XB no. i|2-58 l893-9ii I Bulletin No. 42. January, 1893. Agricultural Experiment Station OF THE Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN, : : ALABAMA. CO-OPERATIVE SOIL TEST EXPERIMENTS (S^JS FOI? 180^. gvS) A. J. BONDURANT, Agriculturist. JAMES CLAYTON, Assistant. 'The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala, All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. THE BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. Board of Visitors. COMMITTEE OP TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. Hon. .T. G. Gilchrist Hope Hull. Hon. R. F. Ligon Montgomery. Hon. H. Clay Armstrong Auburn. Wm. LeRoy Broun President. A. J. Bondurant Agriculturist. N. T. LuPTON Chemist. P. H. Mell Botanist and Meteorologist. * Biologist. C. A. Gary, D. V. M Veterinarian. ASSISTANTS : James Clayton Assistant Horticulturist. A. F. CoRYt Assistant Agriculturist. J. T. Anderson, Ph. D First Assistant Chemist. L. W. Wilkinson, M. Sc Second Assistant Chemist. F. A. LuPTON, M. Sc Third Assistant Chemist. R. F. Hare, B. Sc Fourth Assistant Chemist. G. S. Clark Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. * To be filled. t In charge of Soil-Test Experiments. CO OPERATIVE SOIL-TEST EXPERIMENTS. Results of cooperative experiment for 1981 were publislied in Bulletin No. 34, January, 1892, from this Station, and will be made use of in comparing results obtained from the satne line of experiments conducted in 1892. The fertilizers were carefully analyzed, mixed, weighed, placed in bags and nutnbered at the Experiment Station, ac- cording to the plot on which each was to be used, and then shipped with freight prepaid to the following experimenters : NAMES. POST-OFFICE. COUNTY. 1. 9 Adav Rev. L. C Newburgh Franklin. Covington. Limestone. Madison. Clarke. Russell. Bibb. Marengo. Autauga. Lowndes. Autauga. Monroe. Etowah. Macon . Cherokee. Henry. Elmore. Washington. Barbour. St. Clair. Morgan. Dale. Limestone. Chilton. Hale. Blount. Perry. Tallapoosa. Lauderdale. Shelby. Pike. Randolph. Geneva. Cullman. Bullock. Lawrence. Rpaslftv. E. J . . Red Level Athens 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. q Binford, R. E... Bishop. M. A . . Bradley, F. W . . Brannon, J. M. . Brown, D. L ... Compton, G. W. r!nrv A F Madison Walker Springs. Seale Kandoloh Dixon's Mills .Vlulberry 10. 11. 12. 13 Cross, R. H Pavis, Maj. E. M. Deer, Jno. F Dick. R. M Letohatchie Prattville Monroeville Attalla Creek Stand 1 i Ellison, J. M Ewing, R. T .... Gillis, Dan, jr . . Goodwyn, A. T. .. Gordon, Dr. Jno . . Hobdy, J. M Inzer, J. T Johnson, Uriah. . . Killebrew, J. C. . . Lane, H. D Logan, J A Martin Wm 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 0| Centre Abbeville Robinson Springs Healing Springs Louisville Kden Trinity Station Newton \thens • Clanton 25 Greensboro Remlap 26. 27. 28 Mize, J. W. Newman, W. H. . . Oliver J P TTniontown Dadeville 29. 30, Ott, J. C Pitts. J. W Florence Cresswell Station Chesser Roanoke Geneva .... Holly Pond Aberfoil Hat tan 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. Pruett. S. A .... Radney, J H .... Sellers, W.H. Snuggs, T. A Stroud, Z T White, W L No reports were received at the date of issuing this Bulletin, from the following co-operative experimenters to whom ferti- lizers were sent : NAMES. POST-OFFICE. COUNTY. 1. Beasley, E. J 2. Brannon, J. M 3. Ewing, R. T 4. Goodwyn, A. T. . . 5. Hobdy. J. M .... Red Level Covington. Russell. Cherokee. Seale Centre Robinson Springs . . . Louisville Elmore. Barbour. 6. Inzer, J. T Eden St. Clair. 7. Lane, H. D Athens Limestone, 8. White, W.L Hattan Lawrence. 9. Binford, R. E... Athens Limestone. Cost of fertilizers Applied per Acre. In order that the experimenters and other farmers may bet- ter understand the inquiry made upon the different plots, the cost of the different materials used is given in the statement which follows. The calculations are made upon the cost laid down at Auburn. The local freights upon the packages re- shipped to the depots of the experimenters would produce a false impression, since the average local rate of freight charged upon the amount sent to each experimenter from Auburn to their depots exceeds five dollars per ton. Shipped in quantity, the freight to the various depots of the experimenters would average little more than that from the factories to Auburn. Again, in estimating profits resulting from the use of the dif- ferent fertilizers, it will be more convenient to have a common standard of comparison. Quantity and Cost per Acre of Fertilizers used hy Co-opera- tive Soil Test Experimenters, 1892. Plot. Fertilizers. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda 5i40 lbs. Acid Phosphate 64 lbs. Muriate Potash No Manure. j 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda i 64 lbs. Muriate Potash , j 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda , 1240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. , j 64 lbs. Muriate Potash , (240 lbs. Acid Phosphate No Manure. !96 lbs. Nitrate Soda , 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 64 lbs. Muriate Potash , 240 lbs Floats j240 lbs. Floats I 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda No Manure 848 lbs. Green Cotton Seed @ 45c per cwt. . , j848 lbs. Green Cotton Seed @ 45c per cwt. . (240 lbs. Floats 4240 lbs. Stable Manure @ $1 per 1,000 lbs. (240 lbs. Acid Phosphate I (240 Iba. Cotton Seed Meal .2.79 .1.62- .2 79 .1.68- .1.62 .1.68- .2.99 .1.68 .1.62- .1.82 .2.99- .3.81 .1.82- 68 36- 2.79 1.68 1.62 4.41 4.47 3.30 6.09 1.82 4.61 3.81 5.63 4.24 4 04 6 The following table shows the quantity of potash, phosphoric acid, nitrogen, (and its equivalent of ammonia) contained in the different fertilizers used per acre, as determined by Prof. N. T. Lupton, State Chemist : o o Fertilizers. in Ti . m'O c 8. Fho oric Aci vailable 8. Pho oric Aci Total. .a -^-5 ,n y^ J ^ hJ 5 ^ 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 64 lbs. Muriate Potash. No Manure j 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda. . . \ 64 lbs. Muriate Potash . ] 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda. . . 1240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. j 64 lbs. Muriate Potash 1240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. No Manure ( 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda. . . Acid Phosphate. Muriate Potash. Floats Floats Nitrate Soda. . . . ^240 lbs. ( 64 lbs. 240 lbs. j240 lbs. \ 96 lbs. No Manure 848 lbs. Green Cotton Seed. j848 lbs. Green Cotton Seed. . ■|240 lbs. Floats 240 lbs. Stable Manure j240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 1240 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal 31 91 3i!9] 3i'91 31 91 34 94 34 94 34 94 34.94 10.6 10 6 28.40 6 55 34 94 38 32 38.32 38 32 38 32 28 50 28.50 10.17 10 17 28 50 13 14 38 32 14.17 14.17 14 17 14.17 14 17 21.2 21.2 26^71 15 79 17.20 17 29 17 '26 17 20 17.20 '25 .'74 32 43 i9 17 EXPERIMENT MADE BY EEY. L. C. AD AT. Newburgh, Franklin County. Soil, Red Cedar Land ; Sub-soil, Bed Clay. By examining the following statement of Mr. Aday's work for 1892, and comparing it with the experiments made by him for 1891, it will be seen that the general indications are that his soil is deficient in the three main elements of plant food, as plot No. 9, where a complete fertilizer is used, gives the best results for both years. When floats in combination with nitrate of soda and floats with green cotton seed are compared it is in favor of floats with green cotton seed in 1891, and floats with nitrate of soda in 1892. o o Pounds of Fertilizer Per Plot. Pounds of Fertilizer PER Acre. o q H m 3is c ai o c I'" 23 I—) CO 2^ -4-3 o -1-3 "^ o H 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 r> lbs. Nitrate Soda. . 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 4 lbs. Muriate Potash.. No Manure ( 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, j 4 lbs. Muriate Potash j 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, I 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, j 4 lbs. Muriate Potash, ( 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate. No Manure 16 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 4 lbs. Muriate Potash. 15 lbs. Floats \ 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, ] 15 lbs. Floats No Manure 53 lbs. Green Cot. Seed j 15 lbs. Floats, ( 53 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 265 lbs. Stable Manure j 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 1 15 lbs. Cot. Seed Meal 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda. .. 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 64 lbs. Muriate Potash No Manure 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, Muriate Potash Nitrate Soda, Acid Phosphate Muriate Potash, Acid Phosphate No Manure 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, Acid Phosphate Floats Nitrate Soda, Floats No Manure 848 lbs. Green Cotton Seed 240 lbs. Floats, 848 lbs. Green Cotton Seed 4,240 lbs. Stable Manure 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 240 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal 64 lbs. 96 lbs. 240 lbs. 64 lbs. 240 lbs. 240 lbs. 240 lbs. 96 lbs. 240 lbs. 39 22 23 84 27 16 4 47 26 12 4 42 23 11 4 38 32 14 6 52 36 17 5 58 29 15 5 49 27 13 5 45 46 22 10 78 27 14 6 47 34 16 6 56 34 9 2 45 41 11 2 54 39 11 3 53 31 24 5 60 33 23 7 63 1344 752 672 608 832 928 784 720 1240 752 890 720 864 848 960 1008 8 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. M. A. BISHOP, Madison, Madison Cuunty. Soil, Dark Loam^ S^ib-soil, Clay. In Mr. Bishop's experiments for 1891, plots number 6 and 9 give the same yield, and plot number 16 gives 256 lbs. less than either, but the same as plot number 3, while in his experiments for 1892, plot number 6 gives 128 lbs. less than plot number 9, plot number 16 gives 64 lbs. more than plot number 6, and 128 lbs. less than plot number 9, and 192 lbs. more than plot number 3. The results are so conflicting that no conclusion can be drawn. Floats with the nitrate of soda gave best results in 1891, but in 1892 the combina- tion is in favor of floats with green cotton seed. 6 Pounds op Fertilizer PER Acre. Pounds of Fertilizer Per Plot. Lbs. Cotton 1st picking Lbs. Cotton 2nd picking Lbs. Cotton 3rd picking Total yield per plot. Total yield per acre. 1 2 3 4 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda. . . . 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 4 lbs. Muriate Potash No Manure 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate.. 64 lbs. Muriate Potash. . . No Manure 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash. . . 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. . No Manure 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Floats 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 240 lbs. Floats No Manure 848 lbs. Green Cotton Seed 240 lbs. Floats, 848 lbs. Green Cotton Seed 4,240 lbs Stable Manure . 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 240 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal 10 16 14 14 16 18 22 14 14' 18 22 20 8 14 12 10 12 14 14 9 18 14 10 11 10 12 18 16 4 8 6 8 8 10 10 9 8 6 6 8 8 6 10 8 22 38 32 18 34 40 42 18 48 20 30 19 32 36 50 44 352 608 512 288 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 1 4 lbs. Muriate Potash ^6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 1 5 lbs. Acid Phosphate j 4 lbs. Muriate Potash, (15 lbs. Acid Phosphate No Manure ( 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, \ 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, ( 4 lbs. Muriate Potash 15 lbs. Floats j 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, (15 lbs. Floats 544 640 672 288 768 320 480 12 13 14 15 16 No Manure 53 lbs. Green Cot. Seed jl5 lbs. Floats, |53 lbs. Green Cot. See 265 lbs. Stable Manure. jl5 lbs. Acid Phosphate, < 15 lbs. Cot'n Seed Meal 304 512 576 800 704 EXPERIMENT BY MR. F. W. BRADLEY. Walker Springs, Clarke County. Soil, Sandy ; Subsoil, Red Clay. The best results obtained by Mr. Bradley in his two years experi- ments are from the use of cotton seed meal with acid phosphate. In 1891 plot JSo. 16 gave 276 pounds more than plot No. 9, and 1892 it is 288 pounds more. These results are very decided, and show that it is a waste of money for Mr. Bradley to use potash on his soil. Green cotton seed with floats give better results than nitrate of soda with floats, and for two years give larger yield than complete fertilizer. To purchase a fertilizer which contains potash is a waste of money for Mr. Bradley. tton ing 2^ 2 6 Pounds Fertilizer Per Pounds Fertilizer Per o — Oj O 4> 0) o Plot. Acre. -It o a- s (N CO H H Oh 1 6 lbs. nitrate soda . . 96 lbs. nitrate soda . . 6 20 8 34 344 2 15 lbs. acid phosphate 240 lbs. acid phosphate 16 25 13 54 864 3 4 lbs. muriate potash . 64 lbs. muriate potash 32 21 10 44 704 4 No manure No manure j 96 lbs. nitrate soda, ( 64 lbs. muriate potash 4 16 4 24 384 5 j 6 lbs. nitrate soda, \ 4 lbs. muriate potash 19 26 .15 60 960 6 j 6 lbs. nitrate soda, \ 15 lbs. acid phosphate. j 96 lbs. nitrate soda, (240 lbs. acid phosphate 28 24 18 70 1120 7 j 4 lbs. murate potash, ( 15 lbs. acid phosphate. i 64 lbs. muriate potash, (240 lbs. acid phosphate 33 21 14 68 1088 8 No manure. ( 6 lbs. nitrate soda, No manure ( 96 lbs. nitrate soda, •| 64 lbs. muriate potash, (240 lbs. acid phosphate. 8 12 6 26 416 9 •< 15 lbs acid phosphate. ( 4 lbs. muriate potash 35 16 21 72 1152 10 15 lbs. floats 240 lbs. floats 16 18 8 42 672 11 j 6 lbs. nitrate soda, ( 15 lbs. tioats j 96 lbs. nitrate soda, ]240 lbs. floats 33 24 17 74 1184 12 No manure No manure. ...... 6 16 2 24 384 13 53 lbs. green cotton seed 848 lbs. green cotton seed 19 23 18 60 960 14 j 15 lbs. floats, \ 53 lbs. green cottonseed (240 lbs. floats, (848 lbs. green cotton seed 37 29 22 88 1408 15 265 lbs, stable manure. . 4240 lbs. stable manure. 37 32 15 78 1248 16 j 15 lbs. acid phosphate, ( 15 lbs. cotton seed meal j240 lbs. acid phosphate, (240 lbs. cotton seed meal 37 33 20 90 1440 10 EXPERIMENT MADE BY D. L. BROWN, Randolph, Bibb County. Soil, Sandy I Sub-soil, Clay. While Mr. Brown's experiments were injured in 189 L by drought and overflow, yet when plot Nos. 6 and 16 are compared with plot No. 9 in 1891, and the same comparison is made in his experiment for 1892, it is cleaaly seen that Mr. Brown's soil does not need pot- ash as his best results are obtained where nitrogen combined with acid phosphate are used and that money can be saved on such soils in buying only cotton feed meal and acid phosphate and mix- ing them on the farm. In Mr. Brown's experiments, floats with green cotton seed give better results each year than floats with nitrate of soda. SI 6JD 6 2m o'Ji 2S 0) ft. ■^^ • o Pounds Fertilizer per Pounds Fertilizer per o.^ r; o o.H •)^< iz; Plot. Acre. o p. S'5- O Q. -1-3 aj t^ 03 '^ 73 "P ^ PL, O _r5 CC •^i; -^^ o o E y^^ -1=^' ^^ H H 1 6 lbs. nitrate soda . . 96 lbs. nitrate soda . . 16 12 8 36 576 2 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 240 lbs. acid phosphate 20 26 4 50 800 3 4 lbs. muriate potash 64 lbs. muriate potash 16 24 8 48 768 4 No manure No manure 6 10 6 22 352 5 ( 6 lbs. nitrate soda, ( 4 lbs. muriate potash j 96 lbs. nitrate soda. ( 64 lbs. muriate potash. 20 28 12 60 960 /> j 6 lbs. nitrate soda, \ 15 lbs. acid phosphate j 96 lbs. nitrate soda, (24U lbs. acid phosphate. 6 48 44 16 108 1728 7 j 4 lbs. muriate potash. ( 15 lbs. acid phosphate. \ 64 lbs. muriate potasc. (240 lbs. acid phosphate. 28 26 12 66 1056 8 No manure No manure ( 96 lbs. nitrate soda. 8 10 6 24 384 \J ( 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 9 ■< 15 lbs. acid phosphate, -| 64 lbs. muriate potash, ( 4 lbs. muriate potash (240 lbs. acid phosphate 44 36 12 92 1472 10 15 lbs. floats j 6 lbs nitrate soda, U5 1bs. floats No manure 53 lbs green cotton seed 240 lbs. floats 24 22 10 56 896 11 ( 96 lbs nitrate soda, (240 lbs. floats 32 16 32 26 12 28 6 8 12 64 36 72 1024 12 No manure 576 13 848 lbs. green cotton seed 1152 14 j 15 lbs. floats, \ 53 lbs. green cotton seed (240 lbs. floats, |848 lbs. green cotton seed 36 42 14 92 1476 15 265 lbs. stable manure. . 4240 lbs. stable manure. 32 44 12 88 1408 16 ( 15 lbs. acid phosphate, ( 15 lbs. cotton seed meal (240 lbs. acid phosphate, (240 lbs. cotton seed meal 48_ 46 14 108 1728 11 EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS, G. W. COMPTON, Dlson's Mills, Marengo County. Soil, Dark, Sandy' Subsoil, Clay. In Mr. Compton's experiments for two years, results are some- what conflicting. His soil is most deficient in phosphoric acid, though the increased yield, when combined with nitrogen, is very marked. Floats, with green cotton seed, give best results for the two years, and give only 16 lbs. less than complete fertilizer in 1892. o o 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Pounds of Fertilize PEK Plot. Pounds of Fertilizer I-^'^ Per Acre. 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda . . . 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 4 lbs. Muriate Potash. . . No Manure ( 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, I 4 lbs. Muriate Potash.. . ] 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, (15 lbs. Acid Phosphate. . li lbs. Muriate Potash, (15 lbs. Acid Phosphate . No Manure. i6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 15 lbs Acid Phosphate, 4 lbs. Muriate Potash. . . 15 lbs. Floats . 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 15 lbs. Floats No Manure 53 lbs. Green CottonSeed 115 lbs Floats, ]53 lbs. Green CottonSeed 265 lbs. Stable Manure jl5 lbs. Acid Phosphate, (15 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda. . . 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 64 lbs. Muriate Potash.. No Manure 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash.. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. . 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate No Manure 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 240 lbs. Floats 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 240 lbs. Floats No Manure 848 lbs. Green CottonSeed 240 lbs. Floats, S48 lbs. Green CottonSeed 4,240 lbs. Stable Manure. 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 240 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal. 0.5; 1—5 ^ I.S o!5 61 .2 C 73 O V, <- o —I (U o 2 13 22 22 8^ II 2 10 18 15 24 6 11 5 3 9 6 15 13 lli.< 6>i 12 15>^ 13K 12^ 7 5 3 3 4 4 4 6 4 4>^ 5 4>^ 4>^ 2 2>^ 2 I'A 2 Z% 2 2 4 1^ 17 30M 13K 9>2 34>^ 23)^ 14)^ 43 31 28K 15)^ 29 42 34}-^ 41 272 488 216 152 168 552 376 232 688 496 456 248 464 672 552 656 12 EXPERIMENT BY MR. A. F. CORY Mulberry, Autauga County . Soil, Red. Sub soil, Red Clay. It is clearly shown from Mr. Corj's experiment that his soil does not need potash. Plot 6, nitrate of soda with acid phosphate, gave 111 lbs. more than plot No. 9, complete fertilizer, while plot No. 16 gave an increase of 32 lbs. over plot No. 9. Floats with green cotton seed give better results than floats with nitrate of soda, and both give larger yields than complete fertilizer. 4 C C 4J 6 Pounds Fertilizer per Pounds Fertilizer per cdPh ^ Plot. Acre. CD O. o a. w & — O) ■4^ =^-s ^y. OQ '^ 03 P- S Pi W -o.f2 -^^ 744 10 15 lbs. floats 240 lbs. floats 15 16;^ 2 33^2 536 11 j 6 lbs. nitrate soda, I 15 lbs. floats i 96 lbs. nitrate soda, (240 lbs. floats 19 19 4 42 672 12 No manure No manure. 17)^ 13 3 331^ 536 13 53 lbs. green cotton seed 848 lbs. green cotton seed 22 16 3 41 656 14 j 15 lbs. floats, \ 53 lbs. green cotton seed <240 lbs. floats. i(8181bs green cotton seed >2 4 3 38 608 15 265 lbs. stable manure 4240 lbs. stable manure '7)2 14 1 421^ 680 16 15 lbs. acid phosphate, 15 lbs cotton seed meal j240 lbs. acid phosphate, (240 lbs. cotton seed meal 28 10 1 38 608 15 EXPERIMENT MADE BY J. F. DEER, MONROEVILLE, MoNROE CoUNTY. Soil, Gray Sandy; Subsoil, Clay. Mr. Deer failed to make a report last year, 1891, so we have only this year's work to compare. It is evident from this experi- ment for one year that it is a waste of money to apply potash as in plot 9 on land like Mr. Deer's. Floats with green cotton seed give better results for the one year than floats with nitrate of soda. c c 1 2 ?, 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Lbs. Fertilizer Per Plot. Lbs. Fertilizer Per Acre. 3 ^ C M , o. 00 5i^ 6 lbs. nitrate soda . . 15 lbs. acid phosphate 4 lbs. muriate potash. No manure. j 6 lbs. nitrate soda, j 4 lbs. muriate potash. ] 6 lbs. nitrate soda, ( 15 lbs. acid phosphate, j 4 lbs. muriate potash, ( 15 lbs. acid phosphate. No manure ( 6 lbs. nitrate soda, ■I 15 lbs. acid phosphate, ( 4 lbs. muriate potash. 15 lbs. floats j 6 lbs. nitrate soda, ( 15 lbs. floats No manure 53 lbs. green cottonseed j 15 lbs. floats, I 53 lbs. green cotton seed 265 lbs. stable manure. i 15 lbs acid phosphate ] 15 lbs. cotton seed meal 96 lbs, nitrate soda 240 lbs. acid phosphate.. . 64 lbs. muriate potash. . Vo manure 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 64 lbs. muriate potash. 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 240 lbs. acid phosphate. 64 Ihs, muriate potash, 240 lbs. acid phosphate. No manure. 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 64 lbs muriate potash, 240 lbs. acid phosphate. . 240 lbs. floats 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 240 lbs. floats No manure S48 lbs. green cotton seed. 240 lbs. floats, >48 lbs. green cotton seed 4240 lbs. stable manure.. 240 lbs. acid phosphate, 240 lbs. cotton seed meal . Cotton pickintr. . Cotton picking. al yield per Pint. tCr3 "3 r— •*-> ■^ r j-i r o J^. -IcO H CO — c 03 o H 'A 16 1>2 m iO 8 3 9 5 5 2 9 123^ 16 16 6 26 13 8 10 20 17 11 20 14 16 U 18 20 19 18 15 8 7 6 2l}4 50 23)2 151^ 14 251^ 10 40 8 5 33 19 6 3 35 22 5 4 5 26 17 32 5 4 37>^ 39 1 35 344 800 376 248 408 640 528 304 560 352 416 272 512 600 624 560 16 EXPERIMENT MADE BY E. M. DICK. Attalla, Etowah County. Soil, Red Loam\ Suh-soil, Red Clay. In Mr. Dick's experiments for 1891 nitrate of soda with acid phosphate, as in plot No. 6, gives 48 lbs. more than complete ferti. lizers as in plot No. 9, while in 1892 the results are in favor of the complete fertilizer which gives 376 lbs. more than plot No. 6. The Floats with green cotton seed give better results for the two years than floats with nitrate of soda. c "=>* c ^^ 2-^ 2 o o S §.S 2 c iD_C .2S 6 Pounds of Fertilizer Pounds of Fertilizer ?^ o o o ^ 1 ^ >.«^ I2i PER Acre. PER Plot. ^/E "/a oi'S. B| ■*a m -tj CO r^ r^r- O ^ O Oh O 1 r^ -^ c -I t ^ H E — < "M '^T 1 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda . . . ^% 13 11 32K 520 9 15 lbs. Acid Pho^tphate 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 22 24 13 59 " 944 3 4 4 lbs. MuriateP otash. 64 lbs. Muriate Potash. 12 15 14 41 656 No Manure No Manure ... 9 13 II 33 528 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 5 \ 4 lbs. Muriate Potash. \ 6 lbs. Nitrate Soiia, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash. . 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 10 19 13 42 672 6 (15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 1 4 lbs. Muriate Potash, 240 lbs Acid Phosphate 23 25 14J4 62>'2 1000 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 7 ]l5 lbs. Acid Phosphate \ No Manure 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 24 26 14 34 1024 8 No Manure 8 13J2 11 32>-o 520 o ( 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 96 lbs. titrate Soda, 9 \ 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, ( 4 lbs. Muriate Potash 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 29 33 24 ^^6 1376 40 15 lbs. Floats 240 lbs. Floats 17 19 15 51 816 j 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, jl5 lbs. Floats 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 11 240 lbs. Floats 16 22 13 51 816 12 13 No Manure No Manure 10 14 l-^'A 30>^ 584 53 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 848 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 16 ■">i 1/ 17 54>^ 872 U5 1bs. Floats, 240 lbs Floats, 14 153 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 848 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 22 26 16>^ 64)^ 1032 15 265 lbs. Stable Manure. . 4240 lbs. Stable Manure 26 26 18 70 1120 16 ) 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, \ 15 lbs. Cot. Seed Meal.. 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Cot. Seed Meal... 127 2Z% 12X163 1008 17 EXPERIMENT MADE BY J. M. ELLISON, Creekstand, Macon County. Soil, Sandy ; Sub soil, Sandy. Results are conflicting in the experiments made by Mr, Ellison. In 1891 nothing was gained by the use of potash as in plot No. 9, while in 1892 plot No. 9 gives an increase over plot No. 6 of 224 pounds. Floats, with sodium nitrate, gives better results for the two years than floats with green cotton seed. u ll -fci T3 O -a >- — « o 6 5*5 Pounds Fertilizeu PER Plot. Pounds Fertilizer Per Acre. 'J .Si Ph o'Si .P-< o5 .Ph oiPh o — 3 a> o ^-g ^•5 2 (=^ o ^ J- -3T5 — — M (M .0- ■^ i- -J CO ^ o 9K 9h 4 16 5 6 4 11 WK l7 14 s 7 61^ 9 14 10 6 17 8>^ 7 8 9 8 13 10 9 10 11 9 8 6)^ 7 7>2 6 7 5 5 3 6 o 23 22 22 21>^ 25 40 28 17 44>^ 20 17 30 28>^ 44 4 l36 368 352 352 344 400 640 448 272 712 312 320 272 480 456 704 576 19 EXPEHIMENT MADE BY Dk. J. GORDON, Healing Springs, Washington County. Soil^ Sandy Loaiw, Sub-soil, Sandy Loam. In the experiment made by Dr. Gordon for 1891, plot No. 2, acid phosphate, gave 80 pounds more than plot No. 9, complete fertil- izer; 336 pounds more than plot No. 6, nitrate of soda with acid phosphate, but 184 pounds less than plot No. 16, cotton seed meal with acid phosphate, while in 1892 plot No. 2 gives 152 pounds less than plot No. 6, 96 lbs. less than plot No. 9, but 112 pounds more than plot 16. The results of these experiments are so conflicting that no conclusion can be made. Floats with green cotton seed give a slight increase over floats with nitrate of soda for the two years. 6 Pounds of Fertilizer Pounds of Fertilizer otton eking. o ^ o o 1 yield Acre. ^ PER Acre. PER Plot. ^;a "'S- C3 0! :«S3 ■*^ CO -u O ^ O P< o J-' H H y 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda 10 5 15 240 2 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate . . . 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate . 20 ^% 261^ 424 3 4 lbs. MuriateP otash... 64 lbs. Muriate Potash 8 9 17 272 4 No Manure 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, No Manure 7 8K 15>^ 248 5 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 4 lbs. Muriate Potash. . . . 64 lbs. Muriate Potash. . . . 9 6>2 I5>^ 248 6 ] 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 96 lbs Nitrate Soda, jl5 lbs. Acid Phosphate . . . 1 4 lbs. Muriate Potash, 240 lt)s Acid Phosphate . . , 26 10 36 576 7 64 lbs. .Muriate Potash, jl5 lbs. Acid Phosphate . 1 No Manure ( 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate . . . 26 h% 34>^ 552 8 No Manure 6 6 12 192 96 lbs. .Jitrate Soda, 9 •< 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, ( 4 lbs. Muriate Potash. . . 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. . . . 26 6K 32)^ 520 10 15 lbs. Floats 240 lbs. Floats 30 634 36)^ 584 11 S 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, / /£. / tb 115 lbs. Floats 240 lbs. Floats 25 8X 33)^ 536 12 No IVIanure No Manure 8 8 16 256 13 5.3 lbs. Green Cot. Seed . . 848 lbs. Green Cot. Seed.. 21 9 30 480 14 U5 1bs. Floats, 240 lbs Floats, l53 lbs. Green Cot. Seed. . . 848 lbs. Green Cot. Seed. . . 21% 9 361^ 584 15 265 lbs. Stable Manure 4240 lbs. Stable Manure... 26 7 33 528 16 ) 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, $15 lbs. Cot. Seed Meal.. 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Cot. Seed Meal 13 6K 19K 312 20 EXPERIMENT MADE BY MR. URIAH JOHNSON. Trinity Station, Morgan County. Soil, Red Sandy Loam ; Sub-soil, Red Clay. In Mr. Johnson's two years experiments it is clearly shown by the increased yield of plot No. 2 over 1 and 3, that phosphoric acid is the element most deficient in his soil, but in combination results are conflicting. In 1891 plot No. 9 gave 128 pounds more than plot No. 6, while in 1892 plot 6 gives 352 pounds increase over plot No. 9. Floats, with green cotton seed, give the best results in 1891, while floats with nitrate of soda give best results in 1892. Further experiments are necessary to be made on this soil before any conclusions can be drawn. o Pounds of Fertilizer PER Acre. Pounds of Fertilizer PER Plot. 00 o o 31 a>_o 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 4 lbs. MuriateP otash. No Manure 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, S 4 lbs. Muriate Potash. ] 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, jl5 lbs. Acid Phosphate j 4 lbs. Muriate Potash, ]l5 lbs. Acid Phosphate \ No Manure ( 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, \ 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, ( 4 lbs. Muriate Potash. 15 lbs. Floats ... . . . . . S 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, (15 lbs. Floats No Manure . . 53 lbs. Green Cot. Seed U51bs. Floats, m lbs. Green Cot. Seed 265 lbs. Stable Manure. . ) 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, ) 15 lbs. Cot. Seed Meal. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate . 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, , No Manure 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash . 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate No Manure 96 lbs. i.Jitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Floats 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 240 lbs. Floats No Manure 848 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 240 lbs. Floats, 848 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 4240 lbs. Stable Manure 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 210 lbs. Cot. Seed Me:.'.. 16 34 14 12 18 32 8 6 8 8 10 10 O P< 34 12 8 8 28 22 12 6 32 12 24 8 8 10 36 40 8 4 • - . . . 24 40 22 20 28 62 42 20 40 28 384 640 352 320 448 992 672 320 640 44S 40 640 20 38 34 44 44 320 608 544 704 704 21 EXPERIMENT MADE BY J. C KTLLEnREW, Newton, Dale Count v. Soil, Sandy Loam ; Subsoil, Bed Clay . In Mr. Killcbrew's experiment for 1891, nothinf^ is gained from the use of acid phosphate, as is shown when plot No. 6 is compared with plot No. 9, while in 1892 it is clearly seen that phoephoric acid is the leading element needed. The increase of plot No. 2 over average of unmanured plots 4, 8 and 12, is 25G pounds per acre. Plot No. 6 gives an increase of 288 pounds, and plot No. 9 gives 576 pounds increase. The results from plot No. IG are very marked. In 1891 the increase over plot No. 9 is 16 pounds, but in 1892 it is 160 pounds per acre. Floats with green cotton seed, and floats with nitrate of soda, give same results in 1891, but in 1892 floats with green cotton seed give 514 pounds more than floats with nitrate of soda, but no more than green cotton seed alone, as in plot No. 13. ' d o Pounds of Fertilizer PER Acre. Pounds of Fertilizer Per Plot. Lbs. Cotton 1st picking Lbs. Cotton 2nd picking. Lbs. Cotton 3rd picking Total yield per plot. i'otal yield per acre. 1 2 3 A 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda.. . . 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 4 lbs. Muriate Potash. No Manure 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda. .. 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. . 64 lbs. Muriate Potash. . . No Manure. 14 20 12 14 16 24 16 12 26 14 16 12 30 28 32 32 20 18 10 10 14 16 20 12 24 16 16 14 28 26 36 30 8 12 12 10 12 12 12 8 20 6 12 10 20 24 20 18 42 50 34 34 42 52 48 32 70 36 44 36 72 78 88 80 672 800 544 544 5 6 ^- / 8 1 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 1 4 lbs. Muriate Potash. . i6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 5 lbs. Acid Phosphate 4 lbs. Muriate Potash, ' 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate No Manure 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash . 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. . No Manure 672 832 768 51'* 9 10 ( 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, -j 15 Ib.s. Acid Phosphate, ( 4 lbs. Muriate Potash 15 lbs. Floats 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 240 lbs. Floats 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 240 lbs. Floats No Manure 1120 576 11 j 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 1l5 lbs. Floats 704 12 No Manure 576 13 14 15 16 53 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 1.5 lbs. Floats, 53 lbs. Green Cot. See. 265 lbs. Stable Manure. 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 15 lbs. Cot'n Seed Meal 848 lbs. Green Cotton Seed 240 lbs. Floats, 848 lbs. Green Cotton Seed 4,240 lbs. Stable Manure. . 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 240 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal 1248 1248 1408 1280 22 EXPERIMENT MADE BY J. A. LOGAX, Clanton, Chilton County. Soil, Mulatto ani Sandy; Sub soil, Red Clay. It is clearly shown by the results of two years' experiments made by Mr. Logan that his soil does not need potash. In 1891 plot 6 gave an increase over plot 9 of 112 pounds, and over plot No. 16 of 4:8 pounds; while in 1892 plot No. 6 gave 16 pounds more than plot No. 9, and 8 pounds more than plot No. 16. These amounts are small but they are valuable facts, and show that it is a waste of money to use potash on such soils, as the yield of cotton is decreased. It should be stated here that cotton seed meal contains some potash, is why the comparison is made between plot No. 6 and plot No. 16. Floats with green cotton seed gave better results for the two years than floats with nitrate of soda. o o Lbs Fertilizer Per Plot. Lbs. Fertilizer Per Acre. Cotton picking Cotton picking. Cotton picking. 5^ u 20 4 20 19 3 10 ^4 17 5>i io>^ 25 8X 30 28 6 20 ■26 lo 7 10^ 18.io 6 23 33 7 16 25 6 15 15 27K 20 25)o 80K 19K 28 283^ 30>^ 10 22% 33 8 2- ■4-* o 0) — o ^ P. o H 60S 672 600 520 672 1024 872 560 1008 752 848 624 896 928 1104 1016 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 6 lbs nitrate soda . . 15 lbs. acid phosphate 4 lbs. muriate potash. No manure. . . .... 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 4 lbs. muriate potash. 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 4 lbs. muriate potash, lo lbs. acid phosphate. No manure 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs. acid phosphate, 4 lbs. muriate potash. 15 lbs. floats 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs. floats No manure 53 lbs. green cottonseed 15 lbs. floats, 53 lbs. green cotton seed 265 lbs. stable manure. 15 lbs. acid phosphate 15 lbs. cotton seed meal u 96 lbs. nitrate soda 240 lbs. acid phosphate.. 64 lbs. muriate potash. . No manure 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 64 lbs. muriate potash.. , 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 240 lbs. acid phosphate. . 64 lbs, muriate potash, 240 lbs. acid phosphate. No manure 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 64 lbs. muriate potash, 240 lbs. acid phosphate.. . 240 lbs. floats 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 240 lbs. floats No manure 848 lbs. green cotton seed 240 lbs. floats, S48 lbs. green cotton seed. 4240 lbs. stable manure. . . 240 lbs. acid phosphate, 240 lbs. cotton seed meal. 38 42 371^ 42 64 o4Vo 63 67 53 39 56 58 69 63^ 23 EXPERIMENT MADE BY Mr. WILLIAM MARTIN, Greensboro, Hale County. oil, Sandy Loam; Subsoil, Clay. No conclusions can be made from Mr. Martin's work, as we have only one year's experiment to compare. The following statement shows the results for 139i{. o o 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Pounds Fertilizer per Plot. 6 lbs. nitrate soda 15 lbs. acid phosphate 4 lbs. muriate potash 'So manure \ 6 lbs. nitrate soda, \ 4 lbs muriate potash j 6 lbs. nitrate soda, / 15 lbs. acid phosphat'^ \ 4 lbs. muriate i otash \ 15 lbs. acid phosphate No maiiure j 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs acid phosphate, [ 4 lbs. muriate potash 15 lbs. floats . ( 6 lbs nitrate soda, 1 15 lbs. tioats No manure 53 lbs green cotton seed I 15 lbs. floats, \ 53 lbs. green cotton seed 265 lbs. stable manure. I 15 lbs. acid phosphate, ( 15 lbs cotton seed meal Pounds Fertilizer per Acre. 96 lbs. nitrate soda 240 lbs. acid phosphate 64 lbs. muriate potash No manure j 96 lbs. nitrate soda, ( 64 lbs. muriate potash j 96 lbs. nitrate soda, <24() lbs. acid phosphate. \ 64 lbs. muriate potasc, (240 lbs. acid phosphate. No manure ( 96 lbs. nitrate soda, I 64 lbs. muriate potash, (240 lbs. acid phosphate 240 lbs. floats j 96 lbs nitrate soda, ^240 lbs. floats No manure ... ... 848 lbs. green cotton seed j240 lbs. floats, /S4S lbs. green cotton seed 4240 lbs. stable manure (240 lbs acid phosphate. /240 lbs cotton seed meal Lbs. cotton 1st picking Lbs cotton 2nd picking Lbs. cotton 3rd picking Total yield per Plot 30 10 8 48 20 20 4 44 30 10 6 46 16 10 4 30 32 14 6 52 36 32 10 78 68 16 20 104 30 18 8 56 50 20 14 84 52 16 16 84 32 10 12 54 42 16 8 66 6S 16 12 96 34 8 10 52 28 14 6 48 3ti 12 10 58 ^ a? O H 768 704 736 480 832 1248 1664 896 1344 1344 864 1056 1536 832 768 928 24 EXPERIMENT MADE BY J. W. MIZE, Remlap, Blount County. Soil, Red Sandy; Subsoil, Sticky, Mineral Nature. In the experiments made by Mr. Mize nothing is gained by the use of potash. In 1891 plot No. G gave 144 pounds more than plot No. 9, and plot 16 gave 176 pounds increase over plot No. 9, while in 1892 plot No. 9 gives an increase of 8 pounds over plot No. 6 and 98 pounds over plot No. 16. These results are conflicting, and no conclusion can be drawn. Floats, as in plots No. 11 and 14, gave same yield in 1891, while in 1892 floats, with green cotton seed, give an increase of 224 pounds over nitrate of soda with floats. c o Lbs Fertilizer Per Plot. Lbs. Fertilizer Per Acre. Cotton picking Cotton picking. Cotton picking. 3.2 5 = l-J-M 5'2 4 7 2 15 161.; 8 4)^ 7}4 5 ^/2 2 h% 8 4 IG'A 19 10 \2K 15 1„ 6 4 e.'o 1^2 18 20 8 6 8% 3 5 4K 6K 7 6 3}4 4 12 13 15>^ 5K 6 [4}4 17 9 30 13 i^ 01 — < a> o H 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 6 lbs. nitrate soda 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 4 lbs. muriate potash. No manure j 6 lbs. nitrate soda, ( 4 lbs. muriate potash. j 6 lbs. nitrate soda, (15 lbs. acid phosphate, j 4 lbs. muriate potash, \ 15 lbs. acid phosphate. No manure ( 6 lbs. nitrate soda, -! 15 lbs. acid phosphate, ( 4 lbs. muriate potash. 15 lbs. floats .... j 6 lbs. nitrate soda, ( 15 lbs. floats No manure 53 lbs. green cotton seed j 15 lbs. floats, I 53 lbs. green f ntton feed 265 lbs. stable manure.. ^ 15 lbs. acid jihosphate. } 15 lbs. cotton seed meal 96 lbs. nitrate soda 240 lbs. acid phosphate.. 64 lbs. muriate potash. . No manure 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 64 lbs. muriate potash. . 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 240 lbs. acid phosphate. . 64 lbs. muriate potash, 240 lbs. acid phosphate.. No manure 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 64 lbs. muriate potash, 240 lbs. acid phosphate.. 240 lbs. floats 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 240 lbs. floats No manure 848 lbs. green cotton seed 240 lbs. floats, S48 lbs. green cotton seed 4240 lbs. stable manure. . 240 lbs. acid phosphate, 240 lbs. cotton seed meal 13 39)^ 14>^ 17 y 34 12 46 15 14K 14 29 33)^ 40^ 208 632 232 168 280 728 544 192 736 280 240 232 224 464 536 648 25 EXPERIMENT MADE BY W. II. NEWMAN. Repokted by B, M. Duggae, Canebrake Experiment Station, LTniontown, Perry County, The followiug tabulated statement is the result of the experiment as conducted on the Uniontown Experiment Station: P 1^' o ^ S a 2^ T3^ T3 t< d POUXDS OF FkRTILIZE Pounds of Fertilizkr ■4^ •!— « o3 '-5 .a It .P-i (Ih .P^ • Ph ■:3 9. O PER Plot. Per Acre. CO J-g "5 .- o p Ki -jiS l-J IM J« J-?? ^ 1 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda . . . S6 lbs. Nitrate Soda 9 35>^ 17 • • • • 61)4 984 2 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate. . 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate.. 16>..< oi'A •22y> , _ 93A 1496 3 4 lbs. Muriate Potash. . . 64 lbs. Muriate Potash.. . 17 ~ 37J4 19 ' Tsyo 1176 4 No Manure No Manure 14)^ i2H 20X IVA 1240 6 j 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, / 4 lbs. Muriate Potash.. . 90 lbs. Nitrate Soda, *"^^i; 64 lbs. Muriate Potash.. . H^A 30 14 oSA 936 6 \ 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, U5 lbs. Acid Phosphate. . 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate.. 13>2 24K ll>^ , , idA 792 7 U lbs. Muriate Potash, (15 lbs. Acid Phosphate . 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 6A 24)^ 9 40 640 8 No Manure No Manure 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 9 31 21 ^0 960 ( 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, ■<15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, ( 4 lbs. Muriate Potash. . 9 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, "240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. . 12 321/2 21 65>^ 1048 10 15 lbs. Floats 240 lbs. Fioats 15 24)^ 10>^ 50 800 11 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, • ^ • fc 15 lbs. Floats 240 lbs. Floats 14 25K 8 47 A 760 12 No Manure No Manure 18 .9 " 13 60 960 13 53 lbs. Green CottonSeed 848 lbs. Green CottonSeed 12 24)^ 7 43)^ 696 14 115 lbs. Floats, 240 lbs. Floats, ]53 lbs. Green CottonSeed S48 lbs. Green CottonSeed 15 31X 8/2 55 880 15 265 lbs. Stable Manure 4,240 lbs. Stable Manure 13 •-^3>^ 4>^ 41 656 16 jl5 lbs. Acid Phosphate, )l5 1hR. Cotton Seed Meal 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 240 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal. 15 17 3^ 353^ 56H 26 EXPERIMENT MADE BY J. P. OLIVER, Dadeville, Tallapoosa County. Soil, Gray Sandy; Subsoil, Clay. In Mr. Oliver's experiments for the two years the indications are that his soil is deficient in the three main elements of plant food. Id 1891 plot No. 9 gave best results, and in 1892 plots No. 9 and 16 gave the same yield. Floats with green cotton seed gave best re- sults in 1891, while floats and nitrate of soda gave best results in 1892. a ^ 3 U 0.5 a 6f ig -1-9 3-2 1" d Pounds Fertilizers per Pounds Fertilizer per 2^ o o o Ph Plot. Acre. 9?T5 _5 CO X) — 1 — f3 O H 1 6 lbs. nitrate soda. . 9B lbs. nitrate soda 0 5 3 'A% 232 2 15 lbs. acid phosphate 240 lbs. acid phosphate 7 3 5 3 IS 2^8 3 4 lbs. muriate potash 64 lbs muriate potash 0 4 3.i^ 8 I5>^ 248 4 No manure No manure 0 1 •> 8 11 176 5 j 6 Ihs nitrate soda, 4 lbs. muriate potash 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 64 lbs. muriate potash 0 3 2}i 9 14>^ 232 6 j 6 lbs. nitrate s^ 6 41>^ 664 14 (15 lbs. floats. 240 lbs. floats, (53 lbs. green cot. seedi848 lbs. green cotton seed 12 16 8)^ 4 401^ 648 15 265 lbs. stable manure 4240 lbs. stable manure 18 23 %% 3 m% 808 16 15 lbs. acid phosphate 15 lbs. cot. seed meal. 240 lbs. acid phosphate, 240 lbs. cotton seed meal 22 22 6 2 52 832 27 EXPERIMENT MADE BY J. C. OTT, Florence, Lauderdale County. Soil, Grey and Gravelly; Suhsoil, Clay. No experiment was reported by Mr. Ott for 1891. Conclusions cannot be drawn from one year's work. The following statement shows results for 1892. 1 c 1.1 1.1 o ^ T3 O ^^ 6 Pounds Fertilizer Pounds Feriilizer c J2 c '^ 0'r5 a'^ 01 Ph .2-^ -M o PER Plot. Per Acre. .a. T: 'Ji.2 Ph OJ _ 5 ^ c3 p< ^ Ji2 5 = -J(M 3^ J? o H 3 1 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda fl6 lbs. Nitrate Soda 12 12 16 10 50 S>iO 2 15 lbs. Acid Phns . . 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 12 10 12 8 42 672 3 4 lbs. Muriate Potash 64 lbs. Muriate Potash. 8 10 14 8 40 640 4 No Manure No Manure .... 6 8 12 8 34 544 5 5 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda. / 4 lbs. Muriate Potash 64 lbs. Muriate Potash 10 14 14 10 48 768 6 j 6 lbs. Nitrate S.nla, ! % lbs. Nitrate Soda, (15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 2-l() lt)s. Acid Pho'^phate. 18 16 20 12 66 1058 7 j 4 lbs. Muriate Potash^ 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, (15 lbs. Acid Phosphat. ,'2-10 lbs. Acid Phos|)liate. 14 14 14 10 52 832 8 No Manure. ( 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, . No Manure. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 10 10 12 8 40 640 9 ■^15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 64 lbs Muriate Potash, ( 4 lbs. Muriate Potash 24il lbs. Acid Phosphate 18 18 22 14 72 1132 10 15 lbs. Floats 240 lbs. Floats 10 10 16 10 46 736 1] ( 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 96 lb,-*. Nitrate Soda, (15 lbs. Floats 240 lbs. Floats 12 12 22 10 56 896 15; No Manure . . . No Manure 8 8 14 8 38 608 13 53 1bs. Green Cot. Seed 848 Uis. (Treen Cot. Seed 14 18 18 12 62 992 14 il5 lbs. Floats, 240 lbs. Floats, ^53 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 848 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 12 12 14 10 48 76S 15 265 lbs. Stable Manure |42401bs. Stable Manure. 12 10 16 10 48 768 IR I'lS lbs Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate (15 lbs. Cot. Seed M^al,240 lbs. Cot Seed Meal 18 18 12 10 58 928 28 EXPERIMENT MADE BY J. W. PITTS, Creswell Station, Shelby County. Soil, Thin Brown or Mulatto; Subsoil, Stiff Clay. In this experiment it is clearly shown in two years' results that potash is not needed in this soil. Comment seems unnecessary. In 1891 plot No. 6 gave an increase over plot No. 9 of 48 pounds, and plot 16 gave 112 pounds more than plot No. 9, In 1S92 plot No. C gave 208 pounds more than plot No. 9, and plot No. 16 gave 192 pounds more than plot No. 9. These are not large amounts, but they are hard facts, and Mr. Pitts is wasting money when he buys potash for his soil. Floats with green cotton seed give best results in 1891, while floats with nitrate of soda give an increase in 1892. o •-, a c 4^ 2.2 6 Pounds Fertilized per Pounds Feutilizer pfr n .2^ !2 1 !< Plot. Acre. a; p. « Q. o p. 0 r'l -^^ il it DO'P 0^ s ^ rA^ ^CO H rH 1 G lbs. nitrate soda . . . 96 lbs. nitrate sod^ . . . 9 10 9 28 448 2 15 lbs. acid phosphate. . 240 lbs. acid phosphate.. 29 21 10 60 960 3 4 lbs. muriate potash. . 64 lbs. muriate potash 7 10 11 28 448 4 No manure No manure 96 lbs. nitrate soda 2 7 4 13 208 5 j 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 1 4 lbs. muriate potash. 64 lbs, muriate potash 2 3 6 11 176 6 i 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 96 lbs. nitrate soda. (15 lbs. acid phosphate. '-' to lbs. acid phosphate . 35 17 5 57 912 / i 4 lbs. muriate potash, 61 lbs. muriate potash, # ]15 lbs. acid phosphate. 250 lbs. acid phosphate 21 13 5 33 624 8 No manure No manure 96 lbs. nitrate soda. 3 3 4 10 160 i 6 lbs, nitrate soda, < 15 lbs. acid phosphate, 9 64 lbs. muriate potash. ( 4 lbs. muriate potash 210 lbs. acid phosphate . 28 13 3 44 704 10 15 lbs. floats 240 lbs. floats 13 9 5 27 432 11 i 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 1 15 lbs. floats 240 lbs. floats 23 14 7 44 7C4 12 No manure No manure 5 4 4 13 208 13 53 lbs. preen cotton seed 848 lbs, green cotton seed 8 6 6 20 320 14 i]5 lbs. floats. 240 lbs. floats, 1 X^ ijo3 lbs. green cotton seed S48 lbs. green cotton seed 17 13 8 38 608 15 265 lbs. stable manure. . 4240 lbs. stable manure 46 25 8 79 1364 16 jl5 lbs. acid phosphate. 240 lbs, acid phosphate. |15 Ibscotton seed raeal.| 240 lbs. cotton seed meal 41 12 3 56 896 29 EXPERIMENT MADE BY S. A. PRUITT, Chess, Pike County. Soil, Light Sandy; Suh-soil, Bed and Yellow Sandy. The best results in this experiment for the two years are from plot 16 — cotton seed meal with acid phosphate. Plot No. 9, com- plete fertilizer, gave a marked increase over plot No. 6 for each year, and the indications are that the soil is deficient in the three main elements of plant food. Floats with green cotton seed give a decided increase over floats with nitrate of soda for the two years o 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Pounds Fertilizer Per Plot. •I fi lbs. nitrate soda . . 15 lbs. acid phosphate 4 lbs. muriate potash . No manure. 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 4 lbs. muriate potash 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 4 lbs. murate potash, 15 lbs. acid phosphate. No manure 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs acid phosphate, 4 lbs. muriate potash 15 lbs. floats 6 lbs. nitrate soda, 15 lbs. floats No manure 53 Ibs^green cotton seed 15 lbs", floats, 53 lbs. green cotton seed 265 lbs. Stable manure. . 1 15 lbs. acid phosphate, \ 15*lbs. cotton seed meal Pounds Fertilizer Per Acre. a 2 u. A- 06 lbs. nitrate soda . . 240 lbs. acid phosphate 64 lbs. muriate potash No manure. j 96 lbs. nitrate soda, \ 64 lbs. muriate potash S 96 lbs. nitrate soda, (240 lbs. acid phosphate ( 64 lbs. muriate potash, 1240 lbs. acid phosphate No manure ( 96 lbs. nitrate soda, -j 64 lbs. muriate potash, (240 lbs. acid phosphate 240 lbs. floats j 96 lbs. nitrate soda, (240 lbs. floats No manure. 848 lbs. green cotton seed j€401bs. floats, (S48 lbs. green cotton seed 4240 lbs. stable manure.. j240 lbs. acid phosphate, (240 lbs. cotton seed meal 24 40 28 28 30 40 28 32 52 36 40 32 36 40 52 56 A a O M CO 14 40 14 16 18 £2 12 12 24 18 22 12 22 30 28 28 2* a> o o P- H "3 o ai H a, 38 80 42 44 48 62 40 44 76 54 62 44 58 70 80 84 008 1280 672 704 703 992 6-10 704 1216 864 992 704 928 1120 1280 1344 30 EXPERIMENT MADE BY J. H. RADNEY, Roanoke, Randolph County. Soil, Sandy Loam i Subsoil, Clay. Results of Mr. Radnej's experiments are so conflicting that fur- ther work will have to be done before any conclusions can be drawn. His best results in 1891 are from plot No. 6, nitrate of soda with acid phosphate; while in 1892, plot No. 9, complete fertilizer, gives 136 pounds more than plot No, 6, and plot 16 gives an increase of 398 pounds over plot No. 6. Where floats with nitrogen are com- pared, floats with nitrate of soda give best results in 1891, while floats with green cotton seed give best results in 1892. o Pounds Fertilizer Per Pounds Fertilizer Per cotton ■king cotton icking ■" c §61 o ^ 2^ 2 ^ Plot. Acre. -At. ^ ^ ^ A m Oh "7? *- o 5-0 35 c3 O 0) 5 Q-A CO ■* H H O. 1 6 lbs. nitrate soda 96 lbs. nitrate soda 2 5 6 2 15 240 2 15 lbs. acid pbosphate 240 lbs. acid phosphate 10 12 14 3 39 624 3 4 lbs. muriate potash 64 lbs. muriate potash 3 6 5 2 16 256 4 No manure No manure. 2 4 6 1 13 208 5 j 6 lbs. nitrate soda, ( 4 lbs muriate potash i)« lbs. nitrate soda, 64 lbs. muriate potash 2 5 8 2 17 272 6 j 6 lbs nitrate soda, 115 lbs. acid phosphate 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 240 lbs. acid phosphate 16 15 10 2>^ ^^y- 696 ^ j 4 lbs. murate potash, (15 lbs. acid phosphate 64 lbs. muriate potash. / 240 lbs. acid phosphate 6 8 12 1 •11 432 8 No manure. ( 6 lbs. nitrate soda, No manure 96 lbs nitrate soda. 1 4 7 2 16 256 9 < 15 lbs acid phosphate, 64 lbs, muriate potash. ( 4 lbs. muriate potash 240 llis acid phosphate 13 20 18 1 52 832 10 15 lbs. floats- 240 lbs. floats 2 4 3 2 11 176 11 j 6 lbs. nitrate soda, • ] 15 lbs. floats 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 210 lbs floats 9 12 8 3 32 512 12 No manure No manure. 1 5 4 2 12 192 13 53 lbs. green cot. seed. 848 lbs. green cotton seed , , . . . 14 j 15 lbs. floats, ( 53 lbs. green cot. seed 240 lbs. floats. S4s lbs. green cotton seed 17 15 10 3 45 720 15 265 lbs stable manure 1240 lbs. stable manure. . . . • . 16 j 151bs.acidphs'phate, ( 15 lbs. cot. seed meal. 240 lbs. acid phosphate, 240 lbs. cotton seed meal 23 25 20 1 69 1094 31 EXPERIMENT MADE BY W. H. SELLERS. Geneva, Geneva County. Soil, Sandy; Subsoil, Bed Clay and Sa7id. The indications are, from results of two years' experiments by Mr. Sellers, that his soil is deficient in the three main elements of plant food, as plot No. 9 gives best results for the two years' work. No comparison can be made as to floats with nitrogen. No results having been reported from floats and green cotton seed in- 1891. o o 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Pounds of Fertilizer PER ACKK. Pounds of Fkrtilizer Per Plot. 3 tx 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda.. . 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 4 lbs. Muriate Potash No Manure S 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, I 4 lbs. Muriate Potash U6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, ( 5 lbs. Acid Phosphate j 4 lbs. Muriate Potash, (15 lbs. Acid Phosphate No Manure. . . . . ( 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, "1 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, ( 4 lbs. Muriate Potash 15 lbs. Floats . j 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, |15 lbs. Floats No Manure 53 lbs. Green Cot. Seed jl5 lbs Floats, ]53 lbs. Gre^^n Cot. See 265 lbs. Stable Manure (15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 715 lbs. Cot'n Seed Meal 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda. . . 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. 64 lbs. Muriate Potash . No Manure 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash. . 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. . No Manure 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate 240 lbs. Floats 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 240 lbs. Floats No Manure S4S lbs. Green Cotton Seed 240 lbs. Floats, S48 lbs. Green Cotton Seed 4,240 lbs Stable Manure . 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 240 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal -^•=o-^ >»^ — I* o 22 .2§ c3 &i 8',, 18 13 9 13 26 21 81-0 28 13 17 9 13 17 17 17^2 136 288 208 144 208 416 336 136 448 208 272 144 208 272 272 280 32 EXPERIMENT MADE BY T. A. SNUGGS. Holly Pond, Cullman County. Soil, Sandy and Gravelly ; Subsoil, Yelloiv Sandy. The two years work of Mr. Snuggs clearly shows that his soil is deficieut in the three main elements of plant food, as plot No. 9 gave a large increase over everything for the two years, when floats with nitrogen are compared. Floats with green cotton seed give best results for each year. 0.5 a u O £ 0 G .4J 6 Pounds Fertilizers per Pounds Fertilizer per O O O O 0 0 >1 u ■r< ^ Plot. Acre. "•p. ^■p. ^•a — OJ — a* o ^7. 03 73 03 P- 0 =3 &, 0 P-i -1 16 _5U.. H H 1 6 lbs. nitrate soda — 96 lbs. nitrate soda . . 15 Q'A My^ 600 2 15 lbs. acid phosphate. 240 lbs. acid phosphate. 22 L7K 6 iby 728 3 4 lbs. muriate potash 61 lbs. muriate potash. 121^ 16>i 10>^ 39i.> 632 4 No manure No manure 13 16i.. II iO'A 648 r j 6 lbs. nitrate soda, ( 4 lbs. muriate potash. < 96 lbs. nitrate soda, 0 ] 64 lbs. muriate potash. 12>^ 19 14 451/0 728 G j 6 lbs. nitrate soda, ( 15 lbs. acid phosphate. i 96 lbs. nitrate soda, '|240 lbs. acid phosphate. 51 23 sy. 623- 1000 f. j 4 lbs. muriate potash, { 15 lbs. acid phosphate. i 64 lbs. muriate potash, (240 lbs. acid phosphate. 28 231^ sy 60 960 h No manure No manure liU 18 9W, 12 672 ( 6 lbs., nitrate soda, i 96 lbs. nitrate soda. {) 15 lbs. acid phosphate. < 64 lbs. muriate potash, 4 lbs. muriate potash. (240 lbs. acid phosphate. S2y. 231-^ 9K 60>2 1048 10 15 lbs. floats j 6 lbs. nitrate soda, I 15 lbs. floats 240 lbs. floats 14 17 9 40 640 11 j 96 lbs. nitrate soda, (HO lbs. floats 131^ 25K 17 17 12 59 421^ 944 ^? No manure No manure 680 13 53 lbs. green cotton seed 848 lbs. green cotton seed 18 " n 10 49 784 14 i 15 lbs. floats, ( 53 lbs. green cotton seed <240 1bs. floats, ^848 lbs green cotton seed 16 2034 14 'mi 808 15 265 lbs. stable manure 4240 lbs. stable manure 50 24X- 10>^ 65 1040 16 j 15 lbs. acid phosphate, 1 15 lbs. cotton seed meal 240 lbs. acid phosphate, i 240 Ib'^. cotton .seed meal 20 iSio 11 49 H 792 33 EXPERIMENT MADE BY Mr. Z. T. STROUD, Aberfoil, Bullock Coui^ty. Soil, Light Gray; Sub-soil, Clay. It is clearly shown by the results of two year's experiments by Mr. Stroud that his soil is different in the three main elements of plant food as plot No. 9 give best results for two years. When floats with nitrogen are compared, floats with green cotton seed give best results for the two years. o -1-3 c 51 Pounds of Fertilizer Per Plot. Pounds of Fertilizer PER Acre. 2.S o c> o c — < Ci — J ^t !H.2 -a- O o 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ] (\ lbs. Nitrate Soda. . 1 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 3 4 lbs. Muriate Potash... 4f No Manure.. j 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, \ 4 lbs. Muriate Potash S 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, \ 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate. j 4 lbs. Muriate Putash, ( 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate. No Manure i 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, \ 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate, ( 4 lbs. Muriate Potash. 15 lbs. Floats i 6 lbs. Nitrate Soda, ] 15 lbs. Floats No Manure . . 53 lbs. Green Cot. Seed j 15 lbs. Floats. \ 53 lbs. Green Cot. Seed 265 lbs. Stable Manure. < 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate 1 15 lbs. Cot. Seed Vleal. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. . 64 lbs. Muriate Potash.. No Manure.. 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 64 lbs. Muriate Potash. . 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 240 lbs. Acid Pho.sphate. 64 lbs. Muiiate Potash, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate. . No Manure 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda. 64 lbs. Muriate Potash, 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate.. .MO lbs. Floats 96 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 240 lbs Floats No Manure . . S48 lbs. Gret-n Cotton Seed 240 lbs. Floats, S48 lbs. Green Cotton Seed 4.240 lbs. Stable Manure 240 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 240 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal. 9 4 13 8 2 10 9 5 14 6 1 7 19 9 28 15 2 17 16 8 24 5 2% ')'. 31 9 40 0^2 1 7>^ 8 1 9 6 1 7 20 2 22 20 2 22 24 3 27 18 2 20 208 160 224 112 448 272 384 120 610 120 144 112 352 352 432 34 Summary. Thirtv-six reports were received by this station from forty-two experiments begun in 1891, and twenty-five out of thirty-six re- ported results in 1892, from which the following is gathered by comparing results for two years: Seven of these soils are deficient in the three main elements of plant food, and are benefited by the use of a complete fertili- zer, as in plot No. 9, while eight of them are not deficient in pot- ash as is shown by the increased yield of plot No. 6, nitrogen and phosphoric acid, over plot No. 9, complete fertilizer. In the balance of the experiments results are too confiicting for any conclusions to be drawn. FLOATS WITH NITROGEN. It will be found by comparing results of floats and nitrate of soda with floats and green cotton seed for two years, that only in one experiment has nitrate of soda with floats given best results^ while fourteen give best results to floats with green cotton seed and the balance of the results are conflicting. It will be seen from the foregoing that floats with green cotton seed give best result sand the thought is suggested that as nitrate of soda is more easily leached from the soil and more readily taken up by the plant, the supply. of nitrogen is exhausted in an earlier state of the plant's growth, but the opposite conditions existing in green cotton seed, the nitrogen, being less available, gives the support to the plant during the entire growing season and thus coming in contact with the floats for a greater length of time makes them more available. Bulletin IVo. 43, : : : May, 1893. Agricultural Experiment Station -OF THE- Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN, : : ALABAMA. EYB DISEASES OF DOiMESTIC ANIMALS, By C. A. GARY. Tlie Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All comtnunications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. TKK BROWN PRINTtNG CO., STATB PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, At,A. BOARD OF VISITORS. COMMITTEE OP TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. TIoN. J. G. Gilchrist Hope Hull. Hon. R. F. Ligon Montgomery. Hon. H. Clay Armstrong. Auburn. Wm. LeKoy Broun President. A. J. Bondurant Agriculturist. N. T. Lupton Chemist. P. H. Mell Botanist and Meteorologist. J. M. Stedman ' Biologist. C. A. C ary, D. V. M Veterinarian. ASSISTANTS: James Clayton Assistant Horticulturist. A. F. Cory* Assistant Agriculturist. J. T. Anderson, Ph. D First Assistant Chemist. L, W. Wilkinson, M. Sc Second Assistant Chemist. F. A. Lupton, M. Sc Third Assistant Chemist. R. F. Hare, B. Sc Fourth Assistant Chemist. G. S. Clark Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. * In charge of Soil-Tests. CONTENTS. I. Anatomy of the Horse's Eye II. Diseases of the Eye Lids • III. Diseases of the Haw or Membrana Nictitans IV. Diseases of the Lachrymal or Tear Apparatus V. Diseases of the Tissues surrounding the Eye-ball and in the Orbital Cavity VI. Diseases of the Conjunctiva YII. Diseases of the Cornea VIII. Diseases of the Iris IX. Cataract — Opacity of the Lens X. Amaurosis— Paralysis of the Retina and Optic Nerve XI. Glaucoma — Disease of the Vitreous Humor XII. Hydropthalmus— Excess of Water in the Aqueous Humor. . XIII. Dislocation of the Eye Ball— Exopthalmus XIV. Animal Parasites of the Eye ■ XV. Strabismus — Squinting — Cross-Eye XVI. Causes of Indistinct Vision and Shying XVII. Periodic Opthalmia — ^loonblindness XVIII. Methods of Examining the Eyes XIX. Appendix — Reports of Diseases, etc PAGE. 5-14 14-19 19-20 20-21 21 22-25 25-37 37-40 40-44 44-46 46-47 48 48^9 49-51 51 51-53 54-70 70-76 77-79 EEEATA. Page 6, line 7 of ex23lauation of fig. 1, for "equeous " read aqueoiis. Page 6, line 13 of explanation of fig. 1, for "samal" read small. Page 10, lines 22, 24, 32 for "agueous" read aqueous. Page 11, line 1 for "agneous" read aqueous. Page 11, lines 23, 28 for "vitrions" read vitreous. Page 11, line 33 for "Membrane" read 3Iemhrana. Page 12, line 19 for "membrane" read meiribrana. Page 15, line 4 for "Costic" read Caustic. Page 15, line 13 for "sticlies" read stitches. Page 17, line 10 for "congested" read congested. Page 21, line 31 for "incision" read excision. Page 23, line 14 for "diptlieretic" read diptheritic. Page 23, line 15 for "conjunctivitas" and "fallicular" read conjun cti vitis and follicular. Page 27, line 18 for "congested" read congested. Page 29, line 3 for "agueous" read aqueous. Page 30, line 2 for "conjested" read congested. Page 30, line 6 for "is" read are. Page 43, line 1 of explanation of fig. 13, for "Luxuration" read Luxation. Page 48, line 17 for "Exotlialmus" read Exopthalnms, Page 50, line 4 after "is" insert _/b?m(i. Page 59, line 10 for "Wallach" read Willach. Page 63, line 2 for "appearances" read appearance. Page 64, line 12 for "attscks" read attacks. ANATOMY OF THE HORSE'S EYE. [When reading note the location of the parts of the eye as illustrated in Fig. 1.] Tlie eyeball or globe is a spherical shell whose interior is filled with liquid or semi-liquid parts, called the humors or refractiug media of the eye. The wall or shell of the eye is formed by three distinct coats — the external, the middle and the internal. The outer or external coat is divided into two distinct parts — the sclerotica and the cornea. The sclerotic is a very tough, white membrane, forming about four-fifths of the outer coat of the eye. The muscles that move the eyeball are attached to the back part and the outer surface of the sclerotica. Its internal surface is loosely • united to the middle or choroid coat of the eye by small blood vessels, nerves and loose fibrous tissue. In front, the sclerotica shows an elliptical opening with its greatest diam- eter from side to side and shortest diameter from above to below; the edge or border of this opening is bevelled on the inner side, and the cornea fits in it as the watch crystal fits in the watch case. The sclerotic is well supplied with blood vessels and nerves, and a little below the middle of the back part, the optic nerve passes through it and the choroid to form the retina or in- ternal coat. The cornea is a very transparent membrane forming the anterior part (about one-fifth) of the external coat of the eye. Its outline is elliptical, like the opening it closes. It consists, from without to within, of the following layers: The external layer is the conjunctival epithelium spread over the outer surface of the cornea; in some animals this 6 layer is not separated from the middle layer by a thin elastic limitary membrane, called Bowman's membrane. Fig. 1. Diagramatic Section of the Horse's Eye (after D'Arboval) showing the relative position of the various parts. In reading the description of the anatomy of the eye frequent reference should be made to this cut. a, Optic nerve ; b, Sclerotic ; c, Choroid ; (J, Retina ; e, Cornea ; /, Iris ; g, h, Ciliary circle, (or ligament) and processes given off by the choroid though represented as isolated from it, in order to indicate their limits more clearly ; i, insertion of the ciliary processes on the crys- talline lens ; ;, Crystalline lens ; k, Crystalline capsule ; I, Vitreous body ; to, n, Anterior and posterior chambers ; o. Theoretical indica- tion of the membrane of the equeous humour ; p, p, Tarsi ; g, g, Fib- rous membrane of the eyelids ; r. Elevator muscle of the upper eyelid ; s, s, Orbicularis muscle of the eyelids ; t, t, Skin of the eyelids ; u, Con- junctiva ; V, Epidermic layer of this membrane covering the Cornea ; X, Posterior rectus muscle ; y, Superior rectus muscle ; z, Inferior rec- tus muscle ; to, Fibrous sheath of the orbit (or orbital membrane) ; 1, Section of orbital arch ; 2, Lachrymal gland ; 3, Section of samal oblique muscle. The middle layer is the principal and the thickest part of the cornea; it is fibrous, tough, unyielding and continu- ous, with the sclerotic; its external surface, in most animals is covered with Bowman's elastic limitary membrane and its inner surface is separated from the internal layer of the cornea by Descemet's elastic limitary membrane. The internal layer is composed of a single layer of many sided cells which contain large neuclei. The cornea has but few blood vessels. The vessels form loops around its border, and in the sheep they advance to the middle of its surface. The middle coat of the eyeball consists of the choroid, the ciliary processes and the iris. The choroid is a thin, vascular, dark colored membrane, spread over the inner surface of the sclerotic, investing the posterior four-fifths of the eyeball, and terminating, in front, at the ciliary ligament; there bending inward to form the ciliary processes. The choroid is divided into two zones or unequal parts by the ora serrata — a zigzag line that corresponds to the point where the retina changes its character or near the anterior border of the retina. The posterior zone or part, in the horse, is not uaiform in color, being perfectly black in the lower part; this is abruptly terminated at a horizontal line that passes about one-eighth of an inch above the place where the optic nerve passes through the sclerotic and choroid. From this line on the segment of a circle from two to three-fifths of an inch in height it shows most bril- liant colors: at first blue, then an azure-blue, afterwards a brownish blue, and after this the remainder of the eye is oc- cupied by an intense black. The bright portion, or upper half of the choroid is the fapetum. The anterior zone or ciliary part of the choroid includes the ciliary ligament and the ciliary body. The ciliary muscle circle or ligament is a gravish circular band of uustriped muscular fibres about one-sixteenth of an inch broad; the fibres are radial and cir- cular, the former arises from the junction of the cornea and sclerotic to pass back to the choroid opposite the ciliary pro- cesses; the latter are internal and pursue a circular course around the place of attachment of the iris. 8 By the contractions of this muscle, it plays an important part in accommodating or adjusting the eye to the perception of objects at different distances. The ciliary body forms a ring which overlaps before and behind the ciliary muscle and lies between the choroid and iris, or rather it connects the choroid to the iris. The ciliary processes consist of 110 to 120 radiating folds formed by the plaiting and folding inward of the choroid at its anterior margin; these are received between the corres- ponding folds of the suspensory ligament of the lens. The dark color of the choroid is due to the coloring mat- ter, pigment in the cellular or internal layer of this mem- brane. The pigment absorbs the rays of light which pass through the retina and thus prevents their becomiog re- flected and confusing the vision. The brilliant metallic col- ored tapetum is generally observed in nocturnal animals (horse, etc.), and especially in the carnivora. It is believed that by reflecting rays of light a second time through the retina, it gives the animal a clearer and better vision at night. This is the cause of the glare or "balls of fire" perceived in the eyes of the cat and other carnivora in the dark. Fig. 2. Normal Horses Eye (after Goubaux and Barrier). The iris is elliptical in shape like the cornea; it is a thin, perforated, contractile curtain, suspended behind the cornea in the aqueous humor, in front of the crystalline lens, form- ing the anterior portion of the middle coat of the eyeball; it is composed of radiating and circular muscular fibres and a fibrous frame work. Its anterior surface is covered by a layer of polyhedral cells on a fine basement membrane; its posterior face is opposite the lens and ciliary processes, and is covered by a thick layer of pigment called the uvea; loose predunculated portions of this pigmented layer may project through the pupillary aperture ; they most frequently project from the superior border of the pupil and extend into the an- terior part of the aqueous chamber, where they are known as "soot balls" or corpora nigra. These black, spongy masses may obstruct the passing of the light into .the eye, but if they are small, little harm is done by them. These "soot balls" are brovvuish black aud arelargar wheu along the upper border of the pupil than when at the lower border. The color of the eye depends upon the quantity of pigment in the uveal layer of the iris. In man, the color of the iris varies with the different individuals; while in the horse it is generally of a brownish yellow hue; sometimes, however, it is nearly white or bright gray— the animal possessing such eyes is said to hd '^vall eye 1." The aperture or elliptical central opening in the iris forms the pupil, which is expanded Of enlarged when the radial muscular fibres of the iris con- tract ; and it is contracted or decreased in size when the cir- cular muscular fibres contract. Strong sunlight produces contraction of the pupil ; while weak light or darkness causes the pupil to expand. The internal coat of the eyeball or shell is the retina. It lies on the inner surface of the choroid to which it loosely adheres. This most essential, delicate, grayish, transparent, nervous membrane is thicker behind than in front, aud extends as far 10 forward as the ciliary body, terminating in a ragged edge — called the oi^a serraia. The retina is formed by the expan- sion of the optic nerve ; the nervous elements are imbedded in and spread over a fibrous frame-work. At the point of entrance of the optic nerve is found, on the retina, a small oval elevation, known as optic puinlla. From its centre and its border emerge and radiate the blood vessels of the retina. This disc or elevation is the only portion of the retina where the sense of vision is wanting, and is, in con- sequence, called the hlind spot. In the exact centre of the retina posteriorly corresponding to the axis of the eye, is a triangular yellow space called the macula liitea — the spot where vision is most distinct and perfect. The extreme complexity in the arrangement of the nervous elements of the retina may be partially comprehended by the fact that they are divided into ten different microscopic layers. These various nervous elements receive the impression of the in- verted image or picture of the object or objects in the field of vision and the optic nerve conveys this impression or per- ception to the brain. The humors or semiliquids of the eye are the Agueous Humor, the Vitreous Humor and the Crystalline Lens. The agueous humor is a watery liquid that is found in the small chambers in front and behind the iris. It is secreted by Descemet's membrane, which lines the chambers containing the humor. This humor maintains the convexity of the cornea, facilitates movements of the iris and the lens, and, to some extent, assists in the refraction of the light passing through it to the lens and the retina. If by surgical operation, accident or disease, this humor is permitted to escape from the agueous chambers, it is rapidly regenerated. The crystalline lens is a double convex, clear, semi-solid body, and lies behind the pupil with its anterior surface 11 immersed in the agueous humor and its posterior face im- bedded in the vitrious. The suspensory ligament extends from its periphery to the ciliary body and thus assists in holding the lens in posi- tion and establishes a union between it and the ciliary muscle. The lens is enveloped by an elastic capsule very like Descemet's layer of the cornea. The proper tissue of the lens is arranged in concentric layers that under the mi- croscope are found to be composed of fibres; the external layers of the lens are almost liquid, but they gradually in- crease in hardness toward the center. The lens receives neither blood vessels nor nerves; it absorbs its nutriment from its capsule through a delicate layer of cells on its surface. The anterior surface of the lens is flatter or less convex than its posterior surface. By the contraction of the ciliary muscle the convexity of the lens is changed and the degree of refraction varies; thus the eye is adjusted for, or made to accommodate itself to, different distances. The chief use of the lens is to refract (change the direction of or bend) the rays of light, which enter the eye. It causes the rays to converge or unite or focus upon the retina. The vitrious humor occupies about two-thirds of the in- terior of the eye — all of the cavity of the eye behind the crystalline lens. It is transparent, colorless, jelly-like in consistency and contains a few embryonic cells, while its major part is amorphous or without distinct parts. The hyaloid membrane envelopes the vitrious mass and is in contact externally with the retina and the posterior convex surface of the lens. This humor assists in the refraction of light. If it escapes, it is not regenerated. The accessory organs of the eye are the Orbital Cavity, the Muscles of the Eye, the Eye Lids, the Membrane Nicti- tans and the Lachrymal Apparatus. The orbital cavity is situated at the side of the head, near 12 the union of the cranium and face; it has the form of a long and fibrous cone open at the base or in front, with the optic nerve entering the small foramen at its apex or back part. The muscles of the eye are seven in number: the posterior, the superior, the inferior, the external, the internal, the superior great oblique and the inferior small oblique. These muscles all lie in the orbital cavity behind the eyeball; their posterior ends are attached to bony walls of the posterior part of the orbital cavity ; while their anterior ends are attached to the surface of the sclerotic — each one to that part of the sclerotic surface indicated by its special name. The eyeball is turned upward, downward, outward, inward, etc., according the contraction of one of these special mus- cles. If the internal muscle is stronger or shorter than the external the eye is turned inward, and if held in that relative position constantly the condition of "cross eye" is pro- duced. The protective organs of the eye are the eye lids and the membrane uictitaus. The eyelids are two movable curtains covering and protecting the front of the eye. They are at- tached by their external borders to the rim of the bony orbit: their external surfaces are covered by the skin ; their internal faces are moulded on the anterior surface of the eye, and are lined by the conjunctiva — a mucous membrane which is also reflected above and below on the eyeball — (the conjunctiva is very sensitive and vascular and is painfully irritated by small seeds, particles of dirt, etc., that may get "into the eye"). The framework of the lids is formed by a fibrous plate attached to the orbital rim and terminating at the free border of each lid by a small tendinous arch called the tarsus. Attached to the outer surface of this fibrous plate, common to both lids, is the orbicular or sphincter muscle of the eyelids, which by its contraction "closes the eye" or brings the free borders of the eyelids together. The elevator muscle pulls the superior lid upward, and the lower lid drops 13 when the orbicular muscle ceases to contract; thus the eye is opened. On the outer part of the free border of the upper lid are large eye lashes — but the lashes of the lower lid are fewer in number and smaller. On the inner part of the free border of each lid are little oil glands which lubricate the free mar- gins of the lids and keep them from growing together or adhering to one another during sleep. The membrana nictitans, third eyelid, the "haw," or the eye washer," is placed at the inner angle of the eye; its framework is a fibro-cartilage, elastic and irregular in shape, thick at its back part, and thin at its anterior or free part, which is covered by the conjunctiva. This lid is continued behind by a strong, fatty cushion, which insinuates itself between all the muscles of the eye. This lid is moved over the anterior surface of the eyeball to remove dust particles, small seeds, etc. It has no special muscle, but is pushed over the eye when the eyeball is drawn backward into the orbital cavity or socket by the posterior muscle of the eye. When this lid is continually drawn, or pushed out, over the eye, as in tetanus, lock jaw, etc., some persons say the horse is affected with the "hooks;" and occasionally the bar- barous treatment of cutting off these protecting and useful lids is practiced. It would be about as sensible to cut off the hands of a man to keep him from rubbing his eye when it becomes irritated by dust, etc. The Lachrymal Apparatus comprises the gland which secretes the tears and the canals which carrv the extra tear fluid to the external openings of the nasal cavity. The lachrymal or tear gland is situated above the eyeball and below the rim of the orbit ; it secretes the tear fluid which is carried to the surface of the eye by little ducts or canals that open in the inner surface of the eyelids. The tears are spread over the eye by the movement of the lids called winking. At the inner or nasal angle of the eye is a little 14 round body, usually black or browu ; it is a fold of the con- junctiva and is designed to direct the tears toward the open- ing, located in each eyelid near the internal angle, by which the tears pass into the lachrymal ducts that carry the super- fluous tears to the lachrymal sack. This tear sack is a little reservoir which receives the tears from the ducts of the upper and lower lids, and passes the tears into the lachrymal canal. The lachrymal canal passes downward and slightly inward, at first through a bony canal, and terminates on the inner surface of the outer wing of the nostril; the opening or orifice of this canal looks as if it were punched out of the tissues and is sometimes mistaken for an ulcer. DISEASES OF THE EYELIDS. TuMOKS of various kinds are occasionally found on the eyelid. The upper lid is a favorite place for warts — diseased, excessive growths of the outer layers of the skin. The ex- citing cause of warty growths is at present thought to be a very minute plant or animal parasite. It is best to excise them with the knife ; or, if small, to snip them off with the scissors, being careful not to cut deeper into the eyelid than the thickness of the skin. After the bleeding has partially ceased and the blood has been wiped away with a clean, moist sponge or cloth, the raw surface may be touched or cauterized with lunar caustic or a small pledged of cotton dipped in strong carbolic acid. Melanotic (black, pigmented) tumors are occasionally found on the eyelids of white horses. If they are small and are removed in the early stage of growth, they are not so liable to return ; but if they involve considerable tissue or are of long existence, they are very liable to return after removal. All small tumors of the eye- lids may be removed in a manner similar to that described for warts. Pedunculated tumors may be ligated by tying a strong 15 cord around the pedicile close to the skin ; if it does not fall off in a few days another strong thread may be tightly tied around it at the same place. Caustic medicines (Lunar Costic or Tri-Chlor- Acetic Acid) may be applied, once every four or five days, until the tumor can be pulled away by the fingers. Care must be taken not to get these caustics into the eye ; it is best not to use caustics except on tumors with large, thick bases that cannot be ligated or excised. t WOUNDS OF THE EYELIDS. These occur through bites, tearing on nails, harness, hooks of snaps, barbs of wire fences and other projecting points, about the stable or stall. If the wound is fresh the edges may be brought together by stiches one-third of an inch apart; ordinary white silk thread may be used. INFLAMMATION OF THE EYELIDS. Various injuries and bruises of the eyelids may occur when a horse is rolling or throwing his head during colic attacks, or other painful diseases; or neighboring tissues may be injured or bruised and the inflammation extend to the eyelids. The writer has repeatedly observed the eyelids of cattle attacked by ringworm, a transmissable parasitic disease of the skin, causing not only inflammation of the eyelids but also of the conjunctiva, extending at times to the cornea. Constitutional diseases (anthrax, Texas fever, purpura) may be attended by swollen and inflamed eyelids. Small wounds may admit germs into the tissues of the eyelids and produce inflammatory swellings. Inflammation, resulting from wounds, bruises, etc., may be reduced by bathing the eye in cold water and applying antiseptic solutions. In ringworm the crusts and scales must be washed and scraped from the skin and then a one per cent, solution of corrosive sublimate may be applied, 16 once per day for three or four days. Other parts of the body and other animals afPected with ringworm must be treated in the same way ; since this parasitic skin disease is transmissible. Inflamed, swollen eyelids from constitutional diseases may be remedied by treating the disease with which they are associated. ENTHROPITM — -FOLDING INWARD OF THE LID, The free margin of the lid is folded in against the eye- ball; generally the entire margin of the lid is rolled inward, but, at times, only that half near the inner or nasal angle of the eye is thus affected. Fig. 3. Entropiam— Folding inward of the lower lid; the eye-lashes and hair rub over the conjunctiva and cornea, when the eye lid or eye-ball is moved, producing inflammation by constant friction. This disease occurs most freqently in the dog but occurs also in the horse, the ox and the sheep. It has been ob- served in some animals at birth ; and, no doubt, a tendency toward this disease is inherited — especially among dogs. Spasmodic contractions of the orbicular muscle that closes the eye, a relaxation or loose condition of the skin and an excessive development of the skin and tarsus of the lid, are said to be prominent factors in producing entropium. Scar tissue — resulting from wounds, ulcers, etc., on the inner surface of the lid — contract, or make tense, the con- 17 juDctiva to such a degree that it pulls the free border of the lid iuvvard; while the contraction of the orbicular muscle (in winkiog) would roll or fold the lid. One or both lids of one or both eyes of the dog may be aflPected; but, as a rule, only the lower lid of one eye in the horse is so diseased. The constant friction, occasioned by the continual rubbing of the eyelashes over the conjunctiva and the cornea, produces great irritation, which, if long con- tinued, results in inflammation. The conjunctiva becomes conjested, light red and slightly swollen; the cornea may be clouded and at times ulcers form on its surface; the tears flow in excess; and the animal constantly attempts to close the eye. As soon as the lid or lids are returned to their normal position, the inflammation, cloudiness, etc., begin to disappear and the eye to retain its normal condition. Treat- ment consists in removing by excision a portion of the re- laxed and loose skin. In the horse a strip of skin, one-fourth to one-half inch broad, is cut away parallel to, and about one- half inch from, the margin of the lid. The elliptical strip may be removed by using small, sharp shears. The free edges of the skin are then brought together by silk stitches, about one-half inch from one another. As a rule, in the course of a week the stitches may be removed. In the dog the relaxed skin may be excised much farther from the mar- gin of the lid and the gaping wound may be left to heal without bringing the edges of the skin together with stitches. It is, however, safer and better to stitch up the wound. ECTEOPIUM— KOLLING OUTWAED OF THE LID. In this disease the eyelid is drawn away from the eyeball, the conjunctival surface turned outwra'd, the free border (lower lid) downward; the eyelid is rolled outward and downward, leaving the eye unprotected, subject to constant irritation from air and dust and rapid evaporation of tears. This condition produces chronic inflammation of the con- 18 junctiva and leads to the formation of clouded spots and vascularity of the cornea. This disease also occurs most Fig. 4. Ectropium — Folding outward of the lower lid. frequently in dogs, but may appear in the horse, ox and sheep. It is caused mostly, in the horse, by scar tissue in the neighborhood of the lower eyelid ; this makes the skin so tense that the traction pulls the lid from the eyeball. Inflammatory swellings and new growths on the conjunctiva may also cause it. Dogs with deep set eyes and in a poorly nourished condition suffer with this disease. Ectropium is treated by cutting away a narrow strip of the conjunctiva parellel with margin of the lid. The shears may be used, but no stitches are required. PTOSIS — FALLING OF UPPER LID. When the upper lid hangs abnormally downward and out- ward from the eyeball, without folding or rolling, it is called drooping of the lid or Ptosis. It is usually associated with paralysis of the facial nerve, and may occur on one or both sides. In paralysis of both nerves there is constant dribbling of saliva, paralysis of the lips, the nostrils and the upper eyelids. This is said to result from an injury of the facial nerve or some of its larger branches. The injury is usually produced by bruises or due to pressure of the bridle 19 or of a yoke. In the first stages of the paralysis, it may be imoroved by reducing the inflammation or by removing the pressure on the nerve or its branches. But, as a rule, par- alysis of one or both facial nerves is incurable. Yet the drooping of the eyelid may be removed by a surgical opera- tion too complicated and difficult for unskilled hands. DISEASES OF THE HAW OR MEMBRANA NIC- TITANS. The conjunctival mucous membrane which covers the haw may be intlamed when the other parts of the coujunctiva are diseased. Also the haw may be pushed out over the eye when the eyeball is drawn back into the socket, Avhich is done in certain eye diseases and for protection. In such cases uninformed persons say the horse has the "hooks'" and at once proceed to cruelly cut them out. It is scarcely necessary to remark that nearly every case of so-called "hooks" is only a symptom of another disease and would certainly disappear if the real disease were removed. Fict. 5. Abnormal extension of the haw or "eye-washer" as observed in tetanus (lockjaw) inflammation of the haw, etc. This continued pro- jection of the haw, is many times called "hooks." In some instances the haw is injured by being torn at the upper part of its free margin or it may be torn or cut in other places by injuries. Nearly all cases of injury recover without treatment, but should the separated or divided haw 20 continue to irritate other parts of the eye, it may be removed. Occasionally tumors appear on the haw or eye-washer; if small and harmless they may be left undisturbed or clipped off with the shears; but if large and harmful, the entire haw (ii necessary) may be removed. In cutting away the torn haw, or the tumor and haw, the animal should be securely and safely confined (by casting or otherwise) and a few drops of a ten per cent, solution of cocaine may be put into the eye; after waiting a few minutes for the cocaine to take effect, the haw or tumor may be grasped with small forceps and completely excised with the shears; during the next few days cleanse the eye, two times per day, with warm water, and a one per cent, solution of carbolic acid. After repeated or severe attacks of inflammation of the conjunctiva, or repeated attacks of moonblindness, the haw remains more prominent and farther projected over the eyeball than normal. In tetanus, or lock-jaw, in horses, the haws are partially or completely extended over the eyeball — especially on exposure to strong light or when the head is elevated. DISEASES OF THE TEAE APPARATUS. In all cases where the tears are running down over the side of the cheek and there is no swellinof or redness of the lids in their normal position, it is wise to examine carefully the lachrymal or tear apparatus. Most frequently tlie lach- rymal canal is obstructed at its opening into the nostril; this may be relieved, as a rule, by removing the dirt and pus- like matter which clogs the opening. Sometimes the canal is obstructed in its superior part near the tear sack; then it is best to inject by means of a small syringe, carbolized water or a two per cent, solution of bo- racic acid, into the canal at its lower or nasal opening. If the tear canal, tear sack and tear ducts are open or pervious, the water will pass out at the tear points near the inner angle 21 of the eye on the margin of each lid. Occasionally the canal or the tear ducts are obliterated, resulting from catar- rhal or infectious inflammation and from fractures of bones along the course of the canal. In such cases it may be made pervious by forcing a small silver probe into the canal ; but sometimes the canal is so completely obliterated that it is impossible to open the old passage way for the tears. When the conjunctiva or the eye lids are inflamed and when the under lid is everted in ectropium, the openings of the tear ducts are closed or are so displaced as to prevent the passing ot the tears into the ducts. After recovery from these diseases, the tears cease to flow over the cheek. DISEASES OF THE TISSUES SUEROUNDING THE EYE AND IN THE ORBITAL CAVITY. Fractures, bruises and wounds may take place in the bones and tissues surrounding the eye, and must be treated according to the conditions presented. Generally speaking, continual application of cold water baths or fomentations to the injured parts will materially reduce and prevent inflam- mation. Tumors or new growths of various kinds may ap- pear in the orbital cavity outside of the eye ball. As a rule, they are very serious and eventually necessitate the removal of the eye ball with its surrounding tissues and sometimes requires excision of the eye lids and the skin with other tis- sues in the neighborhood of the eye. Whenever cancerous growths begin to spread or extend to the parts around the eye it is well to cut away all the parts involved. Such ma- lignant growths are liable to return, even after several re- movals. Deep seated, spreading tumors of the orbital region should always be considered as very serious and as nearly always incurable without complete incision. 22 DISEASES OF THE CONJUNCTIVA. Conjunctivitis. — Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the eye lids and reflected over the eye ball around the cornea. Causes. — 1. Mechanical and chemical irritants. — Small seeds, pieces of hay, straw, glumes, wheat or barley beards, small insects, coal dust and other kinds of dust, sand, hair, smoke, entropium, parasites — all foreign bodies that act as mechanical or chemical irritants may produce conjunctivitis. Not infrequently has the writer observed this disease in a very severe form, resulting from injudicious and ignorant ap- plication of caustic and blistering salves, liniments or quack eye washes. Striking the animal in the eye with a whip, or stick; bruising or wounding the eye lid or parts near the eye may excite inflammation in the conjunctiva. Cold, sharp or excessively dry winds may also cause it. 2. It is associated with other diseases, as — ulceration of the cornea, periodic opthalmia, occasionally with Texas fever and anthrax, influenza, strangles (distemper in horse), rinderpest, and, now and then, in the course of other infec- tious diseases; often it is associated with catarrhal inflam- mation of the mucous membrane of the nasal passages, sinuses of the head and of the lachrymal canal and ducts. Inflammation of the conjunctiva and the cornea is quite often observed in sheep when they are affected with "head scab," or parasitic skin disease, confined to the short wool regions of the sheep. Conjunctivitis is also associated with sheep pox. Cattle are attacked by an enzootic inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea, which is considered in detail under diseases of the cornea. Diptheritic conjunctivitis ap- pears in fowls. Symptoms. — On the irritated and inflamed spot of the conjunctiva there will be red streaks of strongly congested blood vessels, the mucous membrane will 23 be slightly swollen ; this inflammation may in a short time extend to all parts of the conjunctiva and involve the circumference of the cornea ; the eye is very sensitive to light, and is kept closed continually. During the early stages the secretion of tears is greatly in- creased and they flow in profusion over the cheek, but dur- ing the more intensive or severe inflammation a mucus exu- date appears, which is of light gray color and contains small semi-transparent flaky particles. If the inflammation is still more severe the exudate or secretion appears as a grayish yellow or a green fluid which consists of pus cells and tears. At one time, in severe cases, the secretion may be pus mixed with seruD, and at another it may be pus mixed with mucus. An organized membraneous exudate is present in diptheretic conjunctivitas and to a limited extent in fallicular conjunc- tivitis. The superficial layer may be involved in severe cases, while in other instances all the layers and the submu- cous tissue may be involved in the inflammation; these dis- tinctions are not always well defined; but as a rule, great intensity and long duration of the inflammation indicate that the entire conjunctiva and submucous tissues are affected. Teeatment. — The first thing to do is to remove the cause if it can be discovered. If the animal is very sensitive about having the eye examined, it is best to put a twitch on his nose. Place the thumb on the lower lid and the index finger on the upper; by gradual and firm pressure, open the eye and look carefully for a hay seed or any foreign body or irritating particles that may be in view. After completely cleansing the index finger and removing the long, rough or sharp margin of the finger nail, it may be pushed around under the lids and un- der the haw in search of the irritant; this must be done with great care, and it is always best to put a few drops of a three per cent, solution of cocaine into the eye before introducing u the finger. Following this search and the removal of the irritant, the eye may be washed with pure cold water or with a solution of corrosive sublimate 1 part and pure water 5000 parts. Bathing the eye in very warm water will relieve the pain and sensitiveness; while cold water fomentations will remove the fever. A great many cases of conjunctivitis readily yield to the simple method of adjusting a large, clean wet cloth over the eye, keeping it moist by pouring cold water on it every hour. It is generally best to put the animal in a dark stall, but unless such a place is well ventilated I prefer the open and well ventilated box stall. The following pre- scription has met with great favor in Germany : Borax, 6 grains; Aqua Amygdalae Amarae, 2 drachms; Gum Arabic, 2 drachms; Pure Water, 2 ounces. Apply to the conjunctiva by putting several drops into the eye twice per day. In purulent conjunctivitis, when pus is present in the eye secretion, one may employ corrosive sublimate 1 part, water 1000 ; or nitrate of silver 4 grains and water 1 ounce. In a few seconds after applying the nitrate of silver solution, the eye may be washed with a weak watery solution of com- mon salt; this checks the burning irritation of the silver nitrate. It is safer to use the solution of corrosive sublimate. Diptheritic conjunctivitis develops in chickens, doves and other fowls that are affected with diptheria of the mouth, the throat and the nose. The healthy should be separated from the diseased fowls; the diptheritic membranes should be removed from the mouth and eye; and the mucous mem- branes should be covered or penciled over (by means of a feather or small brush) with a 1 to 2 per cent, solution of corrosive sublimate or with 1 to 2 per cent, solution of silver nitrate. In 20 to 30 seconds after applying the nitrate of silver solution, bathe the eye and other affected parts with a weak solution of salt water. When chronic inflammation of the follicles of the inner surface of the haw is present, it 25 may be relieved by using a 1 per cent, solution of corrosive sublimate; this should be applied as previously directed, be- ing very careful that the fluid does not come in contact with other parts of the eye. As a rule, follicular conjunctivitis occurs only in dogs. When it will not yield to medical treatment, the inflamed follicular spots are clipped off; or part or all of the haw may be removed. Nitrate of silver solutions should be discarded in all cases where the cornea is also involved, since it is liable to leave permanent opacities of the cornea. DISEASES OF THE CORNEA. WOUNDS. The transparent cornea may be injured by a stroke of the whip, by hard straw or hay stems, by thistles, and occasion- ally by sharp objects — glass, nails, splinters, hedge thorns, and wire barbs. Small rough or sharp objects that get into the eye not only injure the conjunctiva but also may scratch or even penetrate the cornea. In fact, many of the chemical and physical causes of injuries to the conjunctiva in like manner effect the cornea. The shunning of light by closing the eye and an extra secretion of tears are always present during the active stages of the inflammation. The seriousness or severity of an in- jury depends upon the extent of surface affected and whether the outer or middle layers are separately or conjointly in- jured; or whether the entire thickness of the cornea is per- forated. If there be but a small spot of the outer layer injured, recovery takes place in a few days, by keeping the eye covered with a clean cotton or linen cloth saturated in a solution of 1 part carbolic acid to 100 parts of water. If the deeper or middle layer of the cornea be injured, it will re- quire more time for healing and is liable, in the horse, to leave a scar — a whitish upaque spot. Treatment may con- 26 sist in the continued application of the 1 per cent, carbolic acid solution, or in applying continually a cloth saturated with a solution of 5 to 10 parts of antipyrine and 100 parts of water. After the painful and feverish stage is past a few drops of a solution of 2 parts of potassium iodide and 100 parts of water may be used two times per day. If the cornea be perforated the aqueous humor escapes, and this leads, in most cases, to inflammation of the entire eye, resulting in loss of sight and generally in the destruction of the eye- ball. Occasionally a perforating wound heals by granula- tion, the iris becomes free and sight is restored. But most frequently in such cases the iris remains attached to the wound or scar tissue of the cornea and prohibits the light from passing into the eye. If the perforation is near the margin of the cornea, a few drops of a solution of 1 gr. of eserine to 1 ounce of water may be applied, two times per day. But if the perforation is near the centre of the cornea a few drops of a solution of atropine 1 gr. to water 1 oz. may be used, night and morning. By the use of eserine the pupil is contracted and the free borders of the iris are taken away from the marginal wound in the cornea. By the use of atripine the pupil is expanded and the borders of the iris are removed from the edges of the central corneal wound. Infectious and general inflammation of the eye may be ob- viated by adjusting over the eye a cotton or linen cloth moist- ened every half hour with a solution of carbolic acid 1 part to water 100 parts; or corrosive sublimate 1 part and water 1000 parts! KEKATITIS OE COKNEITIS. Inflammation of the cornea may involve the super- fi.cial layer, or the middle layer of the cornea; it may em- brace only part of the cornea or may be diffuse — extend over the entire cornea. The partial or limited form is generally 27 the result of injuries of the cornea. The friction of the eye- lashes in entropium, small sharp substances, and irritating salves, are common causes of local inflammation of the cornea. Diffuse inflammation is associated, as a rule, with infectious conjunctivitis in cattle and sheep; and, at times, appears in the course of cow-pox and sheep-pox, and of dip- theria in fowls ; and in the course of influenza and the acute attacks of moon-blindness, in the horse. Sytinjtoms when the outer layer alone is affected: As soon as the cornea becomes inflamed, the animal avoids the irri- tating light by partially or entirely closing the eye, and tears flow down over the cheek. The cornea becomes opaque at a not sharply limited spot or over its entire surface; this opacity may be grayish blue, gray or light gray in color. One may see this opacity best by viewing it, not from directly in front of the eye, but from one side. If the inflammation is of long duration blood vessels will be found in the cornea, which may be seen in their conjested condition near its border. When the opacity and the other symptoms appear suddenly (without blood vessels forming in the cornea), re- covery is quite certain to occur in a few days. The darker the opacity or cloudiness the weaker the infiltration or the less damage in the cornea to be repaired. Light gray and white colored opacities denote intensive changes which re- quire eight to ten days for their complete removal. If blood vessels form in the cornea of the horse, a permanent opaque spot may remain ; but in the dog the complete removal of the opacity will usually occur. 28 Fig. 6. Keratitis Punctata — Inflammation of the internal or posterior layer of the cornea produces a spotted apacity ; the dots or opaque white spots may be larger or smaller than those in the cut and may extend over the entire surface of the cornea. Another form of kera- titis punctata is developed as mentioned in the text. If the middle layer or principal part of the cornea be in- flamed, the opacity develops slowly, is grayish blue, gray or light gray in color. The opacity is generally irregular in form — cloudy, striped or ray shaped; these points or spots extend over the entire cornea. When inflammation produces such spotted or irregular dotted opacity, it is designated keratitis punctata (see Fig. 6). This spotted appearance of the cornea is due to the dotted opacities in the outer layer while the inner layer may be evenly clouded in all its parts. The deeper seated opacity may be observed by viewing the cornea from one side ; this is perceived best by illuminating the eye in a dark stall or room. A yellow colored, sharply limited opacity, announces the formation of a corneal ab- scess. Shunning the light and an excessive flow of tears are al- ways present during inflammation of the outer surface of the cornea or the formation of an abscess. In acute cases the opacity may entirely or partially disappear in three to six weeks. Should the opacity continue longer, from improper treatment or non-disappearance of the cause, vascularization (formation of bloodvessels) with abscess formation or ulcer- 29 ation of the cornea appears ; thus the prospects of recovery are decreased, while the danger of a pus-like exudate ap- pearing in the agueous humor or the perforation of the cornea increases. Not infrequently do these bad results appear in cow-pox, sheep-pox or infectious conjunctivitis and kerititis among cattle and sheep. Treatment. — Examine the eye critically, being especially careful to discover and remove any irritating foreign body or particles. Bathing the eye in very warm water twice per day and then adjusting over it a clean cloth, saturated with a 1 per cent, solution of carbolic acid, will, in most cases, be suffi- cient. But, should there be an abscess or an ulcer present, the cloth might be saturated with a solution of corrosive sublimate 1 part and water 1000 parts ; and during the re- parative stages warm water baths night and morning, and the application of the following salve, will aid in the removal of the opacity: Calomel, 80 grains; iodoform, 30 grains; vaseline, 5 drachms. Instead of this salve one may apply with a feather a small quantity of equal parts of pulverized calomel and iodoform, INFECTIOUS CONJUNCTIVITIS AND KERATITIS, OR INFECTIOUS INFLAMMATION OF THE CONJUNCTIVA AND CORNEA. This eye disease is most frequently found in cattle, but may appear in sheep, horses and goats. It is said to occur only during the summer months, but the writer saw it in a herd of cattle in February and March in south-eastern Iowa, That winter was exceptionally warm. It attacked cattle of all ages ; but calves and the young cattle seemed to be predisposed to it. A number of young colts, running in the same field with the cattle, were similarly affected. Sev- eral outbreaks of this eye disease have bean reported to me as occurring during the spring and summer months of 1892, in Alabama. The disease announces its presence by an increased flow 30 of tears; the eyelids are closed and slightly swollen. The conjunctiva becomes swollen, its blood vessels conjested and, in severe cases, a purulent discharge appears. Fig. 7. An illustration of an abscess and the attending vascularization of the cornea as observed in infectious keratitis and conjunctivitis in cattle. The black spot in the cut represents the yellow abscess and the radiating lines the blood vessels in the cornea. Young animals seem to have a general fever, hanging of head, loss of appetite, and consequent emaciation; loss of appetite, etc., is most probably the result of pain instet^d of fever. These symptoms continue to increase for the first eight or ten days. About the third day from the first ap- pearance of the disease, the cornea will exhibit a small deli- cately clouded spot, near its centre, which will gradually ex- tend over the entire cornea, giving it a milk white appear- ance. The centre of the opaque cornea is at first pearly white in color, but in a short time a straw colored or yellow spot appears ; this spot signals the formation of an abscess. The cornea at the yellow spot is rough and surrounded by a wall of thick, swollen, pearly white tissue. From this yel- low centre (see Fig. 7) numerous blood vessels take their course toward the sclerotic border of the cornea. The yellow centre is generally longer from side to side, shorter from above to below, and is said to be occasionally mistaken for 31 "an oat grain in the eye" by uninformed laymen. The ab- scess generally erupts or breaks open on the outer corneal surface leaving an ulcer to heal by granulations forming over its sides and bottom. In cattle, as a rule, the scar tissue is entirely removed and the cornea becomes clear and completely nonnal. However, in horses and occasionally in cattle a permanent pearly white opacity remains, causing partial or complete blindness. Some cases do not advance to the stage of abscess formation ; in others the abscess may not erupt ; while in still others the abscess may be so large that when it breaks open, the pressure of the aqueous humor against the remaining thin portion of the cornea will per- forate it; this sudden removal of pressure on the lens may rupture the capsule of the lens and permit it to escape ; the entire eye is thus involved, resulting in total loss of sight and of the eyeball. The cause of this spreading eye disease is unknown, yet there are indications that point towards a germ or a micro- organism as an exciting cause. Billings claims that it slowly extends over a herd from one animal to another; one eye may be at first affected, but in a short time the other eye is attacked. According to some of the German authorities the disease spreads quite rapidly — in a few days attacking 50 in a herd of 300; in 7 days attacking 20 in a herd of 40. Treatment. — Separate the sick from the healthy ; apply a solution of corrosive sublimate 1 part, water 2,000 parts; saturate a clean cotton cloth with the above solution and adjust the cloth over the eye; keep the cloth moist with the solution. During the purulent discharge from the conjunc- tival sack, the eye may be washed night and morning with warm water. ULCEK OF THE CORNEA. Loss of substance or destruction of a limited portion of the cornea may result from the erupting of a corneal abscess, 32 as in infectious keratitis; it may also appear in suppurative inflammation of the conjunctiva or cornea, and it is occasion- ally found associated with influenza in the horse; very often it is observed in the course of influenza (distemper) in the dog. Ulceration of the cornea appears to be caused by an infec- tious or contagious microbe, since the disease is transmitted from one eye to the other, and occasionally appears as a dis- ease that may extend to a number of animals in a locality. An ulcer may appear near the center of the cornea or near its border; the cornea surrounding it is generally opaque; the bottom of the ulcer may be greenish yellow or gray white in color; the borders of the ulcer are, in the early stage, so abrupt that it appears as if it had been cut out with an iron punch. It may extend in depth to the internal layer of the cornea, then the reparative process may begin. Shortly after the formation of the ulcer, the cornea becomes vascular; the blood vessels give the opaque cornea around the ulcer a reddish tinge. As soon as the developing blood vessels reach the advancing borders of the ulcer the process of repair begins and continues slowly until the ulcer com- pletely disappears, leaving behind a pearly white scar in the horse, but in the ox and the dog this opacity is, as a rule, removed. If the ulcer is located near the border, the healing process progresses more rapidly than when it is in the centre of the cornea, because the developing blood vessels can reach the ulcer sooner and thus check its advancement. If the internal layer of the cornea is destroyed by the penetrating ulcer, the inflammation extends to all parts of the eye ball and gen- erally results in loss of the entire organ. Teeatment. — Prof. Moeller very highly recommends aqua chlorata diluted with 2 or 3 parts of water. A solution of cor- rosive sublimate 1 part and water 1,000 parts may be employ- ed ; or a 2 to 4 per cent, solution of boracic acid. It is not ad- }3 visable to use silver nitrate as it generally leaves a permanent opacity in the cornea. In examing the eye care should be exercised to prevent transmitting the purulent irritating dis- charge Avith its microbes, from the diseased eye to the healthy one. It is also best to separate the diseased animal from all others. If the cornea is perforated, a 1 per cent, solution of eserine or atropine may be used as advised in perforations of the cornea under the head of corneal wounds. OPACITIES OF THE COKNEA. Scar tissue, infiltrations and organized exudates that su- pervene or result from injuries, inflammation, ulcerations and abcesses are termed opacities. These opacities remain after the intiammation has subsided or after the wound or ulcer has healed, and are not to be confounded with the opacities attending active inflammation. Slightly foggy, weakly clouded, translucent, grayish blue or gray spots, not sharply limited, are mostly found in the outer layer of the cornea and are sometimes called nebulcic. If the opacity is semi-transparent, sharply limited, gray or milk white, it is designated macula. If the opacity is a dense, completely opaque, pearl white, gray or white, regularly distributed or in large spots or stripes, it is called a leucoma. There are also chalk-like, well defined opaque spots which are formed by using acetate of lead or silver nitrate with common salt, calomel or corrosive sublimate; insoluble precipitates are thus deposited in the corneal tissue. Black colored opaci- ties may be spotted or cloudy and are due to bleeding from the vessels in the vascular cornea, or to adhesions of de- tachments of the pigmented iris; the latter may occur as a result of the attachment of the outer surface of the iris with the inner surface of the cornea. The harm produced by opacities depend upon their loca- tion; an opaque spot in the center of the cornea cuts off more light than one located near the border. Total blind- 34 ness is better (more safe) than partial blindness; hence, large and dense opacities are preferable to weak and diffuse opacities, unless the latter can be removed. Scar tissue, from ulcers, wounds or abscesses, can not be removed in the horse; it may in some instances disappear in the ox, but in the dog, it is, as a rule, entirely removed. Chalk spots, streaks or stripes, as a rule, are permanent — not amenable to treatment. Weak and superficial opacities may be im- proved and many times can be removed by judicious treat- ment. The following ointment may be employed : Yellow oxide of mercury, 4 grains; atropine, 1 grain; vaseline 4 drachms. Put a small quantity under the eye lid; then with fingers on the outer surface of the lids work or move them around over the cornea in radial and circular directions. Finely pulverized calomel may be thrown into the eye by placing a small quantity in a quill and blowing it into the eye. This should not be repeated oftener than once per week. In case the horse will not permit the blowing of the calomel into the eye, it may be used in the form of a salve, by mixing it with vaseline. A salve of potassum iodide 10 grains and vaseline 1 ounce may be employed. Some authorities re- commend massage treatment — placing two fingers upon the upper eye lid and with slight pressure moving it in a circular direction over the opacity. This massage treatment may be repeated daily unless signs of inflammation should appear. STAPHYLOMA OF THE COKNEA. The bulging forward and outward of the cornea is desig- nated staphyloma. It may be partial or complete, depend- ing upon whether a part or all of the cornea is involved. Thinning of the cornea by ulceration and eruption of large abscesses, so reduce the resisting power of the cornea that the intra ocular pressure (pressure of the aqueous humor, etc.) distends, projects or pushes the cornea outward. The 35 scar tissue resulting from ulceration is also unable to with- stand the intra ocular pressure and the cornea bulges for- ward, forming a partial staphyloma. A staphyloma from either of the foregoing causes is generally opaque, gray or white colored. In the healing of perforating wounds, the iris may adhere to the scar tissue, should the corneal scar then become distended it would carry with it the iris and the result would be called an Iris-staphyloma. Occasionally intra ocular pressure pushes forward the en- tire transparent cornea. Fig. 8. Total Corneal Stophyloina (after Arniatage). The treatment of staphyloma is mainly preventative. In impending perforations of the cornea from ulceration, wounds or abscesses, a compress bandage and a 1 per cent, solution of eserine may be employed. In cases of established per- foration the eserine or atropine may be used as before di- rected for perforating wounds of the cornea. Proper treat- ment of abscesses, ulcerations and wounds of the cornea will also prevent the formation of a staphyloma. 36 NEW GROWTHS ON THE CORNEA. Pterygium (see fig. 9) is a peculiar fleshy growth con- sisting of an abnormal development from the conjunctiva. It has been observed in horses, dogs and cattle. Its usual situation is at the inner side of the eye ball; it is triangular, or fan-shaped, with the apex extending almost to the center of the cornea ; generally it is loosely attached to the cornea Fig. 9. Pterygium. — Fleshy growth on the conjunctiva and cornea (after DeSchweinitz). and the conjunctiva. Sometimes it is present at birth and at times it results from the repairing of an ulcer near the border of the cornea. It is believed that animals exposed to smoke, dust, heat and slight injuries to the cornea are predisposed to its development. Treatment consists in removing the loose pterygium with the knife or shears; this should be done by a surgeon after the animal is cast or confined and a solution of cocaine is applied to the eye. The cornea usually remains opaque at the spot from which the tissue is removed. When a pterygium results from the contracting scar tissue pulling the conjunctiva over a part of the cornea, it should be left undisturbed. A Dermoid is a small, skin-like growth, which usually ap- pears on the nasal side of the eye ball, partly on the cornea and partly on the conjunctiva. The outer surface is gener- 37 ally covered with long hair that project outward between the jids. (See fig. 10). Fig. 10. Dermoid. — Left eye of dog (after Gurlt). It occurs in calves, pups, colts and lambs and is most fre- quently present at birth ; but, according to some authors, it may be acquired after birth. The hairs interfere with the rays of light and the dermoid, as a whole, irritates the cor- nea and conjunctiva. Treatment consists in removing the dermoid by means of the knife or shears. The animal is cast and the eye is anesthized with cocaine; then the loosely attached skin-like growth is carefully dissected from the cornea and conjunctiva; a permanent opaque spot remains, but the constant irritating action is removed. DISEASES OF THE lEIS. Ikitis or inflammation of the iris is generally associated with diseased conditions of the ciliary bodies, or the choroid coat; because, a close connection exists between these parts of the eye, in location, attachments and blood supply. Iritis also appears in the course of inflammation of the entire eye ball, in periodic opthalmia (moon-blindness) ; it occurs also, in some instances, in connection with influenza, strangles (distemper), infectious inflammation of the lungs 38 and pleura, in acute muscular rheumatism, in inflammation o£ the navel in young animals and occasionally in connection with catarrhal inflammation of the conjunctiva or ulceration of the cornea. Penetrating wounds or injuries near the margin of the cornea excite inflammation in the iris. Very rarely does iritis appear alone — without other parts being involved at the same time. Owing to the fact that the iris is richly supplied with blood vessels, it is disposed to produce exudates, or to bleed- ing from its surfaces. The exudate may be flaky and gray, floating in the aqueous humor; or it may be pus-like and form a yellowish sediment at the bottom of the aqueous chamber. These exudates may be tinged with blood or the entire aqueous humor may be colored by blood from the vessels of the iris. The exudates from the posterior surface of the iris falls between the iris and anterior or front surface of the lens ; this pushes the iris forward ; unless the iris is moved by the expansion of the pupil, the back or posterior surface of the iris becomes firmly attached to the capsule of the lens. The iris may, also, become attached to the posterior surface of the cornea; this frequently results from perforat- ing wounds or ulcers of the cornea. The discoloration, swollen condition of the iris, and the flaky, purulent or bloody exudates can not be observed in many cases, because the cornea is so clouded or opaque. However, in the first or the last stage of such cases, one may be able to view the iris. During the "clearing up" period in moon-blindness one may observe the iris, faded somewhat in color, with its pupillary margin more or less ragged and irregular. Generally the tears flow in excess, dread of light and extreme sensitiveness are present during the active stage of iritis. In the treatment of iritis the chief aim is to prevent the pupillary or free margin of the iris from forming attach- ments to the capsule of the lens or the posterior surface of 39 the coruea. For perforations of the cornea directions for treatment have been given. To prevent adhesions to the capsule of the lens, the pupil may be kept expanded, during the active stage of the inflammation, by the use of atropine. The following has [nv:ven very beneficial in the hands of the writer: atropine 1 grain; potassium iodide 5 grains; pure water 1 ounce. A few drops may be put between the lids two times per day. The application of hot water will stimu- late the absorbents and hasten the removal of the exudates and, at the same time, reduce the pain; while cold water fomentations will best reduce fever and inflammation. CLOSURE OF TEE PUPIL. If the iris, durhifj the extreme contraction of the pupil, becomes bound down to the capsule of the lens throughout its entire pupillary margin, it may leave a small, clear pupil- lary opening; this condition is denominated exclusion of the pupil. But if the pupil be completely obliterated during extreme contraction of the pupil when the iris is attached to the capsule of the lens, or the small pupil becomes filled in with an opaque, inflammatory deposit or exudate, the condi- tion is termed occlusion of the pupil. The destruction of the pupillary attachment of the iris to the lens capsule is soon followed by the formation of a cataract — opacity of the lens. The anterior division of the aqueous chamber is com- pletely separated from the posterior and the iris is bulged forward at all parts except at its marginal attachments to the lens capsule. If the attachments of the iris to the capsule are not firm and solid, the iris may be torn loose by the use of atropine. In case that does not succeed, the iris may be mechanically separated or detached by a surgical operation ; or a new pu- pillary opening may be made by the operation known as iro- dectomy. These operations can only be performed by a 40 skilled surgeon and are, many times, done after the lens has become opaque or the operation is followed by opacity of the lens, destroying the vision. The writer observed a case of occlusion of the pupil in both eyes of a three year old horse that was brought to the free clinic at the experiment station in Auburn. The cornea and aqueous humor were transpa- parent, and the occlusion was very probably a result of acute iritis. A strong solution of atropine was dropped into the eye but the iris was so firmly fixed it couid not be detached. Excessively developed or large "soot balls" "grape-like bodies," hanging from the inner aspect of the superior part of the free margin of the iris, interfere with, or obstruct, the passage of light into the eye. The large, brown, flake -like bodies are quite frequently the cause of shying and cases have been recorded where complete blindness appeared as a result of these "soot balls" entirely closing the pupil. By a surgical operation they could be removed ; this should be attempted only by a skillful operator. Some white horses possess such a high degree of sensi- tiveness of the eye to light that in clear sunshine the pupil is closed by complete conntraction and the animal cannot see until the sun sets. CATAEACT. All opacities of the crystalline lens, regardless of size, origin or condition, are embraced by the general name cata- ract. A false or spurious cataract is produced by collections of pigment on the capsule of the lens, resulting from the tearing loose of the attachment of the iris to the capsule. It appears in dark, almost black, colored spots on the anterior surface of the capsule. True cataract means that there must be opacity in the substance of the lens or its capsule. If the opacity is in the substance of the capsule it is known as capsular cataract, and when in the substance of the lens, it 41 is designated lenticular cataract. Lentiular cataract may be partial or complete; the former when a small portion of the lens substance is involved and the latter when the entire lens becomes opaque. The causes of cataract are various; and in some cases are not distinctly understood. Occasionally a cataract may be present in one or both eyes Fig. 11. Partial Cataract (after Armatage). — The opaque spot or spots in the lens or its capsule may be seen through the pupillary opening. Spots in the cornea should not be mistai^en for the deeply located opacities in the lens. at birth. Heredity, no doubt, exercises a great influence in the production of cataracts during foetal life and also pre- disposes an offspring to the disease in later life. Cataract frequently manifests itself in the course of diabetes mellitis (sugar in the urine) but there is no positive proof that the sugar in the system causes the cataract. Hemorrhages (bleeding) in the aqueous chamber lead to straining of the capsule; the coloring matter of the blood is deposited in the capsule and the dark colored opacity remains after the blood is absorbed or removed from the aqueous chamber. Dis- turbances in the nutrition of the lens in old age is said to be the cause of senile cataract. In old age the lens substance becomes more and more solid ; this leads to irregularity in its density ; also prevents changes in the curvature of the lens that are necessary in the adjustment, or its accommoda- tion, to different distances. The constant straining of the eye to bring a hardened lens to the various positions or forms 42 for different distances, would lead to perverted nutrition and possibly to inflammation, in the capsule, the lens, the ciliary ligament or ciliary bodies. The nutrition of the lens may Total , Cataract (after Armat entire pupil a grayish white color Fig. 12. :'T (after Armatage). — The opaque lens gives the lyish white color. also be perverted by inflammation primarily in the lens itself or from extension of inflammation in the iris, the ciliary bodies or the ciliary ligament, to the lens. Active inflam- mation in the lens or the surrounding parts, (from wounds, injuries or other diseases) generally leaves inflammatory products or deposits iu tho substance of the lens or its cap- sule, which form permanent opacities. Strokes on the head that produce sudden concussion are said to cause opacities in the lens. There are many cases of cataract, the cause of which cannot be determined; but the most prolific cause of cataract in the horse is periodic opthalmia (moon blindness). Straining the eyes to see objects iu imperfectly lighted barns or stalls, no doubt, plays an important part in producing cat- aracts as well as other eye diseases. Occasionally small spurious cataracts of the capsule dis- appear, because of the great activity of the cells of the cap- sule. But opacity of the lens substance very rarely disap- pear ; because changes in its structure take place very slowly for it contains no blood vessels or nerves. Sometimes small gray specks may remain unchanged ; but^ as a rule, the little gray star like opacity gradually increases unil total lenticular or capsular opacity appears. 43 Id examiniDg tbe eye for a cataract one may readily see a gray, a bluish gray, a greenish yellow, a brown or a pearl white reflection in the pupillary opening; the form (star- shaped, cloudy, fog-like, feathery, streaked, or scattered dots, ball-shaped, etc.,) can be determined if the opacity be sufli- ciently developed. The exact location and form or the small, beginning white speck may not be visible to the observers unaided eye, especially out in the clear sunshine or when the srround is covered with snow. The animal should be placed so that the light falls upon the affected eye from a clear window or an open door in front of the animal. The observer then looks into the pupillary opening, standing in in front or to one side; it is well to observe the eye from various points of view. If the pupil is contracted or too small to admit of sufficient examination, a few drops of a solution of atropine (1 gr. atropine to 1 ounce of water) may be put into the eye to expand the pupil. The lens may, also, be examined by placing the animal in a dark room and illuminating the eye with a candle, or a candle and a double convex lens, or with a candle and a small concave mirror (see methods of examining the eye). Fig. 13. Luxuration (dislocation) of the opaque lens into aqueous chamber; the lens lies in front of the iris, almost completely obstructing the passage of the light through the pupil. Treatment of cataracts in domestic animals consists chiefly in prevention. The reducing of all inflammations of the eye, the prevention of periodic opthalmia, keeping tbe sur- 4i^ roundiDgs of the animal in proper condition and maintaining sufficient light for the animal to see distinctly in all parts of the stall without straining the eyes. As a rule it is best to have the light enter the stall or barn from behind the animal, or from both sides. In man the opaque lens is removed by a surgical operation, and a double convex lens is adj asted in front of the eye thereafter. But this is impracticable among domestic animals, since the double convex lens can not be adjustad to the eye, and the eye would always be hyperme- tropic (farsighted), permitting the animal to see close ob- jects indistinctly and therefore inducing it to shy or become frightened. However the opaque lens is occasionally re- moved in horses and dogs to eliminate the uusightliness of the cataract; but there is always more or less danger of losing the entire eye ball. AMAUROSIS. Paralysis (palsy) of the retina or optic nerve has been technically named amaurosis. This condition may depend upon tumors in the brain, injury to the optic nerve between the brain and the eye-ball, or inflammation of the retina. Parasitic cysts quite often appear in the brain of sheep and the amaurotic condition of the eye is a characteristic symptom. Abscesses sometimes implicate the roots of the optic nerve and amaurosis supervenes. Temporary amaurosis is present during the intoxication period of lead poisoning; poisoning irom Knlmia latijolia ("ivy"); during the comatose condi- tion of the cow in parturient apoplexy (milk fever) ; and in congestion of the brain. Inflammation of the retina is nearly always present in moon blindness and occasionally it termi- in paralysis of the retina — amourosis. Detachment of the retina from the choroid, hemorrhage from the retinal blood vessels, and emboli (plugging by clotted blood) of retinal blood vessels and excessive loss of blood, cause temporary 45 or permanent amaurosis. If, in the course of intlamation, if the retina pigment is deposited in the retina, it produces night blindness — a condition that prevents the animal seeing at night. Extreme sensitiveness of the retina, as observed in Albinos and in some white horses, leads to day blindness. In such cases, the pupil is so nearly or completely closed that the animal can not see in clear sunshine, or when the ground is covered with snow ; but during twilight, on cloudy days, and at night vision is normal. Amaurosis sometimes results from castration. Fig. 14. Amaurosis. — The pupil is greatlj- expanded, gray-blue in color and the eye appears bright, glassy, very clear (after Armatage . In well established cases of amaurosis there is total blind- ness; yet there are no opacities in any of the tissues or humors of the eye. The eye is bright, clear, and perfectly transparent. The animal steps high, stumbles over, and runs against objects in its way. If, at a short distance, you noiselessly threaten to strike it, there is no winking or manifestations of fear. The ears are very sensitive to sound, and the outer ears ar« constantly on the alert to catch all noises. The pupil is expanded to its extreme limit; the iris is immovable and insensitive to ligfht. Leailing the animal from the dark into the light, or from the light into the dark, does not change the size of the pupil or move the iris; while in the normal eye the pupil ex[)ands in darkness 46 and contracts on being brought to light. The pupillary re- flex (the light reflected from the retina outward through the pupil) is, as a rule, grayish-blue; but may, at times, appear more gray than blue, or present a more or less distinctly green color. Treatment. — When amaurosis is a result of another dis- ease, it is evident that the disease of which it is a symptom should be treated. In cases of recent standing, good nuti- tive food, extra care and a nerve tonic (drachm doses of nux vomica two times per day) may be employed with advant- age. But treatment of long standing cases always proves valueless. GLAUCOMA. This name is applied to several varieties of a disease whose 'chief symptom is increased ocular tension. The in- creased intro-ocular pressure is a direct result of the jelly- like vitrious humor becoming thin, more watery and greater in quantity. This condition may appear independent of any other disease, but it generally appears, accompanied by, or as a sequel of, inflammation in the choroid or the ciliary bodies. However, the exact cause in many instances is un- known. The extra amount of lymph or watery secretion within the eye has been explained in varioutv ways. Some have claimed that it was due- to obstructi^js in the intro- ocular lymph vessels, which carry off the extra amount of lymph ; others have suggested that the extra supply of water was due to excessive secretion by the choroid, and es- pecially the ciliary bodies. The development of glaucoma is slow, its course is nearly alwayfe chronic and of a more or less intermittent form. Old animals which have far-sighted (hypermetro[)ic) eyes are predisposed to glaucoma. Symptoms. — Increased hardness of the eye-ball, or rise of iutra-ocular tension, is tii'e most prominent symptom. These 47 conditions may be determined by placing the index finger of the right hand upon the upper lid of the left eye and the index finger of the left hand upon the upper lid of the right eye; then compare the tension or hardness of one eye with the other by palpating with the tips of the fingers; in in- creased hardness, firm pressure of the finger tip produces no impression; but the tension may be doubtful unless there is a marked difference in the impressions made upon the two eyes. The pupil is generally greatly expanded and the lens, as a rule, remains transparent, but m.iy in rare instances be opaque. The depth of the anterior part of the aqueous chamber is diminished ; the front surface of the iris is almost in contact with the internal surface of the cornea. The iris in some cases appears swollen and it is sluggish in movement or entirely inactive. The slight diffuse cloudiness of the cornea and the aqueous humor produces the sea green (glau- coma) color of the pupil. The episcleral and conjunctival vessels are more or less congested. But the excavation or sinking or depression of the optic nerve can not be seen without the aid of an opthalmoscope; this cupping of the optic disc is due to the intraocular pressure ; the cup is called the glaucomatous cup and the yellow halo around it is known as the glaucomatous ring. Treatment consists in preventing inflammatory adhesions between th& ms and cornea by using eserine. Also, reduce inflammation if the iris, ciliary bodies and choroid, that may lead to glaucoma; this may be accomplished by using hot or cold water fomentations. A well developed case can only be relieved by irodectomy. If eserine is used con- stantly it must be in a weak solution (1-10 to l-16th grain to one ounce of water.) Irodectomy consists in removing a portion of the iris; in glaucoma one-fifth to one-fourth of the iris should be removed; or what is known as the broad peripheral irodectomy can be done only by a skilled surgeon. 48 HYDROPTHALMUS. This is an enlargement of the eye ball due mainly to an increased secretion of the aqueous humor, as in glaucoma. Sometimes the eye ball becomes twice its normal size; the cornea is generally so opaque that one cannot see the inner parts of the eye. In consequence of the enlarging of the eye ball the attachments of the lens are partially or entirely torn loose and the lens may float in the vitreous or the aque- ous humor. The enlargement of the eye may appear sud- denly, in twenty-four hours; or may advance slowly. Seldom is it relieved by treatment. Occasionally the cornea is rup- tured and the eye ball lost. In the early stage, the cornea may be punctured, thus allowing the extra amount of aqueous secretion to escape; this has, in some cases, proven benefi- cial ; however, it cannot be done by the novice or the inex- perienced. DISLOCATION OF EYE BALL— EXOTHALMDS. The eye-ball niiay be pushed out of its socket by tumors that originate behind the ball; sometimes by bleeding, from deep penetrating injuries, congestion of blood vessels; by horns of cattle, by biting and scratching among dogs and cats, also by dislocation of the lower jaw in the smaller ani- mals. Occasionally an animal has its eye dislocated by hav- ing it crowded out with a blunt stick or club in the hands of a cruel boy or attendant. If the eye is not lacerated, bruised or seriously injured and the optic nerve is not torn, the ball may be returned to its cavity and a compress bandage applied over it to keep it in place. This should be done as early as possible or the swelling of the parts around the eye will prevent returning it to its proper place. However, the outer angle of the eye may be divided if necessary to admit the eye ball to the socket. Should the eye ball be 40 badly injured or in case it is impossible to return it to the socket the entire protruding parts may be cut away as deeply within the eye socket as possible; a pledget of cotton, satu- rated with a one per cent, solution of carbolic acid er corro- sive sublimate may be pressed into the cavity; a compress bandage should then be placed over the eye. When the eye is dislocated by growing tumors in its sock- et, or if there are malignant or fungoid tumors within the eye, or if the eye is very badly injured, it may be necessary to extirpate the eye ball, its muscles and the surrounding tissues. For this the animal must be cast, anaesthised with chloroform or some other ana3sthetic; an assistant holds the eye lids apart; the operator grasps the cornea or the internal or external rectus muscle with the forceps in his left hand; the eye ball, the tumor, or the entire contents of the orbital cavity, if necessary, are then removed, with the shears or knife. The bleeding is checked by applying a pledget of cotton, and a compress bandage as before described. ANIMAL PARASITES OF THE EYE. Filaria papilosa is a small, round, white worm that is found most frequently in the vitreous humor; but is occa- sionally observed in the aqueous humor and commonly spoken of as the "snake in the eye." It is from one-half to two inches in length, and it is very probable that the young filaria reach the eye by way of the blood vessels, and develop in the humors of the eye. However it is scarcely probable that the humors of the eye are the natural habitat or home of this parasite, since the same worm has been found in other parts of the body. One man reports that he observed a worm in the aqueous humor during a period of six years. But a few months is usually the length of time this parasite lives in the eye. A number of cases are recorded where this parasite has produced inflammation of the cornea and 50 iris, with an extra flow o£ tears and opacities of the cornea and aqueous humor; these conditions may subside in a short time and leave a slight cloudiness of the cornea and aqueous humor. In certain districts in India this parasite is very frequently in the eye of the horse and if not removed the eye goes blind. This worm has also been observed in the eyes of cattle. The worm may be removed from the aqueous chamber by cutting a small opening in the cornea at its up- per border near the sclerotic margin ; then remove the worm with small forceps. Before operating it is necessary to cast the horse or ox; amiesthise it with chloroform or aether and apply a ten per cent, solution of cocaine to the eye. After operating keep the eye moist and cool by frequent or con- stant cold water applications, and occasionally put into the eye a few drops of a one per cent, solution of carbolic acid or boracic acid, or a weak solution of corrosive sublimate. Filaria lachrymalis is a small, white, round worm one- half to one inch long; it lives in the lachrymal ducts, under the haw or eye washer and sometimes under the eyelids; it causes inflammation of the conjunctiva and lachrymal ducts and may close the tear ducts Remove the worms from the tear ducts and the conjunctival surfaces by using small for- ceps; then apply, two or three times per day, a few drops of a corosive sublimate solution (1 part c. s. to 1000 parts of pure water). As elsewhere mentioned, Willach has discovered in the eye the young forms of various round and flat worms, and he claims that these animal parasites play an important part in producing periodic opthalmia. Since nearly all parasites gain admission into the system by way of the alimentary canal, infection may be prevented by observing a few precautions. Impure drinking water is probably the most common carrier of the various animal parasites. Hence always give animals water from deep wells or pure springs, and never from ponds, rivers, or stagnant 51 lakes. The digestive tract may become infected with these parasites by iugesting infected food. In all cases where parasites are found in the alimentary canal (manifested by the occasional passing of parasites with the feces), it is ad- visable to give one-half to one drachm doses of sulphate of iron or sulphate of copper in the ground food two times per day for one week; then give a purgative, consisting of one pint of raw linseed oil or one ounce of Barbadoes aloes. STRABISMUS, SQUINTING OR CROSSEYE. In this defect the visual axis or line of one or both eyes deviates from the normal. In other words, the eye ball is turned inward, outward, upward or downward by the exces- sive contraction of a muscle or as a result of the paralysis of one of the muscles of the eye. In converging (inward) strabismus, the external rectus muscle may be paralysed and thus be unable to counteract the contractions of the internal rectus, its antagonist. This weakness, partial or complete paralysis of one or more muscles of the eye may be due to the pressure of tumors on the nerve of the muscle, rheuma- tism, tumors at the base of the brain or injuries of the muscle. Squinting or crosseye may be treated by section of the antagonistic muscle, but this can be doue only by a skilled veterinarian. However this defect is rare in domestic animals aud may be detected by noting the squinting ap- pearance and carefully comparing one eye with the other. When strabismus is present it causes considerable shying, which is especially annoying in nervous animals. SOME OF THE CAUSES OF INDISTINCT VISION AND SHYING. Hypermeiropia or farsightedness is that defective condi- tion of the eye which causes the principal focus to fall be- 52 bind the retina, as illustrated in figure 15 — H. In other words, the parallel rays which enter the eye come to a focus behind the retina. As a rule, the axis of the eve or the diameter from before to behind is too short and the cornea may appear less convex or flatter than normal. Removal of the crystal- line lens (as is sometimes done in cataract) produces farsight- edness. Convex glasses are used in hypermetropia in man, but are impractical with animals. Distant objects may be seen distinctly but the images of objects at a short distance are blurred and sometimes distorted into frightful forms. Hence farsighted horses are frequently frightened, or are caused to shv as a result of indistinct vision. \\"~.-i Fig. 15. Diagramatic section of an eye (after Mteller) to show : That the parallel raj's of light, which enter the normal eye, con- verge or focus on the retina, making a distinct image. That, in the farsighted eye, the parallel rays focus at H behind the retina, forming a blurred image on the retina. That, in the shortsighted eye, the parallel rays converge at M in front of the retina, forming a very indistinct image on the retina. Myopia or shortsightedness is a condition in which the refractive index of the eye is too great or the axis of the eye is too long ; the parallel rays come to a focus in front of the retina (as in fig. 15 — M. ) ; or the principal focus falls in front of the retina. In shortsightedness the cornea may appear very convex or conical as it frequently appears in cattle. 53 Close or near objects can be seen distinctly but distant ob- jects may be distorted or become very indistinct. Concave glasses are used by farsighted persons; but since the use of glasses is impractical for animals, shortsightedness, there- fore, becomes a permanent cause of shying and fright. In the Normal or Emmetropic eye, the principal focus falls on the retina, and distinct images. of all objects, at near or far distances, form on the retina (fig. 15 — E). The cornea, the aqueous humor, the lens and the vitreous humor take part in the formation of the image — the refraction and col- lection of the rays of light. The cornea is the principal refracting medium when the eye is at rest; but the changes in the convexity of the lens (caused by the contractions of the ciliary muscle) are the means by which the eye is ad- justed, or accommodates itself, to different distances. In the far-sighted, short-sigted and normal eye the curva- ture of the cornea and of the lens is regular; but some- times the curvature of the cornea may be so irregular that one part or meridian may produce short sighteduess, anoth- er part produce far-sightedness while still another meridian may be normal. This condition produces a very much dis- torted image and is a fruitful source of shying or the cause of fear and fright. Irregularities in the meridians of the cornea produce the condition known as astigmatism. This defective vision may also be caused by an oblique position of the lens. There are several kinds and deo^rees of astigma- tism, all of which are very difficult to distinguish and can only be relieved by the use of proper glasses which are in- applicable to animals. Slight cloudiness or opaque spots in the cornea, weak cloudiness of the aqueous humor, beginning cataract, be- ginning amaurosis or beginning glaucoma are accompanied by indistinct vision, and consequently produce frequent shy- ing. In fact, partial blindness from any cause is always attended by indistinct vision and shying, fear or fright. 54 PERIODIC OPTHALMIA— MOONBLTNDNESS. This is an eye disease peculiar to horses and mules. Be- fore the development of veterinary science the belief was prevalent that the moon exerted a direct or indirect influence upon the eyes; because the inflammatory attacks recurred at monthly or somewhat regular periods. Thus the names "moon blindness" and "mooneyed horses" originated. But as veterinary science progressed, extensive clinical and anat- omical investigations made known the fact that moonblind- ness was a periodic or rpicurring inflammatory disease of the entire eye, involving primarily the iris, the choroid coat and the ciliary bodies. Symptoms. — This disease makes its appearance very sud- denly— generally beginning in the night; in the morning the eye is found closed, extremely sensitive to light with a very great flow of tears down over the cheek. In some in- stances there is systemic fever, while in other milder cases, it is not manifest: but, as a rule, the horse or m\i\e is dull, wanting in vigor, and energy, indicating constitutional dis- turbance. The eye ball is drawn backward into the orbital cavity, by the retractor muscle ; this makes it appear smaller than the healthy eye ; after several attacks the eye ball is said to shrink in size — decrease in actual volume. The conjunc- tiva exhibits slight swelling and diffuse reddening ; the surface Fig. 16. Diffuse cloudiness of the cornea as observed in moon blindness and in inflammation of the cornea. The internal structures of the eye are cut off from view by the total opacity of the cornea (after Armatage). 55 blood vessels of the sclerotic are congested; this produces a light red ring, or seam around the cornea (pericorneal in- jection.) The cornea near its outer border exhibits a weak, diffuse cloudiness, which soon extends over the entire cornea; in the beginning this cloudiness is weakly marked and the cornea appears as if it were glass with a thin layer of fat spread over it. In the advancement of the disease the mid- dle or principal layer of the cornea becomes affected, which leads to intense, diffuse cloudiness and occasionally to vascu- larization of the cornea; the latter is distinctly visible at its border in a few days after the beginning of the attack. Sometimes a pearl white opacity may appear at some spot on the outer surface of the cornea. In the beginning the slight cloudiness of the cornea does not prevent one from viewing the iris, the lens and sometimes the vitreous humor and the retina. The purulent or flakey exudate in the aqueous humor and the excessive contraction (almost entire Fig. 17. This cut represents the free border of the iris attached at points to the capsule of the lens, producing an irregular, ragged outline of the pupil and wrinkling of the iris. This may be observed after several attacks in periodic opthalmia (modified from Armatage). obliteration) of the pupil hide from view all the internal parts of the eye. The iris appears rough on its outer sur- face, slightly glazed, lighter colored than normal; at times it is covered with a grey exudate. The ciliary portion of the iris is bulged forward and outward ; the movements of the iris are slow and weak ; it is quite insensible to variations in light, and the pupil does not expand in the dark. The 56 color of the pupil when visible during its contraction is greyish green. Atropine causes the iris to expand slowly, weakly and irregularly; at points the pupillary border of the iris adheres to the capsule of the lens ; the remaining parts are free; expansion of the pupil under such conditions produce irregularities in the iris and in the outline of the pupil (see fig. 17). At the lower part of the aqueous humor, in the an- terior chamber, there is a gray-yellow, partly sedimentary, partly floccu.lent exudate, which sometimes is colored with blood. The quantity of the exudate varies; in the early stage of the attack — especially in the later attacks — it is visible by focal illumination as a slight cloudiness; at the height, or severest stage, of the attack the aqueous chamber is almost entirely filled ; the exudate settles to the lower part of the aqueous humor, and is gradually absorbed and en- tirely disappears in the course of ten to fifteen days. No prominent changes are exhibited in the conjunctiva; however, the pigmentation of the conjunctiva of the eye ball makes it difficult to observe variations in its blood vessels. Occasionally the conjunctiva becomes swollen and produces a slimy, serous secretion. In cases where the vitreous humor can be observed in the early stage of the attack it is found to be clouded. In the active, inflammatory stage, the eye ball is found, by palpation, to be sensitive and hard. Opac- ity of the lens appears during the later attacks, and, as a rule, when the lens become entirely opaque (total cataract) the periodic attacks cease in that eye. In six to eight days after the beginning of the attack the inflammatory appear- ances begin to subside, the sensitiveness to light and extra flow of tears abate; the exudate in the anterior eye-chamber begins to disappear; the pupil begins to expand and the iris may react with regularity. After about fourteen days from the beginning of one of the early attacks the inflamma- tory changes will have so completely disappeared that casual observation fails to discover anything abnormal in the re- 57 cently diseased eye. However, a careful and critical examin- ation discovers that the iris is still attached to the capsule of the lens ; or one may find on the capsule pigment masses which were left there in the breaking away of the iris from the capsule ; the iris is lighter in color — lighter brown, very like the color of dead leaves. Occasionally the iris is so pressed forward that it comes in contact with the cornea and the anterior division of the aqueous chamber appears obliterated. The pale green appearance of the pupil indi- cates more or less cloudiness of the lens or vitreous humor. In most cases, especially after the later attacks, there re- mains a bluish ring around the margin of the cornea — a dif- fuse cloudiness — the upper eyelid, instead of presenting a continuous arch, exhibits an abrupt bend a short distance from the inner angle; the upper lid and the eyebrow are also more wrinkled than usual; after a few attacks the eye ball shrinks in volume, is smaller than normal, and in the interval between attacks the eye ball, by palpation, exhibits uncommon softness. In most instances cloudiness of the vitreous humor and detachment of the retina can only be discovered by first expanding the pupil with atropine and then examining the eye with the opthalmoscope. After the disappearance of the acute inflammatory symptoms, or after the inflammation has subsided and all damages are partially repaired, or the eye has "cleared up," it may remain free from another attack for a month, for two or three months or even for a year. However, as a rule, the attacks occur somewhat regularly every four or six weeks until the eye becomes entirely blind. This disease generally results in the formation of a total cataract and occasionally in paralysis of the retina or optic nerve — amaurosis. The attacks may vary in severity in the different cases, but the successive at- tacks in each case grow more severe and leave behind more distinct and prominent signs of approaching total blindness. Five to seven attacks, as a rule, completely destroys the 58 sight ; thereafter that eye remains free from periodic inflam- matory attacks; the other eye is then liable to become simi- larly affected until it goes blind. Rarely are both eyes thus diseased at the same time, but they may be attacked alter- nately until each one becomes blind. The diagnosis of periodic opthalmia is not difficult. The previously mentioned symptoms and course of the disease are generally quite distinct. There are exceptional condi- tions and times when the owner or observer will be in doubt. During the first attack, when the cornea and the aqueous humor are so badly clouded that the pupil, the iris and all internal parts of the eye are invisible, one can not determine beyond question whether it is a case of simple iritis or iritis associated with some form of influenza. In some attacks the cornea may be so opaque for a time that one is unable to discover whether the aqueous humor is clouded or not; in such a case the owner may believe that the cornea is in- jured in some way. Time alone will bring forth or make clear the other symptoms. Again, during the interval be- tween the first and second or between the second and third attacks, the before mentioned symptoms may be indistinctly marked; it will then be necessary to wait for the appearance of another attack. But in all the doubtful, indistinct cases, the characteristic fact of its recurrence in the same eye will remove all doubts in the mind of the owner if not in the mind of the buyer. Causes. — A number of different microbes have been found in the tissues and humors of eyes affected with moon blind- ness. Vigezzi has found a micrococcus which he believes to be the direct cause of the disease ; Trinchera discovered an immovable, curved bacillus ; E. Koch found a short bacil- lus, rounded at its ends; Richter found a diplococcus and a triplococcus. However, no positive proofs have as yet been discovered, by experimentation or otherwise, that would jus- tify a positive declaration in favor of any microbe. In fact 59 the investigators have found u germ associated with the dis- ease; but, if the microbe has- been cultivated on artificial media, the eye disease has never been artificially transmitted or produced by means of the germ. Willach examined 37 eyes from 24 horses and has discov- ered a variety of forms and kinds of round and flat worms; most of them were found in the humors and represented the young stage in their development. Similar parasites were also discovered in the alimentary canal, the liver and the lungs. Wallach believes that these worm-like parasites mi- grate from the alimentary canal during their early life — chiefly by way of the blood vessels — and thus reach the eye ; these migrations take place periodically or at such times as the egg or young forms of the parasites reach the ali- mentary canal in the food or water. This theory would, of course, explain the periodic nature of the disease and many other phenomena connected with it. But the worm- like forms were found only in the examination of dead eyes, whereas the limited number of cases and want of transmis- sion or actual production of the disease by experiment will not justify, beyond question, the 'far-fetched' conclusions. On river bottoms, on moist clay soils, on marshy grounds, on moist coast lands of seas and lakes, in malarial dis- tricts, this disease is said to be most prevalent. In 1875, a regiment was moved from Frankfurt on the Main to Hof- geismar ; at the former place moon blindness never appeared ; during the first year, at the latter place, 5 cases appeared among the horses of the regiment; the second year 12; the third year 11; the fourth year 14, and the fifth year 42. The regiment that was stationed at Hofgeismar was moved to Frankfurt; during the last five years of this regiment at Hofgeismar there were 130 cases of periodic opthalmia, and during the first five years at Frankfurt not a single case appeared. Hofgeismar, Saarburg, St. Avoid and other places in Germany seem to be peculiarly adapted, by 60 their moist clay soils, to the development of the microbe, the parasite, the gas or miasmatic factor that causes this disease. Records also show that on certain low lands of Belgium, France, Spain, Italy. Austria and England, this eye disease prevails extensively. Likewise in our own country certain localities have more cases of moonblindness thau others. The writer has observed that this disease is more prevalent in the southern states, than in the central or northwestern states. Compare the number of cases in the dry, cool climate of South Dakota with the moist, Avarm climate of Alabama and the result shows the extremes — ^the almost complete ab- sence in the former State and the unpleasant prevalence in the latter. It is said to occur less frequenly on lime soils. Clay soils will retain moisture longer and as a rule are richer in organic materials than sandy soils; consequenly germs, malarial parasites, etc., will grow abundantly on the moist clay soil. The disease appears on sandy soil if there is sufficient moisture; it will also appear on moderately high rolling land irrespective of the kind of soil if there be sufficient moisture — as a rainy season followed by a warm season with occasional heavy rains. A number of cases have been ob- served at Auburn, 800 feet above the sea level, with a gray sandy soil; however, there are red clay districts not far from Auburn. I, also, have reports of its appearance on sandy soils in other parts of this state. In the period from 1879 to 1890, appeared 2183 cases of pe- riodic opthalmia among the horses of the Prussian army. Of this number 585 were in the 15th army corps; 358 in the first; 339 in the 11th; 145 in the 10th; 135 in the 5th; about 80 in the 2nd, the third and the 8th; about 70 in the 7th ; about 60 in the 4th, the 6th, the 9th and the 14th ; 49 in the guard corps. It will be observed from the above re- cords that the disease prevailed quite extensively in the fil respective localities of the first tive ol the army corps above mentioaed; while ia the districts of those last mentioned the disease was comparatively rare. Cloudy weather, or moist air, so common and constant on wet lands, is said to be a factor in causing this disease. Kank, succulent fodders, grown on wet lands, associated Avith a damp, sultry atmosphere, is conducive to the production of a lymphatic temperament or constitution — a horse with a coarse open texture of bones and muscles, with an excess of connective tissue, with thick skin, legs covered with an abundance of long hair and with labored, sluggish move- ments. No doubt, such animals are predisposed to moon- blindness. Fodder, hay or grass, from low, swampy or wet soils may also contain the germs or malarial parasites which are believed by some to cause this disease. In some locali- ties of Eufopa the hay and rodders, grown upjn certain soils, are said to be the cause, or the carriers of the cause from the soil to the animal. A constant stimulating diet of corn, rye or barley grain — especially in summer or when given to the growing colt — contain too much of the fat and heat producing food and not sufficient proportion of the muscle and bone forming food; the horse so fed may be very fat but less able to resist the germs of disease, more liable not only to moonblindness but also to "big head" and other constitutional diseases, ('onstant feeding of corn will certainly make the periodic attacks occur more frequently and also augment their inten- sity. This has been proven by a number of trials. A reli- able farmer living near Auburn had a fine young mare that had bepn attacked two or three times ; he believed the corn was making the disease worse; hence he withheld the corn and thereafter fed her upon oats; the eyes were not again attacked, and they recovered so completely that her owner could never observe anything wrong with them. Certainly the feeding of corn alone did not produce the disease, but 63 after the real exciting cause had established it, the corn either maintained a supply of food for the microbe or diminished the general vigor of the animal or the resisting power of the leucocytes — germ destroying cells of the body. High feeding associated with irregular exercise, feeding irregularly and using unwholesome, decayed or partially rotten hay, fodder or grain ; also the surface water of runs, ditches, ponds and shallow wells receiving the impurities from barns, barn yards or outhouses — all these are contributing causes and many times the impure water may convey the microbe, the origi- nating cause, into the system. Overworking an animal, no doubt, depresses the vigor and resisting power of the animal; thus attacks are more liable to begin or recur during the severe, exhausting spring plow- ing and summer work. During the time of breaking the colt and of the eruption of permanent teeth the attacks are excited to greater severity and are called forth more fre- quently. The eruptioa of nearly all the permanent teeth occur during the last half of the third, fourth and fifth years of age. The small teeth that usually appear just in front of the first molar on either side of the upper jaw, very rarely in lower jaw, are commonly called wolf teeth or "blind teeth." Many people believe that this little tooth in some mysterious way affects the eye, causes it to go blind "by pressing on the nerve of the eye." This is, to say the least, very unreasona- ble if not nonsensical. Those little teeth never affect the eye. No doubt they are broken off many times when a horse has an attack of periodic opthalmia and the eye "clears up" in ten to fifteen days — not because the little tooth was pulled or broken off with a punch — but because that eye disease appears and disappears periodically. Heredity is certainly a strong predisposing cause of the disease. It does not orig- inate the disease but the offspring inherits the tendency or weakness of the eyes, that permits the originating excitant to call forth the disease with little resistance. This trans- 63 missioD, from sire or dam to the offspring, of defective tenden- cies is, no doubt, responsible for the appearances of periodic cpthalmia in certain families when the original blood was so contaminated. In France the government discourages, and prohibits when possible, the use of blind stallions or mares for breeding purposes. The farmers and stockmen of the country have observed and noted the influence of hered- ity in the production of moonbliu Iness. From the replies to a circular letter which I sent to farmers and stockmen in all the counties of Alabama, twenty-one stated that heredity was a primary or secondary factor in the cause of periodic opt halm ia. Poor or badly ventilated and improperly lighted stalls or barns are also causal factors. Prof. Williams of Edinburgh says: "Fifty years ago thousands of horses became annually blind from opthalmia; now-a-days one seldom sees a case of blindness from this cause. This happy result is due to the enlightened writings of Coleman on ventilation and the ad- vance of veterinary science — facts which the public seem to ignore." In improperly lighted stalls or barns the light is so weak, or small in quantity, that the eyes are continually strained in order to see distinctly ; or the light enters from a small window^ directly in front of the horse, placing the horse on the shady side of the objects in front of him, and this in combination, or contrast, w-ith the constant glare of the window, is certainly as trying on the eyes as insufficient light. The light should come from behind or from either side of the animal in quantity sufficient to make all objects in the stall distinctly visible. It has been suggested that exposure to cold, or to any of the atmospheric influences* which ordinarily produce acute catarrh or cold in the head, will cause an attack of moonblindness. The records of the disease in the German army show that more cases occur in winter than during any other season. But in this State the majority of cases appear in the spring and summer. 64 A rheumatic condition of the system is said to play an important part among the long list of causes of moon- blindness. It, however, like many other depressing diseases and influences, is only a preparing or predisposing cause or condition which can not originate the disease but may excite frequent attacks and increase its severity. , Smoke? pungent vapors, hayseeds, dust or any local irritants or injuries may awake the latent tendency or augment the intensity of an attack. In short, whatever depresses the vigor or debilitates the system will aid in originating the disease and will also increase the intensity and frequency of the attscks; anything that strengthens the constitution or improves the animal vigor will be a protective or assist in preventing periodic opthalmia. The essential and originating cause is very probably a microbe, a miasmatic germ, an animal, worm-like parasite or the poisonous product of a germ. The natural habitat or its native place of propagation and development seems to be on moist lands that are, during one season, extremely wet and at other times dry enough to bring forth crops. The surface water of such districts, and the fodders, grasses and hays grown on such lands, transmit or carry the germs into the system of the animal. During January, 1893, the veterinary department issued about two hundred circular letters containing questions rela- tive to eye diseases among domestic animals; these were mailed to farmers and stockmen in all the counties of Ala- bama, and they were also published in many of the daily and weekly papers of the State. The principal question in the circular letter read as follows : "Are horses and mules in your beat or county affected with what is commonly called moonblindness? If you have such an eye disease please state how frequently it oc- curs, and what is your view of the cause of it." I received in all nearly 125 replies. From these replies I have obtained the following records on periodic opthalmia or moonblindness : 65 Eiglitj (80) cases were reported in siicli a manner as to leave in doubt just Avlien they occurred ; 33 cases were re- ported as beintr iu existence at the time (January and Feb- ruarj^) of replying; 7 parties report that the disease was prevjilent in their respective beats ten to twenty years ago, but not of late years. During the first three months of 18'. '2 and during the same time in 1893, 21 cases have come under my observation at the free Saturday clinic; these cases were from the country and towns surrounding Auburn, and represent fully ten per cent, of all the diseased cases that appeared at the free clinic during the same time. The above records certainly indicate that periodic opthalmia is a common disease among horses and mules of Alabama ; and according to the reports on other eye diseases it is the most prevalent and frequent cause of l)liudness. The reports do not give data sufficient for one to state in just what beats it occurs, but they do show that moonblind- ness has been, or is at present, in nearly every county in the State ; that annually a great many valuable horses go blind as a result of it. Generally speaking, the reports seem to indicate that the disease is most prevalent in the low lands or malarial districts of the State ; yet the knowl- edge given of the local geography of the places from which the reports come, is not sufficient for one to make an accu- rate comparison. From the replies I find that a variety of opinions were expressed as to the cause, and a great many failed to ex- press their views, while others said they did not know. Let me now give a concensus of the opinions expressed. Six parties believed that improper and irregular feeding are important factors in the cause of moonblinduess ; 3 say "not enough variety in diet;" 1 believe "too much fodder and grain and not enough hay" is the cause; 1 says "feeding corn to colts;" 9 claim "feeding corn as an exclusive grain diet" is the direct cause; 3 give "exposure to cold" the credit ; 1 says the "eruption of permanent teeth and the shedding of colt teeth;" 1 says "blind teeth;" 1 makes 66 "liigli feeding and irregnlar exercise" responsible ; 11 claim tliat "overwork" in various ways is a potent causal factor ; and 21 say heredity, especially in blind or "weak-eyed" breeds, is tbe chief cause ; six (6) parties traced the history directly to a blind sire or dam. Surely the above ideas, relative to the cause of periodic opthalmia, show that the stock owners of Alabama have been searching for the cause ; and if they have not discovered the actual originating cause, they have found factors that intensify or conditions that make the disease worse. Some have suggssted that home- bred horses are more disposed to this disease than horses or mules brought here from other states ; yet others claim that the opposite is true. I am of the opinion that the ani- mals freighted here from Kentucky, Missouri, Illinois, etc., are far more liable to contract periodic opthalmia than home-bred horses ; because the diet of the northern horse is very greatly changed and he must also become acclimated — his system must be adjusted to new climatic conditions. The susceptibility of an animal is determined to some extent by age. From the reports of cases where age was mentioned, and also from the records of European authori- ties, the period of greatest frequency is from 3 to 9 years of age. Some have placed this danger period from 2 to 7. Yet it should be remembered that periodic opthalmia does occur outside of the above age limits, for I have reports of cases 12, 13 and 15 years old. Treatment. — Taking into consideration our indefinite knowledge of the originating cause and the numerous attend- ing, exciting and predisposing causes, and the fact that the disease generally results in total blindness in one or both eyes, it is evident that preventative treatment is the most profitable and reasonable. The drainage, ventilation and light in most barns are sadly neglected and generally very defective. The barn is usually resting on the ground and the stalls are filled with clay which becomes saturated with urine. The clay allows very little moisture to pass through it; the urine, which falls upon it and with which it becomes 67 saturated, passes off mainl}- by evaporation. Witli little veutilatiou or drainage below it, the clay rarely becomes dry and the atmosphere of the stall is constantly saturated with unhealthy gases (ammonia, etc.,) from the fermenting urine and decomposing organic matter of the feces. Such un- healthy conditions can be greatly improved by following the methods usually adopted in Iniildiug houses in this climate. The floor of the barn should be from two to three feet above the ground ; this may be accomplished by making the brick or stone pillars for underpinning the required height and using strong plank two inches thick for flooring. Lattice work between the outside pillars will permit free circulation of air under the barn and prevent the use of the basement for a dog house, pig pen or as a place for fowls. This will give good, cheap drainage below with excellent under ventilaticm. The ventilation of the box stall (the best and healthiest kind of stall) should be so arranged that the hot and light air may escape through an opening or series of openings in the upper part of the outer wall, permitting it to pass directly out of the barn. Similar openings should be located in the outer wall near the floor to allow the heavy gases (carbonic acid gas exhaled by the lungs, etc.) to escape. Besides these openings lattice box stall doors and lattice outer hall doors and windows should always be in use for summer ventilation. There may be objections (its hardness and the drying out of the feet) to standing a horse on a plank floor ; but these may be overcome by bedding or littering the box stall ; by occasionally soaking the feet in water, and, when nearly dry, oiling them with an ointment made of one part of pine tar to eight or ten parts of lard or cotton seed oil. The light should, as before mentioned, enter from be- hind or from both sides of the animal ; in the box stall the light should thus enter when the horse is standing at the manger. Furthermore, the light should be sO arranged and of suflicient quantity to enable the horse to see distinctly in all parts of the stall. The water supply and time of giving water to horses should be carefully considered. All surface water, from ponds, brooks, rivers and shallow wells should be avoided. Spring water, taken directly from the spring, filtered rain water or other kinds of filtered water, or water from deep wells are best, and less liable to contain disease-producing germs. The horse and the mule should always be given warter be- fore feeding grain — never after, unless it be given two hours after feeding. A constant corn diet is to be avoided, especially as a food for colts. It is extremely doubtful if corn for colts is ever advisable. Furthermore, it is injudicious to feed horses or mules upon corn as the onh^ grain food at any other time except in the cold period of winter. In fact, there is no time in this climate when corn alone is really needed or demanded by the system. Far better results will be obtained by using oats as the staple or chief grain food ; and, at times, equal parts of ground corn and cow j)eas, or equal parts of ground corn, cow peas and oats, or equal parts of ground corn and wheat bran, may be substituted for oats alone. Corn should never be fed to horses with weak eyes or with diseased eyes. Corn and fodder (leaves) form the staple articles of food, for horses and mules, in some parts of this State with a climate that will produce green rye lor soiling during the entire winter and green sorghum and green millet for summer. Corn is too stimulating and contains too much heat-produc- ing material ; the corn fodder is a dry, rough food, which in combination with corn is liable to lead to attacks of consti- pation, producing passive congestion of the blood vessels of the brain and the eyes. To be sure this does not always occur, but many times an attack of periodic opthalmia may thus be called forth. Variety in rations should always be considered, and extended according to local food supply; watch the effects of the quality and the quantity of the va- rious foods, and many times you will be able to regulate the diet of the animal according to your experience in feeding it. No fixed or absolute laws can be made to fit all cases ; horses have their individual peculiarities as well as persons. 69 High feeding, with irregular exercise ; excessive and ex- hausting work ; exposure to cokl (rheumatic influences) are to be avoided as far as possible, especially with animals affected with periodic opthalmia or predisposed to it. The indiscriminate use of blind animals for breeding pur- poses can not be too strongly condemned. Heridity is cer- tainly the most potent predisposing cause of periodic opthal- mia. Mares Avith weak eyes and with a lymphatic temper- ment and structure should not be bred to stallions of similar temperment and form. Proper curative treatment will sometimes check the pro- gress of the disease, and may, in rare instances, result in permanent relief. During the active inflammatory stage bathe the eye in cold or hot water for 1 to 2 hours morning and evening ; after each bathing put into the eye a few drops of the following solution : Potassium Iodide, 10 grains ; Atropia Sulphate, 1 grain ; Boracic Acid, 10 grains ; Pure Water, 2 ounces. This medicine may be used for 6 or 8 days until the eye begins to clear up ; then use the same prescrip- tion, omitting the Atropia Sulphate. When possible adjust over the e3'e a cotton cloth or small bag of cotton, kept con- stantly wet with cold or hot water. It is well to keep the horse, during the inflammatory stage, in a dark box stall if the ventilation, cleanliness and drainage of the stall is healthful and good. If the horse is constipated a mild purgative (one-half pound oi Glauber's salts or one-half pint of raw linseed oil) may be given. Constipation may be thereafter avoided by giving a bran mash once or twice per week. Moderate and regular exercise or easy work is bene- ficial, but keeping the afiected horse or mule at hard work is decidedly injurious. In every instance it is wise to remove, when possible, all predisposing or attending causes. As indicated in several reports from different parts of the State, periodic opthalma seems to be disappearing in cer- tain localities. It will certainly decrease in frequency, or entirely disappear, in nearly every beat in Alabama when the stock raisers comply with the hygienic laws, govern- 70 ing the health of horses and mules. The principles of feed- ing, ventilation, drainage, breeding and sanitation in general must be studied and practiced, from a scientific stand point- Besides Alabama can and should raise her own mules and horses. Healthier, better and cheaper animals can be bred and raised in this State than the majority of those that are annually shipped here from other States. METHODS OF EXAMINING THE EYES. Remove the blind bridle or any harness obstructions to free vision. Tie a cloth over one eye and then lead the ani- mal over obstructions that will cause stumbling or high stepping. Repeat this test with the other eye blindfolded. If the animal with one eye blindfolded stumbles over low objects the vision of the other eye is defective. Note the attentive and erect position of the ears indicating that they are attempting to compensate for the defective sight. Care- fully compare the fullness or prominence of one orbital re- gion with the other; note that in fat or young animals the orbital cavity is full and that in poor or old animals the eye socket is not completely filled and the orbital rim or bony bor- der is prominent. Excessive fullness of one orbital region would indicate that the eye lids or the tissues, surrounding the eye ball, are swollen, or it would indicate the presence of a tumor in the orbital cavity. Closely observe the form, posi- tion and condition of the eye-lids; the presence and position of the eye lashes; also, compare the curve of the free border of one upper lid with the same lid of the other eye. Exam- ine carefully the secretion at the miner angle of the eye. The tears are like water; mucus appears gray and flocoulent; pus mixes with the tears and appears yellow and cloudy ; in the dog pus sometimes is colored green. If the mucus and pus are mixed the mucus flakes are colored yellow. An ex- cessive quantity of tears, mucus or pus is manifest by the flowing of the secretions down over the cheek. The pres- ence of the mucus, pus or an extra quantity of tears flowing over the cheek should induce the observer to look closely for 71 foreign particles in the eye, inflammation of the conjunctiva, abscess or ulceration of the cornea and closure of the lach- rymal ducts. For further examination the animal should be taken to a barn or stall. It is best to use a stall with one window or one door; the animals head should be turned to the open door or to the window, allowing the light to fall on the eye from directly in front or from an angle to the right or left of the front. The eye may be opened by gently and firmly pressing the lids apart with the thumb and index finger, using the right hand with the left eye, and the left hand Avith the right eye. To see the conjunctiva of the upper lid, it may be everted by grasping the eye lashes with one hand and everting the lid over the fore finger of the other hand. Examine closely the haw or "eyewasher" and all parts of the conjunctiva for signs of injurv, inflammation and irri- tating particles. Examine also the opening of the tear ducts. The ol)servers attention is next directed to the size, form and position of the eye ball. It is always advisable to com- pare one eye with the other that the abnormal may be judged by its deviation from the normal. If the eye ball projects outward and forward excessively, dislocation of the eye ball, hydropthalmus (excess of water in the aqueous humor) or a tumor in or behind the eye may be suspected. If the eye ball is drawn backward into the eye socket, severe inflam- mation is present, attended by extreme sensitiveness to light, as in the beginning of an attack of moon blindness. A de- crease in volume or size of the eye ball, (after repeated at- tacks of periodic opthalmia and in tuberculosis of the eye ball) is manifest by apparent drawing of the eye into the socket and the more or less infolding of the upper lid near the inner angle of the eye. The tension and hardness of the eye ball may be tested by palpation upon the upper eye lid, with the index finger; both eyes should be tested at the same time that one may be compared with the other. Note the presence or absence of the congestion of the peri- corneal bloodvessels; its presence indicates inflammation of the ciliary bodies, the iris and sometimes the choroid coat, 72 The cornea may be next viewed from various positions, noting carefully its curvature, its opacities, the presence or absence of ulcers, abscesses, vascularization, swellings or new growths. The location, color and limitations of the opacities should first be determined. The weaker the opac- ity or cloudiness the more blue the color ; intense opacities are white. Black opacities of the cornea signify pigmenta- tion from iris adhesions or from blood stains. Striped and pearl like opacities, with sharp limitations, point to scars or chronic changes in the cornea; chalk spots result from the employment of silver and lead salts in wounds and ulcers of the cornea. Viewing the cornea in profile, or from one side, will enable one to locate the opacity, revealing in a degree what layers of the cornea are involved; and to a certain ex- tent enables one to determine the curvature of the cornea, especially in partial or total staphyloma and extremely flat or very conical forms of the cornea. If the transparency of the cornea will permit, investigate the aqueous humor, search- ing for the gray, floculent exudate or the yellow, sediment- ary pus exudate, or the red colored exudate in blood effu- sions; these may be present in penetrating wounds of the cornea, iritis and moonblindness. The color, condition of the outer surface, movements and attachments of the iris should next be examined. The iris may become grayish brown by the deposition of inflamma- tory products in its substance, or become gray from the de- posit of an exudate on its surface. The bluish-green color of the iris, manifest after one or two attacks of periodic op- thalmia, is due to an atrophied (shrinking) condition of the iris. Occasionally in cattle a tubercular growth develops from the iris and completely fills the aqueous chamber of the eye. The iris may be attached by inflammatory adhe- sions to the capsule of the lens (as in iritis or moonblind- ness); or it may thus adhere to the posterior surface of the cornea (a result of penetrating wounds and ulcers). By the use of atrojiine, if the pupil is small or contracted, or ese- rine if the j^upil is large or expanded, these adhesions may 73 be destroyed or their permanent presence made known by the immovable iris and unchangeable form of the pupil. The iris, when attached to the capsule of the lens or to the cor- nea, may appear rough on its outer surface and its pupillary border is more or less irregular. The ragged, irregular border of the pupil should not be mistaken for the large brown "soot balls" that appear so frequently along the upper and lower parts of the pupillary border of the iris. The movements of the iris should also be watched when the ani- mal is taken from the sunlight into the barn, or from the dark stall into the sunshine. If the pupil contracts regu- larly in bright light and expands regularly in partial dark- ness, the action of the iris is normal. But should the pupil remain greatly expanded under all conditions of light and darkness, one would suspect partial or total amaurosis. If the pupil remains partiall}- or greatly contracted under all conditions of light and darkness, one should suspect adhe- sion of the iris to the capsule of the lens. The pupillary reflex or color of the pupil is the reflection of light from the retina and the choroid. The normal color of the pupil varies with the variations in its size or in its degrees of expansion or contraction ; its color also changes with the variations in the light. By great expansion of the pupil it appears ])lue-green ; by medium expansion it appears blue-black; by great contraction it appears black. The color of the pupil in amaurosis is generally lighter, more clear and glassy than in the normal eye. When the pupil is small atropine should be used to produce maximum expan- sion. Or, the animal may be taken into a moderately dark stall where the color of the light reflected from the upper part of the retina and choroid will be green, and that re- flected from the optic papilla (spot where the optic nerve enters the eye ball) will appear light red. This light red color is very distinct in carnivorous animals. Cloudiness of the lens or the vitreous humor changes the color of the pupil according to the intensity of the cloudiness. Total cataract gives the pupil a gray, a white or a whitish- 74 yellow color ; wliile by a partial cataract tlie normal color of the pupil is cut off at the points or places of local opaci- ties of the lens or its capsule. In cloudiness of the vitreous humor the pupil becomes more or less distinctly green. A liquid condition of the vitreous humor combined with cloudi- ness of the same also produces a distinct green pupil. Sudden or great movement of the cloudy vitreous humor, is a certain proof of its fluidity. The observer should view the pupil from various positions; by the use of the hand or a black hat the superfluous rays of light, or those coming from certain directions, may be cut off. The observer should not mistake the images of white objects (white shirt fronts, windows, holes in the building), for white or gray opacities in the lens or other parts of the eye. Dislocation of the lens, falling of the opaque lens into the anterior or aqueous chamber of the eje has its appearance suggested by figure 13. But if the opaque lens should fall into the vitreous humor, the upper jiart of the pupil may remain transparent, and the small appearing optic papilla might be visible ; yet a portion of the white or gray opaque lens could be seen through the lower j)art of the pupil ; as a rule, the iris remains passively inactive and its pupillary border floats in the aqueous humor. Sometimes the lens may be partially dislocated or may have some shred-like, or hanging thread-like, attachments to its old location ; these conditions would present different views in the jjupil. In order to be more accurate in locating and discovering opacities, the animal should be placed in a dark room where the eye may be illuminated by the use of a lamp or candle. The lamp may be placed in different locations, in front of, and outward from, the eye to be inspected ; opacities will then be made more distinct. Three images of the flame may be seen as illustrated in figure 18. In the normal eye the first image is the largest, upright, the most distinct and reflected from the front surface of the cornea; the second image is smaller, upright and reflected from the anterior surface of the lens ; the third one is the smallest, inverted 75 Fig. 18. This cut (after Schhimpp) shows the images of the candle's tlame. The animal should be placed in a dark room or stall, or the test may be made at night in an ordinary stall ; the candle is held a short dis- tance in front of the eye to be examined and the following images, as above illustrated, will be seen. The first upright image is reflected from tlie cornea ; the second ui)right image of the flame is reflected from the capsule on the anterior surface of the lens; the third or inverted and small image of the flame is reflected from the capsule on the posterior surface of the lens. The dark back-ground of the cut represents the pupil. aud reflected from the posterior surface of the lens. In the normal eye it will be noticed that these images are more or less distinct and that, as the lamp or caudle is moved, the first two ima<^es of the flame will move in the same direction that the candle moves, but the third or inverted image moves in an opposite direction to that of the candle. As the candle is moved about in front of the eye, it may reach a i)lace where the first two upright images remain clear and distinct, but the smallest aud inverted image be- comes cloud}^ aud indistinct ; this would indicate that the substance of the lens or the posterior part of the capsule is opaque at the point or spot where the candle's raj's attempt to pass through. If the second image becomes indistinct the opacity lies in the anterior part of the capsule ; if the first image becomes hazy and difl'use the cloudiness is in the cornea. Total cloudiness of the cornea would obliterate all three images, and the diffuse cloudiness of the aqueous hu- mor obliterates the second and the third image. A small double convex lens may be used, as illustrated in figure 19, to focus or collect the rays from a candle or lamp in a dark room or stall. Or, a concave mirror (with a small, round opening in its center for the observer to look through) can be used to collect and reflect the rays from a candle or from an open door or window ; in using the mirror the candle 76 Fig. 19. This cut (after Schlampi)) illustrates how the double convex lens is employed in illuminating the eye or parts of the eye for the pur- pose of examination. The examination is made in a dark room or at night ; the glass lens is moved forward and backward until the candle's rays are focussed upon the desired part or various parts, as it is upon the cornea and lens in the above cut. or window sliould be backward from tlie head and outward from the slioulder or body. By employing tlie double con- vex lens or concave mirror, the transparent or opaque condi- tion of the cornea and the aqueous humor may be distinctly observed and many opacities can thus be seen that are in- visible in ordinary daylight. By employing atropine to ex- pand the pupil, slight opacities of the lens may be made distinct and cloudiness of the vitreous humor may be ob- served. These methods of illuminating the eye also enables one to carefully examine the condition of the iris. The opthalmoscope is an instrument that is used by occu- lists to look at the retina, its bloodvessels, the papilla optical and to determine the degrees of farsightedness, shortsight- edness, astigmatism, etc. Its use, however, requires great skill and much practice ; hence, directions for using it will be omitted, since they would be of little value to the aver- age man. In preparing this bulletin, the writer has made frequent and extended references to the following books, pamphlets, and medical journals : Mueller' s^ — ' ' Augenheilkunde. Schlampp's — "Augenuntersuchungen." EUenberger-Shiitz — "Jahresbericht iiber Veterinar Medicin. Jahr 1891." 77 Bayer's — "Bildliclie Darstelluug ties Gesuudeu uucl Kran- keu Auges Unserer Haustliiere." Williams — "Principles and Practice of Veterinary Sur- gery-" Reports of Bureau of Animal Industry on "Diseases of tlie Horse" and "Diseases of Cattle." De Scliweinitz's — "Diseases of the Eye." Chauveau's — "Comparative Anatomy of Domestic Animals." "Berliner Threrarztliclie Wockensclirift." Billings — "Bulletin of the Nebraska Experiment Station, June, 1889." APPENDIX. The following are some of the diseases that have been reported to this department as occurring in different parts of this State : "Pink-Eye" has been reported as occurring among horses, mules and cattle. A large number of the cases of so-called "Pink-Eye," among horses and mules, was due to inflamma- tion of the conjunctiva and sometimes of the cornea, asso- ciated with influenza, cold in the head, or strangles (distem- .per). An inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal passages may extend to the mucous membrane (the conjunctiva) of the eye by way of the tear canal and the tear ducts ; or, some of the mucous discharge from the nos- tril may accidentally get into the eye. A few cases of "Pink- Eye" among cattle were associated with malignant catarrh ; while nearly all "Pink Eye" cases among cattle have been outbreaks of infectious conjunctivitis and keratitis. "Hooks" have been reported, in a number of instances, as a prolific cause of blindness. One man spoke of "bone hooks" and "fat hooks," but failed to explain the technical meaning of these terms. However, the indiscriminate prac- tice of cutting out the haw or "eye washer" when the eye is affected with conjunctivitis, moon blindness, or tetanus (lockjaw) is certainly useless, if not barbarous. 78 One case of niglit bliudness ; and as previously mentioned, 134 cases of periodic optlialmia bave also been reported. Reports of four outbreaks of head scab among sbeep have been received. This is a disease of the skin, and is caused by a mite (sarcoptes scabiei, var. ovis) which attacks the skin of the short wool regions of the head and legs. In attack- ing the skin of the eyelids, it produces entropium which leads to inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea. Scrape the crusts from the affected places and apply any good sheep dip, once every eight days for one month. The writer has also observed a few cases of diphtheritic conjunctivitis among turkeys and chickens. Separate the sick ones from the healthy and wash the eyes and the dis- eased surfaces of the mouth and throat with a weak solution of corrosive sublimate (1 to 500). Cerebritis (Blind Staggers) has occurred in several coun- ties of Alabama during the past winter and early spring. It has occurred, in nearly every instance, as a result of feeding- rotten or mouldy corn. Curative treatment is usually ineffec- tual; it is best to preveoit it by ceasing to feed damaged, mouldy corn. The writer has received a great many reports, and has also observed cases, of "Big Head," [osteo porosis) — a disease of the bones, manifest by enlargement of the facial bones, of the lower jaw bone and the bones of the limbs, and nearly always leading to the "breaking down" of the horse after a long period of more or less severe rheumatic lameness. This disease is generally fatal. Excellent care with the va- riety in diet, as suggested to prevent moonblindness, will be good preventative, as well as palliative, treatment in this disease. A few cases of malignant catarrh ("hollow horn?") have been reported and also a few cases of Parturient Apoplexy ("milk fever") among^ cattle. Hog cholera raged in several counties last year, and has appeared in some counties this year. The disease has done the most damage in beats and counties where hogs bave 70 been allowed to run at large. To be sure it occurs in stock- law districts, but it does not there spread so rapidly; and in some instances the spreading of the disease has been checked or stopped at the border line between stock-law and non- stock-law districts. Since the germs of this disease are propagated mainly by filth and bad sanitary conditions, it pays best to work along the line of prevention. Keep hogs and pigs confined to a certain pasture, or lot ; see that these places are kept free from stagnant pools or filthy holes and that the water supply is pure. Also remember that the omniverous hog can not live under any condition or eat all things with impunity. It is well to keep a mixture of equal parts of charcoal, wood ashes, sulphur and common salt (pulverized and thoroughly mixed) constantly in reach of the hogs; also, keep a small box of nut coal in the hog lot con- tinually. This department is desirous of receiving reports of all diseases among domestic animals, especially all outbreaks of infectious, contagious, or spreading diseases that appear in Alabama. Questions relating to animal diseases will be gladly received and promptly answered. Address all such communications to the Veterinarian of the A. & M. College and Experiment Station. AGRICULTURAL * EXPERIMENT ^~ STATION OF THE Agrigui^tural and Me:ghanigai, Goi,i,ege, BULLETIN NO. 44, - - MAY, 1893, TOBACCO PLANT,. Alex. J. Bondurant CONTENTS. Page. I. Object of Experiment 3-6 II . Botanical Characteristics of Tobacco (> -7 III . Climatic Conditions 7-10 IV. Raising the Plants 11-12 V . Field Culture 12-14 VI . Transplanting 14-15^ VII. Chemical Properties and Fertilizers 15-19* VIII . Management of the Plant 19-24 IX . Insect Pests 25-27 X. Variety of Tobacco and Harvesting 27-32 XI . Modern Virginia Tobacco Barn 32-34 XII. Snow's Modern Tobacco Barn 34-39' XIII . Stripping and Prizing 39-42, 23^ The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, Auburn, Ala. — ■ ■ Alabama Priming Co., Montgomery, Ala. BOARD OF VISITORS. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES OX EXPERIMENT STATION. Hon. J. G. Gilchrist . . , Hope Hull . Hon. R. F. Ligon Montgomery, Hon. H. Clay Armstrong Auburn . BOARD OF DIRECTION. "Wm. LeRoy Broun President. A. J. BoNDURANT Agriculturist. N. T. LuPTON Chemist. P. H. Mell Botanist and Meteorologist J. M. Stedman Biologist 42. A. Gary, D. V. M Veterinarian. ASSISTANTS. James Clayton Assistant Horticulturist. A. F. Cory Assistant Agriculturist. J. T. Anderson, Ph. D First Assistant Chemist. L. W. Wilkinson, M. Sc Second Assistant Chemist. F. A. Lupton, M. Sc Third Assistant Chemist. R. F. Hare, B. Sc Fourth Assistant Chemist. G. S. Clark Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. TOBACCO. The scientific facts pertaining to agriculture, so far as they have been discovered, are scattered through many books and agricultural publications; few of these publi- .cations are accessible to the ordinary farmer. Some service may be done to the farmers gen- .erally and especially in the cotton States by col- lecting some im[)ortant facts that are accurately and certainly known and the experience of intel- ligent farmers and scientific men on the subject of "Tobac- co Culture" and presenting these to the public in com- pact form. The investigation of this subject was com- menced last year and methods of cultivation and manage- ment of this crop was given in Bulletin No 37, March, 92. I. Ob.JECT of ExPERIxMENT. Experiments to a limited extent were undertaken the past year in tobacco, with seed fromseveral varieties that are raised in Virginia, North Carolina, Florida, Connecticut and Cuba to ascertain, if possible, the kinds that are best iidapted to this climate, and tofind out if the culture of to- bacco, as a staple crop, could be made profitable in Alabama. Experimentation was conducted only in a general way, more with reference to the growth of the ditferent varie- ties planted and their qualities, than to tlie particulars of fertilizers suitable to the crop and methods of curing. Haishig Plants. — These experiments were commenced the middle of February ; at that time preparation was made for raisingthe plants in the open air bedsburntin the woods. The first seeding was made 13th of February; from this bed very few of the plants came up. The 7th day of March two open air beds were made which were left without any covering. At the same time a hot bed was made, the seed sown and the bed covered with cheese cloth. From these beds the seed soon srerminated, and in ten days from the time of sowing some of the plants could be seen. The cold spell of weather, which commenced March 19th, w^hen ice to the thickness of a quarter of an inch waS' formed, destroyed most of the plants in the open air beds during germination, those which were protected under the covering of cheese cloth in the hot bed lared much- better, and while large numbers were killed by the freeze, the proportion was much less than in the open beds, and it was from the hot beds that plants were raised for plant- ing the experimental grounds. . April 7th, other seed were sown for late plants for replanting ; these Avere principally of the Cuban varieties obtained from the Florida station; no plants of any con- sequence were raised from these seed. It was demonstra- ted from the experiments made in the raising of tobacco plants, that the young plants were easily atiected by cold and quickly killed by freezing weather in this climate, in fact, seemed to be aflected sooner in this respect than in many localities in the old tobacco raising States. To- avoid this difficulty, it is advisable, when practicable, to raise the plants under covered beds, in preference to open air beds. Another important discovery was made in raising plants- on the Station, viz : That the flea beetle, commonly called tobacco fly in the old tobacco States, seems to be abundant in this section, attacking the plants soon after they come up, and in uncovered beds, destroying the plants unless insecticides were prompt!}' applied. It was further ascer- tained that the plants under canvass made a more rapid growth and presented a healthier appearance, and were ready for transplanting much earlier than those in the open air or uncovered beds. 5 Transpldiithi;/ the Plants. — The transplanting of the plants from the plant-bed to tlie experimental grounds was commenced May 18th, and continued as the sea- son was favorable for transplanting up to the middle ■of June. A few of the lirst plants which escaped being killed by the March freeze were left to grow in the open air bed, these made a rapid growth and were topped the 6th of June, and were cut and ready for curing the 1st of August. Of the different varieties planted the Cuban varieties were the tirst to get their growth and were ripe and ready for cutting early in August. These were much blistered a,nd made leaf of poor quality, owing to their rapid growth and early maturing during the month of July, which was a wet month, making unfavorable conditions for the growth of tobacco of good quality. Another important tact was observed in connection with Cuban varieties, that is, that the leaves were coarse and thick, not so well adapted for either wrappers or tillers for cigars, too strong for any emoking purposes. The varieties from Virginia, North Carolina and Con- necticut did not make as rapid growth as the Cuban varie- ties, and did not ripen until September, and continued to ripen until October. Some plants of good size and quality were obtained from these varieties which would make a good qualit}' of chewing tobacco and cigars. The curing was imperfectly done, as it had to be cured by the air process in the gin house ; and while a small quantity of bright leaf was secured by this method, the proportion of bright tobacco was thereby greatly reduced. ^lakiinj Cigars. — With the view of testing the quality of the tobacco raised on the Station for cigar purposes, and as instruction to the agricultural students, an expe- rienced cigar maker was employed to make up a small quantity of the tobacco into cigars. 6 This experiment of cigar making demonstrated that some of the tobacco was suitable for this purpose. During- the process of making, when the cigars were in a damp condition, thev were weighed. It took from 120 to 125 of the smaller size to weigh a pound, and from sixty to- eighty of the larger size to weigh a pound. From the above the conclusion can readily be drawn a& to the profits arising from tobacco when manufactured intc^ cigars, and this experiment should encourage the growers of tobacco in this State to strive to raise a good grade of cigar leaf. Tobacco growing is one of the most profitable branches of tropical and semi-tropical agriculture ; the subject has> been much neglected by writers of agricultural literature. The importance of the subject to the farmer may be es- timated Avhen it is considered that next to the cereals used as staple articles of food there is probably no plant so widely and generally grown as tobacco, and certainly none that is used by a greater number of the human race. It is proposed in this bulletin to give a brief history of the plant ; to notice some of the leading varieties, some instruc- tions for its successful cultivation and management with a view to encourage the cultivation of a }»lant that can be generally grown in this State, the climate and soil of which, it is believed, suits it admirably, in sntficient quantity not alone to satisfy all local demands, but to opeu up a large and profitable export trade. II. BoTA^^icAL Characteristics of Tobacco. The tobacco plant is known to botanists by the generic name of Nicotiana. The genus Nicotiana belong to the Nightshade family to which order belong the Potato, To- mato, Capsicum, Henbane and deadly Nightshade Of some fifty known varieties of the genus Nicotiana, it is claimed that all are natives of America, except two^ 7 namely : Nicotiaiia Suaveoleiis, which is a native of Aus- tralia, and is known as "Native Tobacco," and Nicotiana Fragrans, a native of New Caledonia. The best known species are as follows : (1.) Nicotiana Tabacum, of which there are two varie- ties, viz; Macrophylla (Maryland tobacco) and Angusti- folia (Virginia tobacco). Each of these two varieties is divided into several sub-varieties. The Macrophylla is the variety which affords the famous- Cuban and Manilla tobaccos; it has a tine leaf which is> soft and thin, and is much valued in the trade for the tine- qualities of the leaf for binders and wrapi)ers in making cigars. Angustifolia is the most commonly cultivated variety itt the United States. (2.) Nicotiana Riistica, best known as Hungarian to- bacco, is largely grown in Europe and Asia. There are- also two varieties, a large leaved and a small leaved kind^ both of which yield tobacco of good quality. (3.) Nicotiana Persica, a type produced by clim.atic in- tiuences, but long thought to be a distinct type. (4.) Nicotiana Crispa. This species is much grown ii> Syria and on the Mediterranean coast. (5.) Nicotiana Repanda, a Mexican variety. It has- small leaves, used for imparting the peculiar aroma to Mexican cigars and cigarettes. The remaining species, notably Nicotiana, glauca, glii- tinosa, longiHora, nana and sanguinea, are of no commer- cial importance, being of interest only to the botanist and horticulturist. III. Climatic Conditions. Of the many conditions which affect the quality of to- bacco, the most important is climate ; other conditions may be, in a measure, modified, but very little can be done with regard to climate. The most rational mode of overcoming 8 this difficulty would be in the selection of seed of the vari- -eties which have been grown with success under similar climatic conditions as prevailin the district proposed to be cultivated. In this State, with its range of climate from semi-tropi- ■cal to temperate, a wide margin is permitted to the grower, cand seed can be procured suitable to all parts of the State. In tobacco, as in all other crops, the aim of the grower should be to produce the kind which will command the highest price. The most valuable tobaccos are the Cuban ^and Manilla, and they owe their fame mostly to the favorable conditions under which they are grown. These places possess a tropical heat, but at the same time are tempered with the sea breeze, and there are, no doubt, parts of the coastal districts of this State which may pro- duce an article that could favorably compare with these tobaccos. Tobacco thrives best in a good rich soil, rich in vegeta- ble mould, but light soil containing a good amount of or- ganic matter and well drained will produce an excellent smoking tobacco, and on such soil the finest leaves are grown. The more clay in the soil the thicker the leaves become, and the aroma becomes less, and is consequently less suited for the iiner qualities of smoking tobacco, al- though the weight of yield may be heavier. Black prairie land will probably yield more to the acre than any other kind of land in this State, but the tobacco will not possess so liue a quality — on such soil it grows larger, has coarser stems and a heavier leaf, and is not so ;good for wrappers, or line cut or cigarettes and cigars as the upland tobacco on sandy soils. Though tobacco is a hardy plant and will grow under varied conditions, yet to become a profitable crop, it must not be grown in a situa- tion very different from that to which it is suited by na- ture. It. must he remembered that the plant is a native of 9 a warm climate, and thrives best in a moist atmosphere ; therefore, in such a climate, by employing ordinary means, tobacco may be made to yield a protit not attainable in less favored situations. A warm, moist climate will per- mit of the selection of the varieties that sell at the hiijhest price in the market, and in a suitable soil the protit will be such as is not often or easily realized from any other crop. From a table at hand, which gives the essential features of the crops of cotton for the year 1888, in the United States, it appears that the yield per acre for cotton was one hundred and eighty pounds — price per pound, eight and a half cents. Value per acre, fifteen dollars and thirty cents. With tobacco, the average annual production during the past decade has been about one-sixth that of cotton. The average yield per acre has been about seven hundred and twenty-tive pounds, with an average of eight and one-half cents per pound, making the value of tobacco per acre sixty-one dollars and sixty-two and a half cents. As the Havana tobaccos conmiand the highest price, growers everywhere attempt to introduce and cultivate them. The ditHculty in growing these varieties is, they speedil}- degenerate if the conditions are not favorable. Virginia tobacco is the most favored in temperate climates, as it does not require such a high temperature, but on ac- •count of its botanical characteristics it is not much liked by cigar or cut tobacco manufacturers. A high price is generally commanded, no matter of what variety, which possesses either a light mahogau}', cinnamon, or golden color, and fine aroma, with thin ribs far apart and even. The wider the leaf and the less they are worm eaten, or torn, the greater the number of wrappers which can be cut from a pound for making cigars, consequently manu- facturers will pay more for grades possessing these quali- ties than for others. There are among growers as many 10 varieties of tobacco as there are varieties of cabbage, each' section favoring a particular kind. It may, however, be said of the varieties most generally grown in America, that the Kentucky, Virginia and Mary- land are employed for chewing, pipe and cigarette smok- ing, while the Connecticut seed leaf and Havana are most in use for tillers and wrappers in the manufacture of cigars. Tobacco is now cultivated through a wider range of temperature than any other tropical plant, and whether grown amid the plains of South America, or in the rich valleys of South side A'irginia, or as far north as Connecti- cut, develop its tinest form and perfection of leaf. During the last half century the plant has been devel- oped to a greater extent than during the three hundred years succeeding its discovery. Its cultivation and manage- ment have been reduced to an approach to an exact science, and the quality of the leaf is, in a great measure, within the control of the growers of the plant; until (^uite recently it was supposed that the varieties that grew in the tropics could not be cultivated with success in the temperate regions, but recent experiments have demon- strated the fact that the tobacco of Cuba can be grown with success in many parts of the United States. The to- bacco raised in the tropics is the finest in flavor, while the more temperate regions produce the flnest and best colored leaf. The tobacco of the tropics, as to the uses to which it is put, is limited, while the tobacco of the more temperate regions can be used for all the purposes for which the plant is needed. Formerly but little attention was paid to the color and texture of the leaf, the principal object being the produc- tion of a leaf of large size^ rather than one of good color and of silky texture. Xow, these are most important con- ditions, and give value to the tobacco in proportian. ta tha pertection of these qualities. 11 IV. Raising the Plants. The first operation necessary in starting tobacco grow- ing is the making of a seed-bed for raising the plants. A warm sheltered position should be selected for this. It is a common plan to burn a pile of brush-wood on the land selected for raising the plants to supply potash, and at the same time destroying^the seeds of weeds, or the eggs of insects. A more recent plan of raising the plants is under a cov- erino; of cheese cloth in a hot bed. Plate Xo. 1 is an illustration of the modern method of covering the plants during their growth both in the open air and hot beds. The area of the seed bed will of course depend upon the extent of the proposed cultivation and as usually about one square inch in space is allowed to each young plant in the seed- bed, it will require a seed- bed of thirty-six square feet, say nine by fourfeet^ to supply plants for an acre planted at equal dis- tances of three feet apart. An ouncecontains enough seed to plant from six to seven acres, but as it has not a high percentage of vitality it is usual to sow •*> 'at the rate of half an» 12 'Ounce for an acre. The bed ought to be covered with a • covering of cheese cloth, or tine brush, or short leaf pine M straw. This not only protects the plants from the cold, sudden freezes, which are common in the early spring in this latitude about the time germination commences, but checks too rapid evaporation from the earth, keeping the surface moist. When the young plants first appear above the surface they are very tender; theyj require frequent watering of weak liquid manure and top dressing with fertilizers. All weeds must be carefully removed and the ■flea beetles which often destroy all the young plants in a rfew days must be watched for and insect remedies applied. •In from five to six weeks the plants will be ready for V transplanting. V. Field Culture. Land on which it is intended to grow tobacco ■ should be well ploughed; on compact soils the ploughing should be deep. An intelligent rotation of . crops carried out with an intelligent knowledge of the needs of the tobacco crop will be the aim of the practical farmer. Before transplanting the young plants from the : seed-bed the land should be ridged, the distance between the ridges depending on the kind of tobacco to be planted . — the larger kinds requiring more room than the smaller- leaved and tall sorts; but they should be far enough apart to allow a free passage between the rows of plants without injuring the plants. Generally from three to three and a .half feet apart between the rows, and the same between the plants will be suiRcient. Where the surface is level the plough may be run lightly over the field at right angles, . thus forming small hills on which the plants are planted. Choice of Soil. — The growers of the plant in A^irginia are very particular in the selection of soil for the plant. The .lands which they find best adapted are the light red or 13 chocolate colored lands and the richest low _2:ronnds. The- selection of soil will depend upon the color of leaf in de- mand, as the soil as well as the fertilizers determine to some extent the color and texture of the leaf. The eftect produced by planting tobacco too near the sea is injury to the leaf, which is apt to be thick and unlit for a cigar wrapper. In some countries, however, notably Cuba, the leaf grown near salt water is equal in color and texture to any grown in the interior. Generally the plant obtains its finest form and quality of leaf on lands bordering the largest rivers. This is true of the tobacco lands of Connecticut, Kentucky, Virginia and North Carolina, as well as of those in the islands of Cuba and San Domingo; but some of the finest tobacco grown in the United States is grown in countries some distance from large rivers. AVhen possible, select the kind of soil for tobacco that will produce the color and texture desired. For Connec- ticut seed leaf a light moist loam is the best soil. For the bright tobaccos, such as are raised in Virginia, North Car- olina and Maryland, the soil should be light and friable, or what is commonly called a sandy loam, not too ilat, but of a rolling, undulating surface not liable to overflow in ex- cessive rains. New cleared in these last named States is considered better than long cultivated soils. In Cuba the planters select the red soil as the best for fine tobacco. Some planters, however, prefer a soil mixed of one-fourth sand and one-half to three-fourths of decayed vegetable matter. Both the Cuban and American planters concur in as- serting that a large quantity of silicious matter in soils is essential for the growth of good cigar tobacco. The rich clay loams on the banks of the James River in Virginia do not grow the highest price tobacco, while the less fertile silicious soils of other sections will produce tobacco of su- 14 perior quality for chewing and smoking. Tobacco of high grade will not grow in the calcareous regions. A better soil is one that rests upon the primary foundation. A"I. Transplanting. — Figure 2 shows the plan of placing and setting the plants. Transplanting should be done in the evening or on a cloudy day. B e f o r e transplanting, the seed-bed should receive Figure 2. a good watering so that the plants can be drawn without injury to the roots. The planting is similar to the planting of cabbage and is no more difficult. A good plan is, for a boy to walk be- tween the ridges, placing the plants alternately to right and left, being followed by the planters, who place the plants in the hills or ridges, taking the precaution to leave the bud well above the surface. In a few days any missing hills which occur should be replanted, and during the early growth a close watch must be kept for the cut worm, bore worm, and other injurious insects. When the plants have taken root they grow very quickly and subsequent cultivation is simple, though re- quiring care. When the plants are from six to nine inches liigh they require to be hilled, by mounding the earth around the 15 plants, to protect them from falling when the soil is wet or from being blown down by heavy winds. One or two hoe- ings are necessary during the growing period to keep down the weeds, as everything that detracts from the growth of the plant is detrimental to the ([uality of the leaf. VII. Chemical Properties. An analysis of the ashes of tobacco by I'rofessor .Johnson shows the following constituents in their several propor- tions (per cent.) : Potash 12.14 Soda 0.07 Lime 45 • 90 Magnesia 13-^9 Chloride of Sodium 3 .49 Chloride of Potassium 3-98 Phosphate of Iron 5-48 Phosphate of Lime i • 49 Sulphate of Lime 6.35 Silica 8.01 100.00 From tliis analysis it will be observed that of the min- eral matters contained in tobacco, the following predomi- .nate: silica, potash, lime and magnesia, with a large pro- iportion of the phosphate of iron and sulphate of lime. There is in tobacco a volatile akali which may be known hy its smoke changing the color of flowers — turning red to purple and purple to green. Different kinds of tobacco are distinguished by the peculiar odor emitted. This va- riation is in part due to the different modes of curing the leaf. Recent Tiivestigations;. — Many new investigations have ,been made as regards the tobacco crop, referred to under the foUowino: heads.* ■ft =^Dr. J. Nessler, of Karlsruhe (Landw. vers. Stat. 40, pp. 395-438) Ex- periment Station Record, October, 1SH2. 16 (1) Demands of the trade especially with reference ta- burning qualities. (2) AVhat amount of chlorine is allowable and what amount of potash essential to the desired burning quality. (3) Eftect of soil on the burning quality. (4) Amounts of chlorine and potash removed from the soil by dift'erent crops and effect of previous cropping on the burning quality of tobacco. (5) Amounts of potash and chlorine furnished the soil in dift'erent manures. (6) Eftect of manuring on burning quality. (7) Eftect of previous cropping and manuring on the properties of tobacco other than that of burning. (8) Injurious and beneftcial methods of cropping and manuring tobacco. The various properties of the tobacco leaf, burning qual- ities, size, weight, color and fermentive properties, are all more or less aftected by the variety of tobacco, the soil, time, and manner of manuring, climate and the time of ripening. The properties of tobacco may also be aftected by the manner of curing and the weather durint the curing. The fact that so many factors play an important part in determining the quality of tobacco makes this part of the subject a difficult and tedious one to study and understand. To secure the desired burning quality, the amount of chlorine must not rise above a maximum, nor the amount of potash sink below a minimum. From studies made of forty-six samples of tobacco, grown in Baden, Germany, on dift'erent soils and with dift'erent manures, the conclu- sion was, that tobacco continued to glow longer, i. e.,. burned better, the more potash and less chlorine (sodium chlorine) it contained. In general, tobacco will be of inferior burning quality ,- which contains more than 0.4 per cent, of chlorine, and less than 3.5 per cent, potash. 17 Effect of Soil on Burning Qualify of Tobacco. — As a result of the studies referred to above, it was found that while tobacco from sandy soils contained on an average only 0.29 per cent, of chlorine, that from heavy soils con- tained 0.92 per cent, of chlorine, and that tobacco from light soils averaged 2.8 per cent, potasli, while that from heavy soils averaged 2.4 per cent. From these indications, to secure the best burning quality, tobacco should be grown on light soils, and not on heavy clay soils. Effect of Fertilizers on Burning Qualities of Tobacco. — As previously stated, that to be of good burning ([uality^ tobacco should not contain more than 0.4 per cent, chlorine- to 2.5 per cent, potash (that is, six times as much potash as chlorine), consequently, fertilizers for tobacco should contain at least six parts of potash for every part of chlo- rine that is at the disposal of the plant. The closer the- relation between potash and chlorine in a fertilizer the less- it is adapted for tobacco. A number of experiments have been made, with potassium nitrate, potassium sulphate, potassium muriate, gypsum and common salt as fertilizers for tobacco. The chlorine compounds always injured the burning; qualities, and the potassium sulphate and potassium nitrate- often improved this quality, though not always — the fail- ure being due, it is believed, to the potash not being suffix ciently distributed through the soil, or where heavy applica- tions were made to the formation of too concentrated; solutions. The tobacco plant gets its growth and maturity rapidly, and requires a constant supply of plant food from the soil, but on the other hand it is exceedingly sensitive to con- centrated solutions. It is importan't that the fertilizer, especially the potash, be thoroughly mixed with the soil to a depth to which the roots extend. This may be ac- complished in a measure by applying the fertilizer some- time in advance of planting. 18 Frevious Culture of Land for Tobacco. — The quality of the soil and the manuring are largely responsible for the early and late ripening and the regular and irregular ripening of tobacco. Tobacco plants ripen later on soils rich in organic mat- ter, except in the case of sandy soils, where the organic matter decomposes rapidly. Heavy applications of nitro- genous manures retard ripening. Tobacco richly manured with liquid manure, night soil, barnyard manure, or nitrate ■of soda, ripens late. If the plants are set late on fields so manured, or those rich in organic matter, the leaves may not have time to ripen, and a greenish leaf will result, which, in burning, gives an unpleasant odor and bitter taste, and bitter taste in chewing also. Formulas for Fertilizers for Tobacco. — The following fomulas for fertilizing tobacco have been recommended : Formula No. 1. — From 900 to 1250 pounds of wood ashes, or 350 pounds of potassium sulphate per acre, the •applications being made to deep soils late in the fall, or to ^shallow soils before the iirst plowing. In the spring be- fore setting the plants 135 to 180 pounds of nitrate of •soda may be applied when the land is not heavily manured. In rainy seasons, when the plants lose their dark green 'oolor, and fail to grow well, 90 to 135 of nitrate of soda per acre may be applied while the plants are small. Formula No. 2. — Two hundred and seventy-iive (275) pounds of low grade sulphate of potash, 250 pounds of acid phosphate (12 per cent.) and 100 pounds of sulphate of ammonia (a by-product of gas liquor) or 280 pounds of cotton seed meal. Sulphate of ammonia, it is stated, is one of the most concentrated forms in which ammonia can be applied to the soil, and is, at the same time, one of the most active and readily available forms, being deci- 19 dedly quicker iu its action than any form of organo-nitro- _genou8 matter. Magnesium earbonate, a new product of the Stassfurt industry, of Prussia, Germany, containing 18.5 per cent, of potash, is said to possess good properties in improving the (piality of tobacco. In the Connecticut valley, where line cigar leaf is raised, nearly all kinds of domestic, com- mercial, and special fertilizers are used. Of domestic fer- tilizers, horse manure is considered the best, as it produces the tinest and lightest colored leaf of any known fertilizer. •Cotton seed meal, when used with domestic manure, is an excellent and strong manure. Mapes formula is a favorite with many growers of tine •cigar leaf in Connecticut. VIII. The Stalk. Figure 3 represents a full grown tobacco stalk, with the leaves taken off. The tobacco stalk varies with the varieties of the plant. All of the species cultivated in the United States have stalks of a large size, much larger than many varieties grown in the tropics. The American varieties have erect, round, hairy, viscid stalks and large librous roots, while the foreign va- FxGiRE a. rieties are harder and much smaller. The size of the stalk corresponds with that of the leaves ; the two larger stalks in the figure sliow the American, and the smaller stalk the foreign. The size of the stalk corresponds with that of the leaves, and. with such varieties as are planted in Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, and other old to- ibacco States, will be found to be larger than the Spanish 20 and Syrian tobacco, which have a much smaller, but harder stalk. The stalk must be hard and strong to support the- long, palm-like leaf, which, in some varieties, grows to a length of two and half to three feet. The Leaoes. — The [plant bears from eight to twenty leaves, according to the species of the plant. FlGDIlK 4. They have, as represented in figure 4, various forms; ovate, lanceolate, and pointed. Leaves of a lanceolate form are the largest, and the shape found on most varie- ties of the American plant. The color of the leaves when growing, as well as after curing and sweating, varies, and is frequently caused by the condition of the soil. The color, while growing, may be either a light or dark green, which usually changes to a yellowish cast as the plant ripens. The ground leaves generally ripen first, turning yellow and during wet weather will rot and drop from the stalk if not gathered. The color of the leaf, after curing, may be determined by the color of the leaf while growing; if dark green while maturing in the field, the color will be dark after curing and sweating, and the reverse if of a lighter shade of green. If the soil be dark, the color of the leaf will be darker than if grown upon light soil. The kind of fertil- izers applied to the soil, as well as the soil itself, has much to do with the texture of the leaf, and should be duly con- sidered by all growers of the plant. 21 The Flower. — The ilowers of the tobacco plant grow, as 18 shown in tigure 5, in a bunch on the summit of the plant, and are of a pink, yellow, purple or white color, according to the variety of the plant. Figure 5. After the buds appear the}' blossom in a few days and remain in full bloom two or three weeks, when they perish. TJic Capsule. — \V hen the flowers drop from the fruit bud, the capsules grow very rapidly and soon attain full size, as fihown in figure 6. Figure 6. This occurs only in those plants which have been left for seed and remain untopped. In form, the fruit bud re- sembles an acorn, though more pointed at the top; in some fipecies, of a dark brown, in others of a light brown color, containing two cells filled with seed, similar in shape to the fruit bud. Some writers state that each cell contains about one thousand seed. The fruit buds of Virginia tobacco, as 22 well as of most varieties grown witliin the limits of the United States, are much larger than those of Havana^ Syrian and numerous other species of the plant, while the color of these last named varieties is a lighter shade of brown. The color of the seed also varies according to the varie- ties of the plant. The seeds of some species are of a dark brown, while others are of a lighter shade. The seed are so small that the variety to which they be- long can not be determined except by planting or sowing^ them. The plants selected for seed should be left growing late in the season. Strong, healthy plants generally pro- duce large, welliilled capsules, and these should be selected by the grower for seed. The largest and Unest capsules on the plant mature iirst, while the smaller ones grow much slower and are frequently several weeks changing from their green to brown color. Many of the capsules contain imperfect seed and some do not contain any seed at all. The Sucker. — The sucker makes its appearance at the junction of the leaves and stalk, as indicated in tigure 7. Figure 7. Usually these are not seen until after the plant has been topped, when they come forward rapidly and if not plucked off in a short time develop into strong, vigorous shoots. 23 The growth of the suckers is injurious to the leaf, retard- ing their size and maturity, and atfect the quality as well as the maturity of the plant. When the plants are fully ripe and ready to harvest, the suckers will be found to be growing around the root of the plant. This is one of the most reliable evidences of its maturity^ as it denotes the ripening of the entire plant. Breaking oft* the suckers hastens the ripening of the leaves and gives a lighter shade of color, no matter on what soil the plants are grown. Toppimj. — Topping is simply breaking oft' the bud at the top of the stalk, as represented by ftgure 8, — Figure 8. to prevent the plant running up to flower and seed. By this means the best growth of the leaves is secured, and they at once develop to the largest possible size; wdll ripen sooner, while the quality is much better. There are various methods of topping, as well as difter- ent periods. Some planters top as soon as the capsules appear, while others wait until the plants are in full blossom. If topped before the plants have come into blossom, it 24 should be done as soon as possible, as a longer time will be required for the leaves to grow and ripen than when top- ping is delayed until the plants are in bloom. Top the plants at a regular height, leaving from nine to twelve leaves, so that the field will look even and also make the number of leaves to a plant uniform. The above method of topping refers more especially to cigar rather than cut- ting leaf. Those varieties of tobacco suited for cutting leaf should be topped as soon as the flower bud appears; top low, thereby throwing the strength of the stalk into a few leaves, making them large and heavy. Let it grow from tive to six weeks after it is topped, so as to have it thor- oughly ripe, thereby giving it the bright, rich, golden ■color, entirely different from cigar leaf, but desirable for •chewing leaf. The custom in the old tobacco States is to top for English shipping from eight to ten leaves; for coal <3uring, from ten to twelve. In some sections of the United •States the plants are not topped at all; the leaves are left ■upon the stalk until they are fully ripe, when they are taken off. 25 IX. Insect Pests. The two most destructive pests that prey upon the to- hacco plant after being transplanted to the field are the "cut worm" and the "horn worm'', as shown by figure 9. fiiiiKE y The cut worm commences its work of destruction in a few hours after transplanting in the field. During the night this worm begins by eating oft' the «mall or central leaves, and often so eftectually as to de- stroy the plant. The best time to find and destroy these pests is early in the morning, when they can be found nearer the surface; with the heat of the sun they burrow -deeper in the soil. Soon after they disappear, the fight with the horn worm commences. 26 I'igiire 10 shows the Sphinx, or moth, the parent of the horn worm, the larvae and the horn worm. Fl'iURE 10. The horn worm feeds upon the finest and largest leaves; eats the leaves in the finest parts of them. They leave large holes which render the leaf worthless for a cigar or chewing wrapper, leaving it tit, only for fillers. As the Sphinx, that lays the oggs usually deposits two crops of 27- eggs on the tobacco plant during its growth, it will require mucli time and labor to destroy the eggs and worms. If this is neglected, the crop will be much injured and will not be sought after by good judges of tobacco. X. Varieties of Tobacco and Harvestin(;. Figure 11 represents the Connecticut seed leaf as it ap- pears ready for harvesting. Figure 11. Tradition indicates that this variety was introduced'' originally into the New England States by B. P. Barber, and it is thought to belong to the Cuban variety. The varieties cultivated in the United States and known as "seed leaf" tobaccos, are grown in Connecticut, Massachu- setts, Vermont, and eastern and western States. All of the seed-leaf of the United States is used exclu- sively in the manufacture of cigars, and is celebrated for cigar wrappers from the superiority of its color and tex- ture, and the good burning quality of th« leaf. The plant grows to the height of about five feet, with leaves from two and one-half to three feet in length, and from fifteen to twenty inches broad. The color of this tobacco after curing is either dark or light cinnamon. 28 There are two principal varieties of Connecticut seed- leaf, broad and narrow leaf — of these two, the broad leaf is considered the finest, cutting up to better advantage in -cigar making, and ripening and curing fully as well. This tobacco has not that line flavor of Cuban tobacco, but in texture is considered equal to it. It burns freely, leaving a white or pearl colored ash, which is one of the best evidences of a good cigar tobacco. The leaf is Arm and strong, and sufficiently elastic to bear considerable manipulating in manufacture. Thorough cultivation by the growers has made this quality of tobacco one of the most profitable of any cigar tobacco grown in the United States. This figure represents a plant of Virginia tobacco maturing seed. Virginia tobacco has ac- quired a reputation which has gradually increased for more than two hundred and fifty years. The plant grows to the height of from three to five feet; the leaves are long and broad, and when cured are of various colors, from a rich brown mahogany, cinnamon, to a fine golden yellow. Figure 12. The finest quality of Virginia to- 'i)acco comes from the southside counties, but the amount is small compared to the quantities of dark raised on the liowlands of the Dan and James rivers and their tributa ries. The tobacco grown in the southside and southwestern counties of Virginia is much lighter in color, and of much softer and finer texture than the ordinary Virginia tobacco. oq Havaud Tobacco. — This famous variety of tobacco, as i8- shown in figure 13, is cousiclerecl the finest flavored for cigars that is now cultivated. FiGlKF, ]o. This variety, it is stated, grows to a height of from six. to nine feet, with oblong, spear-shaped leaves. The leaves when young are of a dark green color, and have rather a smooth appearance, changing at maturity into yellowish green. This variety grows quickly, and by careful prun- ing a fine colored leaf is obtained, varying fromfa straw color to a dark brown or black. The finest is grown in Vuelta de Abajo, which for nearly a century has been celebrated as a tine tobacco producing district. The Havana tobacco ripens in from eight to ten weeks after being transplanted. The stalk and leaves are not as large as the Connecticut seed-leaf, but it is better in flavor. -30 Cutting the Plant. — ^Figure 14 represents harvesting the plant. FlGlBF, 14. There are two methods of harvesting, cutting down the whole plant or gathering the leaves singly. The former is the one that has been practiced for a long time by to- bacco planters; the latter, which is of recent origin, is re- gardedjby many as the most ^cientilic method. Both these plans of gathering have their advantages. The first is the easiest and permits of quicker handling, but the leaves have to be assorted afterwards, while the latter permits the sorting of the leaves in the first opera- tion, and the development of a greater number of mature leaves. For cutting, a heavy knife is used, and the method is similar to cutting sugar cane, the plant being held with the left hand and cut close to the ground. The plants should be removed to a shad}' place to [»re- vent their becoming sunburnt. 81 l^tiffiiKj 01} the Stir/,'. — This is shown hy iigure 15. FlGlRE 1') After tlie plant is wilted and becomes pliant and in good condition to handle withont breaking, it should be placed on the stick. Some tobacco growers hold the opinion that the plants should be harvested Avithout wilting at all, stringing on the stick as soon as cut, and carrying them immediately to the tobacco barn. The reason for this is, that often at "the time of cutting the plant the ground is hot, and the plant becomes ver^' warm and quickly sunburned. When hung on the stick, which is four and a half feet in length, six to eight large plants are the usual number. Carrying to the Barn. FiGt'KE 1(>. -This figure shows how the sticks q9 are placed on a frame in the field and loaded on the wagon for taking to the tobacco barn. XI. Modern Virginia Tobacco Barn. Figure 17. The process of curing now commences, and on the suc- cess of this operation depends in a great measure the ulti- mate value of the crop. Xo matter how tine the plants may be, or how large the production, an error in curing is sufficient to destroy, in a great degree, the work of the season. The tobacco barn should be built with windows and doors sufficient to insure a free current of air."* The barn should be high enough to permit three rows of plants being hung one above the other, say 16 to 18 feet from floor to roof. There are several methods of curing, viz: Air curing,, sun curng, firing with open tires, and curing by flues. Air curing is the process of curing the plant in shade or barn, as seen in figure 18. 33 Sun curing is the method of curino; in the open air, while firing is the process of curing as above stated, either by open fires or flues in the tobacco barn. The latter method is the one generally practiced in the tobacco sec- tions in Virginia, North Carolina, and to some extent in the west, and is considered the best way of curing cutting leaf. Method of Curmg. — Tliere are two common methods practiced of handling tobacco for curing, — the older and long favored method of cutting and hanging the whole stalk with the leaves attached, and the method of detach- ing the leaves from the stalk before hanging, — a method which is comparatively new in this country, but is em- ployed to considerable extent in Germany and France. These methods are too long to be discussed fully in this bulletin for the purpose of passing on the merits of either. A recent experiment conducted at the IsTorth Carolina Experiment Station, with a view to settling the matter, indicates that a comparison between the weight of one- half a crop of tobacco cured on the stalk and the other half cured separate from the stalk shows a difference of 34 weight of 128 pounds per half acre in favor of the latter. Major R. L. Ragland, a large and successful grower of to- bacco in Virginia, states that he has for years employed both methods with success, and there is no doubt that in parts of Virginia and North Carolina the method of strip- ping the leaves has recently come into decided favor. A contrary view is held by Prof. Wagner, of Darmstadt, Germany, a most reliable authority, and one in whom the Germans have great faith. He says: If the leaf is picked before it is ripe, it needs a process of subsequent ripening to give it a good quality. This is impossible if the leaf is separated from the stalk. With this view another German writer, W. Tscherbatscheff", also agrees. J An experiment conducted by JSTessler shows that the dried constituents of tobacco cured on the stalk, and separate from it, show no appreciable dift'erence in weight."^ These opinions are conflicting and irreconcilable at pres- ent, and further investigation will have to be made to set- tle the question. XII. Snoav's Modern Tobacco Barn. This new process of harvesting and curing tobacco was introduced by W. II. Snow, of Ilighpoint, North Carolina. Fisrure 19 shows the view ot this modern barn. i Tscherbatscheff W. Dcr Tabak mid Seine Kidtiir in den Nordamerikanischen Staaien, Laud^virth Schaftliche Jahrbuchcr, 1875, /■ I°2- *Wagner, I. C, p. 88. 35 Figure 19. It is not necessary at present to give details for the con- struction of this barn and apparatus. It is claimed that this system of curing tobacco in the Snow Modern Barn has important advantages. The leaves are stripped from the stalks in the lield and brought to the barn in baskets, and strung about the width of a linger apart on pointed wires which project at right angles from a wooden stick. As the sticks are tilled they are placed in movable racks in the barn, and as fast as a rack is tilled it is raised by a simple device to the top of the building. This is continued until the barn is filled, leaving only as much space between racks as is required for the hanging leaves. Plan of Housing. — The plan of housing in this barn is illustrated by Figure 20. ae Figure 20. Advantages of the Method. — The following are some of the important advantages chximed for the Snow process over the old.— - I. The planter can begin to house his crop from two to four weeks earlier, as the bottom leaves which ripen first can be taken off and cured as soon as they are ripe. IL As the lower leaves are pulled off those left on the stalk ripen up more rapidly, which enables the planter to get in his crop earlier in the season. III. The tobacco can be stored in a much smaller space and with no risk of losing color or molding when bulked down. IV. Tobacco can be cured with a more uniform color. V. Less fuel will be required, and the risk of setting lire to the barn will be greatly lessened. 37 Many other advantages are claimed for this new system over the old, which 1 will not now enumerate. Flues and Flue Curing. — The cut 21 represents the fur- nace and pipe which is extensively used in tiue curing. Figure 21. Flues have almost entirely superseded open lires for curing yellow tobacco as being cheaper and better every way. The heat is more readih' controlled by the use of flues, and the tobacco cured by this process is cleaner, brighter and sweeter. The flue is regarded us the best mode for applying heat in the curing process for any type of tobacco requiring the application of artificial heat, and is fast superseding the open wood Are. 38 The Stove. — The stove as represented ii/figure 22 is Figure 22. the kind usually used. This is placed in the basement of the barn. The doors of the stoves open from the outside. The stoves are covered with brick or stone arches extend- ing two feet beyond the rear ends of the stoves. 39 XIII. Stripping. This process is represented by Figure 23. FlOURE -23. After the tobacco is thoroughly cured it has to be stripped. The leaves become soft and pliant in damp weather and can be readily taken down out of the barn ior stripping. After taking down, the i)lants should be packed, in order to be kept moist until stripping. This operation consists in taking the leaves from the Rtalk and tying them in bundles after assorting the various qualities and keeping them separate. Each hand or bun- dle of the best grades should contain at least twelve leaves. In the old tobacco tStates the plant is usually made into three grades — long, short, and lugs, or worm eaten leaves. In Cuba the leaves are divided into four classes ; first, the leaves at the top of the plant, which constitute the best quality, from the fact that they get more equally the benelit of the sun's rays by day and the dew at night; second, the leaves which are next to the above; third, the inferior or small leaves; fourth, the lug leaves, or those nearest the ground. The assorting of the plant previous to putting in hands or bundles is an operation that requires judgment and a practiced eye. This mode is similar to that of shadin care is taken to keep the themselves. Assorting th( carried to its fullest extent cigars, but simply keeping selves, like light and dark b the bundle after it has been 40 of assorting colors in stripping g cigars, in which the utmost various colors and shades by plant does not imply that it is in point of color, as in shading those general colors by them- rown leaves. Fijrure 24 shows stripped, assorted and tied. FlIiUKE 24. Packing. — This is shown by iigure 25. After the process of stripping is com- pleted the hands should be packed to keep them moist or as near possible in the same condition as when stripped. Select a cool, dry place in the center of the floor of the tobacco barn. It should be packed loosely or compact Figure 25 according as the hands are moist and dry. 41 Hand the tobacco to the packer, who presses the hands firmly with his knees and hands, laying the tobacco in two rows — keeping the pile ab^ut the same height, tilling in occasionally with a middle row until all is packed. The different qualities should be packed separately. They can be packed any height or length desired, but usually from three to five feet high will be found conv"enient height, while the length may be proportioned to the height or not. After the tobacco is packed, it should be covered with boards and gently weighted with stone or pieces of timber. If the tobacco is packed down in a good case, or keeping condition, whicji requires experience to determine, it can remain packed until read}' for [)rizing. Priziitfj, Casing and Baling. — This is shown by figure 26. FKil-RE 26. The term prizing originated in \'irginia. In the sense in which it is to be taken here is a local word, which the Virginians claim the credit of creating. It is the act of pressing or squeezing the article which is to be packed into any package by means of certain levers, screws, or 42 * other mechanical force, — this requires the combination of judgment and experience, otherwise the tobacco may be- come bruised. All leaf used for cutting purposes and export in Amer- ica is prized in hogsheads; cigar leaf is usually cased or baled. In some tobacco sections about 800 pounds net is packed in one parcel, while in others from 1000 to 1800 pounds. Tobacco in good condition to prize nuist be damp enough to bear the pressure without breaking and crumbling, while it must not be too moist or it will rot in the case. The hands or bundles are packed in the hogshead, or the case in two tiers — when nearly filled, it is subjected to a strong pressure as is shown in figure 27. Figure 27. The tobacco should be cased hard so that the mass will rise but little when the pressure is removed. When to- bacco is prized or cased in the spring, it will commence to "warm up" as the sunmier comes, and will go through a sweat. After "going through a sweat" the leaves take on a darker color, and lose the rank fiavor which they had before. * After much correspondence and delay, the plates for this Bulletin were procured from The American Publishing Company, Hartford, Connecticut, Historical Publishing Company. Pliiladelphia. Penn.,and Orange Judd Company, New York— and the issuing of the Bulletin has been delayed from this cause. Bulletin l\o. 45, : : : June, 1893. Agricultural Experiment Station -OF THE- Agricultural and Mechanical College, ' AUBURN, : : ALABAMA. INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS. Some lii$iect Pests of' the Farm niicl 4iiai*«leii. J. M". STETDjyCA.Isr. CONTENTS. PAGE. I. Iiitrodnction and General Remarks 3-7 If. Insecticides 7-11 IIL M:icliines for Applying Poisons 12-21 IV. C.«li>rado Potato Beetle 22-23 V. Cabbage Bntterfiy 24-27 V I. Harlequin Cabbajre Bno; 2S-29 VII. Cut- Worms (Cabbage). 29-30 VIII. Cotton Worm or Cotton Leaf Worm 30-32 IX Boll Worm 32-34 X. Apbids or Lice on Cotton 34 XL Cut Worms (Corn) 34 XII. Corn Worm or Boll Worm 35 Tlie lliilletiris of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of tlie State on applit;ation to the Agrionltural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala All coininunications should be ae. — a. eggs; b, larva* ; c, pupa: d,d, adudt beetles ; e, enlarged wing cover of beetle. The adult insect is a beetle nearly one-half inch in length, of a yellow color, with dark longitudinal stripes and orange legs and belly. It deposits its eggs in clusters, usually on the underside of the leaf; these hatch in about a week into small grub like larvte, at first of a light yellow color, but changing to orange or red with a few black spots along the side, as they grow larger. They eat almost continually and with great rapidity, and keep their bodies distended with 23 food. In a few weeks they become full grown and descend just beneath the surface of the ground, where they trans- form to the pupa stage. They remain in the pupa stage about ten days, and then come forth as a perfect insect. These then pair and the female soon deposits her eggs, and another brood follows with the work of destruction. There are about four broods in a season, and unless they are held in check, it is easy to see that they increase in numbers with great rapidity. The adult beetle, only, lives through the winter, secluded under rubbish, leaves, etc., and comes out in the Spring to deposit eggs. Remedies. — Fortunately this insect can be readily held in check by sprinkling or dusting the plants with Paris green or London Purple, used either as a powder or in a liquid state. In using these remedies as a powder, the poison can be diluted by mixing with four times its bulk of flour. This can then be applied by means of a dusting machine or pow- der gun, or ii can be sifted on by means of a tin can with a few small holes in the bottom. It is better to dust the plants early ia the morning when the dew is on them. In using the poisons as a liquid, 1 pound of the poison to 50 gallons of water, can be sprayed upon the plants by means of some spraying machiue, or the liquid can be carried in a pail and sprinkled on the plants by means of a brush-broom. It is important that the liquid be frequently stirred, otherwise the poison will settle to the bottom, especially Paris green. For- tunately the larvte as well as the adults are destroyed by these remedies. It is important that the application be made as soon as the insects appear, and should be kept up as often as they appear in damaging numbers. This is especially true with the young potato plants, since they will eat every leaf in a remarkably short time. 24 CABBAGE PLANT. CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. There are two species of the common cabbage butterfly in Alabama. One known as the soitthern cabbage worm is a native of this country. The other known as the imported cabbage worm was introduced from Europe about 1857, and has since spread nearly all over the United States and Can- ada, and has almost exterminated the native speciee. The life histories and habits of these two insects are so nearly alike that, for our present purposes, a description of those of the imported cabbage worm will answer for both. Southern Cabbage Butterfly : — Adult male and female. a, larva ; 6, pupa. 25 The adult butterfly is so common and well known to every gardener and farmer, that a description of it is unnecessary, suffice to say it is a small white butterfly, with a feAv black spots near the margin of the wings, which measure about two inches in expanse. The female butterfly deposits her small yellowish eggs upon the leaves of the cabbage plant. In a few days the little green larvae hatch and immediately begin to feed upon the foliage. They eat with considerable rapidity, and become full grown in about two weeks. As a rule the larv» then leave the cabbage plants and seek some sheltered place, and change to pupa', which are naked and without a cocoon. Occasionally the pupju will be found on the cabbage plants. They remain in the pupa state about ten days, and then the adult butterfly comes forth raady to deposit eggs, which soon hatch into another brood of worms. There are several generations each year, and it can be read- ily seen that if left to themselves, they will increase in num- ber with great rapidity. This insect passes the winter in the pupa state. Fortunately these insects have a number of natural ene- mies that tend to keep them in check. The adult butterflies fall a prey to birds, and a bug that catches them and sucks their juices. The larviB and pupa3 fall a prey to birds, and are greatly subject to the attack of certain insects both pre- daceous and parasitic. The larvas are also sometimes killed in great numbers by a certain disease. Kemedies. — The cabbage worms are readily killed by a number of easily applied remedies. When the plants are very young Paris green or London purple can be applied without danger. It may be used either as a powder or mixed with water. When. the plants are of any considerable fize Pyrethrum either mixed with five times its bulk of flour and, dusted on the plants, or mixed with water and sprayed upon them, will prove an excellent remedy, provided the Pyre- thium is good. Kerosene emulsion will kill them, but when the plants are nearly headed, it may taint the leaves. 26 Dr. C. V. Riley says that the cabbage worm can be killed by the use of hot water sprinkled upon the plant by means of an ordinary sprinkling pot. Ii the water be boiling in the pot, it will kill the worms and yet not be too hot to kill the leaves by the time it reaches them. It is essential whatever remedy you use, that it be applied at frequent intervals, as new broods come on every few days. There need be no fear about the use of Pyrethrum, since it is not poisonous to man. As regards the use of Paris green, there need be little or no fear if it be used properly, that is, reduced to the proper strength and put upon the plants evenly. The worms will be killed by a very small amount that would not affect man, and the first rain will wash the most of it off. OTHEE CABBAGE WORMS. Cabbage Worm. — a, larva ; 6, pupa ; c, adult. Cabbage Worm. — a, b, larva ; c, pupa ; k, adult. Zebra Cabbage Worm. — «, larva; &, adult. 28 Cabbage Worm. — larva and adult. HAELEQUIN CABBAGE BUG. This is a small sucking insect of a dark color with orange yellow markings. It is not confined to the cabbage plant alone, but feeds upon a number of cruciferous plants. The adult lives through the winter, and deposits its eggs upon the Harlequin Cabbage Bug. — a, b, young : c, d, e, eggs ; /, g, adult natural size. young plants as soon as they are set out. The eggs hatch in about a week or less into a minute insect resembling very much the adult, except that it is smaller and has no wings. The insect pierces the plants by means of its mouth parts and sucks the juices. It develops in a little less than two weeks into an adult insect. This insect does not pass through the inactive pupa stage of most insects, but feeds continu- 29 ally from the time it hatches, and is extremely destructive to the cabbage plant. A few of these insects will kill a plant in a single day. There are several broods each season. Remedies. — It is of the greatest importance that this in- sect be fought as soon as it appears in the Spring, otherwise they will increase beyond our control. The same substances which are used to combat the cabbage worm, with the excep- tion of Paris green, viz : Kerosine Emulsion, Pyrethrum and hot water, are used to kill these insects. CUT WORMS. There are about ten different species of cut-worms that attack the cabbage. The habits and life histories are so nearly alike that for our purposes we can treat of them in general. Cut Worm, — a, larva ;/, pupa ; h, adult. Cut Worm. — a, larva; 6, adult. 30 The adult is a small nocturnal moth, with an expanse o£ wings of about 1^ inches. The female deposits her eggs usually upon the branches of bushes. As soon as the eggs hatch, the larvae descend to the ground and feed while young upon various plants, usually grass. They are about half- grown when winter comes, and they then seek shelter by crawling under some object or burrowing in the ground. They pass the winter in this condition and come forth in the Spring in search of food. They now attack a large variety of plants. Nearly all garden vegetables are attacked by them. They soon become full grown, and in early Spring enter the ground, and just below the surface turn to the pupa stage. In three to four weeks they turn to the adult and emerge as a moth, the female then depositing eggs for another brood. Some species of cut worms have more than one brood in a year. Remedies. — One of the best methods to kill the cut worms is to place clover, cabbage or other leaves upon the soil before the garden is planted; these leaves to be poisoned with Paris green or London purple, either by dusting with the powder or dipping them in a solution of the poison. The worms crawl about in search of food, eat the leaves, and are killed before the cabbage or other plants are up. The cut worms are easily trapped by placing boards on the ground between the rows of vegetables, and killing in the morning the worms that get beneath them during the night. Occasionally the worms can be successfully fought by digging them out of the ground. COTTON PLANT. COTTON WOEM OE COTTON LEAF WOEM. This insect is too well known throughout the cotton grow- ing States to need any description, either of the adult, its habits or its life history. 31 Remedies, — The cotton insect is easily destroyed and its ravages prevented by the use of Paris green or London pur- ple. The larva or worm stage is the best one in which to fight this insect. We simply have to poison the leaves on which they feed, in order to kill them, and it is surprising what a small amount of either of the above poisons is neces- sary. The amount of poison used is of little value provided it is so distributed as to cover every leaf. The application of the poison should be made just as soon as the worms ap- pear, and if well done there need be no damage resulting from these worms. One pound of Paris green or London purple to the acre is sufficient. It is sometimes used undiluted, but more often it is mixed with from three to five times its bulk of flour. The cheapest method of application is as follows: Make two sacks of some heavy cloth, 8 oz. osnaburg if the undiluted poison is to be used, but thinner cloth if diluted; these sacks should be about one foot long and four or five inches in diameter; leave it open along the whole length of one side; sew up both ends firmly. Get a hard wood stick five feet long and about l^ inches thick and 2 inches wide, and bore an inch hole near each end. Firmly tack a bag to each end of this stick in such a way that the stick will form the upper portion of the bag; the bag will have its length in the direction of the stick, and there will be but one opening into the bag, viz: the hole in the stick. The bags can now be filled, by means of a funnel, with pure Paris green or London purple, or that thoroughly mixed with about three times its bulk of flour. The pole is to be carried by the man on horseback, who rides between the rows, holding the pole across the horse, and shakes or taps the pole with a stick, thus causing the powder to sift through the sacks on the plants. It is essen- tial that the sacks do not touch the leaves or become wet in any way, otherwise the powder will not sift through. The 32 workman should keep out of the dust as much as possible, and should dust his clothes and take a bath at the close of his work; it is well also to brush or wash the mule. The above apparatus can ba made in a short time by any farmer, and the poisoQ and fl)ur will cost him no more than 50 cents per acre, and money can be made by having these ready for uje at a moment's notice before the cotton is up. It is of the greatest importance that the poison be applied just as soon as the worms first make their appearance, since every day that is neglected may cost a great many dollars. A single application of the poison, if not followed by a heavy rain, is usually all that is necessary to protect the crop. With the above precautions, and especially that of prompt- ness and thoroughness in the application of the remedy, no farmer need fear trouble from the cotton worm. The Paris green or London purple may also ba applied by mixing it with water in the proportion of one pjand o£ poi- son to a barrel of water, and spraying it upon the plants by means of a force pump and spraying nozzle. There are many machines for this purpose. (See machines for apply- ing insecticides.) Where a farmer has a large crop of cot- ton every year, it will be to his advantage to purchase a spraying machine that can be used with a mule. The adult moth of the cotton-leaf- worm can be trapped by placing a shallow basin of kerosine, molasses, or even water upon poles at intervals about the cotton-field, and put- ting a lantern just above or in the basin. The moths are at- tracted at night by the light and fall into the oil or molasses from which they cannot escape. This method has proved very successful in many localities. BOLL WORM. The boll-worm like the cotton- worm needs no description to a farmer living in the Southern States. (For figure of boll- worm see corn-worm under corn-plant. ) 33 As is no doubt generally known, the boll-worm is the same thing as the corn-worm. It often migrates from the corn- field to the cotton field, as soon as the ears of corn begin to harden, and then eats its way into the cotton boll. In mi- grating it frequently also eats the leaves of the cotton to a slight extent. The adult moth deposits her eggs upon the leaves of the cot- ton plant, and the young crawl to the bolls into which they eat their way, but frequently in doing so, they eat of the leaves. It has often been said that the boll-worm feeding upon the inside of the boll, as it principally does, cannot be poisoned by ordinary means. However, from what has been said, one can easily see that if there be poison upon the leaves of the cotton-plant when the boll-worm migrates to it from the corn, or when the young are hatched from the eggs laid upon the cotton leaf, that those worms that do eat of the leaf, will be poisoned. Hence the poisoning of the leaves for the cottou-leaf-worm will also greatly lessen the number of boll worms; and an application of the poison at a time just before or as soon as the boll- worm begins to migrate from the corn, will save much money. The poisoning for the third brood of the cotton worm and of the boll worm may be done simultaneously. The application of the poison for the boll-worm is accomplished in the same way as given for the cotton-worm. Perhaps the most widely used method of destroying the boll-worm is to trap the adult moth. The moth is not only attracted by light, but is also attracted by sweets. Hence the placing of lanters in basins of some liquid about the the field, or the placing of simply basins containing molas- ses and vinegar in the proportion of 4 parts of vinegar to 1 part of molasses, will catch large numbers of the moths. They are attracted by the odor of the mixture, and in trying to sip it, they fall into the liquid and cannot escape. Since 34 the moths fly only at night, the basin should be visited every evening, the moths taken out and the liquid replenished. From what has been said in regard to the cotton-worm and boll-worm, it will be seen that we can fight both worms by the same remedies and at the same time. APHIDS ON COTTON. Aphids, or plant lice, as they are commonly called, are small, usually wingless insects, frequently of a green color. They pierce the leaves of the cotton-plant and suck its juices. Since they are not biting insects and do not eat the tissues? they cannot be killed by the use of the poisons applied to destroy the cotton worm or boll worm. Plant Lice or Aphids. — a, male ; 6, female. The cotton-plant louse is not as common or destructive an insect except in extreme cases, as the boll worm and cotton- worm. Whenever the plant louse does occur to a threaten- ing extent it is easily destroyed by the use of Kerosine Emulsion. (See Insecticides.) THE COEN PLANT. CUT WORMS. The cut- worm has been already described as affecting cab- bage. They al'e also very destructive to corn, often necessi- tating re-planting. It is not necessary to describe them 35 again. The remedies to bo used in the case of their attack- ing corn are the same as those to be used in the case of cot- ton. (See cut worms under the cabbage plant.) CORN-WORM OR BOLL-WORM. This is perhaps the most destructive insect affecting corn, especially the roasting ears. The worm is the same that attacks the cotton bolls, but prefers the corn while it is soft to cotton, and only migrates to the latter when the corn becomes too hard. CoKX-WoRM OR Boll- Worm. — o, b, eggs greatly enlarged ; c, larva; d, pupa ; e,f, adulta. The female moth deposits her eggs among the silks of the young ears. As soon as the larv.Te hatch they eat their way into the ear, and feed upon the young kernels of the corn. They remain here eating the corn for several weeks, and sometimes eat the entire length of the ear, although they usually confine their depredations to the extremity. If the corn becomes too hard before the worms are full grown, they migrate to the cotton plant and enter the boll ; otherwise they simply leave the corn, and burrow just beneath the ground, where they make a frail cocoon of silk* and sand, within 36 which they change to a pupa. In about two weeks they come forth as adult moths. There are four or five broods during the summer. The first broods attack the corn, as a rule, the latter broods attacking the cotton bolls, the corn at this season of the year being too hard for them to eat. The cotton or boll worm winters in the pupa stage. Remedies. — Owing to the peculiar habits of the corn worm, no successful means has yet been devised to control them on a large scale against attacking corn. The only remedy is hand picking. The ends of the ears can be opened and the worms picked out and destroyed. Their pres- ence can usually be told by a premature ripening of the silk. Trapping the moths as suggested under the cotton plant can be used to a good advantage. I wish to acknowledge the kindness of Dr. C. V. Riley, and also of the U. S. Department of Agriculture through Dr. Riley, for the cuts of the insects used to illustrate this Bulletin. It is hoped that whenever a fungus or other disease, or an insect attacks a plant in sufficient quantities to attract atten- tion, that the person will send a note and a sample or speci- men of the same to J. M. Stedman, Biologist, A. & M. Col- legre, Auburn, Ala. Bulletin J\o. 46, : : : June, 1893. Agricultural Experiment Station -OP THE- Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN, : : ALABAMA. K.-^S ^7"S. :EIsrSII_.A(3EI- ALEX. J. BONDURANT, Agriculturist. A. F. CORY, Assistant Agriculturist. 'The Bnlletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Publishpd by order of the Board of Direction. THK brown printing CO., state printers, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS, COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. Hon. .J. G. Gilchrist Hope Hull. Hon. R. F. Ligon Montgomery. Hon. H. Clay Armstrong Auburn. Wm. LeRoy Broun President* A. J. Bondurant Agriculturist. N. T. Ldpton Chemist. P. H. Mell Botanist and Meteorologist. J. M. Stedman Biologist. C. A. Cary, D. V. M Veterinarian. ASSISTANTS : James Clayton Assistant Horticulturist. A. F. Cory* Assistant Agriculturist. J. T. Anderson, Ph. D First Assistant Chemist. L. W. Wilkinson, M. Sc Second Assistant Chemist. F. A. LupTON, M. Sc Third Assistant Chemist. R. F. Hare, B. Sc Fourth Assistant Chemist. G. S. Clark Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. * In charge of Soil-Test Experiments. THE EFFECT OF RYE AND ENSILAGE ON THE YIELD OF MILK. The ensilage question is one of some interest to all of the farmers of Alabama, it is of especial interest to those few who are thinking of building silos. That ensilage is a good feed is beyond all question; whether or not it pays even in cold climates seems from the best evidence to depend on "Local circumstances and seasonal peculiarities." In Bulletin number 5, second series, volume 3, of the Ohio Experiment Station, after reviewing the work of nine other stations, the following conclusions are drawn: "While the results of these experiments are somewhat contradictory, those which bear evidence of the greatest thoroughness agree in indicating that there is practically no difference be- tween the feeding values of a given quantity of corn, cured as ensilage, and an equivalent quantity cured as dry fodder, provided equally good husbandry has been used in both cases. Whether corn may be cured and preserved more economi- cally by one process or the other depends largely upon local circumstances and seasonal peculiarities." The above quotation gives the standing of the silo ques- tion in the northern States where ensilage is most used ; what the standing may be in Alabama and other States of the same latitude where green feed can be had the whole year round without silos, remains to be settled by experiment. GREEN RYE AS OPPOSED TO ENSILAGE. Last winter some simple experiments on Rye and Ensi- lage were conducted on this station, the object being to com- pare the effect of these two feeds on the yield of milk. Four thoroughbred Jersey cows were used in the experi- ment. Before beginning the test the milk from each cow was carefully weighed for four days. The cows were then divided into two lots of as nearly equal milk produciug ca- pacity as possible. Kate Hazen 1st and Ransom's Pride were called for con- venience lot 1, Hattie Signal 2d, and Miss Hattie Pogis were called lot 2. Up to the beginning of the experiment all of these cows had received the same feed. During the experiments both lotsweregiven the same quan- tity of grain and fodder, the oaly difference in the feed being in the Rye and Ensilage. The regalar grain feed per day was four quarts of corn and cob meal and two quarts of cotton seed meal, oat straw and shucks and during the latter part of the experiment pea hulls were used as dry fodder. The grain feed was made small in order to more clearly show the effect of rye and ensilage. The low yield of milk is due partly to the small grain feed and partly to the cold and rainy weather. The experiment was begun on the morning of February 3d, and continued until the night of March 2d, making 28 days. It is divided into two periods of fourteen days each. Du- the first period lot 1 was fed rye, and lot 2 ensilage. During the second period lot 1 was fed ensilage and lot 2 rye. At the beginning of the test, the quantity of rye fed per day to each cow was 30 pounds. This was increased to 40 and on the fifth day of the test to 50 pounds. Kate Hazen 1st, failed to eat all of her rye and for the remainder of the experiment only 40 pounds of rye per day was fed to each cow. At the beginning of the 2d period the rye given to lot 2 was raised in the same way to 50 pounds. Both cows in this lot failed to eat all of the 50 pounds, and the quantity given per day for the remainder of this period was 40 pounds. The ensilage was measured, but several times it was weighed and the weight fed per day found to be about 25 pounds None of the cows ate all of the ensilage given. The ensilage used was a fairly good quality of sour ensi- lage made of corn cut just after the grains had glazed. The rye used was cut every evening. It was sown thickly in drills two feet apart on well manured land and was ready for the first cutting in November. The following tables give the daily yield of milk from each cow : FIRST PERIOD. I-OT I, Rye. Lot II, Ensilage. CO 2 1.5 a 0 r: M a 0 I— 1 * 3:^ Oi g ^^ • C3 ffi ^ to OQ 0 1^1 Si •38 0.9 1 0 . 08 2- 131^ 23 8 IS'4 13I4 26% 91^ 13% 23.% 9 11% l-2>^ 2414 914 UH 24 10 i2}4 13ii 25 K 93i 14 23>^ U l2}.i 12>2^ 24% 9>2 13% 22% li 14U 13M 28 10% I3V2 23% 1.3 14 12>4^ 26 9^ 13i.< 23% 14 141^ 12i.i 26%^ 9% 133^ 23 H J5 1414 12% 27 9% 14% 243^ 16 14 123^ 26M 103^ 14% 24% iwr,3^ 1711/^ 357% 133% 194% 328 Total yield of Lot I Total yield of Lot II . . Balance in favor of Rye 3573^ pounds. .328 . 291^ " 6 SECOND PERIOD. Lot I, Ensilage. Lot II, Rye. 1 ° a CO p a 0 £a ^ "3 .s as Haz ht of ds. GO O 0 § 3 Sigt] ht of unds. Haiti ht of d8. a CO u Kate weig poun Ransc weig poun ^3 j3 (D 0 Hatti( weig in po Miss weig poun -ax 01 0 17 13>^ 12% 26M lOJi 14% 25 18 12 li>^ 231^ 10 15)^ 25)^ 19 12 10 14 22i| io>^ 16 261^ 20 12 9H 2l>^ 11 16% 27% 21 11^ 9% 211^ 103^ 1H% 27 22 V2X K'% 23)^ 11% 17% 29 23 12^i U'A 24M 12 17 H 29)^ 24 13Ji 11>2 243-^ 11% 18% 30 25 12^4^ 11 233.x 12% 18 30% 26 12K 113^ 24 12 181.^ 301^ 27 12M 11 24 1.^ 12 1734 29% 28 1'% n^i 23 11% 17>'2 29% Mch-. 1 12}^ IV A 241^ 123-2 19 31)^ 2 13>^ 10/34 241^ 12 18% 30% 175V^ lM3i 330 \m% 241% 402% Total yield of Lot I . . Total yield of Lot II . . Balance in favor of R.ve 330 pounds. .402% " 72% " The following is a summary of the important points in the above tables : DUKING THE FIRST PERIOD. Lot 1, fed on rye yielded 357^ lbs. milk. Lot 2, fed on ensilage yielded 328 lbs. milk. Balance in favor of rye 29^ lbs. milk. DURING THE SECOND PERIOD. Lot 1, fed on ensilage yielded 330 lbs. milk Lot 2, fed on rye yielded 402^ " " Balance in favor of rye 72^ " (( Lot 1, fed on rye, first period yielded 357^ lbs. milk. Lot 1, fed on ensilage 2d period yielded 330 " " Balance in favor of rye 27^ lbs. milk. Lot 2, fed on ensilage, first period yielded 328 lbs. milk. Lot 2, fed on rye second period yielded 402^ " Balance in favor of rye 74^. The above experiments simply show the effect of rye and ensilage on the flow of milk. The effect of these feeds on the yield and quality of butter remain to be determined by future experiments. Those farmers who are thinking of building silos had best bear in mind the following points : 1st. Corn cured as ensilage has no more feeding value, than an equivalent quantity cured as dry fodder. 2d. In order to make good ensilage it is necessary to have a good silo, a good ensilage cutter, and steam power. 3d. Green rye can be raised at the rate of ten tons per acre. In the winter of 1889-'90 rye sown in drills two feet apart on this station was cut four times between October 30th and February 27th, and yielded 21,392.50 per acre. The yield will of course vary some with the severity of the winters. In order to make good ensilage some capital is necessary. Rye for winter use requires only time, a liberal use of manure, and some labor. Very few farmers can even think of making ensilage ; but every man can afford to have a rye patch. It is expected to continue the experiment on rye and ensi- lage next winter. Bulletin I\o. 47, : : : July, 1893. Agricultural Experiment Station -OP THE- AGRICULiaRAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE, AUBURN, : : ALABAMA. ALEX. J. BONDURANT, Agriculturist. JAMES CLAYTON, Assistant Horticulturist. CONTENTS. PAGE. I. Grapes 3 II. Apples 5 III. Pears 8 lY. Peaches 9 V. Plums 11 YI. Quinces, Cherries 11 YII. Mulberries 12 YIII. Raspberries, Stawberries 12 IX. Watermelons, Cantaloupes 13 "The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. THE BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS. COMMITTKE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. I. F. CcLVKR Union Springs. Hon. J. G. Gilchrist Hope Hull. Hon. H. Clay Armstrong Auburn. 'boj^:rjd OIF iDii^EiomoiT. Wm. LkRuy Bkoun President* A. J. BoNDURANT . Agriculturist. * " , Chemist. P. H. Mell Botanist and Meteorologist. J. M. Stedman Biologist. C. A. Cary, D. V. M Veterinarian. ASSISTANTS : /AMES Clayton Assistant Horticulturist. A. F. CoRYt Assistant Agriculturist. J. T. Anderson, Ph. D First Assistant Chemist. * • Second Assistant Chemist. F. A. Lupton, M. Sc , Third Assistant Chemist. F. J. BiviNS Clerk, and Assistant Botanist! * To be filled. t In charge of Soil Tests. A. RECORD OF Experiments in Fruit Culture, By James Clayton, Assistant in Horticulture. After eight years experiments in comparing the different varieties of fruits on the Experiment Station, detailed ac- counts of which have been published in our Bulletins from time to time, it is deemed advisable to give a final summary of the results. This is done in as plain and simple form as possible, in order that persons who contemplate planting fruit, may select that which has proved successful, and avoid the failures. The soils of this Station are of gray sandy, and light clay nature, and therefore the conclusions drawn are sufiiciently accurate and definite to render them valuable to all those who live Qu similar formations. GRAPES. In 1886 a vineyard with northern exposure was planted in 48 varieties of grapes, six of each kind, excepting a few va- rieties of which more than six were planted, as shown in Bulletin No. 29, pages 11 and 12. In the Spring of 1892 all of the varieties were found dead except the Concord^ Delaware, Ives and Perkins, the original of which was as follows : Concord 110 vines, Delaware 106 " Ives 109 Perkins 107 " In removing the posts and the debris of the dead vines six each of the above four were taken up, though living and vigorous — which reduces the original number, not counting a few that had previously died, to: Concord 104 vines. Delaware 100 " Ives 103 Perkins 101 On careful investigation July 1, 1893, we find we have Concord, dead, 60, living 44. Delaware, " 7, " 93. Ives, " 11, " 92. Perkins, " 29, " 72. It will be seen from these figures that the Delaware and Ives are the most hardy, while the Concord and Perkins are reasonably so. These four make an admirable succession of fruit, the Perkins ripening early in July — then the Dela- ware and Concord, and last of all, the Ives, holding on until the Memory comes in. In the New Vineyard, with Southern exposure, planted in 1889 (See Bulletin No. 29, page 15), the results are almost identical. Out of 78 varieties planted only 17 are alive July 1, 1893, and of these, the four which stood the test in the Old Vineyard, with the addition of tlie Martha, Norton's Virginia, Empire State, Warren and Cynthiana, are the only ones of any value. However, it would be unjust to place the Green Mountain, Northern Muscat and Moore's Diamond, in the list of failures, as at present they are vig- orous and promising, but further trial is necessary to show what they will do. Not one of the Concord, Delaware, Ives, or Perkins planted in the New Vineyard, has died. These facts are conclusive testimony to the value of these four which we call standards, and we advise our people not to spend money for fancy varieties, when they can so easily propagate these which furnish all the requisites for market, table and wine, and should satisfy the most exacting taste. THE SCUPrERNONG. Of the eight varieties of the Botundifolia or Muscadine type, planted in 1886, (see Bulletin No. 29, page 18,) all are giving perfect satisfaction, and we call attention vo some of the different varieties of this most excellent grape. By planting the ordinary Scuppernong, the Memory, the Mish, and Jb lowers, one can have a constant supply of this fruit until frost. The Memory and Mish are especially desirable, combining superior quality with vigorous growth and great productiveness. The Flowers has not the fine quality of the Memory and Mish, but being the latest to ripen is very val- uable, and is unsurpassed by any grape for wine making. The James has been highly recommended by some who claim that it will bear fruit longer than any other variety, but our experiment has not verified this claim. While we have nothing but praise for it as a grape, the season is no longer than that of the scuppernong, and by the average taste would be classed as a "very good Muscadine." APPLES. Of the 45 varieties planted in the Spring of 1886, only the following 17 have given satisfaction, and are considered worthy of being recommended for general planting. A brief description of these varieties may not be out of place. SUMMER VARIETIES. Bed June. — Dark red, conical, flesh white and crisp, very good in quality. Tree a vigorous grower and profuse bearer, entirely free from blight. Bipe June 15. AsTRAKAN Bed. — Light red with stripes, flesh white and crisp, good in quality. Tree vigorous and prolific, slightly attacked by blight. Ripe June 15th. Eaely Harvest. — Bright yellow, fine flavor. Tree me- dium as to growth, prolific, slightly attacked by blight. Ripe June 25th. Carolina Watson. — Red with stripes, flesh white and crisp, delightful perfume, a large, beautiful apple. Tree vigorous and prolific, slightly attacked by blight. Ripe July 1. Horse. — An old standard, of good quality. Tree vigor- ous and prolific. Ripe July 25. FALL VARIETIES. Elgin Pippin. — Bright yellow, conical, flesh white and crisp, medium to large. Tree large and vigorous, almost free from blight. Ripe August 10. . Simmons Red. — Yellow skin, nearly covered with red, flesh yellow, quality very good, medium to large. Tree vig- orous, profuse bearer, almost free from blight. Ripe Au- gust 20, and continues into September. Carter's Blue. — Dull, greenish red, crisp and sugary — large, flat. Tree vigorous, not prolific, almost free from blight. Ripe September 10. Kittageskee. — Yellow, flesh yellow and firm, small to medium. Tree vigorous and very prolific — almost free from blight. Ripe Sept. 25. Tuscaloosa Seedling. — Yellow skin, nearly covered with dark red, flesh yellow, a good keeper, and very good quality, medium to large. Very little blight. Ripe Sept. 25. RoMANiTE. — Green, with red cheek, flesh firm and crisp, subject to bitter rot. Tree vigorous and very prolific, slightly attacked by blight. Ripe October 1. Horn. — Green, with dark, red cheek, firm and crisp, a good keeper, small to medium. Tree small but vigorous, very little blight. Ripe October 1. WINTEK VARIETIES. Hewes' Virginia. — Dark red, small, profuse bearer, tree small but vigorous, very little blight. Ripens in October. Limber Twig. — Dull, rusty red, medium size, flesh firm and crisp, a good keeper, tree vigorous and prolific, almost free from blight. Ripe in October. Stevenson's Winter. — Green with dark red, flesh firm, a good keeper, vigorous and prolific, very little blight. Ripe in October. Ben Davis, or N. Y. PipriN. — Greenish yellow, covered with red, flesh firm, a good keeper, medium to large. Tree vigorous but not very prolific, very little blight. Ripens in October. Wine Sap. — Dark red, small to medium, very good, vinous, good keeper, tree vigorous and a profuse bearer, very little blight. Ripe in October. The following varieties have a good growth of tree, but do not fruit well: Hames, Habersham Late, American Golden Russet, Rawl's Jennet, May, Cannon Pearmain, Topp's Favorite, Hiley's Eureka. The following have been badly attacked by blight, and are not satisfactory. Summer Queen, Yellow English. Cook's Seedling, Shockley, Shannon Pippin, Thornton Seedling, Terry's Winter, Southern Golden Pippin. 8 The following varieties are proved to be entire failures here: Family, Rhodes' Orange, Chattahoochee Greening, Equinettilee, Buncombe, Laurens Greening, Oconee Greening, Palmer, Pry or' s Red, Bradford's Best, Taunton, Junaluskee. PEAKS. In 1885 forty varieties of pears were planted, a description of which can be found in Bulletin No. 30, page 9 — all of which have succumbed to the blight, excepting the Keiffer, Garber's Hybrid, Duchesse d' Angouleme, Mount Vernon, and Winter Nelis. While the Large Duchesse afid Smith's Hybrid, and LeConte are not entirely dead, they are so badly affected that very little hopes are entertained of their recov- ery. When the blight first attacked these trees, the most vigorous efforts were made to eradicate it, by pruning and burning the diseased portions, but with no avail. So many enquiries are made about this blight, that the following quotation is made from Bulletin No. 8, 1889. U, S. Dept. Agriculture by Dr. Geo. Vasey, and Prof. B. T. Galloway, in reply to a letter from C. H. Franklin, Union Springs, Ala. "This malady is caused by one of the most minute of living organisms, a species of bacteria. They are fre- quently spoken of, as disease producing germs, and the mal- ady they occasion belongs to the same category of germ diseases now definitely proven to occur among animals and plants. These germs are of extreme tenacity, and are borne from place to place, and from tree to tree, by the atmos- phere which is never so quiet but that its movements are sujffi- cient to keep such minute bodies atloat. At present we know of no certain means for rendering the trees insusceptible to the disease. Fumigation, spraying, or washing the tree with various known fungicides, notably sulphur and lime, have given no positive results. As the disease is local and spreads slowly, it is possible, as has long been known, to effectually check its progress by amputation. The smaller limbs should be cut off a foot or two below the lowest manifestation of the disease, and the spots on the trunk and larger limbs shaved out, cutting deep enough to remove all discolorations. The instrument used should be kept disinfected with carbolic acid or otherwise, to guard against conveying the disease to freshly cut surfaces, and the newly cut surfaces ought to be painted over, to exclude the germs that might reach them through the atmosphere." It is to be hoped that our scientists may soon discover some remedy for this dreadful scourge, and we are glad to note that the Biologist of this Experiment htation is now making investigations in this line. PEACHES. In 1885 an orchard of 37 varieties of budded trees, 2 of each kind, and 50* seedlings, were planted ; a few died in transplanting and three of the budded trees have since died. At the present writing, July 1, 1893, they are all in a healthy, vigorous condition, and, last year especially, bore an abun- dant crop of delicious fruit. The following list gives a com- plete succession from June to November, in the order of ripening, with a brief description : Alexander. — Of all early peaches]tried this is the one pre- ferred ; fine color, semi cling, quality good, medium size and prolific Ripe May 25 to June 10. *One row of the seedlings was not counted in the report given in Bulletin No. 11, which explains the difference in this number. 10 Hale's Early. — Above medium size, prolific, white nearly covered with red, very juicy, high flavor, quality good semi- cling. Ripe June 20 to July 1. Early Tillotson. — Small to medium, very prolific, white covered with red, very good quality, freestone. Eipe June 25 to July 10. Amelia. — Large and prolific, conical, white nearly cov- ered with red, juicy, high flavor, sweet, quality best for home use; freestone. Ripe July 5 to 15. Crawford's Early. — Large and productive, yellow with red, flesh yellow, juicy and rich, freestone. Ripe July 15 to 25. Crawford's Late. — Resembles Crawford's Early, but- larger, and about two weeks later. Stump the World. — Very large, white with bright red cheek, quality very good, freestone. July 15 to 30. Thurber. — Large, very prolific, white covered with green- ish red, very juicy, high flavor, freestone. Bears some fruit every year, and in good crop years abundantly. Ripe July 15 to 30. Elbert A. — Large, yellow with red cheek, flesh yellow, juicy, very good quality, prolific, but has not given the sat- isfaction here that it has met in Georgia ; freestone. Ripe July 20 to August 5. DuGGARs' Golden. — Medium to large, light yellow, firm and juicy; best quality. Ripe July 25. Gen. Lee; and Stonewall Jackson, seedlings of Chinese Cling, which they resemble, but are improvements on the parent stock, both clings. Ripe July 25 to August 10. Eaton's Golden. — Medium size, prolific, golden yellow, red cheek, juicy, sweet, quality very good, cling. Ripe Au- gust 20 to Sept. 1. Denning's September. — Large, yellow, quality good, cling. Ripe August 25 to September 10. 11 Stinson's October. — Medium, white, firm, quality good. Ripe September 10 to October 1. Hudson's November. — Medium size, white with red cheek, firm, quality good. Ripe October 20 to November 1. A few new varieties have been added, which only came into bearing last year, (L892) and promise well: Burke, Arietta, Parnell's No. 1, and Parnell's No. 2. The Burke, cling, is a delicious peach, resembles the Chi- nese Cling. Ripe July 14. Arietta, freestone, resembles Stnmp the World; ripens July 25. Parnell's No. 1 and No. 2, freestones, large white and medium red; ripen June 25 to July 1. PLUMS. In 1885, the following varieties of plums were planted: Weaver, Brill, Hendrix, Missouri, Cumberland, Indian Chief, Hughes, Southern Golden, Bassett's American, Hattie, New- man, Mariana, and 36 Wild Goose planted on different stocks. Of all these, at this date July 1, 1893, only the Weaver, Southern Golden, Hattie and the Wild Goose grafted on peach stock, are now living and can be recommended. Nine new varieties of the Japan type, were presented by G. H. Miller & Sons, Rome, Ga., in the Spring of 1889. The following bore their first crop in 1892. Magnificent fruit, ripening from June 6 to 30. Botan, Botankio, Chabot, Maru and Ogon. The other four aro vigorous trees, but have not yet borne any fruit. QUINCES. Five varieties of quinces were planted in 1885, but only the Champion, and the Chinese or Quincedonia, have ever borne any fruit. 12 CHERRIES, Eight varieties o£ cherries planted have all proved entire failures. MULBERRIES. Of the six varieties of mulberries planted, only two can be recommended, the Hicks and the Claude. They are rapid growers, of equal merit, and bear fruit for about three months. NUT BEARING TREES. Pecans, English and Black Walnuts have been planted, and are growing finely on the Station grounds. We advise the planting of these nuts on every farm in the State. The Pecan will bear at eight years old, and Walnuts from five to six years. RASPBERRIES. The difficulty in propagating the Black Cap raspberry, and the shortness of its bearing season, will prevent its ever becoming popular for open culture, but in shaded places, near walls and fences, it will do fairly well. Of the 16 varieties of the red cap raspberries tested here, the preference is given to the Turner and the Cuthbert. They put up a great many shoots which must be treated as weeds, and kept down, reserving only enough to make the next year's crop, but the length of their fruiting season, their excellent quality, and great productiveness, make them the most valuable of any variety. STRAWBERRIES. From the long list of different varieties of strawberries tested on the Experiment grounds, (See Bulletins No. 2, 13 1887, and No. 2, 1888 old Series, and Bulletins Nos. 1, 20, and 29, new series,) the following six have proved most suc- cessful and desirable. They are given in the order in which they stand as to excellence. 1st Sharpless, 2d Wilson, 3d Belmont, 4th Bubach, 5th Eureka or 1001, 6th Haverland, The Everbearing all died during the Summer of 1891. The Banquet, Smeltzers, Early No. 2, and Waller's Seedling, are new varieties and promise well. MELONS. For several years experiments have been conducted with watermelons and cantaloupes, in order to ascertain which of the many varieties offered by the seedsmen, are worthy of being recommended to our people. Of the 28 varieties of watermelons tested up to the present time, preference is given to the following: 1st Cuba, 2d Sugar Loaf, 3d Jones, 4th Pride of Georgia, 5 Cubau Queen, 6th Jordan's Gray Monarch. We advise to plaat Kolb Gem only for shipping. In cantaloupes 30 varieties have been tested, and we recom- mend the following, any of which will give perfect satisfac- tion if properly planted: 1st Improved Fine Apple, 2d Nut- meg, 3d Netted Gem, 4th Extra Early Hackensack, 5th Bal- timore or Acme, 6th Atlantic City, and 7 Nixon. Note. — For preparation of land, planting, cultivation, pruning, &c., see Bulletins Nos. 4, 10, 11, 28, 29 and 30, new series. So many applications have been made recently for infor- mation about nursery stock, that it is thought well to give the following suggestions — not with a view to advertise any one, but simply to be of use to our people, by giving them the address of reliable parties with whom we have dealt. Buy nursery stock direct from the nursery, if possible never from second hands. Always buy one year old plants — they give much better satisfaction than two year old. 14 Application by postal card to the following nurseries will procure a Catalogue, Langdon Nurseries, Mobile, Ala. Huntsville Nurseries, Huntsville, Ala. P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga. G. H. Miller & Sons, Rome, Ga. E. J. Van Lindsay, Pomona, N. C. Bulletin No. 48, : : : July, 1893. Agricultural Experiment Station -OF THE- Agricultural and Mechanical College. AUBURN, : : ALABAMA. ISSUED BY THE Department of Agriculture^ MONTGOMERY, ALA. H. D. LANE, Commissioner. L. A. SMITH, Chief Clerk. I. The ell'ect of Orji:aiiic ITIatter on .\atin>al Fliospliates. 3. Coniuiei'cial Fertilizers- 2Sr. T. LTJPXOlSr, state Cheinist. _ 'The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Montgomery, Ala- bama, or Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. THE BBOWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. I. F. Culver Union Springs. Hon. J. G. Gilchrist Hope Hull. Hon. H. Clay Armstrong Auburn. Wm. LeRoy Broun President. A. J. BoNDURANT Agriculturist. * , Chemist. P. H. Mell Botanist and Meteorologist. J. M. Stedman Biologist. C. A. Cary, D. V. M Veterinarian. ASSISTANTS : /ames Clayton Assistant Horticulturist. A. F. CoRYt Assistant Agriculturist. J. T. Anderson, Ph. D First Assistant Chemist. * Second Assistant Chemist. F. A. LuPTON, M. So Third Assistant Chemist F. J. BiviNS Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. * To be filled, f In charge of Soil Tests. TEE EFFECT OF DECOMPOSING ORGANIC MATTER ON NATURAL PHOSPHATES. N. T. LuPTON, State Chemist. FLOATS AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR ACID PHOSPHATES. During the past few years especial attention has been called to the fertilizing value of natural or raw phosphates, when applied alone in the form of floats, and when mixed with organic matter, such as cotton seed and cotton seed meal. If floats can be shown to produce as good results as acid ulated phosphates, which is claimed by some, the cost of commercial fertilizers ought to be greatly reduced and the extensive deposits of soft, aluminous phosphates found in Florida and elsewhere find a ready sale. While the re- sults of experiments ai'e somewhat conflicting, there appears to be conditions under which floats, or fine ground raw phosphates do produce as good, if not better results, than acid phosphates. The presence of decomposing organic matter is generally regarded as the most important of these conditions, but chemists are not agreed as to the precise na- ture of its action. THE EFFECT OF NATURAL PHOSPHATES ON PLANT GROWTH, Liebig, in his letters on "Modern Agriculture," published in 1859, advances the theory that organic matter undei'going decay accumulates carbonic acid in the soil, and when rain falls it dissolves the carbonic acid and thereby acquires the power of taking up phosphate of lime. This carbonic acid water does not withdraw from the soil the phosphate of lime contained in it, but wherever it meets with the granules of apatite, or phosphorite, it dissolves a certain portion. Under these circumstances, a solution of phosphate of lime must, consequently, be formed, which spreads in all directions around each granule. Wherever this solution comes in contact with soil not already saturated with phosphate of lime, the soil will take up and retain a certain portion of this salt. The portion of soil now saturated with phosphate will oppose no further obstacle to the wider diffusion of the solution. Voelcker (Bied. Centr. 1880-866, 867) as quoted in the journal of the Chemical Society (Eng.) vol. 24, second series, page 640, draws the following conclusions: 1. Phosphates are not readily taken up by plants in a soluable form [water soluble], but must be returned to an insolu^sle condition before they yield their useful properties. 2. The efficacy of insoluble calcium phosphate corresponds with the minuteness of division in which it is found in a fertilizer. 3. The finer the particles in a phosphatic material, the more energetic its action as a manure. Fleischer and Kissling (Bied. Centr. 1883-155, 161) on the application of insoluble phosphates to soils, found that the action of moorland soils when mixed with insoluble phosphates is to render a portion of the phosphate soluble in water, amounting to 55 per cent, in one case, of the total phosphoric acid; a portion at the same time was reduced to the di-calcium salt, and in one compost heap as much as 17 per cent, of the total acid was brought into this form. The general out-come of the above mentioned experiments is that it is more advantageous to apply insoluble phosphate than superphosphate on humous soils, as they are capable of bringing insoluble phosphate into a soluble condition. This applies, however, only to peaty soils, or those containing de- composing organic matter. The presence of lime hinders this action. In volume 30 of the journal of the Chemical Society (Eng.), page 773, is an abstract of an article from the jour- nal of the Eoyal Agricultural Society, 1884, by Dyer, which states that the first experiments made in 1882, in a stiff clay soil containing no calcium carbonate, ground and unground coprolites were used. The comparison was made with sweedes both Avith and without manures, in each case, the better results was from«undissolved phosphate. On the same plots, the following year, oats were grown without further addition of manure, and the produce was again, on an aver- age, better where the undissolved phosphate had been em- ployed. The following year 225 bushels of lime per acre were plowed in before sowing. The same quantities of manure were applied as before. The season was dry and the crop small, but in this case the produce was better where the dissolved phosphate had been used. The ground coprolite contained more than twice as much phosphoric acid as the superphosphate. Coming nearer home, we find that experiments made at the Alabama Agricultural station are of similar import. In bulletin No. 22, new series, January 1891, we find the following statement: "In several experiments previously conducted to ascertain the comparative agricultural value of the phosphate rock ground to impalpable powder, known as floats, with that of acid ulated phosphate, the results have indicated that used in conjunction with cotton seed meal, floats are more profitable than the acid phosphate, taking into consideration the fact that floats contain nearly twice the per centage of phosphoric acid. The soil used in these experiments was sandy drift that had been lying out many years. No commercial fertilizer had been previously applied to it." The following conclusion is drawn from the experi- ments made: "A part of the phosphoric acid in floats plainly 6 becomes available to plants the first season. This is facili- tated by combining them with cotton seed meal. Floats and cotton seed meal have uniformly equaled acid phosphate and cotton seed in producing power." EXPERIMENTS IN THE FIELD TO TEST THE ABOVE MENTIONED RESULTS. To test more thoroughly the comparative productiveness of ground raw phosphate and acid phosphate under different conditions and to determine whether decomposing organic matter converts insoluble into soluble phosphate, two sets of experiments were carried out, one on the farm and the other in the chemical laboratory, the results of which will now be given. The materials used were carefully analyzed by Dr. Ander- son, assistant chemist, with the following results: The acid phosphate used gave Water Soluble Phosphoric Acid (Po O5 ) . .9.10 per cent. Citrate " " " 2.94 Acid " " " 2.32 Total phosphoric acid (P2 O5 ) .... 14.36 (( The Florida phosphate reduced to a fine powder similar to floats, gave Moisture 4.18 Insoluble matter 32.39 Total phosphoric acid (acid soluble) 16.54 Iron and aluminium oxides 8.89 None of the lime phosphates were soluble in water and only 0.32 was soluble in ammonium citrate. The analysis shows an inferior grade of raw phosphate. The material purchased as "South Carolina floats" contained 2.26 per cent, of available phosphoric acid in the form of citrate — sol- uble acid and a total phosphoric acid of 28.73 per cent. Th®" 7 available phosphoric acid in each of the materials used may be stated as follows : 1. Cotton seed meal, available acid (Po O5 ) . 3. 19 per cent. 2. Cotton seed, " " " . 1.03 " 3. Florida ground phosphate " " . 0.32 4. South Carolina floats, available acid " . 226 " 5. Acid phosphate, " " " 12.04 " Two qualities of land were selected at the station for the field experiments, one a strong red soil, the other a poor sandy soil. The results obtained were as follows on the poor soil the fertilizers were sown broad cast : Lbs. seed cotton (per acre.) 1. 400 lbs. pulverized Florida phosphate 290.5 2. 800 " " " " 219.8 3.400 " acid phosphate 196.7 4. 800 " " " 144.2 5. No fertilizer 106.4 6. 400 lbs. Florida phosphate with 400 lbs. cotton seed meal 249.2 7. 800 lbs. Florida phosphate with 800 lbs. cotton seed meal 322.7 8. 400 lbs. acid phosphate with 400 lbs. cotton seed meal 252.0 9. 800 lbs. acid phosphate with 800 lbs. cotton seed meal 320.6 10. No fertilizer 233.8 Each plot was one-seventh of an acre and the usual pre- cautions were taken to remove disturbing elements and have the conditions of cultivation and growth as uniform as pos- sible. The details of the work were under the immediate supervision of Mr. Clayton, assistant agriculturist. On the strong red soil the fertilizers were applied in the drill with results as follows; 8 Lbs. seed cotton (per acre.) 1. 200 lbs. Florida phosphate with 200 lbs. cotton seed meal 1016.6 2. 400 lbs. Florida phosphate with 400 lbs. cotton seed meal 1105.6 3. 200 lbs. acid phosphate with 200 lbs. cotton seed meal 844.8 4. 400 lbs. acid phosphate with 400 lbs. cotton seed meal 1108.8 5. No fertilizers 863.2 6. 200 lbs. Florida phosphate with 400 lbs. cottou seed 919.2 7. 400 lbs. Florida phosphate with 800 lbs. cotton seed 1182.4 8. 200 lbs. acid phosphate with 400 lbs. cotton seed 1178.4 9. 400 lbs. acid phosphate with 800 lbs. cotton seed 1387.2 10. No fertilizers 931.2 11. 400 lbs. Florida phosphate 892.8 12. 400 lbs. acid phosphate 975.2 13. 400 lbs. cotton seed meal 1271.2 14. 800 lbs. cotton seed 1294.4 The land was not uniform in natural productiveness, but improved in quality from the first to the last plot. While the results are not perfectly uniform, the pulverized raw phosphate evidently produced as good, if not better, results than the acid phosphate whether used alone, or mixed with cotton seed and cotton seed meal. EXPERIMENTS IN THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. Anticipating these results experiments were carried on in the laboratory during the summer to determine whether they are due to the fact that decomposing organic matter converts insoluble or acid-soluble lime phosphate into the available or citrate soluble condition. For this purpose half -gallon wide-mouthed jars were used and the following mixtures placed in each : No. 1. 2 lbs, Florida phosphate with ^ lb. cotton seed meal, u 2. 1 lb. " " " A " " " " ♦' 3. 2 lbs. South Carolina floats with ^ lb. " *' " 4 1 lb " " " • "1 " " " " " 5. 2 lbs. Florida phosphate " -J " cotton seed. " 6. 1 lb. " " " i " " " " 7. 2 lbs. South Carolina floats " I " " " 8. lib. " " " " i " The contents of each jar were rubbed up in a porcelain mortar, moistened with water and mixed as thoroughly as possible. The mixtures were stirred frequently, in fact, nearly every day. Fermentation began within a day or two and continued during the whole period of the experiments. Samples for analysis, that is, for the determination of the available phosphoric acid, were taken from the jars and analyzed with results as follows: Per cent. of available P2 O5 - —found. Date of taking sample. July 2... 0.99 1.69 2.68 3.04 0.58 0.54 2.77 " 9... 1.25 1.62 2.89 2.64 0.72 0.95 2.33 22.7 " 16... 1.25 1.61 2.89 2.82 0.72 0.80 2.29 2.26 " 23... 1.16 1.80 3.37 3.22 0.84 0.49 2.37 2.39 " 30... 1.12 1.60 3.02 3.38 0.72 0.53 1.81 2.70 Aug. 6... 1.41 1.79 2.87 3.15 0.82 1.08 2.49 2.57 " 20... 1.41 1.57 2.73 3.26 0.81 1.00 2.15 2.53 Sep. 3... 1.50 2.16 2.75 3.27 1.16 1.10 1.96 2.51 " 17... 1.41 1.75 2.56 2.91 1.07 0.89 2.04 2.32 Oct. 1 . . . 2.28 2.97 3.14 0.99 1.26 2.57 2.51 The above results seem to show that the fermentation of the cotton seed and cotton seed meal had very little, if any. effect 10 on the Florida ground phosphate or the South Carolina floats in converting the insoluble into soluble phosphate. The variation in the results though favoring to some extent the conclusion that there is a slight increase in the available phosphoric acid, may be accounted for on the ground of per- sonal error, or the want of uniformity in the mixing of the materials, since it is difficult, if impossible, to secure perfect uniformity — in a mixturfe of ground phosphate and cotton seed. If decomposing organic matter renders insoluble phos- phates available as plant food to any considerable extent, the question of cheap phosphates will be solved and the farmer enabled to purchase fertilizers at a much less cost than at present. That so desirable a result may be reached, is the wish of all who are interested in developing the great agri- cultural industry of our country. The conclusion from these experiments is certainly favorable to the use of floats or finely ground natural phosphates in place of commercial acid phosphates, especially when mixed with cotton seed or cotton seed meal. STATE LABOEATORY. Agricultueal and Mechanical College. Auburn, Ala., June 1, 1893. Hon. H. D. Lane, Commissioner of Agriculture, Montgomery, Ala. Dear Sir: Enclosed please find tabulated results of Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, materials used in their manufacture, natural phosphates, etc., made in the State Laboratory from July 1, 1892, the date of my last published report, to June 1, 1893. 11 These include samples sent by manufacturers and dealers of the different brands offered for sale within the State. The Commercial values are estimateds 1st on the mini- mum of available phosphoric acid (water and citrate-soluble acid), Nitrogen, and Potash, guaranteed by the manufacturer j and 2nd on the amounts of these constituents actually found by analysis. The value used are as follows: Water-Soluble Phosphoric Acid 5 cents per pound. Citrate " " " .... 5 " Nitrogen " " " ....m " Potash " " " .... 5 " A few of the samples reported were sent directly to this office and may not appear on your books. In such cases, where the results are of general interest, they are included in the list for publication. Respectfully, N. T. LuPTON, State Chemist. 12 CC iO ou o (M CO CD •ani'BA [BTOjauiiiioQl t^ CO t^ O 1—1 r-t t—i (M •«(?■ •uaaoj^i^ CO I— OO CO CO 1—1 o CO — i • •qsB:jod o 8 I— 1 CO OS ^-t .— 1 ^^ oj TP r« * *k • >— ( T— t F— ( I— 1 T-i 3 ® a 0 05 TC O: CO <1 iO 00 00 o •a^qniog pioy I— 1 ^ CO ci i-s • r-t O o •aiqnios o 00 CO OS s S ■♦J Ph a-jBi^io CO <— 1 I-l (M Oi 00 o Ph CO CO 1— 1 aiqnps aa^B^i lO t- lO 05 y-i >^ O 3 1-5 H o: a ^ < o ^ ;h Q 03 v(-i ;z: (S +3* -< • a o; ^ C5 •rH w H < m O -< O Ph w El 02 O W r— < , ^* a s O •4^ «2 OQ P5 << ^ ^ H ^3 -ij 9 <1 Pu ^ 03 O w 00 o P= 1* w O ft Q o ^ § 02 H o ;z; <1 o, ^ • TS 1^ a N -4-> w ;- C^ 1— ( ^ d a o N c P4 « » ^ , ^ - P3 1 a 0) O p c; OQ » s 5 9 6 a 03 <1 ^ C a ; J 1 1 3 4 s ^ ^ I 'c c ) i. cc 1 F i 2 •OK nopB^g c > 1- H r- ■1 t^ H I— I I> r- t- t^ 0^ 1 Cv J C^ » (N 13 n go < H O O J ^ Q § S 00 O O &. Ph <5 an^BA jBioaaainioo •qsB'^oj <5 »4 o GQ O Ph •IB?OX •etqnpg ppY •8[qn[og a[qniog ja?BA\ QD O n PQ 64 O (N OS o U3 QO C^ T-H C5 (M .-H rt W eo (M CO K) CO OS U3 CO 05 CO 00 00 (M 00 r-l CO — 02 73 u O X O 6 O o- o o O a o 00 CIS -C O o o CD o 58 ^ -93 a a o 00 C J3 ^ < C c8 O ^ m X ^ .2 W '3 pa > 00 u 73 a> O •a •0^ uoi'^B^S S" O p^ rH *o <3 o o 03 *s o '3 a a> "H. 00 O P-l *s CO 05 o <1 o Ed c« Si ^ <» B O &. a U< o 05 £ cS p^ o ">5 3 Si ^3 ^ Tt D « W S u. ^ o 00 CD -^ c o 5 E& O CO CO CO CO •£> C5 CO O o 05 —1 CD CO > 73 00 O u pa 0) a. o IS c o pa S-. o CO o (M CO s 00 CO CO 00 CO 1^1 1— t «-4 ^ CO _ <^ — (M CO w •>*< a- CO 00 CO T— t 1— ( 1—1 CO o 1—1 CO o in o CO 00 CO cc 3 pa >-. u O o o c csi CS iM 14 o ft •l-H a ® o a 40 OS 00 a «-3 -Oi 00 a ^ a < EH O Ph W (D M 03 m CO O tq 9n[BA ^BiojauinioQ •u93oi:ji^ •qsB^Od o o a. m o Ph •I^^ox •8[qniog ppy •8[qniog eiqnpg a»^BA\ O W p:i EH 3 o <1 o . CO o 4fe- OS o CO OS CO T-H CO CD o O CO OS CO lO OS ic CO OS o o o (M oo CO IM • QQ 6 O u a) O O O Q 0) > o 02 d O O a 00 Th O O OQ o 73 01 as SI O 3 a < a o a, CO O rH ^j .^ W Cd 03 0) C o3 u o 0) 03 03 o cq CO CO ^3 S O g a o s C4 a; a, to "u o [14 hi a u o O fl C3 a 2 o O a o p; ■r! > CO m •73 .5 'S o g a < o c S O 03 Oh *>- O) a I3 0) -iH C3 D. GQ o a. 03 02 03 c o a a o 03 D O s o 5= o CO oo CO eo CO CO CD CD IM CN M (75 — ' CO T CO CO a hi SB .5 P5 t-s o a S3 s O CO lo CO CD iM (M 15 g o I— t 00 00 CO 00 O o g ^ o CO CO CO 1— ( o rH § 1— 1 I— i 05 f— 1 00 1-H ■* CO CO 00 05 I— 1 o I— 1 05 l-H 1-t C<1 CO 8 OS CO 3t 5 r-H 00 o I— I O 05 05 00 "3 s l-H o CM CM § CM 8 ^ S 05 00 CO l-H 00 l-H CO o CD 05 CO 05 s 00 00 00 00 lO 00 t- CO t^ 00 CO 05 o I-H CO t^ t^ 00 05 00 S 5 c8 • • r— < < Q O fcT O) ■j: Kl & a> ^ T a •* « (h cq 13 a a a> a" 0) 60 03 w JH HI 03 a o G cq o a ca -a a u n O > O -Q o cc 0) ^ CO -2 O Q S ■OJ O 00 o C/J g a a 03 . c4 03 tlH CQ o a, m o A l3 '-'-< a, >> CD 03 O o s 93 O a, ;-. CO Cl S 02 a N fa 13 a 3 O a O o a o CO o a O CQ 3 fs O ei Ol « 3 a O < 02 CO O n a b o a> -1^ ■jj w o a 03 3 CD a> a o CQ a o CQ 0) > »— 1 o 02 00 'd c o a > 5a 3 3 CS CQ > o n a! o 3 n O c3 O O Cti o a 02 CQ 5 CO o Ph a ^ 3 -::; « *o a> ft, O) CO O 02 O u CO ft cS O a c3 3 13 O a -^3 ■c« O Oh O O a cS 3 -ri o Pi a a> o O o a OS 3 o o .s 03 CO CM 05 CM O CO CD CM CD CO C^ CO CO CM CO CM 05 CO CO c^ o CO C-, a r-H o » o t-s H § o 43 o o as H -4^ 1^ CO a (S < w \j CQ -«; m E^ ■1.3 o e8 H^ -*3 r/? K H p is o OD a. 53 < ►J m EH o , cu o (D QQ <£ QQ ^. la a ^i^l^A IBioaaranioQ •nai^oa;i^ •llSB^Od "WOi 00 I-H lO 05 00 o 04 CO CO lO o CO o Oi — 00 o o o o t^ ■* 00 eo 05 o eo eo CO t^ O 1— 05 CO CO I. '5 CO uo •aiqnpg pioy •8[qn[Og 8:)'Bj^iQ •aiqniog jaiB^V E-i CO o a S3 fa O <1 •0^ nOt'}B!)g o eo 1—1 CO eo o oq Oi eo CO o eo lO o CO OS o C^l t^ CO o I-H C> cS o 73 D w e- ^ 05 02 P o o m (iH =a CQ ffi ;h & D o Cd ffi tc a s < O) a a c o cS s s o a o ^ o .2 < a a o O c o o o Si O 03 O a; O si C c >j3 O CO 05 05 CO CO CO (M Oi CD C<] 00 05 CO CO CD CO o CO CO o CO o CO o CO 00 CO iC CO t>- co (^ 00 CO O —I CO CO I-H CO OJ lil -«^ 0) 0) u tl. ^ S-. 3 C 1.J OJ o ■*-» O es ■4-3 as X k. cS 0> ^ bl; ? C o 01 CQ O CD o C^l 17 Jl CO iC CD s OS CO ,^ o CO t^ iC o IM i^ •aniBA iBiojannuoo m ci 5-1 C^ 4^ «5 QO CI ?^^ CO - 0 •qSB^Oj .-1 c-i C-1 (M (M (M . o o 00 CO CI ^ d 00 1—1 o o CM 00 1— ( r-t 1—1 • % s s (M CO o ajBj^lC ^ (N (M CO ■* O O 1—1 ^ ci 1— ( I-l (M" O p:: 2 CD 00 CD g S CO -^ 00 CO ^ 00 ^ P^ aiqniog aajBA\ CO CD CO t^ oc !>• 00 CC CO t^ 00 1-t i-T • c« ! >, a • • < . 3 si „ *• >, O a o »4 Q H 0 : < i 6 O 5 ** >* i5 < o c< a a ««-. < Z •< J a; 2 0) 6 O .2 S ^ ^ OQ a O o OQ o 3 rt 15 d o '5 o c3 ^ - - 03 S J3 o QQ n o OQ < a a, o a c s C c. 0) 01 o O - - - J3 O 0) -a a < >-5 tM a -* *• l-l . PLI . H Q • JZ5 -*1 • ►. • ^ 0) ns N N (U ij 'O -M ?H -*-» u Sh H b. 1 O .2 -1^ D tM a o o c a o O a o 0) o • It 3> M 50 O -4-3 O o Eh <1 ^25. ■-3 01 Em a o o o d 6 o a O St 3 S4 0) .2 .2 -4-> as a 'a o P a "^ a 1— ( a 0) © S3 a O a a lii O CJ - O 18 rtOO. 0-*rHClr-i(MOlOOi o c^ t^ •aniBA ^■Bp.iauiraoQ 05t^t^t^t-t^C5t^05 t^ 00 rH t— 1 05 V < -^ 1-1 T-i 00 t— 00 (M CO CO ^ O CO,— lOtMOi-HCOCDOS •* »o •qsB^joj ^ < »- < -- 4 ^- ' ^ -- (T ■- < 1—1 - »— i 1—1 CO Oi 00 I-H f— t Oi Cs c^ s- C lO CO O CO ■* CO «D CX5 00 OC oc t^ t^- -^ C2 CJ ■uaSox^ijs; (M T-t T- ,— ,_ ^ C^ ^ CO ^- 1— I ci r-i ** (M ;C c: t^ c t-« t^ cj- , OS c lO »o T— 1 -«1 02 o: — 1 tr. CI cq -M -a a o in oo 1—1 (M — CT y; <= iC c: iC CO ^ t^ ■^ (M C- I-- "* \r. a o- t^ TTI o: i-O o • g aiqnpg J9iBA^ 00 a t^ t^ I> t> IC oc o t> I^ 00 • a O o • O : o „ c: C - 1-5 1 xn " te - "• c3 •N o: - O CO o 1. 1 -1^ =3 - >. u Eh ^ r^ * - O cS < • l-H o O % O C "* . (D S5 » •^ O o - O o PQ o - - - - - o; o -1^ ^ => +3 ^ o SI* w M 1— 1 c < M Ph H o 0) iz; Ph 0 3 a c 0) c PC C '•^ 7^ a; o » -r c 0 o P S-r u. 1^ 0. c ^ fe a: T 0) Pq a: a 2 1 r; < v d e o c c c -o c O — H HH o ■ C fl r 0 a c pq .2 -4^ 02 O 03 c 2 o a ^ >-. o o § o PQ •OK itO!iv;s CC a: T s o 5 00 o 5^ CI i> J-4 CI OS o o ^1 OS rri OS eo Cl OS c:s CS rl rH 7-i .— 1 rH 1— t I— 1 CI CI CO " 1— 1 o O o CO Cl CO ■* Tji CO 00 00 'f 00 § o CD ZC CO CO Cl Cl Cl Cl o rH CO o Cl N IM »* " "• 6 6 O 6 o - o O Si - - - - -4-J i^ O - - ^ (D co" 1^ 0 o OS 01 02 o f^ > L. S Si _s tf (1> P5 03 a S - '^ - 93 - 02 - • g, ' - '^ - s 09 0) ^ 03 o -c rs j3 o o s < W H i-s '-J . /— ^- — s . -u . i- , 0) Li ci r* o ^ o ^ m P. M •4^ !H 00 o 05 03 » 03 c CL > N ^ — rH i Oh "-3 o ■ c o O C C5 o C ?2 o cS c &^ 3 5 c r ^ o i c c C c > CE 'E s -o o > o 03 _> O CE s 03 3 c c a C a c (^ c i r o s« i=i o 1 O a -2 s 'S o s c C a IE -3 c c o: r" a 03 1 r^ ' S a: G c Q c c r ! cS 5 C! \ I 3 C J 1 3 s: 1 ei 3 E g o o a c -*- •X. 3 .2 2 3 '5 •" ■ o c ' CS--/. r ^"^ 1 c i "a 0 > a 2 ^ 3 "3 o '3. S c3 a -r C 0 ) 03 1 Q 5 5 a 0 c e < (X i a, ci a (X 3 a 4 Oj 2 S^ CI ta CI CI Cc 3 C£Li: 1 X X' i 3 -J' CS 3 b:3 u '/ } ^*-. -'00505VOOOCOO'Mt-~CD 1— iC- So S 5o ^^ i?5 c5 55 00 i55 ^ COCO-*iCOCOCiOOT»-i^-^-^oot--r-ico »*. S 5 o CI io i25 -^ F-^ lOt^OOOO— '— • •■<»'OS O»00OlO5t~~t--.l>. • t^-ic '■ '• rt • * I 1 •* '* ^ •^ *; « ^ ^" ^' -4-3 ^ ^ S - - - ^^ <=" =3 - - _r o -2 *; o " ^ r ^ E- M o a s> • : :: P-i a o ^ 6 ^ g' o o o >H ^ .E O = - = : ^ S o o J 2 O O w o o a 5 6 o =5^-5 = ■= s ■o^ iio!;b>j. 73 o • o Q. >> CO O 3 — c CO -* 00 o 1-1 (M X> CO CO CI CO lO • OQ ; to • 0 0 ^ ^ Qi CL, CD , • &^ 0 d i> c a> X! C3 s ca 3 03 c 0 fM 3 O n m s 0 0 '0 0 3 03 3 •D CS ;- cq "73 3 pq "3 ca a s 1" E c3 03 0 cq 0 ■d < 06 73 o q; a < C '-J c 0) 03 0 « o 2 ^ 0 • i-t 0 H CO 03 -4-1 03 a 0 "r^ c g 5 0 0 &. s 03 « 0 »• OS o Oj 0) J3 3 ^ llJ 2: > cc 0 cu -» CO 0 -+< 00 CO Tl t^ 00 Ci 0 ^ Cl -f •Ti in 10 iC 10 lO CO CO CO -Tf fi -n ■'^ f -I< TfH Tl ^ ■Tl c» cq CJ CI Cl CI CI CJ CI c» 21 00 U3 o o o l-H CD o t^ 05 o «o 00 CO lO lO w ao (N -- 00 CO CO O O 00 c^ "US i-l "o ri 1-1 00 05 Oi 00 00 o o o CO GO c; eo 00 — t^ CO '^J^ 1-1 — ■ rH -H IM . m. C >, ;h O H -1^ c: o O ^ -4id a> h N (P - o c ci 6 = M CC o o3 ^ S5§ e ai g 3 S Sec .2 ••-•';: o o 5 Ota cc GO •< c c cS o c is o O o o 5 a; r-» »- O e3 CQ O O o a 03 13 o 03 a s > c3 W r3 O o o -4-9 o O rs s o S 03 a CO Tt* CO CO CD CD ■<*l -*■ Tf CO CO CO 00 CO CD r^ CO CO CO CO C5 CO o 00 CO eo oo If 91 00 CO oo CO CO CO 00 o oo 00 rr -^ CO CO o -- CO CO CO CO 22 t^ CO CO QO CO I- ■^ 1— 1 o 00 00 t^ ■*OOOCOt^-HlO«)Thl CO -^ - CD OJ O OS C^ C^ (M .- ■1 I- i »— H 1— ^ 1- H rH < lOCDOlO O O 05 ■-H^-- r-l ,-, N CO ■^OOOi-iC^ICDCMiO O OO 00 03 Wi— iiOi— 103000000 Ci O CD oo u8§oa^^ (M(Mi-HC^C^i-l(Mt-li— 1 CO rH 1-i CO-^l^CM'^lOOSt^CO lO 02 CO ^ OSrHCOINi— it^COOiO cs ec c^i-ioi-HOco Cs 1—1 i-( > s • p^ - - 3 o D c ! » ■«* : CO cS t-5 c s - ^ G O a K to pT "^ ? O cs" o <1 C5 c C (^^ ■+^ c3 £ § H c: „ s 1 T - - c a: c O Oh Q «3 C5 > a i 6 I TO a o a (-» Q o o M H o c c c e ) - .5 ^ _CJ C . 6 , - CD o u < C C ■< 6 o «8 •4^ M C c c > a cc a a Pi, - r— t W a H 0! *- ** - C c _c. IS c _c. <•« a a> a o p Eh a: c < C ^ g , i O ,n 3 « • (U o <5 »-( fa O H s a c O! "S o C s a; 0, a c c a > 'c OS a t- a a ■^ (D P O w o o o M « a § 0 to <1 a a '5 01 o o O to QJ c8 o J-, c C CO 00 3 o a c3 a a G O c? • o 6 O o •72 C c3 w a o O c a a 2 o w o c^ pG S 'T3 C3 a o •OK uonu;s 00 •OS o o o § o c § o I— 1 1-1 t— 1 c^ 1-t Tf r* lO lO iffl in IC IC lO vn lO %a (N (N ■* 00 a 05 <£ o CO 1-1 lO a> 05 ■. CO OC a> ■T Oi -t CO «3 t-- c o CO O r-( CD t- !>• U5 I— 1 o Ci i-^ lO d *— 1 ^ I-H i-H (M IM i-H (M lO »-H I-l ^H IM t-l (M o 1—1 1-1 (M r>. oc 05 m (M lO ■^ Oi CO CO ^- ■^ ■^ CO 05 o IM (M a O CO o 05 ■* 00 CO CO IM ■>i< iC lO 05 CT> 05 IM I— 1 I>- CO — »H i-H O >-l CO 1—1 IM 1-1 CJ 1—1 IM IM C. ■* ec IM 1>. ■<«< (M CO c 05 CO o (M IM IM S 8 S 00 •<*i o CO CD 05 ^ t§ f— 1 CO l^ t^ ^ c: c: 00 00 oc 00 <» t>. t^ oo lO IM LO CO t^ IM lO CO CO < - d < 2 d d CO - c -• c ta - .. ^ CO a" W y Fert. Co., Montgomery, c a £ c (^ c C OS. Co., Charleston, rt. Co., Port Royal, - • O " O Q ert. Co., Pensacola, 11 & Co., Savannah, ;; - ;; 3 c3 o • o o - - 6 •* r- >- a £ c C 1 ) < .s :: c _a )£ c - Goulding F Comer, Hu - " - 3 - C c - (1) a a o ^ ' j -2 a JZ £ . , o C ) J -1-3 tt> tSi £ lb a a a • -k3 C k^ . j*> c cC ^ o c D &c oo c c r> i fc 0) p: OJ 0) 0. O s m a < cc u CC < "i a c c PC 1 ■ c c 1^4 be g 6 s > oc (5 a c c s- C c ! C ! a a d o M 'a c« c c p: a C £ < a > a 0! c cc c e a c C£ £ C - ^ P £ c B ce a -r. a O <1 £ c 1 !j: i 1 CO •a a; 'c c £ £ -*- a a b s- C a 0 Mi 'Si) a oc O < ^ 1 tt. a C!3 Cu tt tf <: fa. t! tt < « ir ) o Cs ) « a ) a> ^ e»: ) ^ cc ) I-' • o- cc ■* lO r- (M c< C^ 1 c- c^ (M CO 0- c<: CO C<" V. cc ->* ■* ■* ■ lO lO if: ) ir. lO ir. ir. IC «: IC IL-O lO (N 1 Cs 1 IN c^ C- 1 e-i c^ ', • .-t a < ^ •4^ c» W F- p o !S •*» DC p- H J3 b- 1-1 B Ph H o • W ^ eu p>. ,a o t3 •% O) -4J ^ o c^ 0) M 02 . r-H cd P . CD O m O O <>3 i-t O 1— I CO CO o uO CO o> ■ o •ojsT uopi3]S (M — 1-1 CO T-( O 00 ■* CO 1-1 CO (M a CD CO •D CD IC CD CD 00 rH o CO o lO CO CO 05 05 CD CO CO CO o o O SS 6 6 O 1 o o c3 O OS cS > c3 a 6 o o oj P o c4 Si 02 c o oc (U Cj o CO ,^ o o c o w in o c s eS D O o CO O) c be s O 'o CO s C3 73 C o3 0) C o c« a < C3 O a a; c3 O) « o m > o eS S o p- £ o O C o W O •£ CO CO Si P-l <» c3 O pa o c s 5 O O CU 0) :S a ^ i S s o c» o 02 o IC lO CO 1-1 CO CO C4 Tf 1ft in in in in CO CO CO in in CO Of '•^j o o O •*-> i£!^ CO r/j (7i o cn in CD CD lO in in (N CO CO o a o •^ re CO O 00 cc m o -4-J m O m o Q O s in CO CD CD in CO o a c3 s O t> cd •I— I CJ e3 DQ 73 ti 1>. CD in CO 25 CO 1-H 00 00 (N 00 f-H S s 1—1 1^ 1-1 o s 05 00 00 f-H 00 ?5 00 00 CO CO g f— 1 00 .—1 CO i-H 1-H OS I-H I-H 00 f-H f-H I-H a-. CD CO o 3M Oi f-H 1-- I-H o o o I-H O I-H 8 T-H f-H -H 00 I-H c• 4 CO s ;z;_ s^ CC i ^ C -ti: ■• • o • O -*- 5 :g CC - ^ - - r-' d o W 6 O 6 o ■J o ^. 1 .2 - O n ■!-> r .> ^ CJ -i: s ■«• - - - >-. cS (h j: o -* N* - O C ^ o c4 b Ph C a p ■ O CJ CO -S , 0; 0) o C c a ^ • 6 s ^ 6 cS c O -i-j oi : o ** O c; -*-2 «^ u o , ■• . "^ *• ■• i> • T" ;- OJ 0! (D «a 0, 60 U. Ph o P:^ a c« *• < < o o : S 01 .2 -5 ? £ 2 -4-3 00 -1-3 cd "m - = - - o C U3 >J U -S3 < m .a * 6 a, CO c O a O a o pq Ph c u 0) 5 > a a • c c c c 0. > 'c a cr 1 c 3 c J CO 3 o a : ^ o »H m P a a oc ^ 1 1 ec i 1 CO ! .2 CC < V CC a Pi -4- : i -*- c 4 \ 1 3 C ) .2 ) "c c r £ 3 7 : p ) o a a CO "jH ) o < U. W 00 05 o I-H IM CO iO r^. CO 05 0-5 t>. 00 C5 o 1-H -f uO CO CO CO l^ r^ t^ I--. t^ t^ t^ I>. 00 00 00 oc Oi C2 Gi Oi Oi lO lO lO lO lO lO lO i-O iC lO lO o to to lO iC ire lO lO (N ©^ -5 O Q I W m < H O Ph Q <1 iz; o o M El 13 O 02 a Q 02 w o P-I » a 03 o W Pli Hi d) O CQ c« o o 0) 01 is o ca , . CS . c3 ^ : o . ■ o ^ o3 C o3 03 • CO •4^ > o - CO o r-^ ,c P* o s oj Pi .jj Pk fl O ^ 'o cc CO a) w o CO o ft, a> A fl CO 2 Q CO " o P3 a; fa 03 o3 fa O g g . a> a o s o 6 O Ill a o o oc CO (M CO 00 CI CC CI 05 T— t cr. c> CO o CO ^ eo ^1 CD ^ CD CD ^ I^ "* 9:J CO eo 00 00 IC 00 O 1— 1 CC CO 00 00 00 iO CD 03 O cS ^ < si c > eS o o Q Sc P^ ? o O fa 01 o a o H o O pq o o s cS u s =3 00 jH S rt O a O! c •« n1 u > (U 03 Xi CO (_) o s B o © 13 f-i^ ■*-• O O CO ^ _> Si c3 O 01 c o C o CO O Ah -S. o a D o O) c o eq -3 -« ;-( ;-i c« cS 13 a 03 c4 -«-3 -*-• W CO o c eS s 2 ca a . a CJ &, OQ o> O o> O o 3 02 o 0> O ^3 C O 3 o O fl o O o S-l 01 O 08 :/2 a Sh C3 fa (H 05 o a 03 O d c8 or OJ C fl o o a C o O 0> c o CO c o 00 Ol O C5 -* ia o t^ 00 O CI eo >— 1 I— 1 c5 CO CI w CI CO CI CO eo eo fO CO CO CD CD CD CD CO CD CD o CD CSJ (T^ (M CQ CI CI CI CI CI CI CO CO 28 e CD < fr' O Ph H m < H in o K 0-> •qsB;oj < o a o CQ o •eiqniog •eiqnios •aiqnios J91UA4. iz; ;^ o W 5H Pi O 5zi a? oo 00 (M 05 CO CO eo CO (M 1--. uo I— I IC i-O I--. lO 1— 1 1— 1 t>. t-- Cv4 CD O CO a. CO C^l I— I 1— I 1— I (M CO (M o o o CO o o t^ l^ in lO CD CD CD lO lO C<1 »— I ?— t T-H ^H r— I o — T— I OS O LO IM lO CO lO lO .— I CD CO CO O CO Oi >— I I— I (M (N CO CO (M •0^ UOIJB^S CO CO CO CO C5 O (D OS O c O c3 CO O ,G Ph o -r! o CO CO C-1 00 o o CO CO T-1 o CO o i-l CO CO 05 o ^ ^ — 00 05 —1 o a:' c o o cS o O o c3 iS o 03 c3 o c3 CS O cS" cS c3 O o o I—! o DO o O be o o o C5 £0 a c o m •4-3 Q, OQ o CJ 0) Cj o 6C C3 O, oi O o J5 Ph "S -^ o CQ fa CO -H CD I— 1 CO o O cc o c cc " -7- O! O O O CO o o o c 01 03 5 o o O O 00 Id CO CO o '1' CO 00 CI 00 c: CO l^ ?5 •T ^^ t^ ,_^ o o CO o o 1— ( ^H o 1— ( f— ( CI IC CO !>! t- O lO s o Oi t^ o CO t>. »—) CI t^ o C ;o t^ x> s I^ o CO U3 CO T -H r^ LO -r ;o X -M _ CO o o OO o t^ F— ( ,_, .— I f^ "* '"' '" a o 6 O «8 o O a" o 09 3. c3 o o o 00 o j:: c eS & _2 o be o o O 0) g o a c O a o o o CO CO c5 SO o C3 GP O a; o 02 CO s s 5 d Q so o E^ S c c3 a. c c -4J 5 c 05 o O ci & 00 o Ph © ■^ 5 <1 c eS a. o '3 00 o: O C — C3 © .-2 "q. 03 o o o 03 a} o 'o CS ■^ 5 05 a EC O a o •^ « — s « cK O ^ c3 0) O a CLi o a c C 03 & .ti o O ■- ^ u ^ 00 o Ch (— ' p-l o <3 ;, o < -n * C o cS ^ ffi CO o c< as QD O rt CJ CI o CI 00 CI ;o (X) CI CI OS CI CO o CO CI CO C •^ o CO OO CD CI t^ c; — ' t^ -* tH o CO Tti l^ 05 lO OO CI o an^B^ jBTOjararaoo o ! CO CO CO "5 ■* lO ^H 1^ r~t l-H T-H »— 1 Oi — — « CO 00 ■* 3 UO «C lO CO (JO Q Ot) 00 o lO t^ lO 05 !>. f-H <:o T-l 00 c6 < 8iqn[0g ppY 1— 1 (N ci i 1 i-H I— 1 ci T-H i-I d oo CM 4 O a c a IS c a 2 < 1 c5 rC O c .5 :: •I— « a a pq c c c 6 O = c ~ 5 03 o O PQ r£l s- T °> i^ - '-3 ^* c; Q s- => ' § ' s a; 05 & c> -1-3 m d o -4-> 1— ) o a o • < ** Is :z c C ) 5= C 1 ^ ^ a « o t; § OS 0) -i- O a c A. • 0. 1 ) J 0) c o 4 Cu &< ^ cr ^ 0 ; oJ IT3 C 5 X M O Q. CD o < • 3 J -*- ' Of : c a > a c C ) 0- 1 < > rr 5 0. 0) > CO ca S ) a i I ' c . p: > .2 13 <1 "1 a. > 'c u _Cf : p. i a ff 'z a c ^ -c 'Z > '^ £ a ; 'c ; C 5 D D':^'^ C > 11. < I— ^ ' O ^ 5 «* : P: 3Lufc4 0- ) er ) c: o- 5 CO CO c^ ^ n ■> ^ H Tjf -^ c^ 1 c^ 1 i> 1 CM ff I C-l (M Cv 1 CV 1 c 1 C^l < M 31 0500005w5C50lOOCO^O'M05C:>r-.S^l OOi rH^rH,-..-!— .rH.-lrH,-H,-|,-i ^^^^^5^ sS CO S o io o5 i^ 00 TFS 06 »-i CO ?1 ^ ^i 35 S 55 o lO'^t-'.t-'.sscooi— icot>-coc<«ioeoeocou:)CDS OOeOCOCOO'^Oi-H'— iC>J(MC<10SOfOOOO 55 ^f' CO ^i in 00 r^^ Jo ^ F^ F^ u5 ^^ .Tri— i-^"*io;fcooi— "oooioioeo'^yjo i c-i o 00 ^ CO 00 05 c^i c> O j3 0) Ph 2 o o tn -4-> 00 03 a T! rt o w CS S C3 a 03 O a o o O 0) a g C3 o a cS o o c3 if o o OS c 0) d O ^ W ;S c3 02 a 03 O 6 O to p O o G cS 3 o c3 O a o -*^ CO O c3 C C3 O o s 5 o 03 S o "a, :: 'Si) CO o Si j:: is Ph •1^ o c3 o u A ^ (D yzf. •A ^3 O) a C3 o o C3 ^3 ii CI 03 § o Si H 6 O Si i >. O Si o 'A o 05 O O Si a> ts) Si 01 M o CO C3 TO ;:2 125 o o Si u fe o O 03 ci G S 03 > c« O O o S c3 3 03 3 fl 03 > 03 O c o -4-» o3 j:3 Cu y CO O <: p ® O Ph .s -4-3 O! T3 « 'O "3 ^ w i CO o o tc Cti E S OQ O .«■ Ph J "o a a! 3 a -2 83 rG Q, CO o Si a, 3 03 «H o a. m CO n rs r-" a.> Ph > o "J CO •T" GQ ^ .r1 Q -4^ as O r- OJ 3 Cxi -2 O '3 <1 o o ® CO 03 CO O ri r— H Ph J "c c 03 3 o -4-J s 03 O 3 '3 <: Si 3 o '/5 o3 03 o 2 e^ Ph '3 -^ t3 CO O O ca CO Q »-« c3 CO CO 01 cc o < 2. 2 o 03 cc o p^ "3 CO O O) 3 O P5 cc s >^; 'A CO t^ (M Sh 3 e4-t a ,^_, •+3 a 02 o a O 1 1 CJ o a, EC O W Pi >1 CS w o o o C8 3 O C CS > c« CO o aj o o O •4-a C3 a IC o o O cS O a c3 X2 O O 03 O g o 6 O eS o o Ph o O SI o c3 c3 d a c3 « o s o > CO 5 a; cd r1 Q. to O o O S c3 !S '3 <^ S o O > O CO CO O P5 s Sh a o O (35 -— CD o o DQ c o P5 "3. C O) -*^ ci "S- m o < o Ph ^3 « Pi S 03 O OQ C to o 73 — it .:= c <: *- O a: C3 O Pi C3 X m -^ o; -4-» 2 "So o o 0 (M CO a o 03 j3 O o O c eS J3 C O o § -^ o o CO o Oi— lOrHOi— 'Oi— !•— CO CO O CO CO 8 o o s Tt< ■>* 1-H (M CO CO •^ CO CO IM CD GO 00 CO CO CO oo o 05 ^1 »-1 t^ CO «M o CO 1— ) © M o o C 1 : c cc ■ a: o QJ •*-' w o "^ OP to a> n ^ C- li o ^ '-J w < s o X g 03 y. Q TtiiO-fCOCOt^CtC-llCCC cicsoo-* — -^cococo S-1 "M .5 < o a: „ o d cc ^ CZJ -es rt Oj > ■> o ^ c ., rt "a c - C c ^ C > > C£ e c 1 c c "a a R C c C a •^ J= C cc C c 1 1 c c o C 0. < c c C o B - o o 03 S O »* e a C c< ■< C c c rt c rt C c « c cc c CQ C C a > o: < c c '> s c C _ 0., Troy, Ala sphate Co., Charleston rt. Co., Pensacola, Fla orks. Onftlika. Ala iphate Co., Charleston, osphate Co., Atlanta, uano Co., Savannah, Co., Baltimore, Md . 03 o rt* c 6 o o c rt E c ■> 00 03 ° .2 • c c8 ~ CC i c cS .i C o Pi rt Fert, C ey Phoi ding Fe Fert. Wi C ■> o c I. OJ "rt c C CO C O a.' o 03 a c 0/ 1 c c "> Q rt 1 a: cS cc rt li > < o Q, rt c o rt > rt a; 0) O ce J OQ . m 0) .4-3 ..-J 03 c; oj "U .♦.^ 03 ' m 0^ a; 02 ' 01 0) 03 '5 rt rt 2 0! c o M O <1 Q o G -2 rt o c o o - CS a P o cs o o '3 cS to o C c c« o i-H '5 cc O O CO G Ph ' 1 P- 03 C o m CO p DO o P C3 a 3 't o o D5 <5 rt s o pa p£ ^ "S C^ < < rt P 2 o 1 < -^ X c CS a > : in to b o 1 > o s Oj "rt < 00 cs > 'c a. 5 o t. >-r D =>! c rt o P cc C CO cc 03 c 03 l>J CD , o^ -^ t~- ^ Tf ^3 o CO r/^ C-1 CO t^ CD Ci 'TT* ■<* ?Ti lO io lO CO r^ £-- CO 00 i-«^ o o o w CI CO iP iP IP IC lO lO in lO l-O iC lO o «•-> -^^ 'O S o cc cc . CD t^ s o 00 (N CO eo CO O (N lO t^ CO t>. an^BA. [Biojamuioo o lO (N (M \a (N eo ws . "ET CO 1-H IM 00 cs ■* CO •D OS I-H xti cq T-H N CO •I«^oi ?— 1 ec CD *-H I— ( I-H r— ( 05 ^H CO a 2 '3 00 S lO "H2 22 CO lO Ol CO I-H CO t-» r-H T— 1 <5 u •c o ec TJ< «o 00 OS IC CD lO t- lO o O •s •aiqnps ppY CO ■— t I— 1 I— ( o N I-H I-H I-H U3 I— 1 oq TH o C«5 CM eo 05 o t^ O ■^ O CO CD o J 03 rr CD 05 I-H 05 00 i-^ •Tl S CO S. d 53 •8[qniog a^BJ^to lO (M c. CO !>. ^^ IM t>. CO ^^ o OS 00 CO ■* •<1' I-H eo •, a OQ ^ oi OS J Oi ; '3 O 03 ei < < e • a o • X 2 < OJ >* c C5 i QQ o 6 c & a ■ A O 6 - O 1 1 CO ^ c ;- C c C H 6 O »• ^' CiH ) ;3 * • "5 i tJ • a. ^ * • t» H \ '• o : ^ '. E ^ !zi • a '. 0) ' c o P5 : ^ 2 3 a c c p: a ■ 1-4 •4- eS IS 1 * r3 JZ C a c f c CO O "c : f— o 03 ; o O xt p: E X. ; a ^ o x f- 5 ■ Ph *r ca H •Oil uo!?b;S i o- cc in cc cc ■> cc > CC- 1 ' o 00 oc (M CO 0^ 05 cc CC ) CC > cc cc cc ) CO CC 5 CO cc CD CO c^ Cs 1 (M c\ (TJ p c^ C^ 1 (N C' (M (M 35 w CO CO eo 05 1— ( 1-H 00 1—1 t^ lO TT t^ § CO CJ 1—1 05 '5 eo 00 IM g 05 g OS o 1-^ o 1— ( e cj OS n1 <5 < IS w 00 a 3 03 2! & O o rs p^ W "H M) CO S C o ^ s (h cS o CQ 1» in 03 o P2 ^ Oi o ^ C ffi o c5 X • a 0) .4^ o o Ph CO c ns O c 02 o P-l 4^ 00 u w ^~ N OD J • FN t-^ a o H -a Cb O I/) (0 O S Id QQ < •s iJ P H O O ■*3 00 § J ■4a f-> o Pa 0) OQ >^ I— I eS S Qi^FA IBiojacaxnoo •eapixQ e^Bqdsoqj erai'] uaSoj^i^ -pioy oijoqdsoqf] o > PQ N b O ca IS ■< ov; uoT;B)g <» 1-H ■^ CD ■* N c CO o eo CO u < a c4 01 c fa c o pa a: (D c: Q- m O Ph & CS • cri cc a r-i S D a; O E u C O c: 00 LO CD CO CC (N IM 36 ^H CO ■Xi CO 00 •^ "T o 00. (M •8n[BA ojarauioo X o o o 05 o o ^ • • CO Tj< CC IBI rl 1— 1 T— I T— 1 Tjl U3 ^^ . • ; CO I— 1 t^ ■se- T T— 1 CO CO i^ cc CO o oc M X CO o CO Oi o • ec CO TT 00 •qsB^oj M T— 1 (M - -*l .• • O o t^ j-j l^ eo •uaSoj}!^ 00 (M o: , , , , ei rr • . E3 ca o ' c3 • • *-^ 0, . Oj , . a • O o cK : ^ CS o <3 - 02 O o z H o v: c o CO K -a d O 5 C c d O (Z4 hos. Works, Phosphate C< Bros.. Mobil 6 ■4-3 Si O C3 d O So" o o C3 r- a u z '6 c *• S rt \^ Pi >, S3 a (I a E en ci s c • i c is o c c i: < % Cm 5 "5' ? 1 - - d >^ -4-* CS J2 &i TJ &3 03 ~ ; Ch o H o Ph z:^ bc • t— ( d) a cS O p^ c -*- > ^ "a a G 3 M 7? O 1— Z '-J 4 ,^ 03 GQ IS s c ! 2 3 c c c a < a o y » J o n ) a 3 ;^ ^ ^ Z 73 i > h- J 9 <1 i i -J 5 *^ a; ■ 5 .■ s '5 a ? -E C , O ^ji ^ \JL i ^ ^ : [y o t* J ^ -^ p 3 a. •ON i UOI^BIS O 1-H ir I CO 5 CO ri > b c -^ 1 -f CI I^ IC ■T 1 CO 'r ■^ -n ^ iC ) ir •< - lO ■; < o •q ^ cc cr ? S (M !M C^ > C) c- c 1 c 1 (M C^ a CM c^ 1 CN c^ 1 c* 37 n < E-< O Ph Q -< o i ^ r^ O ^ I •antBA iBio^annnoQ •qsT3;od <*; o & aa O -a Ph 'naSoj^Ts;; •8iqn[0g ppY •eiqniog eiqniog ja^B,\i S5 OQ O PR O 5z; •0^ uopB;g o CI o l-O CO CO 00 a> Ph >, O o c3 3 B O u CJ c3 K H. o o 6D C8 c a ^ < o S O c c 03 Q a o CD s 03 P5 u c3 Q o hi >tJ C3 S c O c oj s O o c 03 O o P5 c > (M CO 00 o o CO 00 I-H 6 00 CO O t^ CO . o c-i »-^ (M t^ T-H S o CO 00 c3 oJ "3 03 Oj -«^ o "^ a o «a 3 d i-s 3 o M 02 P ■^ ■ ^^ Sm Oi a '1.OOOiO'-H(MeOO 38 CO OS oo :3 Ha s ■ I « ■*^ I n Eh O "5 CO I— 1 CO M 1— t s CO ^ t^ !>. 00 s § © (N CO CO e« 0) a o O O O d Eh e8 ■<-> O eo ^^l^A IBiojararaoQ aiqniog pioy eiqniog Q%vi}]0 aiqnpg jai^^ g o W fq »-H H M Eh o g CO CO N eo 00 eo o T-i eo CD OJ eo N eo eo oc — 00 CO ^ CO U5 eo § eo lO o t-H I>1 •0^ uopB^s ea < oT a" 03 a Pi H o O o a 83 s O o Pi a O -> P <5 GO P o tJ hJ w o CO ia^]Bi^ a^qniosu] ppV ounqdins qsB^od ■BisausBj^ a^BuoqjBQ ranio['BO pioy ouoqdsoqj •sapixQ H O m pq CM O I— 1 o C8 iC o 00 00 CO 00 cS H ei o o O OS Q a o m o •-» >; 03 OQ o o 04 ,KM p. 1 CO oo 00 « ■>»» I-I «o 1-H »4 o r-t F^ g lO I— 1 CO 03 40 o\ CM C^l O O O O Q C>1 CM OO 00 t>. •an^BA ^BToaani rH i-H I-H o o o o ° 1—1 1-H Si O) OS -UlOO 8Al^B[9a o r— 1 CO 1-H 1-H tH CM T-H t^ 1— 1 CD I-H CO CM CO I-H r- I-H I-H £ '^- 2 ■-I •qsBi:oj I— ( .— ( 1— 1 CM ; I-H rH I-H I-H rH -H rH n >< - % •8iqn[0g <3 PPV (M (M (M CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM (M Cv •a^qniog § Si a. Of} o 8;t?j[lt0 CO eo eo CO '^ Tjl CO cc CO CO CO ■^ f> eiqnios <£> CO CD I> 00 00 o CD CD CO CD CD c^ CC ^ »o lo lO lO lO lO lO IC 0) ■<< t^ i>. tN. • ' • l>. t^ 00 QO 00 03 D •aaSoj^i]^ tH T-* _ . . CO CM 1-H j—^ I-H P o > > >> aSBJlDBJ o o § o o o § o o CO o § o o o ^ ,o JO iqSiaAV C-) CM C-l CM CM CM C-1 CM CM C<1 C^l C^l C\ ) ! > B Q a • «« = - - > o - - ::::"• C p c 60 ^ § iS cc 03 02 tt-t o 11 - - - ;; ^ s - •; ;: ~ ; OS a> § olO > O o J - - ; - - - b m O Ph O % s § o 03 > P •a csS •*i pq 5 i< a ^ ^ .. s. S. ■*-* < c3 ^ ^ ^ ^ >* u C3 >-i C4-I g -o ^ ■^ ** *• '^ a -o ffi o • ■* ^ ^ •« ^ ^ %« N* >« fl a H fl -^ O • i-H « 2 <: - ~ - = - - - = :: - 2 Th 03 J3 •i-( H M « — ^ •^ *• V. s* >•<»•« o tn y £ * '* *• ^ ** " ■* *• ^ ^ o S3 Ft ^-4 o • • 5 ^ • o o (t 6m oq <; Plh o o n1 • ■— > 0) cS ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ W S* s. ^ W 'd ^* "«* ■«* ■- *• *• <- •• — «* w 02 O/ o m O (—1 o O 0) o P3 • s • a o a c3 3 O o O .S '■*^ u (U • 'o CO a o i Xi 03 o c o pa • P ■JS 6C O o 0) 2 o d fl a a O a o g g : g : O 'S to 'C 0) m JO 02 il 0) OQ 03 m "a OS 03 "a o W ." fl -. c -2 =« • 5 r o o a* 02 OS -4-t a OS (H ^3 t-l T3 a Si 3 a S-i 3 fl Saa^a S5 < CLi Ph < ti •^ ■^ •^ -* ■^ •* Tji rr CM 05 -h (N '-' I-H r-\ 1-H rH 1-H 1-H I-H y-t I-H r-l rH •p9AT808^ nStfiM 00 -4^ 6 • -4-3 1— 1 o ^ ^ „ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ - . ® u 1 O '" ^ ^ ^ ** *• *• ** - - P O 00 41 s; s § o 8 § 8 8 8 8 o o 8 g o o 8 o o 8 o o 8 1— ( o I— 1 o I-H I-H 1—1 f-H t>. I-H I-H 1-H l-H ■fi CO CO CO T-H C5 1-H I— 1 ; • I-H (-H .— ( »-H -H J—t 1-H - i--< ; ; ^H • (N I— 1 1— ( r- ; M CI C] OJ (M Ol J (M C^ 2 *• «« -' eS • ' • ' • • ' • • ^ ^ Oi 0 ^ *• <* ^ ** CJ ' • • a: c ^ 0 ^ ; ^ ^ ^ G o CO 0 *» a ■w m 0 cd OQ 0) a bi r^ >> I* Qi N« a r^ 03 JS H^ o * »• >• >* >• ^ y^ 1, ^ ^ (- ^ ^ C3 s c3 >• ■d V s* V 03 .« ^ j:3 <^ O < p QQ -kJ • S 0 W > '0 CO s CO Ph G • 0 a a c3 &, CQ o o cS 'a. CD o '« <1 a o M d s 0 G 03 G • r— 1 0 cc G a tn G a> > ^3 6 s a "5 d G >-5 0 G 'cs c3 C •4-J G G 3 0 0! 1 '-2 G 0! '-3 c W <3 w <1 W ,« «« ^ a> >« ^ O "* "" "* *• ^ ■* *• ^ *• ** ^ '^ '^ ** P ** ^ 42 •eniBA iBiojara CO 8 2 CO 1— 1 g S i i 8 g C IS ! 8 § 8 ■ -OTOQ 8ApB|ag; 1-H «0 lO T— 1 I— I 1-H IM T-l CO i-( t-H e<5 1— 1 (M CO 00 S TO •qSB^oj ; ^5 • « OQ — ^ ^■ J — * "-^ •-^ ^ ^ w-< Cl" 03 «4-H t: •aiqn[og 3 <1 < d ppv W (M CO IN CO CO c^ 1 -H •>* ■* ■* •^ ■^rt * \f> IM CO CO o Oh •9[qn[0g J8B1A\ CD ■* ■* ■* •«*< ■* CD t^ CO • CO 1—1 IK ^ U3 O- , , " *- — 03 •uagoa;:^ 1—1 IM rH 1— 1 1— 1 CO , , M ) CO I— I P (i^ * * rH l-H r •aSBjfnBj g O 8 § g § g ! § g 8 8 1 ? JO iqSiaM (M (N ] CO CO CO > F— r 9 Q H 3 Q OQ S 6 - 0 «-l « H a a .t; ^ CXI o S m a> C3 t< ^ i a o O OQ 60 CS a, 'o - •«5 O c > c4 PL _ -» d d a c d f a a o Q • 03 o i ^ *• o C a Ph 0) 03 S a >- g >> a £ g OQ 5 pq z fl Oi K o rt ^ s 01 -^ i 2 Q? , (T) OQ •* f- ( n H C3 ® - ^ Q U s - - >• 1* " •• >• >• t - - - n U Q OQ C ) »l-H H Q Q} bD O << 03 "p • Ph J3 C U « o ^ ^ o C o tH o O C ) O n QQ -«3 -4^ pq • O as O - - - - *• - cS - >• - a c4 !5 or 1 ! ! Im -4-3 OE. a s o o <1 <: < d c ca O a a o a o a; 6 a o pa d O O S oi DO >> S < (1) o O J? a 0) 'o CO c CI O a O Q •ft -1-3 -2 OQ Q m "S o O V 1 p m o n 6 o . pq TS -w S3 01 Q 2 o T3 C 03 H c3 -4J 05 a o o 0! 5 S s o a o a a '2 OQ 00 • fH c3 a o bi *d 'T) O O 05 03 ^ •p8/ iia; )8a uaqM 5^ - - - - , , •« N« - ; *• -* 43 8 8 s o o 8 g g 8 1—1 00 o 8 8 CO 1— ( eo I— 1 8 CO r-4 CO I— t CO M eo S3 1—1 w «o ■^ 1—1 1— t eo 1-4 eo 1—1 00 94 00 00 1-1 o OS 8 ', § . CJ _j CO 1-^ _J _, ^^ — < — IN IN C<> ^ g ^ § O o O ^ _< -- (M IN IN , • •k a » - >, C3 « * c o ^ ^ *• ^ - s« :: - 13 o c o a - a S3 00 o Ed s O o ^^ eS S o s o CO fa c o 0) a o eq oa fa 0! tD C eS N a c c c c a 3 D O TJ Ph o o s o Q o -a a ft E < u X c c a < '3 <1 00 s s -2 "cS r3 a; "5 ■4-d ei <4^ m O c a. c C 1 V. «3 c3 03 2 'S C/J c3 'S 1- ) 'Z c a « t .2 ! 3 < Si ) « ! CO 3 ii CO CO 3 Si CO _2 3 CO 60 ti O o a a tJO Si O o a a <3 tiO o OS a 5 C > a > o- > c H r- ) c i r- i ec e<5 CO 1— I CO lO la CO , - - - " - - 3 - w O >* - - z • = - 25 X! =1 ■^ 44 -moo 8AT;i3t9^ ■iIST?;oj C5 o CO lO oo lO C-4 o CO oo o o liO (M J IM (M (M C^l CO M Oi CD CO CO ^ 1.0 0 § . . CO . • 0 S 00 T— 1 1— t »-H • f*H • • • eo 1-H T-^ 0 1 1 (M i 0 S 8 CI 8 1 0 c^ 0 S o o c CL, a c tB O M N 6Co3 cacQQ o o c Is pa o 01 Ph o 0: D O cS d a o O 03 0) o M CS c a > o O 01 c o u o> b< 01 & o 00 < 01 tc c c3 ;-. O 01 03 02 .2 "Sii o 0> O 01 c o a o O O) fl o M 01 o §M CO _- 03 • ^ cj 2 "2 01 0> rj pa CO 01 ' o c3 tn c3 m 0) OS 03 O C eS S O o o 01 o pa o . tn . O • J3 ■Ph -*-- o 0!! oi; cS o CIQ O oa o O Pm pa 02 m 03 C o m O oa o •*3 03 ua i« •*^ ^ § s .-2 M g CS . 01 • -^ —1 —4 ^ — _ _ _, _ _, § O (N (N CO eo — — -- C-l •M -M ■^t ■M ■M (M -M CI CI o S O o C5 05 t^ t^ o ?o CO :0 o c; o O o —4 O o CO g g s CO i-H T-H • 1 c - C -k3 o - 3 - - if cS K rt o M <: a3 oi ■1 fa ■ o O d Fi a O =« ;h t$ s ^^ C3 o \t ^ ^ ^ o ~ - b. o ITH ^ ^ ^ ^ :: "t ^ ^ ;; CO 5 — a o O . 'd o " • o3 C5 ^ o ** ^ « o cs £ >% ^ •* r-1 c a a o3 -* *• ' ** " " *• -" .* ^^ -O > cS ^^ cs c3 — Q :; c o 3 o - - - - - - " - - a; O a. ^ :; 5 , o c o;-3 • 5 c s- 'a 05 ca cs o fa a> 02 O fa D s ■p .2 5 d c O c 5 a; 5 o r - 'a en O o fa fa faC c p: fa o a3 fa '3 < o 7: 5 fa to fa o o CQ -a c c 32 o .2 ^ o C3 o pa Ph < cS c o pa c o --'o : ~ c a; ^ S "5 * 3r 5 "ce o 5 03 c3 0) X — r^ tJD S s o 00 G o 03 g cS ■ ^ O o o S- fa S o o S o a? s o §■^2 c a)~ fa •i-i o .—1 Lxi O i:- -r UJ T coca D-2i ** ^ ■^ ■* - - - - - - - « ' fa" o 46 ■^^^ 8 o 8 o 8 t>. r- t^ r- t>. t^ r- t- •aniBA iBiojatn o ^ t>. !>. t^ t^ t^ t>. t^ t>. , -moQ aATiBpa CO 1—1 CO CO 1-H C-l I-H I-H I-H I-H U5 1-H 1-H I-H 1-H t I©- s • no • q9B!Joj: ; 1 • 1 ; C-1 CO CO IM 00 CO 1-H 1-H i> ^ rs •a[ qniog D < n pioy i-H 1-H r^ I-H I-H 1-H 1-H 1-H I-H 1-H C •Biqniog § a H iz; JZ a o ajBj^io CI CO CO CO 00 I-H 1-H I-H I-H 1-H 1-H ^H iH T3 C aiqnpg o o o © o t>. t^ • t^ ^» » t^ l> u iC lO lO iC lO iO lO lO 0) < . CD CO CO CO CO CO CO CO •uaSoj;!^ 1-1 1-H rH ^H I-H I-H >. •83b JIOBJ g o o o o § o ^ 8 g g g o s g , fo aqSiaAV CO CO CO CO CM CO (M C>l C-) CO C-1 !M CO <^o 3 Q ^ ^ ^ ^ "a E- O -< >• %• «* O S-i . »• .. N* s. >. N» >« N. - » *• o O ^ O •< W « tH a b j= cq a (U -t-a • *• '^ '* '^ "* *• 0) c5 " s« ■* * Pi^ r/i ^ O .,, ,^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ „ s< >. ^ a O ■* ^ ^ *" ■^ ^ *• *• ■• ^ ** ** (1> W =a •^ ^ Ed "5 ^ ^ . ^ ^ S >< < " " " ^ " ^ ** - " »* ■* " Ph pq !zi fcT C« OJ "5 a ^ ^ ^ *• v< •^ ^ .^ „ ,. ,^ ^ h o '* •• •* ** ^ "* ** ■- ** ** ■^ S Q 03 a u ^ «) (0 o 03 O a s o 03 c u O 6 o O o 0) s o o O K o a, 73, 'G o1 a OQ 03 'o 0) c o P3 o ■< o '5 c 03 c o ■4-J o O 03' 5 a < o W a' P a < 03 a. CQ o ■4b.> o O 03 %, 03 fa 03 C O X o cq 03 d a a O pq • • I-H P 6 a N cS c3 c o o -4^ o o o 03 c 03 03 o 2f o o 01 uj 03 _a3 03 « 02 0) 03 a S « » 03 q; ^ o O c3 o o W) 1^ a 1— « 03 c& O CD O tu D-i o a, fa O ffi o fa .• %• N* s« s* ^ V >« <- O ** ^ '* ^ ** ** ** "* ** "* 47 g oo § 8 00 00 00" 00 OO OO 8 8 8 8 ^ 00 o 8 CO M g to 1-4 I— 1 l-H l-H 1-H eo l-H l-H 1-H 1-H IN l-H IN IN 1-H 1-H 1-H o 1-H o -o~" u IV ^ ID I-l "5 C-l 1— 1 l-H I-H 1-H l-H si t-4 "N as 03 00 1-H Si o o *^ •*.> t^ 4^ y-> l-H l-H I— ( rH (N (N W (M C^ "M . t>- t> t>. 00 O O O 00 T}< t>. 00 S § 2 s s U ^ u ^ i^ 1—1 ^ f-^ 1-H 1-H 1-H • • ' • (N l-H o ^ ^ ^ s ^ o o g g § § g 8 g g g g 8 g s (N ■^ (M (M • <« ^* ^ 08 > «* "~~~ ^ 6 = ; = 1* *• d a s o O = = - - - - >• - - = >• - ^» ., „ *# « •* s. .. > - - >. w .- *# V. 2 ^ - ^ ** " <* >« ** ' ' '' '' I* ' ^ I* o - - - : - O - "«• - - - - - - - - - ^ - d ^ 1 >. »• -» >. 03 s s o o r - - = - 2 . >• - = - ^* - = a* C o CO 1^ ^^ CO CO o 8 8 •aniBA {Biojaui o t->. l-^ 00 (M o •<*l CO T— ( l^ o to -raoQ QAUBjaa CD CO lo CO r-( I— ( — CD CO CD rH o I-H 1>. 1-H 1—1 1-H CO CO 1-1 1-^ ■V?- 01 •qsB^oj o o u is l CO •aiquios o '-^ QismCi -f — ' CO CO it t^ CD 00 o o V lO "* CO lO ^D lO lO K CO CO c^ oc o t^ CD 01 •< •uaoOJ^i^ 1— t I— 1 i-H (M I-H CO r-t 1—1 . * * fi O ■ ' "* f>. ■eSV^OB^ (-~^ o o o O o O o O e~^ o o ^^ ,0 0) o o o o o o o o o ^ o f^ o* iO li|«I9M H O m « H s cS ^ •^ U— 1 s = ^ - ^ TS '' O - ' - o Si < c3 > c5 e n OS c £3 S W aa 5 o O .2 6 o 6 d . CO 'a s Q d • tffl 0) o s g "rt =8 o> fa Q fa o O ^ ^ « :: E^ : (O :; - - ; ^ ^ s. S; Oi i. ^ s c4 0) a o> a s O -1^ o i 'o o _u o o o O O O 01 o n >h' O 5 H o to to u u Q Q <; a a tS > cS 1 a D - C c •i-i « G c to 2 ^ ^ ^ w cr .^H 3 m ca O O c 6 O 6 O d o Q 6 O c E^ c3 o 01 fa to OJ p .4.3 0) -4^ >- pq :: t^ r to N* •13 c3 fa ^ >• >* ^ ^ f"! Sq o ^ Si G cj a 0) a S o cS a o n o « w 2 o C ^ o O o O o O R o -a • s o O o m 0) -«! O o o u as o c « o > m -s : _ <" ■ i a o^ ^ oJ 0) fa 5 05 fa o to 6 O 6 to c to o ^ 0> > c3 S ^ 0) c o Q H- ( 6 D O 03 3 < to i^- to 01 rT> :- £- ^ .S (K IJ 0> 0> o ^ o 2 o ci in o Si O 2 2 o o o ^ O D O O b o .- o _o !2 !S f* [;. OO O ffi Ti o o O o o o o c3 ;£- a^ r— — i^ l^ c» :7^ CO 4o CO C^l ITS 5 *—) T— 1 »—) f— • C^J ro -M CO •pa. VI8 Daa uatfAA 5^ d p - > o -* - - .. 1— 1 M 49 CO o JO o CO CCl o O o t- CO 0 Q l^ CO ^^ 0 0 CO o OS o l-H -H lO o O 1-- 00 0 0 00 1— ( C^l 0 0 4-, 00 1-H CD I— ( CO I— 1 I-l ^H CO f— 4 C^l i—i 0 l-H 10 C^l T-H CO CI f-H I—* T-H »~4 9 iC lO »o , 0 CI t^ • • r^ 1— 1 ■M CvT (M M ■— ' — 1 r^ 1-1 (M 1—4 T-H CO »— * »-H 1—1 I-H 1-H O O O o o o \o lO kO \o lO in 0 lO ^ n "M — < — — 1 IM iM (M 'f 0 ■M C>1 IM CO l-H CO o o o o lO lO lO lO ^ -^ r- t^ CD CD CD o 00 CO '^l CO CO 10 t^ 00 0 0 lO !P lO lO lO »c iO) lO t^ (N (M t--. r- CD C^4 l^ C^l 00 • • (N (M (M M 1—1 l-H 1—1 '—' c<« f-H 1—4 o O O O o ^ o o c o 0 (M M ) CI "C 1 =s >^ 0 '. s © ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 5 >> 0 ^ c8 <1 o c '^ u K 0 C IS C a o a; 15 OS a :3 crt o c 4J c cS . J- Mh 03 - ti- - - - - - - ^ COS • - " t '^ ^ ^ - eS 00 cs © is o ~ l-H aT ■ C c4 O O 0 Q W tq Oj o ■ c O o o O o -t-s 73 o X! Pi ID C o o Oh IS O Ph o Oh no a «3 0) CO 0 3 3 a. 0 0. ID a 0 03 s 03 a 0 i 03 6 a 0 03 re O O cS < o e3 c .2 'c o -5 CJ c o c 0 OQ 0 0 0- 0 OQ (5 m 0 Oh > 00 5 03 i d 9. 'S C tc 5 3 '5 — r2 0 3 CIS o . s <-. <; <; i-ii Q 03 CB <5 < < < Q X! c3 Q, cS in 0) S o a d d is O S-i -2 c3 ■4J c3 p. 0/ a tc 5; '5 5f a ca a ■0 a a a < -4^ O <«-» a Oj o T ■* •^ •^ •* •* -•o •^ I-H ,.^ ,.^ -71 v*i CO !N (M C<) (M (M (N or CO CO CO CI 1—4 1-H F-H 1-H c< o: ?) CO G - So > J :: - - a 5 §25 - - - - ; ^ - C5 -. rH OS 50 "F w tl S « O a ei3 m o o m O £ E S a o O 10 . . C5 00 cc CD CO CO CO 05 CO CO 05 CO N CO 1-H CD C cc i- cS o o 83 O ^^ 03 Q O 03 > 03 CC o o c5 <1 o O o tc "- GQ O IS a; c o W * Q a; c: x: a. cc o Ph c^ <3 c o o c CS C p ^ O Ph u o c cc o s s o cc P3 i *" - u J^- K -S C rr ^ = 5 a; IM CD P9AI909JJ naq^ m ^ o (M CO si • oc 35 51 oo oc CO ec o s ? o o 8 8 CO o o ^ 8 CO 1-H o o 8 55 8 I— < l-H CD CO I-H C! IN IM OJ . '« - - «• - ,_^ ■• ^ , c aj rt 3 0 0 / 5 • P. a , , . ; ; 0 ej • fa ei * " CO .. r'^ c cS 0 ^ ^ 0 ^ c3 oo ^ 0} » 3 a 0 • T-J d a6 d • 0 1 0 fa b' «* iU "* V >• -4 <« ■» w ^ — ^ *• *• ^_l "• ^« V C OJ rt >• ■^ r^ i- © -a 0 ^ a 0 c3 E 0 _, 1— o • OJ — ;- 02 0 c< . 1f 'O M cc . a: Oi o rt! q . 0 0 " 0 J— o 0 0 S 0 ^0 : ffi - s - = CO "0 •* 52 l^ 0 t^ f— 1 0 s i-^ t^ 0 "^^ 0 l^ t^ •an^BA iBpjara t--. 0 r- . • -raoo aApTJia^ (>5 0 )-H 1— 1 CO T-H 1— ( 1—1 r— 1 1—1 r-H i-H . •9BK.l.)tJJ % 8 0 § § 8 g § g s 0 0 0 0 § ,0 }<• 'iq8i8v\ (M w cq "^ (N W (N Cv» (N (M ^ « H D •* <1 « EH as 0 c 0 CD - :; - - ^ - ; - ^ - - :; a> <4- 0 c4 >- < Xi c ^^ 0 0 0 a 0 „ w a 0 s ^ 4J ^. Is " '* " " ' *• *" ■* " *• ^ ^ a> ^ C3 s^ ,a CQ S5 0 N W ^-> ^ ^ a OJ S-. *s u^ 0 < 'es - - - - - - - - ^ - ^ cS 4 si 0 \ 6 0) 00 6 ■ 6 0 s — C o. OB 0 ^ 6 a 0 c« 0) C 0 0 a a 0 CQ < 0) a 0 0 a OS c X a 0 0 -a '3 0 a 5 .5 'c c a CC > "0 0 CO 5 s 3 '^3 > '0 CQ cc C a 0 6 .2 6 3 0 .2 G 0 0 0 b ■^ 00 0 6 a < eg 5 X oi "5 ■^ M 0 0 -. vi 05 cS — 1 is ■< u 0 0 0 0 (H >- Si u 1. 0 g X ^ /.ioi-.i>.cooor- o o CO o o CD «0 8 CO So o o o CO CO 00 CO o CD Oi o o o o CO CO o o OB o o a s as" o GG =3 n c 3 en o OS o 03 § o eS GQ (U a e o o m o c3 • •-» o (3 03 o o • »-* ID a, 02 a. -3 tils C o o o 6 c3 oa Ol a t4 'a, in o Ph o CI e3 3 o o s s o 3 60 M "C c c « (U © S CC CO lJ 2 O Si 0) s OS c o 0) o cq > m CQ •2 Q 3 s -^ 01 'a, EC c P-, '5 o 3 C3 3 o 3 s ^ o 1^ OQ u 00 OQ ■OS a, o =3 oj o tc Si 3 o 3 o a a o a; 1 III • 3 Oh G^ o CC *. , M o 02 o A O ^ 00 Pl, c c /£" Q -o cs: 3 CJ 'S r- ^3 < o c o a> ^ < 0" ^ C3 ^ £ 3 oj CQ Oi O O 3 e a Si c3 a a 3 3 ca c Cu < M 00 o CO 05 o a> OS c. ^ 00 S rH CO 54 ' -aniBA [BTOjam S O 00 l-H o § o o S CO 0 • -raoQ aAT^'B^'a CO »-H 1—1 I— 1 CO T-H CO *-H eo eo T-H CO l-H 1-H 1-H t>. 10 eo f, ^i*- 2 3 cc •qbBjoj -H T-t C<1 1-H -rH >— 1 T-H 1-H 1-H l-H GQ ,^ TJ •9iqn[os a c4 Z < piov (M (M (N fC eo eo eo eo eo CO CO 1-H c- 1 > •eiqnios s s 0 p. o a^BJiio . CO '^ CO l-H •naSojii^ s t2 • • CO • 00 CD o C. •eSBJioBj ^ O CD 8 8 R P ^ S S 8 C^ n> JO 5q8i8A\ C^l C. 8 § X .S c3 oO 0) M J ?; § w o . - 5 .o € D O 1-5 d o ^ N* - - = - 05 d to , fe ^ o o — J3 e3 a 0 03 1 C-.H 73 O • ^ s. ^ --So ^ ^ i-H a - 'i^pG Sh »* ■* ■• *• - ;3j= - - a> ID (J OS oO m K^ J s § a d li o a • 1 , d 63 • • M o ■J o OD 0) OS >. a < c4 s a *-* Eh a 08 3 O Si o "Si) OQ a a o ^ 0 o 2 S o M M .' 1 « OS ^ 1 ^ s d a 08 3 O 03 Ph "aa t-c s a o c 3 O a:; 'o o O C o 3 03 ^3 O O 5 «*H a> IP ca -a 3 3 O 6 a o P3 03 CO « d d a 08 3 O O -a s a; a _o8 1^ . aoj • 2 =s • phO : a o o 'O 'C s^ V 03 Ph 0 3 08 a d a cS 3 a> 3 "o w m '0 01 •4J 08 p. m 0 Ph •fH > - 2 o -4J o o I* ^ ;: -* 6 55 S8 8 8 s ^ 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 o CO CO Q 00 oo 00 f— 1 CD 1— I l-H l-H l-H -< IM l-H CO CO l-H CO l-H CO l-H CO l-H CD l-H l-H CO eo ^H iH 1 M (M N C. t^ t^ l-H *^ ^H o ^H ^H •-H ^H l-H ^H l-H l-H t^ t^ t^ l-H OO l-H 00 g g ; , , . s s : § IN • ^ >> 1 a ^ »* -• ♦ - - - «• >« - - - :: • :; c :: c a o 2 MHHa o U ^ • .. >. ^ » « <• - <• - ; ^ ^ ^ c^ ■4^ '^ ** ** *" ■^ ** >* ^ i • - a o ^ ^ -• «* ** - >* "* - ** ^ ■* " '' «• %• ^ d or;: - a - ; = •— •* ^ •« = = ^ ^ ^ - - -. • ^ " «« - ■- - - '^ e-^ N* *• * " ** "^~ !s >» ® a ^ P4 ^ ^ * ^ " *» «• - - - - - - •» ^ >.? SO ^S •* « ^ , „ ^ », ^ ^ ^ o -i: u -C"^ 'O _J2 _2 • o ible Ammoniated Bon itgomery Blood and d a o 3 i 1 a a o d a D u a c4 a o M m (5 (D s "a o O '« > • l-H o sa : 11; a; o . a > a; 03 i O r5 iM ^ See '* s o OS fl tX) ^_&j35; ^.3f& ^< •rH a :3 03 o a CO E <:S ffi O a H < -H 1-H ^H l-H l-H • J • -M (M ; ^ »-^ 'M -H _^ ?^ ^H C<1 (M (M CO (M cr> I-H f-H 1—4 C^ t^ I-H t- t>. l>. 0 T-H t^ 10 , • • ' CO " I-H l-H l-H (M CO I-H i i 0 i 1 0 1 i i 0 0 0 (M 1 04 O s > _«? O O =8 01 60 cS ■*-» 13 o 1-4 d Q O PL, pq 0!2 a Q Q <1 a o bp c o o Q ;-> flH O 05 O e3 a a OS > CO o O «a a> 60 -2 a o d O > ffl TO o c o3 a O -> 3 o c o -♦J o O u 3 o 3 GO w a eS 03 3) -*-» '^^ jQ S 6Cpj ixiCC I '2 O OS O S "v. ^ ■ 00 0) en a u a> j3 3 O O -H CO (N Q O 57 OS CO 8 8 o o o o s ^ g CO C5 s O o 1-- 8 8 8 8 eo CD 1— I CO eo CO • l> — 00 CO . . 8 . s o o 1-H (M ; ; ^H ; 1— t 1—1 CO Q (—5 ,3 CD o <*^ ^s ^5 O o . (M t>. CO »o a. O to -r • (M • (N • C) • • o o o o o o o o o o -H iM C^J o o -. g S g S3 (- O! s (K a • »^ S-. O a > o 03 rT) ti- 03 O CJ <3 C C3 IV s 'oo o -Ha s csO 0) "5 -G P. 03 o "o a u a> J3 o O B c« D o ■|S s w a (i s o a) CQ •73 S 03 o o W c o s d CQ c '5 [S3 CO CO 03 O O 4) 03 a -a 0} 03 O O o CD 1-H CO 1-5 CO 00 QJ -. 05 -< 00 5 58 -< o o ■< < Q 8- < B3 D •qSB^Oj ■o -aiqnios pioy Q. aa O •aiqniog aiqnios 00 CO CO o o o ^ t^ e<3 CO GO TI« »o lO CO CO kO (M lO kO lO lO lO 4©- '"' '^ IN iM _J c^ ; ^ o -J -- -J -J iM IM "3" CO o o O 'M (M . i-H -» IM "3" "3" o o o CO CO <£i o eo in CD CO CO CO •naSoj^i^ •a3BJlOB CD a O 93 a 03 a> O ^3 u O 03 o Is o 03 !zi S3 n H 52; o O [2 '5 < a o 03 O O m S o iV O 6 Q H K O o H cq o a s CO cd 'A pH W o « o M a M cd fa a a H > 03 c3 o3 O C3 m S iS O 13 13 o 03 ca o O fa "^ a .2 03 C c3 C OJ =^ 32 'o o O "o <: c c3 o o GO o o 01 0 M _> "o tn O c 3 O S o o 03 o c oj O F-i o O o w r3 O fl o M CQ ft d H* c o M ft c3 -G a. 02 o a; OJ a> 0 0 Ah 0 a JO 0 2 <1 02 ft cc 02 tn 0 0) ^ a 0 0 i^ 02 9.2 00 03 0 02 oi aj -I oj 00 O ft 6 a » CO , r>. © p- 00 1/5 _^ I-H ^ 1-H •<*< lO C-J CO CO 1-H l-H 1-^ i-H T— » C^ CO CO cq CO r-t C^l i-H r^ I-H iC lO lit) iC iC 0 I-H • • t^ t- t^ I> t^ ' 10 «— 1 w^ ■ —1 ^^ _| ^4 ^ -^ _ 'M —1 O o o ^ o o o o o 0 lO lo ^ iC , CI CO _l CO iC e^i *— 1 .4 CO IrT 40 lo lO c o o o o N M (M c^ t^ t^ t^ r- t> CO iM ^ (M (M eo CO M ir IC lO iO le •i+l C^l 10 M CO lO lO lO o o c o o o o t^ t>. t>. t^ lO t> t>. t^ t-- t>. «> CO a> o CO CO a o CO - o i±= ti 53 I'. t^ • t^ t» t-» r- l> l> • t^ * 0 r') 'O • • "^ • • • • • • S w OQ s OQ £ •M s £ a 0 o i,« ^« ,* ^ >• •• 1« ^ o -« s* W s» >« 03 V ^• a o £ ' 13 -«^ -« ^ £ ^ *• >* CS km >. -• - ; - - a - .. ^ ■^ " o " ■* K CQ 00 a a o ^ s »4 60 aj 03 3 ce O ed < CO a2 a: 0 O O d o a O r 0 o C 0 O cS ^ V ^ ^ s. « «• V 3 i- „ ^ ^ « ^ >• I-, «• <• o -* ■■ '* ■* ■• •• '^ i - V u V '- >* 0) -* — u GQ y Pt ^ '3 a: >. St C3 c; 0 (X, 0- CC ca o X a o W to 6 a o M CO 6 3 o c: 3 o fli 3 c3 3 •1^ So" 0 05 a 0 cq •TJ c3 o S "o 03 03 P 1— 1 0 3 0 a a « *- " " ■• ^ 60 — ^ — 1 oo o <» c« oo oo 8 ■q- f oo o Tfl o •an|BA ^Btoiani t^ o 1— I I-^ r—l 1— ( t>. t-^ 1—1 o t^ lO oJ -oioo aApBpa 1—4 1— ( I-H CO r— 1 O CD 1-C 1—1 i-( 1— I 'Xr o o O o o s m OQ ^3 • HSBIOJ . (N (M IM r> lO CO C^l rvi CO ■*! IM oo ■ai4n[oj^ o o § g S3 00 J3 11. j9BaA\ ■^D • CO ec ec ec t^ ■» «3 to 05 lOBJ O o ^ 8 o g o o g § o O o o o p g g JO ^q8i8A\ c^ C^ c^ (M c^ (N (M •e^ (M (N cq oa '•'^ 0 'd i-s • • C8 • • s < o Si: i o a > a Sh o3 - - CO M a 1— « ? cS 01^ r - - - :: c8 O a 03 +3 c S CO a; O ^O ^ o O • • O 00 a o o . O 'a s o El a s «4^ 0) O O ^ S u O ^ < 'C CQ 01 ; ^ - 0> ^ ^ ; ^ :: ■1^ o >< P U;. is o m Z C c . rs ^ ■«) OQ J- -, 02 • ea o 5E s E ^ 03 d '73 • • • d O 00 s CXJ 03 05 CO c c: ,C • W 0) o n Od 1- -t^ ■- ■• ** ^ ^ p^ Q O ^ N* ** *• ■• 0(3 c« o <1 a -3 03 -C3 a Ph » « CO O <3 • o CO s o . O tS3 o o o O o O s h W g c 01 CO '-fcj .1^ 01 W < Oi 0) P3 CO* 1 o c^ CO CB ai U-; 03 6 b O o u • a o O o -< 6 c 03 • o 0 OS ■ 3 ess s O eS o cS a OS s oj 03 o O 0) N u m O Ph o OS C O W g o o H N 02 : ^ o • S Oh 00 C « >< W to to to IS) a JO 02 O Ph "S .<5 D O 00 03 OJ Si. a 2 o O to o> c 0) •c 0> a y *s < 03 01 o o P5 r3 C c3 to o Ph a s a; a ^^ H 0) a; 0) 01 0> H -fl TS >> ^ c4 r ; to m 00 ro •73 o rfl o OQ 2 O '5 5 8 (D OI 01 ,01 OI C3 01 ,£2 3 -s .SP o to o pR D2 'a J 03 Oi 03 03 uj '■n ^ (x. s 03 O O CM «j ^ C» CO 1—* 1—1 O •p9Aiao9a uaqAi 5 - ^ :: ^ 2 ■t^ ao -^ o o> o u ^ -^ O O Q ^2; O 61 00 ^ 8 8 CO r-l CO CO J!5 S § 8 CO CO o o o o s to i-H to I-H •«*< CO 1— » CO •— t CO --H CO CO C —1 ' I— 1 _< ; I-H C5 1—4 — 1 —• — ' W ryx ■M C'l •M _^ CO CO T*^ eo /M ■ _, ii _ -M ■M "M CO "M eo •x- CD o O CO t^ t^ in m • ^ CO 00 o ' CD lO lO »o »o O lO «o ■o § CO CO t-- r- I^ CO Cvj CO CO I-H I-H ^" — ^ ^H CO eo eo CI — H I-H t. o I — . O 1 ,_ ■^ 1 ^ i = - 1 c - 1 O 1 c - 1 . - c o - - ■ s >. 00 03 C s > O 03 c a O C5 CS i^ OJ S: o a o =3 T3 d o> d J. C S: d 3iQ o ti) c c o s o o O o c c3 ^ s S _ , ^ ^ ^ C8 13 S o «fcH 03 o 3 "• O a a o S 0^ "■ *• ® Oh a o a5 5 o a B O a a >-H O 1 > c3 00 I-H ■J) CO CO CO C3 d OS oT CO o a c C8 1> - - - - - - - ^ o ■;; ^ - « as ^ ■■ ■* " o a; 0/ S a 08 > 03 r/3 >: o " a. c o -:£ o C O o a 03 'Jl 3 ^ ^ « ' o ** * ■^ >. >• .. „ ^ - ^ - - - o a SU, JS. tS 0) o o c. 5 5 > 03 •/ OT -n ^ ,^ w c r3 ^ c c O . >- OJ >. fr» ^ o e« Q • . Cj s C3 < 03 ' 93 -*-) 03 o o o ■1 N o d S < s 'c X C CO c ■*-• "5 C ^ i— ^/^ tn rn ^ f u o -is o "5 ■J: o X '3 a. -r; C c c3 -►J O 00 e 'o. 3 5 4 ■ c c c f- 5 a; c « > O Ci. a 5 a r— "3 N OJ >-. H '3 in N * >« %• s. V ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ - -1^ O • »* H-3 CJ o ■«• is < p < ■< O •qs'B^oa: 62 CO 00 CO CI 00 §888 o o o c o o o o l-H (M t— I 1— 1 I-H 1—1 1-H eo i-H y—t I— ( l-H -H • ■ rH (N ; • ; • 1 ■ a EC o •8[qnios piov ■aiqups aiqniuy •ne8oj;T^ jO ^qgi9M Q M O s c m H tf H O W M o o < b Q a OS 03 03 Q Q 1-3 M O o ec CO eo lO ko UO lO lO lO t^ 00 CO t^ CI I-H C5 05 o in CD 8 CO •: i j —i 1-H — ' o o O Q O O O O (M !M iM O O O o O o o o IM O O o o o o o o Cq C-J (N •paAiaoay^ "a^AV C c a;' c a 03 03 a c > o O 6 08 S c !> C cj TO O O) O a. o ei C a e3 > 03 O cS S C 03 > o O d Oj C S 03 > O O c o o O o s o i- c4 s C3 0) « c c3 C c 03 3 O c o 1^ c3 C OS 03 cr. O o C O ^ (2 o a fq ^ 03 OQ •- 9 ^ Ph c '5 W c C3 c a; • — o u O ffl Ph 6C o 03 CD '-T ;^ y^ C^l W IM IM (N C) o (M . 00 CO I-H l>. t>. t^ o o ^ § CO V2 C^ N M 00 d '• o • CO j ; 8 8 8 i 8 i i 1 1 i o CO 1 i C-1 i i CO CJ c-t , c •H <« a eS % . o ^ - " - bl) oi c3 oT C C % <3 ^ I* - : »• - -1-9 c c3 eS CS a 03 >i H.J - - - - -C cS "a) fc! < O CC oc E- • • • ■ • o . , • • O • , ! d • - - - - o . o O o o O ■w O • Ph P3 =a s s U, ti ^ I« = - = 2 3 ** '^ '^ *• N 'o c *• c; ^ • " •• o o ^BM ;- «) Ul GO c^ E- c . • • • r3 *• ^ - - >• >• , , • ; H ^ • • eS CJ ::. ; - = ** ci c ■«1 - ; ; - fee o o c Cj ■*^ -4H) cS 5 cT u o S o3 CQ 03 < oT a x> - < o - - :: = c d ; '. I* > - - ; CO o o o O H-3 -• d - - .. » PL, G pq =« 0; - - ^ - = 2 o X c c ; o -* -• - - 6 6 o: r ^ d o -IH) 03 cS c o po O Ph »H C cS O o 6 c3 CQ o o o f^ c c o pq r- O C 5 > ElH -a 03 73 3 .2 — > O o G c3 C3 s c o eS '^ C cj a. < P Ph ^ 05 <1 -d c B C C O O o [V] o O E S 5 .2 £ o c s- o 3 O rr "5 CS -4-' c2 o CJ c 2 *2 c o S c O Q c c s ca -2 c H G c3 CO c -IJ « <*H £ H "oD a .2 5 Ph 2 E- cj CO lO lO o lO cc 00 CO ao tXi CO ■^ ^1 1-H I-H CO > o CO CO C^l CO j^ 5: '-' "^co CO CO IM C^ IN CO * CD JO r- 0 0 t^ 0 CD CD t^ -1 a9iBA\ — ' ;^ CO CD ■^ •uaSoiiTNj 1 (M . -H i-H iO (M 1—1 T-H 0) 5 • JO r "13 M i- o 8 so (M 1 8 1 s 0 8 8 0 0 8 0! D 0 03 D H < O Q 03 a" c3 08 2 . 3 a; 6 09 V .. . w e3 CD "3 0 0 CO 0" - O r2 "3 >^ -S O S 0^ S ^ 0 03 J3 01 S C_4 S fe^ V TO 'z, 0 c .2 g o W >• 0 PS a o • c o -^1 ■ ^^1 ; O CI c 0 0 0 s- • 03 • d 0 s a ® o c 03 D Q 0 J3 o O 0) O -■1 .2 • c O 0 a - OQ N 0-1 0 S OS 0) « o d f« 0 ^ -tj 02 0 c« O to oT t^^ .. 50 >, V -■ :: ; i 0 a 5 - ■ij u o CO 0 0 10 t- c id a 1 Q 3 03 ■ E — a 0 c -tiS ' 02 C 5 • c o O c cs ^6 0 03 cs 55 - - o :: - - - s a S ^ OQ N .St: — 0) 0 0 c = "-cc t^ a :^fc^ S3 o 0) - £ a 5: ^ ^ ^ < c 0 • 06 0 03 Q as a* G • ^=^ ; "H, 03 § d"5 (^< r C J 0 03 o O •4-1 o OQ >. c <; n3 O S as N o 8 o Id -. 03 Q. QL' d £ < 9 6 a < 6 a 0 « 03 ® at 0 x; . 0- 'o 0 a S 6 a 0 03 "c CO 0 C 0 pa 02 P 6 a 0 H 05 E G. .5°y c 0 a < S -^ 0) 3 a C£> o; ^ c a. -— - "r* OS X C3 ca cx' cS cs e4 tu S '-;^ 53 02 ^ Q y. ^ ^< ^ ^ S (M ■^ CN 1—1 cc ?3 O •paAiaoey^ aaq^v^ L 05 ^ 3 ^ (M 2? u ^ - 2 - - CJ 2 ^ - 00 s « 0 CJ 1-3 '"P 0 p 0 65 o o o o «5 ^-i »-( »-l t^ lO lO • M (M • ~^ _, -> fo O U5 i-H lO 1-4 - 1— 1 CO fC o a> o ?D CC *— 1 — , :^ X' ■ I--. r~ • 00 oc -^ — o o (^ o r^ o o ^ o O C^l iM Oi (M d o CO a" o o -TS ^ 0) o 03 o Q n o Xi o a o o o a cS 3 o o a o o o O o a 3 o S3 o O CO o J3 P^ O a 03 o O o c 3 o 0) cS o. m o Ph '3 <1 o c cS iri n © S-l ^ S o 73 3 XI o r2 ' >-i > a> X N LSI O 05 OS . 00 3 >-3 66 FERTILIZER LAWS, Section 139. Sale or exchange of commercial fertilizers. — Commercial ferti- lizers must not be sold or exchanged without a license from the Commissioner, authorizing the person making a sale or exchange to deal therein. All sales or exchanges made without such license are void. Sec, 140. License. — On the payment of a fee of one dollar, the Commis- sioner must issue license to any person or firm, or corporation, or association ot persons, authorizing the sale or exchange of fertilizers during a season, expiring on the thirtieth day of September of each year. *Sec. 141. Tags to be supplied; licensee. — The Commissioner must furnish the licensee on application, tags to be attached to fertilizers sold or exchanged, of the kind and description he is required by subdivision 17 of section 137 to prepare, on the payment to him of fifty cents for a number sufficient to tag a ton of fertilizers. Before selling or exchanging, or offering to sell or exchange fertilizers, the licensee must attach one of the tags to each bag, barrel or package thereof, and a sale or exchange of fertilizers, not so tagged, is void. Sec. 142. Fertilizers to be submitted to Commissioner. — Before oftering a fer- tilizer for sale or exchange, tlie person proposing to sell or exchange must submit to the Commissioner a written or printed statement setting forth — 1. The name and brand undtr which such fertilizer is to be sold or ex- changed, the number of pounds contained in the bag, barrel or package, in which it is to be put upon the market, the name or names of the manufac- turers, and the place of manufacturing. 2. A .statement setting forth the amount of the named ingredients which they ail' willing to guarantee such fertilizer to contain. First, nitrogen; second, waier soluble phosphoiic acid; third, citrate soluble phosphoric acid; fourth, acid soluble phosphoiic acid; fifth, potash ; and such state- ment shall be held to constitute a guarantee to the purchaser that every package of such fertilizer contains not le.«s than the amount of each ingr-ed- ient set forth in the statement, and when such statement sets forth the max- imum and minimum of any ingredient, the commercial value shall be esti- mated upon the minimum alone, but this shall not preclude the party from setting forth any father ingredients which the fertilizer may contain, which, as well as the preceding, shall be embraced in the guarantee. Sec. 143. Fertilizers or chemicals for manufacluriny to be branded — All Fer- tilizers, or chemica s for manufacturing or composting the same, offered for sale, exchange or distribution, must have br-anded upon or attached to each bag, barrel or package, in such manner as the commissioner may by regulation establish, the true analysis of such fertilizer or chemical, as claimed b)' the manufacturer, showing the percentage of valuable elements or ingredients such fertilizer or chemical contains, and its commercial value, calculated upon the standard of value of the principal ingredients as set foith in section 142, as priced by the commissioner of agriculture at the beginning of each season, and in every case the brand must specially set forth the percentage contained in the fertilizer or chemical of the several ingredients specified in section 142 in the terms of that section. 67 Sec. 144. Fertilizer; what included in led or offered for sale or exchange, must, on conviction be imprisoned iu the penitentiary for not less than two, nor more than five years. Sec. 4157. Dealing in commercial fertilizers without license — Any person, ■who sells or exchanges fertilizers without having obtained a license from the Commissioner of Agriculture, as provided by law, must, on conviction, be fined not less than one hundred dollars for each offense. Sec. 4158. Fraud in manufacture, sale or exchange of fertilizer. — A nj^ per- son who commits a fraud in the manufacture, sale or exchange of any ferti- lizer, or of any of the ingredients of a fertilizer, must, on conviction, be fined not less than one hundred dollars for each offense. 69 ■.? LICENSES. The following is a list of all the licenses issued this season to August 1st, with the date when issued, number of license, post-offices, and the counties of the local dealers. Date. N.\ME. ADDRESS. COUNTY. a i«y2 Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Dec. Dec. Dec. 1893 Jan. 2 Jan. 7 Jan. 11 Jan. 11 Jan. 12 Jan. 14 Jan. 16 Jan. 18 Jan. 27 Feb. 8 Feb. 9 Feb. 13 Feb. 18 Feb. 2!^ Mar. 20 Mar. 2^ 1892 Oct. 6 Nov. 12 Nov. 14 Nov. 19 Nov. 26 Dec. 2 Dec. 5 Dec. 24 Dec. 27 Dec. 30 Dec. 30 1893 Jan. 4 Jan. 7 Jan, 7 Jan. 7 Jan. 10 Jan. 10 Ashepoo Phosphate Co Aiigier, Clarence Atlanta Guano Co \mericus Guano Co Adair, A. D. & McCarty Bros Atlantic Phosphate Co , Albanv Ft. and Farm Imp. Co Allen,"Sellers & Co Alabama Fertilizer Co Andrews & Martin Akin, J. C. & Son Allen, D. G. &Bro Andi-ews, VV. T Agee, VV. P Arnold, F. M Allen, R. W. & Co ..... Allen, Joel L . . Ashhurnt & DeLoach .Adams & Pearson Atkins, Owens & Co ... Acre, 0. A. C Akin, A. L .\ppling, I. W \vant, T. F. and Adcock, W. M \nderson, J. L Berkle}' Phosphate Co Bow^ker Feitilizer Co. . Boj'kin, Carmer & Co . Betts, W. H Bradley Fertilizer Co Baldwin Fertilizer Co Brown, David Brake, J. Logan. . . . . . Brantley, T. K. & Son Brantley, T. K. & Son Brannen, C. L. & Son . Beeland. J. T. & Pro ,. Beard, J. M Brantley & Edmonson Ruall, J. W Bvers & Robinson Charleston, S, Atlanta, Ga.. C. Americus, Ga .\tlanta, Ga . . . ., Charleston, S C Albany, Ga Montgomery, Ala ('lay ton, " Xotasulga, '' La Fayette, " Gold Hill, Perdue Hill, Six Mile, " La Favette, " Opelika, Tallastee, " Alexand'r City, " Heflin, Newton, " Thornton, " Day's Gap, Church Hill, " Creswell Sta , " Charleston, S. C Savannah, Ga,. . . Baltimore, Md. . . , Burnt Corn, Ala. luurusta, Ga Boston. Mass. . . . Savannah, Ga. . . Alliany, Ga , Warrior, Ala Troy, Brantley, Troy, Greenville, Brantley, Troy, Luverne, Ashville, Montgomery. Bat'bour — Macon .... "Chambers Lee Monroe . . Bibb Chambers. Lee Elmore . . . , Tallapoosa Cleburne.. Dale Tallapoosa Walker. .. Tallapoosa Shelby. VIonroe Jefferson, Pike Pike Pike Butler.. .. Pike Pike Crenshaw. St. Clair. . 549 956 558 559 562 566 618 620 621 661 680 714 716 726 739 748 761 821 905 917 939 967 1019 1064 1076 546 578 579 586 589 607 615 645 647 655 656 668 681 682 683 698 705 70 LICENSES— Continued. Date. Address. County. 1..' a Columbia, Ala. Henry 729- Five Points, " Chambers . . . 740 Dothan, Henry ...... 751 Oneonta, " Blount 778 Lincoln, " Talladega . . . ^li Abbeville, Henrv 818 Three Notch, " Bullock 845 Edvvardsville, " Cleburne 852 Gadsden, Etowah 864 St. Louis, Mo. 881 Castleberry, Ala. Conecuh 892 Troy, " Pike 894 Scottsboro, " Jackson 897 LaFayette, " Chambers 901 Boaz, " Marshall .... 913 Omaha, " Randolph 919 Farill, Cherokee. . . 935 LaFavette, " Chambers. . . . 937 Pleasant Gap, " Cherokee. . . . 960 Cedar Bluff, Cherokee 980 Hurtsboro, " Russell 995 Heflin, Cleburne 1007 Kellvton, Coosa .... 1009 Hackneyville, " Tallapoosa . . . 1029 Brandon, " DeKalb 1034 L'-eds, " Jefferson 1051 Birmingham, " Jefferson 1067 Roperton, Tenn. . . 1072^ Gordon, Ala. Henry 1077 Flint, Morgan 1101 Newnan, Ga 544 Savannah, Ga . . 448 (< ( < 553 Buffalo, N. Y ... 561 Augusta, Ga 591 Cincinnati, 0. . . . 595 Trov, Ala Pike 599 Charleston. S. C. Boston, Mass 60*^ ^^ • • 608 Ozark, Ala. Williams' Sta., " Dale 611 Escambia .... 619 Dothan, Henry 627 Columbus, Ga. . . Sterrett, Ala 630 Shelby 677 Wetumpka, Ala. . Elmore 679 Baltimore, Md.. . 696 Gold Hill, Ala. Lee 703 Clio, Barbour .... 717 Howard, Henry. 718 Troy, Trov, Pike 7?.\ Pike 723 Snead, " Blount 725 Owens' XR'ds, " Madison .... 754 1892 Jan. 13 14 17 •20 27 27 Feb. ] 2 3 6 7 8 1893 Feb. 9 10 13 13 17 20 24 26 25 March 3 4 13 2i 2 29 Mav 4 Oct"'.6,'92 7 11 Nov. 26 £S 30 Dec. 2 5 8 14 17 Jan. 9 10 1] 12 12 12 12 17 Beach, H. M. & Son Brown, J. L Blount, Nicholson & Co Brice, Donehoo & Co Burns & Wilson Bradley, W. E Bledsoe, J. W , . Bnrgess, J. A Bellenger Bros Brown, Robert B. Oil Co Burnett, W. A Beard, W. F Burgess, J. L Brock, F. P Bartlett, W. H. Ballard, Joshua. Bulli ngton •*«; Co Bosworth, Smith & Co Braswell, M. L Burnett Bros Banks & Owen Bowman, J. J . Brown, J. A. & Co Baker, D. W Burt, R. A Bass, J. W., Sr Brown, W. S Beddingfield, W. T Bowden, Samuel. Baldwin, W. E Coweta Fertilizer Co Commercial Guano Co Comer, Hull & Co Crocker Fert. & Chem Co. . . Cumberland Bone & Phos. Co Cincinnati Dessicating Co. . . . Carroll & Murphree Chicora Fertilizer Co.. Cumberland Bone & Phos. Co Carroll, Major Comer, William M Cody & Newton . Columbus Fertilizer Co Cosper, Glover & Co Crawley & Rouse Chesapeake Guano Co 'herry, Thomas & Co Cordman, F. M Cook, R E. &Co Connor, M Copeland, J. S Chadwick & Brice Carpenter, W. O 71 LICENSES— Continued. DATE. NAME. ADDRESS. Feb. 1893 Jan. 19 19 19 23 24 25 27 31 31 2 3 6 7 8 10 10 20 24 2 9 13 20 25 April 4 1892 Dec. 2 14 17 28 1893 Jan. 5 Mar. Crew, Drummon & Co. . Carlisle, M. W. & Bro.. Crawford, J. W. & Co.. Cherry & Smith Cleveland, M. L Cox, L. 0 Cooper, O. W. & Co ... . Culbreth & Norris Cumpe & Davis demerits, W. N Cumbee, J. & Sons Caps, M. V Cross & Denson Crim Brothers lark, W. T. &Co Culver, T. U Cameron, J. E. & A. M. Chisholm, "Wm Cooke, J. E Caston Bros Cox Bros. & Co ])humley, J. P Cox, G. L Crew, Drummon & Co. . Feb. 26 7 6 8 8 11 11 15 16 24 25 April 29 1892 Oct. 6 Oct Nov, 28 Dec. 3 12 14 1893 Jan, 2 9 Dowling, Jno, W Davis, Jno. H Davis, Marshall & Co, Davis, W. F Dunklin, D, G. & Sons. Dean, Jas. J Dumas, J. T. &Co Dennis, P. C Dodson, W R Doiijjlass, F. M Daniel, J. G. & Co Donaldson, J. G Dickinson, W, "\V Davenport, V. ^. & Co Dukes & AVard Da\ns, E. R Dawson. W, P. & Son. Dean, W. R Dobbs, S. H Edisio Phosphate Co Earle, P. H. & Co Emmons, J. D Ellis, Charles . . East Alaliama Fertilizer Co. Etiwan Phosphate Co Ala. Goodwater, Roanoke, A.bbeville, Opelika, Randolph, Boaz, Oxford, Columbia, Sand Mountain, " Fort Deposit, Strouds, Abbeville, Pelham, Newton, Spring Garden, Inverness, Notasulga, Maple Grove, Marietta, Luverue, Ashville, Marcus, Attalla, Goodwater, Ozark, Athens, Mobile, Marion, Greenville, Charlton, Arlingion, Coopers, North Port, Alexander City, Greenville, Haylesville, Hurtsboro, Valley Head, LaFayette, Rock Run Sta., ^Yare, Warrior, Blanche, Coosa . . . . Randolph . Henry . . . Lee Bibb Marshall. . Calhoun. . Henry . . . DeKalb . Lowndes. . Chambers. Henry . . . . Shelby. . . . Dale Cherokee.. Bullock . . . Macon. Cherokee . Walker .. Crenshaw. St. Clair.. DeKalb .. Etowah . . Coosa . . . . Dale Limestone Mobile. . . Perrv ... Evans, H. H. & Co Eufaula Oil and Fertilizer Co. Charleston, S. C. . Birmingham, Ala, Williams' Sta., " Savannah, Ga . . Clayton, Ala. Charleston, S. C. Greensboro, Ala. Eufaula, Butler Dale Wilcox. .., Chilton . . . Tuscaloosa. Tallapoosa. Butler . . . , Winston . . . Ru.«.seU . . , DeKalb .T^hambers.. Cherokee, . Elmore Teffirrson. . Cherokee . . Feffers'in. Escambia Barbour,. Hale .... Barbour, . 768 771 774 796 800 803 820 840 843 860 873 891 893 904 922 926 971 994 1028 1045 1052 1066 1073 1081 605 6-26 631 650 669 693 797 806 847 885 903 910 929 930 950 957 992 1012 1099 547 552 594 610 624 625 663 695 n LICENSES— CONTINTED. Date. Name. Addeess. County, a s 125 1893 Jan. 19 23 28 7 11 1 lli 20 2 Feb. Mar. May 1892 Oct. 17 Nov. 29 Dec. 5 1893 Jan. 5 6 10 14 19 26 Feb. 6 8 15 24 April (i 1892 Oct. .S 15 26 Dec. 2 1893 Jan. 7 21 2j 3' 31 Kster, Thomas J . Emmett, L. S. Elliott, J. A. & Son. Edmonson, R. Q. & Bro. Espy, J. R Ethridge, W. B. . . Eubanks & Clarke. Englebert, F. R . . Evans, D. H Furman Farm Imp Farley, John C. . . . Folmar & Sons. . . . Co. Folmar, J. & Sons. Faust. J. M Findlay, W. A Forrester, B. A. . . . Fielder, J. B Frohoflf, Frank. . . . French, B. D Finch. L Formby & Stewart Flournoy, W, B . . Fields, A. S Moulding Fertilizer Co Georgia Chemical Works, jrolden Rod Guano Co . . . Garner, William Feb. Mar, 2 10 14 15 15 16 20 25 25 4 6 11 13 1* 2: 23 30 Green, James R .... Griffith. A^a Graves T. P Gilder, G.C Griffith, .1. J. &Bro .. Guin, J. C G ibert, R. F Gilder, G. 0 Greil r.ros. & Co Gray, William Gnest, S. W Gullatte. W.B Gulledge, F. A Gray, Draper & Co Grubbs Jno. T Garnei-, R. H. & Bro irreen, W. B Gravlne, W F. & Co . Gilbert, John R Gilbre.ath, Emmitt. . . , TRllowav, Thomas C. Giliiland, iM. E Goddard, II. 0 Goggans, E. L Day's Gap, Ala. A.lbertville, Charthage. Eufaula, Gordon, Peach Bloom, Piedmont, Athens, Hillian's Store Atlanta, Ga. Opelika, Troy, Ala Luverne, Warrior, Pollard, Cowarts, Loachapoka, Hanceville, Sylacauga, Evergreen, Spring Garden, fjouisville, Fernbank, Pensacola, Fla . . Augusta, Ga Ozark, Aia, Oz^rk-, Waverly, Hanceville, Eufaula, >^liaily Grove, Hanceville, Kennedy, Portersville, Mt. Meigs, Montgomery, Dadeville, Seab irn, Auburn, V^erbena, Oxford, Laneville, Oxford. Merrellton, .III s per, Pinckneyville, Guntersville, Orudup, Hill. Clarence, A-lexanderCity, Walker . . . Marshall. . Hale Barbour. . Henry. .. Conecuh. . Oalhoun . Limestone. Marshall . . Lee. Pike Crenshaw . Jeflerson. . Escambia. Henry. .. Lee Blount. . . . Talladega Conecuh. . Cherokee . Barbour. . Lamar. . . . Dale. Dale. Lee Blount Barbour P;ke dluunt Lamar DeKalb . Montgomery .Montgomery TallapMOsa. Etowah . Lee Chilton Calhoun Hale . . Calhoun. Calhoun. Walker . Jlay. Marshall Etowah Etowah Blount. Tallapoosa 769 794 827 895 932 1022 1058 1063 LlOO 568 597 616 670 676 706 737 773 810 884 907 948 996 10ri3 539 564 571 603 685 792 899 838 812 849 857 902 918 944 946 952 954 978 1002 1006 1033 1039 1048 1050 1059 1659 1070 1078 73 LICENSES— Continued. Date. Name. Address. CODNTY. a =3 Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec. 1893 Jan. Feb. 6 17 18 30 ] 3 5 5 5 / 9 20 22 22 27 5 5 6 7 7 11 1] 12 13 14 14 1 17 19 19 20 20 2i 23 26 26 2; 27 28 30 30 30 2 3 4 8 9 13 15 16 20 20 23 23 Haywood, T. E Hudmon Brothers Hodo, A, P Jurt, W. D Henderson & Murphee Hooper, C. W. & Co . . . Henderson, J. C Henderson, Fox Henderson & Rainer. . . . Hooten & Co Hanlev et Co Harwe"ll & Co Herring, B. W Hughes, J. E Halley, F. M Henderson, W. D. & Chas. Henderson, J. M. & Co. . . Hood, W. T Hobbie & Teagne Hayne.s, D. P. & Co Humphrey, T.J Hunt, L. A. &Co Henderson, L Hixon, S. D Hur.-.t & -on Hamil Brothers Hardwick. J. M Hicks, Lve & Co Harrell, \V. F Hill, Jones & Co Havne, W. H Hudson, HE ... Hutchinson, J. M Hertzler ifc Anderson Hirsch Brothers Hoft'man, Walter P Hixon, J. F., Jr Howie Brothers Hoftman, Paul Hurt & Greer Hicks, AV. W. &Co Head, T. L Hayes, J. H Hartselle Bros. Co Holifield, J. A Hixon Brothers Henderson, T. J Henry, Sam & Co Hooper, Jno. F Hooper, C. 6 Hanserd, M. H Henry, A, G., Jr Humphreys, L. C Henry, J. L. & Co Ala. >< Branch ville, Opelika, Carrollton, Opelika, Ozark, >elma, Troy, Troy, Troy, Columbia, awrenceville Opelika, Headland, Floralla, Lawrenceville Troy, Troy, Oneonta, " .Montgomery " Oxford, Cullman, " Clio, Trov, Kerote, " Pratts, Troy, Xotasulga, " Camp Hill, Blount Springs" Roanoke, " Loachapoka, " Monroeville " ."^alem, " Madison Sta. " Seale, " WaveHy, " •losie, " Edwardsville, " Waverly, Edwardsville, " Dadeville, " China Grove, " Roxana, " Hartselle, Auburn, '' Claiborne, " Mountain Creek ' Gadsden, Xew Site, Blount Springs" Munford, " Guntersville, " Oxford, " Seale, " St. Clair Lee Pickens Lee Dale ... Dalhis .. Pike . . Pike.... Pike . . . Henry . Henry . Lee Hen.-v Bullock . Henry . . . Pike Pike Blount -Montgomery Calhoun . . Cullman . . . Barbour . Pike Bullock . .. . Ba.'bour ... Pike Macon fidlapoosa . . Blount Randolph . . Lee . . -Monroe . Lee .Madison .... Russell . . Lee Pike Cleburne. . . Lee Cleburne Tallapoosa . . Pike Lee Morgan . . . Lee .... .Monroe . . . Chilton Etowah . . . . Tallapoosa... . Blount Talladega Marshall Calhoun Russell 576 581 582 598 601 609 612 613 614 617 623 634 638 640 646 672 673 675 678 687 708 712 722 730 735 736 752 655 767 770 776 781 788 798 809 811 816 819 826 830 832 834 856 861 874 906 911 940 945 959 970 972 988 990 74 LICENSES— Continued. DATE. NAME. . u ADDRESS. COUNTY. Fullerton, Ala. Cherokee . . . 1001 Town Creek, " Lawrence. . . . 1016 Grafton, " Henry 1018 Bessemer, " Jefferson 1030 Piedmont, " Calhoun 1046 Clarence, " Blount 1047 Bale, Etowah 1074 Opelika, " Lee 1089 LaPlace, " Macon 1102 Tallassee, " Elmore 1103 Charleston, S. C. . 554 Petrey, Ala. Crenshaw 836 Opelika, " Geneva, " Lee 5fi9 Geneva 639 Troy, Pike 658 Jamesville, " Bibb 688 Newton, " Dale. 728 Collinsville, " DeKalb 793 Seale, " Russell 896 Guntersville, " Marshall 931 Tarentum. " Pike 1105 Atlanta, Ga. . 604 Leighton, Ala. Colbert 637 Cowarts, " Henry 738 Cullman, " Cullman 766 Burnt Corn, " Monroe 828 Salem, " Lee . 831 Midland City, " Dale 866 Burnt Corn, " Monroe 879 Cullman, " Cullman 912 Gordon, " Henry 925 Graham, " Randolph . . . 983 Heflin, Cleburne'. .... 1008 Brandon, " DeKalb .... 1014 Montevallo, " Shelby 1021 Portersville, " DeKalb 1036 Jeff, Madison 1053 Keener, " Etowah 1086 Taff, Cherokee. 10S9 Newark, N. J. . . 588 Forest Home, Ala. Butler. 633 Cullman. " Cullman .... 732 Wetumpka, " Ehnnre 764 Good water, " Coosa 790 Auburn, " Lee 868 Sycamore, " Talladega . . . 876 Alontgomery, " Montgomery . 880 1893 Feb. Mar. April May 25 27 28 3 10 11 25 13 4 4 1892 Oct. 8 1893 Jan. 30 1892 Oct. 18 Dec. 22 3' 1893 Jan. 9 23 Feb. 7 11 May 18 1892 Dec. 2 1893 Jan. Feb. 21 3 14 18 28 30 3 4 9 11 21 2o 27 28 4 13 8 12 1892 Nov. 21 Dec. 19 1893 Mar. April Jan. feb. 13 18 21 3 4 6 Henderson Bros Houston, J. M Harrison, J. D Hopkins Bros Hughes, R. F Hood, David. . Hale, J. R. & Bro Hudmon Bros Hamilton Bros , Harris, J. D Imperial Fertilizer Co [vey, J. W Jernigan & Lipscomb Johnson, J. J , Jones, V. D , James, P. P Jones & Co , Jordan, H. R. & Son Jennings, Ben , Jordan, Manning & Co , Johnston, J. G Kennesaw Guano Co , King, Claude Kirkland, Levi , . , Kinney, F. H. & P. H Kyser, J. K .... Kennon & Bro Kelley, G. W Kyser, G. W Koopman & Gerdes Kingoy, Chas. C Kaylor & Walker Kitnhens P>rns , Killian, W. E .... Kroll, Geo , , Killian, G. W Kelley, D. E. & J. 0.... Keener, J. P , Kennedy & Bullin Lister's Aar. and Chem. Works Lazenby, Reynolds & Co . . -. Leeth Bros Lancaster, W, L. & Co , Lauderdale & Crew Little, C. E Lewis, D. L. & J. A Lemle, L 75 licenses—Continued. Date. Name. Address. County. u 9) a 'z 1893 Feb. 9 10 16 20 21 25 25 25 March ] 13 16 22 April 25 Oct. 8 '92 26 Nov. 3 18 29 30 9 27 30 Dec. 1893 Jan. Feb. ]0 12 16 20 21 23 26 28 30 21 2 9 Landers Bros Lowery, R. F Lemay, S. I Latham, S. A .... Lester, Mason & Co Lee, Alonzo J Lane & Hobson Land & Akin Lackey, G. W Lemlo, I. Lloyd, Ellison & Co. Lee, Robert A. & Co Lamar, L. & E Marietta Guano Co Mnntgomerj' Fertilizer Co. . . . Malone, Collins & Co Meridian Fertilizer Factory. . Mobile Phos. cS: Chera. Co. . Murphree, Joel D ^larks & Gayle . Manley. Hanley & Co Meadows, iSmith T . & Co ... . T. 10 13 16 20 March 8 14 April 8 15 27 1892 Oct. 5 Dec. 22 1893 Jan. 4 9 1] 16 16 Montgomery, H. B. Murphree, C . . . . Manasses, J May. Jns. T Mayfield, Pittraan & Co. ... :\riiis, J B Milligan, W. G Minter & May berry Moreman , J. M Morris, I). W. & Bro. Martin, T. J INIelton (>i Co Mississippi Cotton Oil Co Mabon, W. H Montgomer}', W. B Martin A Crocker Morgan, J. H. & Co Middlebrooks & Bro Marshall, J. Z Martin, W. J Mobile Grain & Fertilizer Co. Morgan & Pej ryman Miles, T. B McMillan & Harrison. McGriff& Oakley McMillan, J. B. ttand. Guano and Ch. Mfc M'hloss i5: Kahn Steiner, Joseph & Sons. . . '^teiner Bros. & Co ■Southern Phosphate Co. . . Co -^immons, CM. . . Sampey, W. L . . . . helton. G. D ■Schoessler Bros. . . Shefelmeyer, C. A '^nead, Jas. E . . . . >todghill, J. T... Shirley, S. W Dadeville, Ala Uadeville, " Springvillp, " Elkmont, " Key, Opelika, Midland Cifv, " Hokes' Bluff, " Jackson, " Gadsden, " New Market, " Remlap, " WyntiHville, " Charleston, S. C Grand Bay, Ala Baltimore, Md Baltimore, " Chaileston, S. C. Troy, Ala Opelika, •* Troy, " Brundidge, " Collinsville, Jemison, " Riley, Cropwell, " Wilsonville, " Gaylesville, Gaylesville, " >trasburg, " New Market, " Montevallo, " Goodwater, " Fayette C. H., " .llbertsville, " Perote, Charleston, S. C. Atlanta, Ga. . . . New Orleans, La. Montgomery, Ala Greenville, '' Greenville, " Atlanta, Ga .... Monroeville, Ala Clanton, " Liberty, " La Fayette, " Cullman, Snead. " Fredonia, " Ansley, '" Tallapoosa Tallapoosa St. Clair. Limestone Cherokee Lee. . . . Dale Rrowah Clarke Ktovyah Madison Rlount. . Blount. . Mobile Pike Lee Pike . . . Pike .... DeKalb. Ohiiton . IMonroe St. Clair Shelby Cherokee Cherokee Chilton Madison . '^helby. . . Coosa. . . . Fayette . Marshall. Bullock . Montgomery Butler... . Butler... . Monroe . Chilton . Blount Chambers Cullman . Blount. ' 'h ambers Pike..... a s 55 851 927 953 964 979 1011 1027 1054 1065 I0«i0 10^2- 1091 1092 540 550 555 563 5S7 632 659 674 720 759 777 783 8;29 862 869 870 877 928 973 9^5 1061 1093. 1096 541 551 574 577 5-<3 584r 593 667 (i90 691 702 707 709 715 731 78 LICENSES— Continued. Date. 1893. Jan. 13 14 lb 17 18 20 20 21 21 21 25 2e Feb. 1 1 2 2 3 A 6 6 6 1(1 14 20 20 2(j 22 24 2S March 'J 1 ) 6 9 25 27 April 12 26 May 15 1892 Oct. b 21 Nov. 17 Dec. 23 2^ 30 1893 Jan. 16 18 27 Feb. t c t i; 1.^ Sowell & Son Smith, F. (\&Co Sanders & Masterson Schuessler & Co Seaman, E. S Sistrunk & Jordan Sanders & Purcell Smith & Black Sims, John M Sibert, W. J Simon, Henry Savage, L. W Smith, Jasper Stephens, T. H. & A.. B. Smith Bros Steward, D. D Smith. Warren F Scholze & Bro Slaughter, Staffins & Co. Savage, Chas. B. & Co. . Smith, R. H Sellers & Bro Smith, G. W. B Smith. E. S Stewart, B. M. & J. D... Smith, G. P Schiffman, S. & Co Slinglnff& Co Sloan, J. F Stevens, John M Stur divant Bros Simpson, ("!. M.. Stephens, B. F. & Co... Street, J. C, Exc Snodgrass, .F. D Stumpe, J. M Stedham. J. V Steinhart, A Snead, C. E. & Bro Snead, J. H Address. County. a Troy Fertilizer Co Tinsley Fertilizer Co Tailassee Falls M'f'g. Co Tuscaloosa Cotton Seed Oil Co. nilis & O'Neal Tucker, Willingham & Co Tultle, A. G Taylor, J. L. B. .. Toibert, C C Ihompson Bros. Thomas, Willis & Salter. Turner, P. C Tidmore & Tidmore Monroeville, Ala, Greenville, Leighton, Roanoke, DeArmanville Tailassee, Columbia, Luverne, Georgiana, Gadsden, Montgomery, Evergreen, Guntersville, Keener, Sylacauga, White Oak Spgs Sylacauga, Chattanooga, Tenn Perdue Hill, Ala. Evergreen, CoUinsville, Montgomery, Childersburg, Argo, Spring Garden, Centre, Huntsville, Baltimore, Md Lebanon, Ai Zee, Dadeville, Branchville, Louisville, Goodwater, Scottsboro, St. Florian, Williams Sta , Greenville. Walnut Grove, Boaz, Troy, Selma, Tailassee, Tuscaloosa, Geneva, LaFayette, Shorters Sta. Roanoke, Society Hill, Fairfield, Alexander City Walnut Grove, CoUinsville, Monroe Butler Colbert Randolph . . . Calhoun Elmore Henry Crenshaw . . . Butler Etowah . . . . Montgomery. Conecuh Marshall . . . Etowah Talladega... . Barbour .... Talladega . . . Monroe. . . , . Conecuh DeKalb Montgomery Talladega .. . Jefferson . . . . Cherokee. Cherokee. . . Madison. DeKalb .... Henry. Tallapoosa . St. Clair. .. Barbour.. . . Coosa Jackson . Lauderdale. Escambia... , Butler. Etowah.. . . Marshall . . . 733 . 734 . 747 . 756 . 760 . 780 . 782 . 785 . 786 . 789 . 804 . 808 . 848 . 850 . 854 . 855 . 867 . 875 . 887 . 888 . 889 . 924 . 943 . 969 . 974 . 977 . 9S6 . 998 .1017 .1023 ,1024 ,1025 ,1038 .1042 .1044 .1071 .1075 .1088 .1095 .1104 Pike 545 Dallas 570 Elmore. . . 580 Tuscaloosa . . . 614 Geneva 652 Chambers 653 VTacon.. 745 Randolph 758 Macon 817 Covington. .. . 886 Tallapoosa... 916 Etowah 933 DeKalb 949 79 LICEN SES— Continued. DATE. NAME. ADDRESS. COUNTY. a 3 1893 Feb. 17 23 Mar. 1892 Oct. 6 1893 Jan. Feb. 2] 3 If 20 27 1892 Oct. 10 17 c 2t 15 20 22 31 1893 Jan. Fallev, Dyer N rurnip^eed & Eichelberg. . ... Thornton, R. (J. Vandiver, W. F. & Co Vaughan & Robinson. Vinson, E. A Vinson, T. J Vermillion, J. H Vandegrift, A. B Ala. Nov. Dec. Walton Guano Co Wando Phosphate Co Winkler, A. G Williams & Clark Fert. Co . . Williams cO Clark Fert. Co. . . Wood, J. P. & Co : Willis, J.J. S Wright, Henderson & Rainer Whitfield, J. It 4 Williams, R. S 4 VVeedon <& Dent. ... Watkins, F. &Co... / Wright, T. O 9 Weil Bros 11 Wood, A. D 12 White i^ Awbrey.... le Williamson, Thos. F, 17 Woodali, A. W 18 Williams, D. C 20 Welden, A.J 24 Walker, O. H. & Co. 27 Williams, C N 28 Warnock & Son 30i Walker, Jas. M 31 Wood, R Feb. IVVard, H. B Trussville, Oxford, Three Notch, Montgomery, Heflin, Georgiana, Georgiana, Ragland, Birmingham, Social Circle, Ga. Charleston, S. C. Greenville, Ala. New York, N.Y.. Boston, Mass. . . Talladega, Ala. Clayton, " Brantley, " Opehka, Jefferson . Calhoun.. Bullock . . 3 WiL-^on, G. T. 4 6 Williams, J. Matt... Whitman & Co. Webb, Jno. C 6. Williams & Turner. . . . Watkins, Jno. P Watkins, Jno. P 8 Wilson & Co 10 Wells, K 14 Wilson & Brn 14 Wright. A. R 15 Webb Bros leWalden, W. M 16 Welden, J. H. A Son. 17 Wiggins, W. S. Sr.... 18 While & Grifiith Wetumpka, Eufaula, Opelika, Loachapoka, Opelika, Columbia, Roanoke, Opelika, Spiingville, CoUinsville, rhadeous, Rutledge, Five Points, Oxford, Plevna, Childersburg, Cuba fStation, Fort Deposit, Ariosto, Boaz, Demopolis, Cherokee, Burnt Corn, Burnt Corn, Russellville, Verbena, Clanton, Farill, Kelleyton, Trinity Station, Wilsonville, Monroeville, Hokes' Bluff, Montgomery Cleburne. Butler . . . Butler . . St. Clair. Jefferson Butler Talladega . Barbour. . . 'Crenshaw. Lee Elmore . . Barbour. . . Lee Lee Lee Henry .... Randolph. [Lee 1st. Clair. DeKalb ... Faliapoosa. Crenshaw. Chambers Calhoun. . . Madison . Talladega . Sumter. . . Madison . . , Dale. Marshall. . . Marengo . . . I'olbert . . . .Mdnroe . . . Monroe . . . Franklin. . hilton. ... Chilton. . . Cherokee.. . Coosa . . . . Morgan Shelby Monroe . . . . Etowah 963 989 1041 543 791 865 951 981 1015 560 567 575 592 606 629 635 642 657 665 666 684 686 689 713 727 743 750 765 779 802 822 824 835 839 846 h72 878 882 883 890 899 900 909 920 941 942 947 955 958 962 965 80 LICENSES— Continued. Date. Najie. Address. County. B a 1893 Feb. 24 25 28 Mch. 4 4 6 14 31 April 6 Jau. 14 Feb. lb Jan. 2' Feb. ] June 29 July 3 3 White & Neighbors. Williams, R. G . . . . Whaley, J. E Westmoreland, L. R Wimberly, rf. T . . . Waters & Russell. . . Woolf, J. P Williams, R. J . . . Williams, J. H Younj;, Reuben Young & Bean Zell Guano Co Zadek, S Moore. M. O. Johnston, J. G .... Watts, B. F. & Co Goodwater Ala. Opelika, Attalla, ' Florence, ' Greenville, ' Alexander City,' Piedmont, ' Lin wood, ' Notasulga, ' Snead, ' Heflin, Baltimore, Md. Montgomery, Ala Alpine, " Tarentum, " Caledonia. . " Coosa Lee Etowah.. . , Lauderdale. . Butler. Tallapoosa . . Calhoun... . . Pike Macon.. Blount. Cleburne.. . . Montgomery Talladega... Pike Wilcox. 993 1003 1020 1035 1037 1040 1055 1079 1084 741 966 807 844 1106 1107 1108 Bulletin l^o. 49, : : October, 1893. Agricultural Experiment Station -OF IHE- Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN, : : ALABAMA. VARIETIES OE WHEAT ANO GRASSES. ALEX. J. BONDURANT, Aqriculturist. JAMES CLAYTON, Assistant Horticultdkist. •The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Comoaissioner of Agric ilture, Montgomery, Ala- bama, or Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn^ Alabama. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS. COMMITTEE OP TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. I. F. Culver Union Springs. Hon. J. G. Gilchrist Hope Hull. Hon. H. Clay Armstrong Auburn. Wm. LeRoy Broun President A. J. Bondurant Agriculturist. B. B. Ross Chemist. P. H. Mell , Botanist and Meteorologist. J. M. Stedman Biologist. C. A. Cary, D. V. M Veterinarian. ASSISTANTS : /ames Clayton Assistant Horticulturist. A. F. Cory* , Assistant Agriculturist. J. T. Anderson First Assistant Chemist. R. E. Noble Second Assistant Chemist. 0. L. Hare Third Assistant Chemist. F. J. BivTNS Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. * In charge of Soil Tests. EXPERIMENTS IN WHEAT AND GRASSES. BY JAMES CLAYTON, ASSISTANT IN HOKTICULTURE, These experiments in varieties of wheat were begun in 1890, the results of which were published in bulletins 32 and 39, but as further investigation was necessary before defi- nite conclusions could be drawn, the experiments were continued in 1892. The land used had been planted in vegetables for a suc- cession of years, had been highly fertilized and was in a good state of cultivation. On the 16th November, 1892, the ground was broken flush, plots each 1-100 ot an acre were measured, rows laid off with a scooter and a mixture of 600 lbs. cotton seed meal and acid phosphate, equal parts of each, applied at the rate of 400 lbs. of mixture per acre broad-cast, and 200 lbs. in the drill. A scooter was run in the open furrow after the fertilizers were distributed, to mix them with the soil, and wheat at the rate of 1^ bushels per acre was planted in the drill and covered with a harrow. The following is the analysis of the acid phosphate and cotton seed meal, as furnished by Dr. N. T. Lupton, State Chemist, Jan. 21, 1893, ANALYSIS. Edisto Acid Phosphate: Water Soluble 9.73, Citrate Sol- uble 4.83, Acid Soluble 1.41. Total 15.74. Cotton seed meal. Acid soluble 2.73, Nitrogen 6.58, Potash 1.43. The names of the varieties sown with results, and a brief description, are given below. The Large Red and Large White Wheat were furnished by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and were first sown on the station in 1890. The Purple Straw was obtained in the neighborhood of Auburn, and the twelve other varieties were presented by James Carter & Co., High Holborn, London, England. ^ 1. Large White, ripe June 6. Four feet high, some rust ; heads from four to seven inches long — not bearded; one to two grains to the mesh; white, plump grains; yield 21 bushels per acre ; quality very good. 2. Stand up. Kipe June 12. Three and a half feet high, rusted very badly ; heads smooth two to four inches long; from none to two grains to the mesh ; amber color, yield 7 3-10 bushels per acre; grains imperfect; quality very poor, 3. Bird Proof. Eipe June 12. 4 i feet high ; rusted badly; heads smooth, two to three inches long, one to two grains to mesh ; color, white; yield 8.16 bushels per acre; grains imperfect; quality very poor. 4. Afiglo Canadian. Kipe June 8. 4i feet high ; some rust ; heads bearded, three to six inches long ; one to three grains to the mesh ; color, amber ; yield 29 bushels per acre ; grains medium in size and perfect ; quality best. 5. Holborn's Wonder. Eipe June 15. 3 feet high; rusted very badly; heads smooth; 3 to 4 inches long; from none to two grains to mesh ; color red, grain very small and imperfect. Yield 5.33 bushels per acre; quality poor. 6. Earliest of All Ripe June 6. 4 ft. high ; rusted badly ; heads smooth 5 to 8 inches long ; one to two grains to mesh ; color white ; grains large, but imperfect; yield 23 bushels per acre ; quality very good. 7. Large Red. Ripe June 6. 3^ feet high, rusted badly, heads bearded, 3 to 6 inches long, one to two grains to mesh ; color red ; grains medium size and not perfect ; yield 19.3 bushels per acre; quality good. 8. Pride of the Market Ripe June 10. 3 feet high; Rusted very badly ; heads smooth ; from none to two grains to mesh; color red; grains small and imperfect; yield 7.33 bushels per acre ; quality poor, 9. Queen Ripe June 10. 3| feet high; rusted badly; heads smooth, 2 to 3 inches long ; one to two grains to mesh ; color white ; grains small and imperfect ; quality poor. 10. Purple Straw. An old standard. Ripe May 23. 3A feet high. Almost free from rust; heads smooth. 2 J to 3^ inches long ; two to three grains to mesh ; color red ; grains small and plump; yield 30.5 bushels per acre ; quality best. 11. Flour Ball. Ripe June 15. 3^ feet high; badly affected with rust ; heads two to three inches long, one to two grains to mesh; color white; grains small and imperfect; yield 7.83 bushels per acre, quality poor. 12. Prince of Wales. Ripe June 12 ; 3 feet high ; rusted very badly; heads smooth, 3 to 5 inches long; from none to two grains to mesh ; color red ; grains very small and imper- fect; yield 6.16 bushels per acre; quality very poor. 13. Hundred Day. Ripe June 10. 4 feet high; rusted badly. Heads smooth, 2 to 3 inches long; from none to two grains to mesh ; color white ; grains small and imper- fect; yield 10.66 bushels per acre, quality poor. 14. Miller^ s Delight. Ripe June 10. 4 feet high ; rust- ed badly; heads smooth and from 2 to 3 inches long; from none to two grains to mesh; color white; grains small and imperfect; yield 11.60 bushels per acre; quality poor. 15. While Chajf. Ripe June 5. 4 feet high; some rast; heads beardless; 3 to 5 inches long; one to two grains to mesh;, color white; grains medium size, plump; yield 30 bushels per acre; quality best. Only six of the above fifteen varieties can be recommended to the farmers of this State for cultivation, which are given below in the order of their excellence. The other varieties are quite worthless here. 1. Purple straw. 2. White Chaff. 3. Anglo Canadian. 4. Large White. 5. Large Red. 6. Earliest of All. SPURRY. This plant was grown here for the first time in 1886, but as no record was kept of the results obtained, it was thought advisable to try it again this year. It is a new plant in 6 Alabama, and not generally known in the United States, but in some parts of Europe it is highly esteemed as a for- age plant for hay and pasturage, and for renovating the soil. It is a vine like, jointed plant, branching out near the ground, and at some of the joints, and at the top; and forming from 25 to 250 seed vessels, according to vigor of plant, each seed vessel containing from 6 to 26 small seeds resembling those of an onion. The average growth of the plant here on our thin sandy land, is from 8 to 12 inches in height. Further trial is necessary before positive conclusions can be drawn, but from one year's experiment the indications are that it is inferior to either Bermuda or Crab grass, for hay and pasturage, and its meager growth will keep it from competing in the South with clay peas as a renovator of poor soils. ANALYSIS OF SPURRY, (aIR DRIED.) Furnished by Dr. James T. Anderson in charge of Chem- ical Department (August 24th, 1893) of the State Agricul- tural and Mechanical College : Moisture 11.05 Ether Extract 6.31 Crude Fiber 16.58 Ash 7.59 Crude Protein 10.28 K free Extract 48.19 100 00 Phosphoric Acid 0.90 Potash 1.88 Nitrogen 1.64 The above sample was gathered on June 28th, 1893, sixty days from time of planting. While this plant does not ripen like wheat, the seed ma- turing all at the same time, yet at the time of gathering it was sufficiently matured and in a suitable condition for analysis. The folio wing is a list of Grasses planted on Experiment Station March 20th, 1893 : Botanical Name. Common Name. Seeds from Where. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2' 2v 23 24 25 2(i Cynodon Dactylon Lolium Italicum . . Poa Pratensis Dactylis Glomerata Agrostis Vulgaris f^oa Arachnifera Arundo Festuciodes Bromus Adoensis Bronius Mollis Bromus Unioloides . Festnca Heterrophylla Festnca Sylvatica .... Poa Compressa. ... Poa Tiivialis Paspalum Platyfiaule. . Phalaris Coernlencen^^ Desinodium Molle Sainfoin Trisetnm Pubescens . Aira Flexuosa Eragrostis Oxylepis Stipa Tenacissima . . Halens Mollis .... Tetrapoyon Tetras- tachys. . 2» Panicum Teneriffe . . 2U Diplachne Imbricata. . 3(.Chlotis Virgata 31 Glyceria Fluitans. .. 32 lH]rai:rostis Pilosa 38 Vlelifa Altissima .... 34 VTelica Ciliata 35Calamagro8tis Avenaria. . 36 Elymus Canadensis 37 (;!ynosurus Cristatus 3- Millinm Effu.sum 39Cenchtus iVlontannus 411 rhemea Membrenacea 41 .\ira (^oespitric ilture, Montgomery, Ala- bama, or Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MjN 1 GOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS. COMMITTEE OP TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. I. F. Culver Union Springs. Hon. J. G. Gilchrist Hope Hull. Hon. H. Clay Armstrong. Auburn. Wm. LeRoy Broun President. A. J. BoNDURANT AgHculturist. B. B. Ross Chemist. P. H. Mell Botanist and Meteorologist. J. M. Stedman Biologist. C. A. Gary, D. V. M Veterinarian. ASSISTANTS: /ames Clayton Assistant Horticulturist. A. F. Cory* , Assistant Agriculturist. J. T. Anderson First Assistant Chemist. R. E. Noble Second Assistant Chemist. C. L. Hare , Third Assistant Chemist. F. J. BivTNs Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. * In charge of Soil Tests. FKUIT-TREE BLIGHT IN GENERAL. vj. :m:. STEiDiyn^^isr. INTKODUCTION. Blight is a disease of plants that has of recent years at- tracted considerable attention, especially to the fruit grow- er, due to the fact that certain kinds of fruit trees have be- come affected with this disease, which has spread each year doing increasing harm. With the rapid yearly increase in the number of fruit trees affected, together with the equally rapid increase in the geographical area of distribution of the disease, has come a wide spread interest in this subject throughout the whole country. And this subject is at- tracting attention more and more; and it has so increased that it is now not confined to the fruit grower, but the farm- er and even the general public have come to recognize this disease as a most serious one. The fact that its exact na- ture is not generally known, and the remedy perhaps even less, has helped to increase the dread of it, and to allow many to neglect their trees and permit them to die in conse- quence. Hundreds of instances have come under my ob- servation in this state where village people with a few fruit trees, as well as farmers and even fruit growers, allow their trees to go unattended to when the disease appears, and the disease to increase and kill the trees and spread to others unaffected. So great has been this sad neglect of trying to check this disease, due no doubt to a want of information, together with the great yearly financial loss due to it, that this bulletin has been written with the sole purpose of giv- ing to the public, and to the fruit growers and farmers of this state in particular, a general knowledge of what is at the present time known to biologists in regard to the na- ture and cause of the disease, and of the remedies to be used to combat it and to prevent its spreading to unaffected trees and areas. The blight is at present more common in the northern part of the State. A fruit grower from that locality who depends almost exclusively upon his fruit trees for a living, states that his apple trees are so badly affected with blight that he has lost nearly his entire crop and a large percent- age of the trees. One can readily see what the disease blight means to such a citizen. While attending farmers' institutes in various parts of the state this past summer, I had a good opportunity to observe the effect and extent of this blight ; and it was sickening to note the great amount of damage and loss by it, not only of this years' crop, but of the trees themselves; and what is still more, to note the neglect, which must result in the great increase and spread of the disease next year. It is to be hoped that all who read this bulletin will take every precaution themselves and inform their neighbors on this subject; and let all work to- gether to greatly lessen, if not auuibilate this, the worst of all plant diseases. The different kinds of plants that are subject to the at- tack of the disease — blight — is very great ; and it is by no means confined to fruit trees, but even shade and forest trees are subject to it. In some localities in the northern part of this state, I have observed the oak trees affected to such an extent, that with certain species, it was almost im- possible to find one perfectly healthy, and as a rule the en- tire tree was more or less diseased. Fortunately this seems at present to be confined to a few localities only, but one of these is at least five miles in diameter. Should this blight increase as it seems certain to do, we may in a few years have an even greater problem to contend with than that of our fruit trees. The blight appears in many cases soon after the trees are leaved out, but more often later, and may appear at any time during the summer. Its growth ceases in the Fall at about the time the leaves begin to dry and turn preparatory to shedding, or at the approach of cool weather. The blight makes itself manifest by causing the affected parts, both leaves and stems, and it may be also the fruit to turn a brown color, which varies from a light brown to a dark to- bacco brown, or in some cases an almost black appearance. This coloration of the leaves due to the blight id readily distinguished from the coloration of the leaves due to any other cause, as the partial or total breaking of a stem, or the girdling of the trunk or stems, or an injury of the roots. In the case of coloration by blight the leaves do not appear dried or shriveled as a rule, except in the case of the water oak, but preserve their proper shape; whereas in the colora- tion due to other causes the leaves appear dried and shriv- eled and have a lighter brown color. Moreover, the colora- tion due to blight may not at the time being affect the en- tire leaf, but may appear on any portion of the leaf or in several places, and cause it to be spotted. * Ultimately, how- ever, the entire leaf will become affected unless the growth of the disease be checked by some cause. The disease ap- pears first as a rule at the buds or growing tips of stems or young leaves where the tissues are tender; and from these places it spreads down the stem, involving ultimately all the branches and leaves of the affected limb together with its fruit. As a rule a tree is attacked in several places at once • it may be on many different limbs or on several twigs of the same limb or both; and when a tree is attacked in a great many localities involving a large number of limbs, and this early in the season, the disease will often so increase as to involve the entire tree above the roots and kill it in one sum- mer, if unattended to. -It is not an uncommon occurrence when such a tree has been cut down close to the ground soon after it died, to have new shoots appear from the old roots and grow to be good bearing trees. (Pear.) Blight always kills the parts of the plant affected. Al- though the term blight is restricted in its true sense to this particular disease of the leaves and stems with their fruit which is often itself affected, due to a spreading of the dis- ease to it from the stem, nevertheless, there are diseases of the fruit itself that do not involve other parts of the tree, which diseases are the result of a cause, the nature of which is like the cause of true blight. When the fruit alone is effected with a blight that does not spread to other parts of the plant, we call this disease Mot as a rule, although the term rot is also applied to diseases of the fruit, the cause of which is entirely different from that of true blight. There are cases, however, where true blight may begin in the fruit or even blossom before the fruit is formed, and from it spread to the stem and leaves. In this case Waite has demonstrated that insects are the active agents in carrying the disease from one place to another; and that they inocu- late the flowers which may have produced minute fruit be- fore the disease increased so as to kill it and spread to the twig, or the disease may have increased so as to prevent the least formation of fruit. THE NATURE AND CAUSE OF BLIGHT. The disease known as blight is caused by bacteria. Bac- teria are plants that are so small that in some cases twenty- five thousand (25,000) of them placed side by side would extend but one inch. Most bacteria, however, are a little larger than this, while many are smaller. They are as a group the smallest of living things, but what they lack in size they make up in numbers. Their power of multiplica- tion is so great that in many cases, when every thiug is fa- vorable as regards food and temperature, the result of the growth and multiplication of a single individual plant would be many thousand in one day. Each plant or bacterium consists of nothing more than a single cell, or to make it more plain to the cultivator, of a single minute sack or mass of living matter. The rapid multiplication of these organisms takes place by a simple division of this single cell into two usually equal parts, each one now constituting a new and independent plant, which repeats the same process of division after a little growth. Bacteria also have another mode of reproduction by what are called spores. These spores are as a rule much smaller than the adult bacteria, and are capable of withstanding greater hardships and live. The adult bacteria themselves can withstand in many cases prolonged drying and a very high or low temperature, but the spores can withstand much more. The spores of many species or kinds of bacteria will withstand boiling for an hour or even more, and some at an even higher temperature, while the spores of Bacterium anihracis are stated by Pasteur to re- main alive in absolute alcohol.* The spores will also with- stand the action of many fungicides and insecticides. This will give the reader some idea of the great vitality of these micro-organisms, and enable one to understand why these creatures can live in the soil, not only during the dry and hot summer weather, but also during the cdW of winter. Their minute size will also enable one to readily see how it is that they can float about in the air in great numbers, and be carried from one place to another. Many bacteria are harmless, since they feed upon only dead or not living tissues or organic substances, and some are even beneficial ; but many are injurious since they feed upon and live within other living organisms, both plant and animal, and in this case may produce disease and death. This death or disease may be the result of the direct action *Charbon et Septicemie, Compt. Rend. Ixxxv. p. 99. 8 of the bacteria in consuming the tissues, or it may be as a result of the chemical action of the waste products (pto- maines) thrown off during the growth and metabolism of the bacteria. Hence it is observed that there are many spe- cies or kinds of bacteria; and they not only act differently and produce different results and diseases, but each species as a rule has its particular animal or plant or substance in which it will grow and multiply and will not do so in any other. The bacteria that cause the disease in fruit trees known as blight are carried by the wind, or by insects in some cases, from the soil to the buds or leaves of the trees. Here they gain access to the interior of the leaves by means of the stomata or minute openings in the epidermis of the leaf, of which there are in some cases many thousand to a square inch. Once on the tender buds or inside the leaves the bac- teria find suitable food and conditions for their growth and multiplication. They feed upon the tissues of the host plant and destroy it, and as they increase in number, they gradually come to infest the entire leaf, and finally the peti- ole and the twig to the stem and other healthy parts. In this way the disease once started in a single place in the tree, will spread so as to include in time the entire limb or even the entire tree. The disease works down towards the trunk of the tree as well as in all other directions, and since the tissues affected soon die, it follows that if the blight start low down on a branch, it will necessarily kill the entire branch beyond the diseased portion. The peculiar coloration of the blighted portion does not in reality indicate the entire area affected, since the bacteria are in many cases, especially in the stem, far below or down the branch before the coloration appears there, the coloration not being produced immediately upon the appearance of a few bacteria. Hence in cutting off of a diseased limb it is not sufficient to cut off the portion showing the coloration, since 9 we would leave the stump affected with the bacteria for a con- siderable distance; and these would continue to multiply and spread, and shortly the disease would again make itself man- ifest. It is essential then in cutting off the blighted portion of a tree, to cut far below the portion that looks diseased, say from one to three feet according to the size of the limb. It is also safer to cut off the dieased portion just as soon as it appears, and before it has had time to spread to any con- siderable extent. In the Fall the leaves that are diseased, as well as the unaf- fected ones, fall to the ground. Here they decompose and the bacteria are set free, for they do not decay, and are again carried to other localities. In this manner the disease is spread from one tree to another and from one field or local- ity to another, and thus it is that the blight has and is spreading all over our country. It is then readily under- stood why it is that, if one neglect to attend to his fruit trees, the blight will ultimately reach those of his neighbors. During the past summer I made pure cultures of the bac- teria causing the blight in the pear, quince, apple, and a con- iferous tree. These were made in nutrient gelatine by the usual methjd of plate and tube culture. In this way the bacteria from each kind of diseased tree were grown in sepa- rate tubes of gelatine in which they fed and multiplied, and thus were obtained a large number of individuals of each special kind of bacteria, each tube containing but one kind or species. Some of the bacteria from the tube containing the ones obtained from the pear tree blight were then inoculated into the healthy leaves of a pear tree by the use of a sterilized needle dipped into the culture, and then pricked through the epidermis of the leaf. Many leaves were thus inocula- ted in different localities and on different trees, and each in- oculated part labeled. In five days every leaf thus inocula- ted had taken the disease blight, thus proving that these special bacteria were the cause of the disease. 10 The same method was also followed in regard to the blight of quince and apple trees, and also with the conifera, and in all cases the inoculated leaves took the disease. I then tried to determine, if possible, whether or not the bacteria causing the blight in the pear tree would, if inocu- lated into the quince or apple tree, give the blight to those trees ; and whether or not the bacterium of the quince tree blight would cause the blight in the pear or apple tree; and also the bacteria of the apple tree blight cause the disease in the pear or quince trees. To determine this I cross inocu- lated many leaves of the different fruit trees with the blight bacteria from the other kinds of fruit trees, and in no case was I able to produce the blight, except by the inoculation of the bacteria obtained from the blight of the particular kind of tree inoculated. It thus appears that each kind of fruit tree, at least so far as pear, quince and apple are con- cerned, has its special species of bacteria that produce the blight in that tree, and that this species of bacteria will not produce blight in the other kinds of fruit trees. It should be mentioned, here, however, that I was able to produce blight in three different species of conifereus trees by the inoculation of the blight bacteria obtained from but one species of tree. REMEDIES, From the above it is readily seen that, since the cause of the blight is a minute plant — bacterium — that feeds upon and lives, grows and multiplies within the tissues of its host plant, that we can not reach the micro-organisms that are thus internal parasites, and kill them by the application of any substances to the tree in the form of a spray, as we can do for many fungoid diseases. We would kill the tree before the bacteria could be reached and affected. Hence the only means of combatting this disease blight at present known, is the cutting off of the affected portion far below the external 11 feigns of the disease. And since we have seen how the germs of this disease remain in the affected parts, as the leaves, that fall to the ground, and how they are eliberated and car- ried to infest other trees, it is plainly seen that if we cut off the diseased branches and leave them upon the ground, that we are doing no good whatever, for we have killed nothing, but are simply allowing the disease to multiply and spread so much the more, and next year the disease will appear with increased damage. The diseased portion of the trees that are cut off are to be gathered and burned, and especially the leaves, and thus the cause of disease will be destroyed and its spreading prevented. The simple remedy is then io cut off all blighted portions of the trees jar beloiv the parts that ajipear diseased, and to burn all these cuttings, especially the leaves. The sooner this is done after one discovers the blight in a tree the better. It is not enough that one thus guard his trees while bis neighbors neglect theirs. We must all fight this blight, which is doing more harm already than any other single disease. If every person will thus attend to his fruit trees, we can almost exterminate the disease in a very few years. I am now experimenting on the application of chemicals to the soiltobe taken up with the sap in the Spring to kill or prevent blight, but as yet no definite results have been reached. Little has as yet been done in this line of pre- venting or curing bacterial diseases of plants, although the field looks promising, since we can in many cases cure bacte- rial diseases of animals by the internal application of chemicals. Bulletin I\o. 51, : October, 1893. Agricultural Experiment Station -OF THE- Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN, : : ALABAMA. "V^EOET^BLES. ALEX. J. BONDURANT, Agriculturist. JAMES CLAYTON, Assistant Horticulturist. "The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Montgomery, Ala- bama, or Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS, COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. I. F. Culver Union Springs. J. G. Gilchrist Hope Hull. H. Clay Armstrong Auburn. ■BOA.'RID OIF IDIE,E0TI01iT. Wm. LeKoy Broun President A. J. BoNDURANT AgricultuHst. B. B. Ross Chemist. P. H. Mell Botanist and Meteorologist. J. M. Stedman Biologist. C. A. Gary, D. V. M Veterinarian. ASSISTANTS: /ames Clayton Assistant Horticulturist. A. F. Cory* Assistant Agriculturist. J. T. Anderson First Assistant Chemist, R. E. Noble Second Assistant Chemist. C. L. Hare Third Assistant Chemist. R. L. BiviNS Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. * In charge of Soil Tests. EXPERIMENTS IN VEGETABLES. By James Clayton, Assistant Horticulturist. The following results of experiments with a few leading varieties of vegetables on the A. & M. College Experiment Station for 1893, are given in a brief and simple form, hop- ing that they may be of some practical use to our people. Where conclusions have been drawn, they are based upon the painstaking and careful observation of several year's experiments. TOMATOES. Seeds of the varieties named below were mostly furnished by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, and only a few packages were purchased from seedsmen. . ^-The seeds were planted on an open bed March 15th and on April 27th, the plants were set in rows 3.^ feet apart each way. On August the 10th cuttings about 10 inches in length were made from the "Matchless" and planted, just as plants grown from seed, all of which lived and grew vigorously. At this writing, October 20th, the vines are fruiting heavily and the tomatoes are beginning to ripen. Especial attention is called to the above method of plant- ing for a fall crop, as much difficulty is experienced in growing plants in the summer months. It is suggested however that the cuttings he planted about the middle of Jul}', instead of in xA.ugust. The following is a brief description of the different va- rieties : Atlantic Pme— Landreth. Light red, medium size, very wrinkled and flat. Prolific. Ripe July lOtli. Baltimore Prize Taker — Landreth. Light pink, medium to large size, wrinkled and round. Not prolific. Ripe July 12th. Buckeye State— Dreev. Dark piuk, medium to large size, smooth and roundish flat. Not prolific. Eipe July 12th. Early Berrmida—Landvetli. Light red, medium size, very wrinkled and flat. Very prolific. Eipe July 14th. Extra Early C^w.sfer— Landreth. Light red, medium size, very wrinkled and flat. Prolific. July 12th. Extra Early Jersey— Landreth. Light red, medium size, very wrinkled and flat. Prolific. Ripe July 10th. Early Eichmond—L?indveth. Dark red, medium to large, wrinkled and flat. Not prolific. Ripe July 6th. Early Buhy—V. S. Department of Agriculture. Yellowish red, small to medium in size, smooth and round. Prolific. Ripe July 8th. Ignotum — U. S. Department of Agriculture. Pinkish red, medium size, smooth and roundish flat. Prolific. Ripe July 6th. Livingstons Beauty — IT. S. Department of Agriculture. Yellowish red, medium size to large, smooth and roundish flat. Prolific. Ripe July 8th. Livingstoit-s Favorite — U. S. Department of Agriculture, Yellowish, medium size, smooth roundish fiat. Prolific. Ripe July 10th. Long Keeper — U. S. Department of Agriculture. Red, medium size, smooth and roundish flat. Prolific. Ripe July 10th. Matchless — W. H. Maule. Light red, medium to very large, smooth and roundish flat. Very prolific. Ripe July 20th. This is one of the handsomest tested. Faragon — U. S. Department of Agriculture. Yellowish red, medium size, perfectly smooth. Very prolific. Ripe July 12th. Perfection — U. S. Department of Agriculture. Yellowish red, medium to large size, smooth and roundish flat. Prolific. Ripe July 12th. Ponderosa—KendeTson. Light pink, large to very large size, wrinkled and flat. Not prolific. Ripe July 16th. Boyal Bed — Dreer. Red, medium size, wrinkled and roundish flat. Prolific. Ripe July 16th. Telegraph— U. S. Department of Agriculture. Light red, medium size, wrinkled and flat. Very prolific. Eipe July 14th. 3Ioneij 3Iaker — Landreth. Medium size, wrinkled and flat. Very prolific. Ripe July 14th. 7^(,„ 1'o)i — XT. S. Department of Agriculture. Yellowish red, small to medium size, smooth and round. Prolific. Ripe July 16th. The Stone— U. S. Department of Agriculture. Light red, medium to large, smooth and round. Ripe July 14th. This variety is of recent origin, is a vigorous grower, dark green foliage and the fruit of very good quality. Turmr's Hi/hrid—V. S. Department of Agriculture. Pink, large to very large, smooth and round. Not prolific- Ripe July IGth. Peculiarly shaped leaves, resembling those of the potato. Truckers Favorite — W. H. Maule. Pink, small to medium, smooth and round. Prolific. Ripe July 20th. Of Livingston's varieties, the following have been grown on this station for several years as a standard of comparison with those of more recent origin, and nothing has been found superior to them, both as to quality and productive- ness: Ignotum, Livingston's Beauty, Livingston's Favorite, Matchless, Paragon and Perfection. IRISH POTATOES. The varieties named below were purchased of Henry A. Dreer, Philadelphia, and planted March 16th, 1893. The land having been thoroughly prepared, was fertilized with compost such as we use for corn, and after the potatoes were planted the plot was covered with pine straw about four inches deep. This was done immediately after the planting was finished. As soon as the vines began to turn yel- low, the potatoes were harvested, which was from the latter part of June to the first of July, and they were then placed in a cool room, spread out on the floor and sprinkled with slaked lime. 6 It will be noticed, tliat, wliile tlie Freeman is not so pro- ductive as the Early Kose, it is about six days earlier, and being of an excellent quality, is therefore a very desirable variety. The following brief description is given of the varieties planted : Burhank Seedling. — An old standard which needs no intro- duction. Long, white skin, free from scab and a good keeper. Prolific. Yield per acre 368 bushels. Early Essex. — Large and roundish with pink skin, free from scab and knots. Yield per acre 355 bushels. Early Puritan. — A long roundish variety, very light pink skin, free from scab and knots. Very prolific. Yield per acre 416 bushels. Early Rose. — Too well known to need comment. A long variety, pink skin, free from scab, — some knots. Prolific. Yield per acre 388 bushels. King of Roses. — Roundish, pink skin, — some scab and knots. Yield per acre 342 bushels. Richmond Bell. — Roundish flat, straw colored skin, free from scab and knots. Yery prolific. Yield per acre 424 bushels. Freeman. — A new and beautiful straw colored variety, very early, roundish flat, free from scab and knots. Not very prolific, but about six days earlier than Early Rose. Yield per acre 304 bushels. CABBAGE. The following varieties of cabbage seed were sown in open beds March 15th, and transplanted on April 27th to thorougly prepared land in rows 2| by 2.^ feet: All Seasons, American Drumhead, Early Summer, Express, Large Late Drumhead, Succession and Surehead. Preference is given in the order named to Early Summer, Succession and All Seasons, and for later kinds to Large Late Drumhead, and American Drumhead. EGG PLANT. A comparison of home raised and bought seed of the New York Improved Purple variety, resulted in uo perceptible difference, both being satisfactory. To germinate the seed, place some fresh compost, or any other kind of manure, that will heat easily in a box, filling it from one-half to two- thirds full. Cover this with earth from 4 to 6 inches deep, sow the seed and cover the box with cheese-cloth or muslin, using tacks to confine the edges. The cheese-cloth or muslin is sufficiently thin to admit the warmth of the sun necessary for germinating the seed, and also protects the plants from the ravages of bugs which are very destructive to them while young. It is best to place the box on the southside of a wall, or at some protected place. Keep the soil well watered. Our best results have been obtained from thin or poor land highly fertilized ; and a few plants transplanted and care- fully cultivated will supply a family with an abundance of this excellent vegetable. ONIONS. To grow onions from seed, sow the seed in open beds in February, and transplant as early as the weather will permit to rows 12 to 15 inches apart, taking pains to have the ground highly fertilized. Of the fifteen kinds tested on this station, preference is given to the following : Large Tripoli, Silver King, New Pearl, New Queen, White Barletta, White Maggiajola, Red Wethersfield, which have all produced fair sized onions the first season from pursuing the plan above mentioned. BUSH LIMA BEANS. Seeds of Burpee's Bush Lima, Dreer's Bush Lima and Henderson's New Bush Lima, were purchased of Peter Henderson and planted this past season, and in so far, as one year's trial goes, Henderson's New Bush Lima is de- 8 cicledly in the lead. It is earlier and more prolific than either of the other two. Beets, Lettuce, Carrots, Salsify and Eadishes, all grew to perfection on the station grounds the past season. conover's colossal asparagus. Seeds furnished by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, were planted, and the plants are now growing vigorously. A limited supply of these plants, and the following in limited quantities, will be sent free (except postage) to resi- dents of the State making application. White Velvet Okra Seed, Jones and Sugar Loaf Water- melon, Pine Apple and Nixon Canteloupe seed, and Grape roots of the standard varieties. Bulletin I%o. 52, : January, 1894. Agricultural Experiment Station -OF THE- Agricultural and Mechanical Colege. AUBURN, : : ALABAMA. COK^Isr ^IsTID COTTOn^. ALEX. J. BONDURANT, Agriculturist. OOISTTEISTTS. I. Varieties of Corn 3 II. Object of Experiment 3 III. lutercultiiral Experiments with Fertilizers on Cotton 4 IV. A Comparison of Varieties of Cotton 5 "The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Montgomery, Ala- bama, or Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. -Published by order of the Board of Direction. BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. I. F. Culver Union Springs. J. G. Gilchrist Hope Hull. H. Clay Armstrong Auburn. BOA.S,ID OF X)IE.EOTIOIsr. Wm. LeRoy Broun President. A. J. BoNDURANT .... Agriculturist. B. B. Ross Chemist. P. H. Mell Botanist and Meteorologist. J. M. Stedman Biologist. C. A, Cary, D. V. M Veterinarian. ASSISTANTS: J.T.Anderson First Assistant Chemist. R. E. Noble Second Assistant Chemist. C. L. Hare Third Assistant Chemist. R. L. BiviNs Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. T it. Culver Superintendent of Farm. Varieties of coi^N. OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT. (a) To ascertain the best yielding variety. (ft) To find a good early variety. The corn was planted on plots 1-40 of an acre large, and in checks 3x5 feet. A fertilizer, composed of 200 lbs. acid phosphate, 66 lbs. muriate potash and (>(> lbs. sulphate of ammonia, was applied in the drill before planting, at the rate of 300 ll)s. j)er acre. Four plots were planted in Experiment Station Yel- loAv. Any difference in the fertility of the soil would be shown by the difference in the yield of those plots. A perfect stand was not secured and this with some inequality of the soil prevents drawing any reliable conclusions as to the best variety. Cocke's Prolific, Blount's Prolific, Experiment Station Yellow and Pride of America gave best yields in the order named. Cocke's Prolific and Blount's Prolific bear from 2 to 3 small ears to the stalk. With the other varieties named the ears are larger, and two to the stalk an exception. The best varieties of early corn were Clarke's Early Mas- tadon (yellow). Early Eclipse (yellow), Gentry's Early Mar- ket (white) and Improved Golden Dent. All varieties were planted April 8th. The sluick on these four was dry August 7th. To the farmer whose corn crib is low ih the Spring, it Avill be quite a saving to plant one of these early varieties. By planting early, any one of these would be dry by the first of August. o o Names of Vai-ieties. bX) O rt 4J a I- Date of first tassel. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Experiment Station Yellow. . . 30.7 Blount's Prolific 30.9 Clayton Bread Corn 28.3 ocke's Prolific 41 6 Clarke's Early Mastadon 24.7 Experiment Station Yellow. . . 30 Early Eclipse (Y) 23. Gentry's Early Market 1 23 4 Giant Broad Grain j 26 . 6 Hickory King ! 22.6 Experiment Station Yellow. Improved Golden Dent Pride of America Piasa King Ex|)eriment Station Yellow. Ross Impi-oved Shoe Peg White Virginia Gourd Seed 22.6 21 8 24.1 21.7 22.6 24.7 21.8 24 2 24 24.3 20.5 32. 19. 21.6 18.6 18 1 20.1 17.8 17.7 17.7 19.9 16.9 17 19.5 18 18.6 218 213 31 231 23 28 191 217 206 216 216 1! 174 221 247 21 174 231 17 17 14 22 13 15 13 12.9 14.3 12.7 12 6 12.6 14 2 12 12 1 13.9 12 8 13.2 Tune 24th " 18th " 24th " 23rd " i4th June 9th " 16th " 20th 20th " 26th " 23rd July 1st June 24th Intekcultukal Experiments with Fertilizers on Cotton. The object of tliis experiment was to ascertain whether it would pay to apply nitrogenous fertilizers interculturally- Six rows 210 feet long by 3.^ feet wide, equal to 1-0 of an acre, were used. Just before planting, the following mixture of fertilizers Avas applied to each plot, at the rate of 200 pounds per acre : 200 pounds Acid Phosphate ; 66 pounds Muriate Potash ; 66 pounds Sulphate Ammonia. As soon as the cotton was up, it was chopped and sided with a heel scrape. About June 1st the stalks of cotton in each row^ were counted, and then all rows but one thinned to 90 stalks. The 5th row of plot 6 had only 76 stalks. The several numbers of stalks in this row probably accounts for the small yield of that plot. On June 22nd and July 7th the cotton seed meal and nitrate soda were scattered broadcast and the cotton plowed with a large heel scrape. All the plots were the same size and color up to Jnly 7th and after that date the plots ferti- lized interculturally became much larger and had better color than the plots which were not fertilized after planting. CONCLUSIONS. 1st. It pays to apply uitrogeuous fertilizers to cottou on sandy land, provided there are good rains following their applications. 2nd. 200 pounds applied in June will be as profitable as 100 pounds in June and 100 pounds in July. The following table shows the yield per plot and the profit from each ]ilot fertilized after planting. In calculating profit, the cost of nitrate of soda laid down in Auburn is used, and cottou seed meal is valued at $22 per ton. The seed cotton is valued at .02\ cents per pound. The following table shows the results of this experiment : o O June 22nd Name and quan- tity of fertilizers applied interoiil- turally. July 7th Xame and quanti- ty of fertilizers applied intercul- turally. r^ a O P.:"^ ^ ,« [oid uaq-w ojoi! aed uo^^oo paas .+0 p[aiA be ID ;-< -J »-< §lll>|0tj §UI>(OI<-I Siii>10i(I pus Sui>[oij c3 CO O) s Gj J5 •ON ?oid O O C C O 3 3 O O O O O O ~ O O O' o o o o c: C' c; o o) c; c; o cx) cc c: rf CO o o o o ~ o COCDCD^CO' — ^CDCOCD-^i— * ^ 0000 0 <- lo lO 00 0 T— 1 — < lO tC CO IM -* 3 1.0 c OJ CO CO 0 10 0 ut> 0 ira ic CD 0 CO CO "M CO -ti 01 CO 01 CO CO (M IM OifoCOOOiOOOiO 0 lO C: CO -^^ O-l -^ OS CO CO 0^ — 'ti'MCO-SCOCM'* O O C O O O O O O O C' OS C:i — ^ CO O QC t-- "M utl t^ '.'I <— I 17^) "^J ^H 1— I Oi r-l Oi CO CO — S OJ LO CO l^ 01 — I T-^ ^^ '-H '— < ooooioooooifTOiooO' 000000 ^~'*— 'COCC — '005-^0 — ^C»CO— '"t^t^-lClO COO:CO-tril, 1894. Agricultural Experiment Station -OP THE- Agricultqral and Mechanical College, AUBURN, : : ALABAMA. A NEW DISEASE OF COTTON. COTTOISr BOLL-ROT. J. M. STEDMAN, Biologist. CONTEISTTS : I. lutroductiou 3 II. lusects aud Fuu<^i iu Diseased Bolls \ . 3 III. Experimeutal Work with the Disease 5 IV. Description of Bacillus gossypina 6 V. Description aud Nature of Cottou-Boll Rot 7 VI. Precautions and Remedies 11 'The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. I. F. Culver Union Springs. J. G. Gilchrist Hope Hull. H, Clay Armstrong Auburn. BOJ^I^I^ OF 3DiE,:E3CTioisr. Wm. LeRoy Broun President. A. J. BoNDURANT Agriculturist. B. B. Ross Chemist. P. H. Mell Botanist and Meteorologist. J. M. Stedman Biologist. C. A. Cary, D. V. M Veterinarian. ASSISTANTS : J. T. Anderson First Assistant Chemist. R. E. Noble Second Assistant Chemist. C. L. Hare Third Assistant Chemist. R. L. BiviNs Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. T U. Culver Superintendent of Farm . COTTOM-BOLL ROT. A New Bacterial Disease of Cotton Affecting the Seeds, Lint and Bolls. BY J. M. STEDMAN. Duriug the middle of Augiist, 1893, I received from the Department of Agriculture, Montgomery, Ala., some sam- ples of cotton-bolls supposed to be suffering from the attack of insects. The cotton-bolls were accompanied by a note stating that they had been received from Mr. A. W. Bryant, Stockton, Baldwin county, Alabama, and asked for the name and habits of the insect affecting them, and for the reme- dies to be used to combat or destroj^ the same. On the 13th of September, I receii^ed a box of diseased cotton-bolls from Mr. W. A Bryant himself. A short examination of the bolls and of the numerous insects in them was sufficient to convince me of the fact that the insects were not the direct cause of the disease, but that on the contrary, they were present in order to eat of the already dead and decaying vegetable matter. The insects were Coleoptera (beetles) of the family Nitidulidse (Sap- suckers), and were present in all stages of development. The larvte, one of which is represented in figure 7, and the adult beetles, represented in figure 5 and 6, were very nu- merous, while their pup;© w^ere not uncommon. The larvae are about one-fourth of an inch in length and are nearly white in color. Figure 7 represents one magnified about five diameters. A closer examination revealed the presence of two species of adult beetles both of which are about one-eighth of an inch long. Figure 5 represents one of these sap-beetles, Fpuroea cestiva, magnified six diameters, while figure 6 shows the otlier species, CarpopUlus mutilatus, equally magnified. Both of these beetles are well known among fruit growers in the Southern States, Mexico, and Central and South America. They are widely distributed throughout the south, feeding both in the larval and adult condition upon decay- ing or injured fruit of all kinds, and are sometimes found sucking the sap from wounded portions of trees. They are common in cotton-bolls that have been injured by the boll- worm, and in decaying heaps of cotton seed. Neither the adult beetles nor the larva3 are known to eat or attack healthy fruit or living vegetable tissue. The presence of these insects, then, in the diseased and decaying cotton-bolls is not surprising, and their presence can have at least only a secondary connection with the true disease in that they may, by their burrows cause, perhaps, a more rapid spread- ing of the disease. Neither the beetles nor their larvae wer.e to be found in all the disease cotton-bolls, but only in such as were greatly damaged by the disease having spread so as to involve nearly the entire contents of the boll and to have caused the tips of the corpels to open slightly. In such bolls I also ob- served several species of ordinary saprophytic fungi, and in a few cases the fungus, Colletotrichum Gossypii, South- worth, that produces the disease in cotton-bolls known as authracnose.* But no fungi were observed in the bolls that were only slightly diseased or decayed inside. The presence of fungi and insects in those cotton-bolls only that were greatly diseased and decayed inside, and that had either the tips of the carpels opened or the disease had spread so as to involve a portion of the outer surface of the bolls, together with the entire absence of insects and fungi in all cases where the disease was confined to the contents of the boll, led me to suspect the bacterial nature of the disease in question. Accordingly, pure cultures of the bac- teria from the disease inside the closed cotton-bolls were then made by the usual plate culture method, and the inoc- ulations made in both tubes of nutrient gelatine and of agar- *See Bull. No. 41, On Some Diseases of Cotton, by G. F. Atkinson, p. 40. 5 agar by means of a sterilized platinum needle. In four days the growth of the bacteria in the gelatine tubes had become very profuse, and had clouded the entire mass of gelatine, giving it a slight greenish hue. The growth of the bacteria in the agar-agar tubes was different. Here the bacteria spread out as a milky cloud around the entire length of the path of the inoculating needle through* the agar, and also over the surface of the agar as a more or less white, semi- transparent and glossy growth. See figure 3, which repre- sents the growth as it appears in agar-agar tubes. That this difference in the growth of the bacteria in the ao-ar-asar and gelatine tubes was not due to a difference in the kind of bacteria in each was proven by the numerous cross inoculations that were made. Fresh agar-agar tubes were inoculated with the liacteria from a gelatine tube cul- ture, and fresh gelatine tubes inoculated with the bacteria from an agar-agar tube culture, in all cases by means of a sterilized platinum needle ; and in no case was there any signs of a deviation in the method of groAvth or apperance of the cultures peculiar to either the agar or to the gelatine as above stated. In order to determine whether or not the bacteria of which I had made pure cultures were the cause of the disease in the cotton-bolls, I selected ten healthy cotton plants, and with a sterilized needle, I made two punctures into four healthy cotton-bolls on each of the plants, numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and labeled each boll Then by means of the same needle, sterilized and then infected with the bacteria from the pure tube culture, I made two punctures into four healthy cotton-bolls on each of the plants, numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and labeled each boll. In twelve days all the cotton- bolls inoculated with the bacteria from the tube cultures had taken the disease in varying degrees, and in twenty days they were entirely destroyed ; the entire contents of the bolls having rotted, and the outer surface to a more or less extent. On the contrary, the four bolls used as a control experiment on each of the other five plants were perfectly healthy and showed no signs of a disease, except one that had been attacked by a fungus at the place where the needle had caused au injury, tlius enabling tlie fungus to develop there; but this boll was not affected with the disease in question. Hence it is demonstrated that this specific bacterium was and is the cause of the disease in question. From one of the original bolls some diseased tissue includ- ing seed was hardened in increasing strengths of alcohol, infiltrated with paraffine in the usual manner, cut into sec- tions which were fastened to the slide by clove-oil-collodion, stained with gentian violet or with car])ofuchsin, and mounted in balsam. On examination with a high power (1-24 inch Hom. Imm. Obj. of Winkel) of the microscope, most of the cells in the diseased region of the tissues were found to contain bacteria in abundance. Figure 4 represents a portion of a section of such a tissue as seen under the microscope, and is magnified 800 diameters. Several cover-glass preparations from the pure cultures of bacteria in both agar-agar and gelatine were made and stained with either gentian violet or with carbafuchsin, and examined with the 1-24 inch Hom. Imm. The appearance of these bacteria as seen under such a high power of the microscope is shown in figure 1, which represents them as magnified 1500 diameters. When magnified equally, the bacteria in the sections of diseased tissue will be seen to be identical in appearance with those from the culture tubes. Not being able to identify this species of bacteria with any heretofore described, I have named it Bacillus gossypiNA. Obtained by Stedman (1893) from the inside of diseased cotton-bolls suffering from a lot of the seed and lint. 3[orphology. — Short, straight bacilli, truncate with slightly rounded corners, 1.5 micron long and 0.75 micron broad; usually solitary, sometimes in pairs, and occasionally in chains of from three to four. Stains readily with the usual aniline colors. Biological characters. — An aerobic, non liquefying (slight liquefaction in old gelatine cultures), motile bacillus. Forms spores. Grows at the room temperature in the usual culture media, but more -rapidly at 25*^ to 35® C In gelatine tube cultures, the growth in three days gives a milk}' appearance, which spreads from the line of puncture of the inoculating needle, until in five daj^s the entire gela- tine becomes milky and assumes a slight greenish color. In agar-agar the growth on the surface appears as a smooth, semi-transparent, milky layer ; while the development along the line of the puncture of the inoculating needle through the agar takes place as a cloudy, more or less even growth, gradually becoming thinner at the periphery. Pathogenic. — Inoculated into healthy cotton-bolls, a dis- ease resulting in a rotting or decaying of the seed and lint is produced in from one to two weeks, which soon involves the carpels, and thus destroj^es the entire cotton-boll. This new rot disease of the cotton-boll is readily distin- guished from the only disease likely to be confounded with it, namely anthracnose, by the fact that the anthracnose first makes its appearance as small, reddish brown spots on the surface of the boll, which spots enlarge and become dark, gray or pink according to circumstances. Finally, when the spots have attained a considerable size, they will be found to consist of a pink centre surrounded by a dark band, and this in turn surrounded by a dull, reddish brown band. The anthracnose is caused by a fungus, colletotrichum Gossypii, Southworth* which originates on, and is usually confined to, the carpels of the boll, and only occasionally infects the lint. The new rot disease of the cotton-boll, on the contrary, originates within the boll, and does not make itself visible, as a rule, until the entire or nearly entire contents of the boll has become involved and decayed, when the carj^els may become affected and show signs of decay in places. The cotton-boll rot is caused by a bacterium. Bacillus gossypina, Stedman, and first appears as a small black or dark brown area on some of the young and developing seed and lint inside the boll near the petiole. This area gradu- ally enlarges and causes the affected parts of the seed and * See Bull. No. 41, On "Some Diseases of Cotton," by G. F. Atkinson p. 40. 8 lint to decay or rot, and ultimately spreads so as to involve all the seed and lint within the boll, and may then even affect portions of the carpels. Figure 2 shows a diseased boll cut open, the seed and lint being affected. If the boll becomes diseased early in its growth, say four weeks before it is ripe, the disease will cause the entire boll to rot before the carpels can open at all. If, however, the disease ap- pears later, when the boll is full size or nearly so, and the seed and lint nearly developed, the carpels may open or separ- ate slightly at the tips, and thus admit the small sap-beetles that will enter and feed upon and breed . in the decaying contents of the boll, and thus help to diseutegrate it. Saprophytic and other fungi finding here a suitable pabu- lum may now appear and infest the decaying boll. Of course these diseased bolls can never mature lint or seed. Should the disease appear still later when the boll has partially ojjened, or is nearly ready to open, the rot may affect only a few seed and a small portion of the lint before the boll opens and dries. In this case the boll would ap- pear nearly normal and a large portion of the lint and seed would be perfect, especially that exposed to view, while that nearest the petiole would be affected. This is really the most serious condition so far as the cotton growers at large are concerned, since it is probably here that the great dan- ger of spreading the disease to unaffected areas is to be found. In the other cases the contents of the boll is either wholly or more or less destroyed, and the boll fails to mature or develop lint ; and if it opens it is but slight, and the boll is known to be diseased or imperfect and is never picked. But when the disease is so slight as to allow picking, the effected seed and lint is mixed unconsciously and taken to the gin, where the seed becomes mixed with seed from un- affected district ; and thus all the seed that passes through the gin is liable to be infested with the germs of the rot disease, and finally to become distributed to distant parts of the country. Too great a precaution in regard to this method of spreading the disease can not be taken. The cause of the disease has been shown to be a micro-organism (bacteria) of extreme minuteness, and one that is found in innum- erable numbers in the diseased tissues ; and since the presence of a sinsjle one of these bacteria may cause the disease, we should guard against dangers of contamination. Although it has never been demonstrated, yet it seems probable that the bacteria present in the diseased seed, lint and carpels, after they fall to the ground and become disen- tegrated, are elibtrated and find their way to the roots of the cotton plant which they enter, and pass up through the pliant to the V)olls, inside of which they find conditious suit- able for their development. Or the seed may lie unaffected but the lint left attached to it may contain the bacteria which would thus be in close connection with the young- cotton plant when it germinates, and then could find its way into the roots. And it also seems very probable that those seed which are affected with the bacteria, but not in suffi- cient quantities to prevent their germination, may produce young plants with the rot bacteria already within their tissues (seed leaves), and thus these bacteria may then easily find their way into the bolls when they appear. But it seems to me even more probable that the bacteria are carried by the wind or insects from the soil to the flowers, where they remain attached to the moist and viscid stigma or in the nectar ; and that they not only thus readily find their way into the young and developing bolls, but that they even multiply in the nectar or on the stigma; and that the insects which visit the flowers are thus contaminated and inoculate other flowers. This seems even more probable since we know of certain other bacterial diseases of plants, as pear blight, that is thus carried from one tree to another, and from one flower to another on the same tree. This exjDlau- ation of the spread of the disease helps us over one diffi- culty, namely, the fact that the disease is principally con- fined tp the middle and top crop. For if the bacteria are in the young cotton plant before the bolls are formed, one would expect the first or lower crop to be equally affected. If the bacteria enter hj way of the flowers, we could ex- plain the scarcity of the disease in the lower or first crop of bolls by the supposition, that the insect which carries the disease from one flower to another does not appear until 10 the flowers of the middle crop are beginning to open. The lower crop would have simply the wind to introduce the disease, while the middle and top crop would have in addition the greater agency,- insects. An effort will be made this summer to determine whether or not the bacteria do normally enter the bolls through the flower, and also to de- termine the insects which carry the disease from one flower to another. Experiments are now being conducted to de- termine the truth of the other four supposed methods of the distribution and entrance of the bacteria into the inte- rior of the cotton-bolls. So far as my observations and experiments are concerned, I have never been able to induce the rot bacteria to develop the disease or cause pathological disturbances in any part of the cotton plant other than the interior of the bolls* although they will live and even multiply to a slight extent within the tissues of the other parts of the plant. All the facts in the case go to show that the cotton plants naturally become afiected either by the rot bacteria entering the roots from the soil, or that the plants begin their ex- istence as affected ones by the bacteria having entered the cotyledons (seed leaves) of the seed while still within the boll, or that the bacteria are carried by the wind or insects from the soil to the flowers, and from one flower to another, and enter the bolls in this way. It hardly seems probable that the bacteria coald be blown by the wind or carried b}^ other agencies upon the surface of the cotton-bolls and enter by that route, since the rot disease always makes its first appearance as a small diseased area of the seed and lint in- side the boll near the petiole, and only later involves the carpels, and makes itself apparent on the exterior. Never- theless, the bacteria may enter in this way and migrate to the seeds, for we have no definite proof to the contrary. The rot disease seems to be principally confined to the middle and top crop, and makes itself manifest to the ordi- nary observer about the first of August. It is usually pretty evenly distributed over a field, and as yet is not as trouble- some to river plantations as to high lands. That this rot disease is a very important one can be seen from the fact 11 that it is damaging the cotton crop to the extent of 35% in certain parts of the State, and is on the increase and spread- ing. Mr. A. W. Bryant writes me that he has counted as many as nineteen diseased bolls on one stalk, and there were no doubt many more that were not diseased enough to appear on the exterior. As regards the remedies and precautions to be taken in fighting this disease, it will be readily understood from the nature of the disease as above described, that the remedy must be a preventive one ; and that we can not resort to any thing like spraying the plants with a fungicide or other chemicals, since we would kill the plants before the seat of the disease could be reached. We can then do nothing to- wards curing a boll once diseased, but we may help the cotton plant as a whole, and lessen the chances of having other bolls diseased, if we will remove the diseased bolls. But since the bacteria in the diseased tissues are not readily killed by such natural means as cold of winter or heat of summer, drying or becoming wet, nor by the decaying of the tissues in which they are found, but are simply eliber- ated and thus allowed to work through the soil to infest other cotton plants, we must, therefore, carefully preserve the diseased bolls and burn them, and not allow one to fall to the ground and remain there. If the diseased bolls are not picked and burned, but are simply allowed to remain on the cotton plant, they will sooner or later fall to the ground, and thus distribute millions of new bacteria in the soil, and rapidly increase the chances of having diseased bolls next season. It will not answer to leave the diseased bolls on the stalk after the cotton is picked, since the rain will wash the decayed and affected interior of the bolls out, and distribute it upon the soil. The diseased cotton- bolls should all be picked off and burned just as soon as discovered, or at least during the first picking of the lint, and ever afterwards as discovered. It is a simple matter to carry a second bag in connection with the one used in picking lint, and to place in the second bag all diseased bolls as discovered, and to put them into small heaps and burn them. By this means the rot disease 12 can be greatly lessened. Of course all cotton that appears to be imperfect in the boll should be glanced at, to see that it is not diseased farther in the boll, before it is placed with the good lint, otherwise diseased seeds will find their way to the gin and be distributed and planted. When the cotton field is badly affected with the cotton- boll rot disease, it would be advisable to plant some other crop there for two years, and to use other fields previously occupied by a different crop for the raising of cotton. In this way the bacteria in question might be gotton rid of. We may sum up briefly as follows : a. The cotton-hoU rot. disease is caused by a bacterium {Bacillus gossypina, Stedman) which works within the boll, causing its contents (seed and lint) to decay And since the bacteria are inside the tissues, it would be unless to spray the plant with any chemicals at present known, since we would kill the plant before the diseased region could be. reached. h. The disease is multiplied in and carried from one crop of cotton to another, and also to unaffected areas, by means of the diseased tissues, with probably the help of the wind and insects. c. The bacteria may possibly enter the cotton plant from the soil, through the roots, although it is possible they may enter through the epidermis of the boll ; but more probably they were already in the seed-leaves of the seed^ or enter the bolls from the flower. d. All diseased cotton-bolls should be picked off and burned just as soon as discovered, or at least while the lint is being gathered, and the field gone over again immediately after the last picking of the lint. e. Cotton seed coming from a gin known to have ginned cotton from an affected district should not be planted in un- affected districts. ^H^^HI^I ^^1!^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^K^^^^^^^^^^l ^m,^vv;v.;^t,.^-?. ^■^^ife^ ^^^F '^ ':J' ^Hv^ ^^m^ ^■f;"''? ^^m ^^^m ^m ^^n% ^ '^in ^0 c? ■'■.:' ^^^^^L o^' r< *^^^^^^^^^^P ^^B^ r ^^^^^^^^^^^^^1 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ' ^jjv^^ ■HII^HiHHI ^^^^^jJ^^^ ^/Vl. J>f/rr>,v, ^g/ Bulletin I>lo. 50, : : May, 18»4. Agricultural Experiment Station -OP THE- Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN, : : ALABAMA. Experiments in Crossing for ttie Purpose of Improving the Cotton Fiber. P.H. MELL, Botanist, 'The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. I. F. Culver Union Springs. J. G. Gilchrist Hope Hull. H. Clay Armstrong Auburn. ■BOJ^l^lD OF IDIE-EJCTIOlsr. Wm. LkRoy Broun President. A. J. BoNDURANT Agriculturist. B. B. Ross Chemist. P. H. Mell Botanist and Meteorologist. J. M. Stkdman Biologist, C. A. Cary, D. V. M Veterinarian. ASSISTANTS: J. T. Anderson First Assistant Chemist. R. E. Noble Second Assistant Chemist. C. L. Hare Third Assistant Chemist. R. L. BiviNS Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. T U. Culver Superintendent of Farm. INXRODTJCXION. lu as much as this bulletin is prepared largely for the benefit of the farmer, who is but little versed in botanical literature, scientific terms have been carefully avoided where simple language will intelligibly convey the information de- sired without destroying scientific accuracy. There are also some remarks presented on the subject of plant growth, with which all botanists are familiar; but it is deemed best to submit them in this connection in order to make the topic under discussion more clear to the farmer, and, therefore, no other apology is necessary for reprinting these well known principles of botanical knowledge. The author of this bulletin makes no claim to new dis- coveries ; and, although problems have been presented for solution, little more than an introduction to future investi- gations on the subject under consideration, has been at- tempted. The effort has been made to give an intelligent account of how the cotton plant might be developed so as to force it to yield the planter the greatest remuneration for his labor. Nature has been carefully followed, as far as her works have been understood, and all theories have been eliminated. The bulletin is intended to be one of facts and not of theories. The conclusions submitted are based on the results of in- vestigations extending over a period of three years. Several hundred crosses were successfully made, and the develop- ments from year to year carefully watched and studied. A large amount of microscopic work was required to deter- mine the transformation of the fiber. The following represent the so-called varieties used in the experiments : Allen's long staple, Bailey, Barnett, Cherry's cluster, W. A. Cook, J. C. Cook, Dixon, Gold Dust, Hawkins' improved. Herlong, Huimicutt, Jones' improved, Jones' long staple, Keith, T. J. King, Okra leaf, Peeler, Peerless, Peterkin, Petit Gulf, Barneses, Bust proof, Storm proof, Southern Hope, Truitt, Welborn's Pet, Wonderful, Zellner. The following species, included in the table of results, were also planted the past season to acclimate them for future experiments : Two Egyptian types, ''Mit-Affi,'' and " Bamiehf' Nankin; Sea Island. The name, " Mit-Afifi," is derived from a village in Egypt, near which place a Greek merchant first discov- ered this variety of cotton. The form closely resembles the Sea Island in many particulars, although it is distinct enough to be determined a separate species. This cotton is very highly thought of by the Egyptian planters and is ex- tensively cultivated by them. The staple has a light brown tinge and is long and moderately strong. The seed are black, and, with the exception of a bluish tuft at the ex- tremity, they are smooth. The plants grew on the college farm at Auburn, Alabama, to the height of twelve feet. The leaves are large, three to five lobed and dark green in color. The stem is more or less branched with three or four bolls at each joint of the branch. The bolls are small, slender and pointed, and divided into three cells or carpels. The flowers are bright yellow with a red spot at the base of each of the five petals. This plant seems to be a variety of Gossypium Braziliense. The "Bamieh" is about as. valua- ble as the Afifi in the development and strength of the fiber. The plant is tall, reaching a height of ten feet. The leaves are dark green with red veins, very large and five lobed. The bolls grow on slender stalks, six inches in length, at- tached to the main stem. There are no limbs. The divi- sions of the bolls are three, and, in some cases, four in number. The involucre is very prominent, almost covering the boll. The flowers are bright yellow with a red spot at the base of each of the five petals. Cotton caterpillars re- fuse to attack these plants, although all the ordinary plants around them were stripped of their leaves. THE I'LAX OF THE CDTTON FEOWER AND THE ITHOD ADOPTED BY MTITIE FOP, i\TI'RI.\(; THE SEED. In eutering upon the prosecution of any work we must first have an adequate conception of the nature of the ob- ject upon which we propose to experiment. Few people, who cultivate the cotton, can give an intelligent description of the plant and the methods used by it for maturing its seeds. Not many persons understand that the fiber consists of elongated cells growing from the outer surface of the seed-coat. Yet these very parties are amazed when they fail to make the plant accomplish what is so readily secured under the management of a more intelligent and careful agriculturist — the farmer who studies all the peculiarities of the plant, watching each development as it is unfolded under the guidance of natural laws. To the observant man it may be unnecessary to say that the best developed flower on the healthiest plant will produce the best staple. It is not the fast growing plant, greatly multiplied in leaf and wood surface, that is apt to produce the best matured flow- ers and bolls. The food necessarj' for all the demands of a healthy flower must come to it unstinted. If it is diverted from its flow by the demands of rapidly growing leaves and wood the generative organs must sufler, and this deficiency of food may cause the flower to wither and fall off — at least it will dwarf the organs and result in immature bolls. Before proceeding to discuss the results of the experi- ments secured in the cross-fertilization of the cotton it may be best to describe the construction of the flower for the Tlj beuefit of some of my readers who are noCwell acquainted with the working of this organ. This knowledge is necessary to a correct understanding of the ex- periments, the results of which are given in this bulletin. The flower consists of five separate sets of organs. 1. An outside green circle of three leaves, called in- volucre (see a fig. 1), the leaflets of which are united and heartshaped at the base, deeply in- cised, and remain in contact with the boll during its entire growth. The peculiar shape of these forms gives the name "square" to the young buds. 2. An inner circle of cup shaped leaves, obtusely five toothed, called calyx, the divisions of which are termed sepals. These forms are not visible in the fig. 3. Just in- side the calyx cup is another circle of leaves called corolla, divided into five petals (see b fig. 1). The petals are gener- ally of a delicate cream color when they first unfold from the bud, but in a few hours they change to deep red, after which they wither and fall ofi'. These outside circles of leaves are termed the non-essential organs, because they simply serve a secondary purpose in the development of the seed — they are in fact the protecting organs for the delicate germ. 4. The next set of organs is called stamens; they are found crowded in large numbers around, and growing upon, the pistil (see a fig. 2). These stamens produce the male function, called pollen, Avhicli has the appearance, to the un- assisted eye, of a mass of fine yellow powder. A grain has been greatly enlarged in fig. 3. Without the presence of etiAj-W'U j>»' this pollen the seed cannot 'J a. oea I3L CL\-H tlie stigma or female organ. A cotton pol- len grain is a sphere covered with two coatings, PolL£n Q Cottd be produced. 5. The pistil (bd|fig. 2), is the female organ, and there are three to five in each flower, united and tvv^ist- ed around each other. The pistil consists of three parts: (1) stigma h, to which the pol- len is first attached after it leaves the stamens; (2) the style, a slender shaft separa- ting the stigma from the (3) ovary d. The ovary, after fertilization with pollen, forms the boll in which the seed and fiber are found. Now a few words as to the action' of the pollen grains after they find lodgment on or thin membran- e 8 , inside of which is a mass of matter (A fig. 3), that carries the male prin- ciple. The coat, P, has 4 ^h ?. M.M«ii »»»• 8 a number of circular openiugs closed by lids, L, L', L", R, underueatli whicli the inner membrane, S, is thickened. When the flower opens in early morning the pistil exudes a quantity of sticky fluid on and about the numerous fine hairs growing on the stigma, by means of which the pollen grains are caught when transported by the wind and in- sects. Very soon after the pollen lodges on the pistil, the lid, L fig. 3, is thrown aside by the growing of the inner membrane coat, S, into a tube. This tube pushes its way between the tissues of the stigma down the style and into the ovary at d fig. 2, where the end of the tube opens and the female germ becomes fertilized, thus producing the seed. The most remarkable fact in regard to this matter is the rapid growth of the pollen tube in such a short time, be- cause the work must be accomplished in twenty-four hours. Shortly after the fertilization has taken place in the ovary, the j^etals, stamens and the upper portions of the pistil wither and fall off, leaving the ovary and its surrounding involucre leaves. This ovary, as has been al- ready stated, is the young boll containing the rapidly growing seeds with their fiber coatings. A section of a half grown boll is given in fig. 4. This is a longitudinal section showing seeds at oo, and the cells (or car- 2oels) FF which will be filled with the staple when the boll is com- plete in its growth. SS represent the ca- lyx. The involucre -•^-■F 7>.H.Mt.U l>cl . is not shown in the drawing. 9 Fig. 5 is a cross section of the seed exhibiting the young germ or plant at a : the food stored up for its use at h ; and the fiber d grow- ing from the out- er surface of the seed coat c. When the germ a begins to enhxrge under the influence of the moisture of the soil and the invigorating power of the sun's rays, it bre aks the coat or "hull" c and starts with its leaves towards the light. In this young stage of its growth it lives upon the delicate food prepared and' stored up by its parent plant at h. When this food is exhausted the young plant is old enough to take care of itself and drink in through its roots and assimilate the food materials from the soil in which it is growing. It will be readily understood from the foregoing how im- portant it is to have pollen grains of the best character and a well developed pistil, if we expect to secure high grade fiber. Inferior plants cannot produce healthy organs and superior seed, any more than inferior grades of stock can produce fine blooded cows and horses. So little attention is paid to this subject by planters generally no comparative estimate can be made on the results after the seed are planted. The farmer does not know whether the seed came from first-class plants or not ; whether they are good, bad or indifferent. No attempt is made to select the seed, but good, bad and worthless are planted in the drill together. When the plants are ready to bloom the inferior as well as 10 the superior individuals are permitted to grow side by side, while the insects and winds are busy blending the two together by means of the transmitted pollen, and, of course, the healthy plants suffer to the advantage of the inferior forms. The seed thus produced become greatly deteriora- ted in the course of a few years, and the farmer is ready to heap denunciations on the head of the man from whom he bought the improved seed a few years before, at a high price. It does not pay to cultivate inferior grades of cotton in the neighboring fields where improved cotton is growing. Insects will soon transmit pollen from one grade to the other so as to cause the fine seed to greatly lose its vitality and superior qualities, and soon cause it to retrograde to the original inferior stock from which it had been improved. An intelligent, observant man, standing in a cotton field during a bright, warm morning, in July or August, will notice humming birds and many insects busy flying from flower to flower sucking the nectar for food. A close exam- ination of the bodies of these insects will disclose the fact that over th'em is scattered quantities of pollen. When the insect crowds down into the corolla cup to reach the nectar at its base, the pollen on its body is attached to the stigma and fertilization is accomplished. Now if the insect has visited the flowers of inferior grades of cotton before reach- ing the improved flower, the inferior pollen will have a chance to put in its effects on the germ of the improved cot- ton. All seed should be carefnlly selected each season ; and in- ferior plants noted in the field should he rooted out before they begin to bloom. With these facts concerning the development of the flower well understood we are prepared to enter upon the discus- sion of the results secured from the experiments in crossing. METHODS ADOPTED IN THE FIELD FOR PEODUCING THE CROSSING. The term "crossing" in botany signifies the blending of two varieties of the same species by transmitting the pollen of the flower of one form to the pistil of the other. In this 11 manner tlie peculiar properties of botli varieties are united in a new offspring, and results of special advantage are often secured. In the experiments conducted at Auburn the "W. A. Cook" and "Peerless" varieties were selected to carry the female function, because these plants had distinctive and desirable features which were strongly marked ; and a stable basis was thus offered upon which to develop the future improved bolls. Having succeeded in raising strong and healthy plants of all the varieties mentioned in another part of this bulletin, a number of flowers on the best plants of the W. A. Cook and Peerless were prepared in the following manner, on an evening just before sundown, when there was no indication of rain for at least forty-eight hours : The buds on the most mature limbs were selected, the petals of which Avould fully expand during the early hours of the next morning, and by means of small scissors these petals {b fig. 1) were cut off' just above their bases, thus ex- posing the stamens and pistils fully to view. The stamens (a fig. 2) were then carefully removed by means of a pair of forceps, without bruising the pistil. Thus denuded of all male organs the pistil was covered with a thin paper bag, as a protection against the wind and insects, and left until next morning by which time it was fully developed with all its functions ready for the reception of the pollen. A healthy flower from a plant of another variety was plucked next morning and carried to the flower prepared the after- noon before, and, by means of a small soft brush, the pollen was dusted on the stigma [b fig. 2) of the pistil. The bag was replaced and carefully fastened around the limb so as to prevent any possibility of pollen from any other source being introduced upon the pistil. A tag, properly labeled, was suspended at the base of the flower for future reference. After two or three days this bag was taken off and the new boll left to grow under the influence of the sun's rays. Many hundreds of these bolls were grown, the fiber gath- 12 ered and the seed carefully selected and planted the follow- ing season. The seeds were again gathered, carefully selected and planted the third season. The fiber of the last planting was then subjected to the most rigid examination under the microscope and submitted to severe tests to de- termine its valuable and weak properties. The strands of fiber, as already stated, are elongated tubes growing from the outer surface of the seed coat. In their young state they are filled with a fluid, but as maturity ad- vances this fluid disappears, the walls of the tube col- lapse, and a twisted form is assumed which is more and more complete as the development of the tube approaches perfection. The value of the staple is largely controlled by the degree of this twist ; and this property also enables the spinner to manipulate the fiber to the best advantage. Now, in as much as the fiber is a portion of the seed coat, the full and perfect maturity of the seed will also produce in the staple a complete twist and maximum degree of strength. The plant, therefore, in all its stages should be closely watched and carefully studied in order to fully un- derstand its peculiar properties — what characteristics are desirable and what are objectionable. Two varieties of the same species, well understood, should be blended, in the manner alread}^ indicated, so as to intensify the desirable traits and greatly diminish the inferior qualities. For in- stance, if the male organ on one plant matures fine grades of pollen, and the female organ is healthy and well devel- oped on the other, the blending of the two will tend to im- prove the resulting form. A careful selection of the seed, planting only the best, will still further aid in producing superior results. In conducting the experiments at Auburn special import- ance has been placed on eliminating all objectionable and Aveak forms, as progress is made, and in intensifying the strong features until the best types are firmly established. The fact has been borne in mind at all times that no satis- factory results could be secured from this work unless the 13 plants under investigation were cultivated far removed from inferior grades of cotton. SOME OP THE PROBLEMS TO BE SOL\TID. 1. Are all the so-called " varieties " of cotton grown in the South entitled to separate names ? 2. How many species of the Gossypium are cultivated in the cotton-belt? Are the upland forms — so-called "Upland Cotton" — true species or are tlie}^ hybrids, the product ol blending two or more distinct species during the long period of years in which the cotton has been cultivated in the South? 3. In "improving" the cotton plant is the fiber strength- ened and developed, or is there simply an increase in the size of the plant to the detriment of the fiber? Is it not often the case that the fiber is weakened and damaged by forcing the plant, as we sometimes notice is the case when certain forms of fruits are forced to ripen earlier than the usual period, causing the outside coating to mature before the inferior is thoroughly developed? 4. At what stage of growth of the boll does the fiber at- tain its full development ? 5. What are the properties of a well formed cotton fiber ? Some of these problems are not yet fully answered by the results so far secured, but valuable information has been obtained on all the questions propounded, and, in some in- stances, decided answers will be rendered. 1. Are all the "so-called" varieties entitled to separate names? This question seems to be answered in the following classification of these "varieties." (1) Short staple forms, under 1.2 inches : Bailey, Barnett, Cherry's cluster, J, C. Cook, Dixon, Gold dust, Hawkins' improved, Herlong, Hunnicutt, Jones' im- proved, Keith, King, Okra leaf. Peeler, Peerless, Peterkin, Petit gulf, Bust proof, Rameses, Southern hope, Storm proof, Truitt, Welborn's pet, Zellner. 14 (2) Long staple, 1.3 inclies and above : Allen's long staple, W. A. Cook, Jones' long staple, Won- derful. (3) Prolific forms : Allen's long staple, Bailey, Barnett, Cherry's cluster, W. A. Cook, Dixon, Gold dust, Hawkins' improved, Herlong, Hunnicutt, Jones' improved, Keith, King, Okra leaf, Peer- less, Truitt, Welborn's pet, Wonderful. (4) Non-prolific : J, C. Cook, Jones' long staple, Peeler, Peterkin, Petit gulf. Storm proof. Southern hope, Zellner, (5) Those forms which have leaves alike : Allen's long staple. Cherry's cluster, Dixon, Jones' im- proved, Jones' long staple. Gold dust, Hunnicutt, Keith, King, Peeler, Truitt, Wonderful, Zellner. (Three to five lobed leaves.) W. A. Cook, Hawkins' improved. Peerless, Petit gulf, Southern hope. Storm proof, Welborn's pet. (Four to five lobed leaves.) (6) Long limbed forms : Allen's long staple, J. C. Cook, Gold dust, Herlong, Hun- nicutt, Jones' long staple. King, Peeler, Peerless, Peterkin, Petit gulf, Eameses, Southern hope, Truitt, Wonderful, Zellner. (7) Short limbed forms : Bailey, Barnett, Cherry's cluster, W. A. Cook, Dixon, Hawkins' improved, Jones' improved, Keith, Okra leaf, Storm proof, Welborn's pet. (8) Clustered varieties : Cherry's cluster, Herlong, Peerless, Welborn's pet. (9) Large boll varieties : Allen's long staple, W. A. Cook, Hawkins' improved, Hun- nicutt, Jones' long staple, Wonderful. (10) Medium and small varieties : Bailey, Barnett, Cherry's cluster, J. C. Cook, Dixon, Gold dust, Herlong, Jones' improved, Keith, King, Okra leaf, Peeler, Peerless, Peterkin, Petit gulf, Eameses, Southern hope, Storm proof, Truitt, Welborn's pet, Zellner. 15 (11) Tlie dark, smooth seed forms : Bailey. (12) The furry, dark and small seed forms : J. C. Cook, Petit gulf. (13) The large light brown, furry seed forms : Allen's long staple, W. A. Cook, Gold dust, Hawkins' im- proved, Huunicutt, Jones' long staple, Keith, King, Peeler, Peerless, Peterkin, Rameses, Southern hope, Storm proof, Truitt, Welborn's pet. Wonderful, Zellner. (14) The small, light brown, furry seed forms : Barnett, Cherry's cluster, Dixon, Herlong, Jones' im- proved, Okra leaf. Selecting from the above classification those forms which have features alike, we may rearrange our plants into the following seven groups : 1. Allen's long staple, W. A. Cook, Huunicutt, Jones' long staple. Wonderful. 2. Bailey, Okra leaf. 3. Cherry's cluster, Herlong, Peerless, Welborn's pet. 4. J. C. Cook. 5. Barnett, Dixon, Hawkins' improved, Jones' improved, Keith, King, Rameses, Truitt. 6. Gold dust. 7. Peterkin, Peeler, Petit gulf. Storm proof, Southern hope, Zellner. It may not be far wrong to assert that each of the many so-called varieties now on the market belong to one of these groups ; and, in a number of instances, coming under the observation of the writer, the "new cotton" has no right to a new name, but is only an improved production of seed un- der an excellent system of cultivation and selection from year to year. The second problem in our investigations, viz.: How many species of the gossypium are cultivated in the cotton belt, &c,, is quite difficult to solve with the present data at hand. We may say, however, that indications point to the presence of the following species at least : 16 Gossypkim herhaceum, L. ; gossypium roseum, Tod; gossyp- ium nankin, Mey ; gossypium Mexiccmum, Tod; gossypium maritimuin, To I; gossypium hirsutum, Mill; gossypium har- hadense, Linn. Some of these have been blended and in- tercrossed to such a degree as to almost conceal the distinctive features of each spe- cies. There is strong reason to suppose that the "upland cotton" is a hybrid produced by blending the proper- ties of several species, under the cultivation of a long series of years. For instance the Bailey and Okra leaf varieties seem to be the oifsprings from the gossypium mar it i Ilium Tod, and g. roseum Tod. They have the Sea Island properties in the small black, smooth seed, the long fiber and the deep lobing of the leaves. Cherry's cluster, and other forms like it, have properties resem- bling gossypium Wigldi- anum Tod, g. 3Iexicanum Tod, and g. maritimum Tod. Cotton has been cultivated in the South for such a long period, and seed from so many , different sources have been planted in such near localities to each other, every opportu- e-c-rj s C ilcale r -C , JhijL.^^ fiAii^ 17 nity lias been preseuted for favorable hybridizing, and in the repeated replant- ing of these seed year after year, the types have been well estab- lished. It becomes, therefore, a difficult problem to determine from what kind of species the individuals are derived. Investi- gations will be con- tinued on this line and it is hoped that future results will warrant a more decided answer to the problem. Figures 6, 7, 8, and 9, e.H-M.u xci siiow the forms of the J "M c -t - A f c K -^tr * leaves grown on the plants cultivated at Auburn 'for our experiments, and they also represent the number of sjDecies. It may not be far wrong to say that they also give us the majority, if not all, the types grown in the South. If this position is cor- rect these leaves will be of some interest in enabling us to answer the problem concern- ing the number of species now found in the cotton belt. jjj^jy^it^jt^L P^9 18 In a future bulletin this subject of the identification of the cotton will be more fully and definitely treated. 3. In improving the cotton plant is the fiber strengthened and developed, or is there simply an increase in the size of the plant to the detriment of the fiber ? The experiments seem to give an unmistakable answer to this question. It was only on those plants which were large, strong and healthy that the best condition of the fiber was secured. But, this being true, it was noticed on the other hand, that on those plants where there was a very rapid growth of wood-limbs and leaves there was a diminu- tion in the number of flowers. This was caused, no doubt, by the great draft on the suj)ply of sap to satisfy the de- mand of these growing parts. All things being equal, therefore, it is safe to say that the best condition of the fiber will be secured by a steady, constant growth of the plant in all its parts. It should not be stunted or retarded for lack of proper fertilization and cultivation, but every demand should be met so that a vigorous growth will be secured in all the functions of the plant. Nature often needs assistance to enable her to do her best work, particu- larly in her attempt to accomplish healthy results in the poor soils so prevalent throughout the cotton belt. The plant must be fed with the same judicious care that the stockman bestows upon animals under his intelligent man- agemeut. It must be equally fed for wood-making, leaf de- velopment and seed maturity. And these ends can only be reached through painstaking care and observation of all stages of the plant growth and development. The experiments conducted at Auburn give conclusive evidence that the improvement of the cotton plant under the influence of the crossing processes does not deteriorate the fiber, but tends greatly towards making it superior in its properties. There was no efi'ort made to force the plant in its growth, but every inducement was offered it to perfect itself in all its functions. In the careful examinations made of the cotton stalk in the field it was noticed that on those 19 plants which were strong and vigorous from the start and grew slowly to large, well developed stalks the flowers were larger, brighter in color and the bolls were also well formed and healthy in looks. The resulting fiber, of course, under such conditions, was possessed of the best qualities. The twenty-eight best forms given in another part of this bulle- tin (page 21) were large, finely developed plants that were well fruited, and in all respects healthy and vigorous. The experiments are not yet far enough advanced to an- swer the fourth question, and it will, therefore, be deferred until progress will warrant the printing of another bulletin on this subject. 5. What are the properties of a ivell formed cotton fher ? and hoio near do the crossed forms in this bulletin apjjroach the perfect condition ? Experience has proven that the perfect staple must have — (1) Complete maturity throughout the entire length. (2) Uniform twist from end to end. (3) Uniform width in all parts. (4) Maximum length. (5) Purity in color. The table of results show that the crosses, in nearly every instance, have improved the condition of the cotton, and, in some individuals, remarkably so. The length of the fiber has been increased in numerous cases, and the strength almost doubled. It is true that the percentage of fiber is not as great as we would desire, but this is due to the in- creased size of the seed. Both female forms on which the crosses were made, are large seed varieties and the result- ing cross would naturally tend towards an increased size in the portion of the plant. Experiments may enable us to raise the percentage of the fiber after the seed-coat has been evolved into a stable, healthy condition. It may be noticed, however, that although the percentage of fiber in the crossed plants is smaller than that produced by the originals, still, the actual weight of the former is frequently nearly double that of the latter. 20 After a careful study of the tables iu this bulletin the fol- lowing plants have been selected because they seem to sus- tain in great measure the best traits of superior grades of fiber, viz., strength, maturity, length, twist and purity of color. These are named in the order of their superiority, and, in some cases, they show a remarkable degree of de- A^elopment from the original forms. For instance, the cross resulting from blending Barnett and Peerless, the first men- tioned in the list following, shows certain decided improve- ments that are interesting. The number of seed to each boll increased from 'il in Barnett and 42 in Peerless (or an average of 34.5) to 38 in the crossed plant. The increase in weight of seed is from 3.115 grammes iu Barnett, 3.217 grammes in Peerless to 4.866 grammes in the crossed plant, or a gain of 1.700 over the average results of the two orig- inals. In the case of the fiber the weight has increased over the original forms in the following manner : Barnett, 1.737 grammes; Peerless, 1.751 grammes, and the crossed plant, 2.244 grammes, or an increase of 0.500 of a gramme over the average results of the originals. These facts are quite interesting, because they show the possibility of won- derful results if the experiments of crossing are continued far enough to established these tendencies towards per- fected forms of development. If nothing else is gained than simply an increased length in the fiber with maturity in twist the results of the investigations will more than repay the amount of work and time, expended. The table on pages 22 and 23 was prepared to show more strikingly the decided improvement secured over the orig- inal varieties, and some most remarkable and interesting facts are sliOAvn in this comparison. The marked improve- ment in every instance establishes beyond doubt the im- portance of the experiments, the results of which are sub- mitted in this bulletin. 21 a; lent, lent, lent. lent, good, lent, lent. good, good, lent. good, good, lent. lent, lent. lent. good, good. J3 bjD > oi a> aJTi o) p>jaj oitJ >->>>a)'0'T3 >3>ja)'T3'0 o/ 0)^3 (U'^J'^'S >%>-. © e- OOOOfijOWOt^lHOOO^jl-yOOOOOWOOOt^tH •1.3 Dj xxixoxdJi^xoaiaiXOoiDajMOOXKOXCOO aj.o) to P3 HWHOW>-WWO>>WCO>^HOOWWOW'^00>- 54-t 02 O 5D ^ CO a: O O ^ C-) O CO ■M 05 Tl -f -Ti ^ O CO -M M ri -ti rM C>1 (N 't^ -t< 0 ;h ^H^^^^^^T-^.-Hi-Hi-H<^rHi— (C!^i-Hi— (i— li-H^Hl-H^Hi-HrHi-Hi— Hl-HrHi— (i-Ht— 1 5 <* Eh +o'd'T3 'O 4J 4J .2 a> 73 '^ ' -u t3 *.: ^Jri ^-/ si c o o 0 c c 0 0 : c 0 c c 0 0 • s-s M 0) o o 0 CU O) 00 . aj 0 03 (D p 0 : a C3 t3 t-iOi OJ'dT^ fr-iOJ'^i ac be . ^ >> t-j-d "3 TJ t3 -.be • BO . 0) os'O'a t-jTJ a> c e3 < «t?t-oot-ooocfc.oo;-t-ot'00uyoc;ijoo^o S xa)ooa;>>oo>wwoo>wc:5;>>C3WOo>wow>oo>o -•- s OS t^-*Q0'*iOS00«O'*iX)lCO5>C — OSCMCCTir^C-OCira^Olt--— HCD12 J Ol Cl C^l T-l rH O O — 1 f-H ^ .-1 -H ^ o o o o o o o o o o . ,1 J 1 _^ 1 _^ —^ —^ — «j _^ — ^ __| —^ — ^ _H ^H f— H 1-^ i-H ^H T^ T~H i~H i~H i~H r*H ^^ ^H 2 a; fH ^^^ T*"^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^1 ^^^ r 1 f 1 T 1 1 \ r \ r T 1 1 r J T 1 ■ 1 I 1 1 1 t»ii'i'"ii''i "S CO fin H 0 .S bc to "-a PI to be •fH ^ c QQ =fl o f^^ iJ-»* h-^ -- J2 w ^ H ^5 o t3 sj o 3 bO ;h -, "^ 01 ^ S 0 O . CO .^j CO 01 s o s J3 ID 1 -1 ^~^ o S3 oo a c r2 a; t^ a. o5 1 7^ Ph Ji CO CO a> f— . Ch C= ^ C 03 §.2 ^ 0 • n to 35 CO to to ^ S-Sti^ toPn CO c to 0 2^ r/3 C ® Is -(J QQ 5 to oi CO a> -—I to "—I c^Sc CO Ij S CO --. 0 0 iio(^ OQ . Cr-H W ai O ri, ti O) ^H 0) a- *- c 0 2 0 C ^ c to a; u 0) .2 S 4^ u r. M CO '^-' o 0) 1 °gco3^gct:^°t:F°'«=^t:°o2§§^«>.So«oo -ss 0) bC H.5 a * * a* (MO-^«3coaO'+0 rt © W5 X tH ■* pUH.qS 8UO as • • • 151 l-H • • • © (N © Sin>I'B8.Tqjoj T-( rH rH rH rH 1-1 r-l UIBJ^S 'llll^ saiuui'eaS ui OS 00 05 0 ^ *1 t- i^ © © ■«* 1-1 <* . pU-BJ^JS 8UO • 10 • • ■«ti cd • • • ^ ffO i«!tH CO o Suiij'Bajq.TOj 1— 1 ^H l-H 1—1 1— 1 rH iH UIBJ^S •Xt?]/\[ 4-i "^ -u 'C ^ T3 '^4.5 '^ '^ +3 ;> c o c 0 c 2 S « 2 2 c ■;s;mx jo (D O oi 0 =1 • -be 0 a> 00 (B &C;r5 . be bo ^ a* p>3 • • <^ >i t: a>T3 ^-tS t>3 ery xce ood air. ery ery air. xce J8?0BJT?q0 X 0) S3 X 0) 0 0 0 .d 0 ^ 0X0 Cj 0 OJ o CM 1— 1 CO pq W> feW> cu w 0 ^0> >&qO i^>> feH uijaqiiljo 151 O O O t-H O 1^ lO 0 0 X 1-- X 0 0 0 X 0 5t CO (51 0 i>. •* (5-1 aa^auiBtQ 0° 0 0 o^o^o^o^ ©^©°©^©°©^© •sai[aui 25^ e: 0 ^ Qc> aso©o©oot- 5?S§S2S§^ S 111 aaqi^ JO q^Siiaq^ rH^ O^r^-^ O'^'^^rH^©^ O-^^^r^^rt^ r^ tf Oi ■C CC S> (M 3D ^ -t^ CO :0 i^ «t (M U5 CO T-l CD ;C (» ai - w •;iiri Tt ^ i^ 10 ,_, iO -ij (M ^ -M -^ ^ /5I IC •p — 1 ^' (M ,^ CO -f 10 .,+ (M ^ O •ijuao aaj m^m"^ Jc^ce^se'^'*'^ (M=^M'^M'^Ce'^0?<^50 ■-t4rHC»»yicD;C"^i-'?«nrHCOi<5C^li>.-*.^-^QCCC?ccose ■paag ^#■1 "^ -t< "* x "+ © •^ X "^ '* '^ i"^ Zl © SS ©';;"+::;:! 'O SJ «o 2 »c CM •^uao jaj 2 "-o s^tf^' g«5^CO;5CD^, CD JCDJ^cT'jJcD^CO.jgCD^^ •*— 1 ^t^^^ i^roasOico-tHT-; ^•-. I-- iN'^©''5©l:^©t^i--l^©'0*lOx^-«iOi!j sauiuiB.iS f- S^S^ 2o|^&J^5^-?5 il^'jSg^o-^^-^ UI peag aAV ^^ m"^^-^ ^'^^'^^^^^ ^'«^'^^^i^«=^'^^ EH h^ •paag »« i« K5 lO ■«t! jaquin^ X fs, -+ r^ t^ CM 1^ CO © (M «! CI -t- (M ^1 CI ^ (M W 0 W fM l-H ^_l 95 ;zi cC'tije'MJ«^»5o5ce-^"»*-^"+i'*<"+'t■ cc "s r/T a — 1> ? -^ S — 0 « ^^ £ S Ph ^ ;n (d u a saaquin])^ T-l t- r- { IC i ■^ i la U3 23 (M i« r- ao »1 •* lO © - ec «M GC K» • • • • • • • • r^ as ^H «t o QC QO © 1H rH r^ 1-1 OO © US "Stl « » © 00 ^ e© (M JC St t>- (M oo lO (M »1 ?© K5 O© 4J-a ■— c — 5: • '■■^ 1*1 oi _ . ■r^ ■^'3 -a ^ o o J a, o o o ■*-— t>c . . be Cu >i'^ >i ■OTS >> >,'^'0 •~ O u O O t- ;h O O (h y. a> c --5 > >0'^ I O © r^ »-< I . O ^, CC ^ ( I © O Li I -t irr^ *, >©^^^>h'-0^«-^^--^^'='-'^© = ©^-n'=-i^---~--^^ .3 39.7 7 35.3 .8 35.2 ojoa3©ioo;ccs«.ieo:0!M nl 1^ £J *i r:J lyi "5 •« "{S (ji JO O l>. ^ X "M -+ bo X t-- -♦" 00 ojec^x-^so5s;so -^ I* "^ 1^ o y' ''^ se '^' © CO w* M M lO ,,-i !M co^*,co © ■91 00 CD Q0« o 1^ 00 ■51 CO i^ x-+«o-t. ^ ■F^ cc X '^ • ^ 00 '*«lO»i<-ti-£05i»it^j£C0i.,'^^'*(^'^«£0i.*'^»l0i-H'^tS0C'-»'t^»£'^»4— 1 fU IM fH -«3 C 0) bc > iMl*i/:)©(M^liMX(>)X.^See-l*'iM*9(N*l(M be OS 1) c SB ©• ' 6X) a > <1 := 9=:-^ -'? bCc be c3 > <1 at bc u > < 0^ 0^ 0^ (» so c^) *1 OJ '^ iM l^ CO be > 11 C '/; Ti => S 4.J 0) ►r a- o © " © ■ 0) be <1 cc . «« C "51 *1 l-H X X r>. » X l-H CD puiu:)S 8UO • • • a: c; ct • • • • X n3 CO SuiJiBajq.TOj UIB.TC>S •uii\[ 0 sauiait}.ig ui -+ l>- (M 00 t^ -f X 50 X X © •43 pUBJ^S 8UO Suijfijejq joj • • • -* M -+ • • • N as • N 1 rH 1-H ^^ rH l-H rH rH ui'B.i:)s xvyi 'O '^ t^ -M 'O ij" 'O -u 'C 4J -^ +3 00 •:- G 0 .S 0 c 0 c 0 C 0 •^SIMX JO 00 ^ 0; 0 c3 0 - bB a> 0 0) >i >J P-5 0^ >5 l>5'C >J '• "^ >> • OitS ^'X! >j "a; ja!jOB.iiiq(3 moi 1) X 0) CD 0 -> >wi> >o;^ fs^W^- feSO PhO>- W s.ia^aunjiiai i>. '^i C 0 OO-t^Otx-'tii-iO N iSI © 0 .ia58ui«}(j ^ 0 ^ 0 ^ 0 .^ 0 _ 0 ^o^d ^o^o^o^o © ^ •seqoui 0 1^ -t> 0 C f^ ^^ '^ S t^ -t« 00 t- f, t- © 0 0 0 C t- ^ Ph „ CC ^ C^) ,^ CO ^ (^3 ^-, CO - ^1 ,, CO X CC^ N "^ N <^ -+ OC 151 1— 1 ui aaqi J JO q^kua-q ^o^^^o^^^o rH-'r-l"= od^^^d^o rH H I- C^ JC ^ -5-1 =^ l-H 0 X IM X "* » '^5 K? l^ ■rH CO liS -t< rH CS lO pq •^ui'q JO ^i0i>.0i»ft'^95^0''^ jc<^'o!2 I-. 0= rH '^1 N "^ ft "^ -*< •:juao ja^j ;;co„cojgco|gcogco M^«=^ „co„io^co;, CO OS nued. THE tC0Dt--C0XC05iOC1<» l-^CO'5'lOO;©COCt'*'>*CDaSCO »« ■paag JO ;juao jaj ,1 CD ^ =0 2 CO 5 CD 2 CD •^ t^ ^ -t* 'M 0 X t~~ I>- t^ ^ ~f ^ CO ^ CO jj CO ^ CO us -S pq O^'ft^O^i^'^* — !>. C^ ?© I— ( -+* 5S ■* S "^ 2 5® '::! lO 0 •sauiuix?jS ^ X ;c 0 'J'l §-;s- N ^ .0 ;t °*^ ^ *^ f2 -iti '^ >* ' i-(5 ^ t~- "^ us uj !JU!T: lAV ■ 1 — 1 ■ — H • T-H • C^ 'l-H • (M • "-H • T-H _ ■ l^^ ^ ■ c>j • ^ 151 l-H «-! IN IN IN N rH N N rH N M t- 19 iM »* t^ » "^ X t^ Si 0 0 1- -* 0 O' !Ci N g? JC l^ © •saiuuiB.i8 g-§-;?-;;-s- ^^•A^^ ^ »jd r— 1— r^ i^ - ' :^ ^^ 1* X UI paay •:)Ai ^=^J0'^^^^'^^'^ ^^.) N 1-0 W irj rH_iJ©(M»»CO'OcM ■^ *r* 1-^ s«^ffl5eoee^"*iriie©-*'*Tpi*-^'+i-*'*-^eoc605-* «* i 0 5C P4 e^ « 0) bC V 1 a J a ) a > < a ) V a > > pc) 0 5R bC * &C • bC ® '^ w-'V-n'-v be 'i b c ^ m ;m i'' 4* 7! « 4, 0 4, OJ X > IS ^ K oi 4; a. ; § -^ ^ ^ 2 0 . p; 4< p Vi 4> J. ^^w^.^.^ „ ,^_^-^— , ^ 2 C ® "■ - * -*^ s 'p^ 0 >-H 1— i^O) ^ '-> ^^ -^ L,J -4-^ - """I 2 =« 0 a^ c3-;h c— *- --=.>■'- S = 0 D^-^ 01 * F" 0) IT a 0 a' 0) ra d ^ i. 0 tn , t^ •-5^ 5 ■(Ai9iq«x) CD t- 05 CO -H OS >r saaquin^ ■<* < t> ti CO t> ^ r- 4 25 St •* l* o o O .2 o *- o 53 o m o o sc . -co-o .• t-.'o ^ o o o .:; t< o o o o c8 a; o eS '^C:0 i^>0 ta OXt-OOr»-t) O ^ lO j; CM ',-i'='rN<='©' 5D CO I^J M t< X iC •• l^ y CI ^ lO •^ ^ CO ■M CO CO t, -fi «,• "M ^N t- ,^ «o U <» li ^ ^ ^ ,,*-=> :^ so I- as CO CO ^ t^ c; I- 91 C^ *1 oi 15^1 ^H *i CO ^X lO -+ CO k« CO 95 C © O 5; r- -ji O — Jl *1 *l ■ CI ^ • IM O i« lO 1(5 "^ 91 "^ 95 O lo^cDj; — ^--o;?^x jai 1 "51 Cl "^l (M 5* O '« (M M ■»» Tti Tt< ^ 95 CO *** -" t^ 5 'M 'y 1^ CM -i* -f -» ■» 03 > 35 bC > ^1 to > J ^^ o o Q (U — O) ^ © a- (D bC S3 s c 0) bC si ;-. t> cc 0^ ^ C 5? O 2iS a* o 4- O Oh CO o in '26 TABLE III. Characteeistic Features of Original Name of Cotton Allen's L'gSt'ple on Cook. . . on Peerless Bailey on Cook ... on Peerless Barnett on Cook. . . on Peerless Cherry's Cluster on Cook. . on I eerless W. A. Cook J. C. Cook* onW.A.Cook* on Peerless. . Dixon on Cook . . . on Peerless • Gold Dust on Cook . . . on Peerless Herlong on Cook . . . on Peerless Hawkins' Imp. on Cook . . . on Peerless Hunnicutt on Cook. . . on Peerless Jones' Improved on Cook. . . on Peerless Jones' L'g Staple on Cook. , . on Peerless Keith on Cook. . . on Peerless T. J. King on Cook . . . on Peerless Okra Leaf on Cook. . . on Peerless Peeler on Cook. . .| on Peerless Peerless on Cook. . .1 O G At Long. . . Long. . . Medium Medium Medium Long. Short. Medium Medium .Medium Long. . . Long. . Short. . . Long. Long. . . Short. . . Short.. . Long. . . Medium Long. Long. Long. Long. Long. Short. Short. Long . Long. Long. Long. Long. Short. Long. Long. Long. , +3 5 6 5.6 5.6 3 4.5 5. Tall.. 4.5 4. 4. 6.7 7. Tall. . 4 4.6 4.5 Short 6. 4 5 Short 5.6 4.5 4. 5.6 4. Tall.. 5.6 4.5 Tall. . 6.7 4.6 3. 3.4 4.5 Tall.. Long. . . Short. . . Long . . . Long . . . Long. . . Long. . . Long. . . Medium Long. . . Long. . . Average Long. . , Long. . 4.5 5. 6.S 3.4 3. 3.4 5.6 4. 0) =1-1 ►> o & '^ o 3. 3 3. 5 3.4 3 4 3. .4.5 3.5 3. 3. 5. 3.5 3 5 3.5 3 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 3.5 3. 3.5 3. 3 5 3.5 3.5 3. 3.5 3. 3. 3.5 O cs o-S ^ o -2 4-6 6-7 6-7 6-7 o 0) OQ 5-8 4-6-7 "5-9 6-7 3-6 8-10 Scatt'rd 7-12 4 7-8 5-7 4 6-8 5-6 7 5 3-4 5-8 5-7 5-6 6. Tall. . 4.5 6.7 4. 4.6 3 5 3.5 3. .4.5 4.5 3.5 10 3-4 5-6 5-7 5-7 3-4 5 3-5 Large . . . Medium. Large . . . Small.. . . Medium. Large . . . Medium .Medium Medium. Small.. . . Small.. .. Medium. Large . . . Small. . Large . . . Small. . . Small . . . Small.. . Small . . . Small . . . Medium. Medium Medium. Long. . . . Small . . Large. . . Large . . . Small . . . Large . . . Medium Large . . . Medium. Small. . . Small. . . Large. . . Medium. Medium . Large. . . Small. . . Small.. . Small. . . Medium. Small. . . o Pointed Pointed Pointed Round Pointed Pointed Round Pointed Round Round Pointed Pointed Tapering Round Tapering Round Round Tapering Round Round Tapr'ng round Round Round Tapering Tapering Round Tapering Round Pointed Tapering Pointed Round Round Round . Pointed Small Medium Small Large Small Large it small Tapering Round Tapr'ng round Round Round Tapering Tapering Tapering Round Tapering Tapering Tapering Round Tapr'ng round *This type is probably a hybrid from a blending of the G. nanl-ittg or sanguineum on the upland types. The color of stalk and smooth, black seed indicate G, nanking or sanguineum and shape of leaves, bolls, etc., the upland type. tFiber adheres tenaciously to the boll rendering it troublesome to pick. 27 TABLE III— Coutinued. Plants and the Crosses Produced. o t3 CC OJ ••M Q) S2 OD CM o o. O — < o o Oh? r— t o Cm Q Prolific. Prolific. . I'rolific . Prolific. . Prolific . Prolific. . Prolific . Prolific. . Prolific . Prolific . Prolific. . . Prolific ... Prolific. . . . Non-prolific Average . Prolific .... I'rolific. . . . Prolific .... Non-prolific Mod. Pr'liiic Prolific. . . . Prolific .... Prolific . ._. Non-prolific Prolific. . . Prolific . . . . Prolific. . . . Prolific . . . . Prolific . . . Mod. Pr'lific Non-prolific Moderate . Prolific. . . Prolific . . . . Non-prolific Remarks. Jjong. J.iong. Jjong. Med. Long. Long. Med . Ijong >-ihort. short. Light brown Light brown Light brown Bhick Light brown Iviglit brown [.light brown Light brown Dark hrowi Light l)rowi- Light brown I^ung Light brown'f^burt. Light brown'J-ong. Dark brown Whort. Dark brown '^i^ng Dark brown J-ong ! Brown Short. iBrown ^^ung Brown Short. Brown. . . . Short. iLight brown l^oiig. Lightbrownt>l»'Ji"i- Green Short. Long. Short. Short. Short. Short. Short. Jjong. Short. Short. Short. Short. Long . -limbs scarce, limbs numerous. Prolific . Prolific. . Prolific . . Non-prolific Prolific. . Non -prolific Prolific. . Prolific . . liightbrown Dark Green Ivight brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Brown Brown Dark Brown Light brown Prolific . . Non-prolific Non -prolific Non-prolific Prolific. . Non-prolific Light brow^n Brown . . . Brown . . . Brown . . . Light brown Brown. . . Short, Short. Long . Long Short, Short Short Aied. . Short. Long Long. Long. Short. Long. Medium .^eed large, furrj\ Medium Seed large, furry. Medium Seed large, furry. F'arly . Seed small, smooth. Medium Seed hirge, furry. Early . .Seed large, furry. Late . . Seed medium, furry- Medium Seed medium, furry- Medium Seed small, furry — limbs numerous. Early . . Soed med., furry — resembles Peerless clust'd. Karly . . Clustered Seed med, furry— limbs num'ous. Early . Seed medium, furry — limbs numerous. Late. . .'Seed large, furry. Vry late Purple stem — Seed small, furry. ^Medium "^eed medium, furry — limbs numerous. Medium Seed medium, furry — limbs numerous. Early . Seed medium, furry. Early . .'Seed medium, furry — limbs numerous. Early . .Seed medium, furry — limbs numerous. Early . .Seed large, furry — limbs few — very yel. pol'n. Early . Seed large, furry — limbs numerous. Early . .[Seed large, furry — limbs numerous. Early . . Seed medium, furry — clustered. Early . . Seed large, furry— limbs numerous. Early . . Seed medium, furry — limbs numerous. Medium Seed large, furry. Medium Seed small, furry — limbs numerous. .MediumiSeed small, furry — liml)s numerous. Late. . . Seed large, furry — limbs numerous, ^ledium Seed large, furry — limbs numerous. Medium Seed large, furry — liml)s numerous. Early . .Seed medium, furry — limbs drooping. Early . .'Seed large, furry — limbs numerous. Early . . Seed large, furry — limbs numerous. Late. . . Seed largn, furry— limbs sti-aggling. Cross failed. Seed large, furry — limbs numei'ous. Seed large, furry — limbs few. .Seed medium, furry — limbs numerous. Seed medium, furry — limbs numerous. .Seed large, furry — limbs few. .iSeed medium, furry. .Seed medium, furry. .!Seed medium, furry. Cross failed. Seed large, furry — limbs numerous. Seed large, furry — limbs straggling. Medium Seed large, furry. Medium Seed large, furry — limbs numerous. Early . .Two bolls at joints — seed large, furry, clust'd. Seed medium, furry. Early Early Early Early Early Early Early 28 TABLE III— Continued. Characteristic Features of Original Name of Cotton, j^ 3 4J cc CD 0) 0) = 1 51-1 O tw C !h (D u oj ■ 0-5 0)-^ c^ = S B^^ D SOQ ^X! Izi c h^ ffi O p— 1 ^ o 0) CO O Xi o o. cS CZ2 Long. Long. Tall. . . 3.4 5.6 3 Tall. .; 4. 6. 4. 4.5 4. MediumlTall. Long . . Long . . Long. . Long. . Long. . Long. Long Ivong. Long . Peterkin Imjj'd. on Cook. . . on Peerless Petit Gulf I on Cook ... on Peerless Rameses on Cook ... on Peerless Storm Proof t . . on Cook. . . on Peerless Southern Hope. on Cook . . . on Peerless Sea Island Bamieh t No limb Afifl i Short. . Truitt Long on Cook . . . Very I'g on Peerless Long Welborn's Pet. .jShort on Cook . . . 'Medium on Peerless Long. Wonderful Long. on Cook. . . Long. on Peerless Long . Zellner Long. on Cook. . . Long. on Peerless Long. 4.5 4 5 Tall.. 4.5 5. 6. 10. 12. Av'ge 3.4 4.5 Tall. . 6. 4.6 Tall.. 4.6 6.7 4. 5.6 3.4 3. 4.5 5. 3. 3. 5. 3. 3.4.5 3. 3.5 4.5 3. 3. 5. 5. 3.5 3.5 3.5 I 3.5 4.5 3.5 I 3.5 I 3.5 3. 3.5 3.5 5. 3.5 2-3 5-6 3 4 5-6 4-5 2-3 4-6 6-7 5-6 2-3 3-4 3 5-7 3-4 3-5 2-3 5-7 3 3-4 Small Small Lai-ge Medium .... Medium. . . . Small Medium. . . . Small Small Medium. . . . M dium . . . Medium Medium Laree & small Small Small Long Small Small Small jSmall Medium Large Small jT-'arge I Large Large jMedium iSmall Small Round Tapering Tapering Tapering Tapering .... Round Round Round Tapering Pointed Pointed Pointed Pointed Pointed round Round Pointed Pointed Pointed Round Tapering Round Round Pointed Round Pointed Pointed Pointed Round Pointed Round + The cotton worm passed these plants by even after all other plants had been stripped of leaves. 29 TABLE III— Contiuued. Plants and the Crosses Produced. — Coutinued, Pi Non-prolific Non-prolific Prolific. . . . Non-prolific Non-prolific Non-prolific Prolific. . . . Prolific .... Mod. Pr'lific Non-prolific Non-prolific Mod. I'r'lific Non-prolific Mod. Pr'lific Prolific. . . . Prolific . . . Non-prolific Non-prolific Prolific. . Non-prolific Prolific. . . . Prolific . . . . Non -prolific Non-])rolific Prolific. . Non-prolific Prolific. . . . Non -prolific Non-prolilic Non-prolific Brow n Brow n Brown Dark brown Dark brown Dark brown Brown Brown . . . . Brown Brown Brown .... Brow n Brown Brown .... Brown Black Black Black Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Light brown Light brown Light brown Brown Brown Brown Med. Long Short Med.. Short Short Short Short Short Med. Remarks. JLong Long ,Short. iLong. iLong. ILong Long Short Long. iShort, Short. ILong IShort, Long Long Long Short, jLong JLong Late. Early Average Late . Late . Late. Early Early Early Late . Late . Average Late. . Average Average Late. . . Late ... Late ... Average Average! Average Early . . Early . . Early . Late. . . Average Average Early . . Early . . Early . . Seed inediuni, furry — plant straggling. Seed medium, furry. Seed medium, furry. Seed medium, furry — plant straggling. Seed medium, furry. Seed medium, furry. Seed large, furry. Seed medium, furry. Seed medium, I'urry. Seed large, furry. Seed large, furry. Seed large, furry — very little rust present. Seed large, furry — plant straggling. Seed medium, furry. Seed medium, furry. S'd sm'l, sm'h-lvs larg-b'ls 3 lob.— st'lks red'h. S'd sm'l, sm'h-leaves larg'-boUson main stem. Leaves large — seed small, smooth. Seed large, furry. Seed medium, furrj^ — limbs numerous. Seed large, furry — limbs numerous. Seed large, furry — clustered. Seed large, furry. Seed large, furry — limbs numerous. Seed large, furry. Seed medium, furry. Seed large, furry — limbs numerous. Seed large, furry. Seed small, furry. Seed small, furry — limbs numerous. 30 TABLE IV. a; g 3 Name of Varieties containing male flowers su|)i)lying pollen. MitAfifi .'Vllen's Long Stai)le 1 2 3! Allen's Long Staple 4 5 ? c -t^ o > g 54-1 (D . O =1-" CDJS S3 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Allen's Long Staple Allen's Long Staple Bailey Bailey Bailey Bailey Barnett Barnett Barnett Bamieh Cherry's Cluster. Cherry's Cluster. Cherry's Cluster. Cook, W A JC J C J C Peerless. . . Peerless. . . Cook,W A. Cook, W A. Cook.W A. Cook,W A. Peerless . . . Peerless. . . Cook.W A. Cook,W A. Peerless. . . Cook,W A. Cook,W A. Peerless. . . Cook, Cook, Cook, Dixon .... Dixon .... Dixon . . . Gold dust Gold dust Gold dust Gold dust Herlong Herlong Herlong Herlong Hawkins' Improved Hawkins' Improved Hunnicutt Hunnicatt Jones' improved. . . . Jones' improved. . . . Jones' long staple. . Jones' lon<5 staple. . Keith Keith Keith King, T J King, T J Cook,W A. Cook,W A. Peerless. . . Cook,W A. Cook.W A. Peerless. . . Cook.W A. Cook,W A. Peerless. . . Peerless . . . Cook,W A. Cook,W A. Peerless. . . Peerless . . Cook,W A. Peerless. . . Cook,W A. Peerless. . . Cook,W A. Peerless . . . Peerless. . . Peerless. . . Cook,AV A Cook,W A. Peerless. . . Cook,W A. Peerless . . . Nankin. r« CTj at OJ (D ^ SM jr •4-^ C"/ O O C o « J2 > C 5 3d-" mt'er Is ori eties +^ faC 6c-r w'o'C .^^5 o 2.5 2.0 w ai rjl i — 1 0^ O rH 9i G T^"? ^3 be u c3 •- "T; rri 1 54-1 ^ o ^ 2 "' J2 o -*-' «H irj "O S ci Cb o jZl, — ^^ -c^ ^ O f^ bC c o n 3 +^ z "1 j^'cS t (V r" rji o a^ C ^ r^ Or) 0) IB oJ S S 5 s 0.020 0.018 0.018 0.020 0.021 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.020 0.020 0.022 c o c o o c "a, S3 C o Fair. Fair Fair. Fair. Fair Fair Fair. . 0 020 Fair.. 0.022! 0.020 i [Good. 0.013 'Good, 0.013 0.021 0 018 0.014 0.020 0.016 0.018 0.020 0.016 0.021 0.016 O.OIS 0.017 0.018 0.020 0.017 0.021 O.OIS 0.020 0.020 0 020 0.020 0.017 0.020 0.018 0.014 Poor. Fair Very good. Good Very poor Very fair. Fair c o c & O) CO O c o O Very good . Good Good Fair Excellent Good Poor Fair E.xcellent . Good Excellent . Excellent Excellent Fair Fair Fair Good Excellent . Poor Fair Fair Poor Good Poor Fair Fair Fair Poor Poor Excellent . Good Good Poor Good Good Fair Very good. Fair Very good. Excellent . Fair Very fair. m 00 CD O) k- S c u 14.2 8.92 8.10 5.57 15.17 14.75 7.59 11.67 9.85 10.24 10.74 8.85 4.31 '7.89 9.75 7.55 '7'l2 7.91 33 O^ g r- CO l-l X: 11.95 11.04 8.42 10.37 8.15 10.25 8.19 8.45 6.95 10.21 14.57 •c .2 "u > £ I be O 0) Q -13 ■n O O 13.08 10.51 13 23 Good . . . . Good .... Good . . . . Good .... Very good Good .... Poor Fair Excellent Good .... Excellent 11.88 12.45 10.55 58 37 23 04 03 47 8. 9 y. 13 13 6 13 13 9 8 9 9 10 7, 6 6.57 10.39 11.71 11.05 7 Very good Excellent Good Good Good Good. . . . Excellent Poor Fair Fair Poor Good 83 00 94 42 04 75 89 86 16 7 12 11 Very poor Good Fair Fair Poor Poor Very good Good Very good Good Very good Good Fair 08 Excellent 89 Good 72 Good 79 28 Good. Fair.. 8.88 Good t»j 3 S S3 s. Fair. Fair. Fair. Good. Fair. Fair. Good. Good. Good. Fair. Fair. Fair. Very good Good. Good. Good. Fair. 34 TABLE lY— Continued. ■X) ,0 3 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 Name of Varieties containing male flowers supplying pollen. Okra leaf. . . Peeler Peeler Peeler Peeler Peerless . . . Peerless. . . . Peterkin. . . . Peterkin. . . . Petit gulf... Petit gulf. . . Rust proof . Rust proof. . Rameses . . . . Rameses. . . . Rameses. . . . Storm proof. Sea Island Southern hope. Southern hope. Southern hope. Truitt Truitt Truitt Truitt Welborn's pet. . Welborn's pet. . "Welborn's pet. . AVonderful Wonderful AVonderful AV'onderful Wonderful , Wonderful Zellner Zellner Zellner c S3 -u O " a !5 ^ W a r- •J-i fciE ^ a Peerless.. . Peerless. . , Peerless. . . Peerless . . Cook.W A. Cook,W A. Cook,W A. Cook,W A. Peerless . . Oook,W A. Peerless. . . Cook,AV A. Peerless. .. Cook,W A Cook.W A. Peerless. . . Peerless. . . Peerless ... Cook.W A. Cook,W A. Peei'less . . Peerless . . Peerless . . Cook,W A. Cook.WA. Peerless . . Peerless . . Peerless . . Peerless . . Peerless . . Peerless . . Peerless . . Cook.W A. Peerless . Peerless . Cook,WA. 2.1 2.4 CO I 0/1 o cs.;:: "3 . > D O u li— « O 0^ ^ -tJ o u ■*-. 9 ° I s O 2 3 2.5 '2"4 2.5 2 3 2.6 4.4 4.5 4.8 4.8 48 o .0 5 5 4.5 '44 2 4 2 1 '2'5 2 3 4.8 4 8 4.5 '43 5 '5 '5 4 3 5 5 5 4 8 o -q u . bC c .-1 o CO I O +-> 2 3 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.4 2 5 2.0 2 8 2 4 2 5 2.5 2 6 2 4 2 0 2 0 2 3 2 0 2 5 35 TABLE IV— Continued. of ssed iches. jels lants. d inal riety. rs per d mes.* r ginal mes*. ' per d nes.* ed lants. ?d lants. CO a S Circumference boll on cro plant — ir Number of car to boll on crossed p Number of see to boll — orig va Number of see to boll — cros P Weight of seec original plant boll — gram Weight of seec boll erosse jilants — gram AVeight of libe per boll or plants — gram Weight of fibei boll erosse plants — gram Per cent, of se per boll original p Per cent, of se( per boll crossed p Per cent, fiber per boll— orig P 4.8 4 31 37 2 852 4.933 1.857 2.630 60.6 65.3 39.4 5 43 44 4.860 6.443 2.322 2.784 67 6 69.9 32.4 5 41 5 939 2.297 72.1 4 39 4.988 2.216 69.2 4 9 5 40 6 382 2.252 73.9 4.4 4 42 38 3 217 4.607 1.751 1.941 64 8 70 4 35.2 4.8 5 41 5 245 2.765 65.5 4.4 4 5 45 39 43 3.826 4.944 4.945 2.499 .... 2.159 2 630 60.3 69.7 65.3 39.7 5 42 43 5 897 4.216 2.751 2 507 68 2 62.7 3i.8 4.8 5 44 4.276 3 214 57.1 5.1 4 4 41 33 33 5.340 5.026 4.608 2.706 2.076 2.396 66.3 70.8 65.8 32.7 5 34 43 2. in 4.910 1.029 2.460 70.2 66 6 29.8 5 44 5.610 2.755 67.1 4 32 4.129 1.802 69.6 5 45 48 5.8028 7 314 2.8880 3.237 68.9 69 3 31. i 15 40 "36 ' 2.023 4 975 4068 0.658 2.239 29 3 4 4 4 1 838 68 9 73 4 31.1 5 2 4 37 4 070 1 612 71 6 4 8 5 44 6 149 2 842 68 4 4 3 4 33 36 5.029 5 439 2.419 2 258 67 6 70 7 32 4 4 1 4 5 35 37 5.183 5 197 2 3-5 2.580 68.8 68 1 4 6 5 43 5 670 2 454 68 9 5.0 4 5 34 35 43 1 312 5 193 5.238 0.890 1 926 2 316 59 6 73 1 68 5 40 4 4 4 4 38 4 123 1 394 74 7 4 2 4 4 4 4 5 42 33 34 38 34 40 5 415 5 624 5 010 5 344 5 397 5 154 2.423 2.320 2 575 2 660 2 338 2 490 69 0 71 8 64 7 66 8 68 6 67 4 31 4 5.0 4 33 4 574 2 118 68 3 5 33 42 5 015 5 349 1 837 1 900 73 8 73 8 26.8 4 3 5 47 5 294 2.610 66 4 5 1 5 41 4 916 1 653 74 8 36 TABLE IV— Continued. 0) S ^ 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 Name of varieties containing male flowers supplying pollen. o o i ID « F— t > oj >i ■ C3 IS 0; a Op, 5^^ >- ft JJ >< CO CO -55 J2 ■ Okra leaf . . . Feeler Peeler Peeler Peeler Peerless Peerless Peterkin . . . . Peterkin . . . . Petit gulf. . . Petit gulf. . . Rust proof . Rust proof . Rameses . . . Rameses . . . Rameses . . . Storm proof. Sea Island .... Southern hope Southern hope Southern hope Truitt Truitt Truitt Truitt Welborn's pet. . Welborn's pet. . Welborn's pet. . AVonderful .... Wonderful .... Wonderful .... Wonderful .... Wonderful .... Wonderful .... Zellner Zellner Zellner Peerless . . . . Peerless . . . . Peerless . . . . Peerless . . . . Cook, W. A. Cook, W\ A. Cook, W. A. Cook, W. A. Peerless . . . . Cook, W. A. Peerless . . . . Cook, W. A. Peerless . . . . Cook, W. A. Cook, W. A. Peerless . . . . Peerless . . . . Peerless . . . . Cook, W. A. Cook, W. A. Peerless . . . . Peerless . . .". Peerless . . . . Cook, AV. A. Cook, W. A. Peerless . . . . Peerless . . . . Peerless . . . . Peerless . . . . Peerless . . . . Peerless . . . . Peerless . . . . Cook, W. A. Peerless . . . . Peerless . . . . Cook, W. A. .5 .8 34.7 30 27.9 30 8 26 29 34 30 34.7 37.3 42 9 29.2 34.2 33.4 32.9 30 4 30.7 26 28 31 6 29 31 31 9 31 26 9 31 5 25 25 35 33 31 32 6 31 7 26.2 33 6 25.2 3 .3 3 .2 4 1.20 1.20 0 022 0.014 0.87 0.020 1.00 1.00 0.87 1 00 1 50 1.20 0 90 0 020 0.020 0.014 0 025 0.020 0.017 0 018 0 014 0.90 1 35 0.90 0 014 0 018 0.020 1.3 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.9 1 1 1.0 1.2 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.2 37 TABLE IV— Continued. t3 (U '-" G 5 s 0.020 0.017 0 017 0.022 0.018 0.020 0 017 0 020 0 022 0 016 0.018 0.020 0 022 0 013 0.018 0.016 0.018 0.011 0 017 0 017 0.018 0 022 0 021 0 014 0 013 0 025 0 037 0 021 0 020 0.022 0 014 0.017 0 018 0 016 0 020 0 021 C o o G 03 03 o Very fair. Fair .... Very good . Fair '..'.'.'. Very good . Fair' ".'.'.'.'. Fair Very good . Very good . Very fair . Poor. Good. Very fair. Fair CO CO C CO O >-i o ^ c o c o o Very good . Very good. Fair Good V^ery good. Good Excellent . Very good . Excellent . Good Good Very good . Very good. Fair .... Very fair.. Poor ... . Very good . Fair Excellent . Very good. Fair Fair Excellent . Excellent . Poor Fair Excellent . Good Excellent . Excellent . Very good. Vei'y good. Good Fair Good Very good. I 3J C I (D hr' ^ ^5 dc o si St: o 'J) r- 03 GO 1 I 03 > 12 53 10.42 7 33 7 77i 11 02 13 08 7.48 11 32Good .... 10.05 Good . . . . 8 43iFair 10.97jGood ... 10.06 Very good 11 56 Very good 6 52 Very good 9 24 Very good 12.46'Excellent 11 96 Good . . . . 13 04 Good .... 7 90 Very good 12.58 Very good 12 12 Fair 9 . 67 Very good 6 . 96 Poor 9 25 Very good 8 10 51 26, 7.34 12.70ii 12 05 i 8 61 7 . 26 15.16 13 05 I 12.63 14 14 10 78 7.03 6 86 10.75 8 52 12.44 11.28 9.31 10.79 8.26 16 12 9.65 11.56 9.61 12 43 Good ... Excellent Good .... Fair .... Fair Very good Excellent Poor Fair Excellent Good .... Excellent Excellent Good .... Very good Good .... Fair . . . . Good .... Very good 3 03 > S3 t- ^ o sets Fair. Fair Very good Fair Very good Fair Good .... Good .... Very good Good .... Poor .... Good .... Fair Good. * A gramme is equivolent to 15.4 grains. t A millimeter is equivalent to 0.03937 of an inch. t Results of cultivation at Auburn. 38 Micro-Photograph, Fig. 10. 1. Afifi. 2. Bamieh. 3. Sea Island. 4. Nankin. 5. Bailey. 6. Okra Leaf. These strands were taken at randum from the bolls, but rather indicate the average condition of the fiber in each in- stance. In the case of the Sea Island and Okra leaf, and the Bailey the character of the twist is excellent. The Afifi and Bamieh are not so well twisted, but the degree of strength to resist rupture compares very favorably with the others. With the exception of Nankin these are long staple cottons. MiCRO-PHOTOGRArH, FiG. 11. The figures in brackets () correspond to those found in first column in table on pages 30-37. 1. Hawkins' improved, original form. 2. Hawkins' improved crossed on W. A. Cook (32). 3. Hawkins' improved crossed on Peerless (33). 4. Hunnicutt, original form. 5. Hunnicutt crossed on W. A. Cook (34). 6. Hunnicutt crossed on Peerless (35). 7. Jones' improved, original form. 8. Jones' improved crossed on W. A. Cook (36). 9. Jones' improved crossed on Peerless (37). 10. Jones' long staple, original form. • 11. Jones' long staple crossed on Peerless (o8). 12. Jones' long staple crossed on Peerless (39). 13. Keith, original form. 14. Keith crossed on W. A. Cook (40). 15. Keith crossed on Peerless (42). 16. King, original form. 17. King crossed on W. A. Cook (43). 18. King crossed on Peerless (44). Some of these strands have been untwisted to show more clearly the comparative widths and degree of maturity. 39 Miceo-Photograph, Fig. 12. These figures in brackets () correspond to those found in first column in table on pages 30-37. 1. Herlong, original. 2. Herlong crossed on W. A. Cook (28). 3. Herlong crossed on Peerless (31). 4. Gold dust, original. 5. Gold dust crossed on W. A. Cook (23). 6. Gold dust crossed on Peerless (26). 7. Dixon, original. 8. Dixon crossed on W. A. Cook (21), 9. Dixon crossed on Peerless (22). 10. Cherry's cluster, original. 11. Cherrj^'s cluster crossed on W. A. Cook (14). 12. Cherry's cluster crossed on Peerless (16). 13. Bailey, original. 14. Bailey crossed on W. A. Cook (7). 15. Bailey crossed on Peerless (8). 16. Allen's long staple, original. 17. Allen's long staple crossed on Peerless (3). 18. Allen's long staple crossed on W. A. Cook (4). Micro-Photograph, Fig, 13. The figures in brackets () correspond to those found in first column in table on pages 30-37. 1. Southern hope, original. 2. Southern hope crossed on Peerless (65). 3. Southern hope crossed on W. A. Cook (67). 4. Truitt, original. 5. Truitt crossed on Peerless (68). 6. Truitt crossed on W. A. Cook (71). 7. Welborn's pet, original. 8. Welborn's pet crossed on W. A. Cook (72). 9. Welborn's pet crossed on Peerless (73). 10. Wonderful, original. 11. Wonderful crossed on Peerless (77). 12. Wonderful crossed on W. A. Cook (80). 13. Zelluer, original. 14. Zellner crossed on Peerless (82). 15. Zellner crossed on W. A. Cook (83). 40 Fig. 14. Size and shapes of bolls secured from the plants devel oped by the crossing experiments : n. Afifi 1% 2. Allen's long staple on W. A. Cook 4 3. Allen's long staple on W. A. Cook 4 4. Allen's long staple on Peerless 2 5. Allen's long staple on Peerless 2 6. Allen's long staple on W. A. Cook 5 7. Allen's long staple on W. A. Cook 5 8. Allen's long staple on Peerless 3 9. Allen's long staple on Peerless 3 10. Bailey on W. A. Cook 6 11. Bailey on W. A. Cook 6 12. Bailey on W. A. Cook 7 13. Bailey on W. A. Cook 7 14. Bailey on W. A. Cook 7 15. Bailey on Peerless 8 16. Bailey on Peerless 8 17. Bailey on Peerless 9 18. Baile}^ on Peerless 9 19. Barnett on W. A. Cook 10 20. Barnett on W. A. Cook 10 21. Barnett on W. A. Cook 11 22. Barnett on W. A. Cook 11 23. Barnett on Peerless 12 24. Barnett on Peerless 12 25. Bamieh 13 26. Bamieh 13 27. Cherry's cluster on W. A. Cook 14 28. Cherry's cluster on W. A. Cook 14 29. Cherry's cluster on Peerless 16 30. Cherrj^'s cluster on Peerless 16 31. Cherry's cluster on Peerless 16 32. Cherry's cluster on Peerless 16 33. Cherry's cluster on W. A. Cook 15 34. Cherry's cluster on W. A. Cook 15 35. J. C. Cook on Peerless 19 36. J. C. Cook on Peerless 19 37. J. C. Cook on W. A. Cook 18 38. J. C. Cook on W. A. Cook 18 39. J. C. Cook on W. A. Cook 17 40. Dixon on W. A. Cook 20 41 41. Dixon on W. A. Cook 20 42. Dixon on Peerless 22 43. Dixon on W. A. Cook 21 44. Dixon on W. A. Cook 21 45. Gold dust on W. A. Cook 23 46. Gold dust on W. A. Cook 23 47. Gold dust on Peerless 26 48. Gold dust on Peerless 26 49. Gold dust on W. A. Cook 24 50. Gold dust on W. A. Cook 24 51. Gold dust on Peerless 25 52. Gold dust on Peerless 25 53. Green fiber boll 54. Green fiber boll 55. Herlong on ^\. A. Cook 28 56. Herlong on W. A. Cook 28 57. Herlong on W. A. Cook 29 "o 58. Herlong on W. A. Cook 29 59. Herlong on Peerless 30 60. Herlong on Peerless 31 61. Herlong on Peerless 31 62. Hawkins' improved on W. A. Cook 32 63. Hawkins' improved on W. A Cook 32 64. Hawkins' improved on AV. A. Cook 32 65. Hawkins' improved on Peerless 33 6(). Hawkins' improved on Peerless 33 67. Hawkins' improved on Peerless 33 68. Hunnicutt on ^\. A. Cook 34 69. Hunnicutt on W. A. Cook 34 70. Hunnicutt on Peerless 35 71. Jones' improved on W. A. Cook 36 72. Jones' improved on W. A. Cook 36 73. Jones' improved on Peerless 37 74. Jones' improved on Peerless 37 75. Jones' long staple on Peerless 38 76. Jones' long staple on Peerless 38 77. Jones' long staple on Peerless 39 78. Jones' long staple on Peerless 39 79. ^' Jones' long staple on Peerless 39 80. ''Keith on W. A. Cook 40 81. Keith on W. A. Cook 40 82. Keith on W. A. Cook 41 83. Keith on Peerless 42 84. Keith on Peerless 42 42 85. King on W. A. Cook 43 86. King on W. A. Cook 43 87. King on Peerless 44 88. Nankin 89. Nankin 90. Okra leaf on Peerless 46 91. Okra leaf on Peerless 46 92. Peeler on Peerless 47 93. Peeler on Peerless 47 94. Peeler on Peerless 48 95. Peeler on Peerless 48 96. Peeler on W. A. Cook 50 97. Peeler on W. A. Cook 50 98. Peeler on Peerless 49 99. Peeler on Peerless 49 100. Peerless on W. A. Cook 51 101. Peerless on W. A. Cook 52 102. Peerless on W. A. Cook 52 103. Peterkin on W. A. Cook 53 104. Peterkin on W. A. Cook 53 105. Peterkin on Peerless 54 106. Peterkin on Peerless 54 107. Petit gulf on W. A. Cook 55 108. Petit gulf on W. A. Cook 55 109. Petit gulf on Peerless 56 11 . Rust proof on W. A. Cook 57 111. Rust proof on W. A. Cook 57 112. Rust proof on Peerless 58 113. Rust proof on Peerless 58 114. Rameses on W. A. Cook 59 115. Rameses on W. A. Cook 59 116. Rameses on Peerless 61 117. Storm proof on Peerless 62 118. Storm proof on Peerless 62 119. "Scrub" on Peerless 120. "Scrub" on Peerless 121. Sea Island 64 122. Sea Island 64 123. Southern hope on Peerless 65 124. Southern hope on Peerless QQ 125. Southern hope on Peerless 66 126. Southern hope on W. A. Cook 67 127. Southern hope on W. A. Cook 67 128. Truitt on Peerless 68 43 129. Trnitt ou Peerless C8 130. Truitt on W. A. Cook 131. Truitt ou AV. A. Cook 132. Truitt ou Peerless 69 133. Truitt ou Peerless 69 134. Truitt on Peerless 70 135. Truitt on Peerless 70 136. Welborn's pet on W. A. Cook 72 137. Welborn's pet on W. A. Cook 72 138. Welborn's pet on Peerless 73 139. Well)orn's pet on Peerless 73 140. Wonderful ou Peerless ■ 75 141. Wonderful on Peerless 75 142. Wonderful ou W. A. Cook 80 143. Wonderful on W. A. Cook 80 144. Wonderful on Peerless . . 76 145. Wonderful on Peerless 76 146. Wonderful on Peerless 79 147. Wonderful on Peerless 79 148. Wonderful on Peerless 78 149. Wonderful on Peerless 78 150. Wonderful on Peerless 77 151. Wonderful on Peerless 77 152. Wonderful on Peerless 77 153. Zellner on Peerless 81 154. Zellner on Peerless 81 155. Zellner on W. A. Cook 83 156. Zellner on W. A. Cook 83 157. Zellner on Peerless 82 158. Zellner on Peerless 82 * Numbers found on the plate. % Numbers found on the table, pages 30-37, first column. Plate 15. Open bolls with tlie fiber protruding in a condition to be picked for the gin. These bolls show distinctly the im- provement resulting from crossing. In most instances the size has been perceptibly- increased. The numbers over each boll correspond to those in column one in table on pages 30-37. 1. Afifi. 2. Allen's long staple on Peerless. 4A 3. Allen's long staple on Peerless. 4. Allen's long staple on W. A, Cook. 5. Allen's long staple on W. A. Cook. 6. Bailev on W. A. Cook. 7. Bailey on W. A. Cook. 8. Bailey on Peerless. 9. Bailey on Peerless. 10. Barnett on W. A. Cook. 11. Barnett on W. A. Cook. 12. Barnett on Peerless. 13. Bamieb. 14. Cherry's cluster on W. A. Cook. 15. Cherry's cluster on W. A. Cook. 16. Cherry's cluster on Peerless. 17. J. C. Cook on W. A. Cook. 18. J. C. Cook on W. A. Cook. 19. J. C. Cook on Peerless. 20. Dixon on W. A. Cook. 21. Dixon on W. A. Cook. 22. Dis-on on Peerless. 23. Gold dust on W. A. Cook. 24. Gold dust on W. A. Cook. 25. Gold dust on Peerless. 26. Gold dust on Peerless. 27. Green fiber. 28. Herlon- on W. A. Cook. 29. Herlong on W. A. Cook. 30. Herlong on Peerless. 31. Herlong on Peerless. 32. Hawkins' improved on W. A. Cook. 33. Hawkins' improved on Peerless. 34. Hunnicutt on "VV. A. Cook. 35. Hunnicutt on Peerless. 36. Jones' improved on W. A. Cook. 37. Jones' improved on Peerless. 38. Jones' long staple on Peerless. 39. Jones' long staple on Peerless. 40. Keith on W. A. Cook. 41. Keith on W. A. Cook. 42. Keith on Peerless. 43. King on W. A. Cook. 44. King on Peerless. 45. Nankin. 46. Okra leaf on Peerless. 47. Peeler on Peerless. 45 48. Peeler on Peerless. 49. Peeler on Peerless. 50. Peeler on W. A. Cook. 51. Peerless on AY. A. Cook. 52. Peerless on W. A. Cook. 53. Peterkin on W. A. Cook. 54. Peterkin on Peerless. 55. Petit gulf on W. A. Cook. 56. Petit gulf on Peerless. 57. Kust proof on TV. A. Cook. 58. Rust proof on Peerless. 59. Eameses on W. A. Cook. 60. Rameses on W. A. Cook. 61. Rameses on Peerless. 62. Storm proof on Peerless. 63. "Scrub" on Peerless. 64. Sea Island. 65. Southern hope on Peerless. 66. Southern hope on W. A. Cook. 67. Southern hope on W. A. Cook. 68. Truitt on Peerless. 69. Truitt on Peerless. 70. Truitt on Peerless. 71. Truitt on W. A. Cook. 72. Welborn's pet on AV. A. Cook. 73. Welborn's pet on Peerless. 74. Welborn's pet on Peerless. 75. Wonderful on Peerless. 76. Wonderful on Peerless. 77. Wonderful on Peerless. 78. Wonderful on Peerless. 79. Wonderful on Peerless. 80. Wonderful on W. A. Cook. 81. Zellner on Peerless. 82. Zellner on Peerless. 83. Zellner on W. A. Cook. Plate 16. • This plate represents a seed from each boll with its fiber adhering, but spread out so as to exhibit the relative length of each specimen. The figures correspond to those found in table on pages 30-37, first column : 1. Afifi. 2. Allen's long staple on Peerless. 4:6 3. Allen's long staple on Peerless. 4. Allen's long staple on W. A. Cook. 5. Allen's long staple on W. A. Cook. 6. Bailej on W. A. Cook. 7. Bailey on W. A. Cook. 8. Bailey on Peerless. 9. Bailey on Peerless. 10. Barnett on W. A. Cook. 11. Barnett on W. A. Cook. 12. Barnett on Peerless. 13. Bamieh. 11. Cherry's cluster on W. A. Cook. 15. Cherry's cluster on W. A. Cook. 16. Cherry's cluster on Peerless. 17. J. C. Cook on W. A. Cook. 18. J. C. Cook on W. A. Cook. 19. J. C. Cook on Peerless. 20. Dixon on W. A. Cook. 21. Dixon on W. A. Cook. 22. Dixon on Peerless. 23. Gold dust on W. A. Cook. 24. Gold dust on W. A. Cook. 25. Gold dust on Peerless. 26. Gold dust on Peerless. 27. Green fiber. 28. Herlong on W. A. Cook. 29. Herlong on W. A. Cook. 30. Herlong on Peerless. 31. Herlong on Peerless. 32. Hawkins' improved on AY. A. Cook. 33. Hawkins' improved on Peerless. 34. Hunnicutt on W. A. Cook. 35. Hunnicutt on Peerless. 36. Jones' improved on W. A. Cook. 37. Jones' improved on Peerless. 38. Jones' long staple on Peerless. 39. Jones' long staple on Peerless. 40. Keith on W. A. Cook. 41. Keith on W. A. Cook. 42. Keith on Peerless. 43. King on W. A. Cook. 44. King on Peerless. 45. Nankin. 46. Okra leaf on Peerless. 47. Peeler on Peerless. 47 48. Peeler on Peerless. 49. Peeler on Peerless. 50. Peeler on W. A. Cook. 51. Peerless on W. A. Cook. 52. Peerless on W. A. Cook. 53. Peterkin on W. A. Cook. 54. Peterkin on Peerless. 55. Petit gulf on W. A. Cook. 56. Petit gulf on Peerless. 5Y. Rust proof on W. A. Cook. 58. Eust proof on Peerless. 59. Pameses on W. A. Cook. 60. Rameses on W. A. Cook. 61. Rameses on Peerless. 62. Storm proof on Peerless. 63. "Scrub" on Peerless. 64. Sea Island. 65. Southern hope on Peerless. 66. Southern hope on W. A. C(jok. 67. Southern hope on W. A. Cook. 68. Truitt on Peerless. 69. Truitt on Peerless. 70. Truitt on Peerless. 71. Truitt on Peerless. 72. Welborn^s pet on W. A. Cook. 73. Welborn's pet on Peerless. 74. Welborn's pet on Peerless. 75. Wonderful on Peerless. 76. Wonderful on Peerless. 77. Wonderful on Peerless. 78. Wonderful on Peerless. 79. Wonderful on Peerless. 80. Wonderful on W. A. Cook. 81. Zellner on Peerless. 82. Zellner on Peerless. 83. Zellner on W. A. Cook. 84. W. A. Cook. 85. Peerless. J 4< TLj /' n Tl,Cf /2. «*» ly ±J I 3 '6 dL ''^ ''^ ''^ ^^ Pi i##«ii«4#l4####t ^^ ^-f !«: '^^ 8-6. fV«##«|««i»«#^t| ( c i' I oy- 'Oi I ox. 10 1 laa aa -,£-/ ' II 2. Ci I '\l '^ '1? 'h LL'' :l±~ ''> >o //I /// ,,« '. /i-^- J.i- 'A3 'iL 'A />y /J.? /^ /16 ,t\,- ,1^ ylL- ,,i7. ./i/ /jj^ i)^ '^ /A- /^^ /^ ./^ 2. ^ / ^ :ilM ■'ji 'inn^i.^'ii^ ■;ii '-a 'jy t^i iLjajwi^iAs/ui-iv -^-. f jr 41- T^ -4im (33 23 1 3H ^1 ?a I i"? \ -rj^x .'1'^' "■'/ » <:. '^" : fHL .-ir^ Bulletin ]\o. 57, : : May, 1894. Agricultural Experiment Station -OF THE- Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN, : : ALABAMA. Fertilizers Required by Cotton as Determined by the Analysis of the Plant. J-. T. .A.i:sriDEK,soisr. _ 'The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. BROWN PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, M.iNJGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS. COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. I. F. Culver Union Springs. J. G. Gilchrist Hope Hull. H. Clay Armstrong Auburn. Wm. LeRoy Broun President. A. J. Bondurant Agriculturist. B. B. Ross Chemist. P. H. Mell Botanist and Meteorologist. J. M. Stedman Biologist. C. A. Gary, D. V. M Veterinarian. ASSISTANTS : J. T. Anderson First Assistant Chemist. E. E. Noble Second Assistant Chemist. 0. L. Hare Third Assistant Chemist. R. L. Bivins Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. T, U. Culver Superintendent of Farm. FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS OF COTTON. AS DRTEKMINEU WY TllK ANAIA'^IS UF TEK PLANT. No question, perhaps, so nearly concerns the grower of cotton as that of fertilization. The small margin for profit in its cultivation makes it imperative that the southern farmer, who chooses to depend well nigh exclusively on the great staple for his livelihood, should cultivate it at the smallest possible cost. An indiscriminate and unintelligent use of fertilizers must be discarded, then, as early as possi- ble, and the farmer should seek to inform himself as to what his soil needs in order to make it highly productive. Much that is valuable has been published on this subject, and many reliable experiments performed which seem to solve the question pretty effectually as far as the particular soils under consideration are concerned. By the application of various fertilizers in varying proportions the experimenter has been able to say that his soil needs this and that con- stituent in this and that amount, but he solves the question with any great degree of certainty onlij with reference to his own soil and those which resemble it in kind and climatic conditions. What is needed in South Carolina or Texas, for instance, may not be needed in Alabama, and what an east Alabama soil may be deficient in, may be found in suffi- ciency in a western Alabama soil. The great desideratum, therefore, is to fiud some method of determining soil re- quirements which admits of general application, or which may be readily and cheaply applied in individual cases. With the hope of being able, if possible, to make some small contribution toward the solution of this great problem, the work detailed in this bulletin was undertaken. For the purposes of the experiments herein described two |)lot8 of ground were selected, whose soils are of the same general type, but are widely different in point of fertility. The soil of the Drake field is too poor for the profitable cul- ture of cotton, while that of the Station garden has, by proper management, been brought into a high state of cul- tivation. The field plot stood idle the previous year, while the garden produced two crops. The last crop was a winter grass which was harvested just prior to breaking the soil for these experiments. In the preparation of this land all the stubble and roots, as far as possible, were removed by the rake after the ground was thoroughly broken up. Each piece of ground was divided into ten small plots, each 10x10 feet, and lying end to end. The garden strip was so located that there was a slight drainage in a transverse direction. In the Drake field, however, the peculiar conditions of the surface were such that, to secure uniformity of soil, the strip had to be so located that the drainage would be lengthwise, plot 1 being the higher. In all cases a space four feet wide was left between the plots. Three of the plots in each strip were left unfertilized, while to the other seven the three fertilizing constitaents were applied, singly and in combination, as is set forth in Table I. In the final prep- aration of the soil and in the planting and cultivation of the cotton, all plots were treated alike. The first set of samples for analysis were taken during the first week in June, when the plants were in the early flowering stage. The second set were drawn about the 1st of September, when the last blossoms were falling off, and the early bolls were beginning to open. The entire stalk above ground was taken, air dried, and prepared for analysis in the usual way. It is proper to state here that all the field work for these experiments was done for the writer under the supervision of Mr. James Clayton, formerly assistant horticulturist of 5 the staiion, to whom acknowledgments are due for valu- able and painstaking services. In Table I will be found the percentages of potash, phos- phoric acid, and nitrogen in the plant in the flowering stage. The figures given are the means of a number of determina- tions, and are calculated to the dry substance, the moisture of each sample having been carefully determined in the usual way, by separated heatings and weighings until no further loss of weight occurred. In the same Table will be found the weight iu ounces of the seed cotton gathered from each plot. To make the results comparable the number of stalks in each plot were counted and the actual weights obtained were reduced to a uniform stand. It should be stated further that the stalks were not as thick in the plots as is usual, and none of them were located near the edge of the plots, the purpose being to allow the roots to have the full benefit of the fertilizers used. TABLE I. COTTON PLA.NT IX FLOWERING STAGE. A glance at the figures in Table No. 1 will reveal sev- eral noteworthy facts. In the first place it will be observed that there is considerable divergence between the maximum and minimum percentages of two of the constituents. That the composition of the cotton plant, therefore, in relation to these ingredients at least, is subject to perceptible variation, cannot be doubted. For instance, the maximum, percentage of potash in the Drake field is 50.8 % higher, and in the gar- den, 21.1 % higher, than the minimum in the same soil ; while the maximum in the garden exceeds the minimum in the 'field by 98 %. The maximum of nitrogen in the field is 17 "o, and in the garden 25.8%, higher than the minimum in the same soil ; and the maximum in the garden, 28.2 % CO CO Tji O) CO in CO' TtH in •uoMOO CD ■* ^H (M CO C^l X CO CM peag 20 CO CO o CO ^ CO 05 CM CO in I— 1 "^ ^H ^ '^ 1—1 -H 1—1 lO CD t— CD in T i in CO t- OS ^ iC t— T-H Oi CM CO IM t~ 't^ Ttl c • iiaSoj^t s;r ^ OS t-- CO cc CO Ol X CO ^H •^uao .ia •uaSojjiN^ 00 Oj CC oc ^ X CD 03 CO CD o: CO CO a: X X H ft ouoqdsoqj o c c c c d c o d 1^; 5U9D .laj ■* ■^ t- CO i> t- X in in CO co 01 c: •^ CO ^ r^N •IISIJJOJ i> c 1-H X o: in CM •^uao .19 J !N (M C^l 'M ^^ -H C^l CM ^-^ O o si o ■P a, CO ^ P4 O K 2 ^ 4^ ^ ^ '3 'c '^ or H - oijoqdsoq^ ^ •;n90 aej <1 OC' CD -* ^ -^ co 3Q CO c 1 C5 lO lO 00 •qsBioj lO O "+1 t- o CO 1— 1 ■}U90 .laj (M (M r-I (N CO IM H^ 05 ^-i t^ o o h^ •UO41O0 ^" 1 CI ^^ li^ lO «- o paag -zo (32 O CO CO Ol CO CI CO OS CO T-H CO 1— 1 1— 1 d •uaSojjisj CO CO 00 OD 05 00 00 CO CO l-H fj •:}U3o .laj ^H 1— H ^H ^H r-l CD "^ f5 3 1— 1 ^, ..A «sj ^i oc ir: ) t^ 00 t^ H < ■ppv 0I.TOqdSOI{<:i s ? CO CO PM 1 1 cc cr _l OJ iM If: 0 lO ' — 1 CD o •qsTJjoj c — o 1 — 1 lO 1— 1 •^uao .le'j !M ^^ c-i 01 3 ■^ -^ ^ < ■«1 ^ Zi Lh d H <1 pa '5 14 0 CO o o — ^ m O P-l « 'I a; e Soda and "El O 5 c o 4-^ -t-^ 4-^ 4J 01 Tt a ■^ cj © p l-( ^ ^*" o -i— ' +^ -^ -2 3 ^ s •z '2 S 13 ■S?0[cl lO CO t~ 00 OS o 1 11 A conspicuous fact observable in the above table is that the figures here are smaller than the corresponding figures in the first table. This was to be expected. The plant at this stage of growth is nearing maturity, and the three impor- tant constituents are being rapidly stored up in the seed. Studying the table in detail, we find that in the Drake field the lowest percentages of potash are in 5 and 7, where there was no potash fertilization, while the highest is in 9, where there is complete fertilization and where there is, also, the highest yield of cotton. As we shall see a little later, the average of the percentages of potash in plots in the field which have potash fertilization, is about the same as that in the richer soil of the garden. Singularly enough we have in 9 one of the lowest percentages of nitrogen, but the other two nitrogen-fertilized plots bring up the average, and with this constituent, as with potash, we have an increase of per- centages due to fertilization. We must observe, however, the small variation between the maximum and minimum in this column. Coming now to the garden plot we find that the average efifect of potash fertilization is to increase the percentages of potash, while, on the other hand, nitrogen fertilization does not seem to have a like effect on the percentages of nitrogen. This would seem to indicate that the garden soil contains a deficiency of potash, but a sufficiency of nitrogen. The results on phosphoric acid are worthy of special atten- tion. With a single exception the percentages of this con- stituent in the Drake field in the boiling stage, are decidedly lower than the corresponding ones in the flowering stage, while no such marked change is observable in the garden percentages. It would seem, therefore, that there is a de- ficiency of available phosphoric acid in the Drake field, which was not shown by the analysis at the earlier stage, and further, that there is no such deficiency in the garden soil. The exceptional case referred to is in 5, where the 12 percentage of phosphoric acid is only a little smaller than the average found in the earlier stage. This fact, taken in connection with that of a high percentage of nitrogen and a low yield ot cotton, might suggest the possibility of a case of arrested development. It will be observed that with rare exceptions the percentages of all the constit- uents are higher in the garden than they are in the field, and from this the conclusion may be drawn that there is a deficiency of potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen in the field. The smaller yield of cotton in the field strengthens this conclusion. Table IV following, gives the summary of results con- tained in Table III, and is submitted without comment. Table IV. GENEKAL SUMMAEY. Drake Field Station Garden. Fertilization. Fertilization. With out With % In- crease by With- out With % In- crease by Potash 1.154 5.66 1.862 • 2.268 .527 1.895 96.53 —6.89 1.77 2.238 .741 2.356 2.610 .761 2.280 16.62 Phosphoric Acid. . Nitroeen 2.70 —3.22 For convenience of comparison and study, it has been thought advisable to present Table V following, which is a consolidation of Tables I and III. 13 It will be seen from this table that the percentages of the constituents in the boiling stage are smaller in mogt instan- ces than the corresponding percentages in the flowering stage. It will be coaveuieut to refer to this decrease in values in per cents of those of the earlier stage. la the Drake field we find the decrease in potash in No. 6 to be 0.7 %, and in Nos. 8 and 9, there is an increase ot 6.1% and 0.6 % respectively ; while in the other two plots the decrease is 38.2 "Vi a.nd 4:2.3 "o. It will be observed, also, that the largest yields of cotton are in plots 6, 8, and 9. From this it would seem that in the potash- fertilized plots there is a sufficiency of that constituent under the circumstances here existing. On the other hand, comparing the field and gar- den, we find that while the latter has much higher percent- ages of potash to begin with, it has at the same time larger per cents of decrease than the potash-fertilized plots in the field, ranging from 11.3 % in plot 8 to 53 "o in plot 7. In other words, with a larger supply there is a smaller excess of potash over the demands for that constituent. Little can be learned from the figures relating to phosphoric acid. The decrease ranges from 0.8 "o in plot 6 in the garden to 46.9 % in plot 8 in the field. The decrease in the values of nitrogen is uniformly high, showing the great demand for that valuable constituent. In the field the range is from 46 % in plot 5 to 53.6 % in plot 8, while in the garden it runs from 36.4 % in 6 to 51.1 "o in 7. A few words with reference to the yield of cotton in pass- ing. A reference to Table I will show that in the unfertil- ized plots 1, 5, and 10 in each soil the yield is not the same, but is lowest in 1 and highest in 10. This suggest that all the plots are not uniformly fertile, but increase in fertility from 1 to 10. This lack of uniformity in natural fertility, will, of course, efiPect the results obtained by artificial fer- tilization, but the effect of the latter on the yield is noticea- ble, just as it was on the composition of the plant. By a study of Table V we find that where we have high per- centages of two or more constituents in the floweriug stage, and a relatively low decrease of those percentages in passing to the boiling stage, we have, generally speakiug, a large yield. On the other hand, low, or even average, percent- ages in the early, and a large decrease of the same in the later stage, showing an insufficient supply from the soil, means a relatively low yield. The application of this rule, 14 i GO CO Ol CO CO u.;?oo| d d CO Ol LO 1-^ pass CO 1 — I ci 1 — 1 o; CO T 1 1 — 1 CI CO 'f C^) CJ CO lO CO CO ■*! CO t^ Sujnoa! ^ Tt< o M< CO CM W) M - C3 /^ -4-^ Sui ■ o\ CO C^l t- ^ ^ W j^ 00 GO ^ Q bJD O ■^H tH ^H 1—1 r-^ CO iO lO 1^ IC — 1 (M 1—1 CM C^l tH 1^ CO 1^ t^ PM Sui § CO CM 00 -J9MO[tJ C^l c-i 1 — ( 1 — 1 'M S ^ ^-l *3 w < X [3 1^ 2i 4^ '5 03 'v '/I 03 o l-H o H c3 r-" X -U) -1 T3 'S ^^ C c ►^ H oi cS 5 (—1 '^,-' 0^ ID a.) 1— 1 -1-3 -)-) -1^ -^ w q3 C8 cS ci 0 i^ o 4J 0 ^ S s t^ s ^ ^o[di lO CD t- oc OS 0 "1 if it be a rule, to plot 5 Drake field may explain the low yield of cotton there, a deficiency both of potash and of nitrogen being manifest. Likewise in plot 7, Station gar- den, Ave find a large decrease in the percentages of all three constituents, although two of them have oeen added to the soil, and here, also, we find a relatively low yield. In connection with this work, it has been thought well to make a complete analysis of the two soils. In view of the fact of their similarity geologically, both being classed as light sandy soils, and the additional fact that one is very poor and the other rich, a comparison of their chemical com- position will be interesting. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SOILS. DRAKE FIELD. STATION GA] .650 .825 94.790 93.097 .532 .560 1.153 1.873 .850 1.093 .185 .260 .158 .122 .268 .315 .098 .087 .087 .064 .069 .086 1.550 2.195 .580 .863 .647 .946 .253 .353 .020 .035 Moisture Insoluble Silica. . Soluble Silica. . . . Alumina Oxide Iron Lime Magnesia Soda Potash Phosphoric Acid. Nitrogen Organic Matter . . Humus . . . Available Inorg. Matter. . Humus Silica '. . Humus Phosphoric Auid. As will be observed, both soils have a high percentage of insoluble silica, that of the field exceeding that of the gar- den nearly two per cent. Oxide of iron in the hydrated condition is believed by some to increase in soils the absorp- tive power of gases, and particularly, of moisture. Both of our soils are low in this constituent, with the advantage in favor of the garden. Estimated in terms of the poorer soil, the garden soil is 28.6 % higher in oxide of iron than the other. If the minimum limit assigned to lime in light sandy soils by writers on this subject be correct, both of these have a sufiiciency of this valuable constituent, the garden having 40.5 % more than the field. In both potash and phosphoric acid, on the other hand, the gar- den soil is poorer, about 1 "u in the former and 26.4 "o in latter. What has just been said applies to total phos- 16 phoric acid. The humus phosphoric acid, all of which is believed to be readily available to the plant, is 75 % higher in the garden than in the field. In total available inorganic matter — that which dissolves out Avith the humus — the garden soil is 46 "o richer than the field soil. It will thus be seen that the garden soil in the main is richer in the important inorganic constituents than the oth- er soil; but it is believed that its superior fertility is chiefly due to its larger proportion of organic matter. In total or- ganic matter it is 41.6 ,"o ; in humus, 48.8 %; and in total nitrogen, 24.8 % richer than the other. CONCLUSIONS. It is not safe to base conclusions on a single series of ex- periments. Further investigations may make it necessary to alter some of the opinions suggested in this paper, and some of these conclusions here may have to be withdrawn, but it is believed that the broadest conservatism will sanc- tion the following conclusions from the results herein pre- sented : 1. That the composition of the cotton plant in respect to potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen, is subject to deci- ded variations under varying conditions. 2. That the nature of the soil exerts a considerable in- fluence on the composition of the plant, a rich soil giving higher percentages of the three important constituents than a poor soil. 3. By fertilizing with either of the three constituents in soils not already containing a sufficiency of the same, it is possible to increase the percentage of that constituent in the cotton plant which is grown on such soil. 4. That humus in the soil is of great value, not only in supplying organic constituents, but, also, in holding inor- ganic constituents in most available conditions. It is not claimed that the results herein described demon- siraie the utility of this method as a means of determining soil requirements for cotton, but it is claimed that they are highly suggestive. If the normal composition of the healthy, thrifty plant under given soil conditions be known, we be- lieve it possible to determine when a deficiency of any of the three constituents exists in a given soil. Systematic determinations, therefore, of the composition of the cotton plant under normal healthy conditions, together with deter- minations of the chemical composition and the physical properties of the producing soil, will furnish a basis, it is believed, for the establishment of a plan of investigation which will prove of great value to the agricultural interests of the South. Bulletin J\o. 58, : : August, 1894. Agricultural Experiment Station -OF THE- Agricultural and Mechanical College, AUBURN, : : ALABAMA. Paris Green ; CompositioQ and Adulterations. B. B. ROSS, State Cheinist. •The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any citizen of the State on application to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. All communications should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN, ALA. Published by order of the Board of Direction. BROWN PBINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, MONTGOMERY, ALA. BOARD OF VISITORS, COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION. I. F. Culver Union Springe. J. G. Gilchrist Hope Hull. H. Clay Armstrong Auburn. BO-A-iaiD OIF I5IE.EOm025r. Wm. LeRoy Broun President. A. J. BoNDURANT Agriculturist. B. B. Ross Chemist. P. H. Mell Botanist atid Meteorologist. J. M. Stedman Biologist. C. A. Gary, D. V. M Veterinarian. ASSISTANTS : J. T. Anderson First Assistant Chemist. R. E. Noble Second Assistant Chemist. 0. L. Hare Third Assistant Chemist. R. L. BiviNS Clerk, and Assistant Botanist. T U. Culver Superintendent of Farm . — >-;^^^??^iriSECTIClDES.^ Composition and Adulteration. The emplo^-meut of insecticides in combating and check- ing the ravages of the cotton worm, has V)een generally practiced in the cotton growing sections of the South for many years, and where proper precautions have been ob- served, with undoubted success. The materials which are almost exclusively utilized by the cotton planter as insect poisons are Paris Green, and London Purple, though the consumption of the former far exceeds that of the latter. While these substances have been so generally employed for such a long period of time, but little attention has been paid to the quality and purity of the materials purchased for use as insecticides, and it is not at all surprising that frauds and adulterations are occasionally found upon the market. With a view to determining whether or not such adultera- tions or falsifications had been practiced upon goods of this class for sale in this State, an attempt was made to secure samples of Paris Green and London Purple from all sections of the State. A large number of circular letters, calling for samples of these insecticides, were sent out to parties in all portions of the State, and it was expected that quite a number of specimens would be obtained in this way. But few replies, and still fewer samples were re- ceived, however, and the investigation has consequently been more limited in scope than was originally intended. With one exception, the samples came from the "black belt," where the employment of Paris Green, has been much more extensive than on the hill lands ; in fact in some of the hill counties, it lias been found impossible to secure Paris Green in the market. Not a single sample of London Purple, could be obtained, a circumstance that indicated that this insecticide was even less in demand than was the case several years since. Commissioner H. D. Lane, through Maj. T. J. Key, very kindly co-operated in securing additional samples of Paris Green, and these with the samples already on hand enabled the formation of a fair estimate of the character and quality of the insecticides on the market in Alabama. The substance sold under the name "Paris Green" is, chemically considered, an aceto-arsenite of copper, and is known in the arts and to the trade under quite a variety of names, such as, "Emerald Green," "Mitis Green," "French Green," "Schweinfurt Green," etc. The last named term (derived from the place of it's first manufacture) is the designation most frequently given to it in Europe, it being there used largel}^ as a pigment on account of it's brightness of color. Scheele's green, the simple arsenite of copper, is fre- quently confounded with Paris Green, but it is distinguished from the latter by its duller color and the entire absence of acetic acid, which is a characteristic constituent of a genuine Paris Green. One of the methods formerly employed in the preparation of Paris or Schweinfurt Green involved the simple treat- ment of the crude and freshly precipitated Scheele's green (copper arsenite) with wood vinegar, from which source the acetic acid of the final product was derived. The process as first devised by Russ & Sattler in 1814, was kept secret for a long period, but after the investigation of its composition by Liebig, its manufacture became more ex- tended. In the method generally adopted for the preparation of this substance, arsenious acid (white arsenic) and acetate of copper (verdigris) are employed; both are dissolved separ- ately in hot water, and the boiling solutions are mixed to- 5 gether, tlie precipitated coloring matter being allowed to settle. Paris Green is normally a bright crystalline powder, insoluble in water, but changing in color when boiled with water for some time. According to Ehrmann, the composi- tion of pure Paris Green is as follows : Copper oxide 31.29 Arsenious acid 58.G5 Acetic acid ' lO.OG The purest grades of Paris Green, however, shoAv at least slight variations from the proportions given above, and it is quite difficult to fix an absolute standard for the composition of products of this character. Paris Green, which is intended for use as an insecticide, however, should contain at least -lO per cent, of combined arsenious acid, and any purchasers of this article who are in doubt as to its purity or quality can have the same tested by forwarding a sample to this Laboratory. The following is the result of the examination of the sam- ples of Paris Green received at this Laboratory : Arsenious acid. No. 1. From Hale Co., forwarded by Mr. B. L. Garber ". 55.42 No. 2. From Wilcox Co., forwarded by Mr. S. M. Cathcart 55.01 No. 3. From Montgomery, forwarded by Dept. of Agriculture 59.71 No. 4. From Montgomery, forwarded by Dept. of Agriculture 53.13 No. 5. From Montgomery, forwarded hj Dept. of Agriculture 57.38 'No. 6. From Eimer & Amend, New York .... 54.15 No. 7. From Tallapoosa county none. Samples one to six inclusive, possessed the bright green color characteristic of a genuine Paris Green, and their mechanical condition was all that could be desired. 6 The proportions of arsenious acid are also well above the limit previously referred to (50^), and no traces of adulter- ation or attempts at adulteration were detected. Sample No. 7, although of nearly the same shade of color as a normal Paris Green, was nevertheless so lacking in the brightness of tint which characterizes the genuine article that it was at once regarded with suspicion. A qualitative examination, carefully conducted, showed an entire absence of both copper and arsenic, not the least trace of the latter being discoverable by the employment of the most delicate tests. Quite a number of tests were next made for all the green coloring agents of importance, but with negative re- sults, and it was then decided that the color of the material was due to a combination of blue and yellow coloring matters, A further examination revealed the presence of Prussian Blue and chrome yellow, intimately mixed with each other, and well incorporated with a large quantity of inert mate- rials, such as clay, chalk, etc. On taking a small portion each of Prussian Blue and Chrome Yellow and mixing with a large quantity of clay or chalk, it was found that a product corresponding almost precisely in color to the material examined, could be pro- duced, and it was found quite easy to imitate the normal shade of color of Paris Green, though, as before stated, the brightness of tint, would be lacking. It was estimated that a material of this character could be manufactured at a cost not exceeding one cent per pound, while a high grade Paris Green frequently costs above twenty cents per pound, the fraudulent manufacturer being thus able to dispose of his product at an enormous profit. Of course, such a preparation as this is entirely worthless as an insecticide, and planters using such an article, and not being aware of its character, would probably be thereafter prejudiced against the use of insect poisons in any shape or form. As before stated, the true character and quality of an insecticide can be readily ascertained by analysis, and the Station Laboratory will clieerfuU}' test any samples for- warded for examination by planters from any section of the State. Any fraudulent goods of this character can thus be readily driven from the market, and the planter can then be assured as to the absolute purity of the insecticides which he may purchase. METHOD OF ANALYSIS. The following is the process adopted in the Laboratory for the determination of arsenious acid in Paris Green : Weigh one gram of the material, and place in a medium size beaker or flask ; add about 30 cubic centimetres of strong hydrochloric acid and digest on a water bath, at a temperature somewhat below the boiling point, adding at frequent intervals, small quantities of finely powdered po- tassium chlorate. Continue the heating until the odor of free chlorine has almost disappeared ; dilute with water, and filter, if necessary. Add ammonia in slight excess, cool and add magnesia mixture gradually, stirring vigorously all the while. Allow to stand 12 hours, filter and wash pre- cipitate with ammonia water. Dry filter and contents : detach precipitate from filter as completely as possible ; ignite filter, using ammonium ni- trate solution to facilitate ignition. Transfer the precipitate to a porcelain crucible, and heat for a while on an iron plate, and finally with the direct flame. Add filter ash to the precipitate and Aveigh as magnesium pyro-arsenate. (Note. — Of course, this method is only applicable in the absence of phosphates and arsenates.) Oi, # New York Botanical Garden Library 3 5185 00259 6573 1