issue a search warrant and
^'•""^ r rrcHo tTaYefn -y place, and to that end may, after
cause a searcu to oe building, enclosure or car to be en-

demand and -^ef "^'^J-^^-^" ^l^ box, lacker, crate, basket or pack-
tered, and «">; ^^'^'^f ^'/^le eont;nts th;reof examined by said
''«%*".>: 'Tl TirdranTma s tr fish, or nets, or Ashing appliance
*^"' ttu; eized by any constable or warden, shall be disposed of
or apparatus, sewea oy d y . ^^ ^t before whom the

,, such manner - -^^J^/J^^jf/^^ ,.,,den shall not be liable
ollense is tried, and sucn examination or seizure,

':£S:^:^^^^^^^^ apparatus of any kind in ac
eordance with the pro^^sion of this act. ^^^ ^^^^

section i. Any constable «' ^^^^f ^' "/^j^^ provisions of this a«t,

''^'^ ^^ '^rfTnt tteTeTto wh eh he m:y'be entitled under ex-
shall, in addition to the fees o ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^„.

Utinglaws be pa.d or >.-s c ^^.^^^^^ - *^« ^^^^ *""T'
rant drawn by tne touuiy ^ ^ ^f ^hp trpasurv of the respective

one-half of which shall be P-' ^^ ^J.f ^nYhall be paid by the

-""'>r°' t ir^trei .7 oTfaid county, out of moneys not
State Treasurer into the tre.i J ^ Auditor General,

otherwise '^PP-P^f ^.X ^r ™ t" t'^" '^P^"'^ ^'^""'^ ""'
but no such warrant ^^f^'^"^^^^^ „„der oath, to the Auditor
missioners shall have Af^* fu n «t^ed ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^.^

General, a written ^^^fJ^fX" General: Provided, That no

amount exceeding five l^^/d'^* ^" f/^; ^.^.^ens shall, for the pur-
Section 3. Each of said ««°«*»^'",^, "' ^^^^^^^ throughout his own
pose of this act, have --""^"\, "^s w"k in each term of the
Jroper county; and ^^^^ ^f ^> ."/J ;X e'-nties make special re-
court of quarter sessions of their respec ^^^^^^.^^ -^ their

turns to said court, under oath. «* ""J^^ ^^ ^.^ught to their

respective townships. <'^ ^'^''-•^.r' Jw now in force, or that may
notice, of any of t^^-'T^J^^Snlf forests and timber lands. •
hereafter be enacted ^^^ "'^Z ,°f f^^Tof the judge of said court to
game and flsh; and it shall be the aui constable or war-

see that such returns are faithf uUj "•'de^ a"^;^,' ,,t„rns. or to pro-
den wilfully neglecting or re using to make s ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^
secute any offense ""^er said laws of wh ^^ ^^^ ^.^.

knowledge, or of which ^''^/Xlr to" ether with the names of the
.en, giving ^j7;f;J,f;ofrm demeanor, and upon conviction
witnesses, shall be guilty oi a -,

2 i *

,.*

#

<<

4

■n

18

thereof be sentenced to pay a fine of fifty dollars, or to undergo an
imprisonment in the county jail of two months, both or either, at

the discretion of the court. .

Section 6. All sections, provisos, acts, or parts of acts incon-
sistent with this act, or any section of it, are hereby repealed.

\DDroved— The 22d day of March, X. D. 1899.

Approveu WILLIAM A. STONE.

AN ACT

To establish a Department of Forestry, to provide for its proper ad-
ministration to regulate the acquisition of land for the Common-
wealth I^to provide for the control, protection and maintenaiice
of For^strj- Reservations by the Department of Forestry.
"Section 1 Be it enacted, &c., That there be and is hereby estab-
lished a Department of Forestry, to consist of the Commissioner of
Forestrv and four other citizens of the Commonwealth, who to-
SerThall constitute the State Forestry Beserva.ion Commission;
£ of whom shall be appointed a.d commissioned by the Governor
bv and with the advice and consent of the Senate; tl.e Commissioner
It Forestry for a term of four years, two of the said citizens for a
t!I of two yea^ and two of said citizens for a term of four years;
Ind thereafter a^ appointments shall be made by the Governor by
anS w "h the aSviceTnd consent of the Senate, for a term of four
!l. The persons so appointed, before entering upon the d.s.
years. The P^"^"* * J/* .,^ ^^^e and subscribe to the oath of
charge of *!»«; /"^'^^.^^f; '^^^^ „f t,e Constitution of Pennsylvania,
office prescribed by article seve^^ Reservation Com-

The C«'«°''f' •^•'^^^^^^"/'ft^ e^othed with all the powers hereto-
.nission. so appom ed^ ^^^^^ ^^.^Tv 'pon the Commissioner of For-
fore -"^-^"f p7J;,; ^Srr^atio'n cVmmis^ion, so far as the same
estry ^^^^J^^^^^^^^^'^e provisions of this act, and in addition shall
are consistent «ith t^e pio Governor, to pur-

Uave full P<>--'^>;,^2j,:l\*e:unv of the Commonwealth that in
chase any suitable lands in any co ^^^ ^^^

the judgment of ^^l^Z^'ZtTJTe shaU th^amount paid
est preservation: Pj^^'^*^' ^^"l ,, ..^ the provisions of this act. ex-
for any tract of land, P«-^««^ '^ J ^'.^P, ,,„„ission shall also
ceed the sum of Ave dollars per acre .^

have full power to manage «"d, ""^J,^^"':! as those that nave
purchase under the l>--nL wh h al; n:;l.„ed by the State

e.

19

lish such rules and regulations with reference to control, manage-
ment and protection of forestry reservations, and all lands that may
be acquired under the provisions of this act, as in its judgment will
conserve the interests of the Commonwealth; and whereever it shall
appear that the welfare of the Commonwealth, with reference to
reforestation and the betterment of State Reservations, will be ad-
vanced by selling or disposing of any of the timber on forestry lands,
the Commission is hereby empowered to sell such timber on terms
most advantageous to the State; and said Commission is hereby em-
powered to make and execute contracts or leases, in the name of the
Commonwealth, for the mining or removal of any valuable minerals
that may be found in said forestry reservations, whenever it shall
appear to the satisfaction of the Commission that it would be for the
best interests of the State to make such disposition of said minerals;
and provided, that such contracts or leases shall also be approved by
the Governor of the Commonwealth after the proposed said contiacts
or leases shall have been duly advertised in at least three newspapers
published nearest the reservation designated, for one month, in ad-
vance of said contract or lease, and the contracts or leases shall be
awarded to the highest bidder, and he or they shall have given such
bond as the commission shall designate for the performance of his
or their part of the contract, and the said bond shall have been ap-
proved by the court of the county wherein the contracts or leases are
made: Provided, however, that when, by virtue of leases or contracts
for removal of minerals and sale of timber from any lands purchased
by the State for Forestry Reservations, there comes a net revenue
to the State, one-half of said net revenue derived from lands situate
in any township shall be paid by the State Treasurer to the treasurer
of such township, for appli( ation to township purposes and reduction
of local tax levies in such township: Provided, That there shall not
be paid to any one township, during any year, more than twice the
amount of taxes that would be received by such township from said
lands if they were owned by individuals.

Section 2. Any person or persons who shall kindle fires upon any
of the forestry reservations of this Commonwealth, except in accor-
dance with such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the
Forestry Reservation Commission, or who shall cut or remove any
timber whatever, or who shall do or cause to be done any act that
will damage forest lands or timber belonging to this Commonwealth,
shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof be sub-
ject to a penalty of not less than one hundred dollars nor more than
five hundred dollars for each otfence committed, with costs
of suit, which penalty and oo«ts of suit shall be collected
in the same manner as is now provided by existing laws

— *

20

for like ofifencee committed on forest lands belonging to in-
dividuals; all fines and penalties when collected to be paid to
the Commissioner of Forestry, who is hereby directed to pay the
same over to the State Treasury; provided, that if the defendant or
defendants neglect or refuse to pay at once the penalty and costs
imposed, he or they shall be committed to the common jail of the
county wherein the offence was committed until such penalty and
costs are paid.

Section 3. That the Commissioner of Forestry shall be the presi-
dent and executive officer of the Forestry Reservation Commission,
and also Superintendent of the State Forestry Reservations, and
shall have immediate control and management, under the direction
of the Forestry Reservation Commission, of all forest lands already
acquired or which may hereafter be acquired by the Commonwealth,
but the xx)wer so conferred upon said Commissioner of Forestry
shall not extend to the enforcement of the laws relating to public
health or the protection of fish and game. It shall be the duty of
the Commissioner of Forestry to encourage and promote the develop-
ment of forestry, and to obtain and publish information respecting
the extent and condition of forest lands in the State, and to execute
all rules and regulations adopted by the Forestry Reservation Com-
mission for the enforcement of all laws designated for the protec-
tion of forests from fire jind depredation; and he is hereby empow-
ered to employ such detc* tive service, and such legal or other ser-
vices, as may be necessary for the protection of the forestry reser-
vations owned by the Coininonwealth and for the apprehension and
punishment of persons who may violate any of the forestry reserva-
tion laws or any of the rules and regulations, which, under the
l»owors herein given, may be adopted by the Forestry Reservation
Commission : Provided, That the services so employed and the ex-
penses that may thereby be incurred shall be approved by said For-
estry Reservation Commission and the Gk)vernor of the Common-
wealth.

Section 4. The Commissioner of Forestry shall receive a salary
of three thousand dollars per annum, and in addition thereto shall
be reimbursed for all necessary expenses of travel which may be in-
curred in the discharge of the duties of his oflfice; and the other
members of the Forestry Reservation Commission shall serve with-
out salary, but shall be reimbursed for all necessary expenses in-
curred by them in the performance of the duties of their office.

Section 5. The Commissioner of Forestry shall have an office at
the State Capitol, and it shall be the duty of the Board of Commis-
sioners of Public Grounds and Buildings to provide, from time to

21

time, the necessary rooms, furniture, apparatus and supplies, for
the use of the department of Forestry created under the provi-
sions of this act.

Section 6. All moneys appropriated by the General Assembly in
the general appropriation act of 1899 for the Division of Forestry
of the State Department of Agriculture, as for salaries or contingent
fund, which may remain unexpended at the time of the approval of
this act, shall be transferred to and be vested in the Department of
Forestrv, hereby created; and the clerk of the Commissioner of For-
estry hitherto appointed under the law creating the Department of
Agriculture, shall be transferred from the Department of Agricul-
ture to the Department of Forestry, on the same salary that he

now receives. _ j n »

Section 7. The purchase money for lands acquired and all ex-
nensesthat mav be incurred, except the salaries of the Commissioner
of Forestrv and his clerk, shall be paid by the State Treasurer out
of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, on war-
rant of the Auditor General, upon vouchers duly approved by resolu-
tion of the Forestry Reservation Commission and the Governor of

the Commonwealth. .

Section 8. The title of all lands acquired by the Commonwealth for
forestry reservations shall be taken in the name of the Common-
wealth and shall be held by the Commissioner of Forestry, and such
lands shall not be subject to warrant, survey or patent, ""der the
laws of the Commonwealth authorizing the conveyance of vacant
or unappropriated lands, and all such forestry reservation lands
.hall be exempt from taxation from the time of ^l^eir acquisition. In
all cases where lands have been purchased, or may ^e eafter be pu -
chased bv the Forestry- Reservation Commission for forest reser
vaons, where there are public roads, regularly established, running
into or hroMgh said land«. the Commissioner of Forestry, under such
rules and regulations as the Forestry Reservation Commission is
Teebv authorized to adopt, may expend a sum not exceeding tweny.
five dollars per mile in each year for the maintenance, repair or ex^
tension of any such roads, and on roads »>o;dering on reserv^t o
one-half of this rate per mile may be expended. •\"^-^P^";^ ^^^J
,uay thus be i-u-d «ha.l be sjibject to^he appr^.l^^^^^^^^^^
Reservation Coramis&ion and the ijovernor ui luc
.S sh" 1 be paid in the same manner as other expenses are provided

'"sictlon 9,'The Commissioner of Forestry shall receive the moneys
to wh h the State may be entitled by virtue of j^e -le of any t^;
ber, or by virtue of any leases or conti^cts '"^f '"^ o the d> J .
tion of n^nerals, as hereinbefore provided, and he shall immediately

22

pay the same over to the State Treasurer as a part of the revenue
of the Commonwealth. The said Commissioner of Forestry shall
give his bond to the Commonwealth, with two sureties, to be ap-
proved by the Governor, in the sum of ten thousand dollars, for the
faithful discharge of the duties imposed by this act and for the
proper accounting of any moneys to the Commonwealth that may
come into his hands by virtue of his position as Commissioner of

Forestry.

Section 10. That all acts or parts of acts inconsistent with the pro-
visions of this act be and the same are hereby repealed.

Approved— The 25th dav of February, A. D. 1901.

WILLIAM A. STONE.

AN ACT

To encourage the preservation of forests by providing for a rebate

of certain taxes levied thereon.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c.. That in consideration of the public
benefit to be derived from the retention of forest or timber trees, the
owner or owners of land in this Commonwealth, having on it forest
or timber trees averaging not less than fifty trees to the acre each
of said trees to measure at least eight inches in diameter at a height
of six feet above the surface of the ground, with no portion of the
said land absolutely cleared of the said trees, shall, upon filing with
the countv treasurer of their respective counties and with the tax
collectors^f their respective townships or districts an affidavi made
by said owner or owners, or by some one in his, her or their behalf,
setting forth the number of acres of timber land within the require-
ments of this act, be entitled to receive annually, during the period
that the said trees are maintained in good condition upon the said
and, a rebate e,ual to eighty per centum of all taxes, local and
county annuallv assessed and paid upon said land, or so much of
the e iht' per centum as shall not exceed in all the sum of forty-five
cen'per ac" the said rebate to be deducted fix^Tii said taxes, pro
r ta a'nd re:eipted for by the respective ta. collectors or county
treasurers: Provided, however. That no one property owner shall be
entitled to receive said rebate on more than A^ty acres

Section 2. All acts or parts of acts inconsistent herewith are

hereby repealed.
Approved-The llth day of April. A. D. mi^^^^^ ^_ ^^^^_

23

AN ACT

u h^ttPr t.rotection of timber lands against ftre, and provid-
"^^ f;or tuTe^rn- of the same, and directing what shall be done
«itb the fines collected and costs paid.

, n^ it Pnflcted &c. That when the commissioners of
section 1. Be it «^'=';^' ;":7 .^^ ^^^ u„der oath, whoee

-^ T^^irb^TH t uTandCTo punishment all persons
duty It sha 1 b« toJe"« otherwise cause the burmng

or corporations .^^"^^^ f^'^f.' J'""' ^.^i counties, as is provided for
,f timber ^^f ' ' ^•f,'°J,'';"JXTtre. have appointed inefficient
by the act of July loth,189T, «' T'^*" Lmmissioner of Forestry may,
JLons to do the work aforesaid; «»« Co^^^^^'.^ fl^es have been

^n the request of ^^^^^^^'^ ^^^IZZl^^^^^^^^^ land which has
created, or on the request of the owner oro ^j ^^ ^etec-

"een injured by the fires -J^^^^^^^^^^^ ferS^^^^ and bring
tives, and employ an '^ -f-^^/^trci the burning of timber
to punishment, as aforesaid, t''*^*.^.'!^ Commissioner of Forestry
In'ds; and all 7--,\rrsta ^P^ by "e State Treasurer,
under the operation <>* *'"\^'l* .^L*" „eral if the said bills shall be
on warrant drawn by the ^^"^.tor Genera^ ^ . ^^

approved by the Governor and ^^e^^-f^V^trate or by order
all the fines collected «»'^\^*' J^'V^,;;' and be paid by him to
of the court to the Commissioner of t orestry, a f-

the Treasurer of the Commonwealth. provisions of

Section 2. When conviction « °^™' "^^^ fuming of timber
this act, of persons or <;^^^^'^J''^^^''^Xtot the Commissioner
lands, then the Auditor General, «" '^^ ;^;7^„, of the money due
of Forestry, may refuse to pay the St^e 8 s ^^^^^ ^^

to the county for r^^rtVerr^to"" and bring to punishment
the .-ounty commissioners to lerrex ^.^ persons

those who caused ^o'-t/^^'^'^^'.^J.t'and secure convictions, and
served as fire detectives, to «>«»;« ^^^^^^^^^^ detectives appointed by
for which conviction was obtained by tne
the Commissioner of Forestry.
Approved-The 2d day of May, A. D. l«"^^ ^^jj ^. stONE.

24

AN ACT

Authorizing boroughs of this Commonwealth to require the plant-
ing of shade-trees along the public streets thereof, by the owners of
abutting property, in certain cases.

•Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That the burgess and council of any
borough of this Commonwealth, upon the petition of a majority of
the property owners upon any public street thereof, may by ordi-
nance require the planting and replanting of suitable shade-trees
along and upon either side of any such street, upon such alignment
and at such points as may by such ordinance be designated, by the
owner or owners of property abutting the street at the points desig-
nated; and on failure of any such owner or owners after reasonable
notice, to comply with the t« rms of any such ordinances, the said
authorities may cause such tries to be planted or replanted at the
expense of the borough; and thereupon, in the name of the bor-
ough, collect such expense from the owner or owners in default, as
debts of like amount are by law collectible: Provided. That the said
authorities shall not require the planting or replanting of trees at
any point or points which may interfere with the necessary or reason-
able use of any street or abutting property, or interfere unreasonably
with any business thereon conducted.

Approved— The 17th day of June, A. D. 1901.

WILLIAM A. STONE.

AN ACT

To encourage the planting of trees along the roadsides of this Com-
monwealth, and providing a penalty for killing, removing or in-
juring the same; what disposition is to be made of moneys col-
lected as penalties, and for keeping a record, by the supervisor of
roads or boards of supervisors of roads, of the trees so planted
and upon w hich a tax abatement has been granted.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c.. That any person liable to road tax,
who shall transplant to the side of the public highway on his own
premises any fruit, shade or forest trees, of suitable size, shall be
allowed by the supervisor of roads or boards of supervisors of roads,
where roaids run through or adjoin cultivated fields, in abatement

q{ bis road tax, one dollar for every two trees set out; but no row of
elm© sball be placed nearer than seventy feet; no row of maples
or otber forest trees nearer than fifty feet, except locust and Caro-
lina poplar, which may be set thirty feet apart, and except fruit
trees, which may be net forty feet apart; and no allowance as before
mentioned shall be made unless such trees shall have been set out
the vear previous to the demand for such abatement of tax, and are
living and well protected from domestic animals at the time of such

demand.

Section 2. Any fruit, shade or forest trees growing naturally by
the side of the public highway, where said public highway runs
through cultivated lands, shall be allowed for in the same manner
and on the same conditions as in the preceding section.

Section 3. Any trees transplanted by the side of the public high-
way, as aforesaid, in the place of trees that have died, shall be al-
lowed for in the same manner and on the same conditions as in the
first section of this act.

Section 4. No person shall be allowed an abatement, as aforesaid,
of more than one-iiuarter of his said annual road tax.

Section 5. Any i>erson who shall cut down, kill or injure any liv-
ing tree, planted or growing naturally as aforesaid, or who negli-
gently or carelessly suffers a horse or other domestic animal, driven
bv or for him to injure any trees hereinbefore mentioned, upon con-
viction thereof shall be subject to a penalty of not less than one dol-
lar, nor more than five dollars, with costs of suit, for each and every
tree so cut down, killed, removed or injured: Provided, That if the
defendant or defendants neglect or refuse to pay at once the pen-
alty so imposed and costs, or shall not mter sufficient bail for the
payment of the same within ten days, ho or they shall be committed
to the common jail of the county in whii h the offense was committed,
for a period of not less than one day fov each dollar of penalty im-
posed and costs: Provided, however. That the owner of the land upon
which the trees are growing and upon which said abatement has
been granted, mav remove such trees, on condition that he will im-
mediately plant and maintain another tree, or trees, in the place or
places of those removed by him or refund to township said abate-
ment, originally allowed for said tree or trees.

Section 6. All monevs collected as a penalty in accordance with
section five of this act, shall be paid to the supervisors of roads or
boards of supervisors of roads, and form part of the road fund of the
township in which the offense was committed.

Section 7. It shall be the duty of the supervisor of roads or the
boards of supervisors of roads to keep a permanent record, in a book
especially prepared for that purpose, and which book shall be the

26

property of the township, of all trees upon which the said abate-
ment, as hereinbefore mentioned, has been granted; and when any
tree or trees have been removed, with or without the consent of the
supervisors of roads or boards of supervisors of roads, the date there-
of shall be distinctly entered in the said book.

Section 8. The act approved the second day of May, A. D. 1879,
entitled "An act to encourage the planting of trees along the road-
sides in this Commonwealth," is hereby repealed.

Approved— The 2d day of July, A. D. 1901.

WILLIAM A. STONE.

1

^i^O¥^ js^c^ js^nrioisi

OF

FOREST TREES

HAVING COMMERCIAL VALUE

AND

ADAPTED TO PENNSYLVANIA.

By GEORGE H. WIRT, Forester.

PUBLISH IJ) BY THE

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

1902.

WM. STANLEY KAY,

STATE PRINTER OF PENNSYLVANIA.
1902.

Department of Forestry,
Harrisburg, Pa.. February 2, 1902.

The frequent demands made upon this office for iufonnation as
The ff«'>"3 , , propagating forest trees induced n.e to re-
"r rwT: our St/te k%stel to prepare this bul.etin upon
Tsubiect. . beiieve it wi.. .„■ time.y and -J^'^^^„^^,^,

Commissioner of Forestry.

(S)

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

To Hon. J. T. KotliroL'k. Commir^-sioner of Forestry:

IH-ar Sir: I liav<* rlit^ honor to submit herewith the following notes
nil the '•rropn-atioii ot Foirst Tiees Adapted to Pennsylvania."

Keruv'uiziu.u' the net-ds ui" uiir 1 aimers, I have endeavored to pre-
<i'Ui in'"a brief and rh-ar way such facts and methods as will bring
ivasonable success ro the inexpciieiiccd [►lanter, without making
nJ.cssary any hu-e expenditure of mom-y. The nur- ryman or the
finester mayhnd nothing m^w and may even take exc i ion to many

>iatcnients.

Th<> botanical names of the trees and their order, i : the greater
nan. is in accordante with Cray's -Manual of JJotni,/' sixth edi-
lion. In addition I have added those given by riritmu and Brown
in fh'ir -Flora of North America and Canada." when dilfering from

the m>nienclature of Gray.

Verv respp(^tfully.

GEORGE H. WIRT,

Forester.

riarrisburg. Pa.. February 1, 1002.

(5)

■■

THE FOREST NURSERY.

Forcstiy work dors i»<u (•oiisi>i ciiiin'lv ol' i;\Wiw^ irtrs lium s. id
ami of pliiiititi^- tlMin. ;iillMm;;l» iluH is ,\ wiy imiMnMant \r,\i[ of it.
Noiisall plaining Hi ikms roi.>iiv woiU. KuiurslrN is a Imsiurss ami
uMist he roihlii.t.Ml <Mi a tinaiirial l.asis. IMaiitiiij,' imlividiial rivt's
is dom* iiio>llv t>'»i'i =«!» JH'silHMi.- Niamlpoiiit and at a roiiipaialivt- ly
hi;:h r\|MMisr. ri.iiiiiii;: Ini iMnsllS pinposrs. Illldrr rxislillj; C(MI-
dinollS. lllllSl 1... ivdilrc.l lo Ihr l.a>l j.osildr rnsl. 1»IH il lIMISt W

uiKlrrMood ihai 111 iiia> l.r Insi ill iliis o|M-ialiou fiom larU of

ran- aiul aitciiiioii (n ilir no"":- I''*""^ ''''"' ''> ">'"- '*' ^*'''* ^'""'

i.nd Ilioncs aloll- >ollir .hIhI lil.r nf NVnik. Tlir lliclliods ol inisiii-

ritMS air 'as vaiird aii.l a> nii.ihiniis as ilir lirrs iliruis..|vrs. 111.-
,M.nplf nnIio plain iIm'Ih and iIp- ln.alili.-> in ^vi.i.ii ll««'y ^'i"' |daiitrd.

hi Olllrl- U(Mds. Ilir . nndilinllS lllldrl Nshi. h ' :•. Il plailhT lias lO NNOlk

ai-rso.lilh-iciil llial llirn-.ai. I..- im . x,iri i.,. Imd laid dovMi lliat will
hv appli.aldr lor all in-s and all pla.rs. r.;,i iImmc aiv rri'iaiii Iaw8
of plant lilv in ;:.n.ial. and lari> in i..;:a.d .. pailimlar tirrs tl.aL
brinj,^irinto,rrd hv nl.MiNalion nl n.iiiin-and Us .Mniinni, >rnsr. will
undoiihirdlv load in a noMsniahl.- dv^i^-r nf sinrr.s. Tor what lol
lows Ihoiv is ..o rlaiin of nri;:inalMy. h is inoiviv a >ifhd . nl r.lion
of unU's takon fion, ll.o nmsi nliaidr sonn.s at Land and t.oni
tin- obsnvalion of sihMossfnl niiixiy work.

NnisoiN.

r.o.a.u.n.-lf nuu.y ,.I.mMs ;,n- „. I- nu>-.l ^"M H- I'l^-Hin,' is lo
.•xt.-ud ..ve.- u innnb-.- »( >-ns. ;, |.,.,mm,m.,u .,ms,.,v "'"s, „• p...^
pared, lis ,,.„xi.ni>.v ,.. ih- U-n-' -1 ' I'- 1"'>"" '"' ' ''•"^^'- "'" ""'"'
tho aJvauU,^.- of rasy au.l .pii. U a,. .sHl.ilii.v. Tin,,. ,aa I.e sav.-,
iH«,.in,M., aa.lln.mil. A IV.M'i'"' i'- , i„„ .,1 .l> .•■.M.lil.on a„,l

I'l'Muiroim nis is in«»ii' likely io orciii

•. and work may In- ilom- at od«l

-

IM,„.S. U,Mh-..lli.l I.^H.,1. inl..l>I^IM,iM. is,,. lM■,I.M,-W,ll„n,..„•
.„. ,„., „,„,. „... ..,I,S,.,> ,ni.hli..>l 1„. |,la,,■.lM,■a,■,l,.•|.l„.p,■,■l,u■
l.h„„a,i■,.„in.„•,l,•.■l,. >a^,■liM,.•i"^■ uil-> ,^ |,la..,s ami

t., ,l...-,-,.a>,. II.,. .Ia„u-,- ..I l,..-s ,.,.>nlli„. U .xi-san- „ ,1... n-ls u.

SMI. an.l win.l. l.->s l.npara , is i. l-L I'-" I'^'I'S. n. .I„s ,.as,.. ai.,1

1...S ,.a,.,-, iu so„>,. nsp... IS. l,u. la ,.iii.,-i .as-. Hu- To wn^ hinis a„.

applicable.

( )

BLURRED TEXT

8

Aspect. — The land should have a very gradual slope, and face to-
wards the iKntheast to give ihe host results. (lood drainage will
be ohiainrd; the diri-ct rays nf tin* sun during the growing season
are avoided and in spring tlnMc is inor<' gradual thaw, a tondition
that is very desirable, for it is tin? sud4l«'ii thanges that atteet plants
njost. Other slopes may he used of rours(*, but protection from
wind and from the sun must be provided lor. As watering will often
be necessary, a stream or a spi lug should be close at hand.

Soil. — The soil should be, preferably, a sandy loam of moderate
moisture — neither too wet nor too dry. Heavy soil should be avoid-
ed. \Vhalever laud is used, onghi to be worked up thoroughly, to a
defith of at least 1 i feet, ill the fall ami again in tlie spring. More
es[M'eially should this be done (»u new land or on land that has not
been worUetl for a long lime. The lop soil should be well and evenly
fertilized. The more ihoroiighly the working is done the more
oxvi'U for plan! life iher*- will In- in tin* soil. The moisture will he
better maintained. If the feriiliziiig is properly done, instead of
raising seedlings wiih long, straggling roots, whieh cause nnn-e or
less dillieulty in tran^plani ing, ihere will be [produced strong jilants
with a compact system o

f ro.it tibres, which is a better result for

uianv reasons.

Itvds. The size of the nursery niiisi be left entirely to the planter

himself, but it may be a sate csiimare to allow si.xteeii s.juare feet of
bed for every Ihree hundred broad leaved seedlings and for every six
hundred eonifers exiuMted from a medium thickness of broadcast

sowing

s h» be «lone, liftet'U to thirty .s»|uare feet may be

ne hundred conifers and thirty to sixty square

hundred broad-haved scn-dlings. To prepare the beds

ke «»ut the paths or walks at right angles to each other. Shovel

If transiilanting i:
allowed for eveiy o

feet for evi'rv on;

stal

about six im

lies of s«hI from these and throw it (►n top of what will
be the ImmIs. These nmy be ki'pt in iM'tter shai>e. then, if boards are
placed around the sides. olherwis<' after each rain more or less soil
is washed into the walks. ofl«*n exi.osing the roots, or washing out
entirely the plants along the edges. I.ong beds should be about four
feet across so as to be worked easily from «

i(,di side. Of course these
but if Ihere is much danger of damage

are a saving in ground space
from mice it is best to have small ImmJs about live feet square. Or a
diteh with i»erpendicular walls around the entire nursery will make
it mouse |uoof. For ta proofed sp(Mies of trees, such as oak, walnut,
hickorv, ash, etr., special beds might be made, so as to prevent the

forming of long taproots, h\ placing on a

bout a level with the walks

I layer of boards or a very close layer of stones under the beds
Moisture.— Moisture is one of the most nee

»lant life, consequently the needs of the nui

essai
serv i

v con<iitions of
u this direction

must be carefully attended to. Fieciueut working of the soil aud
weeding will make u tine, loose cover lor the beds, preventing evapo-
ration to a very great degive. 11 the soil berouies too dry, watering
DiuBt be done. Very good results are obtained if the water is allowed
to llow through the walks, aud lo reacli ilie soil in the beds hy eapil
larity. Another good method is lo make small irrigation trenches
on the beds, till them and allow the water to soak into the ground.
Sprinkling is likely to form a crust which will increase evaporation.
After a rain the beds may be loo moisl. If so, proper conditions can
be made by sprinkliug some dry sand over the ground. Young seed-
lings are very likely, too, lo have tarlh spattered over their stems.
Especially is this so with conifers and they should be freed of this as
Boon as possible by running a slick gently over them.

Weeding. — The nursery beds should be kept clean of weeds at all
times. If the seedlings have been planted in rows, or in the case of
transplants, weeds may be kept out by small billets of wood or by a
layer of moss, or of leaves placed between the rows. Weeding
should not be done after ihe lirst of Scjili'mber at the latest.

Shade. — During the tirst season's growth, the young plants will be
very sensitive and they should be given some protection from the
sun. This can be done by making lath frames whirh will let through
about half the sunlight, and by placing ihem fmin two to six feet
above the beds. Or a frame may be made on whi< li branches can be
laid. Some prefer simply sticking <oniler biancln s into the beds in
such a way that they form a slight cover. Lath fi;iines are. perhai»s,
ll»e most convenient, for the shade ought to be removed on cloudy
days and during gentle showers. These covers, as well as the bil-
lets to keep down weeds, will help to |ueserve the moisture in the
beds.

Seeds.

Choice of Species. — In determining the species lo br raised, it is
Well to observe what trees are growing in the loraliiy, imi only with-
in wooded distri<ts but also alo!»g leiices and in tields. They will
^'ive an idea ol the quality of the soil and of what may be expected in
•he future, altliou'^h this is not alwavs the ease, for other belter spe-
<«<'S may iiave been forced out by some «anse. Fiml out when these
»«'<'es will have a good ero[» of see.ls and (hen have everything r«*ady
f<»i* work when il »omes. Not all Irees bear see<ls every year, as in the
<aHe u( some oaks and eonilers the period varies tioni (wo t*) live
.v*'aiH, or even longer. Nor do all seed years proilu.-e a Itill ciop el

good Steeds, as in Ihe ease «»f I he tulip Iree. Then soni.' ^^ N .i""" '"

earlv <an».<«. '

^^m^mi^^^-

\0

ovrn \viiih»r. rinin niiinii^- IIm'so Ii.cm in ||„. ipiohiMniHHHl, if r|

%Ur<' IIh' |»rn|M|' S|MM ics. s.l*. I Ihr III ;ii| |ii«.s|

M'V

sn'«l

•HH'S :iii,l ;;;Hiirr llhir

s Jis sndli ;is liji

1 II

IM' O

r Snwiiiu. S. ..!> Ml III.- |H.|,|;iis. vnll iii:,|i|... vnIiIi,. ,.|

III.

jiapor and livrr l»iiili. .mil uiImms iiMtuiinM j,, ^,,

lllllh'l slinlihi III'

sown Ml nliri'

Tl

irv ln>. III! 11 j.uu, I- nj ;;«'||||i m;| | ion it, ., ^|,,,, , ,i,

III'

S<«m1s of naivS. IlirlvOl ii s. W .1 1 nil I s. nniifi'ls. :iiMi nij

M'lS U liirh |||;|| III

ill fall mav In- sn'.>ii ai mn ••. Tin' fMi'/iiiii ami 1l

uill \to JM'nrHrijil in iJHiii. liiM ilii' (l( s 1 1 n<l iiHi l»\ s.|niii(|

b'iiils lliat is lilvclx h» inriii is siiiijcii ni nasnn fni imi |tlaiiiini; iiniil

law in;i (if u inhi*
iiinl

s. nine

sjU'in;:. il Uir si'iils ran it- i i. -ii\i.,| |iiii|M.rlv. 'rin-y .sjioiihl not !m>
allowrd fo (Il v oiii liifoii' jiliiniinp |,o|- sInniM ilna ho oxposod icui-
stantlv to mill II nioisinir if iliov .\n- in |m' krpi for anv lrn""ili of
tiiiw'.

TliirkiH'ss of Sow iiii:.- Itv m.-ikinu losis. lii lin- li\ « ul i iny ><'o«ls or
liv jdariiii; tiii'in iM'iwicn wn ll;ii:inls in ;i wniiii looin. m» ms lo pro-
diirr ;:iiinin:iiinii. m- li\ x.nic ?iilni- nitinod. ilir im i < i-iihiu,. nf <roo<l

sord is dch'i'liiinrd .iiid iioni i!iis ijn' iliiiKi

MSS ol I III' sow I ||;r.

Il is

vi'i'v «';isv lo sow Inn ihiiix. ;iiid ilii-n ilir sii'dlin^s will lio wi-ak. Inif
it is iliojipor lo lliin oiii. ;ind jh ihiip"* m-i iIh- \oiin^ pl.inis in oilnr
ground, lliaii lo lia\r lo lill up hLinlvs.

I>o[iili of Sow in-:. — 'I'lir dillit nil V . in \ttit m;iii\ i nsos. has hi-i'ii iliMf
iiisli-nd of llir sii'ds iioinu pl.inh d. iln v .iic hiii ird. As a ;:i'n<'ial
rule, foi' (h'jiili ol' roM-r. ihr ili:iiiii in ni iln* si-od is siilliiioni. hiil if
lin' jiroiind is N-fi m rv loosi-. or il iIhic is daii;:('i' from fmsl hih' in
spiin;:. a lioaxin- roMiini: should In- :^i\in. Il is will, .ifior sowin;;.
to roll iIk* hrds or lo prrss ilio ;^ioiiiid wiiii ;i sjiadr <- i hi'ard. In
fill! sow iii^ ro\or I ho hrds w il h a l.i \ ir ot Imv <'s. Il
{Zroiiiid from In'ji-.in;: diiiinu ilir linn* oi Iioni :ind in

w

pi

I'M

III li

IC

(•<

'• >|n'in;4 will

picvi'iil iho lioavy inins from wa>liini: oiii iln- sii ds. This ni.iy hr
doiH» lo adv;uila;io. loo. nfiir spring sow inn. In hoih i .ims a i;ii*»'fiil
Nvatch iniist hr kcf>l nnd ns soon as ihr siidlin^is appo.ir tlir leaves
slioiihl he liikitl off. r»i Mill Ins iniLiiil linn he spread iliiiily o\ir
tileiil III keep iho hilds awav. hlll lliesi' should liol he li'fl on loo Ion;;
^<» as lo ill JIMS Wiiy iiilerfere wilh ilie ;:iowlli. Smnll seids may he

»nled wilh red lend iis a pioteeiion auainsi hirds.

Manner of Sowinj:. — As a usual ihiny I he smaller seeds are sown
hiM.nhnsi ill the nursery, espeeially I liosi- of i ho i oiiifeis. I he ask. tin*
'•ir<li. eh'. Tlio Ijii'iier seeds. ;i> those ol I In- miks. Iilrkories. walmils.
<'fe.. are nsiinlly s(»wii in fiiirows. or rows, frcmi six to twehe inches
npnri. on the nursery heds. The hit h-r an- ofii-n sown in rows where
<"lio phiiiis will leimiin permaie-ni ly. This ni.iy he advisahle with
^ilh t;i[(rooird spi'iiis. Iiiondrasi sowin;: over a plariialion is very
< xpMisive and is verv sehhmi done.

BLURRED TEXT

Traiisi>Ijinlin^.

Vire of Plants. — Most plautn after [\\vy have rcMaaiued in the seed
beds for one season, may t»e set out where they are to stand finally,
.siK'cially hroatl heaved ones. The spruces and lirs «;row very slowly
liirinir the lirst four or live ycais and may best be left two years in
the seed bed. then transi>laiiied lo olher nursery l)e(h< and allowed to
reniaiu there iwo or three years. Small and weak seedlinj^s of other
Bpecii'S should be treaied in the same way. Fr<'«|uenl transplanting
iH ret'ommended for ail s[.e(ies, when esiK'cially lar^e and strong
niauts are needed. In all cases before setting out finally, whether
on cood or poor land, the object should be to grow and to use only
the sirongest and best plants. They will be able to resist enemies
and hardships and to recover from injuries mu<-h belter than weak

ones.
'pj,m. — Transplanting can be d«Mie ciihcr in fall or in spring. If

,|one in fall, it should be afu-r the growth has rijieued or ceased.

iMiring winter the dirt will have a chance to settle about the roots,

and l>v Sluing the loss of root libre will be partly made up. On the

other hand, frost may lift liie i»lairis out of the ground or storms may

loosen tlMMu. Then, too, I hey will be exposed to damage from

animals at a time when f<»od is scarce. In spring the work should be

d(Uie as early as [possible, at least before the new growth begins.

Spring' is pieferable for ( nnifers.

IHj,,;i,„.,.._The dislance at whi. h plants should be placed finally
depi'iids upon the speries. I be aue and ilie object in view. If tire-
\Nood is the only object then perhaps more wood will be formed per
tree bv giving as much room and light as possible lo ilie tops. Even
in this case it is a ^piestion whether cl(»se planlin* is not better finan
( iaily. if small wood can be used or sold at all. Where it is the pur-
pose* to get Ihe soil covered «|uickly, to raise sirai;ilit stems clean
from brandu's. either for i»oles or posis, or laler for limber, close
planting must be done. F(»r planlatious of considerable size, to
l»lant at regular dislaiic«'s and to do it in a s\slematic way is at all
times cheapest. Cultivation may be done more qui<kly and (»asily.
Hlaiiks may be easily found and lilled, and later management is
facilitated.*^ Of course nuMe filling of gaps in existing forests can
be don(> only in a very irregular melhod.

Kools.— Therr are numerous methods of planling. but, in all, the
most important Ihing is to take care of Ihe roots. Perhaps more
failures could be traced to lack of <are of tlH'Ui than to any other
vause. Thev are very sensitive lo sun and wind and should never
be exposed long enough to become dried out. When the plants are
removed from the nursery they should be taken from the beds as care-

12

fully as possible so lIuiL vtiy IVw roois In- luoki'ii. NN rap llio rools
in wet biii'lap or com i iIhui uiiii nmist muss, oi- phnc iIh'iii in lliiii
ujud. Tiie planis mav lliin hv raiiicil sjilVIv |(» iIk- place ol plant-
in.*' Ill piant-

M(ls

iii^^. if it is not done at onrc (licv simuld Ik> * licclnl
iii;^ do n<»l (-i-ani{> (lie i-dols in anv wav and src tli.ti li

H' i:ruu ini; *

are down^ and not np. Vlmv tine s<»ii ainonj,^ ilic icmHs and parU it
tlioi'ouglily. ir sod lias hceii (a ken on I, inin ii npsid(^ down on Die
ground cdose lo the tree. Vonn;;- t»lanls are seusiiive to bt-ing
planted too deep and so should be no deeiM-r than they were iu the
nursery. Of ronrse with larj;«r plan Is. when a ;;reat deal of dirt has
been loosened, allowance must be made for some settling, but this
will not be necessary if packing is well don(\ \\ hen larger roots
have been broken or bruised they should be cut oil" snioolh with a
sharp knife, riant ing can not be dime too carefully.

Methods. — In lo<>se and in sandv soil small plants niav be set out
quickly wiHi the "dibble." This is simply a wckmIch prg or some
iron inslrument which will make a hole hnj^e i'noiigh lo imve the
rools drop[K (1 into it. Tiie Inde slnmld be made dcc[Mi than the
roots are long. IMace tlu' plant in ilie hole as far ;is coiiMiiirnl and
then raise it to the proper planting dcpih. In this way I he roois will
be in a natural p<»sition and not iiiinrd iii>. oi (o <mc side. The hole
is closed by running the dibble into the ground near the lioi<' and
forcing the soil against the rools. This nu'llMul may be ii-d h» good
atlvantage wilhin a foiest to till up blanks if ihe soil is dtj* enough.

The most common melhod. an<l Ihal ;ippli(.ible under nioie condi-
tions than any other, is pinniing in holes thai have had In l>e <Iiig in
some manner, as wilh a spad«' or hoe. It is necessary lor luige
plants. It is the best method for snmll jilanis in hc.ivy soils and
in stonv places. In fa( t it ma\ be used an\ where but in the \erv wet

«■ I. ft %.

soils. It is well to have lh(> holes dug in fall and .-illowcd to lie open
during the \\int(>r foi* spring planting. liiimus. rii h ground or
nuuiure may be used in planting, and if so, should be well [daced
among the roots, the poor«'r soil being placc^I (ni lop. I!ach iilant
should be made firm.

On hillsides where a plow can be used ten ares may bi' f^uined by
laying rows of st<uies along the hill side, or if more time can Ik* tnkeu,
by putting in stakes and placing small branches on the uphill side.
Uun a furrow above this iu .iul iiimii and during u inicr I lie ground will
be more or less broken up, facilitating sjuing planting a gical deal.
Where a plow can not be used on a slope the only restuirce is to dig
holes just wherever possible and put in strong jdants.

In wet soils, swamps av marshes, mound jdanting may best be usjmI.
This is very similar to hole phinting, exeepl that the plant is put
into the ground thr-own out of the hole inslea<l of placing it in the
hole itself as in the other cases. If sod has been lifted, split it and

13

place tin' plant in Hh' cn'viii'. ilcie, too, the j^roiind must be thor-
oipHiIv parked aiMHiiid tli<' roots of llio [daiit. When ball»-of dirt are
taken onl will> H»e jdants, holes ninsi bo tlnjj: somewhat larger than
the size ol" the l»all on the plant, \\hen Ibis is done the plants may
he inoveil at any time of year and lo any place. If the plants are
crooked or branrjiy after jtlanlin'', cnt them olT abont an inch and a

half «'il><>^^* ground.

A f<*\v trees, such as willows and j»oplars, may be propagated by
(Utling!^- ll is I'ecommended (hat the cntlings be gathered in fall
from lasl year's shoots and bnried dnring winter. They should be
nianled in spring while the gronnd is still moist. They will do well
if not <;alhered till spi'lng. but before Ihe new growth begins, and
planh'd at once. When jdanting leave one good bnd above gronnd.
The oiheis may ln' rubbed olV. Lay<'rs or loot suckers may be ns(*d
ill a few inslances but as a gem>ral nile, willows and poplars being
an exception, it is bettei' to raise fr'ees from seed.

CI CTMIUIK TIIKi:. MorXTAIX MAtJXOLIA.
Magnolia acuminata, L.

This tree is nowhere common in Tennsylvania. It is, however, a
tree that is worlhy of being cnUivated because of the iM'culiar tltness
of its wood for |»nm|) slorks, watering tioughs, etc.

The fruit is a cylindrical mass resembling the cucumber, whence tbe
tree's name. This becomes I'ed in autumn arid it is th(Mi time to watch
for seeds, in order that they may be gathered as soon as ripe. About
the last of September, or the tirst of ()ct(d»er, when fully mature,
st-ailet seeds may be seen suspended from the fruit by delicate white
threads. Owing to an oil in the pulp that encloses each seed they
U'ccune rancid and lose their powerof germination as soon as the pulp
decavs. Thev should bf placed at on<*e in water of 70 degrees to 80
degrees Fahrenheit and nnncrated for about a week, when the seeds
can be thorouizhlv waslMMl. These should then be fixed in a box in
alternate layers of sand and s(»eds, and kept in a cellar where they
will not freeze. As soon as the ground is warm in spring, about the
niiddle of May, they may be sown in furrows from six to eight inches
•ipart, on well prepared seed beds and covered lightly. If any fer-
tilizing is done a snnill (|uan1ity of wood ashes or of bone dust is
i»<'st. It is said that manure should not be used. The seedlings,
''Her remaining in the seed beds for two years, should be ready for
beirjg set out where they are to remain. If intended for lawn plant-
ing tlu'v mav be transplanted ovory two or three years until wanted.

1^

Th. t,..o is f-MMHl n=,(nn.llv h. v.ll.,s .... ....v-s :•'-'<•"''•—

„;il t.u.v imist tM. ,h.nl...l in ..nn.li,i..Ms .s n.-nr ;,s ,,o.>,l. •• I. ■ c

,uU.r «ii,h .1.-, .1 s, nanuallv. IM:u„ ,u ,..«s ,,.,., Uvo . . e

f..el ap,nl mul fn.n.vi^hl.-n to Uvnlv l.n„- »„l,..s n. 11,.. n.«. lose
plai.tiu- «ill pnvrnl .ally l.n.nrlMn-.

SWKKT 1!AV. SWAMl- SASSSntAS. I'.KAVKU TUi:!:.

M ...Ih, Vi,«inu...a. 1.. S... I!, it I-." .^ r-wo, VM. Tt. ,,. »8.

-r,... ur,. m.v.T ■■..a.l..s a vwy (...•at si/.v in tl.is Stat, an.l is ..f vory

-- :;;;;;;::;;r::r;;:;::;:::;;::',r:».i::r;::-:-

r,op.f-'ati.... fnun s,....l ,s (Iw sa,,,.. as 'I''""' ' ' ; ';,,;,, „,•„,. ,„.o

;i:;;-:";r'v;';:;:;:l''n:n::^:;:^^ •-■

•;;.,";..d ^..m to grow botto,. th...... .I.an on its own root.

1TM1!I!I;M.A TUr.K. KI.K\V(M.1>.

Mafjnolia rnilnclla. I.ani.

r . t..!,...Mli L See Itiillon \ I'.iown. Vol. 11. p. !»•
Macnoliii II ip< >••'"'■ ■'• .

v..ysH.. u ail... -;-;•;;-;;:::;: :;/::i;::,;;r"

,,0. l.,.of..ssor Sai^'.>iit says Hat .t s lui v i

„,h as K-v Kn«lan.l. Tl,- Man.lns a - ■ ;

whit,. lloxv..,s appeal- al I May. making a yiy

. • • 1... I.. il>it of tin' cn.ninlH.r ti«'«'.
piopajjalioii issunilar to mar oi

1101

TULU'TUER. TULIi' rol-LAK. VKM-OW 1'(.1>1-AU.
Liriodcmlnm Tnli|)ifpra, L.

T„c irco ,. ..,.. o, P.i«.-.-.' •;';"; ;:;;;•' ;,-•

encouraged.

"C

(>

Tin* frilil lists ;i r<iiH' likr ;i h|h;i i ;ilh r. luiin; niSMic ii|> ol' n niiiilMf
f s«;M»S. nil i\ rnimiinii ;i\is. linm wliiili llh'V IjiII «|iiiiii;; uinhs'.

;ilcs (-4Hil:iiii s«'( lis :iim| milv .iImmiI hii |Mr (ml. (»f

\ (IV r<\v n

r III

«•>»' M

Ihr

i«M

ds f«UIIH<l Ulr .iiniMl. I.Mlhloii sjlill l|i;il | lie Ims| nil

IIS Jll'C

I'.iiiml oil Mm* liiiilifi ln;iinlirs nf .i^rnl (ici's. In .•niliiinn. jis llir srrds
m.-ilMH'. ill'' l"'"il mrns lo m ltii»\\iiisli c «»lni-. Tlic .nncs sliniihl'l
, . I linrd ill < >«|i»Im I- nricr i Ih' lii si f

ilii

M»

f\\ S

(•;ih'S li;i\t' «j|n|)|M'i|. Diving
llirfll in Jl'l nn|ili;ii\ |i\inj: Kiniii jni ;| slinll liiiir nii;;||| fo Im' SUlli-

(It

III lo ir<'<' ll«' x'i'tis rroiii ilic siiilc

T|.

• ('« t

Is I

ii;i\ IM' sown

|iio.'i(l< Jisf. '»'• »'i ^liiillow riiiiows. ill l.il!. or iIm \ ni.iv Im- kupi in a
,|iv room iiiilii spiiiij:. K'ojl Mir ImmIs ;iihr .ui\iii;i llic srcils ;i sii;-!!!
(ovrr. ^^oli niojil or wooti iiiid Irjil" jisiirs Jill' ^ooil {■(•rlili/.cjs for
iliciii. In siMiiimr ilo not .iMow !li. Ih'.Is Io Im. onn* loo <lr,\ ninl «iivo
I |i«> \oimi:- I'hiiils some |iro(('<i inn I'l oni i he sim. 'I'lic pljiiiis in:iy re-
ni.iiit ill ll'«' ><'««l Im'«Is I'or two vcjiis. lo (Icxcjoi) ,i "ood rool s\s|rin
I, .loll' Im in;: pi.iiihMl (m'Iiii.i iirnil\ . i»r if Wiry ;ir«' wjinlctl for orna-
niriil.-ii |»iir|M.>« s ili(\ m.iv Im- I r;iiis|il:inh-«| jiiil l( fi I wo or more
vrjirs. . \fhr ii;ins|i|;iiilin;i lirsl limrit is Im Ih'r lo ciii ilic shin oil" ji

CO

npio of iii'lirs jil;ovo 1 lio ;:roiin(l. ;i||o\vin;r a new slom lo Ik* formed.

Kicli soil of < o\rs .-iimI of cool sIojm's is lis jnTforcmc. U is known
to ronn- iijt Iti old jirlds iifirr ;in adv.imr growth of s;iss.ifr;is or
jnriisi. or wiiii iociis!. Sn •Ijintis ;irr piciiiifiil in llio forest near old
trM'> jifhr a uinhr or s|irinii lire luis Iiiiine<l tlio Inyir of leaves
on tin* •iioiiml. It iiiny ho s( i oni ;is Mic riirninlM r trie, willi lo-
. list or with walinil, or with hm h. Trees are said i >^ Im- laised easily
frcnn cnttinus.

Ii.\SS\V(M»|), AMKIJM \\ J.IMHIN. I.I.Mi; TIMIK. LIN.

'rili.i A iiierir;iiia. L.

'I lie I i lid* '11 1 1 ;| s ;l one seeded flllll W liieh u lien il is lilM I ti red in Sep-
lendu r is hard. h;iir\. ''V.w and ahoiii ijie si/e (d' n he.i, 'I'lieN slionld
he sown ;il ome ill lli<- see«l lirds. or if ke|»l o\er winter, should he
sirntilied with moist sand in a hov which can bo placed in well
dinined j^ronnd. In either case ;i ;:ood p<r« enl;i;:e will come ii|> the
lirst vear. Imt if lln*v li.ive heeii kipl di \ oNcr winter ihev ;in' likelv
^o WMit until the second \e:ir hefoie germinal iii^.

Tl

lev ar«* very

slow oinwers from the seed and will h;i\(' lo renniin in the nursery
for two. three, oi' four years, and perhaps iiioie. before Ihey will be
hii-Me eiioniLth lo s«t oiii permaneiiMy. They in;iy he then pl.infed
^'flli onk. sii;;ar maple, while ash. etc. As with other frees, if the

BLURRED TEXT

16

plauts nre ( rookctl. or too brain liy. cut llieni ott just above the
jiiouud and allow a shout to form. More rapid <:io\vth is obtaiued
friHii la.\»i>. >H ii is cusiniiiaiv lo cut oil an old tree close to the
jiiound. ;ind when a number ot siioois have come up. to throw dirt
amon;: ihcni thai iln-y may take mot for themselves. In one or two
years they may be cut olV and used as plants. Transplanting with
balls of dirt is rei nmnimdcd. It prefers a moist situation but will
♦:row on dry soil. As a shade tree it is probably not surpassed.

WHITE BASSWOOD.

Tilia heteroi)hylla. Vent.

The whit(* bassw<»<"1 is m(»re of a mountain tree than the Tilia
Americana. It is coi, iiionly found growinj: on the moist soil border-
injr mountain stream- however, it will thrive upon limestone soil, or
di-v. jrravellv and sandv soil, if modcrarelv rich. The wood of this
tree is not unlike that of the other species of basswood and is sold
as such. It can be propa^iated the same as the basswood above,
either from seed or from cuitinj:s. th.^ latter brinj:. perhaps, pre-
ferable.

AMEKICAN HOLLY.

Ilex opaca. Ait.

While the holly, under favorable conditions, becomes a tree of good
size, and is then valuable, it is not lik.^ly that, in this State at least,
it \s\\\ ever be raised for other than ornamental i>uri»oses. The fruit
is a small red berry, maturing in autumn and remaining on the tree
all winter. The berries may be gatluMed in December and at once
macerated in water. After the seeds have been ih(»rnii-hly washed,
they shdiild be sj.read on a rhMh and <lried. and then mixed with
sand and kej.i dry until needed lor sowing in siuing. Sow in fur-
rows ten to twelvl' inches apart. Cover seeds lightly with tine earth
and roll it. A layer of leaves may then cover the bed which will per-
haps hasten germination. The seeds are slow to germinate and may
n(.t come up until the scond year. The plants should be carefully
transj.lanted every two years until .«<et out finally. It seems to prefer
tlie edge of streams or swam|.s. under other trees, but it will grow oa
hi-her ground. It makes a dose hedge and requires little care when
once started. It is also jjropagated by cuttings.

'7

OilIO BL'ClvKVK. FKTII) III ( KKVK.

Acsculus glabra, W ilid.

Tl,e wood of (liis tree is used for pnlp wood and fur tlic* nianu
facture of light wooden articles. Although there are other rapid
wors. the wood of whirli is beltt'r in •|>'J»'»<v JH'«1 ">J»v take the
% e of the buckeye, yet the facility with wliirli it ran be raise<l from
iVcd together with its rapid growth may recommend it.

The fruit resembles tin' common lioise ( hi'sinut but is prickly
I ,.n voung. It matures in autumn and the seeds may be gathered
from under liie old tree after the hrst fr<»sl. They should Ih» planted
at onc<*, either where they are to remain, say I w<> <»r three leer ajiart
'•uU wav, or they may be planted in seed beds, in rows eiMJiu.cn (o
tweiitv four inches apart and twelve to louileen iiirhes in the row.
Covers little nuM'e than the Ihirkness of ilie seed, unless the beds are
,,.;,. I. In one year the plants may be set out. They prelei- moist
soil, as along the banks of rivers, but will do well in soil that it is not
exceedingly dry.

SWEKT IIUCKKVE.

Aesculus llava. Ait.

Aesculus octandra. Marsh. Stc i;rllt(»n.K: ilrown. Vol. fl. p. 101.

The tree has a smooth fruit, has the same uses as the Ohio buckeye
and may be i)roi»agated in the same manner. Kit her may be used as
a shade tree, although the European horse chestnut is superior and
more frequently used for that purpose.

SrcJAR MAPLE.

Acer saccharinum. Wang.

Acer Saccharum. Marsh. See Uritton 4^ J*»rown. Vol. 11. p. .'".O.^.

In the Forestry Report for this Slate issued in lS!».*i, it is slated
that this is one of the largest ami perhaps one of the (Nuumotiest tre« s
in the Slate. It is apparent therefore that ((Hidilions here are
favorable to its growth. It is a valuable tre<* and will grow in al-
most any locality.

18

Tlie seeds, in samaras oi

Ui'vs about an i

ii«

h lonii. are niaturi'd in

lejiieiu

l,or. Thev niav

W pirkta lioni iiuMree, o

I- a rmle lau'iswi'i'

io«;t*lln'r nin

Wr the tree, as ilu-v are ns.ia

\ M'ly I

aie

vciv scnsiiiv

to

,„,-n,o aiic.l our and ilunl.u

at onct'

Tbe row

ssliouldl.eal.oul ol^lH innu-

il.-uiiliil. Thi'V
• hnuld Ih' >o\vu
Is

ijKiri and riu' st-^M

<ix in*

iK-s apart in ilu* ro

w

A V.

.,v liiiht tnvrr •>

f .-ar

h u

IC'U

see*

t. but i»nt a

lavcr of U'avt's ovt-r

[\xr beds lor lilt' wiuK-r

uUi-

Tl

H'

may

be kept nvt-r wni

tci' if siratUuM

1 wlih sau I jusi

liiihtly

niois

tfUvd. llHMl sow

u carl.v iu siuiati.

Dunn

w

ihr tirsi >.asou

tl

H'

voanji l>

lauis will nt'i'd sUao.

d<

Tl

\\\ w

Kiv remain m

\\

I''

.flM

I l.rib

two Vfi

distant

\rs ami t

iH-ubosotouri.rrmammiiv

a I

tlire

four or ti\t' bM)i

cs.

I'rum*

oU anv

brai:

li,.s lUav m

■iv havt^ formiM

L The

suirar laai

ilr has biH'U i»ianM*t

\ in pun plauiaiion

and also in mix-

ture w

iih wliirc* a:

h. walnni. ''aU. bir«

h and ..ih.Ms. U is anion

li the

bh

Ust of th'^ tr.-es suuaoiL

fur stn^et planiin

»r

What is known a:
Inum and is prova<ia

bhuk sti-ar n
t^d in tla.' same ir.auncr

laplo is a vaneiy o

I' Afcr sa

(M

har-

a luaide lArti

lal tr«M'

Its

The stripe
striped app<-arato-e o

ornamen

as the above,

shade.

rrunsylvaniru

m.

L.I. so '

alh'd from i

f il"

bark, is of liitle mil

tor

taui-e except as

St'<'(

\s r'lM'ii lu

SrjttcndMT ant

1 may be rai^

It is foond in » «»••

1 ravines and em

lure

ritnsH

lera

U.VKit M

Aeer dasyearpnm.

USt)rT MA rid-

lUirh.

Acer saecharinum.

b

>ee

Uiiiiou w^ r»ro

wn.

Vol. lb p. ^*>'

This is pe

rhaps ih«' nn

»st ra\>ii

\ o lower a mo

ii'v I he maple

I lid ii

is a<

lar

lapied to any soi

1. but ir i^ <»

f verv little v

alue

The 1>

evs

!2e.

veinv am

Idi

\ ei

'-iin;

Tl

le

>( et

Is lipen early n\

,ummer, m

are
May

or

June,

They may

!>,. swept up n^^

aer the trees a

nd should be so

WTl

at once

If pinn

tod in meist .'

t'iiS

ud ^iiveii a

li-hl

it wi

U u(H I"' ^'**'5

befnre

tl

II' yo

,511- pl.ini>^ 1

lit m ;

^o

w the se»

(Is in row

s about iw»

■ he i

U'

•lies apart a'.a

eijiht in<

hes in I he row

If sl;u-ted ill -i'

a Si/.e

ou'Ut time 111
to j:row to
bramh younu"
them olV jnst ;
make up for the

the uuisiry
sTiita
hen 1

1 '

vA if in 1

loor '<

:od soil ou<'
,il they Wi

rover of ''•^'•''•'

in api'earan*'--

I ill disiames «*f

U be sufli

vear wi

;o W

l,U, for plannuu.
,lautiu;i. if H^''^ ''''

Tl

le

\

are

ibovethe^rouiu

1. The sprout t

11 rake tw<» years
ai't i<»
ked, eut
1 will

ilaut:

lu-an.hy or .roo

bat will be forn

ie(

•lowt

h tha

t has been lost.

1^

im:i) mapm:. swamp matij:.

ArcT niln'imi, fi.

Yhe n'd inai»l(' is a mon^ vnhiMlMr Iht (Iimii (lir soft mjiple and as
tlirivt'9 in swainps (allliHii;:li not tontiiHMl (o IIumii) whicli are rarely
' f • nv use. tlu'H' is no reason why il sli<iiihl nol be raiscMl. The seeds
^. j|.n in Mav or .June and i^Mliaps .an lust l»e pitked from the tree.
Thev 8honld l»e planted at nnre in ninist soil, as with the soft maple.
The' first year tliey j^mow slowly and may have to n main in the seed
bed two years. I*rnnin<: wiib iIhm'. loo. may he nocessary. Where
the soil is pood ii mak«s n iMjniiil .il >hade tree.

liOX Kld)i:K, ASH LMAVKI) MAPLE.

Nejrnndo aieroidrs, Moench.
Aeer Nrjrnndo, L. See Uritton \ Urown, Vol. II, p. 400.
I„ wooded se( lions of the eonntry this tree is of little value, but
:„ n.e plains it serves as a splendid -nnrse tree" to other more use-
ful sneries. It is a rapid ^z.owrr and will ihrive on any soil hence,
uherMannhU protertion lo i h. s<.il. or a Muhk sI.mI. is wanted, there
is nothing: heltcr; f<n- insian.e, lor 1 ho protrHhm .d white p.ny seed-
U„ s on; dry sonthe.n s.opo. It is short lived and when planted
with other tr<.es allords an oMrly .Hn. n in tho wa, ot lue wood^ The
seeds are ripe in S<.pl-Hl.er and shonid he sown ''^/>"^- ^" ^^
year the seedlin-s ean he i^Ianted onl. With .on.lers box eldu
may be planted i^every <Hher row a. fonr fool distan.es, the rows b^^^
ing three feet apart. With broad leaved spenes every thud lo^
would be sulticient.

STAr.llOKN SI MACII.

Rhus typhina, L.

Rhus hirta, (U Su.lw. Soo Brilton & Brown, Vol. H. p. 380.

-M

BLURRED TEXT

about Octolwr. nfr^r ulii< ii tl

K'.v iiiny Im. j::irlif r«'«l ;in(]

<»r k»*|»t in n <iiv. 'nld (i|.i.. iintil s|iiii,^. '|'|

s^wn ;ir oiif-e.
'•' siiiii:irli is tnini<] in

•'•>* .••thi on .Iiv liili si.l

• 's: If

II ii

produces \\n-iv n sM-m ninir t>i' Itss firr of lnnin |

'" '""'i^f >*nij aii.l iisu.illv

US.

LOcrsT TRi:r:. i:[..\( k i.(m ist. m-lluw i

IC<»I»illi;l Ps.-iHlilril. i;i. \,_

ncisT.

The locust ii;is m.iiiv «|ii;iliii«s i|

pluilhT. TIlC lnli.li:r ;||Hi IiIm^vhHiv m.il,. ji

'-«' l«'' 0||||||,.|1.| it (,, fl^p ^

11 't*

rSprciallv nioli;: roinillV In;|(Is. Jf

tlihililr Ini .1 sli;|,I,. f

['»'«•

prn«|llr»'«l r.l.vjiv liojii Srvtl-

J> ii i;ii'i«l i:i Mu. I ;||,,|

<•!• liniii iMMl sii, K

an 1

M' l'»'

auv soil (li.ir is II. M vv.i. ;ii,,l, liK,. ;,|| |.-,|„,j, ,,,,,,
iiir s(»il on wlij.li if ^inws. .MoiiM\. I ij

••'"^ 1 1 vv ill ;:?o\\ (,n
I'liinis. ir inijMOMs

lO V\ (Ml

;;?'«'at «liiial.ilii\. Vrliov\ In, n^i ^
al»lr rli;in uliiit- lo.usr \\o<m|. i.ui i

TIm» flllit. a Jiod rUi insjni: son. |;||

IS vli.Mi;: •umI of
""•1 i>^ ^n|.|.o.,.,| fn Ih. inoif. v;llll-

Ml I (I I't

VII,

and may In- jratliond fmni rli.- i
tlioy ivm;iin on ilip tree all w

•III.' I I (ijii I iij.
Is. is iiiii I 111 •'•!

S SJM'cU'S.

II Scjtfi'inhor

!•<'•• .•Ill\ tiino .ifhT t|,;,|. f,„. f

witli a flail ami r|«..nis«Ml I

(bine. Fiei«l mi

""'■'•• Til.' so.m1> 11,., V I,
'.^ I iiiiiiiiii: i!,. ,,, ilii,,ii-|| ;i

I '""lull out

CO aie foiid m| I I, CI

^v iiiiiow ini; ma.

tlioin for sjiiint: planiin-. u |;,, |

0. • o||v( .||.i(.||( |\ ji i^ I

I l> OJIsl I \ J,H

'ool.dry atiiios|ilien'. j;. f-.t. |

I I Ik \ ill <• Iv

n"*r fo k< cj)

and remove tlieni as s

"•■•iiiiii;:. I'll! ilicii iiii

I'l in a

• I Nl

•intil all are ready, tin n j.lanf

'•'.II .IX iIm-v su. II I,,,. |», ,„..,i II

; I M i 1 1 ;:

u;i icf

to ojtoi ,1 I jnii

inches

apaif ojiili wav. Tl

■" '""• "I ilio s..d Im.,1. al.uiir

M\

onp or two vears \\h<n i

i(\

dist,

•"'••'S. At first si-lit of flir 1

"' V»'iii;: plains max ini.ain in ilio hod>
may l»o s<-t our pcrinanoriih ai four f

I ho \\linle stem and \

>*'i>i-< Nvnik cut oir the I. rand

oof
I or

)i

"•n if. If hranchy when fransplanrod \

'":' ''"' ''^ "-•'•ssary. [r nia.N l.o planted I

>rnn-

()

th^

«-^|M^ries. as yellow poplar, .aial

l»y if >olf or nii.vcd with

pa. w.ilniir. oi

f'efcis i "ainMlrnsis. I..

Hardly more than a shrub. Its wood

pfTine the hiisl

I'-aco on the lawn. Tin- f

' i^ iillame w iih n ,1 ||

ov\ t

is s<'l«bun if ever used. I
IS. nialxin:: if ^^ orf In of a

n

I'lit IS a h-iinn-. or' pod. lij.oni

n;: in auinnin

21

TIm'Sp may be jjatliered and koi»t until spring:, liio socds to bf> sown
pjii'Iy. It «Io«'S not sccmh to h<» partiriiljir .is to soil ;uul iiiav b«'
f planted under other trees or sluubs. In m'owiii it is tairly rapid.

KKNTicKV ( nrn:i; TJM.i:. (MMriii: nit.

( Jynmni Indus ( 'iMi.id«iisis. I,;ini.

Crvninoelatlus (iinit a. iL.i Koeh. See riiitini) \: r.inwn, \'n|. II,n. 'JGI.

N'ei'V siiuilai' lo the lot iisi in (|iialilie> .-mmI i <-<|iiii'(iiMMiis. lake ail
ot liei* bioad leaved sprrirs ii KMiIm^ il> ImsI iir\ t'lnpiiMiil oi. moist,
^oii. Tile seeiis mature ill OrmlM'i ;;iid ma\ Im> i;ilxtii I'l-oni the

1 ,1 II

pods readily altei- a se\er<- liost. oi- ilir pods may be gathered and
iiiaceiated iti uaiiii watei'. iMy lln* seeds ;iiid ln-ul as lonist se«Hls.
The Lirowtli is lapid. so .lose sowinj; is not nMcssaty. neitluT is the
ti'ce so ajM lo brjihtli as the lonist.

IIONKV I.ori ST.

( ileditschia liiaranllios. L.

This tro«» as vet has veiy little value otliei- than as an oitiamontal

lieh s<ul. The j.ods may be ;:atliefed ill S«'|»t(^l-

tree. It HM|uir(s
Imi' or ( Jciober and mareraied in uaier unlit the seeds r,\n be \vas]j<>d
.|.:if). They run be treated i hen ;is those of the lonisl and eoirpo
tree. The lapioot should be eut oil before t lausplaiit iu

»r

WUJH IIKKIIV. W ll.h IXLACK CIIKKUV
rninus s(MM»tina. Idiih.

A ne^lerled bill \aliiable tree
paitiriil.if in i< -^au

It is a faiilv rapid ;:i'o\ver, not

I to soil, and fintiishes a line wood for the manu-
farture of fuiniime. The fruit is niaiiiK d in .\ii-usl. It ran then be

l^atheied ft oiu tho I leo Mild iiiarer

;ited in wahr until the stones ran

•"' < leaned. These mav be sown at ome. but it is well to preserve

'heiM until spline by mixin;: them wi

ih sand and plaiiuj: the box

thither in a drv, eonl c^dlar or in iho ;:ioiind where the stones ran bo

20.

frozen. Tlicv imist ii»>( Ik* jillnwcd to Ikmoimo moist. Sow in fur-
rows six 1o ('i;;ht in< Ims ji|;juI jumI I wo oi* ihrco inthcs in a furrow.
They will be of suftlriful size in two ^ycjirs to he moved safely. They
may then be mixiMl with srctliinj^s of ash, elm, oak, pine, spruce, etc.,
at four foot distam-es.

i^'unus rcnnsylvaniaca, L. til., or I lie lite clurry, is of litde value
ollu'r (han as a nmsc tree to better and weaker species. It may be
us<'d as the box elder. i'ropaj:alion is the same as for tlie black
cherry. The fruit is ripe in July.

A.MKicirAX (:;:ai; .MTLK.

l*yi-us coronaria, 1^.

A[alus coronaria, (L.) Mill. See Kritton iV: Urown, \'ol. 11, p. LMo.

The tree never readies a very jireat size and its wood is of little
value except for tool handles or nirnery work. As an ornamental
tree, however, it is worth some consideration. Its tlcjwers are numer-
ous, fia»»rant and of delicate tints. The fruit matures late in fall,
when it may be j;alhered iind maceiated in water in order to obtain
tlie seeds. Several years in the nnrsiiy mav be required before the
seedlings will be hn jAe enou;ih lo be planted out with safety. J'ruu-
inj,^ may be necessary in «»rder to avoid a sn ajijilinj;- form. It is
usually found in rather moist soil.

MOl NTAIX ASH.

l*yrus Americana, DC.

Sorbus Americanus, Marsh. See Jiritt«m .Vc llrown, Vol. II, p. 233.

Of no value (»lher than as an ornamental tree. It j,'rows both on
highlands and on lowlands. The berry-like fruit j,mows in clusters
and matun-s about O.Kd.er. The seeds may be <d»tained by nmcera-
tion, and after bein- dried <m a doth should be kept in a dry, cool
placi' for sprin- planlin- Fre.|uent transplanting' before settin-
out permanentiv will no doubt secure the best results for ornamental

use.

'2:\

(T

COCKSITU TUOIJN.

Ci'iltiit'giis Criis t;iilli. I,.

a lor hc-d".-s tlif co.Uspui- tlicm is li.ll.' useU. It is occa-

^';T o nd s u Unvn t.ee ..ecuu.. .-f Us white .lowers, which up-

s"'"^'"^" e The fruit u.it.ues iu onoiKT The .seeds may be oh-

sowing- ^

JL-XE BliUKV. SllAU i:l Sll. Sl-UVlCl': UKRKY.

Aiiieluiuhii'i' Canadensis. T. v>t 0.

. ,her tiee more olt.m a sluub, whifh is more oiuameutul llian

•^"? U is !n on.Mhe Hist of our trees t.. bloou. i.. spring and .s

""'■"nri •«"-;« of .ts n,any white .lowers. The fruit matures

'"■•I ^ lor July aud is theu edible. The seeds are obtamed by u,a ■

'" HO, md "bould be sown at ouee. It has been foun.l on so,l vary-

or.\L SWEET i;r.M. iulstki).

Liiiuldambar StyraeiUua, L.

, „ee that grows -^-- ^ -^^ ^^ ^r^tu'"::
suitable for veueer and '■'t\''"' J"" " ,^, ,,.„i, drop out.

'•""«'' '''•t:'::;:er:::; iirs;. u r ro:;::r and sown at onee m

They ma ^^J^^^'^^^J^ ,m„, ,,oadcast. or in furrows four to
the seed beds, eithei suitteu u ^^ ^.^^^ ^^^^^

- iucUes apar. < - -; ^^^ , X beds to protect them dur-
,eeds sown ^J^'}^^'^^'^' ,, ,e.,„ired to allow the seedlings
ing the winter. Two years may o i ^e set in almost

.o'become of -«^>--;- -/^r^to airs'et'the plants not
-e tkriur^ttr '.rway: U presents a beautiful ap-
^";;;e m autumn and is suit,a>le^r a lawn tree.

DOGWOOD, FLOWEUINO DOGWOOD, UOXWOOD.

Cornus llorida, L.

• r - H.e tree is .-..nspicuoMS for lis flowers. Its

As the nan,e '"'^'"-/.^^^ ;:,,„. „1„,.. ,s an ..rnan.ental tree

autumn colors are just -"s •""•' , (..j^j ,,t trunk,

it is weli wor,h ''>- >;;-;-;, l' .,.;,.;.„ when it has a year to
and a regular shape, plant tic youn ^^_^^^^^^ ^,^ ^,,,^^.

"root itself fairly, cut the stc.n nIT n,. -" '- ' j,^,,^,,.^ „,, o„e

to the ground. It will theu produ,e several shoot..

24

you prefer and remote the rest. As this retained shoot grows and
makes its branches, keep cutting otl" the lower ones until the stem
is as high as you desire, attci which it may be trusied to care for
itself. It rai'ely attains jiicat size but the wood is valuable for tool
handles, mallei s. etc, where it will underjio hard usage. As a
forest tree it is scarcely better than a weed, permitting no other
species to get a start beneath its shade. The fruit is a snijjll, red
berry maturing in September. The berries may be picked from the
tree and macerated until the pulp < an be removed from the seeds.
Mix these with (lam|) sand and place in well drained ground over
winter. Plant early in spring. During sunmier proteet from the
hot sun. After two years the plants may be set out, either in the
open or under the shade of otlur trees.

The alternate leaved dogwood, having a "blue bhu k" berry, is of
little value even as an ornamental tree.

TUPELCJ, PErPEniD(iE, HLACK OK SOL'UGLM.

Xvssa svlvatica. Marsh.

Black gum, in favored localities, often grows to a large size. It
prefers dami). rich soils but will grow in dry situations. It may be
used for landscape work. The wood is hard to split and is used
where such characteristic is n;'eded. The fruit ripens in Septem-
ber and may be picked from the tree. Macerate in warm water until
the seed or stone is clean. Mix wiih damp sand and [»lace in ground
well protected from moisture. In spring sow about two inches apart
in rows. Keep ilie beds moist. In two years the planis may be
moved and should be set two to three feet apart. They are, other-
wise, likelv to branch.

LAUREL, MOUNTAIN LAUREL, CALICO-IJUSn.

Kalmia latifolia. L.

RHODODENDRON, ROSE-RAY, GREAT LAUREL.

Rhododendron maximun. L.

These two shrubs are of little value other than for ornamental
use. They are comparatively easv to transplant from the woods.
The voung plants should be takm up in early si»iing with consider-
able dirt to the roots. After transplanting pack a thick layer of
leaves about the foot of the shrub and keep iliem moist uutil a good
growth is evident. Propagation from seed is said to be dillicult and
expensive. For planting in open grounds it is best to secure speci-
mens which have grown in open grounds.

PERSIMMON.

Diospyros ViitJ-iniauii, L.
This tree is more vahu-ble for it* fruit than for anv ocUer purpose.
Tue tea wood. whi. U lake« aln>...t a coutury U. lor.u. i« . .^ d.u U^
S ::«U-s -.apa.-ity for ..odurin, frU-tion -^ |;^---;;^ J^J^.

the trees alter »e\eKu ihj^ ^^^^,^ ^^

^^- ^ itU n>oist sane and ,u..er e •" « ; -, ^ UKu . ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^,^,,

.priug «"'^;; V" ''..t' ; rr:u>oved f.' -a tl,e seed bed. It grows on
lu two yeais tUe\ ma.\ nc m ,^,,..„„;o,,.,Uv it is found grow-

fruit are already produced.

WHITE ASU.

riaxiniis Americana. I-

, , 1 ,. fAr,.«f tri-e Its wood is ext.usively

.V magnifloent ^"^ o f u 2 n> wLous. farmiag i-upU-ments

,.«.d in tl>e .uanufa, tare «'/'"' '';.,.„,^;,. ,, ,,, ,„,ation. but if the

,„a oars. Tt does not seem to be '_;^"' "'•;' moderately rich

.ood of the more nn ,^7;- ,^ .^i^, t is preferred, as along
soil where the roots an get pK ^^ ^^^^ ^^ September.

„rean.s. The fruit .s winged and »|«tuus . ^^^^.^^^

U should be sown broadcast at ''" « '" 7y;;..e,,ary. moisture,
the nrst summer provide shade f» '""'';.,; ",3. If the taproot
The seedlings may be removed when one -ar ^^_^ ^^^^ ^.^^

has not been retarded it is better '^' '' 'f l,^^, ,„ mixed with
., „„,ang the growing end up ->-">;;;"- J ™ ^.^ distances,
walnut. oaU. maple, hickory, .'tc. at H"^^ " ^^ j^e white

The green ash and red ash are -'l^^^at nf.^no ^^_ ^^^^

.sh in respect to thcir .iu.b.r ''-">'>^--- " I'^.J ^, ,,h.
n,av be propagated in the san.e n.anner as the wh.te

BLACK ASH, HOOP ASH.

Fraxinns sambucifolia. Lam.

Fraxinus nigra. Marsh. See F.ritton & Brown. Vol. IL P- ^'^^

The blacU ash. growing in wet and ^-^-^^1;^^'^^, .eaviog
of .rowing OD dry soils, is used very much o boo ^^^^^

and interior finishing. Its seeds npen several w >
of the white ash but are treated in a like manner.

2C

rr

CATALl'A. IIEAN THFK. INDIAN liKAN. (KIAK TliEE.

Catalpa bijiiiouioidi's, Walt.

Catali»a L'ataljui. iL.i Kaist. See liritioii cS: l>iowu. Vol. II, p. 190.

A tree 1<» wliirli a ^reat deal <>t' aitrunnii luis Imm-h calicd of late.
It is a lajtid ;iro>\<-r »»ii alnio>t any soil, landiirin^-. in a \ery short
time, stems lai«:e «im»u^1i for railroad ties or vwni iele;:rai»h or tele-
plione poles. Tin- fruit is a ];od enclosing numerous small winged
seeds. Tin se pods remain on iln' trees durinjji winter and may be
gathered any time after Oitober. IIem(>\(* the seeds and keep in a
coid. dry atmosphere until J:he ground can be worked in spring. Sow
the seeds broadcast and eo\ei- wiiii tine diit. \\\ ihe next sprin
the seedlings can be >• : out in rows. If by themselves, three or
four f(K)i sjuareswiil i, ke luojter disiainos for planting. They may
be i»lauted with locus maple, ash. pine. eic. It has been recom-
mended to jdaiit then. I alicrnaie rows wiih lield (mumi. This will
atl'ci'd some culiivatio: -fter ihe jlaiits lia\»' been set (.in. While
pine might ilxMi le s. i alonu the corn rows aftei- one oi two crops
have been removed. If iiwy damage tonn-s to the yonni: i»iant. cut
it olT at the ground, for as bnig as tln^ root is lie;i!!hy a -juout will
soon come u]» which will j iob;!lil\ pmducc n letter tree than the
seedling stems. This indei-d. is the best wav to secure a trunk long
enough and straight enough for a telegra|"b jiole. Cuttings may
be used fcu' propagati«»n. The wtuid. whilst it lesists decay in the
ground, appears to lack strength sutlicicnt fni- a good railroad tie.

w

WESTEKN CATALPA.

Catalpa speciosa. Warder.

It is said that tiie wood of this spe.-ies is more durable in conta.t
iththe ground than that of rhe Catalt»a above nieiiMoned. Asa rule
straiuhier stems a»id is freer from blanches. Tlie growth

it pi-oduces

is raj. id in alnmst any soil. j.ro<lncing a gcM.d crop of telephone poles

loss. It can be j.roj.agated as the above

I'iv.. in twent \ li\e \ eai s. <»r
either from seed, or fi<»!u cuiiin;
been ureatlv over< srimated.

Its value for railroad ties has

SASSAFRAS.

Sassafras oiTcinale. Nees.

Sassafras Sassafras, ib.i Karst. See

r»ritton .^ r»rown. Vol. II. p. 07

Although a raj'id giowei

the trei' will hardly be planted much in

rennsvlvania because of its tind.er qualities. It is very frequently

27

fouud iu old fields. in'epaiin<r the soil foi- a more valuable species
aud actiujJT as a nurse to it. As surli it iiiav he usrd to advantage.
The fruit matures in fieiKeuihei'. Tln' |mli» must be washed from the
lone, wlii^li siiould be planicd at nnce in rich, moist soil. Two
vears ^vil' ^ot be too louji for ilu* seedlinjis to remain under nursery
*..,i^.. After they have had a start in I In- plantation, yt-llow poplar,
su-ai' mai»le. white pine and [M'rha[)s homloek mi;jiht be mixed with it
in alternate rows. It sprouts n-adily and may be raised from
sjuiUers or from bits of root.

.^LirrKHV KLM, Ki:i) VAM. MOOSE ELM.

rimus fulva. Michx.

A tree which is suitable to [dant in \\v\ locations, although it is
stumtiines found oil the hillsidis. \\\ some the wood is said to be
suiM-rior to that of the whito olm. Tiie fruit is mature in June. It
,,,;, V be iiathi-red from und^-r the tvv and sown at once in the nursery
brds. It they arc dry, moisiun* slumld be applied to the beds artifi-
( iailv. < «ive prcJlertion dut iui: summer from the sun. If the moisture
lias bicu suiVnient, tho piaiiis liiay be set out thai fall, but it may be
iM'st to allow them to renmin for another year. Fall transplanting is
picfrrred. It may be mixed with bee( h, oaU. ash. or sugar maple.

WHITE ELM. W'ATEK ELM AMERICAN ELM.

rimus Aiueric;:i.a. L.

The white elm rivals the sugar maple in size. Its wood is very
IuiimI Io split and is used wiirir sudi rcsisiam'e is nen'ssary. It. too
jtiifi-rs nudsf. rirh soil, but will urou in oilier situations. The fruit
is mature in June and shouhl be iri*a(ed a^ that of ilie slii»iK'ry elm.
It may be mixed with birch, betch or maple.

ITArKr.EKKV. S( (;aK ItEUUV.

('(•his ocridcutalis. L.

Although this tree rt'acln^s a fail- size, its wood is of no practical
imiiortance. The fruit is a small driii»e. maturing in autumn. The

mmftmmm

M

28

seeds may be obtained by maceration and sbiuild be sown in moder-
ately moist beds at ont(\ Two years are often required for the seeds
to germinate. The young sei^dlings should have some protection
from the sun for several seasons and their roots kept moist. They
mav be propagated l>v ( iittincs.

OSAdE ORANGE, BOW WOOD. BOI^ d' ARC.

Madura aurantiaca, Nutt.

Toxylon pomiferum. Raf. See Britton & Brown, Vol. I. p. r)20.

Another valuable bur negk-cted tree. It is a rapid grower. and
not particnhir in choice of soil. Irs wood has been found to be very
valuable in the manufacture of wagon wh<'els. and has also been used
with good success as railroad ties. Tlw* fruit matures in October but
as it is fre(]uenrly seedlcs<. and as the tree is readily propagated from
cuttings, it may be chea| • <t to use tlie latter method. If seeds are
obtained after maceratini: lie fruit, thev should be kept in a cool, drv
atmosjdiere and sown ii >-j»ring. The tree is frequently used for
hedges, when it needs usiderable pruning. In plantarions ii
should be planted closely. It is not a native of Pennsylvania, but
is introduced from the southwest.

RED MULBERRY.

Morus rubra, L.

The fruit. rescMnbling an elongated bhnkbniy. is mature in July.
It should be jiickcd from the tree and ma.eratcd in wai<'i. rhc seeds
cleaned and rl^'U kept in a cool, dry atmosphere uiiiil sjning. Sow
Ihinlv over rhe beds and cover wirh line dirt. Kec|» ilie beds moist
and protect the youiig ]>lanis frimi ilie sun. Afier two seasons
growth they can safely be placed in the plantation. They endure
some shade so may be set among orher rrees. It ]>refers low. rich
soils.

BI'TTONWOOD. SYCAMORE.

riatanus occidentalis, E.

A rapid grower, often reaching a very barge size, and not particular
as to location. The wood, however, is of very little value, except io

If

20

ill

I .,,.iinif:irtnre of tobacco boxes. The common "button balls" are
1. lip of a numlM^r of seeds which mature about October. Sow
I,. Ml as xM.n as ripe, ami covet' lightly, or keep them dry over winter
a i.hint eaily in siJi'iug. The seedlings may be planted when one

\.;ir eld.

•I

BLACK WALNUT.

Jui^Jans nigra, L.

V tree valuable both for iis wood and its fruit. That it is almost
1. rmiiiaied in reuusylvania is well known and yet it is a fairly
.j,l ..lower and readily propai;ated from seed. The nuts mature in
'•' II and after a sl:;:ht frosr may be i)icked up from under the old trees
• niiantities. Where tln'ie is no serious danger from mice and
<,iuiiiel.s the nuts may be planted at once (after slightly bruising the
liiilli in rows abour a foot ai»art. and from four to six inches apart id
tjn- r«»w. for they branch eai ly. To preveut the taproot from becom-
i-i" too long a close layer of stone may t)e laid before the nursery beds
iif formed, or the jdants may be started in boxes about six inches
,i,.,.p. having holes in the bottom and sides to allow proper drainage.
ri.in>plant when one year (dd. To keep the nuts over winter, re-
„„.^,. ihe "liuU" and mix them with moist s;i 1 and bury in the
-round. Tlaut as soon as lakeu u[) in the s] .:. If desired, the
iii'is can I»e [ilanted at once where the tree i> .tended to remain.
|..h ii.-f. mai>le. brech. or catalpa could be mixe. vith it in the plan-
i.iiieii. It might be raised with lield <nrii,

Tiie white walnut <>r lnMicrnut. having an oblunu. ]>ointed nut. may
!.«• niiscd iu the same manner. It will giow on both high and low
;:!wund, wheieas the black wjilnut rarely does well in a dry situation.

SHELL 1:a UK. snA<; r.AKK HICKORY.
Carva alba, Xntt.

■

III. nria ovata. (Mill.) Britton. Sre Britton ^: Brown. Vol. I. p. 48o.

There are said to be nine sj .ries of hickory on the continent, but
!!i« iM are enly ihreo that are nf any importance to us. The shag-
baik. SM called fiom the appearance of its bark, prefers rich, damp
soil and in such is a rapid grower. The fruit matures in October
and may then be gathered from under the trees. They should be
placed in moist sand and kei.t for spring planting. Because of the

30

taproot it nmy be lu^sr In pl.nt at onre p.nnan.ntlv. and if possible
ra.se some field crop wirli rho vonng plants. Make furrows about
three feet apart and drop ,he nurs about every balf-foot. Wvvdn
will have to be k.pt down. If raised in a nnrs.ry. ..ne will hav. to
be taken in transplaniino. brraus. of tl... lon^ taproot. Tur oil anv
bruised or brok(Mi roots.

WHITE-IIEAKT HICKORV. IIKKORV, KIX<^ XUt, MOCKER

XIT.

<'ar\a romeniosa. Xurt.

Hicoria alba. (L.i IJritton. Sri- liritron & Drown. Vol. I, p. 486.

The young .shoois of ihis rm. are hairy; the nut an-ular and
pointed. It may be found more fretpn^nrly and is perhaps the best of
the family from the standpoint of forestry because of its choosing the
poorer soiKs. althou;ih its slow -rowth is against if. It is lais^^l as
the shag-bark hickory.

PIG XT;T. liKOOM UK K UV. SWITCH lU'D HICKORY.

Caryn .Mcina. Xutt.

Hieoria glabra, iMill.i Rritton. Src P.ritlon ^: IJrown. \'ol. I. p. 4n7.

The bark is furrowed on older trees: the fruit is thin shelled. The
wood rivals that of the shag-bark, said by some even to surpass it.
It will grow both in high and low situations, but in Tennsylvania at
least it i^refers moist soil. It is also tnsited as the shag-bark
hickory.

BIRCHES.
Beta la, L.

Of the five birches eonnnonly found in this State all ai-e ?nore or
less valuable or worthy of cultivation. The fruit of the red or river
birch and of the canoe birrh matui-es in summer, about June. The
small seeds should be removed from the foiie-jike fruit and sown
broadcast at once in -moist beds. ( M' roiiise the {)lants must be

f

31

haded, at least duiinjr the tirst s«'asoii's ^zrowth. Tlicy had In-rtrr

pmain in the sn-d hcds Un- two yrais. The finir nf ilie thrt'<' utht'i-

. :..^.iies, bhick, yellow .-iiitl wliirv. matures In fall. Thcii' seeds shonUl

1 -• kept ill damp sand uniil >|niii,ii. Sow as early as pussihh* an<l

1. wi) the beds moisi dnrinu ihe sumniei-. also >liado ilie plants. In

vear these may he icnuncd. Most of ilie hitches will ^row on

^j.* goil and may he nse<l as nuist* irces f<ir more \aliiahh' hroad-

leaved species. T'onifers sutler fiom having their tender shoots

whipped otf in a sti'on;^ wind hy the action of the slender stems of

these trees and eonse*|ueni ly shoui<l iioi he planted with them.

SMOOTH AI.DKR.

Alnus serfulata. Willd.

Vluns rujrosn. iDu Hoii K. Korh. Sec P.ritton ».<: Brown. Vol. I,

p. .'12.
Seldom if ever more than a shrult. bni of valui'. es[»ecially for hold-
in"" soil on banks of si reams. The seeds should be picked in Octo-
ber and sown broadeasi at once on fresh, sandy soil and .covered
Ijohtiy. K<»H the IhmIs and -iv.' a ((.veiin;: «»f leaves for the winter.
The seeds are fretjuenily s«)wii upon the suijw. If seeds are pre-
sj^rved until >5iu'in;j;', when iln-y must he sown very • n ly. keep them in
damp sand and in a cold j.lace. Shade rhe beds .. : inji the summer.

IRON WOOD. lior-llOlIXlJKA^:.
Osirva X'iiiiinica. Willd.

•

A slow jirowing- tre<' of flu* pooi-.i- soils. It is usually found in the
shade of oaks, maph's and ilu- lar-er trees. The fruit resembles
rhe hop. It matun's in Septnobcr. Tie* nui like seeds should be
sosvn at once and even then nm\ uoi spriMit until the year followin-.
Ir may be us«m1 lo i)lant up blanks, or open j. laces on locky sloi.es.

WATKK IJKFjII, HORN REAM.
Carpiniis raroliniana, Walt,
rsually nothiiiL^ more than a shrub. thou,u:h sometimes becominj;
a tree 2.Vfeet hi-h and a foot in diameier. j^rowin- ah.n-i sueams in
rich soil. The wood, similar to that of iron wood, is used for levers
and turnery work. The fruit nuitures in aunnr.n and l he nut like
seeds should be sown at once in moist, sandy soil. I'sually they will
not come up until the second year.

3i

OAKS.

(inereus, L.

The oaks may be divideil iiiro iwo ;;eiieral lUksscs. iiaiucly the wliiio
and the bhick oaks. The while oaks aie those haviiij^ h aves with
I'ouud lobes, not beinj- bristle i»oiiited. The atoms ripen in one year
and are sweet to the taste. Tlie black oaks are ihost* the leaves of
which have bristle-pointed lol»es. The acorns mature In the second
year and are bitter to the taste.

Of the first class there are in Pennsylvania, worthy of being cul-
tivated, the following:

White Oak. Quercus alba. L.

Post Oak. (Juercus stellata, NX'an;^. Quercus minor, (Marsh.)

Sarji-. See Biitton & Brown, Vol. I, p. r>20.
Bur Oak. Quercus rnacrocari>a. Michx.
Swamp White Oak. Quercus bicolor. Willd. Quercus plata-

noides, iLani.i Sndw. See Brit ton »S: P>rowD, Vol. I, p. 521.
Chestnut Oak. (Quercus Prinus. L.
Yellow Oak. (}u( ! -is Mulilenber«>ii. Engelm. Quercus acumi

nata. (Mi( lix.i Sarjr. See lUitton & Brown, Vol. I, p. 522.

Those of the black oaks are:
Red Oak. Quercus rubra, L.
Scarlet Oak. (^ueirus coccinea, Wanur.
Black Oak. Quercus tinctoria, Bart

See Brit ton i.\: Brown, Vol. I, p. "
Pin Oak. Quercus palustris. L)u Roi.
Spanish Oak. (juercus falcata, Mich\

Sudw. See Britton & Brown, \'( :.

Quercus velutina. Lam,

Quercus digitata, (Marsh.)
I, p. 518.

All of the oaks will grow on poor soil, but since rapid growth of
oak produces better wood the better i>art of soil allotted to forest
should be given to them. The acorns maturr in fall and may easily
be gathered from under the old trees. Those of the black oak class
may be sown at once, because of their bulkiiiess for keeping and be-
cause there is no danger from rodents. Those of th<' white oaks,
while they lose their power of germinatiou very soon, but because
of the dangpr from rodents, should l»e kept until spring in damp sand
and in a cool room, or buried with sand in a wtU drained place. The
plants have long taproots and some suggest that the acorns be sown
at once in the plantation where the seedlings are to remain. If so
done, plough shallow furrows every three feet apart and drop the
acorns at a distance of every two or three inches in the furrow. For

33

several rears the seedliiiirs may be ciiltivated as loiiveiiiciit. Jf scnvu
in beds sftatter from three fo t'»»iir hnndr«Ml aroriis on a hod four
ftH't eaeh way. In one year rlit* plaints may he nMUOved and sit one
foot apart iu rows tlireo feet fro.n ea«li oiher.

u

riir:sTxi'T.

rastanoa saliva, Mill., var. Amerhana, Watts. ^^ Coult.

Castanea dentata. iMarsh.i r.orUli. See Kiirton i^ Brown. Vol. I,

p. •)!').

rn the Forestry Rei.oit issued l.y this Stale iu 1805 the following
jvaseiis are given t\)r the iiiiiivatimi of ehestniit:

-l. It will grow on almost any Kind ef snil. from a river Hat to a
iiionnrain toi>. airhongh ii is n«M ar its l.esr on limestone soils.

'•'2. It grows wiih grear ra[iidity.

••;:. When cut it leinoduces a valuable eopidee growth in a few
vrars.

*

•{. Its produrt, wood and fruit, will always be in demand.

•'.''.. There will be an inncasing demand fer it in the futuix^ be-
,;iii>e of the lannin whidi ir <-ontains."

The fruit matures in Oetobei-. being released fr'om the burs bv the
lirst frost. The ehestnuts may be sown .n once, which is preferable.
nr rliey may be mixed in moist sand ann ried until spring. Have
ihc soil well prei»;)i'ed. Some sand mi.\< in the beds will be good.
Shade the seedlings during summer. S. .>nt as the oaks, in rows
rliree f«f t apart and at a disranee of one ..t from each other in the
low. Alternate rows may be s(^t with v. bite pine, or in order to
ailnrd cultivation corn might be jdanted in alternate rows.

BEECIJ.

Fagus ferruginea. Ait.

Fagus Americana. Sweet. See P.ritton i^' Ilrown, Vol. I. p. 514.

The Iteeeh is a tree whi( h should be planted in soil where its roots
'■'•n get plenty of moisture. The fruit is maiure iu October and may
^e gathered from under the old trees. Sow in furrows six inches

34

ainu't", tlie s('e(l^* tourliiii}; ejirli orher in rlu* t'liirows. Sliad«* \\v\\. If
possible sow tlie srcds broM^lcasr witliin an npcn piiii' \vo«m1s, after
having raked ott the needifs. ('o\<i' \\\r setds lijilnly. The plnnrs
may be set out at from two lo five years ohl. It cndiitcs shad«* and
may be set under oak. pine, ete.

f

WILI.OWS.

Salix. L.

All of the wiihiws ai<' so <'asil,v propa^ah-d from <uttin;is that it
is not neci'ssary to waste I inn* by nyiii;: lo raise them fiom sei*d.
Last ve.ir's shoots ran b<' cut and binicd nscr winter. In sprin;; take
an iron I>ar and make a iioh- lar;:** cnoii-h for th.- rnftin«:- to no in.
L<'ave one bud above j;roiind a:id jiark ihc soil tiiniiy about th<' re-
maining i>art of the cutting.

ASn:N. (JlAKIXr, ASP.

ro[>uhis iremuloides. Mithx.

The poi'lars are rapid -rower>. They are found usually alnn-
banks of streams, but also on higher ground. In the west the aspen
is found Loming up on land that has bem . l.-ai cd of other trees, either
by -slashings" or by tir.-s. There it p' ares the soil for better
species, as for instance white pine, and i .rotects the young plants.
The fruit ripens in May or June. The >• d is small and "cottony."
It should be sown at once in a cool >ii lih.n and .-overed lightly.
When one or two year> old set out in a ; ianiation. as close as con-
venient. It may bran.h when y«)ung but permits luuning. It may
be raised easily from cuttings.

COTTONWOOD. CAROLIXA POrLAR.

roi)ulus monilifcra. Ait.

Populus deltoides. Marsh. See liririon ^: T.rown. Vol. I. p. 4'jr..

V tree whose wood is being extensively used for [.aper pulp. It

/a rapid groxver and adapts itself easily to almost any soil. The

most vigorous growth, however, is found on rather moist soil. Thirty

IS

35

, f „„1„ WOO.I t.. the a.-.-.. "...l->- avoia!:e cif.MMnstaa.M.s, ,m^Ut

,,e exi-ec ttd '""^' t-, ^^,,,j^ ,„,,t„iv i„ Jul v and slu.uld b.-

„..„a here a. a shade t^ ^ .^^ ^^^^^^_^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ __^ .^^ ^^^. ^,^^, ^^^^ j^„

.ovvuatonce. 1 ,,ia„tatiou at four or live foot dis-

-'""r;:.;: eac o ;.e.. IC .l.. ....Ue a «.>od .u..e fee for .hi-e

pint'. It nux^

I.atioii i^ ^^''^"^ ciittinys.

WHITE riXE.

riiius Strobiis, L.

. r „e,-..-aiv t.. Male the tises of thi. tiee nof should it be

" M: :. ue that it ou.ht to he cultivated exteu.ivel, It ts a

,a-ee»sai.^ n ■ ^_^.| ,j^ ^..„.,, ,^.^„,„, .,„a is very

••^'■■■'.rwhe: .am.--"'-' -- - — '•• •^•"•' ^-'^^. T"'"

'•'"' .■ ul v<-..- a.t.l as soou as the eones be.ou.e pttohy (m

'" "" "';:; ,:. t -U thetu a.ta Ueep iu o.diuaty living room
■'"^"" ' ,.lu-. 1 put. • at.tiu, .iuter in ba.s or on a slat frame,
'"' " „ t , t,': .'. eauh the seeds as they fall frou. the eoues.
'•'^'''fv'h e de..r:es rahrenheit is sutlieiet.t heat to open the cones
^■•^" • d >u tv drop out. Sou hroadeast early iu sprtug. Cover
"",' ; ::. d in - Is. -ntev ,.,ust be protected frou. the sun m

''^""- .: e -is 1 ,.,„e ;,.n «et spriulde dty saud over t em

,„„,me.. It the ,.. j^ ,^,ij ,., ,„, i,,,.veHted ID tb.s

- ^""■;;':u';::^ oia pu;::;:' a.: ..ot „se,l m . plantation they had

-''r:::;;t:::::;:a'T ;:::;- i-'nug. ,.0 year o^ p.ants

'■ ' 'd .tVIv If l"-^i''l- I'^'ve sou.e .nnse tree two or thrc..

""' ;, uKame of'the p .te, or a rapi.l grower, set iu alternate rows.
■;:;:.:r:w; :f ;..;. to'oue of the o.ber. Three feet in the row ts
;,.nltent. It is worthy of a pla.e as an oruatuental tree.

PITCH PIXE. YELLOW I'lXE. J.VCK PINE.

I'iuus rigiJa. Miller.

• . , 11,... ii. tliiees The rones tal«' two or three

This pine has nei'dles in ini'is.

vears to mature. They should '

be "•atheiL-a and treated as white

r:

36

pine. With all pines the seeds must be kept dry during the winter.
The oil in them will preserve them so there is very little danger of
their losing the power of germination for several years if thoy are not
exposed to moisture. Sow the seeds broadcast in sandy beds in
spring. Seedlings can be set out in spring when two years old.
They are very sensitive to being transplanted so their roots should
be carefully protected. It grows where the soil is extremely poor,
but slowly.

Sl'KUCE PINE, YELLOW PINE.

Pinus mitis, Michx.

Pinus echiuara, Mill. See Urittou & Brown, \'ol. I, p. o2.

Leaves usually in pairs. The rones are somewhat longer than
those of the pitch pine but not so large in diameter, proportionally,
They mature in one season. Formerly there was (-onsiderable yel-
low pine in this State but it has become very scarce. The tree
reaches a large size and its wood is valuable. It is not hard to raise
from seeds, which should be treated as those of the other pines. It
is a fairly rapid grower and is adapted to dry, sandy soil and to poor

slopes.

The red or Norway pine (Pinus rcsinosa) may be propagated as
easilv from seed as the other pines.

RED SPRUCE.

Plcea nigra, var. rubra, Enu< Im.

Picea rubra, (Lamb.) Link. See Britton & Brown. Vol. I, p. 55.

A tree of the highest ridges and cool northern slopes. The cones
are small and unusually plentiful. They may be gathered any time
after October. By heating the cones some, the seeds will readily
fall from the scales. They should be sown in early spring in soil
somewhat sandy. Cover the seeds lightly and roll the beds. Shade
the seedlings well and do not let the beds become too dry. The
plants may be put in the plantation when two years old or they may
be transplanted to nursery rows and set out when four years old.
They have shallow roots and may be used on rocky slopes. In regu-
lar plantations three feet is the proper distance at which the plants
should stand from each other.

37

BLACK SPRUCE.
Picea nigra, Link.
Pi,e. niariana, iMill.) B. S. P. ^^ee Britton & Brown, Vol. I, p. 55.
<omewbat smaller than the red spruce. It prefers "sphagnum-
,ovei^d swamps." Propagation is same as for the red spruce.

HEMLOCK. HEMLOCK SPRUCE.
Tsuga Canadensis, Carr.
The cones of the hemlock mature in one year. They are small and
ZX^ved drooping from little foot stalks when ripe. Cather in
I'rT ih.^^r \fter the seeds have been removed from the cones, keep
w!m in a drv. cool room until spring. Sow broadcast in well pre-
. , d beds *Rotten wood mixed with the soil will no doubt insure
u.tu^r success. Moisture and shade are necessary for the young
,,,,Ht. In two v<^ars tli^v may be set out tinally or transplanted
.Ind <et out when four yc-ars old. While the tree is found in moist
^nd cool nlares it seems to do well in other situations. The hemlock
=s. when young, perhaps the slowest grower of all our forest treen and
will be the hardest to perpetuate as a forest tree.

BALSAM FIR, BALM OF GILEAD FIR.
Abies balsamea. Miller.
Freiiuently found in the northern and colder parts of the State.
It makes a fairly rapid growth in well drained soil and cnn be used
for i»lanting along roads or walks. The cones may be gathered in
autumn and dried slightly. The scales of the cones will have to be
separated from the seeds. They can tli^n be treated as those of the
hliuk spruce.

LARCH, TAMARACK. HACKMATACK.

Larix Americana. Michx.

Larix laricina, (Du Roi) Koch. See Britton & Brown. Vol. I. p. 54.

The tamarack is a northein tree and is found only in the cooler

parts of the State. While it may be grown on dry soil it prefers and

38

is usually t'ouud in cool swamps. It is a valuable tree and is said to
be raised easily from seeds. The small cones mature in September
and may then be feathered from the trees. Drying the cones will re
lease the s<'eds which may be kept in a cool dry place until spring.
Sow thinlv over the beds and press the seeds into the ground, giving
them a slight cover. Protect well dnj-ing summer. The next fall
they may be easily planted out at about rive foot distances. Their
growth is fairly rapid.

ARBOR VITAE.

Thuva occidentalis. L. •

A tree that is of more value perhaps as an ornament than as a
tree for forestry pm poses, in this State. The stems are used for
poles and posts.' Thr cones mature in September or October. It is
grown easilv from seeds if treated as the other conifers. Two years
in the nursery beds is sufficient for the young plants. They may then
be placed in the plantation. It occurs naturally, but sparingly lo
this State,

CEDAR, RED CEDAR. SAVIN.

Junii)erus Virginiana. L.

Verv common throughout the State, but never reaching a very
large size. It is a slow grower. The fruit is a berry made up of sev-
eral tlcshv scales enclosing two or thre^ st-eds. The berries may be
gathered 'in November. They should be macerated in warm water
or put in strong he made from wood ashes for several days until the
seeds can be washed clean. Keep the seeds dry and cool and sow
earlv in spring. Cover the beds with leaves as it is likely that the
plants will not come up until the next year. They may be set ou
after two vears, or transplanted when four or five years old. Het
at three feW from each other. This tree is very rahiable for fence
posts.

y

PENNSYLVANIA

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

INSTRUCTIONS

TO

FOREST WARDENS.

By I. C. WILLIAMS, Esq.,
of the Department of Forestry.

Published by direction of the Commissioner of

Forestry.

WM. STANLEY RAY,

STATE PKINTBK OF PENNSYLVANIA,
1903.

>

►

m

PeoDsylvaDia Department of Forestry,
Harrisburg^ Pa., August 1, 1903.

Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith for
publication and distribution among those en*
titled thereto, what I have called "Instruc-
tions to Forest Wardens," prepared under your
direction and at your re<]ue8t. It is intended
to give those persons employed as care-takers,
or wardens, upon the State lands held for For-
estry Reservation purposes, such information
as they will need with respect to the duties,
rights, and liabilities imposed and conferred
upon them by reason of the passage by the
legislature of the Act of March 11, 1903, P.
L. 25.

No attempt whatever at technical discussion
has been made. The matter has been con-
densed to the smallest compass thought ad-
visable, with an endeavor to present it in plain
narrative, easily comprehended by those not
fu mi liar with legal language or forms. It of
necessity presents but a constricted view of
the law it^lating to constables.

Very respectfully,

I. C. WILLIAMS.
Hon. J. T. ROTHROCK, M. D.

Commissioner of Forestry.

(8)

IRREGULAR PAGINATION

Instructions to Forest Wardens, who under the

the Act of March 11, 1903« P. L. 25, are

invested with Constabulary Powers.

\

Among the laws enacted by the General As-
sembly for the creation and protection of the
Forest Reservations, the act of March 11, 1903
is important. The text of the acf in full is
as follows:

AX ACT

Conferring upon persons employed, under existing laws, by
the Commissioner of Forestry, for the protection of State
Forestry Reservations, after taking the proper oath of
ofBce, the same pwwers as are by law conferred upon con-
stables and other peace officers; to arrest, without first
procuring a warrant, persons reasonably suspected by
them of offending against the laws protecting timber
lands ; also, conferring upon them similar powers for the
enforcement of the laws and rules and r^^lations for the
protection of the State Forestry Reservations, and for
the protection of the game and fish contained therein :
and further, conferring upon them power to convey said
offenders into the proper legal custody, for punishment ;
this act to apply only to offences committed upon said
reservations and lands adjacent thereto.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That the per-
sons employed under existing laws, by the
Commissioner of Forestry, for the protection
of State Forestry Reservations, shall, after
taking the proper official oath before the clerk
of the court of quarter sessions of any county
of the Commonwealth, be vested with the
same powers as are by existing laws conferred

i

I

6

uDon constables and other peace officers: to
arrest on view, without first procuring a war-
rant therefor, persons detected by them in the
act of trespassing upon any forest or timber
land within this Commonwealth, under such
circumstances as to warrant the reasonable
suspicion that such person or persons have
committed, are committing, or are about to
commit, some offence or offences against any
of the laws now enacted or hereafter to be
enacted for the protection of forests and tim-
ber lands Such officers shall likewise be
vested with similar powers of arrest in the
case of offences against the laws or the rules
and regulations enacted or to be enacted for
the protection of the State Forestry Beserva
tions, or for the protection of the fish and

game contained therein: Prov'<l«"l' J^^* ^aU
Ibove mentioned rules and regulations shaH
have been previously conspicuously postea
upon the reservation. Said officjers shall fur
ther be empowered, and it sball be the^^duty
immediately upon any such arrestee tate an
convey the offender or offenders be* »je a J«h
tice of the peace o^ other magistrate havmg
jurisdiction, for hearing and trial, or other o
irocess of law: Provided further. That tms
Lt shall extend only to the case of ofleV^e
committed upon said Forestry Bf^f ^"^^^8
and lands adjacent thereto; and the Pow^
herein conferred upon «"« officers shau
be exercised beyond the limits thereoi, ex f
where necessary for the purpose of pursui b

- f

I

n.

I
I

and arresting such offenders, or of conveying
them into the proper legal custody, for punish-
ment, as aforesaid.

Section 2. All acts or parts of acts inconsist-
ent herewith be and the same are hereby re-
pealed.

Approved— The 11th day of March, A. D.

1903.

SAML. W. PENNYP ACKER.

It will be observed that this act confers
large discretionary powers as well as import-
ant duties upon persons employed by the State
Forestry Reservation Commission, in the care
of State lands held for For«'st Reservation pur-
poses. These persons, while not so designated
by the act, are commonly known as Forest
Wardens.

iiefore proceeding to a discussion of the
duties and liabilities of Forest Wardens under
this law, it may be desirable to consider in a
brief manner the office of nonstable in general,
liis duties, his qualiticatious, and his liabilities
under existing laws.

The office of constable is an ancient one. Hii
title is derived from the fact that originally
lie was Comes stabuli, count of the stable,
chief of the horse, of the ancient military
burons and war lords of Europe. The con-

ft

I

1:

B

stable of France was a high officer of the
crown, and the Lord High Constable of Eng-
land was the commander-in-chief of the army,
the keeper of the peace of the nation. He was
also' invested with judicial power and regu-
larly held his court for the cognizance of such
matters as were within his jurisdiction.

The constable of today is still a conserva
tor of the peace within his county. He is the
executive olficer of a township, a ward, or a
borough, but may exercise his authority
throughout a county. He is required to exe-
cute civil process and every precept directed
to him. A constable formerly held his office
tor a vear, but now for three years. He must
give a bond for not less than five hundred dol-
lars nor tor more than three thousand dollars,
unless he is a free holder with unincumbered
propertv of the value of one thousand dollars.
The court of quarter sessions of any county
mav remove a constable from office if it appear
upon petition that he is unlit and incompetent
to discharge his official duties, or where he
shall not have given the security required. He
mav command others to assist him in making
arr'ests or executing writs, where assistance is

needed. _ ..

In civil process, the service of a summons is

I

the most common duty of a constable. A sum-
mons is a writ signed, dated, and issued by
a justice of tlie peace, directed to a constable,
commanding him to give notice to a person
named therein to appear at a certain time and
place to answer a complaint. A summons is
the method of beginning a civil suit or action
at law, and all natural persons, except those
exempt, and corporations may be made de-
fendants and served therewith. To every sum-
mons there must be a return. This is the re-
port of the constable as to the manner m which
he ha« executed the writ. It must show the
date and manner of service, be in writing, and

be signed by him. . ^ ^^ --ii

C*i tain actions are of the nature of both civil
and criminal suits and are begun by cajnat
itastead of summons. In these cases the body
of the defendant is taken, that is, he is placed
under arrest. The person arrested must, with-
out unnecessary delay, be taken before a mag-
istrate for hearing, to be followed by a hold-
ing to bail, a commitment, or a discharge. The
service of a summons or of a capias on Sunday
is unlawful and void. The constable cannot
break an outer door to make service of these

writs at any time. .

Certain persons are exempt from service of

-»_.

i!

I

t

10

process by reason of their position. They are
ambassadors and public ministers of foreign
coantries and their employees; members of
Congress and State legislators while in atten-
dance upon their public duties; electors, that
Is, voters, attending elections, going to or re-
turning therefrom; soldiers and militia men
during term of service, unless for a debt in
eicess of |20.00 contracted before enlistment;
parties to a suit, counsel and witnesses in at-
tendance at court, or going to or returning
therefrom; jurors, attorneys and agents in at-
tendance upon court; and freeholders having
unincumbered real estate to the value of two
hundred and fifty dollars, are privileged from

irrest.

A constable who has made an arrest on
capias may take a bail bond for the appear-
knce of the defendant, but he must take suffl-
cfent security else he will be liable to the
plaintiff. In executing civil process a consta-
ble will have other duties to perform. They
may consist of making an ordinary levy follow-
ing a judgment obtained upon a summons, and
a sale thereunder; making an attachment exe-
cution; the attachment of fraudulent debtors;
against non-resident debtors; and domestic at-
tachment; serving distress warrants in land-

I

f

11

lord and tenant ca«e»; executing a writ of po*-
session; making returni to court of unlicenied
places where liquors are sold; the illegal sale
of liquors by licensed persons; the sale or giv-
ing away of liquors on election day, or near
militia encampments; attendance on electioa
and the duties incident thereto.

A Forest Warden would probably never be
called upon to exercise any of these duties and
for that reason no further comment thereon i»

necessary.

In criminal cases, the duty of a constable is
especially to preserve the peace, and make ar-
rests for violation or breach thereof. He ha»
power to imprison and break outer doors when
necessarv to prevent homicide, riot, or a dan-
gerous breach of the peace. Every person is
in morals bound to take notice of violations
of law and make complaints thereon; but a
constable is legally required to prevent crime
and bring the perpetrators to justice.

An arrest is "the apprehending or restrain-
ing of one's person, in order to be forthcoming
to answer an aHeged or suspected crime." It
, is a literal seizing of the body and the holding

of it in custody.

In making an arrest, more than mere words
is necessary. It is not sufficient to say, "I

#

12

I arrest you," or "you are my prisoner," or "I
haye a warrant for your arrest.' But if the
person so addressed submits and goes with the
officer, the arrest is complete. If the defend-
ant run awav and escape without being
touched by the constable, there is no arrest.
The constable must, therefore, exercise some
corporal taking or restraint. A slight re-
straint, a mere touching, is held to be suffi-
cient The constable should inform the person
whom he takes that he arrests him; but when
the arrest is made during the actual commis-
sion of an offense, this is not necessary. A
constable may use violence in making an arrest
but only such violence as is necessary. If
the officer, in attempting to arrest is resisted
by the defendant, he may and must use a the
force necessary to subdue his prisoner. If the
offense committed or about to be committed
is a felony, and the prisoner resists and es-
capes, the officer, after informing him of his
order and intention, may shoot to compel h.m
to stop. If the offense involved is a misde-
meanor only, he has no right to shoot a person

evading arrest. -^^i-

Prisoners should be treated fairly and kindly

after arrest, and only as much violence used as

is necessary to restrain. It is usual and pro-

la

per to make a search of the person in order
to find such evidences of guilt as may be sui-
pected. Property thus taken from a prisoner
must be turned over to the magistrate to await
the final outcome of the case.

Since the distinction between felonies and
misdemeanors affects the officer's power and
manner of making arrests, every constable
should clearly understand the difference be-
tween them. By felonies we understand thoie
heinous and more serious crimes as contra-di»-
tinguished from the milder and more trivial
kinds, which are called misdemeanors. Ori-
ginally felonies were those offenses which were
punished < a pi tally or by imprisonment, and
were accompanied by forfeiture of lands and
goods; all others were misdemeanors. Ori-
ginally, therefore, it was the kind of punish-
ment meted out for an offense which deter-
mined whether it fell within one or the other
class. This distin^ition has disappeared in
America, and crimes are by express statutory
enactment declared to be either felonies or
misdemeanors, and the punishment prescribed
thereby. No one would undertake to describe
a felonv or a misdemeanor by exact definition.
They are known as such only by statutory
enactment and simple enumeration.

i

I

14

The following are felonies: Murder, robbery,
larceny, rape, burglary, arson, sodomy, bug-
gery, counterfeiting, passing counterfeit money
knowingly, assault and battery with intent to
kill, or intent to kill by administering poison
OP by stabbing, or other means; shooting or at
tempting to shoot a person; stabbing with in
tent to maim or disfigure; explosion of gun
powder or other explosive with intent to harm
or sending any such explosive or other dan
gerous thing, or throwing at a person any acid
or corrosive substance, with like intent; ad-
ministering chloroform or stupefying drugs in
an attempt to commit a felony; procuring an
abortion; breaking open by day or by night,
with intent to commit a felony, any house,
bam, stable, shop, etc.; attempting to wreck
a railroad train, or to blow up a house with in-
tent to destroy it or harm persons within.

It will be noticed that the intent is the de-
termining feature of many of the above fel-
onies.. No one can be supposed to be able to
read the mind of another, to discover his in-
tent; but it is a safe rule to follow that a per-
son intends the consequences of his act, and
when a constable has reasonable gronnd to sus-
pect the intent of an act and acts accordingly,
he will be protected, though mistaken. The

w

I

I

i t

1

15

reasonable ground of suspicion should be clear.
The following acts are misdemeanors: The
adulteration of goods, candy, liquors, etc., as-
gault and battery with or without a weapon,
bribery, corruptly influencing voters, selling
votes, selling cigarettes to persons under six-
teen years of age, compounding crimes, carry-
ing concealed deadly weapons, conspiracy,
cruelty to animals, disorderly conduct, keep-
ing disorderly houses, disturbing public meet-
ings, drunkenness, duelling, embezzlement,
corruptly influencing jurors, escape from cus-
tody aiding prisoners to escape, voluntarily
or negligently permitting them to escape,
carrying dangerous detonating explosives
apon public conveyances, selling firearms to
persons under sixteen years of age, the manu-
facture and sale of toy pistols, extortion, false
pretense, forgery, fortune telling, gambling,
fraudulent insolvency, lewdness, libels, con-
ducting lotteries, malicious mischief and tret-
pass, mavhem, dissemination of obscene liters-
ture, maintaining a nuisance, running an
opiiim joint, perjury, prize fighting, profanity,
riot, seduction, sending threatening letters, etc.
The offenses enumerated in the various acts
of Assembly for the protection of forests and
woodlands, and of which the forest wardens

1

16

have special cognizance by reason of the act
of March 11, 1903, hereinbefore cited, are all
misdemeanors.

Arrests are made in two ways, either with
or without a warrant. A warrant is a writ, or
an authority in writing, issued by a justice of
\he peace usually, directing and commanding
a constable to take the body of the person
named therein and bring him before the justice
to answer a charge against him. The warrant
should give the name and surname of the per-
son to be arrested, or such description as will
enable the officer to identify him; it should
state the offense committed and be signed by
the person issuing it. When executed, the
warrant should be returned to the justice show-
ing the manner of execution. When a consta-
ble receives a warrant he should proceed to
execute it as soon as convenient and with rea-
sonable secrecy. If he refuse to execute it.
he is guilty of a misdemeanor. Where the
official character of the officer is known to the
person arrested, the warrant need not be
shown nor need he give notice of his office, but
he should state the reason of the arrest. A
safe course to follow is to show the warrant
if demanded. When arresting a stranger, the
constable should either show his warrant or

I

I

I

I

I

i

17

give notice of hi8 legal authority. A consta-
ble should never part with his warrant. If the
person inspecting it keep it, the officer may use
as much force as is necessary to retake it. A
constable may arrest without a warrant any
one attempting to commit a felony, or on a
'reasonable suspicion that a felony has been
committed. He may likewise arrest without
warrant for breach of the peace committed in
his presence; otherwise a warrant must be
procured, unless the breach of the peace was
committed with intent to commit a felony.

A constable has no right to break open an
outer door to execute civil process. Having
a warrant for an arrest on the charge of tre-
8on, felony or breach of the peace he may break
open an outer door to execute it. He has the
same right to br. ak open a door to arrest with-
out a warrant, ^vhere the arrest is made on his
own authority, that he has with a warrant.
He should however demand admittance before
breaking, as a matter of precaution.

Having made an arrest, a constable must
conduct his prisoner before a magistrate for
a hearing. The time within which this must
be done is not governed by any precise rule.
It has been decided that he cannot hold him
three days while he is collecting evidence. If

A

I

18

the arrest is made at aight, the bearing shoald
be had the next day. If during the day, it
should be held that day if the justice can be
found before night. In the meantime the con-
stable must keep his prisoner safely. He may
confine him in a house, a lockup, or a jail, if
one is conyenient. If the person arrested be
sick^ the taking before the justice may be de-
layed until such time as he may be safely re-
moved. A prisoner is in the custody of the
constable until his hearing is concluded.

A warrant of arrest may be executed any-
where within the Commonwealth and the oflf(ti-
der carried before the justice or other officer is-
suing the warrant. When an arrest is made
without a warrant and the prisoner carried be-
fore the justice, the constable should then
make, an information giving the reason of the
arrest, unless the prisoner waive a hearing and
give bail for court.

The foregoing discussion covecs in part only
the duties of constables, but is believed to be
sufficient for the purposes here intended. In
case of doubt how to act, a warden will com-
municate at once with this Department.

It will be noticed that under the act of March
11, 1903, the duties of constables so conferred
upon wardens are to be exercised only upon

imm

\

f

♦

19

the State Forestry BeBerrationfl or upon the
adjacent or immediately adjoining landi. Such
violationa of law a« will most probably come
under their immediate official cognizance will
be those having to do with trespassing and the
inflicting of damage to timber. Under the
statutes, these are wilfully setting on Are any
woods, lands, or marshes belonging to the Com-
monwealth, cutting any timber therefrom,
cutting or removing boundary trees and land
marks, kindling fire on adjacent lands so as
to communicate Are to State lands, cutting
bark from, burning, or otherwise injuring
trees, carrying any lighted candle, lamp, or
torch, or other open fire into a forest, setting
off fireworks within a forest; or any other act
not herein specifically mentioned which will
cause damage to forest lands or timber be-
longing to the Commonwealth.

Before proceeding to exercise his said office,
a warden must go before the clerk of the court
of quarter sessions of the proper county and
take the official oath such as is taken by all
constables. He is then invested with full an-
thority under the act, so long as he remains in
the employ of the Department of Forestry upon
the State lands.

i

ft

I

I

i

20

The act provides that arrests may be made
in two classes of cases:

1. For those acts prohibited by existing laws
now in force or hereafter to be enacted for the
protection of forests and timber lands.

2. For violations of the rules and regulations
made for the protection of the Rei-ervations,
or of the fish and game contained therein.

In the first case, arrests may be made imme-
diately after taking the oath; in the second, the
rnles and regulations must have been pre-
viously conspicuously poster] upon the Reserva-
tions. The act expressly provides that ar-
rests shall be made for offenses committed
upon the Reservations or upon lands adjacent;
and that the power of arrest on view without
warrant shall not be exercised bevond these
limits, except for the pursuit of offenders and
the taking of them after arrest into proper
legal iC-Qstody. If an offender be caught in
the act, he may be arrested then and there.
If the indentity of the warden is not known to
the person arrested, it should be declared and
the official badge exhibited. It is probable
that occasionally felonies and other misde-
meanors may be commited upon the Forest
Reservations. A warden will in such cases
be governed by what has been stat^ above

I

I (\

f'

t

r,

%

f

I

I
9'

I

21

with respect to conatables generally. A rea-
fionable suspicion on the part of the warden
that a trespasser is about to commit or has
committed a violation of the law, without see-
ing him in the act, will entitle the officer to
make an arrest without warrant; but the cir-
cumstances must be such, either from present
appearance or from conduct on the part of the
person suspected as would lead a reasonable
person to suspect that an offense has been
or is about to be committed, and by the person
suspected. The offense and the person sus-
pected must in some way be connected in the
mind of the officer.

Having made an arrest, the warden should
take his prisoner before the nearest justice of
the peace, or at least the one most convenient
to reach. No' unusual haste is demanded and
no unnecessary delay should intervene. The
justice will then proceed to hear the evidence.
The warden making the arrest is a competent
witness and may testify to all facts within his
own knowledge or which he learned upon in-
quiry. All witnesses having knowledge of the
case in hand should be produced and if they
refuse to come voluntarily, should be brought
under subpoena. If a matter where summary
conviction may be had, the justice will, if the

/J

I
I

23

an arrest is attaclfed by bii proapecUve pris-
oner or any of the latter*» associates, he may
and must use all possible force in resisting
their attack and in his own defense. If it is
necessary to take life in defense of one's own
life, this is excusable homicide. It is not nec-
essary that the person attacked should first
submit to a beating or even worse injury before
he acts in his own defense. He is not com-
pelled to retreat as far as he is able before he
opposes force with force; but may from the
very outset resist and follow up his resistance
until he has successfully driven off his assail-
ant, or in the case of a warden, reduced him
to subjection and arrest. This view of the
law is expressly decided and upheld by the
courts of Pennsylvania and by the Supreme
Court of the United States. It remains further
to say only that while acting in self defense,
a warden should use as much deliberation and
good judgment as the circumstances of the
affair will permit and not follow up any ad-
vantage obtained by him, in inflicting grievous
and unnecessary injury upon his prisoner.

Under the act of March 30, 1897, all consta-
bles are ex-officio Are wardens; and under the
act of March 22, 1899, all constables are ex-
offlcio fire, game, and ftsh wardens. While it

IRREGULAR PAGINATION

I*

fa

24

may or may not be a question whether the act
of March 11, 1903 confers upon State Forest
Wardens the powers contained in the two first
niintiont^d acts, all wardens should be familiar
with the provisions thereof and be prepared to
report any violations thereof to the proper au-
thorities and insist upon prosecutions in proper
cases. Copies of the said acts above referred
to and all the acts in force in the State on the
subject of Forestry will be furnished each
State employe upon Reservations, and the
Commissioner of Forestry recommends that by
continual study of the same, entire familiarity
with their provisions may be acquired. After
a reasonable time allowed for study, a regular
drill and examination thereon is proposed to

be held.

Wardens so invested with authority must
use good judgment arid employ the dictates of
reason so far as it is in their power to do.
They must not be needlessly oflBcious nor op-
pressive in their acts; but while enforcing the
laws must employ such sound discretion as
will enable them to do their whole duty, pie-
serve the dignity of their official positions, and
at the same time, to the end that all citizens
may be led to recognize the aims of this De-
partment, advance the Forestry Idea so far as
they may be able.

Commontoealtl) of l^enngplbania

Department of Forestry

A REPORT

ON

THE CHESTNUT TREE BLIGHT

THE FUNGUS, DIAPORTHE PARASITICA. MURRILL

By JOHN MICKI.EBOROUGH, Ph. D.
MAY, 1909

HARRISBURG:

C B. AUGHINBAUGH. PRINTER TO THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA

1909

ComnronfcDfaltf) of Penngplbanm

Department of Forestry

A REPORT

ON

THE CHESTNUT TREE BLIGHT

THE FUNGUS, DIAPORTHE PARASITICA, MURRILL

By JOHN MICKIyEBOROUGH, Ph. D.
MAY, 1909

HARRIS BURG:

C. E. AUCniNBAUCn. PRINTKU T«. THE STATE OF rENNSYLVAXIA

1909

LETTER OF TJfAXSMITTAL.

Hon. Kobert S. Conk 1 in,

Coimiiissioner of Forestrv:

Sir: I luive the lionor to ];ic'sent m.v report on the deadly fiiiip:us,
DUipaiihc pdidsiticft, tluit lias caused tlie destruelion ol" many chest-
nnt trees within the borders of the State of Pennsylvania. The in-
vesti^arions have been carried on to ascertain the ])resence of this
disease in (lie valleys of the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers. Ac-
conij^anying the re};ort of its .ideographical distribution is an account
of its life history, its jjrolific propa;^ation, the damage already don?,
and sujfijestions for remedial treatment.

Than! inir von and vour associates for manv courtesi(>s, I Iiave the
honor to be,

Most respectfully yours,

JOHN MICKLEIJOROrtill, IM.. 1>.

(2)

(3)

THE CHESTNUT THEE BLIGHT.

BY JOHN MICKI.KBOROUGH, PH. D.

The devastation produced by the chestnut tree fungus, Diapoiihe
parasHica, is arousing the attention of State authorities and deeply
concerns the owners of woodland, also the owners of chestnut groves
and chestnut orchards. Nothing more serious has ever appeared in
the forests of this country than the destructive work of this parnsite.
Its presence is known by the writer from personal examinations to
extend from near the northern boundary of Maryland, through south
eastern Pennsylvania, across New Jersey and New York. The line
of inspection covers a distance of nearly two hundred and fifty miles.
On Long Island the disease has spread for fifty or sixty miles with
great raj)idity, and is most i>revalent and its ravages the most deadly.
In December, 11)08, I was invited by Dr. Jane Baker, the physician
in charge of Chester County Insane Hospital, to speak before an
Educational Conference at Embreeville, l*a. On this visit several
infested chestnut trees were found. The disease was not jirevalent.
The inspection of forests to ascertain the presence of the blight,
under the direction of the Department of Forestry, began March l!l)th,
11)01). The counties first to receive attention were, Daui)hin, Leba-
non, Berks (west), Cumberland, and Franklin. This is a rich agri-
cultural section of the State lying between South Mountain and
North Mountain or the Blue Bidge. The Lebanon and Cumberland
valleys are a limestone formation and very few chestnut trees are to
be found until the mountain sloj)es are reached where the chestnut
growth is abundant. A careful inspection of the forests was made on
each side of the Susquehanna where the river cuts through the Blue
Ridge to the north of Harrisburg, and at Middletown where it wends
its way beyond the broken ridges of South Mountain. An examina-
tion of chestnut forests was made at Wernersville in Berks County,
and as far west as Mont Alto in Franklin. Examinati(ms were
made along South Mountain at Hunters Run, Mt. Holly Springs, and
farther south at Idaville. The Chestnut tree hlUjht was not found
to the north and west of South Mountain. It becomes an interest-
ing question whether the valley from twelve to twenty miles or more
in width between North and South Mountains may not act as an
effective barrier to the progress of the disease into the interior of tlie
State. At Mont Alto, the State Forestry Academy was visited. This
institution is doing most excellent work. The instructors are able
and i)ractical men, and the students are enthusiastic lovers of nature.

The value of having trained men in the service of the Department
can not be too highly estimated. Ihe next region of the State to be
inspected was to the south and east of South Mountain. From the
city of Lancaster three trips were made by trolley, first to Ephrata,
second to Quarry ville, and the third to Gap. At each of these places
the blight was found. Specimens of bark were taken from trees
six and eight inches in diameter. Infected sprouts or coi)pice about
stumps were obtained. Under the microscope spores of the deadly
fungus in uncountable millions were shown. The disease was most
prevalent at Gap. Ephrata in Lancaster is south of South Mountain
and is only twelve miles from Wernersville in Berks county where
the forests of South Mountain furnished no evidence of the disease.

At Gap, Mr. Levi Wise lias a chestnut grove of one hundred trees,
consisting of Paragon and Spanish grafts. A distinction is made
between a chestnut grove and a chestnut orchard. When, the stock
is a native chestnut and the scion for grafting is a foreign variety or
species, such as l^aragon, Spanish, Japanese, Numbo, Ridgely, Alpha,
etc., it is termed a grove. When young seedlings are set out in rows,
whether grafted or not, it is called an orchard. The blight had in-
vaded Mr. Wises grove. Infected sjiots were found on the native
stock and also on grafts. The following note was made at the time
of the inspection: ''The Paragon and Spanish grafts are unusually
healthv ccmsidering the number of infected native trees in the imme-
diate vicinity." Gn these trips in Lancaster county it was my good
fortune and" verv great pleasure to have the comi)any of Deputy
Commissicmer of Forestry, Mr. Irvin C. Williams. It was decided
at once to make an Experiment Station at Gap and to plant twenty
five Japanese chestnut trees and to start with one hundred grafts
of the same species. Surrounded by natural woodland in which the
disease is quite prevalent, here was an opportunity to test the im-
munity or resisting power of three foreign chestnut growths side by

side. . ^j ■

Through the generositv of Mr. Isaac Hicks, a nurseryman at \\ est-
burv, Long Island, twenty-five Japanese chestnut trees were donated
for'the experiment and all the Japanese scions that could be used.
Three of these Japanese trees will probably bear this year, and al
should begin to bear next year. Mr. Wise had made one hundi-ed
new grafts this season, using Paragcm scions on native stocks.
Within half a mile of Mr. Wise's grove there is another small grove
of Paragons on the property of Mr. Thomas J. Bitzer. Seven of
the Japanese trees were given to Mr. Bitzer. During the past win-
ter the writer has had in his laboratory specimens of bark and limbs
and sprouts of native chestnut. Paragon and Japanese, all infected
And yet from the examination of hundreds of trees of each kind,

and nine chestnut groves in widely separated localities it is firmly
believed these chestnut groves and orchards may he protected from
the ravages of this fungus growih.

Since the blight was found at three places on the east side of Lan
caster county, an insjiection was made at two points on the western
border. At .Martic Forge, or Marticville, the blight was found on
native chesUiut trees in the inunediate vicinity of, and in the grove
of the Paragon ^'ut Co. The grove contains nearly four hundred
acres. About two hundred infected trees had been removed from
the grove. The wood was on a pile at the woodshed. Many of the
sticks on the wood i)i!e were infested with living spores. The blight
is a bark disease and when a tree is felled the bark should be burned
at once. \\'hen the bark has been renu)ved, the wood may be used
for various purposes. Ihe bark on the stump should be burned for
two or three inches below the surface of the ground. Spores will be
deveh)ped and propagated many months after the tree has been cut
down. Specimens of infected bark have been kept in sealed test tubes
for more than nine months and on examination the spores were
alive and as active as on the day when selected for the experiment.
Martic Forge is thirteen miles directly south of the city of Lancas-
ter and about four from the Susquehanna river. The next inspec-
tion was made at Marietta, located on the Susquehanna and about
sixteen miles directly west of Lancaster. At this place Mr. John O.
Engle has a grove of one hundred and twenty-five trees, chietly Para-
g(m. His grove is in excellent condition. There was no evidence
of the blight and no indications that it has ever existed on his
proi)erty. The grafting which had been done by him several years
ago is as jjerfect in the union between scions and stocks as can well
be obtained. Infected trees on other property were found at
Marietta. Specimens of bark and branches showing the disease were
taken from native growth and also from Paragon grafts from two
snmll groves in the vicinity which had been seriously infected. In
Lancaster County the disease was found at three places on the east-
ern border and at two places on the west. In Adams county, at
Gettysburg, there is no chestnut growth to speak of, but in the north-
ern part of the county at Idaville the forests are chietly chestnut and
oak. This village is (;n the south side of South Mountain. Much
care was exercised in the insjiectiim at this ])lace and hundreds of
trees on several lots were examined. No evidence could be obtained
of the presence of the disease at idaville.

The next county to receive attention was ^fontgomery. Specimens
showing the infection were obtained from the trees on the cami)us
of Ilav.M ford College. Three estates near Ilaverford were examined.
The chestnut was the prevailing tree in this portion of the State. In

y

one case all the chestnut trees had been carefully treated by cutting
off all dead limbs and each wound covered with tar or paint. All
the trees, several hundre«l in number, on the estate of Mr. Harold
Pierce were in a fine healthy ccmdition. On two other estates, dead
trees had been felled during the winter, but in one instance the i)ile
of cordwood contained abundant evidence that the fungus parasite
had done its deadly work, and in the other all the wood and brusli
had been burned, but an examination of the bark on the stump re-
vealed the fact of the existence here of enough living spores to in-
fect all the trees of the neighborhood, should they find a lodgment on
their favorite hosts, the chestnut trees.

The next trip was to follow up the valley of the Susquehanna to
the north of llarrisburg. At Sunbury in Northumberland county,
the North Branch and the West Branch unite to form the Susipie-
hanna river. At this point the forests for a distance of ten miles,
abmg the river and its two uuiin branches, were examined. The
chestnut growth was not so abundant as along the slopes of South
Mountain. No evidence could be obtained of the presence of the
blight. A side trip was taken up the Shamokin valley. This gave
an opportunity to examine the Paragon grgve of Mr. C. K. Sober,
situated about twelve miles in a direct line from Sunbury. This
famous grove contains about four hundred acres and all the trc^s
bearing fruit. Here is a demonstration that waste mountain land,
on which the native chestnut grows, may be redeemed and become
a profitable investment. One year Mr. Sober had two thousand
bushels of Paragon chestnuts to sell. And since the selling price
has ranged from $5 to |12 per bushel, one can estiuuite the income
from this source. In his nursery, he had approximately three hun-
dred thousand seedlings and about one hundred thousand of these
were to be grafted in the spring <.f 100!). In large banks or mounds
of sand There were one hundred bushels of nuts which would be
planted early in May. The object on all trips was jirinmrily to in-
spect the natural woodland. The native growth of chestnut ()n
Ilerndon Knob was examined and also the opposite ridge two miles
away across the valley. There was no sign of the blight in Shamokin
valley nor in any other portion of Northumberland county that was

visited.

At Sunbury an inspection was made to the east and south of the
Susquehanna', and at Bloomsburg it was to the north or on the op-
posite side of the river. No sign of the blight could be found in Col-
umbia county. AVith Mr. S. C. Creasy a drive was taken to Mill-
ville, twelve miles from lUoomsburg on the Susquehanna. The chest-
nut trees are very abundant in certain parts of Columbia county.
Mr. Creasy is well informed on all subjects pertaining to forestry in

(

I

c

I
t

s

I

e

G
ei
o.

ti
o1

si
of
Tl

8

its practical bearing and his comy)any was a great delight. The
next stop was made at Wilkes-Barre. In company with Mr. J. E.
Patterson a trip was taken to Glen Summit Si)rings, about nine miles
south of Wilkes-Harre. In these trips frequent stops were made and
a dozen or more investigations were undertaken. Luzerne county
did not furnish a single specimen that gave any indication of the
presence of the blight.

At Scran t(m on the Lackawanna river, a tributary of the Susque-
hanna, there is little or no chestnut growth. Valuable information
was obtained from Mr. T. J. Snowden, a lumber dealer, as to the
character of what little forest growth remains in that part of the
State. In his lumber yard there were four hundred chestnut posrs
from six to eight feet in length. These had been cut at Uawley near
the border of Tike county. Having been recently cut, the bark which
was on the posts would have given evidence of the disease had it
existed. Tiiere was no sign of the blight on any of these i)osts.

The next stop was made at Carbondale in the northeasterly i)art' of
Lackawanna county. Here as at Scranton, the lack of forests in gen-
eral, and especially of chestnut trees, precluded an extended investiga-
ti(m. Going eastward over the divide between the Lackawanna river
and the Lackawaxen creek or in a broader sense over the highland
which separates the watershed of the Susiiuehanna from that of the
Delaware river, the work was taken up at Honesdale. Ko chestnut
growth could be found within ten miles of Honesdale, was the in-
formation received from Mr. Kreitner of that town. Since the wiiter
had found ilie blight at Milford on the Delaware, in Pike county it
became an important question to ascertain if it had spread westward
and been carried into the u])per portions of the Susquehauna valley.
The di.sease exists at Milford and farther north to within three miles
of Matamoras, Pa., o]»i)osite Port Jervis, N. Y. With Mr. E. T.
Kiviere of Milford, infected trees were found to the west and again
to the south of Milford. Specimens of the blight were taken about
one mile from the Camp of the Yale Summer School of Forestry on
the estate of Mr. Gilford Pinchot, Chief of the U. S. Forest Service.

To sum up for the Susquehanna valley. The chestnut tree blight
was not found north of South Mountain. It was found in several
localities south of South Mountain along the Susquehanna and on
the watershed lying to the east of the river.

In the Delaware vallev infected chestnut trees were found at Em-
breeville in Chester County, on the Biandywine, a tributary of the
Delaware river; at Haverford in Montgomery county; at Trenton,
N. J., and across the river at Morrisville in Hucks county; near Eas-
ton in Xoitliampton county; and at Milford and Matamoras in Pike
county. Ko where in Pennsylvania has the blight become so virulent

I

/

.^*^ /"^Hii

^^.

\m

V^

7/fe 3 <^/yorec/ ^(^cA'^.

J

and malignant as in New York, especially on Long Island. In the
winter of 1908, over eleven liimdred chestnut trees were felled in
Prospect Park in Brooklyn, N. Y. Many of them were dead and the
others so infected that removal was the best course to pursue. For-
est Park, is another large park in Brooklyn. It contains 5:U> acres
of which about 350 acres are natural woodland. The Park (Commis-
sioner reports fifteen thousand or more chestnut trees in Forest Park..
At this date, May, 1909, the.se trees are standing, but greater havoc
from bliglit or insect pest on forest trees has probably never been ex-
celled in deadly malignity. The disease is so prevalent, that it is
proj)osed to cut every chestnut tree in the Park. On many estates
on Lonjr Island similar conditions exist.

THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLIGHT.

Neither insect pests nor blights can be dealt with succe.ssfully
until the life history is known. It is almost useless to strike at one
of these sui)])osed antagonists in the dark. Is it much better to
know vour antagonist, where it lives, and how and when it is pro-

ft T*

pagated. As to the chestnut blight, its general a])i)earanre sliould
be known at ditferent stages of growth and for each season of the
year. Does it have the same appearance in the restiug stage of
winter as in the rapidly growing condition of summer?

The first scientific description of the chestnut blight was given in
loot) by Or. Wm. A. Murrill of the Bronx Botanical (Jarden, New
York City. After a year or more of study and experiment tiic fungus
was jiroved to be a new species. It belongs to the class known as
the sac-fungi and to the genus Dinportlie of which more than one
hundred species are known to science. The scientific name of this
blight is DidiKJvthc puiaaitica.

Manv of the UnvA derive their nourishment from decayed vegeta-

ft- ^

ticm. Such are the common brackets or shelves on stumps jukI logs
and are properly called saproi)liytes. Other saprophytes live on de-
cayed animal luatter. ^Vhen one looks at a pulf-ball, mushroom, or
bracket on a log, it is the fruiting body of the fungus that is under
observation. Besides this there are hundreds of fine threads a yard
or more in length penetrating the mould or decayed log. These
threads or mycelia take up the nourishment and produce the fruiting
body. Simie fungi, however, derive their nourishment from Hf'unj
plants or animals, and are conseipiently called parasites. Kingworm
that attacks man is a fungus parasite, Tnclwphyton tonsnriius. The
deadlv chestnut blight is also a fungus parasite. The ringworm
burrows beneath the skin and the chestnut blight lives in the bnrk
and derives nourishment from the new cells of the cambium. The
other hundred or more species of Diaporthe live, as a general rule,

10

on decayed wood and do not attack the li\Mng. They are saprophytes
and not parasites. Tliis distinction should be kept in mind.

Ihe saprojjhytes are found on dead limbs and trunks of the locust,
mountain uiaple, hickory, ironwood, ash, chestnut, basswood, elni,
walnut, oak, red maple, beech, willow, sassafras, golden rod, aster,
and many other j>lants. After a forest tire many forms of saprophytes
niav be found on the dead limbs and trunks of various trees.

^Vhat are fungi? They are plants produced by spores and in this
respect diller from seed-bearing plants. The ferns and the mosses
are also spore plants and are higher in the scale of plant life than
the fungi. The fungi include the nu)ulds on bread, cheese, and pre-
served fruits; mildews, as the downy mildew causing the rot of the
Irish potato; rusts on wheat; black-knot on the plum and cherry;
mushrooms, edible and poisonous; yeasts; puff balls, etc.

The total number of plants of all kinds known to science is about
two hundred thousand species. There are about fifty thousand
species of fungi, and of this number about fifteen thousand belong
to the sac-fungi (Ascomycetes). The sac-fungi are a very destructive
f<;rm ot fungus growth and produce a number of diseases on ac-
count of the fact that many of the species have the parasitic habit.
In this division of fungi, there are the leaf-curl of the peach; the
black-knot of the plum and cherry ; many of the i)owdery mildews ;
the large morels, prized for food ; the yeast plant, known to makes
of bread and beer; the green mould on cheese, as well as the deadly
chestnut blight. After the chestnut trees or sprouts have been killed
by the blight, numerous other fungi will attack the dead wood. These
must not be charged witli the destruction of the tree or sapling.
These are the scavengers that come to feed upon the dead and are
known as saproi)hytes. lietween thirty and forty different species of
fungi are known to attack dead chestnut limbs, stumps, and logs.

PUOPAGATION OF THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT.

The Diaporthe parasitica is proi)agated by at least two kinds of
microscoi>ic si)ores. One kind of spore is developed in minute sacs.
Kach sac contains eight spores and nature tills each tiny sac with the
eight s] lores as uniformily as one finds four legs on a dog and two
on a bird. These are sometimes called the winter spores. These
spore-sacs are developed in minute flasks resembling carafes or long
necked water bottles and are formed abundantly in the autumn. In
this way the fungus tides over the winter. Another kind of spore
more un'nute than the winter s])ore may be found in thread like masses
in early spring and during the summei'. These are called summer
spores, or conidial spores. Conidial is derived from the Greek word
meaning dust. Sometimes the thread mass or spores is more than
half an inch in length. Such a thread will furnish millions of spores.

11

These two kinds of spores are different in origin but the same in
power in producing the young plant. For the benefit of the micro-
scopist it may l)e well to state, the winter or sac spores are sexual
spores and the conidial or sununer spores are nonsexual. It would
take from five to six hundred of the tiny sacs placed end to end lo
measure one inch and about three thousand of the sac spores end
to end to measure an inch, and of the minute summer spores eight
to nine thousand. IJoih kinds of spores are produced by countless
millions. A section of a limb twelve inches in length and one inch
in diameter will furnish an ample supply of spores to infect all the
chestnut trees in a county. The minute spores are carried by the
wind, on the feathers of birds and the fur of stiuirrels, and find a
lodgment where the bark is abraded and especially in the fork of tlie
limbs or more tender branches. The spore immediately sprouts, and
l)rocures its nourishment from the new wood or cambium layer.
These newly formed wood cells have very thin delicate walls and are
full of sap. Thus the cambium furnishes the parasite with ample
nourishment. The walls of the new wood cells are broken down bv
the growing parasite and the bark begins to change color from a
healthy olive green on twigs and slender branches to a reddish brick
color, and the parasite shows a tendency to girdle the limb or trunk.
As soon as the girdle is c(miplete, all nourishment is cut off' from the
parts beyond the infected portion. The result is the same whether
the girdling is done with an axe, a saw, or by a parasite. Large
trees are girdled and killed in two or three years. During the sum-
mer of 1008 many branches of chestnut trees showed signs of decay
and the green leaves of spring withered long before the frosts of
autumn had touched the foliage. 8o far we have spoken only of tJie
growing fungus. Its work during this stage is carried on in and be-
neath the bark. It is technically speaking a hypophloeous disease.
The next stage is known as the fruiting ])eriod. As the fungus grows
it finally matures and develops the fruiting body, or rather fruiting
bodies. Its growth is now outward, through the pores in the bark.
In old trees the fruiting or spore producing bodies are in the long
crevices or fissures of the bark. A piece of a limb kept in the lab-
oratory where the changes in the weather will not affect it, will scum
be thickly beset with small yellow pustules, resembling little yellow
cushicms of velvet. These are fruiting bodies of this parasite, thin-
ning through the pustule are some dark lines. These are the necks
of the fiasks or perithecia at the base of the pustule and are situated
just beneath the outer layer of the bark. These flasks are lined with
the eight-spored sacs. In early si)ring and during the summer the
thread masses consisting of the sununer or ccmidial sixu-es will be
found. These threads are dissolved and washed away )>y the rain
and the spores are Idowu about by the wind. These developments

\

!•_'

may be seen best on specimens in the laboratory. A common fruit
jar, in which is placed a four or six inch piece of an infected limb,
will, in thirtvsix or forty-eight hours show signs of the fruitmg
bodies. First put the stick into water for two or three minutes then
transfer it to the jar in which there is less than half an inch of
water. The jar is closed and kept at summer temperature. A wai-m
cellar is most convenient, since the fungus grows in the dark as
well as it does in the light. In this way the writer has had an
abundant sui.ply during the past winter of fruiting pustules on
limbs of the native chestnut, Castanea dentata; on the Japanese chest-
nut, Castanea crenata; and on the Paragon, which is probably a
variety of the Spanish or sweet chestnut, Castanea vesca. From these
speciiiiens the two kinds of sjiores were at hand during the entire

winter. .

l'..rei<Ti chestnut trees sometimes attain an immense size, and are
nui.e c<Mnn..m in the south of Europe, in Spain, Italy, Switzerland,
and (icnnanv. The fruit or nut which is two or three times the
size the Ameiican nut is much used as an article of food. The large
kernel is frcpieutlv ground into meal and is used to thicken soups,
flnd even bread is 'made of the chestnut flour. The largest foreign
chestnut tree is on the slope of Mt. Etna, in Sicily, and has a cir-
cuinfeieiice of 1!)0 feet, and is known as the "Castagno di cento
cavalli," the diestnut of one hundred horses.

There is no huk of opportunity for spores to find an entrance be-
neath the bark of a chestnut fee, large or small. The wo..d is brit-
tle and ihestonnsof winter leave many broken twigs and limbs. lie
small bovs and older nut gatherers have clubbed the trees and left
manv a s.ar. Insect borers and woodpeckers have made openings in
the bark in manv i.laces. The forks of the branches seen, to be
favorite places for the lodgment of si.ores. In a young tree ten or
more points of infection have been observed at the break of the bark

in the forks of the limbs. .

The propagation is readily carried on wherever there is a supply
of spores. The transportation and ready access to the cambium xyood
cells are well provided. On Long Island an isolated tree, more than
a mile distant from any chestnut growth was infected.

1M.MUXITY OF OTIlirR TREES.
All the other forest trees seem to be immune. There are fungus
growths of the sapro,.bytic type on all forest trees. Abundant spores
ol an,.rher species of fungus were found upon the branches of several
oak trees, 'ihe trouble was limited to the under side of the bram-h s,
and tlH.ve was no ten.Iency on the part of the fungus to ""-a. e t he
new cells of the cambium or to girdle the branch. An examination of

^«

/:■-;

^^■.:

^-%-V ♦-•

'^>'

THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT AS FUU^Y
DEVELOPED BY INCUBATION.

^Froni ;i Color Pliotograith.

13

the locality revealed the fact that it had been swept by fiie a year or
more ago and the under side of the liiubs had been injured. The
fungus was merely doing scavenger work, an<l living upon decayed
vegetable tissue. Many times (juestions have been usUed al>out the
horse chestnut, AEsculus hippocastanuni. The connu.m horse chest-
nut or buckeve is a near relative of the maple and is ciuite unlike the
oak, chesinut, and beech, belonging to the same natural order, Cui.uU-
ferae from the fruit being contained in a cup or burr. Another
question,-i8 the chestnut oak inunune? It is just as immune as any
other oak Up to this date the writer has not found the deadly chest-
nut fungus on the chestnut oak, sometimes called rock oak, or IJuercus
I'rinus L. Hundreds of the chesinut oaks have been examined and
although growing side by side with diseased chestnut trees, no case
of an infected oak has been discovered.

The varietv of cliestnut called the I'aragon, is quite susceptible lo
the disease. ' While the Japani-se variety or species is not immune,
it is certainlv more resistant than the native or the I'aragon. n
one locality eleven Japanese chestnut trees were in a perfectly heal hy
condition and bore abundance of fruit in the summer o. 1!M N alt hough
in the immediate vicinity there were many native trees a 1 bmll.N in-
fected Within one hundred yards of these eleven trees there was a
rara-cn infected in several different places. In a nursery of twelve or
hfte^n hundred young Japanese chestnut trees, there were many
youn.' native chestnut seedlings from five to ten feet in he.gli. U
la" :i,.u.st impossible to tind a na.ive tree free frmn the ...lection
On the other hand n.any of the Jai.anese were .mniune. >et <m an -x
tended examination some live or six of the Japanese -- - - ^ '
and under hothouse treatment developed a rich siippb ot sp es^
iwdentlv an orchard of Japanese or 1-a.agon chesinut t.ees can be
„.rde";.ofi:abIe and the trees kept in a healthy condit.on w.th rea-
sonable care.

ESTIMATED VAI.t E OF rUOl'l^UTY DESTROYED.

The ^Htistics furnished by (he United States gove.n.nent slio,v

that for. be ear 1007 over G.I.MMIO.tum board feet of chesinut lumber

that '<" "^« -^^^ 1 „„o the total value would be ab.mt

were cut. \ aiuca ai f>i • i"-^ ^•> «•» nnn iui(» f(»r

„,.ke.,. Tbe Bn-He. .1- «« i"".' ™* J '*" 7 ,;,;,' ,v,,,.H

14

rapidly over the country as it has moved eastward on tlie Island, it
is only a matter of a few years when this source of income will be
reduced many millions per annum.

The number of chestnut trees on an acre of natural woodland has
been counted in New York, New Jersey, and in Pennsylvania. In
some counts there were from forty to fifty chestnut trees to the acre
disreji^ardinjj: any tree under two or three inches in diameter. In
Somerset and Morris counties, N. J., an average of thirty chestnut
trees to the acre would be a low estimate for many ])ieces of wood
land. The daumge already done by the chestnut blight in the States
of New York, Pennsvlvania, and New Jersey would not be less than
$512,000,(100; and when the special value from location (m lawns and
the aesthetic value in landscape features are considered, two or three
millicms could be added to this estinmte.

REMEDIAL TREATMENT.

Lot US notice the conditions in the life history of the chestnut
blight. It is a vegetable growth and in its development, the threads
penetrate the delicate cells of the newly forming cambium. Summer
spores are j)roduced from early s])ring to late autumn. On the ap-
proac!i of ^^ liter, the winter sjiores are develo])ed in sacs and the
sacs I'lie the flasks oi* ])erithecia, and in this way tide over the sever-
est cod in tl e resting stage.

In ilie ca^ -^ of a laige tree, if it is infected at several ])oints it
would be ad . Isable to cut it down at once. All the branches and the
loose bark s! ould be burnt. The wood may be used for various pur-
poses. If a! Owed to stand, it furnishes millions of sj)ores, and the
Avood is grea ly in;urrMl on acoiint of the attack of sai)ropIiytic fungi
of vai ious hinds and also certain insect j)ests. Y'oung trees are de-
stroyed in one or two years after becoming infected. The girdling
process is soon accom])lished and the cutting and burning of such
growth is recommended. First, all undergrowth about the chestnut
trees should be removed. An examina[i(m of the trunk will so(m re-
veal the healthy or living condition of the new wood ben;\ith the
bark. If the layer beneath the bark is destroyed, the extent of in-
iurv UT) and down and around the trunk can be ascertained. * If (mly
a limited aiea has been destroyed, the dead porticm, bark and dead
wood slxmld be cut away and the wound covered with tar. If only a
few liiubs are attacked, their removal should not be delayed, if the
tree is ccmsidered worth treatment. Cover all wounds with tar. The
two disc(mraging features about any treatment arise, first from
the dilliculty of finding all infected spots on a large tree, and second,
many owners of woodland will not give attention to the matter.

A few neglected trees will su])i)ly enough s])ores to infect all the

15

trees for miles around. When the spore has found a lodgment in the
layer of new growing cells beneath the bark, only the greatest care
will prevent the growth and maturity of the fungus. No forest tree
develops sprouts or coppice more abundantly than the chestnut, unless
it is the bass wood. If the tiee is much infected almost invariably the
blight will be found on the co]>pice about its base. A chestnut stump
will aid the investigation, for it is sure to be surrounded with ao.
ample supi)ly of si)routs. The bark of an old tree has deep crevices or
fissures. In these fissures in the bark of old trees the frui;ing bodies
are found. If the layer beneath the bark is dead, the dee];est i)art of
the fissure should be examined for rows of little red tubercles. Here
is where the microscopist finds the sacs with their eight spores, as
well as masses of summer spores. By tapping on the thick bark with
a hammer, the mutlled sound will indicate where the bark is dead.
If the area is small it can be cut away and the place tarred.

Many suggesticms have been made about injecting some chemical
that wimld enter into the circulatii n and destroy the fungus. So far
nothing of ])ractical value in this line has been accom])lished. There
are fungicides but if used in sullicient strength to kill the growing
fungus,"the treatment is abcmt as injurious to the tree as is the dis-
ease! Trees kei)t free froui undergrowth and frequently inspected
and bv cutting as soon as the infection is observed, nmy be saved and
kept in a healthy condition. Chestnut groves and orchards may be
protected bv careful insj.ection and proui])t treatuu'Ut. If a tree is
badly infected its removal is advised. All bark should be buined at
once*. The bark of the stump well down into the ground uiust not be

forgotten.

^Vhile spraving hundreds of forest trees is out of the question, yet
grafted trees' in groves or orchards may be benefited by spraying,
and a limited number of young chestnut trees cm a lawn may be so
treated In the Zoological bulletin, Oct. 1, 11)07, ])age 100, Trot.
H A Surface savs of the Lime-Sulphur Wash; "It is a fungicide as
well as an insecticide and cleans up many of the disease gjrms, such
as those causing leaf curl, h'af si)ots, rusts, inildeNvs, apple >^^-^\^^^
other diseases of leaves or fruits." The bulletin of March 1, 10( .),
contains all necessarv information on si)raying. Many sj.ores may be
>N ashed away, but this infection is protected because it grows beneath
the l)ark and is scarcely touched by spraying.

Trees have been treated by using cotton saturated with P>ordenux
mixture. Small bunches of raw cotton saturated with r>n,deaux and
wrapped in burla]> have been tied in the forks of the limbs, lo be
elTective, it would be necessary to treat every fcnk of the Inni-s nnd
twi-s in this manner and also abraded bark on any part <.f the tree

Whether the blight will spread inland must remain a inol»leiu lor

IC

further investigation. At present it appears to be followin,i? the
coast. On woodland in several localities in Pennsylvania its existence
(an be shown, yet it can not at present be considered a discouraging^
n.'cnace. On the other hand should the disease sjiread from tree to
tree as is now the case in certain localities in New York and New
tk'rsey, every available measure should be ado])ted to ])revent the
propagation of spores by cutting the trees and burning all infected
bark.

Commontnealtf) of |^enns;pnian<a

(^uSi&Tjl^ p 5"

VOCABULARY

^b

OF

FOREST TERMS

SILVICULTURE.
FOREST PROTECTION. FOREST UTILIZATION

FOUND IN

SCHWAPPACH'S "FORSTWISSENSCHAFT"

TION

COMPILED BY
WM. A. A. REINHARDT. A. B.

STATE FOREST ACADEMY. MONT ALTO. PA.

1909

k

y

I

HARRISBURG:
C. E. Aughinbaugh, Printer to the State of Pennsylvania

1909

^^

A.

Ahhldttcrn—\)ee\m^ oft.'
Abhrennen — burning .od'.
Ahjlutumj — flooding off.
(/ b<f(i /t^i (/— hy perniji tu --e.
Ahhaucn— cutting.
Ahhich — cutting off.
Ahlcijer — layer.
.1 hmtz — sale.
Ahschluss — (^losing off.
.1 bsvhilrfen- -scuvting, scrap-
ing.
A bschwdch ung — weakening.
Abschwemmimg — fl o o d ing

off.
.1 bntand — distance apart.
AbHtellung—v^vciOYixl.
A bstrich — knocking down,

abating auction
sale.
. 1 bstfifung — gradation.
. I b triebssch lag — final fell-
ing.
Aftenaupe — larva of hymen-

optera.
A horn — maple.
.1 kazie — acacia.
Akkordverkaui — a g reeinent

sale.
. 1 Iferstiifung — age g r a d a-

tion.
I Ilholzalter — a g e of old

wood, old
age.
iinhauen — cultivate.
(infallen — tell, cut down.
(infcrtigen — arrange, fix.
<i n gch e nd — young.
ungcmcssen — suitable.

AnhuTt^—]k?H, liiai\ indica-

... tiou.
Anhaltspunkt — h a 1 1 i n g -

.. ^ . . ,pli\ce.
A n p a's.s^n n g yiwrJiiogen —

adaptability.
A n tricb — inducement.
• Ar^icht — raising, rearing.
Arhcitshcdarf — labor supply.
=kr(ift — lal>or strength.
=verdk'nst — remunera-
t i V e em-
ployment.
Arsenikweizen — a r s enic

wheat.
Aspc — aspen.
Ast — branch.

• =streu — litter of branches.
=,stummel — snag.

A stung — lopping.

Atzkalk — quick lime.
Aufarbcitung — working up.

—forstung — afforestation.

=frieren — frost lifting.

=hicb — clearing, cutting
up.

=lod('rn — kind 1 ing.

=p1atzen — bursting.
aufstapeln — to pile up.
Aufstrich — rising auction
sale.

=tr€ihung — s wel ling.

=trich — driving in.
.4 iigc — bud.

Ausftieren — frost-lifting.
ansgiehig — abundant.

(2)

250953

A. — Continued.

l\. — Continued.

Amhagtriiiuj~-\ m p o verish-

ai'^nt.
=liiel) — extraction, c u t-
t:n>( out.
auskesst In— io ke'tlJe out.

r=klen(jcn— to cone, husk.
Auslduterung—c leaning,

clearing.
=iroflen — uprooting.
=rupfcn — tearing out.
=schciduny — r e m o v a 1,

V s e p a ra-
tion.

Xmschlag — shoo t, sprout.
=schlagsfdhiykeit — abili-
ty to sprout.
—wkhlen — uprooting.
—zugshauuny — e x t r a o-
tion of old trees from
young woods.
austrocknend — dessicating.
Auicaldnng — forest on laud

liable to in-
undation.

B.

^a/?en/camp— ball-plant nur-
sery.

hallenlos — unbailed.

Ballenpflanze — ball-plant.

Band — band.

Bankskiefer— Finns Bank-

siana.

Baumfrucht — tree fruit.
=schu le — nu r sery .

hedrdngen — crowd.

Beeintrdchtigung — injury.

Beerkraut — bilberry.

Behandlung — treatment.

Beherhergung — sheltering.

heherrscht — dominated.

Beimischung — admixture.

Belaub ung — foliage.

Bcnntzwng — utilization.

Beniitzungsweise — m a n n er
of utilization.

Berechtigungsgrenze — p r o -

scriptive boundary.
Bergahorn — m o u n t a i n

maple.
=erl€ — mountain alder.
Berufs-und Gewerhezdhlnng
—Census of Trades
and Occupations.
Besamung — seeding
Beschaffenheit — c o n s t i tu-

tion.
Beschirmung — shelter.
Beschneidung — pruning.
Bcsenpfriem — c o m m <> n

broom.
Besichtigung — survey inji
Bcstand — stand, crop.
hestandhildend — f o r m i ug

stand^

Bestandesanlage— formation
of woods.
=bc g r tin dun g —
foundation of
stands.
=^rziehung — tend-
ing of the crop.

=loch^ gap in
stand.

=zmaterial — c r o p

material.
=/>/ic'^e— tending of

woods.
=:8chluss— crowded

stand.
=s c hu t z h ol s —
stand shelter
wood.
Bcstcllung—tiWsige, cultiva-
tion.
Betrag — amount
Bctrieh — management, sys-
tem, practice,
operation.
B(triel)sart—m. e t h o d of
management, silvicul-
tural system.
Bcziige — fees.
iricgsamkeit — flexibility.
liKgungsfestigkeit — t r a n s-

verse strength.
Hindigkeit — compactness.
Ifindung — binding.
I'innenland — inland.
■inse — rush.
nke — birch.
irschpf ad— shooting (stalk

ing) path.
lattwespe — saw-fly.

Blauheere — ^bilberry.

-werdtn — b e c o m i n g
blue.
Blockverkauf—h\o(i^ sale,
sale of standing trees

by area.
Blumentopi—^owdY pot.
Blutmehl—^v\e^ blood.

Boden — soil.

=decke — soil cover.

=f€uer — s u r f a c e fire,
ground fire.

=flora—HO\\ flora.

=pficffe— pre servation
I of fertility.

I z=schi(ht—iio[\ layer,

i =schiitzholz— J^oil shel-

j ter wood.

=sfrc'/f— soil HI ter.

=i7herc</f/— soil cover.

=vorbcarhcifiii<j— p r e-
liminary working of

soil.
Bohrkdfer— holing beetle,

borer.
Bordclaise B r u h e— B o r-

deaux mixture.
horkig— hurley ^ scabbed.
Boschung — slope.
Brandschaden — fi re d a m-
ages, injurious fire.
=stiften—i c e n d i ar-
ism.
'/?rcifsa«f— broadcast sow-

ing.

•i?rcmse— brake.
Brennholz—fne\ Avood.

=kiaft—\i(iSit:ug power.

B. — ^Continued.

E. — Continued.

Bromhecre — b 1 a c k b e r r y,

brambleberry.
Brnch — swamp, bog.
Buche — beech.
B uehenkotyledon enpil z —

beech seedling

fungus.

BucJicnspinncr — b e e c h

moth.
Buchwchcn — buckwheat.
Buschelpflanznny — m u Itiple

plantink.
Buscliwald — brush wood.

D.

Dampfpflug — steam plow.
Daseinska mpf — struggle for

existence.
Daucr — durability, p e r m a-

nence.
da ucni d — permanently.
Dcrhholz — wood over 7 cm.
wide at the
smaller end.
dichfgrlagcrt — compact.
Dick n ng — th icket.
Doppclpfliigen — double plow-
ing.
Douglasp elite — D o u glas

spruce.
Drahfgrflccht — wire work.
Drainrohre — d r a i n-p i p e,
draining-tile.

Drehiruchs — twisted growth.
Drciccksverhand — triangular

planting.
Drillmashchinc — drill ma-
chine.
Drtickfcsligkrif — r e sistniice

to cvusliing.
Dung ling — manuring, fertil-
izing.
Dunkelschlag — seed cutti ng.
Durchfallast — loose knot .
Dnrchforstnng — thinninj:.
D u r c h f o rstungfihetriih—

thinning systepi.
durchfiihrhar — practicable.
Diirch wiirzcliin'g — s pread iiig

of roots.
diirffig — ])Oorly, spare.

E.

Edelkastanie — s w e e t chest-
nut.

Eggen — harrowing.
Eihc — vew.

/:/f7/f'— oak.
A'/V/jr7— acorn.

Eichcnschdlwald u n g—o a k

coppice woo d for

bark.

=wlckler — o a k leaf

roller, oak tortrix.

Eigentiunsgrenze — o wner-

ship boundary.
EiHfricdigung — fencing.
=grljf — attack.
=haltcn — adherence, reten-
tion.
-h'gung — beggining, start.
-Hvhlag — yield from fell-
ing.
-.stnfen — dibbling.
eiii'Srhlagcn — to heel in.
Einzclhaiun — i n d i v i d ual

tree.
—Irnich — i n d i v i dual

break.
=nuschiuig — ra i x t u r e
by single individ-
uals.

Einzelpflanzung — p 1 a n ting
by single individ-
uals.
=rcihe — single row.
cinzelstdndig — isolated.
Elementarcreigniss — elemen-
tal occurrence.
^w(/e/7inr/— cockchafer grub.
Entwdsscrimg — drainage.
EntwickUmg—deve]o\nneni.
Erdhahn — dirt road.
=/c//c'/— ground fire.
=griih€ — earth pit.
=i(:rg — dirt road.
Erhaliung—iiu\^Vovt, reten-
tion.
Erhehung — elevation.
Erlos — ])roceeds.
Erniihrn ngsprozcss— process

of nutrition.
Encerhcndrr—hihoi^ry wage-
earner.
Erzeiignis — product.
Erzctigimg — production.
Erzichung— reining, raising.
Eschc — ash.

F.

Efihrliissigkeit — negligence.
i'i'ilrichtung — direction of

fall.
I <illungszeit — season of fell

ing.

Fanghauni — tra]) tree.

=k n a ppel — t r a I > b i 1 1 et .

=rinde — traj) bark.
Farnkraut — fern,
i^'asc/ime— fascine, faggot-
hurdle.

6

F. — Continued.

O.

Fasernlauf — course of fibres.
Fasertorf — fibrous peat.
Faulhaum — alder-buckthorn.

=8tcllen — rotting.
fdulniswidrig— rot-resisting.

Fegen — rubbing.
Fehlen — failure.
Fehler — defect, fault.
fehlerhaft— defective, faulty.
Fehlmast— fail mast, failure.
Feldmaus — field mouse.
Femelschlagbetrieb — s e 1 e c-

tion system.
Festigkeit — hardness.
Festlegung — determination.
festtreten — stomp fast.
festwalzen — roll fast.
Feuchtigkeit — moisture.
Feuchtigkeitsgehalt — humid-
ity.
Feuergestell — fire line.
=mantel — fire belt.
Fichte — Norway spruce.
Finke — finch.

fldcheniceise — by areas, spot-
wise.
flachgrii ndig — shallow.

=wurzclnd — s hallow-

rooted.

Floss — raft.
Flugfeuer — flying fire.
Flugjahr — swarm year.

=sand — drift-sand.
fni=F est meter — solid, cubic

meter.

Forsthenutziing — forest util

ization.

Forstdiehstahl — forest theft. |
—frevcl — forest offence.
=gartcnbetrieh — n u r

sery practice.
=poUtik— forest policy.
=p oil zeiuhertretun(j~\

forest offence.
=produkt — forest p r o

duct.
—recht — forest law.
=8chutz— forest i)rotec

tion.
=s t r a f gesetzgehung-^
legislation of forest
penal laws.
=teehnologie — f o r e st|

technology.
=unkraut—f o r o s t|

weeds.
=verwaltnng — f o r e st|

administration.
=wirtschaft— forest nian|

agement.
=w i s 8 c u s c h a f t-
forestry.
frcvelhaft—ni i s c h i e v ous,|
malicious. '
Frostleiste—frost-rih.

=ri8S — frost-fissure.
FrucJithau—c r o p culriva

tion.
=hcisaat— a d dii onal]

crop sowing.
=tr(iger— fruit-b< irer.l
Fruhjnhrsaat—sprin<r owj

ing.
F«??erde— filling earth.

Gasse — lane.
GassenhrucJir:-\siue-hreSik.

Gehrechen — imperfection.
GefdIle—fsiW.
Gegenfeuer — back-fire.
Gegenmassrcgel—p reventive

measure.
Gelwlz — wood.
Gcisshlatt—h o n e y suckle,

woodbine.
Geldnde — land, soil.
Gerte — sapling.
Gerbstoffgehalt— tannin con-
tent.
Gertenholz — sapling wood.
Gcsamtheit — sum total.

=zuwachs — total incre-
ment.
geschoben — shifted.
Gcsteinstriimmer — rock par-
ticles.
Gestell—see ''FeuergestelV
Gistdr — raft section.
Grs trd uch — sh rubbery.
Griverb — occupation, prac-
tice.
Guretbetreibcnder — mechan-
ic.
g< jrorfen — warped.

Graben — ditch.

6' /-aZ^csf/ci/— ditch-strip.

Grasflur — meadow.

=narbc — g r a s s-c a r,
thin cover of grass.
Greuzbeschreibung — descrip-
tion of boundaries.
=gebict — border region.
=^tange — b o u n d a r y

pole.
=zeichen—h o u n d ary

mark.
=zug — boundary line.
Grobhacken— coarse hoeing.

=rinde — coarse bark.
grobschollig — coarse (clods).
Grubenholz— mining timber.
Grundbau — foundation.

=besta}id — ground cov-
er.
=8atz — principle.
Grundigkeit^de^th of soil.
Qrundsdtzlich— fundamental-
ly-
Grundilngung — mulching.
Griippenwirtschaft—g r o up
svstem.

H.

kelhacke — pronged hoe.
kstreif — hoed strip.
=^treu — cutting-litter.

Hacktvaldbetrieb—s y s t e m.
of field crops and
oak coppice.

9

H. — Continued.

H. — Continued.

Hainhuchc—\iovnhei\in.
H alb f ah rikat— invom])\ete\y
manufactmed article.
_^orfc— -s mall t r a n s-
plant (21-50 cm.)
Hallimasch— honey fungus. ;
Harke — rake. j

Harz — resin.

=crguss— exudaticm o t

resin.
=ra8selkdfer— resin
weevil.

Hasel — hazel,
^awborfcci/— exploitation.

Hauharkcitsh c s t a n d— ma-
ture stand.
Haupthcruf—c h i e f occupa-
tion.
=/jo/^G/*— chief species.
=nutzini(j—\) r i n cipal

yield.
Hai/i/?MY/?c/--h.ymenopterous

insect.
Hegereiser—^ee ''I assreiteV
Heidc—heMi.

=kraut — common
heather.
Hcidelhcere—hilherry.
Hcideplaggc— heath sod.
heimisch — native.
Heister— high plant, small

tree.
Heizungszweck — h eating

purpose.
Hemm m/i</— hindrance.
Hcvhstsaat—iaW sowing.

herrscJwnd— pr^^dominating,

dominant.
Hexenhescn — w i t c h e s '

broom.
H iehsergehnis— MUng yield.

=zug — felling series.
Himmelsrichtnng—c a r di-
nal point, direction.
hi ntanhaltcn- -hold in check,

prevent.

Hippe — billhook.
Hochhestand— high stand.
=durf'hforstung—\i i g h
thinning, thinnin}* of
dominant trunks.
nockwaldhctiieh— high for

est system.
hochicertig—higiiiy valna

ble.
E6henentwickliing—h e i gbt
development.
=rucken — ridge.
Holz — wood.
I =art — tree species.
I =hahn — wood road.
! =hcdar}—d e m a n d for

wood.
=})cstand—ii t a n d i n g

crop, tree
stand.
=ertrag — wood yield.
=geu'dch s — wood gr()\vtli.
z=mass(' — wood voluiii''.
=nutziuig — wood yieUl.
=:ricsc — wood slide.
=s()rtimcnt— wood assort-
ment.

Holzzuchf— wood growing.
Ju/hvcrarhcitrnd — w o o d -

working.
Hornast — horny knot.
horstweise — group wise.
Hilgelpflanzung — m o u n d

planting.

humifizicrt — humified.
humos — humous.
Humusschicht — 1 a y e r of

humus.

H urde n gat te r n — rails
(fence), railings.

J.

Jahresring — annual ring.
Jfiten — weeding.
Jock — length of rail.

Johanniskraut—Bt. John's

wort.

K.

Kiifcr — beetle.

A a kla h f /ieft— clear-cu tt ing.

='fldchc — cleared area.

=frass — an eating bare.

=schlag — clear-f el ling.
hulk hoden — calcareous soil.

=milch — milk of lime.
Kdinp — enclosure.
A arahiden — Carabidae.
'j\ I ilspaten — wedge-spade.
I\f inihett — germinating bed.

=kraft — g e r m i n ating
power.

=ling — ^young seedling.

=pr(jhc — test of germina-
tion.

=ruhc — arrest of germi-
nation.

keitnfiih ig — fertile.
Keim ung — germination.
Kcrbe — notch.
Kern ( roter ) — heart wood.
Kernriss — heart-shake, heart-
fissure.
=Hvuchs — seed-growth.
Kicfcr — pine.

Kiefernbaums c h w a in m —
pine-tree fungus.
=eul€ — pine owlet-

moth.
=markkdfer — p i n e

beetle.
—rcisig — pine b r u s h-
wood.

10

1L

K. — Continued.

L. — Continued.

Kiefernru88clkdfer — p i n e
weevil.
=8chuttepih — p 1 n e-
needle-she d d i n g
fungus.
=spanner — pine loop

er moth.
=spinner — pine moth.
=triehwickler — p i n e-
shoot tortrix.
Kienzopf — top of foxy tree.
Kiesdecke — gravel surface.
Klapppflanzung — cleft plant-
ing.
Klause — lock.
Kleinpflanze — small plant.
Klenganstalt — coning estab-
lishment.
Klima — climate.
klimatisch — climatic.
Klohen — split billet.
Knochenmehl — ground bone,

bone dust.
Knollenhildung — formatio n
of knobs (tubercles.)
Knilppel — round billet.
Jconsolenformig — b racket-
shaped.

kopfen — to i)()llind, to toji.
Kopfliolzhvt rich — po 1 1 a rul-
ing.
fu'aftmaschinc — power ma-
chine.
krdnkelnd — sickly.
Krchs — canker.
rone — crown.
Kronenfeuer — crown fire.
=schirm — leaf canopy.
=schlu88 — c o m p a c t
crown.
Krilmelung — cr u m 1 i n e s s,

coarseness (of soil).
Krummholzkiefer — m o u n-

tain pine.
Kulturhetrieh — culture sys

tern.
=fldchc — culture area.
=methode — method of

culture.
=weide — c u 1 t i vated
willow.
Kummern — starvation.
kunstlich — artificially.
Kurzhacken — fine hoeing.

L.

Lage — location, position.

Landwirt8chaft — a g r i c u 1 -
ture.

Langholzflosserei — ^log raft-
ing.

Langnutzholz — logs.

Ldngstrieh — leading shoo
Ldrche — larch.
LdrchenminiermottQ — la r b
miner moth.
=pilz — larch fungu

Larve — ^larva.
Lassreitel — standard.
Lauhdach — leaf canopy.
=holz — broad-1 e a v e d
tree.
La uffeuer— rnunmg fire.

=kdfer — ground beetle.
Lduterungshieh — cleaning.
Law sonscijpr 6886 — Lawson's

cypress.
lediglich — merely.
Lehmhoden — loamy soil.
Lc/fer^aw^— ladder, side gal-
lery.
Hchthediirfiig—l i g h t-d e-

manding, intolerant.
Li chtbediirfnis— demand for

light.
=einfall—]\^ht entrance.
=genu8S — a mount of

light.
=8chlag—\\ght felling.
=standszuivach8 — o pen
stand increment.
/ irhtung — heavy thinning.
Li ('htung8hieh— light felling,
heavv thinning.

Iicht8t6ll6n — to provide light,
to interrupt the leaf
canopy.
Lichtwuch8h6trieh — o pen

stand system.
Lind6 — linden.
Ldch6r8aat — sowing in holes.
—wirt8chaft — g roup
system of regener-
ation.
Lochpflanzung — planting in

holes.
locker — loose.
Lockerung — loosening.
Lode— s\)i'OUt, medium-sized

transplant.
Lohloffcl— harking spoon,

barking iron.
L o/iporZiw(7— Polyporus Vap-

orarius.

Lo8 — lot.

Lo8hieh — severance cutting.
=spill6n — washing away.
Lotthaum— timber carriage,

go-devil.
liickig— gating,
lufttrocken — air-dry.
Lupine — lupine.

M.

/ rhtigkeit — thickness.
ikdfer — cockchafer, May-
bug.
unharkeit—abiVity to bear
fruit.

mdnnlich—fitaminate (blos-
soms).
Mark8trahl—med\i\\ary ray.
Ma8erwuch8— curly growth.

12

13

M. — Continued.

N. — Continued.

Massenh) uch — mass-break.
=^erzeugun(j — v o 1 u me

production.
—V c r m c h r u n g — in-
crease in num-
bers.
=zuii'achs — V o 1 u m e
increment.

tnassgchcnd scin — be the
measure (for).

Massrcgcl — rule, measure.

Mast — mast.

Mdiiseplage — mouse plague.

Meeresspicgel — sea level.

Mcistgchot — highest bidding.

Mennig — red lead, minium.

Mindcrung — diminution.

Mischbcstand — mixed stand.
=hoharten — m i x e d
species.

Missb ildung — defective for-
mation.
Mltfnichthau — simultantMnis

crop cultivation.
Mitteldurchmcsser — m e a n
diameter.
=rippt' — midrib.
=t('inpcr(itur — m e a n

temperature.
=tvald — copi)ice w i t h
standards.
Moll ma us — mould m o u s e,

vole.
Moment — fact, force.
Moorerdc — moor soil.
Mulde — depression.
Mure — landslide.

N.

Nachhesseruug — 1 a t e r i m-
provement.

N dhrsto ff-^nutritive mat «'i'-

ial.

=hieh — seccmdary felling. I naturgemdss — natural, in ac-

=lasseu — abatement. | cordance with natiiie.

=teil — residual part, su- yaturverjiingung — n a t u al

perrtuous part. regeneration.

nachhaltig — in a sustained Nehenheruf — subsidiary >c-

manner. cupation.

Nadelholz — conifer
Nageticr — rodent.

=nutzung — m i n o r p o-

duce.

ydgungsgrad — d agree of

slope.

Xesterhruch — n e s t-b r e a k,

dump-break.
Mchtderhholz — wood not in-
cluded under "Derb-
holz."
yicderdurchforstung — 1 o w
thinning, thin-
ning suppressed
trees.
=s c h I a g s m e n g e —
amount of precipi
tation.

Xicdencaldbetrieh — coppice

svstem.
\(;nuc — nun, nun-moth.
Xotjahr — year of scarcity.
X utzharkcit—aervlvG, utility.
Xutzcn — utility.
Xutzholz — timber.
nutzholztuchtig — o f good

timber.
Xutzrindc — timber bark.
=wert — yield value, util-
itv value.

O.

Obenaufpflanz ung— i>\antmg Ochsenblui—ox-lAood.

above surface. \ Of/////r/— waste, barren land.

Oberfdrsterei—f o r e s t dis- 0/A-a«— hurricane.

trict. I ortlich — local.

=7^0/^— overwood. ortsangesessen—\ocix\.

=stdnder—standm'd (re- 0//sfe//i— hardpan.

served) tree. )

P.

J '<ich tertrag — lease.
1 'nppel — poplar.

=plantage — p o p 1 a r
plantation.
Prltschen — whipping.
1 jlanzena bfall — plant offal ,

Pflanzga Hen — nursery.

=:;io/:— planting peg.

=kanip — t r a n s p lant
nursery.
Pflastcrstrassc — i)aved road.
P/?c— mushroom, fungus.

vegetable remains.

34

15

p. — Continued

R. — Continued.

Pilzerkrankung — fungus dis-
ease.

Planieren — leveling.

planmdssig — systematic.

Pldnterhctrieh — s election

system.
=wald — s election
wood.

Plattensaat — spot sowing.

Platz — square.

Polyporusart — s p e c i e s of

Polj'porus.
Preisselbeere — red whortle-
berry.
Presstorf — pressed peat.
Prozentsatz — p ercentajje

growth.
Priigel — round billet.
Puppenrduher — ground bee-
tle, (pupa robber).

Quadtat verb and — p 1 anting

in squares.
Quehrachoholz — q u e bracho

wood.

Quellen — swelling.
Querschnilt — cross section.

B.

Rabattenpjlanzung — s o w ing
on ridges.

Rahattierung — bordering.

Raff—und Leseholz — fallen
dead wood.

Rajolen — trench plowing.

Rajolstreif — trench strip.

Randhesanmng — b order
seeding.

raschwiichsig — rapidly grow-
ing.

Raschivuchsigkeit — rapidity
of growth.

Raubflicge — fly of prey.

=hisekt — insect of prey.
=icirt8chaft — r o b b «■ r
management.
Raummetcr — stacked cul Ic

measure, stacks.
Rdumung — removal.
Raupenleim — insect paste
Rebpfahl — vine pole.
Rechstren — litter of de d
leaves or needles.

e g

a 1

Rcchtsanspruch — 1

claim.
Regenguss — heavy d o w u-

pour.
Rehstand — deer stock.

=tvild — roe deer.
Reife — maturity.
Reihe — row.
Reihenverhand — planting in

rows.
rein — pure, unmixed.
Reinigungshieh — c 1 e a n ing

cutting.
Reisig — brushwood, faggot

wood.
Rentahilitdt — rentability.
Revier — district.
Riescn — sliding.
Riesiceg — slide.
RHle—v\\\.

Rillendriicker — rill-board.
=zicher — rill -marker.
Rinde — bark.

Rindenhrand — bark burning.
=geicehc — bark tissue.
Rindviehnrist — cow dung.
Ringschdle — ring shake.
Rinne — gutter.
roden — clear.
Rodung — clearing.
Roggen — rye.
Rohsortiment — rough assort

ment.
Roth ache — redbeech.

=('rle — red alder.

=fdiilc — red rot.

=wild — red deer.
Rotelmaus — bank vole.
Rotte — gang, band.
riicken — transport, remove.
/?McA;e/io/j /I— transportation

wage.
Riickwagcn — sledge.
Riickwcg — slideway.
Rundholz — log.
Riisselkdfer — weevil.
Rutteln — shaking.

S.

Saat — sowing.

=kamp — seed nursery.
Melatte — sowing lath.
-^aftzeit — sap time.

=zersetzung — decomposi-
tion of sap.
^'agmiihlenbetrieh — saw mill
practice.

Sdhorn — sowing horn.
=ma8chinc — s o wing ma-
chine.

Samen — seed.

=bcs('haffitn(/— procur-
ing seed.

=ertra g sfdhigkeit —
ability to bear
seed.

16

17

S. — Continued.

S. — Continued.

Samenhandliing — ^s e e d es-
tablishmenl.
=schlay — seeding f e 1 1-
ing.
Sdnw.rci — seeds.
SandhodeH — sandy soil.
Sdrucksack — sowing sack for

the back.
Saumschlag — strij) felling.
Schaft — bole, trunk.
schdlcn — jieel.
schattciicrttagend — s hade

enduring, tolerant. ' loppnig.

ScMttcngittcr^^ h a d e i Schneiscnnetz — network ol:

Schlupfwcspe — ichneumon

schmalspurig — n a r r O ^

gauge.
schinarofzend — parasitic.
t^chniarotzcr — parasite.
schnahel/ornng- — beaks h a p-

ed, rostrate.
Schneehi tich — snow-break.
=druckgcfa lir — d an jier
of snow pressure.
^chneidclstreu — litter fnmi

loppin;

screen.

lanes.

=holz — tolerant tree, ^chnittpyohe — cutting test.
*Sfc7icir/e— sheath. Schdnheitswaldung — beauty

Schciter—H\)nt billet. forest.

Schichtntitzhoh — s tacked Schonuug — closed wood.

timber. j t^chulc — transi)lant nursery.

Schicnemreg—vaihvay. Schulkamp—U'i\nii])\ant nur-

Schilf—reed. " ' sery.

Schiniihcf<tiind — s belter ^^chtipprn — spade.

wood. Schuizhcdiirfnis — d e ui a ii d

=schlag — shelter wood
felling.
schirmfonnig — u ni b r e 1 1 a-

shaped.
=frci — free of canopy.
Schlag — felling area.

=fldche — cut-over area.
=fi(hrung — a r r a n g e-
ment of fellings.
SchlagniJic — period of rest

from cutting.
Schlcifholz — pulp wood.

=t('€g — road slide,
slide way.
Schlittweg — sled road.
Schlucht — ravine, gully.

for sheltei'.
=str€ifcn — p r o tective

strip.
=waldung — protect 1 ve
forest.
Schtvarzcrle — black alder.

=tvi Id — w i I d boar.
S chiv c i ne d ihiger — swi'io

dung.
=cintrich — p a li-
nage.
=mast — s w i li e
mast.
^chwerpunkt — im]) o r t a v t

point.

^(■Iiirindcn — shrinking.
i<( ifkholz — sunken wood.
Sctzrcis — cutting.
=,stan()e — slip.
Sirkcrgrahcn — lateral trench.
SHchafich te — Sitka s})ruce.
«S 0 n. n e n b cstrahlung — sun

light.
Spaltharkcit — cleavabi 1 i t y,

fissibility.
=pjianzung — n o t c h
planting.
^punnkcttc — drag-c h a 1 n,

trigger.
i^piithUllwnd — late-blooming,
i<l)utcn — si)ade.
Xjicvktorf — rich peat.
api'iiig — with wide-spread-
ing branches.
Spirgehinde — silver bark.
i^prcngtnast — ipuirter mast,
—scludKhc — b 1 a s ting
screw.
Sinicgclzaini — tilt fence.
apningwcisc — abrupt.
*S7> // J wc i t e — gauge.
Stdutsgewalt — e x e c u ti v e

power.
^I'liiim — stem, trunk.

=ahschnitt — trunk sec-

ti(m.
=a('hse — stem axis.
—fcui'i' — trunk fire.
=teil — part of trunk.
^'o.nd — stand.

=ort — locality.
^'inge — pole, stem, stalk.

SlangcnJiolzaUct — age o f
pole wood.
=ort — pole wood,
local itv con-
tain lug i)ole
wood.
i^farklodc — lai'ge trans})lant.
Stauicerk — waters t o w i n g
works (locks,
dams, etc. )
stechen — to s])ade.
Stcckliiif/ — cutting.
Stcrksddt — dibbling.
Stcig — i)ath.
StcinhaJnt — stone road.
ati'llemrrifii' — in places, spot-
wise.
^ticktovf — si)aded [»eat. •
Stock — stum]).

=ho1z — shimp wood.
Stojf — material.
Htoss — stack.
Strafgcsctzhtich — p e n a 1

code.
Strauch — shrub.

=ti'eidc — sh ru 1 )l )\ wil-
low.
=werk — brushwood.
Strcichtorf — molded i>eat.

=rippc — wooden r u n-
ner.
Strcifcn — strij).

=sa(it — strip sowing.
Strcn — litter.

=d('ck(' — litter cover.
=e/f/Y/ .7— litter yield.
=nntznn<i — r e moval of

litter.

19

18

S. — Continued.

U.

Strychninweizen — s trych- Stummelp flanze — stump

1.1

nine wheat.
Stucklohn — piece wage.

=za hi — number.
stufig — fi;raduated, sturdy.
Stummel — snag, stump.
Stummeln — lopping.

plant.

Stundung — delay granted in

payments, re
spite, grace.

Sturzen — pitching.

T.

Tagwurzel — shallow root.
Taxe — rate, price.
Teer — tar, pitch.
=67 — tar oil.

=schwelerei — d i s t i 1 1 a-
tion of tar, produc-
tion of tar from
stumps.
Teer en — ta rr ing.
Tenne — floor, barn-floor.
Terrain — ground, country.
Terrassieren — terracing.
Thomasschlacke — T h o m a s

slag.
Hefgrundig — deep ( soil ) .
=rissig — deep-fissured.
=icurzelnd — ndeep-rooted.
Tiergattiing — animal species.
ilerisch — animal.

Tonhoden — clay soil
Torf — turf, peat.
=brci — peat pulp.
=mull — peat mould.
=stich — spading of peat.
Trdnkung — saturation, ab

sorption.
Trdnkung sfdhigkeit — p o wer

of absorption.
Trauhenkirsche — bird cherry.
Trieh — shoot.
Triften — floating.
Triftwcg — passage for cattle.

grazing paili.
Trockcnfdiile — dry rot.

=gcwicht — dry we ght.
=torf — dry turf.
Turnus — rotation.

«?>('/e/Tien— covering with

earth.
-huUcf — reserved stand-
ard.
=8chwe mm u ny — flood .
-aiehen — sieving over.
=ivallunysrand — e d g e of
wound.
iline — elm.

Uiii h ruch — breaking up.
umyral)C7i — dig up.
Inihackcn — hoeing.
uinklappen — flap over.
I'mlichtuny — opening out.
uiiiischippen — shovel about.
iiinstecJien — spade about.
Vnitrieh — rotation.
rintriehszeit — time of rota-
tion.

\jmicehruny — s u r r o unding

protection.
ungleichaltrlg — uneven-aged.
Unkrautdcckc — c over of

weeds.
=streu — weed litter.
=iv a V h 8 — w e e d
growth.
Unland — waste land.
Untvrbnu — under planting.
=grundpflug—s u b s o il

plow.
=:holz — underwood.
unverschult—UJitYaniiplant-

ed.

Uppiy — luxuriant.

Urbar machung— cuMivntion.

U rwald— yirgin wood.

V.

Vcyrtutionsruhe — arrest o t

growth.
Vnangcrung — overgrowth o(*

weeds.
V< KtrhcHany — working up.
Vr'hand — arrangement.
'\ I hreitimgsgehiet — r e g ion

of distribution.
V' rhuvhung — entering into

books, book-keeping.
I ' > ddmm ung — suppression.
1 . dunstung — evaporation.
1 rfahren — procedure, pro-
cess.

T/>//j7.^// /J (/—matting.
Verjungnny—vegeneraiion.

Vcrkaufseinheit—» e 1 1 i n g

unit.
vcrkittet — cemented.
Vcrkohlimy—c h a r c o aling,

charring.
Verpjiauzimy—t r a n splant-

mg.

rrrpiipprn—io change into a

pupa.
rr/sc^//?cw— transplant.
Vcrs('hiihni(jshcet—\ r a n s-
plant bed.

20

21

V. — Continued.

W. — (NmtinutMl.

verschwindend — nejjjligible.

Versteigcriiny — auction.

versuchswelse — e x p eriment-

ally.

VcrtUgitngsmassregd — m e a-
sure for extermina-
tion.

VcrnnlxKiHtinig — overguowtii
of weeds.

Verwendiingsweise — mann e i*
of use.

Verwittcrn — deconi]>osition.

Vcrwittcriing — weathering.

Verwittcnrngshodcn — dis i n-
tegrated soil.

Verzichiing — distorrion.

Vcrzollnng — paying (e s t i-

mating) o 1
customs.

Vogelhcere — mountain ash.

voikirirtschaffUc'h — e c o n o-
niic.

VfJJsaal — i'vA] sowing.

Vorarhcit — ]> r e I i iii i n a ry

work.

Vora iissctzN Jigz-p r e s u in p-
ti<m, c(mditi(m.

Vorhcreitiingshieb — prcpara
tory cutting.

y orhcug nngsmassregel — pre-
ventive measure.

Vorfruchthau — preliminu r .y
crop cultivation.

Vornutzung — yield of thin

nings.

Vorschrlft — direction.

Vorsprung — p r o j e c t i on,

start.

vorw legend — prepond e r a t-

ing.

Vane u eh s — advance grc » w tii.

Voncifchshorst — grou}) ad-
vanced in growth.

W.

Wacksro urn — growing space.
WachstumHhedlngimg — con-
dition of growth.
Wachstu msenergic— energy

of growth.
Wadel — felling time.
Wald — wood.

=anlage — f o r est planta-
tion.
=balin — forest railway.
=hau — silviculture.

Waldhehandluug—f o rest
treatment.
=l)e8itz — forest property.
=l)odcn — forest soil.
=hrand — forest fire.
=feldhau—f crest and
fi e 1 d cultivaiion,
combination of neld
crops with high loi'
est.

Wold flora — forest flora.
=grund — forest soil.
-hammer — range h a m-

mer.
=mantel — shelter belt.
=pflug — forest plow.
=rchc — clematis.
=tcufel — forest devil.
=iceide — forest pasture.
inildtmcken — forest-dried.
Waldnng — woodland.
Wdlniisfi — walnut.
\\'andeikamp — temp or a r y

nursery.
Wusscrgehalt — water c o n-

tent.
^reservoir — water r e s-

ervoir.
=wirt8chaft — w a t e r-
management.
Wcj/ha atcn — road construc-
tion.
=planum — road su rf a ce.
M'rgenctz — network of roads.
M'( ichholz — soft wood.
11 (ide — pasture.

=vieh — cattle.
\Vcidc7iheger — willow c u 1-

ture.
=Jwgcrhctricl) — willow

culture.
=korh — willow basket.
=r68chen — w i 1 1 o w
herb.
U ' isserlc — white alder.
=c8chc — white ash.

We issta n ne — si 1 ver fi r.

=tatmenpUz — s i 1 ver lir
fungus.
Welle — faggot.
W erf en — wari)ing.
Werg — tow.

Werterzeugting — value pro-
duction.
Weym uthskiefer — wh ite pine.
wider reehtlieh — illegal.
Widers ta n dsfahigke 1 1 — pow-
er of resistance.
Wlesenanlagc — meadow cul-
tivation.
Wildhach — torrent.

=<yr//fr/<— game j)reserve.
=park — game park.
Wildlingspjlanzr—f o rest

seedling plant.
W i m m c r w u e /<s— w a v y

growth.
Wl;idhruch—y\md- break.
=niantel — wind-belt.
=M?/<r/— wind-warping.
Wipfelhrueh—Xo\)hvii'Ak .

=feuer—t o p (crown)
fire.
Wirhelwind—whh'hyind.
wirtf<chaftlieh-—fivie n t i fi c,

economic.
Wirtsehaftswald—uiumxge d

wood.
Wollappen—v^'OiAon cloth.
Wuhlratte—yo\e, burrowing

rat.

22

23

W. — Continued.

Wundhacken — hoeing up.
—haltung — k e e p i n g
(the soil) in a turn-
ed-up condition.
—pflugen — plowing up.
Wurzel — root.

=faser — root fibril.
=schwamm — r o o t fun-
gus.

Wurzeltorf — rooty peat.

=verhrcitun(j — r o o i

distribution.
=verm6gcn — r o o t inii
power.
wurzellos — rootless.
Wiiste — waste land, desert.

Z.

ica/ie — tough.

zerf alien — decompose.

Zersetzung — decomposition.

Zersetz u ngscrschcl n u ng — d o-
composition phenom-
enon.

Ziehh ncke — draw-hook.

Zirhclkiefcr — Cembran })ine.

Zopfdurchmesser — top diam-
eter, smallest diam-
ter.

Zuchtpflanze — cul t i v a t ed

plant.
Zufiilir — addition.
Zukimftsstamm, — f u t u r c

trunk.
ziiwachskrdftig — \ig( irons 1 v

growing.
ZwiscJw n n u tzung — in t v r m e

diate yield.

=stufe — internii'diate
stage (or step.)

24

Commontoealtl) of f^enngplbanta

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST CONVENTION
OF PENNSYLVANIA FORESTERS,

HELD AT HARRISBURG, PA., MARCH 4, 5, 6, 1908.

o. . .coh:^.c.h. .X^i^^^^ 0. ...Ks™.

THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

THE STATE FORESTRY RESERVATION COMMISSION.

Robert S. Conklin, President.
Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Secretary.
Miss Mira L. Dock.
John Fulton.
S. B. Elliott.

THE OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FORESTRY.

Robert S. Conklin, Commissioner of Forestry.

Irvin C. Williams, Esq.. Deputy Commissioner of Forestry.

A. E. Strode, Clerk.

George W. Howard, Clerk.

THE STATE FOREST ACADEMY, MONT ALTO, PA.

Robert S. Conklin, Commissioner of Forestry,

Director in Chief.
George H. Wirt, Director.
J P. Wentling, Assistant Director.
John E. Avery, Class of 1906, Forester.
Ralph E. Brock, Class of 1906, Forester.
William L. Byers, Class of 190G. Forester.
Robert G. Conklin, Class of 1906, Forester.
William H. Kraft, Class of 1906, Forester.
Lewis E. Staley, Class of 1906, Forester.
B F Heintzleman, Class of 1907, Forester.
James E. McNeal, Class of 1907, Forester.
Paul H. Mulford, Class of 1907, Forester.
John L. Witherow, Class of 1907, Forester.

(3)

(2)

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.

••The Importance of Surveys," J""" E- Avery Forever .^ . .^. ...... • • • • • ^9

"Fertilisers for Renewing Nursery So; s Ralph ^- B™«' * » 14

"Broadcast Sowing vs. Drill Plantmg," Ralph E Brock, toreste ^^

"Forest Protection , " William L. Byej 'JTT^^^'^ g, Conklin ', Forester , 18

"Necessity for Advancins '■"P™^^"'?,"' ^"f ^ Conklin Forester 24

"A System of Forest Book-keeping ^ w ,iam H Kmf t Forester 27

"Forest Nurseries and Nursery Work, William n.n. .... 29

"Sng the Reserves," Lewis E. ^}^^ ■ .^^'T{,; ' rore^i^r y.:.:. ■ ■ 32

"A Kegularly Bmpjoyed I ahor For^^^^ I.- ^,^1:^!: Toaster 34

"Improvement of the «f "f ' ^^'^^I'^VRmes E McNeal , Forester, 37

:^XZ^ o^resrirnrundfrXsent Forest Conditions," ,ames E. ^^

"I^S'oSK^WT;mh«;"Pa.-H.Mu^^^^^^^ -

"Roads. Fire Lanes, and Trails on the Reserve, J onn ^^

Forester

(5)

(4)

Beginning with September, 190G, the first class of foresters from
the State Forest Academy went into the field, and the second
class followed September, 1907. For the purpose of comparing
ideas and notes on their work and enabling them to have an
interchange of thought, it was deemed advisable to bring them
together during the early part of the following year for discus
sion of forestal topics and the reading of such papers on pertinent
subjects as the men in the field might wish to present or hear dis-
cussed. Accordingly, on February 11th, 1908, the Commissioner of
Forestry issued a call for the first convention of Pennsylvania for-
esters to meet at the Department in the new Capitol at Harrisburg
on March 4th, 5th, and 6th, ensuing.

In the meantime, the wishes of the men were learned with respect
to what subjects they wished to hear discussed, the program of ex-
ercises was prepared, and the meeting duly convened at the Depart-
ment, Wednesday morning, March 4, 1908.

The Commissioner of Forestry presided at the meetings, and at
intervals the other members of the State Forestry Reservation Com-
mission, all of whom were present, were called upon to preside.

The papers presented by the young foresters are hereinafter con-
tained and show that the men were interested in their work and de-
sirous of learning whatever will assist them to bring better results.
The discussions after the reading of each paper were participated in

freely by all present.

The regular meeting of the Commission was held on Friday morn-
ing March Gth, at which the foresters were present and saw how the
butine^ of the Department is conducted. During the sessions at
the invitation of the Governor, a visit was paid to the Executive De-
partment where Governor Stuart in a short address welcomed the
foresters and gave them some good advice with respect to their con-
duct both as men and officials. The Convention adjourned finally
on Friday, March Gth, and the feeling of those who participated was
that it was not only a successful meeting, but that much valuable
Instruction had been imparted which would be of permanent use to
them in the forestal work of the future.

(0)

(7)

THE IxMPOKTANCE OF SURVEYS..

JOHN E. AVERY, Forester.

(«)

Surveying is the art of making such measurements as will determine
tlie positions of points on the surface of tlie earth, so tliat a map of
any portion of that surface may be drawn and its contents calculated.
A survey of all forest lands or reserves of this Commonwealth is ex-
ceedingly important. Most of the State's reserve lines have not been
run or retraced for years. Often the blazed trees have been cut, or
have been destroyed by fire, or blown down. It takes a good surveyor
with an instrument to follow them. Therefore, the lines should be run
or retraced, plainly blazed, and blazes painted. Corners should be
distinctly marked. The lines could be made more visible by cutting
an open path and by posting notices at frefpient intervals. This would
show conclusively the lands of the State to all persons. The neighbor
who intentionally or unintentionally gets over the line a little, and
very often quite a distance, taking timber that does not belong to
him, will not take the chance of crossing a well marked or well estab-
lished line. Therefore, stealing of timber ceases almost immediately.
There are but few cases of timber stealing on the reserves where
lines have been retraced and visibly marked.

What can the wardens do, not knowing the lines? Absolutely
nothing. They cannot properly patrol the land, and they are not sure
of alleged trespassers being on State lands. One of the wardens re-
ported to me several weeks ago that a party was chopping wood either
(m the reserve or very close to the line, but he was not sure and did
not know what to do. He had asked this perscm where the line is
and he could not show him, but said he was (m his own land. In such
a case, what are we to do? Finally we got a n.an living in the same
community, one who claimed to know almost every line in the woods,
to go with us. He put us on a line which had been run years ago
and which he said was the State land line. Are we to rely ui)on the
judgment of such persons, and will not work of this kind leave a
loop-hole for timber thieves to plunder from the State lands? In a
community like the one I have just cited every person seems to be
related to every other or else they are bosom friends. What one
knows all know. If they once find out that we do not know or ave
not sure where our lines are, they will cut willnrnt the least hesitancy
and think all the while they are taking what belongs to them; for in
a wooded countrv, and I think especially in Pilce county, there are
many men who do not think it a crime to go on his neighbor's tract

(9)

10

and relieve him of some of his timber. I know of a man who was not a

native of the county being driven off his own ^^^^ ^^^^^^ P^^.^^^^^
eun by a timber thief. The owner knew he had land, but did not
know the exact location until he had his lines run.

If the lines of the reserves were surveyed, blazed, and postea, it
would not only be a benefit to the persons in charge, but also to the
public and to the sportsmen. The sportsman or hunter, probably not
accustomed to the distance travelled, may find himself crossing a
State line, opened, blazed, and posted. He is safe to the extent that
he is not trespassing on lands of an individual or lands owned by a
hunting club, and is not liable to arrest and fine of ten dollars or ten
days in prison for trespassing, and have his game taken away from
him; but he does know that he is on a State Forest Reserve, free for
all to hunt or fish, provided he complies with the rules of the Forest
Reservation Commission.

If our reserves were surveyed and the boundary lines cut open, we
could have the lands under a better system of patrol. The wardens
could cover more of the reserve in one day than they can now in two.
As most of the lines are at present they are delayed by tramping
through underbrush. Again, the cut lines would serve as wagon
roads for getting out timber in the future, or as fire lanes, along
which back-fires could be set whenever a fire is headed toward the
leserve. We would thus protect the reserve from its most deadly
enemy, and save hundreds of dollars for the Commonwealth.

From a forester's point of view, he cannot make a forest working
plan until he knows what he has. Here again a survey is very neces-
sary. Not only the outside lines should be run, but township roads,
railroads, creeks, bluffs, and other obstacles should be located. Lines
between localities having different jurisdiction, as county and town-
ship boundaries, interior tracts, lands upon which any rights are
reserved, or any individual property, should be accurately located.
The forester cannot divide his reserve into compartments which should
have natural boundaries, as streams, crests of ridges, swamps, and
valleys, because they are permanent, until he has a topographical
survey which will show the various undulations and inequalities on

the reserve.

In conclusion, without a survey, the forester is continually handi-
capped, because

1st. The wardens are unable to do their duty for the simple reason
that they are not positive as to location of lines and have to depend
upon the honesty of neighbors.

2d. It is not fair to the public, as the State Forest Reserves are
open for recreation purposes to the people of the Commonwealth.

3d. It is most important for a forester to have a map of his re-
serve. He can do scarcely anything without a map from which to
make his calculations and working plans.

11

FERTILIZERS FOR RENEWING NURSERY SOILS.

RALPH E. BROCK, Forester.

In discussing the subject "The Best Method of Renewing Nursery
Soil," I have endeavored to include the two methods most generally
followed in best agricultural practice, that is, the one in which there
is application of commercial or other fertilizers, and the other, green
manuring. The latter is preferable for supplying essential plant
foods, because of its cheapness, reliability, and mostly because it in-
volves few or no experiments to determine the plant foods, or the
amounts that are most needful.

But laying aside the methods of fertilizing, there is nothing that
brings the- soil up to "dot," so much as thorough tillage, bringing out
the old adage from which we get the word manoeuvre or manure, "he
who tills the soil, manures it." From this tillage or working of the
soil, the texture is improved, and in heavy or clay soils its absorptive
value is increased. Of course tillage alone will not suffice. Compost-
ing or fertilizing must be relied upon to aid. From this source we
obtain the needed materials, nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid.

Supply of Nitrogen.

There are two ways of supplying this essential plant food to the
soil, the one by the application of nitrates, and the other by the prac-
tice of green manures, the latter of which is preferable, especially if
the soil is poor. Where the nursery is of sufficient size to keep a por-
tion of it (one-fifth) unused, this method^s very suitable. To restore
this portion is to begin early in the spring, sowing Canada field pea,
seeded deeply at the rate of two bushels and one-half per acre, giving
The soil a top dressing of 300 pounds of acid phosphate and 120 pounds
muriate of potash. This crop should be ploughed under during the
latter part of June and the land sown in cow peas. Plow this under
in September and then sow rye. Give the land now a top di^ssing of
350 pounds Thomas meal, 2,650 pounds slaked lime, and 900 pounds
kainit. This method will give the area one year in good nitrogen
catch crops, and will improve the texture of the soil considerably,
making a loose soil more binding and retentive of moisture or a
clavev soil more open, porous, and absorptive. Also, it would insure
nitrogen for years to come, the soil being thoroughly inoculated and
also possessing a supply of potash and phosphoric acid.

12

1

The Supply of Potash.
The most available supply of potash and the one from which the
least trouble can be expected, is in the use of unleached hard wood
ashes especially on a soil that is clayey and wet. 1 have found
ashe" aUme a splendid fertilizer at Mont Alto. Professor Johnson
suggests 30 pounds of freshly burned shell lime. 10 pounds of bone
meal and 8 pounds kainit a good substitute for wood ashes. This
formula is equal to 100 pounds of wood ashes. The ingredients can
be Tought aTthe rate of |4.40 per ton; hence, it is decidedly cheaper
and has no weed seed.

Phosphoric Acid.

Honemeal containing three per cent, nitrogen and twenty per cent
phosphoric acid, and kainit cmtaining the same anu.unt of phospho.ic
acid besides many other valuable plant essentials .n small amounts,
are the two best sources of phosphoric acid to be had at a reason-

able price. , ■

Formulae for mixing fertilizers and composts are as follo^^s.

Composts.

Substitute for wood ash equal to 100 pounds, 30 pounds freshly
burnt shell lime, 10 pounds bone meal, and 5 pounds kainit.

Thomas-meal, 16 per cent, citrates, 350 lbs.

Slack lime, 2,650 lbs.

Cornallite, 900 lbs. w^ ^^oii o,.

Mix well together with fine turf, scatter over ground in late fall or

winter, and work well in early spring.

Two measures of well rotted wood, two measures of well rotted horse
manure, one measure of liciuid manure. Keep in covered place until
used. Even quantities of chip dirt and well rotted dung well mixed,
to which wood ashes and lime have been added. Keep two years.

Ground bone, 300 lbs.

Bone black super phos., 300 lbs. (Fall).

Muriate of potash, 400 lbs.

Nitrate of soda, 89 lbs. (Spring).

Von Schroeder's:
Kainit, 520 lbs.
Super phosphate, 60 lbs.
Whale Guano, 320 lbs.

A good reliable fertilizer for general purposes, is:
Mixture of 30 pounds hen manure, 10 pounds sawdust, 16 pounds
acid phosphate, 8 pounds kainit.

13

This will carry about 1.25 per cent, nitrogen, 4.5 per cent, phos-
phoric acid, and 2 per cent, potash, which used at the rate of two
tons per acre would furnish 50 pounds nitrogen, 185 pounds phos-
phoric acid, and 80 pounds potash.

Substitute for Barn Manure.

Dissolve one bushel salt in enough water to slack five or six bushels
lime. The best method for preparing for conii)osting is erne bushel of
this lime to one load of swamp muck, though three bushels to five
loads is a very good manure. Mix well.

In laying up the heap let layers of muck and lime be thin so that
decomposition will be more rapid and complete. Sprinkle salt water
on the lime as heat goes up.

When lime cannot be obtained, use three or four bushels of un-
leached ashes to one cord muck. Turn in a month or six weeks.

Home-made Guano.

Save all fowl manure from sun and rain under cover. Spread a
layer of dry swamp muck and dump fowl manure on top of it. Beat into
a "fine powder with back of spade, add hard wood ash and plaster
l)aris to make following proportions:

Dried muck, 4 bushels.

Fowl manure, 2 bushels.

Ashes, 1 bushel.

Plaster paris, 1^ bushels. Mix well.

A little before planting moisten with water or liquid manure. Mix

with soil when planting.

While home mixing of fertilizers is less expensive than prepared
fertilizers," care must be exercised in the selection of the needed con-
stituents for two reasons; first, when certain materials are mixed
chemical changes take place in which a valuable material is lost, as
when lime and barn-yard manure are mixed, ammonia is given oft ;
and second, a change to a less available form occurs as, when lime and
super phosphate are mixed, the phosphoric acid is rendered less sob
uble; also, when potash salts and Thomas meal are mixed the product
is apt to cake and becomes hard to distribute evenly. For this reason
a German expert lays down the rule that lime and sulphate of am-
monia; lime and super phosphate, lime and Thomas slag; hme and
barn-yard manure; lime and nitrogenous guano, should never be
mixed. Nitrate of soda and Thomas meal ; nitrate of soda and lime ;
potash salts and lime; and potash salts and Thomas meal, should
never be mixed. Kainit and lime; and kainit and Thomas meal,
should never be mixed unless used at once.

14

No seed should be sown until several weeks alter fertilizer have
been sown and where kainit is to be used in mixture, that is, in con
nation with a highly nitrogenous product, all but the nitrogenous
Suet should be sown the fall before. Concerning l.me and nitrate
of soda I add the following, especially concerning the nitrate o soda.

A tree is a slow growing plant and soluble salts, as nitrate of soda,
leath aw y before Ly can be assimilated by the plant. Eegarding
ame except as a mechanical ingi^dient in compost heaps, no con-
Xslv llts have been found, except in the case of three hard
woods Cherry, linden, and American elm appeared to be benefitted

My e^perl^ce ha« been that all conifers suffer from the use of
lime Even from the use of diluted Bordeaux mixture as a fungicide
iu the endeavor to check "damping ofiE" the coniferous plant suffered.

BROADCAST SOWING vs. DRILL PLANTING.

RALPH E. BROCK, Foreiter.

In the raising of seedlings for commercial purposes, the idea of
importance is to raise the greatest number of even sized vigorous
and thrifty seedlings on the smallest possible area at the least ex

^Whether this can best be accomplished by sowing the seed broadest
or in drills, depends largely upon the character of the soil in the ger-
minating beds, the moisture conditions of the locality surrounding,
as influtncing'the amount of soil moisture i^these beds, the sp^.e
to be raised and the character of the location in which they are to be
finally planted. Broadcast seeding is most practicable ^herejhe
land has been under a system of thorough tillage for several year^
in which weeds have been effectually subdued, the water table raised
by successful cultivation, and where the drainage conditions are su A
that excessive moisture easily and quickly passes away. These con-
ditions would most likely be found in soil that vanes from a sand to
a sandy loam, and where the surface water of the ^igber f onn* X
rounding the nursery site is drained away from the ^ed^ naturaUy
or artificial. Drill planting is successful under a wider range of
IdUions, L four to'six inch space between the drills -ndersweed^
lug less difficult, permits cultivation at all t^es,^^,!^ times »f
drought, where there is no adequate water system at hand allows one
to break the soil to facilitate capillary attraction <>* ;«^«terJrom tte
sub-soil. Again, billets of wood may be laid between the rows of seed

15

lings, in a measure, keeping down weeds, preserving moisture and
lessening the n'lant'ty ol leaves needed to eov.or the beds in the fall.
In beds thai have oeen sown broadcast, the raising of even-sized
seedlings excepting by chance^ is nearly impossible. The seedlings on
the edges of the beds arc larger, jj.ore. vigorous and possess a more
healthy color, than the dense masses near the centre of the beds.
Prom broadcast sowing it is possible to secure a larger number of
seedlings per bed, but the beds present an uneven appearance. The
north and east ends of the bed have seedlings several times larger
than those of the centre, and those on the south side are likely to be
dwarfs and possess a less healthy color, though this may have been
caused by exterior conditions. Where the seed had been sown in
drills these conditions do not exist to such great degree.

It has been said that broadcast sowing chokes out weeds, but in
this State our sowing season is in the latter part of April, after plant
life has started. Even if we soak the seed, germination does not take
place for three weeks. During this time the weeds have a good start,
and from this time on a proportionately larger number of young seed-
lin.^ are pulled out by weeding in broadcast sown beds than from
tho''se sown in drills. For this reason alone one would thmk that
broadcast sowing would be inadvisable except in old beds where weeds
have been greatly subdued. The cost of this method of sow ng is so
large as against drill sowing, except as above, that it would be in-
advisable.

The cost of making a bed 100 feet by 4 feet averages one dollar
and the cost of the seed $14.40, making an initial cost of 115.40, not
counting the cost of sowing and weeding. Ideally, allowing one seed-
ling per square inch, this bed should give fifty-seven thousand six
hundred seedlings, over half of which would be lost in weeding and
from damping off and other causes. In clayey so. after a heavy
rain with bright sun following, the soil would bake and nothing
could be done. If a drought should follow under these conditions
as it generally does, the soil could not be loosened artificially. In
drill planting the baking of the soil can be remedied, and he initial
cost of a bed'lOO feet by 4 feet is seven dollars and forty cents There
would also be from fifteen to twenty thousand plants with a g eatei
UkeThood of surviving. For this illustration two dollars are aUowed
as the cost of white pine seed per pound, using one and eight-tenths
pounds per hundred feet broadcast and eight-tenths of a pound in
drms Ot course drill sowing will increase the bed surface needed,
but not necessarily increase the cost of working *>- ™y .,^-e
beds could be weeded per day, the time gamed «»"1«1 ^« ^/jf J^
cultivation, and in the end labor would be saved, "^^re thrif^ and
vigorous s^dlings would be produced suitable for plantmg both in
brush and cleared land, and be more s^ctory to the nurseryman
who raises them. ^•>^^*^*-'

16

• » V * « ■ ■- «

• . » • • t . . -

FpKEST , F»ftTi;CTX.QN. .

• __l S- — «— t

WILT J AM Ti. BYERS, Forester.

In considering forest management, among the first things should
be the establishment of an etlicient protection from fire, insects, and
atmospheric influences. The most important of these in our case is
protection from fire. Any reason for an economic forest policy im-
plies forest protection as the first step to be taken. The object of
forestry would be defeated without protectitm. Tlie planting and
tending of forests are useless and a direct loss without protection.
The management of a reserve will otherwise certainly prove a failure.
It is possible to do lumbering on only a few portions of the different
reserves at this time; but if these lands be protected from fire for a
period of from twenty-five to forty years, we will then be able to
cut a crop of timber from the greater portion of the reserves. The
first protective measure should be the demarkation of the reserve
boundaries. This survey should be done by competent surveyors.
In this manner all disputes as to ownei-ship of land will be settled.
Without a survey some people will advance claims as owners of land,
and thus have an excuse for trespass upon State forests. In the sur-
vey of land, nothing but stone corners should be made wherever pos-
sible, as they are not so easily destroyed as posts and trees.

The next step should be the making of a good system of roads, trails,
and fire lanes, which should completely cover the reserve. They will
furnish safe and effective places from which to fight fire, and they
will also make the reserve accessible in case of fire. If it is possible,
a good system of roads and trails should be made in preference to the
making of fire lanes. Fire lanes should be made only where the grade
is to heavy for a road and where it is necessary for one or the other

to be used.

There should be an efficient force of rangers, about one for every
5 000 acres of land, and in some cases, one for :5,000 acres, and, during
fi're season, there should be appionted wherever it is found necessary
an assistant ranger. These rangers should be trustworthy and not
be appointed for political reasons. They should be required to learn
their districts, all roads, trails, streams, and note any improvements
that may be needed. They should patrol their districts thoroughly,
and learn the needs and habits of the people who frequent their
ranges. Tliere should be a tower on every reserve, located on the
highest point, from which may be had a view over most of the reserve.

17

During fire season there should be one man in this tower at all times.
He should be provided with a good pair of field glasses, a complete
map of the reserve, showing the roads and streams, and should also
have telephone connection with the officer in charge of the reserve, or
the nearest ranger. There should be placed on the reserve at different
points, small tool liouses or chests, fitted with a lock and keys, and
each man empoyed on the reserve should have a key. These chests
should contain shovels, rakes, picks, and one or two torches for use
in back-firing. One of these outfits would not cost over ten dollars.
They should be placed along roads, so as to be easily accessible in case
of necessity.

With a private individual, forest protection is a question of i)rofit
and loss; but with the State, whose purpose in obtaining this land
is to perpetuate the forest supplies and preserve the water supi)ly of
the State, it is its duty to protect, even if it does not pay. By aftord-
ing protection, the land will bring the results for which it was bought.
It pays to protect forested land in Germany, and there is no reason
why it will not pay to do so in this country. I'rotection from fire
would be greatly benefitted by having the law of June 12, 1007, P. L.
527, apply to all timber lands.

In case of attacks by insects, one way in which they may be stopped
is by introducing into the forest insectivorous birds. Trap trees may
also be resorted to. It is seldom that insects will attack healthy trees.
Therefore, having a healthy stand of trees, is, in most cases, a protec-
tion against insects. Against atmospheric influences, a change of
species will in some cases stop wind-falls. The attention of campers
should be called to the loss that results from forest fires, often caused
by carelessness. It is necessary to educate the people so that Ihey
will be more careful with the use of fire in the forest. The slashing of
cut-over lands should be burned at a season of the year when there is
no danger from fire being communicated to surrounding forests. In
the planting of old fields, it would be well to leave an oj^en strip around
the planting area, to be kept free of all inflammable material as a
protection to the young seedlings from fire. Seedling transplants
should be carefully watched for any attack by insects. From Nov^
ember, 1903, until March, 1908, or a period of 52 months, the cost of
protecting the Bedford county reserve, consisting of about 9,000 acres,
outside of the regular ranger's salary, was |374.48, |7.20 per month,
or $0.0096 per acre per year. This includes the opening of fire lanes
the repair of a road a distance of three miles, and the employing of
an assistant ranger during several of the fire seasons, and a surveyor
for a few days.

18

NECESSITY FOR ADVANCING IMPROVEMENT WORK.

ROBERT G. CONKLIN, Forester.

The lands which the State owns are commonly called forest lands,
but this is a comprehensive term. These lands may be divided, accord-
ing to the character of growth, into six types, as follows :

Type A. Mature Growth Areas, Lands on which there is a growth
to maturity, which will only depreciate in value by being allowed

to stand.

Type B Normally Stocked Areas. These are the lands which con-
tain an average stock of young growth, being neither greatly over-
stocked nor greatly under-stocked. This does not mean that they
contain a normal growing stock. ,..,.,

Type C. Over-stocked Areas. These are the lands on which there is
a good young growth of various species, but which stands too
thick for proper growth. There may be a few cases of lands which
are over-stocked with old growth, but they are few.

Type D. Understocked Areas. These are the lands on which there
are not sufficient trees to form a forest canopy to protect the soil
On these areas there is very often considerable young growth of

little value. .^^ ^ xi, „„

Type E. Barrens. These are not lands entirely without growth, as

the name might indicate, but are lands which contain nothing

more valuable than scrub-oak or fire-cherry. Hundreds of acr^ of

this type of land are to be found in all parts of the State, and Pike

county has a large area.
Type F. Open Fields. This, perhaps, needs no explanation, as

they are just what their name implies. They are found on almost

all of the reserves, but not in large areas.

This classification is not intended to be taken as a standard but
is intended merely as a rough classification for the purpose of this

^^ToVe here a lengthy picture of the conditions existing in many
parts of the State where fire has followed the lumber man, and only
the stumps are left, is not necessary. We have all seen them and
know what they are. Likewise we are familiar with the other types
of land as given above, so a picture of them is not necessary.

We are given the work of making something of these lands. What
we make out of them depends on the success we have in keeping out
fires, and the improvement work put upon them.

19

This improvement work is mainly directed toward the correction of
bad conditions, as stated in the types above, and may be said to con-
sist of three operations, improvement cuttings, thinnings, and planta-
tion work.

There is a distinction to be made between improvement cuttings and

thinnings.

An improvement cutting is the first cutting made on a new area,
with the purpose of bringing the growing stock as near the normal
as possible, by removing dead, dying, and valueless species. A thinning
is one of th^ cuttings made at regular intervals during a rotation, to
reduce the growing stock to the normal. This distinction is used by
the Federal Forest Sei-vice, and has been sanctioned by various au-
thorities.

While our systems of protection embrace all of the lands we own,
our improvement work is directed mainly towards the lands of types
C and F, the over-stocked areas, and the open fields. In one case, on
the Mont Alto Division of the South Mountain reserve, a tract which
came under type A has been improved, but this is the only one of that

class.

All of our lands demand more or less immediate attention, and I
shall attempt to show why this attention should be given them ; that
is, show, the necessity for advancing iniprovoinont work on the re

serves.

First, we will consider it from the point of silvicultural reason.
This reason applies more closely to lands of the over-stocked type
than to any of the others. On these areas we find conditions which
are the very reverse of good. The trees are crowded together, then-
boles are thin and spindly, and their crowns small and sparse.

Every quality of soil has a definite amount of nourishment available
for plant use, and no more. Consequently when an area contains
more trees than the soil contains nourishment to sustain, we find the
conditions stated above. And this is what we find on lands of type C.
There is insufficient nourishment for the stock, consequently the trees
are retarded in their development and what growth there is is gen-
erally of an inferior quality. These conditions are opposed to the
best silvicultural development standards, and the longer they are
allowed to remain so, the worse they will become. Now, g«m there,
remove the smaller and less valuable trees, and make available for
the remaining stock the food which the removed trees used, and also
the space for the spreading of their crowns. The remaining stock
will advance rapidly, their crowns will spread out, and the diametei
and height increment will increase. If enough trees are removed, the
boles of the small spindly trees will increase more rapidly in diameter.
If Tarrying out th^s improvement work means the advantages here

20

stated does not neglect of the work mean a corresponding loss?
Every 'year the workl omitted mean« a year lost to the trees' develop-
ment, and in the aggregate this is a great loss.

On the Mont Alto division of the South Mountam reserve, on the
point of Pine Mountain, along the public road to the Consumptive
Camp, there was made in the year 1904, an improvement cutting, cover-
ing a number of acres. The worthless and stunted trees were re
moved, cut into cord wood, and sold. Here we can see, in one phase
the silvicultural value of the work. Before this work was done there
were a few white pine seedlings growing here. Their tops were of a
sickly yellowish color, and the seedlings were not making their best
growth Since the cutting was made there is the greatest difference
to be seen in these seedlings. Their tops are of a deep rich green
and they are growing very fast. And in addition, there are great
numbers of all kinds of young seedlings coming on. These will soon
fill the blanks left by the removal of the worthless and dead trees. To
obtain the best returns and development on all these lands, they
must be managed so as to bring the growing stock as near normal
as may be done, and as soon as possible. ^ ^ , ,

The economic and financial side of this question is somewhat closely
allied with the silvicultural side, for on the attainment of the best
silvicultural development depends the highest financial return While
the carrying on of this work now does not mean large financial return
at the present time, there are economic reasons why it should be dcme

at once. , ^ j ^„

One thing is sure: The carrying on of this work at present does
not mean any increase in the cost of the work, but may mean a some^
what lower rate. The cutting and removal of small soft saplings is
certainly cheaper than the removal of the larger harder poles, not
only in the cutting but in the handling. Does not forest economy
demand that work of this kind be done when it can be done with the

Ipist cost ^

And then there is another phase. The removal of the stunted, dis-
eased, and dying valueless trees means there is so much more nourish-
ment available for the remaining trees. As stated above, this pro-
duces higher development both as to wood quality and quantity.
Better development means greater financial return.

Take an area capable of producing two cords per acre per annum
under the over-stocked conditions. The improvement of these lands
will mean an increase of perhaps one cord per acre per year bringing
the total up to three cords per acre per year. At the common rate
for cord wood this means an increase in value of $2.00 per acre per
vear. Should this work be put off for 10 years, it would mean a loss
;>f 10 cords per acre at a value of about f 20.00 in the value of the
woods. Will it not be better, financially, to do this work now when
the cost is the lowest, and secure this increase m value .

21

Another economic reason for doing this work now is to prevent
loss by reason of waste in the woods. This applies to two classes of
lands, those on which there is no stock of any value or of very small
value' and those on which there is a great quantity of timber, the
removal of which is a help, both by benefitting the remainder and by
a financial return.

Take those referred to first, which includes the open fields and the
barrens. In the open fields and barrens we have a dead investment,
i. e., one which calls for expense, protection and taxes, but which pro-
duces no return. This is wasteful, but it cannot be remedied at once.
In three counties, Adams, Franklin, and Huntingdon, we have taken
steps to put these lands into the paying class. White pine and other
seedlings have been planted on the open fields.

And again in the open fields we have another source of waste. On
these places we encounter two great soil enemies, leaching and erosion.
Kains beat down on the soil and what goes into the ground takes
with it some of the soil fertility while that which runs off carries
away the soil bodily. Trees are natural soil fixers and hence they
are the things to use here.

So for every year these lands, the open fields and barrens, are left
in their present state there is a loss through lack of return and pay-,
ment of expenses, through loss of soil and soil fertility.

On hundreds of acres of State land, the ground is occupied by a
mixture of valuable and valueless species. By the removal of the
latter so much greater area will be available for the use of the fomer.
On the Mont Alto Division on the top of the mountain, along the
public road to the Sanatorium, there was a stand in which oaks of
no value and aspen occupied much of the area. Under the direction
of the forester, during the fall of 1904, these were removed, and now
a good growth of oaks and chestnut is occupying the ground and fill-
ing the blanks.

As for the second mentioned lands, where the logs and tops are
strewn around and dead and dying standing trees occupy the ground,
the questicm has three phases. First, unless this stuff is utilized im-
mediately it will be impossible to derive from it any revenue, for it
will become rotten and worm eaten. Second, this stuff is occupying
ground which should be supporting good young growth. Third, areas
like this are fire traps. Fire starts easily here and once started burns
fiercely, destroying everything in its path.

So improving areas like this will do three things; produce a definite
financial return, give the young growth a chance, and destroy fire
traps. On the Mont Alto division, Pondtown tract, there were 40 or
50 acres of dead poles. It had been a growth of oak and chestnut
o? 4 to 10 inches in diameter, but fire killed it all. This stuff was

22

cut by the people of the vicinity, and hauled away. The Department
received fO 50 per cord on the stump. Here the young sprouts are
acain taking hold and making a good start.

On lands of type A, where we have the mature and over mature
stuff the question of the immediate advancement of this work hinges
on the fact that these lands have ceased to increase in value by
reason of any wood increment; but are either at a standstill or are
«oing back. Just as soon as stock ceases to increase in value it is
ripe for cutting, and where it has started to go back or depreciate m
value it should be cut at once. Why not reap the crop while it will
give us the highest returns, and give the second growth the advantage

of that much start?

Again we have to go to the Mont Alto division for an example of
this phase. On the Guilford tract near Pondtown there was a mature
xtand of oak and chestnut. Under the supervision of a forester his
was cut off It yielded the State about !H,400.00 clear profit. And
here the sprouts are already starting, although this was cut over only
during the spring and summer of 1907.

On the Caledonia division of the same reserve there are several
stands which are about ready for cutting, and should be cut withm
the next few years. But so long as a stand is not really going back,
•it will perhaps be better to expend all our efforts upon those areas
which are in greater need of improvement. , ^ . .

The financial side has this to be said in its favor, that by deriving
a return from the lands we will be meeting the popular demand for
some visible sign of wliat this business will amount to.

There is still another phase to this subject, which, while it may not
appeal very strongly to the forester, has a decided hold on the minds
of the people. This is the aesthetic value of the forests. One of the
popular ideas of forestry is that we are working toward the creation
and maintenance of foi-ests as parks and outing places for the people.
As we are to a greater or less extent working for the interests of the
people, we should recognize this public demand so far as is compatible
with the best interests of the forest.

When we come to look at the two extremes of forest land, and
scrub oak barrens of Pike county or the stripped hillsides of Tioga
county on one hand; and the cathedral pines of Mont Alto or the
hardwood grove on the road between Caledonia and the Sanatorium
on the other, we will all agree that there is a great deal of good in
the idea of developing the aesthetic beauty of the forests. There is
a necessity at this time to get the work before the public. We must
show that we are doing something real. Where will we find anything
so likely to attract attention as the fact that an agency has been at
work removing some of the eye-sores which exist along the public
roads? A well regulated forest, without a tangle of old logs and

23

greenbriars littering the floor, means more to the people than all
the explanation about silvicultural development and economic use of
the soil, and they will appreciate any effort we may make along this

line.

Almost all of the operations so far carried out have been along the
routes of public travel. Here the people see and appreciate the fact
that something is being done. So with the necessity of getting the
public's attention. Since the people will appreciate the development
of natural beauty, do you not think this another reason for the ad-
vancement of improvement work?

And now will this work pay? There is an idea somewhat prevalent
among the people that the real object of improvement work is the
immediate return to be derived from the sale of material. That this
idea is erroneous we all know. The real value of improvement work
lies in the increased value of the remaining stock. In many cases
improvement work can be made to pay for itself and in some cases to
yield a profit. But where the need for advancing the work is great, it
would be better to do it at a small immediate loss than to neglect it and
lose the increase in value of the stock. As for plantation work it
will more than pay for itself in the future.

Most of the states are taking up work in forestry, Pennsylvania per-
haps in the lead. She has gone into it deeper and more business like
than any of the others. There is still a lot of criticism and abuse by
people who do not know anything of the subject.

On our work will depend the disarming of these critics and their
change to friendliness. As before stated, most of the criticism
is on the ground that there is nothing of any value resultmg from
the work. By advancing improvement work as rapidly as possible
and showing by actual results that there is something bemg done, we
will make and hold them friends.

While we all concede that Improvement work is a necessity, we
must not forget the need for another phase of the work perhaps as
taportant. I refer to protection. All improvement will count for
nXng if we are to have it destroyed by fire. Every year thousands
of ac^es arl burned over. What will it benefit us if our work is t5
be obHterated within a year or two? While paying, therefore al
poss?M?attentil to the work of improving the lands, let „s see that
lands and werk are properly protected.

24

A SYSTEM OF FOEEST BOOK-KEEPING.

ROBERT G. CONKLIN, Forester.

In woikin- out a system of book-keeping for a reserve, there is one
thought to be kept constantly before you, simplicity. Where a forester
lias to do his own book-keeping, a complicated system will increase
his work two-fold. Book keeping will generally be done in the even-
ings after the day's reserve work is over, and a complicated system
will needlessly increase his labors.

The conditions under which we must work are, perhaps, unlike any
others where book-keeping is done. Each reserve is like a department
in a big manufacturing concern, and yet different; for while a depart-
ment of manufacturing has only one operation to deal with, here we
have as many different operations as there are compartments or
cutting areas in the reservation.

All our expenses are returned to a central office, and paid by
moneys from there. Likewise all receipts go into the same office,
but are paid from there into a different fund.

To work out a system of book-keeping which will be simple, yet
applicable to the conditions under which we must work, will take
time and experience. I am not an expert accountant, nor have I
had an extensive experience in book-keeping. Consequently I do not
set up any recommendations I may make as the best, but simply as

recommendations. ^ • ,i ^^ i •

In modern business practice, the card index system is rapidly taking
an important part. Business forms of various kinds simplify mat-
ters, and system plays an important part.

On the Mont Alto division, there is in use a system of book-keeping
which combines the use of books, blank forms, and cards under a
somewhat elaborate system. This system of book-keeping is good and
I thoroughlv approve it, as it is clear and practical. There the con-
ditions differ very much from the conditions on the reserves generally,
for there are school acccmnts and reserve accounts which intermingle
somewhat. lUit it is too coinplicaifd and elaborate for use on a re-
serve where conditicms are simpler and the forester has to do his own

book-keeping.

At Mont Alto they use the day-book, cash bfM)k, and ledger ; a card
index system, and a system of time-sheets and reports. The system
of time-sheets and reports is good, and as it is, perliaps, as simple

25

and effective as could be devised, it will be suitable for use on all
reserves ; but as for the books and cards, I believe them too cumbrous
and require too much work to be valuable on reserves.

At the Asaph Nursery I tried to devise a system, which, while
simple, would fill all requirements. Of course, here conditions were
much different from those found cm a reserve, for we had only one
operation to take care of. Other operations such as surveys and road
work, were simply charged to the Department. Here only two books
were used in connection with the system of time sheets, a journal and
a ledger. In the journal everything was charged as used, except
labor which was entered only at the end of each week or the last day
of the month. In the ledger the work was divided into such accounts
as operation, protection, grounds and buildings, equipment, etc. The
real stock account was headed -Pennsylvania Department of tores-
trv " and all goods and checks received were credited to this account.
All expenditures made for outside reserve work, but paid from the
nursery, were debited to this account. At the end of the season the
inventories of equipment, protection, and seedlings, were debited to
tliis account and the account balanced. This system is faulty without
a doubt, but having had no previous experience and needing it im-
mediately it was the best that could be evolved at the time.

When I submitted this question for the Convention I had not ex-
pected to be assigned it as a subject, but had expected to get some
fnformation from the Department as to their wishes m this matter.
So" r as 1 know there has never been any statement made to the
fores ers as to how they wanted the accounts kept. Are we o keep
a Tmde record of expenses and receipts, and allow the prohts and
^oss^ o be determined for each reserve as a whole, or by compart-
m nTs at he Department? Or are we to keep a more elaborate sy.
Teni of accounts so that we can determine at a glance whether the
oreratiJns on each compartment, or on the reserve as a whole, are
beinf mied on at a pn>f1t or a loss? So far, I have been gomg on
tir^;^^^^^^^^^^ that the second case is the <me under which we are

"""^hlre'is one thing which should be kept in mind though, and that

pends on the viewpoint. ^^^^^^^ZZ^Z^^^^^^

each compartment or <;i-f ^-;^;^ ^X*, shingle wood, etc.,

dilferent accounts such as pole \\oou, ,

"'The use'ol'a l....se lenf le,!,..- will. ,.e.lm,.s, be better than thi« for
at ^: end ^ eal-h ,ear .he leaves of the vav,o„s eonn-arfnents could
be separated and tiled, ea.h under its own head.

26

By keeping these separate accounts or books, each compartment
will be made a separate investment.

But this is, perhaps, too elaborate, for it will require that each
compartment have its own rangers ; that the forester and his assist-
ant will have to keep record of their time so as to charge it to the
compartments they have worked on ; and that will mean perhaps too

many accounts.* .

I believe the best way would be to have someone whose business it
is to solve such problems work out a simple but comprehensive
system of book-keeping for reserve use.

I do have a few recommendations to make :

First : Let the system be as simple and comprehensive as possible.
Nothing causes so much trouble and worry as mistakes in book-
keeping, due to ignorance of the system used.

Second: Use wherever possible blank forms which indicate clearly

what is required.

Third : Keep the accounts of each range or compartment separate,
so that a glance will suffice to show whether the operations have
been carried on at a loss or gain.

Fourth: Keep separate accounts, if possible, for the various classes

of products.

Fifth: Keep a general account which will show the status of the

business of the entire reserve at once.

There is still another point which I wish to place before this con-
vention, and that is the value of an accurate and minute record of
ihe daily progress of the work on each reserve. The use of a separate
record book for each compartment would very likely be much better,
but perhaps it would entail too much work. The best way may be
to use what may be called a Year Book. Each book would be divided
into the same number of parts as there are compartments in the
reserve and the complete record of the operations on the compart-
ments entered in the part of the book allotted to it. By the use of
0 separate leaf book waste in paper could be eliminated, and the
sheets used could be removed from the cover at the end of the year
and filed under their proper head. This would not only be cheap
but would reduce bulkiness in the record.

But whatever is done, one thing must be remembered : A full and
complete record of all transactions both in book-keeping and records,
should be kept on each reserve. The sooner a practical system is
worked out and put into use, the better it will be for all parties and
interests concerned.

workmen new reserves has been reduced to a system, uniform ^^^^^^^J^^tsIoneJ'Srro^estry.

27

FOEEST NUESEEIES AND NUESEEY WOEK.

W. H. KRAFT, Forester.

The ever increasing demand for desirable timber trees brings to
our mind the mission of Forest Nurseries, which is to supply seed-
lings of the most desirable species, in large quantities, at a nominal
cost to be used in reforesting waste and burned over lands.

These forest nurseries are being established by individuals, rail-
road and lumber companies, state and national governments, for then-
own 'use, and professional nurseymen for the sale of desirable seed-
linc^s of Ihe timber species for forest planting. This method is used to
overcome the uncertain and slow natural regeneration of our most
desirable species of timber trees.

The for^t nurseries I will deal with mostly are the ones now
established and operated under the direction of the Pennsylvania
Forest Reservation Commission. . . , • * +1,0

These nurseries, of which there are three principal ones at the
prlent tfrne arTs; situated in different parts of the State, that see^^
Hn"s from them may be supplied to the different reserves without

^L^Te «d'it Z' Alto, FranUlin county, was established in
the Sr°nrof 1902, and with which most of you are fam.har from our
Les^rTreports. One is situate at Greenwood, Huntingdon county,
rtaSbefin the fall of 190G. The otUer Is «»uate "ear A^^^^^^
Tioga county est^^H^Jed in th^^^ ^ ^ Of^the nurs^^y^^^

Greenwood, of ''^^^ch I now have c^ g ^ .^ ^^^^^^

This nursery contains about twj cultivation

on a northwest slope in - "'^ /^^^^ J^^.i^,,,, thereon. The site
for farm ^P^/.^^/f^S; of coniferous seedlings. The soil is
"f r«:rchTac r Id isToteeted on the west by a strip of wood-

manured, and cleared of ston^^ He a p ^ ^^^^^^^

planted in nursery rows two *f »1J*' ^^^hickory, one pound
of white oak acorns, one-quarter l'"« '«\?^ l^^ffe^rb;. He also
of black locust, which he gathered in l.e local ty nea y ^^ ^^.^^
prepared twenty nine seed beds 4 x 70 f^t ^or th p ^ ^g^^
pine seed the following «P"ng- ^n J^f'^vorable weather and a
;rSo:^tas"=ra=:r-. ^ - f.I hefor.

28

until the last week in April. With what help that could be pro-
cured at that time, the seed beds were prepared and there were
planted 75 lbs. of white pine in drills six inches apart, sowing a
few beds broadcast as an experiment only ; 5 lbs. Scotch pine, 5 lbs.
European larch, 10 lbs. white ash, 3 lbs. cucumber, 40 lbs. shellbark
hickory, 40 lbs. bitternut hickory, all sowed in drills six inches apart.
The seed beds are raised about four inches above the path, are
4 X 70 feet, and run east and west giving them the benefit of the
shifting light throughout the day. All the seeds above mentioned
were procured by the Commissioner from professional seedsmen, and
were sent me too late to make test for germination. Owing to the
ground remaining cold and damp until in June, the germination of
all the seeds was retarded, ncme making any appearance until late
in June and in July. The conifers showed almost a perfect germina-
tion, also the white ash. The cucumber was evidently worthless,
as none of it germinated. The hickories were so badly ravished by
the pine squirrels that very few were left to germinate. At the
present time I am unable to give the exact number of seedlings m
the nursery as no inventory was taken in the fall of 1907 owing to
insufficient help. Taking an inventory in the fall requires another
in the .spring to account for loss by severe winter or heavy spring
frosts. ' With proper appliances, such as screens to shade the beds,
and an available water supply in case of drought for watering beds
and seedlings, I think this nursery when fairly started will produce
from five to eight hundred thousand seedlings a year. This will de-
pend largely on the age of the seedling to be used in the planting
operations, as more two year old seedlings can be procured than
those transplanted. The age at which the seedlings may be used
will depend largely on the location of the plantation ; two year old
seedlings being satisfactory for plantations in old fields and ground
which are easily prepared for planting; but where there is a heavy
growth of brush or briars, four year old transplants are more ad-
visable. The additional cost of these transplants will be about $2.50

per thousand.

Other work d<me at Greenwood in connection with the nursery
was the making of a black walnut plantati(m in an old field contain-
ing about four and one-half acres. This was planted in the fall of
lOOG by Forester Hyers, about :i() bushels of walnuts being used and
I^lanted four by four feet. The nuts were greatly destroyed by the
s(iuirrels during the winter. What seed germinated made a thrifty
growth, in the fall of 1007 ranging from six to twelve inches in
height. The blanks were filled in in the fall of 1007 with nuts,
nineteen bushels being used for the purpose.

The year 1007 having been a fairly good white pine seed year, one
hundred and fourteen bushels of white pine cones were gathered by

29

boys of this locality, for which I paid thirty cents per bushel. While
these cones when dried did not turn out as large a quantity of seed
per bushel as some foresters estimate, from 114 bushels of cones I
cleaned 77 lbs. of seed, ready for planting, averaging one pound of
seed to not quite every bushel and a half of cones. Counting total
cost of building screens on which \o dry the cones, trays to catch the
seed, and cost of cones, the price per pound was about $0.59 Allow-
ing that these screens and trays will last five years instead of one,
the cost would be reduced nearly one third.

The crop of other desirable seeds in this region, excepting walnuts,
was a total failure in the year 1907.

The cost of labor in our nurseries and upon reserves could be re-
duced considerably, I think, if the question of hiring If ^Y^lli!
better adjusted than at pnisent. Men are now employed only duiing
the busy season of the year. This is unsatisfactory, as a man ac^
uanted with the character of the work will do considerably more
than one who is not. Therefore, steady, industrious men, who are
nukk to learn the work, are unwilling to be employed at a low wag
?or a ew months only in the year. When men can obtain work a
a higher wage even if it require their being away from home a great
Lrt of the time, they will seek such work. On account of the in-
r^a'sel lt:tTliving' a nian is unable to provide for a f .mly on
vn average of eight months' work a year with lb to 18 da>s per
month working only 145 to 150 days per year out of a possible 300

labor in and about the reserve.

DIVIDING THE KEBEEVES.

LEWIS E. STALEY, Forester.

30

01 value in the future management of the area to be treated. If
the reserves were to be divided into their several divisions at short
intervals, say every five or ten years, the subject would be quite differ-
ent; but since when once divided they are divided for all time ex-
cepting for small changes, we should have nothing short of a com-
plete past and present record. A division of the forest depends
largely upon the kind of management to which the reserve will be
subjected: that is, do the conditions of the forest require an mten-
sive management, or are they such that warrant only an extensive

management?

These conditions can only be actually known by a complete sur-
vey Until recently, the boundaries of lands owned by the Common-
wealth were not well located. The method of this complete survey
depends largely on the value of the forest as represented by the re-
turns. Generally speaking, all main lines such as boundaries, all
public roads, all streams, meadows, farms, and anything else that
may be of a permanent nature should be surveyed and accurately
marked. As these data, so procured, will form all skeleton maps
for future management of the entire area, they should be carried
out in the minutest detail and to the greatest degree of accuracy.
Nothing should be left undone that might be of value in determining
what lines to follow for the future.

Considering conditions as we have them on the reserves today, each
reserve may be well divided under the following general heads, viz:
1st. Ranges,
2nd. Ranges into Blocks,
3rd. Blocks into Compartments,
4th. Compartments into sub-compartments.

By a range is understood such an area as may be conveniently cov-
ered by one man called a ranger. In the division of a reserve of
twenty thousand acres or more there are two conditions which must
be considered : The situation and the intensity of management.

In the case of scattered blocks, or in hilly country such as we have
to deal with, the ranges may comprise a smaller area than if the
blocks are consolidated or situate on level ground. In forests which
yield a small return, as is the case with ours at present, the ranges
may be large. Where the returns are large it pays to make the ranges
small in order to facilitate a more intense management of the area.
The boundaries of ranges should in all cases conform to some very
conspicuous topographical features. If for some reason no well de-
fined ridge can be had, some permanent fixture as a public road may
be well suited to mark the boundary. In rare instances either of
these may make the range too small or too large. Then the only
method would be to designate the boundary by an opened line. It

31

might happen that this line between the ranges may be well located
for a fire lane and under these conditions would serve for both
boundary line and fire protection.

Each range may again be divided into smaller divisions called
blocks. These may or may not be of value other than reducing the
area into workable sizes. If it should be convenient to divide the
range into blocks by natural boundaries, very good ; if not, it may
be no detriment to the range. On large ranges this division into
blocks may aid in designating any particular part of the range.

Again blocks are divided into compartments. Compartments are
sometimes called the sylvicultural unit because they form the unit
of work. The whole of this division is effected by using in addition
to the outer boundary lines, interior natural lines, as creeks and
smaller water courses ; or some geographic unit, as a basin formed
by two hills, the entire flat on top of a hill, or, in some cases, from
the top of a hill to a ravine.

The boundaries of compartments may be made to comcide with the
conditions of growth. For instance, a compartment may be com-
posed of a pure stand of pine, of chestnut, or of some other species.
\ge conditions and, in some cases, public roads may conveniently
form compartment boundaries; but it is best to have some geographi-
cal feature form boundaries when convenient. This will do away with
Ihe possibility of the lines ever being changed,-something that must

be ffuarded against. ... _ ,

The size of the compartments as well as of other divisions depends
on the intensity of management, the extent of danger from fire, and
the size of the former division.

When there is necessity for dividing compartments these dnns.ons
are known as snb-compartments. Such subdivisions should be
avoided as much as possible because of the additional expense in^
curred in their management. When a compartment is composed o
an area of large trees and an area of small trees each area may be
allTa sub-compartment, but as soon as there ai^as can e ^rown
together without much distinction of age classes it should be worked

'^Torrlrntages to be gained by dividing the reserves are

'^Efrrlnger knows exactly the area which he is to cover or patro.
Fn case of operations a record can be kept and the exact location

'irbet management can be effected by striving toward the ideal
foSt, and this i.s most easily accomplished by a systematic division
of the forest into workable units.

82

A REGULARLY EMPLOYED LABOR FORCE.

LEWIS E. STALEY, Forester.

The necessity of a regular force of laboi-ers is becoming more ap-
parent as forestry advances. Not alone in forestry has th.s necev
sity manifested itself, but in all business operations one of the flist
things to be considered is n.en,-a regular force of laborers-men
that can be depended upon at all times.

How can good results be accomplished if the men that are doing
the work are careless and unconcerned? If good results are to be
accomplished in forestry as in any other business, the men must be
^r^or less trained for the work they are to do. Tliey must have
practice, and this can only be obtained by having them employed

Tome one may make the statement that men are plentiful, that men
can be picked up at any time. Of course to a very great extent this
is true at present, but is it m,t als.. true that such men j.s are ava li-
able at any time of the year, are in many cases men that cannot be
depended upon? You have them one day and the next day they are
gone. They Have some excuse, your work does not suit them, or perhaps

the wages are too little. . . , ,

Why does the State train its own foresters? It is simply because
the Commission has found it to be the most advantageous way m
which to fit men for the work. Men who are trained along certain
lines can undoubtedly work to better advantage «'»« «";7;;.;" "I^^^
be picked up at toy time. The same rule may be applied to labore
They may not be so well adapted to the work in the begmn.ng, but
in niost cases, woodsmen, in particular, can in short time do the work

as it must be done.

A very good example of a regularly employed force of laborers ,s
the section gang of a railroad. These companies have a certain
amount of work which must be done just as the forester has on each
reserve. Could not these railroad companies depend on picking up
men as the occasion demanded? Is it not true that the ' section^
labor is almost at an end as soon as the rough weather «ets in and
yet the majority of the gang are retained the entire year? There s
something at all times to employ them if it is only to make a surplus
of handles for their tools. The retaining of these men in my opinion,
is simply because the railroad companies have found it to be to then

33

advantage to stick closely to their experienced workmen. The com-
panies have so distributed their labor over the entire year that men

are needed at all times.

The same idea with reference to distributing labor over the entire
year could be used to advantage in forestry. While it is true there
is certain forestry work, such as nursery work and fire patrol, which
re(iuii-es prompt action, there is a great deal of labor of other kinds
whidi can be distributed over the greater part of the year just as it
must be done when laborers cannot be had.

In forestrv nearly every kind of labor must be done with the great-
est care Chdiuary laborers in many cases are not capable of accom-
plishing the best results. For instance, take a man into the forest to
do iiuinovement work who has never swuiig an axe more than to split
wood <m his own wood pile; while he may be one of the best of work-
men, he knows nothing about handling an axe, nothing about felling
trees, cannot cut stumps as they should be cut, and in general knows
little about the woods and the requirements of the work. But he is
willing and always ready to do what is asked of him in his way of
working. This man will soon realize how improvement work must
be d.me, and in a short time can do fairly well. If men of this kind
could be employed regularly, they undoubtedly would work to better
advantage than if picked up at leisure. , , , „„

Not alone in improvement w..rk would a regularly employed force
of laborers be a great advantage, but on reserves where nurseries
have been established they could be available for the rush season of
le year In the early spring when nursery work must be pushed,
when m. St planting must be d.,ne, and, as a rule when men are scarce,
ese regu">- -en could be used to great advantage. By experience
1 ey w!.«ld soon learn how nursery work must be done and in case
L absen.e of the forester in charge they could go ahead and cause
m, delay which so often is the case where the forester has charge of
work other than that of the nursery.

itX hi the soring and fall fire seasons there is always necessity
lor K« ISnfi" wardens on most of the reserves. The ranger
rimlst cll-se: has to patrol at least from five to^ven thousand acre
of mountainous country which, of course, is entirely too great ne
a b in meregion and fire be burning in another for several hou^
Ifore 1 e rscovfrs it. Instead of taking some laborer not suited to
^he oos tlon as in uiany cases the forester is compelled to do, one of
esHgular men could be available for each range at any time; and
nlse o lain or damp weather there is always plenty of other work
L tl in sua as opening roads, fire lanes, ^-V^^^-^^l^'^-^'^y '-«'
nnd numerous other small jobs that othenv.se must be done.

The sXrv of these men would necessarily vary according o the
staul^ird of the iLlity. In localities where lumbering is carried on

34

and where manufacturing establishments are near at hand a larger
salary would be required. Under conditions as we have them on
the Mont Alto reserve, $30.00 per month would be a reasonable salary
-o begin, with the chance of a raise as proficiency in the work is
reached. These men would soon realize the importance of the work
and once being interested they would undoubtedly work to the ad-
vantage of the State. . ^ . ^
Next the value of these men could hardly be estimated in case of
fire While this mav not be true on the Mont Alto reserve where the
Academy students are ready in a few minutes to respond to any fire
call yet on reserves other than this one, and where men are scarce,
truly great results could be accomplished with these regular men.
They would be ready at any time and cause no delay in getting to the
fire something that may aid in checking disastrous fires.

As a summary, where nurseries have been established on the re-
serves, the regularly employed force of men could greatly aid m
getting the work through. After the rush season of nursery work
they could be used to advantage in improvement cutting, thinnings,
opening fire lanes and trails, and in any surveying that might be
done; and last but not least they would be at all times ready for fire
service which, in case of scarcity of men, would alone more than repay
ihe salaries paid them by the State.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE RANGER SERVICE.

B. FRANK HEINTZLEMAN, Forester.

As the State forest reserves are placed in charge of foresters the
more intense system under which they are managed demands that
some improvements be made in the ranger service to aid in putting
the system into effect. The ranger has an important part to perform
in the management of the State reserves.

The first thing to discuss when considering improvements along
This line is the duties of rangers. When a forester has charge of a
large reserve, 20,000 or 25,000 acres, upon which much work has to
be done, it is not possible for him to look after the details He
should plan and direct how it is to be done. The ranger should then
be able to take charge of what does not require direct supervision of
the forester, and carry it forward according to orders. Such work
includes improvement cuttings, building roads, cutting fire lanes,
burning brush, and the like.

35

For all work to be done on the respective ranges, they should
under direction of the forester, employ the help needed and keep the
time sheets. They should have the right to dispose of fire-killed
limber in the way prescribed by the forester. Some rangers, es-
pecially those on reserves which are not yet supplied with foresters,
beem to think that patroling is the one thing required of them; that
if a certain amount of time is spent riding or walking over the reserve
they have done their full duty. Instead of patroling being their
whole duty it should be but a small part of it. The other part should
consist in keeping roads in a passable condition, in opening the trails
svhere necessary to make any part of the reserve accessible, in keepmg
springs well cleaned and paths opened leading to them, and in doing
anv other work directed by the Department.

The rangers should traverse that part of the reserve boundary along

their ranges, at least once a month. Under the present method used

w sorrangers, of patroling only the roads nearest the lines, adjoin^

nVowners might cut over them for a long while and the rangers not

be aware of it Rangers should be encouraged to operate small nur-

leZZ connection with their work and should be supplied with

he necessary material for planting and instructions concerning the

•aLinrof see^^ There are many half days when a rauger would

o heX bt doifg nothing that his ti- -U^^ P-^^^^^^^ ^^-

in a nursery. The seedlings raised could be used to plant the many

and in most cases it will be the forest J^o interested

their rangers interested in the work. Until the men are

UwUl always be somewhat -t-ded and of a poor qnaUt^ Pr^ably

one of the best .ays to aj-o-e mt ^^^^^^ ilfh orTe coming year,
to them his plans of work for the coming m concerning

Kxplain why such work is nec^sary and sU ^e. vews^ ^^^^^^^ J

;ro;::Lt^' - - 1 ^^- -- -- -- ^^ ^^^•^■

"?he placing of rangers in charge of men «np.yed on .e ^^e..
should help stimnlate "^f f'^;^^"^ ^ responsible for the manner
piece of work if he knows ;;;«f;„''^™;b„netins and circulai. is-
in which it is done. Copies « a'/^P^;'^;^^ ^^ ttem, so that they

who aie scarcely able to read and write. As long as

36

rangers include only patroling and watching, these men do very we 1;
but as the reserves are now beginning to be managed more intensely,
a ranger should be a man of at least suffliient intelligence to be able
to make reports on work done, to keep the time of laborers, and con-
duct the sale of wood.

Again, some of the i.resent rangers are too old to be of much service
to the Department. These men were often appointed when the land
was purchased, no doubt because of their familiarity with the lines
of the tracts. In this, it is true, they are often superior to younger
men but as the boundaries of the reserves are now being carefully
located by surveys and men are being i.ut in charge of the reserves
who know how to determine the position of a line when the question
•irises the need of their services in this direction is diminishing
vearlv. Because of their age they do not spend the amount of time on
'ihe reserves that thev should, and they ai-e not able to perform well
severe labor, which often has to be done under trying conditions, such
as fighting fire. Therefore, if the maximum age of men appointed
was about 45 years, and then only those considered who are physically
able to do hard labor, the reserves would show the result of the change
in a short time. When a ranger is to be appointed, other conditions
being equal, a man should be chosen who lives nearest to the reserve.
One livin.' three or four miles from his resei-ve cannot give good ser-
vice with this distance to traverse to reach his work. If dwelling
houses found un the reserves are to be used as houses for rangers and
their families, they should be kept in repair. If it is necessary to
erect buildings for this purpose, comfortable cabins should be built
as the kind of men we like to occupy them is not the kind that is
satisfied with anything. .

All rangers should be sworn forest officers. When a man is under
oath to see that the law is obeyed there is no inclination to leave
wr<mgs unrighted. The ranger service might be greatly improved
by the payment of a salary of about $45 per month, every man receiv-
ing the same amount. Very efficient men could be secured at such a
salary Even at the present salaries which as a rule are lower, some
very capable men who are often making a great deal more than the
rangers, figuring on a per day basis, inquire as to the prospects of
getting a position, being attracted by the regular all-the-year-round
cmplovment. Much good might be accomj)lished by having the
rangers make out their report? according to a regular system, show-
ing the kind of work at which they were employed each day of the
month, and the number of hours per day. The latter would prevent
men from spending two or three hours on the reserve and recording
it as the work of a full day. They should be allowed to be absent
from the reserve a definite number of days per month. If they wish
to be absent more days than the required number, the permission of
the forester or of the Department ought first to be obtained.

37

A SYSTEM OP FOREST PROTECTION.

JAMES E. McNEAI,, FuixsUr.

Considering the short time which Forestry has been practiced in
this State, and the condition of our land at present, the primary and
most essential thing with which we have to deal is the protection of
forests from damaging agencies.

Dr. J. T. Rothrock, in an article printed in the 18!J. Itq.o.t "t the
Division of Forestry, has written,—

"The one central point auu.ng existing conditions is tha the c is
uo use in attempting to save what forests we have, or to restore them
" Ig ound from which they have bc.n removed, until a icasoiial.e

rection against fire is assured. Neither the State nor the ni-
dlvtuanan'hope for success until a thorough, radical change has

'Tirf X'tion, together with protection f-'" "^^^ j^Sv

...rPTicies precedes all benefits which we can receive, eithei dneit y

of Sc^rfrom our forests, and should be dealt with accrdn.gly

Ve "llTd no! only fight the danger after it has n.^ ^s .^..arance

but should take measures for the l'-ve«;>»";t "'>;»»;'; ^ide^
forests. These dangers are numerous, and ma>, m a ^^a^, be div.aea

into three classes:

1. Dangers from human agencies.

2. Dangers from organic agencies.

•{ T>nn<TMs from inorganic agencies. . „ .

indrtfirfi.it class, 01. f^^^^ ^^1:::^:^^ :::i::::n

tainly the greatest and ."'-^^-aded. sou m .v^ ^ __^ ^^^^^^^^
a thing as a match, carelessly ""own . Mdi ^> „,,, ^,,,„.

sr;'r.::r, S'lrr:.":,:.!:*,-.,;-, ...■ ....■

usually only the destruction of 8" "^ t'^*^ '^ [^ .^,„^,^ effected and
but indirectly the forest ^-^^%^^l:^:,'ZZ,r^'^y^e agency of
the productive capacity .rf the so lle'^^n ^^^^^^^^ ,^,ief, and

bre the drain on our forests has oeti ^^^^^^

although there have been ^^r^^^;^; *'?,.; ,.,ay be illus-
burned over, in many places «'•<•»»'> ^^'^^''^^..^^t ^ftv vears, there
trated by a .ase in Oregon, -•'«>■«' '^""^ ^^^aover than cut over,
have been nearly 1,000,000 acres more land buinea

38

Another case in which Are has done inestimable damage, occurred in
New Brunswick In 1825, when there occurred what is known as the
Miramichi Are, which, in nine hours, destroyed a belt of forest eighty
mllTlong and twenty-five miles wide. More than 2,500,000 acr^
were burned over and nearly every living thing was swept from its
path, 160 persons and nearly 1,000 head of stock perished. A number
of towns were destroyed and 590 buildings burned.

Fires of this type are seemingly of the past, greatly due to laws and
regulations governing the burning of brush, the awakening of the
p^ple to the importance and necessity of our forests, and the good
work of Federal and State authorities. In our own State, statistics
show a marked decrease in loss from forest fires. I" 19<»2 ^he loss
was 1620,573, in 1903 it was 1241,240, in 1904, |135,873, and in 1905
it was reduced to f 63,951, which is less than 1-9 of the loss four years
before. It does not follow, however, that the loss will decrease an-
nually, and until there is a good system of protection established,
we may look for very heavy losses.

The loss due to trespass is comparatively small and may be guarded
against, to a great extent, by having good ranger service, by making
all boundary lines conspicuous, and by placing warning notices

through the tract.

Protection from organic agencies, i. e., from insect and fungus
attacks, is very difficult and entails much study and experiment. The
loss by reason of this agency is not nearly so great as that by reason
of fire, but we must guard against it, nevertheless. This may be ac-
complished to some extent, by removing all breeding places, as dead
or dying trees, and slashings. . , . „ „ .■ ^.

Under dangers from inorganic origin we have "wind-falls which,
although they do not occur frequently, are often accompamed by
very heavy losses. On September 30th, 1896, a destructive "windfall
occurred in Sullivan, Wyoming, and Lu.erne counties, and although
Ihere is no exact estimate of the damage done, it is probable that not
less than 200,000,000 feet were destroyed, covering an area of from
10,000 to 15,000 acres. This danger may be partly overcome by using
proper methods of cutting, which should always be done under direc-
tion of a forester.

In establishing an effective system of forest protection it is neces-
sarv to do away with the cause of destruction. One of the most
essLVal things is good fire and trespass laws. Penalties shoud be
so severe that malicious people will be afraid to violate these laws,
and careless people will be more careful.

It should be the duty of rangers, from the point of forest protection
to patrol the woods in order to guard against fire and ■•««?"' /"^
TO keep all fire lanes, or roads and trails used as fire lanes, free from

39

inflammable material. They should have some knowledge of harmful
insects and fungi, in order that attacks may be promptly reported to
the proper authority and effective measures taken to check them.

During fire seasons, there should be men employed to patrol the
woods, if there are not enough rangers to do it properly. There should
be one man to not more than 5,000 acres. "Look-out" stations, with
telephone connection when possible, should be built on points com-
manding a good view of the surrounding country. There should be
a man stationed at each of these stations while there is danger of
fire. With the aid of field glasses he would locate fires as nearly as
possible, and report them so that men might be sent out promptly.
If a system of telephone lines were established, one can readily see
.hat help could be had soon after the fire started and in many cases
could be controlled, with little damage. A system of telephone lines
has been successfully operated in the state of Maine, and in 1904 re-
ports from one telephone are said to have saved many thousands of

dollars. ... . <

All lumbering contracts should obligate the careful burning of
slashing, whether on state land or private land adjoining other forest
land Although lumbermen do not meet such demands favorably,
on account of the expense, experiments show a very small cost. In
pine regions the slash has been piled and burned at the rate of less
than 25 cents per M. B. F. logs scaled, and in some cases it has been
as low as 15 cents. In California experiments have been made in
which the slashing was burned as the lumbermen left it, by burning
small areas at a time, in a way that the fire can be controlled at all
times This has been done successfully and at a small cost.

Many advantages are derived from the burning of slashing, among
which are clear ground for better reproduction, destruction of so-
called "fire-traps," breeding places tor insects and fungi, and easier
means of travel through the woods. , „„., +„„ii«

There should be on all large tracts, a network of roads and trails
in order to confine fires to areas as small as possible. When cutting
fire lanes it is advisable to cut them in places where there are ikely
fobe" rmanent roads in the future, which will be used as fire anea
All fire lanes should be kept free from inflammable niater.al and
Luld be opened up annually, soon after the g-wth f ops -d befor
the fall fire season begins. When there are railroads through forest
and there should be a strip burned on either side of the tracks and
lept fi^e from inflammable material during the time there is danger

'Trote'ion from trespass through ignorance may ^^ ef abl^shed by
cutting a clean and distinct path along all boundary lines This path
.houll be made conspicuous by marking line trees with a special
blaTe and posting warning notices. Warning notices should also be

40

placed along frequently traveled roads and paths through the interior,
S the tract All corners should be solidly built of stone wh.ch wi
not be greatly affected by the elements. In order that corners will
rconsp'uous they should be built of material which is not found

in the immediate vicinity.

Although an effective system of forest protection will be expensive
and will run into a good sized sum of money, it is better to es abhsh
it as soon as possible than to have losses, every year, that w. 1 in a
comparatively short time exceed the c<.st of an ade<iuate system of
protection for many years. This may be illustrated by a case in the
Adironda.k Mountains where, in l!»o:!. fires involving a loss ol *.5,oOO
entailed an additional expense of |1 75,(10(1 for fire hghhng alone. If
this amount had been used in carrying ..ut a syslc.u of protection dur-
ing the dangerous months the great loss would have been averted, and
protection afforded for many years.

MANAGEMKNT OP FOREST LANDS UNDER PRESENT FOR-
EST CONDITIONS.

JAMES K. McNEAL, Forester.

Under various circumstances a forest may yield its best return in
wood, bark, or other forest products, in m.mey, or interest on the
eapit;i which it represents, but which ever <.f ♦'-- -"^^ ", ""l^f j",
forest is chosen in any given case, the fundamental idea ot f«" '«*■>«
that of making the forest yield the best service ,.ossible at present and
n snch a way that its usefulness in the fu.ure will not be d.miiushed,
Lut rather increased. A forest well managed under practical method
will vield a return in at least one of the ways just menli.med, but
before it will be in condition to render the best service, there are tour
things which a forest must have.

These are — i

1 Protection, especially against fire and thieves ; lor wilhout such
pro'tection no in;estment is secure and the most skillful management

"2"' 'fltronrand abundant reproduction. Without this a forest

will speedily die out.

3 A reeular supply of mature trees to be cut.

4. Th^proper amount of growing space for each tree, m order
that ail trees may grow to the best advantage.

41

The first requirement in the management of any property is that
its condition be known and recorded. Hence, in placing a tract of
forest land under management a survey is necessary, the object of
t^uch a survey is to h'ave maps showing,

1. Outside boundaries.

2. Roads, rivers, railroads, and other means of transportation.

3. Lines between different localities having different laws, or
which come under different jurisdiction, as county and township
lines. Interior tracts of forest land, and land upon which any rights
are reserved.

4. Contour lines and configuration.

5. Differences of soil. Whether agricultural, forest, or unpro-
ductive.

6. Fire lanes.

7» Cleared land within the tract.

8. Types of forest.

9. Any special land marks which may be noted.

In connection with these maps there should be a general descrip-
tion of forest, climatic, and surrounding conditions, of possible dan-
gers, of market and labor conditions, and of means of transportation.

After this work has been done and one knows the condition of the
forest, a division may be made into lots and aggregation of lots into
ranges. In Pennsylvania, where most of the State forest land is in
mountainous districts, division lines should follow the configuration
of the soil. Difference of soil or character of growth within lots

gives rise to sublots.

A valuation survey should then be made, ascertaining amounts of
standing timber, rate of growth on various sites, and determining
capability of production and future yield in material and money.

All these preparations should be made before a plan of management
IS determined. After one knows what can be expected from the for-
est, general plans should be made for all time, and special plans for
i. period of from ten to twenty years. The length of rotation should
be determined and amounts to be cut should be designated, stating
lots to be cut, with view of obtaining favorable distribution of age
classes. Thinnings should be made, and methods determined to be
used in felling and culture.

DISPOSAL OF FIRE-KILLED TIMBER.

PAUL H. MULFORD, Forester.

A fire running through a forest often assumes proportions that
cause Sea^ damage to the roots of trees, burning the humus and
"ound'^^oor, often burning the roots themselves, thus leaving the

1

42

trees with few supports to withstand heavy winds. They are blown
trees witii lew supi ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^

rite r;rurn'aw V the bTrkof a tree, girdling it and leaving
UstlingTprey'o inlurious insects which are thus invited to and
osteTed in starting a breeding colony in these dying trees. Fmally
findtn' no living Ussue to feed upon, these insects go at once to the
Sn branch or scarred trunk of a living tree, and proceed to start

''?LrL"^"te.hilled trees we have to deal with largely
on the relive? in this State. A method to dispose of them must be
found Standing or lying, they are a detriment to young growth,
hnrti hv crowding and because of fire menace.

n fte worifof the U. S. Forest Service, it has been proved by many

.trrneth est. that fire-killed timber, for instance wh.te pme, or fir
strength tests ma ^^ ^ ^^ ^^^^ ^,j,te

£:^an:-tia?'i'-is olo as strong as kilndried timber where it has

Ttel^sroldrrtsitation in offering fire-kiUed timber as
second Sa'slumber, and also as timber ready for preservative pro^
c^ Is he moisture has evaporated, there is no watery sap to act
afa mechanical barrier to the entrance of the preservative Green
or unseasoned timber must be piled for several --^^^^'';^7/i;:;^
proper condition ^or.treatment else it has to e s«h ectf t^je-al

^':^JrZ:^:^"'^S^^^^^-^ therefore, sound
LkUl^ timber is really more valuable for preservative purposes
than grSn The dead timber being perfectly seasoned - '"^ ^«« ^^
handled and cheaper to ship. Making the 1-ger luaterial sa able for
ling timbers, -ilroad ties, telephone poles ^^^l^^'^l^^^^

^:X ^ven^r/f ttrarth^e ^-g Of more valuable
•"St;:cirar"of are-kmed timber is chec. This appears

.a^ked In :L it is killed. If the ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^J'^^^.^: ^J
wood will be found somewhat decayed Most ''\'^^ J^^^^^'o^^^
some hardwoods, will last a long time, if not lying fla on the ground

in the west, especially in Colorado wherejhe m.ne^^^^^^^
alone, Leadville, (Cir. Ko. 113, U. S. F. S) use eacu m
B M of flrekilled timber for mine props, flre-killed timber is ae
fidedlv preferred to green timber because it is perfec^ ^-^t" ,
V K+ ^ T^ riPTivpr fire-killed timber has been used for a numoer oi
yets fS iSel a^d cLt'^-ith excellent results, being odorless and
not liable to shrink or warp.

43

Pennsylvania with it many mines and factories using great quan-
tities of mine timber, boxes, pails, and baskets, in their operation,
Ehould be impressed with the value of this class of material, and thus
create a market for large quantities of fire-killed timber.

On a part of the Stone Reserve, an area of about ^ acres, lie 25
M. ft. B. M. of fallen timber killed by fire. It stood for about two
years only to be wind swept, and having no root system to hold it,
fell. This is in a place six to eight miles from a railroad, and acces-
sible only by a very poor trail road. One man uiade an offer to pay
$1.00 per M. feet for all logs sawed mill measure, 50 cents per M. for
shingles, 50 cents per M. for lath, and 30 cents per M. for fence posts.
This prospective buyer says "that by taking all fire-killed and down
timber, there is still left a good profit at these rates." Another, a
boss logger, not wishing to make a bid says -|12.00 per xM. can be
safely paid for all the better stuff, and fire wood or charcoal be made
of the inferior material."

Confining this subject to our own State, we must first realize that
each reserve because of its geographical and geological position would
be governed by its own peculiar conditions. The money consideration
in the disposal of fire-killed timber in one case could hardly be used
as an example for every other. However, having in mind the idea of
advanced forestrv, and the thought that fire-killed timber is a great
detriment to growing trees, seedlings, and necessary undergrowth, as
well as to the cause of forestry, its removal is warranted at an ex-
pense equal to its revenue. Personally, I believe that its removal
is warranted at a cost in excess of its return value. Such a deficit
1. to be regarded a good investment on account of the improved con-
ditions obtained in the then cleared and growing forest.

Again with a careful system thoroughly thought out for each re-
serve and operated under good management, there will eventually
be a return of revenue far above the expense, and plus this, give a
clean forest, a practical object lesson in applied forestry, an oppor-
tunity to train unskilled labor, as well as create a force of local
workers, breed a friendly instead of a hostile feeling to the cause of
forestrv, and last, but far from least, leave a general result that He

" Eac^^^^^^^^^^^ an idea of profit from fire-killed timber^ must

first cater to the need of its local market, and then create a marke for
the remainder of the product, the idea being to make the former bear
the expense, and from the latter, the fragments, receive the clear gain

or nrofits of the operation.

At mv station, the Stone Eeserve in Tioga county, from personal
observaiion and information received from loggers, lumbermen and
local rt"dents, it is believed the amount of flre-killed fallen timber
warLnTs the e ection of a model plant for the manufacture of lumber.

44

.oxwood, paving blocU. -te wood >at., ^^^^^^^^^^^^

sawduBt, poles, fence P-^*^'/^''^ ^' J^^^oT aS wood butts, and

tion, charcoal, wood ashes ^<^^2" ^n^^!^t i-^ lo<^«l «•• ^^"^
nulp wood. All of these could be marketea

-^ tr r:: ri^^^i: x^

rn:pln^rw1S\;s&1re er^.U of .e ™,

i;"e instillation of such a ^yf^^^^^^^tZ^^ot to local buyers,
Certain kinds of fire-killed t,mber can ^« disposed ^^ ^^^^

as in the cases already mentioned, and some ^o^dwo
^0 those making their homes nearby, a^d « "o ^^ "^
material to the Department; but such «« ^^^''J/^^^^^HU and the
the period to exhaust the ;»•;— r ^^^^ be long, after

many thousands board feet of lumber in og i .^

.Mch the real cleaning up mu^t XJ:;'J^^J:J''U.o.t trails or
done the reserve is open to Are, »^' « P. mentioned, or any

fire lanes, at the ^^^^'J^Ji^^^XL'^e fully equipped, the

rrtiot T^^f^^^t^ -r^ss

matter on which I have had - >;« ^^^^ ^cf a^^ ,f state land
After careful consideration it '« J^« '^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ to the State
having such timber, can be successfully »'«n«l;°'2resta^^ Of the

a money profit and an improved ^^^^^J" j^^f ^tober to improve
opportunity afforded by fl.^''-^\^^ ^^^fJ'7L., fire lanes,
the ranger service, its re ation <> ^J^ J'f ;^7^^ ^^^^^t be entered

and trails and a ^^^^^^I^^T'^^^^^^^^^^ - ^'^ ^-^-
Ttte" ;r;rnder of:; those who have given the subject con-

^"rii;, with a sales division of the ^^^^ -^'rC E^r
to study and ascertain ^^^"-"Sts and byproducts of the
nearby states, many or all "f/''^^* P^*^" ^-^^^ permanent benefit
reserves could be disposed of to advantage witu p
to the Department of Forestry.

4a

EOADS, FIRELANES, AND TRAILS ON THE RESERVES.

JOHN' I.. WITHEROW. Forester.

m

Of all the branches of forestry, one that certainly deserves and
requires our attention at present, is a system of forest roads, fire-
lanes, and trails. Without these, forestry would be theoretical only.

A few reasons why: „j„„ta

1 Thev make reserves accessible and the removal of products

T'^^They aid in the suppression of forest fires and insect depreda-

tions. , .

3 Thev may be made comparatively permanent. ^ , ^ .

A res rve road system should be laid out onl,- after a -eM «^udy
of the topoeraphv and market conditions of the reserve. It should
not be built a lat one time but rather developed gradually, and.
^iwat: ftt enough to meet the demands of the increasing mtens.ty

^'ATideTrtd would be one which is perfectly level longitudinally
soUd smooth, and without curves, but we -n-ly conceive o^^^^^
iust as we can an "Ideal Forest." In proportion to the number ot

The roads of a reserve should alwavs be auiueu
main roads and minor roads. »p,prve and should

Main roads should lead to the -f^'^^l^'^J^'^Zn^ nd be
be at least 16 feet wide, have a grade of h^e per cent.

" Mortal need not be so well built. They will connect main
ro dHnd also reach out from them *nt^f-*;tre^«ade for the
The old roads that we find on the --J^^^^J^J^^^rtravel was
purpose of removing forest P'"*!"' •, . ^" ;;"i bv some other road
only one way, the empty wagons '■*'« '"'"f. ^'\; "^ '^.'i, ,„ great that
much longer and less steep. *>» -;'' •-*^.; ' xfev werf laid out

today they may be ^-l^^P*^! ■;.,;" f„th^g I engineering, but
and built by men who ^new 1 t le oi n.. mg ^^^^^^ ^^^

— aif ctir^rrrrr^ :--^^^^^^^^^ -—

accomplish the best results from « S'-n -" «f mone^- ^^^^ J ^^^
on the survey must always mean both time ana m .
construction of the road.

46

Not until a road is reduced to a five per cent, grade can it be called
. good road, on account of the extra time and energy required for
moving a load on it, and the great expense for maintenance.
Tt"s the opinion of most men of authority, that the road that
avoids the grade and is ten times longer, is the better road

L laying out a road the survey should not be depended upon as
the oi^y guide. By every road the largest area possible should be

"td/rlTe is as necessary, if not more so, on forest roads as
it is on roads running through cleared country, owmg to the reten-
ve naturt of most for'est soil. When building or repainng road^ the
camp should be moved as often as necessary to keep with the work.
A working force of less than four men is unprofitable.

in our road building operations in Fulton county last year we
wanted a fair road up through a narrow valley seven miles long to
serve both as a road and firelane in case of fire.

There was a road for three miles that --.^*'-l\Xh"e disfanfe
vears ago for hauling out charcoal. We used it mo^* "f/^^e distance
except where grades could be avoided or the road straightened. A
Tace sm-n feet wide was cut clear of everything on both sides for
fou mnes After this had been done, it was gone over, a rocks
Ibovefte ground were removed, water turned off and holes filled up.
TMlwas done for «18.00 per mile for labor. After it was completed
we could drive from one end to the other in fifty-five minutes.

There are perhaps no other branches of forestry, «f -s >t ^^« j^f ^
tion or survey, on which money spent at present, would gne as
quick returns or equal results as on forest roads, provided thej are
built in the proper places, and not at too great an expense.

To open up good roads from the interior of a reserve ou to settled
countrr and where they are not needed, would be wasting money
brde'being a temptation to trespass. After -ads have b-J^r-^^^
it is comparatively easy to calculate the money ^^^^^ »> ^^f ,7^|
the difference in cost of marketing forest products, or it maj be re
freseS by an increased stumpage value. At P-en^ ^ are a^^g
out about 500 railroad ties in Perry county at a profit of at least
?wentv^hree cents on each. Had it not been for a road r"""';? *»
maTkithe timber probably would have rotted o- ^hef -n^ ^^^
distance being so great as to prevent the buildmg ^^ .^^^jfj** PJf ''^
No forest road should ever be made less than eight feet wide A
narrower road will admit of only one track and a narrow space at
each side for the water to collect.

The transverse slope of a narrow -^^^^^ ^.^^aTt^^^^^^^
a foot. On a wide road of, say twenty feet, .^^^^ ^^.^ ^/^^^^^^^^^^^
for if water has to run a distance of ten feet with a fall of five mcnes

47

it will run to the sides of the road very slowly. Steepness is the worst
quality a road can have, as all other bad ones may result from it.

Water breaks are necessary on hills to turn oif water. The should
be made straight across the road, rather than diagonally, for when
KO made they are liable to break the couplings of heavy wagons.

It has been found by experience that stone roads built of three
layers of stone of diflferent sizes, prove most durable. The road bed
should be level, solid, and free from roots and decayed wood. The
largest stones are laid or thrown on it. On these a thin layer of
smaller stones is put to fill up low places and to make it solid. The
last layer should be fine dust and stones from a stone crusher. It
should be of stones that contain cement such as lime stones. Such
a road as this may be sprinkled and rolled or left for a year to settle

before using.

A few facts worth remembering when building roads.

1. It is cheaper, quicker, and easier to remove large rocks by ex-
plosives than by hand. i^.^^a

2. Plenty of all kinds of tools, kept in good condition, lessens

the cost of labor. , " . ^ +^

3. The laborers should never be left without instructions where to

work They will always find the wrong road.

4 A lazy man on the working crew is dear at any price.
5*. Be boss yourself unless your advisors are more experienced
All public roads on a resen^e should be in charge of the Depart-
uient o'f Forestry. The location of many of these will often be such
Tat they should be main reserve roads. They cannot be so i town-
ship officers have the authority to repair them in any way they see

^'^ot until the annual two cent road tax is taken off forest reserves
and all the roads on the reserves built and maintained by the Depart-
ment will it be satisfactory, to our side at least.

Firelanes.

Firelanes will serve only for the suppression of fires and diseases,
and as boundaries of forest divisions.

They will likely always be necessary in Pennsylvan a. The p.ob
lemsThaT uteres us m^st are their cost, location, and width

The expense of cutting firelanes will, in some ^a-- »•« «^^^^^^

;:: -irthHrJiii rr'^-^^^^^^^^
-ircrberd,rr::i:t^^^^^^

duced by the forest.

48
The widtl, of flrelanes will depend upon the species and its height

geueicii uiicv ;„,i+niic with certain species it the eage

b, awlM II poaiMe. ^ lendeucj to

width to prevent fires fiom crossm^. i

.r;:"; rrs^ --r: .rrarL.. ..

lion with roads. . . ,

1 ThP expense for making and cleaning is less. , . , ,,

2 nooTS^ei. saved allowing a larger working area wh.ch re-

't VVe iSL^TTatrSt n.„st he cut through the forest apart
'T T^'^ell".! C «:e road free fro. in«a.u.nahle material.

49

The only expense for maintenance will be for keeping otf water.

Where a trail has been cut out in the middle by water, it usually
retards travel so much that it is easier through the woods than on the
irail Their width and grade will vary as to their useluluess.

The necessity for roads, firelanes, and trails is so great that if they
ere neglected, Pennsylvania will fail to receive early revenues from
her forests.

Trails.

Trails may be necessary in many places o'^JJ;^;'^;';;^^-^ ^^ f^om
Thev should connect roads, or roads «f , «*'^^^'"f ' "J "^^^ ^nd can

the nearest roads to fire towers. They take up little space

be made and kept up at a small expense.

The loss that may be prevented by tune «ave<i o» on« trip o

in case of fire may be more than the ongmal ost of sucu a

They should be made «"fflt''«^g''t le crrrTedbv a pack-saddle
or ride quickly either way, or for water to be carried by P
horse if they are in use on the reserve.

December 1912

Commontoealtt) oC l^cnngplbania.

J^epartment of iForesitrp

FORESTER'S MANUAL.

PART I.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

OUTLINE FOR ANNUAL REPORT

INSTRUCTIONS UPON FORMS

O. E. AUGHINBAUGH,

P.:^T^'Tk^-TK 0. P.N.SX.V..IA.
1912

(50)

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

\&

Page.

General Instructions ^

Outline for Annual Report, ^»

Forms ^^«^d by

1 Incidental Voucher, small, Office K)

2 Incidental Voucher, large Office lU

3 Voucher, small. Foresters 10

4 Voucher, large Foresters 10

5 Academy Voucher, small, Forest Academy 12

6 Academy Voucher, large, Forest Academy 12

7 Receipt Foresters 12

8 Warrant for School Charges, Office 12

9 Warrant for Road Charges, Office 12

10 Vacant Land Letter, Office 12

11 Land Offer, ^^^^ ^^

12 Contract for Land Purchase, Office 13

13 Timber Cut Office & Foresters K'.

14 Summary of Timber Cut. Office J.?

15 Forest Fire Report Office & Foresters IH

16 Forest Fire Bill Office & Foresters 13

,„ „. , Office H

17 Fire Loss

18 Summary Fire Loss '-'"^^^ J

19 Summary of Fires, ^^''^^J^'^ J

20 Reserve Rules, ^^^''^^^^'^ ^

21 Application for Camp Permit Office & Fores^rs lo

„ „ •» OfBce 15

22 Camp Permit

23 Surveyor's Dally Notes Smveyors 5

24 Dally Record Foresters & Rangers 16

25 Time Sheet ^<"" "

i. ov.^^4^ Foresters 18

26 Labor Account Sheet, ^

„„ „ „ „ Foresters 1 9

27 Pay Roll, _ , .^.

^ „.„ T^ , ,1 Foresters 19

28 Bill Head, small

^, ^ , Foresters 19

29 Bill Head, large,

30 Statement of Finances, Foresters -u

„ . T^ 1 +„ Foresters 21

31 Forest Products ^^^^^^^^,^ ^^

32 Financial Receipts ^^^^^^^ ^^

33 Plantation Report,

, ^, ^. „ . Foresters 2z

34 Annual Planting Report, ^ ^m

35 Plantation Growth Record • • • ' ^^IJ^,^ ^

36 Roads, Trails and Fire Lanes,

37 Description of Compartments ^J' esiei s

_,„^ Foresters 2b

38 Table of Areas ^

39 Tables of Qualities of Locality, IZ^sZl 27

40 Valuation Survey. 1 ! ! :Foresters 27

41 Tree Analysis .poresters 28

42 Tree Volume, ^^^ gs

43 Application to Forest Academy,

(1)

2

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

Office

Academy Student Agreement major. ••••;;;••; office

Academy Student Agreement, minoi . ^^^^

Academy Bond • • • ■■'•.' '" Nurserymen

^hinninK Tag. Nursery Certiticate ^^^.^

fppCtion Forest Tree Seedlings. •••••;;•;;;;.. .foresters

Lightning Report Nurserymen

Nursery Operation Slieet Nurserymen

Nursery Shipment Card. Nurserymen & Foresters

Receipt for Nursery Stocl.. ; •

Page.

29

29

29

29

29

29

29

29

30

(IKNKKAL INSTHl (TH)NS.

1 The business of the Dei.aiMineiit is iiuieasino- mpidl.NMnid tiiue
„n.;t le s VMl in eveiv possible wav. mifonuily in tenns used in
" «^ expenses, a.ul in va.ions Icinds of repoHs ,s absolutely

ueveZ^y l^cnitv and ron.iseness can best be obtained by tabu-
PUed da a and wi"th this idea in view u.any of the tonus have beni
:voTvc^^^^^^^^ Iwn-. been taken almost without ehanoe from lu

m^mls (>f toi-est .aanaoc.uent abroad, but in most cases tnue-tested
wins have been used asMh. hasis and sml; changes inade as were nee-
»^ss-irv to make them <.f most value to the i)ei»artmenl.

^ hi m n^^^^^^^^ ^le^aiis will have t<» be j,nvc.i on separate sheets <.r
on^H.e b "o^^^^ <l^'^'li"^ ^vith the particular subject which uhmIs

t be se <»rth at Ln-eater lemrth than is called for m the orm tsell.
' ^T le 1 e armUt of Foi.^try uses a peat many kinds ot onus a
few cf which do not concern the foresters ov ranj,^ers in the field.

,;';,;' /s^iuVions f...- usin,. it. Many '"''-'-'-.;■'-:/;,,*

.Mviiti.ienl is i.ui-.lcned or .l.'la.v.Ml l.v reason ol llu' la. ( Ihat loinis

S be -enuned with repeated instru.-.ions for ^<>^^- ,,,,^,„^,

ti. Kill out proper report form as soon as earl, opeiat.on is hi.isl.ul

""7 'i'-'^J ot,e forn. sheet for earl, operation, to he kept as part of re-
seL ."e i-W h'p<.A .0 Peparfnen, in son.e eases one sh.>e, n.a,

he used as a summary.

S Keep a duplicate of each rej^ort.

V^;^: ^,;x^:;t;:i;^-^" ::;!''-•-.■- ^- ^ --

of any operation. ,;,..., uiil statements are made, as V(mcli-

. ■ '.:e:.;i;.i:pa; "i;"" ^i-'n-rr ::':«.•:;;-,>,,.. .f .r... are

"'T^'^■;er^••;— ~"!^..as" •in.iden.als.- an,, sinular
'""K.'":;tn;ss''in":m- eases is re.ptired. and proper Kn^lish is in-

sisted upon. ,.,,,. i»»i...vfni.Mit is euL^aued is for the beiie-

14. The work in which the Deiaituunt \^ 7 ^' - ^^, .j^^ted bv the

citLn. theref..re, has a dn-e^t '"'e'^ "^J/;;' ^;''^;,,, «„„,>« that he
^'" "S, rrr.rnt?::!Se!::;:?r to'a..,- ... ol operation

may be

(3)

or expense and give what information may be desired, either by an

partment for information and assistance.

17 Order all forms by unniber. oi ^ t ..t. Q4

is. Forms have been made .iniform as to si/.e, e.tbe.r 81 x 7 or 8^

"" ItrOne'lVld is mifflcient in the case of the sn.all si.e.

*'• ''" wlfef ,1XS is across the 8| inch side, lake the rorm

', e o, and then fohl in half ajjain' in snn. ar d.re.-
,;:,„ Any Lacking n.ay now be ,.h.,ed on (he n,.,.er
surface of (he fold at tlie left end.
» When he leading is across the t4 inch side, take (he le
edL 1 the for... and fold over to the .-ight, and then fold
nl^alf Sin in si,..ilar dir^.tion. A '-k-g >|W "ow
he Dlaced upon the form, at the top, as it lies folded.
10 All re oi^t mateHal not written on forms must he on paper of
the same Ss the forms, vi.., 8.1 x 14 inches, or on regulation type-

"'m.t\t;ii'dl«rions shall prevail in^he service:

(^ I A reserve is a large c«mtiguous tract ot htate land.
b 1 division is that''portion of a ivservc ini.ler the dn-e.ct.on

of T forester or assistant Jorester.
(c) A rangr^luU portion of a division under the protec'tion

I, A, AtlockSsts of a number of adjoining compartments.

^ \s for exanile, those within a certain watershed o
cover ng a ^eVtain mountain, and u.ay he designated by
the name of the stream, or mountain, or by some local

(e) A 'cCirtment shall he consider.l as the s,..allest unit

"TThTb-'imdaries sh.nild be either natural features

or roads and trails.

•'--'fhe area shonhl u..t excml ;!tlO acres, and «he e-

ever possible should average much less. IJn.-

forinity in area is desirable.

(ft \ sub-compartment is the. area occupied by a growth ot

^ ' more or less even age, a pine stand, or an area exhibit-

intr a distinct soil quality, etc.

'"1J!_A snb-compartnient may be permanent or tempo-
rary.
2_There should be as few as possil)le.

OUTLINE FOR ANNUAL KEPOKT OF FORESTEK.

ThP foresters report for each year must l»e subuiitted to the De-
ine loresifi > jt-j^wxi liifi. ,,+• iu,. xiMrtMHWivr year, auil

partment o.i <.r befo.e •'ai"''"^^, ''*''"',. ''..^^^.'.n," a legislative
must conform to this outline. In ^^ >'^.^'^2lius- the nu.in

si;ror£'t^uue:xn>:^H "^^^ - ^^ -"^ '^•"

"SSTlr-eaci, ite.n U. the ...line e.. .^ ^Z::^^tZ
m-es this yea . W h ^^<;- ;'.■,.,., „„ J ,„.,,, f,.„i,ia,- with lus ,e-

:^z wiirbe a.;;: t:i':.,ange ^^^--;:-'>x::^-,:^ :r.rdel^

,orrect. As snrv.'vs i.rog.(«s. aiea>. ages, volumes, ik.,
""l^'CH' reserve, if named, and situation l,y counties; also sub-
divisions when detinitely <l;;i'':-;;:;,„,thlnrto'tl>e bistoric record
^"^ '''::' n:^.:TJ^Zl^^^^-^^ ..r interest are ob-

of rocks showing on surhue, cbanH-t.^ ot s<h1,
,„a wlu^t her surface is nf^lac.adepos.L

o rvn^^vil topouraphv of reserve, stjitinj* wikuhi

proximately the proporlbm ol carh.
:».— Local <limatic conditions.

2. Forest Staff:

(a) Rangers.

(b) Other rej»ular empb)yes.

' (V) Statements concerning ^»'^'";^- , ^^^^^ . (.ondition of

,,,ir;.7."-::-'''- ;;;:rn::i"';-..J :.; ^ ■ -

(herefrom; tracts State should o«n ,ind nMi.n ,

relative to possibU- pui-chase. . ,|,,. ,.^^,.,.v,. is
5. Areas: (Tabulate ami rev.se ' •,:^'i,;- ,,,,-, ..s(in,ates ami
,n„re fan.iliarly i^''''^^-, .; .'^:;;;4 ,' , ' Sul..nit- wlK-never possible a
indicate any a.eas actuall.v >;"'*'>'•' ^ ,,,„.„,^ :>-, :{s. :«».
P of the r^erve showing ''<-;. ;;';:,....^'^,,,,(. if any.

;;:;ir:zr:':h-;-;oM.....na.u^^^

^'1

6

ods of operations in detail, Including methods of regene.-

(c) A.2"°;veml with stands having a density of 50 per cent.
^ ' ,^ove. ].ivide this area into two .lasses:

llNumher of aeres not in need of nnprovement.
5 Xninber of acres in need of miprovenient
St.te"^nZx' .ate V the amount of wood product winch
n!a/ber«;.oved; noting lorn, an.l spe.ies and possd.le

St!rtndU;:ms'^.nder which opera.h.ns n.ay he made

S.atfwhat"n.„st he done to bring the si.nds to norn.nl

State'^hrmu^t he done .o h.-ing the s.ands to norn.ai

^Sb^H:i^:xa£Se^::!^n;rsp

t;rand graflng: Ueforesti..g of re.nain.ng portion;

amount of tii-e l<illed timber. ^^r,„„^ nv.v be

<t> \,'e'. of open gi.mnd where seed <..• «f*"'°^ , ? ILi^v
' pia,"ted '.ow '^«ilh little or no dimcnlt.v, as old helds.

niill sites, severely bur..ed areas, etc.

r^, Area cove.'ed with rocl^s, wl.e.-e no cutt.ng ongl.t to

'^ .trnP »r whei'e no regeneration can be expected.

done, oi w nei e .1 « ■ r^ nouds, am

(h) Area covei-eil with watei ,— M^es, ujm. , i

streams. .

lil Area used foi- loads and trails.

•i; 'Z::^'^^^^>^>^^ ...ere reforesting by planti..g
is not justified at present rate of cost.
G. Springs and Streams:

;;:! S'^ir^^ri;;:'::!^ Ceaned, ...ade accessible, or

posted I named I. . r^.tiiSnnniisi or

/ i ik.i^.i xi'itli i*^»ff*rence lo now oi ^J»I mj^' •
^ ot . usmr i<»w or drying up, and probable cause of

saun^ Sler due to rlhuati. conditions, Innnus condi-
tions, drainage, or other cause,
(d) Condition of streams generally.
1— Regularity of flow.
'2 — Contamination.

(a) Possibility.

(b) Prevention.

7 Buildings and repairs:

(a) Condition of all buildings on reserve.

(b) Need of repairs <n' new buildings.

(c) Fences.

(d) Teleplione lines existing on or near the reserve; service, ex-

pense, need of e.\tension, etc. , ^ • f

(e) Other conditions necessary for comfort and etticiency of

personnel of the service.

8. Koads. See Form ;?(>. .

(a) Distinguish carefully between extension and improvement

as indicated at head of form.

(b) Blasting, brushing, re.brushing, bridging, etc., should also

be kept separately.

(e) Improvements should be specified on the reports and cost
reported on a basis i)er 100 feet of total length, not siin-
plv upon the distance covered by the improvements.

(d) Outline of road system as planned to date, or map ot the
same. This can be made only after a careful considera-
tion of markets and of configuration of reserve.

9. Easements:

(a) Rights of way. .

l_Conditions relating t«. al! such ngbts.

2_Good or bad features.

(b) Other easements. . ,

^ (An easenient is a right to exe.cise a privilege advwsely

to the owner of the title. I
1 (\ TipRses *

(a) Revenues, and material removed.

(b) Benefits or detriments,

11. Minerals and other valuable products.

12. Weed Collection : ^

(a) Date.

(b) Species.

(d) C^'S unit of measure to time of planting or shipment.

(e) Quality. , , ,.

(f) Amount to be used by selt.

''■ ^ttlJ^m ::::^.^:r;:;^i:i!nM biMhe date ..,. which plantation

is made.
(h) Planting Sun.mary (Form 34).

1-Make separate statements of seeds planted .n uur-

serv and of those placed in plantations.
3_Mnst correspond with the totals of plantat.on re-

3_lnd1cate with red i..k. seed and plants collected,
raised and planted on your own resei-ye

(c) Measu.ement of past plantations n.ust be rev.sed and kept

(d) A^raTt^cltalAdantTto date with seeds and with seed.in^«^

e Amoult (total) of seeds and ""''' '^'•/;' ';!«f,:°«^ '" '^''"^
planted to date .m .-eserve ( not m n..ise..v 1.

"• faTnat" establishcMl a..d area at tin.e of estahlish.nent.
(b) Area in current year.

c) Inventory of seedlings by si.ec.es and age. ...

d Ninnber of seedlings available for spr.ng ph...t.>,g, g.v.ng
species, age, and cost per thousand.

8

,e, Nuu.be.- of seecUings «hi..r-i;;,;»;^;tr;e'p^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^*" ] , _T(. f ...■e«leiH or ''""Sf .",'"' *i^„L , uuiber of eacli

na.ue, ,.Uue to w huh >^'' P*^^;.;^^" j. thousand.
s,.e.ies ---l;!'^::,^'^ nrname, address,
2-To pvivate ""1'^' '";"^;„ ^, ,.;,; ,,ev thousand.

soecies, m'- nnn.l.er, mid ix'u. i>ei
•._Nu nber use<l on own reserve,
(n Annlt":." seed planted iu n«..ery. ^^-^^^^^'t irn.ro..

,5.Sann..:.>".tsK,!^^W.nenta.lMantat.ons,etc.:
(a) AVheii established.

((•) Location.

(d) Area.

,e) Object of <l«-v*'l<'l''>'''" • , (Tabulate all data).

(f) Measuri'Uienls past and pieseni.

'" s: S'i= S : '-. = z ;:-, a

drivi'is, etc.
,,, Keas,ms for hisb "v '•^y;X• ,„„, ,„„, for same.

''• <a) (^.Hlitions existing ^^^^^'S Wnotlts exin^rted.

,j,^ Conditions -"»^:^^^^"^'"' ,:;;^, ,'s of n'^'vions v.ars.
(CM (N)ndiiions or nnpvovcnuMit (iitt.n^s i

IS Market Conditions:

{•U Needs of the district.
^' 1— Svecitications.

2 — Species.

:5__Qiiantities used per year.

4 — Prices.
(h) Transportation facilities.

(e) Kailroad v}^^^^- .ptvrence to the reserve in detail in ac-

"" 'rsrr vrnr Li^ ™.*-.„^ „, „, ,,

19. Data with reference to growth. See Foiins o , ,

20. Krosion.

21. Insect or fungus attacks.

22. Forest Fires: See Forms I'j l*^'^;^'
(a) Statements not covered by f 01 ms.

E l^r^aldl^-^StUeir work.
''■ T^rHlatls^forest, t,sb, and .a,ne ,aws, or reserve rules

^ reported and disp..sition ot eases.

•>4 Outing and Keereation;

(ai Camps and campers.

izSrwith reference to their conduct.

''TI^Number of deer killed on or in the neighbor-
hood of the reserve.

9

(b) Other game.
4 — Fish and fishing.

(b) List of camp sites by connuon name and location.

(c) Other uses of reserve for outing and recreation.
25. Inventory: (Use separate sheets.)

(a) All tools on reserve, conditicm, and value.

(b) All other property belonging to Commonwealth:

1 — Books.
2 — Instruments.
:^— Stock.
4 — Implements.

5_0tlier material not before enumerated.
2(). Summary of Accounts of the year. See Forms :^0, IW.

27. Summary of suggestions.

28. Budget i'or succeeding year:

(a) Labor ]»roposed and estimated expense m detjul.

1. Koad Work:

(a) New roads, Name Length.

(b) Old roads to be repaired or brushed. Length.

(c) New tire lanes Length

(d) Old fire lanes to be brushed, miles
(ej New trails to be cut.

(f) Estimated cost of (a) |

(g) Estimated cost of ( b ) i

(h) Estimated cost of (c) |

( i 1 Estimated cost of (d } f

" (j I Estimated cost of (ei |

Total estimated cost, .f

2. Improvement Cuttings:

(a) Estimated area to be improved acres

(b) Estimated amount of material to be derived

from iiii])rovenient cutting.
((•) Estimated value of product so obtained,

«

(d) EstimaVed'cost of suggested improvement

work, I

n. Hepairs to buildings: .

(a) Cost of snch recoinniended repairs, f

4. Otlier suggested imprcjveiiients:

(a) Probable cost, |

(b) Seeds and seedlings required: „ ^ ,.«nr
^ 1. Seedlings needed for planting during the :^eav.

Species Quantity Spring or lall.

2. Estimated area in acres to he covered by the above

:3. Qimnmv^of tree seexls needed for planting in ex-
perimental plots or nurseries
Species Quantity

(a)Estimated cost of planting, |

(c) New or altered ecpiipment.

1. Estimated cost, $

(d) Other items of expense.

m

10

INSTlMCriONS ri'ON FORMS.

V ro,. «;;r'iS;?:r£';;;;i:r- sts

...ulingeut cxiK-nses. llu-> .ni

iiient.

;•> iuul 4.

V,.ml.e.s lor all Km>.ve Kxi-eosi-s.

lino r,7

11 00

(; 77

15 00

on

I'"

;)

..i^i^riiriini!*;;^::::"-!. .- .....

Pay n»»i

.](»hu .)om\s

,]ohii Siuitli, • • • • • • '. • .'i.'.t'Jd iu this manner:

Jan. U. To J'^^^^^'^^^.i^f r H R-, 2'^^> ^"'''^'"

inai ion, r. ^- ^ ^ • ^^- ^'•' ^

luerviUe, I'- f"- •^^ '^'

miles (ticket) 'il ' ' lA

,r;t,,.o„a fare. ^-'--' ;;„;:

'""'m"'IV ;.;,•.,;■ ■liai-visimWu'.
-"• ''%;i;a::u'and n:.m-n, 1'. .^ K- '^

?:,"ur:iv:le:;:tfbeaceepU.aasn>..lH^

Green?ibnrg:

>'o reieipt need be taken. aeeounted for by

„ ^ -TK..: rri;r;,!;5.;i'""" ""•-"■ ■- '••" '--■ ""

latter preferred. . ^ ^ ^ ,^| ^e:

The entry on be ^^^^'^:\^^;X ^aj^Mes Mere an<l
Horse and bnJ^^^^ . Mnnc> to ^

^"'"- •'". Stcha^geV ;.;,;«* beaccumte.! fov l.y sv,bnutt>ng

r, 00

1 (C)

|:», 00

s 00
9 00

11

7 Telephone eharj^n^s shonld be entered ao.oraini,^ to date and

4447,

x'/^ luwp'nit need be taken. . ._

0. H..,W ei;::4-Xu;a alwavs 1. a.....,uuu.a fo. l.y ..e.pt U-nu

K). l>o "ot fa. " '^ ''■.,,;, '-^ Vh." ..'.'. .s ••i.uidentals." "mis-
itemized receipt lias heeu laiveii. n" 'i

.•ellaneous." and the like, '»« "''J, '''''.•; J^„^,ai„„ ,„av be placed on
''■ ir /'" i?.^;r "' t:;^n.er if s::"'': Sara.e reoelpts n.nst

i;;:^.-!:iS ";-^r:r.^ex,.e,.ses i;;r;-|J.- |-;':S; ...reto,

12. All ex|.enses other than t... ^l , ' 7,. , ,l..lla.s lenniie a sep-

„.a fo,- survevi,...^ a..,o..n,.n, <;;;;;:'„': ',!;;!!(;;,,, .' re..ei,..o.i,

=;;;;;:;::;;:i .:^n:u';'id;.a.''bnMreaa or ..» ko-.. t, .hi..,, .m ..e at.

u".ed o . voueher with the toll..w...K en..-,v:
''""" Jan. IT. To a...ount ,.aid as per rere.pled b.ll . ^,

,,.e H.er,n,,:;'i:':::inK^-i"ai;hU;a,fn..nishin«thes..p-

•"\T Pay rolls, reoeipfs and --I'l,-' ';;\t.n;er"«n:'^hv'"hf fo^f-
stamped ''1«---1-*''.'VTI;; 'r;;"«re :de ai::ve\;^rds. This

tbe charges fonnd to be ^IIJ'^^;!; ^^^ ^ ^,,,. y,,. the piece, ponnd, yard,

12 Meals, at 20 cents, ^ r,i)

ir, ll)s. bntter at M) <J'»ts, ^ ^^^^

2 do/en bmterns at f-tHN • • • ' ' ' ; ' ; ' " ' ;,;< be kept in oftice
1,. (N>pies of ail bills, recciws payrolls, el(., mm t 1

of each ^o^•^-^^^'^ ^"^^Mhle' o IV einses bv check, indicating clearly

l(i. AVhenever possi le, 1 ' > / ,^ ' ,^.,, i^ ,|,.,wii.
on the stnb the iten.s tor M ^^j^ ;;,,,,,„ u,s any anthority

17 \n i»erson in the em]»h>N ol im i purpose what-

,.;;-., r'i«l.t to sign -;•:';-•, |~,,:"":;.:.n:: ..^r'sl^n his o...
,.ver. Tin- person who .s • ' \ ,.,, ,,i^ ,„;,,k i.. the nsi.al wa.x.

„a,..e and if nnable to <l'\,7;i '" .', i ,i.,,a....e of a witness.
The n.a.k ...ust be ae.-on.pan. «" > " ; -

The fonn of si-natn.e .s as lollops-

.T„,,„ ^' Sn.ith. Witness: Charles I'.rown.

"""■'' , ,• >• .iiv H.-iiii/ed bills pievails. awl every em-

,S. Thesrenera, r.ile ol '">;'';;' ,ra.-,i.' '>f K"'""S- ^^•'"■""T
,,U,ve ...ns. tak.' no.ne. J' '« ,„ , .ill hea.ls of .he person to
possible, bills ..en.ized on .h( p.n..

^^•'.'.ri'.^r'io t'-ward all bills and .e.eip.s will, .he voneher .o
^'^^^Zil^:, i^cefpfi; pay t"« and vouchers should he forwarded

12

to the oflioe uo( Wev Ihan Tuesday previous lo Commission u.eeting,
which is on the Hist Friday of each moulh.

5 and 6-

Forest Academy ^^onchers.

Vsed only for Academy expenses.

7.
Receipt.
1 Take recei,.ts on this form for all expenditures possible, other

onronte, cal> or hack Inre.

:; llemize each expenditnre Inlly.

t: ^::^^ ;^;.:rt;n::r:;f i;;:^- ^i;.. t.. expenditure is

2r. cents, * ' * V

Anj,^ 2, 1011, llreakfast and dinner tor i men

at 25 cents 1 o- * * * 1

AnJ,^ :i, 1011, Dinner for 2 men at :?o cents, . .

Aiir.- 'i 1<M 1 Teed for two horses, .

. K;:."i^wf :' -nnaH^^sc. in^^^^^

I n^r:;;!:: S^ua^^rlS^Sled',:; sewiee re.ndere.l should
"^To'l-ostSniamps u.us. he receipted for 1-y posin,asier.

8.
1 . 1... (iw. f'mnniissioncr of Forestry, and is for
f J'';;:;;:;:;;t';rir'a!^n:^.'':^-;-^>inst t,. forest reserves for

school ]»nr])oses.

This form is used only hy ,he ^""~";;-,;ts;rslr;;s^
the i.aynu>nt of the annual charKe against the l"iesl i<.sei\e

jiurposes. „

'r.,1. foiu, is used 1.V the (Commissioner of Forestry to accept or re-
fus' ' itU To^r Co'mnonwealth to vacann^^^^^^^

!n.s';r iir nTra'^x^s;^ ^-- --t of

May 3, 1909. ^^

Land Oft'er.
4-r i«/i;AM/in.il*4 ilesirinii to sell land to the State.
^'^'X:^":r£Tf:^^ fo^m and sent to a forester

:\ 50
70

50

13

'' I'whether or not the land ottered is the land shown, if it is possi-
hie so to determine. „^ , , ,

^- riS of r^.^ih:'s^^;ts present, and relative percen.a«e
of tot^J Zul; a«e, height. diaun-U-r. density, .p.ah.y of trees.

4. »oil.

5. Roads.
G. Streams.

7 Distance from market.

^<',r::ouhrfo,low an es.in.a.e of the tracfs worth, .iud.iug hy
past imrchases in tln> sanu- neif.hl.orhood.

(Nmtract for rurchase (»!' Land,
rsed only by the (N)muiissi(>ner of Forestry.

1P>.
Tinjber ('nl.
,. This forn. is sen. to those who d., any w 1 cutting or sawing

ti-oni the stump. ^^■ ,•„,,,„, .,s well as u,.on

•J. Kach forester shonl.l rcpoit ".>•"' , , „,. „„, siatc.

F.rrn. :n, so that it ■;->'-;'''' ;;'\;;:;^.;;u -Iping .he Lepart-

:t. Each forester should '1" ="'";;; ' y .cncvcr lic sees or hears

ment to obtain information ot this '^ "" . ^ .„„, ,„ldresses

14.

Tabuhition of Tinilu-r (Mil.
Used only in the (mice of the Deparlment.

15.

Forest Firc^ JJci'*''"^-

n.:.. fi.iiu siH' ll»e form itself.
1. K<.r instructi.ms cn.crning "^'^. ' .'.V^' . ' „,, „>adc. Form 10

m

1(>.

liill for Fxtiuction of Forest Fire.

^•]^iv-n;::rt:r^h:M.:::.hH^::t-=^^

'"'i'r^(':op^.!"r:aX•«^hi.. must i -..■.> •<- "- o"""-"- ''^

report, Form 15, and filed.

14

17.
Fire Loss.
1 These forms are sent out each year by the Department in order
''t^^tZ'Zl mtfZe of these blanks each year for the

n^ ?;;J'':trS;1u:de •l:h:::M^trf^^y «gured o«t before be.
i„g^e?dowf X loss may be made up o, actual ,.n.pev^^^^^^^^^^^^
whether trees are ^f^'^du.«i„-,r, ;,^^^^^^^^^ particularly

SlTshi be SpKe/if the forest is d.troyed.

18.

Tabulation of Fire Loss.

Used only in Office of the Department.

19.

Summary of Fires.

1. This form is to be incorporated as a part of each forester's an-

""1' Z'record of each fire should be made, as soon as possible after

the Are has occurred. ,. ,,^,^. ^,, ,,,,y of his men assisted in ex-

tin'cf^Liru?^ S'trrr^hr; ^L Sman tires as well as

'Trr^rti^n^sr it is bett.. ^ ^^^ j^,^:^.:^.

the danmge rather than * '« ;/'^;«,.,,;Vgrdonrto voung and old trees,
ence should be made to extent o<^. f.' '""Sf^,^""^,,! ,Ll,tly damaged, the
stating whether they lu.ve '-■jj-i^f,;^^^^^^^^^^ d „,ade of dam-

:^z::t:!:^^i}^^s -irisrr^d whether

"irD:nnage"tf game, or birds, or ,.ther features nmking .ho forest
particularly attractive should be no(e<L ^^^

7. It will be of great '"<7'>*f '';!^ ,;;''.' ofHials and the time
when fires couu- to the ='''<'I'';''" " /"Vi" bed ^f , a v^^ i« nec^H^vy

;:j,:!:!^^,::i:i ::"m;t!:'x.!;;:i".:d:::r;K;ct. a.id the t.ue lapsed

before everything was .<'"';^"''''*r|„';;', •:,,,.,,„k, ,i,e value of the tin.e
nals assist who are not 1 J^'jl ;> /^^^^^ effort should ]>e made to

%'te'sure the cause is known before recording it. Do not giiess
at it. If it is unknown, enter it as such.

15

20.

State Forest Reserve Rules.
1. Each forester should see that his reserve is well posted with

^^rThS^Sm^^^^^^^^ placed along all roads, especially near where tlie
line of the reserve crosses a load ami where roads lork or cross, at the
mcmth of streams, along streams, and near vamp sites.

3. When notices fade or are removed tor any reason, see that n( nv

T Be'crel'ut not to place the notices on trees which are likely to
beconie vaSle timbeJ trees. Try to tind old, defective trees, or

trees of little value.

5. Become thoroughly familiar with these rules.

21.

Application for Camp Permit.

1 The important thing about the application is that each individ-
iial most subscribe to the rules and regulations of the reserve. After

tl^Tp^'ttn has been properly ^'.^-|.-^V'Thet^^^^^
^^4^ Xt T?/^T.p«trv if there is no objection to the imiiviauais, oi n

be granted.

90

Camp Permit.

. These p-".''--:;:;':;i.r';^rir:rjo'r'i^t:;^t

::Cge^,^r rese^-el^o:U";;h /he camp^is to be 1.^^^^^^^^^ H any
one is found to camp uj.on a reserve wi thou a p. m t trom tiu^
partment, he is liable t.. fine or imprisonment, or both, (hee Act

"**/ KVe'ry'effort should be n.ade by the n.embers "f the fo.-^t s.^ic;;
to-kee,. the ]>epartn.eut informed ;;,;';, 'V'^ Jit-" '"

:::^'i::ii.i^c^ • .,i:;::;::::.;:.;'i^e^;i:.ducted , ^u .,..

'^% "FX-orester shoul.l report to the Department all cases in whi.l.
camp^tfaiTttrn'tifv bin. p'revious U>U.^Sn^..>:^^ ^^^^^^^^
4. l-nder no «ircuu.stame un.st a I st 'tt ,.. .

any remuneration for ren.lern.g '''^'''^'•' ''^;" .''''^X.r there is everv
I in case of '""M-e.- '<-'''"« "l'';"; '7, ^-^'^^^ u-niencV

reason to believe that they are '«' ''•''; ,'",tal ion blank and
^o^r:l;:.d'Tt t;U."expVan:to^^^^^^ :;^l:^: .:'.'- Department at>d

permit will be returned to forester.

23.
Snrvevors Daily Notes.
1. Notes of final running are to be entered in ink each day on this

form.

2

16

ol,( \M\\n\ si«UM»t'slMH'.<.

;;. SIkhMs a.v to W sent to ^^ ^^ ^^.
4. Kntor tiiml ronrsi's and distaiuc s i»ni.

24.
Daily Eeeord.
.i\< that the Denaitiueiit may keep closely

be i.r..|K.vlv classified and '-.l''''-^^. *",.,. '^,';'",y.,„ui beoo.ne a diary of
" ;/. w'i.h (l.os. ideas n. v;.«, ^^'^^ ", . ,.„. ,„a ,Uaraote.- ..f woil.

done sl.mld l.e sel loHl. m f- " , ;^'.' u. red ink H.e ac.ou.n

of time ill li<»i'« «1«''" "' '■'" ' < .liived. N<> o'lf «''"'"'"'

".".ints io wliicli ea.H ''7,';.:; :,, „ ' H t be bas been d..iug^

he,sila(e lo lell exaHl.v ^vl''-'- "'';■;;; ;;,'^f, ,„,„e to tbe State and
4 Tbe lime <>t t<-i-esters "n<\ ' ''"r,y. 5,,^ ..^ ^,^\,^>r expenses must be,

known as ibe '-sevviee' rate. aistineUy administrative

5. Wbeu ea.l. "I"""'"'"- , . '^ ' •„ ." -.ne given it at the "service
duties, lias been ,.r<.|ierly 'li- •Sit'l ' ' » „,^ ditTerenee between

'ate be sum of tbe items «1'<'" <1 « '' ",',ould be ebarged to gen-
he ...ester's nionlbly salary an '^- '';/', '"^te„,s amounts to more

eial -I''--*7;:;n-,,a Iv ' le iffe-Zc" may be credited in tbe gen-
tban tlie monlbl,\ saiaix, u"

eral administration account. . ^,,g amount of time

,;. „ „„.st not be assumed tliat^-o ^^^^ ^^^^^^.^^ ,„. „ ,e,s

wbi.li a forester or ranger is <*M'^; V'l' .j^^ tbe rate per hour to be
T at number lias been cbosen + f ^^^";"^^,t\er of convenience and
..l^rged against ''I.'««!'''"^,,.^\"''j^.,t^e d not work ..vertime; they
uniformity. Men n. le. »4 ^^^^ ^^^'.^Ibe time they enter its employ
are in tbe service ot Hie ^tate noi

until they leave it. , , operation is charged j.rop-

7 In t be case of the ranger s t'7;;./";',X sum of separate items

erU- and the dilfereme between -« « > "^f "Vlli^ smn of o,.eration

s 'barged to general l'''; -■:,•; ..rtrLereiice may be placed to

(barges is greater than (be salaiA,

the credit of protection account. ^^,.^- and foresters' time in

S Operations should be '•'''";«*■•' ^Z" 7>e f the forester would

,l,;"sanie manner as •••'''••«7 /" ' 'll ' o. emtion. in case a man were

ve to pay fov time to and from ♦''*"';'•' /i,,,^ occupied by for-

i^^r^^t :;r:;: !n"^i::-^ . administration or protec.

'f Absence from ^^ ::T:r^::::^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^

leave." If on Department or lest^t
should be indicated.

17

10 Tliis form lias to do <mlv with (be (ime of foresters and raugerS
and not with expenses of any other n.-ilure. Tlieiefore, in the space
C account charges, foresters will enter on their reports on y the
pnipt'cbai^-es, dete.niined from the report of their own time. In the
proper «Pace on each ranger's report, foresters will enter only such
charces as arise from the particular ranger .s time.

11 At'ter the forester has received a ranger's report 1.1 duplicate he
vhoii'ld examine it and if found lo be satisfactory lo him. he should
sm. fit wTt^ the '.l4ceived-Correct.Appr..ved'' stamp a..d countersign^

^ under the ranger's signature. All assistance necessary sliould he
;*iveu to tl e rLngCT so that he may make his reports in ,,roi.er lorn..
'' V' Furday'trec<.rd should be written in tbe evening ol hat day.
Happ^ii^s wil^-ccur aiul observations will be -iiadeUia^^^^^
,..JaIa Mt ..nee mav be forgotten and eiitnely lost. When dail.\ cii
n^s Jn^e iiiipo^sibre (be re":--.! shonhl be made a( the tirst oppoi-

'"v/^'i'romplness in forwarding to foresters and t.. tbe Department is
1.5. lionipim s l),.par(meul by the evening ot

rhT« M^ r.n of h 1 lb Foi' ea.li day of delay , hereafter one

H^trSiiiiiib^ri^;^^^^^^^

£.;;:-;r':nd':',i:!'ger^:i:;:s:;:o"i;:::."^^^^^^^ —■•■

"■'.i:";M;plicate copies should always be filed in the reserve otlice.

25.
Time Sheet.

1. This form was adopted because i( has been ;-| -"■<,7;;|;:||f ,;;>;

large corporations desiring ;',;;;-;:/'.,;',';,, nsed in its
needs of reserve re.eords. il()^^(^^^ i<>i"'

stead. . . ^ , ^^ .uHoviwl ifler tlie words "Ar<mtli

± The name of tlie nnmtli is to he *"' .V' ' .V^, '..p„,.s(hn;' et<-.,
c,f" IVneath the (hiys (»f the week, M<.nd..N,
shonhl he entered the date in ti-nres, as

At cm day

25

Tnesday
26 f*<^-.

:, The f."res.er. ranger or foreman who kee„s f>;;;^,''-t'::o begins
each new name in tbe proper .olumn at (b. tmi<

^^■"'''^- , , 1 •..■i;>-i,iii.il sliould be designated in such

4. Kach day's work of each '":'"; .7; „„. oiimition or com-

1 wav that there can be no possible doubt .is 10 mc 1

n.,rtment against whi.b a .barge mns( be niad.-.

"".;!'Hu.;4ily and ....arness .. t..ms is m.- r^

(i. Ka.'li day's re.-or.l sh.m .1 b. m. ; ^^ , „f ^lie en.l of the
7. Totals should be caivlnlly c1i.-cK.m1 .111.1 .niei..i

week.

18

u After evervthmg bas heen pn'i'^ .'

..Uea'ed. <•-/"■?" t.iJ'nmm SUV., eve,, euU, is con-eel aud that

1(» Do not tiK* Hin*' >*'" •* .,
tnlnHfevI have been made correctly.

26.

l.abor Acionnt.

V .luincr it as a summary
1. Tl.i. fonn was devise.1 with ,..e ulea ot «.mg .t as

»''**'• , r , «ill •n.i.eai- wliei, tilled, as folU'Ws:

^•'%t::1:;;^I;e'l.::So.•Ma.•eh,l...u.

A.c....nt (M-....keis '{'"'"";"'•,;,,,„ ^,,^,s , Koiin 25) are care-

i.roi.er toluniii. , , ,,^ ..^ ,,„t at the same time, i-emembei

' 1 1)0 not overload tl.e reserve tiles, mu aj ^^^ j^,,^^

that rowdU entries is ""'--;".^,^,;'"^'e dlcate.! t.pon one shee ,

5. S„l.divisi..ns ;;^-;r;l.:" U-ere nu.y l.e "Ceantig K.ght «.'

^^r;-^^?.T!;luJring,"%>nKiing;; et_. ^^.^,. ,,„ ,., ,,...« sheet

2r j'S!n= 0.1-"- "- - --- -"'" "'"^ ':

-?^^i^; -.;v r;^;:::r:ii:rt.s^:r;r^i:" -<^

of all aecounl sheets should ag>et-

,„, ,i,e resi.e.tive month , ,,,„,,u,.d hefore making n< *'"-

«< All totals should he >aitiiii.>
mv'roU (Form 27 1. „i,„nld he dosed <m Saturday pre-

'^ . V aecouuts for the mouth shou d l^^ ^^^^^ ,^^ ,,,,,j^

vil .^lu- C.mmns.i.>n >neenu« s^^^^^ „ ^ expense, n.

and forwarded 1o the ••ep-" » ' , ,„,|„vving Krula.v.

Xulv of time for .ousideiation on "e ,;;)„„ „,• an aecouu ,

„'„„. .....1 <■•' "•'-":-■.' r'"ih..i.'.""i^ ■""■ ■I""'"' "'"""

(0) On the other hand, unless K r , ,,nd to w-hicl> the «

eai. mau-s 'a^.-V'" '".•^.^'unns .2 l.e eoUected from the var.ous

Z:::Z:^^^^:X!^ -nee adopted, shouid

11. Kitber metbod ma.N nt au i

19

X- ^,. Tf if i«8 found to be more convenient to
t:e1r<:tt\^;:e.t^:'c^•..-\.;.V't.:'ml^ ».«» ^.e ..ange must he

complete.

27.

Pay KoU.

1. The pay roll is to he ^>^^^^^ 'v::^:^^:^^^^'^:^

possible after the elos.ng <"* ^«''' ' "| . ,av ^ ^th .u.mth.
'''r ^l^irttlKt^'ue^ i::;.^;.ld'pi ,l.e fo-est.. has veriflec
its'ttgures and found then, to >'<■ ;;"'"•;;;••,; .,.^, .....ploved during (he
X Enter «'"<•^ '"";; ^";"'^•; .^ , n helumu Leaded -IJeceived
„u.utl.. and he sh.mld «'P\'"^;;' ' V ,, 'i^ .a-ried out, the forester
l^(;''r^"j «::;•:; \r eud"o;";he't;m.h m hunUng ..is ...e,, fo.

their signatures. -,„.,,, nos see item '2'2 under Forms ^ and

4. With referenee to signal uus, s>cc

4.

:. i ill*. n»v roll for the ami)unt
5. no not allow any person to reee.pt the pa.N

due another. , ,.„,| ..i!,MeivedOorre.l Ap-

0. Do not negleet to staini. I lit p.'.'
i.roved" and c.mntersigu. . , n ,„.j,ivs( half

'7. Never use 1 hours ''" l»'\, ■•^:,.,iVi w e (o give or lake. a...l
hour only. <iood ^"'^''^^^^^"ZcLu.n^o^M.

vet not he unjust '" ""V"' ' •''^.;;' ; n,. ordinary la.e per l.our -r
• 8. When the rate for '"'"" '\''' ,f , I „„ uaiue tl.e kind of labor

,U,v lalKH-. always indicate ale .".... s. ,^^,^^ ^„„n,

wllieh calls for the extraordmar.N .al< ...si

(Carpenter). =,.,. i,,,ulii.g a..d l.oa.ding sl.ould

9. In case of surveys. l'"> ' '/ /; .; ,V ,,. ..u-al. 'folal ..'"..Ler of

.ro on pav roll at rate per houi. 01 ''' J , „.,,.a ,„.r day .u sau.e

tri" burnished entire erew..ch.^ ,,',..,„.„ „„.., ,.e

csrf:::-a:r:ithi.r':";:r ^Kuri^d m .he survey.

28 and 20.
Deoartmout Bill ii^'«»*»"^-
, U is good business practice to give a reeeipled bill for all u.a.e-

rial sold for whieli money "-'f «" ^:i:;t be a cash busi,.ess. there

2. While all State business '^ ^P^^^^^ elapse, between the p« -

will be transactions in whul. so"«c "c ,^,.^ ,, statement,

dale of material and the l«;>--';y: , ^ , the e..d of each month, to
„„ either of ^^ese tonus, should ksh

the Individual «♦''' "^^■•"*?,''" ,Vc ,!»' "ill as follows:
:!. When payment is "'»<|';, '.;■.','"
Itoceived payment 10/i-/i-

.Siirued) William H. Kraft, Forester,
(higi.eu) 1 111 i,c.d for anv individual.

4 l)« not use this form as a bill head lot .

20

30.

Statemeut c»f Finances.

1. This rovn. sl.,.uia ... niled .,ut .ml f"--;^-;, ';^!'"' ''''l'"'"""'"*
at the oiul ..f onch .....nil,. The hea.l.iig will thon he.

Stati'iiioii( i'oi- Noveinhev, li)12.

2. 1. show, all the amounts of operaHou^ - ao.ouuls by com-
^"^'TrSu^lt :"lnr':^tr'«^Mn.Sr'the reee,. or In

ool^im inuulaiately f..llowiu« ex,K...^- --»;.;:" r„ ,S n he O'.

(h) If receiijts exceed exi)enses, the dilteiencc is *^"^^/ ,
...Jiiinii -it ihe extreme nglit <>< the tonn, .nui is .« "^.'
' 4 f"' tile succeeding nmnth the torn, will appear:

(a I Statement for Decemhev, 1012.

„., ^^illfSt'or'iS'halances will he p.ace.l iu .he proper col-
nuin nnder ^q^alaiices for November."
"";:; >-ew reoeip.s or expenses ^'^^^^ "^i' ;,,,, ,.,co.ne

VVw^r:*^ vaa riSt" e-L^lnu'e and ex.lenses .o aebi.
a aehi. item. AUd uttipis ' .litierence s placed in

halancs snl.tvact the two ''■7.''''''';\ f'Vwtler lie debit or crcdi.
the I)r or Cv. colnniii accordiiisr as to whetliei ""«'"" , -

amolini is the larger As for -"'"J ^.^^'j -co ^^^^^ -^
November shows a <l<;'f •";'«- ^J^^^ v'"!." he s^le of 'ma.ei'ial

!:;J;;;.eTb:Tli;ln--.ti""",id Vnere was an adaUional expen^^
^iSi^''a.ieT>ecen/er,,alanceisdet^^^^^^

^Ince .ile'aebit sldetf "•;^':; acl^Ms t"e l^rje. this is a debit bal-
ance and mnst be entered in tl'e dd.'t coUnnn^ ^^^^ ^^^

,i-..:iS:x;;rj^s^^^^^^^^^^^ ««- •- ^--

ticconnts, as a separate entry. ^r-ur^ani monev received from

1). This form will be nsed to present ~f ^ gee n'm 25 of Ont-
to be inclnded in annnal reports of foiesteis. (^ee

^'"(V) In this case the hcadinn; will be as follows:

Statement for the Year 1012.
/h^ ThP balances existing at the end of the previous year will be

final balances should be the same as those for December.

21

M All expenses during the ve.ar paid, or material furnished, di-

'i^^jd::s;=^ii;:r^:^:^i:'.^t£.,

be indicate<l, as well as Ihe balance ol receipts oi, hand.

31.
Forest I'rodiicls.

1 f .l^ioiinine (he development and i.ossil.ilil.v ol' Ihe
1. In order to de.eim lu " <_ "^.; .,, „,• vields according

forest it is necessary to keep an acdiiaK

to species and P'od"<;t«- ..,„„,„„alion is thai of soli.l cnl.i.' fc-l

3. The only sate b sis Oi <'."'' ,, j,,, ,„. „ilhont wood,

„f w..od. ex.lusive o ''';'-'^;.,., '' :"L , i • shoul.l be given. Tlw
„ separate slatemenl o. 'I"" ,',;'. .,''., .letern.ine Ihis volnnie.
individual forester is the " " ,. ' r" , " . ,ious produc.s and can

He knows '|'^'"•"; "'^:'''; /'"C v2c .. -- .•"'-•'-• i<""- ^■" '■"^'

readilv determine (he taclor Im " ','
•X of 1'>'""'' '"" ''•" '"'/l t^'n ;:/ liW Xmwer possible and ex-

br;:s:>s:r.;:;r;i:ei;v^;::;;i- -•'-•• -"-;'

kept on file. ,. ...,,.i,„,s sizes, classes, ami quab-

\. Pri..es given slionhl be 1 -s ;^ ':,.,„ „„ ,,.,,,ve.

ties of material when read.x to b ^„ |,.,^ ^^,^ f„,,.stcr ma,

5. Data should be ke,,t in '■'"■'''"•'■," ..^.i.,„s species and sizes of

provided for species, and make Mp.n.u..

columns for each ainonnt. ,..,,. .„.„a,„.t" column but mark it as
7. Hark may be entered .'■;''; "s.-ed. charcoal, or anything,
such. Other ^V'™/ "^;^,:''£ , ! v d Tron. the t,.>es of the reserve,
other than wood, that maN o( «h

32.
Financial Keceipts.

I • o. in the second column is that which can

1 The acreage to be given in the secon i
be nsed for wood production^ ^^^^,^^,,, ,,,iia ,ubic'foet

o The third column calls toi onm i^
of^wood, exclusive of bark ^^^. ^^.^,,^.,,<^ ,,„, statement

tions have been made for exjiensts

and sale of the vroAvjt ^^^ ^i,„ges except for super-

6. If material is sold on tne sunup

22

vidon are made, the receipts -u.d be eut d a« «---'P*l-;
the charges for supervision, so maiked, snoiua u
''rM!ri^i""-''-al^V -Id on lease and consequently may be en-
tered directly in net receipts column.

Plantation Keport.
1 Ko.- reserve record, one report sheet .houl.l be nmde for each

4. He atcurate a. to area P'l'' . ^.^^J^ ' the uu " ber of acres withiu
The area to be entered in ^^y""/ ^^'^''j-^" ^Z production,
the co.upartn.ent wh.ch cai be ^^f f^ ^ „^. .".^.^.king ibe plantat.on.

HU'r:rin!Hcr:*:e;hi';.\S ->... - "-*^-- --"^•

?• '^^X^^'X^^^on, a«e, species of phuU. used, or species
"'sImvc data concerning soil conditions, condition of growth pres-
'""'j. Describe the preparation of the soil, if any. fencing, or other pro-
tection necessary- ..vi.pnses connected with making the

several plantations. _ ..lanted in mixture or it each

13. If two or more species have ^^^' l^^i''JSjoi„i„g each other, one
species is planted on a small «'■«»:;"« '."^^^/Xge contiguous areas
jjfantation record i^^f""'."^"! . ^^e ^er t wi be better to make a
are planted pure with different ^Peci*^'' '^
plantation .cord for each area and species.

34.

Annual Planting Ueport.

1 This form is inte.ided as a summary of seeds and seedlings

»'r The°fig«rerrn this form must correspond with the totals of

Plantation l^ecords lor the year. reserve should be in-

anothe.- forester or purchased bj the «I";' ^'^ I^^^^ve should be in-
ai^atS'rl^Sr rt1,Kn1.i?rtt.rfrr.m seedlings furnished

'•Y Do noT5!^'on this fo..,.. the an.ouut of seed collected but not

28

planted on the reserve. S..ch a stateme.it should appear elsewhere in

^''?. ^l^^r^mtiiigri/anl SaccTil-tho proper columns s«k1s
,.1 nted ii a nu.-serv ami those pla.ited in permanent planlatum.
' 7 seeds or s^lings, the botanical name., of which are not found
h/t he 1^ on the form' are plante<l indi.ate th.. i;;"!- .";';--;. ^^
blank spaces. The nomenclatu.-e .,f ti.ays N.-w .Manu.il of ISot.mv,
Seventh Edition, is to be use<l. ,

« Anv Dlant raised from a seed is a scclliMg. I he ajie ol a sew
linl; .^Xtemined bv the number of growing seasons th.-oi.gh w h c

"'?itrr,'\;r.;«.r=:::n; ■ ■■< ».-■'»«

1^- 1.1 ivinmiVnited at the end of the second

A seedling two years old * ^^"^l^**'";^ ' \, ... .^^a romaining in

35.

Plantation (irowlli Kcconl.
n is absolutely ..epsa..ythaMheDepaHmcn.^

'"r';£':!^:r;hcet id .. .•<";;;;;;', ;;;:'::,;i? !r.:;":::nr""'"

"'t'"ig''of's:::rnngs" -••- t.. .l-c a... of the plants when they were

set in plantation. k,> „,,„t >jt.-li>, or broadcast method

5. lu planting seeds, the.e...a.vM;>'<;^ .„ ,„ ,,,„„ting

of s..wii.g. and various f ',"'''*,„ 2' s, it so.l. an.l various other
seedlings, thei-e may be ''"'<;,;"". j" Tbes.' details shoul.l bo
.uethods and details '^<f^^^^^^^^^„, .,.. Form 3:!.
.et forth either on the back <d ^^';^^^^l ^„.„„a ^-e the age of the

6. The second column, "Age ot iieis,
trees from seed.

24

T During the m-st ten ,ea. of a plantation, i.i.ht g.owt. ma,
be measured ""n"\^!'>' ;:';.'':™^^;,,^n,.nls of l.otl. li.'iSJl't ""'1 *"'""«*t;'

,i K;u!r..t';;:'iCVi::;^:;K P-..n...a„„ .-,.« t,., t.. are i«,

srrowth. , ^, ,,,,1,1 1h. made at the same bei^ht,

,,in,net<.r S.-nvU, sIm.uWI 1... «■-■ -^^^ ;;|,,j ,„ ^..^e .leoi.nals.

r.. Tl... av.-iaK<- .un-cnl ,'"''«'","',, „„. t,.,.es in (lie ,.lantation
,„; u.„,„.s ol .1... ,as( y-a- ;^,,;";:;;. ,' j" , „„„„ev or trees. .
,,„., .livi.lint. Il.e snu. '','"*. '■.,^,\,; ,, ,,lanta(i.m is ,letern|,ne.l

U. Tl.e mean annua Leij.!. !^ •« "^'f ..hmtation and .l.v.d-

bv adding tl.e total luMgl.ls "I •> 'J ' ^ , ^ /.^ „« average l.eigl.t at
i^g the snn> by tlie ^^'^"'\';^^^'.^l:nLi (Leu be .livided bv the
the time of nieasureuieut . J ins .n ei .>b

innnber of years the \'-';«;': '"*.^\'^;^„.tb is detern.ined by adding the
13 The mean annual .l.anulu - "^\" . ,us as fowid from diameter
sect onal areas of all trees n. tl.e '"';'•;: ^^ „„„. „f trees in the
,„easure„.ents, ami '^V;' i'lf be l.e v.^'^e sectional area at the tune
j.lanlati.m. 'f''*- '''?,"'' ^^\^/'^." be imnd the average diameter,
of ,„easnreu.enl. Fron. '^'''^ '''•..',, ,. ,be ..nn.ber of years tlu-

.P„, average dianuMer ,s '';;''.,,'•,, aeter growth.
,,eesareoldtool.tanHheue, an u ^^ ^^^^^ ^^.^^.^ ,

1(J. Having the f.vevage h g ■' 1 ^ ^^.^^ ^^ ,ieter.nine,l by

plantation at any time, *''«;''"".„ ,.,,,.,„i volume measurements
inding a tree of sn.h s./.e and ';:'''': ;,;',,,,. ..,„ean sample trtH-. '
,f it. The volnme of smh a t u^, ^^^ ,,antation. will give the
,„„lti,.lied by '''^n""f'<^': "* '"^tsee n.'es" Me..surati..n. W-'^r'^
volunle <.f the whole 1'1«" ^* '^;, ,^7„e number of years the trees
and 2-'9.t This volume d v e h
areola will give »'l';;- ;, ^ i'\ . . .te^h.-nld be given.

18. |''-l'.'a"a;-';. ;;;•;;'•;;:::",;.. ir^f (he tree is ,.aHially or wholly
„1,.. ,be general level of (he ol| - «, ,"' ,' „..,,,, and very little

,„„„i„an( -When (h.- «'• "Y' '''" . V, ,., uo (he more or less even
fron. (be si.le. being one "I H""-" "'•"'^"'- '

'•='";;lerm31e- W..en (be .—n l.as u-, ligh. f-" side and o.,ly

a small amount f.om H'e tov- . „„ ,ij.i,| f,.„u. top or side

^"f T-<{7il)' ;™e U^n^ r ^ .liVion '.y -son of iusuftieient l.ght.
and the tree is m a \\eaKent^u

25

36.
Koads, Trails and Fire Lanes.

1 \ road shall be cMnisidered as a way of travel wide enon-h lor
tb^i^e o wag ns, having lu.m so nsed or to be used, jy^^lf.^'^H-sed
to be made bare of growth for at least 0 U^i. especially it it is to be
•1 nart of the i)ermanent road system. , ,■ . * ,i ^..

2 A trail smll be considered as a narrow way (or foot travel, or
foihorseTack riding, and is supposed to be ...ade ba.e lor trom one

^**i*r^firrlane shall be considered as a way clea.ed thiongl. bn.sl.
or forest where fn ad or trail would never likely be bnilt. and f.-.m.
whicrthebnsh an. loose debris are removed. The width n.ay be

ron. 4 to 20 M t, of whi.h at least one foot should he made bare.
T When a road or trail has been laid ou( and the r.gl.( "I «av
eleln-ed of brush ....l.v, it should not be reported as a hre lane
"r A (rail may at son.e ,i-..e. '-----; I^U;^ a n«:

*''r^„T<1.a".:^es'Tr;iut::;n;'s,,.!n.d belt^ reasons for (hem

^^rn-n... may be remo^ f.^n ei.a. ^l;^ :;l^:j;::!^ ^ ,1^1:^.
".^e b';:r;:nrvarruid':::tend ::' farther d-an is ..eeessary. Bare

TBS:Sr^9iE r.s ;:rrr lane,

where none has existed previonsly. .^

(b^ improvement refers to work ' ;-, ' ' t- d lon.pleted
existing, or upon new roads after having i>(<ii

"1 7.:!l"roaT":i?,Tflr7iane should be designated defiuKely and
Its^emmi7i:tuel.v'determin.l fnmi H^^^^^^ .„. ,

''irBi^ohirTe-fers to the aeconiplishmeiit .,f good drai.iage by
ait"her.m insld'e of road, -ss-drains or sub-drain^^^^^^ ,^^_^,^

12. Surfacing refers to rounding np he •"•^; . ^,„,,., „.„,erial
graded and ditched, either wKh ea t. g- ; ^ < ,
necessary to eoniplete the work and ;'^ ' '^ '.,,' ,,. (,„. ,a(.. per m

13. Tlie cost of extension should be imli..n<<i m

feet of distance e.xlended. ,,.p,„led on (he basis

U All improvements and repaiis sliou .i I

of cost per 100 feet of Ctal 'engO <> y"" ;.,„,., ;, ,„„i,.r •'extension"

LS.rr;:;i;.r.i"-" r:;v;:,';".:'i -. ■.>.,

Fire Lanes." ^ . . , \„«,im1 Report, use one slieel

16. In summary ♦«. »ei>a-t"H'n " A in 1. 1 K. p .

for roads, one for trails and »"*;, ' p,^. :'"V„di.a(ed a„d no( classed

aA^rernrallCnTtC:^^^^^^^^^^ "■ "'^ '"■•'" ^ '-' ''

under item 3 of report outline.

I

26

J ^r. Kmmdarv lines are Are lanes

IS. A„ roads, ^r;f^-:\:^^ :!ZT'"''^
in effect but sliouUl not l.i ie|«»<^«^"

37.
Deseriptious ..t On-I-avtments. ^^ ^^^^^

Fo,-„.s S7, 38 and 3'.) are very ""i;";;*,'";*,.::t"iua .an be nH-ord^l

'» For the time ^eInJ,^ ^^''^ \'*'. .. , ,; u,,o\vii
...e'nts if .be-"- ''''•''<'""V":\;r; u.t" n'.du.in, a.ea. bavins n„

,,;;s or bnt a fe>v, bene- "^'"J'^ j*;, ^a f. r wood l.rod..v.i..n. In
'^' - -^ '";,r;Ht;";^'a:rn:: V ^TXu. sto-Umg ...... n.a, pve

i. '■"<»'••• •••V"Tmv J uVunue.reatn,ent

••T'^r:;;'";' afranno nse ,.a,.er in ,ivin, de.a.is.

3S.

''""""" "' ■"■*""■ onlv •. .-areful estimate
-P,,.,.,.uMssei.ex,.ianat..rvandre.,n,reson,>a.a

or survey of areas. ^^

Tables of Qualities of l.o.alil.V- ..pssed

,;v ..<i,u,litv of l-oeali.y i^'-r"' V!: aSed'fro at'- '"•''>»>••

-?^rfS::« ..de .... ;;--:;;;;;;-;:::":;rir-a..nu.n ttto

■ ' oubie fe.d .d' wood. ,,, ip^s ,i.an 75 soli.i

111 Areas eai-a.de ol ,. odvuin^, o^..

,\,-!t!trtC.-.f, fuein. over ,0 and .ess .bat.

' • " :..(. solid cnbie f.-et of wcmd^ ^^,.j, ^^^ ,„,.,„ ^.resent

<, Kemarks shonld eover any -naltets
conditions in any clearer hght.

2T

40.

Valuation Sfvirvey.
There are taany n.ethods of n.akin, a v.lua.i-.n survey, but .bis
^Ti^^T^ iL'oSU' dalS'on tbe day ...e t.o.es are entered.
~ '!^(:^'i:,:X l;;;^^^.':";' '^e;..« ...rued, as ..1... ...e

^r^^:^:-'^^ <^ -r-*^' • fS";.;!"n;:":u:::t;:;; to-

axis of the tree ^,„,„,a i^. maintained.

.. ii4;rs;;':~ t;;;;'rr;il; -• » -«' -

two-inch classes.

41.

Tree Analysis.

. f ., follpd tree t<. determine its ji;i-owth is <allcd
"The nieasnrenient oi a teiied ntc

n tree analvsis." H. S- ^'^"^ , ,|,^. analvsis is made.

i: i;s;!r;:'s'i.r;s:or )-■- P-' >• ■ """"'■■'""• ""• ^""■

"T-t^ldity .^ers ':i;i-^;!?;:^.!;r;!:'- „., ,„„„„..■ of r... above

4. "Ileissbt of Cross Action '• ' ,^.,, ,„„i „„.i,snr.<l.

j,,ound at^vbieb tbe """""l.^ "f. ; /J ! „ ...e numb.-r of years
" 5. To det.-rn.ine t..e af!e "' ," "^.J" ,' :. ."..f ,1k. .ross section, by ex-
required for tbe tree to,;:«»^' ";^ " tbe nei);bborbo«Hl •.'•• (?.,
iuuination of sn.all ^•'•'«";"f ,. ' '' r..u...l an.l is a white i-ne it
if tbe tree is cut at one toot <•"".,-,,,„ ,„.i„,„. T.ien .-ounl tbe

,„av have re.,uired live .^f '>*,;. X ,11 Hv,. for the t..tal a«o
number of rings f.'..n. centre tb.n I • ^,„,, j^ „.ok fi v,

(i If the cross seclnm is one f .>l •''-., „.|„.„ Hve y.-ars obi

veJrs to r^a-li that lieigbt. .•- •-;^;-,, ^^^^ U- entr.- t.. ...it-

\vas 0. At ten years be r dins w as t lu^ ^^^^ j.^^^^_^^.,, ,.,.,„„ ,,,„re to
side <d^ tbe r.tb annual rins:, at J.) .>>

tentb annual rinp. '<'"'.»" ""•.,,., „,,, ;„„i ibe cn-ssscli.." i^^/" J'tl
7 Sui.l.ose tbe tree is 8. •V'"''';,' ',,,.,, ,.i„., |,iid on in the S( tb
hilh We det.-rmine first where the »" '"". ' ",^„. ,,„,u. The radius

;tr of'«i-vth ^}^y^:x'^;;::i\:;:z'iz:^^'^^r!^ <« «- -*^'''''

..f QO A'pars at this heij?nT is mt viPven rinijs.

thVwn.. outside of whi.;b there a e H^^M^^^^ ;;,.„„„„, „,..

A>,„itinL' ten rinss toward the •'"" _ . ,|,„ and so on.
nosHf wood inade^in the TO.b year o H- t ec« '. ^.^^ ,„,,,„,en,e«t

prnas section, that it requiieu v^-^ j

rS words, 87 -i--.J.^,;.T di::;neter at 41 feet ab..ve ground,

8. "Diameter B. H. Ielel^
outside of bark.

28

""J*;^; Th^'n'S .uVi;"n ,n.Uing ti.c ana.vsis .uus, l.e on oad.

Tree N'olume.

This sheet is t., he u.e.l f.n- reeoniing .h. fiuu. «gures in working
up tree voh.me fron. data on ;"™ ^.j; ,, ,„„ ,aU-ulations arc made.

1. Date should he t'!C,';i;\,".'.; !",:'' ,„d -Looality," should corres-
, JidSirSeimron^l^nn i.^'i'Von, .hi., the neeessar. data are

^"3^"-Tvi.(" again refers lo h\'<- "" ' '•''^•;'.-

v. •M:.H'alitv"r..|erst,M,ualil.vol ,Kahl>. ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ „„,

.ht,jt::'t.;;s'(r\---:"-^ , ... n.. .. ..ve he.,

Tf-;?;;:! :;;:•;;; wm;:^;:gar.u.das^ae,,i,.d^^ ^„^ ^^.,

rU;^,h:;;:l'X'!r;h:hl;'^.^H;;.ied h. the .e„gth. .represented
in foiuiulii V= X L

,,, What is u-'''"'«>-;i::;,';:r'toi,:d ";i;r::!i;i'of'\he'^i.oie .ree

(5. The second couiputalion is to nn«i
without hark. , |„„„. „f the tree. wKlionI

7. The next compulations .n ^ '" ' /'.'^i,-,,. ,„,-(v rears, and so on.
,,„,U, at specif.- ages, -"f --;;;,; ^'^^^ ; ;., i,e,ulO. lA.ru. 41 the

8. In the ease ot special •"'• •\'^''' r'. _.,i,„u.l area in the .ni.l<ll<!
.eco„.l c..oss-se.c(ion .s •<;«;';;;->,, ' /; h", „f wiru-h is found hy
.,f a four foot lr,.ncaled •'■'"" ',',,1' ,i,,.ile hv the length, whiel. ..
multiplying the sectu.nal aiea ' ' J ;. '.'v,,,. Ill SchlichV Manual of
^ach instance in this case is 4. J.ui.

Forestry, \wa Va\\\\ou, pnge oU.

43.

Application for Kxamination for Admission to the State Forest

^^ Academy.

1 1 V nil xvlio desire to take the examinations.
This fonu must be .se<n. aU .ho cR ^^^^^^^^^^^^

Tliev mav )>e I»a(i o} \mh»i»o

2d

44.

Academy runt rati— Maj(»r.
To be entered into bv those wiio receive apix.intments to the Aca-
emy as students, and who are past their n.ajority.

45.
Academy ( N>ntract — Minor.
Same as above, except to be entered into by those who have nol yet
reached their majority.

46.
Academy Ronrl.
To be entered into by all who receive appcMntments as students at
the State Forest Academy.

47.
Nursery (-ertiticate Shippiajj; Taji'.

tached to a hoN. Ise an ordina.v phnn shipp^'g' '■'!-'■

48.
\pplicatioii for Koresl Tree Seedlings.

This form wil, he sen, fro.n .He ;|n;;';^:r .e^inl.i:' fri^m S^^^:
uals (not io foresters on reserves! nnIio dcsiu scuun^

partment nurseries.

49.
Lightninjj: Keporl.

1 This form is to be tilled up by foresters, rangers, and any other
.Je.^!^: [he^;:ester nu^' be able U^J^^^-^^^^^^ ^,,,,,,.,,

2 Definite areas will have to be desi-natcu
niigrht be likely to nudvc dupluations.

50.

Nursery Operation Sheet.

The p.irpose of this forn. is Iha. - --;-'-; ^"!"::f 'Si^g
expenses, so as to be anie neuei
seedlings of various ages and species.

51.

Nursery Shipment Card (green),

\ fill nn this card at the same time as Form
52^aL'\ri^Z'0.e™l:divl!.rl t^wl-om seedlings are shipped as

30 ,
,, aa case of pn-te individual, card .s
soon as «hiP''^.^°[„,l' Tf Forestry.* j,, (his card, and as the

•t 'ahs^ "rrrr -!* ss,'"-- - -■' •""' '

^ 52.

Keceii.t lor >"' ^^ ' ^ „uvservn.au lor ea.l

sioucr of Forestr.N, ^^ "> ,a,-efull.V. H'*;,

I «s l.Hve. >««en seut. ,.,.^.,.i,.^.,, and < t^<^ ,he Lack of

""I After ««'d>""l':.^' :„a uve uvon tlu- <■'^^:^^^^,U^^ .eedliuKs
f,„-e.ter will jdm;' '"';i,'', ^eut was correct, 'V f '"".^"dliuBH, and "»>;
i note whether the sP^^^^^^^^ ,,„d n""'" "''X„ the card nu.sl

„,l,er inf"""" '" „ ,v ;. th-e m.r«ery».an l.oni
l,e returned promp".^

1. 1

18. All roads, trails, streams, and open boundary lines are fire lanes
in effect bnt should not be re[>orled as such.

37.
Descriptions of Compartments.

Forms 37, 38 and 30 are very important as a basis of future forest
manafjement. It is not expected that exact data can ha rworded
upon them at present, but an effort should be made to cover the whole
reserve and malve jn-oper entries on these forms, recording everything
as far as i>ossible at i)resent. From time to time ja-oper revisions
may be made. In no case should the preliminary sheets be destroyed.

L Jt slionhl be remeinl>ered that tlie compartment is the smallest
unit of management, slionld be bounded by geographic fejitures,
roads, or trails, as far as possible, and should not excee<l :*>(M) acres.

LV For the time lieing, warrants may be us<^l in jdace of compart-
ments, if tlieir locations are detinitely known.

3. A '-blank" is a portion of the tindKM* prodncing area, having no
tn-it^s or but a few, hence necessitating a complete restocking. It
does not include any areas not intended for wood ])rodncri<.n. In
some cases the latter areas nmy have a thin stocking which may give
a small return from time to time.

4. Under ''Sylvicultural System" may be given any past history
with reference to the growth.

5. ''Quality of Locality" may be indicated by Koman numbers.

6. ''Quality of (Irowiilg Stock" may be indicated by decimals and
should comprehend density and condition of trees.

7. ruder "Remarks" may be stated something descriptive of present
conditions and of snggested future treatment.

S. l>o not be afraid to use ]>aper in giving details.

38.

Table of Areas.
This form is self explanatory and re(piires only a careful estimate

or survev of areas.

39.

Tables of (Qualities of Locality.
Ity '-(iuality of Locality" is meant the yield ca|)acity as expressed
bv the ([naniity of |>roduce which <an be derived from the locality.

' 1. Lnder "Species and Sylviciiltural System" shonld be noted con-
ditions at present.

1'. The following table shall determine the (piality class.

I. ( Hest I Areas capable of producing ]>er acre per annum KM)

solid cubic feet of wood or more.

II. Areas capable of ]no<lncing over 1^} and less than 100 solid

cubic feet of wood.

III. Areas capable of prodncing over ."iO and less than 7r> solid

cnbic feet of wood.

IV. Areas cai»abie of ])rodtu'ing over .30 and less than 50 solid

cubic feet of woo<l.
y. (Poorest) Areas capable of [noducing over 10 and less than
3(1 solid cubic f(^t of wood.
3. Remarks should cover any matters which will set forth present
conditions in any clearer light.

27

40.

\'aluation Srurvev.

t

There are many methods of making a valuation snrvev. bnt this
form is adapted to most of them.

1. Each sheet should be dated on the day the notes are (Mitered.

2. ^'Locality" refers to quality of locality.

3. *'Area" refers to the area which is being worked, as either the
total area or the unit or area.

4. ''Nund>er" is that of the sheet covering the aiea in<licated.

5. Calipering should be d(me carefully, i)aying attention to

(a) !*osition of calij)ers. They shonld be at right angle to the

axis of the tree.

(b) Uniform height of measureineni shonld be maintained.

(c) Swellings, knots, vines, etc., shonld be avoided.

(d) Average diameter should be read.

6. Excepf in case of very exact work, diameters may be entered in
two-inch classes.

4L

Tree Analysis.

"The measurement of a felled tree to determine its growth is called
a tree analysis." 11. S. (Iraves.

L Date should be entered, the day the analysis is made.

2. "Type" refers to tyjje of tree, as predominant, dominant, or sup
pressed, etc.

3. "Locality" jt'fers to quality of locality.

4. "Height of Cross Section" I'efers to the nnmber of feet above
ground at which the annual rings are counle<l and nieasnred.

5. To determine the age of the tree, determine the nnmber (»f years
required for the tree to reach the height of the cross section, by ex-
amination of small seedlings or sprouts in the neighborhood: e. g.,
if the tree is cut at one foot from the ground and is a white pine, it
ma^' have re(]uired live years to reach that height. Then count the
number of rings from centre to bark; add five foi- the total age.

G. If the cross section is one foot above ground and it took five
years to reach that height, the radins at one foot when fiv(» years old
was 0. At ten vears tlie radius was the distance from centre to out-
side of th<* .^)th annual ring: at Lj years the distance from centre to
tenth annual ring, and so on.

7. Suppose the tree is 87 veins old and the cross-section is 4tl feet
high. We determine first where the annual ring laid on in the 80th
year of growth is by counting seven rings fi-om rhe bark. The radius
at 80 years at this height is the distance from centre to the outside
of the ring, outside of which there are still seven rings.

Counting ten rings toward the center determines the annual de-
posit of wood made in the 70t^h year of the tree's life, and so on.

There may be a number of rings from the place of last measurement
to center, say, 8. It would mean, if in all there were 25 rings on the
cross-section, that it required 62 years to reach a height of 40 feet;
in other words, 87 minus 25 equals 02.

8. "Diameter B. H." refers to diameter at 4} feet above ground,
outside of bark.

28

29

9. "Merchantable Length" refers to the total length of stem that
might possibly be used, if taken to the lowest diameter which can be
utilized in anv market.

10. When analysis is made for accurate results, the tree should be.
cut into sections not longer than four fuGi.

(a) The ti'ee must be cut oft* as close to the ground as possible.

(b) The next cut must be at exactly two feet above stump cut.

(c) The last two cuts must be made two feet apart.

(d) In computing volume the j)ortion of the tree above the last cut
must be considered as a cone.

11. The name of the person making the analysis must be on each
sheet.

42.

Tree \'olume.

This sheet is to be used for recording the tinal tigures in working
up iree v^olume from data on Form 41.

1. Date should be the day upon wliicli the calculations are made.

2. "Species," ''No. of Tree," ''Type," and "Locality," should corres-
])oiid with the entries on Form 41, irom which the necessary data are
taken.

^>. "Tyi)e" again refers to type <d' trees.

4. "Locality" refers to quality of locality.

5. The fiisl comjmtallon will be to calculate the volume of the
whole tree, including bark (bianch wood may oi* may not have been
considered in the analvsisl.

(a I The stumi» ^^'^^ ''^^ regarded as a cylinder.

(bi Ka<'h log shall be regarded as a truncate jiaraboloid the vol
ume of which e(pials one-half the sum of the sectional area of top plus
the sectional area of the base, multiplied bv the length. l{epresente<l

S+s

in formula \'= x L

2

(c| What is left above the last log is considered as a cone.

(). The second computation is to tind the volume of the whole tree
without bark.

7. The next computations arc for the volume of the tree, without
bark, at specific ages, as seventy, sixty, tifty, forty years, an<l so on.

8. In the case of special analysis as under item 10, Form 41, the
sec(md cross-section is regarded as the secti(mal area in the middle
of a four foot truncated ]>ai'aboioid, the volume of which is found by
multiplying the sectional area in the middle by the lenglli, which in
each instance in this case is 4. liefer to N'ol. 1 11 Schlich's Manual of
Forestry, IWd Edition, jKige .*>().

43.

Application for Fxamination for Admission to the State Forest

Academ3%

This form must be used by all who desire to take the examinations.
They may be had by Avriting to the Department.

44.

Academy Contract— Major.

To be entered into by those who receive app<nntmcnts to the Ap«
emj as students, and who are past Iheir majl/rity.

45.
Academy Contract— M inor.

Same as above except to be entered into bv those who have not vet
reached their ma oritv. ' ' ^^^

46.
Academy Bond.

iZ\^!^T'^^'^^^ ''l^''^^ ^" '^^^^^^ ''^^'"'^'^ ^.ppointments as students at
the State Forest Academv.

47.

Nursery Certiticate Shipping Tag.

1. One of these shippir.g tags, with the certificate properlv filled
up, must be attached to each package of seedlings sent from'anv of
the insi)ected nurseries. This is i-e(|uired bv law.

2 Do m)t use this form for the address' <ard when it must be at
tached to a box. Cse an (.rdinary plain shipping tag.

48.

Ap)p]ication for Foi*est Tree Seedlings.

This form will be sent fiom the De|»artment to all j)rivate individ-
uals (not to foresters cm reserves) who desire seedlings from the De-
partment nurseries.

49.
Lightning Report.

1. This form is to be filled up by foresters, rangers, and any other
observers the forester may be able to interest in the work.

2. Definite areas will have to be designated where two observers
might be likely to make duidications.

50.

Nursery Operation Sh(M3t.

The purpose of this form is that the forester may tabulate nursery
expenses, so as to be able better to determine tiie cost of raising
seedlings of various ages and species.

51.

Nursery Shipment Card (green).

^ 1. The nurseryman must fill up this card at the same time as Form
52, and send it to the individual to whom seedlings are shipped as

30 .

soon as shipment is made. (In case of private individual, card is
sent to Commissioner of Forestry.)

2. The forester receiving? seedlings will retain this card, and as the
seedlings are planted make note of their number, size, and quality
upon the back of the form.

3. If seedlings are received in the fall and some have to be heeled
in over winter for any reason, a statement concerning the matter
should also be placed on the back of this form.

4. If any seedlings have been lost or de^^troyed, a statement should
be made giving whatever information is available.

5. As soon as the shipment is checked by forester receiving it and
the proper memoranda made upon the back of the form, it must be
sent -to the Commissioner of Ftu-estry.

C. Nurserymen should call the attention of express agents to the
fact that seedlings have a special low rate.

52.
Keceipt for Nursei-y Stock (yellow).

1. One of these cards must be tilled up by the nurseryman for each
shipment and sent to the individual to whom the seedlings are sent
together with Form 51. (In the case of private individiuils both
forms for each shipment must be forwarded promptly to the Commis-
sioner of Forestry, who will then notify the person to whom sef^l
lings have been sent.)

2. After seedlings have been received and checke^l carefully, the
forester will }>lace bis signature upon the card, and upon the back of
it m^te whether the shipment was correct, condition in which seedlings
were receive*!, general condition and quality of seedlings, and any
other information of value to the nurseryman. Then the card must
be returned promptly to the iiursei*yman from whom it was receive<^.

END OF NUMBER