Author: Pennsylvania Dept. of Forestry

Title: Bulletin, no. 25 - no. 31, 1923

Place of Publication: Harrisburg, Pa.

Copyright Date: 1922-1923

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg250.5

FILMED WHOLE OR IN
PART FROM A COPY
BORROWED FROM:

STATE LIBRARY OF
PENNSYLVANIA

no. 25 - no. 31

1922

1923

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PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF

FORESTRY

PENNSYLVANIA STATE FOREST

ACADEMY

MONT ALTO, FRANKLIN COUNTY, PA.

TWENTIETH YEAR— 1922-1923

BULLETIN 25

1922

ROBKRT Y. STUART, Commissioner

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PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF

FORESTRY

STATE FOREST COMMISSION

ROBERT Y. STUART,

EDWARD BAILEY

HENRY W. SHOEMAKER

MARY FLINN LAWRENCE (Mrs. John W-)

HENRY S. DRINKER

ROBERT Y. STUART, Commissioner of Ferestry.

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THE FACULTY.

FOREAVORT).

Tilt' I'lMinsvlvania iH'partUH lit of Forestry has uiulcrlakfii the
huge task of lestoiinj^ the forests of tlie State to their orijjjiiial pro-
ductive condition. I'enn's Woods formerly yielded abundant revenue
to the owners, steady work for the wajic earners, and healthful livinj»
conditions to all. Cheap luniher, pure water su])ply, stream regula-
tions, and the iJievention of erosion are among the benefits the forest
brings.

To develop tlie forest land i)urchase<] by the State, trained fores-
ters were needed, and as no institution in the State could or would
furnish them, the Stat-e Forest Academv was organized twenty vears
ago to meet the emer<»ency. The State now hohls almost a million
and a quarter acres of forest land and should acquire five million
more.

This announcement for the 20tli year is iiuhU? to the iK'ojde of Penn-
sylvania to inform them of the progress an<l standing of the Academy
and to bespeak their hearty cooperation in the restoration of the
forests of the State. It is not an extravagant claim to say that the
safety and prosperity of the •entire State hinge on the success or fail-
ure of this movement.

J.'

Edwin Allen Zeigler, A. M., Sc. D.

Director and Professor of Forestry

Wniard M. Drake, A. B., M. S. F.
Professor of Forestry.

George S. Perry, B. F.

Professor of Forestry.

Coleman J. Harris, A. M., M. S.
Professor of Biology.

Roland W. P,rown, B. S.

Professor of Soils and Chemistry.

W. Harold Horning, B. F.

Assistant Pi-ot'essor of Forestry.

Louis C. I^oetzer, B. F.

Instructor in Forestry.

SPECIAL LECTURES.

Special courses such as "Fish and Game", and "First Aid" will be
givi'ii by special lecturers.

In addition an opportunity is given the students to hear spe<ial
l-ectures on forestry, botanical and other subjects. Among t'lcsr
special lecturers will be:

Hon. Hobt. V. Stuart, Commissioner oi' F<»restry.

Dr. John W. Harshberger, Cniversity of Pennsylvania.

Dr. O. E. .Jennings, Cniversity (»f Pittsburgh.

Mr. K. S. Kellog, Secretary, American Newsprint Associa-
tion.

Mr. .lohn Foley, Forester, Pennsylvania Railroad.

Colonel Henry W. Shoemaker, Pennsylvania State Forest
Commissioner.

Mr. .1. S. 11 lick, Pennsylvania Department of Forestry.

Specialists from C. S. Forest Service, and Pennsylvania
Forest Service.

Sp<»ciaiists from the Game and Fish Commissions.

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SCHOOL CALENDAR, 1922 1923.

JanuarvS, 1022. . tn • ^ .

* linstmas vacation ends

Janiiarv 17-21, lO*"^ i^- ^ ^

•^ J' n-st t(M in examinations

.Ian. 2;}, 1922 w. , .

Necon<l term begins.

Febrnaiv 22, 1022 aa- i • . , .

,, ^ • ^^ aslnnjrton's Hiitlidav.

3fay 30, 1022..

^ " Menioiijil Da v.

Jnne 12 17, 1022 t?

Second term examinations.

.June 22-2;j, 1022 C'^>mpetitive Scholarship lOxaminalions.

June 10, 1022 ^

f^ummer session betrins

.Tnlv4, 1022

imlepemlence Da v.

Ancnst o, 1022. f^

( onimeiiccmenl Ivxercises

Au<rnst 4, 1022 c-

Summer session ends.

September r>, 1022.. ,^ ,,

rail term begins.

November :M). 1022... mi , . .

I lianks«;iviim Dav

December 15, 1022 /n • .

^ nristmas vacation beirins

•fanuarv, 2, 1!)2:{. . . /n • ^

< hristnias vacation ends.

.lanuarv ir>20, 102:J t^.; ^ ^

l^»i*st term examinations.

•Tannarv 22, 1!I2.*»

Second term !?^rr|ns.

Febrnarv 22, 102.1 \x^ ^ .

Mav.-!0.1..2:! \N-l„n«,o„-.sHi,,l„l:,v.

,, , Memona Dav.

June 11-10, 102:j q^^ ,,

^ ^ second term (examinations

June 21.32 102, ,v„..„eti.ivo s,.„o,a,..n„ ..x.n.ina.ions

June 18, 102:5 t^

.I„lv4,l!.2:!.. Snmn,,., s,.ssion l,0Kins.

Aug„«t 2. .n2.r ■ V;. .^ .In.l„..>„.l,.,„.,. .,.,,.

-, , , • Summer session ends

September 4, l<»2.i.

• I' all term bejjins.

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ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY.

As earlv as 1876, in an address before the recently organized Ameri-
can FoiJ^it^ Association at Philadelphia, Burnett Landreth pointed
out the necessity of teaching forestry as a science in itself and not
as a Mh of agriculture. From that time, throughout the period of
aeitatl^n and public educaticm which preceded the foundation of he
Sartment of%ore8try thei-e continued [''•^"''"t .Vf ^'T^f ^ ^^/.^t^
necessity of such a separate course, or, better stil , of a sepaiate
sclZl (Loted to the teaching of forestry. The European torest
HcCols^^Tconsidered as models, but all recognized the necessity
of adapting such a school to American "^''d^ a"d condmons^ Phis
ncitntion was esneciallv strong in the years ot l>b8 and 1»»9. uuring
ll'ir the tiust^s of the f..rvc,-sity of Pennsylvania established a
cSlr of foi^st^- to be filled as soo'n as funds became available, but

'^Be 'iTtlSw 'gn^th of public sentiment in favor of Forestry,
paSarly among forest owners, no constructive steps were taken
?„"ard;tll^ e'stablihment of a technical f^-t^ 00-- «nW ^^
ihi^ vpqr 1000 In issues of ^'Forest I^eaves, in 1001 and i^u^, are

^ .^trUnWe^UvT'reli^^^^^^^^^ ^Z^^^^X

l^r^lete These sSs refused at'that time to undertake the work.
SciatS^ the actual nee.l of men and realizing the great a<lvan-
ia^es of a practical school connected with actual forest works Dr^

Sro"ck Sed to establish such ?; -^- V stTe Fore"
Department of Forestry and locate i -Von^^l^Vor^ ^,^^ ^^^^

to W I\r \V;!Ikrc:i;aV;;^" th^ ;' operty recent^^^^

he Mont Alto Iron Co.. an<l to establish a f;''*!,^^''"^^^,^^,"^ S
the leeislature of 1901 had refused to a.lopt Dr. Botp'^cK s piau»,

he\u sure that two years would find a «''-^-?,X*'^T^' ^'^e
a preliminary measure four men were sent ♦" ^^^.'P Mr. ^irt am .

some instruction in forestry n •'«"'> fin o;'sTharandt Forest

13, 1903, the «^»^^;*' ;;;\ , ' r^^ie Forestn- Reservation Commis-
for the entrance of the tii-st class, ine ^^J^^ ^^ i 1Q0*> a curriculum

posed of young '"^^'^ ^l^^\{ tly composed of such men. It

experience, and t^«/;;«^\*^,'",^e„P,vere often unable to do the men-
was soon recognized that these men ^^"^ " ' . , ^^^ entrance
tal work required in a Btiidy of ^^'^'^^^:'J^^i Z\^ l^-^^, ^.A
requirements were made strictly competitive vstu nor w^ 4
mental ability entering into the test. Ths plan was a Ihe ^^
1920 when non-scholarship students were admitten i
standard college entrance preparation.

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At first there was sonio thought of moving the school to the Cale-
donia purchase as ])()ssessing better facilities, but this was finally
given up and the administrative buildings of the old furnace at Mont
Alto were utilized for the school. These were far from being ideal,
and consequently the school was materially handicapped until lOOS.
when ground was broken for the first of the present group of modern
buildings.

LOCATION.

The Pennsylvania State Forest Academy is located about one mile
from Mont Alto, a village in Franklin County, which is sixty miles
southwest of Harrisburg on the Cuudjcrland Valley Division P. R. W.
The ground occupied by the school buildings is a part of the Mont
Alto State Foi^est, whicii atVor«ls an (>])i)ortunity for practical instruc-
tion and experimentation ecpialled by few. if any, American forest
schools. One <»f the foremost forestry educators of the United States
called the l*eunsylvania State F()r;'st Academy, because of its ex-
cellent location, ''the gem of American forest schools." The situation
is healthful an<l the school is snpDliiMJ with water from a siu-ing lo-
cate<l in the interior of the 2:5.i;0O acre forest. To the west of the
school lies the <'und)erlan<l \'alley which is regarded as one of the
garden spots of IVnnsylvania, and nearby are some of the most scien-
tifically managed apple and peach orchards of the State.

The forest location (»f the scliool stnnds in strong ccntrast with
those in larger cities and college towns. Such a situation has advan-
tages which make it not only attractive but also convenient for the
study and practice of forestry in the forest throughout the year.
It enables the student to study forestry rather than about forestry.

BUILDINGS.

Thirteen buildings comprise the Academy grojip. Wiestiing Hall
the oldest of the buildings, is a large three story striuture an<l was
foruH'rly tlu' residence of (Nd. George B. Wiestiing, a mendier of the
first Forestry Commission of Pennsylvania. This building has recent-
ly been remmleled and is now used as an administration building. It
also contains the dining room, kitchen, and quarters for the matron

'ind servants.

The Main Building was erected in 1008-09. It is the largest build
ing of the grimp and is constructed of a veiw attractive native quart-
zite. On the second floor of this building are comfortable living rooms
for all the students. The first floor is devoted to class rooms, labora
tories, and the library. In the basement are a recreation room, a
wood specimen room, and a furnace room. The building is supplied
with steam heat, illuminated with electricity, and furnished with nec-
essary toilet rooms and lavatories.

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A double cottage, occupied by tbe Director and another member of
the faculty was built in 1911. Three other single cottages are occu-
pied by instructors or are available for their use. Other buildings,
such as machine shop, log lodge, gymnasium, sawmill, wagon shed,
stable, and seed storage house dot the campus.

CAMPUS.

A spacious and attractive campus surroiuids the school buildings.
Tpou it are many native and exotic trees and shrubs. The most dis-
tinctive and impressive features of the campus are the massive Black
an<l White Dak trees which are remnants of the original forest and
bear mute evi<lence of nuiny vicissitudes during an existence of more
than two centuries. Amidst these stately trees are carefully laid out
drives and walks, and a meandering brook of pure mountain water.
Overlooking all this picturesqueness is the productive and carefully
numaged Mont Alto State Forest.

FACILITIES FOR INSTRUCTION.

The facilities at Mont Alto for instrnction in forestry compare
favorably with any in America. The laboratory e(iin])nient is iikkI'mh
and complete. The school forest, nursery, aii<l arboretum air easily
accessible and atl'ord object lessons which cover a wide range of for-
estry problems. The pr()ximity of the school to its oiit-<loor working
field economizes much time which would otherwise be spent on the

road.

The liiological, chemical, and soil labtiratories are adequately
equi])pe<l with modern appliances and fully stocked with necessarv
working nuiterial.

Numerous collections have been ])repared and are available foi-
demonstrating lectures, laboratory work, and s])ecial investigations.
A herbarium of more than -l.(HH» specimens of native and <'Xotic woody
and herbaceous ]dants is carefully classified and available f(u- study
purposes. A c<dlection of forest tree fruits, seeds, and seedlings is in
progress. Typical sj;eciniens of wood destroying and parasitic tree
fungi are on exhibiti(ni in a small museum. Many species of forest
insects have been ccdlected and specimens of their work are available
for s^".,!v and demonstration purposes.

In the basement of the main building is a room 10 x (M) feet contain-
ing a ccdlection of all the important commercial woods of the Tnited
States and some foreign woods. These woods are used in the course
in Wood Identification.

A collection of tools, instruments, and machines used in hnnbering.
silvicultural oi>erations, protective work, and mensuration exercises
is in progress. It contains planting hanmiers. fire torches, fire rakes,
brush hooks and other implements designe<l bv I*ennsvlv:njia and
other American foresters. It also enduaces representative European
instruments. ,

The school is adeciuately etpiipped with the best and most practical
instruments required in the practice of forestry. The surveying e(|Uip

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Students Identifying Trees.

Counting and Bundling Seedlings in the Forest Academy Nursery.

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.•**U/» ■■>>»■

An Exercise in Forest Mensuration.

ment is complete and up to date. The forest mensuration equipment
comprises the best types of American and representative European
calipers, hypsometer's, increment borers, xylometers, chains, tapes,
and other necessary instruments.

The library comprises all the standard texts on forestry in the Eng-
lish language and many publications in foreign tongues. All the prin-
cipal forestry periodicals and representative lumber, trade, and tech-
nical journals are received regularly and filed systematically for fu-

ture references.

A large collection of carefully selected charts and photogra]>hs
covering all phases of forestal activities, is available for use and fur-
nishes the best kind of illustrative material for class work. Lantern
sli<les, covering th-e major forest ()i)erations and typical forest condi-
tions are in stock and are used to illustrate cbisswork.

For. field work in forestry the vicinity of Mont Alto otters unsur-
passed facilities. The latitmle and toi)Ograpliy favor a rich fiora. It
is the meeting ground of northern and southern species. The northern
follow the mountains towards the South and the southern extend
northward through the valleys. Within one mile of the school build
ings occur more than 100 species of native woody plants and many in-
troduced si>ecies. The richnc^ss of the local woody and lieibaceons
flora and its proximity to the school make it possible and practica
to give the major part of the instruction in Tree Indentihcaiion and
Systematic Botany in the forest and nearby field withont spcn.lin^
all excessive amount of time on the road.

A five-minutes walk from the school brings one to a forest nnrseiN
with an annual capacity of 2,000,000 seedlings. It is well eq nipped
with modern nursery appliances, and in it the students leaf n, not
general observation but by actual work, nursery practice troin tin
preparation and sowing of seed beds to the packing and shippinji ol
seedlings and transplants.

The Mont Alto State Forest has been under caretnl and luisiness-

like management for the past seventeen years. It •^^;!^'^^*''V''IJvr!!^
tations, experimental sample plots, improvement cuttings, n^ tmN .
and ranger stations, ramified by roads and trails, <-v7'^.<l /^ ' " ' '
compartment, and telephone lines, and partly divnled into bb)cks
Zparlment;, and stamls. The plantations c<mtain "'-><;«;;;-
snecies of trees ranging in age from I to 19 years ami coxer an aggi
:^ae^^ f over (^0 acresf Improvement cuttings b.m. been imide
aimnanv s nee the creatbm of the forest. A study of the etiect of
i^^ht medium, and heavv thinnings has been in progress f.n- U^e,
-ears One s eel and two wooden towers have been erected at c(,m-
Sing^>k!mt points. They an. the ranger s houses -e con nee cm
wkh tl^ forester's headquarters by a state ^^-'^^^^ "l^^^ J^^
telephone svstcMu, whose aggi^gate length is ^^"-"-^^^^ ±r^y^. ,,,.
The utiliWtion omn-ations are among the most interesting and m
J^^iL foilst. Fuelwood, posts, and poles at. ^.irves^-^ <.n
q laree scale A state-owned portable sawmill, staNc mill, snin.i
^m ^dtth mill are operated on the ^o-* Jhe s mlents, ^ s^
mrt of their course in Lumbering work upon these mills ana m.i
rbUyel'e different positions from ^eHing the tr^s an^ in^^^^^^^

boiler to head sawer and timber ^^'-^l^^' .^^^'^^">' ^^^,^*"t^^^^^^ aTd
in constant contact with all the operations of a ^^Y^^* ]^"^"^;'^
are taught the best and most efficient methods of handling a torest
propert5^ both by precept and practice.

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SPECIAL LECTURES.

ADMINISTRATION.

PURPOSE,
lorests. The duties of a forester in tlie emnfov of th,. Ifnl " '*^

s,Imol Kh«"i "t^P"''"""" "f *W8 training is the large feature of the

ocate.1 A l"t, '^"? .M'<-'''''"x State Forests iu which the school is
■ron the t o" n." orj '"' "/ '"" '"""T''' ^""^ f"'>-«<l "' f"e woL s

si o ei ^nm.l ?.'' "7 '"" "'^"' "«''*'"g °f f^-'^^t tires and the picl^ a d
.uen wllo'love tie /.I' I";"""'"' *'"'''""°^' *"« «'='»°'>' ^^^^ *» develop

for|r L" r^^t^Trit.;;. -— ^^^^^^^^ ?r "n^e r; i

?l«T"b",Vn,^*'ieaT";, '" ^'^ "■^^''"'''^•" out-door U^horaorf' *""'
peS'of the foiest if T^f""^ T" '" f-"'""""" '"^n ^^lio love the
C thev will ZomP Tr '■;""'* *'^'^>' ••^'••^' "* ''^««t fo'- ^hat he

the^^p9;:j'\hi^Test^crrrtr

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The control of the school is vested by U^nslative eiuu tmeut in the
ine coniioi ut , rn. pedaj'oiiical supervision and imme-

Commissioner ot torestiv me Pe^cw^^_^^^^_ ^. ^.. fncnltv.

<liate "[(

"rnnm; is dd^gated to a l>i.^<t«r and school faculty.

FACILITIES FOR RECREATION.

The-studeut body ."•""<;•;- --"^l: r^l^^'^^he^'-Sltiori

.uESl.iS■l;Ka=^^Si fs^ -SIS

]>roperties and abandoned tields attord excellent '^^^^ ^1"'^' ... j^

the Lancaster Vall.n in its agricultural capacity.

FOREST CLUB.

The Rothrock Forest CJlub is a ^^l^l^^^^ Z^^ZfZdTt.!^
honor of Dr. J. T. Rothrock, the founder «>« ^^^''i^^and in the
vears the leader of the forestry "'"^^^^^V'^J^Toige' a commodious
"United 8Uites. The meetings are held in Log ^^e^ -"^ , ,„. .^ «pa.

log building finished in southern y«''"^J ^,^/"'\ Xr to that of
dons fire-place. Tlie program of J^e n«e .?«««'«>. _ ^,^^^ .^

literary societies at "tl^^': .^d^'^J'"'^"^!^, f^ ^'V'" rod t.. p.-".-

also the agency tlirough which the students aie
inent men^n forestry and other professions.

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SCHOOL YEAR.

-egms th« last week i„ .Jatnt, v • nH ^vti^^f'^.-. ^"** ««<^°'"' term
Tlie mimnier session l.c-ins ;,;i"^ t '''' *° *'»'' """^le of June
second tenn and ex.el^s , ' T '•' r'\*''f »'"-""'>»ti<.n of the
weeks recess begins '-^ 1""^ "* August, wlien a four

y4- "r tri:: :S;:H*^.:;;r (;';r""7 " '"^-^ - p--'- eae..

'md nurse.-,- work. TI e s iloo xtir .h';,''"""'"" "'•»*'^' *« ?'«"♦"'«
H consideral,!.,- lu-nvie,- .-..mTli.^ is t '"'*''■' ^" ''''*'^"'- '^'^^'^ '«
forestry .scliool in (l„. Knit,.! st, " ^ '" '" ••"''^' "f""- '"'"vear

REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION.

Tlie general .-.•(luii-eiMcnts for enti-niw. t.. *i - ■

J- Applicants To,, nduu.s.sio' n X \V'Jln''''"' "'" '"* '""""•^^
least IT v.-ai-s „f ;,.re .,,, ' , J'" ' ''"■^'""an class must l„. at

School p,.op,.,. tes.iTm.n s'T. ";.^:7.V" !"", ""•-♦"'■ "f ♦'-

Eyerv ap,,li,.a„,. ,„, a.hniss n sh- i ' <'""at-ter.

High .St-liool ,.,„„.s,. or s is f, '".'vc corn,,l,.f,.,l a 4 year

Students .Icslring l// Vnu! - I ''■'V''''''^'''''''^-

««nt properly signed rr iH, ' , s '''''''^ /standing must pre-

enter. "^ ''**"^ '0 tlic classics Niov wish to

2.
3.

4.

SPECIFIC SCHOLARSHIP REQUIREiVIENTS:

l^e scholarship ,.,„)..,., ,.f ,„l appliean.s To,- e„„.an..o .o n,„ ...,^,.

of

ork

for ji

„ - .^..ired units for entran..:;: tii;!^-,.,,,,.., ,,,, „^^ ,,^ ^l^

J^^nfjJish

^Matheinutics i fOiem.' AVirein-V Ml.,'." "/. •' ^*"'<'^

History I Unit

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The elective units to make n]» n totnl of 1.") shoiiM he select e<l from
the following snbjects:

English

Language, other than English

Mathematics.

History.

Science.

Civics.

Vocational Snbjects.
Tlie nnmher of units to be allowed will be deteriniiK^l by the Direc-
tor of the Academy. It students do not maintain the scholarship
standards of the school, they will be dropped.

Application Forms:

Each applicant is recpiired to submit a pr(x|)erly executed applica
tiou for admission. Application form may lw» obtained from the
Director, State Forest Academy, Mont Alto, Franklin County, I'a.

State Scholarships:

The State Department of Forestry offers not to exceed ten four
year scholarships annually. The candidates for these scholarshii>s
must be ''Citizens of Pennsylvania, not less than 17 or more than 25
3'ears of age on the tirst <lay of September of the year of entrance,
must be physically sound as shown by physical examination and must
take a mental examination in Scholarship which covers the following
branches: English ((Irammar, Composition and Khetroic); Cnited
States History; Civil (lovernment; Arithmetic -with siKH-ial emphasis
on Mensuration, Interest, Proportion, and Progression; Algebra (com-
plete High School Algebra) ; Plane (leometry, an<l Biology (including
Human Physiology)".

The examinaticm for 11)22 will be held on June 22 and 2:5 at Har
risbr.rg. Candidates will iM'port at the Dei>arlnient of Forestry,
<\ipitol Building, !) to 12 A. M. .hine 22.

The mental examination will begin at l.:'»0 P. .M. -lune 22 and will
be completed June 23 by 2:00 P. M. The examiimtion is held by a
selected committw of high school teachers who correct and grade

the papers.

The highest ten men who pass the examination arc^ assigned to
certain State f<u*ests for six weeks juactical work beginning .Inly
1 for instruction and observation, <luring which their attitude towanl
an<l their fitness for the work of a forester is determined. Those
who prove satisfactory in this work will be offered the scholarships
by the Connnissioner of Forestry. During this field-test applicants
will pay transportation charge to and from the forest to which they
are assigned and the De])artment will pay their board and lodging.
Camping may be requiretl.

Conditions of Scholarships:

After appointment each scholarship student must furnish bond of
.^5tH> that he will complete the four year c<Mirse and remain in the
State Forest Service, in case his services are needed, for three years
Jit such salary as the department may reasomddy offer. On its
part the State Department of Forestry contracts to provide the
student, free of charge, the foll(>wing for the frnir y<'ar conrse: tnition,
board, room, heat, light, stationery and plain washing.

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Estimated Minimum Expenses Per Year:

Xou s('liolarslii]»

stiidentH.

Ontsidci

8cliolarsliii»
students.

Tution

Board, 46 weeks @ fSi/o

Eoom, furnished, heat, light,

46 weeks, @ W/2
Books and Instruments
Laundry, 46 weeks @ .50
Forestry Club, Athletic & Social
Expenses on field & Inspection trips
Deposit-Breakage

l*enna.

Free

$253

69
35
23
25
10
5

State

$150
253

69
35
23
25
10
5

Free

a

|!35

Free

25

10

5

Clothing, personal and traveling expenses are iinpossil>lc to

j*eneralize,

Students using school laundry will provide themselves with red
woven laundry marks giving full name. (Order before entering from
l?ook-Room, Forest Academy).
Deposit :

When a student enters the Academy he must make a deposit of
^T} with the Director, against which will be charged all items of
unnecessars^ careless, or wilful breakage or damage to State property.
Whenever deposit is lowered by reason of charge against it, the stu-
<lent will be required t(» increase the deposit at the beginning of each
school year to the full amount of ^5. At the time of graduation there
will be returned to him whatever balance may remain to his credit.

Ncm-scholarship applicants must deposit |10 to hold room when
application is accepted. They must also furnish a bond of |200 on
entering, as a guarantee that all fees will be met.

Degree :

For the satisfactory completion of the full four years course as
prescribed, the degrecOf Jiachelor of Forestry is conferred.

First Term.
Subject

COURSE OF STUDY.
Freshman Year.

Second Term.

Number

of
course.

11 Botany

18 Chemistry
F 1 Elementary Forestry'

1 English

34 German or French

21 Mathematics

27 Trucks & Mechanics

Credit Number
hours. of Subject

course.

12 Botanv

19

Credit
hours.

4

3

*>

3

4
2

F 2
35
2

23
29
28

Chemistry

Drawing

Elementary Forestry

German or French

English

Plane Surveying

Physics

Shop

4
3

1
'>

2
3
1
3
I

20

Summer Session.

13 P»otany
F 6 Silviculture
F 3 Forest Mensuration

Sophomore Year.

First '

Perm.

14

Batany

0

^

F 10

20

Chemistrv

• >

4

3

English

3

37

:J2

Geology

3

31

3(>

German or

Freii

ch

2

33

3S

(Elect) P;i.

nist<

)1'V

4

»»
•»

25

30

Phvsics

3

15

24

Surveying

4

F 4

Second Term.
Dendrology
English

German or French
Meteorology
Soils

Surveying
Zoology
Forest Mensuration

Summer Session.

F 11 Dendrology
F 5 Forest Mensuration
26 Foi-est :Map

First Term,

5 Accounting

F 12 Dendrology

F 10 Forest Engineering
F 13 '• Entomology
F 15 '* Protection

F 20 Mech. l*roperties wood. 2
F 7 Silviculture

17 Wood Mori)hology

lU Zoology

1

•>

3

Junior

Year

1

8

2

F 18

3

F 14

3

6

AM

F 22

)d. 2

F 8

3

F 21

•I

0

Second Term.
Business Law
Forestry History
Forest Pathology
Genera I Econom ics
Lumbering
Silviculture
Wood Indentilicatioii

•>

3
2

3

•I

3
4

4

•I
>>

1

Summer Camp.

P 23 Ix)gging & Milling

First Term.
F 25 Forest Economics

k Policy
F 26 FoiH?st Finance
F 16 Forest Regulation
1) Game Propagation
7 General l'2conomics
F 9 Silviculture
F 24 Wood Utilization
F 30 Seminar

Senior Year.

Second Term.

10

Fish Proi)agation

3

F 29

Forest Administration

4

F 28

Appraisal

3

F 27

Laws

2

F 17

" Organization &

•>

Working Plans

a

F 31

Seminar

4

P 32

Thesis

• >

a
3

4
1

5

21

CO

ui

(z<

09

g

OQ

DESCRIPTION OF COURSES.

P 1. ELEMENTARY FORESTRY

2 credit Hours.

First Term, Freshman Year.

A course to give the student a broad introduction to all phases of
work in f()i\3stry, and of the relation of forestry to other scient-es and
to the nation's economic life. Text work and field trips in State forest
are required. ^loon ^^ Brown's Elcinenf.i of if>re:dr}i is used as text.

F 2. ELEMENTARY FORESTRY.

2 Or edit Hours.

Second Term, Freshman Year.

The course aims to give the students a through knowledge of
the distribution of Forests in the Tnite*! States and the development
of the forestrv idea in Tnited States and in Pennsvlvania.

F 3. FOREST MENSURATION.

2 Credit Hours.

Summer Session, Freshman Year.

Introduction to the subject; lectures and field work on the meas-
urement of felled trees in various units.

F 4. FOREST MENSURATION.
1 Credit Hour.

First Term, Sophomore Year.

The course aims to give the student a through knowledge ol-
methods used in measuring volumes of singl-e trees, either felled or
standing, and of the determination of growth and yield. Oraves'
Forest Mensuration is used as text.

F 5. FOREST MENSI'RATION

2 Credit Hours.

Summer Session, Freahnian Year.

This coui*se consists of field work in measuring stands of timber,
and study of growth and yield of stands, esi)ecially in collecting data
for a working plan.

24

>^

Estimating Timber.

+

Students Measuring Tree Heights with Instruments.

F G. SILVICI'LTUKE .V: NURSEKV TKAlTKn M

2 Credit Hours.

Su/mnier Session, Freshman Year.

Operations on the Mont Alto State Forest of 23,000 acres permit
students from time to time throughout their course, to take part in
practical improvement, liberation and reproduction cuttings, clean-
ing and protection of the extensive phuitation areas; but these ac-
tivities, together with planting, serve especially to introduce future
foresters to actual silviculture in the woods. The nearby state forest
nursery of eleven acres under intensive cultivation ])roduces annually
2,()(HM)00 tri'es for reforestation work. Students take an important
l)art in soil preparation, seed sowing, transplanting, cultural and pro-
tective measures, together with lifting, grading and packing trees for
transportati(»n. An instructor and skilled workmen are always present
to make this work instructive as well as practical.

1
F 7. SlLVlcn/rUKE (SILVICS UK FOREST ECOLOGY, AND

FOREST GEOGRAPHY).

3. Credit Hours.

First Term, JunifMYear.

ifM

The ])rimary effects of heat, light, wind, moisture and soil upol^
tree growth and distribution are thoroughly discussed; followed by
ihe ertects of forests on climate and soil, the internal strnggle of the
stand, site (puility assessment, stand description and forest types.
Ap])lication of the basic facts of si Ivies and dendrology to the actual
forest is made in a series of lectures in forest geography and phys.o-
graphy ; enduacing a detailed stndv of the forest regions an<l tyi>i»s
of the Fnited States and Canada, with a general survey and discus-
sion of the important forest areas of the world noting in particu-
lar their structure, ecology and j>ossibility of economic develop-
ment. 2klany references are used and abstracts required of each stu-
dent. CV)nsiderable material given in the coni-se is derived from
Schlichs Sitricultun', Mayr's Wnldlum, and i^owman's Forest phl/ksift
iiraphij.

\H. SILVlCILTrUE. (SEEDINiJ AND IM.ANTING).

o Credit Hours.

Second Term, .lunior Year

See<l production, collect ion. extr;iclion and stoi-age, nursery work
and administration. Direct seeding and jilantation establishment.
Reforestation problems and progress are studied in the tield
and a planting plan prepared for a detinite area of denuded land.
Cnder trained and skilled supervision, students follow the trees
through each stage of nursery practice, from staking out beds t() final
shipment or planting in the forest. Problems in nui^sery management,
technique and protection are discussed in detail. Students partici
pate in various experimental work which is always under way,
and are given experience in <li reefing work in nursery and planting
operations. Costs ai-e calculated for work done and stock produced;
inventories are made; nurs<'rv accounting and plantation report
forms are explained an<l use<l. Tourney's Serdiiuf nnd FhintiHf/ is
text used with supplementary notes from other sources.

26

s

3
>

OP

"I

1.

m

X
n

CPE)

V

O

o

03

n

o

I

9

F 0. SILVUn'LTTKE. I SVSTKMS OF NATFRAL KEGEXERA
TIONl.

3 Credit Hours.

First Term, Senior Year.

Critical comparisons are made between pure and mixed woods,
high and low forest forms ; natural and artificial regeneration ; the
silvicntural systems; methods of tliiniiing, forest conversion and im-
provement. Cleanings, liberation and damage cuttings, and treat-
ment of wood-lots are considered from an experimental as well as
theoi-etical and empircal standpoint. Tlie location of the school
here where the South Mountains, managed for a century pnor to
their acquisiti(m bv the state for conlinous yiehls of charcoal for
the iron industry, adjoins an extensive agricultural area with scatter-
ed farm wood-lots, give it a vast natural outdoor laboratory for sil-
vicultural instruction. This has been imi>roved during the past
twenty years bv the establishment of more than GOO acres of planta-
tions of many 'si)ecies and upon a variety of sites. Hawley's Silvi-
culture and Graves' Principles of Handling Woodlands are the texts
used, with ^chWiih's Silviviil tare, Mayr's Waldhun an«l T.aite Pi a-
tique de Silrirulture hjj .lolyet as chief reference worlds.

F 10. DENDROLOGY.

3 Credit Hours.

Second Ternij Sophomore Year

A systematic and biological study of the trees of the United States
and introduced species, stressing the important timber producer.
Special attention is given coniferous species native to temperate
climates similar to that of Pennsylvania. Form, distinguishing
characteristics, reproduction, occurrence and range are taken up in
detail. In the first semester tiee indentification in the lield is begun
by a series ol brief trips and a collection of winter buds, mounted on
cards and representing 150 species, as required. Keys are worked
out by the students for both winter and summer use. Mmut 100
important trees of the locality are dbserved thru out the year by
assigned students and phenological data recorded. The growing
school collection of photos, slides, herbarium mounts and other dried
material of the imi>ortant forest si)ecies adds interest to lecture room
instruction. In addition to numerous references, texts especially
followed are: lUick's Pniusiilmnki Trees; Sargent's Manual of
Trees of North AmOrira ; Hough's Handbook of Trees of North-
eastern United States and Canada ; Mayr's Frenilandische Wald
und Park hanme fiir IJnr<tpo; i»ubli ation of the V. S. Forest Serv
ice, bv Geo. B. Sudworth and others.

F 11. DENDROLOGY. (TREE INDENTIFICATION ).

1 C^redit Hour

Summer Session, Sophomore Year

A field coui-se embracing the study of all woody vegetation in the
vicinity of Mont Alto, where more than 150 species of trees and
shrubs' are native within a radius of ten miles. Including exotics,

28

/

students are familiarized with about 250 species. The Forest Ac:i<le-
iny is so located that it lies \\ ithin the ranges of iiuniy northern and
southern trees which overlap here, and this naturally advantageous
site has k^n supplmented by an arboretum, containing the more im-
portant forest trees of the Western V. S. and temperate foreign
countries. In addition to many half days spent in adajcent forest
and fields, during the course 'all-day field-trips are made to the
Potomac River, North Mountains, Pen Mar and several localities in
The fertile and historic Cumberland Valley, permitting the study of
trees under widely varying conditions of growth and habitat. Field
tests cover 800 to 000* s])eciinens. Texts used are lllick's Pennsyl-
vania Trees and Checklist of Trees of Franklin County.

V V2. DENDHOI.iMJY

,i Credit Hours.

First Term, -Inniitr Ye'tr

Continuation of cours(» (F 10. i

1 i:i. FOREST ENTOMOLOGY

.1 Credit Honors.

First Term, Junior Year

A general discussion of the morphology, physiology, development
and classification of insects: the life history of both beneficial and
injurious species, with special reference to those forms which are of
economic importance in the forest. Sanderson and Jackson's Ele-
menta^rif Fntomologij is the text used, supplemented l)y reference to
various State and National bulletins on insrcts of economic mip<»vt
tance.

F 14. BOTANY, FOREST PATHOLOGY.

.i Credit Hours. Second Term, Junior Year.

A course considering rei)resentative tree diseases caused by cry p-
togamic parasites and sai>r(»phytcs mid parasitic Oowenng plants.
Preventive and remedial mcasnres for checking their damage are
discussed. Class and laboratory are supplemented by field exercises.
Rankin's Tree Diseases is tin* text used.

F L">. FOREST PROTECTION.

2 Credit Hours. I^'^rst Term, Junim- Year.

lectures and reference rea<ling cov<'ring a complete discussion of
general forest protection with special detailed discussion of protec-
tion a^^ainst tire. Special reference is made to Pennsy vania com i-
tions and actual field work in forest protection is '"*•»"* f^'n V>r
course as part of the school work. All studeiits ^^Y;'';^^'].!^'^^
ganized fire rrews ami take part in the c-xtinction of forest lues on
the Mont Alto and Michaux Foi-ests.

29

F IG. FOKKSq^ IIFAJULATION.

.i CrnlU //ours.

/•'//•s/ '/'(I'm, Si nior ) dir.

The broad and geii(»ial principles of forest management are first
considered. Every elVort tlirn-out the course is dii*ected toward the
practical correlation and application of facts, data and rul-es derive<l
iji other scientific and forestry courses. A proper and clear concept
of the normal or ideal forest with continuous yield and other attri-
hutes, is held before the student until every phase is tirndy j;rasi)ed.
The fundamentals of increment, growing stock and age classes are
studied in detail; then follows the drafting of formulation of felling
iMKlgets and sulutiou of problems that arise in the etfort to attain
normality ui)on forest areas w ith |L»iven conditions. Critical studies
are made of the various formulae and metluwl whereby an approxi-
mation to the normal foiest may be achieved. Texts used are Koth'S
FihVCHt /icgulation and HecUnjigers TJnor}/ and /*vn(f\cv of Forest
Wor/xhif/ Plans.

\

\
i^ 17. FOREST OKdAMZATIOX AM) WOKKIXU PLAAH.

// ('ralit //our.s.

Srcoitd Term, Senior Year.

This course is a continuation of ihal in Forest liegulation but em-
botlies mor«' field work and takes up geometric, (pmntitative and
(pialitative surveys of a spinihc fnrest area, with the theory and prac-
tice of forest subdivision and stand dillereutiation. A portion of a
State Forest is annually tjiken up and divided into i>ermanent com-
])artments for sih icuitural and administrative purposes. Careful
stock surveys, made in conjunction with sophomore class in meu-
^^uration. fuinish a luisis for tiie ci-eation of more or less temporary
sub-compartments, ctiextensi\e with some delinitc and important
stand condition, such as age, species, <lensity, site or future silvicul-
tural treatment. The compartment lines are demarcated upon the
ground, while the lines of subcompartments usually are not. Work-
ing plan reports and maps are repiiied of each student, aiul aJ
iiecessarv facilil.ts for erticient woik toward this end, su.h as trans-
portation and technical instruments, are furnished by the school or
foi-est ollicers. Keferences used inchule S hlich's /orcst Manage-
nicnt, /xaiscr's /Jinteilnny c/vr Fornten and Wagner's Grundlayen der
rannilu lim Ordnnmj Un Waldc

F IN. FOIiEST HISTOKV

2 (Urdit Hours.

Second Tcrrn^ Junior Year.

A course giving more «>r less detailed information as to develop-
ment of forest jiroperty, forest comlitions, forest investigation, and
hamlling ol forest properties for timber j)roduction in the principal
countries ; I the worhl. Special attention is given to development of

forestry

a text.

in Pennsylvania. Fernow's Ilhstory of ForeHtry is used as

30

F 19. FOREST ENGINEERING.
S Credit Hours.

First Term, Junior Year.

Principles of forest roads, ])ractical survey and construction,
st ruction of trails, bridges, telephone lines, fire towers.
Logging railroads, grades and curves.
Finding the flow of s])rings ami streams.
Roads text — // iifliway Enyineering — Chathurn.

V 20. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD.

Oon-

2 Credit Hours.

First Term, Juni(jr )'(<ir

This course aims to acquaint the student with the physical proper-
ties of wood, the factors that atfect them, and the methods giving
these properties actual values through timber testing. Record's
Mechanieal Properties of Wood is used as text.

F I'l. WOOD INDENTIFICATION
1 Credit Hour.

Second Term, Junior Year.

A detailed study of the methods use<l and practice on actual speci-
mens of the varioifs important commercial woods of the Cnited States.

/ F 22. LCMBERING.

r

4 Credit Hours. Second Term, Junior Ytar.

This course aims to show in detail how the products of the forests

are harvested, and prepared for the market. It includes actual work

in the woods and the manufacture, in a state owned i)lant, of

lumber, shingles, lath, ties, etc The text in use is Bryant's Loyyiny.

F 2a. U)(i(HX(J AND MILLING.

) Cndil //ours.

Summer Session, -/unior )'rar

This course includ(*s a tJ N weeks trip to a large saw-mill operation
and includes a study of met hods, e«ists, etc., from stump to car ami
a detailed report on the same.

F 24. WOOD FTILIZATION.
4 (^redit Hours.

First Term, Senior Year

This course includes a study of the industries that further manu-
facture the timlKM- and othei' rough materials renu>ve<l from the forest
in lund)ering operations. It includes a study of the wood using
industries of Pennsylvania. The texts used are Brown's "Foresi Prod^
ucta" and Wood I sinq /ndustries of Penmylrania (Dept. Bulletin
No. 9). '

31

F 25. FOREST ECOXOMICIS A:ND POLICY.

A Lesson in Saw Filing.

3 Credit Hours.

First Term, Senior Year.

A study of the social utilities flowing from forests and the impor-
tance of forests and forest products in industry. The continuing
depletion of our forests; the possibilities for contiuous production.
The policy of nations, states and municipalities toward forest propa-
tration. Government ownershi]), control and cooi>erative policies.

Lectures

F 26. FOREST FINANCE.

4 Credit Hours.

First Term, ScHior Yetir

Forest property from the investment point of view. Calculation
involving principles of compound interest and annual cliarges: in-
terest rate: net incimie; financial maturity; carrying charges; metli-
ods of comparing financial results under ditterent methods of treat-
ment; forestry compared with agriculture; forest taxation. Refer-
ences, Roth's Forest Valuation and Chapman's Forest Valuatitm.

F 27. FORi:ST LAWS.

,i Credit Hours

l^ecoad Term, Seitiar Year

A brief review of the Forest Laws in the U. S. Texts, Kinney on
Forest and Timber Lair.

Supplemented by a course of lectures on the powers of forest ofh-

cers as peace officers.

F 28. FOREST APPRAISAL.

3 Credit Hours

Second Tarm, Senior Year

The valuation of forest properties; determination of stumpage val
uses; assessment of foi-est danuige. Lectures.

F 29. FOREST ADMINISTRATION.

3 Credit Hours

Second Term, Senior Year.

This course aims to acquaint the student with \\w princii)les used
in the organization of the business administration and personnel to
care for forest property. The present status and methods used in the
State Forests, National Forests and Private FoR'sts will be discussed.
Lectures and reading.

F 30. SEMINAR.
I Credit Hour

First and Second Term, Senior Year.

Students Making Chestnut Shingles.

A round table discussion of professional forestry movements, events
and literature. Includes preparation ot papers, reviews ami,
leading discussicms.

83

F :U. THESIS.

5 Credit Hours, La.9t 6 tvccks, i^inior Year, Hecojid Term.

Each student will make a special field study (►f a subject approved
at the end of the Junior year. The»e subjects will generally fall un-
der the heads of transportation, seasoning, preservation, or price
studies of lumber; timber accounting; si>ecial product studies; sil-
vicultural or manngenient investigations, etc.

1. ENGLISH.

;? Crrdit Hours

First Term, Fresh ma u Year.

This course includes a review of Uie essentials of English grammar,
the rules for capitalization, punctuation, and business correspond-
ence. Themes on pertinent subjects are required fi-equently. 'Eng-
lish Cowpositiou m Throri/ and Praeticv'' by Canby and othei-s is
the text used, Woolley's Handbook of Composition if^ used for
reference.

2. EXGLISIJ.

3 Credit J I ours

f^econd Term, Freslinum Year.

The whole tield of prose an<l poetical composition is studied in
general and detail from the standpoint of the three underlying prin-
ciples governing all good composition: unity, coherence, and emphasis.
Themes and other exercises illustrating these principles are required.
The mechanics of writing are continued as in English 1. Kepreseu-
tative classics are read.

•I

ENGLISH.

J Credit Houtrs

First Term, Sophomore Year.

A brief review of world literature as ;i whole, followed by a sum-
mary of English and American literature with pnrticular attention
given to the study of the scientilic writings of such authors as Roose-
velt, Muir, Burroiighs, Thoreau, and Fabre.

4. ENGLISH.

.i Crrdil Hours

Heeund Term, iSophomore Y< ar.

A continuation of Ihiglish o with emphasis upon the encourage-
ment of liie stu<lent to put his English into ellective, practical use
by exercises in debating, public speaking, and parliamentary practice.
Themes.

5. ACCOUNTING.

1 Credit Hour

Junior Year, First Tirm,

Principles of accounting: Single and double entry procedure:
Diti'erent kinds of accounts: Depreciation budgets: Accounting as
applied to forest linances and records: Tennsylvania Dept. of Fores-
try preacribed accounts. Use of checks, drafls. notes, mortgages.

34

6. ECONOMICS.

Jf Credit Hours

Second Term, Junior Year.

Principles of economics, Capital; Labor; Business Organization;
Money and Banking; Monopoly; Transportation. Taussig's Princi-
ples of Economics Vols. 1 d 2.

7. ECONOMICS.

2 Credit Hours First Term, Senior Year.

Continuation of Economics 1, followed by a study of Taxation and
Public revenue.

c

BUSINESS LAW.

2 Qredit Haurs

Junior Year, Second Term.

An elementary study of Elements of Business Law with special
reference to contracts, and property. Huffcut's Tlw Elements of
Business Law, is the text used.

y. GAME PROPAGATION.

2 Credit Hours First Term, Senior Year.

Course of lectures by Specialist from Game Conunission. A state
game preserve located on the school forest is a valuable object lesson
in game propagation. The school forest now contains hundreds of
deer and much smaller game.

10. FISH PROPAGATION.

2 Credit Hours Second Term, Senior Year.

Course of lectures by Specialist from the Fish Commission.

11. BOTANY.

4 Credit Hours

First Term, Freshman Year

Morphology of the Spermatophytes.

A course specially adapted to the early and fundamental training
of the forester. It comprises a study of the external and internal
morphology and physiology of the six primary parts of the seed bear-
ing plants. Tree material is used where possible to illustrate the dif-
ferent parts of the plant system. Part 1 of (ianong's "J Text-book
of Botany for Colleges'^ is u»ed.

12. BOTANY.

4 Credit Hours Second Term, Freshman Year.

Evolution of the Plant Kingdom.

A careful study of the morphology of representative examples a-
mong the algae, fungi, liverworts, mosses, ferns, gynniosix^rnis and
angiosperms is pursued in the laboratory and in the field. Special

36

attention is given to the alternation of generations in the plants stud-
ied and in working out their life histories, the progression and retro-
giHission of certain organs and phases in proceeding from the lower
to the higher i)lant8 are noted. Field trips are made once a week
to enable the student to ccjUect and study the plants in their natural
habitats. Part 2 of Oanong's A textbook of Botany for Colleges
is used.

Summer Session, Freshman Year.

13. BOTANY.

2 Credit Jloms

Taxonomy.

A comparative studv is made in tlie field of the families of plant
groups and spe 'ial training is given in the methods of collection and
pi>e8ervation of material. Each student is required to make an her-
barium of at least 125 species of herbaceous plants and to learn com-
mon and scientific names of at least 180 phmts. Kniphasis is laid
on the key for indentification of the plants. Gray's .\ew Manual
of Botany and Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora of the North-
ern States and Canada aie the text and reference used.

First Term, Sophmnore Year.

U. BOTANY.

2 Credit hours

Plant Ecology.

The course deals \y\X\\ the relation of plants to their envoirment.
First, tliere is a study of the ecological factoi-s, which in general are
grouped under plivsical, climatic and biotic factors. This is followed
by a discussion ot'succession, the struggle for existence among plants,
the laws of migration, the analysis of vegetation forms and struc-
tures, plant formations and societies.

In the laboratory, ditVerent members of the plant are studied as to
their special functions and their relation to envoirment. The stem,
root, leaf, fiower, etc., arc carefully examined and their ecological re-
lations pointed out.

The Foi^^st Academy is very favorably located for the field study of
Plant Ecologv, as a great variety of plant life conditions may be
found in the hnmediate vicinity of the school. Therefore, students
are able to work in the adjoining fields and forests, which is a decid-
cd advantage ov-er the stu<lying of plant life processes in the labor-
atory.

Second Term, Sophomore Year.

15. ZOOLOGY.

S Credit Hours

General Zoology.

In this course a general survey is made of the animal kingdom from
the Protozoa to the Ohordata. "^ In the laboratory eiich student dis-
sects an animal typical of inich phylum and makes drawings of the
parts observed, liegner's College Zoology is the text used.

36

16. ZOOLOGY.

2 Credit Hours

First Term, Junior Year.

A review of cordata including Mammals and birds indigenous to
Pennsylvania.

17. BOTANY.

2 Credit Hours First Term, Junior Year.

Wood Morphology.

A study of the microscopic structural features of wood. Repre-
sentative type specimens of the conifers and broad leaved trees are
studied in detail with compound miscroscopes in order to determine
the occurrence, form and structure of the wood elements. All struc-
tural features which are of value in distinguishing the ditferent woods
are studied under the simple and compound microscope from cross,
radial and tangential sections of the ditferent woods Record s
Identification of tlic Economic ^yoods of the United State, and Jef-
frey's The Anatomy of Woody Plants are used as texts and reference.

18. CHEMISTRY.

3 Credit Hours First Term, Freshman Year.

iliis course comprises a study of the metals and non-metals. Lec-
tures and recitations are correlated with l^»^^>^"f ^>^->' ^f l^^:;";^;^ ^^^
illustrate fundamental facts and general principles The acquis .mi
of a chemical vocabulan' and of Inlt ative and ^'^j^^y^^'^f ?}^^''-
vatlons receives special emphasis. Ivahlenberg s Outluies oj Chem-
istry is used.
10. CHEMISTRY.

3 Credit Hours

First Term, SophouKtre Year.

Second Term, Freshman Year.

The main outlines and general methods of qualitative and quantita^
five anat^'sis ai. studied. Stress is laid upon th. ^^-'f^n^;^^^^^
accuracy and efficiency in method and technique, rather tli.in upon
the mere acquisition of facts.

20. CHEMISTRY.

2 Credit Hours

studied Then the ni.Mh.Mls „i denvn.s,' and ''';\";'J'''''' "^,J' ,. '^ ,
ical products of forest ..rigin are presented. K'" ' « ^ l^;^^

special subjects assigned for expenn.ent or •°^<'f*'« ''"";', ;V^""The
from time to time. Hart's Orgaiuc VhnmMni is the text used.
reading of Slosson's Creatire Chemistry is required.

21. TRIGONOMETRY.

/, Credit Hours First Term, Freshman Year.

The course covers trigonometric analysis, right and oblique trian-
des and the urof logarithms and tables. Special stress i« la>d upon
^he solution of practical problems with accuracy and sP^ed- t'ght.
quadranlTl and^blique sperical triangles are covered briefly, eni-

37

phasizing the practical application of spherical trigonometry. Philips
and Strong's Elements of Trigonometry is followed as a text, but
problems and illustrations from other authorities are frequently
taken up in class and special assignment.

22. DRAWING.

1 Credit Hour

Second Term, Freshman Year.

The use of drawing instruments. Lettering. Tracing. Blue-
printing.

Projections. Drawing of simple construction.

The plotting of compass surveys in coordination with Surveying.

23. PLANE SURVEYING.

1 Credit Hour

Second Term, Freshman Year,

An elementary course intended to clear the way for advance survey-
ing and improve the students sense of position and direction in the
woods. It gives the student a better grounding for sample plots, strip
surveys, tindier cruising and the use of mensuration instruments in
the summer term, and second year course in Forest Mensuration.

Linear measurement-pacing, chain, tape: compass surveying

latitudes and departures, error of closui-e and area calculation:
Simple traverse-board sketching: Use of aneroid: Use of Abney
level.

24. PLANE SURVEYING.
8 Credit Hours

First Term, Sophomore Year.

Advanced work. The engineers transit — traverses by direct angle,
deflection angle, azimuth methods: Stadia surveying: Meridan deter-
mination: Gradienter attachment for road grades: Trigonometric
levelling: Transit for spirit levelling:

The Wjje U'vel— in precise levelling, differential levelling, setting
stakes to grade for road, drain and construction work.

Plane table with telescopic alidade, three point determination, the
making of a plane table map.

Testing and adjustment of instruments. Plotting of field notes,
maps and profiles.

26. TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING.

2 Credit Hours Second Term, Sophomore Year.

(a) Rough rapid suney, compass, pacing, aneroid: I»rinciple of
contours.

(b) Accurate mapping. Triangulation-base line measurement'
determination of angles with methods for repetition and series: Cor-
rellation of different instruments for different parts of a survey "^

26. FOREST MAP.

2 Credit Hours

Summer Sessio^i, Sophomore Year.

The construction of a contour map of 2500 acres of mountain land-
field work— drafting— tracing and blue printing. Practice for Sur-
veying 25.

27. TRUCKS AND MECHANICS.

2 Credit Hours

First Term, Freshman Year.

This course aims to give the student a practical working knowl-
edge of automobile and truck driving and maintenance through work
in class room, garage, and on the road. Steam engine, sawmill
equipment, and telephone work, such as might be encountered in the
forest are taken up. Frazer iH: ,Iones' Motor Vehicles and their En-
jines is used as reference.

/ 28. SHOP.

1 Credit Hour

Second Term, Freshman Year.

This course aims to give the student a working knowledge of the
tools used in rough constnution of wood and metal. Active shop
work in making of tenons and joints for wood work, and of important
phases of black-smithing will be covered. A large well lighted work
shop, well equipped with the necessary tools will be used for instruc-
tion.

29. PHYSICS.

3 Credit Hours

Second Term, Freshman Year.

This course includes a study by observation and experiment of the
principal phenomena of matter and energy together with an appli-
cation of general principles to the solution of forest problems. Kim-
ball's College Physics is the text used.

30. PHYSICS.

3 Credit Hours
Continuation of course 29.

31. METEOROLOGY.

2 Credit Hours

First Term, Sophomore Year

First Term, Sophomore Year.

This course introduces the student to scientific methods used in
determination of the various climatic factors and th-eir relation to
weather changes. United States weather maps are received daily
and methods of forecasting explained. Milham's Meteorology is
used as text.

38

39

32. GEOLOGY.

3 Credit Hours

Fh'st Term, Sophomore Year.

A course designed to give an introduction to general geologic prin-
ciples. Attention is paid particularly to the dynamical, structural,
and historical geology of Pennsylvania with reference to the pro-
cesses involved in the development of the present topography and the
soil provinces of the state. Field excursions based on the use of
topographic maps are made from time to time. Chamberlin and
Salisbury's College Geology is used.

33. SOILS.

3 Credit Hours

Fbrsf Term, Sophomore Year.

This course aims to develop by observation and experiinent the
principles governing the properties and management of field and
forest soils. Field work is required to illustrate soil survey methods,
and to harmonize theoiT with practice in application of the conclu-
sions derived from laboratory experiments. Students are required
to report on the analysis of one soil sample brought from a typical
locality near their homes. Soils by Lyon, Fippin, and Buckman is
the text used.

34. GERMAN.

2 Credit Hours

First Term, Freshman Year.

A course comprising a careful drill in pronunciation and the prin-
ciples of German Grammar. Selected German texts and Thomas'
Practical German Grammar are used.

S5. GERMAN.

2 Credit Hours

Second Torm, Freshman Year.

Continuation of (34) German with selected texts.

3G. GERMAN.

2 Credit Hours

First Term, Sophomore Year.

Course in Scientific German, Gore's Gorman Scien<ie Reader and
selected texts.

37. GERMAN.

2 Credit Hours

Second Term, Sophomore Year.

Continuation of preceding course with selected forestry texts used
Hausrath's Der Deutsche Wald is the first text used.

40

STUDENT REGISTER.

Class of 1921.
Name. Residence.

]*radley, Tom Oswald, Mercersburg, Pa.

Brouse, Edgar Frederick, Boalsburg, Pa.

Clepper, Heni*y Edward, 542 Locust St., Columbia, Pa.

lloupt, Richard Ritchey, Mercersburg, l*a.

Kreamer, George Parfeit, 574 Carey Ave., Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Kutz, Donald Bentley, 231 Franklin St., Reading, Pa.

ivefkof, Emil Alfred, 422 N. Main St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Mosch, Walter Fred, Couder8i>ort, Pa.

Nicholas, Herbert Murray 538 E. Market St., York, Pa.

Shaw, Thomas Edward, ' 207 W. 7th St., Chester, Pa.

Swjjigier, William Sherman, 544 Cherry St., Columbia, Pa.

?Uirey, Thaddeus Irwin, 212 S. Kith St., Reading, Pa.

Taber, William Stone, 725 Wils<m St., Williamsport, Pa.

Class of 1922. ' '

August, William A., 1223 E. IMne St., Malumoy (Uty, Pa.

Frontz, Leroy, Allenwood, Pa.

I^tt, Hugh Carlin, Springville, Pa.

ShuUey, Frederick, 1050 Muhlenberg St., Reading, Pa.

Homers, Gayle Haniilton, Renton, Pa.

Stott, Calvin Brill, 1(>08 l»erkiomen St., Reading, Pa.

Yehl, Richard Kuhns, 1531 Hanover Ave., Allentown, Pa.

Class of 1924. (Four Year Course)

Dunmire, Daniel Edward, 240 Unity St., Greensburg, Pa.

Feuchsel, Charles F., 5213 Baltimore Ave., Phila., Pa.

(ienaux, Charles M., Sluuglehous(% Pa.

Geltz, Charles G., 81() Ridge Ave., McKeesport, Pa.

lloltz, Irenus B., Ashville, Pa.

Moll, Wilford P East Greenville, Pa.

Norris, Thomas G., Philipsburg, Pa.

Schaeffer, Charles IL, 411) W. King St., Lancaster, Pa.

Schlatter, Ernest J., Tunkhannock, Pa.

Schoen, Paul W., 1127 Division St., Scrauton, Pa.

Class of 1925.
Anderson, Hartley Kirtland, 4630 5th Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa.

41

Feeman, Abraham, 1 09 Canal St., Lebanon, Pa.

Hughes, Charles Collins, Collegeville

Kerns, Chester Merrill, 220 Allegheny St., Jersey Shore

I^ Due, Edniond, ". Mont Alto

MeXees, Wavne Anthony, (H() Dth Ave., New Bright^)n

Nixon, Robert Brighton, 2100 N. IDth St., Philadelphia

Pardoe, Homer W., 582 Market St., Williamsport

Sebring, Harold Martin, 02 S. Sherman Ave., Allentown

Smith, Harry Frederick, 410 Main St., Kingston

Smith, Ralph Wilson, 8 Stout St., Pittston

Sipe, Francis Henry, Somerset

Somers, Frances Wilkinson, Renton

Stauffer, Jacob Martin, 43 S. 5th Ave., Coatesville

AVilcox, Ralph F., New Albany

Wood, Cyrus (>., Mont Alto

Woods, Ignatius Leroy, Marienville

Pa.

Pa.

Pa

Pa.

Pa.

Pa.

Pa.

Pa.

Pa.

Pa.

Pa.

Pa.

Pa.

Pa.

Pa.

GUIDE TO FORESTRY

BOOK ONE

BY

JOSEPH S. ILLICK

Bulletin 2b

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

R. Y. Stuart, Commissioner-

42

FOREST GUIDES

The reiiii3>l\aiiia Department of Forestry rccugiiizcs thai ihc
lioy Scout movement is one of the most vahiable agencies in the
State for the elimination of FOREST FIRE. With the approval
of National Boy Scout Headquarters, the Department has adopted
ihe official designation, Pennsylvania Forest-Guides, to be conferred
on any registered member of the Boy Scouts of America, resident
u£ Pennsylvania, who signs a Pennsylvania Forest Guide pledge
card to be supplied by the Department of Forestry, Harrisburg, Pa.

Each Pennsylvania Forest Guide will be supplied with a bronze
button and a book "GUIDE TO FORESTRY" after he has signed
the pledge card. Scoutmasters and other Scout officials signing
the pledge card will be given, white metal "Pioneer Forest Guide"

•)Uttons.

Each Pennsylvania Forest Guide or Picjneer Guide who has been
available for service for a whole year in the fight against FOREST
FIRE, and responded to all calls for such service, can, upon the
recommendation of his Scoutmaster, exchange his Pennsylvania
Forest Guide button for a Forest Guide badge at the office of the
District Forester.

The Department of Forestry also offers ICX) gold medals annually
to Boy Scouts for special meritorious service in combating FOREST
FIRE in Pennsylvania. It is hoped that all registered Scouts will
take advantage of this offer, and help to protect the forests from
FOREST FIRE— EVERY MAN'S ENEMY.

Boys who do not belong to the Boy Scout organization can Ic-
come AMERICAN FORESTRY GUIDES by applying to thr
American Forestry Guide Headquartcrr. 431 Elm Street. RenHinp.
Pa.

FOREST GUIDE OF PENNSYLVANIA

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCEEN:— This Is to certifj that the bearer hereul
,. ^.°reTi?t??ed" e^^r of t .f^fu^ ^uta of America and having «l«n ^
Forest Guide pledpre, Is authorised to wear the Forvst ^*("^^„i'[ j^^^urtesle*
cltUena of Pennsylvania are hereby requested to eitend all possible couirwi

to him as a Forest Guide. ^ ^ BTUAET, CommlMioner of Forestry.

(Hignat^trt nf fienutmnatit )
Data

Au'h>.ri!,d repretenlatire '.f l.ornt C>mnMl.

F0BE8T GUIDE PLEDGE
BelievlnK -s - ,Boy S^ut that c1^^^^^^^^^

our Forests, together with their wild wre ana ^'^'^ uiedee myself to do
tected and conserved for o,.r w^'nXr^P^nr Forert Tree: W^^^^ B»«»-

nothing wlllfnlly or ««»;^^«««»y f „ "^ J^^^-e^Io |J^^^^^ the «me.

To S?^^XrYrio*Ukewfi!l/to%^efer^^^ forest fire..

Siffnatnre .

(Scout)

troop No.

of

Pann*

AN APPRECIATION OF SCOUTING

Scouting is worth while. It makes real boys and girls and then
turns them into real men and women. A good Scout makes a good
American. A good American makes a good citizen, and good Ameri-
can citizens make America the first Nation in the world.

Scouting is good fun, but it is a lot more than that. It is the best
kind of preparation for whatever life is to bring in the days ahead.
A good Scout is seldom or never caught unprepared, and a man or a
woman who has grown up out of a boy or girl scout is always t ^ady
to meet the present and future with head up. eyes front, and should-
ers back.

There is a lot more in the United States than can be seen from a
street car. It is the land, and the boys and men, girls and women
who know the land, who make the strength of this and any other
country. Not the least valuable thing about scouting is that it teaches
the city boy and girl t6 know the country, and the country boy and
girl to know the country better than he or she otherwise would.

The forest is not only the mother of the fountain, but the mother
of men as well. Our ancestors lived in the forest. We live with the
help of the forest. Wood is still the most useful of all materials, and
will continue to be for many years after you and I have passed to our
reward.

Boys and girls who know the out-of-doors render services of great
value to their Nation and State by understanding the forest and tak-
ing part in its protection. It is just as important for people to think
rightly about preventing forest fires as it is for them to think rightly
about preventing fires in a town, or any other similar calamity. When
you help to make people respect and appreciate the forest you help
in its protection.

An understanding of the forest and of the conservation of all
natural resources is growing rapidly among Scouts. In two years the
number of badges awarded to boy scouts in forestry grew from 153
to 513. I would like to see still more awarded in Pennsylvania.

This booklet is prepared primarily for the Boy Scouts of America,
Forest Guides, American Forestry Guides, Wood Craft League,
Knights of St. George Cadets, Camp Fire Girls, Girl Guides, and
other junior outdoor organizations in Pennsylvania. I hope that
every boy and girl who gets this book will not only study its pages
but take it into the forest, compare what is here printed with what
they find out-of-doors, and so get to know the forest which is the
home of scouting and woodcraft and a great necessity for the wel-
fare of the human race.

GIFFORD PINCHOT

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTY

STATE FOREST COMMISSION

R. Y. Stuart, Commissioner of Forest!7.
Edward Bailey.
Henry W. Shoemaker.

Mrs. John L. Lawrence.

(Mary Flynn Lawrence.)

Henry S. Drinker.

Lewis E. Staley, Chief, Bureau of OiK-raiion.

George H. Wirt, Chief, Bureau of Protection.

John W. Keller, Chief, Bureau of Silviculture.

Alfred E. Rupp, Chief, Bureau of Lands.

Joseph S. Illick, Chief, Office of Research.

W. Erdman Montgomery, Chief, Office of Maintenance.

A. O. Vorse, Chief, Office of Information.

E. A. Ziegler, Director. State Forest Academy.

GUIDE TO FORESTRY

Book One

By JOSEPH S. ILLICK

CONTENTS

Page

lotrodoctlua, *

Til* oriirinal forest, «

■nie march of forest destruction, ?

"Hie present forest situation, 8

fy>reat erea of Pennsylvania, »

What a forest is ij

What forestry is, Jg

fHiat is wrong with our forests, 13

aow forest flres start, Ij

What forest ftres do, Ig

Why prevent forest flres, Jo

BTww to prevent forest flros 16

How to fight forest ftres H

Other things to do, 1*

Why plant forest trees !•

Why become acquainted with trees. .... 11

How to become acquainted with treea, ... 8>
Some representative Pennsylvanl* forest

trees, U

Where to study trees, 8*

Where the State Forests are located, .... M

You are welcome on the State Forests, ... M

Facts about Pennsylvania State forests. 57

The mere mention of the name Robin Hood among a group (»f
boys kindles a desire to go to the woods. There is only one way to
>atisfy this desire which is inborn in almost every American boy, and
that is for him to get ready and go out along the beaten and un-
beaten paths of the forests, and there fill up on the many good things
which our forests hold in store for us.

Where is the boy who has studied American History and not been
inspired by the adventures and heroic deeds of Daniel Boone, An-
drew Jackson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt. It is the
lives of these men that appealed to every boy. Becoming woods-
wise, learning by doing, being brave, chivalrous, resourceful and
leading a simple, clean, and useful life are worthy qualkies which
should be developed in all the boys of our great Commonwealth.

There is no better place than in the forests for boys and girl-
to frolic and receive their instruction. Most of their doings relate
to the forest, and the whole scheme of their instruction has its set-
ting in the woods. The forest environment oflfers the best place to
seek adventure, to become hard and handy, to think quietly, to iden-
tify rocks, to study trees, and learn the need for forestry.

The original forest-, which formed ihe background for the un-
usual deeds of the early pioneers, are now practically all gone in
Pennsylvania. Only a few small and widely scattered patches re-
main, and these are beginning to show man-made marks of travel
and work. A short descriptign of the original forest follows. It
is written with the hope that it will help the boys and girls of to-
day realize more fully the real thrill of pioneer life, and picture the
trials and toils of Daniel Boone and other early explorers.

THE ORIGINAL FOREST

The early American pioneers were contmnted un all sides with
forests. There seemed to be no end to the woods in those days.
They extended practically unbroken from the Atlantic Ocean to the
prairies beyond the Mississippi River. They also covered most of
the Rocky Mountains and occupied a wide strip on the Pacifio
Coast In the aggregate the original forests covered 822,000,000
acres, that is, an area about 30 times the size of the State of Tenn-

svlvania. r .. ■

' The vast extent of the original forests wa^ only one of their
characteristics. They contained a large variety of trees which dt-
tained a great age. reached a large size, and produced enormous
quantities of the choicest lumber ever found oif the face of the earth.
Nowhere was an equal area ever found which contained such vaM
quantities of forest products suitable for the needs of man.

Nature made Pennsylvania a great and prosperous State. M-
phase of her progress is more striking than that which relates to her
forests The entire State with the exception of a few natural mead^
ows and a small number of rough mountain top.s was covered with
a dense forest growth. No better and more valuable stands of
timber could be found in any of the eastern states

The word Pennsylvania means Pcnn's woods. The name was <lr
rived from the first proprietor of the province and the dense and
heavy forests which 'practically covered all her soi t requ.rcH
many centuries of Nature's best efforts to produce th«?« /"^Jf J*/^
and supposedly endless miles of primeval f-*^^*;, "''^'f *%J;
settlers found upon all the hills and in every valley of our great

Commonwealth. ^f r^nn wpre

The primeval forests, untnuche.l by the axe or saw of man^ wer*
a wonderful environment for the pioneer boy. His was not an as>
environment, but one full of rich and ordinal ^-P"'^";-^^^.^;,";; '^
him hard, handy and healthy. It brought out the best that was in
him Bu we of to-day must not forget that much was required o
wl His U.sks wore hard. ITc had big jobs ,o do. the ftn.sh.ng of

THIS IS THE FOREST PRIMEVAL.

Penneylvania originally had more than 28,000,000 acres of •ri-
final forest, of which less than 25,000 acres now remain.

A FOREST TRAGEDY,
rue fo-e»t» of hiK t-eee huve be- c„. the land is t^ur^rlSfe^fhet'^Vc^f

live there.

^

^.v:;..

VMto by J. fl. 'JM^k

THE M\RCH OF FOREST DESTRUCTION.

THE MAKi^ti u ^ ^^^^^ thereafter only acr«s of

The inmbermnn foUn trees, then forest n.- r,u^
desolation remain.

10

which required many days of hard work in some remote clearing
in the woods where human companions were unknown and travelers
rarely ventured. To be a pioneer boy means much more than being
able to help fell trees, build log cabins, and work in the small family
clearings.

The pioneer boy was assigned to outpost positions on the danger
line about the forest border. He helped to provide for his family,
and protect his friends from numerous and treacherous enemies.
His duties required that he become acquainted with the fundamen-
tals of woodcraft. He learned to know the animals of the forest, and
studied the ways of the wild folks. He became acquainted with the
trees and other plants of the forest. He knew the trees which pro-
duced valuable wood, and could recognize the medicinal herbs. The
pioneer boy was indeed rich, not in money but in knowledge and
ability. He knew his environment and could do things. He was
a keen observer, fearless explorer, and a cheerful doer of many good
and useful deeds.

Every boy of to-day can find some characteristics or virtues »>f
the pioneer boy of the early days which are worth striving for.
There is only one way to get these virtues, and that is the best way.
Go out in the glorious and boundless out-of-doors, do the things the
pioneer boy did, and learn your lessons as he learned hi<.

THE MARCH OF FOREST DESTRUCTION

Pennsylvania has a land area of 28,692,480 acres. Almost every
acre was covered originally with an excellent forest growth. But a
great change has taken place since the days when the early settlers
began building their cabins and clearing their fields. To-day only
a few small patches of the original forest remain. Where once
stood heavy stands of the choicest white pine, hemlock, cherry,
oak and other important timber trees, there exist now only endless
stretches of barren mountain land. The questions which naturally
follow are: What brought about this rapid change? Who were the
chief agents of forest destruction?

There were a number of agents of destruction, but man played
the leading role. He felled the monarchs of the forest, operated
sawmills, and started forest fires. Even before Penn arrived in
1682, the Dutch and Swedes had sawmills on the "South River*' as
the Delaware was then known. But they were few in number and
did not cut much timber. The date when the first sawmills began
operating in some of the countie<= of the Stafe is given in the follow-
ing table:

11

COUNTY

Philadelphia

Franklin

Berks

Lycoming

Allegheny

Huntingdon

Wyoming

Warren

Clarion

Elk

YEAR

1662
1732
1735
1773
1776
1786
1793
1800
1805
1825

It was not until 1838 that the first sawmill was erected in Wil-
liamsport. This was the actual beginning of the great lumber in-
dustry of Pennsylvania, which was at its best between 1870 and
1890 In 1850 the lumber output of Pennsylvania was surpassed by
only one state— New York— and in 1860 the Keystone State stood at
the very top. She maintained a rank of first or second until 1890.
when she took third place. Fourth place was given her in 1900, and
by 1918 she had dropped down to the twentieth place, which posi-
tion she is still holding.

Pennsylvania's fall as a timber producing state was rapid. It could
not have been otherwise, for her forests were gone. Just thirteen
vears ago as much wood was cut in Pennsylvania as her citizens
and industries used. Now the annual cut of wood is only one-third
as much as we consume, and what is far more significant, our forests
are growing only about one-tenth as much lumber as we use.

The great and glorious lumber industry flourished for a short
while in Pennsylvania. It brought much business to the State, but
left a big blot on its otherwise wonderful and prosperous record
-THE PENNSYLVANIA DESERT. There are in our State to-day

six million acres of mountain land, which can P^^'^"^^"^ V"fnr7e
and that is a forest crop. This area is too rough and rocky for the
plow: but if handled properiy will provide a continuous flow of
valuable and necessary forest products. . t^ Hn so

We do not want to keep this unproductive desert To do m
would be entirely wrong and selfish, and show P^- -^^^^^ j^
becomes us to show our worth and good sense by treating the e,^
million acres in such a way that a full crop of necessary fore.t pro-
ducts will flow from them continuously.

*

THE PRESENT FOREST SITUATION

We do not have enough wood to satisfy fully the vr^nijr-
.,„ds. It is beco„,ing scarcer each year and *';^^P""«.-;,^;7„'^.
rapidly. Wood will forever be a human need. It .s used ,n the

Id

dustries, the home, and the fields. It is an element of human
necessity from the cradle to the coffin. Next to food and clothing
it is the most indispensable product of nature. We are now in the
early stages of a timber shortage, which we must not allow to grow
worse, for without wood there can be no agriculture, no manufac-
ture, no commerce.

Most of the work of reclaiming Pennsylvania's Desert will fall
to young people. They are the ones who look forward and want to
set things aright. It is they who are building for the future, and
concerned with the problems which require a long time to complete.

The boys and girls of Pennsylvania can render a great and lasting
service by helping in the restoration of a forest growth upon Penn-
sylvania's Desert. They can at least do a part of this fine piece of
work. In fact, they have started upon the job already, are taking
it seriously, and making commendable progress. Boys are helping
to extinguish forest fires in every part of the State. In some cases
they put out fires without any help. They have also reported many
fires to forest officers. A troop of Boy Scouts fought a fire strenu-
ously for one day and ni^^ht and conquered it completely. It will
ever be to their credit for having worked so hard and accomplished
so much. The Scouts have also planted many trees, cleaned up the
forest of weeds and debris, improved springs, built trails, and cared
for l)irds and other wild animals. They have done much good,
which is being appreciated and will live long after them.

But in order that every boy and girl may do his and her part well,
and probably better than would otherwise have been possible, this
little booklet has been prepared. It does not aim to tell all about
the forests or point out all good forestry practices, but its purpose
is rather to impress our youn^r folks with a few of the most impor-
tant things which they should know, and do in order that they may
help protect and improve our forests.

FOREST AREA OF PENNSYLVANIA

Pennsylvania was originally one of the best, if not the very best,
wooded state in the eastern half of our country. The total land area
of Pennsylvania is usually given as 28,692,480 acres. Practically
the entire state, with the exception of a few natural meadows and
several rough mountain tops, was originally covered with trees.

The opening of agricultural lands, lumbering operations, forest
fires, and other agents of forest destruction, have reduced this
acreage considerably. The following table give*? the present forest
area of Pennsylvania by counties :

18

TOTAL.
FORBBT AREA
COUNTY (ACRES)

Adams, 99,262

Alleghenj 109,200

A.rmstronK 127,913

Beaver, 77,362

Bedford, 276.000

Berks, 115,096

Blair, 136,704

Bradford, 304,416

Bucks 63,304

Butler 105.565

Cambria, 256,972

Cameron 197,500

Carbon 124,800

Centre, 496.013

Cheater, 88,676

Clarion, 153.000

aearfield, 500,000

Clinton, 453,608

Columbia, 137.952

Crawford 210,000

Cumberland 97,423

Dauphin 97,603

Delaware, ^2xxx

Elk, 417.000

BriS 80.000

Payette 335,(K)0

Potest, 233,648

Pranklin, 153.303

Pulton, 140.000

Greene, 89,420

Huntingdon ?S5'15S!

Indiana U^'™

Jefferron, 221,000

jfiniata. 108,500

TOTAL
POREST AREA
COUNTY (ACRES)

Lackawanna 110,020

Lancaster, 09.177

Lawrence, > ' 48,951

Lebanon, 41,650

Lehigh, ^ 47,500

Luzerne. ;i80,827

Lycoming, 489,855

McKean, 565,000

Mercer 106,65<>

Mifflin 160,251

Monroe, 210,000

Montgomery, 47,20<>

Montour, 33,280

Northampton, 39.700

Northumberlnnd 92,000

Perry, 184,039

PhiladelphiM J'^^1

Pike . 261,118

Potter 509.921

Schuylkill 325.000

Snyder 67,000

Somerset ??S'^

Sullivan, 210.000

Susquehaiin.-i. . . . : ««'VVi^

Tioga 375,440

Union, 98,440

Venango lH'^r

Warren, 395.4W>

Washington '«.8o1

Wayne S'ri?A

WestmoreliiiMl tJo -i

Yy°':. .■■:.■. ■.■■■••. 119:630

Total Forest Area 13.046.557

A Study of the above table shows that seven adjoining counties,
located in the north-central part of the State, comprise more than
one-fourth of the total forest area of the State. These counties
are McKean, Potter, Clearfield, Centre, Lycoming, Clinton, and Elk.
It is quite significant that while the seven counties comprise more
than one-fourth of the total forest area, they make up less than one-
twentv-third of the State's total population. The county having
the largest forest area is McKean. It has a total land area of 6.M .680
acres of which 565,000 acres, or 89.4%, is forested.

There are six counties in the State of Pennsylvania that have^more
than 75% of their total land area in forests. They are McKean.
Forest. Elk, Clinton. Cameron, and Pike. It is significant that
twentv^six of the sixty-seven counties of Pennsylvania have more
than 50% of their total land area in forests, and that 45.5% of the
total land area of the State is forest land.

There are in Pennsylvania 13,046,557 acres of forest land and
8,720,017 inhabitants. This means that there are one and one-halt
acres of forest land for each inhabitant of the Keystone State. A
study of the forest area and population of each county shows a wide
variation. There are in the State twenty counties that have le«s

u

than one acre of forest land for each inhabitant; twenty-four coun-
ties that have from one to ten acres of forest land to each inhabitant ;
ten counties with from ten to fifteen acres of forest land to each in-
habitant; and only three counties that have more than twenty-five
acres of forest land for each inhabitant.

The forest area per capita ranges from .0025 acres in Philadelphia
County to 38.3 acres in Pike County. The counties having the
largest forest acreage per capita are:

COUNTY

Pike,

Cameron,

Forest,

Potter,

Sullivan,

FOREST AREA
PER CAPITA
(Acres)

38.3
31.4
31.0
24.2
22.1

Some of the counties having the smallest forest area per Capita are:

FOREST AREA
PER CAPITA
COUNTY (Acres)

Philadelphia, .0025

Delaware, .09

Montgomery, .2

Lehigh, .3

Northampton, .3

Washington, .4

Lackawanna, .4

Erie, .5

The forest land of l^ennsylvania may be placed in the following
classes :

AREA (Acres)

State forest land 1,126,237

Farm woodlots, 4,043,902

Outside of State Forests and farm

woodlots, 7,876,418

Total, 13,046,557

WHAT A FOREST IS

A forest is a complex community of living things. It is more than
a mere collection of trees, for associated with the trees are many

li

other plants and animals, all of which live in close relationship with

one another.

There is a right and a wrong way for boys and girls to find out
what a forest really is. Many hours may be spent in schoolrooms,
libraries, and parlors studing about the forest and its inhabitants.
Such a method has some good points, but there is a better way. The
right way to become acquainted with the inhabitants of forests con-
/sists in getting ready, going out, hiking right into them and there
' beginning a f\rst-hand acquaintance with the many and interesting
members of which it is made up.

Do not plan to become acquainted witTi all the forest inhabitants
on the first trip into the woods for there are too many of them,
just as it is impossible to become acquainted with all the inhabi-
tants of a citv in a single day, so it is beyond the realm of the pos-
sible to learn to know all of the members of the forest on a sing^le

hike.

A good plan for the first hike to the forest is to list or make a
census of all the different groups or classes of plants and animals
which you may observe, that is, make no special attempt to name
the individuals. This may be done by making a table of two
columns, the one with the heading Plants and the other Animals,
and listing under each all the living things observed. Only two
columns are required, for all living things are either plants or
animals. The table may be made up in the following manner:

PLANTS

ANIMALS

I . Trees

1.

Deer

2. Shrubs

2.

Squirrels

3. Ferns

3.

Rabbits

4. Mosses, etc.

4.

Birds, etc.

5.

5.

6.

6.

7.

7.

8.

8.

9.

9.

10.

10.

Such an exercise will show that while the trees are the most con-
spicuous and the most important members of the forest, they are
by no means its only inhabitants. Instead, the forest .s a complex
community of many living things, whose act.v.t.es are so losely
inter-related that the absence of any group may make itself felt on
all the remaining members.

I'hoto by Charlet I. Buvinger.

f'hoto by Charlet j. Buvinger.

A CRUDE BUT COMFORTABLE LEAN-TO SHELTER.

Photo by Charles I. Buvinger.

A LESSON IN NATURE STUDY.
WHAT YOU I/>OK AT.

BE SURE TO SEE

rhoto by Oharlet I. Buvinger

A TRIO OF TREE LOVERS.
They have named and identified hI
the different trees about their camp

rhoto bv OharUi I- Buvinger

LION TREES.

II

WHAT FORESTRY IS

Forestry is the art of handling forest land in such a way that it
Will be of the greatest service to man. It is no field for selfish effort
and has no place for a greedy goal. Good forestry considers the
wants of future generations as well as our present needs. It recom-
mends the wise use of all forest products now on hand, and insists
ihat a growth of valuable forest trees be maintained continuously on
every acre of forest land. Idle acres; barren slopes, areas of desola-
tion, and unproductive land are objects to be overcome and improv-
ed.

WHAT IS WRONG WITH OUR FORESTS

That our forests are in urgent need of improvement is no longer
a question. Many of them are unattractive; fire-scarred snags, ex-
posed boulders, and bare soil being among their most striking
characteristics. Most of them are unsanitary, for they are filled with
debris, dirt, half rotten trunks, stumps, and insect infested stuff. All
of our forests are producing fewer products than they are capable of
turning out. Furthermore, there appears to be no order in them,
for they have developed without any attention or care.

A general study of prevailing forest conditions shows that the
forests of to-day fall short of being satisfactory in at least four im-
portant ways:

1. They do not produce enough good wood.
They are not attractive in appearance.
They are positively unclean.
There is no order in them.
The boys and girls cannot do all the things or carry on all the op-
erations which are necessary to bring about the desired improve
ments, but there are a number of lines of work which they can and
should do; and it is equally important to know^ that there are other
things that should not be done. Here are some suggestions :

1. Do not start a forest fire.

TcU all your companions about the damage which

forest fires do.
Report all forest fires to the nearest forest oflBcer.
Learn how to fight forest fires, and take a hand in

putting them out.
Plant forest trees in vacant corners, wasteplaces.

abandoned fields, on barren mountain slopes arid

other unoccupied forest land.

Destroy insects which injure and kill forest trees.
Destroy rots, blights, and other fungous foes of the

forest.
Help clean up the forest by using the dead wood

found lying on the forest fioor.
Cut out only undesirable trees and guard the more

valuable onea.

2.
3.
4.

2.

3.

4.

6.
7.

19
HOW FOKBST FIRES START

Someone may have told you that lightning causes many f.irot
fires or that spontaneous combustion may furnish the spark which
starts the fires on their mission of destruction. In order that wt
may get at the very bottom of this important subject, and not be
misinformed, let us take advantage of the results of a careful study
which has been made of the causes of forest fires in Pennsylvama.
They may be summarized as follows:

1. Few, if any, forest fires are the result of spontaneous
combustion.

2 Lightning does not cause more than 10 or 12 «<>"« fires
- each year in Pennsylvania, that is. about four-fifths of

one per cent, of the total number.

3 Someone's carelessness or neglect causes 99 per cent, of

^Vforest fires which occur each year in Pennsylvania-
No matter what the immediate or apparent cause
happens to be the real original cause can in almost al
cases be traced back to the carelessnew or neglect of
some person or group of persons. Carelessly con-
structed or neglected camp fires have "arted many
forest fires. The careless throvwng away of a b"™"?
match, cigarette, or tobacco among dry leaves has been
Ae cause of some of our worst fires. Sparks from en-
Snef start many forest fires, but the real cause .«
die fact that the smoke stacks were not properly equip-
ped with a satisfactory spark arrester, or a «t'=;fff '°^;
ily cleared safety strip was not kept on both sides of
the road bed. We all beUeve in clearing uP un«g»'«y
a^d ^sanitary places, but too often brush burner,
choose a windy day or forget to take proper precau-
tion so that the fires which they start cannot get away
"wm them. In many instances those m charge of a
fiVe go away for a while, only to return and find that
the fire has escaped and is traveling rapidly over an
IdjoWng woodlot or ascending a steep and heavily
timbered mountain slope.

4 Be sure the camp fire is out before leaving it. Take no

chances, for you can easily tramp it out, smother it
with ground, or soak it writh water.

5 Be very careful in cleaning up a camp site. Burn the un^

desiiable material when there is little danger of the
fire getting beyond control.

6 Be as careful with fire in the forest as in your »«>««. J"-;
- it is an evil doer if it gets beyond control. Careful
■ boys and girls take no chances with fire in or near the

. wTds, for its actions are treacherous and its destruc-
tive power great, if it gets beyond control.

Photo by J. a. IMok.

FOREST FIRE IS EVERY MAN'S ENEMY.
Be sure to look over a forest fire before y«u tackle it, but do not lose mach time.
Watching and waiting will not do the work. Lecate the "header" and fight it first
The "header" is the part of the fire that travels most rapidly. The top of a ridge,
or just beyond the top and right in front of the "header" of a fire, is the right place
to get busy.

P%oto by J. B. Ilhek.

.^v^^s^ ^„r^K^^'a^:<s;TcK^i 'oWiim%-^^"

FOREST FIRES MAY DESTROY HOMES.

There is no end to the damage that forest fires d«. In 1918 nearly 400 persons lest
their lives in a single forest fire in Minnesota, about 2,000 were more or less seriously
|}i)rqed, and 13,000 rendered homeless.

*>o

WHAT FOREST FIRES DO.

The first thing that every boy and girl should know about
forest fires is the fact that they do absolutely no good. They bring
no benefits to mankind, for damage and loss are the results of their
work. It would require many pages to discuss fully the loss caused
by forest fires. The following outline will show some of the damage
which they do:

1,

3.

4.
5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.
12.

Forest fires destroy the beauty and value of a
region.

They destroy the animal and plant life of the
forests.

They destroy the seeds and seedlings which would
develop into stately stands of timber.

They kill enormous quantities of growing timber.

They consume a large amount of felled timber and
other forest products stored in forests.

They consume the leaf litter and humus on the
forest floor.

They impoverish the soil to such an extent that its
capacity to produce timber is almost negligible.
Briefly, they prevent the production of enormous
quantities of needed forest products.

They have already made a big desert in Pennsyl-
vania. It covers a large part of the mountains
of our State.

They open the way for the destructive work of in-
sects, fungi, erosion, floods and drought.

They sometimes kill live stock, and frequently de-
stroy buildings, crops and fences.

They occasionally destroy houses.

They even may cause the loss of human lives.

There appears to be no end to the damage which forest fires do.
We cannot let them go on. It is our duty to step in right now and
fight them to a finish.

WHY PREVENT FOREST FIRES.

There are many reasons why forest fires should be prevented. It
would make a list as long as an arm if an attempt were made to
name them all, but everyone cannot help but become enthusiastic
about preventing forest fires after knowing that:

Forest fires are unnecessary. There exists no need
for them and they should be stopped.

Forest fires benefit no one, except a few selfish
people who still have the false notion that forest
fires are necessary to insure a crop of Huckle-
berries.

1.

2.

23

3. The prevention of forest fires is good business, for

they are the curse of our forests. They do only
evil. No good comes from them. We endure
hardship and suffer great loss because of them.

4. They are responsible for the greatest leak which

exists at the present time in our otherwise pros-
perous Commonwealth.

5. The prevention of forest fires is wise forethought,

for they arc not only destroying annually an
enormous quantity of wood, but also prevent an
inestimable amount of wood from growing. It
is our duty to stop them now, because of the
damage they do, and the hardships which will
bear down upon future generations through a
shortage of forest products.

HOW TO PREVENT FOREST FIRES.

It seems to follow from the study of the causes of forest fires that
the best way to prevent them is to have every inhabitant and every
visitor of our Commonwealth be careful and thoughtful about the
u.e of fire in all forms and at all times. The following suggestions
shotild be helpful in out-of-door activities :

1 Be sure you do not throw away a lighted match or

any other burning material while walking
through, resting, or camping withm th« woods^

2 Clear the ground of all inflammable material before

building a camp fire. If possible, dig a small pit
in a clear area, and surround it at least on three
sides with a wall of stones. This makes an ideal

and safe fire place.

3. Never build a big fire. It is neither necessary nor

safe

4. Of course, most boys do not smoke, but if you are

allowed to smoke or choose to "steal a smoke,
be very careful in disposing of the bummg to-
bacco, cigar, or cigarette. Many a forest fire
was starttd by a carelessly disposed of cigar or
cigarette, and the thoughtless throwing away of
burning tobacco.

HOW TO FIGHT FOREST FIRES.
Someone has said that the best way '« fig^t forest fir.s ..to pre-
vent them from starting. That is good adv.cc -"J !>«";' J'^
but some fires will start and must be fought. The putung out ^ »
forest fire is a real fight. It is one of the "^'"'^.^rinemv to
of young men can engage in. Forest fires are a <;ffi^"'» '"'"'^
overcome, for their advance, are usu-Uy fierce and uncertain.

24

In order to oxercomc them quickly
and then "dig in" and use their heads,
might. By so doing they will be able
able foe of the forest.

The best results will be obtained
equipped, properly organized, and so
understands the most important rules
follows which points out some of the
should be done in case of forest fires.

the fighters must take heart,
hands and feet with all their
to conquer the most formid-

if the fighting force is well

trained that every member

of the business. A schedule

most imporant things which

1. Always be on the watch for forest fires, especiaMy during

the spring and fall when they are apt to occur and in
regions where they happen frequently.

2. The first thing to do, if you are at or near a fire when it

starts, and it is not too large, is to try to put it out.

3. The first thing to do, if you are at a distance from the

Bre, or if it is large in size and burning rapidly, is to
notify the nearest forest officer, who may be a Forest-
er, Forest Ranger, Forest Fire Warden or Game War-
den.

4. The second thing to do is to get together a crew of fire

fighters.

5. See to it that the fighters are properly equipped.

6. Get the fighters to the fire as soon as possible. The secret

of success in fighting forest fires is to knock, kick or
otherwise get them out in the first round, for they be-
come larger and stronger the longer you allow them to
go ahead.

7. As you approach a fire look it over and proceed to tako

the best position to attack it. Always tackle "the
header" first, that is the part of the fire which is travel-
ing fastest.

8. Upon reaching the fire, offer your service to the forest

officer in charge. If ^\o forest officer is present, or-
ganize your men and tackle the fire without delay.
Lose as little time as possible in discussing the situa-
tion.

9. A slow fire may be stopped by beating it out, but in cases

where fires are progressing very rapidly, it is best to
clear a line about two feet wide of all inflammable
material some distance ahead of the fire. If the fire is
not advancing too fast it will stop when it reaches this
cleared line, but if a strong wind is blowing it is very
apt to jump over the cleared line and proceed onward
doing destructive work. In the case of rapidly advanc-
ing fires it is recommendable to start a **Back Fire" on*
the side of the cleared line towards the original fire,
and when they meet, both will die out for want of in-
flammable material. A "Back Fire" improperly placed
or poorly timed may do more damage than good.
Therefore, no "Back Fire" should be started by boys

26

unless a forest officer, or another person who has had
experience in fighting forest fires, is at hand to direct
the fight.

10. One of the most responsible positions on a fire line is that

of the "guards" who control the back fire and see to it
that the fire does not jump over the fire line.

11. Do not expect every established fire line to hold, for you

will sometimes be compelled to fall back, reorganize the
fighters and begin to battle from a new and more ad-
vantageous position.

12. Do not give up until you have won the fight. Remember

that the fight is not really won until the last spark is
out. Therefore, do not leave a fire immjediately after
the flames have been subdued, but patrol the lines and
see to it that it does not break out anew and go on
another spree of destruction.

OTHER THINGS TO DO.

The stopping of forest fires will do much to rebuild our devastated
forests, but there are other things which must also be done in order
to place them in a satisfactory condition. These important tasks
should go hand in hand with or follow right after protection. Some
of these essential things are :

1 Securing a new growth of valuable trees as quickly as
possible on every acre of devastated land withm the
State We cannot afford to leave so many acres of
mountain land remain idle. It does not pay to delay.
Right now is the time to see to it that all unproductive
areas of forest land are so stocked with trees that they
will begin to produce a valuable forest crop.
2. Another thing to do is to give preference to the important
forest trees and eliminate as rapidly as possible the
undesirable kinds. There are over 100 different land
of trees and about 200 different kind of shrubs native
to Pennsylvania. Nature does not show any preference
for the important timber trees in^e «arly »^«g^,^; "'
forestation. As a rule, many different kind of trees
come up after forest fires and lumbenng operations,
and in the struggle for an existence the mfenor ones
often win out. If the job of restocking our forest land
IS left to nature entirely, a great deal of ground will be
occupied by worthless trees. It is our business, there-
fore, to learn to know the best trees, and then h^lp
them overcome inferior ones such as scrub oak, fare
cherry trembling aspen, sumachs and other sumiar
weed trees. While in camp boys and girls should show
their appreciation of the land owner by helping him im-
prove ^e composition of his forest by cutting out the
inferior trees and thus help those of better quality.
3 A third thing which is essential to rebuilding our forests
properly is the removal from the forests of all trees of

0««rl«a|f 0/ the V. §. FoTMt Bexvie*.

BR SURE THAT THE CAMP FIRE IS OUT BEFORE YOU

LEAVE.

A COMFORTABLE CAMP ON THE MOSHANNON STATE
FOREST IN PENNSYLVANIA.

There are 563 permanent camp sites under lease on the State
1^52"*^ P«nxi»yivanU, and daring 1921 at least 80,000 people
ofM m% Btete Foreati for eampinc a^d reereatian parpoaea.

A PLANTATION OF YOUNG WHITE PINE TREES.
Make your idle land pay. Plant forest trees on waste places.

AN AOTRACnVE AND THRIFTY STAND OF WHITE
PINE PLANTED 48 YEARS AGO.

Note the branch scars that encircle the trunks. The distance
betwiVtbe rings is the height growth of one year.

poor quality, and undesirable form, as well as all dead,
dying and damaged specimens. In almost every forest
there are wolf trees, that is, trees which are unat-
tractive, have a wide-spreading crown, and a twisted
and hollow trunk. Such trees grow very little in size
and are continuously decreasing in value. They should
be removed from the forest for they possess no future
promise, and are suppressing and even killing many
young and thrifty trees beneath them. Their days of
usefulness and service are past, and the way should
be opened up for a younger generation of trees by re-
moving their suppressors.

Boys and girls should make it a rule to use for camp-
ing and other essential purposes only such material
whose removal will improve the forests, and thus assist
in rebuilding them and making them even more pro-
ductive and more valuable than the original forests.

4. Another important thing to do is to stock completely all
forest land so that it will begin producing forest prod-
ucts of value. Our forests are now full of gaps and
openings in which nothing of value is now being pro-
duced. Many of these areas are small in size, while
some of them cover large areas. The loss from a single
blank area may not be great, but when all of them are
added together the loss is enormous.

Let us give nature a chance to establish forests of baby trees on
all these areas, but if she does not succeed, the thing to do is to go
out upon these barren areas and plant upon them selected trees,
which are well-known, sure to grow, and will produce a valuable
crop of timber. We must not compete with nature or try to outdo
her in places where she is doing good work, but our aim should be
to fill in all fail places. Boys and girls can be of great service in
this work for there is a big tree planting job before all of us. It will
be a creditable piece of work for the young and brave men of our
State to go out among the hills and start to re-clothe them with the
best trees which are now available.

WHY PLANT FOREST TREES.

Nature working through many centuries produced the original
forest. It took a long time for her to accomplish this wonderful
task. In some localities nature will again produce fine forests,
while in other places she is making progress very slowly. We can-
not afford to wait. We must put our idle mountain land to work at
once for we need all the forest products which all the available areas
are capable of producing.

Wherever nature is not restoring a forest growth, we may go in
and help her by planting seedlings of valuable forest trees. The
boys and grirls of Pennsylvania have already planted many trees, and
it is fair to assume that as they learn more about this delightful

29

pastime and helptui practice tliey will plant an increasing number
each year. You may not know about it, but it is a tact that almost
50 million small forest trees have been raised already in the nurseries
operated by the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry and all of
them have been planted on forest land within the Keystone State.
More than 34 million of these trees have been planted on the State
forests, the remainder having been set out l)y ])rivaie owners (»f
w<M>dland. How rapidly the practice of forest tree plantinj^ is ^row-
int; may be learned from the following table:

YEAR

1910

1911

1912

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

Total

Number of Trees

Supplied to
Private Planters

66,374

25,360

66,854

47,770

108,685

115,577

l;471,875

1,812.997

2,186.89P

3,139,531

2,543,374

3,041,710

14.627.006

Fverv Pennsvlvania l>ov and girl should be a tree i)lanter. It is
a helpful and wholesome kind of work. In order that every boy and
-irl mav know some ..f the good points of tree planting:, a list ot the
U-nefits that may be derived therefrom follows:

1 Planted trees will help supply the constantly grow
ing demand for wood. They are a credit to us
who set them out, and will be a blessmg to future
generations. Cheap wood is gone forever m
Pennsylvania.

2. Planted trees afford excellent protection to our

water supplies and prevent erosion on steep
slopes.

3. Planted trees beautify and protect homes and make

our landscape cheerful.

4. Planted trees utilize the energies of nature which

might otherwise be wasted.

5. Planted trees beautify and improve highways,

waterways, and byways.

6. Tree planting will make worthless land productive

and yield utcful forest crept.

7. Tree planting will help fill up the storehouse of

needed wealth.

8. The planted forests of France helped win the war.

There is a great need for forest tree planting. It is not hard to
find places upon which trees should be planted. Bare hillsides and
poorly stocked mountain land is common, idle corners are present
everywhere, and eroding slopes and gullies are doing enormous dam-
age in every community.

Boys and girls should remember that they do not stand alone
when they desire to plant trees, for the Pennsylvania Department of
Forestry will co-operate with them. It will supply the trees for
planting if at least 100 are set out. The only cost attached to the
trees is the packing and shipping charges, which should not exceed
about 75 cents per thousand. A troop of Boy Scouts in April, 1920,
planted one. thousand trees upon a hillside near Sellersville, Pa., in
about two hours. They enjoyed the work so much that they sent in
a "hurry up" order for 500 more, which they also planted and now
they are planning to take good care of them and watch them grow in
size, value, and beauty.

He that planteth a tree is a servant of God,
He provideth a kindness for many generations,
And faces that he hath not seen shall bless him.

HENRY VAN DYKE

WHY BECOME ACQUAINTED WITH TREES.

Every boy and girl will sooner or later ask themselves the ques-
tion, why should I put forth any effort to become acquainted with
trees for they are such commonplace things? At first they may not
be able to satisfy themselves that the study of trees is important, but
as they revolve the question in their minds they will begin to see
what a wide and practical application to every day life this subject
has, and that trees ever since the creation have been among man's
best friends and most useful helpers, and as time goes on and wood
becomes scarcer they will play an even more important role in satis-
fying his needs.

Suppose we pause just long enough to think about a few of the
ways in which trees have been our friends and helpers. We cannot
begin to take an itemized census of all the different benefits derived
from them for we would soon have a list as long as our arms and
only half finished, but in order that we may not overlook entirely
some of their good points a list of the most important of them fol-
lows:

1. Trees decorate the landscape. A treeless place is

indeed cheerless.

2. Trees supply us with shade and shelter, and protect

our houses and otker buildings against storms.

31

3. Trees beautify our homes, highways, and byways.

4. Trees give shelter to and serve as a refuge for birds

and other wild animals.

5. Trees supply shade and shelter to domestic animals

when in the open.

6. Trees help make, fix, and improve the soil.

7. Trees protect steep mountain slopes against erosion,

and bind the soil along the banks of streams.

8. Trees increase the run-off of water during periods

of drought.

9. Trees help purify the atmosphere. .

10. Trees decrease the run-off of water during periods

of flood.

11. Trees help maintain and improve the health and

efficiency of our citizens,

12. Trees help raise the moral standard and social wortk

of our boys and girls.

13. Trees furnish the raw material for many of our most

important industries.

14. Trees supply us with some of our most necessary

products of life. They supply us with the wood
with which to build, furnish and warm our homes.
They are the main source of the raw material
from which the paper upon which we write is

made.

15. Every Pennsylvania boy and girl should become

acquainted with our native trees so that they can
recognize the difference between the important
timber trees and the inferior (weed) species.

HOW TO BECOME ACQUAINTED WITH TREES.

There is more than one way for boys and girls to become ac-
quainted with our common trees. Some are so fortunate as to have
a teacher available who knows the trees and is willing to pomt out
their distinctive features and peculiar habits. Others are less fortu-
nate in that they do not have a teacher familiar with the trees, but
they do have available for use a good supply of helpful tree leaflets
and manuals. But there is a third group of boys and girls and this
includes by far the largest number, who have neither a good teacher
nor satisfactory literature available to pursue a course of tree study
It is primarily for this third class of boys and girls that the material
on the following pages has been prepared.

One of the first things which boys and girls should know about
tree study is the fact that to attempt to learn to ^n^w all he ee
is a biff and long job. for there are over a hundred different trees
na^ive'to Pennsylvania. It may be well in this connection o re-
member the old adage "Do not attempt too much ^or fea of ac
complishing too little." Much better results will ^e a a ned b
.electing a small group of trees, or a certain number of representatn

Photo bv J. B. IMeh.

NEEDLE CLUSTERS OP THE SIX PINES NATIVE TO I'ENNSYLVANIA

..•r«i?«-^ ^^u^ HJ^^ only pine native to Pennsylvania with five needles in a cluHter ;
l>itc pine has three needles m a cluster: while the other four native pines have two

leaf I'r iellnw^l^'" T^'^' '^ "^^'l Red pine, pitch pine, table n,ount?in pine shon
leaf •r yellow pine, Jersey or scrub pine, white pine.

I'hotfl by J. 8. niick.

CONES OF THE SIX PINES NATIVE TO PENNSYLVANIA

,.iif^\JL!^^^' ^^*^ I""*-' P''<*l». l»'»«^. t"»»le mountain pine. 8hoit-leaf o, vellou
pine, Jersey or scrub pine, white pine.

»3^,'''7?''-»«W 4 '^SS^

■^.-_.>-^---.'^^-,

"9

%

is
3^

D

S

O
o *

OQ 3

a

^•*»''

■^3%^^^.--

kji.»*

.►■^r-' ^V

?!^

Ml^fV^:

I

14 -

species and learn to know them well, rather than attempt to master
all of them and later on find that you have acquired only a super-
ficial smattering of most of them and know none real intimately.

SOME REPRESENTATIVE PENNSYLVANIA FOREST

TREES.

A small number of Pennsylvania forest trees have been selected
for special consideration in this booklet. They are fairly representa-
tive trees and possess some striking and interesting characteristics.
There are many other equally interesting and important trees which
may be considered in later editions. The trees that will be de-
scribed are :

1.

White Pine

9.

Red Mulberry

2.

Red Pine

10.

Sugar Maple

3.

Pitch Pine

11.

Red Maple

4.

Short-leaf Pine

12.

Silver Maple

5.

Jersey or Scrub Pine

13.

Ash-leaved Ma])li

6.

Table Mountain

Pine

14.

Striped Maple

7.

Buttonwood

15.

Mountain Maple

8.

Sassafras

16.

Norway Maple

^

17.

Sycamore Maple.

THE PINES OF PENNSYLVANIA.

Six different kinds of pine trees a're native to Pennsylvania. One
or more of them occurs in every county of the state, but only the
white pine and the pitch pine have a wide distribution. The other
four native pines have a rather restricted range.

In the winter months, there is something cheerful and lively in the
appearance of the pines in spite of the cold and the snow. They
may readily be distinguished by their leaves which are needle-like,
occur in clusters of 2, 3, or 5, and persist throughout the winter.
The latter characteristic places them among the evergreen trees.

The 34 different pines which are native to North America are
classified into two groups, namely, Soft Pines and Hard Pines. Of
the pines native to Pennsylvania the white pine alone belongs to the
Soft Pine group, the other five species belonging to the Hard Pines.

In order that the pines of Pennsylvania may be recognized by
every boy and girl, two simple keys have been prepared, the one
based on leaf characteristics and the other on cone features.

35

I.
1.

2.

2.

3.
3.

LEAF KEY OF PENNSYLVANIA PINES*

Leaves slender, 5 in a cluster ~ White Pine

Leaves usually stiff, 2 or 3 in a cluster ._ --2

Leaves 3 in a cluster ~ Pitch Pine

Leaves 2 in a cluster - -"^

Leaves 5 to 6 inches long - Red Pine

Leaves 4 inches or less in length —4

4. Leaves stiff and very sharp-pointed -•-• —

Table Mountain Pme

4. Leaves slender to slightly stiff, dull-pointed 5

5. Leaves twisted, stout, li— 3i inches long _..^.~-

Jersey or Scrub Pine

5 Leaves straight, rather slender, about 4 inches long

(sometimes 3 or 4 in a cluster, Short-leaf Pine

CONE KEY OF PENNSYLVANIA PINES

I. Cones 5 to 10 inches long White Pine

1. Cones less than 4 inches long — ^

2. Cone scales not armed with prickles or ^PJ"^^™:-^ .

2. Cone scales armed with prickles or spines 3

3. Cone scales armed with prickles ^

3*. Cone scales armed with stout spines ..^. ...^-^^~~

Table Mountain Pine

4. Cones narrowly and sharply conical when closed
^' Jersey or Scrub Pine

4. Cones broadly and bluntly conical when closed.™.5

5. Cone scales thickened at apex and armed with short

rigid and recurved prickles Pitch rine

5. Cone scales slightly enlarged at ^P^,,^"^^^^^^"^^^^^
with weak prickles which -ay ^f a^ll^ c^^^^

WHITE PINE

The discovery of the white pine, which is the prince of all the

forest trees of eastern North America, coincides with the land.ng

If the Pngrims on the bleak coast of New England. It was one of

thetw green things which greeted them, and it truly made a last.ng

nnmberfoUowi then It directs y«u to t^.« <^'Xe trei In l"ni.»)lvanl« with three needle, in.
br that numl^r. For example. »' y''» J'4 •h? .eaf ^J in the foUowlng way: ]<«•<» *»« ^
cTnrter you may Identify It by the a*^. «' *J%,l!jLr .^i." The characterlatlca do not Jt Ui«
statem Jta of characterl.tlci Pr^c^^^d l^ the ^^^^^ ^^^Ich la followed by "2." Thja dlre«t.
fljSt pwmgraph but will come on^er the wcond PJJJfJJJ JSSicterlatlca flt the flrat "nd not the

siJEh*"'"'SJ?s:>-"tfe'V(.'^^^ ''*"•' "''^' "•"'

|tar»fT«ph preceded by the number "S.*

OUR NATIVE WHITE PINE MAY BE RECOGNIZED RY
ITS DEEPLY-FURROWED BARK.

I

A CLUSTER OF POLLEN-
BEARING BLOSSOMS OF
THE WHITE PINE
GROUPED BETWEEN
THE NEW AND THE
OLD NEEDLE CLUS-
TERS.

Photo by J S nuck. „^ „»,

PINE TRF.KS MAY 15K RKCMXJNIZED BY THEIR FORM.
The whitp pine (left) and the Hhort-leaf pine (right) art of the ssmt •§€ ami grew
up in the iame environment.

38

and favorable impression upon them and those who came after
them. There is no tree in the civilized part of the World which
surpasses it in beauty, stateliness, individuality and usefulness.

Many years passed before the entire range of the white pine be-
came known. As the pioneers pushed forward they found that this
valuable timber tree had limits. In some localities it was abundant,
in other places it was rare, and as they passed beyond the Allegheny
Mountains it ceased to be a part of the forest. Now we know that
it is found only in the eastern part of North America, extending
northward as far as Newfoundland and the northern shore of the
Gulf of the St. Lawrence, westward to Manitoba and Minnesota,
and southward to northern Illinois and Pennsylvania and along the
Alleghenies to Georgia.

In Pennsylvania the white pine originally formed dense stands,
especially in the central and northern parts of the State. Many
lumbermen claim that the best and most valuable stands of timber
found in the whole United States east of Idaho occurred originally
in northern Pennsylvania, and consisted of white pine and hem-
lock. White pine is still common in the mountainous part of the
State, occurs sparingly in the western and southeastern parts, and
rarely found in the agricultural valleys such as the Lancaster, Leb-
anon, Chester, Cumberland, Lower Lehigh, and Lower Delaware
Valleys.

The white pine is one of our trees which may be recognized with-
out much effort. It is the only evergreen tree native to eastern
North America which has its soft, flexible, and bluish-green needles
arranged in clusters of five. The lateral branches occur in whorls
of 3 to 7 arranged in distinct horizontal layers. After the branches
fall off they leave distinct circles of branch-scars along the stems.
The cones are 5 to 10 inches long, attached to the twigs by a short
stalk, rarely hang long upon the trees, and are covered with thin,
flat and unarmed scales.

The wood is soft, straight-grained, and works easily. It weigh*
about 25 pounds per cubic foot, and was formerly used for a wider
range of purposes than any other American wood. It is adapted
for practically all purposes except where strength, hardness, flexi-
bility, and durability in contact with the soil are required.

Sawmills began the manufacture of white pine lumber in 1623,
and in 1635 a cargo was shipped to England from Massachusetts.
Authentic records show that the first house built in America was
constructed of white pine. In fact, the wood of this tree held such
a prominent place i-n the lumber industry of America until about
1890 that the history of its exploitation was essentially the history
of the whole lumber industry.

The white pine is the most important forest tree in eastern North

4

/

America, and probably m the Wuild. It was introduced into Eng-
land by Lord Weymouth and shortly afterwards into continental
Europe, where it has been propagated so extensively that it is no
longer regarded as a foreigner but as a naturalized member of their

forests. r *

The white pine promises to become more abundant agam, tor it
is being planted extensively and the remaining natural growth is
now given better protection from forest fires and other destructive
agents. Since 1902 over 25 million small white pine trees have been
planted in Pennsylvania, and during the planting season of 1918
alone over 4 million seedlings and transplants were set out m the
Keystone state. They are raised from seed produced m cones on
mature trees. At the base of each cone scale two seeds with long
brown paper-like wings are produced. The seeds are small in size
and brown in color. It takes from 25,000 to 35,000 seeds to make
a pound of clean seed. A pound of white pine seed is sufficient to
sow a forest tree nursery bed of 100 square feet, and if all goes
well, such a bed will produce 10,000 to 15,000 two-year old seedlings.
Many of these baby trees were set out by school boys, school gir s
and by Boy Scout organizations. Tree planting by boys and girls
should be encouraged. It is a pleasant pastime and a useful prac-
tice Their growth will visualize the building-up process in nature
and be an excellent counter-part to the tearing-down operations
which were impressed so vividly upon all of us during the recent

world war.

PITCH PINE

Pitch pine possesses more comm6n names than any other pine
native to Pennsylvania. It has at least a dozen of them. Some of
Tm are pitch 'pine. Jack pine, hard pine, yellow P'-- torch Pne
nigger pine, black pine, scrub pine, long-leaved p.ne, nch p.ne, and
fat pine The scientific name of pitch pine is Pinus ng.da

Most of the common names refer to some dist.nct.ve feature of h
tree or its wood. The name black pine and ".gger p.ne -fer 'o J^
dark bark frequently found upon large trunks. The name torch
Jne wal given'to it'bccause it supplied the early -tt-ers w.tl. p.n
knots used as torches about the primitive cabins and f"-^ ""a^^ '"f
at iht The name yellow pine refers to old and mat,n-e trees tha
have replaced their typical blackish bark with yellowish bark The
; melthtintandTat pine are used locally. The bac woodsm
of Pennsylvania used these names because many of the old trees ar.
rkh or fa't with resin. The name long-leaved pine is qu.^ appropri-
ate when one considers only the pines of the northeast for some
,. tch Dine trees develop needles much longer than any of our other
native'i^nes It is not unusual to find trees with needles six or «or.
inches in length.

i

48

The pitch pine, next to the white pine, is the easiest uf the pines
native to Pennsylvania to recognize, for it has positive distinguish-
ing characteristics. Its needles are from three to five inches long
and occur in bundles of three. The other hard pines of Pennsylvania
have their needles in bundles of two and they vary greatly in length
and texture from those of the pitch pine.

The bark of the pitch pine is ragged in appearance and breaks up
into irregular plates separated by rather conspicuous furrows. Early
in the life of a pitch pine tree the bark becomes quite thick, and
after the sapling stage is reached the trees are fire-resistant. This
thick bark accounts for the fact that the pitch pine is the most fire-
resistant evergreen tree of the East. Forest fires will kill small
seedlings, but as soon as the trees reach the sapling stage they de-
velop a heavy bark. Severe forest fires have burned over extensive
forest areas, and it appeared as if every living thing had been killed,
but upon examining the area a year after the fire, one is often amazed
to find that many of the medium-sized and larger pitch pine trees
have withstood the extreme heat and are still growing.

Pitch pine does not present a neat appearance; but it is a rather
picturesque tree. Its crown is irregular in outline and the trunk
is often covered with gnarled branches, and occasionally with dense
mats of leaves. It is the only Pennsylvania pine that produces
these dense mats of leaves along the main stem, which occasionally
envelop the trunk completely.

The cones of pitch pine are from two to two and one-half inches
long. They are spherical to ovate in outline when open, persist for
many years, and sometimes occur in dense clusters. A few years
ago the writer found a cluster of nineteen cones on a small branch
upon a young tree in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Trees loaded
down with thousands of cones are common. They may become a
burden to the tree, and sometimes prove fatal, for during heavy
snow storms the cones make an excellent place upon which the
snow accumulates, and it is not unusual for it to collect in such
large quantities that the branches break off and sometimes the en-
tire crown is crushed completely.

The pitch pine is found from New Brunswick to Lake Ontario on
the north, and south to Virginia, and along the mountains to
Georgia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. It is probably the most widely
distributed pine in Pennsylvania. It was originally less common
than the white pine, but since the great lumbering days, during
which the white pine was cut out, the pitch pine has been on the
rise. It is found in every county in the State, but is commonest in
the mountainous regions where it is associated with the rock oak
and chestnut.

There are some excellent stands of pitch pine in Pennsylvania, and
it is quite probable that within this State are found some of the best

I

41

stands in the entire range of the tree. The pitch pine trees of Mont
Alto, in Franklin County, Snow Shoe, in Centre County, and selected
stands in Pike and Clearfield Counties are hard to surpass. From a
commercial point of view, the pitch pine is not so important a tree
as the white pine, but it is gaining favor for new and better uses
are continuously being found for its wood. In the eariy days, when
white pine was plentiful, no one cared to handle the inferior pitch
pine wood, but conditions have changed and now it is looked upon
with favor for many uses. It has won a place in our markets and
in time it will move forward to a better position. It seems fair to
assume that the wood of this tree will improve in quality when the
trees are raised under good forest conditions.

Pitch pine gives us a good example of a tree that should not be
condenmed before studying its forest habits and growth peculiar!-
ties Until a few years ago this tree was regarded as a slow grower,
and because of this belief was called jack pine. A special study was
made of its growth, and it was found that it grew more rapidly than
was apparent, for instead of laying on all the growth of the season
at one time it often places it in two or more installments. This in-
stallment method of growth was responsible for the false notion

that it grew slowly. x - u.

The wide natural distribution of pitch pine in Pennsylvama,— its
fire resistance,~and the fact that it is well adapted to our mountain
soil,-recommend it as an important forest tree of Pennsylvania
While it appears to be an ordinary tree, yet it has so many good
points that its importance and value will increase as the practice of
forestry becomes more firmly established.

RED PINE
The red pine is a valuable timber tree. It has a number of com-
mon names. Probably the one used most frequently is Norway
pine, a name wholly out of place because it is neither a nativ^ of
Norway nor does it bear any resemblance to the pine trees of Nor-
way It is reported that the name Norway pine was given to this
tree by a Spanish sea captain who thought this tree resembled pine
trees he had seen in Norway. This supposed resemblance is respon-
sible for the inappropriate name of Norway pine which has persisted
until to-day and will no doubt continue for a long time in spite of
he fact t/at it is meaningless and misleading. A-ther -n-^^^^^^
name is red pine. This is an appropriate name for the bark of the
tree is reddish in color and the heartwood ,s usually pale red. The
scientific name of red pine is Pinus resinosa -d -e.ns resin^p^^^^
This name is also inappropriate for its wood contains little resin in
comparison with that of other pines. , a. .. Ur

The red pine is a native of the Northwoods. It extends as far
solth a7 central Pennsylvania and the Lake States. It reaches a

''^fSo^lKSS'.??^^ HAS A DISTINCTIVE CX)NE AND
ITS NEEDLES OCCUR IN CLUSTERS OF FIVE.

^™©™iSS^TrY5Tl™ rES5?JH!,4STATION ON THE STATE FORESTS OF
^^^^^^^ nSS? TREES HAVE BEEN NUMBERED AND A
BSOORD OF THE GROWTH OF BAOH TBEOD IS KEPT

44

height of 70 or 80 feet and a diameter of 3 feet. In some parts of its
natural range it attains an even greater size, and, as a rule, it is
mixed with other trees. The optimum growth of this tree is in the
northern part of the Lake States and in the southern province of
Canada. Recently a new outpost of red pine was found on a farm
woodlot near Selinsgrove, in Snyder County, Pennsylvania. This
new station is 75 miles south of the most southern station of red
pine that was ever reported.

Probably the most distinctive features of the red pine are its
needles and cones. The needles are slender, flexible, from 4 to 6
inches long, and occur in clusters of two. They are surrounded at
the base by a thin membranous covering or paper-like wrapper. The
needles are grouped together in tufts at the ends of the branches.
This characteristic is very helpful in recognizing the tree from a dis-
tance. The cones are about 2 inches long. They occur at the end
of the season's growth and their scales are not armed with any
spines or prickles. It is the only pine native to Pennsylvania whose
cone-scales are unarmed. In addition to the leaf and cone character-
istics, which should enable anyone to identify it at all seasons of
the year, its general form and appearance and its distinctive bark
will also help to identify it. It is unquestionably one of the most
attractive conifers of the northeast and is being planted extensively
for ornamental purposes.

The red pine is one of the most important timber trees of Penn-
sylvania, and as time goes on its real merits will become better
known. It is not so abundant now in Pennsylvania as it was origin-
ally, for practically all the big trees have been cut out, and , only
a limited number of young trees have followed after the old veterans.
The hope of having red pine in Pennsylvania in the future lies not
in the natural growth that is coming on, but in the trees that are
being planted. During the past ten years more than 1,000,000 red
pine seedlings and transplants were planted on the State Forests of
Pennsylvania and about 700,000 more were supplied by the Depart-
ment of Forestry to private planters throughout the State. This
does not include all the red pine trees planted within the State, for
additional trees were purchased from nurseries and planted on pri-
vate forest land. It seems fair to estimate that at least 2,000,000 red
pine trees have already been planted in Pennsylvania and most of
them are growing rapidly.

This valuable and promising forest tree should be carefully pro-
tected and its range extended by planting seedlings and transplants
on the large areas of devastated mountain land in Pennsylvania. It
has few enemies, grows rapidly, and if planted and protected will
produce large quantities of high grade wood which is now urgently
needed bv our industries and homes.

|l

45

SHORT-LEAF PINE

The short-leaf pine has more than a dozen common names. Some
of them are appropriate, while others are misleading, and may em-
barrass one who attempts to identify it. The scientific name of the
short-leaf pine is Pinus echinata. Of its fifteen common names none
will ever replace short-leaf pine, for the leaves of this tree are truly
short in comparison with those of the longleaf pine and other pines
with which it is associated. Its distinctive leaves are from two to
four inches long and usually occur in pairs, but occasionally three-
appear in a cluster, and sometimes four may be found in a group.

The cones of the short-leaf pine are rather distinctive. They are
brown in color, from one and one-half to two and one-half inches
long, nearly as wide as long when open, and attached to the branches
by a short stalk. Each cone-scale has an enlarged end, which is
armed with a weak prickle. Early in autumn the cones open to die-
charge the small triangular seeds which are produced in large num-
bers and scattered widely about the trees. Heavy seed crops occur
at rather short intervals, which justifies one in being hopeful that
nature will continue to propagate this important forest tree. Even
as far north as southern Pennsylvania a large number of seedling
trees are found in openings about older trees.

One of the best distinguishing characteristics of the short-leaf pine
is its clean, stately, and slightly tapering, trunk— the bark of which
is marked oflF by deep furrows into irregular or rectangular plates
covered with thin scales. Some of the old specimens have been ap-
propriately called "armored knights of the forest," for the bark is
so distinctive and the tree trunk so impressive that the tree cannot
be confused with its associates.

Short-leaf pine is found over an area of more than 440,000 square
miles, but is of commercial importance over about two-thirds of its
natural range. Its natural range extends as far north as western
Connecticut, but near Mont Alto, in Franklin County, Pennsylvama.
is the most northern heavy stand of short-leaf pine in America. In
this stand are many stately trees with trunks two and one-half feet
in diameter at breast high, and clear of branches for sixty feet from
the ground. These magnificient trees are covered with a distmctive
armored bark fully as typical as any grown in the south.

The short-leaf pine is commonest in the South, where it makes its
best growth at elevations of 400 to 1,500 feet above sea level. It is.
however, found from sea level to an altitude of 3,000 feet m the
southern Appalachians. The commercial range of short-leaf pine has
contracted considerably since the settlement of our country. It once
grew as far north as Albany, and from fifty to one hundred years
ago it was lumbered in many places in Pennsylvania where it has

46

now ceased to exist or only a few scattered trees remain. The
geographical range is now given as from New York to Florida, west
to Missouri, Oklahoma, and northeastern Texas.

In Pennsylvania the short-leaf pine occurs only locally. There is
only one heavy stand in the State and that is found near Mont Alto
in Franklin County. A few trees are found locally throughout the
southeastern part of the State, and scattered specimens have been
found as far north as Lycoming County, where it is reported that
the tree was formerly far more abundant than it is now. It may be
said that the tree is practically extinct in Pennsylvania excepting
in local places in the southern and southeastern part of the State.
The hope of keeping this important timber tree as a member
of the forests of Pennsylvania is in the fact that a considerable
number of young trees are beginning to appear about the few old
trees that still remain, and a considerable number are being planted
for reforestation. In the fall of 1921, 140 pounds of seed were
planted in the Mont Alto nursery operated by the Pennsylvania
Department of Forestry. With 50,000 to 60,000 seeds to each
pound, there should result from this seed sowing at least two million
seedlings.

The short-leaf pine is a companionable tree. One may find small
forest areas occupied by it exclusively, but in the most of its range
it is associated with hardwoods or other evergreen trees. Among
its companions are pitch pine, scrub pine, and occasionally loblloly
pine. At high elevations the white pine and table mountain pine
stand by its side. Many kinds of hardwoods, such as oak, hickory,
sassafras, ash, and cherry, are also associated with it.

The wood of short-leaf pine is hard, strong, and yellowish to dark
brown. It weighs about forty pounds to the cubic foot and is used
extensively for a large number of purposes. It is in great demand
by builders of freight cars, large quantities are u^ed for general
construction work, and box and crate makers employ large quanti-
ties.

Short-leaf pine has been an important timber tree for many years,
and everything points that it will continue to hold a place in the
forest structure of southern and southeastern Pennsylvania. It at-
tains a size sufficiently large for forestry purposes, produces excel-
lent wood, yields large quantities of resin, and is well adapted to the
climate and soil conditions in the forest regions of southern Penn-
sylvania and the south Atlantic States.

Every boy and girl interested in outdoor life will do well to try to
locate a specimen of short-leaf pine in the natural forests of Penn-
sylvania and then become its protector. If no specimen can be
found in the woods, you can satisfy your desire to perpetuate this

U

4ir

wonderful tree of the southland by planting a number of young
seedlings and then watch them grow year by year into stately forest

trees.

SCRUB PINE

The scrub pine is unfortunate in its common names. The word
"scrub" implies that the tree is undesirable as a forest tree and pro-
duces inferior wood. The wood is inferior to that of white pine and
some of the other important pines, but this does not necessarily mean
that it is not satisfactory for use in wood-using industries. Each
year the wood of this tree is being used more extensively for pulp,
shipping crates, and general construction work. A few years ago
more than 20,000 board feet of lumber were cut from trees of this
species in the woodlot of Colonel Henry W. Shoemaker near McEl-
hattan, in Clinton County, Pennsylvania, and used in the construc-
tion of one of the most attractive and substantially constructed barns
of northern Pennsylvania.

The scrub pine is also called Jersey pine, because it was at one
time reported as abundant in parts of New Jersey, where pine forests
covered extensive areas known as the "pine barrens." Recent
studies, however, show that most of the trees in the pine barrens are
pitch pine and not scrub pine. Another common name applied local-
ly to this tree is "slate pine." This name is used widely in southern
Pennsylvania where this tree frequently occurs on slaty or shale
soil. The scientific name of scrub pine is Pinus virginiana.

Scrub pine has many striking distinguishing characteristics. Its
needles occur in pairs. They are twisted, spread widely from each
other, and are from two to three inches long. These short needles
are responsible for the common names "short-leaved pine" and
"shortshat pine.'' No other Pennsylvania pine has needles which
are so short, so twisted, and spread so widely. If one takes a posi-
tion under a scrub pine tree and looks up into its crown, the light
seems to be uniformly screened by the evenly distributed short
needles. This type of leaf distribution is entirely diflP^rent from some
other pines, particularly the red and pitch pines which have thetr
needles clustered or tufted at the ends of the branches.

The branchlets also have a distinctive feature. They are smooth
purplish, tough, and usually wavy— not stiflF and straight as those of
the other pines. The bark of the trunk is smoother and redder in
color than that of any other native pine. Upon the older trunk the
bark peels off in thin scales, giving the trunk a ragged appearance.
The cones are narrow and conical, rather sharp-pointed, and often
persist for several years. They are helpful in recognizing this small

and distinctive forest tree. , , . , .

The occurrence of the scrub pine may also be helpful ^ti recog-
nizing it. It is neither a tree of the coastal plains nor of the high

48

mountains, but prefers the rolling uplands between these two ex-
treme positions. It is found from southeastern New York and Penn-
sylvania south to Georgia and Alabama, and west to Indiana and
Kentucky. In Pennsylvania it occurs locally throughout the south-
ern part of the State, and extends as far north as Allegheny County
in the western part, Clinton and Lycoming Counties in the central
part, and Northampton County in the eastern part.

The scrub pine may be regarded as a pioneer tree, for it is one of
the first of our forest trees to march out from the forest and reclaim
abandoned fields. There are thousands of acres of farmland in
southern and central Pennsylvania abandoned within the last thirty
years and now being occupied rapidly by the scrub pine. This tree
cannot be placed in the class with the forest giants or sylvan mon-
archs, but it reaches a height of eighty feet and a diameter of two
feet. Usually mature trees are from thirty to forty feet high and
have a diameter of eighteen inches. The largest specimen reported
in Pennsylvania has a total height of 82 feet and a diameter of 28
inches at breast-high.

TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE

The table mountain pine is the least known of the pines of Penn-
sylvania. For a long time it was thought that this tree occurred
only upon the high tablelands of the southern Allegheny Mountains ;
but in 1863 a few specimens were found in central Pennsylvania by
the late Dr. J. T. Rothrock while tramping over the hills of his native
State with his teacher, Dr. Asa Gray — the world-famed botanist of
Harvard University. Now this tree is known to occur in many
])laces within the State as far north as Clinton and Union Counties,
and northeast to Berks and Schuylkill Counties. These are the most
northern outposts that arc now known in the tree's entire natural
range.

Each year new places are found within the State where the table
mountain pine is growing. These new reports may be appearing
because the tree is found chiefly in remote and inaccessible situa-
tions, which have been little explored by naturalists. The boys and
girh of Pennsylvania should get much pleasure by organizing clubs
to go out and find new stations of this rare tree. In order to be suc-
cessful in this explorati<m work, it is necessary to ^n to the rough
and rugged mountain tops and ragged cliffs, for it is in such situa-
tions that this tree i'^ usually found.

The table mountain pine is also called poverty pine, because it
grows and usually thrives on poor, rocky and shallow mountain
soils. The scientific name of this pine is Pinus pungens. It is an
aggressive tree and consequently becomes a good competitor with
other trees upon poor soil and exposed situations upon which it
sometimes occurs in pure stands. This mountain tree, however.

49

makes its most rapid growth and develops its best form when stand-
ing in mixtures with hardwood trees upon rather fertile soil. What
is probably the largest table mountain pine tree ever recorded in the
World grew upon a mountain side near Mont Alto, Franklin County,
Pennsylvania. This specimen was seventy-three feet high, twenty-
three inches in diameter at brea«;t-high, and free from branches for a
distance of forty feet from the ground.

While the table mountain pine is typical of our highland forests,
it is also found locally at low elevations. A few years ago the
writer found a considerable number of trees of this species growing
upon an island in the Susquehanna River below McCalTs Ferry in
Pennsylvania at an elevation of only about two hundred feet above
*;ea level. The roots of the trees arc washed continuously by the
flowing water — a habitat so diflferent from that upon which they
nsuallv occur. Specimens of this tree were also found upon other
nearby islands and on the .I'lioininir river hills of York and Lan-
caster Counties. '^

Few trees are easier to identify than the table mountain pine. Its
needles, which are present at all seasons of the year, occur in pair<^.
They are very st(jut, stiff, and extremely sharp-pointed. No other
pine tree native to eastern North America has such sharp-pointed
needles. The cones of this tree are equally distinctive. They are
coarse in appearance and bear cone scales which are armed with
^tout spines. Thev arc from three to four inches long and usually
occur in clusters of three, five, seven, or even more. These distinc-
tive cones often persist for many years and cannot be confused with
those of anv other cone-bearing tree of the eastern United States.

The jireferencc of this tree for poor rocky soil, and exposed situa-
tions, may also help to identify it. for it is found only from Pennsyl-
vania south alonie^ the mountains to North Carolina and northern
Georg-ia. When irrown in the open its lateral branches persist on the
main stem down to the ground, but if grown in dense stand«^ the
tnmk is free from branches for a considerable distance from the
eround. and the wood of such forest-grown specimens is satisfactory
for treneral use.

Thr tabic mountain pine cannot be classified as a commercial
timber tree of ^-rcat importance, but it <ihould not be despised, for
like all other trees it has some merits. As the practice of forestry
becomes more intensive, this tree will be utilized in protection
forests on steep mountain slopes where it will help prevent erosion
and assist in building up better forest conditions, and while it is
doino- this it will produce wood that ran be used for a large number
f f offlinary purposes.

BUTTONWOOD OR SYCAMORE

Our native buttonwood tree belongs to the plane tree family.
Only three different kinds of buttonwood trees are native to the
United States. All of them attain tree size and belong to a group
known by the technical name Platanus, which means "broad" and
refers to the width of the leaves. The leaf-blades are not so broad
as those of some tropical trees, but they are among the broadest
found in temperate regions.

Probably no person with a practical knowledge of trees ever con-
fuses the buttonwood with any other native forest tree. Notwith-
standing the individuality of the tree, it has a good many common
names. It is generally known as buttonwood in most of the New
England and Middle Atlantic States, but it is also frequently called
sycamore. In several of the eastern States, and occasionally in the
Mississippi Valley, it is called buttonball, and locally in eastern
Pennsylvania and in Delaware the name water beech is given to it.
Ever since the closely-related oriental plane tree has been introduced
on an extensive scale for ornamental planting, our native button-
wood tree is sometimes spoken of as the plane tree. The scientific
name of our native buttonwood is Platanus occidentalis.

Our native buttonwood is found from Maine to Ontario and Neb-
raska, and south to the Gulf States, and west to Texas. It prefers
moist, fertile soil but will grow in dry places. In Pennsylvania it
is common along the streams and in other wet places in the eastern,
southern, central, and western part of the State, but it is rare to
absent on dry situations and in the high mountains.

The buttonwood stands out among our forest trees in that it casts
its bark as well as its leaves. All trees do this to a greater or less
extent, for it is a necessity of life that the bark yield to the pressure
of the growing stem from within. Bark shedding is not hidden in
the case of the shagbark hickory, silver maple, and ironwood, but
the buttonwood is even more open in exhibiting its ability along
this line than any other forest tree.

The most striking distinguishing characteristic of our native
buttonwood is its thin, smooth, whitish, or pale green bark on young
trunks resembling a crazy patchwork of white, green, yellow, and
brown. In winter, the predominant color is white, while in summer
there is a tendency towards green and brown. The leaves are sim-
ple, usually heart-shaped at the base, and wavy on the margin. They
are from three to seven-lobed, and hairy or wooly on the lower sur-
face. The most distinctive feature of the leaf is the enlarged or
swollen base of the leaf-stalk. In late summer, just before the
leaves begin to fall, one of the delights of the country boy is to ask
his playmates to find buds on the buttonwood tree. A superficial
examination of the twigs causes one to conclude that this tree bears

no buds, but a little bit of patience and a somewhat clostr examina-
tion of the twigs will reveal that the buttonwood does have buds,
and that they are hidden entirely under the enlarged stalks of the
leaves. Nature seems to have provided a protective cover for the
tender buds until they are fit to withstand the cold of late autumn
and early winter. As soon as the buds are hardened up, the leaves
fall off and the buds are ready for winter exposure. Because of
their unusual position, the buds of buttonwood trees are often de-
scribed as sub-petiolar, which means "under the petiole or leaf-
stalk." This unusual characteristic enables anyone to identify
buttonwood trees very easily during autumn and the winter months.
Another striking characteristic of the buttonwood is its fruit,
which consists of small balls suspended on slender stalks. The balls
are about one inch in diameter, and composed of a large number of
slender and densely-packed seeds. One ball contains thousands of
seeds These balls ripen in late autumn, and may remam attached
to the branches far into the winter, and some even hang on the
trees until spring.

In winter the smooth, reddish-brown, pointed buds are a sure
means of identification. They are completely surrounded by a leaf-
scar and covered with a single bud-scale. If one takes a good look
at the buds and winter twigs of a buttonwood, it will be easy to
recognize it at any time during the winter months, for they are such
positive distinguishing characteristics that they cannot be confused
with those of any other associated forest tree.

The occurrence of the buttonwood is also helpful to identify it,
for one usually finds it along the banks of streams borders of ponds
and other wet places. In winter one often sees long wavy lines of
sycamore trees which mark stream courses. They stand out con-
spicuously among other associated trees because of their white bark
and distinctive crown forms.

The wood of the buttonwood is uniformly pale brown, somewhat
tinged with red. It is a clean looking wood, and ^as an attract. ve
appearance when manufactured, which accounts for the -tj^hat ,t

. f J :« ^Ui^ mnniifacture of novelties and Kitcnen

U «»xtensivelv used in the manuiacimc . , re a

tens Is I one examines the numerous household art.clcs offered
for" a e' in a five and ten-cent store, it will be found that many of
Se^ tride of the buttonwood. Brush •>ac^;^ -^ ^
kitchen utensils, and building blocks are among ^J^^^'^^^^'^";'"; ""'
o thlmost desirable characteristics of this wood .s the fact that t
neither stains or imparts odor or taste to substances that com^-n^
contact with it. The latest statistics show that -ore h " 3 •'XW.OOO
board feet of buttonwood are cut annually. About -. m half . th
amount is used in the manufacture of boxes and uates

Till-: BUTroNWOOD OR SYrAMORE IS READILY

RECOaXlZED BY ITS DISTINCTIVE LEAVES.

PECI'LIAR BALL LIKE FRUIT. UNIQUE BT'DS

AND I NUSUAL LEAF APPENDAGES.

" /A

1" T*<?,- , \.-'

^,^.

Ittillii^^iiyii^'

THE r,lANT DAUPHIN SYCAMOUK.
It is over 25 feet in eircuinferencr at tlie base ''»<'/«;'."'"'
as a memoriaUo John Goo.lwny. the last of the friendly ln.l...ns
•f Central Peusylvania.

THE BARK OF THE SYCAMORE IS niSTTNTTlVK
I, i, . patch work of white, green, brown, and yellow

54

long been the favorite wood for boxes for plug tobacco, which stains
easily and acquires an unpleasant taste and odor from most other
woods.

Our native buttonwood has many good points, but unfortunately
it has a number of serious enemies. Among them is a blight which
attacks the leaves shortly after they have started to develop in
spring. When the leaves are about one-third grown, little brown to
black dots begin to appear upon them. These dots enlarge rapidly,
and sometimes within a few days the leaves are completely browned
up and shriveled, and fall to the ground. The leaves appear to be
injured by frost, but the real cause of the damage is the blight, for
which no practical remedy has yet been found.

The buttonwood grows at its best throughout the Mississippi
Valley, and it also reaches a large size along the main rivers and in
the fertile valleys of Pennsylvania. There is a buttonwood tree
standing near Linglestown, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, known
as the "Dauphin Sycamore." It has a circumference of more than
twenty-five feet at the base, a branch spread of over one hundred
feet, and is in a healthy condition. Local historians tell us that the
tree stands as a memorial to John Goodway, the last of the friendly
Indians that lived in central Pennsylvania. It is said that he is
buried about one hundred yards north of this magnificient tree,
which remains as a memorial to his otherwise unmarked grave.

Among the historic trees of Pennsylvania is a buttonwood grow-
ing near Chadd's Ford in Delaware County. It stands close by the
house used by General Lafayette as his headquarters before the
battle of Brandywine, September 11, 1777. This tree is about seven
feet in diameter, well proportioned, and remains as a worthy memo-
rial to the great general. Another large buttonwood stands in a
field on the old Rothermel farm in Maiden Creek Township, Berks
County, Pa. It is the biggest tree in Berks County, Pennsylvania.
This tree is over thirty-seven feet in circumference near the ground,
one hundred and three feet high, and has a spread of branches of
over one hundred feet.

The buttonwood is the giant of all American hard^loods. A few
years ago a large specimen was found near Worthington, Indiana.
It measured forty-two feet and three inches in circumference at five
feet above the ground, and is one hundred feet tall. It is not unlike
other large sycamore trees in that it branches near the ground. Its
east branch is twenty-seven feet and three inches in circumference,
and its west branch twenty-three feet and two inches in circum-
ference.

We arc just beginning to know the real merits of our native but-
tonwood. It seems fair to predict that before long its wood will
pHiy a more important role in the lumber industrv of America than

5R .

it has in the past, and with a better understanding of its quality and
fuller information about its growth peculiarities, this tree will begin
to take a worthy place among our forest trees.

In addition to our native buttonwood or sycamore, another mem-
ber of the family— native to southern Europe and western Asia-
has been introduced extensively into Pennsylvania. It usually goes
by the name "oriental plane tree." It has many good points and is
being planted rather extensively for ornamental purposes. In the
city of Philadelphia there are many specimens of it and most of
them appear to be growing well. It grows rapidly, is hardy, pos-
sesses a beautiful crown, gives ample shade, has an attractive bark,
and is troubled by only a few insects and fungi. It stands in the
front rank among our shade trees, and in spite of its foreign origin
has established itself firmly among our ornamental trees.

SASSAFRAS

Sassafras is the only tree of its kind in the United States. There
is only one other kind of sassafras tree in the Worid. It is a native
of China, and like our native sassafras belongs to the Laurel family.
Our native sassafas is found from Massachusetts to Iowa and Kan-
sas, and south to Florida and Texa.. In Pennsylvania one rarely
finds it in the high mountains, but it is a common lowland tree in the
eastern, southern, and western parts of the State. One frequently
finds it along fence rows and in abandoned fields where it sometimes
forms extensive and dense thickets.

The sassafras was one of the first American trees that became
widely known in Europe. The Indians told the eariy settlers about
its medicinal bark and other properties, and the white man immedi-
ately attempted to commercialize its bark and other products. It is
reported that sassafras roots comprised a part of the first cargo ever
exported from Massachusetts. At present its medicinal properties
are not prized so highly as in the eariy days, but its roots are still
used in the preparation of "Sassafras tea" and in the manufacture
of flavors for medicines and candy. It is a common practice among
the mountaineers of southern Pennsylvania to grub out the roots
put them up in small bundles, and carry them to nearby market
places where they are sold for a nickel or dime a bundle. Sassafras
root collectors prefer to dig them up in abandoned fields and along
fence rows where young trees come up in large numbers, often form-

iner dense thickets. .

The early inhabitants of Pennsylvania believed that the sassafras
possessed miraculous healing properties. People then thought that
sassafras could renew the youth of the human race. Even to-day
this superstition still clings to thi* tree, and it is not entirely con-
fined to ignorant people. Bedsteads made of sassa ras are supposed
to drive .way nighUy visitor, that dUturb peaceful .lumber.. The

66

negroes of the South prefer to tioor their cabins with sassafras, for
Ihcy beUeve that it will keep away animals that may molest them.
They belie Ve too that sassafras poles are superior to all other woods
for chicken roosts. They are confident that the poles will stop all
kinds of men and animals that may attempt to lift the chickens from
iheir roosts.

The distinctive aromatic taste of the bark, roots, and wood, and
I lie accompanying^ pleasant odor of the sassafras, are the best and
most reliable means of identification. If one lireaks off a brittle
ivvijLT of ^reen-barked sassafras, a pleasant aromatic odor is j;iven
• lit immediately, and upon chewing it the fla\or of the mucilaginous
iimer bark is found to be very delicious.

Three distinctive forms of leaver are often present on the same
branch. Sometimes an even larger number of leaf forms may be
found. The leaves are all simple in form and alternate in their ar-
rangement. The oval entire-margined form is commonest. In the
mitten form the leaf has one thumb-like projection which may be
cither on the right or on the left side. Sometimes the leaves are
])rominently three-lobcd. and occasionally fivc-lobed specimens may
l>e found.

The fruit is a rlark berry which is borne on bright red and club-
like fleshy stem< and arranged in rather open clusters. It furnishes
excellent food for birds but unfortunately does not persist until
winter when the birds are often in great need of something to eat.

Sassafras is not an important forest tree in Pennsylvania. It does
not occur in every part of the State, for one rarely sees sassafras
trees in the cold and mountainous parts of northern Pennsylvania.
Near the northern limit of its range it is generally small, but farther
^outh it becomes a large tree frequently 40 to 50 feet high and 1 to
3 feet in diameter. Occasionally a tree is found that is 100 feet high
and 3 to 4 feet in diameter.

The largest sassafras tree that has ever been found in Pennsyl-
vania stood in a cemetery at Horsham m Montgomery County. A
group of four large sassafras trees are growing along a state road
about one-quarter of a mile north of Wawa Station in Delaware
County. One of them stands outside of the roadside fence and the
other three within the fence. These four trees measure 10 feet 8
inches, 11 feet 8 inches. 10 feet 7 inche*^, and 10 feet 4 inches in cir-
cumference at three feet above the ground. Another large and his-
toric sassafras tree stands near Second and Emerald Streets in
Harrisburg. It is a real landmark for the tree is 209 years old. It is
56 feet high and 13 feet in circumference at the base. It was about
15 years old when John Harris — the founder of Harrisburg — was
born. This tree is no longer thrifty, for most of its crown has dis-
appeared.

5?

The wood of sassafras resembles that of the Chestnut and it is
often substituted for it on the market. In many localities sassafras
wood is sought for the purpose of smoking meats, the claim being
made that it imparts a very desirable taste. The wood is durable
in contact with the soil and consequently used rather extensivel>
for fence posts, rails, and occasionally it is manufactured into furni-
ture. Sassafras wood is used more extensively than our record>
show for it is usually sold under other names. It is n(»t unusual to
find it listed under Ash, and when it i^ used in the manufacture of
coffins it \% listed as Chestnut.

There exists no good reason for believing that the sassafras will
become extinct, for it produces seeds abundantly and the birds carry
them into fence corners and scatter them in large numbers over
pastures where the young trees often form dense thickets.

RED MULBERRY

The red mulberry, when first discovered in Virginia, inflamed
the early colonists with great hopes, for they thought they had
found a new source of food for the silkworm. Unfortunately, their
great commercial dreams never came true, for the red mulberry was
no satisfactory substitute for the white mulberry, the leaves of
which were the chief source of food for the silkworms m Europe and

Asia. . , ,

The red mulberry is the only mulberry native to the eastern
United States. It is found from Massachusetts west to Kansas and
.outh to Texas and Florida. Its best growth occurs m the lower
Ohio Vallev and the foothills of the southern Appalachian IMoun-
tains Nowhere in Pennsylvania is the native mulberry abundant,
but it is found locally in the fertile valleys and along the foothdls ni
the eastern and southern parts of the State. It also occurs locally
in the central part, but is generally absent in the cold and moun-

tainous regions. ,.

Being the onlv representative of it. kind, it is not difficult to d.s-
tineuish the red mulberry from our other forest trees. In summer
the large, roundish, sharp-tipped leaves with deeply sunken veins
r,n the upper surface are distinctive. Some of the leaves are lobed
and resemble an ordinary mitten in outline. The best d.sUngu.sh.ng
characteristic of the leaves is the milky secrefon g.ven ""'by the
leaf-stalks if pressure is placed upon them. Only a few other trees
give milk, and they bear no resemblance to the red '^^^^'"J.

The flowers appear in spring when the leaves are about one-fourth
developed. There are two kinds, namely. '- '«"-'?-""'L:\"'^^:, 'i
producing. Both kinds occur in short tassels (catkin.). The poUen
blaring and seed-producing occur separately, but may be found on
Se ame or difTerent trees. The seed-producting blossoms develop

<««|»«X sr«r« «>»««r jic/"o« V

■ •

Pikofo by J. 8. /IMcfc.

SASSAFRAS.

Mature and immature (three forms) leaves, flowers, fruit, and a
winter twig.

Photo bv J. B. !Utok.

RED MULBERRY.
Mature and immature leaves, flowers, and winter twigi.

MfVPLt St^DS

5u(y^c t^Aflt

KounV«i«« H»^«.

l\i.V%-\«.^ H«|lkc

A

Ke^ tAftpSe

S^rtp«<i MaoVe

Har wa>i MAtpS*

FRITTT OF OTTR COMMON MAPLES

m

into purplish aggregate fruit which is the distinctive product of the
tree. No other native tree produces a fruit which bears any re-
semblance to that of the mulberries.

In winter the red mulberry is not especially attractive, but it can
readily be distinguished if its twigs are examined closely. They are
very smooth, clean, and light-greenish brown. A milky juice comes
out of them if they are cut. They bear oval and hollow leaf-scars
which contain a large number of dot-like bundle-scars arranged in a
closed ellipse, or they are sometimes distributed irregularly over
the surface of the leaf-scars. No other tree has leaf-scars with such
a hollow, bowl-like surface.

Two foreign mulberries have been planted rather extensively in
Pennsylvania. They are the white mulberry and the paper mul
berry. In some localities they have escaped cultivation and occasion-
ally they are mistaken for the native red mulberry. The white
mulberry is a native of China and the paper mulberry is a native
of Japan. The former is common in some localities of Pennsylvania
and it is not unusual to find it in woodlots and waste places, for in
many places it has escaped from cultivation. The paper mulberry
is much rarer in Pennsylvania and belongs to an entirely different
group of trees. It belongs to a group of trees known by the scienti-
fic name Broussonetia, while the true mulberries bear the technical
name Moms. Specimens of paper mulberry may be found upon
waste areas near towns and cities, and occasionally it appears as an
ornamental tree.

The red mulberry cannot be classified as an important timber
tree, but it has many qualities which have been utilized by man.
The fruit is valued for fattening hogs and poultry. It is also inti-
mately associated with harvest time, for many a weary harvester
has found shelter under its crown, and been refreshed by its fruit.
Mulberry trees are common objects along fence rows bordering
fields of golden grain. The mulberry waterkeg holds a prominent
place in many localities, for it is claimed by the laborers who work
in the field that no receptacle is so well adapted to carry and keep
water as a keg made of mulberry wood. The wood is very durable
and used chiefly by boatbuilders, coopers, and implement makers.

THE MAPLES

The maples are among the best known trees in the Northern
Hemisphere. They are abundant in China and Japan, common in
Europe, and widely distributed in North America. There are seven-
ty different kinds of maples known in the world. Thirty-five of
them are native to China and Japan, and thirteen occur in North
America. Six of the latter are native to Pennsylvania.

«1

Japan is the ancestral home of the maples. It is said that one can
find in the Island Empire of the Orient traces of the first maple tree
that ever grew on the surface of the earth. For centuries the people
(jf Japan have been breeding maples in order to develop varieties
with unusual and unique characteristics. The development of pigmy
maples is a real art in Japan. For cenuries they have been fashion-
ing these miniature trees, and now there is an established custom in
[apan to hold annual Maple Shows, which are in many ways similar
to the Rose Shows of America.

While the Japanese maples excel in variety and uniqueness, the
American maples are unrivaled in the Worid in size, beauty, and
commercial value. No other group of our native trees show such
a wide variation in form and structure as do the maples. They range-
in size from large commercial timber trees to small trees and
shrubs. The leaves of many of them are simple but a few have com-
pound leaves. The twigs of some are slender, while those of others
arc stout ; their color may be green, gray, brown, or red. IMaple
flowers may occur in small lateral clusters, in long droopmg tassels,
or in erect spikes. On some maples the flowers appear before the
leaves, while on others they appear with or after the leaves. The
fruit of the maple is very distinctive. It consists of a pair of
winged seeds which is called a maple-key. Each kind of maple tree
bears its own distinctive key-like fruit, which can readily be dis-
tinguished from that of all other maples.

• The maples occur on a wide range of habitats. The ash-leaved
maple grows at its best along the streams and along the border of
ponds and lakes. The sugar maple prefers well drained, rich soil.
The striped maple is satisfied in shaded and moist places, while the
mountain maple thrives on dry, rocky hillsides and mountain tops
Of the thirteen maples native to the United States, nine occur
east of the Rockv Mountains, and six of these are native to Penn-
svlvania. The six maples native to Pennsylvama are :

COMMON NAMES SCIENTIFIC NAMES

1 Suear Maple; Hard Maple. Acer saccharum. •

V . S Iver Maple Water Maple. Acer sacchannum.

3 Red Maple; Soft Maple. ^'^ '"^'""^Jn

4 \sh-leaved Maple ; Box Elder Acer negundo.

t' StrUd Maple ;^^ ^"^^^ pennsylvanicum.

6 Mountain Maple; Spotted Mapk. Acer spicatum.

■ The maples as a group have so many different ;;h-actensti^^
and such striking features that they can be ^-tingu.hed w^th it 1
effort from all other groups of trees at every season of the year^
They are readily distinguished from other trees, but some o U.em
are so closely related to each other that it is difficult to tell them
^"a " The following table gives the distinguishing characteristics
of the four big maples of Pennsylvania:

62

63

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z

O

1-3

<

O

n

f^

D
O

H

E3
z
o
o
u

O

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a

a

c

m

c
w

c

I

»9

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it

H

.55S

-Is,

1*3 teg S

S Sic

Its

d IB qd

I-

2" 8,

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M •

Sic

©a

as

e 3

•<5

it:

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OQ

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. - K

B ^S

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Safe

Sgi

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B
1

(SI -a

B a

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111

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III

9 fi'O
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II

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8

THE SUGAR MAPLE

The sugar maple is the best known hardwood tree native to
eastern North America. It is found from Newfoundland to Mani-
toba and south to Florida and Texas. It occurs in every state cast
of the Mississippi, but is not abundant in the South. It reaches its
best development from New England across New York and
northern Pennsylvania to Michigan. All who have visited the
northwoods know the beauty, stateliness. and healthy appearance
of this prince among our forest trees.

The sugar maple is fortunate in having a number of appropriate
common names. The name sugar maple is appropriate for it pro-
duces annually large quantities of sweet sap. It is also called hard
maple because its wood is hard in comparison with that of the other
maples which are often grouped under the name Soft Maple. The
name rock maple is also appropriate, because its wood is extremely

hard.

The wood of Sugar Maple has a wide range of uses, and the
farmer boy regards this tree as a real friend, for when tapped it pro-
duces large quantities of sap from which the delicious maple sugar
and maple syrup are manufactured. This tree has yielded as high
as 550,000 pounds of maple sugar and 275,000 gallons of maple
syrup in a single season in Pennsylvania. This shows that the vahie
of the tree lies not only in the fine wood that it produces but also
in other products that it yields.

At all seasons of the year the sugar maple may be distinguished
with little difficultv. The grayish to black bark on old trunks, rough-
ened by shallow fissures, is always distinctive. The slender, brown
twigs, marked with pale dots, are also positive means of identifica-
tion. In summer its large, simple, and compound leaves, with
coarsely-toothed lobes and delicate texture enable one to recognize

it. ' . ■ c u

There is no more positive distinguishing characteristic <A the
sugar maple than its buds. They are brown in color, sharp-pointed,
conical, and covered with 8 to 16 exposed scales. They are clustered
at the ends of the twigs, and occur solitary and opposite each other
along the side of the twigs. If seen but once, the twigs bearing these
distinctive, buds cannot be confused with those of any other native

forest tree.

The fruit of the sugar maple does not mature until about Septem-
ber. It often persists far into winter, while that of the red maple
and silver maple ripens in early summer. The seeds of the sugar
maple germinate soon after falling to the ground, and the seedlings
form a dense mat on the forest floor. The writer has counted as
many as 50,000 small sugar maple seedlings <m a single acre ot

k

LEAVES OF THREE COMMON PENNSYLVANIA MAPLES.
Left to Tight : Ash-leaved maple, silver maple, sugar maple.

4

LEARN TO KNOW THE INTRODUCED MAPLES.
At the left is the leaf of theNorway maple, and at the riitht that of the R.voninor*' riiii|il«>

A

I USTINCTIVE

WINTER

TWIG OF

SUGAR

MAPLE.

SUGAR MAPLE. FLOWHRS. FRUIT. AND LEAVES

FLOWERS. Lt^WKS. AN1> FRUIT OF SILVKH MAII.!;.

66

fcjrest land in nurthern Pennsylvania, and similar plots art common
in New York, Michigan, and Wisconsin.

The wood of the sugar maple is well known and widely used. It
touches Our hands and satisfies our wants almost daily. We use it
more frequently and in a greater number of ways than any other
wood. Tt may be classified as an all-purpose wood, for it is used in
the manufacture of at least 500 distinct articles of commerce. It
makes the best wooden floor and is one of our chief furniture woods.
Large quantities are used in the manufacture of broom handles, re-
frigerators, kitchen cabinets, toothpicks, children's toys, musical in-
struments, and agricultural implements. It is difficult to think of
any common household article that is not, at one time or another,
n ade from sugar maple wood.

The sugar maple tree is quite common in Pennsylvania. In fact.
it is the commonest tree in the State. It is not equally common in
all parts of the State, but is more abundant in the northern, north-
western, and northeastern parts of the State than in the southern
and southeastern parts. It is a member of the northern hardwood
forest, and becomes less common as one enters the southern hard-
wood forests which extend northward into Pennsylvania along the
river valleys.

The sugar maple is one of our most dependable forest trees. It
grows rather slowly, but it keeps growing steadily for a long while,
and in time it attains a large size. One of the largest sugar maple
trees known in Pennsylvania stands near Eagles Merc. It is a
forest giant and towers high above all other surrounding trees. It
is almost 4 feet in diameter, at breast high, and does not bear a
single lateral branch for 60 feet from the ground. An occasional
^ugar maple reaches a height of 120 feet with a diameter of 5 feet,
but specimens of this size are rare.

The sugar maple deserves to be protected and propagated for
forestry and ornamental purposes. It produces wood which ranks
among the best, yields delicious syrup and sugar, lives long, fur-
tiishes excellent shade, and possesses some of the cleanest and most
beautiful features of any American forest tree. As a memorial tree
the sugar maple has few equals, and as an avenue or roadside tree
it ranks among the best.

RED MAPLE

The red maple never forgets its common or scientific name. At
all seasons of the year some part of this tree is distinctly red. Early
in spring red clusters of flowers appear all along the twigs, and red
are the wings of its key-like fruit that matures during May and June.
In summer there is a tinge of red on the leaf-stalks and veins of the
leaver, and in autumn red niaplt- may he found that stands out

•7

among its neighbors as a flaming torch. The scientific name of the
red maple is Acer rubrum. This name is appropriate for the word
"rubrum" means red. Other common names of this tree are soft
maple, which refers to the softness of its wood, and swamp maple,
a name given to this tree because it makes its best growth in swampx
places.

The range of the red maple covers more than 1,(XX),000 stiuare
miles, and touches every state east of the Mississippi River, and west
of it, occurs from South Dakota to Texas. It is found locally
throughout Pennsylvania. It is common to abundant in the regions
iraveresed by rivers and their main tributary streams. It prefers
rather wet to swampy ground, but also makes a satisfactory growth
on hillsides and often attains large dimensions in fertile farm wood-
lots in the agricultural valleys of the State. Big red maple trees sonu-
times exceed 100 feet in height and are more than four feet in dia-
meter. Their average size is about seventy feet in height and tw<»
feet in diameter. The largest forest-grown red maple tree recorded
in Pennsylvania stands in the woodlot of Jacob Meyers, near Coburn
in Centre County. It is almost 4 feet in diameter and free from
lateral branches for 50 feet from the ground.

The red maple can be recognized in summer by its simple, rather
>mall, 3 to 5-lobed leaves, which are pale green to whitish on the
lower surface, and darker green upon the upper surface. The clefts
between the lobes of the leaves are shallow and sharp-pointed at the
base. The latter characteristic distinguishes it from the closely-
related silver maple which has clefts that are rounded at the base.
In winter the red maple is bare of foliage, and displays its distinc-
tive dark-gray bark: also its clean, smooth, grayish branches, and
its bright red twigs, loaded rather heavily with clusters of winter
liuds and dotted with numerous white breathing pores known as
lenticels. In winter it is rather difficult to distinguish the red maple
from the silver maple. The latter, however, usually lacks the lus-
trous red twigs of the former and if one breaks the twigs of the
silver maple they give off a rather pungent odor not found in the

red maple.

The wood of red maple is about three-fourths as strong as that
of the sugar maple, and is considerably lighter in weight. In color
the wood is light brown, sometimes slightly tinged with red. The
sapwood is rather thick, and lighter in color than the heartwood.
Lumbermen know the difference between the red maple and out
other native maples, but they do not consider it worth while to pile
and sell the wood separately. It sometimes comes upon the market
as hard maple, and at other times as soft maple, but never is it sold
tinder the name of red maple. The wood is manufactured into floor-
ing, veneer material, and interior finish. Large quantities of it are

A BIG RED MAPLE.

Many big maples are found in Pennsylvania. Tliis one is 4
feet in diameter and clear of branches for 40 feet from the
ffrooad.

BARK OF SILVER MAPLE.
Scaly bark and shallow furrows are the main distingnisbinj:
characteristics of the silver maple bark.

f\

70

*

also being used for pulpwood. It is also sawed into veneer which
is made up into berry boxes and peach and potato baskets. Its sap
IS also collected and manufactured into sugar and syrup, but in
smaller quantities than that of the sugar maple. In the days of
the pioneer, ink and dyes were made from its bark, which also
> ielded small quantities of tannin.

There is a place in our forests for the red maple. It is tolerant
<»f shade, grows rather rapidly, and becomes a big forest tree. It
<leserves a place in the understory of the forest, and, when an op-
portunity presents itself, it will grow up into the upperstory of the
forest and produce valuable lumber.

If there is one maple that excels all other maples in beautiful c^lor-
ntion in the forest it must be the red maple. It also thrives when
planted along streets and in parks, but it is rather short-lived and
requires plenty of moisture.

SILVER MAPLE

The silver maple is one of the best known of the Pennsylvania
maples, for it has a wide natural distribution and has been planted
extensively as a shade and ornamental tree. It is a favorite with
those who desire to secure shade with as little delay as possible, for
ft grows rapidly and is adapted to a great variety of soils, but does
not flourish upon dry situations. It likes moist to wet places such
as are found along river banks and borders of ponds.

The silver maple has a number of common names. Lumbermen
usually call it soft maple because the wood is much softer than that
«>f the sugar or hard maple. It is also known as white maple and
silver-leaved maple, because the lower leaf surfaces are white or
silvery white in color. Other common names are river maple, swamp
maple, and water maple. These names refer to the habitat upon
which this tree is usually found.

In summer the silver maple may be easily recognized by the
silvery white under-surface of the leaves. The bases of the deep
leaf-clefts of the silver maple are rounded, while those of the red
maple are sharp-angled. The silver maple blossoms very early in
spring before the leaves make their appearance. In fact, it is among
the earliest of our native trees to bloom. In most localitiei the
flowers appear before those of the red maple. They usually occur
in compact, small clusters along the twigs, for each lateral bud
usually contains from three to five blossoms ranging in color from
reddish to crimson and are favorites with the honey bees which
swarm around them on the first warm days of spring. Its fruit ma-
tures early in summer and is larger than that of any other of our
native eastern maples. The bark is somewhat furrowed and separ-
ates into long scales which are often loose at both ends and ?♦-

tachcd at the middle. -This is a helpful distingui><hing characteristic
at all seasons of the year. The bending down of the branches and
the distinctive upward sweep of their small ends is also a helpful
means of identification. In winter the silver maple can be distin-
guished from all other maples, excepting the red maple, by its nu-
merous round, red, clustered buds; and from the red maple it may be
distinguished by its bright chestnut-brown twigs which give forth
a pungent odor if broken.

The silver maple occurs from New Brunswick and Ontario south-
ward to Florida, and west to Oklahoma and the Dakotas. It i<
usually found along the banks of streams, borders of swamps, and .
other wet places. In Pennsylvania it is common along the banks of
the principal rivers and their main tributaries. Along these streams
it is commonest at the lower altitudes where it, together with the
ash-leaved maple and the river birch, sometimes makes up 90 per
cent of the trees along the river banks ; but as one goes into the
mountains and ascends to higher altitudes the tree becomes rarer and
about the headwaters of the streams it is often entirely absent.

The silver maple may attain a large size upon favorable situations.
It is not unusual to find a tree one hundred feet in height and from
three to four feet in diameter. The wood is much softer than that
of the sugar maple, but it is used for a wide range of purposes. It
is especially prized in the manufacture of fruit baskets and berry

boxes.

It is planted extensivelv for ornamental purposes, for it possesses
attractive features. It is one of the first trees to bloom in springy
has an attractive clean bark, and produces beautiful leaves, and i
grown in the open its outline and poise suggests an elm. A beautiful
cut-leaf variety with a weeping habit has been developed and is
being used rather extensively for formal planting. Before planting
the silver maple for ornamental purposes, one should know that it
is short-lived and its branches are so brittle that they are frequenth
broken off in winter by the wind and snow and ice pressure.

THE ASH-LEAVED MAPLE

The ash-leaved maple has ten or more common names. Among
them are box elder, three-leaved maple, and water ash. There ,s
no good reason why this tree should be called an elder or an ash,
except that its leaves are compound. This characteristic is not suf-
ficient reason for calling it a box elder or water ash. f- ^^J-^'^
be equally correct to call it a hickory or walnut, since these tree.

'^:.'j^.z::^lT^u. ... .™i. . . «.« ™pm.v »..

cannot be confused with the fruit of any other forest tree. Its com-
pound leaves do not necessarily take it out of the maple group, for

fj

'J

1

I

72

the leaves of some of our native maples are deeply lobed. and it i*^
not a long step to the compound leaf with three leaflets.

The natural range of the ash-leaved maple does not fall far short
of 3,000,000 square miles, and is equaled by fevs^ other forest trees.
It is found from New England across Canada to Alberta, and thence
south to Florida, Texas, and Mexico. It thrives in hot and cold
climates, and grows well at high and low altitudes and in regions of
much and little rain. The fact that it is such an adaptive tree ac-
counts for its wide use in the early days by tree planters in the
prairie regions. It was planted more extensively than any other
tree by the homesteaders in the Middle West. Its rapid growth
aflporded early protection against the scorching summer sun and the
strong winter winds. It was also among the first street trees in
many of the western towns. The people planted it because they
knew it would grow, and they were not so sure about some of the
ether trees. Now better trees have been found and they are willing
to replace the ash-leaved maple by more valuable and better species.

The ash-leaved maple is most abundant in the eastern and south-
ern part of Pennsylvania. It is quite common and attains a large
<ize along the streams in the southwestern part of the State, and is
the prevailing tree along the Conococheague Creek in Franklin
County and other streams and rivers in southern Pennsylvania. As
one follows these streams into the mountains, the Ash-leaved staple
becomes rarer and it is usually entirely absent at higher elevatioris
in the northern and central part of Pennsylvania.

The ash-leaved maple diflfers from all other maples in that it has
' compound leaves with from three to five leaflets. The other maples
of the eastern United States have simple leaves. It also differs from
the other maples found within its range by the fact that it usually
produces its pollen-bearing and fruit-producing flowers on separate
trees, while both pollen-bearing and fruit-producing flowers of the
other native maples usually occur on the same tree. This striking
diflPerence was formerly regarded sufficient reason to place the tree
in a distinct group all by itself, but now it is again classed with the
other maples under the technical name Acer.

Perhaps the most attractive feature of the ash-leaved maple is the
rich color of its twigs. They are gorgeously olive-green and usually
covered with a white bloom, and stand out boldly against the sky-
line. Its stout twigs may, in part, be responsible for the name of
water ash. The large, ovate, and downy buds are also distinctive.
They occur opposite each other and are usually arranged in small
clusters along the twig. The leaf-scars completely encircle the
twigs, and their edges meet in such a way as to form a sharp angle.
The twigs and the buds are so distinctive that this tree can readily

T8

be recognized during the winter months from all associated forest

trees.

The fruit of the ash-kaved maple resembles that of the other
maples, but the maple-keys are arranged in drooping clusters and
persist far into winter. It is not unusual to find the fruit clusters
remaining upon the trees until spring. The seeds are scattered dur-
ing four or five months of the year, and because of the large number
that are produced the future of this tree is quite secure.

The bark on the older tree trunks is rather thick and distinctly
furrowed, and it rarely breaks up into scales. The bark bears more
resemblance to that of the ashes and basswoods than to other maples.
This feature of the tree may be partly responsible for calling it

water-ash.

The wood of ash-leaved maple is the lightest of the maples. It
weighs less than 27 pounds to the cubic foot, and is manufactured
into boxes, crates, flooring, woodenware, and locally into furniture.
The tree reaches commercial size in at least thirty states, and in
cvervone of them it is cut and marketed. Recent tests show that
wood pulp manufactured from it is satisfactory, and it is also used
by distillation plants with the other maples, beech, and birch, and
converted into charcoal and other products of distillation.

The ash-leaved maple deserves a place in our forests, and it may
r.lso be planted for ornamental purposes, but great care should be
taken in selecting places upon which to plant it. It will grow well
if set out in soil adapted to it, but one should remember that it
prefers moist to wet soil. It will make its best growth if p anted
along the borders of streams or about ponds and lakes. Tt planted
upon favorable situations it will grow fast and produce a dense and
satisfactory shade. As a shade tree it has the advantages of rapid
growth, dense foliage, and pleasing color. It is also comparatively
free from the attack of fungi and insects. The chief objection to it
as an ornamental tree is its habit of always shedding something.
The blossoms litter the ground in spring, the seeds are dropped from
e.rly winter until springtime, and the leaves fall in and out of season.
TWO SMALL PENNSYLVANIA MAPLES
The two Tom Thumb maples of Pennsylvania are the mountain
maple and the striped maple. Neither of these trees attain a size
sufficiently large to classify them as timber trees, but both are so at-
tractive and have such striking distinguishing characteristics that
thev deserve a place in our forests and in ornamental plantings. 1 o
those people who are fortunate enough to spend their summer
vacations in the mountainous parts of the ^orthwoods, the moun-
tain maple and the striped maple are familiar sights^ ^^^Jv 'he
regions these shrubs or small trees are found along ^^^^;]'y^
margin of trout brooks, and about ponds and lakes. Both of them

10

KKEOT FLOWER, SI'IKKS, AND LEAVES OF THE MOUN

TAIN M.\T»LE.

are satisfied to take their place in the under-story of the forest; while
others of their kin reach up high and struggle for a place in the
upper-story of the forest. The following table gives the striking
distinguishing characteristics of these two beautiful small maples :

FORM AND SIZE,

LEAVBS,

MOUNTAIN MAPLK

Shnib or small tree, rarely
over 15 feet high ; ofton occurs
in clumps.

Usually 3-lohcd, coarsely
toothed, 3-5 inches long, light
hairy on lower surface.

STRIPED MAPLE.

Small tree, usually 15-3D
feet high.

FIX)WBRS,

FRurr.

BARK,

ITABITAT,

Occur in erect spikes, 3 to
4 inches long.

Small maple key about J
inch long, arranged in donso
drooping clusters.

On twigs reddish brown to
gray ; on stem reddish brown
dotted with gray blotches.

Prefers rocky situations on
mountain tops and hillsides.

Goose-foot-like, 5-6 inches long.
3-lobed at apex, finely toothed,
prominently veined ; rusty
hairs on lower surface.

Occur in drooping tassels 3
to 4 inches long.

Small maple key about 3 of
an incli long, arranged in open
drooping clusters.

On twigs reddish; on stem
reddish brown streaked with
long white lines.

Prefers moist situations is
dense woods.

FLOWBRS, hMYEB, FRUIT OF THJfl

grmim) maplb.

THE MOUNTAIN MAPLE

The mountain maple has an appropriate common name, iur it is
a mountain tree. One usually finds it on moist rocky hillsides and
along the border of ravines and highways. It seldom reaches a
height greater than 20 or 25 feet. In the NorthwcKKis it is usually
small, often occurs in clumps, and occasionally it forms dense thick-
ets. In the South it becomes larger and it is not unusual to find
specimens that stand alone. In western North Carolina one can find
trees with a breast-high diameter up to 12 inches.

The mountain maple is native from Newfoundland to Manitoba,
south to Michigan and Pennsylvania, and extends along the Alle-
gheny Mountains to Georgia. In Pennsylvania it i^ found locally
in all parts of the State. It is rare in the eastern and western parts.
and common in the mountains of central and northern Pennsylvania.
The natives of Potter County call this tree "spotted niai)le" because
of the gray dots that are spotted over the reddish r)rown bark.

The mountain maple can be distingul-^hed by its simple 3 to 5-
lobed and coarselv-toothed leaves. They arc smaller, more evidently
lobed. less conspicuously veined, and less hairy on the lower leaf
surface than those of the striped maple, the new twigs of early
summer are greenish and more or \e-^ downy, but after the le.'.ves
drop in autumn the small twigs have a rather distinct reddish brown
to crimson color. If one examines the twigs closely there is seen
upon them a whitish coating of fine hairs which enables one to dis-
tinguish the monnt.iin maple from all other closely-related trees.

1
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76

The' flowers of the mountain maple do not appear until early
summer— a short while after the leaves have reached full size. They
are arranged in erect spikes at the end of the new growth. No other
native maple has its white flowers arranged in such conspicuous
erect spikes. The fruit matures slowly during the summer, ripens in
autumn, and often remains upon the trees far into winter. During
late summer and early fall the key-fruits often take on wonderful
hues of red, and may furnish one of the most attractive features of
the landscape. The individual fruit-keys are smaller than those of
any other native maple and are clustered on slender drooping stalks.
The mountain maple is of practically no commercial importance
as a timber tree, but it is valuable as a soil protector on rocky slopes,
and very desirable for ornamental purposes. It seems strange that
this tree is not more widely used in landscape gardening, for at all
seasons of the year it possesses attractive features. It is very hardy,
and apparently free from insect and fungous enemies. This tree
has enough good points to justify a more extensive planting for or-
namental purposes.

THE STRIPED MAPLE

The striped maple is one of the most distinctive members of the
under-story of the forests of the Northwoods. Anyone who has
wandered through the mountains of the North or the Alleghemes
must have met this beautiful little tree. It is usually found beneath
the big monarchs of the forest, and one cannot miss it for it is so
beautiful and its white-streaked bark compels attention.

In summer the striped maple is easily recognized by the large
goose-foot-like leaves which have a rather thin blade and are
fashioned with a delicate network of veins. The upper surface of
the leaves is dark green, while the lower surface is considerably
lighter in color and clothed with short rusty brown to reddish hairs.
The margins of the leaves are f.nely-toothed. and the leaf-blade is
divided into three more or less conspicuous lobes. In spring and
earlv summer, just when the leaves are about fully developed, the
droopin<r clusters of beautiful vellow flowers dangle down from the
twigs The individual flowers are small, bell-shaped. and greenish
to yellow in color. They cannot be confused with those of any other
maple The fruit is a typical small maple key with the wings united
at a rather wide angle. It matures early in autumn, and there are
about 15,000 seeds per pound.

The best way to distinguish the striped maple, also known an
moosewood and whistlewood, is by its beautiful striped marking,
on the bnrk. The bark is generally some hue of green, or red, and
streaked through it are conspicuous white lines. This characteristic
i^ responsible for the name "streaked maple" which is used by the

77

inhabitants of Potter and adjoining counlies in Pennsylvania. In
winter the large evidently-stalked buds covered with two smooth
bud-scales, the smooth reddish-brown twigs, and the brown pith will
enable anyone to distinguish this beautiful and distinctive small

forest tree.

The striped maple has practically no commercial value as a forest
tree, but its attractive features recommend it highly for ornamental
purposes and as a member of the under-story of our natural forests
it is worthy of our best care and protection.

TWO FOREIGN MAPLES

Two European maples have been planted widely for shade and
ornamental purposes in Pennsylvania. They are the nor\\^ay maple
and the sycamore maple. It is difiicult to find a town or city within
the State in which one of these trees has not been planted, and in
many places fifty or more per cent of all the street trees are Norway
and sycamore maple. These two well-known and widely distributed
foreign trees have a number of features in common, but they can be
distinguished from each other at all seasons of the year by the
characteristics set forth in the following table:

BABK,

SYCAMORE IklAPLE.

Black, furrowed, not scnly. Brown, scaly, not fnrroTred

I.HAT1JS.

FLOWKRS,

FRUIT.

BUDS,

Flexible, large, coarsely-
toothed, almost entiro on
mnrpin, smooth on lower
surface, resemblea Sugar
Mnple; leaf -stalks
1 milky sap.

I Arranged in yellowish green
'clusters.

Large maple-key with wide-
ly divergent wings.

'Large and red.

Firm, 3 to .5-lob"d. sharp-
ly-toothed on margin. slightW
hairv on lower surface; leaf-
stalks do not contain milky
contain sap.

!Arrang*^d in erect spikep
I nbout 3 inchrs long. .

Small maple-kcv with almoat
parallel wings.

Large and green.

NORWAY MAPLE

The norway maple comes to us from Europe, where it is found
from Norway to Switzerland. In its native home it reaches a heigh
IfToO feet and a diameter of 3 feet. It is occasionally -ed or for^^^
purposes, but its main value is as a street, shade, and ornamental

*''^e norway maple can readily be distinguished ^^^'--7;;^ ^^J^
l^r^e leaves which resemble those of the sugar maple, but hey are
Se S^^^^^^ color and firmer in texture. Its large-toothed and
Jmos Entire-margined leaves are readily ^i^tingu^hed frc.m he
^ to 5-lobed and smaller leaves of the sycamore maple. A chacter

i
I

■

78

istic by which the nuiway maple can always bo identified is the
presence of milky sap in the leaf-stalks, for no other maple of Penn-
sylvania has this rare characteristic. The milky sap flows freely if
the leaf-stalks are twisted or pressed. Another feature by which
this tree may be recognized in spring and early summer is its yellow-
ish green flowers. They are produced in large numbers and arranged
in dense clusters along the twigs. They come out of the same buds
as do the leaves, and blossom when the leaves arc from one-third to
one-half developed.

. In winter this tree can be recognized by its large red, blunt-pointed
and glossy buds. They arc usually bright red but may be more or
less olive green at the base especially in autumn before they are
mature. The lateral buds stand close to the twigs while those of
the sycamore maple project outward. The fruit of the norway
maple does not ripen fully until late in summer or early autumn.
They are larger and more beautiful and distinctive in form than
those of any of our native maples. These key-fruits have wide
divergent wings, which enables one to distinguish this tree from all
other maples. Many of the key-fruits remain upon the tree after the
leaves have fallen. Sometimes they hang upon the trees all winter,
and because of their large size and distinctive form are helpful in
recognizing this tree during winter months.

The noi-way maple is one of the most attractive of our ornamental
trees and is unquestionably the best maple that we have for street
use. It is especially adapted for city planting because it is tolerant
of unfavorable city conditions. It is also hardy, rather free from the
attacks of insects and fungi, and retains its leaves longer in fall than
our native maples.

SYCAMORE MAPLE

The sycamore maple, like the norway maple, is a European tree.
It takes its name from the fact that its leaves are supposed to
resemble those of a sycamore. In central Europe it attains a
height of 120 feet, and develops a large spreading crown. The
trunk is sometimes furrowed, and the bark flakes oflF in thin scales.
In its habit of growth it follows the norway maple, except that its
top is not so compact, and it is also less tolerant of soil conditions
and consequently is not planted so extensively as its European

brother.

The sycamore maple is readily distinguished by its firm 3 to 5-
lobed leaves with sharp-toothed margins. The clefts in the leaves
are sharp-angled, and the lower leaf-surface is uisually somewhat
hairy. In winter the large blunt-pointed green buds, the bud-scales
of which usually have a black margin, are a sure means of identifica-
tion. Its leaf-scars do not quite encircle the twigs, while those of

79

the noi-way maple reach completely around the twigs. The little
dots on the twigs known as lenticels are more numerous on the
sycamore maple than on the norway maple. The lateral buds of
the sycamore maple stand out from the twigs, while those of the
norway maple hug the twigs closely. The fruit-keyv of the syca-
more maple are smaller and thin wings less divergent than those of
the norway maple. These characteristics enable one to distinguish
the two widely introd\iced European maples at all seasons of the

year.

The sycamore maple is not so hardy as the norwav maple, nor
is there anything distinctive about the tree to make it preferable to
our native hard maple. It is often attacked by borers and does not
thrive on all kinds of soil. There exists no good reason for plantin^^
this foreign maple on an extensive scale in Pennsylvania.

WHERE TO STUDY TREES

(•

The place t<. study our trees is not -o imi)ortant as the time t(
begin getting "acquainted with them. The thin- to do is to start
studying them to-day. and not wait until t.)-ni«.rrow or next week.
If you live in a city and it is not convenient or possible to go out in
the woods, vou may study the trees ah.n- the streets or in the parks.
The small woodlots, fence rows, strea.n hanks, and abandoned field<^
are much better places. But, the best plu e for a real stndv of our
native trees is the remote wildwoods that is. the extetisiv. ;.nd
natural forests on our mountain slope-, liillmps, and valleys.

In the woods of Pennsylvania there are ni«.rc than UO different
kinds of native trees, and when one ..bserves them in the remote
m.ountain regions they look so natural and fresh. Associate*! with
them are manv other plants and a large number of animals. If you
are really anxious to learn to know the trees and can possibly do so.
take a hike to the wildwoods and there observe the won<itM> n{ nature
and study the works and ways of the w ild folks.

No wood< within the State are better equipped for tree ^tudy than
the State Forests. In 1897. the State of Penn>ylvania, through its
Department of Forestrv, began buying land for forestry purpose^.
To date (Januarv 1. 1022> 1,126,237 acre, have been purchased at an
average cost of $2.26 per acre. This large area is now being de
veloped so that it will yield not only wood, but be of the greatest
service to the inhabitants and visitors of the State.

In order to handle the state-owned land properly, the aggregate
area has been divided into State Forests, each one of which is in
charge of a technically trained Forester, who aims to manage the
land in his care in the best interests of the public.

An increasing number of people are annually seeking the advan
tages and benefits of a few weeks of real out-of-door life on the
State Forests The Foresters will help you select a suitable camp

80

site, tell you about the streams, springs, roads, trails, and look-out
towers, and even help teach the boys and girls about the trees,
shrubs, herbs, and other plants and animals of the forest.

WHERE THE STATE FORESTS ARE LOCATED

Most of the State Forests of Pennsylvania are located in the moun-
tainous part of the State. They are wide open for use and contain
some of the best playgrounds and rest places. If yow are planning
a trip to the mountains, a week in the woods, or some other out-of-
door doings, it may save you much money and eliminate a lot of
worry if you look over the following table, which tells you where
the forest land now (January 1. 1922) owned by the State of Penn-
sylvania is located :

COUNTY ACRES

1. Adams, 20,887

2. Bedford, , 10,756

3. Cameron, 83,055

4. Centre, 79,388

5. Clearfield, 64,875

6. Clinton, 143,829

7. Cumberland, 21,720

8. Dcluphin, » 3,808

9. Elk, 22,767

10. Franklin, 34,677

11. Fulton, ' 6,355

12. Huntingdon, 62,249

13. Jeflferson, 5,681

14. Juniata, ' 3,534

15. Lackawanna 5,275

16. ' Lvcoming 104,306

17. M^ifflin, 50,383

18. Monroe, 6,400

19. Perry, 29,468

20. Pike, 58,109

21. Potter, 158,785

22. Snyder, 19,087

23. Somerset, 3,467

24. Tioga, 66,941

25. Union, 54,193

26. Westmoreland, t • • 5,065

27. Wyoming, 1,1//

Total, 1 ,126,23/

YOU ARE WELCOME ON THE STATE FOREST

The people of Pennsylvania own over one million acres of forest
land which is being administered for them by the Department of
Forestry. Every acre of this vast area, which comprises some of the

^1

82

most attractive camp site, tinest fisliin^ streams, and be^t huntinj:
gfround within the State, is open for public use.

You do not need a pass to go on the State Forests and to enjo>
yourself. They are neither surrounded with high stone walls or
barbed wire fences, nor with signboards bearing the words "No
Trespassing'^ "Closed", or "No Admittance". Instead each forest
is wide open for business and for play.

All that will be required of you is to obey a few simple rules
which all good citizens of the State are always willing to do. There
is no red tape to thi.^ proposition of public use of State Forest land.
It is a whole-hearted plan which aims to be of the greatest service
and utmost benefit to all the people of the State.

Remember that nou are always welcome on the State Forests of
Pennsylvania. The Foresters in charge of them will be delighted
to show you over the woodland areas in their care. They will do
more than merely greet you, for one of their duties is to help you
locate a suitable cainp site and tell you how to get a camping permit.
Thev will explain to you the rules and regulations of the forest and
direct you to fine fishing streams. They will also point out good
roads. attracti\e trails, beautiful vistas, wonderful look-outs, and
in addition tell you many interesting things about forestry.

FACTS ABOUT PENNSYLVANIA STATE FORESTS

The original forests covered practically every acre of ground in
Pennsylvania. More than thirteen million acres are still classified
as forest land, but about five million are barren and unproductive.
This is the Pennsylvania Desert.

The Department of Forestry began purchasing forest land in 1898
The total area of forest land owned by the State (January 1, 1922)
was 1,126,237 acres. The average price paid per acre was $2.26.

Forestry is a business enterprise. A concise financial statement
pertaining to the State Forests follows:

Total purchase i)rice $2,546,407.71

Total amount expended for admim'stration. develop-
ment and impro\'ement 5,182,262.68

Total investment and expenditures 7,728,670.3*^

\mount deposited in State school ftmd 241,793.64

Net expenditure

Estimated present s alue of forests . .
Net expenditures

#«•••■••*•*

7,486,876.75

$12,255,439.51
7,486,876.75

83

The Department of Forestry has paid for road, school and county
■taxes $616,040.17 to the counties in which the State Forests are
located.

There are 60 Foresters and 82 Forest Rangers in the employe of
-the Department of Forestry.

There are 2,628 local and special Forest Fire Wardens in the
State who watch for and fight forest fires.

There are 422 State-owned buildings on the State Forests valued
.at $306,329.39.

Approximately 2,000 miles of forest boundaries have been sur-
veyed, cleared, and marked.

More than 4,000 miles of roads, trails, and fire lines have been
constructed and are being maintained.

During 1921, 400 temporary camping permits were issued to 5.000
persons.

More than 750 leases for permanent camp sites have been issued.
Seventy steel fire look-out towers have been erected by the De-
partment of Forestry for the purpose of detecting forest fires, and
four steel towers were erected by the Anthracite Forest Protective
Association.

Three forest tree nurseries are maintained by the Department of
Forestry, which are producing from five to eight million trees each

year.

A tcnal of 34.222. .^96 trees have 1)een planted on State Forests.

The plantations now cover 22,468 acres.

During the last twelve years private planters have received from
the Department of Forestry 14.f»27.O0(S trees, which were set out in
all parts of the State.

Within the State Forests are many of the best places to re>t.
finest fishing streams, best hunting grounds, and grandest views
■within the State.

Net gain on investment $4,768,562. 7f)

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

FOREST PROTECTION
FIRE PREVENTION AND EXTINCTION

BULLETIN 27

R. Y. STUART, COMMISSIONER

1922

PREVENT FOREST FIRES — IT PAYS

8

FOREWORD

5
5!

C9

8

«9

s

3

&

CO

8

THE FOREST IS YOUR FRIEND.

THE WATER YOU DRINK COMES FROM IT.

NOTHING YOU USE OR WEAR COULD BE
YOURS WITHOUT THE FOREST'S HELP.

THE STATE FORESTS ARE YOUR PLAY-
GROUNDS. THEY ARE WIDE OPEN FOR
YOU TO FISH, HUNT AND CAMP.

OUR FORESTS ARE ALMOST GONE.

THEY WILL GROW AGAIN IF FIRES ARE KEPT
OUT.

THE FOREST FIRE IS YOUR ENEMY.

GIFFORD PINCHOT.

I

i

INTRODUCTION

This guide ha-s been prepared for Pennsylvania Boys. Because
inany of them have given valuable assistance in forest protection,
the Department of Forestry believes they are anxious to do effective
work in forest fire extinction. This booklet is intended, therefore,
to tell some of the interesting facts about forest fire, how it burn?,
how it may be prevented, and how it may be put out.

FORESTS NECESSARY IN PENNSYLVANIA.

Forest fires must be prevented because the future prosperity of
Pennsylvania depends upon her supply of wood. We cannot get
along without it — nothing we eat, nothing we v/ear^can be supplied
without wood. We cannot have this wood supply as long as fire
endangers every acre of growing trees, and burns about 200,000 acres
of forest land every year. We must provide for our future needs,
therefore forest fires must be prevented.

HOW FOREST FIRES START.

Much might be written about how fires start and why they start.
The kinds of fire may be grouped under two headings— (1) Non-
preventable ; (2) Preventable.

CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES:

1. Non-preventable.

Instances : Lightning and spontaneous combustion.

2. Preventable.

(a) Incendiary— Fires set maliciously. (Back-firing in good

faith does not fall within this class.)

Instances: Burning of another's woodland for one's own

advantage.

(b) Railroads— Fires caused during the construction, opera-
tion, or maintenance of railroads, except those used in lumber opera-
tions. These fires are of two classes : from engines, or from the

right-of-way.

(c) Lumbering— Fires caused by lumber operations.

(d) Burning Brush and Litter— Fires caused while clearing
land except those mentioned above.

1

lit

(e) Transients — Fires resulting from the carelessness of
campers, picnickers, surveyors, laborers (except railroad and lumber
operations), hunters, automobilists and other travellers or v^^orkers
in the forest.

(f) Miscellaneous — Fires, the origin of which is known, but
which cannot be classified properly under any of the heads mentioned
above.

Instances : Tractors, fireworks, breaking of electric trans-
mission lines, etc.

(g) Unknown — Fires, the origin of which cannot be fixed so
as to include them under any other head.

NUMBER OF FOREST FIRES BY CAUSES.

Year.

Rail-

Bruph

Incen-

Tran-

Lumber-

Light-

Msc.

Unp

Total

roads

Burning

diary
120

sleuts

ing

28

ning
19

known

1915

2741

105

136

37

382

1.101

1916 ^-

270

55

99

188

41

10

46

312

1.013

1917

756

173

127

200

. 45

3

69

731

2.087

1918 u-

466

115

118

90

40

6

im

687

1,625

1919

250

77

76

118

28

8

90

378

960

1920

553
9T9

104
129

128
96

218
121

44

13

4
10

2S

119

621
917

1,597

1921

2,384

This table of causes of forest fires in Pennsylvania shows :

1.
2.

That very few fires are caused by lightning.

That carelessness or neglect by someone causes more than
ninety-nine per cent of the forest fires. No matter what the
immediate or apparent cause may be, the real cause can be
traced in most cases to carelessness or neglect.

Sparks from railroad and other engines cause the greatest
number of fires. The engines have not been properly equipped
with spark arrcstors and closed ash pans or have been care-
lessly operated ; safety strips have not been provided or track
patrolmen have not put out the sparks.

Smokers are probably responsible for the next largest class
of fires. They are careless with matches and burning tobacco.

Campers are careless or negligent with their camp fires,

either in building them or in leaving without putting them out.
TRose who burn brush do not take precautions to keep their

fires constantly under control.
3. That some fires are set purposely.

3
PREVENT FOREST FIRES.

Pennsylvania will continue to have forest fires, until every person
knows the value of forests and realizes the great damage caused by
carelessness with fire. The first thing necessary, therefore, in order
to save the forests is to have every cne learn how forests benefit
them and how impossible it is to live without forests and forest

products.

Persons who smoke while walking or riding through the forest
should not drop fire upon the dry leaves or grass. They must take
no chances with matches, cigars, cigarettes, or pipe.S -

Those who build fires in the forest should first clear a big space;
should keep the fire small; should not build it against a log or hollow
tree ; and should be sure to put out every spark before leaving.

Persons should burn brush, while clearing fields, woods, or fence
rows^only when the woods are damp, and then only with sufficient
help and under advice of a forest fire warden.

Those who operate wood or coal-burning engines in or near forests
must insist upon equipment which will not permit sparks to escape.

Persons who persist in their carelessness or who purposely set
fire to the forests should be punished. In order to do this, local
officials and neighbors should be interested so they will help pros-
ecute the case.

REMOVE FOREST FIRE HAZARDS.

'^ome fires are started because of an unnecessary accumulation of
inflammable material at places where the use of fire cannot be pre-
vented. The size of forest fires may be greatly increased because of
these accumulations. The removal of this material from roadsides,
railroads, sawmills, and engines is important.

The Chief Forest Fire Warden of the Pennsylvania Department of
Forestry has issued the following statement concerning hazards that

""ulde: TpTvlL, of the Act of June 3, ,9,5, it is my duty as Oiief

= :^d::^-J^^:jJ^i ~,Vr:rt r ^ ^3^
^j:;^.t=.tre;e— o^orr^ol^^o^^

. p Forest Fire Warden for tlie abatement of a nuisance.

'^° this act slia? be gui ty o a misdemeanor, and upon conviction .hereof
under this act, snaii ue gumj^ yji a , r\ xj„nArnA Dnllar"? or

shall be sentenced to pay a fine of not more than O- ""f/f^^^tcreij^";
undergo imprisonment not exceeding one month, O'^both, in the disc
of the court » • * and every day's continuance shall be a sepa

and distinct offense.

il

<t

«<

«<

u

1. Engines of all kinds not provided with effective spark arresters, ash
pans, or other equipment to prevent the spread of fire when such engines
operate within 200 feet of woodland or of other inflammable property
likely to spread fire to woodland.

2. Inflammable debris within 100 feet of a steam railroad track. This
includes uncleaned woodland which requires cleaning for the completion
of a safety-strip along the railroad.

3. Inflammable debris located within a radius of 150 feet from a sawmill
or other engine operating within woodland or operating within 150 feet
of woodland.

4. Inflammable debris within 25 feet of the edge of the traveled part of
a public highway, the clean road bed of an electric railway, or of any
other frequented highway.

Slash from lumbering operations without a protective strip of 100 feet
adjoining woodland.

"As used above, debris means such material as slash, mowings, or other
wastage, and accumulated forest litter.

"It should be understood that in unusual or extraordinary cases the De-
partment is not restricted to action based upon the conditions cited above.
Its duty is to invesigate independently, or upon report, all forest fire hazards
and to base its action upon the conditions in each particular case.

"When hazards within the provisions of the Act are found, notice will be
given to the responsible parties that they must be removed. If after notice
duly given they are not removed, it is my purpose to declare them public
nuisarices and to recommend that action be taken under Section 1004 of the
Act."

SAFETY-STRIPS: Along railroads, safety-strips from 100 to
200 feet from the rails may be lightly burned. At the outer edge of
this strip a trail of bare soil may be dug or plov^^ed. Several fresh
furrows should parallel the railroad in the spring and fall along grass
and waste fields. Owners of land along railroads should be urged
to take some precautions against fire, and not depend entirely upon
the railroad company.

Burning should be started at the bare soil strip and proceed toward
the track. Extreme care is necessary to prevent the fire getting
beyond control and doing damage instead of good.

All slash, brush, and rubbish that will burn, or in which fires may
start, within 150 feet of a railroad track ought to be disposed of by
burning or be otherwise removed. Similarly such material should
be removed from a twenty-five foot strip along traveled highways
and electric railways. If such material is not allowed to accumulate^
careless travelers will not cause so many fires.

Around sawmill and other engines which are operated in or near
forests all inflammable refuse should be removed within a circle
having a radius of at least 150 feet, with the engine as the centre.

In the woods, when the trees are cut, everything in the tree that
can be used should be taken out, leaving only the small branches.

5

These may be burned in piles or scattered over the ground where
they will soon decay. All dead trees, standing or down, should be
used if possible. Decaying trees, crooked trees, and trees which are
of little present or future value should be cut before the sound and
valuable trees are cut. Keeping the forest free from such rubbish
helps to prevent the start and the spread of forest fires.

By keeping roads and trails through woodlands open and at least
a foot of their surface bare to the mineral soil, fires may be attacked
promptly and kept within a small area.

FIRE EXTINCTION : Next to preventing fires, it is important
to extinguish at once all fires that may start.

The fire, when discovered, should be reported immediately, an4
should be attacked promptly by persons who know how to fight it.'
The fire fighters should be organized, but one person can do much by
hitting the line of fire wherever possible and sticking to it.

PRESENT FOREST FIRE ORGANIZATION.

WARDENS: The State of Pennsylvania has an organization of
forest fire wardens who prevent and extinguish forest fires. The
State's ^hief forest /ire Warden is in the Department of Forestry
at Harfisburg. He directs the fire prevention work of the^oresters
in charge of thg^twenty-fou^istricts into which the State 4s divided.
The 25istrict JPoresters supervise the activities of more than 2.800
local and special forest fire wardens.

TOWERS: There are 111 observation stations in the forested
areas of the State. During fire seasons watchmen, or lookouts, are
on these towers. Towers are connected with telephone lines, so

6

that fire»fighting crews may be summoned promptly. There are also
a number of men appointed to do patrol duty in dangerous seasons.
The special duty of towermen and patrolmen is to discover and re-
port the locations of fires.

This organization is constantly on the alert to detect, to report
and put out forest fires. The effectiveness of the organization de-
pends upon the cooperation of the citizens with the wardens. These
citizens report forest fires to the nearest wardens who will go
promptly to extinguish them. This may be done by telephone,
telegraph, messenger, bell, whistle, or by other methods.

In addition to the foresters, Jrorest Bfangers, and forest Fire
Wardens of the Department of Forestry tnere are other persons who
^re cooperating in forest fire prevention :

*tate Cfame Wardens are also forest fire wardens.

State I'^olicemen are forest fire wardens.

State j4ighway employes furnish men, tools, and trucks, for fire
extinction.

Rural mail carriers are designated forest fire patrolmen by the
United States Postmaster General, with instructions to report
fires promptly to the nearest local forest fire warden.

Telephone companies in Pennsylvania ins^truct their operators
to refer forest fire calls directly to a forest fire warden.

Railroad companies have had section foremen who are located
near woodlands made special forest fire wardens.

Individuals and corporations have had regular employes ap-
pointed special wardens.

Individuals and organizations^ particularly tne l^orest^rote^tive
^^sociations. Boy Scouts, ^ish and )6ame Associations, >Oiam-
'bers of (commerce, etc., '^cooperate with the Department of
Forestry.

FIRE CREW: Usually wardens need help to put out forest fires.
It is important that those who help know where to go and what
to do. A few people well-organized into a crew and working
in cooperation are of much more value at a fire than a large
number disorganized and without method in their work.

A good crew is made up of a foreman, who should be a forest
fire warden, or some one designated by him. There should be
one or two axemen according to location of the fire to remove
brush or logs from line of attack ; three or four men with rakes
to clean a trail, exposing mineral soil, from which to start a
back-fire, or up to which the fire may burn and stop ; a torchman
to start a back-fire ; three or four guards to watch the back-fire

and see that it does not throw sparks across the trail, and one
man or boy to carry water.

The crew members should respond promptly and assemble at
a prearranged place. Each man should have the same work to
do every time he goes on the fire-line.

FIGHTING FOREST FIRES.

PROMPT ACTION: The efficiency of a warden and his local
organization is determined by the time which elapses between the
start of the fire and the first attack. There should be no excuse for
delay after a fire is known to exist. Quick action reduces expense,
loss, hard work, and prevents big fires. Small fires are easily sub-
dued. It is true that fire fighting is more effective in the evening,
night, or early morning, but it is a criminal waste to wait until that
time to begin.

TRANSPORTATION PREARRANGED: The warden should
have arrangements made in advance of the fire season for transporta-
tion of fire fighters. It is not difficult to arrange with automobile
owners and drivers to furnish cars on short notice for this kind of
service. But the plans must not be delayed until a fire starts.

CALL OF CREW: If a fire-fighting crew is well organized its
members can be brought together in a short time when a prearranj^ed
signal is sounded. This signal may be a local alarm, bell or whistle.
It should be understood where the crew is to meet. Additional help,
if needed, should be summoned by telephone. In some towns, ar-
rangements have been made to sound forest fire alarms on the usual
municipal fire bell or whistle. A distinctive forest fire alarm has
been agreed upon so there will be no confusion.

Ordinarily, it is not wise to call out more than two or three crews
at the first call, unless the fire already has a good start, or that it
is likely to become dangerous in a very short time. On the other
hand, it is always well to remember that it is better to have one or
two crews too many than to be one crew short. If, after reaching
the fire it is found that more men will be needed, no time should be
lost in sending for additional forces. If necessary, nearby fire war-
dens should be notified by telephone or telegraph.

ORGANIZED WORK: At a fire, the forest fire warden is in
charge. He must keep the crew under his control at all times.
Those who go to a fire should report to a warden. If the warden is
absent, a foreman should be selected. The proper control of a crew
requires skill and judgment. Too many bosses in a fire-fightmg

8

crew slow up the attack. Determine upon a method of attack, and
follow it fast and hard. If more than eight or^n)men are present,
the force may be divided, with a foreman in charge of each crew.
Each crew should be stationed at some important place on the fire
line. In this way the fire may be more effectively controlled. By
putting each man to the work he can do best, the whole force will
be used to best advantage. For example, at a light surface fire one
crew may be sent along the fire line with extinguishers or sprayers
followed by men with rakes, shovels, hoes or brooms to clear the
ground of litter and prevent the fire from crossing the line. Another
crew may be sent for water to keep the spray tank supplied. Or in case
of a fire sweeping through brush and timber, if back-firing is resorted
to, the foreman should go ahead and decide on the line from which
the back-firing is to be done ; one or two axemen should follow, then
several men with forked sticks, rakes, brooms, hoes, shovels, mat-
tocks, etc., should clear the trail down to bare earth. One torchman,
to set the back-fire, is usually sufficient. He should be followed by
guards, who are sometimes equipped with sprayers or chemical ex-
tinguishers, to prevent fire crossing the trail. The rear guard must
be the most reliable man of the crew for he must see that the fire
line is safe before he moves up the line.

CARE OF CREW: Forest fire fighters need water, food, and
rest. Everyone going to fight a forest fire should take a lunch along.
The other actual needs of the men should be supplied as far as pos-
sible. If any men are allowed to go home for food or supplies they
may not return promptly. The crew should work in shifts if neces-
sary.

LOCATION OF FIRE. It is important to know where the fire
is before starting out. Some one, usually the warden, should tele-
phone promptly to persons who can see the fire or smoke from it.
The location of the fire can best be obtained from the watchman on
the nearest fire observation tower. False alarms are sometimes
sounded, but it is better to respond to a false alarm than to let a
fire get well started.

ATTACK: Upon arrival at the fire, the person in charge should
find out two things as soon as possible: (1) which part of the fire
is advancing most rapidly; (2) the location of forest growth or other
valuable property which is likely to be destroyed. No two fires are
alike, even though they may occur under similar conditions, and in
deciding the method of attack the warden, or crew leader, is re-
quired to apply his knowledge of conditions and his skill in handling
his men. The two things for which he must work, therefore, are

I

9

limitation of the area burned-over, and control of the damage to tim-
ber. He must decide quickly whether to place his men between the
fire and the valuable forest growth or in front of the rapidly-spread-
ing flames. In the majority of cases the latter is the logical course.
The warden should judge the speed of the fire and decide how far
ahead of it he will start his attack. He should know the distance
to the nearest fire-break, such as a trail, road, brook, field, etc.

It is assumed the warden will be prompt, and that he and his crew
will arrive while the fire is small. But if for any reason a warden
must attack a large fire he should take the men to the front, start
the attack at a favorable place, and then size up conditions, going
entirely around the fire if necessary. No time must be lost, but a
half-hour spent in making good plans after a complete investigation,
may determine the success or failure of the fight.

"For instance, to beat out a hot fire line in the woods within a
short distance of a road in a dry time is generally mistaken judg-
ment, since the fire is exceedingly likely to break over again as it
would not with the bare soil of the road to help control it ; or spread-
ing a limited force of fighters on a long fire line, part of which is
headed toward a natural barrier, and part of which is not, weakens
the work where most needed and spends effort where unnecessary.

"Fire can be headed or directed into natural barriers like swamps,
clearings, old burns, hedges, etc., by choosing which portion of the
head fire to attack first, when the whole fire line cannot be met
promptly and effectively because of its magnitude or of lack of help.
Judgment used in this way is worth more than hours of labor."—
New Jersey Circular.

METHODS OF FIGHTING.

There are many methods of fighting forest fires. Some are good
and some are not. Some men think their method is the only correct
one. A good warden is always ready for useful suggestions, and is
willing to give them fair trial. Methods of fighting vary with the
character of the fire, type of the forest, condition of the atmosphere,
strength and direction of the wind, rapidity of the fire's advance,
topography, and material on the ground.

TREE FIRES: These arc stopped by shutting off the air which
makes a draft through the hollow trunk. Close the hole at the
ground if possible with dirt. If this cannot be done, the ground
around the burning tree should be cleared, and the tree should be
felled. The fire can then be smothered inside and outside. If water
is available, the fire may be put out with force pump or sprayer or
chemical extinguisher without felling the tree. Dead snags in forests

the

10

should be felled as a matter of fire prevention as well as for
benefit of the forest.

SOIL FIRES: These fires can be stopped only by digging deep
enough to prevent their spread. The ditch, as well as the surface
should be flooded if possible. This, however, is seldom possible.
Where a soil fire has a good start it may be cheaper to blast a ditch
than to dig one. Well-placed dynamite will do effective work in a
short time.

CROWN FIRES: We have few crown fires in Pennsylvania.
Natural conditions as to topography and growth are the best means
of stopping any that may occur.

SURFACE FIRES: This is the kind of fires which occur most
frequently in Pennsylvania. If there is little wind the flames may
be put out by beating with branches (pine preferred), shovels, and
wet burlap. Fire fighters should beat the flames with a side sweep
toward the fire to avoid spreading sparks. Sweeping with old

How a Forest Fire Bums When There is no Wind.*

brooms, brooms made of branches, or steel brooms, is better than
beating. The burning material may be pushed back upon the burned-
over ground with rakes, sticks, forks, or other tools. The idea is to
separate the burning material from that not yet afire. W^ater is
always effective, but too frequently dependence is placed on it, and
when it is not available fire fighters seem to be at a loss to know
how to make their attack. The fire can be smothered by throwing on
dry or moist sand or dirt. If it is possible to plow, a furrow may be
thrown up quickly to restrict the spread of the fire.

Sometimes small or lightly-burning fires are beaten out. If no
trail is cleared to the bare ground entirely around the burned area,
here and there small pieces of smouldering wood may be fanned into
flame and the fire may again break out. It is always a safe practice
to make a clean trail with exposed mineral earth entirely around the
burned area.

•This cut and those on pages 11, 13, 17, and small one on 16 from New Jersey circular.

11

Chemical extinguishers are sometimes used. Careful tests have
been made by foresters and it has been found that the chemical
spray is of no more value in the woods than is plain water with a
little force back of it. This force can be supplied by a foot pump, or
by air pressure, as in the ordinary fruit spraying devices. Sprinkling
water in front of the fire reduces the force of the flames and permits
close beating and raking. To be effective, considerable water is re-
quired when it is sprinkled directly on the flames. Water is used to
the best advantage when the stream is thrown at the ground im-
mediately in front of the flames. The water and force combined
will stop the flames' advance. It is also satisfactory to spray water
against the base of the flames from the rear particularly if there is
much smoke.

BACK-FIRING: When the wind is strong or when the flames
are in slash, fallen logs, dead ferns, bracken, or grass, fire becomes
so intense that it is unsafe and impracticable to attempt close attack.
Back-firing is resorted to in such cases. It should be remembered
that fire is a dangerous force and that when fire is fought with fire
extreme care and keen judgment must be used. If a fire starts some
area will be burnedjover and some growth will be damaged, but in
order to reduce thfe damage as much as possible some additional
sacrifice may have to be made by starting a back-fire. The area to
be covered by the back-fire should, however, be kept as small as is
practicable.

The Correct Way to Attack Any Forest Fire. Always Work From »" F^^"^ J°^^^'^ ^^^

Rear. Stop the Head Fire First and Work Far Enough to Each Side So

That the Side-fire Cannot Work Around to Make a New Head-fire.

12

Frequently under excitement, the speed at which the original fire
is traveling is misjudged and a back-fire is started too close to it or
too far in advance of it, usually the latter. Occasionally a back-fire
has been set at the foot of a mountain along a road to stop a fire
just coming over the top. Sometimes a land owner has set a back-
fire along his property line without regard to where it may go or
where the original fire was. Indiscriminate back-firing cannot be

The Incorrect Way to Attack by Back-fire. The Head-fire Reaches the Fire-
break and Jumps Over it Before the Back-fire Reaches the Point of Advantage.

condemned too strongly. A lack of information regarding the loca-
tions of fire-breaks already established and the topography may re-
sult in errors in back-firing. (Everyone should be on the watch for
such cases and report them.) Such errors should be reported to the
person in charge of the fire-fighting crews. After the necessity for
starting a back-fire has been determined — and not before — the back-
fire should be started as close to the main fire as practicable. Some-
times back-fires do not stop the original blaze. In that case the
crew must drop back to a second line of defense and renew the
attack. The retreat should be made promptly and the new fight
started at once from the most advantageous position.

Fire burns slowly down hill, and rapidly up hill. Therefore, a
good place to start a back-fire is just over the brow of a hill up
which a fire is advancing on the opposite side. Fires burn slowly
against the wind and rapidly with the wind. The heat and draft from
the advancing fire attracts the heat from the back-fire and hastens
the advance of the latter when the two are approaching. Observa-
tion of the force and direction of the wind will give warning in time

13

to protect the men. It will also indicate whether a quick advance
should be made to another point that is threatened by the flames.

A back-fire should be started from a fire-break, such as a road,
stream, or other natural barrier. In case a fire-break is not found at

^■■: >^

*

A.

1

•

A Back-fire should be
Started at a Road, an
Open Trail or a Stream.

the proper place for back-firing, one must be made. The ground
should be cleared so that the damp mineral soil is exposed. Such
a trail can be made very quickly even through brush with forked
sticks, if no other tools are available. Of course, axes, brush hooks,
rakes, hoes, shovels, and brooms are better tools.

Usually the smoke is thickest, fighting is most uncomfortable, and
danger of spark-spreading is greatest in line with the draft of the
fire. The back-fire should be started at this point, and every man
available is needed there. The back-fire should be started at the

BtGIN BACR FIRE
HtRE

AND VKORK

BOln ALONG

aOAD M* TRAIU

Where an Angle Can be Used, the Back-fire May
Have to be Longer, But the Area Burned by the
Back-fire is Reduced. Be Careful that the Sidc-fire
Does Not Come Up Before the Wings of the Back-
fire are Safe.

lower point of a V, the sides of which are open enough and extended
far enough to include the header of the advancing fire. The whole
crew is available to attack promptly the spot fires in case sparks
cross the fire-break. As soon as the header is halted the side hnes
of the back-fire may be drawn in close to the side lines of the main

14

fire and continued parallel to them, or even run into them. The
rest of the fire-line may be beaten out. Remember, however, that
a trail cleared to mineral soil should extend entirely around each
fire to make it safe. The crew, even if small, should be divided at
the point of the V, with a few more men on the side which should be
advanced more rapidly or on which the danger is greater because
of the wind.

A satisfactory arrangement of crews is as follows : the warden
or foreman directs the course and location of the fire-break, if one
must be made. He is in charge of the whole fire-fighting force and
should urge each man to do his best. According to the amount of
brush to be cut one or two axemen or brushcutters follow the war-
den. Four men with small wooden rakes, or some other tool, one

A Wooden Rake Makes a Clean Trail.

working close to the other, make a clean trail, exposing the mineral
soil, raking the material to the side away from the fire unless it is
needed to start a back-fire. Next comes a man with a torch. He
must not set fire too rapidly for the nearest raker, nor for the guards
who follow him. If the torchman sets fire too rapidly for the rakers
the heat may drive them off their course, and if too rapidly for the
guards, the fire may not burn away from the trail fast enough to
permit their moving up with the torchman. As a result sparks may
blow across the trail where there will be no one to discover and
stamp them out immediately. Four alert and active guards can
take care of a long line of back-fire. They should have three-gallon
spray tanks and a continuous supply of water. They should have
also a rake or broom. Pine brush may be used in the absence of a
better tool. The rear guard must be the most dependable man in the
crew for he must determine when the line is safe and must not leave
it imtil it is safe. It is important that someone who knows the woods
after dark should be detailed to carry water.

15

Back-fires Are Started With Torches-
Some authorities do not recommend a back-fire except as a last
resort. There is no reason, however, why the principles of back-
firing may not be used at every fire, no matter how small. Some
persons recommend that a fire should be attacked where it is first
met. This point, however, may be where it is doing the least damage.
The essential point in forest protection is not merely to put a fire
out, but to put it out in the shortest possible time, to restrict it to
minimum area and damage. Therefore, it should be attacked where
it is making most headway or where it is doing most damage. Some
recommend attacking a fire on the side-line near the front. They
contend the front is gradually narroWed and weakened until it is

16

easily subdued by reducing the amount of fire and draft. There is
some merit to this method, but it is a makeshift.

The Rich Fire-tool, Which Can Be Adjusted Into Four Positions, is the Most

Effective Fire-fighting Instrument.

When fire runs into rocks, or burns over a very rocky area, it may
be necessary to do considerable quarrying to establish a safety
trail around the burned area. In such cases it may be necessary to
start a back-fire at the outer edge of the rocks and let the fire
smoulder under them. This should be done only after careful con-
sideration of expense and damage.

How a Side-Fire May Develop a
New Head-fire.

In rough hilly country several headers may develop because of
topography. The size of the force available v^ill determine how

17

these headers should be handled. After one header has been subdued
a change of wind may cause this situation to arise. It is always
poor policy, therefore, to delay the attack on both side lines. As
long as a flame burns prompt and continuous action is required.

If Worked Straight Across the Head-fire, the Back-
fire Must Be Long Enough to Check Not Only
the Narrow Head-fire, But Also the Full Width
of the Fire Behind.

The foregoing illustration is dcscril.cd ]>> a forester as follows:
"It is useless to try to head off a fire ascondin-- a steep slope. My
method has been to start a back-fire at the top of the slope, dividing
my men into two crews, each running a line away from the other,
at right angles to the direction of the oncoming fire until it is safe
to run the line down the slope in the direction of the fire, tlankin;.:
it and finally catching it in the rear." This is a satisfactory method

of ittack

Occasionally a back-fire is started at the bottom and diagonally
to the slope of a hill. As a result, usually the uphill draft causes the
fire to move more rapidly than the men can handle it, and it sonie-
times gets away. If this method is necessary, the back fire should
be started at the top and worked down, running directly with the
wind or at an angle to it. It pays to take the time to walk up a hdl
before starting the back-fire.

It is advisable to do some thinking after a fire has been extin-
guished. Review the plan of attack and consider v.liether better
plans might have been made so that the fire could have been more
quickly and more easily extinguished.

THE LAST SPARK: No fire is out until the last spark is dead.
Sometimes wardens and men leave as soon as the flames have been
extinguished, with the result that frequently the fire has started up
again at one or more places. Then the fire has to be fought again;
it is larger, is harder to subdue, takes more time, costs more, burns

1

18

over more area, and does more damage than the first fire No
chances should be taken with its breaking out a second time All
but the most dependable men should be discharged. The burned
area should be inspected to see that there is no danger of fire creen-
mg across the trail which ought to have been cleared around the
burned area. Threatening brands should be thrown far into the
burned area; logs and branches holding fire should be rolled over
and sprinkled with water or covered with dirt until thev are safe
1 unky stumps should be examined and broken apart to see 'thit
they can g,ve off no sparks. Burning snags standing within several
hundred feet of the unburned area should be cut down Every pre
caution should be taken to prevent a recurrence of the fire ' If a
fire has been put out during the day, the tract should be patrolled
untd the wmd goes down in the evening, or until dew falls If the
fire has been extinguished in the morning and there is the least
danger of ,ts starting again, the area should be patrolled until the
next afternoon or evcninj:>-.

No fire is out until the last spark is dead.

FOREST TREE PLANTING

WHEN TO PLANT

WHERE TO PLANT

WHAT TO PLANT

HOW TO PLANT

By
John W. Keller,

Chief, Bureau of Silviculture

BULLETIN 28

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY
ROBERT Y. STUART, Commissioner

1922

INTRODUCTION

qpHERE are 13,000,000 acres of timberland in Pennsylvania. A
large part of this area is not producing what it can and should. If
lires are kept out, many acres of it will come back with a satisfactory
growth of trees, but there are 3,000,000 acres that are absolutely idle
and should be planted with trees at once. Without planting, it will
require half a century for this idle land to be satisfactorily restocked
with trees, and in this time the area is capable of producing enough
timber to supply the entire State of Pennsylvania for twenty years
at the present rate of consumption.

Wood is vitally essential to our people, and the rapidly growing
industries of our State. None of us can get along without it. The
country dweller can get along with less than the city dweller be-
cause it not only takes wood to grow food but, after it has grown,
it must be packed in wooden boxes or barrels and transported m
wooden cars or wagons before the city man can eat it. The lack of
wood will mean physical and industrial decay to our own strong and
properous commonwealth.

The State of Pennsylvania recognizes its responsibility in making
every acre of idle forest land produce and will gladly supply you,
free of charge, with trees for reforestation.

Forest tree planting methods that have been tried and are success-
ful are discussed on the following pages.

5

FOREST TREE PLANTING

WHEN TO PLANT

POOREST tree seedlings should be planted in the spring after the

frost has come out of the ground and before the new growth has
started, or, in the fall before the ground is frozen. Whenever pos-
sible, planting should be done during the spring because the trees
will begin to grow at once, and usually more of them succeed.

If labor is not available in the spring, planting in the fall can be
undertaken with reasonable assurance of success under the following
conditions :

First, when the soil is not heavy clay and the danger from heaving
will be slight.

Second, when the area is not a "frost pocket," i. e., subject to
severe frosts.

Third, when the planting site has a northern exposure and ihe
frost leaves the ground late in spring.

Fourth, when the trees to be planted start to grow early in spring,
such as American larch, European larch, Japanese larch and wild
black cherry.

One tree-planting enthusiast wrote:
*I am planting for timber. It is better than bonds."

0

WHERE TO PLANT

IDLE lands that are not needed for, or not adapted to, agricultural
or other more important uses, should be planted with forest trees.
These lands usually come within one of the following classes :

Class I. Cleared lands, such as abandoned fields and worn out
pastures, eroding banks, slopes and gulleys, odd and unused corners
about the farm, along highways and water ways.

Class 2. Worn out farm woodlots which are growing up with
undesirable trees or do not support a satisfactory stand of valuable
young growth.

Class 3. Areas on which a windbreak is needed to protect build-
ings, live stock, orchards and crops.

Class 4. Burned over areas covered with bracken, sweet fern,
aspen and tire cherry upon which small seedlings of desirable trees
are not coming- in naturallv.

Class 5. Scrub oak barrens on which growth of oak, chestnut
OT other valuable trees are not present in sufficient quantities to
insure a satisfactory forest crop. These areas should be planted
immediately after the fire has killed the scrub oak sprouts. If plant-
ing is done under sprout growth the planted trees will often be
killed by the dense shade.

Class 6. Areas upon which the chestnut has been killed by the
Chestnut Blight and a satisfactory stand of other valuable forest
trees has not come in.

More than 34 million trees have been planted on State
r Forests during the last twenty-one years. The plantations
now cover 22,500 acres.

COST OF PLANTING

A PLANTING crew of two men can usually set out from 1,200 to
1,600 trees in a ten hour day. If the trees are obtained from the
Pennsylvania Department of Forestry the packing charges at the
nursery will amount to approximately 75 cents per thousand trees,
and the transportation charges will cost about 35 cents per thousand
irees. Under average conditions the total cost of planting an acre
with forest tree seedlin-^s should not be more than $12.00.

WHAT TO PLANT

1 T is best to plant trees that grow naturally in a locality. These
trees will usually thrive under similar conditions when properly
transplanted. Large plantations of foreign trees should not be made
unless experiments have proven that they will thrive in the places
where they are to be set out. Thirty years of experience in planting
European and Japanese larches, Norway spruce and Scotch pine in
this State indicates that these trees can be planted on properly
selected sites with reasonable assurance of success.

More evergreens will be planted than hardwoods, because they
are more easily transplanted. They usually grow faster, are more
attractive, produce a larger amount of lumber per acre, and their
wood can be used for general purposes and is in large demand.
Nevertheless, the wood of walnut, ash and oak is so valuable for
special uses that planting of them is recommended on moist, fertile
soils which are not more valuable for agricultural or other uses.

The most important factors in determining the kind of trees to
plant are soil and moisture. The greatest care should be used in
selecting the kind of trees that will thrive under the conditions ex-
isting on the proposed planting site. Any of the trees listed in this
bulletin are recommended for planting in Pennsylvania.

AGE AND SIZE OF PLANTING STOCK

T^HE age and size of the planting stock depends largely upon the
condition of the planting site. If no heavy sod, dense weeds, or
sprout'; grow on the area, trees from 4 to 8 inches in height may be
planted. This will result in the largest number of living trees at the
lowest planting cost. The larger the planting stock the greater will
be the cost of planting, and the harder it will be to get the trees to
grow. Consequently small planting stock should be used unless
there is good reason for doing otherwise.

As a general rule, trees of the following ages are the right size
for the usual planting site in Pennsylvania :

White pine
Pitch pine
Red pine •

• ••••#

2 or 3 yrs. Walnut 1 yr.

.2 yrs. A* » yr.

.2 or 3 yrs. Black locust 1 yr.

Norway spruce 3 or 4 yrs. Red oak

Larch (Japanese or European) 2 jrrs. Sugar maple

«••«••••

...1 yr.
1 yr.

8

Japanese larch (left) and white pine
(right), two years old.

Norway spruce (left) and white pini
(right), three years old.

Pitch pine (left) and Scotch pine
(right), two years old.

A bunch of 50 white pine seedling,
years old, ready for packing and dii
ping.

u

HOW TO PLANT

IMMEDIATELY upon receipt, the trees should be taken to the
place where they are to be planted. If they cannot be set out the
i:.ame day they should be "heeled in." For this purpose select a
place in well-drained soil which is not stony and where water is
available. An open trench should be dug with one side almost
vertical. Take bunches of trees from the shipping boxes and wet
the roots thoroughly. Then cut the strings and place the trees up-
right in a thin layer against the vertical side of the trench. A
bunch of trees should be spread over about six inches in the trench.
Fine soil should be placed against the roots and lower part of the
stems, and firmed with the foot.

*i£,*'

.<i;.r

'^' --

^A^*

V -,, . -

'^^ %• \,

-*<

r4^>».V,

Trees should be *'heeled-in" if they cannot be planted the

day they are received.

Fourteen additional forest tree nurseries were started
in 1921 and 1922 at State institutions. The seedlings grown
in those nurseries will be distributed free by the Pennsyl-
vania Department of Forestry.

10
THE PLANTING OPERATION

'TpHE roots must be kept moist at all times. If they are allowed to
dry out the tree may die. Two persons make a good planting
crew, a mattock man to dig the holes and a planter to set the trees.
Dig the holes in rows. The distance between rows, and also the
distance between trees in each row, is usually five to six feet. The
spacing will depend upon the kind of trees used, the quality of soil,
and on what is now growing on the area.

Where the ground is not stony nor the sod heavy, one stroke
with the mattock will usually make a hole large enough to plant a
2-year-old seedling. The hole should be big enough to let the roots
spread. Loose dirt is carefully drawn to the edge of the hole where
it can be easily reached by the planter. If the sod is heavy at least
one square foot should be turned back with the mattock, and a hole
made in the loose earth.

The planter with a supply of trees in a pail follows the mattock
man. The pail should contain about an inch of water to keep the
roots moist. Holding a tree in his left hand the planter sets it in
the hole as deep as it was in the nursery, as shown by the "collar"
on the seedling. The roots should be spread out and loose earth
pressed over and around them with the ri£rht hand. The remain-
ing loose dirt is then drawn into the hole and packed firmly with a
mallet, a stone, or the heel of the shoe. No grass, leaves, or stones
should come in contact with the roots. When properly planted
the seedling will stand upright and be so firm that it cannot easily
be pulled up.

An annual demand for 20,000,000 forest trees and for
15,000 shade and ornamental trees is expected by the De-
partment of Forestry officials by 1925.

11

Two persons make a planting crew, a mattock man to dig the holes and a
planter to set the trees. Carry the trees in a bucket so that the roots may De
kopt moist at all times.

I -J

13

One stroke with the mattock will make a hole large enough to plant a
tree. If the sod is heavy one square foot should be turned back with the
mattock and a hole made in loose dirt.

Loose dirt, carefully drawn to the edge of the hole,
can be easily reached by the planter.

u

With his loft hantl, tho nlnnter sets the tree in a hole as deep as
it was in the nursery. The roots should be spread out and loose
earth pressed around them.

15

Loose dirt is packed firmly around the roots with
tho heel of the slu>e.

16

IT

i!

)
I

: A.- '•!^'i

▲ stone is very effective in packing the dirt tightly around the roots.

When properly planted the seedling will stand upright and be
8o firm that it cannot easily be pulled up.

18

PROTECTIVE MEASURES

A S a rule each destructive insect or disease attacks trees of one spe-
cies only. Nearby trees of other species may not be affected. The
chestnut blight attacks only the chestnut, the white pine weevil
attacks chiefly the white pine and the locust borer works wholly in
the black locust. To guard against loss from insect attacks or
diseases, areas larger than an acre should be planted with a mixture
of two or more kinds of tree'^ that have the same needs for soil and
light and the same rate of growth. This can most easily be done
by alternate rows, as shown in illustration below:

o
o
o
o
o
o
o

o
o
o
o
o
o
o

• + 0#+0#40

• + o« + o# + o

• 4-09409 + 0

• 40#40#40

• •fO«40«-fO

• 40#40#+0

• + 0#40#40

Usin^ two species Usin^ thcce species

ALTERNATINQ BY ROWS.

When white pine is planted all cultivated or wild currant and
gooseberry bushes growing within 9C0 feet should be destroyed. The
best way is to pull them up by the roots and hang the plants on
nearby trees or brush so that they cannot take root again. This i,s
to guard against the Blister Rust, a fungus disease that kills white
pines. The Blister Rust cannot spread from pine to pine but must
spend a part of its life on the under side of current and gooseberry
leaves, from which spores spread to the pines and cause the rust.

Live stock will eat the leaves and tender twigs of hardwood seed-
lings and root up, break and tramp down small evergreens. No
plantation can succeed when animals are allowed to graze over or
root up the planted site.

19

i

Livestock will eat the leaves and tender twigs of hardwood seedlings and
root up, break, and tramp down small evergreens.

it

I

20

PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE

POOREST fires have devastated more than one-third of the forest
area of Pennsylvania. Even a very light burning- w^ill kill small
trees. Hence, fires must be kept out. On a farm this danger is usually
slight, and little need be done except, possibly, the posting of a few
forest fire notices. When a plantation is made near large wooded
areas where fires are likely to occur, or if the plantation is large and
destruction would involve heavy loss, special precautions should be
taken. In addition to posting fire warnings, this can best be done
by cutting fire lines or by putting on a patrol during dry seasons.

During the last thirteen years, private planters have re-
ceived from the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry 18,-
250,000 young forest trees which were set out in all parts of
the State.

GROWTH TO BE EXPECTED

'T^HE following tabulation gives a summary of the number of years
that will be required to mature some of our most important forest
trees on sites best adapted to each of them. The most common
uses of the wood produced by these trees are also listed :

Years To

Kind

Where To Plant

Mature

Uses of Wood

O

n Best Sites

Carolina poplar

Moist fertile soil

25

Pulp, crates.

Black locust

Dry sterile soil to fer-

Posts, ties, insulator

tile loam

30

pins.

White ash

Rich moist soil

50

Implements, furniture,
handles.

Red oak

Loam to sand or

Furniture, interior fin-

gravely soil

75

ishing, ties.

Black walnut

Rich, moist bottom

Furniture, gun stocks,

lands

60

veneer.

Sugar maple

Deep fertile soil to

Furniture, interior fin-

rocky hills

75

ishing (maple sugar).

Larch (European

Well-drained medium

Poles, posts, ties, mine

or Japanese)

fertile soil

40

timbers.

Pitch pine

Medium fertile soil to

Construction timber,

dry slopes

60

mme props, ties.

White pine

Fertile well-drained

Lumber, wooden ware.

soil to gravely hill-

excelsior.

sides

50

Red pine

Deep loam to dry

Constructio n timber

sand and gravel

60

and lumber.

Norway spruce

Deep moist to thin

Construction lumber,

cold soils (will not

pulp, thinning for

thrive in wet loca-

Christmas trees in 8

tions).

75

years.

21

PLANTING STOCK

'JpREES for reforestation are distributed by the Pennsylvania De-
partment of Forestry under the following conditions:

1. They must be planted in Pennsylvania.

2. They must be planted by the applicant or his representative,
and may not be offered for sale or be sold.

3. They should be set out in accordance with the best and most
practical modern methods.

4. The planted trees must be protected, as far as possible, from
fire, grazing, trespass, and other destructive agents.

5. Fewer than 100 trees cannot be furnished to one applicant.

In the spring of 1922, the Pennsylvania Department of
Forestry gave without cost 3,500,000 trees to 1,200 private
planters in this State.

HOW TROUBLE TROUBLED
LITTLE BEAR FOREST

A STORY FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN

THAT IV ILL ALSO

INTEREST THE GROWN-UPS

BY
NORAH APPLE STADDEN

Special Forest Fire Warden

BULLETIN 29

*r

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY
ROBERT Y. STUART, Commissioner

1922

i

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF

FORESTRY

STATE FOREST COMMISSION

Robert Y. Stuart, Commissioner of Forestry.
Edward Bailey.
Henry W. Shoemaker.
Mrs. John \V. Lawrence.

(Mary Flynn Lawrence.)

Henry S. Drinker.

'Alfred E. Rupp, Chief, Bureau of Lands.
Lewis E. Staley, Chief, Bureau of Operation.
George H. Wirt, Chief, Bureau of Preelection.
John \V. Keller, Chief, Bureau of Silviculture.
W. E. Montgomery. Chief. Office of Maintenance.
A. O. Vorse, Chief. Office of Information.
Joseph S. Illick, Chief, Office of Research.
E. A. Zieglor, Director, State Forest Academy.

HOW TROUBLE TROUBLED THE
LITTLE BEAR FOREST.

Monday morning and school! Restless spring-
time! April joyousness! And yet all the pupils of
the Jenkens Grammar School walked to the school
building that morning wrapped in deepest gloom.

Little groups were gathered here and there on
the play ground. The older boys, all Boy Scouts,,
were discussing the matter quietly ; but the younger
boys, who belonged to the Junior Campers* Club,
were more noisy.

"I guess my dad is the policeman and he'll just
put the fellow in jail that did it." "Oh, you make
me sick! A cop can't put any one in jail. He just
arrests people, but my uncle is the judge and I
guess he'll fix him." "Just think, all this trouble
from one little match," was the remark that came
from one of the Camp Fire Girls standing on the
steps by the door.

The primer class was all huddled down by the
gate. They didn't know how to talk it over, their
little minds just knew there wouldn't be any more
picnics out by the lake and Miss Jessup couldn't

i

sit with them under a big shady tree and tell thorn
about Cinderella and Jack and the Bean Stalk, be-
cause there weren't any more trees.

Little Betty Evans choked on sobs when she
tried to say bomething about her "booful bird,"
and all they could do was to wait for their beloved
Miss Jessup to come and comfort them. When
they saw her, Betty darted for the arms that stoop-
ed to gather them all close.

•*Oh, Miss Jessup do you think, — do you think
my booful bird is all* burned up dead?" her voice
a wail of anguish at the thought.

"I'll bet it burned up all the rattle snakes, darn
'em." "Oh, Danny!" A reproachful tone chided
him, "have'nt I told you little gentlemen don't say
words like that, and certainly not when girls are
around?" "\\\'ll. Til bet it did anyhow," and two
chubby fist>i went into pockets and Danny defiantly
shoved the toe of one shoe into the dirt.

"No lictty honey, the bird isn't dead, it could fly
away you know. Of course its nice nest is burned
up, but then you remember that nest was its last
year's house, so it might want to make a new one
this vear." "How can it make a new one, Miss
Jessup, if the tree is burned up?" "Why it will have
to hunt another place with more trees, just as we
shall have to do, baby. Come children there's the
bell." The doors opened and every pupil hurried to

his own classroom, eager to discuss the situation
with the teacher. "Mr. Davis, wouldn't you think
people would be careful with lire if thev wanted to
fish?" "Mr. Davis"— "Oh, let me talk," broke in
an insistant voice, "why say, can't people read? It
says all around : 'Mr. Fisherman, be a good friend,
a good neighbor, and a good sportsman, be careful
with your fire. Somebody's carelessness causes

fire.' Why, I read it myself. And then" .

"The class will please come to order for the morn-
ing session; we will talk about the forest fire at
recess." So the class tried to settle down to daily
routine work.

The Uttle town of Jenkens was proud that it be-
longed to northeastern Pennsylvania, the Pocono
region that is famous throughout the East for its
beauty. High mountain ranges that give it a scenic
dignity; clear mirror-like lakes that make one long
for vacation and play time; winding rivers whose
banks once knew the Indian's wig^vam ; fields of
grain waving in the broad valleys; all this calls in
summer to the tourist and to those who love the
stillness of the woods.

The Little Bear Forest lay about ten miles from
the village, giving every one for miles around an
opportunity to hunt, fish, and camp within its
boundaries. This Forest was only one of many
scattered throughout Pennsylvania* owned by the

State and operated and administered by the Penn-
sylvania Department of Forestry.

The Boy Scouts had found the State Forest an
ideal place for their annual camping trips. They
pitched their tents on the bank of the Little Bear
Lake and swam and fished, and in the long evenmgs
told stories round a big fire camp.

Then the younger boys organized a Junior Camp-
ers' Club and under the careful supervision of one of
the Scout Masters they, too, spent a week every
summer in the open along the lake.

The Camp Fire Girls sometimes camped there for
days at a time, or sometimes they hiked the ten
mi'les, spent the night, and walked home the next

day.

Even the kindergarten children spent a day now
and then during the summer, going along with Miss
Jessup and carrying a couple of well-filled baskets.
After their picnic lunch they all sat under the trees
and listened to the stories Miss Jessup told them.
And always when she would end up with, "And now
it is getting late, children, we must get ready to
start," there would come an eager clamoring for
-just one more story. Miss Jessup. Tell us about
the Little Bear." So she would tell them the old
Indian legend about the little bear that the Indians
used to see so often around the shores of the lake
just about dusk until they grew to believe it was

/

the spirit ...f the lake; and so they called this the
"Little Bear Lake."

During the past summer little Betty had been
keenly interested in a bird whose nest she had
found. The child loved birds, she listened intently
to everything she could hear about them and took
particular interest in this especial one.

All the children who attended the Jenkens school
were being taught a deep love for the woods, and
it remained for Franklin Barclay, Forester in charge
of the Slate l-Orest, to teach them what the forests
really mean to Pennsylvania, and what fearful de-
struction follows in the path of a carelessly thrown
match or a forgotten campfire.

'I\) Fore -tcr r>arclay his hardest task lay in try-
ing to keep fire out of the Forest during the two
danger periods of the year, known as the spring and
fall seasons. In the early spring, after the snow
has gone and before the trees are green, there comes
a long (Irv two months, during which time fire is so
easily started through the thoughtlessness of the
fishermen wh.. enjoy the privileges of the forest.

The same condition prevails in the fall, for when
the trees have lost the radiant glory of their autumn
leaves they spread a carpet that is as inflammable as

it is beautiful.

The Forester had watched with pleasure the en-
thusiasm and interest with which these boys and

10

girls enjoyed their days spent in the woods, and
realizing that they would be the sportsmen of the
future he decided to teach them all he could aSout
the prevention of fire.

Accordingly he made it a point to spend a few
hours, sometimes a day, with them when they
camped in the State Forest. He taught them not
to smoke while walking through the woods, and
better still not to smoke at any time ; to keep their
matches in tin boxes, not only to preserve them
from dampness but to prevent losing them in the
woods; he taught them how to build camp fires and
how to put them out, in fact, to be sure they were
out before they left their camps.

Taking them through a forest plantation he ex-
plained the process of reforestation bv means of
which Pennsylvania may hope in time to U able to
produce again her own lumber. Two of the white
pme plantations were especially interesting. They
were about ten years old and stood ncarlv a quarter
of a mile back from the lake. The voung pine trees
growing straight and sturdy in their even rows
looked like rugged pioneers of a new and sacred
cause.

How pretty everything had been that earlv April
Saturday morning! Blue sky pictured in the lake's
clear water, warm sunshine trying to coax the shy
VMld flowers into bloom, and the air filled with the

i^ ^\aKing the earth again.

For,„„ Earday. „, ,,o,k i„ |,i, office o„ „„kl,
report,, ,topp„| ,o ^„„„ J t.k.„h„„. ? •

fanned steadily by a breez,. th-,, , , '

•f ■ ^ ".> » urt.e/:t that >pranjr iin hiirmvl

on swiftly and relentlessly. ^' '

All day and almost all' night th. I-orestcr Kirc

X\ ardens. an.l nu-n n.atclu-.l their -„r.„,.th a;. , "

tmt.l .t finally lay quenched in the waters of the

that htted dead anm to Heaven, a nn.te proof of
the carelessness of man. " i "i

And so all that Monday morning not a child in
the school cotdd think of anything b.u the fi.e M
Da v.s had sent his class in arithnatic to the boa d
and stood watching his brightest pupil hesitate oT
the solution ot a simple probh-m.

A

i

I 4

^•i'

"Benton, didn't you go over the day's work'""
he asked. "Yes sir. some of it.'^ "Don't vou under-
stand the problem?" "Yes sir." "Weil! What's
the matter?''

"Mr. Davis I was wondering if it wouldn't be a
good idea to have patrolmen scattered over the
State Forests during fire season who could follow
up campers and see that camp fires were put out."
"Yes, maybe it would," flashed back an answer
from one of the other boys, "but where are they
going to get the money to pay all those patrolmen?
Mr. Barclay told me only the other day that the
forest protection work would be much easier and
more efficient if they had the money that was needed
for the work. I bet I'll never vote for any man who
isn't going to work for a big forestry appropriation."
Mr. Davis put his book down with a gesture of
despair and to his relief the bell sounded for recess.
As soon as the students were dismissed he called
a faculty meeting and each teacher reported the
same lack of attention on the part of the pupils.

"What do you think about asking Mr. Barclay to
come out this afternoon and talk to the children,"
volunteered Miss Merton. Her class in fractions
had been a great trial to her that morning because
they repeatedly wished to know where they were
going to camp hereafter if one-half the State Forest
on one side of the lake was burned over.

1^

15

"I think it a good suggestion if he can come," and
I^Ir. Davis called the Forester's headquarters and
explained the situation.

Yes, Mr. Barclay could come and would be at the
school as soon as he could make arrangements to
leave his Forest in charge of his ranger for an hour
or two.

In the meantime the pupils returned from recess
and were given a study period until the Forester
arrived, when they all marched into the Assembly
Hall.

A tired and discouraged man faced them, but he
carried a message they were waiting to hear.

"Boys and girls, I know how badly you feel about
the fire that occurred last Saturday ; you feel parti-
cularlv bitter about it because it is your picnic and
camping ground that has been so ruthlessly de-
stroyed. A place you knew and loved, where you
spent a great many happy vacation days is charred
and desolate. The plantations we watched with so
much interest are dead. The patient work of years
was wiped out in a few hours. Surely this shows
you that forestry is a work that does not belong
alone to the Commissioner in Harrisburg, to the
men in the office, nor to the men in the field.

"In Harrisburg are men who are there to lead
and direct while we men in the field are here to
scn-e. But we must all have behind us the faith,

1C

the enthusiasm, and the co-operation of every man,
woman, and child in the State. Lacking: that ve
can never succeed in the work we have chosen.

"But in the face of discouragement, opposition
and lack of money the Department of Forestry is
^oing to work on until every citizen is taught to
see the vision of the future Pennsylvania reforested
and again producing her own lumber. Once that
is accomplished every person will lend himself to
the work of forest protection, because he will under-
stand the value of our woodland.

"I know you boys and girls are eager and glad to
help whenever you can. You know that in every
township in this county, as in every county in the
State, there is at least one man who serves as Fire
Warden. All fires occurring in his township «'ire
reported to him and he sees that they are put out.
If any of you should see a fire or hear of a fire, your
first duty would be to notify me, and if that is not
possible try to notify the I'irc Warden in whose
township the fire is burning. You can always find
a list of the Fire Wardens in the telephone direc-
tory. If you have no directory the telephone opera-
tor can tell you whom you should call, or you can
report the fire to some older person who will notify
the right Fire Warden. And alwa%'s remember
to be careful with matches when walking through
the woods or anvwhere that fire will burn.

J

IRREGULAR PAGINATION

18

"We hope that we have had our last fire this
season and that all persons u.in, .h. State I-n.-st
from now on will be very carelul.

"In a few weeks you will be hunting now loca-
tions for your camps ; and from the interest you
have shoJn. the careful attention you have gncn
n,y instructions and as a result of th,s expor.ence
I know you will not be careless cauMXTS. And now
befo^we leave this hall let us rise an,l repeat the
pledge we took some time ago.

Af tite signal the children rose, and trom the
dozens of throats came the strong response we
pledge our allegiance to our country; to her flag
and all it stands for; to her forests and thc.r future.

■ I
^ I
%|

The Forest Situation

IN

Pennsylvania

wr

JOSEPH S. ILLICK

Chief, Office of ReaeazcK

BULLETIN JO

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY
ROBERT Y. STUART, Commissioner

January, 1923

PENNSYLVANU DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

STATE FOREST COMMISSION

K. Y. Stuart, Coininis^^ioner of Forestry.

I'Mward Bailey.

Urnry W. Shoemakor.

Mrs. John Ii. liawreiice.

(Mary Fliiin lirtwrence.)

Henry S. Drinker.

Lt'wis E. Staley, Chief. I'.ureau of Operation.

George II. Wirt, Ciiief, Bureau of Protection.

John W. Keller, Chief, Bureau of Silviculture.

Alfred E. Rupp, Chief, Bureau of Lands.

Joseph S. lUick, Chief. Office of Research.

W. Erdman Montgomery. Chief, Office of Maintenance.

A. O. Vorse, Chief, Office of Information.

K. A. Zieglor, Director. State Forest .\cadeniy.

J

THE FOREST SITU AT ION IN PENNSYl.VANI A.

<2K

The forests have, in all ages and iu all couiitrieH, for a time at
least, been squandered by man with a careless disregard of the future,
Pennsylvania — the only State in the Union that emlwdies the word
"forest'^ in her name — is no exception, for her forests have been
wastefuUy exploited, and, until recently, no effective measures for
their renewal have been put into practice.

The first settlers of Pennsylvania lived among a rich forest heritage
which made possible much of the xjrospority of the past and resulted
in good that is still flowing forth to all of us. Great and green forests
once covered every hill and all the valleys of the State. The original
forest was an enormous wood reservoir. It has been drawn upon so
heavily and neglected so long that it is now almost empty and in
a very unsatisfactory condition. This groat forest heritage was re
ceived at little or no cost. People began to use it unsparingly and
gave little or no conscious cai'e to its perpetuation. Where once stood
fine stands of choice timber there now remain vast stretches of de
vastated forest land.

In 1860 Pennsylvania stood first among the states of the Union
in lumber production. Now she holds eighteenth place. She has
passed from a position of leadership to a place of dependency in the
field of lumber production. Once the State was forest-rich. Now
we are forest i)Oor. Our present forests are jworly stocked with in
ferior material. Th(»y are producing through gi-owth only about one
tenth of the wood they are capable of turning out. Most of them
lack order, are unattractive and in an insanitary condition.

Civilization cannot progress without forest products. We need
wood now and future generations will not be able to get along with
out it. Nothing comes out of the earth or grows upon its surface
that is more adaptable to man's needs than wood. It is our duty to
take steps toward upbuilding Penn's Woods. We cannot afford to be
visited by a serious wootl shortage. Our barren hill sides must be con
verted into growing forests. The application of simple and sound
forestry methods will bring about the required improvements. An
orderly management of our forests will make them highly productive,
attractive, and sanitary. --

The data set forth in tliiK bulletin sliow^s the .real forest situation
of the State. They aim to tell (1) what we once had, (2) what now
remains, and (3) what is needed in order to supply our peo])le with
necessary forest products.

FOREST AUKA OF PENNSVIAAMA.

The original forests of Pennsylvania covered the entire land Hurfaee
of the State, excepting a few na'^tural meadows an<l some rough moun
tain tops. Of the 28,692,480 acres of land in the State at least
28,650,000 acres were originally stocked with a forest growth ; and
in 1682, when the State was created there remaine«l about 28..»H2.(M»u
acres of forest land.

The following table gives, by years the approximate area of forest
land in the State:

FOREST AREA OF PENNSYLVANIA.

YEAR

IGOO
1682
1820
1860
1922

ACRES

28,650,000
28,592,000
24,500,000
18,800,000
13,024,399

"The foregoing table shows that the mai'sh of forest destruction in
Pennsylvania was rapid. In the early days most of the cut-over land
was cleared. This was particularly true prior to 1860. Most of the
large lumbering operations between 1860 and 1900 were conducted
in the mountainous parts of the State, and during this period only
a small percentage of the lumbered areas was cleared for agricultural
purposes; and of the land that was cleared a large percentage has
since^been abandoned and is slowly being restocked naturally with a

growth of forest trec^s. , , ., . . v i. lOAft

The forest area of Pennsylvania reached its minimum about 190U
when there were approximately 12,000,000 acres of forest land in the
State From 1900 to 1922 a large acreage of farmland was abandoned,
for it wa^ found that most of the cleared mountain land was not suit-
able for agricultural purposes. This abandoned farmland ^\^^^Srt-
stocked naturally with trees and the total forest area of the Stat«.
is now (1922) 13,024,399 acres. . ^

On the basis of present indicating factors it seems conservative to
estimate that there will he approximately IWOOO acres of forest
land in Pennsylvania 50 years from now (197J).

AMOUNT OF WCKW IN FORESTS OF PENNSYLVANIA.
The original forests <»C Pennsylvania were not only vast in extent,
but were made up of important timl>er trees that produced large
SLtitIL of%aluible woo'd. T;he wood tl^^t flo..<Uor^^^^^^^
in enormous quantities was of a superior quality. The following
taWe™an^estiinate of the quantity of wood in the forests at speci
fied years in the State's development:

WOOD IN FORESTS OF PENNSYLVANIA

YEAR

1600
1820
1860
1922

VOLUME

Board Feet

501^75,000,000

428,750,000,000

370,000,000,000

11,676,211,200

Cords

286,500,000
245,000,000
186,200,000
48,650,881

The average acre carried approximately 17,500 board feet of lumber
and 10 c3 of wood. On the basis of this estimate there were
loi 37loOO,000 L feet of lumber and 286,500,000 cords of wood
on the 28,650,000 acres of forest land in the State when the white

man set foot on her soil. ^ x o^ kaa ono ^n^Mt The aver

By 1820 the forest area was reduced to 2f,5«0^<>f» acres The av^
age acre carried 17,500 board feet of luml)er and 10 cords of wood.

FOREST AREA OF PENNSYLVANIA

^Z'^^(^^^

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§

M
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y£/^R

WOOD IN FORESTS

OF-

PENNSYLV/^NIA

C0RD3

/\ND

BOaHD FEET

JOdCOaaOQ

2rs;fioitlooo

2SXOOCIOOO

Z2s,oaiOoo

2<XHOOO,000

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^SKiOOClOOO

/Jf^OOqOOO

/OO. 00(^000

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SHOO€^000

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H II %-^^ 11 III

ssaoofi.

soo,ooo.

'*s(xooo.oe^

400,000.4SQ900

3saoQa«9^fi90

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2SO.OOO,990,SOO

2OQOOQ00^SeO

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ea the basis of this estimate there were 428,750,000,000 board feet ttf
lumber and 245,000,000 cords of wood in the forests of Pennsylrania

in 1820.

By 1860 the area of forest was reduced to 18,500,000 acres of. on
ginal forest and 300,000 acres of completely cutover and second
growth forest land, making a total of 18,800,000 acres. The average
acre of original forest carried 20,000 board feet* of lumiber and 10
cords of wood; and the cut-over and second growth forest land was
stocked with an average of approximately four cords of wood. On the
basij^ of this estimate there were 370,000,000,000 board feet of lumber
and 186,200,000 cords of wood in the forests of Pennsylvania in 1860.

The forest area of Pennsylvania was reduced rapidly, and now
(1922) 13,024,399 acres remain, of which only approximately 25,000
acres can be classified as original forest. The amount of wood on all
of this forest land of the State is estimated at 81,084,801 cords. This
represents an average of six and one fourth cords per acre.

Of the total amount of wood— 81.084,801 cords— approximately
00% is of cordwood size and 40% may be converted into lumber. On
the basis of this estimate there are at present (1922) 48,650,881 cords
of wood and 11,676,211,200 board feet of lumber in the forests of
Pennsylvania, that is, approximately three and three-fourths cords of
wood and 896 board feet of lumber on the average acre. Cords are
converted into board feet by using 80 cubic feet per cord and 4..)
board feet per cubic foot as converting factors.

Tlie area of forest land in Pennsylvania in 1922 and the wood
present thereon is given in the following table, which divides the
forest land into (1) farm woodlots; (2) Htate Forests; and (8)
f©re«t land outside of farm woodlots and State Forests:

Area
Acres)

Farm Woodlots, 4,043,902

State Forests, i 1,126,237

Outside of Farm Woodlots and

State Forests 7,854,260

1 3,024,399

Volume

On Average

Acre

(Cords)

Total
Volume
(Cords)

12.0
4.5

3.5

6.2

48,526,824
5,068,067

27,489,910

81,084,801

It is also estimated that by 1972 the forest area of Pennsylvania
will have increased to approximately 14,000,000 acres and hay l^^
amount of woml on the average acre should be about 26 5 cords. This
gives a total wood volume of 371,000,000 cords in the forests of the
Itete, of which about 45% will be cordwood ^'jf 55% workwocH^
(lumber). On the basis of this estimate there will be m the forests
of Pennsylvania 73,458,000,000 board feet of l"f^er and 166,950 Oa()
cords of wood. This estimate gives 5,247 board feet and lO cords
aa the amount of wood on the average acre of forest land in the htate
is 1972.

"•TheTverage acre of original forest left in 1860 contained »"0«-e board f eta tLuu.
,i« average acre in 1600 and Vm, for most of ^he hardwood fo«^t^J^^^^
stacked rclativelv light, had been cut-over and most of the heavily stocEea
pise and hemlock stands still remained.

G

The estimated increase in the wood volume on the average acre of
forest land in Pennsylvania during the next 50 years is given by de-
cades in the following table:

Amount Of Wood

Year

On Average Acre

(Cords)

1922

6.2

1932

8.5

1942

12.5

1952

17.8

1962

2ao

1972

26.5

The above table shows that during the next fifty years the amount
of wood on the average acre will increase from 6.2 cords to 26.5
cords — an increase of 20.3 cords on the average acre.

PRESENT VALUE (1922) OF PENNSYLVANIA^^ FORESTS.

I Area (Acres)

State Forests (January
1, 1922)

Farm Wood lots,

Other than State Foi-est
and Farm Wood lots.

1,126,237
4,043,902

7,854,2ii0

13,024,399

Average

Value Per

Acre

tlO.88
21.00

4.<o

Total Value

112,255,439.51
84,921, 942.(M>

37,307,735.0(V

110.33 1134,485,116.51

This estimate of value is leased upon an approximate
land value of 12.00 per acre, |7.00 per thoiisand for
lumber, and |0.50 per cord for fuel wood.

During the next fifty years the forests will not only increase in
w«H)a volume but also in equality and value. There will be a marked
improvement in forest composition and forest conditions, and a big
increase in forest values. An estimate of the value of the future
forests of Pennsylvania follows:
ESTIMATED VALUE OF PENNSYLVANIA'S FORESTS (1972)

LAND VALUE
14,000,000 a'.res {ct^ 8.00, f 112,000,000

WOOD VALUE

a. 73,458,000,000 board feet Ut 120.00 i>er M., . . . 1,469,160,000

b. 166,950,000 cords fo! $2.00 ])er cord, 333,900,000

11,915,060,000

On the basis of the above estimate the value of the average acre
of forest will be approximately |1 37.00 in 1972.

In making estimates of forest values, it is important to consider
the determinating factors that affect value. Unstocked or poorly
stocked forest soil is valued at the hK'al sale of unproductive forest

soil. The introduction of forestry methods aiul practices transform
unproductive into productive soil. The forest soil is changed from
a passive to an active commodity. It is made revenue producing.
By way of example, let us assume that a business enterprise sells
stock at par, flOO.OO |)er share, and pays 8% dividends. Business
improves and the concern's output is enlarged. Financial con-
ditions permit the company to raise the dividends to 12%. As a
result, the stock sells for f 150.00 per share. Capital value has been
created by the increased earning capacity. The same increase in
value occurs when barren — unproductive — forest land is made to
produce a larger quantity and a better quality of forest products
for which a constantly increasing demand exists.

LUMBER PKODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION IN

PENNSYLVANIA.

In 1860 Pennsylvania stood first among the States of the Union
in lumber production. Then she produced much more lumber than
her people needed. She held a ])rominent place in the field of lumber-
ing until about 1890 when she suddenly changed from a lumber ex-
porting to lumber importing state. To-day more than 84% of the
lumber and 74% of the pulp wood used in the St^te comes from
without her borders. The following table shows the relation l)etween
lumber production and lumber consumption in Pennsylvania:

Lumber Consumption

Lumber Production

Tear

(Board Feet)

(Board Feet)
1,733,844,000

1880

1.567,538,000

1890

1,992,787,000

2,113,267,000

1900

2,791,837,000

2,231,284,000

1910

3,242,342,000

1,241,199,000

1918 i

2,632,965,000

530,000,000

1919

2,694,526,350

()30,471,000

1921

2,719,200,000

* Estimated.

510,000,000*

The |)er capita lumlH^r production is a better indicator of the
actual forest siuation than the total lumber production, for with
the rapid decrease in lumber output, due to forest depletion, there
has been a continuous increase of population. The per capita pro-
duction of lumber in Pennsylvania during the past thirty years is
shown in the following table:

Total ;

Pt»r Capita

Year

Lumber Production

Lumber Production

(Board Feet)

(Board Feet)

1890

2,113,267,000

420

1900

2,321,284,000

387

1910

1,241,199,000

162

1918

530,000,000

63

1921

510.000,000

58

The low stage of lumber output in Pennsylvania has not yet been
reached, but will come in about five years from now when virtually

everv acre of mature tiiulx'r, excepting small scattered stiiuds, will
have been cut over. Then and thereafter, until the effects of adequate
forest protection and good forest treatment make themselves felt in
an increased forest, output, the painful effects of a timber shortage

will be keenlv felt. ^ ,

The foregoing tables show that the people of Pennsylvania con
sume annuallv "»09 board fet^t of lumber per capita, while the pro
duction of lumber is only 58 board feet. This indicates that our
forests at the present time are supplying only 16% of the totaJ
lumber needs of our people. The present total cut of l^^^^H?
Pennsvlvania is less than the amount consumed m the PittsbuigU
district alone. The right way to rectify the present unbalanced
relation between wood consumption and wood production in lenn
sylvania is not to reduce consumption but to increase production
The reduction of wood consumption will work unnecessary hard-
ships on industries and deprive homes of essential comforts, while
an increase of wood production can be accomplished without a hard
ship or a big sacrifice on the part of anyone.

We cannot hope to get much relief for the wood situation from
nearby states, for Pennsylvania is almost completely surrounded by
wood-importing states. West Virginia is the only bordering wood^
i^x-nortiuff state The only nearby wood-exporting states are West
xSia vS Carolini, and South Carolina. These four

stati^s are rapidly approaching the wood-importing stage. Their lura
her surplus at presc'nt almost equals the lumber shortage m PennsyL
vania. The annual surplus of these states is rapidly decreasing, and
)M>nsequently the wood situation is serious, for m a few years the
Pennsylvania deficit must, be made up from more remote sources of
sumdV Our wood needs will continue to grow. Each year greater
difficulty will be experienced in satisfying them. It is therefore ira
S ve that special efforts be put forth to increase the outpul
of our forests. We have plenty of forest land. All that is necessary
is to put the land to work and, in time, it will produce most of the
forest products needed to meet our requirements.
GROWTH, YIELD. AX!) INCOME OF PENNSYLVANIA FORESTS
The growth of the forests of Pennsylvania is extremely subnormal
They are now producing only about one-tenth of the wood they
can be made to turn out If the forests are given proper protection
and haXd carefully, their growth will gradually increase, for
?oies land responds promptly to any conscious care that is given to
it The estimated annual growth per acre during the next fifty years
ig given in the following table by decades:

Decade

1922—10:^2
1932—1942
1942—1952
1952—1902
1962 1972

Average Annual Growth
Per Acre (Cords)

0.25
0.50
0.75
#.90
1.00

Growth Per Acre

During Decade

(Cords)

"T5

5.0

7.5

9.0

10.0

rpgtal, ^-0 ^^^^^

llader proper care and treatment, the forest laud of l*eunsylvauiii
will produce at least one cord per acre per year. This estimate
is fully supported by numerous measurements of the growth of
forest stands in Pennsylvania and within similar forest tjpes in
New England.

A yield of a cord per acre per year was secured on second cuttings
«)f mixed hardwood stands on the Michaux and Mont Alto State
Forests when charcoal furnaces were in operation. Recent growth
studies show that middle-aged white oak stands in Huntingdon
County are growing at the rate of 1.2 cords \^er acre per year. Dr.
R. T. Fisher, Director of the Harvard Forest School, states that
**it is safe to count cm 35,000 board feet of saw timber to tho acre
at a rotation of GO j^eara in mixed pine (85%) and hanl woods''
Prof. J. W. Toumey ("Seeding and Planting") writes that "a white
pine plantation near Keene, N. H., planted in 1871, and measured
In 1915, contained approximately 30,000 board feet of wood per acre'*.
Near South Lancaster, M{\sk., is a plantation of white pine that ip
laying on wood at a rate of more than 1,000 board feet per acre
per year. Another Massachusetts white pine plantation at the age
-nt 60 years contained 400 trees to the acre, and yielded 41,000 board
feet per acre. A 46-year old plantation of white pine located near
West Monponsett, Mass., was cut a few years ago and yielded 30.
■600 board feet per acre. The site was an old farm abandoned shortly
after tlie Civil War. The only care ever given to the tract was the
removal of dead trees. Had the trees been s]>aced closer than 10
X 10 feet and been given better care, they would have grown taller
and yielded more and better timber.

The Pennsylvania Dei)artn>ent of Forestry estimate of forest
growth — one cord per acre j)er year — is conservative compared witli
the growth of well-managed European forests upon which growth
conditions are in many cases less favorable than in Pennsylvania
For example, a 60-year old plantation of American white pine in
Gennany is growing at the rate of 135.5 cubic feet (1-% cords) per
acre per j'ear. The communal forests of Rovere.ssee, Switzerland,
produced 138 cubic feet per acre in 1802 and 146 cubic feet (almost
l-^ cords) in 1916. The average annual timl>er growth in Saxonv
is 93 cubic feet (more than one cord) per acre. The annual timl>er
•rowth in the Sihlwald. Switzerland, is 124.6 cubic feet (more than
i-Ys cords) per acre.

A plantation of Douglas fir, native to western North America,
aiade a growth of 159 cubic feet per acre per year; another planta
tion made a mean annual growth of 274 cubic feet (3 cords) per
year.

With a probable future forest yield in I'eunsylvania of one cord
(SO cubic feet) per acre per year, the average annual production
in board feet and cords |)er acre at specified ages will be:

Age
(Years)

50

75

100

Forest Yield Per Acre

270 board feet and V^ cord of wood.
350 board feet and j/s cord of wood.
405 board feet and 34 cord of wood.

10

Whon tho aiiiinal viold of one cord \^r acre is reaeheil J>y ipj2, then
the foi-^^ti* of Pennsylvania will be yielding annually 14,000,000 cords
of wood, or its equivalent, if other units of wood measure are used.
It is ulta-conservative to predict that they will yield annually lU,-
000,00 cords of wliich 55% will be workwood (timber) and 4ofo fuel
wood. This means that the forests of Pennsylvania, by 1972 will
yield annually at least 2,400,000,000 board feet of lumber and 4,500,-
000 cords of wood. This estimated yield of lumber is greater than
the largest annual output (2,321,284,000 board feet in 1900) of luml>er
in Pennsylvania during the big lumbering days.

What the income of the forests of Pennsylvania will be m tifty
years from now is difficult to predict. Many variable factors in-
fluence the price of forest products. Stumpage prices have increased
remarkably during the past thirty years, particularly during the
past live years. Tlie prices of some woo<i has^ incr(»ased 401^%, and
a few kinds of wood have increased as mucli as 500% in fifteen
years From the exi)erience of foreign countries and the trend of
prices of forest products and forest land values, it is absolutely
safe to predict that in fifty years the net income from the forest*
of Pennsvlvania will average at least |2.50 per acre per year, and
it may reach |4.00. When restored to full production, the well-
managed forests of the State will yield a net annual return of $6.00
to |7 00 per acre. This prediction is supported by financial data
of the principal state forests and selected municipal forests of
Europe. The gross and net income derived from these forests ik
shown in the following table:

INCOME PER A<-HK FROM STATE tUltKSTh OF UKK-MANY.

Yean

1830

1850-59

1860-09

18707©

1880-89

18B049

1905

19QS

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

WUKTTKMHKR(J
(4W,000 acrts)

Groe»

Not

3 60

4 73
5Tr

4 90

6 36

920

10 05

10 90

10 00

990

$ 82
2 11
2 80
3>«5

2 70

3 87

6 10
678

7 47
0 50
6 86

SAXOSY

(431,000 aerts)

BAVARIA

(2,330,000 a«.Te*«)

OroM

3 03 i

4 4<;

o 70

6 47

7 13

844

8 28

900 1

OS

896

!» 16

920

Net

n 10
1 94

3 92

4 33
460
599
J 08
6 17
6fi8
52*

5 aa

6(d

Gjo 8

•2 as

295
a 64
373
4 66
496
490
560
6 3D

Net

f 46

35
66

I 30

1 91

2 00
2 56

2 66
9 95

3 90

PRUSSIA
(6.796.000 acree)

Gro8s

Net

m
1 m

1 9b
220
268

tb
Ti

54

46
53

42
19

14*
M

88

91

1 01

1 m-

148

itr
til
tti
tot

1 u

298

lu al)out Hixtv years tbe net huoine of th.; oity frest of Chm
Switzor a„,l. l.a« increase.! .u-arly flvefoW, an.I the fan.ons 8>hlwald.
beloneing to tho citv of Zurich, also in SwiUerlana, in now yielding
^ murih as 112.00 per acre per year. The increase ,n net incorn."
J^r acre from the On.r forest is shown in the foUowmR table:

Period

Net Return Per Acre

1857— ISfiO
1867— 187(>
1877_-188fi
1887— 189()
1897—1006
19071016

$1.40
2.40

:\M
4.40
6.00

11

The foregoing estimates of yield and income may seem high, but
we must remember that our eyes are continuously confronted by
pictures of scrub oak, fire cherry, fire scarred stumps, dead snags,
and waste places which produce little or no wood value. We do
not fully comprehend the yield possibilities of our foresrt, land. Re
liable financial calculations show that the forests of Saxony have
not only paid 3% continuously in revenue, but have appreciated
in value 24% by mere accumulation of material and increase in
productive capacity. If we give proper care and treatment to the
forests of Pennsylvania we, too, will get a high net yield, and it
will not take us so long to reach the goal as it took in Europe.

CONCLUSIONS.

(1) The original forest of Pennsylvania covered at least 28,650,
000 acres. The forest area of the State reached its minimum about
1900, when there were approxjmately 12,000,000 acres of forest land
in the State. There are now (1922) 13,024,399 acres of forest land
in the State — an increase of more than 1,000,000 acres in the last
22 years. Abandonment of mountain farms and other clearings is
responsible for this big increase. It seems fair to estimate that
the forest acreage will increase to approximately 14,000,000 acres by
1972. Thereafter the forest acreage is not likely to change* 2 per
cent in 100 years.

(2) The average acre in the original forest carried approxi-
niatelv 17,500 board feet of lumber and 10 cords of wood. This
estimate gives a total of 501,375,000,000 Iward feet of lumber and
286,500,000 cords of wood in the original forest. The amount of
wood in the forests of Pennsylvania has been reduced until now
there remain only 11,676,211,20*0 board feet of lumber and 48,650,881
cords of wood, which is equivalent to about 6.2 cords on the average
acre. This shows that there remains now about 1/25 of the lumber
and 1/6 of the cordwood that was present in the original forest.

Of the 81,084,801 cords of lumber and wood now present in the
forests of Pennsylvania, 48,526,824 cords are in tlie farm woodlots,
5,068,067 cords in State Forests, and tlie remaining 27,489,910 cords
are in forests outside of the farm woodlots and the State Forests.
This means that 12 cords of wood are on the average acre of farm
woodlot, 4.5 cords on the average acre of State I'orest land, and
3.5 cords per acre on the remainder of forest land.

By 1972 the wood in the forests of Pennsylvania should increase
to 73,458,000,000 board feet and 166,950.000 cords of wood. This is
equivalent to 26.5 cords per average acre, and represents an increase
of 20.27 cords over that present in 1922.

(3) The present value of the forests of Pennsylvania is |134,-
485,116.51. This represents an average value of |10.33 per acre.
A classification of the value of tlie forests of the State gives the
State Fores<t8 an average value of SI 0.88 per acre, the farm woodlots
are rated at |21.00 per acre, and the remainder of forest land at
f4.75 per acre.

(4) During the next 50 years the forests of Pennsylvania, if
given proper care and treatment, will not only increase in volume^
but also in qvalitif and valm. The estimated value of the forestn

12

of the State in 1072 is |1, 915,060,000— an increase in value of mtre
than $1,780,000,000. This estimated value for 1972 represents an
average of $136.78 per acre, as against a present value of $10.33,

(5) In 1800 Pennsylvania stood first among the United States
in lumber production/ Now she holds twentieth place. In 189f
she suddenly changed from a lumber-exporting to a lumber-import-
ing State Now more than 84% of the lumber and 74% of the
pulpwood used within the State is imported from beyond her borders.
The lumber consumption has almost doubled in the last 40 years
while the lumber production is less than one fourth of what it was
20 years ago. The per capita production of lumber has decreased
from 420 board feet in 1890 to 58 board feet in 1921.

(6) The low stage of lumber output in Pennsylvania has not
vet been reached. It will come in about 5 years from now. The
people of Pennsylvania consume annually 309 board feet per capita
while the production of lumber within the State is only 58 boar^
feet per capita. This shows that the forests of the State are supply-
ing only 16% of the total lumber needs of the people.

(7) Our wood needs will continue to grow. Neighboring states
cannot help much longer to relieve the lumber shortage. It is im
perative that special efforts be put forth to increase the output
of our own forest land. We have plenty of it. All that is necessary
is to put the forest land to work, and there will, in time, be pro
duced enough wood to satisfy the major needs of our people.

(8) Because of existing forest conditions in Pennsylvania, the
forest growth is extremely subnormal. The forests are now pro
ducing only about one-tenth of the wood they can be made to turn
out If given proper protection and treatment, the forest growth
will be increased threefold during the next 15 years, and by 197^:
the average annual production will have been increased from one
tenth of a cord to a full cord per acre per year.

(9) If the annual yield of one cord per acre per year is reached
bv 1972, then the forests of Pennsylvania will yield annually 14,UUU,
000 cords of wood. It is ultra-conservative to predict that they will
yield 10,000,000 cords, of which 55% will be workwood (timber)
and 45% fuel wood. This means that the forests of Pensylvania
by 1972 will vield at least 2,400,000,000 board feet of lumber and
4:500,000 cord^ of wood. This output will be greater than the cut
of the banner vear 1900 (2,321,284,000 board feet) which standi
out so prominently in the great lumbering days i^/^H^^yly.f ^- . ^

(10) What the income of the forests of Pennsylvania will be m
■iO vears is difficult to predict, but European experiences, and the
trend of economic determining factors, indicate that the net m^me
will be at least $2.50 per acre per year and it may reach $4.00 When
restored to full production, the well-managed forests of the State
will vield a net annual return of $6.00 to $7.00 per acre.

11) Our eyes are almost continuously confronted with pictures
of inferior foi4ts. This causes us to under-estimate the possibilities
0 Stocked and active forests Reliable ^^ancial calcul^^^^
show that well managed forests of Europe have not only Paid 3%
conUnuousiy in revenue but at the same time have appreciated m
va?ue~ by mere accumulation of material and increased prodiic^e
rapaciS There exist no reasons why our forests cannot do eqially
well or better.

"13

(12) All the good that flows forth from forests is not measurabii^
in the form of wood volume or monetary income. The intangible
value of forests is often overlooked or undoratod. Some of the more
important indirect benefits of forests follow:

a. Forests form, fix, and improve the soil. The richness of the
virgin soil is proverbial. Vast areas of fertile land consist almost
entirely of the detritus of the forest. One of the most important
functions of the forest is the fixation of the soil. The roots of
forest trees clasp and hold the soil in place, and the mulch on the
forest floor protects it to such an extent that wind and water erosion
are prevented. The destructive work of the waters of I^ake P>ie
have been checked along''the banks of Presque Isle by the planting
of forest trees. The extent to whiC*h trees hold the soil along the
banks of streams and on steep slopes, thus preventing the Washing
away of the soil, is enormous.

b. Forests feed springs. All the world knows that the forest
cover is a great help in the maintenance and conservation of springs.
In mountain regions where the forests prevail springs are most
numerous. We are justified in repeating, as our forefathers de
dared. "The forest is the mother of the rivers."

c. Forests reduce the run-off of **wild waters". There is jnuch
less run-off in forested than in denuded regions. Extensive damage
from floods occur less frequently in streams coming from the forests
than from poorly forested and treeless water-sheds.. In deforested
regions the difference l)etween the low water mark and the flood stage
is formidable. The forest cover acts as a regulator of the stream
flow. It tends to decrease the high water run off in spring and
other flood periods, and increases the low water run-off in stimmer
and prolonged dry periods. The regularity of the run-off of streams
is determined by the condition and extent of the forest cover on
the drainage basin. The presence of forests checks the formation
of torrents, while the absence of forest cover «»xposes the soil t<»
the ravages of erosion.

On October 6 — 8, 1922, the Susquehanna Kiver was only 0.6 of
a foot above the bed or base rock— the lowest stage in 22 years.
The water supply situation for home consumption and industrial
uses was becoming serious, when a welcome and generous rainfall
occurred. It would have l)een less serious if a normal forest cover
had been present on the forest land about the river's headwaters.

In the spring of 1920 the Susquehanna River reached the flooti
stage. Many small towns were under water, bridges were washed
away, railroad transportation crippled, and business was locally

paralyzed. ^ , /

The direct loss to the city of Pittsburgh from the great Hood of
1907 reached the stupendous sum of $5,259,500. Nearly 1,G00 acrea
of the city were under water. The assessed valuation of real estate
affected by the flood amounted to about $160,000,000. Real estate
experts estimate that the properties in the flood range are nearly
$50,000,000 lower in value than they would be if the flood danger

were eliminated.

The damage that floods have done in Pennsylvania would pay lor
the complete reforestation of all the idle acres witliin the State.
The old truism still holds that **He who wishes to master the waters
must first master the forests."

u

d. Forested mountains change an unruly water into a useful one.
Where there are no forests heavy rainfalls become raging torrents.
Much water is squandered which implies a marked decrease in
water power, which is annually becoming more essential to Indus
trial enterprise. The forests can stop this frightful loss of water
and make it available for industrial use. We need a complete
forest cover on our hillsides to insure a dependable water flow for
the waterfalls that direct the turbines and produce power for light,
heat, and industrial uses.

e. Stagnant and polluted water is rare in the forest. The most
potable water comes from forested watersheds. The 'purity of such
water helps maintain the healthfulness of millions of i)eople who live
in the cities.

f. The forests are health resorts. In affording a place where
busy brains and tired bodies may find rest, diversion, pure water,
and fresh air, the forest performs a beneficial service of inestimable
value to mankind. History proves that when a nation loses its
forests it also loses its virility. There is no place more favorable
to the maintaining and regaining of health than the forest. It in
there that life is simple and pure.

g. There is no better place to play and rest than in a forest en-
vironment. The forest is the most ancient of human dwelling places.
How highly reci-eation in the forest is treasured is reflected in the
sacrifices men make and the money they spend for a few days in the
woods. Upwards of 450,000 resident hunters' licenses are being issued
annually in Pennsylvania, and almost half as many fisherman seek
recreation in the great out-of-doors. It is estimated that during
1921 at least 80,000 people enjoyed camping privileges on the State
Forests of Pennsylvania. The play instinct finds its best and highest
ilevelopment in a forest environment.

h. Forests adorn the earth. A land dotted with beautiful forests
is an enchantment to the eyes. A treeless land is as cheerless as a
x^reedless land is hopeless. The ideal land is one in which well-kept
forests cover the hillsides and dot the lowlands, and fertile fields
iibound in the valleys.

(13) Forests are an index of publi.* welfare. Their products are
indispensable to human progress; their wood and food, their shade
and shelter, and their many other products are among our greatest
needs. W^e can have an abundance of all these essential and bene-
ficent forest gifts if we regard the forest as a heritage given to uk
by nature, not for spoil or to devastate, but to be widely used, rev
derently honored, and carefully maintained.

END OF NUMBER