m m^f^^v '.imr. ,< • r-* 4-*. .-1 'X % fc- mtJ^*^ fe^: /T-. I'A ^^mfS^^^^^m^B^^ •Tf^^^ *- M ID k: »/. a >T^^ ^ ^. ♦ ■'v7««j 1.^ ' ^^ VijT* 1 ...V -L. ■*;. ./i t^V^^ fe6:^->i> jm^i- ^^^^ ^'^L V^% ^4*- .'i A / BULLETIN No. 113. FEBRUARY, 1901. ALABAMA. • Agricultural Experiment Station OF THE AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN. 0/\y^^ Co-operative "Kxperimentsvsritli Cotton in 1899-1900. By J, F. DUGGAR, Agriculturist. MONTGOMERY, ALA. BROWN FEINTING CO., PRINTERS A BINDERS 1901. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. Tnos. Williams Wetuiupka Jonathan Haralson Selma. STATION COUNCIL. Wm. LeRoy Broun President. P. H. Mell Director and Botanist. B. B. Ross Chemist. C. A. Cary, D. V. M Veterinarian. J. F. DuGGAR Agriculturist. F. S. Earle Biologist and Horticulturist. J. T. Anderson Associate Chemist. ASSISTANTS. C. L. Hare First Assistant Chemist, J. Q. Burton Second Assistant Chemist. H. S. Houghton Third Assistant Chemist. T. U. Culver Superintendent of Farm, R. W. Clark Assistant Agriculturist. C. F. Austin Assistant Horticulturist. The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. ^^^^^^ CO-OPERATIVE FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS WITH COTTOX IN 1899 and 1900. BY J. F. DUGGAR. These experiments were conducted under the direc- tion of the Agricultural Department of this Station in 1899 and 1900. These tests in 1899 were made by farm- ers in nineteen localities; the tests made in 1900 were conducted in eighteen localities, not including in this count the few experimenters who failed to report results. The method of conducting the experiments was the same as in former years. The plots were each one- eighth acre in area. The following is the list of those who made experi- ments in 1899 and 1900 and who reported results. Name. Post Office. County. Page Agricultural School. ...Hamilton Marion — 50 Autrey, A Bernej's Talladega — 50 Ballard J. L Jackson Clarke — 40 Bevill, AV. C Bevill Choctaw— 38 Borland, T. M.. Dothan Henry— 46 Chappell, C. A Dillburg Pickens— 51 Cbism, W. T Vick Bibb— 20 Culver, J. W Jackson Clarke — 40 Cunningham, E. L Furman Wilcox — 11 Cory, A. F .Evergreen Conecuh — 52 Baffin, E. J Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa — 17 Duncan, J. S Maple Grove Cherokee — 13 Experiment Station. . . .Auburn Lee — 24 Foster, J. D Auburn Lee — 27 French, J. W "Gordo Pickens — 15 Name lN)st Ollice ('ounly l*a«:e. Tiilioii, W. I-^ (\.llins\ill(' DoKalb— 7 I^mkc, F Tuscunibia (\)l]MM't— 50 I'l'ccnian, (J. W Mai)l(' (Irovc Cherokee? — 13 Harris, Jno. T., Jr.. . .Oak Howery Cliaml^ers — 51 Ingram, W. X Mar\ yii UusseU — 51 In.irram, W. N Opelika Lee— 32 Jarrett, K. II Sterrett Slielby— 51 Jones, T. K Gre(Misl)oro Hale — 51 Mason, C. U Wilson Escambia — 44 McClure, G. L Garland Butler— 43 Melton, E Huo:ent Fayette — 19 McAlpine, J. K Boligee Greene — 50 Mc-Intvre, P. M Abbeville Henry— 52 Purifoy, W. M Snow Hill Wilcox— 10 Rivers, C. E Hnrt^boro Knssell— 35 Bouse, D. II Greenville Butler — 52 Slaton, J. P Notasuli»a Macon — 21 Thomason, T. J.. .Kaylor or Kaubui-n. . . . Randolph — 29 Trover, A. M Calhoun Lowndes — 36, 52 Watkins, J. C Burn Corn ^Monroe— 33 Wcems, J. A Union Springs Bullock — 52 THE FERTILIZERS USED. These consisted of high grade acid phosphate guaran- teed to contain at least 14 per cent, of available phos- phoric acid. The following . table gives the plan of the experiment and the composition of the fertilizers employed : Founds per acrk of fertilizers, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash used, and composition of each mixture. o o 1 2 4 •6 7^ •i 10 Fertilizers. o a u 0) c 3 o Kind. MIXTURE CONTAINS. 1 on ■ O 'H.'^ a, o " ^ 03 C ^ (D s ^ be o c3 -i-i • — " < a O ^_ -^ P-i Lbs. 200 240 200 200 2( 240 200 2C0 240 200 200 240 200 200 240 IlO Cotton seed meal In 100 Jhs. s. c. meal. "^' Acid phosphate In 100 lbs. acid phos Kainit In 100 lbs kainit. (Jotton seed meal. . . .\ lAcid phosphate .... \ I In 100 lbs. above mixt. iCotton seed meal. . . .} Kainit . . . ' f In 100 lbs. above mixt Acid phosphate / Kainit f In ICO lbs. above mixt Cotton seed meal . . Acid phosphate Kainit In 100 lbs above mixt Cotton seed meal. . . . ) .Acid phosphate > Kainit ) In 100 lbs. above mixt Lbs. 13.58 6.79 13.58 3.09 J3 58 3.39 Lbs. 5.76 2 88 36 12 15.05 18 58 2.12 13 58 2.59 41.88 9.52 5.76 1.44 8.21 41 88 6.54 41 88 7.75 Lbs. 3 54 I 77 24 60 12.30 3 54 .80 28 14 7.03 5.59 28.14 4.39 15 84 2.93 u 3 4—1 c a> O .. O $ 19.00 12.50 13 75 15 45 16 38 !3 f9 14 94 15 11 * Average of many analyses. + Counting all the phosphoric acid in cotton seed meal as available. 2-113 G 'I'lKtsc r:inii('i-s \\li(» art' more ju-cusIoiikmT to tin* woi-J aiiimoiiia limn to ilu^ tfU'iu iiitrog(Mi, can change? (lie ligiiirs for nilr(»g('n into their aniiiionia equivalents by multiplying by 1 {\. Tlie phosphate and cotton seed >Nere purchastMi at niarkci ])rices. Most of the kainit >vas donated by the CJernian Kali AA'orks. In determining the increase over the unfertilized plots, the yield of the fertilized plots, Nos. 4, 5, G and 7, is compared with both unfertilized plots, Ij'ing on either side, giving to each unfertilized X)lot a weight inversely proportional to its distance from the plot under com- parij«-on. This method of comparison tends to compen sate for variations in the fertility of the several plots. It should be remembered that seasons, as well as soils* determine the effects of fertilizers, so that to be abso- lutely reliable a fertilizer experiment should be repeated for several years on tlie same kind of soil. Abnormal weather conditions in 1S99 and 1900 resulted in an un- usually large proportion of inconclusive experiments. THE WEATIIEK IN 1899 and 1900. The following data are taken from the records of the .vlabama Section of the AVeatlier Bureau for 1S99 and 1900 and give average results of a number of stations: 1899. 1900. Kainfall for April, inches 2.80 9.00 Kainfall for Mav, inches 2.03 2.64 l^ainfall for June, inches 2 54 11.80 Iiainfall for July, inches G.7() 4.93 iiainfall for August, inches 3. OS 2.89 Kainfall for September, inches GO 4.00 Kainfall for October, inches 2,18 5. 04 Kainfall for November, inches 3.04 3.88 It will be seeu from the above that the spring and early summer of 1899 were very dvj. Complaints of drought in that 3'ear were general. In 1900 an exces- sive precipitation in April and June greatly injured crops, and in addition there was in many localities a severe drought in August. Two uiore unfaVora])le seasons in immediate succes- sion seldom occur. Kxr'KRniF.xTs :\rAi»E r.Y w. f. fultox, lakimoke ok coLLixsvirj.i:, dekalb couxty. I)(irL- f/rai/, iiiiihdio, or rcdcJlsJt^ stiff soil; suhsoil red clay. An experiment Avith cotton has been conducted on this farm in Big Wills Valley for three years in succession on land cleared about three-quarters of a century ago. The crop preceding the cotton experiments of both 1899 and 1900 was corn. The early i^art of the summer of 1899 was rather dry; in 1900 "from the time the cotton was planted until it was laid by my notes show almost con- tinuous rain, — the wettest season in the knowledge of the oldest inhabitant.-' The results for 1898 Avere printed in Bulletin No. 102. Those for 1899 and 1900 are given in the following table: 8 Larimorc or CollinsviUc experiment with cotton. 1 2 3 4 8 9) 10 Fertilizers. • 0^ Ih c cJ u, d) a • o 4-> c ■4^ o o s Pu, <^ Kind. 1899 1900 c o rn o o oj m — . c o o o a> ID o O 0/ c: •— 200 240 00 200 200 240 200 200 240 200 00 200 240 200 200 240 100 Cotton seed meal . . . Acid pliosphate No fertilizer Kainit Cotton seed meal . . A-cid pho-jphate Cotton seed meal. . . . / Kainit S Acid phosphate Kainit No fertilizer -. Cotton seed meal. . . Acid i)hosphate Kainit Cotton seed meal. . . Acid phosphate. . . . Kainit J.bs. 648 760 440 648 Lbs. 208 320 "205' Lbs. 544 880 544 666 880 431 1120 736 287 920 856 •404 1064 456 608 976 520 1208 912 456 1032 Lbs. 0 336 ' 107 ' 550 337 468 600 4:'4 Increase of seed cotton per acre ^yllen cotton seed meal was added: 1899 1900 To unfertilized plot 208 lbs. 0 lbs. To acid phosphate plot 114 lbs. 214 lbs. To kainit plot . 82 lbs. 230 lbs. To acid phosphate and kainit plot.llG lbs. 132 lbs. Average increase with cotton seed meal 130 lbs. 144 lbs. 9 Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate was added : To unfertilized plot 320 lbs. 336 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot .126 lbs. 550 lbs. To kainit plot 233 lbs. 263 lbs. To cotton seed meal and kainit plot -.233 lbs. 263 Ibs.^ Average increase with acid phos- phate 219 lbs. 378 lbs. Increase of seed cotton per acre Avhen kainit was added : To unfertilized plot 205 lbs. 107 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot 79 lbs. 337 lbs. To acid phosphate plot 84 lbs. • 132 lbs. To cotton seed meal and acid phos- phate plot 86 lbs. • 50 lbs. Average increase with kainit 116 lbs. 157 lbs The principal need of this soil, clearly shown in each of three tests, is for phosphate, which has paid a large profit, whether employed alone or in combination with any of the other materials. The increase attributable to phosphate in each of the three years is respectively 464, 219, and 378 pounds of seed cotton per acre. Cot- ton seed meal usually increased the yield more than enough to cover its cost, the averages for the 3 years being respectively 152, 130, and 144 pounds of seed cot- ton. Its relatively slight effect suggests the advisabili- ty of reducing the amount of cotton seed meal, of which about half as much as of phosphate might be used for cotton. Kainit was the least beneficial on this soil of the in- f^redients of the complete fertilizer and the figures indi- cate that its addition to the jiiixture of phosphate and kainit was not profitable. KXPJlltlMKNT NlAlU: I'.V \V. M. PUKIFOY, li .MILKS NOllTll- KAST OF SNOW IIILL^ WILCOX COUNTY. n////r hdhf prairie; .mhsoil^ irhilc rotten limcstont'. This oxpcriiiu'iit was made in 1891) on land espe- cially favorable to the development of black rust of cot- ton. The land was not broken until May 25, when it was bedded with a one-horse pfow. "Many stalks had nothing on them on account of coming up too late. Ex- treme drought ruined the experiment." The table on page 11 gives the yields and the sub- joined analysis of results of Mr. Purifoy's tests, both in 1808 and 1809, shows the increase attributable to each fertilizer, when used alone or in combinations under cot- ton growing on poor white prairie soil. Increase of seed cotton i^er acre when cotton seed meal Avas added : 1898. vS99. To unfertilized plot 128 lbs. 144 lbs. To acid phosphate plot 27 lbs. IG lbs. To kainit plot 227 lbs. 144 lbs. To acid phosphate and kainit plot. 141 lbs, 128 lbs. Average increase with cotton seed meal.. .. : 131 lbs. 100 lbs. Increase of seed cotinn per acre Avhen acid phosphate was added : To unfertilized plot 200 lbs. 208 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot 99 lbs. 48 lbs. To kainit plot 209 lbs. 240 lbs. To cotton seed meal ajid kainit plot . 123 lbs. 224 lbs. Average increase with acid phos- phate 158 lbs. 180 s 11 Increase of seed cottou per acre when kaiuit was added : To unfertilized plot 27 lbs. 0 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot 72 lbs. 0 lbs. To acid phosphate plot 18 lbs. 32 lbs. To cotton seed meal and acid phos- phate plot 96 lbs. 176 lbs. Average increase with kainit 41 ibs. 52 lbs. In the above paragraphs the results of Mr. Purifoy^s experiment in 1898 are republished to show the close cor- respondence between the results of the two years, both tending to indicate that the phosphate was more benefi- cial than cotton seed meal and that kainit was of least effect. Snoiv Hill and Funnan experiments icith cotton on white bald prairie. Fertilizkr^. SNOW 1[ILL 1899. FL'RMAX ]900. o a> Kind. c o o . a> o <1J If. m • — si rz a I' 'Cotton seed meal. A.cid phosphate. . . ,Xo fertilizer 'Kainit iCotton seed meal. j Acid phosphate . . Cotton seed meal. Kainit JAcid phosphate. . . JKainit , . . . . Xo fertilizer . . . . Cotton seed meaj. Acid phosphate. . . Kainit ICotton seed meal. Acid phosphate. . . Kainit s •} ■} 144 208 00 00 192 144 240 00 368 416 144 208 '.'.' .o' 192 144 240 368 416 Us. 480 480 400 376 664 488 616 416 624 616 Lhs. 80 SO -27 258 79 204 208 200 12 EXPERIMENT MADE IN 1900 BY E. L. CUNNINGHAM, 6 MIIeS EAST OF FURMAN, WILCOX COUNTY. White prairie^ the surface dark gray; subsoil ichite rot- ten limestone. The original growth, cleared about 30 or 40 years ago, is reported as oak and hickory with some short-leaf pine. The field was in cotton in 1897 and 1898 and unculti- vated in 1899. The depth of plowing was 5 or 6 inches. On Plot 5 there was considerable black rust, but very little on Plots 9 and 10, where a complete fertilizer containing kainit w^as used. The stand was full and uniform. There was too much rain. The yields are given in the tabl^ above. Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed meal was added : To unfertilized plot 80 lbs. To acid phosphate plot . . 178 lbs. To kainit plot 106 lbs. To acid phosphate and kainit plot 4 lbs. Average increase with cotton seed meal, - - 92 lbs. Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate was used. To unfertilized plot 80 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot . . 178 lbs. To kainit plot 231 lbs. To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 129 lbs. Average increase with acid phosphate, - - 130 lbs . 13 Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was added : To unfertilized plot. .". —27 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot — 1 lbs. To acid phosphate plot 124 lbs. To seed cotton meal and acid phosphate plot. . . — 50 lbs. Average increase with kainit, - r - - - 12 lbs. Mr. Cunningham's experiment, like both of the tests- made by Mr. Purifoy, on the same class of land, white prairie, indicates that phosphate was most needed. The largest yield was made with a mixture of cotton seed meal and phosphate. Kainit did not increase the yield, though it did seem to somewhat restrain the rust on Plots 9 and 10. It should be noted that white prairie soil was not very responsive to commercial fertilizers and that none of these paid a very large profit. Although phosphate was undoubtedly useful in each of these experiments, its effects were far less notable than the favorable influence that is exerted by adding suitable vegetable matter to this class of soils. We can- not yet recommend the use of phosphate on these soils, believing that the same money invested in the seed of melilotus or of other renovating plant would be more profitably spent. EXPERIMENTS MADE BY J. S. DUNCAN ON G. W. FREEMAN^S- FARM, 1^ MILES SOUTHWEST OF MAPLE GROVE, CHEROKEE COUNTY. In 1899 the test was made on gray sandy upland, with red subsoil ; in 1900 6n light alluvial second bottom of a dark gray color, with red subsoil. Both fields had been cleared for more than a quarter of a century. The 14 Cotton expcriiuenl of ISO!) was preceded by cotton, that •of 1900 by corn. In ISOO the snnnner was excc^SKively dry, in 1900 ex- cessively wet. Maple Grove cxpcriniait wilh cotton. 'A o FUKTII.IZIIKS, o Kind MA TLB GliOVE. 1899 MAFLE GROVE. 1900 O -t-l . o a a a; N c: .— ^ 3 C o c O) CI a; 53 en o " 0/ v; — 1 o 3 4 5 6 7 8 /As. I I ^^'•^• '200 Cotton seed meal , 800 •_>40 'Acid pho-phate | 752 00 JNo fertilizei" j f521 200 iKainit ; 6)6 i?00 Cotton seed meal. . 10 240 Acid pliosphate . . , 200 Cotton seed meal. 200 Kainit 240 I Acid phosphate. . 200 Kainit 00 I No fertilizer 200 jCotton seed meal . . . ) 240 Acid phosphate J- 200 iKainir. \ 200 Cotton seed meal. . . . ) 240 Acid phosphate [- 100 Kainit i [ 960 roi 776 800 1024 J^92 Lhn. 176 128 —43 2GB 175 12 224 192 1030 932 816 920 992 1032 1024 804 1080 1032 IM. 220 116 lOO' 181 223 218 276 228 Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed meal "^\as added : 1899. To unfertilized plot 17G lbs. To acid phosphate plot 138 lbs. To kainit plot 218 lbs. To acid phosphate and kainit plot. 212 lbs. 1900. 220 lbs. G5 lbs. 117 lbs. 58 lbs. 7\veraqe increase with cotton seed meal 186 lbs. tl5 lbs. 15 Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate was added : To nnfertilized plot 128 lbs. 116 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot 90 lbs. —39 lbs. To kalnit plot 55 lbs. 112 lbs. To cotton seed meal and kainit plot. 49 lbs. 53 lbs. Average increase with acid phos- phate 81 lbs. 61 lbs. Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was added : To unfertilized plot —13 lbs. lOG lbs. To cotton seed meal plot — 1 lb. 3 lbs. To acid phosphate plot — 116 lbs. 102 lbs. To cotto^ seed meal and acid phos- fjhate plot — 12 lbs. 95 lbs. Average increase (or decrease[— ]) with kainit --5I 77 lbs. In both years cotton seed meal was the most import- ant fertilizer for cotton; phosphate afforded a small increase, possibly because of abnormal weather condi- tions ; kainit was useless on upland in 1899 and scarcely profitable in 1900 on second bottom land. EXPERIMENT MADE BY .J. W. FRENCH^ 3 MILES NORTH OF GORDO^ PICKENS COUNTY. This test was conducted in 1899 on gray upland, and In 1900 on dark sandy upland, both having red subsoils, rather retentive of water. The cotton experiment of 1899 was preceded by corn, that of 1900 by cotton. In both cases the tests were on old fields, cleared of pines and reclaimed four to seven years before the experi- ments began. The former season Avas exceedingly dry; the latter, ^^the most unfavorable ever known, first too wet and then too dry." The stand was reported as excellent- 16 Gordo experiment ivith cotton. c c oi Feriii izers. a; o a c 3 O KiSD. 1899. 1900. c o o « a; o tfi — « ::: c o o o V. • — 3 4 8 9 10 Lhs. 200 240 00 200 200 210 20<) 200 240 200 00 200 240 200 200 240 100 Cotton seod me;il Acid phosphate. . No fertilizer Kainit Cotton seed meal Acid phosphate . Cotton seed meal Kainit Acid phosphate . Kainit No fertilizer . . . . Cotton seed meal Acid phosphate . Kainit l3otton seed meal \cid phosphate. . Kainit. Lbs. 536 848 336 360 944 528 736 261 1032 928 Lbs. 200 512 "38" Lbs. 696 568 384 400 637 728 235 584 • 458 552 40S 868 888 664. 818 Lbs. 312 184 li' 335 186 149 480 440 Increase of seed cotton per acre Avhen cotton seed meal was added: 1899.. 1900. To unfertilized plot 200 lbs. 312 lbs. To acid phosphate plot 125 lbs. 151 lbs. To kainit plot 197 lbs. 175 lbs. To acid phosphate and kainit plot. . . .410 lbs. 331 lbs. Average increase with cotton seed meal, 238 lbs. 242 lbs. Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate was added: To unfertilized plot 512 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot 437 lbs. To kainit plot 420 lbs. To cotton seed meal and kainit plot . . . 633 lbs. 184 lbs. 23 lbs. 138 lbs. 294 lbs. Average increase with acid phosphate, 501 lbs. 160 lbs. 17 Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was added : To unfertilized plot 38 lbs. 11 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot — 35 lbs. — 126 lbs. To acid phosphate plot — 54 lbs. — 35 lbs. To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate plot 231 lbs. 145 lbs. Average increase with lev acre llian llie increiiieiit where only jdiospliatt,' and meal were \is(^{\ iou^edier. (riot 5.) Tnei-ea>>e ol" seed cotton i)er acre wlien cotton seed meal was added : To nnlVi'lilizcd j.lot 21G lbs. To acid pliosi)liate plot 350 lbs. To kainit plot 250 lbs. To acid jdiosphale and kainit plot 520 lbs. Average increase with cotton seed meal 340 lbs. Jncri*ase ol' seed col ion |k'1' aci'e when acid ])iiosphate was added : To unfertilized plot 152 lbs. To cotton seed meal i)lot 202 lbs. To kainit plot 1 Si) Ibs^ To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 450 lbs. Average increase with acid phosphate 273 lbs. Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit- was added : To unfertilized plot 2(> lbs. To cotton seed meal plot bJ) lbs. To acid phosphate plot (13 lbs. To cotton seed meal and acid ]>hos]>liaic 23(> lbs. Average increase with kainit 99 lbs. 3Ir. Daftin also conducted similar tests in 1S07 and 1808 on red sand}' npland, with red cla}^ subsoil, t^\'o and one-half miles east of Tuscaloosa. In both years jihos- phatc was by far the chief need of that soil, but both cot ton seed meal and kairtit afforded considerable increase, so ihat the i^reatest profit was obtained by the use of a complete fci'filizer containini; all three of these ma- terials. EXPKIUMKXT MADE IX 1899 BY E. MeLTOX, OXE MILE WEST OF HUGENT, FaYETTE COUXTY. Darlc or '^'' muJatto" soil, tcith red clay ■subsoil. The original growth, removed about 50 years ago, is reported "as short-leaf pine, oak, and hickory. The three l^receding crops were corn. The plants were free from rust. As shown in the d(.'tailed statement below, phos- phate Avas the fertilizer chiefly needed by this soil, and its use, alone and in ever}' combination, was highly profitable, the average increase attributable to phosphate being 3G4 pounds of seed cotton i)er acre. Cotton seed meal was next in importance, affording an average in- crease of 168 pounds per acre. The most profitable fertilizer was a mixture of acid phosphate and cotton seed meal. Kainit was not needed. Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed meal was used: To unfertilized plot 128 lbs. To acid phosphate plot 160 lbs. To kainit plot 176 lbs. To acid phospliate and kainit plot 208 lbs. Average increase with cotton seed meal 168 lbs. Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate was added : To unfertilized plot 100 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot • * 432 lbs. To kainit plot 296 lbs. To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 328 lbs. Average increase with acid phosphate. 364 lbs. 20 liicroaso of seed cotton per acre when kainit was added: To unfertilized plot 72 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot 120 lbs. To acid phosphate plot — 32 lbs. To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate plot. . . . IG lbs. Average increase with kainit 44 lbs. ExrEUlMKXTS CONDUCTKI) P.Y W. T. ChISM, 1 MILE SOUTH- EAST OF ViCK^ Bibb County. Both experiments were conducted on dark gray sandy or loamy branch bottom soil, rather retentive of mois- ture. The earlier experiment was preceded by corn, the later one bv cotton. The field had been cleared about 75 years and the origi- nal growth is reported as sweet gum, red and white oak, hickory, ash, poplar, cucumber tree, and a few short-leaf pines, and chestnuts. The latter part of the season of 1899 was dry and un- favorable and in 1900 there was almost continuous wet weather during the season of cultivation. The soil was worked June 25, 1900, when too wet, by which the ex- perimenter reports that the crop was greatly damaged. Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed meal was used. 1899. 1900. To unfertilized plot : 256 lbs. 62 lbs. To acid phosphate plot 96 lbs. 77 lbs. To kainit plot 214 lbs. 100 lbs. To acid phosphate and kainit plot. ... 92 lbs. 15 lbs. Average increase with cotton seed meal. 172 lbs. 64 lbs. 21 Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate was added : To unfertilized plot 104 lbs. 24 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot — 56 lbs. 39 lbs. To kainit plot 116 lbs. 78 lbs. To cotton seed meal and kainit plot . . — 24 lbs. — 7 lbs. Average increase with acid phosphate, 35 lbs- 34 ibs. ' Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was added : To unfertilized plot . . —24 lbs. —1 lb. To cotton seed meal plot — 32 lbs. 37 lbs. To acid phosphate plot — 12 lbs. 53 lbs. To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate plot —16 lbs. —9 lbs. Average increase with i\vii in the table on pa*^e 23 and in the detailed statements below, pliospliate and cotton schhI meal Avere both elTective in nearly every combination. Kainit was not needed. ^Iv. Slaton conducted an experiment in 1898 (see Bul- letin No. 102) on similar soil. In that year acid phos- phate and cotton seed meal were even more profitable than in 1900 and kainit was useless. It seems that this jrrav soil, with a clav subsoil near at hand, needs only a mixture of acid phosphate and cotton seed meal to pi^o- duee a profitable cotton crop. Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed meal was added : To unfertilized plot 192 lbs. To acid phosphate plot 43 lbs. To kainit plot 110 lbs. To acid pliosphate and kainit plot 123 lbs. Average increase with cotton seed meal 117 lbs. Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate was added : • To unfertilized plot ITG lbs. To cotton seed meal plot 27 lbs. To kainit plot 145 lbs. To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 158 lbs. Average increase with acid phosphate 127 lbs. 'increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was added : To unfertilized plot '. 20 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot — 62 lbs. To acid phosphate plot — H lbs. To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate plot .... G9 lbs. Average increase with kainit 4 lbs. 23 o CO <~ «<^ "o e CO O O CO O So* •< T— I o WO .19 AO 9S«a.T0UX "" ~ O 05 o CO 9.I0B aad uo;:joo paas ppLl ex- ec •74 • Ol CD O ^ 5 Ci t^ O -^ ■^ u:i lO ■^ »C t^ CO CI 00 CO ^ CD -^ CD CO 'a.ijT? .lad uo-^^oo paas p[ai^\ ; CD c^ a o CD OO -^ C^l Ti CX< CD lO lO -r -^ Tti CO o O (M o ^ o .; ^ Tf t4 0s ■s:io[d paziTi^.iajUD ^oo .laAO as«ajoux """'-" C4 o CO •a.TOt? jad uo;40D paas p[aix , IM O CD QO CC -rfi 05 Tfi CO CO -^ t>i Oi OC 1-- CO CC 00 iM CD O »0 — ' O CD O t^ o 0) J^ 0^ Ol 5 03 "a, o g^ a, CO OS T}1 00 CO C5 CO o oo CD o o C O) ::! =*- .5 1^ '^ -^ .S '^ .- "^ t^ :3 •- t^ 3 •== c; O « o o < Z '^ Q < 0e3"o«300O«0O •oooooooooo ■ajo« jad aunoaiY ■2^?:^^^-?^^^"'^ (M Cl CM CM CM rM 'M lO OOQ OO ) O "^ o o -^ o CM CM CM CM C<> —1 on: lOT^ 1— I C'l CO "^ iO CD 00 Ci 24 Auburn Experiments in 1898, 1899, & 1900, on Experi- ment Station Farm. These tests were made on three adjacent areas set apart for permanent fertilizer experiments with cotton, corn, and oats. The soil is of the same character on all three areas, as was also the previous fertilization of each plot. All three of the cotton crops were preceded by oats fertilized like the corresponding cotton plot. In 1900 each plot received the same fertilizer as in 1898 and 1899. Hence the results should show not only the immediate effects of fertilizers, but the residual on cumulative effects, if there are any on this light soil. Contrary to our usual custom, cowpeas were not sown after the oats, but instead a thin growth of crabgrass, rag weed, and poverty weed covered the ground during the summer and fall following the harvesting of each oat crop. Commercial fertilizers, chiefly acid phosphate, had been liberally, though not lavishly, employed annually for a number of years before the experiment began. The soil is a deep sand bed nearly free from stone or gravel, and the plots occupy the crest of a hill. The dates of planting were April 15, 1898; April 11, 1899; and April 24, 1900. The stand was nearly per- fect except in 1900, when there was some slight want of uniformity, so that the figures for 1900 represent the yields after being corrected on the basis of an equal num- ber of plants on each plot. The Peerless variety was used each year. In 1898 Sblack rust was quite injurious. September 23 it was es- timated that the plants on the plots on which kainit had been used had shed 50 to 70 per cent, of their leaves while 25 the plants receiving no kainit had shed 75 to 92 per cent of their leaves. The prevalence of black rust probably accounts, at least in part, for the very favorable showing made by kainit in 1898, for numerous experiments recorded in the bulletins of this Station show that kainit generally decreases the injury from black rust. Fertilizer experiments luith cotton at Auburn, 1898, 1899 and 1900 on Experiment Station farm. , o ^ o (Z u QJ r^ • ■4^ o r^ 12; ^ -4^ o o P 0^ < Fertilizers. 1898. 1899. 1900. Kind H 1— 1 1— 1 > >i t> CO 1 2 3 4 6 8 •1 10 1 i6.s. 200 240 00 200 2C0 240 200 200 240 200 00 200 240 200 200 240 100 ICotton seed meal I Acid phosphate No fertilizer Kainit. ... Cotton seed meal. . . . ( Acid phosphate ( iCotton seed meal. . . . / 'Kainit \ Acid phosphate / iKainit . . . S I No fertilizer Cotton seed meal. . . Acid phosphate Kainit Cotton seed meal. . . . j Acid phosphate > IKainit \ Lbs. 889 853 675 783 1013 1192 1145 655 1177 Lbs. 214 178 Lbs. 1003 Lbs. 234 819 145 774|... 1049 262 122 346 1029 231 529 486 522 1075 1051 883 1152 1055 265 229 Lbs. 379 266 344 360 393 434 246 194 Lbs. 35 -78 "46 109 180 99 319^ 435 422 241 Lbs. 161 82 'i43' 229 325 ' 246 361 26 Increase in yield from cottonseed, acid phospJtate, and kainit on Experiment Station Farm in ISOS. ISUU and 1900. Increase; lbs. seed cotton per acre. Increase of nerd cot'o)i in r acrr irJwre cotton seed meal was added To unfertilized ])lot To acid phosphate plot To kainit plot To acid phosphate .-md kainit plot Average increase with cotton seed meal. Increase of seed cotton per acre ivliere phos- phate was added To unfertilized plot To cotton seed meal plot To kainit plot . . To cotton seed meal and kainit plot Average increase with acid phosphate. . . Increase of seed cotton p^'r acre where kainit ivas add^d To unfertilized i)lot To cotton seed meal plot To acid phosphate j)lot To cotton seed meal and acid phos. plot. . Average increase with kaiuit 1898 1899 1900. Average, 3 years. Lbs. Lbs. 214 234 168 86 407 3 3d 90 206 103 Lbs. 35 187 134 219 144 178 132 364 —7 167 122 315 308 176 145 —3 -33 54 41 —78 194 —24 61 Lbs. 161 147 181 115 151 38 235 262 31 84 S8 116 46 145 100 132 106 82 80 102 36 82 143 164 164 132 152 III 1898 the greatest increase in yield was obtained by the use of a mixture of cotton seed meal and kainit. This mixture was a close second to the complete ferti- lizer in 1899 and 1900 and its average increase for the three years lackc^l only 36 pounds of seed cotton per acre of equalling the increase due to a complete fertilizer. Quite unexpectedly, acid phosphate has not been very effective. If this is due to the accumulation of a suffi- cient supply of phosphoric acid in the soil from the phosphate applied annually for many years before the 27 beginning of the experiment, the value of applications of phosphate should become more marked in future as this supply is exhausted. It would be safe to estimate the amount of phosphate applied annually during the decade before the test be- gan at 200 pounds per acre or less. Results on most soils seem to indicate that phosphate is the most im- portant single fertilizing material for cotton. Experiments conducted by J. D. Foster, 1 mile south OF Auburn^ Lee County. Light sandy loamy gray upland; snhsoil yellowish clay or loam, not compact. The experiments of 1899 and 1900 were conducted in different parts of the same field, on identical soil. The field, on which the original growth was reported as long-leaf pine, had -been in cultivation for a great nianv vears. The crop preceding the experiment of 1899 was corn, with drilled cowpeas between the rows. The peas made only a moderate growth and were grazed in the fall of 1898. The stand of cotton was uniform. In 1900 cotton was planted May 25. The cotton experiment in 1900 occu- pied the plots that had been used, in 1899 for a similar fertilizer experiment with corn, (having no cowpeas be- tween the rows.) Hence the results of the cotton ex- periment of 1900 should show not only the immediate effects of each fertilizer, but also the residual or second- year effects, if there were any lasting benefit from com- mercial fertilizers used on this light soil. 28 Auburn experiment tvlth cotton on J. J). Foster farm, , 0) t« u flS u O) Oi o ■4^ >^ 3 o o E Ph < Fertilizers. 1809. 1900. Kind. c OS c o ■4-t o ■*i O ■t^ -<_l o a> p4 o ^6 3 a; 03 "* "a; «> t^ cjnz Oi ;^ 2^ Qj -i-i 2^ OJ a> ;>^ ^§ >^ 09 ■*^ > CO (V N CO • — •^ 3 9 200 240 00 200 200 240 200 200 240 200 00 200 240 200 200 240 100 Cotton seed meal Acid phosphate. . . No fertilizer Ivainit Cotton seed meal. Acid phosphate. . . Cotton seed meal. Kainit Acid i)hosphate. . . Kainit No fertilizer Cotton seed meal. Acid phosphate . . Kainit Cotton seed meal, Acid phosphate. . . Kainit. Lbs. 616 528 336 520 Lbs. 280 192 "l83" Lbs. 600 488 360 432 744 405 744 648 307 688 568 225 528 344 328 664 320 726 656 312 688 JM. 240 128 '7» 397 347 194 398 360 Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed meal was added: 1899. 1900. To unfertilized plot 280 lbs. 240 lbs. To acid phosphate plot 213 lbs. 269 lbs. To kainit plot 124 lbs. 268 lbs. To acid phosphate and kainit plot. ... 95 lbs. 204 lbs. Average increase with cotton seed meal, 178 lbs. 245 lbs. Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate was added : To unfertilized plot 192 lbs. 128 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot 125 lbs. 157 lbs. To kainit plot 42 lbs. 115 1'bs. To cotton seed meal and kainit plot . . 13 lbs. 51 lbs. Average increase with acid phosphate, 93 lbs. 113 lbs. 29 Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was added : To unfertilized plot 183 lbs. 79 lbs. To cotton seed naeal plot 27 lbs. 107 lbs. To acid phosphate plot 33 lbs. 66 lbs. To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate plot —85 lbs. lib. « Average increase with kainit 39 lbs. 63 lbs. The figures for the two years agree closely and show that a larger increase was afforded by cotton seed meal than by any other single material. The most profitable of all the fertilizers was a mixture of cotton seed meal and phosphate. Kainit was unprofitable. Experiment Conducted by Judge T. J. Thomason, 2 MILES SOUTH OF EaNBURNE (NEAR KAYLOR)^ Kandolph County. This experiment was made in 1899 on gray land, with yellow subsoil. The soil is described as table land rather retentive of moisture. The preceding crop was cotton. This is the third experiment on a uniform plan con- ducted by Judge Thomason. (See Bulletin No. 107; p. 274) . If we take the average increase of each fertilizer under all conditions we have for the entire period of three years an average increase of 187 pounds of seed cotton per acre attributable to cotton seed meal, 197 to phosphate, and only 31 to kainit. The inference is plain that a mixture of cotton seed meal and phosphate was- all that cotton needed on this soil, and that the addi- tion of kainit, at the rate of 200 pounds per acre, was usually unprofitable. The results for 1899, when kainit afforded a slight profit, were more favorable to potash than Avere the results of the two previous tests on this- soil. 30 rpi riic f(>ll(>win«i- stiitciiHMits show the av('ra<::o increase ill vicld for the cut ir(' lUM'iod of tlircc' years. It IiHi-case of srt'd totton per acre wlieu cotton sc^'d meal Avas added : To iiiifei-j ilized i)l()f . . . ' 217 lbs. To acid ])liosplia(e ])Io( 187 l])s. To kaiiiil jdot 15(1 lbs. To acid pliospliate and kainit plot 238 lbs. ^1^ T'l'' '1^ Average increase with cotton seed meal 187 lbs. Increase of seed cotton i)er acre wlien acid phosi)hate Avas added : To nnfertilized plot 2G4 lbs. To cotton seed meal i>lot 184 lbs. To kainit plot 128 lbs. To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 210 lbs. • Avarage increass with acid phosphate 197 lbs. Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was added : To unfertilized plot 90 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot 29 lbs. To acid phosphate plot — 80 lbs. To acid phosphate and cotton seed meal 54 lbs. Average Increase with kainit 31 lbs. ExpEKiMKXT Conducted by T. T. Meadows \ mile NORTH OF CussETA, Cha:\irers County. aS'o/7, red, Htoncy; subsoil red clay. This test, made .'n 1899, is the third experiment con- ducted on similar soil by ^Ir. ^Meadows. (See Bulletin No. 107, p. 274.) Giving attention to the average results for the three years we find that the principal need of this soil was for 31 acid phosphate, which gave an average increase of 202 pounds of seed cotton per acre. Cotton seed meal was added to the phosphate with profit, ^but kainit was not needed. . The red clay soils of the Metamorphic Region in this part of the State seem to contain sufficient potash for the ordinary needs of the cotton crop, though when black rust is prevalent kainit is beneficial even here. Statements of the average increase in yield for the three years follows : Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed meal was added : To unfertilized plot 109 lbs. To acid phosphate plot 156 lbs. To kainit plot 161 lbs. To acid phosphate and kainit plot 128 lbs. Average Increase with cotton seed meal 139 lbs. Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate was added : T-o unfertilized plot 192 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot 239 lbs. To kainit plot 217 lbs. To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 189 lbs. Average increase with acid phosphate 202 lbs. Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was added : To unfertilized plot —8 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot 43 lbs. To acid phosphate plot 15 lbs. To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate plot. . . . — 9 lbs. Average increase with kainit 10 lbs. 32 ExriOKIMENT CONDUCTED IN 1900 BY W. N. INGRAM, 8 MILES EAST OF OpELIKA, LeE COUNTY. The description of the land seems to indicate that the soil was a yellowish loam, with subsoil of somewhat the same character, and not compact. The original growth is reported as oak and hickory, which had been removed about forty years before. The rainfall was excessive in June. The preceding crop was corn. The results are not entirely conclusive, but on the Avhole they show that cotton seed meal' was profitable and that the returns from the other fertilizers this wet vear were not satisfactory. Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed meal was added: added : To unfertilized plot 248 lbs. To acid phosphate plot — 30 lbs. To kainit plot 242 lbs. To acid phosphate and kainit plot 180 lbs. Average increase with cotton seed meal 160 lbs. Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate was added : To unfertilized plot 96 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot — 182 lbs. To kainit plot 8T lbs. To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 25 lbs. Average increase with acid phosphate 7 lbs. Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was added : To unfertilized plot 29 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot 23 lbs. To acid phosphate plot 20 lbs. To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate plot. . . .230 lbs. Average increase with kainit 75 lbs. 33 Kaylor, Cusseta and Opelika experiments tuith cotton a C/ u o a u __ O . se 0 ized se o ized ^^ -^ csn:: ca ^ ^:z 2^ O) t> l» aj O ^ ^^ >H -^ c o o . 'a; m CO • — 1 2 3 4 8 9 10 Lbs. 200 240 00 200 200 240 200 200 240 200 00 200 240 200 200 240 100 Cotton seed meal. . Acid phosphate . . . . No fertilizer Kalnit Cotton seed meal.) Acid phosphate. . . Cotton seed meal. Kainit Acid phosphate . . . Kainit No fertilizer Cotton seed meal. Acid phosphate. . . Kainit Cotton seed meal . Acid phosphate. . . Kainit Lbs. 888 848 776 804 Lbs. 112 72 ■■'49' Lbs. 296 456 192 152 Lbs. 104 264 --45 1084 350 504 302 1 944 232 304 97 872 182 472 280 668 216 1 , 1124 456 610 424 1 1140 472 560 344 1 Lbs. 1000 S48 752 800 944 848 1144 1112 Lbs. 248 96 '29" 66 271 116 296 264 Experiment Conducted by J. C. Watkins 1^ miles NORTH OF Burnt Corn^ Monroe County. The experiments of 1899 and 1900 were made on poor jellowish or chocolate-colored upland sandy soil, with red subsoil. This soil bakes 'badly. The rainfall in 1900 was excessive. There was no t)lack rust in either year. The table on page 34 gives the yields for 1899 and 1900. This is the fourth experiment made by Mr. Wat- kins according to the present plan. (See Bulletin No. 197, p. 274). Most of the tests have shown that phos- phate was more important than cotton seed meal and that kainit only increased the yield; however in 1900 kainit ^^as the most effective fertilizer. 34 The average results for 4 years show that i)liosj)hate iravo an avora.iro increase of 207, cotton seed meal of 151, and kainit of 70 ihhuuIs of seed cotton jx^r acre. Burnt Corn experiments with cotton. • a o o ^4— » ^ ^ ■1J> o o^ s 1-^ < Fertilizers 1899. 1900. Kind. c • en c o ■*j o ■t-t G ■*^ ■4-> fr<-^ ■*^ o . O) CU o eed c acre se ov ized eed c acre . Cfi ^ mrz «> ;^ -o 5^ X5 ?? 0^ H) N tn — asnr 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 Lbs. 20) 240 00 200 200 240 200 200 240 200 0C» 200 240 200 200 240 100 Cotton seed meal Acid i)hosphate No fertilizer Kainit Cotton seed meal. . . . } Acid phosphate i Cotton seed meal. . . . ( Kainit S Acid phosphate ( Kainit ) No fertilizer Cotton seed meal. .. ) Acid phosphate • Kainit ) Cotton seed meal .... Acid phosphate Kainit ... Lbs. 480 556 264 1 280 1 Lbs. 216 292 ""27" Lbs. 348 456 408 • 528 768 526 492 524 293 588 6S4 465 476 208 368 828 620 648 944 736 532 Lbs. —60 48 'i28' 100 204 100 28u 164 The following figures refer only to the results ob- tained in 1900, similar statement for other years having been previously published: Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed meal was added : To unfertilized plot —HO lbs. To acid phosphate plot 52 lbs. To kainit plot 70 lbs. To acid phosphate and kainit plot 180 lbs. Average increase with cotton seed meal 62 lbs. 35 Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate was added : To unfertilized plot 48 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot 100 lbs. To kainit plot —28 lbs. To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 76 lbs. Average increase with acid phospiiate 64 lbs. Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was added : To unfertilized plot 128 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot 264 lbs. To acid phosphate plot 52 lbs. To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate plot .... 180 lbs. Average increase with kainit 155 lbs. Experiment made by C. E. Kivers, ^ miles s. of HuRTSBORO, Russell County. Dark sandy soil, ivitli ijcUoio suhsoiL This test was made in 1900 on flat land that might be designated as second bottom. The land had been cleared about 40 years ago of its original gTOAvth of long leaf pine, but for many years before the experiment began it had been uncultivated and had grown up in broomsedge. The date of planting was late and it was noted that many bolls, especially on Plots 9 and 10, did not mature. Phosphate under all conditions Avas highly profitable. The average increase with cotton meal was not quite sufficient to yield a profit ; this poor showing of cotton seed meal is probably due to the fact that considerable vegetable matter and nitrogen must have accumulated on the land while it was uncultivated. On fields in 36 constant cultivation some cotton seed meal would doubt- less have been profitable. Kainit was slic^htly helpful and as a part of a complete fertilizer, containing all three materials, kainit paid a fair profit. Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed meal was added : To unfertilized plot 154 lbs. To acid phosplmte plot 30 lbs. To kainit plot 14 lbs. To acid phosphate and kainit plot 27 lbs. Average increase with cotton seed meal 56 lbs. Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate was added : To unfertilized plot 240 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot 116 lbs. To kainit plot 274 lbs. To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 287 lbs. Average increase with acid phosphate 229 lbs. Increase of seed cotton per acre w^hen kainit was added : To unfertilized plot 83 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot — 57 lbs. To acid phosphate plot 117 lbs. To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate plot. . . .114 lbs. Average increase with kainit 64 lbs. Experiment made in 1899 by A. M. Troyer^ f of a mile N. OF Calhoun^ Lowndes County. The soil is described as a loam fairly retentive of wa- ter and as being of a very light reddish color, with bright red su'bsoil. The second growth of trees, removed about 5 years ago, w^as short leaf and old field pine. In 1896 37 and 1897 this field was not cultivated, and in 1898 the crop was oats. Under all conditions acid phosphate was highly profit- able, the average increase attributable to phosphate be- ing 434 pounds per acre. Cotton seed meal was gener- ally profitable, but not to the same extent as phosphate. Kainit was not needed. By far the larger profit was ob- tained on the plot containing both acid phosphate and cotton seed meal. Mr. Troyer also conducted an experiment in 1900 oq similar soil, the results of which were entirely incon- clusive. They may be found in the table on page 52 . In 1900 he also tested the most promising combina- tions of fertilizers on an adjoining farm, on very sandy soil. The fertilizer for this last test was not furnished by the Experiment Station and a detailed report of the amounts of fertilizer used is not at hand. The following is Mr. Troyer's statement of the in- crease in yield in 1900 on his sandy soil, where the un- fertilized land yielded 384 pounds of seed cotton per acre : Increase per acre in lbs. seed cotton. Net profit. Cotton seed meal 144 |2.40 Acid phosphate 48 .16 Kainit 112 2.88 Cotton seed meal and phosphate . . . 176 1 . 76 Cotton seed meal, phosphate and kainit 320 5.28 Apparently on this sandier soil a complete fertilizer was needed, kainit, as well as other materials, yielding a profit. 4-113 38 The increased yields obtained in llie experiment at Calhoun in 1899 are given below: Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed meal was added : To unfertilized plot 312 lbs. To acid phosphate plot 267 lbs. To kainit plot 187 lbs. To acid phosphate and kainit plot — 138 lbs. Average increase with cotton seed meal 157 lbs. Increase of seed cotton per acre Avhen acid phosphate was added. To unfertilized plot 482 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot 437 lbs. To kainit plot ^'^1 lbs. To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 240 lbs. Average increase with acid phosphate 434 lbs. Increase of seed cotton per acre Avhen kainit was added : To unfertilized plot 107 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot — 18 lbs. To acid phosphate plot 196 lbs. To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate plot. .—209 lbs. Average increase with kainit 19 lbs. Experiment :made by W. C. Bevill in 1899 near Na- HEOLA, Choctaw County. This experiment was made on upland soil of a "dark mulatto" color, with red clay subsoil. The three pre- ceding crops were cotton. The field had been cleared about 50 years and the original gro\^i:h is reported as long leaf pine, short leaf pine, oak, and gum. There was no rust or other injury except from severe 39 drought, which reduced the yield to about half a crop, and which probably makes the experiment nearly value- less as an indication of the needs of the cotton plant on this soil in normal seasons. Under the conditions of this test no fertilizer was very effective, though the increase with cotton seed meal was sufficient to pay a small profit. Mr. Bevill conducted an experiment in 1898 on w^hat appeared to be similar soil. In that year cotton seed meal gave a large increase in yield, phosphate a smaller though profitable increment, and kainit an increase barely sufficient to afford a small profit. In 1898 as wel 1 as in 1899 unfavorable weather vitiated the experiment, and it is doubtful whether the results for either vear show the full effect that any of the three fertilizers would exert in normal seasons. Increase of seed cotton per acre when cotton seed meal was added : To unfertilized plot 56 lbs. To acid phosphate plot 178 lbs. To kainit plot 114 lbs. To acid phosphate and kainit plot 172 lbs. Average increase with cotton seed meal 130 lbs. Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate was added : To unfertilized plot 32 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot 154 lbs. T o kainit plot — 25 lbs. To cotton seed meal and kainit plot 33 lbs. Average increase with acid phosphate ,49 lbs. 40 Increase of seed cotton per acre when kainit was added : To unfertilized plot 13 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot Tl lbs. To acid phosphate plot — 44 lbs. To cotton seed meal and acid phospliate ph)t. . . — 50 lbs. Average increase with kainit — 3 lbs. Experiment made un the farm of the South East Alabama Agricultural School, Jack- son^ Clarke County. Stiffs dark red, or ''mulatto'^ soil; subsoil, red clay. The experiment of 1899 w^as conducted by J. L. Bal- lard, that of 1900 by Prof. J. W. Culver. The field con- sisted of upland, cleared at least 10 years before the ex- periment began of its growth of long leaf and short leaf pine and oak. The land used for the experiment of 1900 had hen pastured for two years. No report was made of crops preceding the experiment of 1900. The results of the two experiments may be found in the table on page 42 and in the analysis of that table given below. In 1899 phosphate w^as by far the most effective fer- tilizer, though both cotton seed meal and kainit, as w^ell as phosphate, were profitable when employed in a com- plete fertilizer. In 1900, on ground not fertilized for several years previous to the experiment, all three fertilizing materials w^ere exceedingly effective, all being of practically equal importance. This soil is unusually responsive to com- mercial fertilizers. A complete fertilizer afforded much the largest profit, both in 1899 and 1900. 41 Increase of seed cotton per acre when seed meal was added : 1899. 1900. To unfertilized plot 136 lbs. 112 lbs. To acid phosphate plot — 90 lbs. 179 lbs. To kainit plot —146 lbs. 356 lbs. To acid prosphate and kainit plot . . 500 lbs. 855 lbs. Average increase with cotton seed meal, 103 lbs. 376 lbs. Increase of seed cotton per acre when acid phosphate was added : To unfertilized plot 336 lbs. 176 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot 110 lbs. 243 lbs. To kainit plot —7 lbs. 234 lbs. To cotton seed meal and kainit plot. . .639 lbs. 733 lbs. Average increasB with acid phosphate, 269 lbs. 347 lbs. Increase of seed cotton loer acre when kainit was used: To unfertilized plot 115 lbs. 79 lbs. To cotton seed meal plot — 167 lbs. 323 lbs. To acid phosphate plot — 228 lbs. 137 lbs. To cotton seed meal and acid phosphate plot 362 lbs. 813 lbs. Average increase with kainit 21 lbs. 334 lbs. Several experiments had been made previously on this farm. That of 1898 showed acid phosphate to be the •most valuable single fertilizer, but that both kainit and cotton seed meal afforded such an increase as to make the complete fertilizer — ^which contained all three — the most profitable of all applications. In 1897, when drought prevailed, only cotton seed meal was very effective. Clearly a complete fertilizer is profitable on this soil, which lends itself readily to intensive farming. 42 o • o o C5 o o. < as •9.1DW jad •s:)oid pazjiii-iojiiu J9AO aswe.ioiJi •9.1DK Jt*d uo:jloo pdds pji^LV Z. CO is. O A M 05 sjoid p^ziin-iajiin .19 AO 9S89J0UX • 9.10B .lad uonoo p8as piaiA saoid pazijii-^ajufi a9AO 9SB9.10U1 •9.10B .lad 1105)00 p9es PI^IA 04 •s!)0[d p8Z!{ii.T9jun .19 Ao asii9.ioux en a: •9.1 OB J9d uo^ioo pa9s PI9IA Q 2; aaoB .T9d :)unoiuv •on: ^oij "-, — -^ • CO »0 CO CO — t< CO 00 CO C3 •" "^ S3 Oj 0^ OJ O) 25 CD OO ^ CO • ^H X CO ca o O -f 00 CO CO CD 3 CO -H CC 'M -^ oc I-- 1— 1 1^ <: iC lO Tfi iO l^ CD lO CO 1^ 00 « * « • Cvl Ol t- 05 -♦< 00 o o ^ — 1 00 o ■^ 05 1- • Ti CO ^ > CO -"Ji »— I r^ CM CD to ■^ i-^ • * * :le « • CO OC CO CD O 00 s o o o 'tl —1 CO CO CO Oi lO OS 00 lO t^ 'TJ CO o lO OS CO oo l^ •s -H . ^o •CO o r^ t^ , "^ 00 -o lO '^ • 00 r- OS o • 00 o ^ (T) '. 1 uoqioo peas pi^^lA ^ C»00 iC CO cS 00 ■JJ 10 0 > Ci 'S40|(T paz|jiaJ9jiin „ O CI 00 o :5 O ro ■ CI CI CO CO CO 00 • S5 . .laAo esud.ioui -^ 04 CO • IO CO »/: > CD , «•*» O Oi o X OS o ^ (X) 1-1 r— 1 >• •8.T0« .lad • O 5 •s3ojd p8Z!]iT-i9]iin ^<^^ : CO Tt< cj ■ -^ 00, 1^ CI C2 C^ CC CD ' «» .TaAO aswa.ioux ^ CD f iQ cc CO S • See a.TDi? a ad • Tt^ -^ 'M O O :$ CO 't^ 35 -rfl 00 CD CO CI Cl t CO 0 uo4:)oo paas p[aL\ -:; CO lO O-J CO O "-1 T-l C5 0 1—1 0 '- ^ •^ , ,,,,^1^^ ._ -v-^^,^ ^• ^^-^^^ ?; • •!3 . '^ <^» o CO ' • ■ •N • 'tS . ^^ , .^S OQ ^^ • <«» OS X 'rt c '« '3 e ,J O, OJ • 0 (1 O/ d* 0^ a; . 0) oj • C3 1^ ^ a ,- £ •4— « 2 :£^-: OS ^3-= T3 —^ O^'O "7 . --^-s • H 1/ *:?■ N a, c ^ OJ (-M N Oi ^ U . flj til . fiH 0 'g-M en . ,1; Cft . . tfl 0 . F— 1 4^ _ r— •■'-^ *J _ -S c o,t. -^^ c c "5 -^ o- - ^ 5 c .« c ^+= *3 'rt e»-i ti *- '-; £-E t3 .5 a. 0 «*-H -WT3 •S2^ = -U .— — ■ -fcJ .- u^ •<— _ -^ •— •2 -t^ •— "■ 0 CJ 0 w 0 C C «: ■5 <^ 0 0 c TO 0 CJ 0! 0o c 000 CJ C^ C4 r-l •ajoT? .lad ^iinouiy ;5 0 Ti 0 0 0 -^ ""X (M IM Oi OtOi C^ CJ rr 0 Cl CJ C^ CI .^ r^ v.^-V ^^ s_^-V^_^ •OK ^oiJ — - C'l CO -^ lO CD t^ C/D 02 0 .— « 49 Inconclusive Experiments. The three following tables give the yields obtained in tests that were altogether inconclusive : The list on page 3 gives the names of the parties making the experiments at each of the localities referred to in the three tables that follovr. In the case of some of these tests suggestions of value may reward a careful examination of the figures, but usually want of uni- formity in the soil selected, or other vitiating condition, entirely destroys the worth of the experiments here tabulated. 50 c ^ o % CQ ■ D ^- 05 en lira- .lOAO asBeaoux uo^ioD paos pi»L\ .18AO esoajoux • a.ioB jad uonoD paas pplA •S50|d paziiiuajun jaAo asija.ioui •a.ioH jad uonoo paas p[ai^\ CJ CO QC CM o o CO •Q® OCO ? OCOCDC5 ^. CO »0 00 c< CI CO CO CD o cc ^ oc CD C4 CI OO C4 • CD »♦' •^cocc »o o CI — ' -^ C4 r- co QC CJ CD CJ 73 B T— I • CI O CC CO O 5 :o O — CD OD ■"-, »0 CD Tf iO CD CX) CD O CO CI O lO 00 lO 00 o OO s-joid pazniuajun J^i?; .laAo asBa.iou[ ^ a J 01? 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O C ) n « ! o 5= loot ' * O O^sS h O :^^^k^ o< lOU l o -^ 'OC • -^ c J CJ c ) OQC ) O O T 1 cs c 1 (N CS C^ .-1 •-^J * 1 •o,sj doij — ' C^ CO"^ CO c; —«w '^" ■< iO CD t— s O '^ BULLETIN No. 114. MAY, 1901. ALABAMA Agricultural Experiment Station OP THE Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN. Feeding Experiment Tvith Dairy Coatv^s. By J. F. DUGGAK AND R. W. CLARK. Montgomery, Alabama. the brown printing co. 1901. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. Tnos. AViLLiAMs Wetumpka. Jonathan Haralson Selma, STATION COUNCIL. Wm. LeRoy Broun President, P. H. Mell Director and Botanist. B. B. Ross Chemist. C. A. Cary, D. V. M Veterinarian. J. F. DuGGAR Agriculturist. F. S. Earle Biologist and Horticulturist. J. T. Anderson Associate Chemist. ASSISTANTS. C. L. Hare First Assistant Chemist. AV. C. Nixon Second Assistant Chemist. H. S. Houghton Third Assistant Chemist. T. U. Culver Superintendent of Farm. R. \V. Clark Assistant Agriculturist. C. F. Austin Assistant Horticulturist. The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. Feeding Experiments with Dairy Cows^ By J. F. DuGGAR and R. W. Clark. Summary. With cotton seed at |8 per ton, cotton seed meal at |20, cotton seed hulls at 14, and sorghum hay at |6.67, butter was produced at a loAver cost per pound on a ration consisting chiefly of raAV cotton seed and hay than on one made up principally of cotton seed meal; and hulls. The cows did not greatly relish cotton seed and hence ate less than was desirable of the ration containing this ;. hence on the larger amounts eaten the oil mill ration- afforded a larger daily yield of both milk and butter than did the farm-grown ration. In two experiments the average daily amount of milk per cow was 17.5 pounds from the cotton seed ration and. 24.3 pounds from the cotton seed meal ration ; the dailT production of butter per cow averaged .93 of a pound with the cotton seed and 1.19 with the oil mill ration,, this being an increase of 38 per cent in milk, and 28 perr cent in butter. ^Nevertheless the low^ cost of the cot tort' seed ration made it the more economical, the average cost of the food required to make a pound of butter being: only 10.1 cents when this ration was given and 15.3 cents^ when the hulls and meal ration was employed. On account of the larger amounts of food consumed,, the cows while receiving the cotton seed meal ration, gained nearly half a pound a day in weight, while the cows eating cotton seed in smaller amounts lost .8 of a pound per day. 56 Tlie cheapest butter was made by a Jersey heifer with her first calf, the food to make one pound of butter cost- ing in this case only 6.4 cents when cotton seed was fed and 11.2 cents when cotton seed meal was given. The manure (liquid and solid) dropped during the 16 hours of each day which the cows passed in the barn was carefully saved, analyzed, and applied to various 58 ■made uj) cli icily of the most ('cononiical of all purchased ufoodslulis, cotlou seed meal and hulls, with oue consist- injr chictlv of cotton seed and sorohum hay, both of Avliich latter materials can he grown on every farm in the cotton belt. Purchased vs. faum-growx ration in 1900. The farm-grown ration consisted of cotton seed and sornhum hav, with small amounts of wheat bran and corn meal added to improve the palatability and to in- crease the amount of cotton seed consumed. The en- -deavor was to make each cow eat daily at least 9 pounds raw cotton seed, 10 pounds sorghum hay, 3 pounds wheat bran, and 3 pounds corn meal ; and the foods were mixed in these proportions. As much of the mixture Avas .^iA'en to each cow as she would eat clean. The purchased, or "oil niilP' ration consisted of a mix- ture of 5.25 pounds of cotton seed meal, 10 pounds of cotton seed hulls, 3 pounds of wheat bran, and 3 pounds of corn meal. This mixture was also fed in amounts as large as the cows would eat and the quantity consumed was greater than had been expected when the experi- ment was i)lanned. The following prices for food stuffs used in calculat- ing the cost of butter are assumed as average prices in i;his State for a series of years, except tl^t sorghum hay, for Avhich there is no market, is charge / a price some- what above its average cost of production: ■Cotton seed $ 8.00 per ton. •Cotton seed meal 20.00 per ton. Cotton seed hulls 4.00 per ton. Wheat bran 18.00 per ton. Corn meal 20.00 per ton. ;Sorghum hay 6.67 per ton. && The cows used were as follows Name. Breed, Age. Day sinces calving. Weight when test began. Ada •Queen... Rozena.. Hypatia. Annie. . . Jersey . . . . Holstein . Holstein . Jersey.. . . Jersey •. . 8 years . 8>2 years. 8% years. 4 years. 10 years. 110 81 119 19 80 Lbs. 816 980 1150 733 762 The experiment was divided into two periods of four w^eeks each, each period being preceded by a prepara- tory period of one week during which the cows were accustomed t-o the food Avhich they were to receive dur- ing the next period. During the first period Ada and Queen received the cotton seed ration, Kozena and Annie meantime getting the ration of cotton seed meal and hulls. During the second period the rations were reversed, so that each lot of cows was fed for one whole period on each kind of food. Annie refused the cotton seed ration and hence in the second period it was necessary to substitute Hypatia. Composite samples of the milk were tested weekly by the Babcock test and the amount of fat thus found was days. Cost of food. Period. Cow. c X a; a; Uotton seed hulls. • a a. In 28 days i Per day. I I TT Ida Hypatia 258 275 175 200 168 1076 207 242 135 180 162 926 86 92 58 66 56 858 134 155 110 147 108 654 !f;l0.6l .v21 . 60 Cents. TT Ada II Total, Susan 5 cows 7 5 235 272 193 256 189 1144 449 519 36S 490 360 2186 II II T Ida Hypatia \nnie T Ada I Susan Total, 5 cows 15 4 64 As in the former experiment we were unable to in- duce the cows to eat the desired amount of the cotton* seed ration. The food consuimMl per head daily averaged as fol- lows : Lbs. Lbs. Cotton seed, raw ... 7.68 Cotton seed meal... 8.17 Wheat bran 2.56 Wheat l3ran '4.66 Total concentrates. .10.24 Total concentrates. .13.83 Sorghum hay 6.61 Cotton seed hulls.-. .15.60' Total food 16.85 Total food 29.43 The average daily cost of food was 7.5 cents per cow with the farm-grown ration and 15.4 cents with the oil mill ration. However, the more expensive ration gave the larger product, as appears below : 3Iilk and butter jyroduced by feeding in 1901 a ration con- sisting largely of cotton seed and sorghum hay versus one containing cotton seed meal and hulls. Cotton seed and hay ration. Period. I I II II II Total.. Cow. Ida Hypatia Annie Ada Susan 5cows,28d'ys Av. per cow per day Milk. Lbs. 359.2 532.7 380.9 409.5 31 8. 6 Butter. Lbs. 21.09 30.44 22.42 22.70 26.39 Cotton seed meal and hulls ration. Period- 2000.9123.04 14.36 .88 II II . I I I Total.. Av. per Cow. Ida Hypatia Annie Ada Susan 5covvs,28d'ys cow per day Milk. Lbs. 523.8 640.3 607.8 549.2 446.3 2767.4 19.0 Butter. Jjbs. 29.00 26.73 32.22 28.79 31.76 148.50 i.oa The purchased ration afforded an increase over the farm-grown ration of 32 per cent, in milk and 21 per cent in butter. Of course this increase must be attrib> 65 uted chiefly to the fact that larger amount of the former -^s^ere consumed on account of its greater palateability. With butter at 20 cents per pound and food stuffs at -same prices as in the former experiment we obtain the following : Financial Statement. With farm- grown ration . With oil , mill ration. ■^"alue of butter from 5 cows, 28 days Cost of food, 5 cows, 28 " Profit from 5 cows, 28 *' 'Cost of food per pound of butter, cents. Dailv DFofit ner cow. cents $24.61 ]0.61 14.00 8.6 10.0 11.4 $29.70 21.60 . 8.10 15.4 5.8 Profit ner Dound of butter, cents 4 6 The farm-grown ration afforded a greater profit whether we use as a basis the daily profit per cow or the profit on each pound of butter ; this latter profit was 11.4 '^ents when the cotton seed ration was fed and 4.6 cent when the meal and hulls ration was employed. Attention is called to the excellent record made by the Jersey heifer Susan. Although she had calved nearly five months before her experimental feeding began, yet she averaged 1.14 pounds of butter per day during the 28 days while re- ceiving cotton seed meal. Average results of the two experiments. Taking the averages of the figures in the two experi- ment we find : With With cotton seed oil mill ration, ration. Cents. Cents. Cost of food per pound of butter 10.35 15.3 Daily profit per cow 8.75 6.45 Daily production of butter per cow, lbs. . . .93 1.19 Daily production of milk per cow, lbs. . . 17.53 24.3 (iG AVitli tlic nil mill i*ali(»ii the daily production of butter Avas larger by 2S per cunt and the daily How of milk by 38 per ci'uf. T»ut tlic amount of food consumed, and hence the dailv cos(, was so much greater than with the farm-grown ration that the latter was decidedly more l>rotitablc. Effects of rations on weight and health of cows. Effect of food on live iccujlit. Period beginning. Weight Ht begin- ning Weight Gain( +)or loss|( — > at in 28 days. end of period. On farm II ration On oil mill ration. Ada Queen Ada Queen .... Rozena *Annie Rozena. . . . *Hypatia.. . Ida Hypatia. . . Ida Hypatia.. . . Annie Ada JSusan Annie Ada Susan Jan. Feb Jan. Feb. Jan Feb. Jan. Feb. Feb. Feb. 16, 1900. do 23. 1900. do 16, 1900. do . 23, 1900 do 1, 1901.. do 5, 1901. do 1. 1901. do do 5. 1901.. 5. 1901 . 5, 1901.. 816 832 980 970 862 861 1003 1072 1150 1175 762 775 1152 1165 703 705 810 765 740 700 790 795 730 755 795 767 830 840 610 610 745 697 845 780 610 585 -f 16 — 10 + 13 — 4o — 40 — 48 — 65 — 25 — 1 + 69 + 25 + 13 + 5 + 25 — 28 + 10 0 Total net gain Average per cow. per j)eriod of 28 days Average per cow, per day * Hypatia substituted for Annie in 2d periol. -202 4- 118 22.4 13 3 - -8+ .5 The gains in live weight during the first two feeding periods are not of particular interest so far as the rations are concerned, but they seem to depend upon the individuality of the cows. Ada gained 16 lbs. on the farm-grown ration and practically held her own on the ''oil mill ration" losing only 1 pound. Queen lost. 67 10 pounds on the farm-grown ration and gained 69 lbs.. on the ''oil mill ration." With the other two cows there was a slight gain in both periods. On an average the coavs on cotton seed lost in weight .8 of a pound per day, while those on the meal and hulls ration, consuming more food, gained .5 of a pound daily. The rations fed during the second experiment were decidedly laxative and the cows showed it in the milk vield and in the loss of live weight. In 1900 the raw cotton seed fed constituted 37.7 per cent of the ''home- grown ration," while in 1901 it constituted 45.50 per cent of the "home-grown rati on.'' In 1900 the cotton seed meal fed formed 21.8 per cent of the "oil mill ration'' and in 1901 it formed 27.7 per cent. The table of live TS'eight shows that in the second experiment all the cows lost in weight when on the farm-oTown ration, while onlv one fell off on the "oil mill ration." The effect of cotton seed and cotton seed meal varied with the different animals, the greatest scouring being with cotton seed. In the first experi- ment Rozena, a very large cow, consumed an average of 8.9 pounds of cotton seed meal daily and appeared Avell in every way, while in the- second period she consumed 9.6 pounds of cotton seed and did not show the effects for three weeks, when- she scoured very heavily and fell off in milk flow. This was undoubtedlv due to the large amount of oil in the cotton seed. In the second experiment Susan, a small heifer, took 6 pounds of cotton seed per day for the first period and appeared at her best during the whole of the month, but six davs after being on cotton seed meal in the second period, getting 6.7 pounds per day, she com- menced to scour and fell off in milk flow. This could not be due to a larger amount of oil in the ration, but €8 probal)ly to the intliience of the previous month's feed- ino; of cotton seed, modified by the individuality of the cow. A cow that scours, even though it be slight, can not do her best at the pail. In feeding cotton seed and cotton seed meal, as well as other feed ^uffs, one must not rely on tables entirely, but be fjTuided lar^jelv bv the individualitv of the animal with which he is dealing. The amounts of cotton seed meal used in the above expieriments are larger than the writers would advise. The amount and quality of manure collected from cows ON different rations. First experiment, 1900. The manure, both liquid and solid, was saved every day, except that dropped when the cows were out of the barn and in bare lots where they spent the time between 8 a. m. and 4 p. m. Hence the manure actually saved consisted only of that dropped during 16 hours of each day, or of that voided during two-thirds of the time. The liquid manure was saved by the use of sawdust as bedding material. The manure was removed every day to a shed, the roof of which consisted of 12-inch boards without battens, and hence having small cracks every twelve inches. This leak kept the manure moist but seems not to have resulted in any appreciable amount of leaching. The manuure (including sawdust) collected during the time that the cows stood in the barn was as follows : I^bs. in T^bs. 28 days, daily per 2 cows. cow. From cotton seed and hay ration, 1st 28 days 1785 From do 2nd 26 '* 1700 Total and average 3485 31.04 From cotton seed meal and hulls ration, 1st 28 days. 2115 From do 2nd 28 " 2430 Total average 4545 40. 6 69 These several lots of manure were applied to various farm crops; to ascertain the real or agricultural value of the two kinds of manures we must wait until the crop returns for several years can be reported. No analyses of the manure was made in the experi- ment conducted in 1900. The bedding used was fresh yellow^ fine sawdust, which in the first experiment was dry enough, but that used in the experiment of 1901 was too moist to be en- tirely satisfactory. The amounts of sawdust used per period (and included in the figures given above for ma- nure) were with the cotton seed ration 391 and 639 pounds in the respective periods; with the cotton seed meal ration 520 and 611 pounds, respectively. Second experiment^ 1901. The same method as in 1900 was employed in collecting and handling the ma- nure dropped during the 16hours per day that the cows spent in the barn. Only during the second period of this experiment was the manure kept separate and weighed. The weights given are those obtained by weighing the bulk of manure and soiled bedding at the conclusion of the experiment. The data follows: Lbs. manure Lbs. manure from 2 cows, daily per 28 days. cow. From cotton seed and hay ration. . . .1900 35.7 From cotton s. meal and hulls ration. 3138 56.0 These two lots of manure, each collected during parts of 28 days, were applied to farm crops, and the effects of these two classes of cow manure as compared with each other, with commercial fertilizers, and with no fer- tilizer, will be recorded in .future bulletins of this Sta- tion. 2 70 The fwo lots of fertilizers coll(M't(^(l as nhnvo dnrinjr le(l at the eiul of the experiment and i)r()inptly ana- lyzed ; and file following: table gives the results calcu- lated hy us from the analyses made by the chemical de- j)ar(ment of the Station: Nitroijeiif phoieriod of each day was only 21.9 pounds. 72 In 1900, with the cotton seed meal ration, the average amount of excrement, free from sawdust, dropped per cow in 24 hours was 59.4 pounds; tlie average amount collected durinj: tlie 10 hours of 8tal)lin u CJ ^ ,/ > Protein Carboh dra Ether extr S WolfE-Lehmann Standard '•Farm-grown," 1900., ''Oil mill," 1900 "Farm-grown," 1901, "Oil mill," 1901 Rye & cotton s., 1900. Rye & c. s. meal, 1900 X6«. Lhs. Lhs. Lhs. Lhs. Lhs. 1000 29 2.5 13 .5 22 915 18 75 I 85 9.21 1 81 20.7 957 28.19 3.82 11.98 1.01 29 6 772 13.07 1.37 5.76 1.42 14.3 752 25 46 3.64 8.36 1.38 19.0 970 20 9 2 2 11.2 1 31 22.7 960 1 20.6 3.21 10 71 .90 25.8 Lhs. 1:5.7 1:7.3 1:3.7 1:6.6 1:3.2 1:6.5 1:4.0 Speaking in general terms, protein is that part of the food that goes to make milk, muscle, bone, etc., while carbohydrates ( starch, sugar, etc. ) and ether extract ( fat, etc. ) are used as fuel and to give force . Pro- tein is nitrogencnis material, and carbohydrates and ether extract are non-nitrogenous. Both classes of com- pounds must be present in the food to keep the body in its normal working condition. The average daily ration per cow was as follows : Cotton seed ration — Cotton seed meal ration — 5.6 lbs. cotton seed. 4.4 lbs. cotton seed meal. 3 7 lbs bran and corn mixture. 5.0 lbs. bran and corn mixture 54 lbs. green rye. 52 lbs. green rye. It should be noticed that the cowing eating the cotton seed ration could never be brought up to full feed, or the amount necessary to produce a full flow of milk; in one experiment their ration dropped nearly down to half 78 w liat tlu' Oermans have found to be desirable for a cow to eat. On Uie olher hand I lie eows getting- cotton seed nieal in all cases consumed more protein than necessary. The nutritive ratio is the number of times that the ratio of the amount of protein (taken as 1) to the total amounts of carbohytlrates and fats, the fats having first been multiplied by 2|. The nutritive ratio was narrow (represented by a small number) when cotton seed meal was fed, and wider (or less rich in nitrogen or protein) w hen cotton seed was fed. Value ov cowpeas ix corn fields as pasturage. • For a period of 19 da^^s, October 7 to 25 inclusive, 11)00, three Jersey cows were grazed in a corn field from which the ears had been pulled, the grazing consisting principally of cowpeas, of what remained of the corn blades, and of a little crab and crowfoot grasses. The corn was planted March 28 in rows five feet apart. Half wav between the corn rows was a row of drilled Wonderful cowpeas planted June 4, without fertilizer. The yield of corn was about 25 bushels per acre. While the cows were grazing in the corn field on cow- peas each received a daily allowance of 3 pounds of cot- ton seed meal. From September 23 to October 6 each cow also con- sumed 3 pounds of cotton seed meal per day. During this earlier period of three weeks, they grazed in a large pasture of bermuda, lespedeza, (Japan clover, carpet grass, etc.) so that the yields made on pea vines can be properly compared with those made on ordinary pasturage. The following table shows the amount of milk and butter afforded daily by each cow : 79 Average amount of milk and hntter produced daily. Milk from Butter from Cow. Mixed pastur'ge. Cowpeas, etc. Mixed pastur'ge. Cowpeas, etc. Ida , Houron Lbs. 23.94 9.72 17 64 17.1 Lbs. 25 . 53 15.5 18.37 19.8 15 8 Lbs. 1.03 .81 1.00 .95 Lbs. 1.18 .97 Susan Average per cow. daily Per c^nt:. inoroa«r . . 1.01 1.04 9.5 Comparing tlie product obtained when the cows grazed on cowpeas with that made from ordinary pas- turage, we find that the cowpeas gave an average in- crease of 15.8 per cent in milk and 9.5 per cent in butter. It should be noted that this increase occurred in spite of the fact that the cows were further advanced in the period of lactation when grazing on cowpeas than when on ordinary pasture. The total amount of product obtained from the three cows during the 19 days while they grazed on cowpeas in a corn field of 3.03 acres was 1129.5 pounds of milk and 59.17 pounds of butter. During this time the three cows consumed a total of 171 pounds of cotton seed meal. The three cows Ida, Susan, and Houron, during the 19 days while pasturing on coTN^oeas made gains in live weight of 2687 pounds, subsisted for a period of 85 pounds for the lot. When the field was grazed so close as to threaten to reduce the milk fiow, these three cows were removed and three dry Jersey cows were sub- stituted. These three drv cows, with a total initial weight of 2687 pounds, substituted for a period of 9 days on what remained of the grazing on 3.03 acres, meantime receiving no other food whatever and making gains of 12, 16, and 25 pounds, a total of 53 pounds for the lot. Adding this to the 85 pounds gained by the cows giving milk, we have a total gain in live weight of 138 pounds. so Tlic returns from .^rnzliii:; 3.03 acres of c-owjM'as are hroiiiilil (nil l»v tlie foll(>\vinji^: Financial statement. By 59 17 lbs. butter. (Tf 20c ^11.80 By 138 lbs iiicit^ase in live weight, @ 2)^c 3.45 To 171 cotton seed meal, (d $20 $ 1.71 Balance (value of 3.03 acres pasturage) 13 64 Total $15.25 $15 25 Since #13.54 represents tlie rc^tnrns from 3.03 acies, tlie value of the <»razini» (m one acre is $4.47. The peas were planted for their fertilizinj;" valne aner acre. If we charge all of this expense of growing the peas to the cows giving milk and entirely neglect the gains made in live weight (the \alue of which was greater than the cost of growing the peas) the cost of concen- trate^d feed and of pasturage* was 8 cents pei* IH)nnd of butter. Balancing gains in live weight igainst cost of making the pea crop, we have 2.b cents as the cost of purchased food per pound of butter. Since there are more farmers interested in beef pro- duction than in commercial dairying, we have made an estimate as to the amount of growth of beef cattle that might be expected on an acre, using Thome's figures as to the relative amounts of food required to make a pound of butter and of beef. By this method we estimate that an acre of grazinu" of this character made without the aid of anv other fo;)d, animal products equal to about 80 pounds of increase in live weight. This is con- fessedly only an estimate but it is in accord with the small amount of data from other sources which is avail- able on this subject. ./ BDLLETIR No. il5. AUGUST, 1901. ALABAIVIA Agricultural ExpErimEnt Statinn OF THE AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL CDLLEGE, AUBURN. COMMKRCIAL KERTII.I2ERS JAS. T, ANDKRSON, A-ctirxg Claemist. A. EOEMER, PRINTER FOE STATE OF ALABAMA, MONTGOMERY, ALA. 1901. (9i) COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. Tho8 Williams Wetumpka. Jonathan Haralson Selma. STATION COUNCII. J. Wm. LeRoy Broun President. P. H. Mell Director and Botanist. B. B. Ross Chemist. C. A. Cary, D. V. M Veterinarian. J. F. DuQOAR Agriculturist. ft Biologist and Horticulturist . J. T. Anderson Associate Chemist. ASSISTANTS. C. L. Hare First Assistant Chemist. W. C. Nixon Second Assistant Chemist. T. Bragg Third Assistant Chemist. T. U. Culver Superintendent of Farm . R. W. Clark Assistant Agriculturist. C. F. Austin Assistant Horticulturist . The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. *To be filled. (82) Auburn, Ala., July 24, 1901. Hon. R. R. Poole, Commissioner of Agriculture, Montgomery, Alabama. Dear Sir : I have the honor to submit herewith, in tabulated form, a report of the results of analyses of commercial fertilizers and miscellaneous fertilizing materials for the year ending July 1st. A large majority of these samples were forwarded to this laboratory through your office, and certificates of analysis were furnished you from time to time as the work was finished. A large number, however, yr('ve sent direct to us from dealers and consumers, and in all these cases certificates of analysis wore sent direct to the parties. In addition to the analysis reported in this bulletin, analyses, both quantitative and regulative, of various miscellaneous substances — ores, marls, minerals, waters, dairy products, &c. — have been made for parties from all sections of the State, and have been reported from time to time. As an introduction to the tables, 1 respectfully submit a few observations on ' 'Fertilizers — their selection and use," which, it is hoped, will prove of some practical value to the farmers who receive this bulletin. Very respectfully, Jas. T. Anderson, Acting State Chemist, (83) Fertilizer'?--Tlieii' ^elecliion and U?e. Few farmers need be reminded of the necessity of ap- plying fertilizers in some form to their soils in order to maintain their fertility and to increase their crop pro- ducing power. The question is not ''Shall I fertilize?" but rather ''What fertilizers shall I use?" It is proposed in this brief discussion to offer a few suggestions which it is hoped, will be of some value in this connection. These must be taken as suggestions merely, and not as absolute guides in solving the problem. In the present state of knowledge of the science of agriculture, it is im- possible to state any general principle of soil fertiliza- tion which will be of universal application, so complex are the conditions and requirements to be considered. The character of the soil and the method of its cultiva- tion, the crop to be grown, the season — all these are to be considered in devising any rational system of fer- tilization . A soil is fertile when it contains ail the materials nec- (84) s essary for plant growth in the required quantity and In the proper form. A soil which is lacking in any of these materials, or which does not have them in the proper form, is in no condition to produce a full crop, and must have the deficient material supplied in the proper amount an i form in order to make it productive. As has frequently been stated in these bulletins, there are about a dozen constituents of the soil that are required for plant nutrition. Most of these are found in such quantity in the soil, or are in such little demand by the plant, that the supply of them in the soil is not likely to be exhausted by years of cultivation. Three of the con- stituents, however, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and pot- ash, are in such demand by the plant that their supply is readily exhausted, and it is necessary to restore these exhausted constituents to the soil in order to make it fertile. For the present, then, soil fertilization consists in restoring to the soil nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash in such quantities in assimilable form as may be required for the proper nutrition of the growing crop. The rational course, therefore, to pursue with reference to a given soil is first to determine its deficiency in these three constituents and then to supply the deficiency in proper form. It is not an infrequent occurrence for this department to receive a sample of soil with the request to tell what it needs for its proper fertilization. The correspondent is acting on the hypothesis that a chemical analysis of a soil will determine its fertilizer requirements. Unfor- tunately it will not do so satisfactorily. The chemist can easily determine what constituents are present in the soil and in what quantities, but he cannot so readily determine whether these constituents are present in as- similable form, and if they are not present in assimilable form, they might as well be absent altogether, as far as the present needs of tlie growing plant are concerned. Many agricultural chemists, in this and other countries, are seeking to discover methods for determining avail- able or assimilable planr food in soils, but at present there is no such method known which is satisfactory and which admits of universal application. If chemical analysis fails to answer the question, it may be asked, is there not some %vay by which the solu- tion may be found? In answer let us quote the language of Dr. Armsby of the Pennsylvania station : ' ^The most satisfactory, and, indeed, usually the only method by which we can at present determine the needs oi the soil is to ask the question of the soil itself by growing a crop upon it with different kinds of fertilizers and noting the results. Such soil tests with fertilizers have in many cases given results of much immediate practical value for the locality in which they where undertaken." On this plan have been conducted for several years the Cooparative fertilizer tests for cotton under the direction of Professor Duggar of the Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion of this State, and much valuable information has been accumulated thereby. It would be highly advan- tageous to the agricultural interests of the State if this work could be greatly extended beyond its present lim- its. It seems to the writer quite feasible for each intel- ligent farmer to conduct the experiments for himself and thus secure data that would be highly useful to him. At first glance they may seem complicated and expensive, but in reality they are neither so difficult nor so expen- sive as they seem. For the benefit of any farmers who may desire to make them the following suggestions are offered : Select ground that represents fairly as large an area of the farm, and whose soil is as uniform in character as possible. A long strip of land is likely to be more rep- resentative in character than a square piece, as it will contain more of the inequalities of the soil, and for this reason is to be preferred for the purpose of these experi- ments. The land should be as level as possible, and if not level, the plots should be so located that the fertilizers cannot be carried by rain from one plot to another. No part of the strip should be shaded by trees. A convenient size would be 33 feet wide by 416 feet long divided into 6 equal plots each 66 feet long, with a path 4 feet wide between the plots. Each plot, therefore, would be 33x66 feet and measuring exactly one-twentieth of an acre. Each plot should be separated from its neighbor plots, as well as from adjacent cultivated ground, by a 4 ft. path, so that the roots of the plants grown on it can get no fertilizer that is not intended for them. Of course these paths or borders should be kept reasonably free from grass and weeds, which would otherwise feed upon the fertilizers intended for the plants in the plots. Having divided up the plots as indicated and marked them by numbers from 1 to 6 inclusive, prepare the soil thoroughly in the usual way, after applying the fer- tilizers broadcast as follows : Plot 1. No fertilizer. Plot 2. Nitrate of soda 20 Iba. Acid phosphate 60 " Plot 3. Nitrate of soda 20 ** Muriate of potash 16 Plot 4. Acid phosphate 60 Muriate of potash 16 Plot 5. Nitrate of soda 20 '' Acid phosphate 60 '* (87) (4 ( ( ( ( 8 Muriate of pjtash 16 lbs. Plot 8. No fertilizer. The acid phospliate in these experiments should con- tain not less than 8 to 10% of available phosphoric acid. If cotton is to be used in tlie experiment, use kainit in the place of muriate potash, taking 48 lbs. If legumes, such as clover, peas, beans or vetch, are to be used, cut the amount of nitrate of soda one-half. It is recom- mended that that crop be used in the experiments which is to be grown in the field the following season, in order that the results of the experiment may be directly ap- plicable. In planting care should be taken to have the plants uniformly distributed over the plots, and dS nearly as possible the same number of plants in each plot. The plots should be treated alike in all respects as to the time and manner of cultivation, and in passing from one plot to another, extreme care should be taken not to mingle the soil from one with that of another. This lasfc caution is particularly applicable, when the plow is used in the cultivation. The harvest from each plot should be accurately weighed and the weights recorded. The importance of keeping a full and accurate record for each plot — the kind and amount of fertilizer used, the system of cultivation, and the harvest yield — cannot be too strongly urged. It will be observed that plots 1 and 6 have no fertilizer. These are check plots and are designed to show what the unfertilized soil can do. They will be especially useful in comparatively new soil or in soil that has been previously fertilized, but they should in no case be omitted. If these experiments have been properly conducted, reasonable inferences may be drawn from a study of the results as to the fertilizer needs of the soil. Too much importance cannot be attached to the conscien- ces; 0 tloub cat-1'yihg out of every detail. The expeBimentS should be under the personal direction of the farmer bime-elf, and where any part of the labor must be done by another, the most intelligent and reliable laborer should be selected for that purpose. It is realized that but few farmers are likely to be in- duced to undertake these experiments, and in ihe ab- sence of other means of determining the specific needs of the soil, most farmers must . ssume that all the con- stituents are needed and must supply them in such amount and in such form as the general considerations of the soil, season and crop may seem to require. So varied are these conditions that it would be impossible to give specific instructions as to methods of fertilization. A few general principles, however, as to the needs of ?pfcial crops may be stated, which, it is hoped, will serve a useful purpose. Cotton is a crop that responds promptly and profitably to judicious fertilization, and experience teaches that concentrated complete fertilizers should be used. The profit from manuring with concentrated fertilizers is greatly enhanced by properly preparing the soil in ad- vance. It is profitable to bring the soil into a state of good '"tilth" by proper cultivation, and particularly by incorporating into it liberal quantities of organic matter. This may be done by turning under leguminous crops (like the cowpea) or barnyard manure before planting. The complete fertilizer, applied in the drill, should con- tain a liberal amount of "available phosphoric acid." Any of the soluble salts of pota h are good, though kainit is preferred, as it is believed to be useful in pre- venting "blight." Of nitrogen compounds the organic forms (cotton seed meal, dried blood, tankage, &c.,) are deemed to be best suited for cotton, though nitrate of soda (89) 10 is excellent, especially in soils rich in organic matter. The proper proportions of available phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen in a complete fertilizer for cotton cannot be said to have been determined with accuracy. As a result of numerous experiments at several of the agricultural experiment stations, 600 to 700 lbs. per acre of a fertilizer running 9% available phosphoric acid, 3% potash and 3% nitrogen is to be recommended. For cereals and grasses nitrogen has been considered the dominant constituent. This arises from the fact that a top dressing of nitrate of soda at the season when there is a rapid development of stem and leaf, results in a largely increased crop. This occurs, however, only in soils which have a plentiful supply of the mineral con- stituents, phosphoric acid and potash. It is recom- mended, therefore, to use at the time of sowing a fertil- izer containing a liberal amount of phosphoric acid and potash with a limited supply of nitrogen, and shortly before the maturity of the plant top dress with nitrate of soda. The Legumes (clovers, peas, beans, vetches, &c.) are crops that do not depend solely on the soil for their nitro- gen, but which, under favorable conditions, have the power of drawing at least a part of their nitrogen sup- ply from the atmosphere. To this fact is due their su- perior excellence as soil renovators, since iheir growth upon a soil must result in its enrichment in the most costly of the fertilizer constituents, nitrogen. In fertil- izing legumes, then, provide a liberal supply of the min- eral constituents and a minimum of nitrogen. They seem to require potash in great abundance. Lime, also, is needed to correct a tendency to acidity in the soil which is hurtful to the growth of the bacteria so essen- tial in order that the plant may acquire its nitrogen from (©0) 11 the atmosphere. 25 bushels of stone lime per acre, every 4 or 5 years, is recommended for average soils which are used for the frequent growth of legumes. Root and Tuber Crops require an abundance of all the fertilizing constituents in readily available forms, bu*^^ they differ widely as to their special needs. In one group may be placed beets ^ carrots and mangels. They require a lib- eral supply of readily soluble phosphoric acid and nitro- gen, and in light, sandy soils the addition of a little pot- ash is advisable. In clay soils they seem to be able to get most of the potash they require from the soil. Turnips respond most liberally to applications of avail- able phosphoric acid, while they seem able to extract this constituent from sources not readily accessible to other plants. A liberal supply of nitrogen, also, espe- cially during early growth, is desirable. While the turnip is a voracious feeder on potash compounds, it seems able to obtain this constituent from the natural soil supply, though it should not be required to depend solely on this supply. Potatoes, both Irish and sweet, require a large amount of potash, which should be in the form of sulphate rather than of muriate. The nitrogen may be mostly in organic forms, though the nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia is recommended for the early irish potato. The phosphoric acid in moderate amount should be available. Fruit Crops differ from the others that we have con- sidered in that they are produced by perennial plants instead of by annuals, and hence they require a differ- ent sort of fertilization. As the plants grow slowly, fer- tilizing materials which give up their constituents slowly are better, perhaps, than those vhose constituents are more readily available. Fertilizers of the latter class, however, may supplement those of the former with advantage at such times as there is a rapid devel 12 opraent of leaf and fruit. Perhaps the best fertilizer for fruit trees is a mixture of ground bone 3 parts and muri- ate of potash two parts. An excess of nitrogen must be avoided, as this causes a too rapid growth of both wood and fruit, the latter ripening poorly under such condi- tions. All fcrtilifers for fruit crops should be worked well into the soil. CALCULATION OF COMMERCIAL VALUES OF FERTILIZERS. The schedule of valuations in force this season is as follows : Nitrogen 14 cents per pound. Water soluble phosphoric acid 5 " " " Citrate soluble 5 " ** " Potash 6 ** '' *' To compute the commercial value of fertilizers ac- cording to this scale, the valuation per ton of water soluble and citrate soluble phosphoric acid and potash is obtained by multiplying the per cent of those constitu- ents by $1 00, while the value of the nitrogen per ton is ascertained by multiplying the per cent, of that ele- ment by $2.80. 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The following is a list of the Licenses issued this season to July 1st, 1901, with the date when issued, number of license, and post office of the local dealers. Address. 1900. Oct. Nov. Dec. Adair & McCarty Bros j ^ tlanta. Ga 15, Armour Fertilizer Works. 50 Alabama Fertilizer Co. . . 19iAdamson & Edwards 14|Acree, 0. A.C 27lAdamson, Edwards arle, Terrell 5t2 528. 64a Q69> 675. 720. 734- 748. 75^ 754 772- 774: 8- 22- 24 59' 74. 104 108 17» 228- 241 245 278- 282 304 307 325 336 382 40^ 451 486 496 525 534 558 500 129 LICENSES— Continued. 1901. Feb. 13 Gage, AV. A. & Co. . . . 13 Graves & Burdine • 13 Grace, J. W • • 14 Gilbert, J. J. &Sons, •• 16 Gilbert. John R •• 22Gilliland. M. E Mch. 22 5 5 9 12 12 19 30 Griffith, Asa.... GriffisA Son.... Gray, Wm Griffith, G. F... Guin, P. C Gable & Clapp. Gilbert, P. N . . Gammin,J. .W. Town Creek. . D«.'lJuait Elkmont Gold Mine.. . Pinckneyville Hill Hanceville.. Sedden Dadeville Hokes Bluff.. Covin Gum Srprings. Coalville Camp Hill . . DaT)hne Apl. 23 Gooday Bros May 4 Goldson Harper & Son S'^'i'^^" 1900. Oct. Gray, W. C. & Co Home Mixture Guano 111 Helm Bone Fertilizer • • 33|Howe & Co •• 31 Nov. 15 Dec. 10 ■ 19 •• 21 •• 22 31 • 31 Co. Co, Oxford 1901 Jan.; Holman, H. C Henderson, Fox Ham. P J. & Sons. Henderson, Rainer & Hill Howell, J. R.G Henderson, Holloway & Co Hester, R. B. & Son i^^fpoke Holly & Lindsay "Loneville Columbus, Ga. Birmingham . Stevenson.. •• . Ozark , Troy Elba Brantley Dolhan Enterprise.. . &Co. Henderson, J. D Hill, Jones & Co 3'Hill& Shaffey 4|Hilton, Bentley & Cosby 4jHatton, D. J. & Son 4; Howard, J. M 4|Howle,T. A. & Co 14iHerring, T. J 16 Hilliard, W. L 14 Henderson, J. Robt 15 Henderson & Waters Bros Searight . . . : . R^ anoke Dadeville Brantley xVait Albertville... Oxford Midland City Troy Fiillprton . . Brundridge. . 15JHowle Bros Wetumpka Hertzler & Anderson Howis; n, Allen P Henderson, Chas - Henry, S. W ISpringville Harrison, W. D. & Co l^shford . . Henderson, J. H if/oss Keys 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 17 Madison. Randolph Troy 9 Hartsell, J. C, & Son Hooper, C. W. & Co 592 598 611 615 630 659 660 676 685 705 731 732 75S 775 799 808 811 9 25 34 40 51 60 75 77 82 93 94 99 102 106 113 115 168 173 194 198 205 218 230 231 286 269 272 295 300 Hartselle' 1 310 Selma I 323 (209) 130 LICENSES— Continued. 190 -Jan. Feb. Mch. Apl. Dec JftD. Feb. JT'IIu^hos L^ Bros l8:Hur«ell. W. 0 lOllIixon. S D. & D. A... l>lHead,T. L 2llH'ij.he8, D. D 21 [Hooper, .\. B L>i>] Haralson, J. B 22Haynes. D. P. & Bro.. 23 Hartsell, J. P 23 Hoffman c^ Graves. . . 23 HixMH Bros 2-1 Hhj/.os, Pj)rker& Co. 24 Hniplu. J. H. t^ Son.. . 24 Hicks. W. W. & Co... 25iHarrHll, W. F 29:Hudo, J. B 30| Hammond. M. W .... 30, Hood. J. M. & Son.... 3i;Heard t»c Lee J Hamilton, M. D. & Co JiHeriincfe Oliver 4 6 6 Head c\: Warren Hicks «S: Hf^ard Hedges, J. A fiiHightower, C. B 6 Haley Bros H Hamilton, N. O t}|Hoo I. Yielding & Co.. . 6 Hood, lioht GiHenderson & Black. ... 6 Henderson, Alex. & Co. 6 Hamilton. P.. F b.Herston t^ Barnes 6, Hitchcock. J. G. & Son. 6,Hearn & Wood 8 Harris c^ Sherrod 8 Harkins, Max & Clyde. ILHudson, F. N 16 Hargrove, J. H 2l,Hendrix. S. T 30: Hodges Mercantile Co. . 5 Hollinsworth & Co ]0 Haynie, .A. C 22|Hinps & Son 2oHall, J. A fijlngram & Co loIvey.T. W 4( Ingram & Trawick 19;[vey, Chas Flolala Opelika 'Perote China Grove. . Labanon Alexander City JLangston Oxford Hartselle Wavcrly Hixon Lineville Fruitdale Dadeville Bangor Millport Mnri. . jAlbertsville ... 'Camp Hill ... iGuin I Dadeville jGum Springs. . , Camp Hill |Ashville York Station. . . [Hayleyville . . . . iRagland Birmingham . . . Kymulga Troy Troy..... Coal City Garland James York Courtland Fayette Blonntsville. . . . Hartselle Peterman Ashville Millin Hnrtsboro Standing Rock.. Pea Kidg:- Anniston Rutledge Opelika Evergreen 32» 354 387 403 414 415 416 428 442 443 447 448 453 455 460 489 493 501 506 514 531 547 548 570 578 579 581 584 602 604 605 617 673 690 700 703 718 741 760 762 780 787 792 800 805 64 211 537 638 (210) 131 LICENSES— Continued. B Fayette Clayton. 1900 I Oct. 23 Jones. J Dec. 29;Johnston, Geo. 190L ! Jan. J5 Jones, V. D 'Troy 15 Johnson. W. A Rutledge 18 Johnston, Thos. L. & Co . . Gadsden 21 Jennings, B Tusl^egee . . . . . • • 21; Jordan, H R. & Son jCollinsville . . . . 22 Jackson. Jess H [Grand Bay Feb. IJemison, S. E 'Sunny Side 2 Johnson, L. M .Alexander City 8, Johnson , J. J IGeneva 13 Jackson, Geo. \V ; Mount Hope 5 Johnson, J. E 5 Jones, A. F Mch. Apl. 1900 I Oct. 18'Killian, H. H. 1901 ! Jan. 11 King, H. S ll| Kelly tfeSegrist 16 Kyser, Geo. VV 16 Kroell, Geo 16 King, F R. &Co 19'King, Claude 21|Klaus, J d'Co 22'Kitchens, .1. W. d- Bro 21 Kelly, D. E. & J. O . . . Chattanooga, Tenn. Talladega Branden , . . . Searight Midland City Ripton Monte vallo . . Leighton .... Leighton Huntsville Heflin Jeff Normal 28:Kelly, Walter 28 Killen Dry Goods Co., The Fort Payne 6 Kennedy, J. A JLoop 9 Kinney, P. H. & Co |\'avvoo . . . S'Keener, D. P Keener . . . Fpb. Mch. Apl. 1900 I I Oct. 3lLouisville Fertilizer Co ILouisville, Ky Dec. lljLong Bro's Jasper 21;Long-Richardson Mercantile Co Jasper 1931 I . Jan. 2 Law, Edmons & Byrd Enterprise . . . . 5 Lester Sc Co iColumbiana. . . 7 Leach, R. R Liberty R 8 Land, J. G. 9 Loeb, J. d- Bro. 12 Lauderdule, A. 14 Lull d- Lacy . 15Lazinby, Reynolds d' Co 15 Largston, J. N 15; Little. Chas. E 15lLave d- Davis 16;Lidden,F. B. d Co 16'Lane Bro's (211) Cullman Montgomery . Gocdwaterl. VVetumpka . . Forest Home. Jemison Auburn Lincoln Gordon Sylacauga. . . 35 91 238 256 :^59 390 392 420 511 523 577 591 694 786 30 167 16^ 277 279 312 386 413 421 457 497 484 552 705 784 14 65 80 97 123 135- 145- 147 17& 202 212 217 247 261 284 291 132 LICENSES— Continued. 1901 I Jan- 18 Lenth, Scott IH LeemMn, E.I) 19 l>Hnders Bro's 2H LoMK. T •• 28 LHtluim. S.A. <(• Co .... 'A* Livin^.^ton. Y. C 30 Long. C. U' Feb. 7;Lowerv. \V. W. tl- Co . . 7|Long. W R • • 13 Legg, Joel W . . . •• 13 Ugney, H. W •• 13iLinn, W. \V 13 Lognn, W. J. P 16 Laxon d' McCord 1 9, Land ham,. L R. tj[- Co ... 22'i.e\vis ci-Eates Mch. 9Lile, J. L 18 Lumpkins. .T. B. H 3(1 Lowe, A. S Apl. lOJLyon, R. L .... •• lO'Lee. W. A 26'Lpfil8, VV. F. 306 316 329 345 348 370 379 133 LICENSES— Continued. Date of Issue P. O. Address. •:Feh. Jan 1901 Jan. 21 • 30 JFeb'y. 4 .. 7 •• 16 23 ::Mch. 5 •• 5 .. 7j •• 91 •• 11 16 7 8 s! 8l 13 4 •• 8, •• 9l •• 141 • 151 '• 15i • 16 •• 16 •• 17: • 22 •• 25 :Teb'y. 4 4 •• 7 •• 16i • 20; . Mch. 5 7 •• 28 1900 I • Oct. 3 Nov. 8! Dec 24; 1901 -Jan. S May 15 9 • 151 •• 16' •• 2\' .Jan. 21 29 -Eeb'y. 1 Myers, H.J Moog & Weil Murdock, E. H. cit- A. S Moore, Chancey & Pepper Mays & Winter Merritt & Adams Melton ct-Co..... Mills, W. R &Sons Maroney , C. L. tt* Co Miller & Sons . . , Mathews, J. E Moore, S Mayberry , W. C d' Sons Moore, W. S Montgom<^ry Bros Miller & Barnett Mapes, M. A McClung, F.M McEntine & Millard McNaro (213) 134 LICENSES— Continued. Date of Issue. N.\MK 19(Jl Feb'y. 7 • 16 • 10 Mch. V2 • 15 • 25 • 30 1900 Oct. 3 3 • 20 1901 Jan. 14 • 16 .. ^- • 18 • • 19 2 14 IJ Nolan Bros Nelson, Mrs. A. B Nixon, W. D Neher. E. J Nettles, 1. A Nichohon. L. S. . Norwood t(- Co. . . . Nix, Thomas Old Dominion Guano Co Opelika Chemical Co Ozark C. S. Oil Mill Fert. Co. Jan. Feb. Mch 19(X) Kov. 2 Dec. 29 1901 May 2 4 5 9 10 11 14 14 If. ir. 15 15 15 18 16| 16l le! lei 171 I.'; 18 19 21 21 Ober. G. & Sons Co. Onkley, W. F Ogktree, T. W Overton. E. A Ogden, F. 3 665 728 730 735 776 777 782 788 790 798 813 6 190 i Jan. :Feb. Hch. JLpr. Chattanooga, Tenn Bloantsville, Ala. . Hackleburg Eufaula Albertville Jasper White Plains 16 Scholze & Bro IT^imms & Bro 17 Spraggins, J. R 17 Shorter, E. S. & Co 17Shipp (t-Co 17 Stanley Bros 17 Scarborough, W, A. d: Co niShellmet N. S Welsh .... 18 Storey, The A. G. Mercantile Co Talladega . 18lSnodgrass, J. D Scottsboro . 18 Sand ers & Son Columbia . 19 Smith, J. W Cooper . . . . l9jSmith, M.S Selma 22'Smith d' Davis Fort Payne 23|Schuessler Bros LaFayette 23 Selman d- Co Albertville 24^elf, E Selfville... 24 Smith, G. H Ealums . . . 25 Sellers, C. W. & Sons Inverness . 26Stark. W. E Seale . . .. 28, Stokes, Sessions d* Co Ozark .... 1 Sessions r^jQue&see Chemical Co iNashville, Tenn. (217) 138 LICENSES— Continued. 1900 Oct. 6 • 18 8 2 5 14 24 Nov Dec 1901 Jan. 10 Troy Fertilizer Co TallapooRa Oil Co rhomps 539 557 566 599 61» 640- 651 691 722 768 770' 56 603 3 27 46-. 251 274 280' 293 18. 52 54. 118. (218) 139 LICENSES— Continued. 1901. Jan. White & Awbrey. ....... Wood, N. W Wood, W.J Williams. T. B lOiWilhite. W. B lOiWebb, Jno. C lliWalker, Rushton & Co. 21 Walker, J. E 14 Weathers, Swann o)i the iiiiiunuDii alone. In computing the value of the commercial fertilizers the laws of Alabama only rec gnize the following ingredients: Nitrogen, Water Soluble, Phosphoric Acid, Citrate Soluble, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. In making your calculations to determine the commercial value, you will confine yourself to the foregoing ingredients and to the fol- lowing values: Water Soluble Phosphoric Acid 5 cents per pound. Citrate Soluble Phosphoric Acid 5 cents per pound. Nitrogen 16 cents per pound. Potash (K 2 O) 6)^ cents per pound. I would lespectfully call your attention to the fact that it is the -opinion of our Attorney-General that every Fertilizer Dealer or Manufacturer who sells goods in this State must obtain a license be- fore offering their goods for sale. Failure to obtain such license not only makes the sale void and the debt non-collectible, but subjects the seller to a fine of one hundred dollars for each sale made. The license fee is only one dollar. The fertilizer season runs from Octo- ber to October, and I w^ould suggest that you send for your license at the beginning of the season. ALL COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS MUST BE ANALYZED BY THE STATE CHEMIST. AN ACT To Amend Subdivision 18, Section 147 of the Code. Section 1. Be it enacted by the General A^.^embly of Alabama, That subdivision eighteen of section one hundred and thirty-seven of the Code be amended so as to read as follows : It shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to obtain samples of each and every brand of fertilizers sold and exchanged, c»r offered for sale or exch.inge, in this Statp/ for, each season in which such fertilizers •are offered for sale, and cause such samples to be analyzed by the (fi0d) 147 State Chemist ; and make publication of such analysis not [later than August 1st of each year ; Provided, that the provisions of this act shall not take effect until after September 1, 1891. HOW SAIVrPLES SHALL BE DRAWN. Special attention is called to the following rules for sending sam- ples of Fertilizers to have analyzed. Farmers and others sending fertilizers for analysis must observe the following directions: In order to secure a representative sample of fertilizers to be an- alyzed, a small amount of material should be removed from the inte- rior of of a number of sacks and the samples thus obtained should be thoroughly mixed in order to secure uniformity. At least 6 or 8 ozs. of the material are then placed in a wide mouth glass bottle, which is then sealed and properly labeled. In the case of ton lots of fertil- izers, at least every third sack should be sampled in order to secure a final sample, which will approximately represent the whole lot. The sample should be drawn in the presence of two reliable wit- nesses and the label attached to the bottle should contain the name of the manufacturer and the name of the goods as taken from the bag in which the fertilizer is sold. The sample is shipped to Commissioner of Agriculture, at Mont- gomery, Ala., with transportation prepaid, to be forwarded to the State Chemist at Auburn, Ala. TO FERTILIZER MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS. In accordance with the provisions of Bulletin 11, page 105, no sample of fertilizers for official analysis will be received by this de- partment until further notice, from manufacturers direct, except in the case of manufacturers within the State, who are licensed dealers and sell direct to consumers. Such manufacturers can supply samples for analysis under the same terms as dealers, provided such samples are taken from large lots of goods as manufactured for the trade; and provided, further, that only one representative sample of each brand shall be submitted m^ 148 for analysis by any^iv(Mi niai>iifactiiror, said samples being forwarded for analysis not earlier than December 1st. Samples of the various brands ofTered for sale in this State will be obtained ciiielly from dealers and consumers, and only from manu- facturers when specially requested by this department, and such samples should be taken from goods as actually in stock after com- mencement of the fertilizer season. Manufacturers who desire to secure analysis of samples drawn and forwarded by themselves, can have such analysis made at a moderate cost by forwarding samples direct to the State^Chemist at Auburn, Ala. R. R. POOLK, Commissioner of, Agriculture. (818) BULLETIN No, 116. SEPTEMBER, 1901. ALABAMA. Agricultural Experiment Station OF THE AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN. Texas or Acclimation Fever, By C. A GARY. MONTGOMERY, ALA. BROWN PRINTING CO., PRINTERS A BINDERS 1901. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. Tnos. Williams Wetunipka. Jonathan Haralson Selma. STATION COUNCIL. Wm. LeRoy Bkoun, LL.D President P. H. Mell, Ph. D Direcior and Botanist B. B. Ross, M. S Chemist. C. A. Cary, D. V. M., B. S Veterinarian. J. F. DuGGAR, M. S Agriculturalist. E. M. Wilcox, Pn. D. Biologist and Horticulturist J. T. Anderson, Ph. D Associate Chemist ASSISTANTS. C. L. Hake, M. S First Assistant Chemist. W. C. Nixon, B. S Second Assistant Chemist. Thomas Bragg, B. S Third Assistant Chemist T. U. Culver Superintendent of Farm. R. Vi. Clark, B. S Assistant Agriculturalist. C. F. Austin, B. S Assistant Horticulturist The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. NOTICE. Bulletin No. 115 treats of the chemical analysis of commercial fertilizers made by the Chemist for the State Department of Agri- culture. Since the bulletin is issued by the Department in large number and generally distributed among the farmers of Alabama, the Experiment Station has printed a limited edition for its own use, and copies will only be sent to the Station Libraries and the Directors of the Stations and a few other parties who are keeping files of the Bulletins for binding. But Bulletin 115 will be sent to any person applying for it until the issue is exhausted. P. H. Mell, Director. CONTENDS. Introduction 231-232 What is Texas Fever? 233-235 Changes That Occur in the Blood 235 U. S. Government Quarantine Line 236-238 The Southern Cattle Tick 238-239 Could the Tick be Exterminated? 239-242 How Recognize Texas Fever in the Living Animal 242-245 Examination of Animal After Death 245-247 What is Immunity to Texas Fever? 247 Methods of Producing Immunity 247 (a) Natural Tick Inoculation Methods 249-250 (b) Defibrinated Blood Inoculation Method 250-254 Table I — Temperature Records of Inoculated Cattle 256-259 Table II — Temperature Records of Tick Inoculated Ani- mals the First Summer Following Defibrinated Blood Inoculation 260-268 Clinical Notes on Animals Recorded in Tables I and II.. 268-269 Table III — Temperature Records of Inoculated Animals... 270 Clinical Notes on Animals Recorded in Table III 272-274 Table IV — Temperature Records of Inoculated Animals . . 275 Clinical Notes on Animals Recorded in Table IV 276-2 V/ Table V — Summary of Inoculated Animals 278 Clinical Notes on Dumas Short Horns 279-280 Clinical Notes on Nine Inoculations by F. G. Matthews.. 280-281 Table VI — Records of Northern-bred Cattle Shipped Into Alabama During the Last Three Years 282-3-4 TEXAS OR ACCLIMATION FEVER, By C. a. Cary.. INTRODUCTION. The cattle breeding industry of the South has been held in check by the fact that Northern-bred and im- ported cattle could not be brought into the South with- out running great and unprofitable risks. In fact, the danger of losing such cattle was so great as to prevent or prohibit bringing fresh and imported strains of breeding animals into the infected regions of the South. As a result of this natural barrier, few beef-bred cattle came to improve the scrub stock or to improve the ani- mals that had a tinge of Jersey blood in them. Possibly Jersey blood is more widely scattered among the native scrub cattle of the South than that of any other breed. Consequently, with a well-bred Jersey bull to head a herd, one could soon develop a respectable and profitable herd of grade Jerseys by using such a bull upon selected native Southern-bred coavs. But none of the native Southern cattle have beef tendencies. Most of them do not mature until six or seven years old, and when ma- ture they are too small for profitable beef animals — es- pecially for shipping to distant markets. Beef animals must mature before they are three years old or they are not profitable. The necessity for animal industry, especially cattle raising — is fast dawning upon the farmer of the South. It leads to diversified farming; it decreases the demand for commercial fertilizers by supplying larger quantities of manurial fertilizers that can be made upon the farm 232 ^nd are far better than commercial fertilizers, because they are cheaper, and more permanently improve soil, both in mechanical condition and in available plant food. Feeilini; animals upon the farm and saving the liquid •and solid manures gives the farmer a double use of the feed stuffs produced on the farm ; because the manurial products contain from GO to 90 per cent, of all the fertilizing materials that were found in the feeds that -were fed the animals. For example: Cotton seed hulls and cotton seed meal lose but very little of their value as fertilizers by feeding them to cattle, providing the the liquid and solid manures coming from the animal are properly saved and utilized. The cattle industry does not mean that we shall not raise cotton, but that we can raise as much or more cotton than Ave do now upon less acreage and with less work and less expense for ferti- lizers. During the past three years more beef-bred animals liave been brought into the State of Alabama than dur- ing any previous time in its history. Unfortunately, some of them have been lost by acclimation or Texas fever; but the larger number of them have been saved by careful handling. Methods of acclimating or immunizing Northern-bred or foreign-bred cattle have been developed so that the dangers of acclimation have been reduced to the minimum — so that it is no longer unprofita])le to bring into the South highly-bred breed- ing animals. The chief object of this bulletin is to describe the methods of immunizing susceptible cattle to Texas fever, and give the records that have been made at this station and others by using the improved methods of immuniz- ing Northern and foreign-bred cattle. 233 WHAT IS TEXAS FEVER ? In various parts of the country this disease is known by different names; it has been called Texas fever, ac- climating fever, Southern fever, tick fever, Spanish fever, red water, hsematuria, black water, murrain, dry murrain, yellow murrain, bloody murrain, hollow-horn and hollow-tail. Texas fever is caused by a very small animal parasite (Pi/rosoma higeminumj Smith) which was discovered by Theobald Smith in 1889. Its chief place of living is in the red blood cells of cattle. In some condition it lives in the cattle tick and is carried from immune cat- tle or cattle sick T\ith Texas fever, to non-immune or sus- ceptible cattle by the tick. In this transmission of the microparasite from the diseased to the healthy animals, it passes through two generations of ticks. The female tick abstracts blood from its host; falls to the ground, deposits a large number of eggs that hatch in 14 to 45 days, and the young seed ticks get upon susceptible cat- tle and inoculate them. In many cases the fever appears in the cattle about the time the young ticks molt the second time; then the young ticks are about one-eighth of an inch lonor, and the careless observer mav declare there are no ticks on the animal sick with Texas fever. It may be here stated that this micro-parasite has two hosts (cattle and ticks of two generations) and pos- sibly can not live any^^here outside these two hosts. At least its existence in other hosts or places have not been discovered. In some respects it resembles the ma- lerial parasite of man, but its stages of development, are not as well known as those of the ma- terial miscro-parasite. Yet some things are known of its form and life history in the red blood cells of cat- tle, and in the plasma of the blood. In mild cases of 234 Texas fever the micro-parasite appears as a single round body in the red cell near the preriphery or the outer border. Sometimes tliere nmy be two of these round bodies in a single red cell of the blood. Occasionally the small round bodies may appear singly or in pairs in the plasma of the blood. In severe cases that usually occur in hot weather and when the temperature of the animal is high, tliere may be two spindle or pear-shaped bodies in one red cell of the blood. According to Smithy 5 to 50 per cent, of the red cells of the blood may contain these micro-parasites — the number of red cells infected will vary with the tyi>e (mild or acute) of the fever. The number of red cells infected will also vary with the different organs from which the boold is taken for micro- scopic examination. Blood from the capillaries of the liver, heart-muscle, and kidneys, contain from 20 to 90 per cent, of infected red blood cells; while the blood from the capillaries of skeletal or voluntary muscles and the skin may contain very few (10 per cent, or less) i infected red blood cells. Fresh or dried smears of blood may be examined under the microscope. For fresh smears collect a small amount of blood with platinum loop; place it in the cen- ter of a clean cover glass; drop the cover glass, blood side down, upon a clean slide and surround the cover glass with vaseline or paraffine; the mount is now ready for examination under the microscope. In making dried smears, take two clean square cover glasses ; place a small drop of blood (picked up with the platinum loop) on one of the clean squares a little to one side of the center, and with another clean square spread the droplet of blood over the lower cover glass by attempting to scrape off the droplet with one edge of the upper cover glass, holding the upper one in the right hand inclined at an angle of about 20 degrees, with the lower one that . 235 is held between the thumb and finger of the left hand. Dry the smears immediately after making them, and place them in the hot air oven, keeping them there for one and one-half to two hours, at a temperature 110 to 120 degrees C. Stain the smears with Loeffler's alkaline methrl blue from one to one and one-half mintites ; wash in wnter and dip for an instant into a one-third per cent, acetic acid solution to remove excess of diffuse stain in the red blood cells; wash in water and mount in water or dry and mount in xyol balsam. Examine with a high power objective. (Smith's method.) The CHANGES that OCCUR IN THE BLOOD are very char- acteristic in a case of Texas fever. Red blood cells in great numbers are destroyed by the micro-parasite. This is determined by actual count of the red blood cells in a definite quantity of blood; the test being made be- fore, during and after or following the fever. In nealthy old cattle the average number of red blood cells in a cubic millimeter is about 6,000,000. In healthy young calves the average number of red cells per cmm. may be as high as 8,000,000. In healthy mature or mid- dle-aged cattle the average number may be about 7,000,- 0( 0 per cmm. In acute cases of Texas fever the number of red cells in the blood may be reduced 2,000,000 or less per cmm. In mild cases of Texas fever the number of red cells will vary between 3,000,000 and 5,000,000 per cmm. As associated with, or as a result of the great loss of red blood cells (anaemia) the red cells will vary in size and shape ; some are very much larger than normal red blood cells and when stained with Loeffler's alkaline methyl-blue, become diffusely stained, and some of them contain very small granules. These large red cells are found in some forms of ansemia in man, and are called megalocytes. 236 The UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT l.as ESTABLISHED :a QUARANTINE LINE which is fixed for the regulation •of inter-state trade in cattle, so thatSouthern tick-infested cattle cannot be taken into non-tick-infested States (ex- cep for immediate slau<;liter) dnrinjj: the warm seasons when pastures and susceptible cattle may become in- fected with ticks, and the latter inoculated with the micro-parasite of Texas fever. All tlie States, or parts of States, south of this line are in the tick-infested re- gion, and all north of it are in the tick-free region. This line starts at the Atlantic Ocean, near the southern boun- lt" is generally much larger than it is in the healthy animal ; it may be three or four times as large as a normal, healthy one. It is darker than a normal one, and when cut open its bluish-black con- tents slowly flow out. There are some genuine cases of Texas fever in which the spleen is not very much en- larged or changed in color and structure. The mucous membrane linijig the fourth stomach and intestines may be inflamed or eroded in spots or patches; cut them open and wash away the contents so that the red, inflamed or ulcerated condition may be distinctly observed. In some cases the contents of the fourth stomach and of the intestines in places may be tinged with blood; if the intestinal contents are hard and firm they may be surrounded by a gelatinous material or exudate that is in places tinged Avith blood. In severe cases when the animal dies early in the course of the disease, the kidneys may be enlarged and they may have a uniform brownish red color through- out their entire structure. Cover glass smears made with blood taken from the kidneys will show that a very large per cent, of the red blood cells contain the micro- parasite. The bladder will usually contain more or less dark brown or red colored urine. The color is pro- duced by the haemoglobin that is held in solution in the urine and comes from the disintegrated red cells of the blood. The urine also contains albumen. The white membranes or tissues of the body — such as the serous and mucous membranes, the connective tis- sue under the skin, etc. — may become tinged wuth yel- low very like the jaundice yellow in man. This is most 247 prominent or marked in chronic cases or cases of long duration. The heart, according to Smith, has the right ventri- cle ''distended with blood, fluid or clotted, according to the time elapsing between death and the examination. The left ventricle is usually firmly contracted and may contain a small quantity of fluid or clotted blood." The small extravasations of blood under the epicardium and endocardium are quite constant; they are most numer- ous on the outside and inside of the left ventricle. WHAT IS IMMUNITY TO TEXAS FEVER ? IMMUNITY means that an animal is not susceptible to Texas fever. It is now believed that an animal can ac- quire immunity only by having the disease — one or more attacks. One severe attack of the fever or two or more mild attacks usually insure a safe immunity. Immunitv will last as long as the life of the animal, if said animal becomes infested with ticks one or more times each year of its life. But my observation of the disease, as it occurs in native Alabama-bred cattle, leads me to believe that immunity can be lost in two or three years by keeping the animal free of all ticks. I am con- fident that loss of immunity in this way explains the oc- casional outbreak of Texas fever in herds that have been kept free of ticks for two or more years, and then letting the cattle become infested with ticks. METHODS OF PRODUCING IMMUNITY TO TEXAS FEVER. The natural method is the one in which the ticks do the inoculating. Four different forms of tick inocula- tions have been tried. In many instances Northern-bred cattle were brought into the South, turned out with the herd; permitted or forced to "rough it," and survive or 248 perisli with slight or excessive tick inoculation and poor care. Fifty to ninety jx^r cent, ol" Northern-bred and im- ported cattle so treated died — a mortality too great to be profitable. A modified form of this careless way has been emploj-ed by many with much more favorable re- sults. The susceptible animals are kept by themselves in barns, pastures and lots separated from native South- ern cattle; at the same tim(» a few ticks are allowed to get on the cattle, but excessive tick infestation is pre- vented. In a majority of such animals tick-inoculation occurs gradually. One summer in the South under such conditions has usually produced immunity. How- ever, losses by this means are too great to recommend it when better means can be obtained. Dr. Connoway of the Missouri Experiment Station, and Dr. Francis of the Texas Experiment Station, have tried to control tick inoculation by placing a definite number of young seed ticks upon the suscpetible ani- mals at different times. Collect full grown female ticks from Southern cattle and put them in a fruit jar or some vessel having a little moist earth at the bottom; this jar is then placed in an incubator or in the kitchen near a warm chimney or stove; in 15 to 20 days the female ticks will have deposited their eggs and the eggs will have hatched into a mass of lively seed ticks. About 25 of these seed ticks are placed upon each susceptible animal (best time in late fall or in winter) and they will inoculate each animal so that in the course of 10 to 30 days the fever will appear. When the animals recover from the mild attack of the fever (say in 40 to 50 days) a larger number (about 100) of incubator seed ticks are put upon each animal; this should produce a second at- tack of fever. When the cattle recover from it they are immune and ready for the pasture. At no time in this treatment should the cattle want for good feed and pro- 249 tection from cold nights and rains. Some losses occur by this method, and it is a little more inconvenient and uncertain than either of the two methods that will be mentioned following this. The fourth modified form of tick inoculation is the one where sucking calves, 2 to 4 months old, are brought into the South in the fall or winter or early spring, and allowed to take milk from a Southern-bred cow or are fed fresh sweet milk from a Southern cow. While young and during the time before it is weaned, put a few seed ticks upon the calf or permit them to get upon it in small numbers. Natural tick inoculation will then occur when the calf is best able to resist severe fever and to recover from it. It is possible that the milk of a Southern-bred immune cow may have some immunizing power, but I doubt it. I think the milk of a non-immune cow would be as effective because it keeps the calf in the best of condition to resist, and to recover from, the fever or at- tack of the micro-parasites upon the red blood cells. It is a well-known fact that young calves or cattle do not have Texas fever in as severe a form as do older or ma- ture cattle. All competent observers or investigators of Texas fever have noted that fact. According to Hunt of Australia, (who produced by inoculation the fever in calves born of immune cows) , immunity is not inherited. It is very probable that all Southern-bred calves do not inherit immunity, but acquire it after birth by tick in- oculation. No doubt that the vast majority of South- ern-bred calves have the fever in such a mild form that it is not appreciable. This partial immunity of calves to the fever may be explained by the fact that young animals have a greater number of red blood cells per cubic millimeter than do older animals, and can carry on the functions of the blood better in case of loss of red blood cells. Also, the power of reproducing red 250 blood cells is greater in the young tlian in tlie older animals. This may be due to the fact that there is a relatively greater (juantity of red marrow in the young animals, and this red marrow tends to reproduce red blood cells nearly as fast as they are destroyed by the micro-parasite. The general vigor of a young animal may add to its resisting and recuperating ])()wer. More- over, it is well-known that young animals exhibit greater power of repairing wounds and recovering from almost any disease than older ones. Broken bones unite quicker and better in 3'oung animals than in mature ones. As Dr. Francis remarks, this method of immunizing suck- ing calves is a good and safe way for farmers who buy a few animals; but where many animals are wanted for a large ranch it is cheapest to use the defibrinated blood method. One drawback to immunizing calves is that the owner must wait one or two years before the calves develop into breeding animals; it means loss of time, but is a safe method. The Defebrinated Blood Method of producing im- munity to Texas fever in cattle was originated or dis- covered in Australia. It has been most extensively em- ployed i nthis country by Dr. Connoway of the Missouri Experiment Station, and Dr. Francis of the Texas Ex- periment Station. It has been tested by the Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington, D. C, and by the Louis- iana, the Mississippi and the Alabama Experiment Sta- tions. Brefly speaking, it consists in inoculating a suscepti- ble or non-immune animal with blood that is freshly drawn from an immune animal and defebrinated. The animal from w^hich the blood is derived should be at least two j^ears old, and Southern-bred, and known to have had ticks upon it some time during the second sum- 251 mer of its life. A Northern-bred animal, that has ac- quired immunity by having had an attack of Texas fever within one year, may also be used as a source of blood for inoculation. After securing the animal the follow- ing instruments and articles should be prepared for the inoculation : A sterilized hypodermic syringe, one or two sterilized scalpels or sharp knives, one or two sterilized aspirat- ino- needles with an inside diameter of 1 to 2 milli- meters; a clean sterilized beaker or wide-mouth bottle, containing a small glass rod, and the bottle or beaker should be plugged with aseptic absorbent cotton; one pair of scissors, a 2 per cent, solution of creolin, and sterilized cotton or sponge, and sterilized distilled water. The water may be sterilized by boiling one hour. Any or all of the above named articles, except the creolin solution and water, may be sterilized by placing them in a vessel of cold water, and then heating the water until it boils for one hour. The animal from which the blood is to be drawn may be secured by using a cattle nose-leader or by casting it with ropes, hobbles, etc. Clip the hair very close over a space 3 to 6 inches long and 2 inches wide along the jugular forrow on either side of the neck (just over the jugular vein). Wash the clipped skin with soap and water; then with the creolin solution and then with dis- tilled water. Now cord the neck of the animal as the neck of a horse is corded just before it is to be bled. When the neck is corded the jugular vein stands out prominently. Now the aspirating needle, with its point inclined toward the head, is pushed into the jugular vein and the blood that escapes through the hollow needle is caus^ht in the sterilized breaker or wide-mouth bottle, and stirred slowly ^ith the glass rod, being careful to 252 hold tbe CO g . o 'OJ o c a. «M> X O «■■■ ^rf «^rf cs o 03 OQ I » CD oc o o o 03 OC 09 t. 3 ^-« 03 E 03 Ul a; o CO ^ «r 00 c] ca «o -^r M TJ< CJ o o o w -Ji c/j-'rocoioootocvjo JO c^i c^a oo M O a (M o t^i th oooooooo rH T-H CI o o o t-t tH T-( T-liMi-l (D <0 C<1 OO-^-^OO-^-^fO O 00 CO Tt(MOOOOOOOCO-«t •C^Ot— Ir-li— It— It— ti— If— tOrHOi— It— It— IC^Jr- i(Mt— li— ItH(Mi— It— It— iOtHi— I • OOOOOOOOC>C>0000000000<000<3>0000 «_ t0OC0CC>C-^COC>OOOOOOOiOO0000000 ^^ _j_(_i--iT-(T— ItHt— It— It— It— It— It— It— It— ItHt— It— It— It— It— It— It— ItHt— It— IT-ItHi— ( 1^ .■^OCICDOOOOOOC^l-^CO'^CCiOOCa-^O'^'^OCD-fM-^OOMOOCO'^ •OOt— ItHt— It— It— ItHt--3-^THCOOOOCiOOC>CiC>OOOiOOC>0 ^ •OOO-^OOCQCvlOOOO-^IMOOCr'CPlOC.JOOCDOOOOOCOOOOC^IMOO < OOt-Ht-It— IC^JtHC^t— IC<]Cf^'^oc>c:>oc5c>C500oo<0'00oooc>c>o _l_l^_L^J_LT-lT-lT-lT-lT-ll-__irvi(-^T-j^T'>0CqCOCO'^-^'^-^ O'TiCO'^'-rf'TtiLO'^'lOCOL.'ti-'fLOCO SoSSSoSoooooooooooooooooooooo ■r, • ca Tj< C3 -^ 00 00 . C<1 O tH T-l T-l T— 1 • o o o O o o • tH T— 1 tH tH T-l T-l OO-^-^CaOOMOCOOOOO-^OC^COT— ICOCOCOOOOC5C5 T— ICqCO'>*i'»ti-^COCOCO-<+iCOO'^O0000C0-«*iC000000000Ca-^OTt<000000000>OC>OC>00 O "* CO oo 00 00 ■ ••••• C5 -^ T— I tH T— I T— I O O O O O O o-^'^cq-rj^TjHocooo'NJcococo-^co-^oooocacoo C5 cq C<) IM M C5 C3 Cq cq OOOOOOOOOO 00)0>OOOOC>OOOC> tHt— ItHt— It— ItHtHtHt— ItHt— It— It-HtHt— ItHtHt— ItHt-' o: 1 o: I oc CO C^ 00 OS O T-l — wcqcqcococoT-i Ot— ICQCO-^imCOt^OOOlOTHCsICO C 257 .^^(;OOOOOOCo?OC»-C»Tti«C>CDOOOOO'^C»OOOCQOO ■^ eocococococoooo<^oooc>ooooooooooooooooo «C)00«OOOC3Cr>«DOOCr>-^C00"^"^Coooooooooooooc>ooooooooooooo 00'*0Cc Tt< (Mxtt^O-^-^-^tDCOTfO^DOOCQ-^J^ eoc^MTHTH(^^c<^(^^coeOT-lc<^<^ac<^co(^QC<^c^c<^c<^c^^<^a(^qc<^c<^<^^(^q^— iwot— iWtH ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo OOCC>000-*'0"<*<"*'*00000«>'*CQO'*'>*iOOO«CiOOOOO''rfH(M'CSOOOCOOOOC?C> Coooooooooooooooooooo _j_j,_l,_i,_i,— I— 1,— (tHtHt— It— It— It— It— li— It— ItHt— It— ItHtHt— It— IiHt— ItHtHtHtHt— It— It-+ o 00 O o Tt< iXi <-> <— ) f-5 o o <=> o o O o o o O O o o O o o O o o o o o o o o o o o o rH tH tH tH tH tH tH T-l T— 1 T-l T-l 1-1 rH tH tH tH TH r-i T-l t-i tH tH tH tH T-l tH tH tH iH tH T-i tH T-f O 'T' o 00 (M -* <:d Tfl CD CD o o ■* o cq CD CD CD 00 -* TtH O "* 00 N CD CD Tt< "* C>Q CD O CD Tt* ?o CO (M CO CO CO rq CO CO CO CO CO CO c^ C<] C<] ^q C<1 ro Coooooooooo WCqC^lTt^OOOCD-^CDCDOOCDOOOOOOO-^CDOOOCDO-^-^CD-^CDCDCDOOCD eOCOCO'^'^'*'COCO-^COCOC<]C^C^3C<|C^T— It— It— It— It— tC^T— !C<1t— It—It— It— It— It— It— It— It— f OOOC'OOOC)OOOOOOOOOOOOOOC:>0000000000 ^T-iTHrHTHT-lTHTHTHTHTHTHTHTHTHTHTHTHT-lT-lTHrHTHTHTHTHTHTHTHTHTHTHTH «D-^C<100-^OOOCDOOCDC<100C<'*000-^-^'«»"0000000000«00-^«0 '5. c 5 5 t-H t— 1 »— I 1—1 1 ^H (M 1—1 1—1 tH IM • M o o X» '.O Tt««ooo030"«t««0'**c000«DOOO' to (^Cvq,_(i— lOi— liMOi— It— 1— ("MrHi— li— li— l1-^THT— li— lOi— li— 'i— li— li— IMiHtH OOOOOOOOOC^OOOOOOOOOOCiO-OOOC)©©© |,_(^,_lr-lrHi— 1tHi-Hi-1i— IrHrHiHrHr-li— li— liHT-lrHi-Hr-lrHT-Hi— Ii-HiHtH Tt<«0^OOOlM (MO M O 00 O «0 0^^,_(,_(,_(C^,-|THrHTH00000000'000000000000 OOOOOO ■«*< 00 to IM O O O o o O o o O o o o O o o O O O O o o O tH iH tH r-t l-t tH r-{ iH tH r-\ r-t r-l r-t r-t r-i r-i r-t r-t r-t T-l r-t r-t r-t r-l r-t r-l r-l r-l r-l O Tt* 00 (M q^(Mi— lOli— I1-H03C0O3O1T-IIM1— llMi— ICOCOIMlMi— li— li— li— li— li— li-H01C <-> <-> <-> O <-> O o o o O o o O o o o o O O o o o o o o o o O r-t r-l r-t rH T-i r-t r-t r-t r-t r-t r-t 1—1 r-t rH rH rH r-t i-H rH r-t r-t r^ T-t 1-H r-t 1-H 1-H r-t iH O O O . 00 (M oq cq OrHoqco-^mtot-oodOT-Hoqco-^u^to rHlMCO-^tOtOt-OOO^rHTHrHrHTHrHiHrHrHrHOqOqcqoqOqOJM 259 to O 00 CO -<*' eO M r-l M M o o o o o oe 00 oo o GO tH tH tH Ceriod of inoculation. The ticks were kept off by weekly applications of kerosene oil emulsion. Neither cotton seed nor any of its products were fed them during the inoculation periods. Unless otherwise mentioned, the blood used in the inoculations was derived from a two- year-old Southern-bred Jersey heifer, which had been infested with ticks during its second summer, and had been tested for tuberculosis. 1. Admiral (see Table I), a red poll bull, bred in Illinois, arrived in Alabama Nov. 11, 1899, at the age of ten months, weighing 742 lbs. December 26, 1899, was inoculated with 1 cc of defibrinated blood. Very little, if any, primary inoculation fever occurred; but a fairly good secondary inoculation fever began January 25, 1900 (30 days after the inoculation), and continued until February 4. He was inoculated a second time February 21, 1900, with IJ cc of defibrinated blood. A very slight rise of temperature appeared on February 26 and 27, March 3 and 4, and March 22. The inoculation fever periods in this animal Avere all more or less ir- regular, very slight or absent, excepting the secondary inoculation fever following the first inoculation. Dur- ing the entire inoculation periods he exhibited no signs of ill health. Ticks first appeared upon him June 16. July 21 he was very much depressed or dumpish. August 10 he began to breathe rapid and shallow ; morning tem- perature 107, and at noon 108 degrees Fah., remaining at about 106 for the next four days ; then it dropped to normal for two days, rising to 107.4 on August 19. Hig 263 temperature ranged between 103 and 105 until Septem- ber 15, remaining above normal nearly all of the time from August 19 to October 1. Thereafter there were occasional or irregular rises in his temperature (see his temperature record in Table II). When the high fever began his urine became highly colored (port wine color), and was excreted in large quantities; this condi- tion continued for more than a week. The urine con- tained a large quantity of albumen. August 11, about the beginning of the fever, his bowels became inactive; he was first given Epsom salts, and then raw linseed oil with rectal injections of warm water, — the last being given three times per day. But the moderate doses of purgatives and large enemas failed to produce a normal action of the bowels for 14 days. His bowels began to act August 26, and the feces were very soft, dark in color and many times were covered with gelatinous mucus. His appetite was almost en- tirely lost ; he nibbled at bran, sorghum, hay and grass ; but did not ruminate until he began to recover. Diges- tion was almost entirely suspended. During the sus- pension of digestion, fermentation and bloating were controlled by giving internally dram doses of creolin and by using the trocar and canula (tapping the ru- men or pounch to let out the gas) . His weakness caused him to lie dowm much of the time. About August 26 he began to improve, his appetite became a little better ; rumination and digestion were resumed, and his bowels "began to act freely ; yet recovery was slow and in fact he has not yet completely recovered. Periods of improve- ment and periods of depression have appeared irregu- larly for twelve months. August 8, 1899, t^^o days be- fore the fever began, he weighed 1027 lbs., and Septem- ber 24, 805 lbs. ; March 30, 1901, 775 lbs. ; October 5. 1901, 905 lbs. His appetite, digestion and assimilation 264 have been deficient; have been below normal, and con- sequently very little improvement has been made. Au^nist 13, 1900, there were 4,175,000 red cells in 1 ccm. of his blood. August 20, 1900, there were 4,550,000 red cells in 1 ccm. of his blood. Au<.aist 23, 1900, there were 4,400,000 red cells in 1 ccm. of his blood. August 17, 1901, there were 6,400,000 red cells in 1 ccm. of his blood. September 26, 1901, there were 7,090,000 red cells in 1 ccm. of his blood. The treatment of Admiral during the fever was di- rected toward keeping the bowels active by using rectal injections of warm water, and by giving, per mouth, small doses of raw linseed oil, — creolin and tapping being used to control bloating. Quinine in 30 to 120 grains doses were given every six hours to destroy the micro-parasite which causes the disease. To keep up heart action and tide over periods of great depression and weakness, tincture of digitalis was given in 2 to 4 fluid, dram doses; also tinct. of nux vomica was used to stimulate the heart. Gention was given as a stomachic to improve the appetite and digestion after the acute stage had passed; also tincture chloride of iron and Fowler's solution of arsenic were tried, with the idea that they would increase the haemoglobin and number of red blood corpuscles. But no appreciable results fol- lowed the use of the last two named drugs. Clemintina (see Table I), a registered red poll heifer, bred in Illinois, was 1 year old when shipped to Auburn, Ala., arriving Xovember 8, 1899, and then weighed 770 lbs. December 26 she was inoculated with 1 cc of de- fibrinated blood. She had no primary inoculation fever, 265 and a very slight secondary fever appeared February 1 to 8, about 36 days after inoculation. February 21 she received a secondary inoculation of 1^ cc of defibrinated blood. A very slight elevation of temperature occurred about 40 days after the second inoculation. Of all the six full blood cattle inoculated at the same time she reacted the least. During the shipment she accidentally got with calf and aborted July 26. Preceding and fol- lowing the abortion she had some fever and it is very probable that the abortion was caused by the fever. Ac- cording to the Australian authorities Texas fever pro- duced bv defibrinated blood inoculation is often at- tended by abortion in pregnant cows. This heifer has kept in the best condition, and has made an almost con- tinuous growth from the time of her arrival in Ala- bama to the end of her second summer. Novem- ber, following her first summer she weighed 1020 lbs. at 2 years old, and on August 10, 1901, she weighed 1190 lbs. She dropped a bull calf about September 20, 1901. Champion of Al-abama, (see Tables I and II), a short- horn bull, bred in Missouri, arrived at Auburn, Ala., November 8, 1899, at the age of 7 months, weighing 472 lbs. In shipping he caught cold and had an attack of bronchitis the first week after his arrival in Alabama. December 26 he was inoculated with 1 cc of defibrinated blood. If primary fever appeared it lasted only one day, on January 11. A well marked secondary inoculation fever occurred from January 28 to February 7, beginning 31 days after the inoculation, and continuing 12 days. February 21, 1900, he received a second inoculation of H cc of defibrinated blood. The fever periods following the second inoculation were indistinct and irregular. During the secondary' fever Deriod of the first inocula- 266 tion he became very sliigjjjish, lost his appetite and de- creased about 20 lbs. in weight. This calf was weak and unthrifty when inoculated, and had days of dunipish- ness and loss of appetite durini^ the entire winter. AVhile the reaction to the inoculation was well marked for only one period, yet he seemed to be affected more by the fever than any of the other five animals that were inocu- lated at the same time. During the summer of 1900 and of 1901 he became infested with ticks at different times, and for a short time in August had a period of high fever, going as high as 107 one evening (see Table II). Thereafter he made rapid gains, and on August 10, 1901, he weighed 1200 lbs. His growth during the second summer has been very good. Sixth Gazelle of Maple Hill (See Table I), a short- horn heifer, bred in Missouri, arrived in Alabama No- vember 8, 1899, at the age of 11 months, weighing 692 lbs. Was first inoculated December 26 with 1 cc of de- fibrinated blood. The primary inoculation fever began January 7, (12 days after inoculation), and ' >ntinued until January 26 (19 days). The secondary inocula- tion fever appeared about January 31; it was very mild and not distinctly marked. On February 21, this heifer received a second inoculation of \\ cc of defibrinated blood, but no distinct fever reaction followed this inocu- lation. She lost her appetite one or two days, and had one day of short and rapid respirations during the pri- marv fever of the first inoculation. February 16 and 22 a very few ticks were found on her. June 16 several ticks were found on her, having been in tick-infested pasture since April. July 16 she appeared dull and stupid, and July 24 her temperature rose a little above the normal ; no doubt she had, at this time, a very mild attack of fever. She passed through the first summer 267 making good gains and growing. At the beginning of the inoculation period she weighed 685 lbs. at the close (April 4, 1900), 805. After this she passed her first and second summers and second winter, much oi the time in tick-infested pastures. August 10, 1901, she weighed 1060 lbs., and August 11 dropped a fine 77- Ib. heifer calf. Baroness of Alabam , (see Table I), a full blood An- gus heifer, bred in Illinois; arrived in Auburn, Ala., November 8, 1899, at the age of 8 months, weighing 520 lbs. December 26 she was inoculated with 1 cc of de- fibrinated blood. The primary inoculation fever began about January 2 to 4, and continued until about Janu- ary 22. The secondary inoculation fever appeared about the last day of January and first of February. Follow- ing the primary fever occasional irregular rises of tem- perature appeared. February 21, 1900, she received her second inoculation of 1^ cc of defibrinated blood; the 9th and 10th days following the inoculation she had fever, and on the 20th day she had a temperature of 104 morning and evening. The primary inoculation fever following her first inoculation was good and continued longer than usual, and the heifer then became sluggish and off her feed. At time of first inoculation she weighed 555 lbs. ; near the close of the primary fever 540 lbs. ; at the close of the inoculation periods (April 4), 570 lbs.; September 1, 1900, 700 lbs. ; March 30, 1901, 810 lbs. Charley Gardner, (see Tables I and II), an Angu& bull, bred in Illinois, arrived at Auburn, Ala., Novem- ber 8, 1899, at the age of 8 months, weighing 605 lbs. December 26, 1899, he was inoculated with 1 cc of de- fibrinated blood. An almost imperceptible primary fever appeared about January 1. The secondary inocu- lation fever began January 22 (27 days after the inocu- 268 lation) and lasted abuot 10 days. At no time did his fever reacli 104. On February 21, 1900, lie received a second incKulation of 1^ cc of dcfil)rinated blood. No fever followed this inoculation. After beinjjj infested with ticks some time in June or July, he had a rather severe attack of fever, beginninfij about August 10, when his temperature ran up to 107. This period of fever lastcxl three days; his temperature went up to 104-106 for four days. The fever checked his appetite and made him lose some in weight, but rumination, digestion and action of bowels were at no time completely suspended, as in Admiral's case. August 8, 1900, just before the fever, he weighed 1015 pounds. September 1, 1900, just after the fever, he weighed 930 pounds. August 10, 1901, near close of his second summer, he weighed 1450 pounds, when about 30 months old. REMARKS ON INOCULATION OF THE SIX CATTLE IN TABLE I. One positive mistake that we made with the three full blood bulls which were inoculated at the same time as the three full blood heifers, was that they were not per- mitted to get ticks on them early in the spring imme- diately following recovery from the inoculation fever. The heifers were turned out with the herd cows and be- came infested with ticks early in the spring, while the bulls Avere kept by themselves in small pasture lot, and did not, in fact, get but few ticks on them until July, when the weather w^as hot, a dangerous time for fever. Another mistake was made in the second inoculation of all those that did not react well to the first inoculation. The second inoculation dose (coming from same source 269 as first) should have been 2^ cc instead of U cc. The fever must be produced by the inoculation at least once and if possible tT\ice before the animal is safely im- mune. The temperature should run up to, at lowest, 104 to 105. 270 TABLE III. roinperatiir*' Ivoct)rds of Nortliern-Bred Grades that were Inocu- hited with Dt'iihrinaled Bhiod. uiAbt 1 A. am: 1 1 a. (;iiaiik ii i a «"rai>k iF DATE IS99- 19(H) I s. u. I AM I P. M I A.M. I P. M I A.M. | P- M | A.M. | P. M. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dpc. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.4 102.2 102.4 104.0 102.4 102.4 102.0 104.0|103.0 102.0 102.0|102.0 102.0|102.0|102.6 101.0 102.01102.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 104.0 103.6 102.4 102.61102.0 |103.0|103.0I102.2 103.2 100.0 101.6 101.0 102.6 102.8 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.6 102.0|103.0 104.0|l03.0 100. w 1 103.0 102.0 102.6 102.6 103.0 101.6 102.6 102.01102.4 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 100.6 102.0 100.0 100.2 101.2 102.0 102.2 102.6 103.4 102.0 102.6 102.6 102.6 103.6 102.2|103.2 102.61102.6 102.01102.2 101.0|l02.0 102.21102.4 101.01102.0 100.8|102.0 100.01102.0 102.6|102.6 102.0|102.0 102.2|102.4 102.01102.4 101.01102.0 102.01102.2 3 1102.01102. 4 4 1102.21102.6 5 jl02.0|102.2 6 1101.0,102.0 7 1102.01102.2 8 102.01102.4 9 (l02.2|102.6 10 101.6103.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 103.0 102.6 103.0 102.0 102.0 102.4 102.0 102.4 102.6 103.0 102.6 102.0 102.6 102.6 102.6 102.6 102.4 102.0 102.4 102.6 102.6 102.6 102.6 102.4 102.0 101.4 102.0 102.6 102.2 102.6 102.0 102.4 102.6 103.0 103.0 102.6 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.6 102.6 102.0 102.6 102.01103.0 102.0'102.6 102.2 103.6 102.2 102.0 102.4 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.4 103.6|102.0 103.61102.6 103.2 103.4 102.4 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 104.0 103.0 102.8 102.6 103.0 102.6 103.0 102.6 103.0 102.6 103.0 103.0 xU3.2 103.2 102.2 102.6 102.2 102.6 102.6 103.0 102.4 102.6 103.0 103.0 102.8 101.8 102.0 102.4 104.0 103.0 102.2 102.0 102.2 102.0 103.2 103.0 102.2 103.0 103.4 102.0 103.0 103.2 102.01102.4 102.0|103.0 102.0|102.6 100.0|102.0 102.4|103.6 102.21103.0 102.0|103.0 102.4|103.0 102.01103.0 102.41103.0 102.0|102.4 102.41103.0 102.21102.6 102.41102.6 102.41102.0 102.41102.6 102.01102.4 102.01102.6 101.61102.0 101.01102.0 102.01102.2 102.01102.2 102.4fl02.6 102.61102.6 102.21102.6 102.61103.0 102.61102.6 102.6 101.6 102.2 102.2 102.0 101.0 101.4 102.6 101.4 103.0 103.0 103 102 101 101 101 102 102 102.0 100.8 102.6 101.4 102.2 102.4 102.0 100.0 102.0 102.4 102.6 101.0 102.0 102.2 102.2 102.2 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.4 102.2 102.4 102.2 lOZ.O 101.2 102.0 102.4 102.0 102.6 102.0 6 ,0 2 .4 ,6 0 105.0 103.0 102.6 103.0 102.0 103.0 103.0 103, 104, 102. 103, 102, 104, 103.0 103.0 102.0 103.2 103.4 103.6 104.0 103.4 102.6 103.4 103.2 103.0 103.0 103.4 102.4 102.8 103.0 102.6 102.4 102.4 102.6 102.6 103.0 102.6 102.6 102.4 102.6 103.0 105.0 102.0 102.0 102.6 102.2 103.0 102.6 271 TABLE III— Continued. DATE S. H. GRADE I A. (JRAUK I | A. GRADE II | A. GRADE III 1899—1900. AM I P M. I A M P M Jan. 11 Jan. 12 Jan. 13 Jan. 14 Jan. 15 Jan. 16 Jan. 17 Jan. 18 Jan. 19 Jan. 20 Jan. 21 Jan. 22 Jan. 23 Jan. 24 Jan. 25 Jan. 26 Jan. 27 Jan. 28 Jan. 29 Jan. 30 Jan. 31 Feb. 1 Feb. 2 Feb. 3 Feb. 4 Fab. 5 Feb. 6 Feb. 7 Feb. 8 Feb. 9 Feb. 10 Feb. 11 Feb. 12 Feb. 13 Feb. 14 Feb. 15 Feb. 16 Feb. 17 Feb. 18 Feb. 19 Feb. 20 Feb. 21 Feb. 22 Feo. 23 103.0 102.2 102.2 101.6 102.4 102.6 102.2 103.0 103.0 102.2 102.4 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 "102.0 102.0 102.0 101.4 102.4 102.2 102.4 102.0 102.4 102.0 103.0" 103.2 104.0 102.6 103.0 102.0 103.4 102.6 102.6 102.0 102.6 102.6 102.6 102.6 101.6 102.2 102.0 101.2 103. 101. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. '102. 102. 103. 102. 102. 102. 103. 102. 102. 102. 103. 102. 102. 102 102 102 102 A.M. I P M I A. M I P .M. 102.6 102.0 102.0 102.6 102.6 0 102.6 103. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 6 1 102. 103.2|102. 103.0 4 6 4 4]102.2 6|102.0 0J103 0|102 4|102 6|102 61103 4|l03 01103 4(103.0 2|102.0 4! 6|102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 0|102.0 6|102.4 0|102.0 0|102.6 0|102.0 0|102.6 0J102.4 6|103.0 6|103.0 0|103.2 0|103.0 6|103.0 0|102.6 01102.6 41102.0 0tl02.0 2|l02.0 01102.0 61102.0 4|102.0 0|101.2 01102.0 61102.0 2|102.0 .1102.0 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 103. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 103. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 103 ±03 103 102 102 102 4 4 6 6 0 4 2 6 103 61102 6J102 6|102 61102 0|102 6|102 4|102, 0|103 2|102 6!102, 102 102 01103 61103 6|102 61102, 0|102 0|103, 4|103, 01102 102 102 102, 102, 102. 102, 102, 102. 102. .0 .6 .6 .6 .0 .0 .0 .4 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .0 .6 .6 .2 .6 .0 .6 ,6 .0 ,6 6 ,6 ,6 0 2 .6 6 6 0 0 0 6 4 2 4 0 4 4 6 6 1 103 |102 |102 |103 1102 1 102 |102, |103| il03 |103 |103 |102 |102, [102 il02, |102. |103, 1102, 1103. |102, 1 103. |102. |103. |102. 102. |102. |102. |102. 1103. |102. |102. |102. 1102. 1102. |102. |102. |102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. .ZI103.4 .4|103.0 .61102.6 .0|102.0 .6|102 .6|102 .6|102 [0.103 .0|102 .0|102 .01102 102 102.2 103.0 102.4 0J102.0 4|102.0 01102.0 2|101.6 0|102.4 01101.0 0|103.0 21102.0 102.6 102.4 102.6 102. t) 0J103.0| 6|102.0 4|102.2| 0|102.0| 6J103.0I 6|102.0| 0|102.6| 6|103.0| 21102. 4| 4|102.2| 0|102.0| 2|102.0| 6|103.0| 6|102.4| 2|102.6| .1102.61 1103.0 1102.6 jioa.o 1102.6 |102.4 |102.6 |102.0 |102.2 |102.2 jl02.6 il02.6 |102.2 |102.6 |102.0 1102.2 1102.6 |102.4 1102.2 102.2 |102.0 [102.6 102.0 103.2 103.0 102.6 102.0 102.4 102.0 102.6 102.0 102.2 101.6 102.6 102.0 102.0 103.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.6 102.6 102.4 272 The four Nortliern-lurd grades that were hroui^ht to Aiilmrii, Ahi., Noveinher 8, 1S91), witli tlie six full bipods, were inocuhittHl one montli before the full bloods, and were ditrereutly handled and fed. They wexe all in- oculated the first time November 24, 1899, with 1 cc of defil)rinated blood, derived from the same two-year-old Southern-bred Jersey heifer; and on January 24, 1900, they all received a second inoculation of 1^ of detibrin- ated blood. During the inoculation periods they were fed small rations of bran and very poor hay; housed at nii2:ht and bad days, and allowed the run of a dry lot on good days. (See temperature records in Table III). Shorthorn Grade Heifer, bred in Missouri, about 8 months old at time of arrival in Alabama, and weighed 320 11)S. The primary fever began about November 28 or December 1, and continued until about December 5th. and rose slightly again December 9, 10 and 11. Her temperature came up again December 18, and irregular slight elevations of temperature occurred until the sec- ond inoculation on January 24. During this first per- iod a low fever prevailed, and the heifer ex- hibited weakness and an unthrifty condition. The low fever following the second inoculation was a little higher and more unbroken or continuous than the fever following the first inoculation. This heifer was not in good condition at the beginning of the inoculation per- iods, and was not fed a sufficient quantity of good feed during the fever. A liberal supply of good feed is always essential during inoculation fever. She was turned into a tick-infested pasture about March 1, and became so badly infested with ticks in April that it Avas neces- sary to get her up and treat her with kerosene oil emul- sion in order to remove them. This heifer did make some growth during her first summer, but did not begin 273 to improve in a normal, healthy manner until the spring of 1901. September 1, 1901, she weighed about 800 lbs. Angus Grade Heifer fio. I ; bred in Illinois, about 8 months old at time of arrival in Auburn^ Ala. About December 8 the primary reaction began. Slight irregu- lar rises of temperature occurred every few days until second inoculation on January 24, 1900. Primary re- action began about February 6, and lasted about 1 days. February 23 she was turned into tick-infested pasture with the herd, and became infested with ticks early in the spring. She made .good gains in flesh during the summer, and on November 10, 1900, weighed 725 lbs. During the second summer she developed without any checks, and now weighs about 900 lbs. Angus Grade Heifer No. II, bred in Illinois, at time of arrival in Auburn, Ala., 8 months old, and weighed 415 lbs. Primary inoculation fever appeared about De- cember 1. Secondary inoculation fever not very difi- nitely located, but probably began about January 9. Temperature rises were irregular and very mild, follow- ing both first and second inoculations. She never showed symptoms of ill health and at the end of the inoculation periods she weighed 490 lbs. She was turned into a tick-infested pasture and became infested with ticks early in the spring, and never showed any signs of sick- ness, weighing at the end of the first summer 670 lbs. At the end of the second summer she weighed about 800 lbs. Angus Grade Heifer No. Ill; bred in Illinois, about 3 months old at time of arrival in Auburn, Ala., and weighed 420 lbs. About December 1 the primary react- ion began. The secondary inoculation fever not very distinctly located unless January 7 to 13 or January 18 to 24 be so regarded. The primary reaction following 274 the second inoculation began about February 3, and the secondary reaction appearing about February 20. No reaction is high or very distinctly located. This heifer was very wild and mean to handle, and was not fed dur- ing the first and second summers and the second winter, as were Nos. 1 and 2. At the end of the first summer she weighed 610 lbs., and in September, 1901, she weighs about 800 lbs. She became infested Avith ticks the first summer and several times since, but has never exhibited any signs of ill health. 275 TABLE IV. Temperature Records of four Registered Angus Calves. Inoculated with Defibrinated Blood. DATE Barnes, H. i I Barnes, H. 11 Barnes, B. j Little B. 1900. I A.M. I P.M. I A.M. I P M I A. M. I P.M. | A. M | P M February 13 February 14 February 15 February 16 February 17 February 18 February 19 February 20 February 21 February 22 February 23 February 24 February 25 February 26 February 27 February 28 March 1 . . . March 2 ... March 3 . . . March 4 . . . March 5 . . . March 6 . . . March 7 . . . March 8 . . . March 9 . . . March 10 . . March 11 . . March 12 . . March 13 . . March 14 . . March 15 . . March 16 . . March 17 . . March 18 .. March 19 . . March 20 .. March 21 . . March 22 . . March 23 .. March 24 . . March 25 . . March 26 . . March 27 . . March 28 . . March 29 .. March 30 . . March 31 .. April 1 . . . . April 2 April 3 April 4 . . . . April 5 . . . . 103 102 102 102 102 102 102.0 103.0 103.4 102.0 102.6 102.6 102.6 104.6 103.6 102.6 102.6 102.6 102.0 103.0 102.6 102.6 102 102 102 103 103 102.6 102.4 103.0 102.6 102.6 102.2 102.4 102.6 103.0 102.0 103.0 103.0 102.0 102.6 102.2 102.6 103.6 103 103 103 102 103 103 103 103.6 103.0 102.6 103.0 103.0 103.0 102.2 102.4 103.0 102.6 103 103 103 01102 102.0 102.6 103.0 103.6 102.6 102.6 103.0 102 103 102 103 103 102 103 103 103 102 102 103.0 102.6 102.6 102.6 102.6 103.0 102.6 103.0 102.6 102.6 102.0 103.4 103.6 102.6 103.0 103 102 103 103 102.0 102.0 103.0 102.0 102.6 102.0 102.6 102.6 102.0 102.0 103 103 102 102 103 103.0 103.2 102.0' 104.0 103.6 105.0 103.6 104.0 102.6 102.6 103.0 103.2 102.0 102.0 104.0 102.6 103.0 102.6 103.0 102.6 102.0 102.6 103.0 102.6 102 102 103 102 102. Olios, 103.0 102.0|103.0 102.0|102.6 102.01102.2 102.6 102.0 102 102 102 102 102.0 102.6 102.4 103.2 102 102 102 102.0 102.0 102.6 103.0 102.4 102.0 102.6 103.0 102.6 102.4 102.0 101.6 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.4 102.6 102.6 103 102 103 102 103 102 103 103 102.6 102.6 102.0 102.2 102.6 102.0 103.0 102.01102.0 102.2|102.0 102.01 102.0 102.0 101.6 102.0 102.0 102.0 101.0 101.6 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 101.2 101.6 102.0 102.2 102.0 103.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 1101.2 102.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 102.0 104.0 101.6 102.0 102.0 103.6 103.2 103.0 102.6 103.4 103.0 103.0 102.4 102.6 102.6 102.0 102.6 102.2 102.6 102.2 103.0 103.0 102.2 102.2 103.6 102.0 103.0 103.0 102.2 103.0 103.0 105.0 102.0 102.6 102.0 102.2 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 103.0 102.6 103.0 102.6 102.6 102.0 102.0 104.0 102.6 103.0 102.6 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 102.6 102.6 103.0 103.0 103.6 102.6 104.0 103.0 103.4 103.0 103.2 103.0 102.6 103.0 103.0 102.6 103.0 102.6 103.0 102.0 102.0 103.0 102.6 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.2 103.0 104.0 104.0 105.0 106.0 106.0 104.2 102.6 103.0 102.6 102.0 102.0 104.4 104.0 103.0 102.0 102.0 102.6 lOz.6 10:i.6 102.0 102.4 103.0 102.6 102.0 102.2 103.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 104.0 105.0 104.0 106.0 106.0 105.2 103.4 103.0 103.0 102.0 102.0 103.0 105.0 103.2 102.0 102.0 102.0 101.4 102.0 102.2 102.0 102.6 102.0 102.0 102.2 27'-- o In Table No. 3, '^Barnes, II., I," "naiiu^s 11., II,'' and *'Barne.s, iV," represent two lieifers and one bull. They are full blooded Angus calves about G mouths old at time of their arrival in Alabama, and were bred in Illinois. February 11 they arrived in Au])nrn, Ala., and Februarv 13 thev were each inoculated with 1 cc of de- febrinated blood derived from the same two-year-old Alabama-bred Jersey heifer. The inoculation fever per- iods are fairly well marked (see Table No. IV), but are somewhat irregular. These calves were fed shorts, corn meal, ^md receivcnl daily from 3 to 4 gallons of milk from two Alabama-bred Jersey cows. The milk very probably had no immunizing power, but it kept these calves in excellent condition to withstand the inoculation fever. They all grew and gained in weight during the inocula- tion period. April 5, 1900, they were taken to the home of their owner, Hon. R. B. Barnes, Opelika, Ala., where they have spent two summers without showing any symptoms of Texas fever. The heifers were turned into tick-infested pastures and the bull was kept by him- self in a small pasture where he did not get many ticks on him the first summer. Consequently in November following the first summer the bull was given a second inoculation of 1^ cc of defibrinated blood. The cattle have suffered no inconvenience from the inoculation, and the exposure to tick inoculation during the second summer. The "Little B.'' in Table No. IV. represents an Angus bull calf, bred in Missouri. He arrived at Auburn, Ala., February 20, 1900, and was then about 10 months old. This calf was small and thin at time of arrival, but on Februarv 21 he was inoculated with 1 cc of defibrinated blood from the same Alabama-bred Jersey heifer. No- tice bv the table that his reactions or inoculation fever periods were better marked than were those of the 277 Barnes calves. This is partly due to the fact that he was older and was not fed milk to keep him stronger and better able to resist the micro-parasites. He was fed shorts, wheat bran and corn meal, and maintained a growing appetite and made good gains in weight during the entire 35 days he was in Auburn. When shipped to his owner, Mr. W. G. Little, Livingston, Ala., he could not be forced into the small crate in which he came to Auburn from Missouri. This animal has now passed two summers in Alabama, and has never exhibited any signs of Texas fever. 278 IS PQ < Q O o ft Eh n W o o o o pa GO 09 U_0 o c 3 o o o o O O ♦J O; S c! CCi-H— ' o O 5J 03 (D . > o c c ^ "u * 3 0; C 5" > D O 3 en CO (/J •»- 3 « O C o c . •- m is *-* 0> V I 7 s c 3 C >> 0/ a* CO 3 /. > O ^^ *^ (1) 0/ *- 33 l-< 'J: i 3 O' in J • c • _o art 0) "-5 u< > o ^H— I— .r-l-H— I'— ,— I— .— 1— 1 — r-t(MC^JC^ ..iCMOJCMlM ce CC >>o o s-° csj CD CO -^ IS O lT^ g§ oo > iz; 05 fa o CM 0; o, o : r; _; c o o _5-^^ :q ^ :i; s ^ ::: § ^ en 03 Us _tfi jn CO jn M (» J*^ en ai co "o "o "o "o "o "o "c ^ t: i: r^ .^ W ^ 03 CO cr, ,«> * " ■ C GCC3C z3xa/» >i f^^ t>i >> >> OO Ol "M C^ — " ^^3 3 c- 3 O O g O 3 ^. . t4-l .M P-4 <<-■ ^ 3 'S 3 "5 O) CO M rt^ CD — < CO O ;1h Woo CK CO en CO p; j-^i >>?:>>>>»>>>>>■• --3333003^0^^0,0^0,0^0- bC be bC bO bcE 33tHW«Oaicccococn <;-<]-<}qI^'-S>-S)-;-;>-;l-;>-; 3 m CO 3 OS 2Q CO 73 a CJ-? o o o o3 Ji 3 03 = -3 b ^ CO 3 C rt 3 .a -tj -C C 03 § H -^ a, H o iz; CO 279 Clinical Notes on Dumas Short-Horns. The two Shorthorn calves, owned by Dumas, of Ar- lington, Ala., were inoculated only once, (see Table V). This was done in November. The following August Mr. Joel Dumas writes me stating that about ten days after the calves w^ere inoculated the primary inoculation fever appeared and continued about two weeks, the tempera- ture ranging from 103 to 106. The heifer's temperature was invariably higher than that of the bull calf. Dur- ing the high fever the bowels were kept active by drench- ing the calves with raw linseed oil, and w^hen they would not eat they were drenched with milk. After recovery they were turned into a pasture with other cattle, and "have had ticks on them all along.'' He says: "My Shorthorn calves have done very well, and I think now they are perfectly immune." Nov. 1., these calves were safe. Notes on the last nine cases in Table No. V : F. G. Matthews, of Florence, Ala., inoculated these animals, and under date of April 8, 1901, w^rites me as follows : "I first measured the dose in a small tAvo drachm graduated, allowing something over a half drachm for a dose (2 cc). Nine head of cattle were inoculated. Seven of them were Jerseys ( one 6 months old, one 18 months old, four were 2 years old, and one was 4 years old) ; they came from Kentucky; the other two were 2 year old Herefords, and came from the St. Louis mar- ket. All of these cattle were brought to Alabama dur- ing the past winter. "The vessels used were sterilized by placing them in cold water and bringing it up to boiling. "On the 13th of March I drew the blood from a native scrub bull, 18 months old, defibrinated it, and imme- diately inoculated the Herefords. 2 so "On the 14th of March I drew 2 ounces of bh)0(l, pre- pared it, and inunediately inoculated T. and P.'s 2-year- old Jersey cow ; a few minutes later, Sadler's 2-year-old Jersey cow; about 15 minutes later Proctor's 18-month- old Jersey heifer; about 30 minutes later Thurman's 2- year-old Jersey bull ; about an hour later Cohen's 2-year- old cow (she was in wood's pasture, and had to be hunted), and about an hour later we secured Nathan's 4-year-old cow and 6-month-old calf and inoculated both of them. (Numbered in the order named). Cows Nos. 3 and 2 died March 25. On that day the temperature of No. 3 Avas 104 ; No. 4, 103 ; No. 5, 105. March 26, No. 3, 107; No. 4, 103; No. 5, 105; Nos. 6 and 7, 104. No. 3 was too weak to stand up long at a time. March 27, No. 3, 105.5; No. 4, 102.5; No. 5, 102.5; Nos. 6 and 7, 105. These temperatures remainc*d this way for several days and then subsided. The animals suffered loss of appe- tite one or two days. The bull's temperature went up again in a few^ days to 104, and No. 3 developed a swell- ing under the throat and Aveeping at the eyes — these conditions passed off in a few days. "I can not understand why Nos. 1 and 2 should have died and No. 3 became so violently affected when all others took the regular or normal course. Possibly the severity of the fever in these three cases was due to the freshness of the blood at the time they w^ere inoculated, the blood being somewhat old at the time the others were inoculated." "Very respectfully, "Fred G. Matthews.^^ The time of vear when these 9 head of cattle were in- oculated was not altogether suitable — the wxather was a little too warm. The best time of year for inoculation is from November 1st to March 1st. Moreover, some of 281 ■J these cattle were too old to be inoculated with safety, and the dose of defibrinated blood was too large for a single or first inoculation. The strength of the blood of an immune animal is never known until it is tested by inoculation; hence it is always safest to use the mini- mum dose in the beginning or the first time the blood is used. All of these animals should have been collected at one place so that there would have been no delay in the inoculations following the drawing of the blood and the defibrinating it. The vessels were not sufficiently steril- ized. They should have been boiled at least for thirty minutes, and for safety one hour. 282 00 ' o5 tf 4^ < ■1^ «3 . r- "^ OJ CO u3 cc ^^ < 5 s c t. t: -S S ^ H tHi^^'^-'a) «^'C 'di IZ ^--^ 53 S^ ^' = -« -5? 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'Bijuuqwiv o:j :jqyno.iq uaqA\ a^v CO— '^.^^ :; ojj^jr — ^.c^^— t— I— '--' c>— '.Q TJ X r/j X X X CO oi 1 '^ - (/) O 3 3 :i X X w ;v4 'M 3 t_ t- i- - — -M I • o >5 >> >> f*> >» t>> >> 0CCC3000 5idl-^*^"^*^"^"3^^3H X >. e^ t^t^OOlOQCQOCDQO O?'!'— •<— I"— I'lf'— li— ICOi— I lO- (n rH 01 O* -^f CO ^ > ^ S3 o J- (D ^ I^ I rH 15 ; Oi ii:; CO _Q c 2 a-- ~ — c '^ CO 3 '^ ]3 g S ^, a tiC > o 22 ^' 2 .5 ^ o ^ s5 a- ^, -^ O ^"5 >r^^ O 2 C •^ O rn CD c o U 'I' r- — . a; -X £J O C ^£-55 ccHc--So-g 00 si 9^ oc 3i C^ EC 35 ^-i •-< « -^ a^ ." as - > ^ t< r, o; o 0/ o ^ — " Si '-' K. ^ 1^ fl- — 3/ ►; — "^ G a? " ^ •- +^ *:: , i- a. :i 5 1 Cft ^j-^' - q M '- CO t- 13 ^ fc>c o a.'" c5 c I- ^ 3^ 3J^ ;i-5 i'':3 03 w ^ X '* "~ "" ^ C ~ &l Is J- w q; 0^ -S '^ u ?=^ 1 1: c ^ IS ^ a; C "" _2 "^ X ' ast few seasons, it may be said that the rust is «;Tadually increasing through- out the orchard. At present there are hut few varie- ties til at liave not been at least slightly affected with the rust. ^^'hile many of the varieties have not been affected so as to show reduced growth, many others have received a very serious setback from this cause. The Green Aphis of Apples. — This insect has been very troublesome this season, and spread upon many varieties not attacked before. The following varieties have been more or less af- fected: Aikin, badly. Apple of Commerce, very badly. , Battyani, badly. Black Ben Davis, very badly. ' Bledsoe, slightlv. Benoni, slightly. Carolina Green, badly. Cooper's Red, badly. Cooper's Early, badly. Early Harvest, slightly. Elgin Pippin, badly. Epir, very badly. Family, badly. Garven stein, slightly. Horse, verv badlv. Jeffries' Everbearing, very badly. Jennings, slightly. Jklammoth Black Twig, very badly. 298 Moultries, very badly. Mangum, yery badly. Mamma, slightly. Noble Sayor, badly. Nickajack, slightly. Mayarack Sweet, slightly. Os-zi-yaj, badly. Pear (or Palmer), badly. Eed Limbert^yig, badly. Eawls Janeton, yery badly. Eed Beitigheimer, yery badly. Eed Margaret, slightly. Summer Queen, yery badly. Saxon Priest, badly. Shockley, slightly. Senator, yery badly. Summer Cheese, slightly. Sweet Bough, badly. Shackleford, badly. 7 «> Texas Eed, slightly. Tuscaloosa Seedling, slightly. Winesap, badly. Wealthy, slightly. Yellow Eno'lish, badly. Yakor, slightly. This agrees to some extent with last year's report. There were sixteen yarieties attacked this season that were not last, and thirteen yarieties that w^ere attacked last year that are free this. As in the case of the rust, the yarieties that are resistant to the attack of the in- sects are becoming fewer eyery year. The indications are that there are no yarieties that we can say are per- fectly resistant to the attacks of this insect. List of Hardy Varieties. — The following haye been free from rust, aphis, and leaf spot for the past three 299 Beasons: Uyari Piros, Magyiir, Maiden Blush, Metell, and Ponyiko. There were eiji^ht hardy varieties last year and only five this. Three of the American varieties — Aikin, Pahhitt and York Imperial — were sli<^htly at- tacked with rust. Of the varieties that are not in the above list, but that have made a satisfactory growth, and are in good condition this fall are the following: Aikin. Jennings. Arkansas Black. Keeskemet. Babbitt. Kinnard's Choice. Battyan. Limbertwig. Buncomb. ^lavarack Sweet. Bradford. Bed Astrachan. Bledsoe. Summer Wafer. Carter's Blue. Selymes. Champion. Yakor. Epir. Y^ork Imperial. Elgin Pippin. Wilalyfi. Graven stein. The following varieties fruited for the first time this season: Bledsoe, Champion, Red Limbertwig, Thorn- ton's Seedling, and Whalye. The work with the bearing orchard has been along the line of spraying with Bordeaux mixture as a pre- ventative against summer rot* and other diseases that cause the decay of fruit before maturity. As the first test along the line it was decided to keep the orchard very thoroughly sprayed from early spring until the fruit was ripe. The orchard was sprayed nine times *"\Ve use the term summer rot to denote all the kinds of rot as a class. The one rot very noticeable this season was what is known as black rot (Sphaeropsis toalorum). 300 during the summer at the following dates : March 2Tth^ before groT\i:h started; April 8th and 25th, May 22nd^ June 5th and 22nd, August 9th and 28th. Paris greett was used, after the blossoms had fallen, at the rate of eight ounces to fifty gallons of the mixture, which was the same as that used in spraying for apple rust. Care was taken to cover the whole tree very thoroughly, and especially the fruit. ISfotes on Varieties. — The varieties that were practi- callv free from rot are : Earlv Harvest, Hames, Hews^ Virginia, Hiley's Eureka, Hubersham Late, Prior's Red, Eed June, Summer Red, Thornton's Seedling, Shock- ley, Stephens' Winter, Winesap. Varieties onlv slightlv affected bv the rot : Ben Davis, Golden Pippin, Horn, Kellageskee, Limbertwig, Red Astrachan, Rome Beauty, Rawls' Janeton, Shannon Pippin, Terry's Winter, Yopp's Favorite. Varieties which rotted badly : American Golden Rus- sett. Cannon Pearmain, Elgin Pippin, Red Limbertwig, Yellow English. The growing of apples is a very difficult problem so far South, and without spraying a greater per cent, of the apples are more or less ro'tten before they are ripe. The orchard was an old one, and has had very little treatment. It was full of all kinds of diseases and in- sects that had flourished at will. The work of the fruit season seems to point to the conclusion that by careful selection of varieties, good cultivation, and thorough spraying, good clean apples can be grown here from June until early winter. The old trees this season have made a good, strong, healthy groT\i:h. 301 CHEIMMES. In the si)riii«;- of 181)8 eleven of the leadinjij varieties of cherries were phmtiH.!. All of the trees of three of the varietieii have died. Several more are making a strug- gle for existence. Four of the varieties have made a good strong growth and seem to be fairly hardy in this climate. They are : Deyhouse, Governor Wood, Osthei- mer, and Suda. These varieties all bloomed full and gave promise of a heavy fruitage this season, but when the fruit ^vas about half grown the bulk of it dropped off. AVIiether this peculiarity is due to the climatic con- ditions or to the trees not being old enough can not at present be determined. Although cherries can not be recommended for gen- eral planting they should be in the list of the home gar- den for the northern half of the State. 302 Varieties. No. of trees set 1898. S'o. of trees alive 1901. General condition in the fall 1901. Abbasse 2 1 Fairly strong and vigorous. Black Tartarian 2 1 Weak and growtli poor. Dyehouse 1 1 1 Vigorous and strong with a good growth Early Eichmond 1 0 Eng-lisli Morello 1 0 Governor Wood- 2 1 Vigorous, good healthy growth. Mont. 0. King-. 2 Fairly vigorous, growth small. Napolean 1 t 0 Ostheimer 2 2 Strong and vigorous with a good growth Snda 2 2 Strong and vigorous with a good growth. Wracfo- 2 Vigorous, fair growth. JAPAN WALNUTS. Trees were set in 1896. They fruited for the first time this season. The nuts are of medium size, borne in large clusters, from six to twelve; shell is a little ithicker than that of the English walnut, which they re- semble to some extent. The meat is sweet and of good quality, the tree bears early and is a very rapid grower. It makes a handsome tree, ha\4ng leaves of immense .308 eize. It should be incliukHl in the list for home planting throughout the Stiute. PEACHES. Tlie peach orcliai-d has done well this season, for while the croi) has not been ]ar<;t', nearly all varieties have borne some fruit. A cooperative experimental orchard was planted in 1898, at the request of a committee of the Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experi- ment Stations, for the testing of the geographical limits of the successful cultivation of the different races of peaches. The test eonsisted of three varieties of three trees each, of the five races of peaches. The orchard bore a good crop this season, and it is now possible to form some idea of their value. Alexander. — An old standard sort. Medium, greenish, white, covered with red; flesh white, firm, juicy, sweet; clingstone. Season first to the middle of June ; tree vig- orous and productive. A leading early market sort. Mt. Rose. — Medium to large, white, with red cheek; :flesh quite firm, juicy, rich, sweet; freestone; a leading market variety; ripens from the first to the middle of July. Tree vigorous and usually quite produetive. Old Mixon. — This is another old variety. Medium to large, yellowish white, with red cheek; flesh white, very rich and juicy; freestone; a good shipi^er, and well known upon the market. Season from the middle to the last of July. PEENTO RACE. Varities— PEENTO, WALDROW, and ANGEL. The varietieth of this race bloom so early that the blossoms are all killed by the frost. See table of blooming period. 304 NORTH CHINA RACE. Chinese Cling. — Large, globular, pale yellow; flesh very firm, sweet, rich ; a close clingstone ; a fine sort for pickling; season first to the middle 'of July. Tree vigor- ous and quite productive. Elberta. — Large to very large, round oval, pale yellow unless fully ripe; flesh pale yellow, firm, rich, juicy, slightly acid; freestone; ripens last of July to first of August. Tree sitrong, vigorous and very productive. The leading market variety for the South. Mammie Rorss. — Large, round, white, with red cheek, and small red specks over the surface; flesh white, streaked with red under the skin; tender, juicy, sweet; clingstone ; season flrst to the middle of July. Tree vig- orous and productive. A promising new variety. SOUTH CHINA RACE. Pallas. — Medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with some red over the surface; flesh very white, sweet, rich; freestone; a promising variety for home use and local market ; season middle of July. Tree vigorous and very productive. The best variety of the race. Tabor. — Medium, roundish oblong, pointed, covered with red; flesh white, sweet, juicy; clingstone. Tree vigorous and fairly productive; ripens the last of July. Honey.; — Small, yellowish white, oval, slightly flat- tened, terminating in a prominent point; "flesh very white, sweet, tender, juicy; freestone; season first of July. Trees are fairly vigorous and quite productive. b05 SPANISH KACE. Imperial. — Medium to large, roundish oblong, green- ish yellow, covered Aviith reddish spots over the surface; flesh white, tender, jtiicy, sweet; freestone; season last of July. Tree vigorous and quite productive. Onderkonk. — Small to medium, pale yellow, flesh yel- lowish, tender, juicy, good; freestone; ripens about the first of August. Tree vigorous and productive. Cable's Indian.— Small, roundish, dull grayish red; flesh firm, reddish; clingstone; season first of August. Tree vigorous and productive. 306 < fcJC X e3 OB 00 I o o ft t-i ^ c ,0 o (V t-3 ® •r-l -1-3 c3 o < GO a o o o DO •o o s o o o o S3 V2 o r— ( 1 — I O i cc PI ® I— I 1— ( o JO 03 SO O O o C -(-=> -^3 a; 00 O O f^ ?-> SM «4-l a> c ^ -1-3 -to 1 >5 X O X X o X s O O 4^ X O . ^ 2 Oj risj X e o 00 X o l-H X s o X X O c o o -to X o ® Q p^ H /5 •l-H S o o o f3 X X ft O i=! — . -r-t X ^ X &0 33 ft o i=l ® Ph o be < X •(-! S^ O 5^ X '^ X O o o X fee •l-H l-H o X O 307 ft5 si o I • l—t < I— 1 p. < • en O 00 as O • a; 00 09 a o " 09 09 o f-H • 2 cS B o o 1— < S o o s o o 1— t • • ti P s o o r— « be e t« --^ 09 o .—1 • 0) to r;H 09 O i—> p © 09 '-\ 13 09 09 O t—i Xi 0 2 P. CD o c P. so o < : 09 • 0 P. 09 Q o o 1—1 1— 1 < B o o x> 1— < 1— 1 B o o 1— < Xi r— t r— 1 ?l he P s o o l-H 1^ Eld o a D O •/3 • P en p, r^ O 3 1— ( p. 09 • p. 09 • p o 1— 1 f— 1 o 'd p ,p a P. 09 P 09 • O • .a « 00 ® •iH 0) »^ > -H ( ( < • 1 (• a D K a a 5 0 c 0 5 4 ■1 3 4 1 -1 i i c t3 0 3 ■i H C ; c i e H a 1 1 C t c f C H -1 D a f c f e 3 H i M H "1 0 0 H 308 The varieties of the Peento race bloom so early that they have no value outside the orange belt. The trees of the South China and Spanish races are strong, vigor- ous growers, and very productive. Many varieties of these races are suitable for the southern half of the State and coast region for home use and local market. As yet neither race contains any varieties that will com- pete with the leading market sorts of the Persian or North China races. A variety of peaches containing the vigor and productiveness of the trees of the South China and Spanish races, with the size, color, appearance and general market qualities of ithe Persian and North China races would be a valuable addition to Southern peach growing. NOTES ON OTHER VARIETIES OF PEACHES. Carmen — Large, nearly round, white wdth red cheek; flesh firm, white, rich, juicy, slightly acid; nearly free; season first to middle of July. Tree vigorous and pro- ductive. A promising variety for general planting. Early Crawford. — An old standard variety; large, ob- long oval, rich yellow with a red cheek; flesh yellow, firm, rich, slightly acid; season middle to last of July. Tree vigorous and usually productive. Under favorable conditions this is one of the leading commercial varie- ties. It wants a rich heavy soil to do its best, for upon poor land it is a shy bearer. Grey. — Medium to large, rather long and flattened, with a prominent point at the end; skin very smooth, pale yellow, slightly sprinkled with red; flesh thick, firm, rich, sweet; freestone. Tree vigorous and quite productive. It seems to be a promising variety. Hale's Early. —Medium to large, roundish, greenish white, nearly covered with red; flesh firm, good; cling- 309 stoiu'; sc'4l^^'C)ll iniddlr oT J ill v. Tree vij^oriiihs and very pr()ductiv(\ Tliis is ;ni old ninrkot sort, its greatest dia\\i>n('U is its teiideiicv t<> riK at harvest time. Matthew's Beauty. —Larj;(', roundish, yellow; flesh thick, liriu, rieh, sweet; freestone; season middle to last ol' Anj;iist. Trc^o viu'OT-ons and fairly productive. This variety fcdlows Elherta and is a ])ronnsin<»- late sort. McKinney. — Medium lo lari;(', yellowish with red cheek; flesh white, Arm, jnicy, sweet; clingstone; season middle to last of June. Tree a stronij^ mall to medium, roundish oblong with pnuninent point at ithe end, greenish yellow Avith red cheek; flesh greenish white, tender, juicy and sweet; fr(M'stoue. Tree a strong grower and very productive. Sneed. — Medium, roundish oval, white with red. cheek; fl(^sh greenish white, juicy; clingstone; season last of May. Tree strong, vigorous and productive. The earliest peach yet produced. Triumph. — ^ledium, yellow, nearly covered with red; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, good; nearly free; season first to middle of June. Tree vigorous and productive; an excellent earl}' peach and a good shipper. Victoria. — Small to medium, nearly round, pale yel- low; flesh i>ale yellow, sweet, juicy; freestone; season first of August. Tree a good grower and quite pro- ductive. 310 LIST OF VARIETIES FOR GENERAL PLANTING IN THE STATE. As a short list including some of the best market sorts, we would suggest the following, given in the order of ripening: Sneed, Triumph, Cannen, Mammie Ross, Mountain Rose, Chinese Cling, Elberta, Stump, Matth- ew's Beauty. For a longer list for home use and local market take the above list and add to it Alexander, Mc- Kinney, Hale's Earlv, Early Crawford, Grey, Pallas, Tabor, Imperial. The last four varieties are suitable only for the southern half of the State and coast resrion. 311 Notes on the Bloomiiuj of Pcarlics. Varioties. Carmen, Early Crawford Grey March 4. March 15 March 26. buds buds swelling, opening. April 1. full buds swelling. first blooms. first blooms. Hale's Early. buds Marks. Matthew's Beauty McKinney. pink. buds pink. first blooms. bloom. full bloom, full bloom. first blooms. blossoms falling. blossoms falling. April 6. blossoms falling. full bloom. full bloom, Stump. Ovido Reeves. Snecd. Triumph buds pink. buds opening. buds swelling. buds swollen Victoria, first blooms. full bloom. first bloom first blooms. full bloom. blossoms fallen. full bloom. full bloom. blossoms falling. full bloom. blossoms falling. blossoms falling. buds opening. buds swollen. blooming full bloom, Vjlooming blossoms fallen. blossoms falling. blossoms fallen. full bloom. blossoms fallen. 312 PLUMS. The season has not been a very favorable one for plums. The varieties have fruited very unevenly. This is probably due to the excessive crop of 1900, which left the trees in poor condition. The hailstorm of May 13th did a considerable damage by the hailstones marking the surface of the fruit so as to give it a poor appearance. On account of the freedom from late frost this spring, we were able to get some fruit from the very early blos- soming sorts. We give a table of notes on the blossom- ing period, and general condition of crop, and another tabulation showing the number of trees of each variety, that were set in 1896, the. number of trees that have died from 1896 to the fall of 1901, and the number of trees alive at present, with a note as to their general condition. During the present season a large number of trees have died from some unaccountable cause. For one to have a sucessful plum orchard, a setting of trees must be made every year. So that as fast as one orchard gives out another T\dll be coming on to take its place. (For description of plums and varieties for planting see Bulle- tin No. 112. ) 313 Cu o u V^ o 1— « rt «« —1 1 o ^ Wr — ^ -►^ fl !r1 •-" -^ fc« TJ 3 O c o o ^ o < -4^ fct .^H , • >i 'S Ut o ho O o •F^ > • i-H ^-2 fi- Pi PU be 0 CO O CO p. < it ei 0) P! O o o c8 o o bi. a 0; be p- cc o <^ Si O «o O cc 1=1 bt PI o be • r-< c ^ O o o o 1—1 1—1 03 1— 1 M 1— t 1—1 o 1—1 s 1-^ s «^ -^ «M a o o pj bti be cS l^-= • bt • bjc r^ ly fill blooi CI PI O O4 "2! CB 0 ;-< CO 0 TJ c3 Ti PI a s rQ P! ,13 00 p be Pi •iH a> P- o id o ce CO o • IH e3 o -a ,0 OS .Si P!' +^ ^ o 0/ ■ • -+ T. d c3 c8 TS ;»! w 0 0 ft ^ 1— c 0 f^ f^^ ft a 1 ^ PI C2 g u rt :2 O o p.-! :=: ^ o , a: ^ O c 9 ^-ji p- a 2 ^ - X »-j r^ ^ «— ■<^ p— I «— 1 o o C4-I CO be PI •iH p- o be Pi •i-i PI o C CO s« ,a O Pi o (» 3 314 o O O c CO to Condition of crop in 1901. Very good. Failure. Very full. •1-f ;:3 6 •rH O o I^ bJD • I— t « o o &D >> > c 1— 1 • 1—1 T— 1 t-H < bj a: r: C 1 • c O ; (6 r— 1 •i-l U a < < — ! s faJD bi •iH I — 1 r—\ c r— 1 O o 1 — 1 c >5 a: 1—1 X O 315 a • o u o o ^ §^ O 1-1 -^ d 8 9 . t. CL befc cro • ^ «> ^ fl , •-^ 0) .^ • - 3 r2 c a> ^ b V-l T3 £ 4^ b :3 >» (^ a> Q4 x: .-4 3 -^H u •1-1 g-c tc ^-4 •^H c4 CO 0) as • ^-< z? U4 ^ > ^ H J u. ^I. 73 O O O o 00 I O O o •to < be c4 B o o «o 6 o o X bo a •r-> c a o U c3 fa C a o o 3 be ce be o o bo c s o o a 0 3 bo ->: — -/J ^ X O X t5 bo c a o bo P5 bo bo S i in o C5 O cd 43 O cS OS O) ce > be bo 13 s o o be' , be be a a bo .1-1 •f^ rt fl d rt 0) 0/ s P- p. X 0 X 0 ^ ucl rO ^ ^ OQ 3 be •>-t 13 0) o X 3 be 0 •f-l o (3 o ■4^ 13 •i-i c o X 0) O) be a X S o X X O ce bo (3 •i-i s o o bo o 13 o c3 S 3 X cfl 7' 316 '^ o CO 5: si O O o CO o o o 05 o o < < m o 7i O 1—1 -^3 O O O I— I 3 bE 1=1 O c« be •.-I s o o o Ci 03 ^ s o o ^ 03 SS 03 s: O i=l o> be C c o p- o cfi S o 02 o d fl • bo d — 1 cS a^ S'^ «M 33 ^ o =« 03 03 03 03 03 1 O o C r-H 1— t rO .o X5 ' bo •r-l o o bcl 03 o3 33 be P! a; X •^ bo •iH ® o •l-l 03 ■73 bo bo 0 CO s-^ o 03 03 O . . • , • ■ . " • bic PI •r-l oom oom bo C •i-i bo B ^ ^ S s o ,__, 1— ( o o o 1—* f-H ■ o o f-t 3 ^ 1— 1 rC 54-1 =tH rO ^ bo • bo •l-H bo bo (=! PI i=! rt PI 0) p- •r-H •i-i s , ^ ^ ^ ^ o o o o 3 33 1—* 1—' p^ ^ r^ ^ ^ bo o •I-I 03 03 Pf be PI •I-I P- O bo S o o 03 bo P! •^ ® o 03 © •r-< © • I-I u +3 © 33 P! u O 03 ;-i ^•^ •iH S3 r— I c c o 03 O o o rP © OS o 317 Notca 0)1 the General Couditio)i of the Orchard. Variotii'S. JAPANESE TYPE. Trees set 1 8<)(). TreeH alive 11)01. Died from 1 89() to 11)01. (m'ti('I"i1 condition of trees. Abiuulant't', licrper, Itotan, Yellow Floshod liotan 8 7 1 Strong, vigorous, good growth. Berckmans o 1 o Fn good growing condition. Burbank. .... .... 4 O o Poor growth, trees dying. Blood No. 3 o 0 o Blood No. 4 2 0 Making a good growth. Chabot, Babcock, Baily. Ilattankio, Munson, Yellow Japan 11 4 The few trees left are in good condition. Hale 3 3 0 Very strong and vigorous. Kelsev 2 1 1 Tree in fair condition. Kerr 3 o 1 (^uite strong and vigorous. Long Fruited o 0 Mam 0 2 318 Notes on the General Condition of the Orchard. — Cont'd. Varieties. Trees set 1896. Trees alive 1901. Died from 1896 to 1901. General condition of trees. "Vormaiicl 2 •> 0 Trees in good condition. Orient •-> 0 2 Keel June. Red Xagate .... 5 3 2 Strong and healthy trees. Satsuma 2 1 1 Last tree slowly dying. AYillard 0 2 Yosebe 1 1 0 In very good condition. Totals ' a:sierican TYPE. 55 29 26 Hawkeye 9 0 2 Eockford 9 1 1 Making a struggle to live . Weaver 0 2 Wyant. 0 0 2 Totals WILD GOOSE TYPE. 8 1 7 Charles Downing-. 2 1 1 Making good growth. 319 Notes on the General Condition of the Orchard. — ConVd, Varieties. Trees set 1896. Trees alive 1901. Died from 1890 to 1901. (Jeneral condition of trees. Al il ton 2 2 0 In good condition. TVfiner 2 0 2 President Wilder. o 1 1 Making good, strong growth. Whitaker 2 1 1 Making fair growth. Wild (Joose 2 1 1 Growth very poor. Wooten 2 2 0 Small growth. Totals.. WAYLAND TYPE. 14 S 6 • Golden Beauty. . . •> 9 0 Very strong and vigorous. Way land 2 1 1 Last tree nearly dead. Totals.. CHIC AS AW TYPE. 4 3 1. 0 Emerson 2 2 Making a steady growth. Lone Star 2 9 0 Only a fair growth. 'Transparent 1 1 0 Vigorous growth. 320 Notes on the General Condition of the Orchard. — ConVd. t^arieties. Trees set 1896. Trees alive 1901. Died from ]896 to 1901. General condition of trees. Totals HYBRID PLUMS 5 2 5 t 0 Gold 2 0 Making good, strong growth. Excelsior 2 1 2 0 Vigorous and strong. Wickson 2 1 1 Making very poor growth. i" BULLETIN No. 118. JANUARY, 1902. ALABAMA. Agricultural Experiment Station OF THE AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN. CCWPE^ CULTURE. By J. F. DUGGAR. BKOWN PRINTING CO., PRINTERS A BINDERS. MONTGOMERY, ALA 1902. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. Thos. Williams Wetumpka. JoxATiiAx Haralson Selma. STATION COUNCIL O. D. Smith Acting President. P. H. Mell Director and Botanist. B. B. Ross Chemist. C. A. Cary, D. V. M Veterinarian. J. F. DuGGAR Agricultuivst. E. M. Wilcox Biologist and Horticulturist. J. T. Anderson Associate Chemist. ASSISTANTS. C. L. Hare First Assistant Chemist. T. Bragg Second Assistant Chemist. J. C. Phelps Third Assistant Chemist. T. U. Cuver Superintendent of Farm. R. W. Clark Assistant Agriculturist. C. F, Austin Assistant Horticulturist. The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. CO^VPEA CCTLTURE. By J. F. DuGGAR. Sinn mar y. Cowpeas may be planted in Mar, June or July. For the production of seed, planting in June has been most satisfactory. By planting Xe^y Era cowpeas April 26, two crops ^'ere matured before frost. Early planting lengthens the period of growth and increases the tendency for the plants to form runners. Weeyil in cowpea seed should l)e destroyed by the use of carbon bi -sulphide. Subsoilino' and limino- failed to increase the yield. In one test broadcast sowing afforded a larger ^ield of hay than did drilling and cultiyation, but the latter method is more certain to afford a fair crop of peas in an unfayorable season. A large number of yarieties liaye been tested, both as to yield of seed and of hay. Those ayeraoino- the laru- est production of grain are New Era, Black and Eed Ripper. The yarieties making the largest ayerage yields of hay for three years are Wonderful and Clay. Wonderful, or Unknown, is a standard general purpose cowpea for the central and southern parts of the State. The number of seed in a bushel yaried from 94,634 with the Taylor A'ariety, to more than 236,000 with Xew Era and Small Black. The number of pounds of dry unhulled peas required to shell a bushel of 60 pounds yaried between 78 pounds -Nvitli Jirowu-eye CrowdtT and DO pounds with Wonder- ful. Fentilizci- cxjumIuii'uIs at Aulniru on soil repeatedly fertilized showed very slight o^ains from any fertilizer, hut on poor sandy or loamy soils an api>licatiou of acid phosi)hate, with or without potash, is rec(uiimendeci . In three tests acid i)hosphate proved superior to crude or raw phosphate. In (•omi)osition eowpc^a hay resembles wheat bran, and the seed are much riclua- in nitroi>;en, or muscle- forming material, than either wheat bran or corn. By the use of a good quality of peavine hay the usual corn ration of working teams can be greatly reduced. As comjiared with the velvet bean as a forage plant, cowpeas have the advantage in convenience of curing and in palatability, but are at a disadvantage on certain soils by reason of the susceptibility of C0T\T)eas to the attacks of the nematode worm and of several fungous diseases. Velvet beans and beggar weed were found to be exempt from injury from nematodes. At Auburn the yield of forage has averaged higher from cowpeas than from velvet beans, soy beans or beggar weed. There is great need for a suitable grass to grow with cowpeas to aid in retaining the cowpea leaACs during cur- ing and to hasten the curing process. A volunteer growtli of crab grass often serves this purpose. Ger- kian millet has been found fairly satisfactory for sow- ing with the early varieties, but it matures too early for use with medium and late A'arieties. Sorghum sown with cowpeas increased the yield of hay, but did not make curing easier. The most profitable method of disposing of the growth of cowpeas consists in cutting the vines for hay and using the roots as fertilizer for the next crop. 5 Wliere having is not practicable and ]3icking too ex- pensive except for seed, the vines should be grazed while the leaves are still retained. Cows pastured on corn stalks and drilled cowpeas be- tween the corn rows afforded butter and increased live weight Avorth in 1900 ^A7 per acre grazed over; the next year the returns in butter alone from cowpeas drilled between the corn rows was |5.28 per acre. As an economical method of har^^esting the grain of cowpeas the use of a scythe or reaper is practicable for the bunch varieties, the entire mass being thoroughly €ured. In curing peavine hay no rule as to the number of hours of exposure in swath, in window, or in cocks can be blindly followed, as the method must vary with the luxuriance and succulence of the vines and the condi- tion of the weather. The aim should be to retain all the leaves, which requires that the exposure of the un- raked hay be as short as practicable and that part of the curing be effected while the partially cured material is in windrows or cocks. Hay caps make haying with cowpeas less risky, and when they are repeatedly used in curing hay from a succession of plantings, they soon repay their first €OSt. With different varieties from 51 to 75 per cent, of the weight of the entire plant was obtained in the hay, the remainder being in roots, stubble, and fallen leaves. The leaves averaged 30 per cent, of the weight of the hav. Analyses made of leaves, pods and blooms, fine «tems, coarse stems, fallen leaves, roots and stubble, showed that the leaves were at least twice as rich in protein (or muscle-forming material) as the other por- tions of the plant. IXTliomCTlON. This Itiill(*rni liivcs tlic results of exiMM'iiiieiits made at Anlmrn dn liiiu llic pasi six vcars. The experiiiients> have l»een idaiiiiehints and that wliicli takes note of their value as fer- tilizers or soil iniprovin^u' i»lants. This hulletin treats only of the tirst division of the subject. Our nexit bulle- tin will record results showing the fertilizin*;- value of cowpeas and the best methods of disposing of this plant when the improvement of the soil is the principal aim. Tlu^ cowpea is highly appreciated bv the best farmers in every southern state, yet several times as many acres as at present might be devoted to it with advantage. An enormous increase in the acreage of cowpeas would do more, we think, than any other immediately practica- ble reform to cnre the ills of southern farming, to enrich the soil, to raise the acreage yield of all other crops, to build up the live stock industries, and to promote diver- sified farming. Time for Planting Cowpeas. The cowpea is yqvy tender as regards cold. It is strictlv a hot weather plant and the seed should not be planted until the soil is quite warm. It can be planted as early as the beginning of the cotton planting season. But such early planting is nnwise in itself as well as in conflict with other work that is imperative in April. Usually nothino- is gained by planting before the first of ]\fay, and our largest yields of seed have been obtained 7 by planting after the first of June. It should he noted that in the variety test of 1901, where most of the plots afforded more than 20 bushels of seed per acre, plant- ing did not occur until June 28. Raither late planting tends to promote seed production and to reduce the growi:h of vine. Early planting pro- motes a luxuriant growth of vines, with consequent in- creased tendency for the vines to run and tangle, and often results in a decreased yield of seed. Whippoorwill peas planted in drills, April 19, 1898^ and cultivated, did not ripen seed until the latter part of summer, and a period of 160 days elapsed between the dates of planting and picking, though properly the hars'esting should have taken place several weeks earlier. This was in a year when the rainfall was de- ficient up to July, and abundant after the first week in Julv. Compare this with the Whippoorwill variety planted July 1, 1896, in drills in the special phosjjhate test. Here all the pods were ripe 87 days after planting. Notice also that, in 1900, in the fertilizer experiment., only 99 days elapsed Ijetween the planting and picking of the Whipporwill cowpeas. Like\s"isQ Whipporwill peas planted June 28, 1901, were picked almost clean 102 days after the date of pjlanting. These and other examples which we might cite indi- cate that by planting cowpeas rather late we greatly shorten the period of gro^^i:h. Even when it is desired to grow two crops of cow- peas the same year it is not necessary to plant aiany days before May 1. In 1901 we grew two crops of New Era cowpeas to full maturity, the second crop being from pods ripening in midsumer. 8 The seed planted April 12(1 matiiicHl a crop which was picked July 22 aud planlcNi 'July 2(1. This planting in turn alforded a crop (of mature pods) before fix)st, about 1)0 ])er cent, of the pods being ripe on November 1. The New Era is tlie only one among the varieties tested here, from which we have endeavored to obtain two crops in one year. Such a course is probably ad- visable only where cowpeas for planting are scarce and costly. The middle of July is probably the latest date of plant- ing with the expectation of getting a large yield, and Avith most varieties planiting in June seems preferable at Auburn. To destroy the weevil that becomes so destructive in stored cowpeas on the approach of warm weather, we use carbon bisulphate, which is also needed as a means of destroying the weevil in corn. The cost is 10 to 20 cents per pound, and one pound will treat a number of bushels of shelled cowpeas. About an ounce of the liquid is poured into an open can and placed upon the upper surface of the peas in a box or barrel and a cloth spread over all. The treatment may be repeated after a few days. The licpiid evaporates rapidly, and the vapor of carbon bi-Hul]»hide destroys insect life. The vapor is highly inflammable and no flames or lighted pipe should be allowed near until the odor has disappeared. PrKPA RATION A XI) PLANTING. The place in the rotation usually assigned to cowpeas is that of a paiitial crop planted between the corn rows at the last or next to last cultivation, or else that of a second crop on the land where oats, wheat, or rye has been harvested. It is not putting itlie matter too strongly to say that :80 per cent, of the acreage of corn in this State should haye coAypeas between the rows and that at least 80 per cent, of the area from which small grain is cut in May and June should be planted in cowpeas. On sandy upland where the corn rows are fiye feet apart we prefer to plant the cowpeas in a single drill lialf way between the lines of corn and to plant at the next to the last cultiyation, so that the last cultiyation seryes also to giye the cowpeas a start. On good bot- tom land, well supplied with moisture, we prefer to cow cowpeas broadcast in corn, and this, of course, can l)e done only at the time of the last cultiyation. ft. On rich land care should be taken that the sowing of cowpeas, especially of the running yarieties, does not take place so early that the corn will be oyer run by the yines. Ayoidance of this trouble lies either in late planting or in the use of the bunch yarieties. In drilling cowpeas between the corn rows we obtain a more uniform start by employing the plantei' than by •dropping the seed by hand in the first or center scrape furrow and coyerino* with the two sidinoj furrows of the scrape run next to the corn. We haye employed numerous methods of planting cow- peas after small grain. Since work is pressing at this season and the soil sufficiently moist for plowing only for relatiyely brief periods, our usual policy is to plant the seed without waiting to make thorough preparation. There is room for considerable ingenuity in determin- ing the best method of completing the preparation and giying the first cultiyation. One of the most important aims to be kept in yiew in this is to keep the land nearly ley el so that the plants may better resist drought and so that a mower may be eonyeniently used. After the first cultiyation, when this seryes also as a partial 10 brtMkln.i::, nnlv the lircl scriijM* or oIIkm- shnllow-workinj^' implcniciil should he used. T1i(Mil:1i (h'illctl cowik'jis oh iIk' IvxiMM-iincnt Station lanii w lifii «;i'o\\ in^- aloiif are iisuallv hued once, yet we ai-«' inclined to think tin's is often an avoidable and nn- pi-oliiahle (tperalion. ^\'illl cowpeas intended for hay, jiastura.iie or fertil- izei', it is, of rourse, even less necessary than where the jirime objecit is the prodnetion of seed. INissihlv the weeder, which we have successfidlv nsed on other crojjs, and which others have run over C()W])e!as withont injury, niay jjrove a ]>artial snbstitnte for the hoe. It should b(^ employed when grass and weeds are extreme! v small. We have made no test to ascertain the best amonnt of seed, which will donbtless varv somewhat with different varieties. The nsnal amonnt is one to one and one-half bnsliel when sown broadcast and abont half a l)nsliel per acre when planting is in drills far enongh apart ito permit' cnltivation. The grain drill, with all tnbes open or with part of them stoi)ped, is sometimes nsed in planting cow^x^as. SUBSOILING. Two tests of the effect of snbsoiling for cowpeas have been made on reddish loam soil, in the seriments with corn and cotton. In both cases tin* variety Wonderful was employed. The peas were in drills and were cnltiA'ated several times. In 1897 cowpeas were plantinl on a plot that had been imperfectly snbsoiled in Febrnary, 1896, by nsing a scooter rnn to a depth of fonr inches in the bottom of the furrow made by a one-hoi*se tnrn plow. This opera- tion was not repeated in 1897. 11 Ou both the plot thus treated and on that which had never been subsoiled the crop was exceedingly poor. The plot once subsoiled yielded at the rate of 6.7 bush- els per acre and that not subsoiled 5.6 bushels. In May, 1898, cowpeas were planted on a plot which had been subsoiled as above in the preceding February. The yield of hay was 5,120 pounds on the subsoiled plot and only 10 pounds less on the plot never sub- soiled. A different result might have resulted from thor- ough Avork with a subsoil plow. Drii-lixg Versus SoA\axG Broadcast. May 12, 1898, Wonderful cowpeas were sown broad- cast at the rate of 60 pounds per acre and plowed in with one-horse turn plows. On the same date an equal quantity of seed was planted in drills, Avhich was done by dropping the seed by hand in every third turn plow furrow, the nex t furrow-slice serving as a covering. On all plots the fertilizer, phosphate and muriate of i>otash, was applied broadcast on the plowed surface and harrowed in. The vines Avere cut September 13. After curing for a week, most of this time in cocks, the weights of hay were found to be as follows : Pounds of coicpea hay per acre from drilling versus broadcast sK)wing. Hay per acre. Plot No. -Lbs. 4 Broadcast 6,400 7 Broadcast 6,400 5 Drilled 5,600 In this test broadcast sowing afforded 800 pounds of hay per acre more than drilling. The large yiekls in- dicate that the season was favorable and the rainfall 12 TecM)r«ls sliow "iluil ;i Ijm-c ;uiiniini n{' rain Tell in -July and August. Tlie (IrilUMl jx'as were I'liltivaled Iwice with scrapes, the total number of furrows per row bein^^' three. In a(bliti(»n lo exiKM'iniental plots we plant every year considerable areas of cowpeas, both broadcast and in drills. In decidinjr on the best method of planting in this ^^<;en(U'al crop" we are *;overn(Ml by the price and avail- able supply of seed and labor. We nse four to six pecks of seed sown broadcast and two or three pecks in drills. In sowino- broadcast we seldom plow in the seed, as in the above-described experment, bnt sow them on .the plowed land and cover seed and fertilizer with disc har- ]-ow or with one-horse cultivator. In planting- in drills we open the drills in plowed or implowed ground, and are careful either to apply the fertilizer in the covering furrow or else to mix it with (the soil before the seed are dropped. AVhere the ground has been plowed, the combined grain drill and fertilizer distributor would doubtless be sat- isfactory, stopping most of the tubes if it is desired to drill the seed in rows wide enough for cultivation. Our observations lead to the belief that in unfavorable seasons drilling and cultivation gives the largest yield of hay (and always of seed) and that in seasons of abundance of rainfall broadcast planting affords the greater amount of hay, but not of seed. Varieties. During each of the past six years one or more tests of varieties of cowpeas have been undertaken. Some of these tests have been vitiated by agencies that need not be stated here, and only those are^here reported ^vhich have been free from inequalities and errors. 13 Varieties of cowpeas have been tested both Avitli refer- ence to the yield of seed and to the yield of hay. The yariety WhippoorAyill (a speckled bunch pea) has com- peted in all these tests and its yield has been taken as a basis by which the yield of any other yariety may be 9J tj #,' e^ t conyeniently stated. Thus, takinsf the yield of o^rain from Whipporrsill in 1897 as 100, that of Wonderful for the same year is 106, or 6 per cent, greater. The grain yield of varieties of cowpeas, — The follow- ing table giyes the results of four tests of yarieties on the basis of seed production, all yarieties planted in drills and cultiyated. In all cases a bushel of shelled Ijeas is assumed to weigh 60 pounds. Yields of grain of varieties of coicpeas. VARIETY. Y^ield per acre in i Relative yield taking ! \N hipporwill yield as 100 per cent. •97 • Bus. •Qfc Bus. "OO -01 Bus. Bus ! '971 1 % "98 % '00 "01 Av. % . % % Clay 7.6 14.0 19.3 50 63 87 58 Crowder, Brown-eye . . . Crowder. Large White.. 17.5 116 Crowder, Yellow 23.3 105 Brown-eye. White .... 2.5 21.0 9.6 17 140 64 Black, from Wood 21.2 96 118 Black, from Ala. Ex. St. Black, from Hastings. . . 7.8 52 .... Black, Large Early, from Packard 19.5 15.0 9.0 16.2 23.4 21.8 14.9 8.0 8.9 17.5 8.2 17.6 22.0 11.9 18.5 * 130 100 60 108 156 145 99 53 59 116 54 117 146 79 123 Black-eye Large (Wood) Black-eye, Large White from Willett 19.0 .... 86 92 Black-eve, Extra Early. Early Brown Dent 16.6 75 92 Early Bullock Iron Jones White Ladv Lealand Miller • • » • Mush New Era 22.0 ■ • • • 104 125 Ross White Red Ripper 20.1 23.6 15.9 91 107 72 107 Taylor White Giant 1 10.8 75 74 Unknown 8.3 106 94 100 Wonderful Whippoorwill 7.4 7.8 15.2 15. a 14.4 21.6 22.0 101 100 "ioo 98 100 98 100 \A A'arictii's avcrji.uiii.ii- lar.uo yields of sccmI have Ixhmi Now Era, l>la(k ( I'i-oim WcmmIi, aiul Kcd Ki])iKM-. W'oiKlcrful wants only 2 jxt ccnl. of o(iualling the avora.iic yield of A\'liil)i)ooi\\ ill. \'ari('ties makini; laruc yields, bul which have been tested «»nly once, are Karly Urown Dent, Early ]^»nlh)ck. i.ar<»e Early Hlack (from Packard), Lealand, and Lar^e AVln'te ( 'rowder. Additional tet^ts must be made before conclusions cau 1)0 drawn as to the rolativo values of these varieties for seed i)roduction. There is need for a variet}^ of cowiK^as that in addition to the good qualities of Whipporwill, prolificacy, upright growth, and earli- ness, shall be more resistant to mildew or rotting of the pods than is this standard kind. The writer will be glad to test any local varieties for which this (juality is claimed. aS/cc of sccd. — The following table gives the weight of 101) cowpeas of the varieties grown in 1901, and also the calculated number of seed in a bushel of GO pounds: VARIETY. Wgt. of 100 seed TiFlor I 28.72 White Giant I 25 . 45 Brown-eve Crowder 24 . 74 Yellow Sugar Crowder . Black Red Ripper Extra Early Black-eye.. Large Black-eye Whippoorwill Wonderful Clay Jones' Perfection White New Era Small Black 23.16 22.07 20.89 20.74 20.04 17.98 18.86 17.86 13.97 11.49 11.30 No. of seed in 1 bush. ((50 lbs.) 94,634 106.797 109,858 117,314 123,153 130.110 131,051 135,638 150.621 144.117 151.629 194,560 236,545 240,531 15 1. Yellow Sugar Crowder, 4. 2. Brown-eye Crowder, 5. 3. WhippoorwilL 6. New Era. Wonderful. Taylor. k; 9. Black, from Wood. 10. Large, Black-eye. 11. Ex. Early Black-eye. 16. 12. Clay., 14. Red Ripper. 15. White Giant Jones White. 17 Taylor had the largest seed, of which only 94,634 were required to make a bushel. New Era has the smallest seed of any kind in the variet}^ test, having 236,545 seed in a bushel. In rows three feet apart, and three seed per foot of drill, an acre would require about 11 pounds of Xew Era or about 28 pounds of Taylor seed. Small Black, grown in another field, had seed slightly smaller than those of New Era. Where to Get Seed. The Station cannot undertake to supply seed. The ad- dresses of the parties from whom ithis Station has ob- tained seed, as given below, will enable intending buy- ers, who cannot get seed nearer home, to correspond with seedsmen or growlers. New Era, from J. C. Little, Louis\411e, Ga. Xumerious varieties from H. P. Jones, Herndon, Ga. ; Alexander Seed Co., Augusta, Ga. ; Willett Seed Co., Augusta, Ga. ; Jiark W. Johnson Seed Co., Atlanta, Ga. ; Curry-Arrington Seed Co., Rome, Ga.; H. C. Hastings, Atlanta, Ga. ; E. G. Packard, Dover, Del.; and T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va. The hay yield of varieties of cotopeas. — These tests were all made on poor sandy upland, though the land used for this experiment in 1897 was richer than that occupied by this test in the other years. In 1897 the seed was sown broadcast; in 1898 and 1899 the seed was planted in drills about 2^/2 feet apart. The yields are lower than we usually obtain in our fields sown for hay, which may be partly due to the fact that the peas in the experiments were sown late, — the last w^eek in June, — and that the product w^as weighed only after the hay had become extremely dry. 18 yields of luuj of carictics of coicpca. VAKIK'I'V. Yield p( Aero 'V in 1 Krliitivr yi<'ld, \\ hipprowill — * 100 pjT cent. Black-eve Kxtra Earlv '97 lbs. •98 lbs. '99 lbs. 1416 '97 % '98 % '99 % 79 Av. % Black-eve. Large Black Black. Laree Early 2220 2880 1618 1383 1209 1308 2034 2154 1401 2206 1623 1929 2310 2430 89 105 83 68 59 64 100 106 69 119 79 95 113 119 92 Clay Crowder 3975 3373 160 121 113 Crowder. Large White 1280 4080 .... 47 150 73 Iron ^?,H Ladv Lealand Miller Mush New Era Ross White Red Ripper Whippoorwill Wonderful 2485 3700 3720 2720 4160 136 100 153 2030 1569 100 148 100 77 100 126 The largest average for three years was made by the Wonderful (or Unknown) variety, followed by Clay. Iron, which was tested only two years, surpassed all other varieties in the average yield for those two years. The ease of harvesting varies greatly with different varieties, the running kinds affording the greatest diffi- cult v. The quality of the hay differs somewhat with different varieties. For example. Wonderful has larger stems tlian anv other varietv tested and hence its hav ap- pears coarser. Nevertheless, the large yield and erect stem make this a very popular variety for hay. It is too late to mature seed in a high latitude or when planted very late in summer. On the whole, as a general purpose cowpea, suitable for either grain, forage, or fertilizer, Ave may safely plant the Wonderful or Unknown in the central and southern parts of the state until some other varietv is 19 proved to be superior. Perliaps an exception should be made of the Central Prairie Region where there is com- plaint that there is an extreme tendency for cowpeas to run to vine and fail to fruit properly. It is suggested that the early bunch varieties, especially Xew Era, planted late in June, be tried on these soils; also that when seed are desired from medium and late varieties, that thev be planted earlv and thick in the drill. Proportion of seed and hulls in unshelled cowpeas. The following table gives the number of pounds of vseed in 100 pounds of unshelled cowpeas. In all cases the peas were not beaten out until at least several weeks after the date of picking, thus giving time for thorough drvinsj. Pounds seed in one hundred pounds of unshelled cowpeas. Yrs.lLbs. Yrs. Lbs. Brown-eye, V/hite Black, from Wood Black, from Ala. Ex. Sta Black, Large Early, from 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 4 3 1 1 1 70 Earlv Brown Dent. . . 76 Early Bullock 69 Iron Jones. Whitp . .1 1 . .! 1 o . . 1 2 ■il 82 69 69 Packard Black-eye, Large, from Wood from Willett Black-eve, Large White, 76 77 73 76 67 75 85 84 83 Lady Lealand Miller Mush Nev\' Era 3 3 ..! 1 ..| 1 . .1 2 74 77 77 83 73 Black-eye, Extra Early, Ross White • • 1 " . . 1 1 69 Black-eye. Extra Early, from Wood Red Ripper Tavlor 4 .1 1 71 77 Clay Crowder Crowder, Brown-eye .... Crowder, Yellow Sugar. Crowder, Large White . . White Giant Unknown Wonderful Whippoorwill 2 ••1 2 .., 4 • •! ^- 71 er 70 73 The proportion of seed and hulls varies according to the varietv. In our tests it is highest with the several Crowder varieties, and lowest with Wonderful and Clay ; number of pounds of thoroughly dry unhulled peas in the pod required to make a bushel (60 pounds) of shelled peas was only 78 pounds with Brown Eye Crowder •JO iiiul U(J poiimls wiili \\(Hi(l('i-riil. To j^eL coiTcspoiidin^^ lijiiircs foi" iin\ ollnr variclv the riNidi*!- can divide (>,000 by the liiiiirc opposite* each \aricty. iL slioiild be staliMJ line tliat llic jK'rcciila.i;!* ol' i^rain in ihc same N.iiiciy \ai-i('d ^leatly in diirL*reiit years. Eff1':cts of Limf on Cowpeas. Two tests were made on this poiat, using drilled cow- peas of the variety Wonderful, fertilized with acid pliosphate and cultivated several times. In 1897, on rcMldish loam soil, and stilTer than that in the later tests, the yield was 5.G bushels of peas without lime and onlv 5.2 bushels where slaked lime at the rate of 040 pounds per acre had l)een applied broadcast in February of the preceding year. Whatever lime re- mained in the soil was evidently of no benefit of cowpeas. In March, 18U8, water slaked lime was used as a itop dressing on oats on gray s^ndy soil. It was used at the rate of 1,000 pounds per acre of the Unslaked lime, which" is equivalent to a much larger weight of the slaked material. After the oats Avere cut the land was plowed and cow- peas drilled in and cultivated as necessary. The yield follows: l*lot not limed, 13 bushels cowpeas per acre. Limed plot, 10.2 bushels cowpeas per acre. Clearly lime was of no benefit, but apparently injur- ious as regards seeil formation. There was no notable difference in the appearance of the vines. Fertilizer Experiment. This test was made in 1898 with AMiip])Oi'will cowpeas on gra}^ or white sandy soil on a hilltop. Two cultiva- tions were given, requiring altogether three furrows per I'O ^^' . T h e r esu 1 1 s f o 1 1 o w : 21 Results 'of fertilizer experiment tvith cow peas in 1898. Fertilizer. Plot No. Per acre. Kind. Yield of seed per acre. 1 3 Lbs. 240 51 00 \240 "/ 51 [Acid phosphate... [Muriate of potash iNo fertilizer JAcid phosphate. . . [Muriate of potash, Av. Av. Av. Av. 6 7 8 9 10 3 & 8 1 & 7 2 & 10 ( 240 jAcid phosphate. . . 51 ^Muriate of potash. Nitrate of soda . . Acid phosphate. . . [Muriate of potash . Acid phosphate. . . No fertilizer Acid phosphate . . . y\ uriate of potash . Muriate of potash No fertilizer Acid phosphate. . . . Mariate of potash, i 80 j 210 1 51 240 00 r240 '( 51 51 00 2-10 51 4. 6 & 9 I Phosphate and muriate. Bus. 13.9 15.9 16. 15.4 19.1 16.7 15.2 14.3 14.9 15.1 15.1 14.1 14.5 .3 1.^ Apparently none of the mineral fertilizers was de- cidedly advantageous., though with the complete fertil- izer there was an increase of four bushels per acre. The failure of acid phosphate and muriate of potash to in- crease the yield is surprising, and the only explanation we can suggest is the fact that both phosphate and potash salts had \jeen liberally used on this field during each of the preceding five years, and probably these ma- (terials had Ijeen applied annually for about fifteen years. This view implies that even on this gray light sandy soil, containing some flint stones, and underlaid by a rather stiffer sandy sub-soil, acid phosphate and potash are not wholly used up or lost during the jesir when they are applied but exert a considerably residual or cumu- lative effect. 0-7 Is NlTIUKJKN AnVANTACilOOrS IN A l^KK TIMZKR FOR COWI'KAS? C<)W]K*as are able (o i^row on poorer soil Mian is cot- ton (u- corn. Tliis is becanse the eowpea })lant, llii'on<^ I'c^sistiiiM hot It to nematode^ attacks and to cowjuM wilt, the latter beiiij;- a fuiij^us disease dilTer- ent fnnn the one that is most d("stnietive at Auburn. The remedy for all these troubles consists in practic- in.i:: such a roitation as will keep susceptible plants off ■of the infest(Ml or infected fields for at least a few years. In brief, the eowpea as a fora<;e plant is superior to the velvet bean in i)alatabilitv and ease of curing and only inferior in hardiness or resistance towards the at- tacks of certain insects and fungont^ diseases. Coicpcas versus beggar iveed and soja beans as forage. At Auburn the yield of eowpea hay has greatly exceed- ed that of beggar weed hay and has been superior in quality. The advantages in favor of beggar weed are its greater ease of curing, resulting from its more erect growth, and its practical or complete exemption from ne- matode injury. Beggar weed also seems resistant to the fungus root rot. Compared with soja or soy beans, cowpeas at Auburn have averaged a heavier yield of hay and have been sur- passed only in the gi'eater ease with which the soy bean, on account of its erect growth, can be harvested. The eowpea has been able to make a fair growth on land too poor for soy beans. Cowpeas in VxVrious Mixtures for Hay. The leaflets easily drop from the vines in curing unless special care is exercised. This loss can be avoided and ^he curing process facilitated by growing the pea^nnes in combiTiatioTi with some grass that cures readily and Avhich serves with its blades and fine stems to tie the Avhole mass together so that the leaflets of the legume are not lost. For this purpose crabgrass is one of tho best, and the only disadvantage is that as a volunteer c 9 growtli must be relied on, there is some uncertainty a.^ to the stand and as to the grass growing to sufficient height on the poorer spots. We have found German millet useful in this respect, for fair and good soils. This grass makes it necessary to choose an early yariety of cowpeas^ to sow it Ayith, else the millet will be ready for the mower while the peas are entirely too immature. Whipporwill cowpeas and German millet make a fairly satisfactory combination, and the quali- ties of the New Era lead us to the hope that it will make a still more desirable combination with German millet. The usuar quantity of millet seed is one peck,. mth a bushel of peas, per acre. Possibly the later yarieties mii>ht also be suitable for sowing with German millet, if the seed of the latter could be put in the ground a few weeks after the peas had germinated. In one case we tried this, drilling a row of millet within six inches of the pea roAy. The millet was sown IT days after the peas were planted and yet it ripened before the Wonderful coAypeas were ready for haying.- This was also true in the ease of Japanese millet, and with two millets which were untrue to name, and w^hick seemed to be Hunoarian millet and common fox tail millet, the latter yery much like German millet. Appar- ently the millets did not add to the yield of hay. but in the same test the yield of hay Ayas materially increased when Amber sorghum and Wonderful peas Ayere drilled together May 14. These tAyo plants Ayere ready for moAying at the same date. In the followinii,- table are oiA^en the A'ields of haA' af- foixled by cowpeas alone and in yarious combination;?, all such mixtures being soAyn broadcast June 24, 1898, the peas, sorghum and corn at the rate of 64 pounds, the millet at the rate of 16 pounds per acre. The soil y\ as a light sandy upland and no nitrogenous fertilizers Ayere tised. 30 yirldfi of hdji from <■(>}(• jtcfis a I oil c mid coicpcns in vurioHn mil- tares. ■tJ Yield s (■(»\V1 ilAS. Mil. AVW Etc. liav pr 1— 1 , acre* 3N 3S 4N 4S 5N 5S 6S 7N 7S SN 8S Whippoorwill. . . . Whippoorwill. . . . Clay Clay Whippoorwill. . . . Clay Clay Clay Clay Black Texas millet Clay Early Amber sorghum Black jEarly Amber sorghum German millet Texas millet Japanese barnyard millet Japanese barnyard millet White Kafir corn Texas millet Stowell's sweet corn . . . . 4560 4240 4240 3860 4320 4720 3840 3520 3780 3780 5440 5040 Tlie stand of all the millets and of sweet corn and Kafir corn was very poor. Tlie Japanese and Tic^'nian millet ripemnl earlier than was desirable. Kafir corn (a non-saccharine sorghum) and Amber sorghum were the only kinds which added to the yield of hay produced by cowpeas alone. Eyen tthis increase may haye been chi(^fly water, for our notes show that the hay from the soriihum mixture was more moist than the other kinds and doubtless in unfayorable weather it would Tiaye been more difficult to cure. We hope to continue ithe search for a grass-like plant pre-eminently suitable for sowing with cowpeas. Such a plant should haye a fine stem like Gennan millet and a longer period of growth. Until this ideal plant is found we would recommend German millet as an aid in curing the early varieties of peas and pos"sibly as suitable for drilling in or working in with a weeder several weeks after the later varieties have been sown. Amber sorghum is recommended as a means of increasing the yield on good land, ])ut not as a means of making curing easier. 31 ^losT Profitable Method of Utilizing Cowpeas as Stock Food. It iiiav be of interest to record here the fraoinen- tary data relative ^to this point that are afforded by our experiments at Auburn. Only A\-lth the variety Wonder- ful or Unknown have we made accurate determinations of the amount of seed and the amount of hay produced when the conditions of soil, fertilization, and culture ^vere absolutely identical, this beins; done bv makinii,' hav of the entire growth on certain plots and by harvesting only the seed on adjacent j)lots. Relative yields of seeds and hay made by Wonderful cowpeas. \ Bus. Lbs. ' seed. hay. In 1897, drilled cowpeas yielded per acre | llTO~ | 2420 In 1898, broacast cowpeas yielded per acre | 6.7 | 6400 In 1899 broadcast cowpeas yielded per acre | 7.9 2004 Average three years 8.5 | 3608 The 8.5 bushels of seed, with accompanying hulls, would weigh only about one-fifth as much as the weight of hay recorded above. Hence, it is evident that the most profitable use of the crop as stock food would be to utilize the hav rather than to wait for all the seed to ripen. If, however, it should be impracticable to harvest and utilize the cowpea as hay, our next recommendation would he to pasture hogs or cattle on tlie pea fields, of course reserving a sufficient area to produce seed for the next year's planting. With nearly mature cowpeas utilized in this way we obtained at Auburn the following returns for an acre of cowpea pasturage, after first deducting the cost of the additional food fed while the animals were grazing on co\^^)eas : 32 Net return from 1 acre. "With milch cows in 1900 grazing on corn stalks and drilled cowpeas between corn rows (Ala. Bui. 114); butter at 20c. and beef on foot at 2 l-2c per lb $4.47 AVith milch cows in 1901 grazing on corn stalks and drilled cowpeas between corn rows (only butter con- sidered ) $5.28 With shoats sold at 3 cents per pound, grazed in 1897 on cowpeas yielding about 13 bush, per acre (Ala. Bui. 93) $10.65 With shoats in 1900, sold at 4c per lb. grazed on ripe drilled cowpeas ( about 10 bus. per acre) $4.90 When the cows grazed on parts of the corn and pea field where the peas were few or small and overripe the value of the pasturage on an acre fell far below the figures given above for 1901. We have successfully preserved peavines in the silo, and at all stages of growth from early bloom until first pods €olor. They should be run through a silage cutter, and the silo heavily weighted. If the vines are put in without cutting the silage is often inferior and always difficult to remove. Special care in packing and weight- ing uncut peavines is necessary. Methods of Harvesting Cowpea Seed. Picking cowpeas is slow and expensive work. The charge for picking is frequently half the crop. If picking cannot be done promptly the crop is frequently ruined by mildew or rot of pods and seed. Hence some more rapid method is desirable. Possible methods are (1) cutting ihe vines with scythe or reaper when most of the pods are ripe, and later running the product through the threshing ma- chine or beating the peas out by the slow process of fiailing; (2) pulling the vines when the crop is thor- oughly mature and beating out the seed with a flail ; and ( 3 ) the use of a pea\ine picking machine ? i 33 While the latter is a possibility, we are unable to re- port any test made here of a pea-picking machine. It is to be hoped that the pea picker may be further simplified and especially that its price, which, as quoted to us, was prohibitiye, being seyeral times that of a mo\yer, may be «Teatly reduced. In 1898 we made a test of pulling Wonderful cowpeas when fully matured and beating -them out with a flail. Even with hands unaccustomed to the work, pulling was much more rapid than picking, the rate per man being one and one-fourth acres per day. The process of beating out the peas was much slower, and this tedious work, to- gether with the increased loss from shattered peas when the yines were pulled, and the removal of the plant food contained in the roots, were serious objections to this method. Apparently under some conditions it can be used to advantage as compared Avith picking. Cutting the mature vines with a scythe early Iti the morning when there was least danger from shattering, was quite satisfactory, especially with the Xew Era variety, as it doubtless would be with any bunch pea on Avhich the pods all ripen at about the same time and from which the leaves are dropped by the time the pods are mature. Scvthing will doubtless be more satisfac- tory with peas sown late because of their more erect and less tangled condition. The blade should be kept sharp to avoid shattering. We have not tried the mower in harvesting cowpeas for seed because so many of the peas after cut- ting would be trampled over by the team in making its next round. The work of the reaper in green i)eavines indicated that it would be a satisfactory machine for harvesting mature cowpeas where the vines are not tangled. Preliminary tests in running pea vines through a grain thresher vn.th concave removed, resulted in breaking about half the seed. The vel•^ limihMl tests iiiiidi* lici-c several vears ajjfo of two ]>atteriis of pea tliresliei-s, oi- hand iiiaeliiiK^, for beatin*; out peas after the poils liad heen picked by haud, failixl to sliow anv 2:reat saviim l»v tlie ma chines tested as compared witli Hailing. As the particuhii* macliinc^ emidoyed were afterwards claimed to be not fair repre- sentatives of those now on the market, we must await the results of further tests before drawing conclusions. Our pui*])ose is to continue the experiments as to the best methods of harvesting cowpeas. Cluing Cowpea nAY. Long exposure to sunshine causes the leaflets, the most nutritious portion of the plant, to drop. Hence cowpea hay should be cured largely in its own shade, that is, with as little exposure as practicable of the mass of ha}'. This is the foundation principle in hay- curing, but its application will vary gi'eatly according to the state of the weather and the succulence of the vines when cut. No definite rule can be given as to the necessary number of hours of sunshine, but a few ex- amples will show the method pursued at this Station under same conditions : 1898 — ^cpt. 13, A. M. Cut with scythe, leaving vines in small loose windrows. Windrows turned over with fork, having received about 8 hours of bright sunshine, and the exposed leaves having become just crisp enough to cause any perceptible loss of leaves in handling; weather during preceding 24 hours had been dry, but partly cloudy. Sept. 11, 1-5 p. M. Piled vines in large cocks, where, the weather being fair, they were left until Sept. 21, when the vines, now dryer than neces- sary, were hauled and stored in barn. If rain had been threatened hauling would have occurred about Sept. 15, or else canvas hay- caps would have been placed on the cocks. 1S99— Sept. 12. Mowed Wonderful variety. Given 12 hours sunshine while spreading in swath ; then 35 raked and immediately cocked, in Avhicli condi- tion it was left 48 hours before hauling. When hauled the hay contained somewhat more moist- ure than was thought safe for storing in large masses, though not too much for storing in thin layer. 1900 — Sept. 24, a. m. Mowed Wonderful cowpeas in full bloom and haying a few colored pods, growth not rank and contai'i^ng some crabgrass. Keceiyed in swath 24 hours^ exposure, includ- ino' about 10 of l)rioht sunshine. Sept. 25. A. M. Raked into windrows, and eight hours afterwards, or before night the same day, hauled. Ordinarily it is safest not to haul direct from the wind- rows, but to leaye the partially cured hay in cocks for seyeral days and, if necessary, to open out these cocks an hour or two before hauling. A part of the same field of cowpeas last referred to was employed in testing the practicability of yery rapid curino; and of storino* hay in barn in yery o^reen condi- tion, as is sometimes done with cloyer in the North, and as has been adyocated for cowpeas in the South when threatened weather hastens hauling. 1900 — Sept. 2Jf. Immediately after the morning dew dried off, or about 8 to 9 a. m., the yines were mowed and left undisturbed and exposed on dry ground to bright sunshine for eight hours; then immediately raked, hauled, and stored 1,525 pounds of half-cured hay in small tight house. It is claimed that when hay is stored in a very oreen condition it should be tightly packed and not afterwards moyed, however much heat it may develop. This hay was packed in three feet deep and covered with other drver hav, and the house closed. The weather remained fair and dry for two weeks after this hay was stored. In five days the tempera- 36 turc had risi'ii to 122 d(^j,a'ees at a point fifteen hu-lies from the wall. This seeiiuHl to be the maximum tempera- ture and by October 4 tlie theriiioiiieter haase on which the cock is built, have been recom- mended for use in curing peavine hay. Our experience with canvas hay caps as covering for hay cocks during 37 wet weather is very satisfactory, thoimli the first cost is considerable. By cutting the crop little at a time and at inteiwals of a week or more, the hay caps may be repeatedly used, and a few dozen caps may thus serye in the curing of a considerable area of cowpeas. Additional experimental vrork in curing peayine hay is planned. Composition of the Different Parts of the Cowpea Plant. To obtain data as the relatiye yalue of leayes, stems, and other parts of the plant, both as food and as ferti- lizers, samples were taken of six of the yarieties grown in 3J:-inch drills in the yariety test of 1899. These plants had been sown in drills on June 23, so that when sam- ples were taken September 12 they had been growing not quite three months, and in some yarieties none of the pods had colored. The roots were dug out to a depth of six inches, Ayhich depth seemed to contain all the larger roots and nearly all of the smaller ones. If haryesting had been delayed a week or two, which, with all these yarieties could haye been done without their getting too old to make good hay, the yields would doubtless haye been larger. The ayerage yield of the six yarieties samjjled was 1,715 pounds of hay per acre on the basis of the weights of the samples 11 days after the yines were cut, or 1,628 pounds of the same degi-ee of dryness as the samples when analyzed two years later. The following table shows in percentages what pro- portion of the entire plant consists of leayes, pods and blooms, coarse stems, fine stems, fallen leayes and stems, and roots with attached stubble about two inches long. 38 Pcn-riitdi/rs in cnfirr air-drird phtnl o/ IcdKcs, pods and hl(j(Jin-'<, fine slcin^^ toarsc sttms, lallcn, leaves, and roofs and "^fuhhlt. CC ^ '^ ae o • B 0/ CO rs §1 2r *< -^f Viiriety. • 95 O > CC ^ 33 f-> rse inner al av ^ forf Tot able i-^§ 9 ^ % % '>, •><; 1 % 1 % % Miller 21.0 1.6 19.9 14.8 57.3 17.7 25.0 Whippoorwill 17.0 23.3 16.4 18.7 75.4 3.7 21.6 Iron 17.0 18.3 12.3 18.3 65.9 15.4 19.0 Wonderful 18.7 7.8 15.3 18.0 59.8 19.2 20.3 Joues White 21.3 13.0 30.5 16.2 71.0 14.3 14.5 Clay 19.9 19.1 5.9 13.0 12.3 51.1 22.9 26.0 Average. 6 varieties 12.0 16.2 16.4 63.6 15.5 21.0 The chief difference among varieties as shown in the above table is in the percentage of pods and blooms. Naturally this was greatest in the ^Vhippoorwill. for this was the earliest variety, and when cut September 12 it had more large pods than did any other. This earlier maturity also makes the Wliippoorwill show the highest percentage of its weight available for animal food, viz. : 75.4 per cent. On the other extreme is Clay, which, Avhen cut at this stage of immaturity, (only about 2 per cent, of pods having colored), had only about half the weight of the plant available for hay. Taking the average of all varieties, 03.6 per cent, of the air-dry weight of the plant was contained in the hav. The leaves, the most valuable portion perhaps except the x>o/> COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERJCSEENT STATION.. Tiios. Williams -. • • . W^aLumpka.. Jonathan Hakalson -• .-Sfilma. STATION COUNCIL *&. D. S.MiTri. . . » Acting President.. jp II Mkll Director and Botanist.. a. B. Ross Chfiinifit. C. A. Cauy, D. V. M Veterinarian.. J F. DuGGAH AgrLcuiturist^ E. M. Wilcox Biologist and HortiaulturiatL J T. Andekson Associa-te- Chemistt. ASSISTANTS. C L Hare First Assistant Chemists T. Bi:agg Second Assistant Chomiist. J C Phelps Third Assistant Chemist. T U CuvEi; Superintendent of Farm. R W. Clauk Assistant Agriculturist. C F Austin Assistant Horticulturist. The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of ■ the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. THE FLORA OF THE METAMORPHIC REGION OF ALABAMA. BY F. S. EaRLE. The following list of the ferns and flowering plants of the Metamorphic Region of Alabama is based on the collections in the herbarium of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute at Auburn. The Alabama material in this herbarium was secured as follows : First, a few plants collected prior to 1895 by Dr. P. H. Mell and his assist- ants. (The bulk of this earlier material was destroyed by fire) ; second, a few plants collected during the Fall of 1835 by Dr. L. M. Underwood ; third, plants collected during the Spring and Summer of 1896 by L. M. Under- wood and F. S. Earle; fourth, plants collected during the Fall of 1896, during 1897, and the Spring and Sum- mer of 1898 by C. F. Baker and F. S. Earle; fifth, plants collected from the Fall of 1898 to the Summer of 1901 by F. S. Earle and Mrs. F. S. Earle. Prior to 1897 atten- tion had been devoted mainly to the fungi, fiowering plants being taken only incidentally. Prof. Baker first suggested the systematic collection of the fioAvering plants, and the greater part of the species enumerated below were taken during the period of his residence at Auburn. As Dr. Charles Mohr was knovx n to be working' on a flora of Alabama, the collections made prior to mid- summer of 1897 were all sent to him for determination, and he was permitted to retain a full set, including all uniques, for his own herbarium. These plants are fre- quently referred to in his recent work on The Plant Life of Alabama that was published first by the United States Department of Agriculture as Volume 6, of the Con- 44 tribiilioiis from lliu National llerl)ariuiH (issucMl July 31, 1001), and lat(M- (October, 1901), was reissued as a report from the Alal>ama (leolo^ieal Surv(\v. After midsummer of 181)7 Dr. :Mohr became so o€-cui)ied in the preparation of llic manuscrijit for this «;T(nit work that at Ills request the sending of plants was discontinued, except as he occasionally asked for material in some spe- cial group. The later collections have been determined by Dr. eT. K. Small, Mr. G. V. Nash, Dr. Edward L. Greene and other specialists, and by the writer, wli(» has recently had an opportunity to compare some of the more doubt- ful material with the rich collections in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. Some fifty species are rei)orted by Dr. Mohr of our collecting that are not represented in the harbarium of the Polytechnic Insti- tute ; or at least are not represented under the name by which Dr. Mohr reports them. These species are in- cluded in this list. Dr. Mohr being cited in each case as the authority. These specimens will be found either in the herbarium of Alabama plants deix>sited by Dr. IMohr at the State University at Tuscaloosa, or in his ])rivate herbarium, which is now incorporated with the National Herbarium at Washington. In part, at least, these species represent uniques that did not chance to be again collected by us. There are, however, too many to be whollv accounted for in this wav, and it seems ]>robable that some of them represent cases where Dr. Mohr found occasion to change his original determina- tion of the sijecimens. It has not been possible to trace these cases, for since the publication of Dr. Mohr's work I have not had access to the collections. It has seemed best to include these names, but with this word of Avarning as to the possibility of error through includ- ing two determinations for the same plant. 45 It so chanced that Dr. Mohr did very little collecting in that part of the State covered by this list. He, how- ever, made one \dsit to the rugged mountainous region in Clav countv and secured a number of plants that were not taken by us. A few plants have also from time to time been collected in this region by various mem- bers of the State Geological Survey. Fifty-two plants from these sources are recorded by Dr. Mohr from this region that do not appear in our collections. These are included in this list, the proper credit being given. It is probal)le that the specimens representing them are all in the herbarium at Tuscaloosa. The Metamorphic region of Alabama as mapped by the State Geological Survey, is a triangular area lying on the eastern side of the State. It extends from near the southeast corner of Lee county at a point nearly oppo- site Columbus, Ga., northerly along the State line for about a hundred miles to a point in the northern part of Cleborne county. From this point the second side of the triangle extends southwestwardlv for about the same distance, to a point in Chilton county, some three miles east of the line of the Louisville & Nashville railroad, and from here another hundred miles east-southeast to the point of beginning. This area comprises the south- ernmost extension of the Appalachian mountain system. It is underlaid by granite and other metamorphic rocks which exert their usual influence on the topography, giving high, rugged hills and frequent exposures of bare rock. There are, however, few vertical or overhanging cliffs, such as are frequent to the north and west in the region underlaid by the coal measures. The soil varies from a light and rather coarse sandy loam to the red hornblendic soil so characteristic of the Piedmont reaion of Georgia. In many places it is much incumbered ^ith angular fragment of quartz and other hard resistant 46 roi-ks. The* ori«;iiial Liiiiber «j;r()\vlli varied from almost ]mr(' l«>iijLr leaf ])iTio forests a1 llic soiiLhcru border aud aloii.u tlic l>inri's of tlic^ Talla]M)osa, to pure hardwood forests nn llic riclier artsis, esjKM-ially lo tlie noi'thward. The <»reater part of tlie ai'ea was, however, a mixed for- est of hardwoods and loug or short leaf pines. The re- jxion is divi(1(^1 into n(»arly eqnal parts by the Tallapoosa river, llie portion to the south and east beini^' (lie hi^h, broad rid«;e that forms tlie divide between this stream and the Chattahoochee. Tlie n()rthwest(M-n portion forming the divide between the TallaiX)0sa and the Coosa is more rugged and broken, and in the Talladega Moun- tains reaches the hii>hest elevations to be found in the State (2,300 feet). This is one of the most interesting parts of the State, and deserves much more extended study. It was visited only once by Dr. Molir and (mce bv the writer. This metomorphic region is of special interest botani- callv since it constitutes the southernmost extension of the Carolina Life Zone. Many of the characteristic plants of the Appalachian system find here their most southerlv stations while minglinii' with these northern rei)resentatives are many plants that have pushed up from the Gulf region. This mingling of the two floras accounts for the large number of species found. Of the 1146 s];)ecies and varieties ennumerated in the following list, 91 are new to the State, and are not included in Dr. Mohr's work. These are indicated by an asterisk (*). There are 76 others that were previously known in Ala- bama only from the northern part of the State. These represent an extension of the known range in the State to the southAvard, and are marked by a dagger (t). There are also 167 species that represent a northerly ex- tension of the known range within the State. These are indicated by a double dagger (t). The larger number 47 in this latter class is accounted for by the fact that Au- burn, where the greater part of the collecting was done, is on the extreme southern border of the metamorphic Kegion. In fact the more sandy lands of the central pine belt extend ^t one ix)int to within half a mile of the College building. All the plants collected in the neigh- borhood of Auburn have been included in the list whet-ier thev were taken from one side or the other of this rather vaguely defined line. While most of the plants that are marked with the double dagger are un- doubtedly characteristic of the central pine belt rather than of the metamorphic hills; still it is probable that almost or quite all of them are to be found at some point on the more sandy lands that are clearly within this re- gion proper. The ecological relations of the flora have not in all cases been critically studied. The topographical features of the country will, of course, limit the plant societies or formations. The following situations have each a more or less clearlv marked flora, and the brief note on habitat following each species in the list will, in most cases, indicate the nature of the locality where the plant should be sought. Beginning with the hydrophytes we may distinguish, first, the plants of the rapidly moving streams with which the region is abund- antly supplied. Second, plants of pools and pond-s. Ponds are not frequent, those found being mostly artificial. Third, marsh plants, inhabiting certain open miry places, and the open boggy banks of streams. Such areas are restricted and rather infrequent, but certain plants are found only in such localities. Fourth, swamp plants of the poorly drained timbered land along streams. In clay land there are likely to be '^alder swamps," the prevailing growth being alder (Aliiux ru- 48 goaa) and willow {^Sali.r tiKjni) rreiiiu-iulv wiili a (h'liso Hns aiv nioiv often "bay heads" with a pivvail- inj;- ^rrowth t)f white bay ( Mdf/noHa \"ir(jini(nKi) ^ red hay (Persca pubescent) and maple (A^cr iiihrKm.) In l>lac(^ these "bay heiids* "deveioi) into '\Splia^uuni bo^'s,'' where the j;Tound is carpeted with poat moss {^phaf/nHni .S7>. ). Each of these varieties of swanij) has its own pe- culiar association of i>laiits. Of niesophyte associations Ave have, Isl, the plants (d" the better drain(Ml creek and river bottoms, and, 2ud, the moister and richer norihern sloi)es of the ui)lands. Such locations are usu- allv lu^avilv timlx^red mostlv with hard woods, but occasionally mixed with loblolly pine (Pinit.s laeda) in the lowlands, and with the short leaf pine {Finns cchinata) in the uplands. These associations are rich in the nundjer of species and include most of the more northern types. The plants from the Gulf rej^ion are to be sought on the dryer, more- sandy uplands, and in the sandy bay heads and Sphagnum bogs. More or less distinctly zero phytic associations occupy the greater part of the upland area. Here we may distinguish. 1st, plants of the dry hardwood forests. These are usu- alh' found on the south slopes of the red clay hills; 2nd, plants of mixed woods, including long or short leaf pines and hard woods. This type of forest is the pre- vailing one over a large part of the entire region; 3rd, plants of the long leaf pine { Finns pahisiris) forests. These are confined to the extreme southern border and to a strip along the hills bordering the Tallapoosa river. A large number of southern species are found in this long leaf pine association; 4th, an extremely zerophytic asso- ciation found on exposed granite outcrops. Occasionally granite outcrops occur where they are somewhat moisted 49 by a stream or spring and here we find still a different association of plants. Besides these which may be con- sidered as constituting the natural plant covering of the region we have other associations whose advent is determined by the presence of man. Among these we may distinguish, 1st, the weeds of cultivated fields . and gardens ; 2nd, the weeds of pastures, roadsides and waste places; 3rd, the plants of abandoned or ''turned out" fields, and, 4th, the plants of the second groAvth woods that ultimately reclothe these abandoned fields. The lob- lolly pine {Pin us Taeda) usually plays the leading part in this forestization, though with it are associated sweet gum (Liquidaiiihar) black gum ( Xyssa sijlvatlca), per- simmon (Diospi/ros) and occasional individuals of nu- merous other trees. Ophioglossaceae. tBotrychium biternatum (Lam.j Underw. A single specimen, upland pasture, Auburn, (in Underwood Herbarium.) Botrychium obliquum Muhl. Frequent, creek-bottom woods. Botrychium Viroinianum (L.) Sw. Occasional, creek-bottom woods. Ophioglossum crotalophoroides Walt. Occasional, grassy creek-bottom pastures. OSMUXDACEAE. Osmunda cinnamomea L. Common, swampy places. Osmunda regalis L. Common, swamps. 50 POLVroDIACEAE. •rAiis(MH' Indica (L.) Oaertn. Common, cultivated fields. *Elymiis «iall)iill(>i*ns ( V;is<*y) Scrilm. & Ball Occasional, dry woods. Elyiiius stric'tus AN'illd. Lee county. Earle & Baker (Mohr's Plant Life.) Elyrnus Viri^niciis L. Lee County, (Mohrs Plant Life.) lEi-ajiTostis hirsuta (Michx.) Nash. Frequent, dry, open places. EragTostis major (L. ) Host. Common, cultivated fields. EragT()«tis pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. Common, dry open places. EragTOStis Purshii Schrad. Occasional, cultivated fields. lEragTostis refracta (Miihl.) Scribn. Common, dry open places. Erianthus aloT>ecuroides (L.) Ell. Common, upland woods, usually on clay. * Erianthus compactus Nash. (Common, upland woods, usually on clay. * Erianthus contortus Ell. Common, poor usually sandy woods. Festiica nutans Willd. Frequent, moist woods. *Festuca obtusa Spreng. A single collection. Chambers county. Festuca octoflora Walt. Common, dry open places. Festuca octoflora aristata (Torr.) Dewey. Lee county, Earle & Baker (Mohr's Plant Life.) Festuca sciurea Nutt. Lee county, Earle & Baker (Mohr's Plant Life.) Festuca Shortii Knuth. Lee county, Earle & Baker (Mohr's Plant Life.) oo tGjmnopogon ambiguiis (Miclix.) B. S. P. Frequent, dry sandy woods. Homalocenchrus Yirginicus (Willd.) Britt. Frequent, wet swampy places. Panicularia nervata (Willd.) O. Kimtze. Occasional, cultivated fields. ]Melica mutica Wall. Frequent, upland woods. Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. Frequent, dry open places. fMuhlenbergia diffusa Schreb. A single collection. Auburn. Oplismenus liirtellus (L.) R. & S. Occasional, moist sandy places in shade. Panicularia nervata (Willd) O. Kuntze. Common, wet shady places. Panicum agrostoides Muhl. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life.) * Panicum Alabamense Ashe. Collected once, Auburn, sv.amp. This is very close to P. lucidum Ashe, and is probably identical with that species. Panicum angustifolium Eil. Very common, dry upland woods and roadsides. fPanicum Auburne Aslie. Collected once. Auburn, uplands. This is probably only a small form of P. sphaerocarpon. Ell. Panicum barbulatum Miclix. Common, wet. swampy woods. *Panicum Rogueanum Ashe. Collected once. Auburn, uplands. Panicum clandestinum L. Occasional, alder svv^amps, clay land. Panicum commutatum Schult. Common, dry sandy uplands, roadsides, old fields and thin woods; often forming a dense sod. Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Common, dry uplands. 56 ranicuiii (licliotoniuni L. Very common, moist or dry land. INiiiicmn Ivirlci Nash. Occasional, sandy swamps. INmicinn clon^atuin Pui*sli. Occasional, damp places. *Paincinii hiaiis Ell. Frequent, low, wet places. PanitMiiii laim^iiKisinii Kll. Collected once. Chambers county. IPauiuuni laxifloruiii Lam. Very common, mois^ places. A form has been called P. cari- cifolium Scribn. l*auiciim lucidnm Ashe. Frequent, wet places, sphagnum bogs, etc. Paniciim melicaniim ^lichx. Lee county, Earle & Baker (Mohr's Plant Life.) Paniciini iiiicrocarpon Mulil. Frequent, moist uplands. *Panicinii miitabile Scribn. & Merrill. Occasional, dry woods. These specimens have been deter- mined as P. Joori Vasey. Paiiiciiin neuranthum Greiseb. Collected once. Auburn. PaTiicini] oliiianthes Seliult. Occasional, sandy uplands. « Panicum Porterianum Nash. Common, rich uplands. Pauicum pseiidopubescens Nash. Very common, dry uplands. JPanicuiii pubifoliinn Nash. Frequent, sandy uplands. I'anifum pyriforme Nash. Lee county, Earle & Baker (Mohr's Plant Life.) Panicuiu TJaveiielii Scrilm. & Merrill. Frequent, sandy uplands, Paiiiciiin rostratum Miihl. Common, uplands. *■ 57 Panicum scoparium Lam, Common, open sandy creek bottoms. yPaniciim Scribnerianimi Nash. Collected once, Auburn. Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. Frequent, ditch banks and uplands. Panicum Tex?inum Buckl. Common, fields, introduced. Panicum tri folium Xash. Frequent, swamps, tPanicum verrucosum Muhl. Common, shaded swamps. Panicum virgatum L. Common and variable, uplands and creek oottoms. tPanicum Webberianum Xash. Common, dry exposed uplands, clay or sand. *Panicum Yadkinensis Ashe. Collected once, creek bottom, Auburn. *Paspalum augustifolium Le Conte. Frequent, upland woods, often confused with P. laeve. Michx. Paspalum Boscianum Fleugge. Common, cultivated fields. Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. Common, upland woods. Paspalum conlpressum ( Sw. ) Xees. Common, wet pastures (Carpet grass.) IPaspalum dilatatum Poir. Frequent, wet pastures and roadsides. tPaspalum distichum L. Occasional, wet creek bottoms. JPaspalum Floridanum Michx. Occasional, sandy uplands. Paspalum laeve Michx. Occasional, up'and woods. tPaspalum longipedunculatum Le Conte. Occasional, sandy uplands. Poa annua L. Common, dooryards, pastures and waste places. 2 58 Pna antiniiiialis Mnlil. Frequent, swampy woods. •(I'ua jn-attMisis I.. Occasional, roadsides and open woods. iSoi-ii'lmni Ilalaju'iisi* (L. ) INm's. Frequent, fields and waste places, (.Johnson grass.) S])()i(>l»()liis asjx'i* (Miclix.) Knntli. Frequent, sandy woods and roadsides. Spoitjholus Iiuliciis (L. ) K. Br. Common, pastures and door-yards, (Smut grass.) SjHU'oholiis puiice;:s (Miclix.) Kuntli. Frequent, dry sandy woods south of Auburn. Stii)a avt'iiacea L. Frequent, upland woods, sand or clay. tSviitlu^i-iSiua timhriatiiiii (IJiik) Xasli. Common, cultivated fields, (Crab grass.) tSyntlicii.sina villosuiii Walt. Occasional, cultivated fields. Tricuspis seslerioides (Mlclix. ) Torr. Common, upland woods and open places. Tiipsaciiiii dactyloides L. Frequent, ditch banks and borders of moist fields. *Ti'is(4nin :nistatiiliiiii ( Sciibn. & Merrill) Nash. Dry clay woods, Tallapoosa county. tTrisetiiiii l*eiiiisyh'aniciim (L. ) Beauv. FreCiUen:, moist woods. Uiiiola latifolia Miclix. Frequent, rich upland woods. Uiiiola laxa ( L. ) B. S. P. Collected once. Auburn. Uiiiuli loiudfolia Scribn. Frequent, upland woods and creek bottoms. Cyperaceae. Carex Atlantica Bailev. Frequent, rich woods. Carex cephalopliora Mulil. Frequent, dry wooded hillsides. 59 Carex crinita Lam. A single collection, Auburn. Carex debilis Michx. Frequent, wet woods. Carex gTaniilaris Miihl. Lee county, Earle & Baker (Mohr's Plant Life.) *Carex gynandra Schw. Occasional, upland woods, Lee county, Tallapoosa county. Carex interior Bailey. Lee county, Earle & Baker (Mohr's Plant Life.) Carex intumescens Eudge. Frequent, swamps and ditch banks. Carex laxiflora Lain. Common, upland woods. Carex laxiflora varians Bailey. Lee county, Earle & Baker (Mohr's Plant Life.) Carex leptalea Walil. Common, swamps. Carex lurida Walil. Frequent, swamps and marshy places. t Carex nigro-marginata Schw. Frequent, dry rocky hillsides and granite outcrops. The most southerly known station for this rare Carex. Carex oblita Steud. Frequent, swamps. *Carex ptjchocarpa Steud. Frequent, creek bottom swamps. Carex sterilis Willd. Frequent, swampy creek bottoms. Carex stipata Muhl. Frequent, wet open places. * Carex tenera Dewey. Common, rich woods. fCarex Texensis (Torr.) Bailey. Occasional, Auburn. Carex triceps Michx. Common dry upland woods. GO Oarex verrucosa Miihl. Frequent, swamps, matures in midsummer. (=C. glauces- cens Ell. of Mohr's Plant Life.) Carex vnlinnoiih'a Miclix. Common, wet places, ditch banks, etc. Cyperus cyliiidricus (Ell.) 15rilt. Frequent, sandy fields, etc. Cy]HM'iis (M-liiiialus (1011.) WcxmI. Common, sandy uplands, Cyperus liliculmis Vahl. Frequent, sandy lands. Cyperus Haspan L. Frequent, marshy grass lands. C3'perus Lancastriensis Porter. Occasional, Lee county, Tallapoosa county. Cyperus ovularis (Miehx. ) Torr. Frequent, dry uplands. Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud. Frequent, swampy places. Cyperus retrof raetus ( L. ) Torr. Common, dry sandy uplands. CA-perus rotundus L. Nut grass, a garden pest, locally abundant. Cyperus stenolepis Torr. Lee County, Earle & Baker. (Mohr, Plant Life.) Cyi>erus strigosus L. Common, fields and marshy places. Eleocharis obtusa Schultes. Common, marshy places. Eleocharis pro! if era Torr. Occasional, marshy places. Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.) 11. & S. Occasional, marshy places. Fimbristylis autuunialis (L.) }l. & S. Common, marshy places and sandy fields. *I''inibristylis laxa Vahl. A single collection. Auburn. 6] *Fuirena squarrosa Michx. Common, marshy places. IFuirena squarrosa hispida (Ell.) Chapm. Frequent, sphagnum swamps, etc. iHemicarpa micrantlia (Vahl) Britt. Frequent, marshy places. Kyllinga pumila Michx. Common, wet places. Rynchospora axillaris (Lam.) Britt. Occasional, marshy places. tRjnchospora corniculata (Lam.) A. Gray. Frequent, borders of ponds, etc. Rynchospora cymosa Ell. Frequent, marshy places. Rynchospora filifolia Torr. A single collection. Auburn. Rynchospora giomerata (L.) Vahl. Occasional, marshy places. Rynchospora golmerata paniculata (A. Gray) Chapm. Common, moist or dry open places, roadsides, etc. *Rynchospora microcephala Britt. A single collection. Auburn. * Rynchospora patula A. Gray. A single collection, Macon's Mill, Lee county. Rynchospora rariflora Ell. Occasional, marshy places. tScirpus Eriophorum Michx. Occasional, wet places, clay land. Scleria ciliata Michx. Frequent, upland woods. Scleria oligantha Michx. Frequent, upland woods. * Scleria pauciflora Muhl. A single collection, Auburn. t Scleria pauciflora glabra Chapm. Frequent, moist woods. Scleria trigiomerata Michx. Frequent, upland woods. 62 StiMi(»i>li\ llus cjiiHllniis (L.) J?i'itt. Frequent, sandy fields and marshy places. Palmaceae. lvlia]n(1()])]iylluin liystrix (Frascr) Wcndl. & Driide. Rare, swamps, Lee county, clay and sand. fSabnl Adaiisoiiii (Juerns. Rare, swamps, Lee count, in sand. Araceae. Arisapma (iiiinatum (Niitt. ) Scliott. Occasional, swamps and wet woods. Arisaeina triphyllum (L.) Torr. Occasional, wet woods. Orontiiim aquaticum L. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life.) Peltandra Virginica (L.) Kunth. Occasional, swamps and wet woods. Mayacaeae. I {^layaca Aiibletii Miclix. Frequent, sandy swamps, usually with sphagnum. Xyridaceae. iXyris ambigua Beyrich. a single collection. Auburn. Xyris Caroliniana Walt. Frequent, sandy borders of ponds, etc. Xyris communius Kunth. Lee county, J. D. Smith (Mohr, Plant Life.) Xyris flexuosa Muhl. Occasional, sandy swamps. Xyris iridifolia Chapm. Occasional, sandy swamps. Xyris torta Smith. Frequent, sandy swamps. 63 Bromeliaceae. iTillandsia usneoides L. Occasional on trees in creek bottoms. All killed by the "freeze" of February. 1899. COMMELIXACEAE. Commelina communis L. Escaped, ditch banks. Auburn. Commelina erecta L. Frequent, dry hillsides. Commelina liirtella VahL Frequent, swampy creek bottoms. tTradescantia liirsiiticaulis Small. River hills, Elmore county; also sandy woods, Lee county. Tradescantia montana Sliuttlw. Rich upland woods. Clay county, Coosa county. Tradescantia reflexa Raf. Frequent, dry rocky hillsides, granite outcrops. JUXCACEAE. Juncoides echinatum Small . Frequent, wooded hillsides. Juncus acuminatus Michx. Frequent, wet open places. Juncus acuminatus debilis (A. Gray) Engelm. Frequent, wet open places. Juncus Canadensis A. Gray. Occasional, Auburn. t Juncus diffusissimus Buckl. Shallow pool in swamp. Auburn. *Juncus Dudlevi Wiegand. Frequent, dry woods and roadsides. Juncus effusus L. Frequent, wet, open places. Juncus marginatus Eostk. Frequent, wet, open places. 64 Juncus marginatiis aristulatus (Miclix.) Coville. Cciiimon, wet open places. tj uncus polycephalus Miclix. Frequent, \vet. open places. JJuiiciis reiKMis Miclix. Sandy borders of ponds, in or out of water. *Juuciis robustiis (Eii^lni.) Coville. A single collection. Auburn. tjimcus scripoidcs Lam. Common, wet open places. Juucus setaceus Rostk. Common, wet open places. Juncus tenuis Willd. Common, especially along paths and woods roads. Juncus Torreyi Coville. Lee county, Earle & Baker (Mohr, Plant Life.) Juncus trigonocarpus Steud. A single collection, Auburn. LiLLlCEAE. tAletris farinosa L. Occasional, borders of sandy swamps. Allium mutabile Miclix. Common, creek bottoms, clay land, often in fields. Allium veneale L. Introduced, fields, etc., Auburn. *Cliamaelirium obovale Small. Occasional, ricn upland woods. Clirosperma muscaetoxicum (Walt.) O. Kuntze. Rare, taken once near Auburn. Lilium Carolinianum Miclix. Occasional, rich upland woods. Medeola Virginica L. Occasional, moist, rich woods. Melanthium Virglnianum L. Rare, taken once near Auburn. Notlioscoixiium bivalve (L.) Britt. (=Allium stratum.) Common, dry rocky hillsides, granite outcrops, etc. 65 Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Frequent, moist rich woods and creek bottoms. t Polygonatum commutatum (R. & S.) Dietr. Occasional, moist, rich woods, creek bottoms, etc. *Tnantlia glutinosa (Michx.) Baker. (^Tofeldia glutinosa Michx.) Occasional, open marshy places. Trillium stvlosum Xutt. Frequent, rich, moist woods, uplands or creek bottoms, usually on clay Trillium Undervs^oodii Small. Common, wooded creek bottoms, clay land north of Auburn, the type locality. A taller form with less conspicuously mot- tled shorter leaves occurs in sandy swanmps south of Auburn. Uvularia perfoliata L. Frequent, rich, moist woods, uplands or creek bottoms. Uvularia sessilifolia L. Frequent, rich, moist woods, creek bottoms, etc. Vagnera racemosa ( L. ) Morong. Frequent, rich, moist woods, creek bottoms, etc. Yucca filamentosa L. Occasional, roadsides and waste places. Smilacaceae. Smilax Bona-nox L. Occasional, fence rows and thickets. *Smilax cinnamomi folia Small. In dry woods and old fields. Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm.) Wats. Frequent, rich upland woods. Smilax glauca Walt. Upland woods and old fields. jSmilax herbacea L. Frequent, rich woods. Smilax hispida Muhl. Frepuent, thickets, etc. t Smilax lanceolata L. Frequent, moist thickets. (Jackson vine.) 63 tSiiiilax hniril'olia L. Common, swariips (Bamboo vine.) Siiiilax l*s(Mi(l()-('liiiia L. Occasional, fence rows and thickets. ^>iiiila.\ iMiniila Walt. ■ Frequent, dry hillsides. ISiiulax rotiiiidit'olia L. Common, fence rows and thickets. i Sill i lax Walter! Punsli. Occasional, swamps, sandy land. Amaryllii)Aci:ae. tAtaiiiosco Atamasco (L. ) Greene. Common, creek bottoms. H^iiienocallis oceidentalis Kuntli. Rare, sandy creek bottoms. Hypoxis liirsiita (L. ) Coville. Common, upland woods. Manfreda Viriiiiiica (L. ) Salisb. (=Agave Virginica L.) Frequent, dry rocky hillsides and granite outcrops. DiOSCOREACEAE. Dio'scorea villosa L. Common, a climbing vine in rich woods. Iridaceae. Gemniinoia Cliinensis (L) O. Kuiitze. Occasional, roadsides, etc. flris cristata Ait. Long-leaf pine woods, Tallapoosa county. ilris verna L. Long leaf pine woods, Tallapoosa county. SisTrincliiiim Carolinianum Bicknell. Frequent, upland woods. 67 *SisYrincliium flaccidum Bicknell. Occasional, banks of streams. tSisyrinchium sTammoides Bicknell. Frequent, upland woods. BURMANNIACEAE. tBurmannia biflora L. A single collection, swampy creek bottoms, sandy land. Orchidaceae. Achroanthes unifolia (Michx.) Raf. Rare, creek bottom swamps. fCorallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt. a single collection. Auburn. Cypripedium parTiflorum Salisb. Clay county (Mobr's Plant Life). GyrostachYs cernua (L.) O. Kuntze. Frequent, moist places, creek bottoms, etc. GyrostachTS gracilis (Bigel.) O. Kuntze. Common, dry pine woods. *Gyrostachys simplex (A. Gray) O. Kuntze. A single collection. Auburn, dry pine woods. *GYrostacliYS Yernalis (Engelm.) Small. Occasional, pine woods. Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R. Br. Frequent, creek bottom woods, usually sand. Habenaria claYellata (Michx.) Spreng. Frequent, creek bottom woods, clay or sand. Habenaria cristata (Michx.) R. Br. Frequent, creek bottoms, sandy land. Habenaria flaYa (L.) A. Gray. Lee county. Underwood & Earle (Mohr's Plant Life.) Habenaria lacera (Michx.) R. Br. A single collection, Auburn. fHabenaria quinquiseta (Michx.) Mohr. (=H. Michauxii Nutt.) A single collection. Auburn. G8 HexalcM-iris aphvllus (Nntt.) Kaf. Occasional, wooded hillsides, Lee county, Clay county, Elmore county, LoptoTvliis lili folia (L. ) O. Kuntze. Rare, creek bottom swamps. L('})t<)r('liis Ivoesclii (L.) Ma(\>r. Rare, creek bottom swamps, clay. LiiiKMloniiii tuherosiini L. Occasional, swamps, sphagnum bogs, etc., sand. *Listeni australis Liudl. A single speciment, sandy swamp, south of Auburn. lV)gonia (>j>lii<)<»l()ssoi(les (L. ) Ker. •Frequent, sphagnum bogs, etc. Tipularia unifolia (Mulil.) B. S. P. Occasional, moist woods, Lee county, Elmore county. Saururaceae. Saururus ceriiiiiis L. Frequent, swamps. JUGLANDACEAE. Hicoria alba (L. ) Britt. Occasional, uplands. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britt. Common, dry upland woods, clay or sand. Jaglans nigra L. Occasional, rich woods, usually clay. Myricaceae. iMvrica cerifera L. Occasional, sandy swamps. Saliceae. Po pill lis deltoides Marsh. Occasional, creek and river bottoms. Salix nigra Marsh. Common, alder swamps, etc. 69 Betulaceae. Alnus rugosa (Du Eoi) Koch. Very common in wet, swampy creek bottoms, the characteristic growth in such locations. Betula lenta L. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). Betula nigra L. Frequent along streams, clay land. Carpinus Caroliniana Walt. Frequent, creek bottoms. Ostrja Virginiana (Mill.) Willd. Frequent, creek bottoms. Fagaceae. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Rare near Auburn, frequent further north, Chambers county, Tallapoosa county, etc. Castanea pumila (L. ) Mill. Frequent, dry thickets. Corvlus rostrata Ait. Clay county, Tallapoosa county, Randolph county (Mohr's Plant Life). It does not occur near Auburn. Fagus Americana Sweet. Common, moist woods, usually creek bottoms. Quercus acuminata (Michx.) Sargent. On high hills, Clay county; not seen about Auburn. Quercus alba L. Frequent, rich upland woods, clay land. IQuercus brevifolia (Lam.) Sargent. Occasional, dry white sands south of Auburn. T Quercus coccinea Wang. Occasional, clay uplands, more abundant northward. Quercus digitata ( Marsh. ) Sudw. Very common, uplands, sand or clay. *Quercus Margaret I a A^^he. Common, white sandy soils south of Auburn, but strictly con- fined to such locations. Very distinct from Q. minor, with which it has been confused. 70 Qucrcus MarvlaiHlicji Mucncli. (=Q. nigra of authors.) (Black jack.) Very common, dry, sandy uplands, also on clay. CJuurcus miiKn- uMarsli. ) Sai-^ciit. Very common, dry uplands, sand or clay. Common, creek bottoms. •(^uerciLs j)riiioi(les Willd. Occasional, creek bottoms. tQiieiTUs riil)ra L. Occasional, moist clay uplands. (^ueiTUs Si-liiK^ckii Britton. Common, uplands, clay or sand. (^D. Texana Sargent, not Buckl.) Queicns veliitina Lam. Occasional, clay uplands, frequent in upper counties. Ulmaceae. *Celtis Georgiana Small. Common, dry woods, fence rows, etc., a shrub. Celtis occidentalis L. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). Ulmu8 alata Michx. Common, dry uplands. Ulmiis Americana L. Occasional, moist woods, creek bottoms. MORACEAE. Morus rubra L. Occasional, rich woods, thickets. Urticaceae. Adicea pumila (L.) Raf. Occasional, swamps. Boehmeria cyliiidrica (L. ) Willd. Occasional, swamps. Urticastnim divaricatum (L.) O. Kuntze. A single collection. Clay county. 71 LORANTHACEAE. Phorodendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. Frequent, usually on oaks. Saxtalaceae. ^Xestronia umbellulata Raf. (=Darbya umbellulata. A. Gray.) A single station, creek bank, 3 miles northwest of Auburn. Aristolochiaceae. Aristolochia Nasliii Kearney. Occasional, moist, rocky banks. Aristolocliia Serpentaria L. Occasional, moist rocky banks. tHexastvlis arifolium (Miclix.) Small. (=Asarum arifolium Michx.) Common, rich upland woods. *HexastYlis Riithii (Ashe) Small. Occasional, rich woods. (Specimen in Herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.) THexastylLs Shuttlewortliii (J. Britt.) Small. Frequent, borders of sphagnum swamps. POLYGOXACEAE. Briinnichia cirrhosa Banks. A single collection, Tallapoosa county, river bank PolYgonimi ConYolYulus L. vSingle collection, Opelika, on the railroad. tPolYgonum Hydropiper L. Occasional, wet places, Lee county. Clay county. Polygonum Opelousanum Riddell. Common, moist fields, ditch banks, etc. Polygonum PennsylYanicum L. Common, moist cultivated fields, etc. Polygonum punctatum Ell. Common, swamps and wet fields, often growing in standing water. 72 Polvironum sairittatuiii L. Frequent, moist places, ditch banks. lN»l\\ii(nniiii s('t;i('(Mini UaMw. Common, swamps, l'ulv«j:(>niiiii \'i]'i;iiiiiiinnn L. Occasional, swampy woods. KiiiiH^x Ac('t(KH'lla J^. Infrequent, pastures and waste places. Kimicx crisjuis L. Common, roadsides and waste places. iKiniiex liiistatiilus Mulil. Very common, fields and waste places. A characteristic growth in abandoned fields. Kuiiu'x obtiisifolius L. Occasional, fields and waste places. JRninex piilcher L. streets of Auburn. Chenopodiaceae. Clieu()ix)diiiiii album L. Frequent, a weed in gardens and rich fields. Clienopodiiiiii anthehninticum L. Occasional, a weed in w^aste places. Amaranthaceae. Amarantlius livbridus paniciilatus (L.) IT. & B. Common, a weed in gardens and rich fields. Amaranthiis spinosiis L. Frequent, a weed in gardens and rich fields. Phytolaccaceae. Plivtolacca decandra L. t. Common, rich fence rows and waste places. Xyctaginaceae. JBoerhaavia erecta L. Frequent, a weed in gardens and waste places. 73 AlZOACEAE. Mollugo yerticellata L. Common, a weed in gardens and fields. PORTULACACEAE. ' fClaytonia Virginica L. One locality, wet, swampy woods 6 miles south of Auburn. Portulacca oleracea L. Occasional, a weed in rich gardens, not found in poor fields. Talinum teretifoliiim Piirsh. Locally common, dry granite outcrops. Caryophyllaceae. ALsine media L. Common, a winter weed in gardens and waste places. fAlsine pubera (Michx.) Britton. Rich wood, river hills Tallapoosa county. Anvchia dichotoma Miclix. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). fArenaria brevifolia Nutt. Locally common, granite outcrops. *Cerastiuiii brachypodiiin (Engelm.) Robinson. Occasional, fields. fCarastium longipedunculatum Muhl. Occasional, fields. Cerastium viscosiim L. Common, gardens, fields and waste places. Cerastiiim viilgatum L. Common, gardens, fields and waste places. Sagina decumbens (Ell.) T. & G. Common, fields and gardens. Saponaria officinalis L. Occasional, roadsides, introduced. Silene antinhina L. Occasional, fields and waste places. Silene stellata (L.) Ait. Occasional, rich woods, rocky banks of streams. 3 74 Silcno Vir<>ini('n L. Frequent, rich upland woods, clay. tSper«iiiIa aivciLsis L. A single collection. Auburn (1894). XYMrilAEACEAE. . Rrascnia inii'])iir(''ii (Miehx.) Gasp. In pond south of Auburn (Vaughn's Mill)^ Xynij>haea adveiia Solaiul. Frequent, ponds and slow streams. AIagnoliaceae. :tlllic-ium Floridaniim Ell. Occasional, banks of streams, Lee county, sooth, ol Auburn. Xiriodendroii Tnlipifera L. Frequent, moist hillsides and creek bottoms. Magnolia macropliylla :Michx. Frequent, river hills, TaUapoosa county. Clay county. Magnolia Virginiana L. Common, sandy swamps. Anonaecae. Asimina parviflora (Miclix.) Dunal. Frequent, dry or moist places. As'-niin.i t.iloba (L.) Dunal. Banks of Tallapoosa river, Elmore county. Ranunculaceae. Actaea allm (L.) Mill. Lee county. Baker & Earle (Mohr's Plant Life). jAnemone Caroliniana Walt. Rare, rocky hillsides (Wright's Mill.) Anemone quinquefolia L. Frequent, moist wooded hillsides. Anemone Virginiana L. A single collection, Chambers county. 75 iClematis crispa L. Occasional, sandy swamps. * Clematis glaucophvlla Small. Occasional, dry banks, Tallapoosa county, Elmore county. The leaves are less glancus than in the type and the achenes are narrower. fOlematis reticulata Walt. Rocky banks, Tallapoosa river, Elmore county. Clematis Virginiana L. Frequent, sv.amps, clay land. Delphinium Carolinianum Walt. Occasional, dry wooded hillsides. fHepatica Hepatica (L.) Karst. Occasional, rich wooded hillsides. Ranunculus abortivus L. Frequent, fields and waste places. Ranunculus hispidus Michx. Frequent, moist or dry woods. IRanunculus parviflorus L. Occasional, wet, swampy places. Ranunculus pusillus Poir. Occasional, wet, swampy places. Ranunculus pusillus Lindheimeri A. Gray. Frequent, wet swampy places. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Occasional, creek bottom woods. Ranunculus tener Mohr. Lee county. Baker & Earle (Mohr's Plant Life). tSvndesnion tlialictroides (L.) Hoffmg. Frequent, moist wooded hillsides. Thalictrum clavatum D. C. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). Thalictrum purpurascens L. Swampy places, Chambers county, Tallapoosa county. jTrautvetteria Carolinensis (Walt.) Vail. A single collection, shaded spring branch, river hills, Elmore county. Xanthorrhiza apiifolia L. Her. Frequent, along streams, often on rocky banks. 76 BKUliKUlDACEAE. tCinil(4>livllimi llinlictnddes (L.) ^liclix. One locality, 3 miles northwest of Auburn. Moist, wooded hillside. 1*(h1()1)1ivHuiii pcltiitiiiii L. Occasional, creek bottoms. Menispekmaceae. ralycocarpiuii Lyoni (Piirsli) Niitt. Rare, creek bottoms. CHmtlia Carolina (L.) l^ritt. Frequent, thickets, becoming a troublesome weed in cul- tivated fields. Calycanthaceae. tButiieria florida (L. ) Kearney. Frequent, moist, rich woods (Mohr's Plant Life credits Butneria fertilis to Lee county, but this seems to be an error.) Lauraceae. tPei'sea piibes'cens (Pursli) Sargeut. Frequent, swamps, usually sand Sassafras Sassafras (L.) Karst. Occasional, mixed woods and cultivated fields. Papaveraceae. Sanguinaria Canadensis L. Occasional, rich woods. Crucifera'e. fArabis Canadensis L. Occasional, rocky creek banks, granite outcrops. Arabis Virginiea (L. ) Trelease. Very common, a winter weed in cultivated fields. *Brassica jnneea (L.) Cosson. streets of Auburn, introduced. 77 Bursa Bursa-pastoris (L.) Britt. Common, fields and waste places. Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) B. S. P. Occasional, swampy woods, Lee county, Tallapoosa county. JCardauiine PennsTlvanica Mulil. Occasional, rocky hillsides, granite outcrops. Coronopus didymus (L.) J. E. Smith. Common, upland fields and gardens. Draba bracliTcarpa Xutt. Common, upland fields, granite outcrops. *Draba rerna L. Common, upland fields (Draha CaroUnia is credited to Lee county in Mohr's Plant Life. This is an error, as the species is clearly D. verna.) Lepidiiim Virginiciim L. Common, a weed in fields and gardens. Capparidaceae. Polanisia tracliTsperma T. & G. Tallapoosa county (Mohr's Plant Life). Droseraceae. IDrosera brevifolia Pursh. Frequent, borders of sphagnum bogs. Podostemaceae. Podostemon ceratophyllum Michx. Lee county. Baker & Earle (Mohr's Plant Life). Crassulaceae. jDiamorpha piisilla (Michx.) Xiitt. Locally abundant, granite outcrops. Pexthoraceae. Penthorum sedoides L. Occasional, swamps. 78 Saixfuagaceae. •jlkMicliera Anicricana L. Frequent, dry rocky hillsides, granite outcrops. lieiu'hera. hisjnda IMirsli. Metamorphic hills, Talledega county (Mohr's Plant Life). Paruassia asarifolia Yi^nt. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life.) Pliiladelphus grandiflorus Willd. Lee county Underwood & Earle (Mohr's Plant Life). Very rare, seen only once. tSaxifi-a«;a Vir«;iniensis ^lichx. Rare, in rock crevices, a single locality two miles northwest of Auburn. Tiarella cordifolia L. Occasional, moist, rocky woods, near springs. Hydrangeaceae. Decumaria barbata L. Frequent, a high climbing vine in moist woods. Hydrangea arborescens L. Occasional, moist woods and rocky banks. Hydrangea arborescens cordata (Pursh) T. & G. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). Hydrangea quercifolia Bartr. Frequent, moist or dry woods. Iteaceae. I tea Virgin ica L. Frequent, sandy swamps. Hamamelidaceae. Hamamelis Virginiana L. Frequent, moist woods. Liqiiidambar Stryaciflua L. Common, a tree in mixed woods, both swamps-and uplands, also in old fields and second growth timber. 79 Platanaceae. Platanus occidentalis L. Occasional, a large tree in creek bottoms. ROSACEAE. t AgTimonia mollis ( T. & G. ) Britt. Common, moist woods. Agrimonia parviflora Soland. Moist woods, Clay county. Not seen at Auburn. tAgrimonia pumila Muhl. Frequent, sandy creek bottoms. tAoTimonia striata Michx. Occasional, moist woods, Lee county, Clay county, Coosa^ county. tAmelanchier Botryapium (L.) D C. Occasional, creek banks and borders of swamps. *AinYO'dalus Persica L. Freely escaped, roadsides, old fields and second growth woods. (Peach.) Aronia arbutifolia (L. f.) Ell. Common, swamps. tArimcus Arunciis (L.) Karst. Rare, moist woods. Auburn. tCotoneaster Pvracantlia (L.) Spach. Sparingly escaped, roadsides. Auburn. « Crataegus apiifolia (Marsh.) Michx. Occasional, creek bottoms. Crataegus collina Chapni. Common, dry woods, usually sand. Crataegus punctata Jacq. Lee county. Baker & Earle (Mohr's Plant Life). *Crataeo:us rubescens Ashe. Frequent, dry woods, Auburn — the type locality. Crataegus spathulata Michx. Common, upland woods and granite outcrops. Crataegus uniflora Moench. Frequent, dry woods, sand or clay. 80 JDiichcsiKM Indicn (Aiidr. ) Focke. Common, creek bottoms. I'ra;^nria \'ii\uiiiian;i L. Common, dry open woods, usually on clay. •J-domii Caiiadciisc JacM]. A single collection, Clay county. Mains au^ustit'olia (Ait.) Miclix. Frequent, along streams. OjHilastcr ()i)ulif()lins ( L. ) (). Kniitzo. Locally abundant, creek bottoms. Wright's Mill. rortcranrlnis stii)iilatr.s ( L. ) Hritt. A single collection, Tallapoosa county. Poteiitilla Caiiadcnsis L. Frequent, dry banks and open woods. *Potentilla liniuili« Poir. A single collection, river hills, Tallapoosa county. l*i'uiiiis Americana Marsh. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). Pruiius aiiTacilis Ein^clm. Lee county, Baker & Earle (Mohr's Plant Life). tPninus liortiilana Bailey. Frequent, rich clay woods, upland or creek bottoms. A large tree with loose, shelling bark. Prnnns injiiciinda Small. Common, dry land, sand or clay. A small tree with close dark bark. (Southern sloe.) PriiniLs serotina Elirli. Frequent, rich woods, clay or sand. Pruiiiis serotina neo-montana Sndw. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). Posa hnmilis ^larsli. Common, dry woods and roadsides. tPosa laevigata !Michx. Occasional, roadsides, introduced. 81 Rosa riibiginosa L. Roadsides, Chambers county, introduced. Eiibiis argutiis Link. Very common, creek bottoms, also uplands. Exceedingly varia- ble, the common high bush olackberry. Eubus aro'iitus floiidus ( Tratt. ) Bailey. Occasional, dry uplands. Eiibiis cuneifoliiis Piirsh. Very common, sandy uplands, the "old field" blackberry. Eubus Enslenii Tratt. Frequent, pine and mixed woods in shade. Eiibus invisus Bailey. Frequent, rich woods and open places (dewberry). Eubus triyialis Michx. Common, roadsides and fields, evergreen dewberry. (Mohr's Plant Life credits Rubus hispidus to Lee county. This is certainly a mistake. The specimens so determined being forms of R. trivialis.) MiMOSACEAE. lAlbizzia Julibrissin Durazz. Abundantly escaped, roadsides and woods. A good sized tree. Morongia augustata ( T. & G.) Britt. Common, dry sandy woods. Cesalpixaceae. Cassia Marylandica L. Occasional, fields and roadsides, Clay county. Cassia occidentalis L. Very common, a weed in cultivated fields. Cassia Tora L. Very common, a weed in cultivated fields. Cei-cis Canadensis L. Occasional, rich woods. Chamaecrista multipinnata (Pollard) Greene. Common, moist or dryish woods and thickets. tChamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench? A single douoiful specimen, Clay county. , 82 (liaiiiaerrista robiista Pollard. Common, moist woods and thickets, creek bottoms. (JkHlitsia triacaiitlios L. Occasional, rich woods. Papilioxaceae. Aiiiori)l»a truticosa \j. Banks of Tallapoosa, Elmore county. Aniorplia virg-ata Small. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). Apios Apios (L.) MacM. Occasional, rich woods and thickets, usually clay. Baptisia megacarpa Cliapin. Tallapoosa county (Mohr's Plant Life). tBradburya Virgiuiana (L.) O. Kuutze. Frequent, thickets, etc. usually sand. Chrysaspis dubia (Sibth.) Greene. Occasional, roadsides and waste places. fChrvsaspis proeuiiibens (L.) Desv. Occasional, roadsides and waste places. Clitoria Mariana L. Common, dry woods. Cracca spicata (Walt.) O. Kuntze. Common, dry woods. Cracca Virginiana L. Common, dry woods. tCrotalaria Purshii D. C. A single collection, dry pine woods. Auburn. Crotalaria rotimdifolia (Walt.) Poir. Frequent, dry woods and open places. Crotalaria sagittalis L. Occasional, dry woods and open places. Dolichohis erectus (W^alt.) Vail. Frequent, dry pine or mixed woods. fDolichohis ^iniplicifolius (Walt.) Vail. Frequent, sandy pine woods. fDolicliolus tonnentosus (L.) Vail. Occasional, sandy pine woods. 88 Falcata Pitcheri (T. & G.) O. Kuntze. Cleburne county (Mohr's Plant Life.) Galactea voliibilis (L.) Britt. . Common, dry woods and thickets. Lespedeza capitata Michx. Occasional, sandy open woods. fLespedeza frutescens (L.) Britt. Common, dry open woods. Lespedeza hirta (L.) Ell. Common, dry open woods. Lespedeza Xuttallii Darl. A single collection, Auburn. Lespedeza procumbens Miclix. Common, dry open woods. Lespedeza repens (L.) Bart. Common, dry open woods. Lespedeza striata (Tliunb.) H. & A. Common, old fields, roadsides and waste places (Japan clover), *Lespedeza StuYei Xutt. Common, dry open woods. Lespedeza Virginica (L. ) Britt. Common, dry open woods. tMedicago Arabica All. Sparingly introduced, fields and roadsides (Bur clover.) Meibomia arenicola Vail. Frequent, dry sandy or rocky woods. *Meibomia Dillenii (Darl.) O. Kuntze. Common, fields and open woods. Meibomia grandiflora (Walt.) O. Kuntze. Rich woods, Coosa county. Not seen at Auburn. Meibomia laevigata (Xutt.) O. Kuntze. Common, rich shady woods. fMeibomia Marvlandica (L.) O. Kuntze. Occasional, moist woods. Meibomia Micbauxii Vail. Frequent, dry woods, usually on rocky hillsides. Meibomia nudiflora (L.) O. Kuntze. Occasional, moist rich woods, usually clay. 84 Mc'iboiiiia obtusa (Mnlil.) \'ail. Frequent, dry sandy woods, Mcihoinia i)aiiiculata ( L. ) O. Kiint/c. Common, moist to dry woods, *M(MlM)iiiia i>aiiiculata (1iai>iuaiii Britt. Frequent, moist to dry woods. *M(Mb()mia paiiiculata i)iibeiis (T. & O. ) Vail. Occasional, dry woods, -j-Mcibomia rlKHnbirolia (Ell.) Vail. Frequent, dry woods, Meiboinia rigida (Ell.) O. Kuiitze. Occasional, dry woods, JMeiboiuia strieta (Pursh) O. Kimtze. Occasional, sandy woods and roadsides. JMeiboinia yiriditlora (L.) O. Kiintze. Occasional, pine or mixed woods. . Melilotns alba Desv. Sparingly introduced, roadsides, Phaseoliis polystacliviKS (L.) B. S. P. Occasional, rich woods. Psoralea peduiieulata ( Mill. ) Vail. Common, pine or mixed woods, Robinia hispida L. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life), Bobinia Pseudacacia L. ? Rare, a shrub in dry woods (Wright's Mill). JSesbaii niacrocarpa Mulil. Introduced, an occasional weed in sandy fields. Stropliostvles ninbellata (Muhl.) Britton. Frequent, dry open places. Stylosantlies bitlora (L.) B. S. P. Frequent, dry woods and open places. Stylosanthes riparia Kearney. Frequent, woods and banks. tTrifolium Carolinianmii Michx. •J* • Common, roadsides and grassy places. Trifolium pratense L. Sparingly introduced, streets of Auburn. 85 Trifoliiim reflexiim L. Occasional, dry woods, often in rocky places. Trifoliiim repens L. Sparinginly introduced, streets and roadsides. Vicia Hugeri Small. Frequent, rich mixed woods. (V. micrantha Nutt in credited to Lee county, Mohr's Plant Life. This is an error, the plant being a narrow leaved form of V. Hugeri.) Vicia sativa L. Introduced, streets of Auburn. Geraxiaceae. Geranium Caroliniaum L. Common, fields and waste places. Geranium maculatum L. Occasional, swampy woods. OXALIDACEAE. Oxalis recurv^a Ell. Very common, dry pine and mixed woods, (Oxalis cymosa and 0. grandis are both credited to Lee county, Mohr's Plant Life. Probably in each case this is an error.) Oxalis stricta L. Very common, fields and waste places. Oxalis violacea L. Common, dry open woods and rocky hillsides. LiXACEAE. Linum Floridanum (Planch.) Trelease. Occasional, open sandy places. Linum striatum Walt. Occasional, moist woods, usually clay. RUTACEAE. yPtelea trifoliata L. Occasional, river banks, Tallapoosa county. Clay county. 8G SiMAROUBACEAE. Ailaiitlnis inland iilosa J)('sf. Occasional, roadsides, etc., introduced. Meliaceae. tMelia A^iederach L. Abundant, roadsides, fence rows and old fields, introducea. Polygalaceae. Polylabra (L. ) A. Gray. 2. Occasional, banks of streams, clay land. Ilex opaca Ait. Common, moist to dry woods, usually sand. Ilex monticola mollis (A. Gray) Britt. a single collection, south of Auburn, sandy swamp. Celastraceae. EnonyniTis Ainerieanus L. Frequent, moist thickets. 1. Mohr's Plant Life, 604, credits Ilex coreacea (Pursh) Chap, to Lee county . This seems to be an error. The specimens cited prove to be a broad leaved form of I. glabra. 89 ACERACEAE. {Acer Floridanum (Cliapm. ) Pax. Occasional, moist creek banks (Wright's Mill). Acer leiicoderme Small. Frequent, moist rocky banks, etc., not in swamps. fAcer Xegundo L. Local, Wright's Mill. Lee county. Acer rubriim L. Common, swamps. Acer saccliarnm barbatnm (Miclix. ) Trelease. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). HiPPOCASTAXACEAE. Aesculus parviflora Walt. Occasional, northern edge of Lee county and northward, clay. Aesculus Pavia L. Common, dry woods. Balsam MACEAE. Impatiens biflora Walt. Frequent, swamps, clay land. Sappixdaceae. Cardiospermum lialicacabum L. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). Khamxaceae. IBercliemia scandens (Hill) Trelease. Frequent, moist thickets. Ceanothus Americanus L. Common, dry woods. , Rliamnus Caroliniana Walt. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). lAnipelopsis arborea (L.) Rusbv. Occasional, south of Aubcrn (Wright's Mill). Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Frequent, moi^t woods and thickets. 4 90 Vitis aestivalis Mielix. Frequent, dry or moist woods. Vitis hicolor hcConte. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). Vilis cordi folia Miclix. Frequent, uplands, usually clay. , A'itis roiuiHliroiia Miclix. Common, moist woods, creek bottoms, etc. TlLIACEAE. Tilia lieter()])liylla Vent. Occasional, creek banks. Malvaceae. Malvastruiu au^ustum A. Grav. Tallapoosa county (Mohr's Plant Life). tModiola Caix)liiiiana (L.) Don. Frequent, roadsides and waste places. tSida EUiottii T. & G. Frequent roadsides, Tallassee; also Lee county, sandy land, land. Sida spinosa L. Common, gardens and cultivated fields. Hypericaceae. lAscvTuni hypericoides L. Occasional, dry woods. Ascyinnii niullicaiile ^liclix. Frequent, dry woods. AscA^riun stans Miclix. Occasional, dry woods. Hypericum Druniinondii (Grev. & Hook.) T. & G. Common, dry open places, roadsides, old fields, etc. Hypericnni macula turn Walt. Frequent, rich woods. H3'pericnm mutilum L. Common, ditch banks, open moist places. 91 *HYpericiim niicliflorum Miclix. A single collection, Auburn. *HTpericum yirgatum Lam. Occasional, creek banks, Lee county, Clay county.- Sarothra gentianoides L. Common, dry open places, roadsides, old fields, etc. tTriadennni petiolatum (Walt.) Britt. A single collection. Tallapoosa county. tTriadennni Virginicnm (L.) Kaf. A single collection, sandy land south of Auburn. CiSTACEAE. IHeliantliemnm Caroliniannm Michx. Occasional, dry open places, sandy land. Lecliea Leggettii Britt. & Hollick. Frequent, sandy lands. Lecliea racemnlosa Michx. Occasional, dry open places. Lecliea yillosa Ell. Common, dry open places, roadsides, old fields etc., ViOLACEAE. Cubelium concolor (Fonst.) Raf. Rich woods. Clay county. tViola Caroliniana Greene. Common, sandy woods and open grassy places. *Viola cucnllata Ait. A single collection, river hills, Tallapoosa county. Viola niulticanlis (T. & G.) Britt. Occasional, moist upland woods, day. Viola palinata dilatata Ell. Frequent, rich upland woods. Viola papilionacea Pnrsh. Common, creek bottoms and moist ditch banks. Viola i^edata L. Common, dry upland woods, clay or sand. Viola pedata bi color Pnrsh. Occasional, with the last. 92 iViola primulacrolia auslralis iN)llard. Locally common, open marshy places, Lee county, Tallapoosa county. Viola KafiiH'squii Oroono. Very common, fields and waste places. Viola striata Ait. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). t Viola vicinal is Greene. Frequent, open sandy woods, not found on clay. Viola villosa AValt. Rare, dry pine woods, Auburn. Passifloraceae. Passiflora incarnata L. Common, a troublesome weed in fields, especially clay. A white flowered form is occasionally seen. Passi flora lutea L. Occasional, dry thickets. Oactaceae. Opuntia humifusa Raf. Frequent, roadsides and sandy land. Lythraceae. tLagerstroemia Indica L. Frequent, roadsides escaped, (Crape myrtle.) Rotala ramosior (L. ) Koehne. A single collection. Clay county. Melastomaceae. iRliexia ciliosa Michx. a single collection, south of Auburn. Phexia lanceolata Walt. Occasional, wet sandy places. Rliexia Mariana L. Frequent, wet sandy places. iRliexia stricta Pnrsli. A single collection. Auburn. (P. H. Mell.) 9?. Ehexia Virginica L. Frequent, wet sandy places, also on clay Onagraceae. Epilobium coloratum Mulil. Cleburne county (Mohr's Plant Life). Gaura Michauxii Spach. Frequent, dry woods and roadsides. tHartuiannia speciosa (Xutt.) Small. • Common, roadsides escaped. Isnardia palustris L. Occasional, ditches and running streams. Jussiaea decurrens (Walt.) D. C. Frequent, ditches and wet open places. Jussiaea leptocarpa Xutt. Frequent, ditches and wet open places. iKneiffia linearis (:Mi€hx.) Spach. A single collection, Chilton county. ♦Kneiffia linifolia ( Nutt. ) Spach. A single collection, Lee county. *Kneifiaa longipedicellata Small. Common, dry open mixed woods, also in second growth woods, clay or sand. *Kneiffia subglobosa Small. Frequent, moist open sandy places. Ludwigia alternifolia L. Common, wet places, clay or sand. tLudwigia hirtella Raf. Swampy margins of ponds, sandy land. iLudwigia linearis Walt. Frequent, wet places, sandy land. JOenothera laciniata Hill. Common, fields and roadsides, a winter weed. Oenothera laciniata grandis Britt. A single collection, fields near Auburn. Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. Common, fields and roadsides. 94 Halokagidaceae. Myriopliyllinu sp. Immature plants from a stream south of Auburn. Proseri)ina<'a ])ectiiiata Lam. A single collection, roadside ditches, sandy land. Araliaceae. ^ Aralia spinosa L. Frequent, rich woods and thickets, Umbelliferae. Angelica villosa (Walt.) B. S. P. Frequent, dry pine and mixed woods, clay or sand. Cliaeropli^^llum Tainturieri Hook. Common, a street and roadside weed, also in sandy swamps. Centella Asiatica (L. ) Urban. Lee county (S. M. Tracy.) Specimen in herb. New York Bot. Garden. , *Cicuta niaculata L. Common, swamps, etc. xDaiicus pusillus Michx. Frequent, fields, roadsides and waste places Deringa Canadensis (L. ) O. Kimtze. Rich woods, Clay county, Coosa county. IHydrocotyle yerticellata Thumb. Frequent, shaded thickets, clay or land. Er^mgium yuccaefoliuni Michx. Common, dry woods and fields. Oxypolis rigidus (L.) Eaf . Frequent, sandy swamps. tLigusticum Canadense (L.) Britt. Frequent, open marshy places. 1. This is included under E. integrifolum Walt, in Mohr's Plant Life, 644, but it seems to differ from the pine-barren plant in more diffuse habit and broader leaves. 95 OxTj)olis rigidus (L.) Britt. Frequent, open marshy places. Poljtaenia Xuttallii D. C. Lee county. Baker & Earle) (Mohr's Plant Life). tPtilimnium capillaceum (Miclix. ) Hollick. Common, sandy swamps. Sanicula Canadensis L. Common, moist to rather dry woods. * Sanicula Floridana Bicknell. 1. Frequent, dry upland woods. Sanicula Marvlandica L. Occasional, moist woods. Sanicula Smallii Bicknell. Frequent, creek bottom woods. Thaspium barbinode (Miclix.) Xutt. Occasional, moist thickets, etc Thaspium trifoliatum aureum (Xutt.) Britt. Occasional, creek bottom woods. *Zizia aurea (L.) Koch. A single collection, Clay county. Zizia cordata (Walt.) D C Frequent, upland woods, sand or clay. CORNACEAE. Cornus Amomum Mill. Common, along streams. Cornus stricta Lam. Lee county Earle & Baker (Mohr's Plant Life). Cornus florida L. Common, upland woods, clay or sand. tXvssa biflora Walt. Common, swamps. 1. Mohr's Plant Life, 645, includes this icith S. Canadensis. The two seem sufficiently distinct. The shape of the leaves and the general aspect are so different that they can be dis- tinguished at a glance. 96 Nvssa svlvatica Marsh. Common, upland woods, usually clay. Pyrolaceae. ■j-Cliiiuaphila iiwu-iilata (L.) Pursli. Occasional, dry pine woods. MOXOTROPACEAE. Monotropa uni flora L. Occasional, rich woods. Ericaceae Azalea arborescens Piirsh. Rare, along streams, clay land Azalea nudiflora L. Common, rich woods. Azalea yis€Osa L. Common, swamps, variable. Azalea viscosa glauca (L. ) Miclix. Lee county, Earle & Underwood (Mohr's Plant Life) Batliodedron arboreum ( Marsh. ) ;Niitt. Common, dry woods (Vaccinum Arboreum Marsh.) Epigaea repens L. Rare, dry hillsides, Lee county, Tallapoosa county. Graylnssaeia dnniosa (Andr. ) T. & G. Common, dry hillsides. Gavliissacia frondosa (L. ) T. & G. Frequent, dry rocky hillsides. *GaYlussa€ia nana (A. Gray) Small. Frequent, dry rocky hills. Kalmia hitifolia L. Common, along streams. fLeucothoe racemosa (L.) A. Gra3\ Border of ponds, sandy land. Oxvdendrcn arboreum (L.) DC. Frequent, dry or moist woods. tPieris nitida (Bartr. ) B. & H. Frequent, sandy swamps. 97 PolYCoclium melanocarpum (Mohr) Greene. Occasional, dry upland woods. Polyeodium melanocarpum candicans (Mohr). Occasional, dry upland woods. Polyeodium stamineum (L. ) Greene. Frequent, dry woods. *Rhododendron punctatum Andr. A single collection, river hills, Tallapoosa county. tYaccinium amoenum Ait. Occasional, dry hillsides. Vaccinium corvmbosum L. Occasional, open woods. Yaccinius Elliottii Chapm. Common, banks of streams. tVaccinium fuscatum Ait. Common, sphagnum bogs. Vaccinium Mvrsinites Lam. Common, dry rocky hills. Vaccinium IMyrsinites ^laucum A. Gray. Occasional, with the type. Vaccinium tenellum Ait. Occasional, moist hillsides. Vaccinium vacillans Kalm. Frequent, dry rocky hills. tVaccinium virij^atum Ait. Occasional, banks of streams. Xolisma ligustrina (L.) Britt. Frequent, moist woods, banks of streams. Primulaceae. fLysimacliia quadrifolia L. A single collection, Talladega county. Samolus floribundus H. B. K. Frequent, swamps. Steironema ciliatum ( L. ) Raf. Frequent, moist woods. Steironema lanceolatum (Walt.) A. Gray. Occasional, moist woods. 98 SteiroiKMiia lanoeolatuni august ifohiiii A. Gray. Lee county. (Earle & Baker) (Mohr's Plant Life). *S(('in)ii(MHa (iuaiutiiiii (^Miclix.) Britt. Occasional, rich woods, usually clay. CONVOLVULACEAE. tBivweiia hinnistrata (Walt.) A Gray. Frequent, dry sandy pine woods. tConvolviihis repens L. Frequent, dry woods, sand or clay. Ipomoea,l)arl)ii>eia (Don.) Sweet. Common, upland fields. Ipoiuoea hederacea Jaeq. Lee county, Earle (Mohr's Plant Life). Tpoiiioea lacimosa L. Occasional, creek bottom fields. Ipomoea paudurata (L.) Meyer. Frequent, dry woods and roadsides. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth. Lee county, Earle (Mohr's Plant Life). iJacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb. Common, a weed in fields. tQuamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench. Occasional, cultivated fields. CUSCUTACEAE. Cuscuta an^ensis Beryrich. Lee county, Earle (Mohr's Plant Life). Cus'cuta sp. other species occur, but the specimens have not been deter- mined. P0LEM0NL\CEAE. Phlox amoena Sims. Frequent, dry pine and mixed woods. rhlox i^laberrima L. Frequent, dry mixed woods. Phlox maculata L. Occasional, upland woods. 101 Phlox paniculata L. A sinsle collection, Coosa county. Phlox paniculata acuminata (Pursh) Chapm. Lee county, Baker & Earle (Mohr's Plant Life). Phlox pilosa L. Frequent, moist mixed woods. Hydrophyllaceae. tXana quadrivalvis (Walt.) O. Kuntze. Margin of pond south of Auburn. Phacelia clubia (L.) Small. Locally abundant, dry granite outcrops. BORAGIXACEAE. Heliotropium Indicum L. Occasional, roadsides and waste places. Lappula Virginica ( L. ) Greene. Occasional, moist woods, clay land. Collinsonia scabriuscula Ait. Occasional, open grassy places. Onosmodium Carolinianum (Lam.) A. D C. Occasional, dry sandy fields and open woods. * Yerbenaceae. Callicarpa Americana L. Common, dry woods, sand or clay. A form with white fruit occurs. Verbena bracteosa Michx. Occasional, roadsides and waste places. {Verbena Caroliniana Michx. Frequent, dry sandy woods. *Vitex Agnus-castus L. Freely escaped, roadsides, etc. 1. Immature specimens of this plant were determined as Myosotis Virginica and were so reported in Mohr's Plant Life, 691. The true M. Virginica has not so far been found. 102 Labiatae. fBlephila ciliata (L.) Raf. Frequent, dry hillsides, clay land. fClinopodium Nepeta (L.) O. Kiintze. A single collection, Clay county. Clinopodium Carolinianiun (Michx.) Heller. Locally common, dry sandy flats, banks of Tallapoosa river, Tallapoosa county. Collinsonia anisata Pursli. Common, dry pine and mixed woods. *Collinsonia Canadensis punctata A Gray. A single collection, swamp south of Auburn. Collinsonia •scabriuscula Ait. Opelika, Lee county (Mohr's Plant Life). Hede<;)ma pulegioides (L.) Pers. Tallapoosa county, Clay county, not found at Auburn. tKoellia albescens (T. & G.) O. Kuntze. A single collection. Clay county. Koellia flexuosa (Walt.) Mac M. Occasional, moist open places. *Koellia incana (L.) O. Kuntze. « Common, dry open woods. Koellia pvcnantliemoides ( Leavenw. ) O. Kuntze. Common, dry open woods. Lamiuni amplexicaule L. Common, fields and gardens, a Winter weed. ' Lycopus Yirginicus L. Common, wet swampy thickets. Mentha piperata L. Spring branches, Tallapoosa county. iMesosphaerum rugosum (L.) Pollard. Frequent, sandy swamps. *Monarda mollis L. Frequent, Clay county, not seen at Auburn. Monarda punctata L. Frequent, dry thickets. Nepeta cataria L. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). 103 Prunella vulgaris L. Frequent, moist places, Salvia azurea Lam. Frequent, open sandy places, roadsides, etc. Salvia Ivrata L. Common, dry or moist woods. Salvia urticifolia L. Frequent, dry open woods. Scutellaria cordi folia Mulil. Occasional, mixed woods, clay land. Scutellaria iutegrifolia major Chapm. Frequent, moist creek bottoms, usually sandy land. * Scutellaria liyssopifolia L. A single collection, Auburn. Scutellaria laterifolia L. A single collection. Auburn. Scutellaria pilosa Michx. Frequent, dry mixed woods. * Scutellaria venosa Kearnev. Collected once, Tallapoosa county. Tricliostema dicliotomum L. Frequent, Clay county, not seen at Auburn. tTricliostema lineare Xutt. Frequent, open sandy woods. SOLANACEAE. Datura Tatula L. Common, barnyards and rich gardens. Pliysalis angulata L. Occasional, gardens and fields. *Plivsalis Occasional. This is a striking species, the plant covered with long whitish hairs. Dr. Rydberg considers it new and will soon publish a description. An unnamed fragment "of the same thing collected by Dr. Chapman is in the Columbia University herbarium. Phvsalis Virginiana Mill. Frequent, dry open woods, clay or sand. 104 Physnlodcs Pliysjilodcs (L.) Britt. Occasional, gardens and rich fields. Solaiinin Caroliiicnsc L. Common, fields and gardens. Sulaiiiiiii iiii^ruin L. Common, rich fields and gardens. SolaiHiTTi p»(Mi(l'nonifiora Small. A single collection, Clay county. DasA stoma flava ( L. ) Wood. Frequent, dry woods. Dasystoma pectinata (Xutt.) Benth. Lee county. Baker & Earle (Mohr's Plant Life). Dasystonia laevigiita (Raf.) Chapm. Frequent, dry woods. tDasystoiiia Virolnica (L.) Britt. Frequent, rich woods. *Gerardia microphylla (A. Giray) Small. Occasional, sandy pine woods. Gerardia Pliikenetii Ell. Frequent, dry upland woods, clay or sand. Gerardia purpurea L. Occasional, wet swampy places. Frequent, dry woods. Gratiola Floridana Niitt. Locally abundant, swamps. Lee county, Tallapoosa county. 105 JGratiola pilosa Michx. Frequent, moist open places. JGrratiola spliaerocarpa Ell. Frequent, boggy places. Iljsantlies attenuata (Mulil.) Small. A single collection, bank of pond south of Auburn. fllysantlies refracta (Ell.) Bentli. Occasional, moist granite outcrops. Linaria Canadensis (L.) Dnmort. Common, fields and gardens. tMicrantliemimi emarffinatiim Ell. A single collection, border of pond south of Auburn. *]Mimulus ringens. L Frequent, wet ditch banks, etc., clay land. Monniera acuminata (Walt.) O. Kuntze. Frequent, wet, swampy woods. Pedicularis Canadensis L. Occasional, moist pine or mixed woods. Penstemon liirsiitus (L.) Willd. Common, dry woods. Scropliularia Marylandica L. Infrequent, the only collection from Coosa county. Yerbascum Blattaria L. Rare about Auburn, becoming common farther north. Yerbascum Tliapsus L. Occasional, roadsides and waste places. lYeronica arvensis L. Occasional, fields and waste places. Yeronica 'peregrina L. Frequent, fields and waste places. Lextibulariaceae. tUtricularia fibrosa Walt. In mud border of pond south of Auburn , tUtricularia subulata L. Frepuent, sandy swamps. lOG OliOP.UANCIIACEAK. fConojilinlis AiiuTicaiia (L. ) Walt. t requent, moist woods, growing on oak, beech and sweet gum roots. tLci)lainiuiiiji Vii'Liiiiianum (L.) Raf. Frequent, moist woods. tTlialesiaMiniflora (L.) Britt. Rare, mixed woods. BiGNONIACEAE. Bignonia crucigera L. Frequent, along streams. ^ Campsis radicaiis (L. ) Seem. (r=:Tecoma radicans D C.) Common, thickets, roadsides and fields. Catalpa Oatalpa (L.) Karst. Occasional, along streams. ACAXTIIACEAE. Dianthera Americana L. Frequent, in running streams. iKiiellia ciliosa liybrida (Pursli) A. Gray. Lee county, Baker & Earle (Mohr's Plant Life). Txiiellia ciliosa parviflora (Nees) Britt. Occasional, roadsides and mixed woods, clay land, also on granite outcrops. Kuellia Rtrepen^^ L. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). Plantagixaceae. PlantaiTO aristata Michx. Common, roadsides and waste places. *Plantago elongata Pursh. Collected once, creek bottom pasture. Auburn. Plantago lieteropliylla Nutt. Common, fields and waste places. 107 Plantago lanceolata L. Occasional, roadsides and grassy places. Plantago Rugelii Dee. Occcasional, moist pastures and roadsides. Plantago Virginica L. Common, fields, pastures and waste places. RUBIACEAE. Cephalantlius occi den talis L. Common, swamps and moist thickets. Diodia teres AValt. Very common, old fields, roadsides, etc. Diodia Yirginiana L, Common, ditch banks and wet fields. Galium aparine L. Occasional, gardens and moist places. Galium circaezans Miclix. Collected once, Auburn, not typical. *GalIum Clavtoni Michx. Collected once, shaded spring bog. Auburn. Galium pilosum Ait. Frequent, pine and mixed woods. tGalium pilosum jjuucticulosum (Miclix.) T. & G. Frequent, dry pine woods. tGalium uniliorum Michx. Collected once, moist, rich woods. Auburn. * Galium tinctorium L. Occasional, moist woods. tGalium triflorum Michx. Occasional, rich woods, Lee county. Clay county. Houcstonia caljcosa (Shuttly.) Mohr. Tallapoosa county (Mohr's Plant Life). Houstonia coerulea L. Common, open pine and mixed woods. Houstonia longifolia (xaertn. Occasional, moist, rocky banks. t Houstonia minor (Michx.) Britt. Common, pastures and open places. 108 Iloustonia piii'iMiica L. Common, rich woods, usually on clay. IToustoiiia tciniifolia Xiitt. Frequent, dry open, diciduous woods clay land. ^litclu'lla nqx'us L. Common, moist creek banks and sandy swamps. tOldciilandia miitiora L. Frequent, borders of sphagnum swamps. tRichardia sf-abra L. Common, sandy cultivated fields, Lee county, Elmore county. CaI'KIFOLIACEAE. Lonioera flava Sims. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). Louiccra Japonica Tliiiiil). Abundantly escaped roadsides, fields and thickets. Louicera seiiipervirens L. Frequent, climbing in moist thickets. Sainbiicus Canadensis L. Common, thickets and roadsides. tSyniplioricarpiis Symplioricai*iJus (L.) MacM. Collected once, Clay county. Mburnum acerifoliimi L. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). Viburnum nudum L. Common, sandy swamps. Viburnum rufotomentosum Small. Occasional, moist or dry open woods. Valeklinaceae. Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. Common, creek bottom fields. C A :mpa X ulaceae. Campanula Americana L. Collected once, Coosa county. Campanula dlYaricata Michx. Frequent, granite ledges Lee county, Tallapoosa county. 109 tSpecularia biflora (K. & P.) A. Gray. Common sandy pastures and roadsides. Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Common, fields and roadsides. Lobeliaci:ae. Lobelia aiiioeiia Mlchx. Frequent, sandy swamps. Lobelia cardinalis L. Frequent, swampy creek bottoms, often on clay. Lobelia inflata L. Creek bottoms. Clay county, rare at Auburn. Lobelia leptostach^^s A. D 0. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). Lobelia Niittallii Roem. & Sduilt. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). Lobelia pul)erula Michx. Common, open woods, often near streams. Lobelia spicata Lam. Dry woods, Elmore county Coosa county Clay, county not seen at Auburn. Lobelia syphilitica L. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). Chicorlvceae. Adopogon Caroliniannm (AValt.) Britt. Common, fields, roadsides and waste places. „ Hieracium Greenii Porter & Britt. Lee county. (Baker & Earle.) Mohr's Plant Life.) Hiei-aciiiiii Gronovii L. Frequent, dry pine and mixed woods. Hieracium ]\Lirianiim Willd. Occasional, dry hillsides. Hieracium Scribneri Small. Tallapoosa county (Mohr's Plant Life). Hieracium veuosum L. Common, dry rocky wooded hillsides. no Lactuca Canadensis L. Common, pine woods and open places. I/actnca Floridana (L. ) Gaertn. Collected once. Auburn. Laetuca in'aniinifolia Miclix. Occasional, sandy pine woods. fLactuca hirsuta IMuhl. Occasional, pine woods. Lactuca sa<»"ittifolia Ell. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life). fLactuca villosa Jueq. Occasional, roadsides. • fNabalus altissinius (L.) Hook. Occasional, moist, rich woods, usually creek bottoms. Nabalus Serpentaria (Pursh) Hook. Frequent, moist, dry woods, often uplands. *Xabulus trifoleatus Cass. Collected once, Auburn, in a garden. Serinea oppositifolia (Raf.) O. Kuntze. Occasional, creek bottom fields. , Sitilias Caroliniana (Walt.) Raf. Common, fields, roadsides and open places. A white flowered form occurs. Sonclius asper (L.) All. Frequent, fields and waste places. , Carduaceae. JAcanthospermum australe (L.) O. Kuntze. Frequent, along railroad embankments. Ambrosia arteniisiaefolia L. Common, fields, etc. (dog weed). *Antennaria nemoralis Greene. Frequent, dry rocky hillsides and granite outcrops. Antennaria plantai>ini folia (L.) Richards. Lee county (Mohr's Plant Life). Anthemis Cotula L. Occasional, roadsides and waste places, usually not abundant. Ill Aster Camptosonis Small. Common, shaded, rocky hillsides. Aster eoncolor L. Common, dry sandy roadsides and open woods. fAster divaricatiis L. Collected once. Clay county. Aster dumosus ].. Occasional, borders of fields and thickets. , Aster ericoides L. Common, swamps and waste places. Aster ericoides platyphyllus T. & G. Lee county. (Baker & Earle.) (Mohr's Plant Life.) Aster ericoides pilosiis (Willd. ) Porter. Common, fields, roadsides and waste places. *Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl. Collected once, Auburn. *Aster iantliinus Burgess. Collected once. Auburn. Aster laevis L. Lee county Mohr's Plant Life). Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt. Common, alder swamps, wet thickets and borders of fields. Aster oblongiolius Nutt. Lee county (Mohr's Plant Life). Aster patens Ait. Common, roadsides and dry woods, clay land. Aster puniceus L. Common, alder swamps and moist thickets. lAster piirpnratus Nees. Frequent, clay roadsides. Aster sagittifolliis Willd. Collected once. Auburn. Aster Shortii Hook. Rocky banks, Tallapoosa river, Elmore county., Aster Tradescanti L. Frequent, moist, shady woods. 112 JAstei- (luniosii^^ cordirolinw (Mirlix.) T. «S: (i. Very common, dry rocky hillsides. Exceedingly variable. Our collections probably include several of the named varieties. Aster viiiiiiH»us foliosus (Ait.) A. (Iray. Lee county ( Mohr's Plant Life). Aster niuliilatiis I^. Common, cultivated fields and waste places. Bick'iis froiulosii L. Common, fields and swampy ,places. tBrauiieria ])iiri)urea ( L. ) Britt. Collected once, clay roadsides. Chambers county. Cardiuis altissimus L. Common, moist thickets, etc. *Cariliius discolor (Miilil.) Xiitt. Occasional, moist thickets and open woods. Cardtms lanceolatus L. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life.) tCardiins s})in()sissiiinLS Walt. Rare, open sandy land. Carduiis spinosissimiis EHiotti (T. & G.) Porter. Common, old fields, roadsides and open woods, mostly on clay: Worthy of specific rank, often reaches more than three feet in height. Carduus Viri>iiiianiis L. Occasional, sandy roadsides. :i:riirvs()t>()nniu Virf>ini(;mii L. Occasional, deciduous woods, clay land. Cliysopsis <>Taiiii 111 folia (Miclix.) Xutt. Very common, pine and mixed w^oods, especially on sand. CUrys()i)sis ^Mariana (L.) Nutt. Common, pine and mixed woods. Ciiicns IxMKHlictus L. Collected once, railroad tracks, Auburn. troleosantliiis cordif(dius (Ell.) O. Knntze. Occasional, sandy woods and roadsides. Coreo])sis auricnlata L. Common, moist pine and mixed woods,' clay or sand. *Coreopsis bicolor. Collected once, fields south of Auburn, escaped. 113 Coreoi^-sis delpliinifolia Lam. Collected once, fields, Chambers County. Coreopsis gTaiidiflora Hogg. Locally abundant, moist granite outcrops. Coreopsis lanceolata L. Frequent, open pine woods, usually sand. Coreopsis major Walt. Common, dry pine and mixed woods. Coreopsis Oemleri Ell. Frequent, dry pine and mixed woods. It intergrades freely with the last species and can hardly be considered distinct. Coreopsis piibescens Ell. Collected once, Tallapoosa County. Coreopsis tripteris L. Occasional, ditch banks and margins of creek bottom fields, clay land. Coreopsis verticillata L. Lee county, (Mohr's Plant Life). tDoellingeria hiimilis (Willd. ) Britt. Occasional, creek bottom woods. tDoellingeria infirma (Michx. ) Greene. Collected once, Lee County; once. Clay County. Elepliantopiis Carolinianus Willd. Frequent, creek bottom woods and thickets, clay or sand. *Elepliantopus elatiis Bertoi. Collec-ted once, Auburn; once Macon County, Elephantopus nudatus A. Gray. Common, shaded creek bottoms, sandy land., Elepliantopns tomentosus L. Common, creek bottoms and dryer locations, in shade or ex- posed, clay or sand. Ereclitites liieracifolia (L.) Eaf. Frequent, rich newly-cleared fields and waste places. Erigeron anniius (L. ) Pers". Occasional, moist creek bottom fields and waste places. Erigeron Philadelphicus L. Collected once. Auburn; moist woods, clay. tErigeron pulclielhis Michx. Frequent, rich woods. 114 YEiiL»c'i'uii raniosi^s (Wait.) B. fc>. 1*. Common, fields roado.des and waste places. Eri»j,c-ii)ii raiiuKsus B( Vxiciiii ( F. & M.) Siiiilli & Pound. Lee county. (Baker & Earle.) (Mohr's Plant Life.) Eupatoiiimi ageratoides L. Occasional, creek bottom swamps. Eiipatoriiim album L. Common, dry woods, clay or sand. Eupatorium amoenuni Pursh. Clay county, (Mohr's Plant Life.) Eux)atoriuiu aromaticum L. Common, dry pine and mixed woods. Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small. Very common, pastures, old fields, roadsides and waste places, usually in moist land. JEupatorium coelestinum L. Occasional, sv/amps. Eupatorium compositifolium Walt. Frequent, dry old fields and open woods. Eupatorium cuneifolium Willd. Frequent, dry sandy pine woods. Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. Occasional, dry sandy woods." Eupatorium linearifolium Walt. Lee county. (Baker & Earle.) (Mohr's Plant Life.) Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Common, swampy places, clay or sand. *Eupatorium petaloideiim Britt. Collected once. Auburn. Eupatorium pinna tifidum Ell. Rare, dry open woods. Eupatorium |jul)^'S€en;s Mulil. Lee count, (Baker & Earle.) (Mohr's Plant Life.) Eupatorium purpureum L. Common, creek bottoms and swamps, especially clay land. Eupatorium rotundifolium L. Common, creek bottoms, usually sandy land. 115 tEupatorium semi serra turn D C. Frequent, sandy pine woods. Eupatorium serotinum Michx. Occasional, moist roadsides and* waste places. EQpotorium Smithii Grreene & Mohr. Chambers County. (Mohr, Plant Life.) *Eupatorium Torreyanum Short. Clay roadsides, Chambers county. {Eupatorium tortifolium Chapm. Frequent, dry sandy pine woods. Eupatorium verbenaefolium Michx. Common, swampy woods, sandy land. tGaillardia lanceolata Michx. Common, open sandy pine woods, etc. fGnaphalium Hellleri Britt. Common, open pine and mixed woods. Gnaphalium purpureum L. Common, a winter weed in fields and waste places. Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. Lee county. (Baker & Earle.) (Mohr's Plant Life.) fGnaphalium Helleri Britt. Collected once, banks of Tallapoosa river. Helenium autumnale L. Common, with the last. tHelenium Xuttallii A. Gray. Frequent, alder swamps and creek bottoms. tHelenium tenuifolium Nutt. Very common, fieias, pastures and roadsides; (bitter weed.) Helianthus angustifolius L. Common, open swampy places. Helianthus atrorubens L. Occasional, roadsides and woods, clay land. Helianthus divaricatus L. Frequent, dry woods and roadsides. Helianthus hirsutus Raf . Frequent, dry woods and roadsides. Helianthus hirsutus trachyphyllus T. & G. Clay county. (Mohr's Plant Life.) IIG Iluliaiillius niicroccplialus T. & G. Common, dry woods and roadsides. ll(^liaiillnis ►Swduitzii T. & G. Lee County, (Mohr, Plant Life.) Ilcliantlnis toniciitosus AiiclLX. Frequent, rich mixed woods. llrliojisis i;rac*ilis Xiitt. Occasional, moist upland woods. Ik4i()i)sis lH'liaiitli()i(l(\s (L.) ^^- ^- !*• Collected once, Tallapoosa County. lonactic^ liiiariifolia (L.) Greene. Common, roadsides and open pine woods, sandy land. Isopai)i)iis (livaricatirs (IS^iitt. ) T. «S: G. Very common, old fields, pastures and roadsides. Kiilinia eiipatoi-ioides L. Common, dry open woods, usually on sandy land. *Laciiiaiia Earlei Greene. Auburn. (F. S. Earle, 1896.) tLacinaria elegans (AValt. ) O. Kuntze. Locally abundant, sandy pine woods, south of Auburn. *Lacinaria elegantula Greene. Auburn. (F. S. Earle, 1896.) fLacinaiia i^ramiiiifolia (Walt.) O. Kuntze. Common, dry pine and mixed woods. A form with w^hite flowers occurs. tLacinaria seariosa squarrulosa (Miclix.) Small. Collected once, Auburn. JLacinaria spicata (L.) O. Kuntze. Occasional, pine woods. Lacinaria s(iuarrosa (L.) Hill. Occasional, dry woods. Leptilon Canaclense (L. ) Britt. Common, cultivated fields. {Mariana Mariana (L.) Hill. Collected once, streets of Auburn. Marshall! a lanceolata Pui'sh. Frequent, open pine and mixed woods. Marsliallia trinerva (Walt.) Porter. Occasional, thickets along small streams. il7 Mesadenia atriplicifolia (L. ) Kaf. Banks of Tallapoosa river, Tallapoosa county. tMe&adenia ovata (AYalt.j Frequent, moist mixed woods. yMesadenia renifornis (Mulil.) Kaf. Collected once, Clay county. Partlieiniuiii integTifoliiim L. Clay county, Tallapoosa county, Lee county, (Mohr, Plant Life.) fPlucliea foetida (L.) B. S. P. Occasional, swamps and creek bottoms. Pliicbea petiolata Cass. Common, creek bottoms and swamps. PohTimia Canadensis L. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life.) Polvmnia Canadensis radiata A. Grav. Top of Talladega mountains, Clay county. Polvmnia Uvedalia L. Occasional, roadsides and moist open woods. Rudbeckia fiilgida Ait. Frequent, moist upland woods. Rudbeckia birta L. Common, dry open woods. Rudbeckia laciniata L. Frequent, creek bottoms and swamps. Rudbeckia spatbulata Michx. Clay county, Talladega county, Lee county, (Mohr's Plant Life.) Rudbeckia triloba L. Collected once, northern Lee county. Rudbeckia truncata Small. Collected once. Auburn. Senecio Earlei Small. Very common, dry open woods and waste places. Senecio lobatus Pers. Very comon, creek bottoms. Senecio Memminoeri Britt. Lee county. (Underwood & Earle.) < Mohr's Plant Life.) 118 Seuecio obovatns Miilil. Lee county. (Baker & Earle.) (Mohr's Plant Life.) Senec'io Small ii Britt. Clay county, Tallapoosa county, Lee county, (Mohr's Plant Sericociirpns asteroides (L. ) B. S. P. Common, dry pine and mixed woods. Sericocarpiis ])if()liatiis (Walt.) Porter. Occasional, dry sandy pine woods. Sericocarpiis liiiifoliiis (L.) B. S. P. Common, dry pine or mixed woods. Silpliiuiu asperimuiu Hook. Clay county. (Mohr's Plant Life.) Silphium asteriscus L. Common, upland woods, clay or sand. Si Iplii 11111 compositum Michx. Common, upland woods, clay or sand. Silpliiuiii dentatum Ell. Lee county. (Baker & Earle.) (Mohr's Plant Life.) Silphium laevigatiim Pursli. Lee county. (Baker & Earle.) (Mohr's Plant Life.) Silphium tri folia tum L. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life.) fSolidago amplexicaulis T. & G. Frequent, rocky hillsides, mixed woods. Solidago arguta Ait. Clay County. (Mohr, Plant Life.) Solidago Boottii Hook. Common, creek bottom woods. Solidago brachyphylla Chap. Lee county. (Earle.) (Mohrs' Plant Life.) fSolidago eaesia L. Common, moist rich woods. Solidago Canadensis L. Very common, fields and waste places. fSolidago ereeta Pursh. Frequent, dry sandy creek bottoms. i Solidago fistulosa Mill. Collected once. Clay county. 119 Solidago neglecta T. & G. Lee county. (Baker & Earle.) (Mohr's Plant Life.) Solidago nemoralis Ait. Very common, dry roadsides, old fields and dry open second- growth woods. Solidago odora Ait. Very common, dry pine and mixed vv^oods. Solidago paliescens Mohr. Common, dry rocky hillsides, mixed woods. Solidago' patiila strictula T. & G. Frequent, moist woods, creek bottoms, etc. Solidago petiolaris Ait. Common, sandy pine v/oods. Solidago rugosa Mill. Common, creek bottoms, alder swamps. Solidago salicina Ell. Lee county (Mohr's Plant Life.) * Solidago serotina Ait. Common, creek bottom fields and moist places. Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. Common, creek bottom woods. Solidago Vaseyi Heller. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life.) tTetragonotlieca lielianthoides L. Common, dry open woods and roadsides, usually sandy land. Terbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt. Clay county (Mohr's Plant Life.) Yerbesina aristata (Ell.) Heller. Common, dry pine and mixed woods. IVerbesina Virginica L. Frequent, dry open creek bottom woods. , Yernonia angustifolia Miclix. Common, sandy pine woods, occasional on clay. *Yernonia Baldwini Torr. Collected once. Auburn. 120 *\'(*i noiiia ll;i('ciectively, 11.05, 1(;.2 and 31.4 pounds of nitrogen, an average of 19.75 pounds of nitrogen per acre, which is equivalent to tliat contained in 2S2 ]>ounds of cotton seed meal. The average of three tests shows that 28 per cent, of the total nitrogen wa« contained in the roots, stubble and fallen leaves after the removal of the hay. The average increase in the yields of succeeding crops was practically identical whether the fertilizing mate- rial was supplied by cowpeas or by velvet beans. E(iual areas of these two plants were of practically eciual value for soil improvement. The word vines is here used as synonymous with the entire plant of the velvet bean, and with the entire plant of the cowpea after the pods are picked. The increase in the yield of seed cotton produced in the year immediately following the plowing in of the vines of cowi>eas or velvet beans averaged in four tests 5G7 pounds per acre, worth (at 6J cents per pound for lint and |7.50 per ton for seed) |14.17. The increase in the fii-st cotton crop after the use as fertilizers of the vines of the summer legumes was never less than 32 i^er cent, and averaged 63 per cent. In one test with corn the increase in the first crop where velvet bean vines had been plowed in was 81 per cent., of 12.3 bushels, worth at least $6.15 per acre. With oats the average increase from the vines of the summer legumes in three tests averaged 17 bushels per acre, and with wheat the corresponding increase in two tests was 5.65 bushels per acre. The increase in the yield of sorghum hay after cow- pea and velvet bean vines averaged 87 per cent., or an 125 average gain of 2.1 tons of hay per acre, worth, at |6.67 per ton, |14.02. When the vines of the cowpea or velvet bean were utilized as hav and onlv the roots and stubble employed as fertilizer the increase in the yield per acre of the crop immediatelv succeeding the stubble was as follows : 208 pounds of seed cotton, or 18 per cent, worth $5.20. 4.3 bushels of corn, or 32 per cent.; 28 bushels of oats, or 334 per cent.; 6.7 bushels of wheat, or 215 per cent.; 2.08 tons of sorghum hay, or 57 per cent. The largest percentage increase from either the vines or stubble of cowpeas or velvet beans was made by wheat and fall sown oats, probably because these best prevented the washing away or leaching out of the fer- tilizing material in the stubble or vines of the legumes. Generally on sandy soil those crops most completely utilize the fertilizing value of the legumes which leave the land unoccupied for the shortest interval. It is generally unad^isable for legumes to immediately suc- ceed legumes in the rotation of crops, for non-legumi- nous plants like cotton, corn, the small grains, grasses, etc., make better use of the nitrogen of the fertilizing crop. The value of the increased product resulting from the use of the entire legume for fertilizer was greater with cotton and sorghum than with corn, oats or wheat. These experiments emphasize the importance of such a rotation of crops as will require a large proportion of the cultivated land of every farm to be devoted to some leguminous plant. Comparing the fertilizing effect of the vines with that of the stubble of the cowpea and the velvet bean, the excess in the next crop in favor of the vines averaged as follows: 12G G.C) Imslicls of corn \h^v acre, or 40 per cent. .5 Urn ui" feurghuui hay, ur 0 per cent. 452 pounds of seed cotton jut acre, or. . . .40 per cent. With these three crojK^ tli(» avera.i^e increase in value l)er acre was $5.1)8 gr(*ater from vines than from stubble. ^\'illl oat^; and wheat tlie vini^ of these sununer le<;umes were not superior to the stubble when the small j.?rains were sown immediately after the legumes matured. The fertilizing etTect of the stubble of cowpeas or v(4vet beans was very transitory on sandy land, the aver- age increase in the second crop of corn after the stubble being only 1.34 bushels per acre, or 12 per cent., as compared with the yield of a plot that had not borne legumes. • The fertilizing effect of the vines of cowpeas and velvet beans was less transitory than that of the stubble, and the increase was 24 to 54 per cent, in the second crop, 14 per cent, in the third crop (oats), and the favor- able effect was even perceptible in the fourth crop (sorghum) grown in the same year as the third. The total increase in value of the four crops occupying cer- tain plots during the three years after the plowing un- der of the vines of cowpeas and velvet beans was $42.97 per acre, an annual increase of |14.32 per acre. On the other hand, on very light soil the fertilizing ef- fects of both stubble and vines had practically disap- peared within twelve months after the plowing in of the legumes. Corn as the second crop yielded 14 per cent., or 2.1 bushels more after legume vines than after legume stub- ble, this representing a value of f 1.05. The permanency of effect of legumes in eoil improvement seems to be in proportion to the stiffness of the soil and to the mass of vegetable matter afforded by the legume, and the favor- able influence of leguminous yines is apparently not less permanent than that of stable manure. 127 INTRODUCTOKY. The improvement of the soil should be one of the chief aims of every farmer. Every increase in pro- ductiveness brings an even more marked increase in profits. Given rich soil, and almost any crop will pay if adapted to the local conditions and markets. Labor spent in the cultivation of corn or cotton on extremely poor soil usually earns scant reward or none. Fortunately much of the poorest Avorn land can be brought to a fair degree of productiveness. The means of soil improvement are various. Most thoroughly tested by long experience in Europe and America is that system of faiTQing which depends for soil enrich- ment on the manure from a large number of livestock maintained on the farm, partly for immediate profit, but largely for use as manufacturers of fertilizers. This system should be much more generally followed in Ala- bama. However, its introduction will be gradual be- cause of limited capital, inexperience, and the small number and poor quality of the native livestock that must serve as a foundation for stock raising. Meantime the most immediately available method of increasino- the fertilitv of the soils of the South consists in the free use of that class of leguminous plants, or legumes, which embraces cowpeas, velvet beans, soy beans, beggar weed, peanuts, hairy vetch, crimson clover, and numerous others. When these plants are grown under suitable condi- tions specific enlargements occur on their roots and these are called root tubercles, or root nodules. The micro- scopic organisms which live within these tubercles are able to assimilate the nitrogen of the air that circu- lates through the upper layers of the soil. This nitrogen while a part of the air was useless to plant life, but r2s A\ iiliiii ihu lubc'iriL's it is changed iiilo available fertilizer iiiid is cmitIcmI by tlu^ sa]) io every ])ai't (»f tlie lej^umi- iious phi 111. lieiice we may sjieak of these tubercles as fertilizer f:i(l(»ri(^s wliere nilrogcnous fertilizei*s are iiiaiuifactured and wlnMn-e they are sent to every part of the eo^^7)ea or velvet beau, or other ieguniiuous plant. The plowinj; in of tlie lej^nnie ji^ives this nitrojj^en to the soil for the use of other i^lants. Nitroji:en when jKirchased in the form of cotton seed mtMl costs 12 to 15 ceut« per pound, but when it is furnished by le<;umes it is many times cheajK^r, the principal outlay being for seed and labor. Great as is the need of the South for varied indus- trial development, the factories most urgently needed and paying largest dividends are those which every farmer can bring into being b}' the millions on the roots of such legumes as cowpeas, velvet beans, vetch, crimson clover, melilotus, bur clover, and alfalfa. These crops afford nitrogen and vegetable matter, thus supplying the principal deficiencies of southern soils, and they may be either used directly and ex- clusively for this purpose, or with greater profit the tops may first be fed to livestock, thus affording a two- fold profit in animal products and fertilizer, w^hile the stubble and roots are immediately available for soil im- provement. The stubble alone usually causes a sufficient increase in the yield of the following crop to more than pay the cost of seed, fertilizer, and cultivation of the legume, leaving the food value of the tops as a net gain. The principal part of this bulletin is occupied with data ol)tained at Auburn during the past five years and bearing on the extent and permanency of the fertilizing effect of cowpeiis and velvet beans. The following conditions prevailed in all of these tests, unless otherwise specifically stated: 129 The legumes were grown in drills and cultivated and niaderatelv fertilized with acid phosphate or with phos- phate and some potash salt. The crops, corn, cotton, oats, wheat, sorghum, and rye, used to measure the fertilizing effects of the legumes, have received no appli- cation of nitrogen, but have been fertilized with phos- phate and potash. The soil in all tests is rather poor to extremely poor deep sandy upland, the white or gray being almost a pure sand and the reddish soil approaching a loam with clavev loam subsoil in the latter case. The vines or stubble of the legumes have been plowed under just before the planting of the next crop. The variety of cowpeas employed was the Wonderful or Unknown. In valuing the crops the endeavor has been made to use conservative average prices, the error, if any, be- ing in putting them too low rather than too high. Lint cotton has been rated at 6f cents per pound, cotton seed at §7.50 per ton, sorghum hay at |6.67 per ton, corn at 50 cents, oats 40 cents, and wheat 80 cents per bushel. So record is here made of the increase in the yields of grain, straw or corn stover, assmuing that this has been about sufficient to cover the increased cost of harvestino- and threshing. a Time to Plow in Cowpea Vines. On a gray sandy upland soil the vines of drilled co^\'peas were plowed under in the late fall of 1898 and 1900, while on other plots plowing was deferred until nearly planting time. The vields of corn were as follows : 130 liK-shcLs of corn per acre foUoiriiuj coupva vines plowed under in lute fall or early spring. ■ Bus. per acre. 1 1899 1 1901 Av. 2yr. F*all Dlowed 23.8 20.8 30.6 29.7 27.2 SiirinET nlowed 25.3 Difference 3.0 0.9 1.9 Tlie results are slightly in favor oi plowing under IH'avines in the latter part of the fall rather than in spring. As the plots were not strictly uniform, further experiments are needed before definite conclusions can be drawn. It should be said that on July 5, 1899, the foliage of the corn plant was much greener where the vines had been turned under in the fall than on the other idots, though the ears were not discernably different. It is usually regarded as best to avoid fall plowing on sandy land in the South unless a winter crop is to be grown. On heavy soils where fall plowing may otherwise be desirable, the legumes should first be al- lowed to mature. Unless otherwise stated the time of plowing under cowpea and velvet bean vines referred to in this bulletin is a few days or weeks before the planting of the new crop that is to occupy the ground. Kelative Fertilizing Values of Different Varieties OF Cowpeas. Corn was grown in 1898 and 1901 immediately fol- lowing different varieties of drilled cowpeas which had been picked and in spring the vines plowed under. 131 Excess of yield of corn in bushels per acre on vine plots as compared in 1898 icith ivo-legumes plot and in 1901 with plot where only pea stuhhle had been plowed under. Variety of cowpeas, Wonderful (or Unknown) .... Whippoorwill Clay Black, from Hastings Red Ripper New Era White Giant Jones White Large White Crowder Lady Average 189S. Bus. 1901. Bus. 2.7 0.6 2.9 —1.5 4.3 0.7 —2.9 5.9 —3.2 0.6 1.9 5.3 6.8 3.3 1.4 These figures are given merely as a matter of record, and no conclusions are vet warranted. As a matter of common experience any variety of cowpeas affords in its vines as much or more nitrogen than the follow- ing corn crop can utilize. For crops requiring a larger amount of nitrogen or for larger supplies of vegetable matter we mav safelv value the numerous varieties of cowpeas in proportion to the yeild of hay which they would afford if thus utilized. As noted in Bulletin 118 Wonderful (or Unknown), Clay, and Iron are among the varieties makins^ laro-e vields of hav, and hence of fertilizing material. The Wonderful, by reason of its large yeild, large stems and roots, and varied useful- ness, is especially recommended for fertilizing pur- poses. It is possible, however, that future investiga- tions may show some advantage for varieties that run along the ground and thus by the tangle of runners hold in place on sloping ground in winter a larger propor- tion of the leaves than is done bv an erect varietv like Whippoorwill or Wonderful. 132 ('(»\vim:a \'i\i:s, Effixt ox Following Cotton Tuop OF 18Di). Oil ii reddish loam ui)laiid soil of I'air quality drilled Wond(M*fiil cowpisis an\Mi ill 1S<)S. Tli(^ i)eas were picked, yielding- 11.8 Imsliels ]>er acre, and the vines were i)1o\v(h1 under the next sprin*;, when hotli areas were planted with cot- ton. The corrects 31 eld of cotton in 18D9 was 367 pounds, or 32 ])er cent, greater on the area where the jieavines had Ix^^n plowed in than on the plots where the [UiMcding crop had been cotton. Coicpea vines, residual fertiJiziny effect on second crop, i:iz., oats grown in 1900. — Burt oats were sown in February', 1900, on the same plots as above to test the residual or second-year effects of cowpea vines. On some plots the oats received no nitrogenous fertilizer, on others TG ix)unds of nitrate of soda was used per acre. The yields of oats, in bushels per acre, were as fol- lows : FeriiliziiKj effects on oats of coicpeas grown two years before. After cotton in "1)8 and ■9'.> After cowpeas in 'Its & cotton in '\)\). Increase attribu- able to cowpeas of 'ys. Bus. Bus. Bus. % Yield of oats per acre with nitrate of soda. . Yield of oats per acre without nitrogenous fertilizer 19.7 12.3 25.5 22.0 5.8 9.7 29 79 In this case we have an increase of 9.7 bushels, or 79 per cent., as the effect of cow"pea vines on oats grown as the second crop after cowpeas. So strong was this 133 fertilizing effect of cowpeas that it was not entirely obscured even when nitrate of soda was also employed, the increase in the yield of oats under these conditions being 29 per cent. Coicpeas as fertilizer on lime land. — A co-operative fertilizer experiment was conducted for this Station by Capt. A. A. McGregor on lime land at Town Creek, in North Alabama. In his experiment the coT\T)ea was the legume employed. In 1898 cowpeas were grown on certain plots and cot- ton on others. The cowpea vines, on which no fruit had matured, were plowed under in the spring of 1899. Cotton was planted on plots which had borne a crop of cotton in 1898 and on others which had grown cowpeas for fertilizing purposes. All cotton plots referred to in this paragraph were unfertilized in 1899, and the fertilization of cowpeas and cotton in 1898 had been identical, only phosphate having been used with either crop. The weather was exceedingly unfavorable in 1899, so that the full measure of the fertilizing value of cowpeas was not revealed in this test. In this case the average increase in the yield of seed cotton, which we mav attribute to the cowpea vines is, even under very adverse conditions, 58 per cent., or 125 pounds, worth at 2^ cents per pound, $3.92 per acre. Doubtless later crops have also been benefited by the fertilization with cowpeas. There is reason to expect a larger increase than the above when cowpeas are plowed under on the lime lands of either the Tennessee Valley or of the Central Prairie Region of Alabama. Especially in the prairie soils the principal need is for vegetable matter to lighten the soil and to add nitrogen, and for these purposes the choice must usually be made between melilotus (the so-called lucern) and co^i)eas. 134 Fi:ktilizix(; Effixts of Vines of Cowpeas and Velvet Beans as Shown ?.y Sorcium in 1S1)7. Ill IStlT sorulimii was ii^rown on three plots following, resjXMtively, velvet bean vines ]>lowe(l under, cowpea vines 1)1ow(h1 under, and fallow, or clean cultivation without crop in 1S9G. In 1897 the yields of sorghum hay per acre were as follows: Yield. I Increase Lbs. I Lbs. I % After fallow After cowpeas. plowed in . . . After velvet beans, plowed in 85 86 The effect of the legumes was to nearly double the crop of sorghum hay. Fertilizing Materials in Leaves, Stems, and Eoots OF THE Cowpea. In September, 1899, just 81 days after the planting of the seed, samples Avere taken of six varieties of cow- peas growing in 34-inch drills on poor gray sandy land. The sample in each case comprised the entire growth on a measured area of land, including the roots growing in the upi)er G inches of soil, which stratum contained nearly all the roots. After curing, the leaves, blooms and pods, coarse stems ,fine stems (including runners, leafstalks, etc.), fallen leaves and leafstalks,and roots vdth attached stubble about two inches long, were carefully separated. Analyses were made in the chemical department of a composite sample representing all six varieties, the ma- terial analyzed being extremely dry. (For analysis of same samples showing food value see Alabama Station Bulletin No. 118, page 37.) 135 The following table sllO^YS what percentage of the total air-dry weight of the plants of each variety was available for fertilizing purposes after the removal of the hav. Per cent, of the entire tceight of the coivpea plant in stuhhle and roots and in fallen leaves and leaf stalks. Variety. Fallen leaves, etc. Roots and 2-incli stubble. Total. Miller % 17.7 3.7 15.4 19.2 14.3 22.9 % 25.0 21.6 19.0 20.3 14.5 26.0 % 42.7 Whippoorwili Irou : Wonderful 25.3 34.4 39.5 .Tones White 28.8 Clay 48.9 Average, 6 varieties 15 ^ 21.1 86.6 The average for the six varieties shows that in each 100 pounds of dry plants there were 15.5 pounds of fallen leaves and leaf stalks, and 21.1 pounds of roots and stubble, making a total of 36.6 pounds, more than one-third of the entire plant being thus left on the ground for fertilizer after the hay was cut. Analyses of the different parts of the plant made by Prof. C. L. Hare, of the chemical department of this station, are recorded in the following table. Composition of parts of the air-dry coiupea plant. Water. Nitrogen. Phosp'ric Acid. Potash. Leaves ■pirif. stems 1 % 10.65 8.97 8.47 9.75 5.25 % 3.59 1.90 1.51 1.67 1.38 % .78 .64 .42 .37 .26 % 1.49 .68 Hoarse stems 1.49 Fallen leaves and leaf stalk« Roots and 2-inch stubble. . 1.09 1.11 Let us direct our attention to the nitrogen, since this is the only one of the three precious elements that the plant obtains ( in part ) from the air, and the only one in 136 wliicli tlM' ^;(>il is cin-iclKMl l»y llic ;;T()\vin^- of oowpeas. The ^I'owiim IcnNcs in llic air-dry condition contain nc-ai'l.v Iwicc as lar^c a ijcrcciitamc of iiitro«i;on as the tine sU'ins, and more tlian twice as much as the coarse stems and loots and fallen material. Antoiniix of air-dnj inuivnal and nifrof/cn afforded hij different jnirts of the eoicijea plant on one acre {average of six varieties) Air dry material. I Nitrogen. In leaves retained on vines ... In fine stems In coarse stems In pods, blooms, etc In fallen leaves and leaf stalks In roots and 2-incli stubble .... Total Libs. 501.0 401.6 438.8 325.0 357.3 411.7 2435.4 Lbs. 18.00 7.66 6.61 *9.75 5.97 5.68 53.67 ♦Assuming 3% of nitrogen in thoroughly air-dry pods. The amount of nitrogen stored np by a poor crop of cowpeas growing on an acre, 53.67 pounds, is equivalent to that contained in 767 pounds of cotton seed meal. It should be remembered that an undetermined portion of this nitrogen came from the soil, though on a soil as lx>or as this the nitrogen derived from the air probably constituted b}^ far the larger portion of the total nitro- gen utilized by tlie jdant. In the stubble, roots, and fallen material there Avas 11.65 pounds of nitrogen per acre or the same amount as is contained in 162 pounds of cotton seed meal. Of the total nitrogen in the entire plant 22 per cent, was found in the roots, stubl)le and fallen material. An experiment somewhat similar to the preceding was made in 1900, using only a single variety, Wonder- ful or Unknown. The seed were planted in drills 2J 187 feet apart ou poor g'ray sandy s-oil. Four samples were taken from two plots, each sample consisting of the entire growth on an area of four square yards; the roots were obtained by digging and sifting the soil to a depth of six inches, to which stratum all the principal roots were apparently confined. Tlrat the samples vrere accurately taken is indicated by the close agreement of the duplicate samples; hence only average results are given beloY>\ The vines were cut, the fallen leaves and leaf stalks collected, and the roots sifted out on September 5. This was 106 days after the date of planting on one plot and 78 days after plant- in"' on the other. When harvested the more mature sample was slightly past its prime for hay, as shown by the unduly large amount of fallen leaves, while the other sample was too immature and succulent for easy curing. The yields per acre of extremely dry hay according to the weight of the samples taken after being stored in an ofiice for seven months, were 2,269 pounds on the plot cut at a late stage, and 2,037 pounds of the less mature material. These are equivalent to about li and 1^ tons per acre of cowpea hay vdth the usual amount of mois- ture. Weights {air-dry) per acre of haij, roots, and stuhhle, and fallen leaves of the cowpea.. Air dry material, per acre. Ripening stage. Blooming stage. Vines, including stems, leaves, pods, etc Roots, and stubble about 2 in. long. .. l''allea leaves and leaf stalks Total Lbs, 2,269 714 1,385 4,368 Lbs. 2,087 502 804 3,393 138 The followiiiji: table shows what proportion of the en- tire i>lant consisted of roots, fallen material, and hay, in tlie i)hints har\'ested when rii»('inn«»- or when in bloom. Ripening I Blooming stage. stage. Tops Roots and stubble Fallen leaves, etc . % 61 15 24 When hay was made of cowpeas past their prime there was left on the ground in roots, stubl)le, and fallen material 48 per cent, of the weight of the plant, and Avhen mowing occurred when the vines were in bloom 30 per cent, of the total weight remained as fertilizer material. Analyses made by Prof. J. T. Anderson, Associate Chemist of this Station, are recorded below : Composition of hajj, fallen material^ and roots and stuhblc of the cow pea. Phosph'ric AVater. Nitrogen. Acid. Potash. In ripening stage: % % % "^n .. Hay 9.05 2.46 .85 2.14 Fallen leaves and leaf stalks 7.80 1.83 .64 1.45 Roots and stubble . . 7.77 1.17 .48 1.51 In blooming stage: Hav 8.15 2.57 .81 2.86 Fallen leaves, etc. . . G.80 1.36 .59 1.15 Roots and stubble . . 7.00 1.05 .41 2.11 From this table it may be seen that the hay is more than twice as rich as the roots and stubble in nitrogen, and also richer in phosphoric acid and potash. The amounts of nitrogen contained in the hay, fallen material, and roots and stubble on one acie w ere as fol- lows : 139 Ripening stage. Blooming stage. Lbs. nitrogen. Lbs. nitrogen. In hay 55.8 53 . 6 In fallen leaves, etc 23.1 10.9 In roots and stubble 8.3 5.3 Total per acre 87.2 69.8 The total amounts of nitrogen stored up by the cow- pea plant on one acre was in one case 87.2 pounds, in the other 69.8 pounds, equivalent, respectively, to the nitrogen in 1.216 and 997 pounds of cotton seed meal. Of this amount there was left in and on the soil when mowing occurred late 31.4 pounds of nitrogen ; and from the younger plants 16.2 pounds per acre. This is equiva- lent to the statement that the nitrogen per acre remain- ing after the ^ines were removed was equal to the amount contained in 116 or 231 pounds of cotton seed meal. Of the total nitrogen in the plant, the roots, stubble, and fallen material contained 34 per cent, at the ripen- ing stage, and 23 per cent, at the blooming period. Considering the three tests together the total amounts of nitrogen per acre of cowpeas was 70.2 pounds in the entire growth, of which the average amount in the stubble was 19.75 pounds, or 2S per cent. CowPEA Stubble versus Cowpea Vines as Fertilizer FOR Corn in 1901. Corn was grown in 1901 on sandy loam land, which, in 1900 had borne a light crop of drilled cowpeas, planted after the removal of the oat crop of 1900. Three plots were employed. On one the peavines had been cut the previous September, yielding 1,618 pounds of hay per acre. On the other two plots no vines nor peas were harvested but the entire growth, which was MU oiilv alxmt lialf of a normal yield, was plowed under ^lai'ch 14, at which time the stubble plot was also plowed. On the stubble plot and on one of the othei-s corn was fei'tiliz(Ml with 100 pounds of acid phosphate per acre, which fertilizer was omitted from the third plot. The stand was uniform. The yields of corn in l)ushels per acre were as follows : Bus. Pea stubble and phosphate as fertilizer 11.40 Pea vines and phosphate as fertilizer 20.28 Pea vines as fertilizer, no phosphate 21.74 The yield of corn following pea vines was 78 per cent, greater than the yield on the plot where the stubble only had been plowed under, the increase being 8.88 bushels per acre. In the presence of a considerable amount of rich vege- table matter furnished by pea vines, phosphate was not needed on this soil wliere acid phosphate had been ap- plied annually for many years. In a different field on more permeable gray sandy soil corn grown in l^v")! on a plot where the stubble of AVonderful cowpeas had been plowed under for hay yielded 25.3 bushels per acre. The average yield of corn on two adjacent plots — where cowpea vines of the varieties Lady and AYliite Giant, both luxuriant growers, had been plowed under, was 25.9 bushels per acre. Here there was practically no superiority of vines over stubble as a fertilizer for corn. Note should also be taken of the increase in the corn crop due to plowing in either stubble or vines of a num- ber of varieties as recorded in the table on page 131. 141 Velvet Bean Stubble and Vines as Fertilizers for Corn in 1901. The fertilizing effect of velvet liean stubble, of velvet bean vines, and of velvet bean vines in connection with acid phosphate, was tested in 1901 on four plots of very IX)or, deep white sandy soil. On one plot the proced- ing crop had been corn. On the other three plots drilled velvet beans planted June 13, after the harvesting of the oat crop, had made only a moderate growth in 1900. On one of these plots the velvet bean vines were cut September 10, 1900, yielding 3,632 pounds of hay per acre. On the other two plots the vines were left on the land all winter. In the latter part of the winter all four plots were plowed, a disc harrow having first been run over the field while the vines were frozen in order to cut them and thus render it easier to plow them in. The corn on three of the plots was fertilized with 100 pounds of acid phosphate per acre, but this fertilizer was omitted on one of the plots where velvet bean vines had been plowed in. Yield of corn in 1901 following corn, velvet hean stuh- hle, or velvet hean vines. Bus. Phosphate (but no legume), as fertilizer 13.58 Velvet bean stubble and phosphate as fertilizer . . 17 . 93 Velvet bean vines and phosphate as fertilizer ... 25 . 90 Velvet bean vines (no phosphate), as fertilizer. . 21.48 The increased yield per acre, as compared ^ith the yield on the plot on which the previous crop had been corn, was 4.35 bushels, or 32 per cent., T\ith velvet bean stubble, and 12.32 bushels, or 81 per cent., with velvei bean vines. 142 The incr«i«e attril)iiUi])le to 100 pounds of acid pbos- l>liato was 4.42 bnshols, wliicli mado the use of this iiiiiicral fertilizer ' cxlianstin^ tlicni, l(^avinsi)li;Lle and kaiuit. The i-owpeas and velvet beans were planted thickly in drills, iisin<; per acre 112 iMtunds ol" cowpeas and 120 pounds of velvet beans. The variety of cow^K^as used wmis the Unknown or Wonderful. Both cowpeiis and velvet l)(\nis were pickinl and removed from the field, thouiih the hitter did not fuUv mature. The vines Avere turned under in March, 1891), and all plots were planted to cotton; each plot of cotton was fertilized at the rate of 240 pounds of acid phosphate and DO pounds of kaiuit per acre. The yield of seed cotton per acre in 1899 was 1,533 pounds followini*- cowpeas, 1,373 pounds following velvet beans, and 837 pounds following cotton. These figures show that the increased yield of seed cotton attributable to manuring with cowpea vines was G9() pounds per acre; the gain apparently due to the fertilization with velvet beans was 546 pounds per acre. In percentages the increase is S3 and 61 per cent., re- spectively. Valuing seed cotton at 2^ cents per pound (wluch is equivalent to 6^ cents per pound of lint and $7.50 per ton of seed), the gain with cowpeas and velvet beans is worth, respectively, $17.40 and $13.65 per acre. Surely it was more profitable to grow cotton every alternate year at the rate of a bale per acre than to grow continuous cotton crops of about one-half bale per acre. Additional proof of this is found in the fact that one of these plots afforded in 1898 a yield of 18^ bushels of cowpeas per acre, besides increasing the cotton crop of the following year to the extent of $17.40 per acre. 147 Residual fertilizing effects of coicpeas and velvet beans cm sorghum, oats, and late sorghiun groicn as second, third and fourth crops after these legumes. These same plots were planted with drilled sorghum without any nitrogenous fertilizer in April, 1900; with red oats without nitrogenous fertilizer in November, 1900, and again with drilled sorghum without any ni- trogenous fertilizers, July 18, 1901. Fertilizing effects of cowpeas and velvet bean vines groivn in 1808 on sorghum in 1900 and as a second crop in 1901. Preceding crop. Sorghum hay per acre. ' 1900. Sorghum hay per acre. 1901. Total increase after legumes. Cotton in '98 and '99 Tons. 5.1 8.1 8.2 Tons. 1.0 1.5 1.6 Tons. Cowpeas in '98 (picked), and cotton in '99 3.5 Velvet beans in '98, and cotton in '99 3.7 As compared with the plot not recently in legumes the increase of sorghum hay per acre in 1900 from cowpeas grown two years before was 3 tons per acre, or 59 per cent. ; from velvet beans two years before the increase in 1900 was 3.1 tons of hay, or 61 per cent. The increased yield with late sorghum, which was the fourth crop after the plowing in of the vines of the legumes, was, after cowpeas, .5 of a ton, and after velvet beans .6 of a ton. In the two sorghum crops the total increase in yield attributable to legumes was, with cow- peas, 3.5 tons of hay, and with velvet beans 3.7 tons of sorghum per acre. 148 Now let ns jxo l>ack n few iiioiitlis nnd iiolc llic vicld of tlic oat i'Vi)]) coniinii- lu'twccn tlx* sori^linm crops of 101)0 and 11M)1. Yield "f ''c In 1900, 8.1 tons sorghum hay In 1901, 26.5 bus. oats, at 40c In 1901, 1.5 tons sorghum hay F) ffpvprir.g \r\ Q vears 1 1 1 $42.97 Average difference per year peracre 1 $14.32 ♦Equal to 6% cents per pound of lint, and $7.50 per ton of seed. The total value of the products grown in three years on an acre was §69.93 on the plot where no legume had been grown for mam^ years and |112.90 per acre on the plot where one crop of cowpeas had been grown once in four years, and where the vines, after the picking of the peas, had been plowed under at the beginning of the three-year period Under consideration. The difference in the value of the crops for three years is $42.97; the average annual difference is f 14.32 per acre in favor of the plot where cowpeas had been grown The figures showing the financial advantages of using one crop of velvet beans for fertilizer during the same period so nearly correspond with those for cowpeas that the calculation need not be repeated. On this land the ploAving under of the vines of the cowpeas and velvet beans was exceedingly profitable. The 160 soil of tlicsc ])lots is ii reddish, clayey loam, stilfer and probaMy luoro retentive of fertilizer nitrogen and luinuis than the greater portion of the soil on the Sta- tion r^nni. Lest any should misapprehend the lessons of this ex- periment it is necessary to state that at no time in the three-year period was any nitrogenous fertilizer applied to any ciop on any of these plots, but that each crop was supplicM^l with i)h()sphate and potash. The yearly application of cotton seed meal would have lessened the differences between the plots, as it has done in onr nnx)nblished rotation experiments, and would have made the advantage in favor of legumes less striking than in the exhibit above. Immediate Fertilizing Effects on Cotton of Velvet Bean Vines. On poor soil at Auburn an effort was made in 1898 and 1899 to ascertain the manurial value of the vines and stubble of velvet beans. In 1898 cotton was grown on certain plots and velvet beans on others. The fertilization of all plots in 1898 was not identical, but for a given fertilizer applied to cotton there was a plot of velvet beans receiving the same fertilizer. The velvet beans grew in drills 3^ feet apart; the vines formed a dense mat of vegetation, but did not mature seed. In March, 1899, velvet beans and cotton stalks Avere plowed in and soon afterwards all plots were fertilized alike with a mixture of 210 pounds of acid phosphate and 10 pounds of muriate of potash per acre. Russell cotton was planted in 3i feet drills on all plots on April 21. From midsummer forward there was a remarkable difference in the appearance of the two 151 sets of plots, the cotton plants being much larger, greener, and more luxuriant on the plots where velvet beans had grown the year before. Av. vield of seed cotton per acre follomng velvet bean vines 1,578 lbs. Av. yield of seed cotton per acre following cotton 918 lbs. Increase from velvet bean vines 660 lbs. The average increase attributable to velvet beans used as a fertilizer was 680 pounds of seed cotton per acre, a gain of 72 per cent, as compared with the average y^eld on plots where the preceding crop had been cotton. At 2i cents per pound of seed cotton (equivalent to 6f cents per pound for lint and |7.50 per ton for seed) this increase is worth .$16. 50 per acre. Residual fertilizing effects on com of velvet hean vines. The residual ,or second-^^ear, effects were tested on corn planted on these plots March 29, 1900, without nitrogenous fertilizer. Where cotton had grown in 1898 the yield of corn in 1900 was 18 bushels per acre; on the next plot, w^here velvet beans had been grown for fertilizer in 1898, the vield of corn in 1900 was 25.5 bushels. This gain of 7.5 bushels per acre, or 12 per cent., represents the resi- dual or second-year effect of using the entire growth of velvet beans as a fertilizer. Immediate and Residual Effects of Velvet Bean Stubble ox Cotton and Corn. In the same field the velvet beans on one plot were cut for hav October 12, 1898. The stubble and roots In2 wi'i'c ])1()\v(n1 in Ml tlu* fe'.ime time as tlic vines on the otliei* ]>l<»ts relVi'r(Ml to {ibov(\ Cotton on the ])lol wliei-e only i'(K)ts and stnl>l>le were plowt^l in yielded in ISDJ) 1,12() ponnds of seed cotton [HT acre, an increase when compared with the ])lots ^vhere cotton liad c^rown the ])revions ycsir of 208 ponnds, or 49 per cent. Coniparlnj;- velvet bean vines with velvet bean stubble the difierence in favor of the vines was 452 pounds of seed cotton per acre in the first crop. Corn in 1900 on this plot yielded 14 per cent., or 2.6 bushels per acre more than did corn on the nearest plot where in 1898 cotton instead of velvet beans had i;rown. As the stubble plot was slightly lower down on the hillside we suspect that the increase was partly due to this disturbin*;- condition and not wholly to the re- sidual effects of the velvet bean stubble of 1898. It v>^as on this s.tubble plot that in 1898 the velvet bean liaj' (8,240 pounds per acre) contained 188.7 pounds of nitrogen and the roots and stubble and fallen leaves only 12.5 pounds of nitrogen per acre. (See Ala- bania Station Bulletin, Ko. 104, page 330.) Immediate Fertilizing Effects of Cowpeas on Oats in 1897. ^'On sandy soil in 1896 several plots were sown broad- cast with tlie Wonderful variety of cowpeas, and an adjacent plot was sown broadcast with German millet. The German millet was plowed under, as were also the peavines, the peas having been previously picked. February 18, 1897, Ked Rust Proof oats were sown after the above mentioned crops, using in both cases 100 pounds of acid phosphate and SO pounds of nitrate of soda per acre. 153 After cowpeas the oat straw grew to be three to four inches taller than on the plot preceded by German millet. The yields were as follows : Oats following cowpeas and German millet, 1897. Yield per acre. Oats after cowpeas, vines plowed under Oats after German millet, plowed under Bus. Grain. 22.8 12.4 Lbs. Straw. 78& 559 Difference per acre 10.4 229 In this case coT\T3eas were more valuable than Ger- man millet as fertilizer for the following oat crop, the difference in favor of cowpeas being 10.4 bushels of oats per acre and 229 pounds of straw.'' (From Bul- letin No. 95, Alabama Experiment Station.) This is an increase of 84 per cent, in grain. Immediate Fertilizing Effect of Cowpea and Velvet Bean Vines and Stubble on Oats in 1898. This experiment is descibed in the following quota- tion from Bulletin No. 95 of this Station : "May 14, 1897, on poor sandy soil Wonderful cow- peas were sown on two plots, velvet beans on two plots^ and German millet on a fifth plot. A sixth plot was pre- pared and fertilized but left without seed, to grow up in crab grass, poverty weed, etc. Cowpeas and velvet beans were sown in drills two feet apart, German millet broadcast. The millet was cut for hay July 16, yielding 994 pounds per acre. The cowpeas on one plot were picked September 10, yielding 11 bushels per acre. The velvet beans did not mature seed. In September, 1897, cowpeas on one plot and velvet 3 154 Ix'ans on oik* j lot wcic cut for li;iy ;ni(l tin* stubble plowed iiiKb'T. Tbc vii)(\s of coNvjjcas on one jilot and of M'lvci Items on anotlici- wcic also plowi'd under on tlic above mentioned date. Tlicn oats were sown at a nnit'onn rate on all loiii- i»lol>;^ also on the plot where the (lernian inillet stnbide had been plowed unch'r and on the one- where ci-ab i^i-ass and vaiious weeds had just been buried by the plow. On all ]tlots oats were fertilized with 220 pounds per aere of acid i>hosphate and 44 ])ounds of muriate of IX)tash, no nitroi»en bein^j^ supi)lied except tliat con- tained in the remains of preceding croijs of cowpeas, velvet beans, etc. FiGL'RE 1. Oats following cowpea stubble on the right; on the left oats after ciabjrass. 155 Yield per acre of oats grown immediatehj after stuhhle or vines of coicpeas^ velvet heans, etc. o o Yield per acre. Grain. I Straw. IjOats after velvet bean vines 6 1 Oats after velvet bean stubble Average after velvet bean vines and stubble 4 Oats after ccwpea vines 3 Oats after cowpea stubble Average after cowpea vines and stubble. ... 2 Oats after crab grass and weeds 5 Oats after German millet Average, after non-leguminous plants Lbs. 1206 1672 1439 1463 2013 1738 231 361 296 From early spring there was a marked difference in the appearance of the several plots, the plants being much greener and taller where either the stubble or vines of cowpeas had been plowed under. When the oats began to tiller, or branch, the differ- ence increased, the plants supplied with nitrogen, through the decay of the stubble or ^ines of cowpeas and velvet beans, tillering freely and growing much taller than the plants following German millet or crab grass. The difference in the height and thickness of the oats on some of the plots is shown in figures 1 and 2. May 18, 1898, oats on all plots were cut. In this experiment the average yield of oats was 33.6 bushels after velvet beans, 31.6 bushels after cowpeas, and only 8.4 bushels after non-leguminous plants (crab grass, weeds and German millet.) Here is a gain of 24.2 bushels of oats and nearly three-fourths of a ton of straw as a result of growing leguminous or soil-improving plants, instead of non- leguminous plants, during the preceding season. 15G UiHlouhtcilly tliis is au cxtremr, and not an average^ case. If cotton seed meal, or other nitrogenous fer- tilizer, had heen used on all the plots of oats, the ])laut8 on plots 2 and 5 would have nuule better growth, and the difference in favor of the leguuiinous plants would have been reduced. A gain of five to fifteen ])ushels of oats per acre as a result of i)lowing under cowpea stubble or vines would make the growing of cowpeas for fertilizer a profitable operation, and it is far safer to count on such an in- crease as that obtained in our first experiment (10.4 bushels), rather than to expect such an exceptional in- crease as that obtained in this last experiment. An unexpected result of this experiment is the larger crop on the plots where only the stubble was left than on those where the vines of cowpeas and velvet beans were plowed under. The plots were of nearly uniform fertility, as judged by the location and by the uniform growth of cotton on all plots in 1896. While admitting the possibility that the two west plots (plots 3 and 6) were slightly richer than the two on the east (plots 1 and 4), the writer thinks that the difference in yield was almost wholly due (1) to the fact that the vines (especially those of the velvet beans) were not prop- erly buried by the small plow employed, and (2) that the seed bed for oats was more compact where only stubble was plowed under, a point of advantage, doubt- less, in such a dry winter as that of 1897-98. It does not follow that the land will be permanently ben- efitted by cowpea stubble to a greater extent than by cowi)ea vines. The reverse is probably true." ( From Bulletin No. 95, Alabama Experiment Station.) f 157 Residual fertilizing effect on late corn of cowpea and velvet bean vines and stuhhle. On June 20, 1898, or a month after the harvesting of the oats in the last mentioned experiment, all six of these plots were planted in corn without nitrogenous fertilization, which crop, as usual with very late corn on poor upland, was a failure. The vields were as follows: Yields of late corn grown as the second crop after legumes. Crop in 1897: | Yield per acre. Increase after legumes. Crab arrass Dlowed in Bus. 4.3 7.3 6.2 7.7 6.7 7.9 German millet, stubble plowed in CowDeas stubble nlowed in .4 Velvet beans; stubble plowed in Cowpeas, picked; vines plowed in Vplvpt beans' vines nlowed in 1.9 .9 2.1 The fertilizing effects of both stubble and vines of cowpeas was scarcely perceptible in the late corn planted eight months after and harvested thirteen months after the plowing under of the large amounts of nitrogen furnished by the legumes. Apparently the crop failure was not due to deficient rainfall, for this was ample except for about two weeks about the middle of Auo^ust. The small size of stalks leads to the sus- picion that there was a deficiency of nitrogen on all plots. If this nitrogen was lost by being leached out in the draining water this loss must have occurred al- most entirely after corn was planted or in July and August ; for in 1898 April, May, and June were unusu- allv drv months. On the other hand there was a period of excessive rainfall July 4 to 11 and of still greater excess July 28 to August 6. During this latter 158 period 7.51) inclics of rain IVU in a space of ten days. Tlie expcriiiH'iit seems to teacli tliat on very li<2:ht, urav, sandy indand, siihiect also to surface wasliini;-, tlie ferliliziiiii- drtM'ts of even lar^c amounts of nitroj^en fnr- nislieil by preceding crops of legumes may be removed frcnn the soil witliin twelve months after the legume has been i)1()\\(m1 in. Tlie lesson might also be drawn that on such soils the planting of any non-leguminous crop after small grain is risky, but that if such a crop is employed the seed should be put into the ground as soon as possible after the removal of the grain crop. An experience like this in which the fertilizing effect of the entire or nearly entire growth of the legume was no greater than that of the stubble on either the first or on the second succeeding crop emphasizes the ^N'isdom of utilizing the vines of cowpeas, etc., for food, leaving only the roots and stubble to fertilize the next crop. Immediate Fertilizing Effect on Wheat of Cowpea AND Velvet Bean Vines and Stubble. All the plots of the last mentioned experiment were in oats from February to June, 1900. June 23, 1900, certain plots were planted with drilled cowpeas, certain others with drilled velvet beans, and yet others were merely plowed and fertilized with minerals, as were the legumes. Of the two plots of cowpeas, one was cut for hay, yielding 2,004 pounds per acre; on the other 7.9 bushels of seed per acre were picked. One plot of velvet beans was cut for hay, while on the other the vines were left on the ground for fertilizer. The cowpea plants, va- riety Wonderful, were somewhat injured by a fungous disease of the roots; velvet beans, by reason of late date 159 of planting- and deficiency in stand, did not make an en- tirely satisfactory srrowth. Noyember 9 all plots were plowed, turning under either yolunteer grass and rag weeds, or cowpea yines, or yelyet bean yines, or cowpea stubble, or yelyet bean stubble. The plowing was poorly done with a one- horse turn plow and in sowing the wheat a few days later some of the yelyet bean vines were pulled ay. The wheat receiyed only mineral fertilizers, and, indeed, practically no nitrogen had been applied to these plots for three years. The yields of wheat in 1900 were as follows : Bushels of icheat per acre after leguminous and non- leguminous crops : Crop in 1899. Yield per acre. Increase by use of leg-umes. Crab grass and weeds; plowed in Pnwnpa^" stubble nlowed in Bus. 3.1 11.8 7.8 9.0 8.5 Bus. 8.7 4.7 5.9 5.4 % 280 Velvet beans; stubble plowed in Cowpeas, picked; vines plowed in .... Velvet beans; vines plowed in 151 190 174 Both the stubble and the vines of the legumes prac- tically trebled the yield obtained on the plots where no le«Time had orown. The stubble was at least as effect- ive as the vines, pointing to the greater economy of uti- lizing the vines for hay or pasturage. June 19, 1900, all these plots were planted with Mos- by corn, fertilized only Avith phosphate and muriate of potash. The crop was a failure on all plots, the yield of cured fodder corn ranging from 1,510 to 2,200 pounds per acre, the plots where vines had been plowed in the previous fall showing no superiority over the stubble plots, and very little increase as compared with the plot where no legume had grown. It is impossible to ascertain whether the failure with corn was due to the IGO protracted (lion^hl (Ini-iiii;- jiIiimksI the \vli(>U' of -Hily or to the leacliiiii;' out of llie iiitro^vn of the l('«;unies duriiiii- tlic last IVw days in June, wlic^n 5.20 inches of rain fell williin a ])(M'iod of four days. The latter exphuiation seems more probable in view of the fairly favorable rainfall after Au^^ust 1, 11)00, and because of similar failure of the late corn crop on the same field in 1808, when there was no long period of drought, but a brief one of even more excessive rainfall. The history of these six plots for these four years ending with 1900 as just detailed shoAvs very plainly that the fertilizing effects of nitrogen very quickly dis- appear on this light sandy sloping field, not underlaid by a clay or clayey loam subsoil ; and that on such soils the stubble of co\^^eas or velvet beans was as efficient as the vines, not only for the immediately succeeding crop, but for later crops as well. This narrative should add force to the recommendation we have so often given that as far as possible the stems, foliage and seed of legumes be utilized as food for animals and only what remains be employed as fertilizer. Fertilizing Effects of Velvet Beans, and Peanuts; AS Compared with Corn, Sweet Potatoes and Chufas. On a gray sandy upland soil, free from stones and un- derlaid by a sandy subsoil, various crops were grown in 1899, for the double purpose of comparing them as to the amount of hog food produced and as to their ef- feet in enriching or depleting the soil. The chufas and a part of the Spanish peanuts were consumed by shoats penned on the field. As the running variety of peanuts failed this season to make any nuts the lux- uriant grow^th of Aines was plowed under in the fall, as was also done with the vines of velvet beans and with 16i cowpea vines after the latter had been picked. Only the ears of corn were removed from the land, and only the roots of sweet potatoes. Rye, sown broadcast on November 13, 1899, on all plots, was employed as the crop for determining what effect the various summer crops had exerted on the fertility of the soil. The fertilizer for rye consisted of the following amounts per acre: 80 pounds of cotton seed meal. 160 pounds of ammoniated acid phosphate. 61 pounds of muriate of potash. The effects of the legumes as fertilizers for rye would liave been more striking if no cotton seed meal or am- moniated guano had been employed, but the poverty of this sandy soil made some nitrogen indispensible if ab- solute failure of crop was to be avoided on the plots where sweet potatoes, chufas and corn had grown. The rye was cut April 13 and April 16, and the green forage at once weighed. Xo second cutting of rye was made, but the land was turned to other uses. Yields of rye following sweet potatoes^ corn, chufas, peanuts, cowpeas and velvet heans. Preceding crop. Increase from legumes as compared with sweet potatoes. Rye, after sweet potatoes dug (av. 2 plots) . . Rye, after corn, ears pulled Rye, after chufas, eaten on the land Rye, after Spanish peanuts; dug and only nuts removed Rye, after Spanish peanuts; eaten on the land Rye, after Whippoorwill cowpeas, drilled and picked (diseased) Rye, after velvet beans, entire growth plowed in (av. 2 plots) Rye, after velvet beans, nearly mature pods picked, vines plowed in Rye, after running peanuts, entire growth plowed in (av. 2 plots) Lbs. Lbs. 2360 3440 1080 4560 2200 3440 1080 6640 4280 4960 2600 5720 3360 4720 2360 5212 2852 % 41 93 41 181 110 142 100 121 162 Figure 3. Rye from equal areas, following (20 velvet beans: and (12 & 13) sweet potatoes; ( 10 S it 11 S.) corn; (10 N. & U N.) chufas hogged FiGUKE 3. Rye from equal areas, following (16 S. & 17 S.) Spanish peanuts, dug: (18 S. & 19 S ) cowpeas; U N. & 15 N. ) running peanuts. 163 The legumes increased the yield in every case as com- pared with sweet potatoes, the excess ranging from 41 to 181 per cent. Among the non-leguminous plants SAveet potatoes was most exhausting to the soil, and chufas, when consumed on the land, the least. This agrees with common observation. In this case the ex- hausting effects of the sweet potatoes were not due to leaching of the disturbed soil, for all plots were plowed soon after the potatoes were dug. Among the legumes the greatest increase, 181 per cent, was obtained on the plot where Spanish peanuts had been consumed on the land by hogs. Since the yield of peanuts here was not excessive, since the growth of tops was only moderate, and since the vines of Span- ish peanuts on an adjoining plot did not greatly in- crease the yield, we can attribute the increase where hogs had grazed, only to an assumed quicker nutrifica- tion of the material that had passed through animals. This view finds further support in the fact that chufas consumed bv hogs on the land left the soil in better condition than did either corn or sweet potatoes. Wherever the entire growth of the several legumes was left on the land, with or without being utilized as hog food, the succeeding yield of rye was more than doubled. Cotton was grown in 1899 on a plot adjacent to the legumes. The rye following cotton yielded 5,560 pounds per acre, but it is not fair to compare this yield with that following the legumes, because the cotton had been very heavily fertilized, and some of this fer- tilizer probably remained in the soil to be utilized by the rve. lt)4 FcrtUizhu) < ffHts of Ityunics on sorghum grown as the second crop. To ascci'taiii what dinVrciicc^s still existed in the soil as a reasult of legumes <:,ro\vii in the summer of 1899, sorjjhnm was sown in drills on this same field June 19, 1!K)0, all jtlots l»ein^ uniformly fertilized with acid phosj^liate. So that soruhum thus becomes the second crop after the various legumes, and is intended to re- veal the residual or ''left over" effects of the summer crops of 1899. Residual fertilizing effects on sorguhm, of peanuts, cow peas and velvet beans. Preceding crops. Summer of 1899. Win- ter. ;i90o. Yield sorg- hum hay per acre. Increase from leg- , umes as compared with sweet potatoes. Sweet potatoes, dug Corn, ears pulled Spanish peanuts, dug; nuts removed, Spanish peanuts; eaten on land Cowpeas, picked Velvet beans, all plowed in Velvet beans, pods picked Running peanuts, all plowed in. . . . Cotton, heavily fertilized Av., potatoes, corn, cotton Av., velvet beans, cowpeas, running peanuts Lbs. Rye 5360 Rye 5760 Rye 4480 Rye 4000 Rye 5760 Rye 7110 Rye 7600 Rye 6320 Rye Rye 4000 5040 Rye 6697 Lbs. 400 loss, loss. 400 1750 2240 960 loss. 1657 Evidentlv rve had not exhausted all the fertilizing value of the legumes. This second crop was favorably affected by all the legumc^s except by Spanish peanuts, the benefite of which had disappeared. The average in- crease on the plots where all the other legumes had grown the preceding summer was 33 per cent, as com- pared with the yield on the plots w here corn, cotton and sweet potatoes had constituted the summer crops in 1899. 165 Kelative Fertilizing Values of the Cowpea and Velvet Bean. When tested on a number of crops, each grown im- mediately after the legumes, the percentage increase as compared with corresponding plots that had borne no legume was 128 per cent, from pea vines, and also 128 per cent, from velvet bean vines. Additional weight is given to these figures since they represent the average of six tests with each plant. Continuing the inquiry as to their comparative value, we find that the second crop after cowpea vines showed an increase of 37 per cent, and the second crop after velvet bean vines an increase of 48 per cent. This is the average result of two com- parable tests with each plant. Comparing these two plants mth reference to the fertilizing effect of the stubble on the first crop we find as the average of three tests an increase that is practically the same for the tw^o plants. Combining the results for the vines of each legume as shown in the first and second succeeding crops with the immediate results from the stubble of each we must conclude that at Auburn the fertilizing values of the cowpea and velvet bean are practically equal. This is true for an acre of each. In the stubble plots the average yield of velvet bean hay has been the greater, that is 4,781 pounds per acre of velvet bean hay against 3,278 pounds of cowpea hay, so that apparently pound for pound the cured tops of cowpeas have been some- what more effective than the vines of velvet beans. This is in practical accord with the results of chemical analyses made at this station by Dr. Anderson, who analyzed peavine hay and velvet bean hay from plots w^here the stubble was used as fertilizer. He found 2 . 29 per cent, nitrogen in velvet bean vines and 2.4(> per cent, of nitrogen in the cow- po«a vines, l)()t]i samples containinii- 1> jxt cent, moisture. The nitrogen in Ihe two stnhl»les was ])ractically equal, 1 pr(^ss the averaj;e results for cowpeas and v(»lvet b(^ans considered together under the name of summer legumes. 1x(iii:ase IX THE First Crop After Plowing in the Vines of Summer Legumes. With cotton as the first crop the increase in seed cot- ton per acre at Auburn was respectively 367, 546, 696, and 660 pounds of seed cotton per acre. This is an average increase of 567 pounds, worth at 2^ cents (equal to 6f cents for lint, |7.50 per ton for seed) $14.17. The yield of seed cotton following the vines of the summer legumes exceeded that on plots where the pre- ceding crop had been cotton to the extent of 32, 64, 83, and 72 per cent. The average increase in the yield of seed cotton attrihutahle to the vines 'of the legumes was 63 per cent. With corn as the first crop, the increase per acre at- tributable to plo\nng in the entire growiih of velvet beans was 81 per cent, or 12.3 bushels, worth, at 50 cents per bushel, $6.15. With oats as the first crop, the effect of the vines of the summer legumes is seen in an increase per acre of 10.4, 20.2, and 20.4 bushels respectively. The average 167 increase per acre ^vas 17 bushels, worth at 40 cents per bushel, f:6.S0. The increase in the first crop 'of oats after suiiiiiier lequmes was 81, 240 and 212 per cent, 'as 1.6, 1.6, 2.07, and 3.11 tons, an average gain per acre of 2.1 tons of hay, worth, at ^6.67 per ton, |14.02. The percentage gains were 85, 86, 57, and 86, respectively, an average of 18 per cent. Increase in the First Crop After Plowing in the Stubble of Cowpeas and Velvet Beans. With cotton the ^ield was o^reater after velvet bean stubble than after cotton to the extent of 18 per cent., or 208 pounds of seed cotton per acre, worth, at 2^ cents per pound, $5.20. With corn, the stubble of velvet beans afforded a gain of 32 per cent, or 4.3 bushels, worth $2.15. With oats grown after the plowing in of the stubble of these summer legumes the increase was 30.3 and 26 bushels, or an average of 28.1 bushels per acre, worth $11.24. This is an average gain of 334 per cent. With v:heat following the stubble of cowpeas and velvet beans the increase was 4.7 and 8.7, an average of 6.7 hiisheJs per acre, tvorth $5.36. The gain amounted to 151 and 280 per cent, respectively, an average of 215 per cent. With sorghum the yield of hay was increased by the 168 stubble of the IcJiUiiH^s to tlic extent of 2.01 and 2.15 tons, an average of 2.08 tons of hay per acre, valued at 113.87. The avenujc increa.se icas 57 per cent. What Citors Wkue Most Favouakly Affected by the ViNKS OR Stukble of Cowpeas and Velvet Beans. The data in the following;' tiible answer this question. Increase in first crop attributable to vines or stubble of cowpeas and velvet beans. After Legume Vines- After Legume Stubble. Test CRor. No. of % 1 Value In- 1 of No. of % In- Value of In- Tests crease Increase Tests. crease. crease. Cotton 4 63 $14.17 1 49 $11.30 Corn 1 81 6.15 1 32 2.14 Oats 3 189 6.80 2 334 11.24 Wheat 2 182 4.53 2 215 5.36 Sorghum 4 78 14.02" 2 57 13.87 The percentafT:e increase attributable to either the vines or stubble of cowpeas and velvet beans was greater with fall oats and wheat than with cotton, corn or sorghum. In other words, the crop that was best able to utilize the nitrogen of the legumes was that one which left the land unoccupied for the shortest time be- tween the maturing of the legume and the beginning of the new growth. Unpublished parallel experiments with hairy vetch employed as fertilizers confirm this latter conclusion. All the facts before us indicate that after the vines or stubble of a le- gume are plowed under in a sandy soil the seed of the succeeding crop should be planted before the lapse of many weeks. The early occupation of the soil by roots of the young plants will serve to retain much nitrogen, which would be leached out and carried aw^ay in the drainage water if the ground should remain unoccupied for several months. 169 From what has just been said it should not be infer- red that we are advoeatiu a thoroughly tested proposition that on poor or medium soil any hay plant of the grass family will return a large profit for a judicious application of nitrogen^ 170 wIhmIkm- tliis be in tlic fonii of a i)r(M-(Hlini; crop of cow- peas, velvet beans, niclilotus, liairy vetch, or crimson clover, or in an ai)pli(Mtion oi' stable niannre, cotton seeil, cotton seed meal, or nitrate of soda. KOTATIOX OF CKOI'S TIIH FlIiST STHI' l\ SoiL iMrUOVE- MENT. The n>fit- ahlc than h» use them (ov liav? ()!' the sf'Ncial tadcus on wliicli (lie answer depends, A\(' will jirsl considej- ilie \alne jx'!' acre (d' llic inci'casc in the fiisl (•r(>]> iinniediahdy siiccecdinu llie N^iinnic, nsinii the values for a unit nf* (»acli vr(}\) lien^tcd'ore as- sumed (sec ])....) and omittinn ic^ults with small ^Taiiis, for reasons iii\-en in the footnote. .Irr/v/y/c sii juri())'il fi of riiKs (n< r .shihh/r of /cf/innrs (is ti/i')irii ill fiisf crop. No. of tests. Increase per acre. Value of in- crease % in- crease 9 With cotton as first crop With corn as first crop With sorg-hum as first crop. . . 1 4 3 452 lbs. seed cotton 6.6 lbs. corn .5 ton hav $11.30 3 . 30 3.34 40 49 9 Aveiiigc in fa^or of vines over stiibltic $5.9-? The averaiie, increase of |5.1j8 in the value of an acre of th(^ fiist crop in favoi* of plowini>' in the vines as compared w ith utilizing only the stuhlde for fertilizer is evidently so low as to he much less than the value of the 4,080 jjounds of legume hay ])er acre obtained, from the stuhhle plots, which should be priced at not le«s than flO per ton. As a partial offset we must bear in mind that in i'nuv of the experiments in ])lowin^ under cow- pea vines the jic-is wcm-c first pickc^d, the avera<»e yi(dd in these tests beinn 11.1 bushids per acre. There is no such corresponding; ott'set with velvet beans, for the seed usually do n(]t mature in the latitude of Auburn. If we vjilr.e cow])eas at 50 cents per bushel, plus the cost of hand-ijickin.ii, we have a second credit for the vines, the sum being .$5.55. Adding this to $5.98, the 173 extra value of the first crop after \anes, as compared with stubble, we have a total credit for the vines when used as fertilizer of $11.53 per acre in comparison with the value of the cowpea and velvet bean hay when uti- lized as stock food. The average yield of cowpea hay from the stubble plots was 3,278 pounds per acre, and of velvet bean hay 4,781 pounds, or a collective average of 1,030 pounds of legume hay per acre At $10 per ton, this would be worth |20.15 per acre. Subtracting from this, |9.50 m above, we have $8.47 as the dif- ference in the first year's profits in favor of utilizing the vines as ha v. However, other factors must be consider- ed before we have satisfactorily determined whether it was most profitable to use tlie ^ines after picking the peas or to utilize the tops of both coT\i)eas and velvet beans for hay; chief amono- these factors are the rela- tive residual fertilizing values of \ines and stubble as shown bv differences in the vield of the second and subsequent crops after legumes. What is the Fertilizing Effect of Vines and Stubble OF COWPEAS ON THE SECOND CrOP AFTER THE Legume? The answer is found in the following table : Average increase in second crop after legumes. After vines. i After ^-tubble. No. of tests. Amt. % increase. in- crease. No. of Amt. % tests, in- In- crease, crease. With With With corn oats sorghum . . 5 1 4 3.36 bus. 24 7.75 bus. 54 2.15 tons 41 5 1.34 bus. li? In the second crop after the legumes there was in every case a considerable increase attributable to the use of the vines a§ fertilizer. 174 The fcrtiliziiiix ('HVct of tlic stnbhlc a« shown hy the second cro]) of corn is nnicli h\ss than the increment line to tin* vines ]>h>\\(Ml under niJiny niontlis before. There is a sixlh lest with corn noi heh)U<;ing in tlie ])rec(Mlinir table, that iiivcs additioinil- hates or other necessary non-nitrogenous fertilizers. The money that would Have been necessary tx) purchase one pound of ni- trogen will buy about three pounds of phosphoric acid, or of ix>tash, which larger purchases of phosphate and potash will enable the fai-mer to grow heavier crops of legumes. And heavier crops of legumes trap larger amounts of otherwise unavailable atmospheric nitro- gen and result in further soil enrichment. In the writer's opinion the most promising method of increasing the yield of cotton per acre and the profits of cotton culture is hi/ a more general use of leguminous plants as fertilizers. These invaluable allies are by some farmers utilized and appreciated, but their use might be increased twentyfold with advantage to the current crop, to the permanent upbuilding of the soil, and to the filling of the farmer's pocket. 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